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This book was presented by

Frederick D. Morrison

1877

S00236487 U

THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE DATE
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GllAY'S

LESSONS IN BOTANY

ANI>

VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY,

ILLDSTRATED BY OVKR 360 WOOD ENGRAVINGS, FROM ORIGINAL
DRAWINGS, BY ISAAC SPRAGUE.

TO WHICH 18 ADDED A COPIOUS

GLOSSARY

DICTIONARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS.

By ASA GRAY,

nSnER PROFESSOR OP KATUR-VL HISTORY LN HARVARD UNirERStTT.

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TAYLOR & CO,

NEW YOUK AXD CHICAGO,

1877-

Intered according to Act of Congress, in tha year 1357, by

GEORGE r. PUTNAM & CO.-

the Clerk's Otdlce ol the District Court for the Southsrn District of New York

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the /ear 18G8, bv

ASA GRAY,

in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Uassacb.uwtta.

PREFACE

r^
^

^

This book is intended for the use of beginners, and for classes in the
common and higher schools, — in which the elements of Botany, one of
the most generally interesting of the Natural Sciences, surely ought to be
taught, and to be taught correctly, as far as the instruction proceeds.
"Wliile these Lessons are made as plain and simple as they well can be,
all the subjects treated of have been can-icd far enough to make the book
a genuine Grammar of Botany and Vegetable Physiology, and a sufficient
introduction to those works in which the plants of a country — especially
of our own — are described.

Accordingly, as respects the principles of Botany (including Vege-
table Physiology), this work is complete in itself, as a school-book
for younger classes, and even for the students of our higher seminaries.
For it comprises a pretty full account of the structure, organs, growth,
and reproduction of plants, and of their important uses in the scheme of
creation, — subjects which certainly ought to be as generally understood
by all educated people as the elements of Natural Philosophy or Astron-
omy are ; and which are quite as easy to be learned.

The book is also intended to serve as an introduction to the author's
Manual of the Bolaivj of the Northern United Slates (or to any similar
work describing the plants of other districts), and to be to it what a
grammar and a dictionary arc to a classical author. It consequently con-
tains many terms and details which there is no necessity for young stu-
dents perfectly to understand in the first instance, and still less to commit
to memory, but which they will need to refer to as occasions arise, when
they come to analyze flowers, and ascertain the names of our wild plants.

To make the book complete in this respect, a full O'tossari/, or Diction-
ary of Tenm mcd in describing Plants, is added to the volume. Tliis con-
tains very many words which are not used in the Manual of Botany ;
but as they occur in connnon botanical works, it was thoun^ht best to in-
troduce and explain them. All the words in tlic Glossary which seemed
to require it are accented.

IV PREFACE.

It is by no means indispensable for students to go through the volume
before commencing with tlie analysis of plants. When the proper season
for botanizing arrives, and when the first twelve Lessons have been gone
over, they may take up Lesson XXVIIL and the following ones, and pro-
ceed to study the various wild plants they find in blossom, in the manner
illustrated in Lesson XXX., &c., — referring to the Glossary, and thence
to the pages of the Lessons, as directed, for explanations of the various
distinctions and terms they meet with. Their first essays will necessarily
be rather tedious, if not difiieult ; but each successful attempt smooths
the way for the next, and soon these technical terms and distinctions
will become nearly as flxmiliar as those of ordinary lano-uage.

Students Avho, having mastered this elementary work, wish to extend
their acquaintance with Vegetable Anatomy and Physiology, and to con-
sider higher questions about the structure and classification of plants, will
be prepared to take up the author's Botanical Text-Book, an Introduction
to Slructural Botany, or other more detailed treatises.

No care and expense have been spared upon the illustrations of this
volume; which, with one or two exceptions, are all original. They
were drawn from nature by M«. Sprague, the most accurate of living
botanical artists, and have been as freely introduced as the size to which
it was needful to restrict the volume would warrant.

To append a set of questions to the foot of each page, although not un-
usual in school-books, seems like a reflection upon the competency or the
faithfulness of teachers, who surely ought to have mastered the lesson be-
fore they undertake to teach it; nor ought facilities to be afforded for
teaching, any more than learning, lessons by rote. A full analysis of the
contents of the Lessons, however, is very convenient and advantageous.
Such an Analysis is here given, in place of the ordinary table of con-
tents. This will direct the teacher and the learner at once to the leading
ideas and important points of each Lesson, and serve as a basis to ground
proper questions on, if such should be needed.

ASA GRAY.

Harvard University, Cambridge.
January 1, 1857.

*** Revised August, 1868, and alterations made adapting it to the new edition d
Mnnunl, and to Fitld, Forest, and Garden Botany, to which this work is the propei
hitroduction and companion.

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS/

LESSON I. — Botany as a Branch of Natcual History. . . p. 1.

1. Natural History, its subjects. 2. The Inorganic or Mineral Kingdom,
what it is : why called Inorganic. 3. The Organic world, or the world of Or-
ganized beings, why so called, and wliat its peculiarities. 4 What kingdoms
it comi)rises. 5, 6. Differences between plants and animals. 7. The use of
plants : liow vegetables arc nourished ; and iiow animals.

8. Botany, how defined. 9. Physioloiry, and Physiological Botany, what
Aey relate to. 10. Systematic Botany, wliat it relates to : a Flora, what it is.
11. Geographical Botany, Fossil Botany, &e., what they relate to.

LESSON II. — The Gkowtii of the Plant from the Seed. . p. 4.

12. The Cour;c of Vegetation: general questions jiroposcd. 13. Plants
formed on one general ])lan. 14. The Germinating Plantlet : 15. exists in
miniature in the seed: IG. Tlie Embryo; its jjarts : 17, 18. how it develops.
19. Opposite growth of Root and Stem : 20. its object or results : 21,22. the
different way each grows.

LESSON III. Growth of the Plant from the Seed; continued, p. 9.

23. Recapitulation : Ascending and Descending Axis. 24, 25. Tiic Germi-
nating Plantlet, iiow nourished. 26. Deposit of food in the embryo, illustrated
in the Squash, &c. : 27. in tlic Almond, Apple-seed, Beech, &c. : 28. in tho
Bean : 29. in the Pea, Oak, and Buckeye : peculiarity of these last. 30, 31.
Deposit of food outside of the embryo : Albumen of the seed : various shapes
of embryo. 32, 33. Kinds of embryo as to the number of Cotyledons : di-
cotyledonous : monocotylcdonous : polycotyledonous. 84, 35. Plan of vegeta-
tion. 36. Simple-stemmed vegetation illustrated.

LESSON IV. The Growth of Plants from Bi;ds and Branches, p. 20.

37, 38. Branching : difference in this respect between roots and stems. 39.
Buds, what they arc, and where situate<l : 40. how they grow, and what they
become. 41. Plants as to size and duration : herb, annual, Ijiennial, ])crcnnial :
shrub : tree. 42. Terminal Bud. 43. Axillary Buds. 44. Scaly Buds. 45.
Naked Buds. 46. Vigor of vegetation from buds illustrated. 47-49. Plan
and arrangement of Branches : ojjposite : alternate. 50. Symmetry of Branches,

* Tha numbers in the analysis refbr to the paragraphs.

a*

VI ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

what it depends on: 51. how it becomes incomplete: 51-59. how varied,
53 Detinitc <:rowtli. 54. Indefinite gruwtii. 55. Deiiqiieseent or dissolving
stems, how formed. 56. E.xearrcnt stems of spire-shaped trees, iiow produced.
57. Latent Buds. 58. Adventitious Buds. 59. Accessory or supernumeraiy
Buds. GO. Sorts of Buds reeaoitulated and delined.

LESSON V. MoRpnoLOGY of Roots p. 28.

61 - 64. Morphology ; what the term means, and how applied in Botany. 65.
Primary Root, simple ; and, 66. multiple. 67. Rootlets ; how roots absorb : ,
time for transplantation, &c. 68. Great amount of surface Avhich a plant
spreads out, in the air and in the soil ; reduced in winter, increased in spring.
69. Absorbing surface of roots increased by the root-hairs. 70. Fibrous roots
for absorption. 71. Thickened or fleshy roots as storehouse of food. 72, 73.
Their principal forms. 74. Biennial roots ; their cconom3\ 75. Perennial
thickened roots. 76. Potatoes, &c. are not roots. 77. Secondary Roots, their
economy. 78. Sometimes striking in open air, when they are, 79. Aerial Roots ;
illustrated in Indian Com, Mangrove, Screw Pine, Banyan, &c. 80. Aerial
Rootlets of Ivy. 81. Epiphytes or Air-Plants, illustrated. 82. Parasitic Plants,
illustrated by the Mistletoe, Dodder, &c.

LESSON VI. Morphology of Stems and Branches. ... p. 36.

83 - 85. Ponns of stems and branches above ground. 86. Their direction or
habit of growth. 87. Culm, Candex, &c. 88. Suckers : propagation of ]>lants
by division. 89. Stolons : propagation by layering or laying. 90. Offsets.
91. Runners. 92. Tendrils; how plants climb by them : their disk-like tips in
the Virginia Creeper. 93. Tendrils are sometimes forms of leaves. 94. Spines
or Thorns ; their nature : Prickles. 95. Strange forms of stems. 96. Subter-
ranean stems and branches. 97. The Rootstock or Rhizoma, Avliy stem and
not root. 98. Why running rootstocks are so troublesome, and so hard to de-
stroy. 99-101. Tiiickcned rootstocks, as depositories of food. 102. Their
life and growth. 103. The Tuber. 104. Economy of the Potato-plant. 105.
Gradations of tubers into, 106. Corms or solid bulbs : the nature and economy
of these, as in Crocus. 107. Gradation of these into, 108. the Bulb : nature of
bulbs. 109,110. Their economy. 111. Their two principal sorts. 1J2. Bulb-
lets. 113. How the foregoing sorts of stems illustrate what is meant by mor-
phology. 114. They are imitated in some plants above ground. 115. Consoli-
dated forms of vegetation, illustrated by Cactuses, &c. 116. Their economy
and adaptation to dry regions.

LESSON VII. Morphology of Leaves P- 49.

117. Remarkable .states of leaves already noticed. 118, 119. Foliage the
natural form of leaves : others arc special fonns, or transformations ; why so
called. 120. Leaves as depositories of food, especially the seed-leaves ; and, 121.
As Bullvscalcs. 122. Leaves as Bud-scales. 123. As Spines. 124. As Ten-
drils. 125. AsPitchens. 126. As Fly-traps. 127- 129. The same leaf ser\'ing
various purposes.

ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS. VU

LESSON VIII. MoRiMioi.ooY of Lkaves as Foliage. ... p. 54.

1.30. FoIin.iTC tlic natural state of Icavi'tJ. l.Tl. Lr-avos a rnntrivanre for in-
crea-sinj,' .snifacc : tlio vast .'^urf.u-c of a tree in leaf. l."5i', 1.'53. The parts of a
leaf. 134. The hiaile. 13"). Its ])nlp or soft ])art and its franic\v<»rk. 136.
Tlic latter is wood, and forms the ril)s or veins and veinlcts. 137. Division and
use of tiicsc. 138. Venation, or mode of veining. 139. Its two kinds. 140.
Ncttcd-veined or reticulated. 141. rarallel-veined or nerved. 142. The so-
called veins and nerves essentially the same thing; the latter not like the
nerves of animals. 143. IIow the sort of veining of leaves answers to the nnm-
her of cotyledons and the kind of plant. 144. Two kinds of parallel-vcincd leaves.
145, 146. Two kinds of netted-veined leaves. 147. Relation of tlic veining to
the shape of the leaf. 148 - l.'il. "Forms of leaves illustrated, as to general out-
line. I'y2. As to the base. 153. As to the apex.

LESSON IX. Morphology of LE.\.rES as Foliage ; continued, p. 61.

154, 155. Leaves either simple or compound. 156-162. Simple leaves il-
lustrated as to particular outline, or kind and degree of division. 163. Com-
pound leaves. 164. Leaflets. 165. Kinds of compound leaves. 166, 167.
The pinnate, and, 168. the palmate or digitate. 169. As to number of leaflets,
&c. 170. Leaflets, as to lobing, &c. 171, 172. Doubly or trebly compound
leaves of both sorts. 173. Peculiar forms of leaves explained, such as: 174.
Perfoliate: 175. Equitant : 176. Those without blade. 177. Phyllodia, or
flattened petioles. 178. Stipules. 179. Sheaths of Grasses ; Ligulc.

LESSON X. The Arrangement of Leaves.

181. Phyllotaxy, or arrangement of leaves on the stem : general sorts of ar-
rangement. 182. Leaves arise only one from the same place. 183. Clustered
or fascicled leaves explained. 184. Spiral arrangement of alternate leaves. 185.
The two-ranked arrangement. 186. The three-ranked aiTangcmcnt. 187. The
five-ranked arrangement. 188. The fractions by which these are expressed.
189. The eight-ranked and the thirtccn-ranked arrangements. 190. The series
of these fractions, and their relations. 191. Opposite and whorled leaves.
192. Symmetry of leaves, &c. fixed by mathematical rule. 19.3. Vernation, or
an-angcment of leaves in the bud. 194. The principal modes.

LESSON XI. The Arrangement of Flowers on the Stem,

OR Inflorescence p. 76.

195. Passage from the Organs of Vegetation to those of Fructification or Re-
production. 196. Inflorescence: the arrangement of flowers depends on that
of the leaves. 197. They arc from cither terminal or axillary buds. 198. In-
determinate InHoreseencc. 199. Its sorts of flower-clusters. 200. Flower-
stalks, viz. podiniclcs and pedicels, bracts and b.actlcts, &c. 201. Raceme.
202. Its gradation into (203) a Corymb, ami that (204) into (205) an Umbel.
206. Centripetal order of development 207. The Spike. 208. The Head.

Viii ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

209. Spadix. 210. Catkin or Ament. 211, 212. Compound inflorescence of
the precL'din<^ kinds. 213. Panicle. 214. Th\Tsus. 215. Determinate In-
florescence explained. 216, 217. Cyme: centrifugal order of development.
218. Fascicle. 219 Glomerule. 221. Analysis of flower-clusters. 222. Com-
bination of the two kinds of inflorescence in the same plant.

LESSON XII. The Flower : its Parts or Organs p. 84.

223. The Flower. 224. Its nature and use. 225. Its organs. 226. Tlic
Floral Envelopes or leaves of the flower. Calyx and Corolla, togetiicr called
(227) Periantli. 228. Petals, Sepals. 229. Neutral and "double" flowers,
those destitute of, 230. The Essential Organs : Stamen.'; and Pistils. 231,232.
The parts of the flower in their six cession. 233. The Stamen : its parts. 234.
The Pistil : its parts.

LESSON XIIL The Plan of the Flower p. 88.

235. Flowers all constructed upon the same plan. 236. Plan in vegetation
referred to. 237 - 239. Typical or pattern flowers illustrated, those at once
perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical. 241. Imperfect or separated flowers.
242. Incomplete flowers. 243. Symmetr}^ and regularity. 244. Iiregular flow-
ers. 245. Unsymmetrical flowers* 246. Numerical plan of the flower. 247.
Alternation of the successive parts. 248. Occasional obliteration of certain parts.
24f*- Abortive organs. 250. Multiplication of parts.

LESSON XIV. Morphology of the Flower p 96.

251. Recapitulation of the varied forms under which stems and leaves appear.
252. These may be called metamorphoses. 253. Flowers are altered branches ;
liow shown. 254. Their position the same as that occupied by buds. 255,
256. Leaves of the blossom are really leaves. 257. Stamens a different modifi-
cation of the same. 258. Pistils another modification ; the botanist's idea of
a pistil. 259. The airangement of the parts of a flower answers to that of the
leaves on a branch.

LESSON XV. Morphology of the Calyx and Corolla. . . p. 99.

260. The leaves of the blossom viewed as to the various shajws they assume ;
as, 261. by growing together. 262. Union or cohesion of parts of the same sort,
rendering the flower, 263. Monopetalous or monoscpalous ; various shapes de-
fined and named. 265 The tube, and the border or limb. 266. Tlie claw
and the blade, or lamina of a separate petal, &-c. 267. Wlicn the parts arc
distinct, polysepalons, and polypetalons. 268. Consolidation, or the growing
together of the parts of different sets. 269. Insertion, what it means, and what
is meant by the terms Free and Hypogynous. ■ 270. Perigynous insertion. 271,
272. Coherent or adherent calyx, &e. 273. Epigynons. 274. In-egnlarit}' of
parts. 275. Papilionaceous flower, and its parts. 276. Labiate or bilabiate
flowers. 277. 278. Ligulate flowers : the so-called compound flowers.

ANALYSIS OF TIIK LESSONS. IX

LESSON XVI. Estivation, or the Akrant.ement of the

CaLVX AM) COKOM.A IN THK 15ui). . . . p 108.

279. ^Estivation or Prafloration (K'tinecl. 280. It.s prin<-i])al modes illustrated,
viz. the valvato, indiipiieate, redniilicate, eonvolutc or twisted, and imbricated.
282, 283. Also the ojjen, and tlio plaited or plicate, and its modification, the
supervolutc.

LESSON XVII. MonniOLOGY of the Stamens p. 111.

284. Stamens considered as to, 285 Their insertion. 286. Their union with
each other. 287, 288. Their number. 289. Tiieir parts. 290. The Filamen!:.
291. The Anther. 292, 293. Its attachment to the filament. 294. Its structure.
295. Its mode of opening, &c. 296. Its mori)liolo.i;:y, or the way in which it is
supposed to be constructed out of a leaf; its use, viz. to produce, 29". Pollen.
298. Structure of pollen-grains. 299. Some of their forms.

LESSON XVIII. IMoRiMioi.oGY of Pistils p. 116.

300. Pistils as to position. 301. As to number. 302. Their paits ; Ovary,
style, and stigma. 303, 304. Plan of a pistil, whether simple or coinj)ound.
305, 306. The simple pistil, or Caqjel, and how it answers to a leaf. 307. Its
sutures. 308. The Placenta. 309. Tlic Simple Pistil, one-celled, 310. and with
one style. 311, 312. The Compound Pistil, how composed. 313. With two or
more cells : 314. their placcntai in the axis : 315. their dissepiments or parti-
tions. 316, 317. One-celled compound pistils. 318. With a free central pla-
centa. 319, 320. With parietal placentne. 321. Ovary superior or inferior.
322. Open or Gymnos])ermous pistil : Naked-seeded plants. 323. Ovules. 324.
Tiieir structure. 3:25, 326. Their kinds illustrated.

LESSON XIX. MoRriiOLOGY of the Receptacle p. 124.

327. The Receptacle or Torus. 328-330. Some of its forms illustrated.
331. The Disk. 332. Curious form of the receptacle in Nelumbium.

LESSON XX. The Eruit p. 126.

333. Wh.at the Fruit consists of. 334. Fruits which arc not such in a strict
botanical sense. 335. Simiile Fruits. 336, 337. The Pericarp, and the changes
it may undergo. 338. Kinds of simple fruits. 339. Fleshy fruits. 340 The
Berry. 341. The Pejjo or ('.round-fruit. 342. The Pome or Api)lc-frait. 343-
345. The Drupe or Stone-fruit. 346. Dry fruits. 347. The Achenium : nature
of tlie Strawberry. 348. ]taspl)erry and Blackberry. 349. Fruit in the Com-
posite Family : Pappus. 3.50. The Utricle .351. The Caryopsis or Orain. 352.
The Nut : Cupule. 353. The Samara or Key-fruit. 354. The Capsule or Pod.
3.55»The Follicle. 356. The Legume and Loment. 357. The true Capsule.
358, 359. Dehiscence, its kinds. 361 . The Sili(iue. 362. The Silicic. 363. Th«
Pyxis. 364. MultiiHe or Collective Fruits. 365. The Strobile or Cone.

X ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

LESSON XXI. The Seed p. 134.

.^GG. The Seed; its origin. 3G7. -Its parts. .300, .3G9. Its coats. 370. The
Aril or Ariilus. 371. Names applied to tlic parts of the seed. 372. Tiie Ker-
nel or Nucleus. 373. The Albumen. 374, 375. Tiie Embryo. 376. The
Kadicle. 377. The Cotyledons or Seed-leaves : the monocotyledonous, dicoty-
ledonous, and polycotyledonous embryo. 378. The Plumule. 379. The circle
of vegetable life completed;

LESSON XXII. IIow Plants grow p. 138.

380, 381. Growth, what it is. 382. For the first formation or beginning of
a plant dates farther back than to, 383. the embryo in the ripe seed, which is
already a plantlet. 384. The formation and the growth of the embryo itself.
385. Action of the pollen on the stigma, and the result. 386. The Embryonal
Vesicle, or first cell of the embryo. 387. Its growth and development into the
embryo. 388. Growth of the plantlet from the seed. 389. The plant built up
of a vast number of cells. 390. Growth consists of the increase in size of cells,
and their multiplication in number.

LESSON XXIII. Vegetable Fabric : Cellular Tissue. . . p. 142.

391, 392. Organic Structure illustrated : Cells the units or elements of plants.
393. Cellular Tissue. 394,395,397. How the cells are put together. 39G. Inter-
cellular spaces, air-passages. 398 Size of cells. 399. Rapidity of their ]>roduc-
tion. 400. Their walls colorless ; the colors owing to their contents. 401. The
walls sometimes thickened. 402. Cells are closed and whole ; yet sap flows from
one cell to another. 403. Their varied shapes.

LESSON XXIV. Vegetable Fabric : "Wood p. 145.

404. All plants at the beginning formed of cellular tissue only ; and some
never have anything else in their composition. 405. Wood soon appears in
most plants. 406. Its nature. 408. Wood-cells or Woody Fibre. 409. Hard
wood and soft wood. 410. Wood-cells closed and whole ; yet they convey sap.
411. They communicate through thin places : Pine-wood, &c. 412. Bast-cells
or fibres of the bark. 413. Ducts or Vessels. 414. The principal kinds. 415.
Milk-vessels, Oil-receptacles, &c.

LESSON XXV. Anatomy of the Root, Stem, and Leaves, p. 140.

416. The materials of the vegetable fabric, how put together. 417-419.
Structure and action of the rootlets. 420. Root-hairs. 421. Structure of the
stem. 422. The two .sorts of stem. 423. The Endogenous. 423. The Exo-
genous : 425. more particularly explained. 426. Parts of the wood or stem
itself. 427. Parts of the bark. 428. Growth of the exogenous stem year after
vear. 429. Growth of the bark, and what becomes of the older parts. 431.
Changes in the wood ; Sap-wood. 432. Heart-wood. 433. ThU no longer liv-

ANALYSIS OF TIIK LESSONS. Xl

ing. 434, Wliat the liviiif; parts of a tree arc; their annual renewal. 435.
Camliiiim-laycr or zone of growth in the stom ; conncctL-d with, 4.'3G. new root-
lets hciow, and new shoots, huils, and leaves ahove. 4:i7. Structure of a leaf;
its two parts, the woody and the eeUuhir, or, 438. tiie jjulj) ; tliis contains the green
mutter, or Chh»ro|ihyli. 439, 440. Arrangement of the cells of green pulp in the
leaf, and structure of its epidermis or skin. 441. Upper side only endures the
sunsliine. 442. Evajwration or exiialation of moisture from the leaves. 443.
Stomates or Breatliing-pores, tlieir structure and use. 444. Their numbers.

LESSON XXVI. The Tlaxt in Action, doing the "Work

OF Vegetation p. 1.57.

446. The office of plants to produce food for animals. 447. Plants feed
upon earth and air. 449. Their chemical composition. 4r)0. Two sorts of
material. 451, 452. Tiic earthy or inorganic constituents. 453. The organic
constituents. 454. These form the Cellulose, or substance of vegetal)le tissue ;
composition of cellulose. 455. The plant's food, from which tliis is made.

456. Water, furnishing hydrogen and oxygen. 458. Carbonic acid, furnishing,

457. Carl)on. 459. The air, containing oxygen and nitrogen ; and also, 460.
Carbonic acid; 461. which is absorbed by the leaves, 462. aiul by tiic roots.
463. Water and carbonic acid the general food of plants. 464. Assimilation
tiie proper work of plants. 465. 'J'akes place in green parts alone, under the
light of the sun. 466-468. Lilierates oxygen gas and produces Cellulose or
plant-fabric. 469. Or else Starch ; its nature and use. 470. Or Sugar; its na-
ture, &c. Tlie transformations starch, sugar, &c. undergo. 471. Oils, acids, &c.
The fomiation of all these products restores oxygen gas to the air. 472. There-
fore plants purify the air for animals. 473. While at the same time they jiro-
duce all the food and fal)ric of animals. The latter take all their food ready made
from plants. 474. And decomjiosc starch, sugar, oil, &c., giving back their ma-
terials to the air again as the food of tiie plant ; at the same time producing ani-
mal heat. 475. But the fabric or flesh of animals (fibrine, gelatine, &c.) contains
nitrogen. 476. This is derived from plants in the form of Trotcine. Its nature
and how the plant forms it. 477. Earthy matters in the plant form the earthy
part of bones, &c. 478. Dependence of animals upon plants ; showing the great
oljject for which plants were created.

LESSON XXVII. Pi.ant-Life p. isG.

479. Life; manifested by its eflfects ; viz its power of transforming matter:
480. And by motion. 481, 482. Plants execute movements as well as animals.
483. Circulation in cells. 484. Free movements of the simplest plants in tlieir
forming state. 485. Absorption and conveyance of the sap. 486. Its rise into
the leaves. 487. Explained liy a mechanical law; Endosniose. 488. Set in ac-
tion by evaporation from the leaves. 489. Tiiese movements controlled by the
plant, which directs growth and shapes the fal)ric by an inheivnt power. 490-
492. Special movements of a conspicuous sort; .sueii as seen in the bending,
twining, revolving, and coiling of stems and tendrils ; in the so-called sleeping
and waking states of plauta ; iu aovcmcuUs from irriiution, and suitiutr spon-
taaoous motions.

Xll ANALYSIS OF THE LESSONS.

493. Cryptogramous or Flowcrless Plants. 494. What they comprise ; why
so called. 495. To bo studied in other works.

LESSON XXVIII. Species and Kinds p. 173.

496. Plants viewed as to their relationships. 497. Two characteristics of
plants and animals : they form themselves, and, 498. They exist as Individu-
als. The cliain of individuals gives rise to the idea of, 499, .500. Species : as-
semblages of individuals, so like that they arc inferred to have a common an-
cestry. 501. Varieties and Races. 502. Tendency of the progeny to inherit
all the peculiarities of the parent ; how taken advantage of in developing and
fixing races. 503. Diversity and gradation of species ; these so connected as to
show all to be formed on one plan, all works of one hand, or realizations of the
conceptions of one mind. 504. Kinds, what they depend upon. 505. Genera.
506. Orders or Families. 507. Suborders and Tribes. 508 Classes. 509. The
two great Series or grades of plants. 510. The way the various divisions in
classification are ranked

LESSON XXIX. Botanical Names and Characters. . . . p. 178.

511, 512. Classification ; the two purposes it subserves. 513. Names : plan of
nomenclature. 514, 515. Generic names, how formed. 516. S])ecific names,
how formed. 517. Names of Varieties. 518, 519. Names of Orders, Sub-
orders, Tribes, &c. 520, 521. Characters.

LESSONS XXX. -XXXIL How to study Plants, pp. 181, 187, 191.

522 - 567. Illustrated by several examples, showing the mode of analyzing and
ascertaining the name of an unknown plant, and its place in the system, &c.

LESSON XXXIIT." Botanical Systems p 195.

568-571. Natural System. 572, 573. Artificial Classification. 574. Arti-
ficial System of Linna?us. 575. Its twenty-four Classes, enumerated and de-
fined. 576. Derivation of their names. 577, 578. Its Orders.

LESSON XXXIV. How to collect Specimens and make

AN Herbarium p. 199.

579-582. Directions for collecting specimens. 583,584. For drying and
preserving specimens. 585, 586 For forming an Herbarium.

GLOSSARY, OR Dictionary of Botanical Terms p. 203

FlllST LESSONS

BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

LESSON 1.

BOTAXY AS A BRANCH OF NATURAL HISTORY.

1. The subjects of Natural History are, the earth itself" and the
beings that live upon it.

2. The Inorganic World, or Minprai Kingdom. The earth itself, with

the air that surrounds it, and all things naturally belonging to them
which are destitute of life, make up the mineral kingdom, or in-
organic Avorld. These are called inorganic, or unorganized, because
they are not composed of organs, that is, of parts which answer to
one another, and make up a whole, such as is a horse, a bird, or a
plant. They were formed, but they did not grow, nor proceed from
previous bodies like themselves, nor have they the power of pro-
ducing other similar bodies, that is, of reproducing their kind. Ou
the other hand, tlie various living things, or those which have pos-
sessed life, compose

3. The Organic World, — the world of organized beings. These
consist of organs ; of parts which go to make up an itidividiial, a
being. And eacii individual owes its existence to a preceding one
like itself, that is, to a parent. It was not merely formed, but
produced. At first small and imperfect, it grows and develops by
powers of its own ; it attains maturity, becomes old, and finally dies.
It was formed of inorganic or mineral matter, that is, of earth and
air, indeed ; but only of this matter under the influence of life :
and after life departs, sooner or later, it is decom[)used into earth
and air again.

1

2 BOTANY, WHAT IT RKLATF.S TO. TleSSON 1.

4. The orp^anic world consists of two kinds of beinjjs ; namely,
1. Plants or Vegetnhlea, wliich make up what is called tlu^ Vegetable
Kiiif/rloiii ; and, '?.. Aiiinni/s, wliicli compose the Animal Kingdom^

."). The Uilfcrciicfs bptwccii Plants aiid Animals seem at first sight so

obvious and so great, that it would appear mere natural to inquire
how they resemble rather than how they difter from each other.
What likeness does the cow bear to the grass it feeds upon ? The
one moves freely from place to place, in obedience to its own will,
as its wants or convenience require : the other is fixed to the spot
of earth where it grew, manifests no Avill, and makes no movements
that are apparent to ordinary observation. The one takes its food
into an internal cavity (the stomach), from which it is absorbed
into the system : the other absorbs its food directly by its surface,
by its roots, leaves, &c. Both possess organs ; but the limbs or
members of the animal do not at all resemble the roots, leaves,
blossoms, &c. of the plant. All these distinctions, however, gradu-
ally disappear, as we come to the lower kinds of plants and the lower
animals. Many animals (such as barnacles, coral-animals, and
polyps) are fixed to some support as completely as the plant is to
the soil ; while many plants are not fixed, and some move from
place to place by powers of their own. All animals move some of
their parts freely ; yet in the extent and rapidity of the motion
many of them are surpassed by the common Sensitive Plant, by
the Venus's Fly-trap, and by some other vegetables; while whole
tribes. of aquatic plants are so freely and briskly locomotive, that
they have until lately been taken for animals. It is among these
microscopic tribes that tlie animal and vegetable kingdoms most
nearly approach each other, — so nearly, that it is still uncertain
where to draw the line between them.

6. Since the difficulty of distinguishing between animals and
plants occurs only, or mainly, in those forms which from their
minuteness are beyond ordinary observation, we need not fui'ther
concern ourselves with the question here. One, and probably the
most absolute, difference, however, ought to be mentioned at the
outset, bee use it enables us to see what plants are made for. It
is this : —

7. Vegetables are nourished by the mineral kingdom, that is, by
the ground and the air, which sup])ly all they need, and Avhich they
are adapted to live upon ; while animals are entirely nourished by
vegetables. The great use of plants therefore is, to take portions of

LESSON 1.] BOTANY, WnAT IT RF.LATKS TO. 3

earth and air, upon which animals cannot snl)sist at all, and to con-
vert these into something upon which animals can suhsist, that is,
into food. All food is produced hij plants. I low this is done, it is
the province of Vcgetahle Pliysiolojry to explain.

8. Botany is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in
general.

'.'. Physiology is the study of the way a living being lives, and
grows, anil pertbrms its various operations. The study of plants in
this view is the province of Vegetable Physiology. The study of the
form and structure of the organs or parts of the vegetable, by which
its operations are peHbrnied, is the province of Structural Botany.
The two together constitute Physiological Botany. Witii this de-
partment the study of Botany should begin ; both because it lies
at the foundation of all the rest, and because it gives that kind of
knowledge of plants which it is desirable every one should possess ;
that is, some knowledge of the way in which plants live, grow, and
fulfil the purposes, of their existence. To this subject, accordingly,
a large portion of the ibllowing Lessons is devoted.

10. The study of plants as to their kinds is the province of Sys-
tematic Botany. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, as far
as known, classilied according to their various degrees of resemblance
or difference, constitutes a general Si/stcm of plants. A similar ac-
count of the vegetables of any particular country or district is called
a Flora of that country or district.

11. Other departments of Botany come to view when — instead
of regarding plants as to wliat llicy are in thenisclvcs. or as to ilieir
relationship with each othiM* — \\r. consider them in their relations
to other things. Tiieir relation to the eartlu (or instance, as respects
their distribution over its surl'ace, gives i-ise to Geographical Botany,
or Botanical Geography. The study of the vegetation of former
times, in their fossil remains entombed in tlie crust of the earth,
gives rise to Fossil Botany. The study of jilants in respect to their
uses to man is the province of Agricultural Botany, Medical Botany,
and the like.

4 GROWTH OF THK PLANT FHOM THE SEKD. [lESSON 2.

LESSON 11.

THE GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED.

12. The Course of Vegetation. We see plants growing from the
seed in spring-time, and giadiially developing their parts : at length
they blossom, bear fruit, and produce seeds like those from which
ttiey grew. Shall we commence the study of the plant with the
full-grown herb or tree, adorned with flowers or laden with fruit ?
Or shall we commence with the seedling just rising from the
ground ? On the whole, we may get a clearer idea of the whole
life and structure of plants if we begin at the beginning, that is, with
the plantlet springing from the seed, and follow it throughout its
course of growth. This also agrees best with the season in which
the study of Botany is generally commenced, namely, in the spring
of the year, when the growth of plants from the seed can hai'dly
fail to attract attention. Indeed, it is this springing forth of vegeta-
tion from seeds and buds, after the rigors of our long winter, —
clothing the eai'th's surface almost at once with a mantle of freshest
verdure, — which gives to spring its greatest charm. Even the
dullest beholder, the least observant of Nature at other seasons,
can then hardly fail to ask : What are plants ? How do they live
and grow ? What do they live upon ? What is the object and use
of vegetation in general, and of its particular and wonderfully various
forms ? These questions it is the object of the present Lessons fo
answer, as far as possible, in a simple way.

13. A reflecting as well as observing person, noticing the re-
semblances between one plant and another, might go on to inquire
whether plants, with all their manifold diversities of form and
appearance, are not all constructed on one and the same general
plan. It will become apparent, as we proceed, that this is the
case; — that one common plan may be discerned, which each par-
ticular plant, whether herb, shrub, or tree, has followed much more
closely than would at first view be sup])0sed. The differences, wide
as they are, are merely incidental. What is true in a general way
of any ordinary vegetable, will be found to be true of all, only with
great variation in the details. In the same language, though in
varied phrase, the hundred thousand kinds of plants repeat the same

LESSON 2.] GROWTH OF TUIC I'LANT FROM THE SEED.

story, — are tlie livinjj witnosso? and illustrations of ono and the
same plan of Creative Wisdom in the vegftable world. So that the
study of any one plant, traced from the seed it springs from round
to the seeds it produces, would illustrate the wdiole subject of Vege-
table life and growth. It matters little, th.'retbrw, what particular
plant we begin with.

14. The Cprmilialin!; Plantlft. Take for example a seedling Maple.
Sugar ^Maples may be tuuiid in abundance in many places, starting
from the seed (i. e. germinathuj) in early spring, and Red IMaples
at the beginning of summer, shortly after the fruits of the season
have ripened and fallen to the ground. A pair of narrow green
leaves raised on a tiny stem make up the whole plant at its first
appearance (Fig. 4). Soon a root appears at the; lower end of this
stemlet ; then a little bud at its upper end, between the pair of
leaves, which soon grows into a second joint or
stem bearing another pair of leaves, resembling
the ordinary leaves of the Red IMaple, which
the first did not. Figures 5 and (5 represent
these steps in the growth.

15. Was this plantlet formed in the seed at
the time of germination, something as the chick
is formed in the egg during the process of incu-
bation ? Or did it exist before in the seed,
ready formed ? To decide this question, we
have only to inspect a sound seed, which in this
instance requires no microscope, nor any other
instrument than a sharp knife, by which the
coats of the seed (previously soaked in water, if
dry) may be laid open. We find within the
seed, in this case, the little plantlet ready formed,
and nothing else (Fig. 2); — namely, a pair
of leaves like those of the earliest seedling
(Fig. 4), only smaller, borne on a st<^mlet just
like that of the seedling, only much shorter,
and all snugly coiled uj) williiii tlic protecting
sf'cd-coat. The j)lant tlicii cxi.-ts bcfon-iiand <
in the seed, in miuiatun'. It was not Ibrmed, but only devel-

FIC, 1. A wiii:;im1 friiil of IJimI .M,i|i1o. wiili tlio sooil-hp.irini; iMirtiiiii ciil ojicn, to show tli*
«cp(l. a. TliiR m-oil (III <i|H'ii to show ilio piiiliryo plaiillot within, enlarged. 3. TJio embryo
tikeii out whole, and partly unfolded. -4. The Hamc after it has begun to grow ; of tb«
natural siiee.

r.ROWTII OF TIIF. PLANT FHOMTIIK SEKD. [L1:SS0N2.

opoil, in gi-rmiiiation ; when it liiid incnly to unfold and grow, —
to clonirate its riulinientary stem, wliich takes
at tiie .»anie time an upright position, so as to
bring the leaf-bearing end into the light and air,
where the two leaves expand ; while from the
(>ppo>ile end, now pushed farther downwards
into liie soil, the root begins to grow. All this
is true in tiie main of all plants that spring irom
real seeds, although with great diversity in the
partic'ulai-s. At least, there is hardly an excep-
tion to the fact, that the plantlet exists ready
formed in the seed, in some shape or other.

16, The rudimentary plantlet contained in
the seed is called an Embryo. Its little stem
is named the Radicle, because it was sujjposed
to be the root, when the difference between the
root and stem was not so well known as now.
It were better to name it the Caulicle (i. e.
little stem) ; but it is not expedient to change
old luunes. The seed-leaves it beai's on its sum-
mit (here two in number) are technically called
Cotyledons. The little bud of undeveloped
leaves which is to be found between the co-
tyledons before germination in many cases (as in the Pea, Bean,
Fig. 17, &c.), has been named the Plumule.

17. In the Maple (Fig. 4), as also in the Morning-Glory (Fig.
28), and the like, this bud, or plumule, is not seen for some days
after the seed-leaves are expanded. But soon it appears, in the
Maple as a pair of minute leaves (Fig. 5), erelong raised on a stalk
which carries them up to some distance above the cotyledons. The
plantlet (Fig. G) now consists, above ground, of two pairs of leaves,
viz.: l.the cotyledons or seed-leaves, borne on the sununit of the
original stemlet (the radicle) ; and 2. a pair of ordinary leaves,
raised on a second joint of stem which has grown from the top
of the first. Later, a third pair of leaves is formed, and raised
on a third joint of stem, proceeding from the summit of the second
(Fig. 7), just as that did from the first; and so on, until the germi-
nating plantlet becomes a tree.

Flo. !). r.orniinnting Red Maple, which lias produced its root beneatli, and is developing
^<c^ond pair uf leav«8 above. 6. Same, furtlier advanced.

Li:SSON 2.] GROWTH OK THr, PLANT FROM TIIK SK.ED.

18. So the yourifrcst sccdliiijr, ami even the cinbiyo in llif sord,
is iiln-aily an epitome of the licrb or tree. It lias a stem, i'ntin the
lower end of" wliieh it strikes root : and it
has leaves. Tlie tree il-t-lf in its wliole
vegetation has nothing more in kind.
To beeome a tree, the ])iantlet has only
to repeat itself npwardly by j)roducing
more similar parts, — that is, new por-
tions of stem, with new and larger leaves,
in succession, — while beneath, it pushes
its root deeper and deeper into the soil.

I'J. The Opposite Growth of Root and

SlCin began at the beginning of germi-
nation, and it continues through the
whole life of the plant. AVhile yet
buried in the soil, and perhaps in total
darkness, as soon as it begins to grow,
the stem end of the embryo points
towards the light, — curving or tuining
quite round if it happens to lie in
some other direction, — and stretches
upwards into the free air and sunshine ;
while the root end as uniformly avoids
the light, bends in the oj)posite direction
to do so if necessary, and ever seeks to bury itself more and more
in the earth's bosom. How the plantlet makes these movements we
cannot explain. But the object of this instinct is obvious. It
places the plant from the first in the proper position, with its roots
in the moist soil, from which they are to absorb nourishment, and its
leaves in the light and air, where alone they can fulfil their ollice of
digesting what the roofs absorb.

20. So the seedling plantlet finds itself provided with all the
organs of ref/n(cu:cn that even the oldest plant possesses, — namely,
root, stem, an I leaves; and lias these placed in the situation where
each is to act, — 'he root in the soil, the foliage in the light and air.
Tims eslalilished, tiic plantlet has only to set about its proper work.

21. The diffcrcnl Woilc of tirowtl of Root mid Strm may also be here

mentioned. Each grows, not only in a different direction, but in a
different way. The stem grows by producing a set of joints, each from

FIG. 7. Gwiiiiiiatiiig Kcd Maplo^ fiirllipr ilovcloiicd.

8 GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 2.

the summit of its predpcpssor ; and each joint elongates throughout
every part, until it readies its full length. The root is not composed
of joints, and it lengthens only at the end. The stem in the embryo
(viz. the radicle) has a certain length to begin with. In the pump-
kin-seed, for instance (Fig. 9), it is less than an eighth of an inch
long : but it grows in a few days to the length of one or two inches
(Fig. 10), or still more, if the seed were deeper covered by the soil.
It is by this elongation that the seed-leaves are raised out of the
soil, so as to expand in the light and air. The length they acquire
varies with the depth of the covering. When large and strong seeds
are too deeply buried, the stemlet sometimes grows to the length of
several inches in the endeavor to bring the seed-leaves to the sur-
face. The lengthening of the succeeding joints of the stem serves to
separate the leaves, or pairs of leaves, from one another, and to ex-
pose them more fully to the light.

22. The root, on the other hand, begins by a new formation at
the base of the embryo stem ; and it continues to increase in length
solely by additions to the extremity, the parts once formed scarcely
elongating at all afterwards. This mode of growth is well adapted
to the circumstances in which I'oots are placed, leaving every part
undisturbed in the soil where it was formed, while the ever-advan-
cing points readily insinuate themselves into the crevices or looser
portions of the soil, or pass around the surface of solid obstacles.

LESSON 3.] GllOWTH OF TUE PLANT FUOM TUE SEED. 9

LESSON III. '

GRC^WTH OF THR PLANT FROM TIIK SFBD. ContlTlVcd.

23. So a plant consists of two parts, growing in a diflferent manner,
as well as in opposite directions. One part, the root, grows down-
wards into the soil: it may, therefore, be called the descending axis.
The other grows upwards into the light and air : it may be called
the ascending axis. The root grows on continuously from the ex-
tremity, and so does not consist of joints, nor does it bear leaves,
or anything of the kind. The stem grows by a succession of
joints, each bearing one or more leaves on its summit. Root on
the one hand, and stem with its foliage on the other, make up the
whole i)lantlet as it springs from the seed ; and the full-grown iierb,
shrub, or tree has nothing more in kind, — only moro in size and
number. Before we trace the jjlantlet into the herb or tree, some
other cases of the growth of the plantlet from the seed should be
studied, that we may observe how the same plan is worked out under
a variety of forms, with certain differences in the details. The mate-
rials for this study are always at hand. "We have only to notice what
takes place all around us in spring, or to plant some con.mon seeds
in pots, keep them warm and moist, an<l watch their germination.

24. The Gcrininaliii2 Plaiillcl fci'ils on Noiirislinifiit proviilrrt brfon'liand.

Tlie embryo so snugly ensconced in the seed of the 3Iaple (Fig. 2,
3, 4) has from the first a miniature stem, and a pair of leaves already
green, or which become green as soon as brought to the light. It
has only to form a root by which to fix itself to the ground, when it
becomes a perfect though diminutive vegetable, capable of providing
for itself. This root can be formed only out of proper material :
neither water nor anything else which the ])lantlet is imbibing from
the earth will answer the purpose. The i)roper material is nourish-
ing matter, or prepared food, more or less of which is always pro-
vided by the pan-nt plant, and stored up in the seed, either in the
embryo itself, or arouml it. In the ^laple, this nourishment is stored
up in the thickish cotyledons, or seed-leaves. And there is barely
enough of it. to make th«' beginning of a root, and to ])rovide for the
lengthening of the stemlct so as to bring up the unfolding se«-d-leaves
where they may expand to the light of day. But when this is done,
S&F— 2

10

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THK SEED. [lESSON 3.

the tiny j)lant is alrrady able to shift for itself; — that is, to hve and
conlinut' its growtli on what it now takes from the soil and from the
air, and elaborates into iioun'sfiinent in its two green leaves, under
the influenee of the light of the sun.

25. In most ordinary phmts, a larger portion of nourish;jient is
provided beforehand in the seed ; and the plantlet consequently is
not so early or so entirely left to its own resources. Let us examine
a number of cases, selected from very common plants. Sometimes,
as has just been stated, we find this

26. Deposit of Food in the Embryo itself. And we may observe it
in every gradation as to quantity, from the Maple of our first illus-

_ tration, where there is very little, up to
the Pea and the Horsechestnut, where
there is as much as there possibly can
be. If we strip off the coats from the
large and flat seed of a Squash or
Pumpkin, we find nothing but the em-
bryo within (Fig. 9) ; and almost the
whole bulk of this consists of the two
seed-leaves. That these contain a good
supply of nourishing matter, is evident
from their sweet taste and from their
thickness, although there is not enough
to obscure their leaf-like appearance.
It is by feeding on this supply of nour-
ishment that the germinating Squash or
Pumpkin (Fig. 10) grows so rapidly
and so vigorously from the seed, —
lengthening its stemlet to more than
twenty times the length it had in the
seed, and thickening it in proportion, —
sending out at once a number of roots
from its lower end, and soon developing
the plumule (16) from its upper end into a third leaf: meanwhile
the two cotyledons, relieved from the nourishment with which their
tissue was gorged, have expanded into useful green leaves.

27. F'or a stronger instance, take next the seed of a Plum or
Peach, or an Almond, or an Apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), which shows

FIO. 0. Embryo of a Pumpkin, of the natural sizo ; the cotyledons a little opened
JO. The aaiiie, when it lias germinated-

LESSON 3.] GUOWTII OF THK PLANT ^OM THE SEED.

11

the same thing on a small<'r scale. The embryo, whicli liere also
tJiukes u|) the whole hulk of the kernel of the
seed, diflers from that of the Pumpkin only
in having the seed-leaves more thickened, hy
the much larger quantity of nourishment stored
up in their tissue, — so large and so pure in-
deed, that the almond becomes an article of
food. Fed by this abundant supply, the second,
and even the third joints of the stem, with
their leaves, shoot forth as soon as the stemlet comes to the surface ol
the soil. The Beech-nut (Fig. 13), with
its sweet and eatable kernel, consisting
mainly of a pair of seed-leaves folded
together, and gorged with nourishing
matter, offers another instance of the
same sort : this ample store to feed
upon enables the germinating plantlet
to grow with remarkal^le vigor, and to
develop a second joint of stem, with its
pair of leaves (Fig. 14), before the first
pair has expanded or the root has ob-
tained much foothold in the soil.

28. A Bean aflurds a similar and
more familiar illustration. Here the co-
tyledons in the seed (Fig. IG) are so
thick, that, although they are raised out
of ground in the ordinary way in ger-
mination (Fig. 17), and turn greenish,
yet they never succeed in becoming leaf-
like, — never display their real nature of
leaves, as they do so plaiidy in the Ma-
ple (Fig. o),tlie Pumpkin (Fig. 10), the
Morning-Glory (Fig. 8, 26-28), &c.^
Turned to great account as magazines
of food for the germinating plantlet, they
fulfil this special office admirably, but

FK;. II. An A|)|ilo-Boo(l cm ihm.ipli Ipiiciiiwisp, Kliowinc «l"o cniliryo wiili its thickened
eotylodi.iis. IJ. Tlic piiibryo «>t the Applf, t.ikiii out whule, \ts cotylfiloiiH |iarlly seimrated

Flu. 13. A Hecch-iiiit, cut arniss. H. lli-ciiiiiiiij! mriiiiiintum ol the Ik-iTh, shiiwiiii; iha
pliiniiilu gmwiiic \tiUiTv the cnlyleiliiiis liavo «>|k'iu<I or iho ruot has scarcely furiiicd 15. Tlw
•ainc, a littio later, with the bccoiii] juiiil loiiulheiicd.

12

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. ([LESSON 3.

they were so gorged and, as it wore, misshapen, that they became
quite unfitted to perform the ofTice of
foHage. Tliis office is accordingly first
performed by the succeeding pair of
leaves, those of the plumule (Fig. 17,
18), which is put into rapid growth by
the abundant nourishment contained in
the large and thick seed-leaves. The
latter, having fulfilled this office, soon
wither and fall away.

29. This is carried a step farther in
the Pea (Fig. 19, 20), a near relative
of the Bean,
and in the
Oak (Fig.
21, 22), a
near relative
of the Beech.
The differ-
ence in these
and many
other similar
cases is this.

The cotyledons, which make up nearly

the whole bulk of the seed are exces-
sively tliickened, so as to become nearly

hemispherical in shape. They have lost

all likeness to leaves, and all power of

ever fulfilling the office of leaves. Ac-
cordingly in germination they remain

unchanged within the husk or coats of

tlie seed, never growing themselves, but

supplying abundant nourishment to the

plumule (the bud for the forming stem)

between them. This pushes forth from

the seed, shoots upward, and gives rise

FIG. If). A Bean : the embryo, from which seed-coats have been removed : the small
Fteiri is seen above, bent down upon the cilce of the tliick cotyledons. ]7. The same in early
germination ; tlic phimiilc growing from between the two seed-leaves. 18. The germination
more advanced, the two leaves uf the |>lumule unfolded, and raised un a short joint of stem.

FIG. 19. A Pea: the embryo, with the sccd-coats taken off. 20. A Pea in germination.

LKSSON 3.] GROWTH OF Tilt: PLANT FROM THIC SKED.

i;<

to tlio first leaves that a|)p(':ir. In most cases of the sort, the railitle,
or short original stemlet of the embryo be-
low the cotyledons (which is plainly shown
in the Pea, Fig. li)), lengthens very little,
or not at all ; and so the cotyledons remain
under ground, if the seed was covered by
the soil, as every one knows to be the case
with Peas. In these (Fig. 20), as also in
the Oak (Fig. 22), the leaves of the first
one or two joints are imperfect, and mere
small scales ; but genuine leaves immedi-
ately follow. The Ilorsechestnut and Buck-
eye (Fig. 23, 24) furnish another instance
of the same sort. These trees are nearly
iclated to the ]\laple ; but wlnle the seed-
h'avcs of the Maple show themselves to
be leaves, even in the seed (as we have
already seen), and when they germinate
fulfil the olhce of ordinary leaves, those
of the Buckeye and of the Ilorsechestnut
(Fig. 23), would never be suspected to be
the same organs. Yet they are so, only
in another shape, — exceedingly thickened
by the accumulation of a great quantity
of starch and other nourishing matter in
their substance ; and besides, their contigu-
ous faces stick together more or less firmly,
so that they never open. But the stalks
of these seed-leaves grow, and, as they
lengthen, push the radicle and the plumule 22

out of the seed, when the former develops downwardly the roct. the
l;it!<T iii)\v;ir(]ly tin- Irnty sti-m and all it bears (Fig. 24).

30. l)('|)Osit of Food OUlsidc of the Embryo. Very often ih" nourish-
ment provided for the seedling phintlet is laid up, not in the embryo
itself, but around it. A good instance to begin with is furnished by
the common Morning-GU)ry, or Convolvulus. The embryo, taken
out of the seed and straightened, is shown in Fig. 2r>. It consists
of a short stemlet and of a j)air of very thin and delicate green
leaves, having jio stock of nourishment in them lor sustaining the

FIG. 21. An acorn divided Icnglliwi

2

riic germinating Oak.

GROWTH OF THE I'LANT FKOM TIIK SEED. [lESSON 3.

t'liiliest frnnvtli. On cnlting open the seed, however, we find this

embryo (considerably crumpled or folded together, so as to occupy
less space, F'ig. 2o) to be surround-
ed by a mass of rich, mucilaginous
matter (becoming rather hard and
solid when dry), which forms the
principal bulk of the seed. Upon
this stock the embryo feeds in ger-
mination ; the seed-leaves absorbing
it into their tissue as it is rendered
soluble (through certain chemical
changes) and dissolved by the wa-
ter which the gern)inating seed im-
bibes from the moist soil. Having
by this aid 23 26

lengthened
its radicle
into a stem
ofconsider-
23 24 able length,

and formed the beginning of a root at its

lower end, already imbedded in the soil

(Fig. 27), the cotyledons now disengage

themselves from the seed-coats, and ex-
pand in the light as tiie first pair of leaves

(Fig. 28). These immediately begin to

elaborate, under the sun's influence, what

the root imbibes from the soil, and the new

nourishment so produced is used, partly to

increase the size of the little stem, root,

and leaves already existing, and partly to

produce a second joint of stem with its

leaf (Fig. 29), then a third with its leaf

(Fig. 8) ; and so on.

31. Tiiis maternal store of food, deposited in the seed along with

the embryo (but not in its substance), the old botanists likened to

FIG. 23. Burkcye : a seed divided. 24. A similar seed in geiniiiation.

FIG. 25. Seed and embryo of Mommg-Glory, cut across. Sfi. Einhryo of the same, de.
tached and straighlened. 27. Germinating Morning-Glory. 28. Tlie same further advanced/
Its two (hin seed-leaves cxpamlod.

LK8S0N 3.] OKOWTH OK TIIK IM.ANT FROM THE SEfcO.

15

th(; alhntnrn, or wliilo of (lie o^'ir, wliich cnclosfs ihe yolk, and
therefore gave it the same name, — the albumen of the seed, — a
nnme which it still retains. Food of this sort for the plant is also
f(K)d for animals, or for man ; and il is
this albnmen, the floury part of liie seed,
whieh forms the principal bulk of such
important grains as those of Indian Corn
(V\^. 38-40), Wheat, Rice, Buck-
wheat, and of the seed of Four-o'clock,
(Fig. 3(3, 37), and the like. In all
these last-named cases, it may be ob-
served that the embryo is not enclosed
in the albumen, but placed on one side
of it, yet in close contact with it, so
that the embryo may absorb readily
from it the nourishment it requires
when it begins to grow. Sometimes
the embryo is coiled around the outside, in the form of a ring, as
in the Purslane and the Four-o'clock (Fig. 36, 37) ; sometimes it is
ooile-d within the albumen, as in the Potato (Fig. 34, 35) ; some-
times it is straight in the centre of the albumen, occupying nearly its
30 w J4 36 whole length, as in

the Barberry (Fig.
32, 33), or much
smaller and near one
end, as in the Iris
(Fig. 43) ; or some-
times so miinite, in
the midst of the al-
bumen, that it needs
a magnifying-glass to
find it, as in the But-

Flf;. 00. nprinin.itiniiiif Dip Moriiinc Clorv more ndv.Tiirpil : tlip iipinrpnrt only , slion-ing
the Ipaly cotyledons, iho secuiid joiiil of .'-tPin with its leaf, and the third with its leaf jiiht
developing.

FIU. 30. Sertion of a s^pd of a Pnnny, Khowin*; n very small •nihryo in llie alhtimen,
near one end. .tl. T\\\» etnhryo dclarlipil, nnil nH>r<> nin^nified.

FKi. 22. Section of a sped ot Barliorry. stviwiiii; the straight enihry o in the iniddte of
the alhiinipn. 33. Its embryo delarhrd.

FIU. 31 Sprtion u>' a Putato-sccd, bliowmi; (lie riiibr)(i roiled in the alhiiiiipii. 35. Itj
embryo detarlied.

Fir:. 3r). i^erlmn nf the s-ppd of Foiir-oVlork, Khuwing the piiiliryo roiled ruiiiul tlM
outside of the albumen. :r7 Um ctubtyu delaclied

16 GROWTH OK TllF, I'LANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 3.

tcrciip or the Colunibino, and in tho Peony (Fig. 30, 31), wliere,
however, it is large enough to he distinguished by the naked ey<?.
Nothing is more curious than the various shapes and positions of
the enihryo in the seed, nor more interesting than to watch its de-
velopment in germination. One point is still to be noticed, since
the botanist considers it ot'mucli importance, namely: —

32. Tlic Kinds of Embryo as to the Number of Cotyledons. In all the

figures, it is easy to see that the embryo, however various in shaj)e.
is constructed on one and the same plan ; — it consists of a radicle or
stemlet, with a pair of cotyledons on its summit. Botanists there-
fore call it dicotyledonous, — an inconveniently long word to express
the fact that the embryo has two cotyledons or seed-leaves. In
many cases (as in the Buttercup), the cotyledons are indeed so
minute, that they are discerned only by the nick in the upper end
of the little embryo ; yet in germination they grow into a pair of
seed-leaves, just as in other cases where they are plain to be "seen,
as leaves, in the seed. But in Indian Corn (Fig. 40), in Wheat,
the Onion, the Iris (Fig. 43), Sec, it is well known that only one
/--~^ leaf appeai-s at first from the

y^'^'^ ' ' '"'~''X ', /Tv sprouting seed: in these the

] \ j /llll, t^'ifihryo has only one cotyle-

^ ' I \ I v \\ m ^^"' ^"^ ^^ ^^ therefore termed

V A.JIjL/ '/ K^^^J^ ^^i-J' ^y ^'"^ botanists monocotyJedo-

38 39 40 nous ; — an extremely lung

word, like the other, of Greek derivation, which means one-cotyle-
doned. The rudiments of one or more other leaves are, indeed,
commonly present in this sort of embr30, i\& is plain to see in Indian
Corn (Fig. 38-40), but they form a bud situated above or within
the cotyledon, and enclosed by it more or less completely ; so that
they evidently belong to the plumuh; (IC) ; and these leaves appear
in the seedling plantlet, each from within its predecessor, and there-
fore originating higher up on the forming stem (Fig. 42, 44). This
•will readily be understood from the accompanying figures, with tlicir
explanation, which the student may without difficulty verify lor him-

FIG. 38. A grain <il Indian Corn, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo,
lyinp on the allmnien, which makes tlic principal bulk of tho seed.

FIG. 3'.>. Ant-llier prain of Corn, cut through tho middle in tlie opposite direction, divid-
ing tho cmt)ryo ihrcuch its tliick cotyledon and its plumule, the latter consisting of two
leaves, one enclosing the other.

FIG. 40. The cml)ryo of Corn, taken out wliole : the tliick mass is the cotyledon ; the
narrow body partly enclosed by it is tho pluiiiiilo ; the Utile projection at its base is tlie very
short radicle CIltlJ■^•,•d in llie shouthiiig base of the fi»ot leaf of the plumule.

LKSSON 3.] GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THIi SKKD.

17

P<If, ;in(l >lioiil(l do ^o, liy examining pniiiis of Indian Corn, ."oakcd
in water, before and alj^o during germination. In tiic Onion, Lily,
and till'. Iris (Fig. 4o), the nionocotyledonons cndjryo is siinplcr,
consisting apparently of n simple oblong or oylindrieal
body, in wliicli no distinction of parts is visible : the lower
end is radicle, and from it grows the root ; the rest is a
cottjledon, which has wrapjx'd np in it a niinute piiinntle,
or bud, that shows its<'lf when the seeds sprout in germi-
nation. The first leaf which ap|)ears above ground in all
these cases is not the cotyle<lon. In all seeds with one coty-
ledon to the embryo, this remains in the seed, or at least
its upper part, wliile its lengthening base comes out, so as
to extricate the ])lumule, which shoots upward, and de- L
velops the first leaves of the plantlet. These appear one
above or within the other in succes-
sion,— as is shown in Fig. 42 and
Fig. 44, — the first commonly in the
form of a little scale or imperfect
leaf; the second or third and the *'

following ones as the real, ordinary leaves of
the plant. Meanwhile, from the root end of
the embryo, a root (Fig. 41, 44), or soon a
whole cluster of roots (Fig. 42)^ makes its
appearanc<\

33. In Pines, and the like, the embryo con-
sists of a radicle or stemlet, bearing on itr.
summit three or four, or often from five to
ten slender cotyledons, arranged in a
circle (Fig. 45), and expanding at
^1(0^ once into a circle of as many green
leaves in germination (Fig. 4(1). Such
embryos are said to he poh/rotijledonoiis,
that is, as the word denotes, many-
y cotyledoned.

34. Plan of Vriflntion. The student

who has underslandingly followed the
growth of the embryo in the seed into the seedling plantlet. — com-
jM)se(l of a root, and a st<in of two or three joints, each bearing a

FIC. 41. (irnin of Indian (^irn in prrnilnati-jn.
FK;. -V-L 'I'Iio aanio, further advanrod

2*

18

GROWTH OF THE PLANT FROM THE SEED. [lESSON 3.

leaf, or a pair (rarely a circle) of leaves, — will have gained a cor-
rect idea of the plan of vegetation in general, and have laid a good
foundation for a knowledge of the whole structure and phyr^iology
^3 of plants. P^or the plant goes on to grow in the same

way thi-oughout, by mere repetitions of what the early
germinating plantlet displays to view, — of what was
contained, in miniature or in rudiment, in the seed itself.
So far as vegetation is concerned (leaving out of view
for the present the flower and fruit), the full-grown leafy
herb or tree, of whatever size, has nothing, and does
nothing, which the seedling plantlet does not have and
do. The whole mass of stem or trunk and foliage of
the complete plant, even of the largest forest-tree, is
composed of a succession or multiplication of similar
-parts, — one arising from the summit of another, —
each, so to say, the offspring of the preceding and
the parent of the next.

35. In the same way that the earliest portions of
the seedling stem, with the leaves
tliey bear, are successively produced,
so, joint by joint in direct succes-
sion, a single, simple, leafy stem is
developed and carried up. Of such a
simple leafy stem many a plant consists
(before flowering, at least), — many
herbs, such as Sugar-Cane, Indian
Corn, the Lily, the tall Banana, the
Yucca, &c. ; and among trees the
Palms and the Cycas (wrongly called
Sago Palm) exhibit the same simplicity, their
stems, of whatever age, being unbranched columns
(Fig. 47). (Growth in diameter is of course to be considered,
as well as growth in length. That, and the question Jioiv growth
of any kind takes place, we will consi<ler hereafter.) But more
commonly, as soon as the plant has produced a main stem of a cer-
tain length, and displayed a certain amount of foliage, it begins to

FIG. 43. Pertion of a seed of tlie Iris, or Flower-dc-Lucc, showing its small eiiibrj-o in
tho alhuiiicii, near the bottom.

FKJ. 44. Germinating plantlet of the Iris.

FIG. 45. Section of a seed of a Pine, with its embryo of several cotyledons. 46. Early
seedling Pine, with its stemlet, displaying its six seed-leaves.

LKSSON 3.] r.UOWTH OK TIIK PLANT KKOM THK SEED.

19

produce nddilioii.-il stems, tli:it is, hrandics. Tlie hraticliiiip plant
we will coiisiiler in I he next Lesson.

36. The suhjoined (injures (Fi^. 47) jrive a view of sr»mo forms
of simple-stemined ve^;etation. The figun; in the fore;i;roimd (jm
the left represents a Cycas (wix)np;ly called in thfi conservatories
Sajro Palm). Behind it is a Yucca (called Spanish Bayonet at tin;
South) and (wo C'ocoanut Palm-trees. On the right is some Indiau
Corn, and behind it a Bananx

20 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [LESSON 4.

LESSON IV.

THE GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS AND BRANCHES.

37. We have seen how the plant grows so as to produce a root,
and a simi)le stem with its foliage. Both the root and stem, how-
ever, generally bi'nnch.

38. The branches of the root arise without any particular order.
There is no telling beforehand from what part of a main root they
will spring. But the branches of the stem, except in some extra-
ordinary cases, tegularly arise from a particular place. ]iranches
or shoots in their undeveloped state are

39. Buds. These regularly appear in the axils of the leaves, —
that is, in the angle formed by the leaf with the stem on the upper
side ; and as leaves are symmetrically arranged on the stem, the
buds, and the branches into which the buds grow, necessarily par-
take of this symmetry.

40. AVe do not confine the name of bud to the scaly winter-buds
which are so conspicuous on most of our shrubs and trees in winter
and spring. It belongs as well to the forming branch of any herb, at
its first appearance in the axil of a leaf. In growing, buds lengthen
into branches, just as the original stem did from the i»lumule of the
embryo (16) when the seed germinated. Only, while the original
stem is implanted in the ground by its root, the branch is im})lantod
on the stem. Branches, therefore, are repetitions of the main stem.
They consist of the same parts, — namely, joints of stem and leaves,
— growing in the same way^ And in the axils of their leaves
another crop of buds is naturally produced, giving rise to another
generation of branches, which may in turn produce still another
generation ; and so on, — until the tiny and simple seedling develops
into a tall and spreading herb or shrub ; or into a massive tree,
with its hundreds of annually increasing branches, and its thousands,
perhaps millions, of leaves.

41. The herb and the tree grow in the same way. The difference
is only in size and duration.

An Herb dies altogether, or dies down to the ground, after it has
ripened its fruit, or at the a[)proach of winter.

LKSSON 4.] r.ROWTII OF PLANTS FROM Rfr)«t.

21

An nniiKiiI lierh lloucrs in tlx- first yc.'ir, mid (lif^, root and all,
after ripL'tiiiig its st'<-d : Mii>taitl. Pc|.|)« r^riass, liuckulifat, cVc, are
examples.

A biennial herb — siicli as the Turnip, Carrot, Reet, and Cabbage
— grows the first season williout blossoming, survives tlie winter,
flowers after that, and dies, root and all, when it has ripened its seed.

A perennial herb lives and blossoms year after year, but dies
down to the ground, or near it. auMiially, — not, liowcvfi-, quite down
to the root: for a portion of the stem, with its buds, still survives;
and from these buds the shoots of the following year arise.

A Shrub is a perennial plant, with woody stems which continue
alive and grow year after yt ar.

A Tree differs from a shrub only in its greater size.

42. The Tcrini'ial Buil. There are herbs, shrubs, and trees which
do not branch, as we have already seen (35) ; but whose stems,
even when they livii for many years, rise, as a simple shaft
(Fig. 47). These plants grow by the continued evolution of a bud
which crowns the summit of the stem, and which is therefore called
the terminal bud. This bud is very conspicuous in
many branching plants also ; as on all the stems or
shoots of Maples (Fig. 53), Horsechestnuts (Fig. 48),
or Hickories (Fig. 49), of a year old. "When they
grow, they merely prolong the shoot or stem on which
they rest. On these same shoots, however, other buds
are to be seen, regulai'ly arranged down their sides.
We find them situated just over broad, flattened places,
which are the scars left by the fall of the leaf-stalk the
autumn previous. Before the fall of the leaf, they
would have been seen to occupy their axils (39) : so
they are nann-d

43. Axillary Buds. Thr-y were formed in these trees
early in the summer. Occiusionalh' they grow at the
time into branches : at least, some of them are pretty
sure to do so, in case the growing terminal bud at the
end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise
they lie dormant until the spring. In many trees
or shrubs (such for example as the Sinnach and Iloney-I.ocust)
these axillary buds do not show themselves until spring; but if

FIG IS.
bavo Ivllun.

aiittiiiiii alti'

22 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BIDS. [lKSSON 4.

searched for, fhoy may be detected, thoufrh of small size, hidden
under the bark. Sometimes, although early formed, they are con-
cealed all summer long under the base of the leaf-
stalk, hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a
candle-extinguisher, to cover them ; as in the Locust,
the Yellow-wood, or more strikingly in the Button-
wood or Plane-tree (Fig. 50).

44, Such large and conspicuous buds as those of
the Ilorsechestnut, Hickory, and the like, are scaly ;
the scales being a kind of imperfect leaves. The
vise of the bud-scales is obvious ; namely, to protect
the tender young parts beneath. To do this more
effectually, they are often coated on the outside with
a varnish which is impervious to wet, while within
they, or the parts they enclose, are thickly clothed
with down or wool ; not really to keep out the cold
of winter, which will of course penetrate the bud in
time, but to shield the interior against sudden changes
« from warm to cold, or from cold to warm, which are

equally injurious. Scaly buds commonly belong, as would be expect-
ed, to trees and shrubs of northern climates ; while naked buds are
usual in tropical regions, as well as in herbs everywhere which
branch during the summer's growth and do not endure the winter.

45. But naked buds, or nearly naked, also occur in several of oui
own trees and shrubs ; sometimes pretty large ones, as those of H'ob

FtG. 49. Annual shoot of the Shajrhark Hickory.

FK;. 51). Hud ami icafof iho HultuiivvooJ, or Auiorican Plane-tree.

LKS90N 4.] OUOWTH OK PLANTS FROM BUPS. 28

blebush (while tlioso of fli.- n.-aily-n-lat.'d Siiowl.all or Ili^'li 15u^li-
Cranberry are sraly) ; but more i'oiniiu)iily, when naked buus occur
in trees and shrubs of our climate, they are small, and sunk in the
bark, as in the Sumac ; or oven partly buried in tiie wood until they
begin to {jmw, as in the Honey-Locust

46. Vinor of VflClillioil from Buds. Large and strong buds, like those
of the Ilorsecheslnut, Iliikmy, and the like, on inspection will be
foinid to contain several leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready formed,
foldeil and packed away in small compass, just as the seed-leaves
are packed away in the seed : tliey even coutiiin all the blossoms of
the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds. And the stems
upon which these buds rest are filled with abundant nourishment,
which was deposited the summer before in the wood or in the bark.
Under the surface of the soil, or on it, covered with the fallen leaves
of autumn, we may find similar strong buds of our perennial herbs,
in great variety ; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers,
charged with a great store of nourishment for their use. As we
regard these, we shall readily perceive how it is that vegetation
shoots forth so vigorously in tiie spring of the year, and clothes the
bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked
boughs of trees, almost at once with a covering of the freshest
green, and often wth brilliant blossoms. PIverything was prepared,
and even formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud
have only to lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other
so that they may unfold and grow. Only a small part of the vege-
tiition of the season comes directly from the seed, and none of the
earliest vernal vegetation. This is all from buds which have lived
through the winter.

■47. This growth from buds, in manifold variety, is as interesting
a subject of study as the growth of the phmtlet from the seed, and
is still easier to observe. We have oidy room here to sketch the
general plan ; earnestly recommending tliG student to examine at-
tentively their mode of growth in all the common trees and slirubs,
when they shoot forth in spring. The growth of tlie terminal bud
prolongs the stem or branch: the growth ot axillary buds pro-
duces branches.

48. The Arnill?Pmcnl of Brancbrs is accordingly the same as of
axillary buds ; and the arrangement of these i)uds is ihi- same as
that of tlu; leaves. Now leaves are arranged in two principal ways:
they are either opjtusite or aUernate. Leaves are opposite when

24 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [lESSON 4

tliere are two borne on the «aino joint. of stem, as in tho Ilorse-
cliestnut, Maple (Fig. 7), Honeysuckle (Fig. 132), Lilac, <5cc. ; the
two leaves in such eases being always 02)posite each other, that is,
on exactly opposite sides of the stem. Here of course the buds
in their axils are opposite, as we observe in Fig. 48, where the
leaves have fallen, but their place is shown by the scars. And the
branches into which the buds grow are likewise opposite each other
in pairs.

49. Leaves are alternate when there is only one from each joint of
stem, as in the Oak (Fig. 22), Lime-tree, Poplar, Buttonwood (Fig.
50), Morning-Glory (Fig.8), — not counting the seed-leaves, which of
course are opposite, there being a pair of them ; also in Indian Corn
(Fig. 42), and Iris (Fig. 44). Consequently the axillary buds are
also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 49) ; and the branches they
form alternate, — making a different kind of spray from the other
niode, — one branch shooting on the one side of the stem and the
next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is
on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next
below it.

50. Branches, therefore, are arranged with symmetry ; and the
mode of branching of the whole tree may be foretold by a glance at
the arrangement of the leaves on the seedling or stem of the first
year. This arrangement of the branches according to that of th(?
leaves is always plainly to be recognized ; but the symmetry of
branches is rarely complete. This is owing to several causes ;
mainly to one, viz. : —

51. It never happens that all the bud^ grow. If they did, there
would be as many branches in any year as there were leaves the
year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a large portion
perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment or for want of light.
Those which first begin to grow have an advantage, which they are
apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the stem, and
starving the weaker buds.

52. In the Horsechestnut (Fig. 48), Hickory (Fig. 49), INIag-
nolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, the terminal bud
is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth, and next in
strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues
the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give Hse to branches,
while the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also, the upper axillary
buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely

LESSON 4.] nnowTH of plants fro:m urns. 25

appears at all; in its jilacf tlio uppermost pair of axillary buds prow,
and so each stem branches every year into two ; niakin^jj a re-
peatedly two-forked rainilieation,

53. In these and many similar trees and shrubs, most of the shoots
make a definite animal growth. That is, each shoot of the sejuson
develops rapidly from a strong; bud in spriuir, — a bud which gen-
erally contains, already formed in miniature, all or a {^reat part of the
leaves and joints of stem it is to produce, — makes its whole growth
in length in the course of a few weeks, or sometimes even in a few
days, and then ii)rms and ripens its buds for the next year's similar
ra}>id growth.

Tt 1. On the other hand, the Locust, IToney-Locust, Sumac, and,
among smaller plants, the IJose and Raspberry, make an indefinite
annual growth. That is, their stems grow on all summer long,
until stopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause ; con-
sequently they form and ripen no terminal bud protected l>y scales,
and the upper axillary buds are produced so late in the season
that they have no time to mature, nor has the wood time to solidify
and ripen. Such stems therefore commonly die at the top in winter,
or at least all their upper buds are small and feeble; and the growth
of the succeeding year takes place mainly from the lower axillary
buds, which are more mature. Most of our perennial herbs grow
in this way, their stems dying down to the ground every year: the
part beneath, howevei-, is charged with vigorous buds, well pro-
tected by the kindly covering of earth, ready for the next year's
vegetation.

55. In these last-mentioned cases there is, of course, no single
main stem, continued year after year in a direct line, but the trunk
is soon lost in the branches ; and when they grow into trees, these
commonly have rounded or spreading tops. Of such trees with
drliquescent stems, — that is, with the trunk dissolved, as it were,
into the successively divided branches, the coniinon American Khn
(Fig. 54) furni>lies a good illustration.

5(5. On the other hand, the main stem of Pines and Spruces, aa
it begins in the seedling, unless destroyed by some injury, is carried
on in a direct line throughout the whole growth of the tree. l»y tho
develojjment year after year of a terminal bud: this forms a single,
uninterrupted shaft, — an fxcMrr^'z/Mrunk, which can never be con-
foiMided wiih the l)ranches that proceed fioin it. Of such spiri/ or
sju'rc-shiipcd trees, the Fir.s or Spruces are the nio,-t perfect and
3

26 GROWTH OF PLANTS FROM BUDS. [lESSON 4.

familiar illustrations (Fig. 54) ; but ?ome other trees with strong
terminal buds exhibit the same chaj'ucler (or a certain time, and
in a less marked degree.

57. Latent Buds. Seme of the axillary buds grow the following
year into branches ; but a larger number do not (51). These do not
necessarily die. Often they survive in a latent state for some years,
visible on the surface of the branch, or are smaller and concealed
under the bark, resting on the surface of the wood : and when at
any time the other buds or branches happen to be killed, these older
latent buds grow to supply their place ; — as is often seen when the
foliage and young shoots of a tree are destroyed by insects. The
new shoots seen springing directly out of large stems may sometimes
originate from such latent buds, which have preserved their life for
years. But commonly these arise from

58. Adventitious Buds. These are buds which certain shrubs and
trees produce anywhere on the surface of the wood, especially where
it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often
feather so beautifully the sides of great branches or trunks of our
American Elms. They sometimes form on the root, which naturally
is destitute of buds ; and they are sure to appear on the trunks and
roots of Willows, Poplars, and Chestnuts, when these are wounded
or mutilated. Indeed Osier-Willows are pollarded^ or cut oft", from
time to time, by the cultivator, for the purpose of producing a crop of
slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Such branches,
being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural sym-
metry of the tree (50). Another cause of irregularity, in certain
trees and shrubs, is the formation of what are called

59. Aecessory or Supernumerary Buds. There are cases where two,

three, or more buds spring from the

axil of a leaf, instead of the single

one which is ordinarily found there.

Sometimes they are placed one over

the other, as in the Aristolochia or

Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarian

Honeysuckle (Fig. 51); also in the

51 Honey-Locust, and in the Walnut and

Butternut (Fig. 52), where the upper superr.umerary bud is a good

way out of the axil and above the others. And this is here stronger

FIG. 51. Tartarian Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in one axil.

LKSSON 4.] GROWTH OF PLANTS FUOM lUDS.

27

^.

tli.in the others, and ^rows into :i hr.incli wliicli is consitliTiihly out ot
the axih while tin- hnver juul smaller ones coinnionly do not grow at
all. In other eases the tln-ee buds stand side by sid«^
in the axil, as in the Ilawtliorn, and tiie Red Alapln
(Fig. i)3). It" these were all to grow into hranches.
they would .stifle or jostle each other. lint some
of them are commonly flower-hiids : in
the Red Maple, only the middle one is
a leaf-i)ud, and it does not grow until
afier those on each side of it have ex-
panded the blossoms they contain.

GO. Sorts of Buds. It may be useful
to enumerate the kinds of buds which
have now been mentioned, referring
l).iclc to the paragraphs in which the pe-
culiarities of each are explained. Buds,
then, are either termhial or lateral.
Tiiey are

Terminal when they rest on the apex
of a stem (42). The earliest terminal
bml is \\\o. plumule of the embryo (10).

Lateral, when they appear on the
side of a stem : — of which the only
regular kind is the
Axillary (4o), namely, those which are situated in
the axils of leaves.

Accessory or Supernumerary (.OO), when two or more
occur in addition to the ordinary axillary bud. 53

Adventitious {'>^). wIkmi they occur out of the axils and without
order, on stems or roots, or even on leaves. Any of these kind*
may be, either

Naked, when without coverings; or scaly, when protected by
scales (44, 4."»).

Latent, when they survive long without growing, and eonnnonly
without being visible externally (-"i").

I^af-huds, \\\\v\\ they cmilain leaves, ami develop into a leaty
shoot.

Fluwer-buds, when they contain l)lossoms. and no leaves, as the

FIG.
Flu.

niilii'riiiii
Ut'J-.M.ipl

liraiirli,
D Uraurli

ivitll 3rcv<si>T\ (mils,
Willi atxuMHiry bii(l.s

i|i|<i'riniist ,-iIm

l.-ll Xillu l>)' Hill

28

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

[lesson 5.

sitle-biul.s of the Red-I\I:ii)lo, or \vh»r> *!>ey are undeveloped blossoms.
These we shall have to consider hereafter.

Fij^ure i)i represents a spreadinjr-topped tree (American Elm),
the stem dividing otf into branches ; and some s[)iry trees (Spruces
on the rijrht hand, and two of the Arbor- Vitae on the left) with ex-
uurrent stems.

LESSON V.

MORPHOLOGY (I.e. VARIOUS SORTS AND FORMs) OF ROOTS.

61. IllorpllOlOgV. as the name (derived from two Greek word>)
denotes, is the doctrine of forms. In treating of forms in plants, the
botanist is not confined to an enumeration or description of the
shapes or sorts that occur, — which would be a dull and tedious
business. — but he endeavors to bring to view the relations between
one form and another ; and this is an interesting study.

(S2. Botanists give particular names to all the parts of plants, and
also particular terms to express their principal varieties in form.
They use these terms with great precision and advantage in describ-
ing the species or kinds of plants. Tiiey must therefore be defined
and explained in our books. But it would be a great waste of time

LK8SON 5.] MOKl'llOLOCY OK ROOTS. "29

for tlic yoniic; J^tinlcnt to learn them by rote. Tlio student slicmld
rather consider the eonneetioii between one Ibnii and anotlier ; and
notice liow the one simple plan of the plant, as it has alrea<ly been
illustrated, is worked out in the greatest variety of ways, through the
manifold diversity of forms which each of its three organs of vege-
tation — root, stem, and leaf — is made to assume.

G3. This wc are now ready to do. That is, having obtained a
g neral idea of vegetation, by tracing the plant from the seed and
the bud into the herb, shrub, or tree, we proceed to contemplate the
princi|)al forms under which these three oigans occur in diHi-rent
plants, or in different parts of the same plant ; or, in other words, to
stuily the moiylioloyij of the root, stem, and leaves.

64. Of these three organs, the root is the simplest and the lea^t
varied in its modifications. Still it exhibits some widely di(l"erent
kinds. Going back to the beginning, we commence with

G5. The sim|)Ic PrilUtiry Root, which most plants send down from
the root-end of the embryo as it grows from the seed; as we hav
seen in the Maple (Fig 5-7), Morn ing-G lory (Fig. 8 and 28),
Beech (Fig. 14, 15), Oak and IJuckeye (Fig. 22-24), &c. This,
if it goes on to grow, makes a main or tap root, from which fide-
branches here and there proceed. Some plants keep this mair 'root
throughout their whole life, and send off only small side bra' rhes ;
as in the Carrot (Fig. 58) and Radish (Fig. 59) : and in some trees,
like the Oak, it takes the lead of the side-branches for many years,
unless accidentally injured, Jis a strong tap-root. But commonly
the main root divides off very soon, and is lost in the branches.
We have already seen, also, that there may be at the beginning

OG. Mi;lti|)Ic Primary Roots. We have noticed them in tiie Pump-
kin (Fig. lU), in the Pea (Fig. 20), and in Indian Corn (Fig. 42).
That is, st;veral roots have started all at once, or nearly so, from the
seedling st(,'m, and formed a bundle or cluster (a fascicled root, as
it is called), in place of one main root. The Bean, as we observe
in Fig. 18, begins with a main root , l)ut some of its branches soon
ov<'rtake it, and a clM<ter of roots is (()rrne(l.

G7. Absorplioii of Moisture by Roots. Tin- br.Miciies of roots as they

grow coimnoidy branch again and again, into smaller roots or rootlets ;
in this way very much increjw^ing the surface liy which the plant
connects its(df with the earth, and absorbs moisture from it. 'I'he
wholf! surface of tin; root al)sorbs, so long as it is fresh and new ;
and the newer the roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they
3*

30

MORPnOLOGY OF ROOTS.

[lesson 5.

imbibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and
expands fresh foliage, li'om which moisture much of the time largely
escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its
roots in the soil beneath, renewing and increasing the fresh surface
(or absorbing moisture, in proportion to the demand fi-om above.
And when growth ceases above ground, and the leaves die and fall,
or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, and their
soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until
growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplant-
ing ; especially for trees and shrubs, and herbs so large that they
cannot well be removed without injuring the roots very mnch.

68. We see, on considering a moment, that an herb or a tree
consists of two great surfaces, with a narrow part or trunk between
them, — one sui-face spread out in the air, and the other in the soil.
These two surfaces bear a certain proportion to each other ; and the
upper draws largely on the lower for

y^'~~::^\,/^ ^»> moisture. Now, when the leaves fall

Z^;;;!^^^^^/" ( from the tree in autumn, the vast sur-

face exposed to the air is reduced to a
very small part of what it was before ;
and the remainder, being covered with
a firm bark, cannot lose much by evap-
oration. In common hei'bs the whole
surface above ground perishes in au-
tumn ; and many of the rootlets die at
the same time, or soon afterwards.
So that the living vegetable is reduced
for the time to the smallest compass,
— to the thousandth or hundred-thou-
sandth part of what it was shortly
before, — and what remains alive rests
in a dormant state, and may now be
transplanted without much danger of
liai-m. If any should doubt whether
there is so great a difference between
y ix /^ a' *''^ summer and the winter size of

^•IMj »l,'l;,5s plants, let them compare a lily-bulb

with the full-grown Lily, or calculate the surface of foliage which

FIG. 55. ScedlinR Maple, of the natural size, showing the root-hairs. 5G. A hit of tha
end nf the root iiiagnifiod.

LKSSON 5.]

MOKI'IIOLOGV OF KOOTS.

31

a tree exposes to the air, as
twigs.

Gi). Tlie absorl)iiig surface of
it appears to be, on account ol

compared with the surface of its

much

thuu

I'oots IS very

the rool-hain,
or slender fibrils, which abound on the Iresh and
new jiarts of roots. These may be seen with
an ordinary magnify ing-ghiss, or even by ihe
naked eye in many eases ; as in the root of a
seedling Maple (Fig. oH), where the surface is
thickly clothed with them. They are not root-
lets of a smaller sort ; but, when more magnified,
are seen to be mere elongations of the surface
of the root into slender tubes, which through
their very delicate walls imbibe moisture from
the soil with great avidity. They are com-
monly much longer than those shown in Fig.
5G, which represents only the very tip of a root
moderately magnified. Small as they are indi-
vidually, yet the whole amount of absorbing
surface added to the rootlets by the countless
numbers of these tiny tubes is very great.

70. Roots intend-
ed mainh' for ab-
sorl)ing branch free-
ly, and are slender
or thread-like. When the root is prin-
cipally of this character it is said to be
Jibrous ; as in Indian Corn (Fig. 42),
and other grain, and to some extent in
all annual ])lanfs (11).

71. Till- Kool as n Slorrlioiisr of Fonil.
In biennial and many peremiial herbs
(41), (he root answers an additional
purpose. In the course of the sea-^on it
becomes a storehouse of nourishment,
and enlarges or thickens as it receives
the accumulation. Such roots are said

to be jieslnj : and difi'erent names are applied to them according to

FIG. 57 58, M. FnriiiK of ne»liy ..r lliirkeni-d rcN.U.

32

MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS.

[lksson 5.

their shape?. We may divide them all into two kinds ; 1st, those
consisting of one main root, and 2d, those without any main root.

72. The first are merely different shapes of the tap-root ; which is

Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or whore it joins
Uie stem, and tajjers regularly downwards to a point, as in the
Common Beet, the Parsnip, and Carrot (Fig. 58) :

Turnip-shaped or ■fiapiform, when greatly thickened above ; but
abruptly becoming slender below; as the Turnip (Fig. 57) : and,

Spindle-shaped, or fusiform, when thickest in the midtlle and
tapering to both ends; as the common Radish (Fig. 59).

73. In the second kind, where there
is no main root, the store of nourishing
matter may be distributed throughout
the branches or cluster of roots gener-
ally, or it may be accumulated in some
of them, as we see in the tuberous roots
of the Sweet Potato, the common Peony,
and the Dahlia (Fig. GO).

74. All but the last of these illustra-
t rations are taken from biennial plants.
These grow with a large tuft of leaves
next the ground, and accumulate nour-
ishment all the first summer, and store
up all they produce beyond what is
wanted at the time in their great root,

GO which lives over the winter. We know

very well what use man and other animals make of this store of food,
in the form of starch, sugar, jelly, and the like. From the second
year's growth we may learn what use the plant itself makes of it.
The new shoots then feed upon it, and use it to form with great
rapidity branches, flower-stalks, blossoms, fruit, and seed ; and, having
used it up, the whole plant dies when the seeds have ripened.

75. In the same way the nourishment contained in the separate
tuberous roots of the Sweet Potato and the Dahlia (Fig GO) is fed
upon in the spring by the buds of the stem they belong to ; and
as they are emptied of their contents, they likewise die and decay.
But meanwhile similar stores of nourishment, produced by the second
year's vegetation, are deposited in new roots, which live through the

FIG. fiO. Clustered tuberoi
^jeluiig to.

tools of the Dalilia. witli tlio bottom of tlio slein tliey

LKSSON T).] MOIUMIOIXXJY OF I500T9. 83

next winter, ami sustain tlic tliiid .-|)rinji's frmwtli, and ?n on; —
these plants hc'iw^ pi'ffniii<i/ (11), or lasting year after year, though
eaeh particular root lives little more than one year.

7G. Many things which commonly pjiss for roots are not really
roots at all. Common potatoes are tuberous parts of stems, while
sweet potatoes are roots, like those of the Dahlia (Fig. CO). The dif-
ference between them will more plainly appear in the next Lesson.

77. St'COllliliry Roots. So far we have considered only the original
or primary loot, — tliat which proceeded from the lower end of the
lirst joint of stem in the phmtlet springing from the seed, — and its
subdivisions. We may now remark, that any other part of the stem
will produce roots just as well, whenever favorably situated for it ;
that is, when covered by the soil, which provides the darkness and
the moisture which is congenial to them. For these secondary roots,
as they may be called, partake of the ordinary disposition of the
organ: they avoid tJie light, and seek to bury themselves in the
ground. In Indian Corn we see roots early striking from the second
and the succeeding joints of stem under ground, more abundantly
than from the first joint (Fig. 42). And all stems that keep up a
connection with the soil — such as those which creep along on or
beneath its surface — are sure to strike root from almost every joint.
So will most branches when bent to the ground, and covered with
the soil : and even cuttings from the branches of most plants car. be
made to do so, if properly managed. I'ropagation by buds depends
upon this. That is, a piece of a plant which has stem and leaves,
either develope(l or in the bud, may be made to produce roots, and
so become an independt-nt plant.

78. In many plants the disposition to strike root is so strong, tliat
they oven will sj)ring from the stem above ground. In Indian Corn,
for example, it is well known that roots grow, not only from all those
joints round which the earth is heaped in lioeing, but also from those
several inches above the soil : and other plants produce them from
stems or branches high in the air. Such roots are called

79. Aerial RoolS. All the most striking examples of these are met
with, as we might expect, in warmer and damper climates than ours,
and especially in deep Ibresfs which shut out much of the light ; this
being unfavorable to roots. The ^langrove of Iro|)ical shores, whith
occurs on our own sonihern borders; the Sujiar C.-nie, from which
roots strike just as in Indian Corn, only from higher up the stem;
the Pandaiius, called Screw I'inc (not iiom its resemblauce to a

S&F— 3

84 MORPHOLOGY OF ROOTS [lESSON 5.

Pine-tree, but because it is like a Pine-apple plant) ; and the famous
Banyan of India, and some other Fig-trees, furni.>;li the mos^t remark-
able examples of roots, which strike from the stem or the branches
in the open air, and at length reach the ground, and bury them-
selves, when they act in the same manner as ordinary roots.

80. Some of our own common plants, however, produce small
aerial rootlets ; not for absorbing nourishment, but for climbing. By
jhese rootlets, that shoot out abundantly from the side of the stems
and branches, the Trumpet Creeper, the Ivy of Europe, and our
Poison Rhus, — here called Poison Ivy, — fasten themselves firmly
to walls, or the trunks of trees, often ascending to a great height.
Here roots serve the same purpose that tendrils do in tlie Grape-
Vine and Virginia Creeper. Another form, and the most aerial of
all roots, since they never reach the ground, are those of

81. Epiphytes, or Air-Plants. These are called by the first name
(which means growing on plants), because thejt are generally found
upon the trunks and branches of trees; — not that they draw any
nourishment from them, for their roots merely adhere to the bark,
and they flourish just as well upon dead wood or any other con-
venient support. They are called air-plants because they really
live altogether upon what they get from the air, as they have no
connection with the soil. Hundreds of air-plants grow all around
us without attracting any attention, because they are small or hum-
ble. Such ai-e the Lichens and IMosses that abound on the trunks
or boughs of trees, especially on the shaded side, and on old walls,
fences, or rocks, from which they obtain no nourishment. But this
name is commonly applied only to the larger, flower-bearing plants
which live in this way. These belong to warm and damp parts of
the world, where there is always plenty of moisture in the air. The
greater part belong to the Orchis family and to the Pine-Apple
family ; and among them are some of the handsomest flowers known.
We have two or three flowering air-plants in the Southern States,
though they are not showy ones. One of them is an Epidendrum
growing on the boughs of the Great-flowered INIagnolia: another is
the Long-Moss, or Black Moss, so called, — although it is no Moss
at all, — which hangs from the branches of Oaks and Pines in all
the warm parts of the Southern States. (Fig 61 represents both
of these. The upper is the Ej)idendrum conopseum ; the lower, the
Black Moss, Tillandsia usneoides.)

82. Parasitic Plants exhibit roots under yet another remarkable

LKSSON 5.J

MORPHOLOGY OF KOOT3.

85

aspect. For tlifsf! aro not merely fixed uiton other plants, as air-
plants are, but strike their roots, or what answer to nM)ts, into them,
and feed on their jniees. Not only Moulds and Blights (which aru
plants of very low organization) live in this predacious way, but
many flowering herbs, and even shrubs. One of the latter is the
Mistletoe, the seed of which germhiates on the l)ough of the tree
where it falls or is left by birds; and the forming root penetrates the
bark and engrafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as
firndy as a natural branch to its parent stem ; and indeed the parasite
lives just as if it were a branch of the free it grows and feeds on.
A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder; which abounds in
low grounds everywhere in summer, and coils its long and slender
leafless, yellowish stems — resembling tangled threads of yarn —
round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch
piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the fonn of
suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold
of. Other panisitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten
their roots under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and
rob them of their rich juices.

30 MOKPIIOLOGY OF STEMS AND BliANCHES. [lESSON G.

LESSON VI.

MORPHOLOGY OF STRMS A.\D BRANCHES.

83. The growth of tlie stem in length, and the formation of
branches, have been considered ah-eady. Their growth in thick-
ness we may study to more advantage in a hiter Lesson. The very
various forms which they assume will now occupy our attention, —
beginning with

84. The Forms of Stems anil Branches above ground. The principal

differences as regards size and duration have been mentioned before
(41); namely, the obvious distinction of plants into herbs, shrube,
and trees, which depends upon the duration and size of the stem.
The stem is accordingly

Herbaceous, when it dies down to the ground every year, or after
blossoming.

Siiffrutescent, when the bottom of the stem above the soil is a
little woody, and inclined to live from year to year.

Siiff'niticose, when low stems are decidedly woody below, but
herbaceous above.

Frnticose, or shruhhij, when woody, living from year to year, and
of considerable size, — not, however, more than three or four times
the height of a man.

Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance, or approaching a tree
in size.

Arboreous, when forming a proper tree trunk.

85. When the stem or branches rise above ground and are ap-
parent to view, the plant is said to be caulescent (that is, to have a
caulis or true stem). Wlien there is no evident stem above ground,
but only leaves or leaf-stalks and flower-stalks, the plant is said to
be acaiikscent, i. e. stemless, as in the Crocus, Bloodroot, common
Violets, &c., and in the Beet, Carrot, and Kadish (Fig. 59), for the
first season. Tliere is a stem, however, in all such cases, only it
remains on or beneath the ground, and is sometimes very short.
Of course leaves an J flowers do not ai-ise from the root. These
concealed sorts of stem we will presently study.

8G. The direction taken by stems, &;c., or their mode of growth,

LESSON G.] SUCKEP.S, STGLON^ AND OFFSETS, 37

gives rise to several terms, which may be brielly mentioned : —
fiuch as

Diffuse^ when loosely spreading in all directions.

Declined, wiicn turned or bending over to one side.

JDecumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand,

Assurgent or ascendiiKj, when rising obli(iuely upwards.

Procumbent or prostrate, lying Ihit on tlie ground from the first.

Creeping, or repent, when i»rostrate stems on or just beneath the
ground strike root iis they grow ; as does the White Clover, the
little Partridge-berry, &^c.

Climbing, or scandeut, when stems rise by clinging to other ol>
jects lor support, — wliether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape-
vine, and Virginia Creeper (Kig. 02) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks,
as the Virgin's Bower ; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and
Trumpet Creeper (80).

Ticininq, or voluble, when stems rise by coiling themselves spirally
around otlier stems or supports; like the Morning-Glory and the Bean.

87. Certiiin forms of stems have received distinct names. The
jointed stem of Grasses and Sedges is called by botanists a culmj
and the peculiar scaly trunk of Palms and the like (Fig 47) is
sometimes called a caudex. A few forms of branches the gardener
distinguishes by particular names ; and they are interesting from
their serving for the natural propagation of plants from buds, and
for sugg(!sting ways by which we artificially multiply plants that
would not propagate themselves without the gardener's aid. These
are suckers, offsets, stolons, and runners.

88. Suckers are ascending branches rising from stems under ground,
such as are produced so abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and
other plants said to multiply '• i)y the root." If we uncover them,
we see at once the gn^at difierence between these subterranean
iManchi's and real roots. They are only creeping branches under
gmund. Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches
become separate plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting
under-ground stems, the gardener expedites the result by cutting
them through with his spade. That is, he propagates the plant " by
division."

89. Stulons are trailing or reclininij branches above ground, which
strike root where they touch the soil, and then send up a vigorous
shoot, which has roots of its own, and becomes an independent plant
when the comiecting part dies, as it does after a while. The Cmnml

4

38

MORPHOLOGY OP STEMS AND BRANCHES. [leSSON C,

and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in tins way, as well as by
Buekers (which we see are just the same thing, only the connecting
part is concealed under ground). They must have suggested the
operation of layering, or bending down and covering with earth
branches which do not naturally make stolons ; and after they have
taken root, as tliey almost always will, the gardener cuts through
the connecting stem, and so converts a rooting branch into a sepa-
rate plant.

90. Offsets, like those of the Houseleek, are only short stolons,
with a crown of leaves at the end.

91. Runners, of which the Strawberry presents the most familiar
example, are a long and slender, tendril-like, leafless form of creep-
ing branches. Each runner, after having grown to its full lengthy
strikes root from the tip, and fixes it to the ground, then forms a bud
there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new
plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this
manner a single Strawberry plant will spread over a large space, or
produce a great number of plants, in the course of the summer; — all
connected at first by the slender runners , but these die in the
following winter, if not before, and leave the plants as so many
separate individuals.

92. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not
destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute

of buds or leaves, but intended for climbing. Those of the Grape-
vine, of the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 62), and of the Cucumber and

FIG. C2. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, bearing a leaf and a tendril. C3. Tips
at a tendril, about tlie natural size, sbowing the disks by which they liuld fast tu walls, &.c.

LESSON 6.3 nUNNEUS, TENDRILS, SPINES. 89

SijiKi^li tribe aro familiar illiisfratioiis. Tli<' tendril ooinmonly grows
straight and outstretched until it reaches some neighhoriiig support,
such lus a stem, when its apex hooks around it to secure a hold j
then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up spirally, and sa
draws the shoot of the growing {)lant nearer to the supi)orting object.
When tlie Virginia Creeper climbs the side of a building or tiie
smooth bark of a tree, which the tendrils cannot lay hold of in the
usual way, their tips expand into a flat disk or sucker (Fig. G2, G;3),
which adheres very firmly to the wall or bark, enabling the plant to
climb over and cover such a surface, as readily as the Ivy does by
means of its sucker-like little rootlets. The same result is effected
by ditTerent organs, in the one case by branches in the form of ten-
drils ; in the other, by roots.

93. Tendrils, however, are not always branches ; some are leaves,
or parts of leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 20). Their nature in
each case is to be learned from their position, whether it be that of
a leaf or of a branch. In the same way

94. Spines or Thorns sometimes represent leaves, as in the Bar-
berry, where their nature is shown by their situation outside of -dn
axillary bud or branch. In other words, here they have a bud in
tlieir axil, and are therefore leaves ; so we shall have to mention
ihem in another place. Most commonly spines are stunted and
hardened branches, arising from the axils of leaves, as in the Haw-
thorn and Pear. A neglected Pear-tree or Plum-tree shows every
gradation between ordinary branches and thorns. Thorns sometimes
branch, their branches jiartaking of the same spiny character : in
this way those on the trunks of Honey-Locust trees (produced from
adventitious buds, 58) become exceedingly complicated and horrid.
The thorns on young shoots of the IIoney-Locust may appear some-
what puzzling at first view; for they are situated some distance
above the axil of the leaf. Here the thorn comes from the upper-
most of several supernumerary buds (59). Prickles, such as those
of the Rose and Blackberry, must not be confounded with thorns :
these have not the nature of branches, and have no connection with
the wood ; but are only growths of the bark. When we strip off
the bark, the prickles go with it.

95. Still stranger forms of stems and branches than any of these
are met with in some tril)es of plants, such :is Cactuses (Fig. 70).
These will be more readily undei'stood after we have consideiX'd
some of the commoner forms of

40

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANXHES. [lESSON 6.

OG. Subterranean Stems and Branches. These are very numerous

and various ; but they are conmionly overlooked, or else confounded
■with roots. From their situation they are out of the si^ht of the
superficial observer : but if sought for and examined, they will well
repay the student's attention. For the vegetation that is carried on
under ground is hardly less varied, and no less interesting and im-
portant, than that which meets our view above ground. All their
forms may be referred to four principal kinds ; namely, the Eliizo-
ma or Rootstock, the Tuber, the Conn, and the Bulb.

07. The RootstOCk, Or^Rhizoma, in its simplest form, is merely a
creeping stem or branch' (8G) growing beneath the surface of the
soil, or partly covered by it. Of this kind are the so-called creeping,
runnimj, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 64),
the Scotch Hose, the Couch-grass or Quick-grass, and many otlier
plants, spread so rapidly and widely, " by the root," as it is said.

That these are really stems, and not roots, is evident from the way
in which they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints ;
and from the leaves which they bear on each joint (or node, as
the botanist calls the place from which leaves arise), in the form of
small scales, just like the lowest ones on the upright stem next the
ground. Like other stems, they also produce buds in the axils of
these scales, showing the scales to be leaves ; whereas real roots
bear neither leaves nor axillary buds. Placed, as they are, in the
damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just as the
creeping stem does where it lies on the surface of the ground ; but
the whole appearance of these roots, their downward growth, and
their mode of branching, are very different from that of the subter-
ranean stem they spring from.

98. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstoeks take
such rapid and wide possession of the soil, — often becoming great
pests to farmers, — and why they are so hard to get rid of. They are

FIG. C4. Rootstoeks, or crec|)ing subterranean branches, of tlie Peppermint.

LESSON n.] SLHTKUKANKAN FOllMS : KOOTSTOCKS. 41

always ju'rcnnials (11) ; tlio siihtcnaiican siioots live ovrr llif first
winttT, if not lonj^er, and are proviilccl with vi^rorous buds at every
joint. Soinc! of tliese buds grow in spring into upriglit sterns, bearing
foliage, to elaborate tiie plant's crude food into nourishment, and at
length produee blossoms for repnxhietion by seed; while many oth-
ers, fed by nourishment supplied from above, form a now generation
of subterranean shoots ; and tliis is repeated over and over in the
course of thi; season or in succeeding years. Meanwhile as the sub-
terranean shoots increase in number, the older ones, connecting the
series of generations into one body, die off year by year, liberating
the already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants ; and
so on indefinitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into |»ieces,
tiierefore, by the hoc or the plough, far from destroying the plant,
oidy accelerates the propagation ; it converts one many-branched
])lant into a great number of separate individuals. Even if you
divide the shoots into as many pieces as there are joints of stem,
eacii piece (Fig. 05) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a
bud in the axil of its scale-like leaf (eitiier latent or apparent), and
having prepared nourishment enough in the bit of
stem to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; and so
a single plant is all the more speedily converted
into a multitude. Such plants as the Quick-
grass accordingly realize the fable of the Hy-
dra ; as fast iis one of its many branches is cut gs
oft', twice as many, or more, spring up in its stead. Whereas, when
the subterranean parts are only roots, cutting away tiie stem com-
pletely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the
root produces adventitious buds (08).

99. The more nourishment rootstocks contain, the more readily do
separate portions, furnished with buds, become independent j)lants.
It is to such underground stems, thickened with a large amount of
starch, or some similar nourishing matter stored up in their tissue,
that the name of r/iizojua or rootstock is commonly applied ; — such,
for example, ivs those of the Sweet Flag or Calamus, of Ginger, of Iris
or Flower-de-luce (Fig. l.'?3), and of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. Of)).

lUO. The rootstocks of the common sorts of Iris of the gardens
usually lie on the surface of the ground, partly uncovered ; and
they l)ear real leaves (Fig. 133), which closely overlap eacii other;

IMC r..'>. A picrp of the running rootstock of tlo Pcpporniint, with its node or joint, and
an .-vxillary ImkI ready to grow.

42

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON 6.

the joints (i. e. the intenwdes, or spaces between each leaf) being
very short. As the leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar
left in the form of a ring marks the place where each leaf was
attached. Instead of leaves, rootstocks buried under ground com-
monly bear scales, like those of the Mint (Fig. G4), which are im-
perfect leaves.

101. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a
different sort, like those of the Solomon's Seal (Fig. 6G), which gave
this name to the plant, from their looking something like the impres-
sion of a seal upon wax. Here the rootstock sends up every spring
an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers,
and dies in autimin ; and the seal is the circular scar left by the
death and separation of the dead stalk from the living rootstock.
As but one of these is formed each year, they mark the limits of a
year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock in the figure,
which was taken in summer, will grow the next spring into the stalk
of the season, which, dying in autumn, will leave a similar scar, while
another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing
summit or growing end of the stem.

102. As each year's growth of stem, in all
these cases, makes its own roots, it soon becomes
independent of the older parts. And after a
certain age, a portion dies off behind, every
year, about as fast as it increases at the grow-
ing end; — death following life with equal and
certain step, with only a narrow interval be-
tween. In vigorous plants of Solomon's Seal
or Iris, the living rootstock is several inches or
a foot in length ; while in the short rootstock of

FIO. (58. Rootstock of Solomon's Seal, witli the bottom of the stalk of the season, and the
bud for tlio next year's growth.
FIO. 07. The very short rootstock and bud irf a Trillium or Birthroot.

LESSON 0.] SLUTKURANKAN FORMS: TUBKRS.

43

Trillium or Biithroot (Fig. <)7) life is rcdiiccil to a very narrow
spun, only an inch or less intervening between death beneath unJ
young life in the strong l)U(l aniuially renewed at the summit.

lO.J. A Tuber is a thiekiMied portion of a rootstock. When slender
subterranean branches, like those of the Quick-grass or Mint (Fig.
G4), become enlarged at the growing end by the accumulation there
of an abundance of solid nourishing matter, tubers are produced, like
those of the Nut-gnt-*s of the Southern States (which Jiccordingly be-
comes a greater pest even than the Quick-grass), and of the Jerusalem
Artichoke, and the Potato. The whole formation may be seen at a
glance in Figure G8, which represents the subterranean growth of a
Potato-plant, and shows -the tubers in all their stages, fmm shoots
just beginning to enlarge .it the tip, up to fully-formed |K»tatoes.
And Fig. GO, — one of the forming tubers moderately magnilied, —
plainly shows the leaves of this thickening shoot, in the form of little
scales. It is under these scales that the eyes appear (Fig. 70) :
and these are evidently axillary buds (43).

lot. Let us glance for a moment at the economy or nio<le of life
of the Potato-plant, and similar vegetables, Jis shown in the mor-

FIC r». Fiirniinc tiiliors of tlir I'lilnlo. Ctl. Our iif llip vor> yoiinp (xJarn
magnified. 70. Slice <>f a iMiriion (lirmigli an t-yo, iiiiiro iiinifiiilivd.

44 MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON (x

phology of the branches, — that is, in the different forms they appear
under, and the purposes they serve. The Potato-plant has three
principal forms of branches: — 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves,
expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what
the roots gather from the soil, and convert it into nourishment.
2, After a while a second set of branches at the summit of the
plant bear flowers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the
nourishment which the leaves have pre{)ared. 3 But a larger part
of this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stem,
into a third sort of branches under ground, and accumulated in the
form of starch at their extremities, which become tubers, or deposi-
tories of prepared solid food; — just as in the Turnip, Carrot,
Dahlia, &c. (Fig. 57-60), it is deposited in the root. The use
of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn the whole
plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and tlie tubers; and
the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small
portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed (3, and
Fig. 34) feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the much larger
portion deposited in the tuber nourishes its buds, or ^.yf^'f; when they
likewise grow, the next spring, info new plants. And the great
supply enables them to shoot with a greater vigor at the beginning,
and to produce a greater amount of vegetation than the seedling
plant could do in the same space of time ; which vegetation in turn
may prepare and store up, in the course of a few weeks or months,
the largest quantity of solid nourishing material, in a form most
available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has transported
the Potato from the cool Andes of South America to other cool cli-
mates, and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially in
countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too
little, for profitabl}^ cultivating the principal grain-plants.

105. All the sorts of subterranean stems or branches distinguished
by botanists pass into one another by gradations. We have seen
how nearly related the tuber is to the rootstock, and there are many
cases in which it is difficult to say which is the proper name to use.
So likewise,

lOG. Th? Cnrm, or Solill Bulb, like that of the Indian Turnip and
the Crocus (Fig. 71), is just a very short and thick rootstock; as
will be seen by comparing Fig. 71 with Fig. G7. Indeed, it grows
80 very little in length, that it is often much broader than long, as
in the Indian Turnip, and the Cyclamen of our greenhouses. Corms

LESSON 0.]

srnTF.RRANKAN FOKMS : BULBS.

45

are usually upright, produciuj^ liuds on tlicir upper purfare and

roots from the lower, liut (as we see in the Croeus liere (ifrured)

buds may shoot from just above any of the faint cross lines or

rings, which are the scars left by the death

and decay of the sheathing bases of former

leaves. Tiiat is, these are axillary buds. In

these extraordinary (just as in ordinary) stems,

the buds are either axillary or terminal. The

whole mode of growth is just the same, only

the corm does not increase in length faster

than it does in thickness. After a few years

some of the buds grow into new corms at the

expense of the old one ; the young ones taking

the nourishment from the parent, and storing

up a large part of it in their own tissue.

Wiien exhausted in this way, as well as by

flowering, the old corm dies, and its shrivelled

and decaying remains may be found at the side of or beneath the

present generation, as Ave see in the Crocus (Fig. 71).

107. The corm of a Crocus is commonly covered with a thin and
dry, scaly or fibrou:^ husk, consisting of the dead remains of the bases
of former leaves. "When this husk consists of many scales, there is
scarcely any distinction left between the corm and

108. The Bnlb. This is an extremely short subterranean stem,
usually much broader than high, producing roots from underneath,
and covered with leaves or the bases of leaves, in the form of thick-
ened scales. It is, therefore, the same -as a corm, or solid bulh, only
it bears an abundance of leaves or scales, which make up tiic greater
part of its bulk. Or we may regard it as a bud, witli thick and
flt!shy scales. Compare a Lily-bulb (Fig. 73) with the strong scaly
buds of the Hickory and Ilorsechestnut (Fig. 4.S and 40), and tho
resemblance will be apparent enough.

10'.). Bulbs serve the same purpose as tubers, rootstocks, or corms.
The main difference is, that in these the store of food for future
growth is deposited in the stem ; while in the bulb, the greater part
is deposited in the bases of the h-aves, changing them into thick
scales, which closely overlap or em-lose one another, because the
6tem docs not elongate enough to separate them. That the scales

Fit;. 71. Curiii ot M<Uii tMilb of a Cnx-ii

7'i. 'I'lio k.-iiiio, cut lliroiicli U>ii;;(liwis«.

46

MORPHOLOGY OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSON 6.

of the bulb are the bases of leaves may be seen at once by follow-
ing any of the ground-leaves (root-leaves as they are incorrectly

called) down to their
origin in the bulb.
Fig. 75 represents
one of them from
the White Lily ; the
thickened base, which
makes a scale, being
cut off below, to show
its thickness. After
having lasted its time
and served its purpose as foliage, the green leaf dies, down to the
thickened base, which remains as a scale of the bulb. And year
after year, as the bulb grows from the centre, to produce the vege-
tation and the flowers of the season, the outer scales yield up their
store of nourishment for the purpose, and perish.

110. Each scale, being a leaf, may have a bud in its axil. Some
of these buds grow into leafy and flowering stems
above ground: others grow into new bulbs, feeding I ''lifll,
on the parent, and at length destroying it, in the same
way that corms do, as just described (lOG).

111. When the scales are broad and enwrap all
that is within so as to form a succession of coats, one
over another, the bulb is said to be tunicated or coated.
The Tulip, Hyacinth, Leek, and Onion afford such
familiar examples of coated bulbs that no figure is
needed. When the scales are narrow and separate,
as in the Lily (Fig. 73), the bulb is said to be scaly.

112. BulbletS are small bulbs formed above ground
on some plants ; as in the axils of the leaves of the
common bulbiferous Lily of the gardens, and often in
the flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are
plainly nothing but bulbs with thickened scales. They
never grow into branches, but detach themselves when 75

full grown, and fall to the ground, to take root there and form
new plants.

113. From the few illustrations already given, attentive students

FIG. 73. Bulb of the Meadow or Canada Lily.
FlC. 75. A lower leaf of White Lily, with its

74. The same, rut throiieh lencthwise.
is« under ground thickened into a oulb-

k

I-KSSON 0.] CONSOLIDATKI) 1 OUMS OK V KC KTATION, 47

can hardly fail to obtain a prood idrji of what is niiaiit hy i)ii>rpli(>Ii>f/^
in Botany ; and they will he al)lt! to apply its simple pi-inci|)le.s I'or
themselves to all forms of vegetation. Tiiey will find it very inter-
esting to identify all these varions subterranean forms with tiie com-
mon plan of vegetation above ground. There is the same strueture,
and the same mode of growth in reality, however diflerent in ap-
pearance, and however changed the form, to suit particular conditions,
or to accomplish particular ends. It is plain to sec, already, that
the plant is constructed accordhtg to a jylan, — a very simple one, —
which is exhibited by all vegetal)les, by the extraordinary no less
than by the ordinary kinds; and that the same organ may appear
under a great many different shapes, and fulfil very different offices.

111. These extraordinary shapes are not confined to subterra-
nean vegetation. Tlusy arc all repeated in various sort^ of Jles/itf
plants; in the Ilouseleek, Aloe, Agave (Fig. 82), and in the man,,
and strange shapes which the Cactus family exhibit (Fig. 7G|.
shapes whicli imitate rootstocks, tubers, conns, &^q, above ground.
All these we may regard as

115. Consolidatfll Forms of VrilClatinn. While ordinary jdants K
constructeil on the plan of great sjjread of surface (131), these
are formed on the j)lan of the least possible amount of surface iw,
proportion to their bulk. The Cereus genus of Cactuses, for ex-
ample, consisting of solid columnar trunks (Fig. 70, b), may be
likened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliag.,,
but the surface is at nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant
of the same bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known,
the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. 7G, in the background),
which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy
tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 54, and estimate how
vastly greater, even without the foliage, the surface of the larter
is than that of the former. Compare, in the same view, an Op^./itiw'
or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches formed of a si>v-es-
sion of thick and flattened joints (Fig. 70, a), which may be likened
to tubers, or an Epiphylhnn (d), with shorter and flatter joints, -ftith
an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of e(iual si/e. And finally, in
Melon-Cactuses or Kchinocactus (r), with their globular or bull)-like
shapes, we have jdants in tin; compactest sli:ipe ; (heir spherical fig-
ure Ix'ing such as to expose the lca>t possible amount of its bulk
to the air.

1 10. These coHSolldiilcd jiJiiiils arc evidently adapted and d.->ignei^

48

MORPIIOLOGr OF STEMS AND BRANCHES. [lESSOV 6.

for very dry regions ; and in such only arc they found. Similarly,
bulbous and corm-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a
form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large
surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the
living vegetable is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least
possible surface ; and this is protected by its outer coats of dead
and dry scales, as well as by its situation under ground. Such
plants exhibit another and -very similar adaptation to a season of
drought. And they mainly belong to countries (such as Southern
Africa, and parts of the interior of Oregon and California) which
have a long hot season during which little or no rain falls, when,
their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath being early cut
off by drought, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled
with nourishment, and retaining their moisture with great tenacity,
until the rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves
and flowers with wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert
of arid sand becomes green with foliage and gay w-ith blossoms,
almost in a day. This will be more perfectly understood when the
nature and use of foliage have been more fully considered. (Fig. 76
represents several forms of Cactus vegetation.)

LESSON 7.J MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES. 49

LESSON VII.

MORPIIOLOGV OF LEAVES.

117. I.v (lcscril)ing the SMhtcrranc-an forms of tlie stem, wp have
boon led to notice already some of the remarkable forms under
wliieh leaves occur; namely, as scales, sometimes small and thin, as
those of tlie rootstoeks of the Quick-grass, or the Mint (Fig. G4),
sometimes large and thick, as those of bulbs (Fig. 73-7.>), where
they are commonly larger than the stem they belong to. "We have
seen, too, in the second Lesson, the seed-leaves (or cotyledons) in
forms as unlike foliage as possible ; and in the third Lesson we have
spoken of bud-scales as a sort of leaves. So that the botanist recog-
nizes the leaf under other forms than that of foliage.

118. "We may call foliage the natural form of leaves, and look
upon the other sorts as special forms, — as transformed leaves : by
this term meaning only that what would have been ordinary leaves
under other circumstances (as, for instance, those on shoots of Mint,
Fig. G4, had these grown upright in the air, instead of creeping under
ground) are developed in special forms to serve some particular
purpose. For the Great Author of Natnre, having designed plants
upon one simple plan, just adapts this plan to all cases. So, when-
ever any special purpose is to be accomplished, no new instniments
or organs are created for it, but one of the three general organs of
the vegetalile, roof, stem, or leaf, is made to serve the purpose, and
is adapted to it by taking some pectdiar form.

119. It is the study of the varied forms under this view that con-
stitutes Morphology (HI), and gives to this part of Botany such great
interest. "We have already seen stems and roots under a gi-eat
variety of forms. But leaves appear under more various and widely
different forms, and answer a greater variety of purposes, than do
both the other organs of the plant put together. "We have to con-
sider, {\\c\\,leai'es as foliaffei,nm\ leaves as something else than foliage.
As we have just been noticing cases of leaves that are not foliage,
we may consider these first, and enumerate the principal kinds.

120. I/nVfS as DrpositorifS of Food. Of these we have had i»lenty
of instances in the seed-leaves, such as those of the Almond, Apple-

h

50

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES.

LESSON /.

seed (Fig. 11), Beech (Fig. 13-15), the Bean and Pea (Fig. IC-
20), the Oak (Fig. 21, 22), and Ilorsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24) ; where
the food upon which the pluntlet feeds when it springs fiom the
seed is stored up in its cotyledons or first leaves. And we have
noticed how very unlike foliage such leaves are. Yet in some cases,
as in the Pumpkin (Fig. 10), lliey
actually grow into green leaves as
they get rid of their burden.

121. Bulb-Stalcs (Fig. 73-75) of-
fer another instance, which we were
considering at the close of the last
Lesson. Here a part of the nourish-
ment prepared in the foliage of one
year is stored up in the scales, or
subterranean thickened leaves, for the
early growth and flowering of the next
year ; and this enables the flowers to
appear before the leaves, or as soon
as they do ; as in Hyacinths, Snow-
drops, and many bulbous plants.

122. Leaves as Bud-scales, &c. True

to its nature, the stem produces
leaves even under ground, where
they cannot serve as foliage, and
where often, as on rootstocks and
tubers (97-103), they are not of
any use that we know of. In such
cases they usually appear as thin
scales. So the first leaves of the
stems of herbs, as they sprout from
the ground, are generally mere scales,
such as those of an Asparagus shoot ;
and such are the first leaves on the
stem of the seedling Oak (Fig. 22)
and the Pea (Fig. 20). Similar
„ scales, however, often serve an im-

portant purpose ; as when they form the covering of buds, where
they protect the tender parts within (44). That bud-scales are

FIG. 77. Leaves of a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye (.E^culus parviflora)^
•bowing a nearly complete set of t;radations from a scale to a coiii|>ound leaf of five leaflets.

LES80X 7.] SPINES, TENDIULS, AND riTCJIF.IlS,

51

leaves is plainly shown, in many cases, by the gradual transition
between tliein antl the Hrst foliage ot" the shoot. The Common Liiuc
and the 8hell-bark Hickory are good instances
of the sort. But the best illustration is fur-
nished by the Low Sweet liuckeye of the
Southern States, which is often cultivated as
an ornamental shrub. From one and the same
growing bud we may often find all the grada-
tions which an^ shown in Fig. 77.

l-i;3. LfllVl'S as Spines occur in several plants.
The most familiar instance is that of the Com-
mon Barberry, In almost any summer shoot,
most of the gradations may be seen between the
ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and
leaves which arc reduced to a branching spine
or thorn, jis shown in Fig, 78. The fact that
the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud
in their axil also proves them to be leaves.

124. Leiives us Tendrils are to be seen in the
Pea and the Vetch (Fig. 20, 127), where the
upper part of each leaf becomes a tendril, which

the plant uses to

climb by ; and in

one kind of Vetch

such a tendril.

125. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes,

are familiar to us in the common Pitcher-
plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarrae^nia.
Fig, 70) of our bogs. These pitcliers
are generally half-fuli of water, in whi«'h
flies and other insects are drowned, often
in such numbers jis to make a rich
manure for the plant, no doubt ; though
we can hardly imagine this to be the
design of the pitcher. Nor do we per-
ceive hen; any need of a contrivance
liold water, since the roots of these
plants are alwavs well supplied by the wet lH)gs wlure lluy grow.

the whole leaf

h'Ul. 78. t>iiiiiiiicr nIkniI III llarlxTry, Klinwing llir Ir.iiisiliini of Ir.tvpK iiit.> i<|iinrH.
Flli. 79. L^afuf Saxraraiiu |iurjiurua, entire, and aiiuUier with llio U|)|icr jtart cut off.

52

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVF.S.

[lesson 7

V

126. Leaves as Fly-traps. Insects are caught in another way, and
more expertly, by the most extraordinary of all the plants of this

country, the Diona^a or Venus's Fly-
trap, which grows in the sandy bogs
t/ ' J^ (t around Wilmington, North Carolina. '

_ y ji^ Here (Fig. 81) each leaf bears at its ' l

summit an appendage which opens and
shuts, in shape something like a steel-
trap, and operating much like one. For
when open, as it commonly is when the
sun shines, no sooner does a fly alight
on its surface, and brush against any
one of the several long bristles that grow
there, than the trap suddenly closes,
often capturing the intruder, pressing it
all the harder for its struggles, and com-
monly depriving it of life. If the fly
escapes, the trap soon slowly opens, and
b ready for another capture. When retained, the insect is after a
time moistened by a secretion from minute glands of the inner sur-
face, and is apparently digested ! How such
and various other movements are made by
plants, — some as quick as in tliis case,
others very slow, but equally wonderful, —
must be considered in a future Lesson.

127. leaves serving both Ordinary and

Special Purposes. Let us now remark, that
the same leaf frequently answers its gen-
eral purpose, as foliage, and some special
purpose besides. For example, in the Dio-
na;a, the lower part of the leaf, and prob-
ably the whole of it, acts as foliage, while the
appendage serves its mysterious purpose
as a fly-catcher. In the Pea and Vetch
(Fig. 20, 127), the loAver part of the leaf
is foliage, the upper a tendril. In the Pitcher-plants of the Indian
Archipelago (Nepenthes, Fig. 80) which are not rare in conserva-
tories, the lower part of the leaf is expanded and acts as foliage ;

FIG. 80. Leaf of Nepenthes: leaf, tendrU, and pitclier combined.

FIG. 81. Loaves of Diousa ; the trap in oiio of theui op^uiLlhe others closed.

I.KSSON 7.3 TniCKKN'KD AND KKKSMY I.KAVES.

53

farlluT on, it is contract cd info a (( iidril, ciiaMiiig llio plant to climh;
the cnil of this tendril is then expanded into a pitcher, of five or
six inches in h'ngth. and on the end of this is a lid, wliich exactly
closes the mouth of the pitcher until after it is full grown, when tlie
lid opens by a hinge ! But the whole is only one Itaf.

128. So in the root-leaves of the Tulij) or the Lily (Fig. 75),
while the green leaf is preparing nourishment throughout the grow-
ing season, its base under ground is thickened into a reservoir for
storing iip a good part of the nourishment for next year's use.

129. Finally, the whole leaf often serves both as foliage, to pre-
pare nourishment, and as a depository to store it up. This takes
place in all fleshy-leaved plants, such as the II<.useleek, the Ice-
plant, and various sorts of Mesembryantheininn, in the Livc-for-ever
of the gardens to some extent, and very strikingly in the Aloe, and
in the Century-planf. In the latter it is only the green surface of
these large and thick leaves (of three to five feet in length on a
strong plant, and often three to six inches thick near the base) which
acts as foliage ; the whole interior is white, like the inferior of a
potato, and almost as heavily loaded with starch and other nourish-
ing matter. (Fig. 82 represents a young Century -plant, Agave
Americana.)

5*

&4 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8.

LESSON VIII.

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE.

130. Having in the last Lesson glanced at some of the special
or extraordinary forms and uses of leaves, we now return to leaves
in their ordinary condition, namely, as foliage. We regard this as
the natural state of leaves. For although they may be turned to
account in other and very various ways, as we have just seen,
still their proper office in vegetation is to serve as foliage. In this
view we may regard

131. Leaves as a Contrivance for Increasing the Surface of that large

part of the plant which is exposed to the light and the air. This is
shown by their expanded form, and ordinarily slight Uiickness in
comparison with their length and breath. While a Melon-Cactus
(115, Fig. 7G) is a striking example of a plant with the least pos-
sible amount of surface for its bulk, a repeatedly branching leafy
herb or tree presents the largest possible extent of surface to the
air. The actual amount of surface pi-esented by a tree in full leaf
is much larger than one would be apt to suppose. Thus, the Wash-
ington Elm at Cambridge — a tree of no extraordinary size — was
some years ago estimated to produce a crop of seven millions of
leaves, exposing a surface of 200,000 square feet, or about five
acres, of foliage.

132. What is done by the foliage we shall have to explain in
another place. Under the present head we are to consider ordinary
leaves as to their parts and their shapes.

133. The Parts of the Leaf. The principal part of a leaf is the
blade, or expand(!d portion, one face of which naturally looks towaixl
the sky, the other towards the earth. The blade is often raised on
a stalk of its own, and on each side of the stalk at its base there is
sometimes an appendage called a stipule. A oonipletc leaf, there-
fore consists of a blade (Fig. 83, h), a foot-stalk or leaf -stalk, called
the petiole (p), and a pair of stipules (si). See also Fig. 136.

134. It is the blade which we are now to describe. This, as
being the essential and conspicuous part, we generally regard as the
leaf: and it is only when we have to particularize, that we speak of
the blade, or lamina, of the leaf.

LESSON 8.]

THKIK VF.NATION.

55

l3o. AVitliout here entering uj)on tlie subject of the anatomy of
the leaf, we may remark, that leaves eonsist of two sorts of mate-
rial, viz.: 1. the green pidp, or parenchyma ; and 2. the Jibrous
framework, or skeleton, whieh extends througliout the soft grecf.
pulp and suj)ports it, giving the leaf a strength and firmness which
it would not otherwise possess. Besides, the whole suriiice is cov-
ered witli a transparent skin, culled the
epidermis, like that which covers the
surface of the shoots, iScc.

136. The framework consists of
wood, — a fibrous and tough material
which runs from the stem tliTough the
leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the
form of parallel threads or bundles of b\
fibres ; and in the blade these spread
out in a horizontal direction, to form
the ribs and veins of the leaf. The
stout main branches of the framework
(like those in Fig. 50) are called the
ribs. When there is only one, as in
Fig. 83, &;c., or a middle one decid-
edly larger than the rest, it is called
the midrib. The smaller divisions are termed veins ; and their
still smaller subdivisions, veinlets.

137. The latter subdivide again and again, until they become so
fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The fibres of which
they are composed are hollow ; forming tubes by which the sap is
brought into the leaves and carried to every part. The arrangement
of the framework in the blade is termed the

138. Venation, or mode of veining. This corresponds so complete-
ly witlj the general shape of the leaf, and with the kind of division
when the bhule is divided or lobed, that the reatliest way to study
and arrange; the forms of leaves is first to consider their veining.

131). Various jls it appears in difierent leaves, the veining is all
reducible to two princijjal kinds; namely, \\\g parallel-veined and the
netted-veined.

140. In netted-veined (also called retiridaled) leaves, the veins
branch off from the main ril) or ribs, divide into liner and liner

riG. Kk Laaf ofUiF Qiiinco; b, blade ; p, [wiwlo ; <(, Hti|iiil<M.

56

MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8.

vcinlets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of
network. That is, they anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins
and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 83, shows this
kind of veining in a leaf witli a single rib. The JMaple, Basswood,
and Buttonwood (Fig. 50) show it in leaves of several ribs.

141. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of
slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly
so, from the base to the point of the leaf, not dividing and sub-
dividing, nor forming meshes, except by very minute cross-veinlets.
The leaf of any grass, or that of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 84)
will furnish a good illustration.

142. Such simple, parallel veins Linntcus, to distinguish them,
called nerves, and parallel-veined leaves,
are still commonly called nerved leaves ^
while those of the other kind are said to
be veined ; — terms which it is conven-
ient to use, although these " nerves " and
" veins " are all the same thing, and have
no likeness to the nerves of animals.

143. Netted-veined leaves belong tc
plants which have a pair of seed-leaves
or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 1
-7), Beech (Fig. 15), Pea and Bean
(Fig. 18, 20), and most of the illustra-
tions in the first and second Lessons.
While parallel-veined or nerved leaves
belong to plants with one cotyledon or
84 true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 134)

and Indian Corn (Fig. 42). So that a mere glance at the leaves
of the tree or herb enables one to tell what the structure of the
embryo is, and to refer the plant to one or the other of these two
grand classes, — which is a great convenience. For genei-ally when
plants differ from each other in some one important respect, they
differ correspondingly in other respects as well.

144. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts ; one kind, and the
commonest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to
the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in
another kind they run from a midrib to the margin ; as in the com-

FIG. 84. A (parallel-veine<l) leaf of the Lily of the Valley.

LKSSON 8.] TIIKIK FOUMS AS TO GENKUAL OUTLINK. 57

moil Pickerel-weed of our ponds, in the Banana (Fig- -17), and many
similar plants of warm climates.

1-45. Netted- veined leaves are also of two sorts, as is shown in
the examples already referred to. lu one cjise the veins all ris9
from a single rib (the midrib), as in Fig. 83. Such leaves are called
fealher-veined or pinnately-veined ; both terms meaning the same
thing, namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib
like the plume of a feather on each side of the shaft.

146. In the other case (as in the Button wood, Fig. 50, Maple,
&c.), the veins branch off from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which
spread from the top of the leaf-stalk, and run through the blade like
the toes of a web-footed bird. Hence these are said to hQ pahnatcly
or digitately veined, or (since the ribs diverge like ra}s from a
centre) radiate-veined.

147. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-
work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined leaves will incline to
elongated shapes, or at lejist will be longer than broad ; while in
radiate-veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A
glance at the following figures shows this. Whether Ave consider
the veins of the leaf to be adapted to the shape of the blade, or the
green pulp to be moulded to the framework, is not very material.
Either way, the outline of each leaf corresponds with the mode of
spreading, the extent, and the relative length of the veins. Thus, in
oblong or elliptical leaves of the feather-veined sort (Fig. 87, 88),
the principal veins are nearly equal in length ; while in ovate and
heart-sliaped leaves (Fig. 89, 90), those below the middle are
longest; and in leaves which Aviden upwards (Fig. 91-94), the
veins above the middle are longer than the others.

148. Let us pass on, without particular reference to the kind of
veining, to enumerate the principal

149. Furms of Leaves as to Geiirral Outline. It is necessary to give

names to the i)rinci[)al shapes, and to define them rather precisely,
since they afford the easiest marks for distinguishing species. The
same terms are used for all otlier fiattened parts as well, such as the
petals of the flowers ; so that they make up a great part of the
descriptive language of Botany. We do not mention the names of
common plants which exhibit these various shapes. It will be a good
exercise for young students to look them uj) and apply them.

150. Begimiing with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest
forms, a leaf" is said to be

S & F— 4

58

MORPHOLOGY OP LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8.

Linear (Fig. 85), when narrow, several times longer than wide,
and of the same breadth throughout.

Lanceolate, or lance-shaped, when several times longer than wide,
and tapering upwards (Fig. 86), or both upwards and downwards.

Oblong (Fig. 87), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad.

Elliptical (Fig. 88) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends
alike in width.

Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth
considerably more than half the length.

Ovate (Fig. 89), when the outline is like a section of a hen's-egg
lengthwise, the broader end downward.

Orbicular, or rotund (Fig. 102), circular in outline, or nearly so.

Oblanceolate

151. When the leaf tapers towards the base, instead of upwards,
it may be

91), which is lance-shaped, with the more
tapering end downwards ;

Spatulate (Fig. 92), round-
ed above and long and narrow
below, like a spatula ;

Obovate (Fig. 93), or in-
versely ovate, that is, ovate with
the narrower end down ; or
Cuneate, or cuneiform, that is, tccdge-shaped (Fig. 94), broad
above and tapering by straight lines to an acute angle at the base.

152. As to the Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as
Cordate, or heart-shaped (Fig. 90, 99, 8), when a leaf of an ovate

form, or something like it, has the outline of its rounded base turned
in (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached.

Reniform, or kidney-shaped (Fig. 100), like the last, only rounder
and broader than long.

FIG. 85 - 90. Various forms of feather-veined leaves .

FIG. 91. Oblanceolate, 92. spatulate, 93. obovate, 94. wedge-sliaped, feather-veined leav«3.

LESSON 8.]

THKIK PARTICULAU FORMS.

59

Auriculafe, or eared, hiivinj? a pair of Mnall and l.lunt projections,
or ears, at the biuse, as in one species of Maj,niolia (Fi;^- '••<>)•

Sagittate, or arrow-shaped, where sueii eai-s are pointed and turned
downwards, while the
main body of the hhide
tapers upwards to a
point, as in the com-
mon Sajjittaria or Ar-
row-head, and in the
AiTow-leav(!d Polygo-
num (Fi;;. 95).

Hastate, or halberd-
shaped, when such 95 96 st
lobes at the base point outwards, givinj]; the leaf the shape of the
halberd of the olden time, as in another Polyfjonum (Fig. 9").

Peltate, or shield-shaped, (Fig. 102,) is the name applied to a
curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where
the footstalk is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and

therefore is naturally likened to a shield borne ]>y the outstretched
arm. The common AVatershield, the Nelumbium, and the "White
Water-lily, and also the Mandrake, exhibit this. sort of leaf. On
comparing the shield-shai)ed leaf of the common Marsh Peimywort
(Fig. 102) with that of another connnon species (Fig. KU), we sec
at once what this peculiarity means. A shield-shaped leaf is like a

Flo. O). Sagillatp, %. aunnilnio, <r7. Iialliir.l slin|>cil, leaves.
FIG. 96- lOS. VariouH furiiu uf radiata-vaiiied leavea.

60 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVKS AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 8.

kidney-shai»ed (Fig. 100) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at
the base brouglit together and united.

153. As lO lllC Apt'X, the Ibllowing terms express tlie principal
valuations.

Acuminate, pointed, or taper-pointed, when the summit is more or
less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point, as in Fig. 1)7.

Acute, when ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point, as
in Fig. 104, 98, 95, &c.

Obtuse, when with a blunt or rounded point, as in Fig. 105,89, &;c.

Truncate, with the end as if cut ott' square, as in Fig. 106, 94.

Retuse, with the rounded summit slightly indented, forming a
very shallow notch, as in Fig. 107.

Emarginate, or notched, indented at the end more decidedly, as
in Fig. 108.

Ohcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf
is more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 109), as in White Clover and
Wood-sorrel ; so as to resemble a cordate leaf (Fig. 99) inverted.

Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point; as in Fig. 110.

Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a
projection of the midrib; as in Fig. 111.

Aristate,aivn-pointcd, and bristle-pointed, are terms used when this
mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or other
slender appendage.

The first six of tlieie terms can be applied to the lower as well as
to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to
the apex only.

FIG. 103 - 1 1 1. FormB of the apex of loaves.

LESSON 9.]

filMl'LK AND C'OMPOLNU LKAVES.

CI

LESSON IX.

MORPHOLOGY OF M'.AVKS AS I'OMAOK. SIMIMJ-: AND COM-
POUND m:avi:s, stipulks, etc.

154. In the foregoing Lesson leaves have been treated of in their
simplest form, namely, as eonsisting of a single blade. But in many
cases the leaf is divided into a number of separate bhules. Tiiat is,

155. Leaves arc cillier Simple or Compoimtl. They are srid to be

simple, when the blade is all of one piece : they are compound, when
the blade consists of two or more separate pieces, borne upon a
common leaf-stalk. And between these two kinds every interme-
diate gradation is to be met with. This will appear as we proceed
to notice the j)rincipal

1 50. Forms of Leaves as to particular Oiitliiic or degree of division.

In this respect, leaves are said to be

Entire, when their general outline is completely fdled out, so that
the margin is an even line, without any teeth or notches ; as in
Fig. 83, 84, 100, &c.

Serrate, or saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp
teeth, like those of a saw, and jwinting forwards; as in Fig. 112:
also DO, &c.

A>j,%

Dentdtc, or toot/ird, when
of forwards; as in Fig. 113.

such teeth point outwards, instead

FIG. 11'J-1I7. KiiiJs uf martin i>no5

6

62 MORPHOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lKSSON 9.

Crenatc, or scalloped, when tlic teeth are broad and rounded ; as
in Fig. 114, 101.

JRepand, undulate, or wav)/, wlien the margin of the leaf forms a
wavy line, bending slightly inwards and outwards in suceession ; as
in Fig. 115.

Sinuate, wlien the margin is more strongly sinuous, or turned
inwards and outwards, as in Fig. 116.

Incised, ciU, or jagged, when the margin is eut into sharp, deep,
and irregular teeth or incisions, as in Fig. 117.

157. When leaves are more deeply cut, and with a definite number
of incisions, 4hey are said, as a general term, to be lohed ; the parts
being called lobes. Their number is expressed by the jjhrase two-
lohed, three-lohed, five-lobed, many-lobed, Sec, as the case may be.
AVhen the depth and character of the lobing needs to be more par-
ticularly specified, — as is often the case, — the following terms are
employed, viz. :

Lobed, when the incisions do not extend deeper than about half-
way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, and
are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig.
118, and the Hepatica, Fig. 122.

Cleft, when the incisions extend half-way down or more, and
especially when they are sharp, as in Fig. 119, 123. And the
phrases two-cleft, or, in the Latin form, bifid ; three-cleft, or trifid ;
four-cleft, or quadrifid ; five-cleft, or quinquefid, &;c. ; or many-cleft,
in the Latin form midtifid, — express the number of the segments,
or portions.

Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite
reach to the midrib or the base of the blade ; as in Fig. 120, 124.
And the terms two-parted, three-parted, Sec. express the number of
such divisions.

Divided, Avhen the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the
lower part of Fig. 121 ; or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 125 ; which
makes the leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is
said to be bisected, trisected (Fig. 125), &c., to express the number
of the divisions.

158. In this way the degree of division is described. We may
likewise express the mode of division. The notches or incisions,
being places where the green pulp of the blade has not wholly filled
up the framework, correspond Avith the veining ; as we perceive
on comparing the figures 118 to 121 Avith figures 122 to 125. The

I.K9SON 9.]

rrtlMCI) OU DIVIDIII) LKAVKS.

G3

upper row of fi^nircs consist.-? of frd/hrr-reiiiPil. or, in Latin form,
j)innatp/i/-vi-ine(l leiives (Uo); the lower row, of railiafe-reined or
puhnatcly-vei ned leaves (1-lG).

1.j9. In the upper row the incisions all point towards the midrib,
from which the main veins arise, the incisions (or sinuses) being
between the main veins. That is, being phinately veined, such
leaves are jjinnatehj lobed (Fig. 118), pinnately cleft, or ptnnatifid
(Tig. 119), pinnntely parted (Fig. 1"20), or jiinnately divided (Fig.
121), according to the deptli of tiie incisions, as just defined.

ICO. In the lower row of figures, as the main veins or ribs all
proceed from the base of the blade or the summit of the leaf-stalk, so
the incisions all jHjint in that direction. Tiiat is, pnlmoteh/-\ij'uu'i\
leaves are palmotely lobed (Fig. 122), pahnately cleft (Fig. 12.'^),
pnlmately parted ( Fig. 1 24 ), or palmatehj dirided ( Fig. 1 2.3 ). Some-
times, instead of pahnately, we say digitutcly cleft, &:c., which means
just the same.

101. To be still more particular, the number of the lol>es, !cc.
may come into the phrase. Thus, Fig. 122 is a palnnitely three-
lubcd ; Fig. \'2l^, ii palmately thrre-rlefi ; Fig. \2A, n pnlmately three-
parted ; Fig. 12.'), i\ paliiKttc/y t/trec-divided, or trisected, ]t:ni'. The

r'G. 1 18 - 121. Pilinaloly I«l¥><f, rloft, p.irtril, nn<l itiviiT«>«r lon^-wi.

PIG. 12} - 125. raliuatcljr cr Uigitatcly k>bcd, clett, parted, and di%ide(l teaven.

64

MORrUOI.OGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lESSON 9*

Sugar-Maple and the Biittonwood (Fig. 50) haxc palmatcly Jii^C"
lobed leaves ; tlie Soft \f \niii-Mi\\)\(i jjcihnatelij Jive-parted leaves; and
so on. And in the other sort, the Post-Oak has pinnatdy seven-
to nine-Iohed leaves ; the Red-Oak commonly has pinnately seven- to
nine-cleft leaves, &;c., &;c.

162. The divisions, lobes, &c, may themselves be entire (without
teeth or notches, loG), as in Fig. 118, 122, &c. ; or serrate (Fig.
124), or otherwise toothed or incised (Fig. 121 ) ; or else lobed, cleft,
parted, &c. : in the latter cases making tivice pinnatijid, twice pal-
viately or pinnately lobed, parted, or divided leaves, &;c. From these
illustrations, the student will perceive the plan by which the bota-
nist, in two or three words, may describe any one of the almost
endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to convey a perfectly
clear and definite idea of it.

103. Compound Leaves. These, as already stated (155), do not
differ in any absolute way from the divided form of simple leaves.
A compound leaf is one which has its blade in two or more entirely
separate parts, each usually with a sfalklet of its own : and the stalk-
let is often jointed (or articulated) with the main leaf-stalk, just sis
this is jointed with the stem. When this is the case, there is no

doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no
stalklets, and are not jointed with the main leaf-stalk, the leaf may
be considered eillier as simple and divided, or compound, according
to the circumstanced.

FIG. ]2f). Pinnate with an odd leaflet, or odd-pinnate.
128. Abruptly pitiaata leaf.

127. Pinnate with a tendril

LKSSON 9.]

COMPOUND LKAVE3.

65

ir.l. The separate pieces or little blailes of a conipniind leaf are
called leajh-ts.

IG.'). Compomid leaves are of two principal kind-, namely, the
piniiatp and iUo. pulmate ; answering to tin- two modes of veinin;: in
reticulated leaves (145- 147), and to tiie two t^orts of lobed or di-
vided leaves (158, 159).

IGG. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged
on the sides of a main leaf-stalk ; as in Fig. 12G-128. They answer
to the feat/icr-veincd {\.v. ptnn(ttclij-vcined) simple leaf; as will be
seen at once, on comparing Fig. 12G with the figures 118 to 121.
The leajlets of the former answer to the loJ)es or dirisions of Jhc
latter; and the continuation of the petiole, along which the leaflets
are arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf.

1G7. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 12G is
pinnate with an odd or end leaflet, as in the Common Locust and
tlie A>ii. Fig. 127 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of
the odd leaflet, as in the Vetches and the Pea, Fig. 128 is abruptly
pinnate, having a pair of leaflets at the end, like the rest of the leaf-
lets ; as in the IIoney-Locust.

IGH. Palmate (also named digitate) leaves are those in wliicli the
leaflets are all borne on the very tip of tUe leaf-stalk, as in the
Lupine, the Common Clover (Fig. 13G), tT.e Virginia Creeper (Fig.
G2), and the Ilorsechestnut and Buckeye (Fig. 129). They answer
to the radiate-veined or j^ahnateli/-
veined simple leaf; as is seen by
comparing Fig. 13G with the figures
122 to 125. That is, the Clover-
leaf of three leaflets is the same as
;i jjalmately three-ribbed leaf cut
into three separate leaflets. And
such a simple five-Iobed leaf jxs that
of the .Sugar-^Ia[)le, if more cut, so
as to sei)arate the parts, would pro-
duce a i)almate leaf of five leaflets,
like that of the Ilorsechestnut or Duckeye (Fig. 129).

1C9. Either sorf of compound leaf may have any number of leaf-
lets ; though palmate leaves cannot well li:ive a great manv, since
they are all crowded together on the end of. the main leaf-stalk.

FI«. 129 ralmalc leaf of rtvc Icnilcis, of Uie Swocl Uuckryo.
G*

66

MORniOLOGT OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [lesSON 9.

Some Lupines have nine or eleven ; the Ilorsec-liestnut has seven,
the Sweet Buekeje more commonly five, tlie Clover three. A pin-
nate leaf often has only seven or live leaflets, as in the Wild Bean
or Groundnut; and in the Common Bean it has only three; in

some rarer cases only two ; in
the Orange and Lemon only
one! The joint at the place
where the leaflet is united with
the petiole alone distinguishes
this last case from a simple
leaf.*

170. The leaflets of a com-
pound leaf may be either entire
(as in Fig. 126-128), or ser-
rate, or lobed, cleft, parted,
^. &c. : in fact, they may pre-
sent all the variations of simple
leaves, and the same terms
^Zj^£^ equally apply to them.
Ni^^^^V 17 L When this division is
(£(L_ carried so far as to separate
::>^x A^hat would be one leaflet into
t^\o, three, or several, the leaf
becomes doubly or twice com-
pound, either pinnateJy or pal-
'^^ matehj, as the case may be.

For example, while some of the leaves of the Hone} -Locust are
simphj pinnate, that h, once pinnate, as in Fig. 128, the greater part

* "Wlicn tlic botanist, in describing leaves, wislics to express tlic numl)er (f
leaflets, lie may use terms like tliesc : —

Uiiifoliulate, for a eomj)Oun(l leaf of a single leaflet; from tlie Latin uiuim, ono,
and foliolum, leaflet.

BifoUolalt', of two leaflets, from the Latin his, twice, nndjhliolmti, leaflet.

Trifuliolatc (or termite), of three leaflets, as the Clover ; and so on.

Wiien he would express in one phrase both the number of leaflets and the way
the leaf is compound, he writes : —

Palmotcli/ hljbliolale, trlfollulalc, jiliirijoliokitc (of several leaflets), &c., or else

Pinnatilij hi-, tri-, (jiiadri-, or pinri-fuliolalc (that is, of two, three, four, five, or
several leaflets), as the ^asc mav be.

FIG. 130. A twice-pinnate (abruptly) leaf of the Honev-Lt>cnst,

LlCSdON O.J

rKIlKOI.IATK I.KAVKS, KTC

67

are hipinnatc, i. o. twice piniiafr, a^ in Fi;_'. l')0. If tliPso Ic^aflota
■vvt-n; again (li\ idfd in llio same way, tin; leaf would hvvxmm l/irice
pinnate, or tripinnalc, as in many Acac'ias. Tiie first divisions are
vnWcd pi lUKr ; the oxhor^^, pinnules ; and the last, or little Mados,
ivdjiets.

172. So till! palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same w.ay,
becomes twice pnlmatc, or, as we say when the divisions are in
threes, /M'/Ve tcrnate (in Latin form hitcrnate) ; if a third time com-
pounded, thrice tcrnate or tritcrnatc. liut if the division goes still
furtluT, or if the degree is variable, Ave simply say that the leaf is
decowpound ; either palmately or pinnat«'ly so, as tlie case may be^
Thus, Fig. 108 represents a lour times ternately coin[X)ini<l, in other
•words a ternatclif decompound, leaf of our common jNIeadow Rue.

170. So exceedingly various arc the kinds and shapes of leaves,
that we have not yet exhausted the sui)ject. "We have, however,
mentioned the j)rincipal terms used in descrii)ing them. ]\Iany
others will be found in the glossary at the end of the volume. Some
peculiar sorts of leaves remain to be noticed, which the student might
not well understand without some explanation ; such as

171. Pcrfolialc Leaves. A common jind simple case of this sort is
foinid in two species of Uvuhu'ia or Bellwort, where the stem appears
to nni through the bhule of the leaf,
near one end. If we look at this plant
in summer, after all the leaves are
formed, we may see the meaning of this
at a glance. For then we ofivn find
upon the same stem such a series of
leaves as is given in Fig. 131 : the low-
er leaves are perfoliate, those; next aI)ove
less so ; then some (the fourth and fifth)
with merely a heart-shaped clasping
base, and finally one that is merely
sessile. The leaf, we perceive, becomes (^Z^
perlbliate by the union of the edges of
the base with each other around the
stem ; just as the shield-shaped leaf. Fig.
102, comes from the union of the edges of the base of such a leaf
;is Fig. 101. Of the same sort are tlw; up|)<'r leaves of most of

nc. ini. leaves nf fvulnria (nrllwort) ; llio lower oneii perfoliato, (Im oUi«r« merely
ela.s|iiiig, or tlio ii)i|>eriU(>Nl only dushIIo.

68

MOKPIIOLOGT OF LKAVES AS FOLIAGE. [leSSON 0.

the true Honeysuckles (Fig. 132): but here it is a pnir of oppo-
site leaves, with their contiguous broiul bases grown togetlier, wliich
makes what seems to be one round leaf, with the stem running
through its centre. This is seen to be tlie case, by comparing
together the upper and the lowest leaves of the same brancli.
Leaves of this sort are said to be; connnte-perfoUafe.

^J^'^ 175, tquitant Leaves. While ordinary

leaves spread horizontally, and present
one face to the sky and the other to the
eartli, there are some that present their
tip to the sky, and their faces right
and left to the horizon. Among these
are the cquitant leaves of the Iris or
Flower-de-Luce. On careful ins{)ection
we shall find that each leaf was formed
folded together kngtli-
wise, so that what
would be the upper
surface is within, and
all grown together, ex-
cept next the bottom,
,33 where each leaf covers

the next younger one. It was from their strad-
dling over each other, like a man on horseback (as
is seen in the cross-section. Fig. 134), that Linnteus,
with his lively fancy, called these equifant leaves.

176. leaves with no distinction of Petiole and Blaiie.

The leaves of Iris just mentioned show one form
of this. The flat but narrow
leaves of Jonquils, Daffodils,
and the like, are other in-
stances. Needle-shaped leaves,
like those of the Pine (Fig.
140), Larch (Fig. 139), and
Spruce, and the aid-shaped
as well as the scale-shaped
leaves of Junipers, Ked Ce-

FIG. 132. Branrh of a Yellow Honeysuckle, with connate-perfoliate leaves.
FIG. 133. Rootstock and equitant leaves of Iris. 134. A section across the claster of
leaves at the bottom.

LESSON O.J

riiii.r.oniA, stipulks, etc.

dar, and Arbor- Vita^ (F'g- 135), are difTcrcnt pxamplos. Those
last are leaves serving lor lbliag(.', but having jis
little spread of surl'aee as jHJSsiWle. They insdce
up for this, however, by their inunense nunjbei*s.

177, SoMietinies ihc pet iu/e expands and flattens,
and takes tlie j)laee of the blade ; as in innnenms
Nt'W Holland Aeacias, some of which an; now
common in greenhouses. Such counterfeit blades
are called phyllodia, — meaning leaf-like bodies.
Tiiey may be known from true blades by their
standing edgewise, their margins being directed
upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the
faces look upwards and downwards ; excepting in
equitant leaves, as al-
ready explained, and
in those which are
135 turned edgewise by

a twist, such as those of the Callis-

temon or IJottle-brush Flower of our

greenhouses, and other Dry ]\I}rtlcs

of New Holland, cVc.

178. SlipnU'S, the pair of appendages

Avhich is found at the base of the peti-
ole in many leaves (133), should also

be considered in respect to their very

varied forms and appearances. More

commonly they appear like little blades,

on each side of the leaf-stalk, as in the

Quince (Fig. 83), ami more strikingly

in the Hawthorn and in the Pea. Here

they remain as long as the rest of the

leaf, and serve for the same purpose

as the bliule. Very commonly they

serve for bud-scales, and fall of!" when

the leaves expand, as in the Fig-tree,

and the Magnolia (where they are large and conspicuous), or soon

FIG. 135. Twip of Arhor-Vile, with itH two sorts of Ip.-ivcs : viz. oome awl-slin|><>il, tiM
olheM Hc.ilc-liko ; tlip Inner on the liraiirlilrfi, a.

FIG. 13(i. Lcifof Red flovir : 't, 8li|mlos, acJIioring to tlip b.iso of /., tlio iwtiolo : fc. Mads
of thrre IcnflptH.

FIG. 137. Partof Rtomnnd Ic-if ofrriiic«'B-F©«Uior i^PolyRoiuiiii oricntalo) with tlM> uiiit<<<«
■lioatliinR KtipiilM forming a Rhoath.

70

MORrnOLOGY OF LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. [leSSON 9.

afterwards, as in the Tulip-tree. In the Pea the stipules make a
very conspicuous part of the leaf; while in the Bean they are quite
small ; and in the Locust they are i-educed to bristles or prickles.
Sometimes the stipules are separate and distinct (Fig. 83) : often
they are united with (he base of the leaf-stalk, as in the Rose and
the Clover (Fig. 13G): and sometimes they grow together by both
margins, so as to form a sheath around the stem' above the leaf, as
in the Buttonwood, the Dock, and almost all the plants of the
Polygonum Family (Fig. 137).

179. The sheaths of Grasses bear the blade on their summit, and
therefore represent a form of the petiole. The small and thin ap-
pendage which is commonly found at the top of the sheath (called a
ligtjle) here answers to the stipule.

FIG. 138. Ternately-dccompouiid leaf of Meadow Rue (Tlialictrum Cornuti).

LESSON 10.] AlIKANr.r.MKXT OF LKAVKS. 71

LESSON X.

Tin: AnRANr.r..Mi;.\T or lkavks.

180. UxniiK tills hciid wo ni;iy roii>i(lcr, — 1. (he arranpemont of
leaves on the stem, or what is sotnetimes called rnYLLOTAXV (from
two Greek words meaiiiii;^ leaf-order) ; and 2. the ways in which
they are packed together in tin; bud, or their vkknatkjn (the word
meaninji their spring state).

ISl. Pliyllotaxy. As already explained (18, 49), leaves are ar-
ranged on the .stem in two princijjal ways. They are either

Alternate (Fig. 131, 143), that is, one after another, only a single
leaf arising from each node or joint of the stem; or

Opposite (Fig. 147), when there is a pair of leaves on each joint
of the stem ; one of the two leaves being in this case always situ-
ated exactly on the opposite sid(; of the stem from the other. A
third, but uncommon arrangement, may be added ; namely, the

Whorleil, or rerlicillale (Fig. 148), when there are three or more
leaves in a circle (trhorl or verticil) on one joint of stem. But this
is only a variation of the opposite mode ; or rather the latter ar-
rangi-ment is the same as the whorled, with the lunuber of the
leaves reduced to two in each whorl.

182. Only one leaf is ever produced from the same point. When
two are borne on the same joint, they are always on opposite sides
of the stem, that is, are separated by half the circumference ; when
in whorls of three, four, five, or any other number, they are equally
distril)uted around the joint of stem, at a distance of one third, one
fourth, or one fifth of the circumfer-
ence from each other, according to
their number. So they always liave
tlie greatest jjossible divergence from
each other. Two or more leaves be.
longing to the same joint of stem
never stand side liy siilc, or one
aljove the other, in a clii-tcr.

183. A\ iiat are called clustered or fnsricled leaves, and which

Fl(i. 139. C'lustrrpil ur faxciclvil leaves of tlio L.-irch

ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES ON TIIK STEM [lESSON 10.

appear to be so, are always tlie leaves of a whole branch which
remains so very short tliat they are all crowded together in a
bundle or rosette ; as in the spring leaves of the Barberry and of
the Larch (Fig. 139). In these cases an examination shows tliem
to be nothing else than alternate leaves, very much crowded on a
short spur ; and some of these spurs are seen in the course of the
season to lengthen into ordinary shoofs with scattered alternate
leaves. So, likewise, each cluster of two or three needle-shaped
leaves in Pitch Pines (as in Fig. 140), or of five leaves
in White Pine, answers to a similar, extremely short
branch, springing from the axil of a thin and slender
scale, which represents a leaf of tlie main shoot. For
Pines produce two kinds of leaves; — 1. primary, the
proper leaves of the shoots, not as foliage, but in the
shape of delicate scales in spring, which soon fall away ;
and 2. secondary, the fascicled leaves, from buds in the
axils of the former, and tliese form the actual foliage.

184. Spiral AlTflllgcmcnt of Leaves. If we examine any
alternate-leaved stem, we shall find that the leaves are
placed upon it in symmetrical order, and in a way per-
fectly uniform for each species, but different in different
plants. If we draw a line from the insertion (i. e. the
point of attachment) of one leaf to that of the next, and
so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as it
rises, and in the same species will always have just the
same number of leaves upon it for each turn round the
stem. That is, any two successive leaves will always
be separated from each other by just an equal portion
of the circumference of the stem. The distance in heiffl/t between
any two leaves may vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that
depends upon the length of the infernndes or spaces between each
leaf; but the distance as measured around the circumference (in
other words, the angular divergence, or angle formed by any two
successive leaves) is uniformly the same.

185. The greatest possible divergence is, /)f course, where the
second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the
first, the third on the side opposite the second, and therefore over the

FIO. 140. V\orc of a hraiirliirt of Pitrli Pinp, will) tlirrp loavos in a fai=rirlo or biindip, in
tlic axil of a lliin prale wliirli aiiP\vnr< to a i)iiiriar.\ Irnf. Tlir biiiuUr is surrounded at the
base by a sliort shoatli, forincd of llio delicate scales of tlio axillary bud.

LESSOX 10.]

IN A SIMIIAI

73

first, and llio fourth over tliP socoml. This brinpjs all the h-avos into
two ranks, one on one sitlc of the, stem and one on tin- oilier; and
is therefore called the two-ranked arrangement. It occurs in all
Grasses, — in Indian Corn, for instanee ; also in the Siiiderworl, the
lielhvort (I'^ig. 1'>1) and Iris (Kig. 132), in the liasswood or Lime-
tree, ScQ. This is the simplest of all arrangements.

18G. Ne.\t to this is the three-ranked arrangement, such as \vc
see in Sedges, and in the Veratrum or White Ilellehore. The plan
of it is shown on a Seclge in Fig. 141, and in a diagram or cross
section underneath, in Fig. 142. Here the
second leaf is placed one third of the way
round the stem, the third leaf two thirds of
the way round, the fourth leaf accordingly
directly over the first, the fifth over the
second, and so on. That is, three leaves
occur in each turn round the stem, and they
are separated from each other by one third
of the circumference.

187. The next and one of the most com-
mon is the ^tT-ra?j/ter£ arrangement ; which
is seen in the Apple (Fig. 143), Cherry,
Poplar, and th'^ greater part of our trees
and shrubs. In this case the line traced
from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the
stem before it reaches a leaf situated di-
rectly over any below (Fig. 144). Here
the sixth leaf is over the first ; the leaves
stand in five perpendicular ranks, equally
distant from each other; and the distance
between any two successive leaves is just
two fifths of the circumference of the stem. ua

1S8. The five-ranked arrangement s expressed by the fraction f.
This fraction denotes the divergence of tlie successive leaves, i. e. the
angle they form with each other : the numerator also expresses the
number of turns made round the stem by the spiral line in complet-
ing one cycle or set of leaves, namely if ; and the denominator gives
the immber of leaves in each cycle, or the number of perpendicular

FK;. 1 II. Pircp of the stalk of n .'^oilce. with (Iip IpavpK nit awny, lonvini; thrir tm^on ;
tlip loavoH arc iiiiiiiliprpil III ordtT. froin '. to (".. Wi. Uiagraiii or crusi-aecliuu of Uio aaiiift
til ill Olio iil.iiio ; tlic lo.'iv»« fiiiiilnrly miiuborutl.

7

74

ARUANGEMKNT OF LEAVES ON THE STEM. [lESSON 10.

rank?, namely o. In the same Avay the fraction J stands for the

two-ranked mode, and ^ ibr the three-ranked : and so these different

113 sorts are expressed by the series of fractions i,

•J, |. And tlie otlier cases known follow in the

same numerical progression.

18y. The next is the eight-ranked arrange-
ment, where the ninth leaf stands over the first,
and three turns are made around the stem to
reach it; so it is expressed by the fraction g.
This is seen in the Holly, and in the common
Plantain. Then comes the thirteen-ranked ar-
rangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over
the first, after five turns around the stem. Of
this we have a good example in the common
Ilouseleek (Fig. 14G).
190. The series so far,
^ then, is ^, ^, 1,1,1^-3 ; the

numerator and the denomi-
nator of each fraction being
those of the two next pre-
ceding ones added together.
At this rate the next higher
should be ^\, then ^§, and
so on ; and in fact just such
. cases are met with, and (commonly) no others.

n\ These higher sorts are found in the Pine Fam-

ily, both in the leaves and the cones (Fig. 324),
and in many other plants with small and crowd-
ed leaves. But the number of the ranks, or of
leaves in each cycle, can here rarely be made
out by direct inspection : they may be ascer-
tained, however, by certain simple mathematical
computations, which are rather too technical for
these Lessons.

FIO. 143. glinot with its leaves .^-ranked, the sixth leaf ov^r the first ; as in the Apple-tree.

riG. 111. rtiagram of this arraiigcmont, willi a spiral lino drawn froiri the attachment of
one leaf to tlie next, and so on ; the parts on the side tiiriie<l fmni the eye are fainter.

FIG. 1-15. A frronnil-plan of the same ; the section of tlie leaves similarly nunihered ; a
dotted line drawn from the edire of one leaf to that of tlie next completes the spiral.

FIO. lU). A yoiinfr plant of tlie llonscleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered,
and cxhibiling tlio i:i-ranked arrangement

LESSON 10.] ARRANT, EM ENT OF LEAVES IX THE ni'I>. 75

101. Tlic arran^romc-nt of opposite leavrs (1>*1) is usually very
pimple. The second pair is placed over the intervals of the first;
the third over the intervals of the second, and so on (Fig. 147) ; the
successive pairs thus crossing each other. —
commonly at right angles, so as to make four
upright rows. And ichorkd leaves (Fig- l-t-S)
follow a similar plan.

192. So the place of every leaf on every plant
is fixed beforehand by unerring mathematical
rule. As the stem grows on, leaf after leaf ap-
pears exactly in its predes-
tined place, producing a per-
fect symmetry; — a symme-
try which manifests itself not
in one single monotonous
pattern for all plants, but in
n definite number of forms
exhibited by different spe-
cies, and arithmetically ex-
pressed by the series of frac-
tions, 4^, .}, f, |, yV* v\, &c., according as the formative energy in
its spiral course up the developing stem lays down at corresponding
intervals 2, 3, '), 8, 13, or 21 ranks of alternate leaves.

rj.'3. Vernation, sometimes called PrcpfuUation, relates to the way
in which leaves arc disposed in the bud (180). It comprises two
things ; — 1st, the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, or
packed up in the bud; and 2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the
bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very
much upon the jdiyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves
u|)on the stem. The same terms are used for it as for the arrange-
ment of the leaves of the flower in the flower-bud : so we may pass
them Ity until we come to treat of the flower in tliis res])ect.

]'.• 1. As to each i<af separatelv. it is sometimes straight and
open in vernation, but more conmionly it is either hont, folded, or
rolled lip. When the upper part is bent down upon the lower,
as the young blade in the Tulip-free is bent upon the leaf-talk,
it is said to be xnjlexed or reclined in vernation. "When folded

Fir,. 1 17.

FIG, l-Jd.

0|)|)(isil(< Ipnvos (if the S|>imllr-trr(- or rtiiriiinc-hNsI).
WliorloU ur vcrlicillato loavcn urualiuin or llcd»trAw.

7G ARUANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [LESSON 11.

by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is
conduplicate (Fig. 149), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the
Oak : when folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is plicate
or plaited (Fig. 150), as in the Maple and Currant. If rolled,
it may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the
Sundew (Fig. 154), when in unrolling it resembles the head of a
crosier, and is said to be circinate ; or it may be rolled up parallel
with the axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is convolute
(Fig. 151), as in the Apricot and Plum, or rolled f.om both edges
towards the midrib; — sometimes inwards, when it is involute (Fig.
152), as in the Violet and AVater-Lily ; sometimes outwards, when
it is revolute (Fig. 153), in the Rosemary and Azalea. The figures
are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, in the way
they were represented by Linnteus.

LESSON XL

THE ARPaNGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM, OR INFLO-
RESCENCE.

195. Thus far we have been considering the vegetation of the
plant, and studying those parts, viz. root, stem, and leaves, by which
it increases in size and extent, and serves the purpose of its indi-
vidual life. But after a time each plant produces a different set of
organs, — viz. flowers, fruit, and seed, — subservient to a different
purpose, that is, the, increase in numbers, or the continuance of the

LESSOX 11.] INDKTKRMINATK INKLORF.SCF.NCK.

77

pporios. Tlifi plnnt reproduces itself in new imlividuals l»y seed.
Therefore the seed, and tlie fntil in whieh tiie seed i.s formed, jind
the Jlower, from which the fruit results, sire named the Organs of
Reproduction or Frurfi'Jication. These we may examine in succes-
sion. "We begin, of course, with the flower. And the first thing to
consider is the

11)0. Illflnresi'fllCf, or tiie mo.le of flowering', that is, the situation
an<l arrangement of blossoms on the plant. Various as this arrange-
ment may seem to be, all is governed by a simple law, which is
easily understood. As the position of every leaf is fixed beforehand
by a mathematical law which prescribes where it shall stand (192),
8o is that of every blossom;- — and by the same law in both cases.
For flowers are buds, developed in a particular way ; and flower-
buds occupy the position of leaf-buds, and no other As leaf-buds
are either termiiml (at the summit of a stem or branch, 42), or
axillary (in the axil of a leaf, 43), so likewise

197. Flowers are either terminal ov a xilhry. In blossoming as
in vegetation we Iiave only buds terminating (i. e. on the summit of)
stems or branches, and buds from the axils of leaves. But while
the same plant commonly produces both kinds of leaf-buds, it rarely
bears flowers in both situations. These are usually either all axil-
lary or all terminal; — giving rise to two classes of inflorescence,
viz. the dt'termiiKite and the indeterminate.

198. IlulrlpnililiatC IllflnrPSCfllCf; is that where the flowers all arise
from axillary buds; as in Fig. lo5, laO, lo7, cV:c. ; and the reason
why it is called indetermi- ^ ,.-^ •

nate (or indefinite) is, that
while the axillary buds
give rise to flowers, the
terminal bud goes on to
grow, and contimies the
stem indeflnitely.

III',). Wiiere the flowers arise, as
axils (if the ordinary leaves of the |
dusters, but are r/./-//A//-// and sn/i/iin/.
flowers are jjrodueed near lach <ilher, the accompanying leaves arc
usually of smaller size, and often of a different shape or character:
then thev are called bracts ; and the flowers thus brouiiht to-rether

Fi.LT. 1 •"»•"). sinjrly from the
It, tiiey do not Ibnn llower-
Ihit when sevend or many

Moneywort (I.ysimnrlii.i niiiiiiiiiilana) of tlio car(l(>n!<, willi .iiillnry tin

78 ARUANGKMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11.

form one cluster or inflorescence. The sorts of inflorescence of the .
indi'tenninate chiss which have received separate names are chiefly
the following: viz. tlie Haceme, the Cori/mb, the Umbel, the Spike,
the Head, the Spadix, the Catkin, and the Panicle.

200. Before illustrating these, one or two terms, of common oc-
currence, may be defined. A flower (or other body) which has no
stalk to supjiort it, but which sits directly on the stem or axis it pro-
ceeds from, is said to be sessile. If it has a stalk, this is called its
peduncle. If the whole flower-cluster is raised on a stalk, this is
called the peduncle, or the common peduncle (Fig. 156, />) ; and the
stalk of each particular flower, if it have any, is called
the pedicel or partial peduncle (p'). The portion
of the general stalk along which flowers are dis-
posed is called the axis of infiorescence, or, when cov-
ered with sessile flowers, the rhachis (back-bone), and
sometimes the receptacle. The leaves, of a flower-
cluster generally are termed bracts. But when we
wish particularly to distinguish them, those on the
peduncle, or main axis, and which havis a flower in
their axil, take the name of bracts (Fig. 156, b) ; and
those on the pedicels or partial flower-stalks, if any,
that ofbractlets (Fig. 156, b').

201. A RaCPniC (Fig. 156, 157) is that form of flower-
, ,_-. cluster in which the flowers, each on their own foot-
X--A stalk or pedicel, are arranged along a common stalk

or axis of inflorescence ; as in the Lily of the Valley,
Currant, Choke-Cherry, Barberry, &c. Each flower
comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which,
^ however, is often so small that it might escape notice,

and which sometimes (as in the Mustard Family) disappears alto-
gether. The lowest blossoms of a raceme are of course the oldest,
and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is ascending,
from the bottom to the top. The summit, never being stopped by
a terminal flower, may go on to grow, and often does so (as in the
common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral flowers one after an-
other the whole summer long.

202. All the various kinds of flower-clusters jiass one into another

FIG. 150 A Raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (//), l)racts (i), and bract-

LKSSON ll.j RACEMK, COUYMB, UMBKL, ETC.

79

by intorm«'<li:ite pradations of every port. F<ir instance, if we
lengthen the lower pedicels of a raceme, and keep the main axis
rather short, it is converted into

203. A Corymb (Fig. ir>8). This is the same as a raceme, except
that it is fiat and i)r()a<l, either convex, or level-topped, as in the
Ilawfhorn, owing to the lengthening of the lower pedicels while the
uppermost remain shorter.

204. The main axis of a corymb is short, at least in comparison
witii the lower pedicels. Only suppose it to be so much contracted
that th(! bracts are all brought into a cluster or circle, and the
corymb becomes

205. All I'inbcl (Fig. 150), — as in the Milkweed and Primrose,
— a sort of Hower-eluster Avhere the jK'dicels all spring apparently
from the sanie point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble,
when spreading, the rays of an imibrella, whence the name. Here
the pedicels are sometimes called the rays of the unil)el. ^nd the
bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster or circle, form what
is called an involKcre.

I

20G. For the snme reason that the order of blossoming in a ra-
ceme is ascending (201), in the corymb and umbel it is centripetal,
that is, it proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly to-
wards the centre; the lower flowers of the former answering to the
outer ones of the latter. Indeterminate inflorescence, therefore, is
said to be centri|)efal in evolution. And by having this order of
blossoming, all the sorts may be distinguished from those of the
other, or the determinate class. In all the foregoing cases the
flowere are raised on pciliccls. Tliese, however, are very short in
many instances, or arc wnntiiig altogether; when the flowers are
tessilc (2(M>). They are so in

FKi. IjT. a raronio. l.'>8. A forynil). i:>0. An iiinhcl

80

ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11.

207. The Spike, This is a flower-cluster with a more or les&
lengthened axis, along which the flowers are sessile or
nearly so; as in the Mullein and the Plantain (Fig. IGO),
It is just the same as a raceme, therefore, without any
pedicels to the flowers.

208. The Head is a round or roundish cluster of flowers
which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in
the Button-ball, Button-bush (Fig. IGl), and Red Clover.
It is just what a spike would become if its axis were
shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels were all shortened
until the flowers became sessile or apparently so. The
head of the Button-bush (Fig. IGl) is naked ; but that of
the Thistle, of the Dandelion, the Cichory (Fig. 221),
and the like, is surrounded by empty bracts, which form

W an involucre. Two particular forms of the spike and the
, head have received particular names, namely, the Spadix

""' and the Catkin.

209. A Spadix is nothing but a fleshy spike or head, with small
and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, the Indian Turnip

(Fig. 1G2), Sweet Flag, &c. It is commonly covered by a peculiar
enveloping leaf, called a spatlic.

FIO. IfiO. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort.

FIG. 161. Head of the Butfon-lmsh (Ceplialanthiis).

FIG. 162. Spadix and spaihe of the Indian Turnip ; the latter cut through below.

LESSON 11.] DKTKUMINATE INFLORIlSCKNCE-

81

210. A Calkin or Amcill id the nanic given to the scaly sort of spiko
of the Birch and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of
flower-chisters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like ; — on which ac-
count these are called Amentaceous trees.

211. Sometimes these forms of flower-clusters become compound.
For example, the stalks which, in the simple umljel such ,ns hjis
been described (Fig. 150), are the pedicels of single flowers, may
themselves branch in the same way at the top, and so each become
the support of a smaller umbel; as is the case in the Parsnip, Cara-
way, and almost the whole of the great family of what are called
UinbeHlferous (i. e. umbel-bearing) plants. Here the whole is
termed a compound umbel; and the smaller or partial umbels take
the name in Kiiglish of umbeUets. The general involucre, at the
base of the main umbel, keeps that name ; while that at the base
of each umbellet is termed a, partial involucre or an involucel.

212. So a corymb (Fig. 158) with jts separate stalks branching
again, and bearing smaller clusters of the same
sort, is a compound corymb; of which the Moun-
tain Ash is a good example. A raceme where
what would be the pedicels of single flowers
become stalks, along whic;h flowers are disposed
on their own jiedicels, forms a compound raceme,
as in the Goat's-beard and the False Spikenard.
But when what would liave been a raceme or a
corymb branches irregularly into an oi)en and
more or less compound flower-cUister, we have
what is called

21.]. A Pailirlc (Fig. 1G3); as in the Oat and
in most eoiuinon Gnisses. Such a raceme as that
of the diagram. Fig. 15G, would be changed into
a jianicle like Fig. 1 ().'), by the production of a
flower from the axil of each of the bractlets b.

211. A Thyrsus is a compact panicle of a pyram-
idal or oblong shape; such as a bunch of grapes,
or the cluster of the Lilac or Ilorsechestnut.
215. DftmnillUtC InfloresCPUrc is that in whuh the flowers arc from .
teriniiiiil lunl-. The simple.-t cjuse is where a stem bears a soli-
tary, terminal llowcr, as in Fig. 1G3*. This stoi>s the growth of

i

FlU. 1G3. .\ rai:icl«

S&F— 5

82 ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS ON THE STEM. [lESSON 11.

the stem ; for its terminal bud, being clianged into a blossom, can
no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any further growth

b a b c b c a e b c

must be from axillary buds developing into branches. If such
branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms,
the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of the
stem and branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts
in ])lace of ordintvry leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster
called

21G. A Cyme. This is commonly a flat-topped or con-
vex flower-cluster, like a corymb, only the blossoms are
from terminal buds. Fig. 16 1 illustrates the simplest
cyme in a plant with opposite leaves, namely, with three
flowers. The middle flower, a, terminates the stem ;
the two others, b b, terminate short branches, one from
the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being
. . later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from

\\ fiT' the centre outwards, or is centrifugal; — just the op-
^'^ posite of the indeterminate mode, or that where all

the flower-buds are axilhiry. If flowering branches
appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the
later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrif-
tigal or descending (which is the same thing), as in Fig. 166, mak-
ing a sort of reversed raceme; — a kind of cluster which is to the
true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb.

217. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced
from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 165 represents the
case where the branches, i i, of Fig. 164, each with a pair of small

FIG. ]C3 a. Diagram of an opposite-leaved plant, with a sinfile terminal flowrr. lf'4.
Same, witli a cyme of three flowers ; a, the first flower, of the main axis ; ft ft, iliose of hraurhcs.
1C5. Same, with flowers of the third order, e c. IGC. Same, with flowers only of the second
order from all the axils ; the central or uppermost opening first, and so on downwards.

LESSON 11.] SORTS OK KLO WKK-CI.TS TKUS. 88

leaves or bnit'ts al)Out tlicir iniddU', have bnuu-licd apain, and pio-
ducetl the branehlets and Howers c c, on earh side. It is tlie con-
tinued repetition of this whicli forms the full or compound cyme,
such as that of the i.aiMii>tiiuis, llobblebusli, Dogwood, and lly-
dran;;ea (Fig. 1 •J'^)-

2 IS. A Fascicle, like that of the Sweet-William and Lychnis of
the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded, as it
were, into a bundle.

211). A GlonUTlllc is a cyme still more compacted, so as to form a
sort of head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers
not expanding centripetally, that is, not from the circumference to-
wards the centre, or from the bottom to the top.

220. The iUu-itratioiis of determinate or cymose inflorescence have
been taken from plants with opposit(j leaves, which give rise to the
most regular cymes. But the Rose, Cinriuefoil, Buttercup, and the
like, with alternate leaves, furnish equally good examples of this
class of flower-dusters.

221. It may be useful to the student to exhibit the principal sorts
of inflorescence iu one view, in the manner of tlie iuUowing

Analysis of Flower-Clusters.

I. IXDETKnMIN.VTE OR CeXTKU'ETAL. (198.)

Simple ; ami witli tlic

Flowers l)orae on pedicels,

Aloii{j the sides of a lengthened axis, Racemt, 201-

Along a short axis ; lower pedieels lengthened, Couy.mii, 203

Clustered on an extremely short axis, Ujiuel, 205-
Flowers sessile, without pedieels (206),

Along an elongated axis, Spiki;, 207.

On a very short axis, IIeao, 208.

with their varieties, the Si-adix, 209, and Catkin, 210.

Branching irngulaily, Panicle, 213.

with its variety, the Tuvusfs, 214.

II. Detkumixate ou Cextkikugal. (215.)

U|)on, mostly flat-topped or convex, Cyme, 21C.

Contracted into a bundle, Fascicle, 218.

Contracted into a sort of liead, Glosierule, 219.

222. The numbers refer to the j)aragraphs of this Lesson. The
various .«)rts run togctluM- by endless gradalions in diilerent ])laiifs.
Tlie l).>i;iiii>l merely designates the leading kinds by particular
Jiaine<. Kvcn the two classes of inflorescence are often f(umd com-
billed ill tiiu same plant. Fur instance, iu the whole Mini Faniiiv,

84

THE FL0W1:R.

[lesson li

the flower-clusters are centrifugal, that is, are cymes or fascicles ;
but they are themselves commonly disposed in spikes or racemes,
which are centripetal, or develop in succession from below up-
wards.

LESSON XIL

THE flower: its parts or organs.

223. Having considered, in the last Lesson, the arrangement of
flowers on the stem, or the places from which they arise, we now
direct our attention to the flower itself.

224. Nature and Use of the Flower. The object of the flower is the

production of seed. The flower consists of all those parts, or organs,
■^vhieh are subservient to this end. Some of these parts are neces-
sary to the production of seed. Others serve merely to protect or
support the more essential parts.

FIG. 1G7. Cyme of the Wild Hydr;.ngca (with neutral flowers in the border).

LESSON 12.] ITS TARTS OK OKCANS. 86

22 '). The OrSlins of lIlP Flower arc tlicrcforfi of two kinds ; naiiK-ly,
first, tlie protect iiKj urytius, or lemws of the Jiower, — also c-alU-d tlie
Hiirtil envelopes, — and, second, tlie essential urynns. The latter are
situated within or a little above the former, and are enclosed by them
in the bud.

22G. The Floral Envelopes in a complete flower are double ; that is,
they consist of two whorls (IHI), or circles of leaves, one a))ove or
within the other. The outer set fbnns the Calyx; this more com-
monly consists of {ireen or greenish leaves, but not always. The
inner set, usually of a delicate texture, and of some other color than
green, and in most cases forming the most showy part of the blos-
som, is the Corolla.

227. The floral envelopes, taken together, are sometimes called the
Perianth. This name is not much used, however, except in c?.^-
where they form oidy one set, at least in appearance, as in the Lily,
or where, for some other reason, the limits between the calyx and
the corolla are not ejisily made out.

228. Each leaf or separate j)iece of the corolla is called a Petal;
each leaf of the calyx is called a Sepal. The sepals and the petals
— or, in other words, the leaves of the blossom — serve to protect,
support, or nourish the parts within. They do not themselves make
a perfect flower.

229. Some plants, however, naturally produce, besides their per-
fect flowers, others which consist only of calyx and corolla (one or
both), that is, of leaves. These, destitute as they are of the essential
oi'gans, and incapable of producing seed, are called neutral flowers.
AVe have an example in the flowers round the margin of the cyme of
the Hydrangea (Fig. 107), and of the Cranberry -Tree, or Snowball,
in their wild state. By long cultivation in gardens the whole clustei
luis been changed into showy, but useless, neutral flowers, in these
and some other cjlscs. AVhat are called double flowers, such as full
Roses (Kig. 173), Buttercups, and Camellias, are blossoms which,
under the gardener's care, have developed with all their essential
organs changed into petals. But such flowers are always in an
nimatural or monstrous condition, and are incapaljle of maturing
seed, for want of

2.]0. The Esspilliiil Orsillis. These are likewise of two kinds, placed
one above or wiihiii the otliir; namdv, flrst, the Stoutens or fertil-
izing organs, and, second, the Pistils, which are to be fertilized and
bear the seeds.

86

THE FLOWER.

[lesson 12.

231. Takinn; them in succession, therefore, beginning from below,
or at the outside, we have (Fig. 108, IGi)), first, the calyx or outer

circle of leaves, which are individually
termed sepals (a) ; secondly, the corolla
or inner circle of delicate leaves, called
petals {h) ; then a set of stamens {c) ;
and in the centre one or more pistils {d).
The end of the flower-stalk, or the short
axis, upon which all these parts stand, is
called the Torus or Receptacle.

232. We use here for illus-
tration the flower of a spe-
cies of Stonecrop (Sedum ter-
natum), — which is a com-
mon plant wild in the Middle
States, and in gardens almost
everywhere, — because, al-
though small, it exhibits all i69

the parts in a perfectly simple and separate state, and so answers for
a sort of pattern flower, better than any larger one that is common
and well known.

233. A Stamen consists of two parts,
namely, the Filament or stalk (Fig. 170,
«), and the Anther {h). The latter is
the only essential part. It is a case,
(jommonly with two lobes or cells, each
opening lengthwise by a slit, at the
proper time, and discharging a pow-
der or dust-like substance, usually of a yellow color. This powder
is the Pollen, or fertilizing matter, to produce which is the sole office
of the stamen.

234. A Pistil is distinguished into three parts ; namely, — beginning
from below, — the Ovary, the Style, and the Stir/ma. The Ovary is
the hollow case or young j)od (Fig. 171, a), containing rudimentary
seeds, called Ovules {d). Fig. 172, representing a pistil like that ol

FIG. If8. Flower of a Stonecrop : Pedum ternatiiiti.

FIG. ir9. Two parts orcncli kind of the same flower, displayed and enlarged.

FIG. 170. A stamen : a, the filament ; b, the anther, discharging pollen.

FIG. 171. A pistil divided lengthwise, showing the interior of the ovary, a, and Ita

ovules, d ; b, the $tyle ; c, stigir.a.

FIG. 172. A pistil, enlarged ; the ovary cut across to show the ovules within.

FIG. 173. " Double " Rose ; the essential organs all replaced by petals.

LESSON 12.]

ITS I'AKTS Oil OUOANS.

R7

Fig. inO, d, l)iit on a larger scale, and \vitli the ovarr cut neross,
shows the ovules as they ai)pear iu a transverse
soetion. The style (Fig. 171, h) is the tapering
part above, sometimes long and slender, sometimes
sliort, and not rarely altogether wanting, for it is
not an essential part, like the two others. The,
stigma (r) is the tip or some other portion of tho
stylo (or of the top of the ovary when there is no
distinct style), consisting of loose tissue, not cov-
ered, like the rest of the plant, by a skin or epi-
dermis. It is upon the stigma that the pollen
falls ; and the result is, that the ovules contained
in the ovary are fertilized and become seeds, by
having an embryo (IG) formed in them. To the
pistil, therefore, all the other organs of the blos-
som are in some way or other subservient: the
stamens furnish pollen to fertilize its ovules; the
corolla and the calyx form coverings which pro- '''

tect the whole.

234*. These are all the parts which belong to any flower. But
these parts appear under a variety of forms and combinations, some
of them greatly disguising their natural appearance. To understand
the flower, therefore, under whatever guise it may assume, we must
study i« ' plan.

I

tB PLAN OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 13.

LESSON XIII.

THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER.

235. The Flower, like every other part of the plant, is formed
upon a plan, which is essentially the same in all blossoms ; and the
student should early get a clear idea of the plan of the flower. Then
the almost endless varieties which different blossoms present will be
at once understood whenever they occur, and will be regarded with
a higher interest than their most beautiful forms and richest colors
are able to inspire.

236. We have already become familiar with the plan of the vege-
tation; — with the stem, consisting of joint raised upon joint, each
bearing a leaf or a pair of leaves ; with the leaves arranged in sym-
metrical order, every leaf governed by a simple arithmetical law,
<vhich fixes beforehand the precise place it is to occupy on the stem ;
and we have lately learned (in Lesson 11) how the position of each
blossom is determined beforehand by that of the leaves ; so that the
shape of every flower-cluster in a bouquet is given by the same sim-
ple mathematical law which arranges the foliage. Let us now con-
template the flower in a similar way. Having just learned what
parts it consists of, let us consider the plan upon which it is made,
and endeavor to trace this plan through some of the various forms
which blossoms exhibit to our view.

237. In order to give at the outset a coiTcct idea of the blossom,
we took, in the last Lesson, for the purpose of explaining its parts, a
perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical flower, and one nearly as
simple as such a flower could well be. Such a blossom the botanist
regards as

238. A Typical Flower, that is, a pattern flower, because it wx'll ex-
emplifies the plan upon which all flowers are made, and serves as
what is called a type, or standard of comparison.

239. Another equally good typical fla^ver (except in a single re-
spect, which will hereafter be mentioned), and one readily to be ob-
tained in the summer, is that of the Flax (Fig. 174). The parts
differ in shape from those of the Stonecrop ; but the whole plan is
evidently just the same in both. Only, while the Stonecrop has ten
stamens, or in many flowers eight stamens, — in all cases just twice

LKSSON 13.] rEUrKCT AND IMrKKFECT KI.OWKRS.

89

as many as tliero are petals, — iIk; Flax has only five slamr'n.-.. .>-
just as many as tlie petals. Sucli flowers as these are said to be

Perfect, uccause they are
provided with both kinds of
essential orjxans (23U), namely,
Stamens and pistils ;

Complete, because th(>y have
all the sorts of oi'j^ans which
any flower has, namely, both
calyx and corolla, as well as
stamens and pistils ;

Regular, because all the parts
of each set are alike in shape and size ; and

Symmetrical, because they have an equal number of parts of ea?h
sort, or in each set or circle of
orjifans. That is, there are five
sepals, \\\(i petals, five stamens,
or in the Stonecrop ten stamens
(namely, two sets of five each),
and \\\{i ])istils.

240. On the other hand,
many flowers do not jiresent
this perfect synnnetry and reg- ''*

176 nlarity, or this completeness of parts

injrly, we may have

'241. Imperfect, or Separalt'd Flowers; which are

those wliere the stamens and pistils are in separate
blossoms ; that is, one sort of flowers h;is stamens
and no pistils, and another has pistils and no sta-
mens, or only imperfect ones. The blossom which
lias stamens but no pistils is called a staminate or
sterile flt)wer (Fig. l"f>) » "'"^ •''*- corresponding
one with pistils but no stamens is called a pistil-
late or fertile flower (Fig. 177). The two sorts
may grow on distin«'t plants, from differont roots,
as they do in the Willow and I'oplar, the Hemp, and tiie Mooii-eed

)rd-

FIG. 174. Flowers of llip roiiiiiioii Dux : i\ |>rrfrrl, nmnOrlp, rr-c'ilsr, ami svniiiirlrlral
blossom, all its parts in (Ives. IT.", M.tlf of a Flax tlowi-r <livi<lr<l Ii-iiylliwi-r, and ml ircod.

FlU. ITC. Slaniiiialo llowor of Moonnrcl ( Mi iM«|..rMi t ona.Unsil. i:7. I'l.lillait

flower of (ho »iinio.

90

PLAN OF THK FLOWER.

[lesson 13.

(Fig. 176, 177) ; when tlie flowers are paid to be dicecioiis (from two
(ireek words iiieaiiiiig in two household.^). Or tlie two may occur

on the same plant

or the same stem,

as in the Oak,

Walnut, Nettle,

and the Castor-oil

Plant (Fig. 178);

Avhen the flowers

are said to be mO'

ncecious (that is, in one household). A flower

may, however, be perfect, that is, have both

stamens and pi.stils, and yet be incomplete.

2\2. lllCOlliplclC Flowers are those in which
one or both sorts of the floral envelopes, or
leaves of the blossom, are wanting. Some-
times only one sort is wanting, as in the
Castor-oil Plant (Fig. 178) and in the Anem-
"^ one (Fig. 179). In this case the missing

«ort is always supposed to be the inner, that is, the corolla ; and
accordingly such flowers are said to be apetalous (meaning without
petals)'. Occasionally both the corolla and the calyx are wanting,
■when the flower has no proper cover-
ings or floral envelopes at all. It is then
eaid to be naked, as in the Lizard's-
tail (Fig. 180), and in the Willow.

243. Our two pattern flowers (Fig.
168, *74) are regular and symmetrical
(239). We commonly
expect this to be the
case in living things.
The corresponding

parts of plants, like the limbs or members of ani-
mals, are generally alike, and the whole arrange-
ment is symmetrical. This symmetry pervades
the Hossoni, especially. But the student may often fail to perceive

FIC 178. Moiifprioiis flowers, i. e. one slaiiiinritc (.«) and one pistillate (/)) flower, of
the C?itnr-oil Plant, growing on the same stem.

FIG. 179. Apetalous (incomplete) flower of Anemone Pennsylvanica.
FIG. 180. A naked (but perfect) flmvcr of the Lizard's-lail.

LKS80N 13.J llUlK.nri.AR ANI> INSYMMKTUICAI, FLOWKRS

91

it, at first view, at least in cases wliero tlie jilan is more or less
obscured by the leaving out {obliteration) ol" one or more of the
members of the same set, or by some in- mi

equality in their size and shape. The
latter circumstance jrives rise to

244. Irrffiilar Flowers. This name is

given to blossoms in which the different
members of the same sort, as, for exam-
ple, the petals or the stamens, are unlike
in size or in form. We have familiar
183 cases of the

sort in the
Larkspur
(Fig. 183,
184), and
Monkshood
(Fig. 185,
186); also
in the Vio-
let (Fig. 181, 182). In the latter it
is the corolla principally which is ir-
regular, one of the petals being larger
than the rest, and extended at the
base into a hollow protuberance or
spur. In the Larkspur (Fig. 183),
both the calyx and the corolla par-
N take of the irrcgularitj'. This and
the Monkshood are likewise good ex-
amples of

24;"). Unsymmrtrlrnl Flowers. We

call them unsynimetrical, when the
different sets of organs do not agree
in the number of their parts. The
irregular calyx of Lark>;pur (Fig. 183, 184) consists of five sepals,
one of wliicli, larLT'T tiian the rest, is prolonged behind into a large
Ppur; but the corolla is made of only four petals (of two shapes);

Fin. 181. Flower of a Violpt. 182. It* r»\\\ Hnil rnmlla displayed : tlio five
partfi am the M-palx ; (ho fivr iiilrn-ciiiiiir Inrgor onff arn llin iM'tals.

FIfi. 183. Flower of a Larkspur. ISl. lis calyx and cumlla displayi-d ; I ho fn
pieces are Uio Bepalii ; Uio Tour ■mailer, the pctaU.

lar^e

92

PLAN OF THE FLOWER.

[lesson 13.

the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And
the Monkshood (Fig. 185, 186) has five very dissimilar sepals,
186 and a corolla of only two, very small,

curiously-shaped petals ; the three need-
ed to make up the symmetry being left
out. For a flower which is unsymmet-
rical but regular, we may take the com-
mon Purslane, which has a calyx of
only two sepals, but a corolla of five
petals, from seven to twelve stamens,
and about six styles. The Mustan],
and all flowers of that family, are un-
symmetrical as to the stamens, these
being six in number (Fig. 188, while
the leaves of the blossom (sepals and
petals) are each only four ,37

(Fig. 187). Here the

~\ stamens are irregular also, ^
' \ two of them being shorter ^=-

blossom is based

upon

than the other four.

246. Numerical Tlan of

the Flower. Although not
easy to make out in all
cases, yet generally it is
plain to see that each
particular number, which
runs through all or most of its parts. And a prin-
cipal thing which a botanist notices when examin-
ing a flower is its numerical plan. It is upon this
that the symmetry of the blossom depends. Our two
pattern flowers, the Stonecrop (Fig. 168) and the
Flax (Fig. 174), are based upon the number five, '^^

which is exhibited in all their parts. Some flowers of this same
Stonecrop have their parts in fours, and then that number runs
throughout; namely, there are four sepals, four petals, eight stamens
(two sets), and four pistils. The Mustard (Fig. 187, 188), Radish,

FIG. 185. Flower of a Monkshood. 180. Its parts displayed : the five larger pieces are the
sepals ; the two small ones under the hood are petals ; the stamens and pistils are in the
centre.

FIG. 187. Flower of Mustard. 188. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged.

LESSON 13.] TIIK UKLATIVF, rOSITION OF ITS PARTS.

93

Sec, also Iwivti their Howors construclccl on llic plan oC four as lo llie
calyx and coiolhi, but this munbcr is iiitirii'nd with in tlii' stamens,
either by the leaving out of two sta-
mens (which would eoiuplele two sets),
or in some other way. Next to five, \
the most common number in flowers
is three. On this number the flowers
of Lily, Crocus, Iris, Spiderwort, and
Trillium (Fig. 189) are constructed.
In the Lily and Crocus the leaves of
the flower at first view appear to be
six in one set ; but the bud or just-
opening blossom plainly shows these to consist of an outer and an
inner circle, each of three parts, namely, of calyx and corolla, both of
the same bright color and delicate texture. In the Spiderwort and
TriUium (Fig. 189) the three outer
leaves, or sepals, are green, and dif-
ferent in texture from the three inner,
or the petals ; the stamens are six
(namely, two sets of three each), and
the pistils three, though partly grown
together into one mass. ""

247. AUrriliUioil of Paris. The symmetry of the flower is likewise
shown in the arrangement or relative position of successive j)arts.
The rule is, that the parts of successive circles alternate with one
another. That is, the petals stand over the intervals between the
sepals ; the stamens, when of the same number,
■ '^ c^W stand over the intervals between the petals; or
^jj^ \\ when twice as many, as in the Trillium, the
''^^ 0 / li o"''^''" st't sdternates with the petals, and the
inner set, alteniating with the other, of course
stands bt'fore the petals ; and the pistils alter-
191 nate with these. This is shown in Fig. 181),

and in the diagram, or cross-section of the same in the bud, Fig. 190.
And Fig. 191 is a similar diagram or ground-plan (in the form of a

Fir.. 189. Fl..v\-cr of Trilli'

iTliMii, nr ninlirool, Kprrail (Hit a littlo, and virwril froi

abo

FIG. 100. Diagrniii or cround-plan of ilic itainr, na it woiilil appcir in a cn>S!'-«iortion o(
ilio IiikI ; — llio parlH all In the nanio rrlativu |MiHiliiiii

FlU. JUU Uiinjram, or ground pliin, ul lliu riax-tlowcr, Fig. 174.

94 PLAN OF THE FLOWER. |_LESSON 13.

section made across the bud) of the Flax blossom, tlie example of a
pattern symmetrical flower taken at the beginning of this Lesson,
with its parts all in fives.

248. Knowing in this way just the position which each organ
sliould occupy in the flower, it is readily understood that flowers
often become unsymmetrieal through the loss of some parts, which

belong to the plan, but are obliterated
or left out in the execution. For ex-
ample, in the Larkspur (Fig. 183,
184), as there are five sepals, there
should be five petals likewise. We
find only four ; but the vacant place
where the fifth belongs is plainly rec-
ognized at the lower side of the flower.
Also the similar plan of the Monkshood (Fig. 186) equally calls for
five petals ; but three of them are entirely obliterated, and the two
that remain are reduced to slender bodies, which look as unlike or-
dinary petals as can well be imagined. Yet their position, answer-
ing to the intervals between the upper sepals and the side ones,
reveals their true nature. All this may perhaps be more plainly
shown by corresponding diagrams of the calyx and corolla of the
Larkspur and Monkshood (Fig. 192, 193), in which the places of
the missing petals are indicated by faint dotted lines. The oblitera-
tion of stamens is a still more common case. For example, the
Snapdragon, Foxglove, Gerardia, and almost all flowers of the
large Figwort family they belong to, have the parts of the calyx
and corolla, five each, but only four stamens (Fig. 194); the place
on the upper side of the flower where the fifth stamen belongs is
vacant. That there is in such cases a real obliteration of the miss-
ing part is shown by the

249. Abortive Organs, or vestiges which are sometimes met with ;
— bodies which stand in the place of an organ, and represent it,
although wholly incapable of fulfilling its oflice. Thus, in the Fig-
wort family, the fifth stamen, which is altogether missing in Gerardia
(Fig. 194) and most others, appears in the Figwort as a little scale,
and in Pentstemon (Fig. 19o) and Turtlehead as a sort of filament
without any anther ; — a thing of no use whatever to the plant, but

FIG. 195. Uiapram of tlio calyx and corolla of a Larkspur. 193. Pimilar diagram of
Monkshooil. Tiie dotted lines show vvliere ilie jRlals art) wanting ; ons in the former, thre*
in the Utter.

LKSSON 13. J

ABORTIVK Onr.ANS.

95

very interestiiip: to the botanist, since it tonipletes tlie symmetry of
the blossom. Ami lo siiow that this really is the lost stamen, it
now and then bears an anther, or the rudiment of one. So the
flower of Calalpa should likewise have Jive stamens ; but we seldom
find more than two good ones. Still we iM

may generally discern the three others,
as vestiges or half-obliterated stamens
(Kig. I'JG). In separated (lowers the
rudiments of pistils are often found in
the sterile blossom, and rudimentary sta-
mens in the fertile blossom, as in ^loon-
6eed (Fig. 177).

250. Hhillipliriitlcr. of Paris. Quite in

the opposite way, the simple plan of the
flower is often more or less obscured by ( _
an increase in the number of parts. In
the White AVater-Lily, and in many
Cactus-flowers (Fig. li)7), all the parts
are very numerous, so that it is hard
to say upon what number the blos-
som is constructed. But more com-
monly .<;omft of the sets are few and
definite in the number of their parts.
Tiie Buttercup, for instance, lias five
sepals and five petals, but many sta- r^
mens and pistils ; so it is built upon
the plan of five. Tlie flowers of ^lag-
nolia have indefinitely numerous stamens
and pistils, and rather numerous floral
envelopes ; but these latter are plaiidy distinguishable into sets of
three; namely, there are three se,.als, and six petals in two' circles,
or nine in three circles, — showing that these blossoms are con-
structed on the number three.

Flo. 19». Corolla of .1 piirplo Gorarclia laid open, Fhowing the four (tamen? ; tho rrotn
(liows whore the filth slaiiien woiihl he, if prcseiiL

FK;. IU5. <'«irolla, laid o|)en, and sianienH of IVntxIemon crandiflonm of Iowa, &r., with
a Htjrilp filament in tlie plaro of the fifth Ktanien, and reproscntinK it.

FIC. lOi). Ciirolla of Catalpa laid «|K>n, di^idaying two good HUmcnii and three alxirlive
veiitigeii of itaniciM.

96

MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 14

LESSON XIV.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER.

251. In all the plant till we came to the blossom wt. founcl nothing
bat root, stem, and leaves (23, 118). However varL-us or strange
their shapes, and whatever their use, everything belongs to one of
these three organs, and everything above ground (excepting the rare
case of aerial roots) is either stem or leaf. We discern the stem
equally in the stalk of an herb, the trunk and branches of a tree, the
trailing or twining Vine, the straw of Wheat or other Grasses, the
columnar trunk of Palms (Fig. 47), in the flattened joints of the
Prickly-Pear Cactus, and the rounded body of the Melon Cactus
(Fig. 7(5). Also in the slender runners of the Strawberry, the
tendrils of tlie Grape-vine and Virginia Creeper, the creeping
subterranean shoots of the Mint and Couchgrass, the tubers of the
Potato and Artichoke, the solid bulb of the Crocus, and the solid
part or base of scaly bulbs ; as is fully shown in Lesson 6. And in
Lesson 7 and elsewhere we have learned to recognize the leaf alike
in the thick seed-leaves of the Almond, Bean, Tlorsechcstnut, and the
like (Fig. 9- 24), in the scales of buds (Fig. 77), and the thickened

FIG. IH7. A C.ictiii^-flower, viz. of Mainillaria ctEspitoss of the Uj)uer Missouri

LESSON 11.] ARRANT.EMKNT OK LEAVES IN THE Rfl). 97

pcales of bulbs (Fig. 73-70), in tlie spines of the IJarborry and the
tendrils of the Pesi, in the fleshy rosettes of the Ilouseleek, the
strange fly-trap of Diona^a (Fig. 81), and the curious pitcher of Sar-
racenia (Fig. 7'J).

252. Now the student who understands these varied forms or
metamorphoses of the stem and leaf, and knows how to detect the
real nature of any part of the plant under any of its disguises,
ni:iy readily trace the leaf into the blossom also, and perceive that,
as to their morphology,

'I'ul. Flowers arc altered Branches, and their parts, therefore, altered
leaves. That is, certain buds, which might have grown and length-
ened into a leafy branch, do, under other circumstances and to ac-
complish other ])urposes, develop into blossoms. In these the axis
remains short, nearly as it is in the bud ; the leaves therefore remain
close together in sets or circles ; the outer ones, those of the calyx,
generally partake more or less of the character of foliage ; the next
set are more delicate, and form the corolla, while the rest, the sta-
mens and pistils, appear under forms very different from those of
ordinary leaves, and are concerned in the production of seed. This
is the way the scientific botanist views a flower ; and this view gives
to Botany an interest Mhich one who merely notices the shape and
counts the parts of blossoms, without understanding their plan, has
no conception of.

254. That flowers answer to branches may be shown first from
their position. As explained in the Lesson on Inflorescence, flowers
arise from the same j)laces as branches, and fi-om no other ; flower-
buds, like leaf-l»uds, appear either on the summit of a stem, that is,
as a terminal bud, or in the axil of a leaf, as an axillary bud (IDG).
And at an early stage it is often impossible to foretell whether the
bud is to give rise to a blossom or to a branch.

255. That the sejjals and petals are of the nature of leaves is
evident from their a|)pearance ; persons who are not botanists com-
monly call them tlui leaves of the flower. The calyx is mast gen-
erally green in color, and fbliaceous (leaf-like) in texture. And
though the corolla is rarely green, yet neither are proper leaves
always green. In our wild Painted-Cup, atid in some scarlet Sages,
common in gardens, the leaves just under the (lowers are of the
brightest red or scarlet, often much brighter-colored than the corolla
itself. And sometimes (as in many Cactuses, and in Carolina All-
ipice) there is sueh a regular gradation fixjm thu IhsI leaves of the

9

98 MORPHOLOGY OF THE FLOWER. [lESSON 14.

plant (bracts or bractlets) into the leaves of the calyx, that it is im-
possible to say where the one ends and the other begins. And if
sepals are leaves, so also are petals ; for there is no clearly fixed
limit between them. Kot only in the Carolina Allspice and Cactus
(Fig. 197), but in the Water-Lily (Fig. 198) and a variety of
flowers with more than one row of petals, there is such a complete
transition between calyx and corolla that no one can surely tell how
many of the leaves belong to the one and how many to the other.

256. It is very true that the calyx or the corolla often takes the
form of a cup or tube, instead of being in separate pieces, as in Fig.
194-19G. It is then composed of two or more leaves grown
together. Tliis is no objection to the petals being leaves ; for the
same thing takes place with the ordinary leaves of many plants, as,
for instance, in the upper ones of Honeysuckles (Fig. 132).

257. That stamens are of the same general nature as petals, and
therefore a modification of leaves, is shown by the gradual transitions
that occur between the one and the other in many blossoms ; es-
pecially in cultivated flowers, such as Roses and Camellias, when
they begin to double, that is, to change their stamens into petals.
Some wild and natural flowers show the same interesting transitions.
The Carolina Allspice and the White Water-Lily exhibit complete
gradations not only between sepals and petals, but between petals
and stamens. The sepals of the Watei--Lily are green outside, but
white and petal-like on the inside ; the petals, in many rows, grad-
ually grow narrower towards the centre of the flower ; some of these
are tipped with a trace of a yellow anther, but still are petals ; the
next are more contracted and stamen-like, but with a flat petal-like
filament; and a further narrowing of this completes the genuine sta-
men. A series of these stages is shown in Fig. 198.

258. Pistils and stamens now and then change into each other in
some Willows ; pistils often turn into petals in cultivated flowers ;
and in the Double Cherry they occasionally change directly into
small green leaves. Sometimes a whole blossom changes into a
cluster of green leaves, as in tlie " green roses " which are occa-
sionally noticed in gardens, and sometimes it degenerates into a
leafy branch. So the botanist regards j)istils also as answering to
leaves. And his idea of a pistil is, that it consists of a leaf with its
margins curved inwards till they meet and unite to form a closed
cavity, the ovary, wliilc the tip is prolonged to form the style and
bear the stigma; as will be illustrated in the Lesson upon the PistiL

LESSON 15.]

IIIF, CAI.TX AND COROLLA.

99

259. Moreover, tlie arranjjoincnt of the parts of tlic flower nnnwers
to that of leaves, as illustrated in Lesson 10, — either to a succes-
sion of whorls alternalinf^ with each other in the manner of whorled
loaves, or in sonic regular form of spiral ariangement.

LESSON XV.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

260. Havint, studied the flower as a whole, we proceed to con-
sider nion; particularly its several parts, especially as to the principal
(litrcrences they ytresent in diff'erent plants. We naturally begin
witli the leaves of the blossom, namely, the calyx and corolla. And
lirst as to

201. The Growlnil lOSPthrr of Paris. It is this more than anything
else which prevents one from taking the idea, at first sight, that the
flower is a sort of very short branch clothed with altered leaves.
For most blossoms w(? meet with have some of their organs grown
trgetiier more or less. ^Ve have noticed it as to the corolla of (le-
ranlia, Catalpa, iVc. (Fig. !'.• 1 - I'.m;), in Lesson lo. This growing

Fin. KW. PiirfpsMK.ii rif »op«Is, potnln, prmlntions between pcialH and itani«n», and true
•ikHiMK, uC the Njriniiliaa, ur Wliito VVa(er-Lil>'.

100

XnE CALTX AND COROLLA.

[lesson 15.

togetlier takes place in two ways : either parts of the same kind,
or parts of different kinds, may be united. The first we may call
simply the union, the second the consoli-
dation, of parts.

2G2. Union or Cohesion with one another
of parts of the same sort. We very com-
monly find tliat the calyx or the corolla
is a cup or tube, instead of a set of leaves.
Take, for example, the fiower of the Stra-
monium or Thorn-Apple, where both the
calyx and the corolla are so (Fig. 199);
likewise the common Morning-Glory, and
the figures 201 to 203, where the leaves
of the corolla are united into one piece,
but those of the calyx are separate. Now
there are numerous cases of real leaves
growing together much in the same
way, — those of the common Thorough-
wort, and the upper pairs in Woodbines
or Honeysuckles, for example (Fig. 132) ;
so that we might expect it to occur in
the leaves of the blossom also. And that this is the right view to
take of it plainly appears fi'om the transitions everywhere met with
in ditferent plants, between a calyx or a corolla of separate pieces
and one forming a perfect tube or cup. Figures 200 to 203 show
one complete set of such gradations in the corolla, and Fig. 204 to
206 another, in short and open corollas. How many leaves or petals
each corolla is formed of may be seen by the number of points or
tips, or of the notches (called sinnses) which answer to the inter-
vals between them.

263. When the parts are united in this way, whether much or
little, the corolla is said to be monopetalous, and the calyx mono-
sepahus. These terms mean " of one petal," or " of one sepal " ;
that is, of one piece. Wherefore, taking the corolla or the calyx
as a whole, we say that it is parted when the parts are separate
almost to the base, as in Fig. 204 ; cleft or lohed when the notches
do not extend below the middle or thereabouts, as in Fig. 205 ;

FIG. 199. Flower of the common Stramonium ; both the calyx and the corolla with then
|>arta unltod into a tub«.

LKS30N 15.]

UNION OF PAUTS.

101

toothed or dentate, wlicn only the tips arc scparafo as short j)f)ints
entire, when llie bordt-r is even, witliout points or notclies, us in the

common Morning-Glory, and very nearly so in Fi<;. 203 ; and po
on; — the terms being just the same as tliose applied to leaves and
all other fiat bodies, and illustrated in Lessons 8 and 9.

264. . There is a set of terms applied particularly to calyxes,
corollas, or other such bo«lies of one j)iece, to express their general
shape, which we see is very various. The following are some of
the principal : —

Wheel-shaped, or rotate ; when spreading out at once, without a
tube or with a very short one, something in the shape of a wheel
or of its diverging spokes, as in tl»e corolla of the Potato and Bitter-
sweet (Fig. 204, 205).

Salver-shaped, or salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is
raised on a narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles.

W^r^^

H:^

like the salver represented in old pictures, with a slender handle
beneath. The corolla of th(; Phlox (Fig. 208) and of the Cypress-
Vine (Fig. 202) arc of this sort.

FIG. 200. Corolla of ."oapwort (ilio same in Pinko, &f.\ of Ssoparatp, long-cIawed pctali.

FIG. 301. Flower of Uilia or Iponiopsiit coronopirolia ; Ilie parts answering to the clawt
of iho [Ktals iif iho last fljiiirc here all united into a tube.

FK;. -JOi F-'liiwcr of Iho C'ypross-Vino ; the petals a lilllp farther united into a fivc-lobcJ
•prradinc border.

V\C.. 0().1. Fliiwrr of the <nnall Pr.irlrt Moriiiiic-OI(irv, the five [letaN it is roinprwed of
pcrforlly uiiilei into a tniniiirl-sliaped tul>e, u illi llip K|ircadin|! iMirder nearly oven (or entire).

FK;. afM. Wliprl-slia|H-d and flve-parteil rondla i>f nitlrr»wpet (Solanum Dulcamara).

FIG. aO.\ Wheel clinpod and fivo-rlefl rondia j>f the roniinon Potato.

FIG. 206. Almost entire and v»ry open licll-sliaixMl condia of a Ground Cherry (PtayMlw)
9»

102

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[lesson 15.

Bell-shaped^ or campayiulate ; where a sliort and broad tube
widens upward, in tlie shape of a bell, as in Fig. 207.

Funnel-shaped, or funnel-form ; gradually spreading at the sum-
mit of a tube which is narrow below, in the shape of a funnel or
tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning-Glory, and of the
Stramonium (Fig. 199).

Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, without much spreading at
the border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx
bf Stninionium (Fig. 199), &c.

•265. In most of these cases we may distinguish two parts; namely,
the tube, or the portion all in one piece and with its sides upright or
nearly so ; and the border or limb, the spreading portion or summit.
The limb may be entii*e, as in Fig. 203, but it is more commonly
lobed, that is, partly divided, as in Fig. 202, or parted down nearly
to the top of the tube, as in Fig. 208, &c.

2G6. So, likewise, a separate petal is sometimes distinguishable
into two parts ; namely, into a narrowed base or stalk-like part (a?
in Fig. 200, where this part is peculiarly long), called the claw, and
a spreading and enlarged summit, or body of the petal, called the
lamina or blade.

267. When parts of the same set are not united (as in the Flax,
Cherry, &;c.. Fig. 212-215), we call them distinct. Thus (he sepals
or the petals are distinct when not at all united with each other. As
a calyx with sepals united into one body is called monosepalous (263,
that is, one-sepalled). or sometimes monophyllous, that is, one-leaved ;
so, on the other hand, when the sepals are distinct, it is said to be

FIG. 207. Flowpr nf tlip UnrcliplI, with a rampanitlafe or boIl-shaiK>(l corolla. 208. Of a
Phlox, with sah'er-phapod corolla. 209. Of Dead-Nettie (Lamium), with labiate ringent (or
gapinc) corolla. 210. Of Snapdragon, with labiate personate corolla. 211. Of Toad-Flax,
with a similar corolla spurred at the base.

LESSON 15.]

CONSOLIDATION OF PARTS.

103

•polysepahus, tliat is, composed of several or many sepals. And a
corolla with distinct petals is said to be poltfpetalous.

2G8. Consolidation, the growing together of the parts of two or more
different sets. In the most natural or pattern flower (as explained
in Lessons 13 and 14), the
several parts rise from the
receptacle or axis in succes-
sion, like leaves upon a very
short stem ; the petals just
above or within the sepals,
the stamens just above or
within these, and then the
pistils next the summit or '^'^

centre. 'Now when contiguous parts of different sorts, one witiiin
the other, unite at their base or origin, it obscures more or less the
plan- of the flower, by consolidating organs which in the pattern

313

flower are entirely se|)arate.

2G9. The nature of this con-
soUdation will be at once un-
derstood on comparing the fol-
lowing series of illustrations.
Fig. 212 rei)resents a flower of
the common Flax, cut through
lengthwise, so as to show the
attachment (or what the bot-
anist calls the insertion) of all
tJie parts. Here they are all
inserted on, that is grow out
of, the receptacle or axis of
the blossom. In other words,
there is no union at all of the
parts of contiguous circles. So
the parts are said to be free.
And the sepals, petals, and stamens, all springing of course from
beneath the pistils, which are on the very summit of the axis, are
said to be hgpugynotis (a term composed of two (Jr«ek words, mean-
ing '-under the pistil").

FIG. 21Q. A Flax-fliiwor, rut tliroiieh loripIliwiKP.

FIG. 213. Flower of a Cherry, divided in the name way.

KIO. au. Flower of the coinniun Puralane, divided lotiBthwiM.

104

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[lesson 15.

inferior, as it

270. Fig. 213 is a flower of a Clierry, cut through lengtlnvise in
the same way. Here the petiils and the stamens grow out of, that
is, are inserted on, the calyx ; in other Avords they cohere or are
consolidated with the base of the calyx up to a certain height. In
such cases they are said to be perigynovs (from two Greek words,
meaning around the pistil). The consolidation in the Cherry is con-
fined to the calyx, corolla, and stamens : the calyx is still free from
the pistil. One step more we have in

271. Fig. 214, which is a similar section of a flower of a Purslane.

Here the lower part of the
calyx (carrying with it of
course the petals and stamens)
is coherent with the surface of
the whole lower half of the
ovary. Therefore the calyx,
seeming to rise from the mid-
dle of the ovary, is said to be

^^^ half supei'ior, instead of being

when entirely free. It is better to say, however,
cali/x half-adherent to the ovary. Every gradation occurs between

such a case and that of a calyx
altogether free or inferior, as
we see in different Purslanes
and Saxifrages. The consol-
idation goes farther,

272. In the Apple, Quince,
Hawthorn (Fig. 215), &c.
Here the tube of the calyx
is consolidated with the whole
surface of the ovary ; and its
limb, or free part, therefore a]ipears to spring from its top, instead of
underneath it, as it naturally should. So the calyx is said to be
superior, or (more properly) adherent to, or coherent with, the ovary.
In most cases (and very strikingly in the Evening Primrose), the
tube of the calyx is continued on more or less beyond the ovary,
and has the petals and stamens consolidated with it for some dis-
tance; these last, therefore, being borne on the calyx, are said to
be perigynous, as before (270).

FIG. 215. Flower of a Hawthorn, divided lengthwise.
FIG. 216. Flower of the Cranberry., divided lengthwise.

LESSON lO.]

lUKKGl'LARITV OK PAKTS.

105

27.'). But if tlif tiibo of'tlio ralyx end.-! iiniiicdifxlcly at the suminit
of the ovary, aiul its lol>es as well ;us the (-orolla and stuniens are as
it were inserted directly on the ovary, they are said to he epigynous
(nieaninjr on the pistil), as in Cornel, the Huckleberry, and the Cran-
berry (FifT. 2\(\).

274. Irn'CllIarily of Pnrls in the calyx and corolla lias already been
noticed (2U) as sonielinics obstructinj>^ one's view of the real plan of
a flower. There is infinite variety in this respect ; but what has
already been said will enable the student to understand these irreg-
ularities when they occur. We have only room to mention one or
two cases which have given rise to
particular names. A very common
kind, among jK)lyi)Clalou3 (2G7)
flowers, is V .^^^

275. Tlie Papilionaceous flower
of the Pea, Bean, and nearly all
that family. In this we have an sit
irregular corolla of a peculiar shape, which Linnanis likened to a
butterfly (whence the term, papilio being the Latin name for a but-
terfly) ; but the resemblance is
not very obvious. The five pet-
als of a papilionaceous corolla
(Fig. 217) have received different
names taken from widely different
objects. The upper and larger
petal (Fig. 218, s), which is gen-
erally wrapped round all the rest
in the bud, is called the standard
or banner. The two side jietals
(?r) are called the wings. And
the two anterior ones (X), the
blades of which commonly stick
together a little, and which en-
close the stamens and pistil in the flower
body shaped somewhat like the keel, or
ancient boat, are together named the keeL

270. The Labiate or bilabiate (that is, two-lipped) flower is a very
common form of the njonopetalous corolla, as in the Snapdragon

Fin. 'JI7. Front view of Iho papilionaceous corolla of the Locunt-trpo. 218. Tli« jwru of
tlio Haiiic, Jisplayvd

S&F— 6

from their forming a
allur the prow, of an

106

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[lesson 15.

(Fig. 210), Toad-Flax (Fig. 211), Dcad-Nettle (Fig. 209), Catnip,
Ilorseiuint, «5cc. ; and in the Sage, the Catalpa, &cc., the calyx also is
two-lipped. This is owing to unequal union of the different j)arts of
the same sort, as well as to diversity of shape. In the corolla two
of the petals grow together higher than the rest, sometimes to the
very top, and form the vpper lip, and the three remaining ones join
on the other side of the flower to form the lower Up, which therefore
is more or less three-lobed, while the upper lip is at most only two-
lobed. And if the calyx is also two-lipped, as in the Sage, — since
the parts of the calyx always alternate with those of the corolla
(247), — then the upper lip has three lobes or teeth, namely, is com-
posed of three sepals united, while the lower has only two ; which is
the reverse of the arrangement in the corolla. So that all these
flowers are really constructed on the plan of five, and not on that of
two, as one would at first be apt to suppose. In Gerardia, &;c. (Fig.
194, 195), the number five is evident in the calyx and corolla, but is
more or less, obscured in the stamens (249). In Catalpa this num-
ber is masked in the calyx by irregular union, and in the stamens by
abortion. A different kind of irregular flower is seen in

^v 277. The Ligidale or strap-

sliaped corolla of most com-
pound flowers. What was
called the compound flower
of a Dandelion, Succory (Fig.
221), Thistle, Sunflower, As-
ter, Whiteweed, &:c., consists
of many distinct blossoms,
closely crowded together into
a head, and surrounded by an involucre (208). People who are not
botanists commonly take the whole for one flower, the involucre for
a calyx, and corollas of the outer or of all the flowers as petals.
And this is a very natural mistake when the flowers around the
edge have flat and ojjcn or strap-sha{)ed corollas, while the rest
are regular and tubular, but small, as in the Whiteweed, Sunflower,
&c. Fig. 219 represents such a case in a Coreopsis, with the
head, or so-called compound flower, cut through ; and in Fig. 220
we see one of the perfect flowers of the centre or dish, with a reg-
ular tubular corolla (a), and with the slender bract (J) from whose

FIG. 219.
lengtbwis*.

Head of flowers (the so-called " compound flower ") of Coreopsis, divided

LKSSON 15.] SO-CALLKl> COMPOUND KLOWKR3.

107

axil it prow ; and also ono Itclonjrinp; to (he niarjiin, or rny, with
a strap-sliapt'd corolla ('•), b<jrn(; in the axil of a leaf or bract of

the involucre {d). Here the ray-flower consists merely of a strap-
shaped corolla, raised on the small rudiment of an ovary ; it is
therefore a neutral flower, like those of the ray or margin of the
cluster in Hydrangea (229, Fig. IG7), only of a different shape,
lyiore commonly the flowers with a strap-shaped corolla are piS'
tillate, that is, have a pistil only, and produce seed like the others,
as in Whiteweed. But in the Dandelion, Succory (Fig. 221, 222),

-3

and all of that tribe, these flowers are perfect, that is, bear both
stamens and pistils. And moreover all the flowers of the head are
strap-sha])ed and alike.

278. Puzzling a^ these strap-shaped corollas appear at first view,
an attentive inspection will generally reveal the plan upon which
they are constructed. AVe can make out pretty phiinly, that each
one consists of five j)etals (the tips of which commonly appear as five
teeth at the extremity), united l)y their contiguous etlges, except on

FIO. 2-3(1. A slirp of Fir. 210, more piilarppil, with ono tiiliiilnr porfori llowor (a) loft
■t.indiDR i>n Hie rocept.nrle, with its lirnrllrl <ir rhnir (A), one lisnlate, iieiitml ray-duwer (e).
and pari of another : i/, Hprlion of lirarlti or leaves of ilic Involiirre.

Flu. 2Jt>. lload uf lloweru ufSuccury, cul (liruiiKli lun|{tliwiHa and enlarged.

108

THE CALYX AND COROLLA.

[lesson 16.

one side, and spread out flat. To prove that this is the case, we have
only to compare such a corolla (that of Coreopsis, Fig. 220, c, or
one from the Succory, for instance) with that of the Cardinal-flower,
Of- of any other Lobelia, which is equally split down along one side ;
itnd this again with the less irregular corolla of the AV'oodbine, par-
tially split down on one side.

LESSON XVI.

JESTIVATION, OR THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE CALYX AND CO-
ROLLA IN THE BUD.

279. -Estivation or Prcejloration relates to the way in which
the leaves of the flower, or the lobes of the calyx or corolla, are
placed with respect to each other in the bud. This is of some
importance in distinguishing different families or tribes of plants,
being generally very uniform in each. The aestivation is best seen

FIG. 221. Compotmd flowers, i. e. heads of flowers, of Succory.

LESSON 10.] TIII-lIl AKIJANT.KSIKNT IN TIIK lUD.

109

by niakiiij; ;i lioriznnt.-il slice of llic fl()\v(>r-l)iiil wlwii just ready to
open ; ami it may be ex|in'ssed in diajj;ranis, as in Fig. 22.'J, '224.

2S0, The pieces of the ealyx or tiie corolla eillier overlap each
other in the bud, or they do not. AVhen tliey do not, the a'stivation
is commonly

V(t/rafe, as it is called when the j)ieces meet each other by their
abrupt edges without any infolding or overlapping ; as the calyx of
^the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 22.')) and the Mallow, and the corolla
of the Grape, Virginia Creeper, &c. Or it may be

LuhijiUcatc, which is valvatc with the margins of each piece pro-
jecting inwards, or involute (like the leaf in Fig. 152), as in the
calyx of Virgin's-Bower and the corolla of the Potato, or else

Reduplicate, like the last, but the margins projecting outwards
/^;:c:^c==<v • instead of inwanls ; these last being mere vari-
l//^^'^^^'\\ ations of the valvate form.
/? // oTfQtoXp\ 'A' ^^^' ^^''*^" ^^^^ pieces overlap in the bud, it
^fy^^ jn )) is in one of two ways : either every piece has
one edge in and one edge out ; or some pieces
^^__^^ are wholly outside and others wholly inside.

223 In the first case the activation is

Conrolufe or hcisfecl, as in the corolla of Geraniimi (most com-
monly. Fig. 224), Flax (Fig. 191), and of the Mallow Family.
Here one edge of every petal covers the next
before it, while its other edge is covered by
the next behind it. In the second case it is

Imhricftted or imbricate, or breaking joints,
like shingles on a roof, as in the calyx of Ge-
ranium (Fig. 224) and of Flax (Fig. 191),
and the corolla of the Linden (Fig. 223). In
these cases the i)arts are five in number; and the regular way then
is (as in the calyx of the figures above cite<l) to have two pieces en-
tirely external (1 and 2), one (3) with one edge covered by the first,
while the other edge covers that of the adjacent one on the other
side, .nnd two (4 and o) wholly within, their margins at least being
covered by the rest. That is, they just represent a circle of five
leaves spirally arranged on the five-ranked or § plan (187, 188,
and Fig. 143 - 14.t), only with the stem shortened so as to bring
the parts close tog«-ther. The spiral arrangi-incnt of the parts of

FIG. 223. Section arnws llip ll.
Fid. a2». Scclii.ii acrois llir 11..

10

rr-biid iif l.iiiilrn.

r-biid ol (j'lTuiiiuui : the i

L>|>als iiiiiiiliuriMl ill tlicii' orili>r

110

ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD. [lESSON 16.

the blossom is the same as that of the foliage, — an additional evi-
dence that the Hower is a sort of branch. The petals of the Linden,
with only one outside and one inside, as shown in Fig. 223, exhibit
a gradation between the imbricated and the convolute modes. When
the parts are four in number, generally two opposite ones overlap the
other two by both edges. When three in number, then one is outer-
most, the next has one edge out and the other covered, and the third
is within, being covered by the other two; as in Fig. 100. This is
just the three-ranked (^) spiral arrangement of leaves (18G, and
Fig. 171).

282. In the Mignonette, and some other flowers, the lestivation is
open ; that is, the calyx and corolla are not closed at all over the
other parts of the flower, even in the young bud.

283. When the calyx or the corolla is tubular, the shape of the
tube in the bud has sometimes to be considered, as well as the way
the lobes are arranged. For example, it may be

Plaited or plicate, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the plaits may
either be turned outwards, forming projecting ridges, as in the
corolla of Campanula ; or turned inwards, as in the corolla of the
Gentian, &c. When the plaits are wrapped round all in one direc-
tion, so as to cover one another in a convolute manner, the estivation
is said to be

Supervoliite, as in the corolla of Stramonium (Fig. 225) and the
Morning-Glory ; and in the Morning-Glory it is twisted besides.

FIG. 225. Upper part of tlie corolla of a Stramonium (Datura iiicteloides), in the buU.
Uudemeatli is a cross-section of Die same.

LESSON 17.]

TIIK STAMENS.

Ill

LESSON XVII.

MORPHOLOGY OF TIIK STAMENS.

284. The Sta:me\s exhibit iiearly the same kinds of variation in
(liH'crent species that the calyx and corolhi do. They may be dis-
tinct (that is, separate from each other, 2G7) or united. Tliey may
he free (2('>"J), or else coherent with other parts : this concerns

285. Their Iliserlion, or pUice of attachment, which is most com-
monly the same as that of the corolla. So, stamens are

Hypogynous (2G9), when they are borne on the receptacle, or axis
of the flower, under the pistils, as they naturally should be, and as is
shown in Fig. 212.

Perigynous, when borne on (that is coherent below with) the
calyx ; as in the Cherry, Fig. 213.

Epigynons. when borne on the ovary, appar-
ently, as in Fig. 21(3. To these we may add

Gynandrons (fron\ two Greek words, answer-
ing to ''Stamens and pistil united"), when the
stamens are Consolidated with the style, so as
to be borne by it, as in the Lady's Slipper
(Fig. 22G) and all the Orchis Family. Also

Epipetalous (meaning on the petals), when
they are borne by the corolla; as in Fig. 19-1,
and in most mouopftalous blossoms. As to ^*^

280. Their L'llioil Milh each other, the stamens may be united by
tlieir filaments or by their anthers. In the former case they are

Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning '* in one brother-
hood "), when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a
ring or cup below, or info a tube, as in the Mallow Familv, the
Titssion-flower, and the Lupine (Fig. 22.S).

Diadelphous (in two brotherhootls), when so united in two sets,
as in the Pea and almost all papilionaceous flowers (27.'>): liere
the stamens are nine in one set, and one in the oilier (Fig. 227).

T\C.. OOll St\lc or.% I,aily's .'^lipixr (l-ypriprctiiiitO, nnd sfnnipns tinilod with it : a, a, the
aiKlicrv iif the two pooil i<tninpnH ; .it., ,iii abtiriive utaiuvii, whal tthuulil l>« iLi aiithcr cUaiigvJ
iiitu a pelal-liko body ; sti^., tJio uliguia.

112

THE STAMENS.

[lesson 17.

Triadefpkoits, in three sets or 2>art'els, as in the common St. Johns-
wort ; or

Polyadelphous, when in more numerous sets, as in the Loblolly
Bay, where they are in five clusters. On
the other hand, stamens are said to be

Syngenesious, when united by their an-
thers (Fig. 229, 230), as they are in Lobelia,
in the Violet (slightly), and in what are
called compound Jlowers, such as the Thistle,
Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 220), and Suc-
cory (Fig. 222). In Lobelia, and in the
Squash and Pumpkin, the stamens are
united both by their anthers and their filaments.

287. Their Number in the flower is sometimes expressed by terms
compounded of the Greek numerals and the word used to signify
stamen ; as, monandrous, for a flower having

only one stamen ; diandrous, one with two
stamens ; triandrous, with three stamens ; te-
trandrous, with four stamens ; pentandrous,
with five stamens ; and so on, up to pohjan-
drous (meaning with many stamens), wlien
there are twenty or a larger number, as in a
Cactus (Fig. 197). All such terms may be
found in the Glossary at the end of the book.

288. Two terms are used to express particular numbers with mi-
equal length. Namely, the stamens are didynamous when only four
in number, two longer than the other two, as in the Mint, Catnip,
Gerardia (Fig. 1J94), Trumpet-Creeper, &c. ; and tetradynamous,
when they are six, with four of them regularly longer than the
other two, as in Mustard (Fig. 188), and all that family.

289. Their Parts. As already shown (233), a stamen consists of
two parts, the Filament and the Anther (Fig. 231).

290. TIlC Filament is a kind of stalk to the anther : it is to the
anther nearly what tlie petiole is to the blade of a leaf. Therefore
it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without a stalk, so
the anther may be sessile, or without a filament. When present,

FIG. 207. Diadelphous stamens of the Pea, &c. 228. Monadelplious stamens of tlio
Lupine.

FIO. 229. Synccnesioiis stamens of Coreopsis (Fig. 220, a), &c. 230. Same, witli tin
tube of anthers split down on one side and sjiread open.

LESSON 17.]

TIIKIR STUICII'UK AM) PARTS.

113

the filament may be of any shape ; hut it is coinninnly thread-like,
as in Fifi. 231, 234, kc

2IU. The Allllirr is the essential part of the ptamen.
It is u sort of ease, filled with a fine ])Owder, called
Pollen, which serves to tlTlili/.e tiie ])i>lil, >o that it
may perfect seeds. The anther may be c<in>ideied,
first, as to

292. Its AUncllincnt to the filament. Of this there are
three ways; namely, (he anther is

Innate (as in Fig. 2.'32), when it is attached by its base to the
very apex of the filament, turning neither inwards nor outwards; or
Aclnafe (as in Fig. 2.'3;3), when at-
taelied by one fiiee, usually for its
whole length, to the side of the fila-
ment •, and

Versatile (as in Fig. 234), when fi.xed
by its middle only to the very point of
the filament, so as to swing loosely, as
we see it in the Lily, in Grasses, &e.
2'.I3. In botli the last-named cases,
231 the anther either looks inwards or out-

■n it is turned inwards, or is iixed to that side of the
filament which looks towards the pistil or centre of the flower, the
anther is incumbent or introrse, as in Magnolia and the Water-Lily.
When turned outwards, or fixed to the outer side of the filament, it is
extrorsc, as in the Tulip-tree.

294. lis Slnifllirr, <fce. There are few cases in which the stamen
bears any resemblance to a leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's idea of
a stamen is, that it answers to a leaf developed in a peculiar form
and for a special purpose. In the filament he-Sees the stalk of the
leaf; in the anther, the blade. The blade of a leaf consists of two
similar sides ; so the anther consists of two lobes or cells, one answer-
ing to the left, the other to the right, side of the I)hide. The two h>bes
are often connected by a prolongation of the lilament, which answei*3
to the midrib of a leaf- this is called the connective. It is very con-
spicuous in Fig. 232, where the connective is so broad that it separates
th<; two cells oithe anther to some di.-taiice from each other.

wards. AV

Ftn. 231. A sl.iinon : n, (llniiioiil ; A, .-iiillier disrlinrciiii; polloii.

FKJ. 233. ^tnnirii of Is(i|i) riirii, Willi iiiii.tlo nnllicr. iiUI. Of Tiili|>-trt<e, witli .idn.itoC.iiid
•xtmrxc) aiiljicr- 23A Ut Bvcnini! Priiiiroso, willi Turnatilo aiillier.

10*

114

THE STAMENS.

[lesson 17.

29o. To discharge the pollen, the anther 0{)ens (or is dehiscent)
at maturity, commonly by a line along the whole
length of each cell, and which answers lo tlie
margin of the leaf (as in Fig. 231); but when
the anthers are extrorse, this line is often on the
outer face, and when introrse, on the inner face
of each cell. Sometimes the anther opens only
by a chink, hole, or pore at the top, as in the
2S5 23S Azalea, Pyrola or False Wintergreen (Fig. 235),

Arc. ; and sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door
(or valve), hinged at the top, and opening to allow the escape of the
pollen, as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 236).
Most anthers are really four-celled when young;
a slender partition running lengthwise through .
each cell and dividing it into two compartments,
one answering to the upper, and the other to the
lower, layer of the green pulp of the leaf. Oc-
casionally the anther becomes one-celled. This
takes i>lace mostly by conjiuence, that is, the two
cells running together into one, as they do
slightly in Pentstemon (Fig. 237)
and thoroughly in the Mallow Family (Fi
sometimes it occurs by the obliteration or disappear-
ance of one half of the anther, as in the Globe Ama-
ranth of the gardens (Fig. 239).

296. The way in which a stamen is supposed to be
constructed out of a leaf, or rather on the plan of a
leaf, is shown in Fig. 240, an ideal figure, the lower
part representing a stamen with the top of its anther
cut away ; the upper, the corresponding upper part of
a leaf. — The use of the anther is to produce
297. Pollen. This is the powder, or fine dust, commonly of a yel-
low color, which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during
blossoming, after which the stamens generally fall off or wither away.

238). But

FIG. 235. Ptamcn of Tyrnla ; tho amhor oppiiins: by holes at the top.

FIG. 230. Stamen of Barberry ; the anther opening by uplifted valves.

FIG. 237. Stamen of Pentstemon piibescens ; anther-cells slightly confluent.

FIG. 238. Stamen of Mallow ; tho two cells roiifluent into one, opening round the margin

FIG. 2;}9. Anther of Globe Amaranth, of only one cell ; the other cell wanting.

FIG. 240 Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper part of
a leaf, to show liow tho one answers to the other.

LF.S30V 17.]

IJ.)

I'lidcr tlio mlcroscopo it is found to consist of pjraiiis, nsu;illy round or
oviil, and all alike in tiic same specie's, hut very diflerent in dUlcrcnt
plants. So that the i)lant may sometimes he recognized from the
pollen alone.

21)8. A grain of polh-n is made up of two coats ; the outer coat
thit-kish, hut weak, and frequently adorned with lines or hands, or
studded with points ; tlie inner coat is extremely thin and delicate,
but extensible, and its cavity is filled with a thiekish fluid, often
rendered turbid by an immense number of minute grains that float
in it. When wet, the grains absorb the water and swell so much
that many kinds soon burst and discharge their contents.

299. Figures 241-250 represent some common sorts of pollen,
magnified one or two hundred diameters, viz. : — A pollen-grain of
the ]\Iusk Plant, spirally grooved. One of Sicyos, or One-seeded
Cucumber, beset with bristly points and marked by smooth bands.
One of the "Wild lialsam-Apple (Echinocystis), grooved lengthwise-
One of Hibiscus or Kose-Maliow, studded with prickly points. One
of Succory, many-sided, and dotted with fine points. A grain of the
curious compound pollen of Pine. One from the Lily, smooth and
oval. One from Enchanter's Nightshade, with three small lobes on
the angles. Pollen of Kalmia, composed of four grains united, as in
all the Heath family. A grain from an Evening Primrose, with a
central body and three large lobes. The figures number from left
to right, beginning at the top.

116 THE PISTILS. [lesson 18.

LESSON XVIII.

MORPHOLOGY OF PISTILS.

300. The Pistil, when only one, occupies the centre of the
flower ; when there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in
the centre of the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring
or circle ; and when very numerous, they are generally crowded in
rows or spiral lines on the surface of a more or less enlarged or
elongated receptacle.

301. Their number in a blossom is sometimes expressed, in Sys-
tematic Botany, by terms compounded of the Greek numerals and
the Greek word used to signify j)istil, in the following way. A flower
with one pistil is said to be monogynous ; with two, digijiious ; with
three, trlgynous ; with four, tetragynons ; with five, pcntagynous, and
so on ', with many pistils, poJygynous, — terms which are explained
in the Glossary, but which there is no need to commit to memory.

302. TllC Paris of a Pistil, as already explained (234), are the
Ovary, the Style, and the Stigma. The ovary is one essential part :
it contains the rudiments of seeds, called Ovules. The stigma at
the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fertilizes
the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, the
tapering or slender column commonly borne on the summit of the
ofvary, and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more neces-
sary to a pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there
is no style in many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests
directly on the ovary. The stigma is very various in shape and
appearance, being sometimes a little, knob (as in the Cherry, Fig.
213), sometimes a small point, or small surface of bare, moist, tissue
(as in Fig. 254-256), and sometimes a longitudinal crest or line
(as in Fig. 252, 258, 2G7, 2G9), and also exhibiting many other
shapes.

303. The pistil exhibits an almost infinite variety of forms, and
many complications. To understand these, it is needful to begin
with the simple kinds, and to }>roceed gradually to the complex.
And, first of all. the stiulent should get a clear notion of

304. The Plan or Ideal StrncUire of llie Pistil, or, in other words, of

the way in which a simple pistil answers to a leaf Pistils are either

LESSON 18.]

SIMPLK PISTII.S.

117

simple or compound. A simple nislil answers fo a slnplc leaf. A
compound pistil answers to two or more h.-aves rombinotl, just as a
nionopelalous corolla (2(j.">) answers to two or more petals, or leaves
of the flower, nnitetl into oik; hotly. In theory, aceortlin^My,

30,'). TIlP Simple Pislii, or liirixi (as it is sometimes calleil), consists
of tlie hlade of ;i leaf, cnrM-d unlil the marfrins meet and unite, form-
iiii; in this way a elo-ed ease or |)od, which is the ovary. So that
the upper face of the altered h'af answers to the inner surface of the
ovary, and the lower, to its outer surface. And the ovules are borne
on what answers to the united edges of tlu' leaf. The tapering sum-
mit, rolled toirelher and prolonged, forms the style, when there is
any ; ami the edLres of the altered leaf turned outwards, either at
the tip or aloiii^ the inner side of the style, form the stigma. To
make this perfeetly clear, eompaic a leaf folded together in this wa;
(as in Fig. 2.')]) with a pistil of a
Garden Pa'ony, or Larkspni-. or with
that in Fig. 2^)2; or, later in th(>
season, notice how these, as ripe j'ods,
split down along the line formed by
the united edges, and open out again
into a sort of leaf, as in the Marsh-
I\Iarigol.l (Fig. 25.3). In the Double-
flowering Cherry the pistil occasion
ally is found changed back again into
a small green leaf, partly folded, much as

306. Fig. 172 represents a simple pistil on a larg(>r scale, the.
ovary cut through to show how the ovules (when nuniemiis) are
attached to what answers to the two margins of the lc;if. Tiie
Stonecrop (Fig. 1G8) has five such ])istils in a circle, each with the
side where the ovules an; attaciied tuiiied to the centre of the tlower.

307. The line or seam down the inner side, whicii answers to the
united edges of the leaf, and bears the ovules, is called the ventral or
inner Suture. A corresponding line down the back of the ovary,
and which answers to the middle of the leaf, is named the dorsul or
outer Suture.

308. The ventral suture inside, wiiere it projects ;i little into the

Fir.. S-M. A lo.if r..llfil lip iiiwanls, to .-.how li«\v tlip pi

FI(i. '■J^fi, I'JMtil (if Isiipyriiin bitcriialiiiii nic .irrotis, will
tlio eye.

FIG. 253. Tutl or ri|H) pistil of Ilia Oaltha, or Mareh-Marigold, arivr opening

siippiisnl to Ik- foriiird.
iiiiiT siKiire tiiriicil tiiw'arUfl

113

THK PISTILS.

[lesson 18.

cavity of tlie ovary, and bears the ovules, is called the PIncenta.
Obviously a simple pistil can have but one placenta; but this is in
its nature double, one halt' answering- to each margin of the leaf.
And if the ovules or seeds are at all numerous, they will be found
to occupy two rows, one for each margin, as we see in Fig. 252, 172,
in the Marsh-Marigold, in a Pea-pod, and the like.

309. A simple pistil obviously can have but one cavity or cell ;
except from some condition out of the natural order of things. But
the converse does not hold true : all pistils of a single cell are not
simple. Many compound pistils are one-celled.

810. A simple pistil necessarily has but one style. Its stigma,
however, may be double, like the placenta, and for the same reason
(305) ; and it often exhibits two lines or crests, as in Fig. 252, or it
may even be split into two lobes.

311. The Compound Pistil consists of two, three, or any greater

number of pistil-leaves,
or carpels (305), in a
circle, united into one
body, at least by their
ovaries. The Culti-
vated Flax, for exam-
ple (Fig. 212), has a
compound pistil com-
(s^^^) posed of five simple
ones with their ovaries
united, while the five
styles are separate.

254 255 256 But UX OUC of OUr

wild species of Flax, the styles are united into one also, for about
half their length. So the Common St. John's-wort of the fields has
a compound ovary, of three united carpels, but the three styles are
separate (Fig. 255), while some of our wild, shrubby species have the
styles also combined into one (Fig. 256), although in the fruit they
often split into three again. Even the ovaries may only partially
combine with each other, as we see in different species of Saxifrage,
some having their two pistils nearly separate, while in others they

FIG. 254. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the base
nnly, cut across both above and below.

FIG. 255. Compound pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across: styles separate.
FIG. 2.5fi. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles united into »ne-

I

LESSON 18.] COMrOlNO TISTILS. 119

arc joined tit (ho iiase only, or else hclow the middle (as in Fig.
254), and in some they are muted quite to (he top.

tl\'2. Kveu when tiie styles are all consolidati-d into one, the sti?;-
mas are often separate, or enough so to show l>y the numher of their
lohes how many simple pisdls are comhined (o make tlie compound
one. In the common Lily, for instance, the tliree lobes of the stigma,
as well as the three grooves down the ovary, plainly (ell us tha( the
pistil is made of three combined. But in the Day-Lily the thi-ee
lobes of the stigma are barely discernible by the naked eye, and in
the Spiderwort (Fig. 2'»7) they are as perfectly united into
one as the ovaries and styles are. Here the number of
cells in the ovary alone shows that the pistil is compound.
These are all eases of

313. I'oinpoiiiiil Pistils willi Iwo or more frlls. namely, with

as many cells lus there are simple jjistils, or carpels, that
have united to compose the organ. They arc just what
would be formed if the simjjle pistils (two, three, or five
in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Pa'ony or
Stonecrop, all pressed together in the centre of the flower, /
were to cohere by their contiguous parts.

314. As each simple ovary has its placenta, or seed- ^^^
bearing line (308), at the inner angle, so the resuhing ^"^^^ji^
compound ovary has as many axile placentce (that is, as ^^
many placenta? in the axis or centre) as there are pistil-leaves in
its composition, but all more or less consolidated in<o one. This is
shown in the cross-sections, Fig. 254-256, &c.

315. The partitions (or Dissepiments, as they are technieall}'
named) of a compound ovary are accordingly part of the walls or
the sides of the carpels which compose it. Of course they are double,
one layer belonging to each carpel ; and in rip(! pods tliey often split
into the two layers.

31G. "We have d(>scri])ed only one, though the commonest, kind of
compound pistil. There an; besides

317. OllC-CclIcd Compound Pistils. These are of two sorts, those with
axile, and thos(! witii jxtriitnl placenttc. That is, first, where the
ovules or seeds are borne in the axis or centn; of the ovary, ;ind,
secondly, where they arc borne on its walls. Tlie first of these
Ciises, or that

Flo. 367. I'i^lil of S|iiilrr\v.>rt (Tr.i.lcsr.iiili.-i) : the Ilireo-rpllrrl (.»arr nit scrnos.

120

THE riSTILS.

[m:sson 18.

318. With* a Free Ccillral I'laCCIlta. is uhat we find in Purslane
(Fig. 214), ami in most Ciiickweeds (Fig. 2.38, 2.J'j) and Pinks.
The diffcreuce between this and the foregoing case is oidy that the
delicate partitions have very early vanished ; and traces of thera
may often be detected. Or sometimes this is a variation
of the mode

319. With rarictal Placenta:, namely, with the ovules
and seeds borne on the sides or wall {parietes) of the
o%ary. The i)istil of the Prickly Poppy, Bloodroot,
Violet, Frost-weed (Fig. 2G1), Gooseberry, and of
many Hypericums, are of this sort. To understand it
perfectly, we have only to imagine two, three, or any
number of carpel-leaves (like that of Fig.
251), arranged in a circle, to unite by their
contiguous edges, and so form one ovary
or pod (as we have endeavored to show in Fig. 260) ;
— very much as in the Stramonium (Fig. 199) the
five petals unite by their edges to compose a mono-
petalous corolla, and the five sepals to form a tubular
calyx. Here eaeli carpel is an o|)en leaf, or partly
open, bearing ovules along its margins ; and each
placenta consists of the contiguous margins of two
pistil-leaves grown together.

320. All degrees occur between this and the sev-
eral-celled ovary with the placentre in the axis. Com-
pare, for illustration, the common St. John's-worts, Fig. 2oa and '2')Q,
with Fig. 2G2, a cross-section of the ovary of a different species, in
which the three large placenta) meet in the axis, but - -
scarcely unite, and with Fig. 2G3, a similar section of V^^^^<^
the ripe pod of the same plant, showing three parietal
placenta} borne on imperfect partitions projecting a
little way into the general cell. Fig. 2G1 is the same
in plan, but with hardly any trace of partitions ; that
is, the united edges of the leaves only slightly project into the ceU.

FIG. 25S. Pistil of a Sandwort, with the ovarj' divided lengthwise; and 259, tlio same
divided transversely, to show tlie free central placenta

FIG. SCO. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel-leaves, with parietal iilareiita>, rut
across below, where it is complete; the upper p:iit showing the tup of the Ihroc Icives it la
com|M>sed of, approacliinji, hut not united.

FIG. 2r,l Cross-se<'tioii of the ovary of I'rost-weed (llcliaulhemuui), w ith three parietal
{ilaccntw^ bearing ovules.

LESSON \8.]

OTKN riSTIL3.

121

321. The ovaiy, fspecially ulien (•oinpoiiiKl, is ofton oovchmI by
ami united with tlie tube of tiie calyx, as has already been cxplaiut^J
(■J72). AVe describe this by saying eitlier " ovary adherent," or
'* calyx adherent," cVc. Or \vc say " oi-ary infrrinr" when the tube
of the calyx is adljcrent througliout to
the surface of the ovary, so that its
lobes, and all the rest of the flower,
appear to be borne on its summit, as
in Fiuj. 21") and Fig. 21(3; or '■'■ half-
inferior" as in the Purslane (Fig. 214),

wiiere tlie calyx is adherent part way up^ or ^^ sxpcrior," where the
calyx and ihe ovary are not combined, as in the Cherry (Fig, 213)
and the like, that is, where these parts are free. Tiie term " ovary
superior," therefore, means just the same as "calyx inferior"; and
"ovary inferior," the same as "calyx superior."

322. Open or GymilOSpfnnoilS Pislil. Tliis is what we have in Ihe
whole Pine family, the most peculiar, and yet the simplest,
of all jjistils. While the ordinary simple pistil in the eye
of the botanist represents a leaf rolled together into a
closed pod (30.3). those of the Pine, Larch (Fig. 2G4),

264 Cedar, and Aibor-Vitaj (Fig. 2G5,
2GG) are plainly open leaves, in the form of
scales, each bearing two or more ovules on the
inner face, next the base. At the time of
blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young
cone diverge, and the pollen, so abundantly
shed from the staminate blossoms, falls di-
rectly upon the exposed ovules. Afterwanls r
the scales close over each other until llie
seeds are ripe. Tiien they separate; again. ^ ^

that the seeds may be shed. As their ovules and seeds are not
enclosed in a pod, all sucli plants are said to be Ci/niiiosperiiuius,
that is, naked-sceJed.

of flowering ,

FIO. 2.2. Cross-rfction of llip ovary of Ifj prririim pnvrolpns.
tlir ri|)0 |>imI of llio s.-iiiip.

FK:. 204. A pixtil, llint is, a sralo of llip roiir, of a Larrli, at llio lii
Inside view, slidwins "<■•* pair of nakcil ovules.

FtG. 20.5. Ilranrlilet of llip .<Vnieriran ArlHirVitir, ronsirirralily l.irser than in nature,
lirniinated by ils pislillate flowers, earli ronsistiiig of a single sralc (an o|ien pistil), together
forming a small rone.

FKJ. ai'iCi. One of the scales or pistils of the last, rrniiived and more enlarged, the Inaid*
exposed to view, sliowing a pair of oviilus un its haso.
II

122 THE PISTILS. [lesson 18.

323. Ovules (234). These are (he bodies which are lo become
seeds. Tliey are either sessile, that is, stalkless, or else borne on a
stalk, called the Funiculus. They may be produced along the whole
length of the cell, or only at some part of it, generally either at the
top or the bottom. In the former case they are apt to be numerous;
in the latter, they may be few or single [solitary, Fig. 2G7 - 26P).
As to their direction, ovules are said to be

\ Horizontal, when they are neither turned upwards nor down-
wards, as in Fig. 252, 261 ;

Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side
of the cell, not from its v^'ry base, as in the Buttercup (Fig. 2G7).
and the Purslane (Fig. 214) ;

Erect, when rising ujiright from
the base of the cell, as in the Buck-
wheat (Fig. 2G8);

Pendulous, when hanging from
towards the top, as in the Flax
(Fig. 212); and
Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very sum-
mit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 209), Dogwood, A:c. All
these terras equally apply to seeds.

324. An ovule consists of a pulpy mass of tissue, the Nucleus or
kernel, and usually of one or two coats. In the nucleus the embryo
is form(;d, and the coats become the skin or^overings of the seed.
There is a hole ( Orifice or Foramen) through the coats, at the place
which answers to the apex of the ovule. The part by which the
ovule is attached is its base ; the point of attachment, where the ripe
seed breaks away and leaves a scar, is named the Hilum. The
place where the coats blend, and cohere with each other and with the
nucleus, is named the Ctialaza. We will point out these parts in
illustrating the four principal kinds of ovule. These are not difficult
to understand, although ovules are usually so small that a good mog-
nifying-glass is needed for their examination. Moreover, their names,
all taken from the Greek, are unfortunately rather formidable.

325. The simplest sort, although the least common, is what is
called the

Orthotropous, or straight ovule. The Buckwheat affords a good

FIG. 2R7. Portion of tho ovary of a niittprriip, Imctliwise, sliowiiig its ascending ovule.
FIG. 2i-8. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, sliowing the erect ovule.
FIG. 2C9. Section of the ovary of Aneiiume, showing its suspended ovule

LK.SSON 18.] OVrLES. 123

instance of it : it is shown in its place in the ovary in Fipr. 208,
also detached in Fig. 270, and a much more magnilied diagram of it
in Fig. 274. In this kind, the orilice (/) is at the top, the chalaza
and the hilum (r) are hlended at the hase or point of attachment,
which is at the opposite end ; and the axis of the ovule is straight.

If such an ovule were to gj'ow on one side more than on the other,
and donlile up, or have its top pushed round as it enlarges, it would
become a

(AiDipi/lofropoiis ov cunrd ovu\c, as in Cress and Chickweed (Fig.
271). Here the base remains as in the stiaight kind, but its apex
uith the orifice is brought round close to it. — Much the most com-
mon form of all is the

Auatropous or inverted ovule. This is shown in Fig. 2G7, and
273 ; also a much eidarged section lengthwise, or diagram, in Fig.
27."). To understand it, we have only to suppose the first sort (Fig.
270) to be inverted on its stalk, or rather to have it.-J stalk bent
round, applied to one side of the ovule lengthwise, and to grow fast
to the coat down to near the orifice ( /") ; the hilum, therefore, where
the seed-stalk is to break away {/i), is close to tin; orilice; but the
chalaza (c) is here at the top of the ovule ; between it and the hilum
runs a ridge or cord, called the RJxtphe (r), which is simply that part
of the stalk which, Jis the ovule grew and turned over, adhered to its
surface. — L:i-stly, the

Aiuphitropons or half-anatropons ovule (Fig. 272) difTcrs from
the last only in having a shorter rliaphe, ending about half-way
between the chalaza and the orifice. So the hilmn or attachment is
not far from the middle of one side, while the chalaza is at one end
and the orifice at the other.

n2r.. The internal structure of the ovide is snnicirnlly displayrd
in the subjoined diagrams, representing a longitudinal >lice of two

no. 07n. Onholmi)oii« oviiIp of niirkwlipat : r, hilum and rli.-il.nr.n : /, nrifiro.

nc. 2TI. CamiiyloiroiMms oviiIp nf n Cliirkwerd : r, liihiin anil clinlnza ; /, oridrp.

T\r, 07-^ Aii.|.liilrn|K>iis ovnlp of Mnllnw : /. oririrc ; A, liiliini ; r, rliaplte ; c, rlinlaia.

FlU. 273. AnalniiKMis ovnlo of a Viulvt; llio parts Ivticrcd as in tlio last.

124

THE RECEPTACLE.

[lesson 19.

ovules ; Fig. 274, an orthotropous, Fig. 275, an anatropous ovule.
The letters correspond in the two; c, the chalaza ; /, the orilice ;
r, rhaphe (of whifh there is of course none in Fig. 274) ; />, the
outer coat, called priinine ; s, inner coat, called sccundine ; n, nu-
cleus or kernel.

LESSON XIX.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE RECKPTACLE.

327. The Receptacle (also called the Torus) is the axis, or
stem, which the leaves and other parts of the blossom are attached
to (231). It is commonly small and short (as in Fig. 1G9) ; but it
sometimes occurs in more conspicuous and remarkable forms.

328. Occasionally it is elongated, as in some plants of the Caper
family (Fig. 27G), making the flower really look like a branch, hav-
ing its circles of leaves, stamens, &zc., separated by long spaces or
internodes.

329. The Wild Geranium or Cranesbill has the receptacle pro-
longed above and between the insertion of the pistils, in the form
of a slender beak. In the blossom, and until the fruit is ripe, it
is concealed by the five pistils united around it, and their fiat styles
covering its whole surface (Fig. 277). But at maturity, the five
small and one-seeded fruits separate, and so do their styles, from the
beak, and hang suspended from tlie summit. They split off elasti-

LKSSOX 19.]

TIIK KKCKl'TACLK

125

(•ally from (Iio roco])t;\ol(>, nirviii^ npwanls with a >iiiM<n jirk, wliioJi
scatters tlio si-cd, oi'lc-n thfowiiig it to n coiisidcralilc cli.-laiicL-.

.'J.'IO. When a ilowcr
bears ji great many pis-
tils, its receptacle is gen-
erally enlarged so sis to
give tlieni room ; some-
times becoming broad
and flat, as in the Flow-
ering Raspberry, some-
times elongjited, as in
the Blackberry, the Mag-
nolia, iVc. It is the re-
ceptacle in the Straw-

' V7B •■til V'3

berry (Fig. *i7:»), inti.h

enlarged and pulpy wlicn lipo, which forms the eatable i)art of tlie
fniit, ajid bears the small seed-like pistils on its
,'j / snrface. In the Rose (Fig. 2S0). instead of being
'^^ convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply con-
^^ cave, or nrn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip maybe
likened to a strawberry turned inside out, like
the finger of a glove reversed, and the whole
covered by the adluM-ent tube of the calyx, which
remains ixMicath in the strawberry.

031. A Disk is a part of the re-
ceptacle, or a growth from it, vn-
larged under or around the |)i-lil.
It is Jnjpogifuous (2G0), when free
from all union either with the pistil P,
or the calyx, as in the Rue and the
Orange (Fig. 281). It is perlriy-
"° nnin; (270). when it adheres to the '-»'

base of the calyx, as in tin- IWad.lcr-mit aiul IJuckthorn (Fig. 282,

FIC. '^Ti".. I'lowpr iif flynaiulrnpsis , tlic rorpptarlp piilarsnl «nd flattonoil « lioro it l)o.-ira
the sppals anil |>clals, llipii olon«aipil into a sirnrlpr stalk, bparins the Ftamons (in a|i|icnrnnre,
but they are nionailcl|ihnMs) alH)vc itn niiililjp. anil a cmniioiiiid ovary on itd yiiiiinill.

VUi. 277. Viuirn; Iriiil i.f the rnniniuM Wilil Craiieshill.

FK;. 278. The mww, ri|(e, with the five |iir.iils s|iliiiin|! away from the long beak or recep>
tacle, anil lianL'iiii! froni \U lop hy their styles.

FK;. 27'.i. Ijoncitiiilinal xectioii of a yoiinir sira wherry, cnlarRed.

FIG. 280. Hiniilnr i<cctiiiii of n yoiine liose-hip

FIG. 2hl. Pistil of the Orarice, with a largo hyiK.gynons dink at its liaso.
II •

126 THE FRUIT. [lesson 20.

283). OftPn it aclhores both to the calyx and to the ovary, as in
Kew Jersey Tea, the Ap])le, Sec, consolidating the whole together.
In such cases it is sometimes carried up and expanded on the top of
the ovary, as in the Parsley and
the Gins(;ng families, when it is
said to be epic/pious (273).

332. In Ne'himbium, — a large
Water-Lily, abounding in the wa-
ters of our Western States, — the
singular and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and
bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat upper
surface (Fig. 284).

<5 ^^ o.

^o/<^,,h'^^

LESSON XX.

THE FRUIT.

333- The ripened ovary, with its contents, becomes the Fniit.
When the tube of the calyx adheres to the ovary, it also becomes
a part of the fruit: sometimes it even forms the principal bulk of it,
as in the apple and pear.

334. Some fruits, as they are commonly called, are not fruits at
all in the strict botanical sense. A strawberry, for example (as
we have just seen, 330, Fig. 282), although one of the choicest /n«Vs
in the common acceptation, is only an enlarged and pulpy receptacle,
bearing the real fruits (that is, the ripened pistils) scattered over its

FIG. 282. Flowerof a Burktl)orn,\villi a larpe perigynousdisk. 283. The same, divided.
FIG. 284. Receptacle of Neliimbiurn, in fruit.

LESSON 20.] ITS KINDS. 127

surfaop, and too small to bo nmcli iinticod. And miilborrios, figs,
and pinc-appk's are masses of many iriiits with a pulpy flower-stalk,
&;c. Passing these by for the present, let us now consider only

33."). Simple Fruits. These are such as are formed by the ripening
of a single pistil, whether simple (305) or compound (311).

330. A simple fruit consists, then, of the Seed-irssel (technically
called the Pericarp), or the walls of the ovary matured, and the see<ls,
contained in it. Its structure is generally the same as that of the
ovary, but not always ; because certain changes may take place after
flowering. The commonest change is the obliteration in the growing
fruit of some jiarts which existed in the pistil at the time of flowering.
The ovary of a Ilorsechestnut, for instance, hjis three cells and two
ovules in each cell ; but the fruit never has more than three seeds,
and rarely more than one or two, and only as many cells. Yet the
vestiges of the seeds that have not matured, and of the wanting cells
of tlie pod, may always be detected in the ripe fruit. This oblitera-
tion is more complete in the Oak and Chestnut. The ovary of the
fii-st likewise has three cells, that of the second six or seven cells,
each with two ovules hanging from the summit. "We might there-
fore expect the acorn and the chestnut to have as many cells, and
two seeds in each cell. Whereas, in fact, all the cells and all the
ovules but one are uniformly obliterated in the forming fruit, wliich
thus becomes one-colled and one-seeded, and rarely can any vestige
be found of the missing parts.

337. On the other hand, a one-celled ovary sometimes becomes
several-celled in the fruit by the formation of false partitions, com-
monly by cross-partitions, as in the jointed jiod of the Sea-Kocket
and the Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 3(U).

338. Their hinds. In defining the principal kinds of simple fruits
which have particular names, we may classify thorn, in the first place,
into, — 1. Fh'slty Fruits; 2. Stune Fruits', and 3. Dn/ Frtn'ts.
The first and second are of course indehisccnt ; that is, they do not
sjilit open when ripe to discharge the seeds.

331). In jii'sliy fruits the whole pericarp, or wall of the ovarv,
thickens and becomes soft (fleshy, juicy, or pulpy) as it ripons. Of
this the leading kind is

3 10. Tlie Berry, such as the goosol)orry and mrraiit, tlio Iduoborry
and craiiborry, the tomato, and the gnipe. Ilcic llic wiiolo iloh is
eciually soft throughout. The orange is merely a borrv with a
L-athery rind. ^ (^ {^^^^\ ;Vt'i»»V

128 THE FRUIT. [lesson 20.

341. The Pcpo, or Gourd-fruit, is the sort of berry which belongs
to the Gourd family, mostly with a hard rind and the inner portion
softer. The pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon are the prin-
cipal examples.

342. The Pome is a name applied to ihe apple, pear, and quince ;
fleshy fruits like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only
the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to
the pistil itself (333).

343. Secondly, as to fruits which are partly fleshy and partly hard,
one of the most familiar kinds is

344. The Drupe, or Stone-frmt ; of Avliich the cherry, plum, and
peach (Fig. 285) are familiar examj)lcs. In
this the outer part of the thickness of the
pericarp becomes fleshy, or softens, like a
berry, while the inner hardens, like a nut.
From the way in which the pistil is con-
structed (305), it is evident that the flesliy
part here answers to the lower, and the stone

^"^ to the upper, side of the leaf; — a leaf always

consisting of two layers of green pulp, an ui)per and an under hiycr,
which are considerably different (439).

345. Whenever the walls of a fruit are separable into two layers,
the outer layer is called the Exocarp, the inner, the Endocarp (from
Greek words meaning "outside fruit" and "inside fruit"). But in
a drupe the outer portion, being fleshy, is likewise called Sarcocarp
(which means "fleshy fruit"), and the inner, the PiUamen or stone.
The stone of a peach, and the like, it will be perceived, belongs to
the fruit, not to the seed. When the walls are separable into three
layers, the outer layer is named either exocarp or Epicarp ; the
middle one is called the Mesocarp (i. e. middle fruit) ; and the inner-
most, as before, the Endocarp.

346. Thirdly, in dry fruits the seed-vessel remains herbaceous in
texture, or becomes thin and membranaceous, or else it hardens
throughout. Some forms remain closed, that is, are indehisccnt
(338) ; others are dehiscent, that is, split open at maturity in some
regular way. Of indehiscent or closed diy fruits the principal kinds
are the following.

347. The Achcilluni, or Ahene, is a small, one-secdcd, dry, indehis-

FIG. 285. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing the flesh, the stone, and Ihe seed-

n\]

ITS KINDS.

129

cent fruit, snch as is popularly taken for a naked seed : but
plainly a ripened ovary, and shows the re-
mains of it« style oi stigma, or t)ic place
283 tivnn which it has

^jXCi^ fallen. Of this sort
,^ \ are the fruits of the

Knttercup (Fig. 28G,

2S7}, the Cinque-foil, and the Strawberry (Fig.

L'70, 288) ; that is, the real fruits, botanically

speaking, of the latter, which are taken for seeds,

not the largrt juicy receptacle on the surface of

which they rest (330). Here the akenes are

,^_^___^ . . . simple pistils (30.")), very numerous in the same

]f ^\ /^ flower, and forming a head of such fruits. In

"' the Nettle, Hemp, (Sec, there is only one pistil to

each blossom.

348. In the raspberry and blaekbeny, each grain
is a similar pistil, like that of the strawberry in the
flower, but ripening into a miniature stone-fruit, or
drupe. So that in the strawberry we eat the
receptacle, or end of tho flower-slalk ; in the rasp-
berry, a cluster of stone-fruits, like chenies on a
very small scale ; and in the blackberry, both a juicy

/^^^""""^---s^ f receptacle and a cluster of i^tonefruits covering it
^ ' (Fig. 289, 200).

349. The fruit of the Composite family is also
an achenium. Here the surface of the ovary is
covered by an adherent calyx-tube, as is evident
from the position of the corolla, ap|)arently standing
on its summit (321, .nd Fig. 220, o). Sometimes the
limb or divisions of tiie calyx are entirely wanting,

as in Mayweed (Fig. 291) and Wiiiteweed. Sometimes the limb
of the calyx forms a crown or cup on the top of the achenium, as in
Succory (Fig. 292); in Coretipsis, it of>en takes the form of two
blunt teeth or scales ; in the Sunflower (Fig. 293), it consists of two

Fin. 28fi. Achpniiim of Biittornip. 287. Sainf, rut tlirniieli, to nhow tlio sppil within.

FK;. ajS. Slice <if a part nf a ripp strawlporry, piilarppil ; minio of tlio arlipnia shown cut
tliroush.

FIG. 289. Slireofn part of a biarkliorn-. 990 One of the (Trains or drupes diviilcd, mor«
enlarged ; showing the lloMh, the stono, and tlie seed, as In Fig. 2B5.
S & F— 7

130

THE FRUIT.

[l.KS.SON 20.

thin scales which fall off at the touch ; in the Sneezeweed, of about

five very thin scales, which look more like a calyx (Figi 294) ; and

in the Thistle, Aster, Sow-Thistle (Fig. 29o), and hundreds of others,

it is cut up into a tuft of fine bristles or hairs. This is called the

Pappus ; — a name which properly means the down like that of the

Thistle ; but it is applied to all these forms,

and to every other under which the limb of the i ' \,\\ \ i h,

calyx of the " compound flowers " appears. In \{ Wntwl

Lettuce, Dandelion (Fig. 296), and the like, 'M\M

the achenium as it matures tapers upwards iii'}il| /

into a slender beak, like a stalk to the pappus.

350. A Utricle is the same as an achenium, but witk a thin and
bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the Goosefoot or Pigweed
(Fig. 297). When ripe it bursts open irregularly to
discharge the seed ; or sometimes it opens by a circular
line all round, the upper part falling off like a lid ; as in
the Amaranth (Fig. 298).

351. A Caryopsis, or Grain, differs from the last only
in the seed adhering to the thin pericarp
Ihrougliout, so that fruit and seed are in-
corporated into one body ; as in wheat, In-
dian corn, and other kinds of grain.

352. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit,
commonly one-celled and one-seedci, with a hard, ci'us-
taceous, or bony wall, such as tne cocoanut, hazelnut,
chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 21, 299). Here the
involucre, in the form of a cup at the base, is called the Cupule. In
the Chestnut it forms the bur ; in the Hazel, a leafy husk.

FIO. 001. Achenium of Mayweed (no pnpptis). 299. That of Succory (its pappus a shal-
low cup). 293. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 294. Of Sneeze wood (llele-
niiim), with its pappus of five scales. 295. Of Sow-Thistle, with its pappus of delicate downy
hairs. 29P. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on a long beak.

IG. 297. Utricle of the common Pipweed (Chenopodium album).

FIG. 298. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumcissile).

FIG. 339. Nut (acorn) of tiie Oak, with its cup (or cupule).

LESSON 20.]

ITS KINDS.

181

I

35.3. A Samara, or Kry-frilil, is cilhcr a nut or an adicnium, or any
other indehisceiit l"'-uit, luniislicd witli a winjr, like that of llic ^lapls
(Fig. 1), Ash (Fig. noO), and Ehu (Fig. 301).

3.3 I. The Capsule, or Poil, is the general name for dry secd-vesgeb
-vvliieh p|)ht or burst open at maturity.
But several sorts of pod are distin-
guished by particular names. Two of
lliem belong to simple pistils, namely,
the Follicle and the Legume.

355. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple
pistil opening along the inner suture
(307). The pods of the Pa^ony, Col-
umbine, Larkspur, Marsh-Marigold
(Fig. 302), and Milkweed are of this
kind. The seam along which
the follicle opens answers to
the edges of the pistil-leaf
(Fig. 251, 253).

35G. The Legume or true
Pod, like the Pea-pod (Fig.
303), is similar to tiie follicle, only it opens by the outer as well as
the inner or ventral suture (307), that is, by what answers to the
midrib as well as by what answers to the united margins of the leaf.
It splits therefore into two pieces, which are called valces. The le-
gume belongs to ])lants of the Pulse family, which are accordingly
termed Lejuminosce, that is, leguminous plants. So the fruits of this
family keep the name of legume, whatever their form, and whether
they open or not. A legume divided across into one-seeded joints,
which separate when ripe, as in Tick-Trefoil (Fig. 304), is named a
Lament.

357. The true Capsule is the \un\ of a compound pistil. Like the
ovary it resulted from, it may be one-celled, or it may have Jis many
cells as tjiere are carpels in its composition. It may discharge its
seeds tlirough chinks or pores, as in the Poppy, or burst irregularly
in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; but commonly it
splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, called
v(di'es.

FIC. 300. Samarn or kpy of the White A^h. 301. Samara of lli

KIC. 3(>a Folliclo of Marsh-Marigoia (Calllia pnliislris).

FIC. .T03. Lcgiimo of a Sweet Pea, ojioMcd.

FlGu 304. Loiiiout or jdiiitoil lecuiiie uf Tick-'rri'f.>il | Ui'sinuWiiiiii;.

.Viiicrican Elm.

132

THE FRUIT.

[lesson 20.

358. Dehiscence of a pod rosiilting from a compound pi?;(il, when
regular, takes place in one of two principal ways, which are best

shown in pods of two or three cells. Either the pod
splits open down the middle of the back of each cell,
when the dehiscence is loculicidctl, as in Fig. 305 ; or
it splits through the partitions, after wliich each cell
generally opens at its inner angle, when it
is septicidaJ, as in Fig. 306. Tliese names
are of Latin derivation, the first meaning
" cutting into the cells " ; the second, " cut-
ting through the partitions." Of the first
sort, the Lily and Iris (Fig. 305) are good
examples; of the second, the Rhododen-
dron, Azalea, and St. John's-wort. From
the structure of the pistil (305-311) the
^°^ ^"^ student will readily see, that the line down

the back of each cell answers to the dorsal suture of the carpel ; so
that the pod opens by this when loculicidal, while it separates into
its component carpels, which open as follicles, when septicidal.
Some pods open both ways, and so split into twice as many \alves
as the carpels of which they are formed.

359. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves naturally bear tlie par-
titions on their middle ; in the septicidal, half the thickness of a
partition is borne on tlie margin of each valve. See the diagrams,
Fig. 307-309. A variation of either mode sometimes occurs, as

shown in the diagram, Fig. 309, where the valves break away from
the partitions. This is called seylifrcHjal dehiscence ; and may be
seen in the Morning-Glory.

3G0. Three remaining sorts of pods are distinguished by proper
names, viz. : —

FIG. 305. Capsule of Iris (with liinilicidal deliisrenrp), belciw cut across.

FIG. 30G. Pod of a Marsh St. Johii's-worf, with septicidal dehiscence.

FIG. 307. Ui»i;raiii of septicidal ; 308, of loculicidal ; and 309, ol seplifrugal dehiscence.

LESSON 20.]

MULTIPLK FliUITS.

133

3(51. The Silique (Fig. .'310), the peculiar imhI of tlic Miistanl rarii-
ily ; whicli is two-celled by u false partition slrelclied across bclwceii
two parietal placeiitie. It generally opens by two valves
from below upwards, and the placentie with the {iartition
are left behind when the valves fall off.

302. A Silicic or Pouch is only a short and broad silique,
like that of the Slicpherd's Purse, of the Candy-tuft, &c.

303. The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular hori-

zontal line, the upper part forming a lid, as
in Purslane (Fig. 311), the Plantain, Hen-
bane, &:c. In these the dehiscence extends
all round, or is circumcissile. So it does
in Fig. 21)8, which represents a sort of one- 3'"
seeded pyxis. In Jeffersonia or Twin-leaf, the line
does not separate quite round, but leaves a portion
to form a hinge to the lid.
3G4. Multiple or Collective Fruits (331) are, properly speaking,
masses of I'niits, resulting from several or many blossoms, aggre-
gated into one body. The pine-apple, mulberry, Osage-orange, and
the fig, are fruits of this kind. This latter is a pecidiar foiin, how-
ever, being to a mulberiy nearly what a Rose-hip is to a strawberry
(Fig. 279, 280), namely, with a hollow receptacle bearing the flowers
concealed inside ; and the whole eatable part is this i)Uipy common
receptacle, or hollow thickened flower-stalk.

3G5. A Strobile, or Cone (Fig. 314), is the pe-
culiar multiple fruit of Pines, Cypresses, and
the like ; hence named ConifercB, viz. cone-
bearing plants. As already shown (322), these
cones are made of open pistils, mostly in the
form of flat scales, regularly overlying each
other, and pressed together in a spike or head. ^is sis

Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its irnier face. When
the cone is ripe and dry, the scales turn back or diverge, and the
seed peels oft" and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, which was
a part of the lining of the scale, and which facilitates the di-per-^ion
of the seeds i)y the wind (Fig. 312. 313). In Arljor-Vita-, the scales

FIO. 310. Siliqiio of Sprins Cross (rar.lamiiip rliomboidea), opening.
FIG. 3l\. The pyxis, or |h..I, „f tlio roMnii,.n Purslano

FK;. -.m. Insi.lo view of a sralo from il,o rono of fitch-PiiH) ; witli ono of tlio seeds
(Fip. 31.1) ditaclicd ; the oilier in lU plarc on tlio scale.

12

134

THE SEED.

[lesson 21.

of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves (Fig. 2Go).
In Cypress they are very thick at the top and narrow at tlie hase, so
as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and lied Ce-
dar, the lew scales of the very sinall cone become Heshy, and ripen
into a fruit which might be taken lor a berry.

LESSON XXI.

THE SEED.

3GG. The ovules (323), when thej^have an embryo (or unde-
veloped plantlet, IG) formed in them, become seeds.

367. The Seed, like the ovule from which it originates, consists
of its coats, or integuments, and a kernel.

3G8. The Seed-coats are commonly two {^'2\), the outer and the
iimer. Fig. 315 shows the two, in a seed cut through
lengthwise. The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous,
whence it is called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the
inner is thin and delicate.

3G9. The shape and the markings, so various in dif-
ferent seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes it fits

FIG. 314. Cone of Pitcli-Pine (Finns rigida).

FIG. 315. Seed of Basswood cut through lengthwise : a, the hilum or scar ;
coat ; c, the inner.; </. the albiinien ; e. tlie embryo.

LKSSON 21.]

ITS COATS OK COVKIJINGS.

135

AiM

tlio kernel closely ; somelimos it is expanded into a wiiuj, as in tlio
Trumpet-Creeper (Fig. 31(5), and o('eiu-;ionally this wing is eut up
into shreds or tufts, as in the Cntalpa ; or instead of a
wing it may hear u cdihh, ( r tuft of long and soft hairs,
such as we find in the ;Milk\\eed or Silkweed (Fig. 317).
The ohject of wings or downy tufts is to render the seeds
huoyant, so that they may he widely dispersed hy the
winds. This is clear, not only from their evident adap-
tation to this purj)ose, hut also from tlie interesting fact
tliat winged and tufted seeds are Ibuiul only in fruits that split open
at maturity, never in those that remain closed. The coat of some
seeds is heset with long hairs or wool. Cdffon, one- of /('ijijji.
tiie most important vegetal)le ])roducts, — since it forms
the principal clothing of the larger part of the human
race, — consists of the long and woolly hairs which
thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. Certain
seeds have an additional, hut more or less incomplete
covering, outside of the real seed-coats, called an

370. Aril, or Arillus. Tlie loose and transparent hag
which encloses tlie seed of the "White Water-Lily (Fig,
318) is of this kind. So is the mace of the nutmeg; and also the
scarlet pulp around the seeds of the Waxwork (Celastrus)
and Strawherry-husii (Euonymus), so ornamental in autunui,

Ql after the pods burst, Tlie aril is a growth from the ex-
j tremity of the seed-stalk, or the placenta.
/ 371. The names of tin,' parts of the seed and of its kinds
c the same Jis in the
stalk separates is called ^ .
the Ililmn. The orifice
of the ovule, now closed
up, and showing only a
small point or mark, is
named the Micropylc. The term

orthotropous, ondtrapous, &c.

Fl<;. 311". A wingpd sped of the Tnimpct-Croeper.

FIC. 317. Seed of Milkwppd, willi a coma or tiil't of loiip silky liaiM at oiio i-iid.

FK;. 318. Seed of U'liito Water- MIy, emli.scd in its aril.

FIti. 3iy. Seed of a Vinlet (niiatrn|MiiiK) : a, liiliiiii ; h, rliaphr ; r, rlialn/.a.

FIG. 32). Seed of a Larkspur (also niialro|Mms) j llio parts lilierrd as i:i the las'.

FIG. 321. T'ho same, riit IhroiiBh lengthwise: o, tlio liiliini ; r, rlialaza ; i/, outer seed-
coal ; r, inner seed-coit ; /, the albiinion ; ;f, the nilniKe einhryo.

FIG. a*}. Seed of a St. Joliirs-wort, divided luii(,'lli\viso ; hero llio whole kernel U
embryo.

136 THE SEED. [lesson 21.

apply to seeds just as they do to ovules (325) ; and so do those
terms which express the direction of the ovule or the seed in the
cell ; such as erect, ascending, horizontal, pendulous, or suspended
(323) : therefore it is not necessary to explain them anew. The
accompanying figures (Fig. 319-322) show all the parts of the
most common kind of seed, namely, the anatropous.

372. The Kernel, or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the
coats. In many seeds the kernel is all Embryo ; in others a large
part of it is the Albumen.

373. The ilibumen of the seed is an accumulation of nourishing
matter (starch, «fcc.), commonly surrounding the embryo, and des-
tined to nourish it when it begins to grow, as was explained in the
earlier Lessons (30-32). It is the floury part of wheat, corn (Fig.
38, 39), buckwheat, and the like. But it is not always mealy in
texture. In Poppy-seeds it is oily. In the seeds of Pa^ony and
Barberry, and in the cocoanut, it is fleshy ; in coffee it is corneous
(that is, hard and tough, like horn) ; in the Ivory Palm it has the
hardness as well as the general appearance of ivory, and is -now
largely used as a substitute for it in the fabrication of small objects.
However solid its texture, the albumen always softens and partly
liquefies during germination ; when a considerable portion of it is
transformed into sugar, or into other forms of fluid nourishment, on
which the growing embryo may feed.

374. The Embryo, or Germ, is the part to which all the rest of the
seed, and also the fruit and the flower, are subservient. AVhen the
embryo is small and its parts little developed, the albumen is the
more abundant, and makes up the principal bulk of the seed, as in
Fig. 30, 321, 325. On the other hand, in many seeds there is no
albumen at all ; but the strong embryo forms the whole kernel ; as
in the Maple (Fig. 2, 3), Pumpkin (Fig. 9), Almond, Plum, and
Apple (Fig. 11, 12), Beech (Fig. 13), and the like. Then, what-
ever nourishment is needed to establish the plantlet in the soil is
stored up in the body of the embryo itself, mostly in its seed-leaves.
And these accordingly often become very large and thick, as in the
almond, bean, and pea (Fig. 16, 19), acorn (Fig. 21), chestnut, and
horsechestnut (Fig. 23, 24). Besides these. Fig. 25, 26, 30 to 37,
43, aiid 45 exhibit various common forms of the embryo; and also
some of the ways in which it is placed in the albumen ; being
gonietiraeg st;:aight, and sometimes variously coiled up or packed
0,way.

LESSON 21.]

THK EMUUYO.

137

n?."). The embryo, being a nidimentary plantlet, ready formed in
tin; seed, lias oidy to grow and develop its parts to become a young
l)lant (ir>). Even in the seed these parts are generally distinguish-
able, and are sometimes very conspicuous ; as in a rumi)kin-seed. lor
example (Fig. 323, 324). They are, first,

37 G. The Ratlicic, or rudimentary stemlet, which is -sometiirif^a jon^
and slender, and sometimes very short, as we may see in the numer-
ous figures already referred to. In the seed it always
I)oints to the micropyle (371), or what answei-s to the
foramen of the ovule (Fig. 32.), 326). As to its po-
sition in the fruit, it is said to be inferior when it points
to the base of the pericarp, superior when it points to
its summit, &c. The base or free end of the radicle
gives rise to the root ; the other extremity bears

377. The lolylcih)llS or Srcil-Lcaves. With these in various forms we
have already become familiar. The number of
cotyledons has also been explained to be imj)or-
tant (32, 33). In Corn (Fig. 40), and in all ,
Grasses, Lilies, and the like, we have a

Monocotyledonous embryo, namely, one fur-
nished with only a single cotyledon or seed-leaf. — Nearly all the
rest of our illustrations exhibit various forms of the

Dicohjledonows embryo ; namely, with a pair of cotyledons or seed-
lea\es, always opposite each other. In the Pine family we find a

Puhjcotijledonous embryo (Fig. 45, 46) ; tliat is, one with several.^
or more than two, seed-leaves, arranged in a circle or whorl.

378. The Plumule is the little bud, or rudiment of the next leaf or
pair of leaves after the seed-leaves. It appears at the summit of
the radicle, between the cotyledons when there is a pair of them,
as in Fig. 324, 14, 24, &c. ; or the cotyledon when only one is
wrapped round it, as in Indian Corn, Fig. 40. In germination the
plumule develops upward, to form the ascending trunk or stem of
the plant, while the oilier end of the radicle grows downward,
and becomes the root.

FIG. 323. Embryo of the riimpkin, seen flatwise. 3D4. Same cut tlirouph and viewed
edgewise, enlarged : the small plumule seen between the cotyledons at their hase.

FIG. 325. Seed of a Violet (Fij,'. 319) cut thronjih, showing the embryo in the section,
edgewise ; being an analropuun seed, the radicle of the straight enibryt points down to the
ba.se near the hilum.

FIG. 32G. Similar section of the orlhotmpous seed of Buckwheat. Hero tiie radicle points
directly away from the hilnm, and to the apex of the seed ; also the thin cotyledons ha|>peu
ill this plant to l>e bent lound into the same direction.

12*

138 HOW PLANTS GROW. [lESSON 22.

370. This completes the circle, and brings our vegetable history
round to its starting-point in the Second Lesson ; namely, The
Growth of the Plant from the Seed.

LESSON XXII.

HOW PLANTS GROW.

380. A PLANT grows from the seed, and from a tiny embryo, like
that of the Maple (Fig. 327), becomes perhaps a large tree, pro-
ducing every year a crop of seeds, to grow in their turn in the same
way. But how does the plant grow ? A little seedling, weighing
only two or tiiree grains, often doubles its weight every week of its
early growth, and in time may develop into a huge bulk, of many
tons' weight of vegetable matter. How is this done ? What is vege-
table matter ? Where did it all come from ? And by what means
is it increased and accumulated in plants ? Such questions as these
will now naturally arise in any inquiring mind ; and we must try to
answer them.

381. Growth is tlie increase of a living thing in size and substance.
It appears so natural to us that plants and animals should grow, that
people rarely think of it as requiring any explanation. They say
that a thing is so because it grew so. Still we wish to know how
the growth takes place.

382. Now, in the foregoing Lessons we explained the whole struc-
ture of the plant, with all its organs, by beginning with the seedling
pUntlet, and following it onward in its development through the

FIG. 327. Germinating enil)ryo of a Maple.

LESSON 22.] FORMATION OF TIIU KMISKYO.

139

whole course of vegetation (12, Sec). So, in uttempting to leant
how this growth took place, it will be best lo adopt the same plan,
and to commence with the commencement, that is, with the first
formation of a plant. This may seem not so easy, because we have
to begin with parts too small to be seen without a good microscope,
and requiring much skill to dissect and exhibit. But it is by no
means diiricult to describe them ; and with the aid of a few figures
we may hope to make the whole juat-
ter clear.

383. The embryo in the ripe seed
is already a plant in miniature, as we
have learned in the Second, Third,
and Twenty-first Lessons. It is al-
ready provided with stem and leaves.
To learn how the plant began, there-
fore, we must go back to an earlier
period still ; namely, to the forma-
tion and

384. Growlli of the Embryo itself.

For this purpose Ave return to the
ovule in the pistil of the flower (323).
During or soon after blossoming, a
cavity appears in the kernel or nu-
cleus of the ovule (Fig. 274, o), lined
with a delicate membrane, and so
forming a closed sac, named the
embri/o-sac (s). In this sac or cav-
ity, at its upper end (viz. at the
end next the orifice of tlic ovule),
appears a roundish little vesicle or
bladder-like body (v), perhaps less
than one thousandth of an inch in

diameter. This is the embryo, or rudimentary new plant, at its
very beginning. But this vesicle never becomes anything more
than a grain of soft pulp, unless the ovule has been acted upon by
the pollen.

FFG. 328. Masinificl pistil of HurkwlM-at ; tl,r ovary and nvnir .Iivi,lo,I Irnstlnvise : some
pollen oil the stigmas, one (.-rain .listinrlly sl.ou ing its tulie, wlii.l. penetrates the stvie, re-
appears ill the cavity of tho ovary, enters tl.o month of the ovule (o), and reaches the sur-
face of the embryo-sac {s\ near the embryonal vesicle (u).

140

nOAV PLANTS GHOAV.

[lesson 22.

385. The poJlcn (297) which falls upon the stigma grows there
in a peculiar way : its delicate inner coat extends into a tube (the
]iollen-tube), which sinks into the loose tissue of the stigma and
the interior of the style, something as the root of a seedling
sinks into the loose soil, reaches the cavity of the ovary, and at
length penetrates the orifice of an ovule. The point of the pollen-
tube reaches the surface of the embryo-sac, and in
some unexplained way causes a particle of soft pulpy
or mucilaginous matter (Fig. 328) to form a mem-
branous coat and to expand into a vesicle, which is
the germ of the embryo.

386. This vesicle (shown detached and more mag-
nified in Fig. 329) is a specimen of what botanists call
a Cell. Its wall of very delicate membrane encloses a
mucilaginous liquid, in which there are often some
minute grains, and commonly a larger soft mass
(called its nucleus). .

387. Growth takes place by this vesicle or cell,
after enlarging to a certain size, dividing by the for-
mation of a cross partition into two such cells, co-
hering together (Fig. 330) ; one of these into two
more (Fig. 331); and these repeating the process
by partitions formed in both directions (Fig. 332) ;
forming a cluster or mass of cells, essentially like the

first, and all proceeding from it. After increasing in number for
some time in this way, ,33 334 335 335

and by a continuation of
the same process, the em-
bryo begins to shape it-
self; the upper end forms
the radicle or root-end,
while the other end shows a notch between two lobes (Fig. 333),
these lobes become the cotyledons or seed-leaves, and the embryo
as it exists in the seed is at length completed (Fig. 33 G)

FIG. 329. Vesicle or first cell of the embryo, with a portion of the summit of the eiiiliryo-
sac, detached. 330. Same, more advanced, divided into two cells. 33L Same, a little far-
ther advanced, consisting of three cells. 332. Same, still more advanced, consisting of a
litlle mass of young cells.

FIG. 333. Forming emhryo of Buckwheat, moderately magnified, showing a nick at the
end where the cotyledons are to he. 334. Same, more advanced in growth. 335. Pame,
Ftill farther aiivanrcd. 33(5. The completed embryo, displayed and straightened out ; the
same as shown in a section when folded tog-ether in Fig. 326.

LKSSON 22.]

GROWTH OF THE PLANTLET.

141

388. The Growth of the Planllct wlu-n it springs from the seed is
only a continuation of the sunie ])roce?s. The bladiler-hke cells of
■which the embryo consists multiply in iiiunber by the repeated
division of each cell into two. Ami the plantlet is merely the ag-
gregation of a vastly larger number of these cells. This may be
clearly ascertained by magnifying any part of a young plantlet. The
young root, being more transparent ^''
than the rest, answers the pnrpose
best. Fig. 56, on page 30, repre- p[
sents the end of the rootlet of Fig.
55, magnified enough to show the
cells that form the surface. Fig.
337 and 338 are two small bits of
the surface more highly magnified,
showing the cells still larger. And
if -we make a thin slice through the
young root both lengthwise and
crosswise, and view it under a good
microscope ^^ig. 340), we may per-
ceive that the whole interior is made up of just such cells. It is
the same with the young stem and the leaves (Fig. 3oo, 357).
It is essentially. the same in the full-grown herb and the tree.

389. So the plant is an aggregation of countless millions of little
vesicles, or cells (Fig. 339), as they are called, essentially like

the cell it began with in the formation of the embryo
(Fig. 329) ; and this first cell is the foundation of
the whole structure, or the ancestor of all the rest.
And a plant is a kind of structure built up of these
individual cells, something as a house is built of
bricks, — only the bricks or cells are not brought to the forming
plant, but are made in it and by it ; or, to give a better comparison,
the plant is constructed much as a honeycomb is built up of cells,
— only the plant constructs itself, and shapes its own materials into
fitting forms.

390. And vegetable growth consists of two things ; — 1st, the ex-
pansion of each cell until it gets its full size (which is commonly not
more than -^l^ of an inch in diameter) ; and 2d, the multiplication

iJliiig Maplp, magnified, showing root-hairs.

FIG. 337. Tissue from the rootu-t of
338. A small portion, more majjnifieU.
FIQ. 339. A regularly twelye-sided cell, like those of Fig. aiO, detached.

142

VEGETABLE FABRIC.

[lesson 23,

of the cells in number. It is by the latter, of course, that the prin-
cipal increase of plants in bulk takes place.

_^«U|OV/

,■)

LESSON XXIIL

VEGETABLE FABTxIC : CELLULAR TISSUE.

391. Organic SlrilClUre. A mineral — such as a crystal of spar, or
a piece of marble — may be divided into smaller and still smaller
pieces, and yet the minutest portion that can be seen with the mi-
croscope will have all the characters of the larger body, and be
capable of still further subdivision, if we had the means of doing it,
into just such particles, only of smaller size. A plant may also be
divided into a number of similar parts : first into branches ; then
each branch or stem, into joints or similar parts (34), each with its
leaf or pair of leaves. But if we divide these into pieces, the pieces
are not all alike, nor have they separately the properties of the
whole ; they are not whole things, but fragments or slices.

392. If now, under the microscope, we subdivide a leaf, or a piece
of stem or root, we come down in the same way to the set of similar
things it is made of, — to cavities with closed walls, — to Cells, as we
call them (386), essentially the same everywhere, however they may
vary in shape. These are the vnits, or the elements of which every
part Consists ; and it is their growth and their multiplication which

FIG. 340. Magnified vm
twc'ivr-. idi il rcll?. (iit f-ro.-

r, or (liarrmm, of some perfectly regular cellular tissue, formed of

.vi V (111,1 Ici.gtUwisc.

LKSSON 23.] CKLLULAU TISSUK. 143

mak(3 tlic growtli of (he plant, as was sliown in tlie List Lesson.
We cannot divide them into siniihir smaller parts having the prop-
erties of the whole, as we may any mineral hody. We may cut
them in pieces ; but the pieces are only mutilated parts of a cell.
This is a peculiarity of organic things (2, 3) : it is organic structure.
Being com|)osed of cells, the main structure of plants is called

393. Cellular Tissue. The cells, as they multiply, build up the
tissues or fabric of the plant, which, as we have said (389), may be
likened to a wall or an ediiice built of bricks, or still better to a
honeycomb composed of ranges of cells (Fig. 340).

394. The walls of the cells are united where they touch each
other ; and so the partition ai)pears to be a simple membrane,
although it is really double ; as may be shown by boiling the tissue
a few minutes and then pulling the parts asunder. And in soft fruits
the cells separate in ripening, although they were i)erfectly united
into a tissue, when green, like that of Fig. 340.

395 In that figure the cells fit together perfectl)^, leaving no
interstices, except a very small space at some of the corners.
But in most leaves, the cells are loosely heaped together, leaving
spaces or passages of all sizes (Fig. 356) ; and in the leaves and
stems of aquatic and marsh plants, in pai-ticular, the cells are built
up into narrow partitions, which form the sides of large and regular
canals or passages (as shown in Fig. 341). These passages form
the holes or cavities so conspicuous on cutting across any of these
plants, and which are always filled with air. They may be likened
to a stack of chimneys, built up of cells in place of bricks.

39 G. When small and irregular, the interstices are called inter,
cellular spaces (that is, spaces between the cells). When large and
regular, they are named mtercellular passages or air-passar/es.

397. It will be noticed that in slices of the root, stem, or any tissue
where the cells are not partly separate, the boundaries of the cells
are usually more or less six-sided, like the cells of a honeycomb ;
and this is apt to be the case in whatever direction the slice is made,
whether crosswise, lengthwise, or obliquely. The reason of this is
easy to see. The natural figure of the cell is globular Cells which
are not pressed upon by others are generally round or roundish
(except when they grow in some particular direction), as we see in
the green pulp of many leaves. When a quantity of spheres (such,
for instance, as a pile of cannon-balls) are heaped up, each one in the
interior of the heap is touched by twelve others. If the splien's be

144 VEGETABLE FABRIC. [lESSON 23.

»

soft and yielding, as young cells are, when pressed together they will
become twelve-sided, like that in Fig. 339. And a section in any
direction Avill be six-sided, as are the meshes in Fig. 340.

398. The size of the common cells of plants varies from about
the thirtieth to the thousandth of an inch in diameter. An ordinary
size is from ^^g^ to -5^ ^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be
from 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch !

399. Now when it is remembered that many stems shoot up at
the rate of an inch or two a day, and sometimes of three or four
inches, knowing the size of the cells, we may ibrm some conception
of the rapidity of their formation. The giant Puff-ball has been
known to enlarge from an inch or so to nearly a foot in diameter
in a single night ; but much of this is probably owing to expansion.
We take therefore a more decisive, but equally extraordinary case,
in the huge flowering stem of the Century-Plant. After waiting
many years, or even for a century, to gather strength and materials
for the effort, Century-Plants in our conservatories send up a flow-
ering stalk, which grows day after day at the rate of a foot in twenty-
four hours, and becomes about six inches in diameter. This, sup-
posing the cells to average tj^^ of an inch in diameter, requires the
formation of over twenty thousand millions of cells in a day !

400. The walls of the cells are almost always colorless. The
green color of leaves and young bark, and all the brilliant hues of
flowers, are due to the contents of the cells, seen through their more
or less transparent w-alls.

401. At first the walls are always very thin. In all soft parts
they remain so ; but in other cases they thicken on the inside and
harden, as we see in the stone of stone-fruits, and in all hard wood
(Fig. 345) Sometimes this thickening continues until the cell is
nearly filled up solid.

402. The walls of cells are perfectly closed and whole, at least in
all young and living cells. Those with thickened walls have thin
places, indeed ; but there are no holes opening from one cell into
another. And yet through these closed cells the sap and all the
juices are conveyed from one end of the plant to the other.

403. Vegetable cells may vary widely in shape, particularly when
not combined into a tissue or solid fabric. The hairs of plants, for
example, are cells drawn out into tubes, or are composed of a row
of cells, growing on the surface. Cotton consists of simple long hairs
on thp coat of the seed ; and these hairs are single cells. The hair-

LESSON 24.] WOOD. 145

like bodies which abounrl on young roots are very slenilcr projec-
tions of some of the superficial cells, as is seen in Fig. 3.j7. Kv(mi
the fibres of wood, and what are called vessels in plants, are only
peculiar forms or transformations of cells.

LESSON XXIV.

VEGETABLE FABRIC : WOOD.

404. Cellular tissup, such as described in the last Lesson,
makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the
whole of Mosses and otlier vegetables of the lowest grade, even
when full grown. But this fabric is too tender or too brittle to
give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to vhe to
any considerable height and support themselves. So all such plants
have also in their composition more or less of

405. AVood. Tills is found in all common herbs, as -well as in
shrubs and trees ; only there is not so much of it in jiroportion to
the softer cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of
the root, stem, and leaves ; traces of it appearing in large embr3os
even while yet in the seed.

406. Wood is likewise formed of cells, — of cells which at first
are just like those that form the soft parts of plants. But early in
th(;ir growth, some of these lengthen and at the same time thicken
their walls; these are what is called Woody Fibre or Wood- Cells ;
others grow to a greater size, have thin walls with various markings
upon them, and often run together end to end so as to form pretty

FIG 3-11. Part of a slice across the stem of the Calla, or rather IluhurJia ^Vfrk-ina, uiagulfleU

13

146

A'EGETABLE FABRIC.

[lesson 24.

large tubes, comparatively ; these are called Ducts, or sometimes
Vessels. Wood almost always consists of both woody fibres and ducts,
342 343 345 variously intermingled, and combined

into bundles or threads which run
lengthwise through the root and stem,
and are spread out to form the frame-
work of the leaves (13G). In trees
and shrubs they are so numerous and
crowded together, that they make a
'' solid mass of wood. In herbs they
are fewer, and often scattered. That
is all the difference.
^ 407. Tlie porosity of some kinds of
wood, which is to be seen by the naked
eye, as in mahogany and Oak-wood, is
owing to a large sort of ducts. These
generally contain air, except in very
* young parts, and in the spring of the
}'ear, when they are often gorged with
sap, as we see in a wounded Grape-
vine, or in tlie trunk of a Sugar-Maple
at that time. But in woody ])lants
through the season, tlie sap is usually
carried up from the roots to the leaves
by the

408. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibre. (Fig. 342-345.) These are
email tubes, commonly between one and two thousandths, but in
Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diam-
eter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, shown in Fig.
542, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those of But-
tonwood (Fig. 345) are larger, and are here higlily magnified be-
sides. They also show the way wood-cells are commonly put to-
gether, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping each other, —
spliced together, as it were, — thus giving more strength and tough-
ness to the stem, &c.

Fro. .?42. Two wood-cells from tlie inner or fibrous bark of the Linden or Basswood.
343. Some tissue of the wood of the same, viz. wood-cells, and below ((/) a iKUtioti of a
spirally marked duct. 3-44. A separate wood-cell. All equally magnified.

FIG. 345. Some wood-cells of Buttonwood, liifrhly niagniliod : a, lliin spots in the
walls, looking like Jioles ; on the right-hand side, where the walls are cut tlirough, thes«
i^b) are seen in prufilq.

24.]

147

'j^

1 1

.*.

r.

?j

\

(,

c'

0

0

e

A 0

4

-f

'v

^Aq

1

©0

A

u

400. In hard Avoods, such as Hickory, Oak, and r>iitton\vood (Fig.
345), the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense ; while
in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are pretty tiiin.

410. "Wood-cells, like other cells (at least when young and living),
have no openings ; each has its own cavity, closed and independent.
They do not form anything like a set of i)ipes oi)ening one into an-
other, so as to convey an unbroken stream of sap through the plant,
in I lie way people generally suppose. The contents can pass from one
cell to another only by getting through the partitions in some way or
other. And so short ai-e the individual wood-
cells generally, that, to rise a foot in such a ti-ee
as the Biu^swood, the sap has to jiass through
about two thousand partitions !

■111. But although there are no holes (ex-
cept by breaking away when old), there are
jilenty of thin places, which look like perfora-
tions ; and through these the sap is readily trans-
ferred from one cell to another, in a manner to
be explained further on (487). Some of them 346 317

are exhibited in Fig. 345, both as looked directly down upon, when
they appear as dots or holes, and in profile where the cells are cut
through. The latter view shows what they really are, namely, very
thin ])laces in the thickness of the wall ; and also that a thin place in
one cell exactly corresponds to one in the contiguous wall of.the next
cell. In tlu! wood of the Pine family, these thin spots are much
larger, and are very conspicuous in a thin slice of wood under the
microscope (Fig. 34G, 347) ; — forming stamps impressed as it were
upon each fibre of every tree of this great family, by which it may
be known even in the smallest fragment of its wood.

412. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and
tougher than those of the j)roper wood, and appear more like fibres.
For example. Fig. 344 represents a cell of the wood of Basswood,
of average length, and Fig. 342 one (and part of another) of the
fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells
lorni the principal part of filirous bark, or bust, they are named Bast-
rr/ls or Bdst-Jihres. These give the great toughness to the inner
Urk of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leatherwood ; and they

riG. 346. A bit of I'iiio-sliavinjj, liiglily magnified, showing the large circular thin spota
of the wall of the wood-cella. 34T. A Bcparatc wood-cell, more inngnifled, the varying thick-
ucss of the wall at these spots showing as rings.

148

VEGETABLE FABRIC.

[lesson 24.

414.

furnish the invakiable fibres of flax and hemp ; the Avood of the
stem being tender, brittle, and destroyed by the processes wliich
sepai-ate for use the tough and slender bast-cells.

413. Ducts (Fig. 348-350) are larger than wood-cells, some of
them having a calibre large enough to be seen by the naked eye,
when cut across (407), although
they are usually much too small
for this. They are either long
single cells, or are formed of a row
of cells placed end to end. Fig.
349, a piece of a large dotted duct,
and two of the ducts in Fig. 350,
show this by their joints, which
niaik the boundaries of the several
cells they are composed of.
The walls of ducts under the microscope display various
kinds of markings. In what are called

Dotted Ducts (Fig. 348, 349), which are the commonest and the
largest of all, — their cut ends making the visible porosity of Oak-
Avood, — the whole wall is apparently riddled with holes ; but until
they become old, these are only thin places.

Spiral Ducts, or Spiral Vessels, also the varieties of these called
Annular or Banded Ducts (Fig. 350), are marked by a delicate fibre
spirally* coiled, or by rings or bands, thickening the wall. In the
genuine spiral duct, the thread may be uncoiled, tearing the trans-
parent Avail in pieces ; — as may be seen by breaking most young
shoots, or the leaves of Strawberry or Amaryllis, and pulling the
broken ends gently asunder, uncoiling these gossamer threads in
abundance. In Fig. 355, some of these various sorts of ducts or
vessels are shown in their place in the Avood.

415. Milk- Vessels, Turpentine- Vessels, Oil-Receptacles, and the
like, are generally canals or cavities formed betAveen or among the
cells, and filled Avith the particular products of the plant.

FIG. 348. P;irt of a dotted duct from a Grape-vine. 349. A .similar one, evidently com-
posed of a row of cells. 3.')0. Part of a bundle of spiral and annular ducts from the stem
uf Polygonum orientale, or Princes' Feather. All liighly magnified.

LESSON 25.] ANATO.MY OK TIIK UOOT. 149

LESSON XXV.

ANATOMY or Tllli ROOT, STi:M, AND LnAVKS.

41G. IlAViNd in tlic last jircocding Lnssons Icariit'd what tho
iiiritciials of tlic vegetable fabric are, we may now briefly consider
how they are put together, and how tliey att in carrying on the
j)hint's operations.

417. The root and the stem are so much alike in their internal
slnicturc, that a description of the anatomy of the latter will answer
for the former also.

418. The StriH'turc of IllC Rootlets, however, or the tip of the root,
demands a moment's attention. The tip of the root is the newest
part, and is constantly renewing itself so long as the plant is active
(07). It is shown magnified in Fig. 5G, and is the same in all rootlets
as in the first root of the seedling. The new roots, or their new
parts, are mainly concerned in imbibing moisture from the ground ;
and the newer they are, the more actively do they absorb. The ab-
sorbing ends of roots are entirely composed of soft, new, and very
thin-walled cellular tissue; it is only farther back that some wood-
cells and ducts are found. The moisture (and probably also air)
jirescntcd to them is absorbed through the delicate walls, which, like
those of the cells in the interior, are destitute of openings or pores
visible even under the higliest possible magnifying power.

410. But as the rootlet grows older, the cells of its external laver
harden their walls, and form a sort of skin, or epidci'mis (like that
which everywhere covers the stem and foliage above ground), which
greatly checks absorption. Roots accordingly cease very actively to
imbibe moisture almost as soon as they stop growing (f)7).

420. Many of the cells of the surface of young rootlets send out a
prolongation in the form of a slender hair-like tube, closed of course
nt the apex, but at the base opening into the cavity of the cell.
These tubes or root-hairs (shown in Fig. i)o and oG, and a few of
them, more magnified, in Fig. 3o7 and y.jS), sent out in all direc-
tions info the soil, vastly increase the amount of absorbing surface
which the root jin-scnts to it.

421. Strilftlirc of tllf Stem (also of the body of the root). At the
beginning, when the root and stem sjiring from the seed, they consist

13*

150

ANATOMY OF ENDOGKNOUS

[lesson 25.

almost entirely of soft and tender cellular tissue. But as tliey grow,
wood begins at once to be formed in thein.

422. This woody material is arranged in the stem in two very
different ways in different plants, making two sorts of wood. One
sort we see in a Palm-stem, a rattan, and a Corn-stalk (Fig. 351) ;
the other we are familiar with in Oak, Maple, and all r.in. common
kinds of wood. In the first, the wood is made up of separate threads,
scattered here and tliere throughout the whole diameter of the stem.
In the second the woid is all collected to form a layer (in a slice
across appearing as a ring) of wood, between a central cellular part
which has none in it, the Pith, and an outer cellular part, the Bark.
This last is the plan of all our Northern trees and shrubs, and of the
greater part of our herbs. The first kind is

423. The Endogenous Stem ; so named from two Greek words mean-
ing " inside-growing," because, when it lasts from year to year, the

new wood which is added is interspersed among
the older threads of wood, and in old stems the
hardest and oldest wood is near the surface, and
the youngest and softest towards the centre. All
the plants represented in Fig. 47, on p. 19, (ex-
cept the anomalous Cycas,) are examples of En-
dogenous stems. And all such belong to plants
with only one cotyledon or seed-leaf to the em-
bryo (32). Botanists therefore call them Endoge-
nous or Monocotyledonous Plants, using sometimes
one name, and sometimes the other. Endogenous
stems have no separate pith in the centre, no distinct- bark, and no
layer or ring of wood between these two ; but the threads of wood
are scattered throughout the whole, without any particular order.
This is very different from

424. The Exogenous Stem, the one we have most to do with, since
all our Northern trees and shrubs are constructed on tiiis plan. It
belongs to all plants which have two cotyledons to the embryo (or
more than two, such as Pines, 33) ; so that we call these either
Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants (IG), accordingly as we take
the name from the stem or from the embryo.

425. In the Exogenous stem, as already stated, the Avood is all
collected into one zone, surrounding a pith of pure cellular tissue in
the centre, and surrounded by a distinct and separable bark, the

FIG. 351. Section of a Corn-stalk (an endogenous stem), both crosswise and length-vise.

LKSSON 25.]

AND KXOr.KNOUS STKMS.

151

outer jiart of which is also (•.■Ihilar. This stnicliin* is very familiar
in foininon wood. It is really just the same in the stem of an herb,
only the wood is much less in quantity. Compare, for
instance, a cross-section of the stem of Flax (Fig. 352)
with that of a shoot of Maple or Ilorsechestnut of
the same ajre. In an herb, the wood at the bcfrinninj;
r-nnsist* nf .<;eparate ihreadr^ or little Wcu<>cs oi" woou ;
but these, however few and scattered tlu'y may be, ary
all so placed in the
stem as to mark out
a zone (or in the
cross-section a ring)
of wood, dividing the
pith within from the
bark without.

420. The accompa-
nying figures (which
are diagrams rather
than exact delinea-
tions) may serve to
illustrate the anat-
omy of a woody
exogenous stem, of
one year old. The
parts are explained
in the references be-
low. In the centre is
thcPith. Surround-
ing this is the layer ..i;.

of Wood, consisting both of wood-cells and of ducts or vessels. From
the pith to the bark on all sides run a set of narrow plates of cellular
tissue, called Medullary Rays : these make the silver-(/roin of wood.
On the cross-section they appear merely as narrow lines ; but in
•wood cut lengthwise parallel to them, their fixces show as glinimer-

Flfi. 353. Cross-section of the stem of Flax, sliowing its liark, wood, and jiilli.

Fit;. :t53. Piece of a stem of Soft Maple, of a year old, cut crosswise and lengthwise.

FIG. :r>l. A |)orti(m of the same, magnified.

Fit!. :t'>5. A small piece of the same, taken from one side, reaching from the hark to the
pith, and highly magnifli-d : n, a small hit of llio pilh ; h, spiral dnrls (if what is called tho
mrilitllwij sheath : c, the wood ; </, '/, dotted ducts in the wood ; c, f, annular ducts ; /, the liher
or inner hark ; it, the green hark ; A, the corky layer ; i, the skin, or epidermis ; /, one of the
medullary rays, or plates of silver-grain, seen on the cross-sectinn.

152 ANATOMY OF THE [lESSON 25.

inpj plates, giving a peculiar appearance to Oak, Maple, and other
wood with large medullary rays.

427. The Bark covers and protects the wood. At first it is all
cellular, like the pith ; but soon some slender woody fibres, called
bast-cells (Fig. 342), generally appear in it, next the wood, forming

T!l" Jj^her. or FihrQUs Bark, the inner bark ; to which belongs the
fine fibrous hast or bass of Basswood, and the tough and slender iTores
of flax and hemp, which are spun and woven, or made into cordage.
In the Birch and Beech the inner bark has few if any bast-cells in
its composition.

The Cellular or Outer Bark consists of cellular tissue only. It is
distinguished into two parts, an inner and an outer, viz. : —

The Green Bark, or Green Layer, which consists of tender cells,
containing the same green matter as the leaves, and serving the
same purpose. In the course of the first season, in woody stems, this
becomes covered with

TJie Corky Layer, so named because it is the same substance as
cork ; common cork being the thick corky layer of the bark of the
Cork-Oak, of Spain. It is this which gives to the stems or twigs of
shrubs and trees the aspect and the color peculiar to each ; namely,
light gray in the Ash, purple in the Red Maple, red in several Dog-
woods, &c. Lastly,

The Epidermis, or skin of the plant, consisting of a layer of thick-
sided empty cells, covers the whole.

428. Growth of the Stem year after year. So much for an exogenous

stem only one year old. The stems of herbs perish at the end of the
season. But those of shrubs and trees make a new growth every
year. It is from their mode of growth in diameter that they take the
name of exogenous, i. e. outside-growing. The second year, such a
stem forms a second layer of wood outside of the first ; the third year,
another outside of that ; and so on, as long as the tree lives. So that
the trunk of an exogenous tree, when cut off at the base, exhibits as
many concentric rings of wood as it is years old. Over twelve hun-
dred layers have actually been counted on the stump of an agr d tree,
such as the Giant Cedar or Redwood of California; and there are
doubtless some trees now standing in various parts of the world which
were already in existence at the beginning of the Christian era.

429. As to the bark, the green layer seldom grows much after the
first season. Sometimes the corky layer grows and forms new
layers, inside of the old, for a good many years, as in the Cork-Oak,

LESSON 25.] KXOGKNOUS STEM. 153

the Sweot Gum-tree, aii<l the "White and the Paper Bireh. r>ut it
all dies after ti \\liile; and the eontinual enlarj^enient of the wood
within finally stretches it more than it can hear, and sooner or later
cracks and rends it, while the weather acts powerfully upon its
surface ; so the older bark perishes and falls away piecemeal year
by year.

4.30. But the inner bark, or liber, does make a new growth an-
nually, as long as the tree lives, inside of that formed the year before,
and next the surface of the wood. INIore commonly the liber occurs
in the form of thin layers, wliich may be distinctly counted, as in
Basswood : but this is not always the case. After the outer bark
is destroyed, the older and dead layers of the inner bark are also
exposed to the weather, arc riven or split into fragments, and fall
away iu succession. Jii many trees the bark accpures a considerable
thickness on old trunks, although uU except the innermost portion is
dead ; in others it falls off more rapidly ; in the stems of Honey-
suckles and Grape-vines, the bark all separates and hangs in loose
shivds when only a )ear or two old.

4.'M. Sap-\V00ll. In the wood, on the contrary, — owing to its
growing on the outside alone, — the older layers are quietly buried
under the newer ones, and protected by them from all disturbance.
All the wood of the young sapling may be alive, and all its cells
or woody tubes active in carrying up the sap from the roots to the
leaves. It is all Sap-tcood or Alburnum, as young and fresh wood
is called. But the older layers, reiiiovecl a step farther every year
from the region of growth, — or rath' r the zone of growth every
year removed a step farther from tlieni, — soon cease to bear much,
if any, |)arL in the circulation of the tree, and prohablv have long
before ceased to be alive. Sooner or later, according to the kind of
tree, they ai-e turned into

432. llrart-WOOd, which we know is drier, harder, more solid, and
much more durable as timber, than sap-wood. It is generally of a
different color, and it exhibits in dittc-rent species the hue peculiar
to each, such as reddish in Red-Cedar, lnnwn in lilack-Walnut,
black in Ebony, &cc. The change of sap-wnod into Ik art-wood re-
sults from the thickening of the walls of the wood-cells by the depo-
sition of hard matter, lining the tubes and diminishing their calibre ;
and by the; deposition of a vegetable coloring-matter peculiar to each
species.

433. The heart-wood, being no longer a living pait, may decay

S & F— 8

154 ANATOMY OF THE STEJI [leSSON 25.

and often does so, without the least injury to the tree, except by im-
pairing the strength of the trunk, and ijo rendering it more hable to
be overthrown.

434. The Living Parts of a Tree, of the exogenous kind, are only
these : first, the rootlets at one extremity ; second, the buds and
leaves of the season at the other ; and third, a zone consisting of
the newest wood and the newest bark, connecting the rootlets with
the buds or leaves, however widely separated these may be, — in
the largest trees from two to four hundred feet apart. And these
parts of the tree are all renewed every year. No Avonder, there-
fore, that trees may live so long, since they annually rej)roduce
everj'thing that is essential to their life and growth, and since only
a very small part of their bulk is alive at once. The tree sur-
vives, but nothing now living has existed long. In it, as elsewhere,
life is a transitory thing, ever abandoning the old, and displaying
itself afresh in the neto.

435. Cambilim-Laycr. The new growth in the stem, by which it
increases in diameter year after year, is confined to a narrow line
between the wood and the inner bark. Cambium is the old name
for the mucilage which is so abundant between the bark and the
wood in spring. It was supposed to be poured out there, and that
the bark really separated from the wood at this time. This is not
the case. The newest bark and wood are still united by a delicate
tissue of young and forming cells, — called the Camhhan-kiyer, —
loaded with a rich mucilaginous sap, and so tender that in spring
the bark may be raised from the wood by the slightest force.
Here, nourished by this rich mucilage, new cells are rapidly form-
ing by division (387-390) ; the inner ones are added to the wood,
and the outer to the bark, so producing the annual layers of the
two, which are ever I'enewing the life of the trunk.

436. At the same time nevv rootlets, growing in a similar w\qy, are
extending the roots beneath ; and new shoots, charged with new buds,
annually develop fresh crops of leaves in the air above. Only,
while the additions to the wood and bark remain as a permanent
portion of the tree, or until destroyed by decay, the foliage is tem-
porary, the crop of leaves being annually thrown off after they have
served their ])urpose.

437. SlniPtnre of Ihe leaf, Leaves also consist both of a woody
and a cellular part (135). The woody part is the framework of ribs
and veins, which have already been described in full (136-147).

LESSON 25.] AND LKAVK3. 153

Tlicy serve not only to strengthen the leaf, hut also to hring; in tlie
aseeniliiij^ sap, and to distribute it by the veinlets tlirougliout every
j)art. The eelhihir jiorlion is the "jreen |)uli), and is nearly the same
as the <!;reen layer of the l)ark. So that the leaf may properly
enough be reganh-d as a sort of expansion of the fibrous and green
layers of the bark. It has of course no corky layer ; but the whole
is covered by a trans[)arent skin or epiderinis, resembling that of
the stem.

4u8. The green pulp consists of cells of various forms, usually
loosely arranged, so as to leave many irregular S[)aces, or air-pas^
sages, communicating with each other throughout the whole interior
of the leaf (Fig. 35()). The green color is owing to a peculiar
green matter lying loose in tlu; cells, in form of minute grains,
named Clilorojjliyll (i. e. tiie green of '-^r^'r^—-f—^^ — r^^=r7=:
leaves). It is this substance, seen '~l\ '

through tlie transparent walls of the L
cells where it is accumulated, which 2>:
gives the common green hue to vege- j,
tation, and especially to foliage. |^_ "feL-

430. The green pulp in most leaves ^ " - ^-'^N.

forms two principal layers; an upper a- ^ ~ ^

one, facing the sky, and an under one, ;pc5c^^j^
facing the ground. The upper one is s'jS

always deeper green in color than the lower. This is partly owing,
perhaps, to a greater amount of chloropliyll in the upper cells, but
mainly to the more compact arrangement of these cells. As is seen
in Fig. 35 G and 357, the cells of the upper side are oblong or cylin-
drical, and stand endwise to the surface of the leaf, usually close to-
grilicr, leaving hardly any vacant spaces. Those of the lower part
of the leaf are apt to be irregular in shape, most of them with their
longer diameter parallel to the face of the leaf, and are very loosely
arranged, leaving many and wide air-chambers. The green color
underneath is therefore diluted and paler.

440. In many plants which grow where they are subject to
drought, and which Inild theii- lea\(s (hiring the dry season (the
Oleander for example), the greater part of the thickness of the leaf
consists of layers of long cells, placed endwise and very nuich com-

FIO. a.'ifi. Prrlion tliniiich tlio tliickiips's of n Icnfiif llip Star Aiii^e (IlliriiinO, of Fli-rida,
in.iKiiiru-il. 'I'lic iiiipiT and Ilio lnwrr liiyera of iliirlt-uallcd .iiid niipty cells ro|ircspiit (ho
riiidrriiiiH nr skin. All those butwucu are colU ot tlio grevii pulp, containing graind of
clilurupliyll.

156 ANATOMY OF THE LEAVES. [leSSON 25.

pacted, so as to expose as little surface as possible to the direct action
of the hot sun. On the other hand, the leaves of marsh plants, and
Jf others not intended to survive a drought, have their cells more
loosely arranged throughout. In such leaves the epidermis, or skin,
is made of only one layer of cells ; while in the Oleander, and the
like, it consists of three or four layers of hard and thick-walled cells.
In all this, therefore, we plainly see an arrangement for tempering
the action of direct sunshine, and for resti-aining a too copious evap-
oration, which would dry up and destroy the tender cells, at least
when moisture is not abundantly supplied through the roots.

441. That the upper side of the leaf alone is so constructed as to
bear the sunshine, is shown by what happens when their position is
reversed : then the leaf soon twists on its stalk, so as to turn again
its under surface away from the light ; and when prevented from
doing so, it perishes.

442. A large part of the moisture which the roots of a growing
plant are constantly absorbing, after being carried up through the
stem, is evaporated from the leaves. A Sunflower-plant, a little
over three feet high, and with between five and six thousand square
inches of surface in foliage, &c., has been found to exhale twenty or
thirty ounces (between one and two pints) of water in a day. Some
part of this, no doubt, flies off through the walls of the epidermis or
skin, at least in sunshine and dry weather ; but no considerable por-
tion of it. The very object of this skin is to restrain evaporation.
The greater part of the moisture exhaled escapes from the leaf
through the

443. StomatCS or Brcalhing-porcs. These are small openings through
the epidermis into the air-chambers, establishing a direct commu-
nication between the whole interior of the leaf and the external air.
Through these the vapor of water and air can freely escape, or
enter, as the case may be. The aperture is guarded by a pair of
thin-walled cells, — resembling those of the green pulp within, —
which open when moist so as to allow exhalation to go on, but
promptly close Avhen dry, so as to arrest it before the interior of the
leaf is injured by the dryness.

444. Like the air-chambers, the br(>athing-pores belong mainly to
the under side of the leaf. In the White Lily, — where they are
unusually large, and easily seen by a simple microscope of mod-
erate power, — there are about GO.OOO to the square inch on the
epidermis of the lower surface of the leaf, and only about 3,000 in

LESSON 20.]

xni-: PLANT IN ACTKJN.

i:>7

the same space of the n])|)<>r surface. iMon^ commonly (here arc few
or none on the upper side ; direct sunshine eviih-ntly being unfavoi'-
able to their operation. Tlieir immense numbers make up for their
minuteness. They are said to vary from less than 1,000 to 170,('00
to tiie square incij of surface. In the A|)ple-tree, where tliey are
under the average as to number, there are about 24,000 to the
sfpiare incii of the lower surface ; so that each leaf has not far from
100,000 of these openings or mouths.

LESSON XXVI.

THE PLANT IN ACTION, DOING Till: WORK OF VEGETATION.

445. Being now ac<iuainted with the machinery of the plant, we
naturally proceed to inipiire what the use of it is, and how it works.

44G. It has already been stated, in the first of these Lessons (7),
that the great work of plants is to cltaiKjc inorganic info on/anic
matter ; that is, to take portions of earlh and air, — of mineral mat-
ter,— upon which animals cannot live at all, and to ct)nvert them

FIO. 357. Portion of .1 Wliito Lily leaf, cut throiich .tikI tii.iBnificd, «1io\vinu .i sprtion of
the thickness, ami also a part of iho skin of ilio lower siilc, with M)ini> liroalliiiiu-Doroa
11

158- THE PLANT IN ACTION. [lESSON 26.

into something upon which they can live, namely, into food. All
the food of" all animals is produced by plants. Animals live upon
vegetables ; and vegetables live upon earth and air, principally
upon the air.

447. Plants fpfd upon Earth and Air. This is evident enough from
the way in whicli they live. Many plants will flourish in pure sand
or powdered chalk, or on the bare face of a rock or wall, watered
merely with rain-water. And almost any plant may be made to
grow from the seed in pure sand, and increase its weight many times,
even if it will not come to perfection. Many naturally live suspended
from the branches of trees high in the air, and nourished by it alone,
never having any connection with the soil (81) ; and some which
naturally grow on the ground, like the Live-for-ever of the gardens,
when pulled up by the roots and hung in the air will often flourish
the whole summer long.

448. It is true that fast-growing plants, or those which produce
considerable vegetable matter in one season, — especially in such a
concentrated form as to be useful as food for man or the higher
animals, — will come to maturity only in an enriched soil. But
what is a rich soil ? One Avhich contains decomposing vegetable
matter, or some decomposing animal matter ; that is, in either case,
some decomposing organic matter formerly produced by plants ;
aided by this, grain-bearing and other important vegetables will
grow more rapidly and vigorously, and make a greater amount of
nourishing matter, than they could if left to do the whole work at
once from the beginning. So that in these cases also all the oiganio
matter was made by plants, and made out of earth and air.

449. Their Chemical Composition shows what Plants are made of. The

soil and the air in which plants live, and by which they are every-
where surrounded, supply a variety of materials, some likely to be
useful to the plant, others not. To know what elements the jilanl
makes use of, we must first know of what its fabric and its products
are co?n posed.

4/>0. We may distinguish two sorts of materials in plants, one of
which is absolutely essential, and is the same in all of them ; the
other, ^Iso to some extent essential, but very variable in different
plants, or in the same plant under different circumstances. The
former is the organic, the latter the inorganic or earthy materials.

45]. The Eariiiy or Inorganic Constituents, If we burn thoroughly a

\e.&-^, a piece of wood, or any other part of a vegetable, almost tdl of

LESSON 20.] ITS CHKMICAL CO.MI'OSITION. 159

it is (lissipalt'd into air. IJiit a Utile a-lics icinaiii : tlifSf represent
the cartiiy constituents of tiie plant.

452. Tl>ey consist of some potash (or soda if a marine plant was
used), some slkx (the same as Hint), and probaljly a little lime, al-
V mi lie, or magnesia, iron or manganese, siilpliur or phosphorus, &:c.
Some or all of these elegdents may be detected in many or most
plants. But they make no j)art of their real fabric ; and they Ibrm
only from one or two to nine or ten parts out of a hundred of any
vegetable substance. The ashes vary according to the nature
of the soil. In fact, they consist, principally, of such materials as
liajjpened to be dissolved, in small quantity, in the water which was
taken up by the roots ; and when that is consumed by the plant, or
ilies off pure (as it largely does, 447) by exhalation, the earthy mat-
ter is left behind in the cells, — just as it is left incrusting the sides
of a teakettle in which much hard water has been boiled. As is
very natural, therefore, we find more earthy matter (i. e. more
ashes) in the leaves than in any other part (sometimes as much as
seven per cent, when the wood contains only two per cent) ; because
it is through the leaves that most of the water escapes from the plant.
These earthy constituents are often useful to the plant (the silex, for
instance, increases the strength of the Wheat-stalk), or are useful in
the plant's products as furnishing needful elements in the food of man
and other animals ; and some must be held to be necessary to vege-
tation, since this is never known to go on without them.

453. The Orsratlic CoilSlitllClltS. As has just been remarked, when
we burn in tlit.' open air a piece of any plant, nearly its whole bulk,
and from 88 to more than lit) parts out of a hundred by weight of its
substance, disappear, being turned into air and vapor. These are
the organic constituents which have thus been consumed, — the
actual materials of the cells and the whole real fabric of the plant.
And we may state that, in burning, it has been decomposed into ex-
actly tiie same kinds of air, and the vapor of water, that the plant
used in its making. The burning has merely undone the work of
vegetation, and given back the materials to the air just in the state
in which the plant took them.

454. It will not be difltcult to understand what the organic con-
stituents, that is, what the real materials, of the plant are, and how
the plant obtains them. The substance of which vegetable tissue,
viz. the wall of the cells, is made, is by chen»ists named Cellulose. It
is just the same thing in composition in wood and in soft cellular lis-

160 THE PLANT IN ACTION. [lESSON 26.

sue, — in the tender pot-herb and in th^ oldest tree. It is composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, 12 parts of the former to 10 of each
of the two latter. These, accordingly, are necessary materials of
vegetable growth, and must be received by the growing plant.

455. The Plaiirs Food must contain these three elements in some
shape or other. Let us look for them iji the materials which the
plant is constantly taking from the soil and the air.

456. Water is the substance of which it takes in vastly more than
of anything else : we well know how necessary it is to vegetable life.
The plant imbibes water by the roots, which are specially construct-
ed for taking it in, as a liquid when the soil is wet, and probably
also in the form of vapor when the soil is only damp. That water
in the form of vapor is absorbed by the leaves likewise, when the
plant needs it, is evident from the way partly wilted leaves revive
and freshen when sprinkled or placed in a moist atmosphere. Now
water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen, two of the three elements
of cellulose or plant-fabric. Moreover, the hydrogen and the oxygen
exist in water in exactly the same pi-oportions that they do in cellu-
lose : so it is clear that water furnishes these two elements.

457. We inquire, therefore, after the third element, carbon. This
is the same as pure charcoal. Charcoal is the carbon of a vegetable
left behind after charring, that is, heating it out of contact of the air
until the hydrogen and oxygen are di'iven off. The charcoal of wood
is so abundant in bulk as to preserve perfectly the shape of the cells
after charring, and in weight it amounts to about half that of the
original material. Carbon itself is a solid, and not at all dissolved
by water : as such, therefore, it cannot be absorbed into the plant,
however minute the particles ; only liquid and air can pass through
the walls of the cells (402, 410). It must therefore come to the
plant in some combination, and in a fluid form. The only substance
within the plant's reach containing carbon in the proper state is

458. Carhonic Acid. This is a gas, and one of the components
of the atmosphere, everywhere making about ^^Vtj P'''^*^ ^^ '^'^^ ^"^^^'
— enough for the food of plants, but not enough to be injurious to
animals. For when mixed in any considerable proportion with the
air we breathe, carbonic acid is very poisonous. The air produced
by burning charcoal is carbonic acid, and we know how soon burnmg
charcoal in a close room will destroy life.

459. The air around us consists, besides this minute proportion
of carbonic acid, of two other gases, mixed together, viz. oxygen

LESSON 2G.] ITS KOOD. ICl

and nitrogen. The nitrogen gas docs not snpport animal life v it only
dilutes the oxygen, which docs. It is the oxygen gas alone whieii
renders the air iit for breathing.

4t)0. Carbonic acid consists of carbon combined with oxygen. In
breathing, animals are constantly forming carbonic acid gas by unit-
ing carbon from their bodies with oxygen of the air ; they inspire
oxygen into their lungs ; they breath it out as carbonic acid. So
with every breatli nniiiKils are diiniiii.-hing the oxygen of the air, —
so necessary to animal life, — and ar(i iiu-i-easing its carbonic acid, —
so hurtful to animal Hie ; or ralliei', wiiieh would be so hurtful if it
•were allowed to accumulate in the air. The reason why it does not
increase in the air beyond this minute proportion is that plants feed
upon it. They draw their whole stock of carbon irom the caibonic
acid of I lie air.

4G1. Phmts take it in by their leaves. Every current, or breeze
that stirs the foliage, brings to every leaf a succession of fresh atoms
of carbonic acid, which it absorbs through its thousands of breathing-
pores. "We may })rove this very easily, by putting a small plant or
a fresh leafy bough into a glass globe, exposed to sunshine, and hav-
ing two opeiungs, causing air mixed with a known proportion of
carbonic acid gas to enter by one opening, slowly traverse the foliage,
and j)ass out by the other into a vessel proper to receive it : now,
examining the air chemically, it will be found to have less carbonic
acid than before. A portion has been taken up by the foliage.

4G2. Plants also take it in by their roots, some probably as a gas,
in the same way that leaves absorb it, and much, certainly, dissolved
in the water which the rootlets imbibe. Tlie air in the soil, es-
pecially in a rich soil, contains many times as much carbonic acid
as an equal bulk of tlu; atmosphero above. Decoinjjosing vegetable
matter or manures, in the soil, are constantly evolving carbonic acid,
and a large part of it remains there, in the pores and crevices, among
which the absorbing rootlets spread and ramify. Besides, as this gas
is dissolved by water in a moderate degree, every rain-drop that falls
from the clouds to the ground brings with it a little carbonic acid,
dissolving or washing it out of the air as it jyasses, and bringing it
down to the roots of plants. And what flows off int^ the streams
and ponds serves for the Ibod of water-plants.

4G3. So water and carbonic acid, taken in by the leaves, or taken
in by the roots and carried up to the leaves as crude sap. are the
general food of plants, — are tlie raw materials out of which at lea.^t
14*

162 THE PLANT IN ACTION, [lESSON 26.

the fabric and a part of the general products of the plant are made.
Water and carbonic acid are mineral matters : in the phxnt, mainly
in the foliage, they are changed into organic matters. This is

4G4. The Plant's proper Work, Assimilation, viz. the conversion by the

vegetable of foreign, dead, mineral matter into its own living sub-
stance, or into organic matter capable of becoming living substance.
To do this is, as we have said, the peculiar office of the plant. How
and where is it done ?

465. It is done in the green parts of plants alone, and only when
these are acted upon hy the ligltt of the sun. The sun in some way
supplies a power which enables the living plant to originate these
peculiar chemical combinations, — to organize matter into forms
which are alone capable of being endowed with life. The proof of
this proposition is simple ; and it shows at the same time, in the
simplest way, what the plant does with the water and carbonic acid
it consumes. Namely, 1st, it is only in sunshine or bright daylight
that the green parts of plants give out oxygen gas, — then they do ;
and 2d, the giving out of this oxygen gas is just what is required to
render the chemical composition of water and carbonic acid the same
as that of cellulose (454), that is, of the plant's fabric. This shows
why plants spread out so large a surface of foliage.

466. In plants growing or placed under Avater we may see bubbles
of air rising from the foliage ; we may collect enough of this air to
test it by a candle's burning brighter in it ; which shows it to be
oxygen gas. Now if the plant is making cellulose or plant-substance,
— that is, is making the very materials of its fabric and growth, as
must generally be the case, — all this oxygen gas given off by the
leaves comes from the decomposition of carbonic acid taken in by
the plant.

467. This must he so, because cellulose is composed of 10 parts of
oxygen and 10 of hydrogen to 12 of carbon (454) : here the first
two are just in the same proportions as in water, which consists of
one part of oxygen and one of hydrogen, — so that 10 parts of water
and 12 of carbon represent one of cellulose or plant-fabric ; and to
make it out of water and carbonic acid, the latter (which is composed
of carbon and oxygen) has only to give up all its oxygen. In other
words, the plant, in its foliage under sunshine, decomposes carbonic
acid gas, and turns the carbon together with water into cellulose, at
the same time giving the oxygen otf into the air.

468. And we can readily prove that it is so, — namely, that plants

LKSSON 20.] PROnrHNO OKGANIC MATTEU. 163

do decompose carbonic acid in tlicir loaves and give out its oxygen,
— by the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4(51. There tlie
leaves*, as we have stated, are taking in carbonic a<-id gas. A\'e
now add, tliat tliey are giving out oxygen gas at the same rate.
The air as it comes from the glass globe is tbund to have just us
much more oxygen as it has less carbonic acid than before — just
as much more oxygen as would be inquired to turn the carbon re-
tained in the plant back into carbonic acid again.

4('>'.). It is all the same when plants — instead of making fabric at.
once, that is, growing — make the prepared material, and store it
up for future use. The principal product of plants for this purpose
is Starch, which consists of minute grains of organic matter, lying
loose in the cells. Plants often accumulate this, perhaps in the root,
as in the Turnip, Carrot, and Dahlia (Fig. o7 - GO) ; or in subter-
ranean stems or branches, iis in the Potato (Fig. ^'6), and many
rootstocks ; or in the bases of leaves, as in the Onion, Lily ( Fig.
7<5 — 75), and other bulbs ; or in fleshy leaves above ground, as those
of the Ice-Plant, Ilouse-leek, and Century-Plant (Fig. 82) ; or in
the whole thickened body, as in many Cactuses (Fig. 70); or in
the seed around the embryo, as in Indian Corn (Fig. 38, 39) and
other grain ; or even in the embryo itself, as in the Horsechestnut
(Fig. 23, 24), Ik-an (Fig. 10), Pea (Fig. 10), &c. In all these
ibnns tliis is a provision for future growth, either of the plant
itself or of some offset from it, or of its oflfspring, as it springs
from the seed. Now starch is to cellulose or vegetable fabric just
■what the prepared clay is to the potter's vessel, — the same thing,
only requiring to be shajied and consolidated. It has exactly the
same chemical composition, and is equally made of carbon and the
elem.ents of water, by decomposing the same amount of carbonic
acid and giving back its oxygen to the air. In using it for growth,
the plant <lissolves it, conveys it to the growing parts, and consoli-
dates it into fabric.

470. Sii(j(ir, another principal vcgetal»le product, also has essen-
tially the same chemical composition, and may be formed out of the
same connnon food of |)lants, with the same result. The different
kinds of sugar (that of the cane, iVc. and of grapes) consist of the
panic three m:Uerials Jis starch and cellulose, only with a little more
w.itrr. Tiie plant generally forms the sugar out of starch. clianLMii^
one into tiie otlier with great ease; starch being the form in wliich
prepared m:U(rial is stored up, and sugar that in wliich it is ex-

164 THE PLANT PURIFYING THE AIR, [lESSON 26.

pended or transferred from one part of the plant to another. In the
8ugar-cane and Indian Corn, starch is deposited in the seed ; in ger-
mination this is turned into sugar for the plantlet to begin its growth
with ; the growing plant produces more, and deposits some as starch
in the stalk ; just before blossoming, this is changed into sugar again,
and dissolved in the sap, to form and feed the flowers (which cannot,
like tlie leaves, create nourishment for themselves) ; and what is left
is deposited in the seed as starch again, with which to begin the
same operation in the next generation.

471. AVe might enumerate other vegetable products of this class
(such as oil, acids, jelly, the pulp of fruits, &c.), and show how they
are formed out of the carbonic acid and water which the plant takes
in. But those already mentioned are sufficient. In producing any
of them, cai'bonic acid taken from tlie air is decomposed, its carbon
retained, and its oxygen given back to the air. That is to say,

472. Plants purify lllC Air for Animals, by taking away the carbonic
acid injurious to them, continually poured into it by their breathing,
as well as by the burning of fuel and by decay, and restoring in its
place an equal bulk of liie-sustaining oxygen (4G0). And by the
same operation, combining this carbon with the elements of water,
&c., and elaborating them into organic matter, — especially into
starch, sugar, oil, and the like, —

473. Plants produce all the Food and Fabric of Animals. The herbiv-
orous animals feed directly upon vegetables ; and the carnivorous
feed upon the herbivorous. Neither the one nor the other originate
any organic matter. They take it all ready-made from plants, —
altering the form and qualities more or less, and at length destroy-
ing or decomposing it.

474. Starch, sugar, and oil, for example, form a large part of the
food of herbivorous animals and of man. When digested, they enter
into the blood ; any surplus may be stored up for a time in the form
of fat, being changed a little in its nature ; while the rest (and finally
the whole) is decomposed into carbonic acid and water, and exhaled
from the lungs in respiration ; — in other words, is given back to the
air by the animal as the very same materials which the plant takes
from the air as its food (463) ; — is given back to the air in the same
form that it would have been if the vegetable matter had been left
to decay where it grew, or if it had been set on fire and burned ; —
and with the same result too as to the heat, the heat in this case
producing and maintaining the proper temperature of the animal

I

LESSON 20.] AND I'UODLCINO TIU: FOOD OF ANIMALS. 165

47"). P>iit starch, 8upir, and the like, do not make any part of the
flesh or liihric ul' anhnals. And (hat liir the obvious reason, tliat tlicy
consist of only the three elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxt/ijca ;
whereas the llesh of animals has nitrogen as well as these three ele-
ments in its composition. Tiie materials of the animal body, called
Fibrine in the lie>h or nnisclcs. Gelatine in the sinews and bones,
Cascine in tiie curd of milk, iVc, are all forms of one and the same
substance, composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. As
nitrogen is a large constituent of the atmosphere, and animals are
taking it into their lungs with every breath they draw, we might
suppose that they take this element of their frame directly from the
air. But they do not. Even this is furnished by vegetables, and
animals receive it ready-made in their food. And this brings us tc
consider still another and most important vegetable product, of »
different class from the rest (omitted till now, lor the sake of greater
simplicity) ; namely, what is called

47G. Proteine. This name has been given to it by chemists, be-
cause it occurs under such a protean variety of forms. The Gluten
of wheat and the Legumine of beans and other Icjguminous plants
may be taken to represent it. It occurs in all plants, at least in
young and growing parts. It does not make any ])ortion of their
tissue, but is contained in all living cells, as a thin jelly, mingled
witli the sap or juice, or as a delicate mucilaginous lining. In fact,
it is formed earlier than the cell-wall itself, and the latter is moulded
on it, as it were ; so it is also called Protoplasm. It disappears from
common cells as they grow old, being transferred onward to new or
forming parts, where it plays a very active part in growth. Mixed
with starch, &c., it is accumulated in considerable quantity in wheat,
beans, and other grains and seeds, especially those which are most
nutritious as food. It is the proteine which makes them so nutritious.
Taken by animals as food, it forms their flesh and sinews, and the
animal part of their bones, without much change ; for it has the same
com[)osition, — is just the same thing, indeed, in some slightly diflerent
forms. To produce it, the plant employs, in addition to the carbonic
acid and wat(n- already mentioned as its general food, some ammo-
nia ; whicli is a <i)in|)onnd of hydrogen and 7iitrogen. Ammonia
(whi<li is llic same thing as hartshorn) is constantly escai)ing
i'llo tlic air in small (inantitics from all decomposing vegetable
and animal sul).-tances. I'.esides, it is pnxhiced in everv thinidei-
storm. Every flash of lightning causes some to be made (in '.he

1G6 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27.

form of nitrate of ammoma) out of the nitrogen of the air and the
vapor of water. Tlie reason why it never accumulates in the air
so as to be perceptible is, that it is extremely soluble in water, as
are all its compounds. So it is washed out of the atmosphere by the
rain as fast as it is made or rises into it, and is brought down to the
roots of plants, which take it in freely. When assimilated in the
leaves along with carbon and water, proteine is formed, the very
substance of the liesh of animals. So all Hesli is vegetable matter
in its origin.

477. Even the earthy matter of the bones, and the iron and other
mineral matters in the blood of animals, are derived from the plants
they feed upon, with hardly an exception. These are furnished by
the earthy or mineral constituents of plants (452), and are merely
accumulated in the animal frame.

478. Animals, therefore, depend absolutely upon vegetables for
their being. The great object for which the All-wise Creator estab-
lished the vegetable kingdom evidently is, that plants might stand on
the surface of the earth between the mineral and the animal crea-
tions, and organize portions of the former for the sustenance of
the latter.

LESSON XXVII.

plant-life.

479. Life is known to us only by its effects. We cannot tell
what it is ; but we notice some things which it does. One peculi-
arity of living things, which has been illustrated in the last Lesson,
is their power of transforming matter into new forms, and thereby
making products never produced in any other way. Life is also
manifested by

480. Motion, that is, by self-caused movements. Living things
move ; those not living are moved. Animals, living as they do
upon organized food, — which is not found everywhere, — must
needs have the power of going after it, of collecting it, or at least of
taking it in ; which requires them to make spontaneous movements.
But plants, with their wide-spread surface (34, 131) always in con-

LKSSO.N 27.] CIItCl'KATIOX IX C'KLI.S. 167

(act with tlie earth and air on wliich tlicy feed, — the hit'.er and the
most important of these evci ywln re in>t tlie f«ame, — have no need
of locomotion, and so are generally fixed Aist to the spot where
they grow.

481. Yet many plants move tlieir parts freely, sometimes when
there is no occasion lur it that we can understand, and sometimes
accomplishing by it sonn; useful end. The sudden closing of the
leaflets of the Sensitive Plant, and the dropping of its leafstalk,
when jarred, also the sudden starting forwards of the stamens of the
1 Barberry at the touch, are familiar examples. Such cases seem at
first view so strange, and so diflerent from what we expect of a plant,
that those plants are generally imagined to be endowed Avith a pe-
culiar faculty, denied to common vegetables. But a closer exam-
ination will show that i)lants generally share in this faculty ; that
similar movements maybe detected in them all, only — like those
of the hands of a clock, or of the shadow of a sun-dial — they are-
too slow for the motion to be directly seen.

4S2. It is perfectly evident, also, that growtli requires motion ;
that there is always an intei-nal activity in living plants as well ;ls
in animals, — a power exerted which causes tli(;ir fluids to move or
circulate, and carries materials from one part to another. Some
movements arc mechanical ; but even these are generally directed
or controlled by the plant. Others must be as truly self-caused as
those of animals are. Let us glance at some of the priucijial sorts,
and see what light they tlirow upon vegetable life.

483. CircillaliOll in Cells. From what we know of the anatomy of
plants, it is clear tiiat they have no general circulation (like that of
all animals cxcej)t the lowest), through a system of vessels opening
into each other (4(»2, 410). But in plants each living cell carries
on a circulation of its ouii, at least when young and active. This
may be beautifully seen in the transparent stems of Chara and many
other water-plants, and in tlui leaves of the Fresh-water Tape-Gniss
(Vallisueria), under a good microscope. Here the sap circulates,
often (juile liri>kly in appearance, (but the motion is magnified as
well as the olijects,) in a steady stream, just IxMieath the wall,
around each cell, pa-sing up (ine side, acro-s the end. down the
other, and so round to complete the cii-ciiit, carrying with it small
particles, or the larger green grains, which make the current inon^
visible. This circulation may also be observed in hairs, particularly
those on flowers, such as the jointed liai''S of Spiderworf, looking

1G8 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27.

under (lie glass like strings of blue beads, each bead being a cell.
But here a microscope magnitying six or eight hundred times in
diameter is needed to see the current distinctly,

484. The movement belongs to the protoplasm (476), or jelly-like
matter under the cell-wall. As this substance has just the same
composition as the flesh of animals, it is not so strange that it should
exhibit such animal-like characters. In the simplest water-plants,
of the Sea-weed family, the body which answers to the seed is at
first only a rounded little mass of protoplasm. When these bodies
escape from the mother plant, they often swim about freely in the
water in various directions, by a truly spontaneous motion, when they
closely resemble animalcules, and are often mistaken for them. After
enjoying this active life for seveial hours, they come to rest, form
a covering of cellulose, and therefore become true vegetable cells,
fix themselves to some sup[)ort, germinate, and grow into the
perfect plant.

485. Absorption, Conveyance of llic Sap, &c. Although contained in

cells with closed walls, nevertheless the fluids taken in by the roots
are carried up through the stein to the leaves even of the topmost
bough of the tallest tree. And tlie sap, after its assimilation by the
leaves, is carried down in the bark or the cambium-layer, and dis-
tributed throughout the plant, or else is conveyed to the points where
growth is taking place, or is accumulated in roots, stems, or wherever
a deposit is being stored up for future use (71, 104, 128, 4G9).

486. That the rise of the sap is pretty rapid in a leafy and growing
plant, on a dry summer's day, is evident from the amount of water it
is continually losing by exhalation from the foliage (447) ; — a loss
which must all the while be supplied from the roots, or else the
leaves would dry up and die ; as they do so promptly when sepa-
rated from the stem, or when the stem is cut off from the roots.
Of course they do not then lose moisture any faster than they
did before the separation ; only the supply is no longer ke|)t
up from below.

487. The rise of the sap into the leaves apparently is to a great
degree the result of a mode of diffusion which has been called En-
dosmose. It acts in this way. Whenever two fluids of different
density are separated by a membrane, whether of dead or of living
substance, or are separate(^ by any porous partition, a flow takes
{)lace through the partition, mainly towards the heavier fluid, until
that is brought to the same density as the other. A familiar illus-

LESSON 27-3 CONVKYANCK OF THE SAT. 169

tration is scon when we place powdered sugar upon strawberries,
and slightly moisten tlicni : tlu; dissolving sugar makes u solution
stronger than the juice in the cells of the fruit ; so this is gradually
drawn out. Also when pulpy fruits are boiled in a strong sirup; as
soon as the sirup becomes denser than the juice in the fruit, the
latter begins to How out and tlic I'ruit heirins lo slirJA el. lint wiien
shrivelled fruits arc placed in weak siiu[), or in watei', ihey become
plump, because the llow then sets inwards, the juice in the cells bein;.r
denst'r than the water outside. Now the cells of the living plant
contain organic matter, in the form of mucilage, protoplasm, some-
times sugar, Sec. ; and this particularly abounds in young and
growing jiarts, such as the tips of roots (Fig. ^0), which, as is well
known, are the principal agents in absorbing moisture from the
ground. The contents of their cells being therefore always much
denser than the moisture outside (which is water containing a little
carbonic acid, &c., and a very minute quantity of earthy matter),
this moisture is constantly drawn into the root. What makes it
ascend to the leaves ?

488. To answer this question, we must look to the leaves, and
consider what is going on there. For (however it may be in the
spi'ing before the leaves are out), in a leafy plant or tree the sap is
not forced up from below, but is drawn up from above. Water large-
ly evaporates from the leaves (447) ; it flies off into the air as vapor,
leaving behind all the earthy and the organic matters, — these not
being volatile ; — -the sap in the cells of the leaf therefore becomes
denser, and so draws npon the more watery contents of the cells of
the stalk, these upon those of the stem below, and so on, from cell to
cell down to the root, causinj^^ a flow from the roots to the leaves,
wliicli begins in tiii! laller, — just as a wind begins in the direction
towards which it blows. Somewhat similarly, elaborated sap is
drawn inlo l)uds or any growing parts, where it is consolidated
into fabric, or is conveyed into tubers, roots, seeds, and the like,
in which it is cond(;nscd into starch and stored up for future use
(71, lo.'i, cVe.).

48'.). So in al)sorl)ing moisture by the roots, and in conveving
the sap or the juices from cell to cell and from one part to another,
the plant apjjcars to make use of a |)hysical or inorganic force; but
it manages and directs llii< n« the |iur|T(ises of the vegetable econ-
omy demand. Now. when the proper materials arc brought to tlie
growing parts, r/roivlh takes place •, and in growth the |)larit moves

170 PLANT-LIFE. [lESSON 27.

the particles of matter, arranges them, and shapes the fabric in a
manner which we cannot at all explain by any mechanical laws.
The organs are not shaped by any external forces ; they shape
themselves, and take such forms and positions as the nature of
each part, or the kind of plant, requires.

490. Special MovemeilfS. Besides groAving, and quite independent
of it, plants not only assume particular positions, but move or bend
one part upon another to do so. Almost every species does this, as
well as what are called sensitive plants. In springing from the seed,
the radicle or stem of the embryo, if not in the proper position
already, bends itself round so as to direct its root-end downwards,
and the stem-end or plumule upwards. It does the same when
covered so deeply by the soil that no light can affect it, or when
growing in a perfectly dark cellar. But after reaching the light,
the stem bends towards that, as every one knows ; and bends
towards the stronger light, when the two sides are unequally ex-
posed to the sun. It is now known that the shoot is bent by the
shortening of the cells on the more illuminated side ; for if w^e split
the bending shoot in two, that side curves over still more, while the
opposite side inclines to fly back. But how the light causes the
cells to shorten on that side, we can no more explain, than we can
tell how the will, acting through the nerves, causes the contraction
of the fibres of the muscles by which a man bends his ai-m. AA'^e
are sure that the bending of the shoot has nothing to do with
growth, because it takes place after a shoot is grown ; and the del-
icate stem of a young seedling will bend a thousand times faster
than it grows. Also because it is yellow^ light that most favors
growth and the formation of vegetable fabric, while the blue and
violet rays produce the bending. Leaves also move, even more
freely than stems. They constantly present their upper face to the
light ; and when turned upside down, they twist on their stalks, oi-
curve round to recover their original position. The free ends of
twining stems, as of Hop. or Morning Glory, oi' Bean, which appar-
ently hang over to one side from their weight, are in fact bent over,
and, the direction of the bend constantly changing, the shoot is
steadily sweeping round the circle, making a revolution every faw
hours, or even more rapidly in certain ca>es, until it reaches a
neighboring support, wlien, by a continuation of the same move-
ment, it twines around it. Most tendrils revolve in the same way,
sometimes even more rapidly ; while others only turn from the

I.KSSO.V 27.] MOVKMI-.NTS. 17!

light ; this is especially the case with those that cling to walls or
trunks by sucker-like disks, as Virginia Creeper, p. 38, fig. G2.
When an active tendril comes into contact with a stem or any such
extraneous body, it iiu'iirvcs at the; point of coiitiut, and so lays hold
of the support : tiu; same contraciion or tendency to curve affecting
the whole length of the tendril, it soon shortens into a coil, part coil-
ing one way, part the other, thus drawing the shoot up to the sup-
porting body; or, if the tendril be free, it winds up in a simple coil.
This movement of tendrils is so prompt in the Star-Cucumber (Sic-
yos) in Echinoeystis, and in two sorts of Passion-fiowcr, that the
end, after a gentle rubhing, coils up by a movement rapid enough to
be readily seen. In plants that climb by their leaf-stalks, such as
Maurandia and TropaMduui, the movements are similar, but much
too slow to be seen.

491. The so-called sleep of plants is a change of position as night
draws on, and in different ways, according to the species, — the
Locust and Wood-Sorrel turning down their leaflets, the Honey
Locust raising them upright, the Sensitive Plant turning them for-
wards one over another ; and the next morning they resume their
diurnal position. One fact, among others, showing that the changes
arc not caused by the light, but by some power in the plant itself, is
this. The leaves of the Sensitive Plant close long before sunset;
but they expand again before sunrise, under much less light than
thoy had when they closed. In several plants the leaves take the
nocturnal position when brushed or jarred, — in the common Sensi-
tive Plant very suddenly, in other sorts less quickly, in the Honey
Locust a little too slowly for us to see the motion. The way in
which blossoms open and close, some when the light increases, some
when it diminishes, illustrates the same thing. The stamens of th.e
Barberry, when touched at the base on the inner side, — as by an
insect seeking for honey, or by the point of a pin, — make a sudden
jerk forward, and in the process commonly throw some pollea
upon the stigma, which stands a little above their reach.

*r.l2. In many ol' tlif.-c cisc^; we pl.iinly perceive that a useful end
is subserved. Hut what shall wc say of the Vtiuis's I-'ly-trap uf
Korth Carolina, growing where it might be sure of all the food a
plant can need, yet provided with an apparatus fin* catching insects,
and actually capturing thein exi)erily by a sudden motion, in the
manner already described (120, Kig. ,S1) ? Or of the leallets of the

172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWEKLESS PLANTS. [lESSON 27.

Desmodium gyrans of the East Indies, spontaneously falling and
rising by turns in jerking motions nearly the whole day long? We
can only say, that plants are alive, no less than animals, and that it
is a characteristic of living things to move.

\* Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants.

493. In all the foregoing Lessons, we have had what may be
called plants of the higher classes alone in view. There are others,
composing the lower grades of vegetation, to which some allusion
ought to be niade.

494. Of this sort are Ferns or Brakes, Mouses, Liverworts,
Lichens, Sea-weeds, and Fungi or Mushrooms. They are all
classed together under the name of Flowerless Plants, or Crypto-
gamous Plants; the former epithet referring to the fact that they do
not bear real blossoms (with stamens and pistils) nor seeds (with an
embryo ready-formed within). Instead of seeds tliey have spores,
which are usually simple cells (392). The name Cryptogamous
means, of hidden fructification, and intimates that they may have
something answering to stamens and ])istils, although not the same;
and this is now known to be the ca e with most of them.

495. Flowerless plants are so very various, and so peculiar in
each family, that a volume would be required to illustrate them.
Curious and attractive as they are, they are too difficult to be studied
botanically by the beginner, except the Ferns, Club-Mosses, and
Horse-tails. For the study of these we refer the student at once to
the Manual of the Botany of the Norlhern United States, and to the
Field, Forest, and Garden Botany. The structure and physiology
of these plants, as well as of the Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, Sea-
weeds, and Fungi, are explained in the Structural Botany, or Botanical
Text Book, and in other similar works. When the student has
become prepared for the study, nothing can be more interesting than
these plants of the lowest orders.

LESSON 28.] SriiClKS AM) KINDS. 178

LESSON xxviir.

SPKCIES AND KINDS.

49G. Until now, wo liavc boon considering ])lant.s ns to llicir
structure and their mode of lil'u. AVo lia\ i', as it wtii-, ix'cii read-
ing the biography of an individual plant, following it from the tiny
set-dling up to the mature and fruit-bearing herb or tree, and learning
how it grows and what it doe.s. The bolaniat also considers plants
as to their relations/iips,

rj7. Plants and animals, as is well known, have two great pecu-
liaritie.s : Lst, they form themselves ; and 2d, they multiply them-
selves. They reproduce themselves in a continued succession of

498. Illiliviiiimls (•'). Mineral things occur as 7nasses, which are
divisible into smaller and still small(;r ones without alteration of
their properties (o91). But organic things (vegetables and ani-
mals) exist as individual heimjs. Each owes its existence to a
parent, and produces similar individuals in its turn. So each indi-
vidual is a link of a chain ; and to this chain the natural-historian
applies the name of

499. Species, All the descendants from the same stock therefore
compose one species. And it was from our observing that the sev-
eral sorts of plants or animals steadily reproduce themselves, — or, in
other words, keep up a succession of similar individuals, — that the
idea of species originated. So we are led to conclude that the Cre-
ator established a definite number of species at tlie beginning, which
have continued by proi)agation, each after its kind.

i)i)(). Tiiere are few species, however, in which man has actually
observed the succession for many generations. It could seldom be
proved tliat all the White Pine trees or White Oaks of any forest
came from the same stock. But observation having familiarized
us with the general fact, that individu:ils proceeding from the same
stock are essciitially alike, we infer from their close resemldance
that tliese similar individuals belong to the same species. Tiiat is,
W(> infer it when tin; individuals are as much like each other as tliose
are wliicli we know to have sprung from the same stock.

-jOl. We do not infer it from every resemblance ; j()r there is the
resemblance oi' Und, — as between the White Oak and the Red Oak,
15*

174 SPECIES AND KINDS. [leSSON 28.

and between the latter and flie Scarlet Oak : these, we take for
granted, have not originated from one and the same stock, but from
three separate stocks. Nor do we deny it on account of every
difference ; for even the sheep of the same flock, and the plants
raised from peas of the same pod, may show differences, and such
differences occasionally get to be very striking. When they are
pretty well marked, we call them

Varieties. The "White Oak, for example, presents two or three
varieties in the shape of the leaves, although they may be all alike
upon each particular tree. The question often arises, practically,
and it is often hard to answer, whether the difference in a particular
case is that of a -variety, or is specific. If the former, we may
commonly prove it to be so by finding such intermediate degrees
of difference in various individuals as to show that no clear line of
distinction can be drawn betM-een them ; or else by observing the
variety to vary back again, if not in the same individual, yet in its
offspring. Our sorts of Apples, Pears, Potatoes, and the like, show
us that differences which are permanent in the individual, and con-
tinue unchanged through a long series of generations when propa-
gated by division (as by offsets, cuttings, grafts, bulbs, tubei-s, &c.),
are not likely to be reproduced by seed. Still they sometimes are
so : and such varieties are called

Races. These are strongly marked varieties, capable of being
propagated by seed. Our different sorts of Wheat, Indian Corn,
Peas, lladishes, &:c., are familiar examples : and the races of men
offer an analogous instance.

502. It should be noted, that all varieties have a tendency to be
reproduced by seed, just as all the peculiarities of the parent tend to
be reproduced in the offspring. And by selecting those plants which
have developed or inherited any desirable peculiarity, keeping them
from mingling with their less promising brethren, and selecting again
the most promising plants raised from their seeds, we may in a few
generations render almost any variety transmissible by seed, so long
as we take good care of it. In fact, this is the way the cultivated or
domesticated races, so useful to man. have been fixed and preserved.
Races, in fact, can hardly, if at all, be said to exist independently of
man. But man does not really produce them. Such peculiarities
— often surprising enough — now and then originate, we know not
how (the plant sports, as the gardeners say) ; they are only pre-
served, propagated, and generally further developed, by the culti-

MCSSON 28.] CI.ASSIKK ATIO.V. 175

yator's skilful care. If left alone, they are likdy to dwindle and
perish, or else revert to the original form of the species.

.')(»3. Botanists variously estimate the number of known species
of plants at from !-eventy to one hundred thousand. About 3,850
species of the liiiiiicr cliis-es grow wild in the United Slates east of
the Mississippi. 80 tliat the vegetable kingdom exhibits a very
great diversity. Between our largest and highest-organized trees,
such as a Magnolia or an Oak, and the simplest of plants, reduced
to a single cell or sphere, much too minute to be visible to the
naked eye, how wide the difference! Yet the extremes are con-
nected by intermediate grades of every sort, so as to leave no wide
gap at any place ; and not only so, but every grade, from the most
comjdex to the most simple, is exhibited under a wide and most
beautiful diversity of forms, all based upon the one plan of vegeta-
tion which we have been studying, and so connected and so an-
swering to each other throughout as to convince the thoughtful
botanist that all are parts of one system, works of one hand, realiza-
tions in nature of the conception of One Mind. We perceive this,
also, by the way in which the species are grouped into

504. Killtls. If the species, when arranged according to their re-
semblances, were found to differ from one another about equally, —
that is, if No. 1 differed from No. 2 just as much as No. 2 did from
No. 3, and No. 4 from No. 5, and so on throughout, — then, with all
the diversity in the vegetable kingdom there is now, there would yet
be no foundation in nature for grouping species into kinds. Species
and kinds would mean just the same thing. We should classify them,
no doubt, for convenience, but our classification would be arbitrarj'.
The fact is, however, that species resemble each other in very un-
equal degrees. Some species are almost exactly alike in their whole
ttructurc, and differ only in the shape or proportion of their parts;
these, we say, belong to one Gmus. Some, again, show a more gen-
eral resemblance, and are found to have their flowers and seeds con-
structed on the same particular plan, but with important differences
in the details ; these belong to the same Order ov Family. Tlien,
taking a wider survey, wc perceive that they all group themselves
under a few general types (or patterns), distinguishable at once by
their flowers, by llieir seeds or embryos, by the clinracter of* the
seedling plant, by the structure of their s!ein^ and leaves, and by
their general appearance : these great gioups we e.d! Chisacs.
Finally, wc distinguish the whole into two great types or grades;

176 SPECIES AND KINDS. \_LKSSON 28,

the higlicr grade of Flowering plants, exhibiting the full plan of
vegetation, and the lower grade of Flowerless plants, in which
vegetation is so simplified that at length the only likeness between
them and our common trees or Flowering plants is that they are
both vegetables. From species, then, we rise first to

505. Genera (plural of Genus). The Rose kind or genus, the Oak
genus, the Chestnut genus, &c., are fiimiliar illustrations. Each
genus is a group of nearly related species, exhibiting a particular
plan. All the Oaks belong to one genus, the Chestnuts to another,
the Beech to a third. The Apple, Pear, and Crab are species of one
genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of Haw-
thorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild cat,
the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat
kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf,
and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented
by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one
known species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in
one species as in several, although, if this were the case throughout,
genera and species would of course be identical (504). The Beech
genus and the Chestnut genus would be just as distinct from the Oak
genus even if but one Beech and one Chestnut were known ; as in-
deed was the case formerly.

506. Orders or Families (the two names are used for the same thing
in botany) are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is,
they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustra-
tions, the Oak, Chestnut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel
genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order, viz. the Oak Fam-
ily ; the Birches and the Alders make another family ; the Poplars
and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the Butternut) and the
.Hickories, another. The Apple genus, the Quince and the Haw-
thorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the
Raspberry, with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, and many
other genera, belong to a large order, the Rose Family.

507. Tribes and Suborders. This leads us to remark, that even the
genera of the same order may show very unequal degrees of resem-
blance. Some may be very closely related to one another, and at the
same time differ strikingly from the rest in certain important partic-
ulars. In the Rose Family, for example, there is the Rose genus
itself, with the Raspberry genus, the Strawberry, the Cinquefoil,
«&c. near it, but by no means so much like it as they are like each

l.KSSOV 28.] OKDKUS, CLASSICS, KTC. 177

Other: tliis proiip. tluTpfon', answers to what is oallod a Trihr ; ami
tlie Rose itself stands lor another tribe. Hut we iiirtlicr ol)serve
that the Apple genus, the Hawthorns, the Quince, ami tiie June-
berry, thouj^h of the same order, and nearly related among them-
selves, differ yet more widely from the Rose and its nearest relations;
and so, on the other hand, do the Plum and Cherry, the Peaeh and
the Almond. So this great Rose Family, or Order, is composed of
three groups, of a more marked character than tribes, — groups
which might naturally be taken for orders ; and we call them Sub-
orders. But students will understand these matters best after a few
lessons in studying plants in a work describing the kinds.

oOS. Classes. These are great assemblages of orders, as already
explained (.")15). The orders of Flowering Plants are numerous,
no less than 134 being represented in the Botany of the Northern
United States ; but they all group themselves under two great
classes. One class comprises all that have seeds with n mono-
cotyledonous embryo (32), endogenous stems (423), and generally
parallel-veined leaves (139) ; the other, those with dicotyledonous
embryo, exogenous stems, and netted-veined leaves ; and the whole
aspect of the two is so different that they are known at a glance.

509. Finally, these two classes together compose the U[)per Series
or grade of Floicering or Phcenogamoiis Plants, which have their
counterpart in the lower Series of Floiverless or Crijptogamous Plants,
— composed of three classes, and about a dozen orders.

510. The universal members of classification are Class, Order,
Gknus, Spkcif.s, always standing in this order. When there are
more, they take their places as in the following schedule, which
comprises all that are generally used in a natural classification,
proceeding from the highest to the lowest, viz. : —

Series,

Class,

Subclass,

Order, or Family,

Suborder,

Tribe,

Subtribe,

Genus,

Subgenus or Section,

Species.

. Varietv.
K & F— 9

178 BOTANICAL NAMES. [lESSON 29.

LESSON XXIX:

BOTANICAL NAMES AND CHARACTERS.

511. Plants are classified, — i. e. are marshalled under their re-
spective classes, orders, tribes, genera, and species, — and they are
characterized, — that is, their principal characteristics or distinguish-
ing marks are described or enumerated, in order that.

First, their resemblances or differences, of various degrees, may
be clearly exhibited, and all the species and kinds ranked next to
those they are most related to ; — and

Secondly, that students may readily ascertain the botanical names
of the plants they meet with, and learn their peculiarities, properties,
and place in the system.

512. It is in the latter that the young student is chiefly interested.
And by his studies in this regard he is gradually led up to a higher
point of view, from which he may take an intelligent survey of the
whole general system of plants. But the best Avay for the student
to learn the classification of plants (or Botany as a system), is to use
it, in finding out by it tlie name and the pecuHarities of all the wild
plants he meets with.

513. Names. The botanical name of a plant, that by which a
botanist designates it, is the name of its genus followed by that of
the species. The name of the genus or kind is like the family name
or surname of a person, as Smith, or Jones. That of the species
answers to the baptismal name, as John, or James. Accordingly,
the White Oak is called botanically Quercus alba ; the first word, or
Quercus, being the name of the Oak genus ; the second, alba, that
of this particular species. And the Red Oak is named Quercus
rubra ; the Black -Jack Oak, Quercus nigra ; and so on. The bo-
tanical names are all in Latin (or are Latinized), this being the
common language of science everywhere ; and according to the
usage of that language, and of most others, the name of the species
comes after that of the genus, while in English it comes before it.

514. Generic Names. A plant, then, is named by two words. The
generic name, or that of the genus, is one word, and a substantive.
Commonly it is the old classical name, when the genus was known
to the Greeks and Romans ; as Quercus for the Oak, Fagus for the

LKSSON 29.] BOTANICAL NAMKS. 179

Bcocl), Con/his, the Iln/.el, and llm like. 15iit as moro goiu-ra be-
came known, botanists bad new names to make or borrow. Many
are named from some appearance or property of the flowers, leaves,
or other ])arts of the phint. To take a few examples from tne early
])a!j:i's of the Miinnal of the JioUini/ of the Northern United States, —
in wliich the derivation of the generic names is explained. The
pcniis Hcpatica, p. fi, comes from the shape of the leaf resemlding
tliat of tlie liver. Jfi/osunis, p. !(•, means mouse-tail. Delpliin-
I'liiii, p. 12, is from delphin, a dolphin, and alludes to the sliape of
the flower, which was thought to resemble the classical figures of the
dolphin. Zanthoi-hiza, p. 13, is from two Greek words meaning
yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Cimicifiif/a, p. 14, is
formed of two Latin words, meaning, to drive away bugs, tl.e same
as its common name of Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to
keep away such vermin. Samjuinaria, p. 2G, is named from the
blood-like color of its juice.

515. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or ])ro-
moters of natural science, and bear their names: such are 3/af/nolia,
p. 1"), which commemorates the early French botanist, Magnol, and
Jeffersonia, p. 20, named after President Jefferson, who sent the first
exploring expedition over the Rocky Mountains. Others bear the
name of the discoverer of the ])lant in question ; as, Sarracenia, p.
23, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who Avas one of the first
to send our common Pitcher-plant to tiie botanists of Europe ; and
Chiijto)iia, p. G5, first made known by the early Virginian botanist
Clayton.

51 G. SpPflfic \illlirs. Tlie name of the species is also a single
word, a])peiuled to tliat of the genus. It is commonly an adjective,
and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, &:c.
Sometimes it relates to tlie country the species inhabits; as, Clay-
tonia Virginica, first made known from Virginia ; Sanguinaria
Canadensis, from Canada, iVc. More commonly it denotes some
obvious or characteristic trait of the species; as, for example, in
Sarracenia, our northern species is named piirpnrea, from the pur-
ple blossoms, while a more sonthern one is named fttra, because
its petals are yellow; tlie species of Jelfersonia is called diphi/lhy
meaning two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets.
Some species are named after the discoven-r, or in compliment to a
botanist who has made them known ; as, ISIagnolia Fraseri, named
after the botanist Fra<er, one of the fir-t to find this species ; Ka-

180 BOTANICAL NAMKS AND CHARACTERS. [lESSON 29.

worthia Michmixii, p. 65, named for the early botanist Michaiix ;
and Polygala NuUalUi, in compliment to Mr. Nuttall, who described
it under another name. Such names of persons are of course writ-
ten with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old substantive
name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umbrella, p. 49, and Ra-
nunculus Flommula, p. 41. These are also written with a capital
initial, and need not accord with the generic name in gender, &c.

517. The name of a variety, when it is distinct enough to require
any, is made on the same plan as tliat of the species, and is written
after it; as, Ranunculus Flammula, variety reptans, p. 41 (i. e. the
creeping variety), and R. abortivus, variety micranthus, p. 42, or
the small-flowered variety of this species.

518. Names of Groups, The names of tribes, orders, and the like,
are in the plural number, and ai-e commonly formed by prolonging
the name of a genus of the group taken as a representative of it.
For example, the order of which the Buttercup or Crowfoot genus,
Ranunculus, is the representative, takes from it the name o? Ranun-
culacece (Manual, p. 34) ; meaning Plantce Ranunculacece when
written out in full, that is, Ranuneulaceous Plants. This order
comprises several tribes ; one of which, to which Ranunculus itself
belongs, takes the name of Ranunculece ; another, to which the
genus Clematis, or the Virgin's-Bower, belongs, takes accordingly
the name of Clematidece ; and so on. So the term Rosacece (mean-
ing Rosaceous plants) is the name of the order of which the Rose
(Rosa) is the well-known representative ; and Rosece is the name of
the particular tribe of it which comprises the Rose.

519. A few orders are named on a somewhat different plan. The
great order Leguminosce, for instance (Manual, p. 123), is not named
after any genus in it ; but the fruit, which is a legume (3aG), gives
the name o^ Leguminous Plants. So, likewise, the order Umhelliferce
(Manual, p. 187) means Umbelliferous or Umbel-bearing Plants;
and the vast order Com-positce (Manual, p. 215) is so named because
it consists of plants whose Wossoras are crowded into heads of the
sort which were called " compound flowers " by the old botanists
(277).

520. Characters. The brief description, or enumeration in scien-
tific terms, of the principal distinctive marks of a species, genus,
order, or other group, as given in botanical works, is called its
Character. Thus, in the Manual, already referred to, at the begin-.

LKSSON oO.J now TO STUDY I'KANTS. 181

iiinj;, the character of the first great series is piven ; then that of
tlic first chiss, ol" the lirst siibchiss, ami of llie lirst division under it.
Then, after the name of the order, foUows its character (tin; ordinal
character) : under the name of each genus (as, 1. Clematis, p. 3;"))
is added the (jeneric character, or description of what essentially
distinguishes it; and finally, following the name of each species, is
the specijic character, a succinct enumeration of tlie points in which
it mainly differs from other species of tlie same genus. S<;o, for
illustration, Clematis Viurna, p. 36, where tlie sentence immediately
following the name is intended to characterize that species from all
others like it.

521. Under this genus, and generally where we have several spe-
cies of a genus, the species are arranged under sections, and these
often under subsections, for the student's convenience in analysis, —
the character or description of a section applying to all the species
under it, and therefore not having tp be repeated under each species.
Under Clematis, also, are two sections with names, or sub-genera,
which indicates that they might almost be regarded as two distinct
genera. But these details are best understood by practice, in the
actual studying of plants to ascertain their name and place. And to
this the student is now ready to proceed.

LESSON XXX.

nOAV TO STl'DY PLANTS.

522. TIavixo explained, in the two preceding Lessons, the gen-
eral principles of Classification, and of Botanical Names, we may
now show, by a few examples, how the student is to proceed in
a|)plying them, and how the name and the place in the system of an
unknown plant are to be ascertainecl.

523. "We suppose the student to be provided with a luuid magni-
fi/inf/-r/lnss, and, if possible, with a simple microscope, i. e. with a
magnifying-glass, of two or more difrerent powers, mounted on a
support, over a stage, holding a glass plate, on which small flowers
or their parts may be laid, while they are dissected under the mi-
croscope with the points of needles (mounted iu handles), or divided

16

182 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [leSSON 30.

by a tiliarp knife. Such a microscope is not necessary, except for
very small flowers; but it is a great convenience at all times, and
is indispensable in studying the more difficult orders of plants.

524. We suppose the student now to have a woi-k in which tlie
plants of the country or district are scientifically arranged and
described : if in the Southern Atlantic States, Dr. Chapman's Flora
of the Southern States ; if north of Carolina and Tennessee, Gray's
Manual of the Botany of the United States, fifth edition ; or, as cov-
ering the whole ground as to common plants, and including also all
the common cultivated plants, Gray's Field, Forest, and Garden
Botany, which is particularly arranged as the companion of the
present work ; that containing brief botanical descriptions of the
plants, and this the explanation of their general structure, and of
the technical terms employed in describing them. To express
clearly the distinctions which botanists observe, and which furnish
the best marks to know a plant by, requires a good many technical
terms, or words used with a precise meaning. These, as they are
met with, the student should look out in the Glossary at the end of
this volume. The terms in common use are not so numerous as
they would at first appear to be. With practice they will soon be-
come so familiar as to give very little trouble. And the application
of botanical descriptive language to the plants themselves, indicating
all their varieties of form and structure, is an excellent discipline
for the mind, equal, if not in some respects superior, to that of learn-
ing a classical language.

525. The following illustrations and explanations of the way to use
the descriptive work are, first, for The Field, Forest, and Garden Bot-
any, that being the one which will be generally used by beginners and
classes. This and the Lessons, bound together in a single compact
volume, will serve the whole purpose of all but advanced students,
teachers, and working botanists. Thus equip[)ed, we proceed to

526. The Analysis of a Plant. A Buttercup -wWl serve as well
as any. Some species oi other may be found in blossom throughout
nearly the whole spring and summer ; and, except at the very
beginning of the season, the fruit, more or less developed, may be
gathered with the blossom. To a full knowledge of a plant the
fruit is essential, although the name may almost always be ascer-
tained without it. This common yellow flower being under exam-
ination, we are to refer the plant to its pi'oper class and order or

I.KSSON 30.]

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

188

family. The families are so numerous, and so ponerally distinguish-
able only l>y a combination of a considerable number of marks that
the student must find his way to them by means of a contrivance
called an Analytical Key. This Key begins on p. 12.

527. It takes note of the most comprehensive possible division of
plants, namely those " producing true flowers and seeds," and those
" not producing flovv(M's, propagated by spores." To the first of
these, the great series of Pii-knooamous or Flowkuing Plants,
the plant under examination obviously belongs.

528. This series divides into those " with wood in a circle, or in
concentric annual circles or layers around a central pith, netted-veined
leaves, and parts of the flower mostly in fives or fours," — to which
might be added the dicotyledonous embryo, but that in the present
case is beyond the young student's powers, even if the fruit were at
hand; — and into those " with wood in separate threads scattered
through the diameter of the stem, not in a circle," also the "leaves
mostly parallel-veined, and parts of the flower almost always in
threes, never in fives." Although the hollowness of the stem of the
present plant may obscure its internal structure, a practised hand,
by throwing the light through a thin cross section of the stem under
the glass, would make it evident that its woody bundles were all in
a circle near the circumference, yet this could hardly be expected
of an unassisted and inexperienced bcgiimer. But the two other
and very obvious marks, the netted-veined leaves, and the number
five in both calyx and corolla, certify at once that the plant belongs
to the first cla-s, Exogknous or Dicotylkdoxous Plants.

529. We should now look at the flower more particularly, so
as to make out its general
plan of structure, which we
shall need to know all about
as we go on. We observe
that it has a calyx of 5
sepals, though these are apt
to fall soon after the blossom

opens ; that the 5 petals are ssa

borne on the receptacle (or common axis of the flower) just above
the sepals and alternate with them ; that there are next borne, a

FIG 3J8. A dower ofa UuttcTcup{lUmmiuli
auj uulargwd.

bulbosus) cut through from top to bottoui.

184 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [lESSON 30.

little highei* up on the receptacle, an indefinite number of stamens ;
and, lastly, covering the summit or centre of the receptacle, an in-
/O >ra definite number of pistils.

7-''^ y--^K -^ good view of the whole

r^^^^ / <\r\ /ar^\ ^^ ^° ^^ ^^'^^ ^y cutting the
IV «l) I' ''lim f'( ^] ^°^^'' directly through tlie

I -ftV»^ V ^--^^±\y I ^^^/ middle, from top to bottom

360 361 (Fig. 358). If this be done

with a sharp knife, some of the pistils will be neatly divided, or may
be so by a second slicing. Each pistil, we see, is a closed ovary,
containing a single ovule (Fig. 359) ascending from near the base
of the cell, and is tipped with a very short broad style, which has
the stigma running down the whole length of its inner edge. The
ovary is little changed as it ripens into the sort of fruit termed an
akene (Fig. 360) ; the ovule becoming the seed and fitting the cell
(Fig. 361). Reverting to the key, on p. 13, we find that the class
to which our plant belongs has two subclasses, one " with pistil of
the ordinary sort, the ovules in a closed ovary"; the other "without
proper pistil, the ovules naked on a scale," «S;c. The latter is
nearly restricted to the Pine Family. The examination already had
makes it quite clear that our plant belongs to the first subclass,
Angiospermous Exogenous or Dicotyledonous Plants.

530. We have here no less than 110 orders under this subclass.
To aid the unpractised student in finding his way among them, they
are ranked under three artificial divisions ; the Polypetaloiis, the
Mu7iopetalous, and the Apetalous. The plant in hand being fur-
nished, in the words of the key, " with both calyx and corolla, the
latter of wholly separate petals," is to be sought under I. Polt-
PETALOUS Division; for the analysis of which, see p. 14.

531. Fully half the families of the class rank under this division.
The first step in the key is to the sections A and B ; to the first of
which, having " stamens more than 10, and more than twice the
number of the sepals or divisions of the calyx," our plant must pertain.

o32. Under this vre proceed by a series of successive steps, their
gradations marked by their position on the page, leading down to
the name of the order or family, to which is appended the number

FIG. 359. A pistil taken from a Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), and more magnified ;
its ovary cut through lengthwise, showing the ovule. 380. One of its pistils when ripened
into a fruit (jichenium or akene). 361. The same, cut through, to show the seed ia it.

LESSON 30. J now TO STUDY TLAN'TS. 185

of the pagt' wluM'C th:it lainily and the plants iiiKh-r it are descrihe'l.
The propositions of the same graile, two or more, from which de-
termination is ti> l)e made, not only stand one directly under the
other, but liegin with the >anie word or phra-i^, or with some
coiMiterparl, — in the picscnt ea-e aiiain with " StameiH," and with
four pro[)Ositions, with one and oidy one of which the flower in
hand shonlil agree. It agrees with the last of tin; fonr : " Stamens
not monadelphous."

i)oS. The propositions under this, to which we are now directed,
ftre six, beginning with the word '* Pistils " or " Pistil." The one
which applies to the flower in hand is, clearly, the fourth : " Pistils
numerous or more than one, separate, on the receptacle."

oo4.' The terms of the analysis directly subordinate to this are
only two : we have to choose between " Stamens borne on the
calyx," and " Stamens borne on the receptacle." The latter is true
of our flower. The terms subordinate to this are four, beginning
with the word " Leaves." The fourth alone accords: '• Leaves not
j)cliatt! ; herbs," — and this line leads out to the CnowKOOT
Family, and refers to p. 33.

o3"j. Turning to that i>age, a perusal of the brief account of the
marks of the RanunculacejE (the technical Latin name) or Crow-
foot Family, assures us that the Key has led us safely and i-eadily
to a correct result. Knowing the order or family, we have next to
ascertain the genus. Here are twenty genera to choose from ; but
their characters are analyzed under sections and successive sub-
sections (§. * , -t-, t-+. &c.) so as to facilitate the way to the desired
result. Of the two primary sections, we must reject § 1, as it agrees
oidv in respect to the pistils, and difters wholly in the characters
furni<hc(l by the sepals, the petals, and the leaves. With "§ 2.
Srpnfs imbricnfedin the hud: not clinibi)ig nor icoody'' it agrees. It
also agrees with the sub-section immediately following, viz.: '• * Pis-
tih and akmes, several or mnny in a head, one-seeded." The sub-
division following: "4- Petalx none : sepals petal-like" \i\nix\^\)\\vi\h\i! ;
but its counterpart, '•-)--)- Pel (ds and sepals both conspicuous, jive or
more: akenes, naked, short-pointed" suits, and restricts our choice to
the three genera, Adonis, IMyosurus, and Ranunculu-. The deter-
mination is soon made, upon noting the naked sepals, /he petals with
the little scale on the upper face of the short claw, and the ukenes
in a head: so the genus is, 7. UANfNCULL'S.
16*

186 HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [lESSON 30.

536. The arrangement of the species of Ranunculus is to be
found, under the proper number, 7, on p. 37 and the iullowing.
The first section contains aquatic species; ours is terrestrial, and in
all othyr particulars answers to § 2. The smooth ovary and akene,
and the perennial root refer it to the sub-ection following, marked
by the single star. Tlie shape of the leaves excludes it from the
'• -1— Spearwort Crowfoots," the large and showy petals from the
"-(--(- Small-flowered Crowfoots ; while all the marks agree with
■*- -i- -i- Buttercups or Common Crowfoots. There is still
a subdivision, one set marked, " ++ Natices of the country, loio or
spreading" the other " ++ •*-+ Introduced weeds from Europe, com-
mon in fields, ^c: stem erect: leaves muck cut," — which is the
ca-^e. We have then only to choose between the two field Crow-
foots, and we have supposed the pupil to have in hand the lower,
early-flowered one, common at the east, which has a solid bulb or corm
at the base of the stem, and displays its gohlen flowers in spring or
earliest summer, and which accordingly answers to the description
of Ranunculus bulbosus, the Bulbous Buttercup.

537. Later in the season it might have been R. acris, the Tall
Buttercup, or much earlier R. fascicularis, or R. repens. Having
ascertained the genus from any one species, the student Avould not
iail to recognize it again in any other, at a glance.

538. If now, with the same plant in hand, the Manual (Fifth
edition) be the book used, the process of analysis will be so similar,
that a brief indication of the steps may suffice. Here the corres-
ponding Analytical Key, commencing on p. 21, leads similarly t&
the first Series, Class, Subclass, and Division ; — to A, with nume-
rous stamens; 1, with calyx entirely free and separate from the
pistil or pistils, thence to the fourth line beginning with tiie word
Pistils; thence to i\vi third of tlie three subordinate propositions,
viz. to '• Stamens inserted on the receptacle " ; to the second of the
succeeding couplet, or " Filaments longer tlian the anther"; to the
second of the next couplet, '• Flowers perfect," &c., and to the first
of the final couplet, " Leaves not peltate ; petals deciduous," — which
ends in " Ranunculace/E, 34." This is the technical name of the
family, and the page where it is described.

539. Turning to that page we read the general description of that
order, particularly the portion at the beginning printed in italics,
which comprises the more important points. The " Synopsis of the

LKSSON .'^I.J HOW TO STL'DY PI-ANTS. 187

Gencni" wliicli follows is siiiiihir to, but more toflitiical than that f»f
the other, more elementary book; and the names of the tribes or
natural groups of genera (;'>07) are inserted. The steps of analysis
bring the student to the Tribe III. llANUNCULKyE, and under it to
the genus Kanl'NCUI.is. TIh^ numlx-r pn^fixed to the name enables
the ^tudent to turn lorwaid and fnid the genus, p. 40. The name,
seientKic and popular, is here followed by a lull generic eharaetcr
(.")20). The primary sections here have names : the plant under
examination belongs to "§ 2. Ranunculus proper"; and tlienee
is to be traced, through the subdivisions *, -»— h— -t— -i— , ++ ++, to
the ultimate subdivision i., under which, through a eompari>on of
characters, the student reaches the species R. bulbosus, L.

o40. The L. at the end of the name is the recognized abbrevia-
tion of the name of Liiuiaius, the botanist who gave it. Then come
the common or English names ; then the specific character ; after this,
the station where the plant grows, and the region in which it occurs.
This is followed by the time of blossoming (from May to July );
and then by some general descriptive remarks. The expression
*• Nat. fiom Eu." means that the species is a miUiralizecl emigrant
from Europe, and is not original to this country. But all these
details are duly explained in the Preface to the Manual, which the
student who uses that work will need to study.

LESSON XXXI.

now TO PTUDT ri.ANTS: FUUTIIKU ILLUSTRATIONS.

.") II. liKtMNMiis should not be discouraged by the slow jirogress
they niu<t needs make in the first trials. By perseverance the vari-
ous diirurulties will soon be overcome, and each successful analysis
will facilitate* the next. Not only will a s<M*oiid species of the same
genus be known at a glance, but eoMimonly a second genus of the
same order will i)e recognizecl as a relative at sight, by the family
likeness. Or if the family likeness is not detected at the first view,
it will be seen as the characters of the plant are studied out.

')V2. To help on tlu^ stud<'nt by a second example, we will take
the eonuMon cultivated I'Max- Turning to the Kev, as before, cn

188

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

[lesson 31.

p. 12, the student is led to ask, first, is the plant Ph^nogamous ov
Flowering ? Of cour.-e it is; the blossom, with its
stamens and pistils, answers that question. Next, to
which of the two classes of Flowering Plants does it
belong ? If we judge by the stem, we ask whether it
is exogenous or endogenous (422-424). A section of
the stem, considerably magnified, given on page 1')],
^"'^ we may here repeat (Fig. 362); it plainly shows a

ring of wood between a central pith and a bark. It is therefore
exogenous. Moreover, the leaves are netted-veined, though the
veins are not conspicuous. We might even judge from the embryo ;
for there is little dili.-.ulty in dissecting a flax-seed, and in finding
that almost the whole interior is occupied by an embryo witli two
cotyledons, much like that of an apple-seed (Fig. 11, 12), and this
class, as one of its name denotes, is dicotyledonous. If we view tlie
parts of the blossom, we perceive they are five throughout (Fig. 363,
365), a number which occurs in that class only. All these marks,
or as many of them as the student is able to verify, show that the
plant belongs to Class I. Exogknous or Dicotyledonous Plants.

543. To which subclass, is the next inquiry. The single but
several-celled ovary in the centre of the flower, enclosing the ovules,
assures us that it belongs to the Angiospermous subclass, p. 13.

544. To get a good idea of tlie general plan ,of the flower, before

proceeding farther, cut it through the middle lengthwise, as iti Fig.
364, and also take a slice across a flower-bud, whicii will brin^ to view
an arrangement somewhat like that of Fig. 365. Evidently the
blossom is regularly constructed upon the number five. It has a
calyx of five sepals, a corolla of five petals, five stamens, and five

FIG. 382. Section of the stem of Flax, magnified. 333. Summit of a branch of\he common
Flax, with two flowers. 384. A flower divided lengthwise and enlarged.

LESSON 31.] now TO STCDY PLANTS. 189

styles, with their ovaries nil o<)ml)iiie(l into one compound ovary.
"We note, also, that the several parts of the bios- ^^^^"^"^^^^
soin are all free and unconnected, — the leaves /^'^C0^''^\
of the calyx, the petals, and the .-laincns all ris- /Mr} /^fe frl i
ing separately one after another from the recep- \\{ ^jf^J ji
tacle underneath tiie ovary; hiit the lilaments, \ yCb Oy J
on close inspection, may show a slight union \/'"**''*~I^^^$/
among themselves, at the ha'^e. 353

olo. So our plant, having b separate petals, is of the Polypeta-
LOLS division of tiie lirst cla-s, for the analysis of which see page 14.

o4G. But it does not belong to the primary division A, which has
more than 10 stamcsns. The student passes on, therefore, to the
counterpart division B, on page IG, to which the few stamens, here
only five, refer it.

b\l. Of the three subdivisions, with numerals prefixed, only the
second answers ; for the calyx is free from the ovary, and there is
only one ovary, althougli the styles are five.

548. The divisions subordinate to this form a couplet ; and our
plant agrees with the second member of it, having " Stamens of the
same number as the petals" [5J and '"alternate with them." The'
division under this is a triplet, of wiiich we take the third member;
for the •' Leaves are not punctate with [lellucid dots." Under this,
in turn, is a triplet beginning with the word Ovary, and the five, if
not ten cells, determine our choice of the third member of it,
"Ovary compound." Under this we have no less than nine choices,
dependent upon the structure of the ovary, the number of ovules
and seeds, &c. But the 5-celled ovary with a pair of ovules in
each cell, separated by a false partition projecting from tlie back
(Kig. 305), so that the pod becomes in fact 10-celled, with a ^ol-
itary seed in each cell, is described only in the ninth and last of
the set, p. 18. Under this, again, we have to choose among five
propositions relating to the seeds. Here tiie fifth — "Seeds and
ovules only one or two in each cell" — alone meets the case.
Under this, finally, we have to ciioose from six lines, beginning
with the words Tree, Shrubs, or Herbs. The fifth alone agrees,
and leads to the Flax Family, p. 77.

54'J. Tiiere is only one genus of it in this country, namely, the
Flax genus itself, or Linum. To determine the species, look first

FIG. 31)5. Cross-section of .-in um'X|>aiiilcd llowcr of thr same, (i sort of Jiigmni.

I'JO HOW TO STUDY PLANTS. [^LESSON 31.

at the three sections, marked with stars. The second answers to
QUI plant; and the annual root, pointed sepals, and blue petals deter-
mine it to be the Commox Flax, Ltnum usitatissimum.

550. By the Manual, the same plant would be similarly traced,
along a somewhat different order of steps, down to the genus on
p. 104, and to the species, which being a foreign cultivated one, and
only by chance spontaneous, is merely mentioned at the close.

551. After several analyses of this kind, the student will be able
to pass rapidly over most of these steps ; should ordinarily re(!og-
nize the class and the division at a glance. Suppose a common Mal-
low to be the next subject. Having flowers and seeds, it is Phasno-
gamous. The netted-veined leaves, the sti-ucture of the stem, and
tlie leaves of the flower in fives, refer it to Class I. The pistils, of
the ordinary sort, refer it to Subclass I. The five petals refer it to
the Polypetalous division. Turning to the Key in the Field, Forest,
and Garden Botany, and to the analysis of that division, commencing
on p. 14, the numerous stamens fix it upon A, under which the
very first line, " Stamens monadelphous, united with the base of
the corolla ; anthers kidney-shaped, one-celled," exactly expresses

•the structure of these organs in our plant, which is thus determined
to be of the Mallow Family, — for which see page 70.

552. After reading the character of the family, and noting its
agreement in all respects, we fix upon § 1, in which the anthers are
all borne at the top, and not down the side of the tube of filaments.
We pass the subdivision with a single star, and choose the alternative,
with two stars, on account of the ring of ovaries, &c. ; fix upon the
division ->— , on account of the stigmas running down one side of the
slender style, instead of forming a little head or blunt tip at their
apex ; and then have to choose among five genera. The three
separate bracts outside of the calyx, the obcordate petals, and the
fruit determine the plant to be a IMalva. Then, referring to p. 71
for the species, the small whitish flowers point to the first division,
and a comparison of the characters of the two species under it,
assures us that the plant in hand" is Malva rotundifolia.

553. For the sake of an example in the Monopetalous Division,
we take a sort of Morning-Glory which is often met with climbing
over shrubs along the moist banks of streams. Its netted-veined
leaves, the sepals and the stamens being five, — also the structure of
the stem, if we choose to examine it, and the embryo with two leafy

\

irSSO'^T .^I.T now TO STUDY PLVNT.S. 191

cotyledons (;is in Fi;j^. 2n), rojulily inspected if we have seeds, —
phovv it belongs to Class I. Its pistil refers it of eourse to Subclass I.
The corolla being a short funnel-shaped tube, tlieoretieally regarded
as formed of five pet^ils uniled up to lJ»e very summit or border, ren-
ders tiie flower a good illusiralion of tlie MoNoi*r,TALoi;s Division,
the analysis of which begins on p, 20, in the work we are using.

o54. The calyx free from thc^ ovary excludes it from the section
A, and refers it to section B. This is subdivided, in the first place,
by the number of the stamens, and theii- position as respects the
lobes of the c<irolla. Now, as the petals of the corolla in this flower
are united up to the very bonier, the student may at first be puzzled
to tell how many lobes it should have, or, in other w<)r(l<, how many
petals enter into its conipo-ition. But the five leaves of the calvx
■would lead ont; to expect a i-omlia of five pai-ts al«o. And, althongli
tlwre are here i-eally no lobes or notclics to be seen, yet the five
plaits of the corolla answer to the notches, and sliow it to consist of
fiv(! petals perfectly united. Since the stamens are of the same
number as the ])laits of the corolla, and are j)laced before them (as
may be best seen by sjdilting down the corolla on one side and
spreading it out flat), it follows that they alternate with the lobes or
petals; therefore our j)lant falls under the third sulxlivision : "Sta-
mens as many as the lobes or parts of the corolla and alternate with
them." This subdivides by the pistils. Our plant, having a i)istil
with two stigmas and two ceils to the ovary, must be referred to the
fifth and last category : " Pistil one, with a single c(mipound ovary,"
&c. "We are then directed to the stamens, which here are "plaiidy
borne on the corolla " ; next to the leaves, which are on tht; stem
(not all at the i-oot), also alternate, without stipules; the stamens
.0, and the ovary 2-ceIIe(l, — all of which accords with the seventh
of the succeeding propositions, and with no other. The middle one
alone under this agrees as to the ovary and seed-, and all is confirmed
by the twining stem. It is the Conv(»lvl'm:s Family, p. 2G2.

5.">"). The proper Convolvulus Family has green foliage, as has
our plant. Its style is single and entire, as in § 1. Its calyx has a
pair of lai-g(^ h-afy bracts, as in the sulxlivision with two stars. So
we reach the genus Calystkc.ia, or Bijactkd Bixdwi'.i.o.

556. Under tlii-^ cenu> two species are deserilx'd : the twining sti'tn.
and the other particulars <ifonr plant, direct us to the first C. si.niM,
which in England is nameil llr.ixiK Bindwi'.kd. and here is one
of the various Conv olvulaccoii- plants known a- >h)UM.N<;-( Ji.oitv.

192

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS.

[lksson '3-^.

LESSON XXXII.

HOW TO STUDY PLANTS: FURTHKU ILLUSTRATIONS.

557. The foregoing illustrations have all been of the first or Ex-
ogenous class. We will take one from the other class, and investi-
gate it by the Manual.

558. It shall be a rather common plant of our woods in spring,
the Three-leaved Nightshade, or Birthroot. AVith specimens in
hand, and the Manual open at the Analytical Key, p. 21, seeing
that the plant is of the Phagnogamous series, we proceed to deter-
mine the cla<s. The netted-veined leaves would seem to refer the
plant to the first class; while the blossom (Fig, 3GG, 3G7), con-
structed on the number three, naturally directs us to the second

class, in which this number almost
universally prevails. Here the stu-
dent will be somewhat puzzled. If
the seeds were ripe, they might be
examined, to see whether the embryo
has one cotyhidon only, or a pair.
But the seeds are not to be had in
spring, and if they were, the embryo
would not readily be made out. We
35S must judge, therefore, by the structure

of the stem. Is it exogenous or endogenous ? If we cut the stem
through, or take otF a thin slice crosswise and lengthwise, we shall
perceive that thu woody matter in it consists of
■^^ ^v a number of threads, interspersed throughout
/^ '" \ the soft cellular part without regularity, and not
( <0^¥^ I collected into a ring or layer. In fact, it is just
like the Corn-stalk (Fig. 351), except that the
woody threads are fewer. It is therefore endo-
genous (422); and this decides the question in
favor of Class II. Monocotyledonous or En-
J)OGi:nous Plants (page 30), notwithstanding the branching veins
of the leaves. For ntnihcr this character, nor the number of parts in

ITG. 333. FJov.cr of Trillium orectum, viewed from above. 367. Diagram of the same, a
crosB-.seotion of tho unoi^ened blossom, showing the number and arrangement of parts.

i.KssoN 32.] now ro srinv im.ant.s 193

the bloji.-oin, holds good universally, while the plan of tlie stem
does.

5J9. The single flower of our plant with distinct calyx and corolla
takes us over the Spadieeous to the Pktaloidkols Diviision :
the Petaloideous Division of Endogens there begins on p. 28.
These parts being free from and beneath the ovary, refer us to the
thirtl subdivision, viz : "3. Perianth ivliolly free from the ovari/."

559". The pistil is next to be considered : it accoi-ds with the third
of the tri|)let: "Pistil one, compound (cells or jilacenlae 3) ; anthers
2-celled." Under this follows a triplet, of which the initial word is
'•Perianth": our choice falls upon the first, as there is nothing
"glumaceous" about this flower.

560. The succeeding triplet relates to the stamens; here 6, so
we take the first alternative. The next refers to mode and place of
growth : our plant is " Terrestrial, and not rush-like." The ne.xt
again to the perianth : the second number of the triplet : " Perianth
of 3 foliaceous and green sepals, and 3 colored withering-persistent
petals" (as would be seen after Howering-time), brings us to a par-
ticular group in the great Lily family, or Liliacic.e, p. 520.

5GI. Reading over the family character, and collating the five
tribes comprised, we perceive that our plant belongs to the group,
quite peculiar among Liliaceous plants, here ranked as Tribe L
TuiLLiDKyE, the Trillium tribe. And the next step, leading to a
choice between two genera, determines the genus to be Trillium.

562. Turning to this, on p. 522, and reading the full description
of it, we proceed to the easy task of ascertaining the species. The
"flower is raised on a peduncle," as in § 2. This peduncle is slender
and nearly erect, and all the other particulars accord with the sub-
division marked by a single star. And, finally, the ovate, acutish,
widely-spreading, dark dull-purple petals mark the species as the
PuupLii BiuTiiuooT, Trillium kkkctum, L.

503. By the Field, Forest, and Garden Botany, the analysis is
similar, only more simple. The details need not be particularly
recapitulated.

5G4. The student residing west of New Ktigland will also be
likely to find another species, with similar foliage, but with larger,
pure white, and obovate petals, turning rose-color when about to
fiide. This will at once be identified as T. yrandifturum. And
towards the north, in cold and damp woods or swamps, a smaller
17

194 HOW TO STUDY I^LANTS. [lKSSON 32.

species will be met with, having dull-green and petioled leaves
rounded at the base, and rather narrow, wavy, white petals, marked
with pink or purple stripes at the base : this the student will refer
to T. crythrocarpum. But the species principally found in the east-
ern parts of the country has a short peduncle recurved under the
leaves, so as nearly lo conceal the much less handsome, dull white
flower : this, it will be seen, is T. cernimm, the Nodding TriJUum
or Wake Robin.

565, Whenever the student has fairly studied out one species of
a genus, he will be likely to know the others when he sees thera.
And when plants of another genus of the same order are met with,
the order may generally be recognized at a glance, from the family
resemblance. For instance, having first become acquainted with the
Convolvulus family in the genus Calystegia (555), we recognize it
at once in the common Morning-Glory, and in the Cypress-Vine,
and even in the Dodder, although these belong to as many different
genera. Having examined the common Mallow (552), we immedi-
ately recognize tlie Mallow family (Malvacece) in the Marsh-Mallow,
spfiringly naturalized along tlie coast, in the Glade Mallow, and the
Indian Mallow, in tlie Hibiscus or Rose-Mallow, and so of the rest :
for the relationship is manifest in their general appearance, and in
the whole structure of the flowers, if not of the foliage also.

5 06. So the study of one plant leads naturally and easily to the
knowledge of the whole order or family of plants it belongs to: —
which is a great advantage, and a vast saving of labor. For,
although we have about one hundred and thirty orders of Flowering
Plants represented in our Botany of the Northern States by about
2,540 species, yet half of these species belong to nine or ten of these
orders; and more than four fifths of the species belong to forty of
the orders. One or two hundred species, therefore, well examined,
might give a good general idea of our whole botany. And students
who will patiently and thoroughly study out twenty or thirty well-
chosen examples will afterwards experience little difficulty in determin-
ing any of our Flowering Plants and Ferns, and will find the pleasure
of the pursuit largely to increase with their increasing knowledge.

5G7. And the interest will be greatly enhanced as the student,
rising to higher and wider views, begins to discern the System of
Botany, or, in other words, comprehends more and more oi' the Plan
of the Creator in the Vegetable Kingdom.

LESSON 33.] NATUKAL SYSTEM. 19»5

LESSON XXXIII.

nOTAMCAI, SYSTEMS.

.'")G8. Natural System. The S>/sfr>n of Botany consists of tlm orders
or fanulies, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes,
the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their re-
lationships. This, when properly carried out, is tlie Natural Si/stem ;
because it is intended to express, as well as we are able, the various
degrees of relationship among plants, as presented in nature; — to
rank those species, those genera, &;c. next to each other in the classi-
fication which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words,
which are constructed nio-;t nearly on the same particidar plan.

.'iGO. Now this word plan of course supposes a jflaiiner, — an in-
telligent mind working according to a system : it is this system,
tiierefore, which the botanist is endeavoring as far as he can to
exhibit in a classitication. In it we humbly attempt to learn some-
thing of the plan of the Creator in this department of Nature.

570. So there can be otdy one natural system of Botany, if by the
term we mean the plan according to which the vegetable creation
was called into being, with all its grades and diversities among the
species, as well of past as of the present time. But there may be
numy natural systems, if we mean the attempts of men to interpret
and express the plan of the vegetable creation, — systems which will
vary with our advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and
skill of different botanists, — and which must all be very imperfect.
They will all bear the impress of individual minds, and be shaped
by the current philosophy of the age. But the endeavor always is
to make til ' classification a reflection of Nature, as far as any system
can l)e which has to be expressed in a series of definite propositions,
and have its divisions and subdivisions following eacii other in some
single fixed order.*

* Tlic best classification inn-t f.iil tn jrivo moir flian an imir^rfi-ct and ron-
si(kM-aI)Iy distorted refloction. nnt merely of tlic plan of ereation, liut even of our
knowledge of it. It is often oliii;,'ed to make arbitrary divisions \v1k'r> Nature
shows only transitions, and to consider frenera, &e. as etjual units, or irniups of
C(juallj related sperics, wLile in faet tlicy may be very unequal, — to assume, ou

196 BOTANICAL SYSTEMS. [LESSON 33.

571. The Natural System, as we receive it, and as to that portion
of it which is represented in the botany of our country, is hiid before
the student in the Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States.
The orders, however, still require to be grouped, according to their
natural relationships, into a considerable number of great groups
(or alliances) ; but this caimot yet be done throughout in any easy
way. So we have merely arranged them somewhat after a custom-
ary order, and have given, in the Artificial Key, a contrivance for
enabling the student easily to find the natural order of any plant.
This is a sort of

572. Artificial Classification. The object of an artificial classifica-
tion is merely to furnish a convenient method of finding out the name
and place of a plant. It makes no attempt at arranging plants ac-
cording to their relationships, but serves as a kind of dictionary. It
distributes plants according to some one peculiarity or set of pecu-
liarities (just as a dictionary distributes words ac(!ording to their
first letters), disregarding all other considerations.

573. At present we need an artificial classification in Botany
only as a Key to the Natural Orders, — as an aid in referring an
unknown plant to its proper family ; and for this it is very needful to
the student. Formerly, when the orders themselves were not clearly
made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the student
down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue.
First, that of Tournefort, founded mainly on the leaves of the fiower,
the calyx and corolla : this was the prevalent system throughout the
first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by.
It was succeeded by the well-known artificial system of Linna?us,
which has been used until lately ; and which it is still worth while
to give some account of.

574. The Artificial System of Linna;us was founded on the stamens

and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable
number of orders, which were to take the place temporarily of the
natural classes and orders ; the genera being the same under all
classifications.

paper at least, a strictly definite limitation of p:enera, of tribes, and of orders,
althou^^h observation shows so much blending here and there of natural groups,
sufficiently distinct on the wliole, as to warrant us in assuming the likeliliood
that the Creator's plan is one of gradation, not nf ile finite limitution,e\en perhaps
-o the species themsolves.

LESSON o."^).] AUTIKICIAL SYSTICM OK I,I\\.r.IS.

197

57."). Tlu; twenty-four rkisses of Linnaeus wito loiindii] upon
somtahinfij about the stamens. The following is an analysis of
tlieni. The first great division is into two great series, the Phec-
7Wffainoiis iwul the Cnfptogamous,\\\(i same as in the Natural System,
The first of these is divided into those fiowers whieh have the sta-
mens in the same flower with the pistils, and those which liave not ;
and these again are subdivided, iis is sliowii in the Ibilowing tabular
view.

Scries I. ni.EXOnA^riA ; plants M-it.h stamens iiul pirtils, i. c. witli real
flowers.
1, Stamens in (lie same flower as tlie pistils ;
* Not united witl> tlieni,
4- Nor with one another.

*♦ Of equal lenf^tli if cither G or 4 in nnmher.

One to each flower,

Class 1.

MoNANRniA.

Two "

2.

DiANDKIA.

Three "

3.

TllIANUniA.

Four "

4.

Tetkandria.

Five "

5.

Pentandria.

Six "

6.

Hexanuria.

Seven "

7.

IIeptaxdria.

Ei-ht "

8.

Octandria.

Nine "

9.

Enneandria.

Ten "

10.

Decandria.

Eleven to nineteen to each flower,

11.

DODECANDRIA.

Twenty or more inserted on

the caly>

L,

12.

Icosandria.

" " " on

the reccji

itacle,

, 13.

rOLVANDRIA.

++ ++ Of unequal lenirth and either 4 or 6

Four, 2 lonj; and 2 shorter.

14.

DinVNAMIA.

Six, 4 long and 2 shorter,

15.

Tetradvxamia

H- ■*- United with each other.

By their filaments,

Into one set or tuhc,

16.

MONADET.IMIIA.

Into two sets,

17.

DlADELPHIA.

Into three or more sets,

18.

POLYADELPIIIA

By their anthers into a ring.

10.

SVXGENESIA.

♦ * United with the jjistil.

20.

GVXANDRIA.

!. Stamens and pistils in se])arate flowers.

Of the same individuaU,

21.

MoNfTCIA.

Of different individuals,

22.

Dkecia.

Some flowers perfect, others staminatc

or

pistillate cither in the same or

■ in different

individuals,

23.

PoLYGAMIA.

Series II. CRYPTO(;.\MIA. No

stamens

and

pistils, therefore no i)roper flowers,

24.

Crvi'togamia.

17

198

ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM OF LINN^US. [lESSON 33.

576. The names of these classes are all compounded of Greek
words. The first eleven consist of the Greek numerals, in succes-
sion, from 1 to 11, combined with andria, which here denotes sta-
mens ; — e. g. Monandria, with one stamen ; and so on. The 11th
has the numeral for twelve stamens, although it includes all which
have from eleven to nineteen stamens, numbers which rarely occur.
The 12th means " with tvrenty stamens," but takes in any higher
number, although only when the stamens are borne on the calyx.
The 13th means " with many stamens," but it takes only those
with the stamens borne on the receptacle. The 14th means "two
gtamens powerful," the shorter pair being supposed to be weaker ;
the loth, "four powerful," for the same reason. The names of the
next three classes are compounded of adelphia, brotlierhood, and
the Greek words for one, two, and many (^Monadelphia, Diadelphia,
and Pohjadelphid) . The 19th means "united in one household."
The 20th is compounded of the words for stamens and pistils united.
The 21st and 22d are composed of the word meaning house and the
numerals one, or single, and two : Moncecia, in one house, Dioecia,
in two houses. The 23d is fancifully formed of the words meaning
plurality and marriage, from which the English word polygamy is
derived. The 24th is from two words meaning concealed nuptials,
and is opposed to all the rest, which are called Phcenogamous, be-
cause their stamens and pistils, or parts of fructification, are evident.

577. Having established the classes of his system on the stamens,
Linnieus proceeded to divide them into orders by marks taken from
the pistils, for those of the first thirteen classes. These orders de-
pend on the number of the pistils, or rather on the number of styles,
or of stigmas when thei-e are no styles, and they are named, like the
classes, by Gre<-k numerals, prefixed to gynia, which means pistil.
Thus, flowers of these thirteen classes with

One style or sessile stiiTma belong to Order 1.

Two styles or sessile stigmas, to

Three "

Four " "

Five

Six " "

Seven " "

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven or twelve "

More than twelve "

- 1.

MONOGYNIA.

2.

DiGYXIA.

3.

Tkigynia.

4.

Tetragynia.

5.

Pentagynia.

6.

Hexagynia.

7.

Heptagynia.

8.

OCTOGYNIA.

9.

Evneagynia.

10.

Decagynia.

11.

Dodecagynia.

13.

POLYGYNIA.

LESSON 31. ] HOW TO COLLECT SI'FXIMENS. 199

578. The orders of the romainin{» classes are founded on various
consi(h!rations, some on the nature of tlie fruit, others on the number
and j)osition of the stamens. But there is no need to enumerate
them here, nor farther to illustrate the Liiina3an Artificial Classifi-
cation. For as a system it has gone entirely out of use ; and a.s a
Key to the Natural Orders it is not so convenient, nor by any meana
so certain, as a proper Artificial Key, prepared for the purpose, such
OS we have been using in the preceding Lessons.

LESSON XXXIV.

now TO COLLECT SPECIMENS AND MAKE AN HERBARIUM.

579. For Collecling Specimens the needful things are a large knife,
strong enough to be used lor digging up bulbs, small root.stocks,
and the like, as well as for cutting woody branches ; and a botanical
box, or a portfolio, for holding specimens which are to be carried to
any distance.

580. It is well to have both. The botanical box is most useful
for holding specimens which are to be examined fresh. It is made
of tin, in shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes
like an English sandwich-case ; the lid opening for nearly the
whole length of one side of the box. Any portable tin box of con-
venient size, and capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches
long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut close, so that
the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches and
most flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly
moistened.

581. The portfolio should be a pretty strong one. from a foot to
twenty inches long, and from nine to eleven inches wide, and fasten-
ing with tape, or (which is better) by a leathern strap and buckle at
the side. It should contain a quantity of sheets of thin and smooth,
unsized paper; the poorest printing-paper and grocers' tea-paper
are very good for the purpose. The specimens a^^ soon as gathered
are to be separately laid in a folded sheet, and kept under moderate
pressure in the close<l portfolio.

200 HOW TO PRESERVE SPECIMENS, [lESSON 34.

582. Botanical specimens should be either in flower or in fruit.
In the case of herbs, the same specimen will often exhibit the two ;
and both should by all means be secured whenever it is possible.
Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all,
should be taken for a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suf-
fice, with some of the leaves from near the root.- Enough of the
root or subterranean part of the plant should be collected to show
whether the plant is an annual, biennial, or perennial. Thick roots,
bulbs, tubers, or branches of specimens intended to be preserved,
should be thinned with a knife, or cut into slices lengthwise.

583. For drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized paper
— the more bibulous the better — is wanted; and some convenient
means of applying pressure. All that is requisite to make good dried
botanical specimens h, to dry them as rapidly as possible between
many thicknesses of paper to absorb their moisture, under as much
pressure as can be given without crushing the more delicate parts.
This pressure may be given by a botanical press, of which various
forms have been contrived ; or by weights placed upon a board, —
from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the quantity
of specimens drying at the time. For use while travelling, a good
portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides,
holding the drying paper, and the pressure may be applied by a
cord, or, much better, by strong straps Avith buckles.

584. For drying paper, the softer and smoother sorts of cheap
wrapping-paper answer very well. This paper may be made up
into driers, each of a dozen sheets or less, according to the thickness,
lightly stitched together. Specimens to be dried should be put into
the press as soon as possible after gathering. If collected in a port-
folio, the more delicate plants should not be disturbed, but the sheets
that hold them should one by one be transferred from the portfolio
to the press. Specimens brought home in the botanical box must
be laid in a folded sheet of the same thin, smooth, and soft paper
used in the portfolio ; and these sheets are to hold the plants until
they are dry. They are to be at once laid in between the driers,
and the whole put under pressure. Every day (or at first even
twice a day would be Avell) the specimens, left undisturbed in their
sheets, are to be shifted into well-dried fresh driers, and the pressure
renewed. Avhile the moist sheets are spread out to drj', that they may
take their turn again at the next shifting. This course must be
continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch, —

LESSON 34.] AND FOIOI AN IIKRBAIUUM. 201

wliich for most plants requires about a week ; tlion tlify may bo
-traiisrerred to the sheets of pa[)er in which they arc tu be iJicscrvcd.
If a great abundance of drying-paper is used, it is not necessary
to change the siii>ets every day, after the first day or two.

o>S5. Ilcrbarilllll. Tiie botanist's collection of dried specimens,
ticketed witli their names, place, and time of collection, and sys-
tematically arranged under their genera, orders, &;c., forms a J/or-
tiis Siccus or Herbarium. It comprises not only the specimens
which the proprietor has himself collected, but those which he ac-
quires through friendly exchanges with distant botanists, or in other
ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets
of neat, and rather thick, white paper ; or they may be fastened on
half-sheets of such paper, either by slips of gummed pa[)er, or by
glue applied to the specimens themselves. Each sheet shoidd be
api)ropriated to one si)ecies ; two or more different plants should
never be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific
name of the plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner,
either written on the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down at that corner;
and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the flowers, and
any other information which the specimens themselves do not afford,
should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets
of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. Tlie
herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about
eleven inches long and seven wide. But tiiis is too small for an
herbarium of any magnitude. Sixteen and a half inches by ten
and a half, or eleven and a half inches, is an approved size.

58G. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be
placed in genus-covers, made of a full sheet of thick, colored paper
(such as the strongest Manilla-hemp paper), which fold to the same
dimensions as the species-sheet ; and the name of the genus is to be
written on one of the lower corners. Tliese are to be arranged
under the orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed
cases or cabinets, either laid flat in compartments, like large "pigeon-
holes," or else i)laced in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes,
and having the names of thy orders lettered on the back.

S&F— 10

i

i

GLOSSARY

DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IN DESCRIB-
INO PLANTS,

COMBINED WITH AN INDEX.

A, at the bcginnin;^ of words of Greek derivation, commonly signifies a negatire,
or the absence of somethuig ; as apetalous, without petals ; aphyllous, leaf-
less, &c. If the word begins with a vowel, the prefix is an ; as awanther-
ous, destitute of anther.

Ahnonniil: contrary to the usuiil or the natural structure.

Ahorkjinal: original in the strictest sense; same as iiuligenous.

Abortive: imperfectly formed, or rudimentary, as one of the stamens in fig. 195
and three of them in fig. 19G, p. 95.

Abortion: the imperfect formation, or non-formation, of some part.

AbriijU: suddenly terminating; as, for instaiu'C,

Ahruptlii pinnule: pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end; fig. 128, p. 65.

Acanlescent {(icaulis) : apparently stemless ; the projier stem, bearing the leaves
and Howers, being very short or subterranean, as in Bloodroot, and most
Violets; p. 3G.

Acce'ssori/: something additional ; as Acccsson/ buds, p. 26.

Accrescent: growing larger after floWering, as the calyx of Physalis.

Acciiinbmt : lying against a thing. The cotyledoi\s arc aceumbent when they
lie with their edges against the radicle.

Acprosc: needle-shaped, as the leaves of Pines ; fig. 140, p. 72.

Acetnhnliform : saucer-shaped.

Acheniiim (plural achenia) : a one-seeded, seed-like fruit; (ig. 28G, p. 129

Achlami/droun (flower) : without floral envelopes; as Li/.ard's-tail, p. 90. fig. 18U.

Acicular: needle-shaped ; more slender than acerose.

Acinmiform : scymitar-shaped, like some bean-pods.

Acines: the separate grains of a fruit, such as the raspberry; ilg. 289.

Acorn: the nut of the Oak : fig. 299, p. 130.

Acoli/lciloiions .- destitute of cotyledons or seed-leaves.

Acrdr/cnoiis : growing from the apex, as the stems of Ferns nnd ^fo«;os.

Acro(/enx, or Acroycnous Plunts: the higher Cryptoganious plants, such a*
Ferns, &c., p. 172.

204 GLOSSARY.

Aculeate: armed with prickles, i. e. aculci ; as the Rose and Brier.

Aciileolute : armed with small prickles, or sliglitly prickly.

Acuminate: taper-pointed, as the leaf in fig. 97 and fig. 103.

Acute: merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a right angle.

Adelphous (stamens) : joined in a fraternity (addplda) : see monadelphous and
diadelphous.

Adherent: sticking to, or, more commonly, growing fast to another body ; p. 104.

Adnate: growing fas.t to ; it means bo'.n adherent. Tlie anther is adnate when
fixed by its whole length to the filament or its prolongation, as in Tulip-
tree, fig. 233.

AJpressed, or oppressed: brought into contact, but not united.

Adscendmt, ascendent, or ascendinrj : rising gradually upwards.

Adsimjent, or assurgent : same as ascending.

Adventitious : out of the proper or usual place; e. g. Adcentitious buds, p. 2G, 27.

Adventive: applied to foreign plants accidentally or sparingly spontaneous in a
country, but hardly to be called naturalized.

Equilateral : equal-sided ; opposed to oblique.

Estivation : the arrangement of parts in a flower-bud, p. 108.

Air-cells or Air-passages : spaces in the tissue of leaves and some stems, p. 143.

Air-Plants, p. 34.

Akenium, or akene. See achenium.

Ala (plural ate) : a wing; the sidivpetals of a papilionaceous corolla, p. 105,
fig. 218, w.

Alahdstrum : a flower-bud.

Alar: situated in the forks of a stem.

Alaie : winged, as the seeds of Trumpet-Creeper (fig. 316) the fruit of the Maple,
Elm (fig. 301), &c.

Albescent : whitish, or turning white.

Absorption, p. 168.

Albumen of the seed : nourishing matter stored up with the embryo, but not
within it; p. 1.5, 136.

Albumen, a vegetable product; a form of proteine, p. 165.

Albuminous (seeds) : furnished with albumen; as the seeds of Indian corn (fig. 38,
39), of Buckwheat (fig 326), &c.

Alburnum: young wood, sap-wood, p 153.

Alpine : belonging to high mountains above the limit of forests.

Alle'rnate (leaves): one after another, p. 24, 71. Petals are alternate ivith the
sepals, or stamens with the petals, when they stand over the intervals be-
tween them, p. 93.

Alveolate: honeycomb-like, as the receptacle of the Cotton-Thistle.

Anient: a catkin, p. 81. Amentaceous: catkin-like, or catkin-bearing.

Amorphous: shapeless; without any definite form.

Amphigdstrium (plural amphigastria) : a peculiar stipule-like leaf of ccrtair
Liverworts

Amphifr-npous or Am tih it ropal ovules or seeds, p. 123, fig. 272.

Ample'cfant: embracinnf. Amplexicaul (leaves) : clasping the stem by the base.

Amp'illdceoHs : swpllinsr nut like a bottle or bladder.

Amylaceous : composed of starch, or starch-like.

GLOSSAUY. 20i>

Andnl/terous : without anthers. Andnlhons : destitute of flowers ; flowerlcss.

Aiidstoniosinij : foriuin;; a iiet-woriv (anuslomosis), as tlie veins of leaves.

Aiidlmjioiis or Aiidtivjial ovules or seeds ; p. 12.3, (i;;. 273.

Anci/tiud (aiicfjis) : two-edj^ed, as tlie stem of Blne-t-yed Grass.

Aiuliucliiin : a name for the stamens taken tofjetlier

Aiulniifi/iiotis : having botli staminato and pistillate flowers in the same chistcf

or iiilloreseenec, as many speeies of Carex.
Androp/iore: a eolumu of united stamens, as in a Mallow ; or the support on

whieli stamens are raised.
Aii/rdctiiose : bent hither and thither, as tlie anthers of the Sciiia>li, See.
Aiu/iosperma-, Angiospe'rmous Plants: with their seeds formed in an ovary or peri-

earp, p. 183.
Amjular direiyence of leaves, p. 72.
Aninnd (])lant) : flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and

then dying, p 21.
Aninditr: in the form of a ring, or forming a circle.
Aumdate : marked hy rings ; or furnished with an
Anmdus, or ring, like that of the spore-ease of most Ferns (Manual Bot. N.

States, plate 9, fig. 2) ■ in Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the

mouth of the spore-case and the lid, in many speeies.
AnlL-rior, in tiie blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external : — while the

j)osterior side is that next the axis of inflorcseenee. Thus, in the Pea, &e.

the keel is anterior, and the standard poxlerior.
Anther: the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen ; p. 86, 113.
Ant/ieruliuin (plural antheridia) : the organ in Mosses, &c. which answers to

the anther of Flowering plants.
Antherifivous : anther-bearing.

Anlhe'sis : the period or the act of the expansion of a flower
Ant/iocdrpous (fruits) : same as multiple fruits ; p. 133.
Anticous: same as anterior.
Antrdrse: directed upwards or forwards.
Ape'talons: destitute of jjetals ; p. 90, fig. 179.
Ap/iff/loiis : destitute of leaves, at least of foliage.
Apical : belonging to the apex or point.
Apictdate: pointletted ; tij)ped with a short and abrupt point.
Apocdr/ious (pistils) : when the several pistils of the same flower are separate,

as in a Buttercup, Sedum (fig. 168), &c.
AixSplti/sis : any irregidar swelling; the enlargement at the base of the sporc-

casc of the Umbrella-Moss (Manual, plate 4), &c.
Ap/iendin/e • any superadded part
Apprndtiulatp : provided witii appendages.
Ajipressed: where branches are close pressed to tho stem, or leaves to tlio

branch, &c.
Apterous : wingless.
Aquatic: living or growing in water: applied to ])lants whether growing uiulcr

water, or witii all but the base raised out of it.
Ardchnoid: cobwebl)y ; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres.
Aii)drcou$, Arborescent : tix'e-like, in size or form ; p. 36.
18

206 GLOtJSAUV.

Ardipgdninm (])liiral archctjonia) : the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous
10 the pistil of Flowering Plants. -

Arcuate: hent or curved like a bow.

Are'olate: marked out into little spaces or areoke.

Aril/ate (seeds) • furnished with an

A)-il or Arillus : a fleshy growth forming a false coat or appendage to a seed;
p. 135, fig. 318.

Aristate: awned. i. e. furnished with an arista, like tlie beard of Barley, &c.

Aristulate: diminutive of the last; short-awned.

A rrow-s/iaped or A irow-headed: same as sagittate; p. 59, fig. 95.

Articulated: jointed ; furnished with joints or articulations, where it separates oi
inclines to do so. Articulated leaves, p. G4.

Artificial Classification, p. 196.

Ascending (stems, &c.), p. 37 , (seeds or ovules), p. 122.

Aspergilliform : shaped like the brush used to sprinkle holy water; as the stigma»
of many Grasses.

Assimilation, p. 162.

Assurgent: same as ascending, p. 37.

Atropous or Atropal (ovules) : same as orthotropous.

Anriculate: furnished with auricles or ear-like appendages, p. 59.

Awl-shaped: sharp-pointed from a broader base, p. 68.

Awn: the bristle or beard of Barley, Oats, &c. ; or any similar bristle-like ap-
pendage.

Awned: furnished with an awn or long bristle-sliaped tip.

Axil: the angle on the upper side between a leaf and the stem, p. 20.

Axile: belonging to the axis, or occupying the axis ; p. 119, &c.

Axillary (buds, &c.) : occurring in an axil, p 21, 77, &c.

Axis : the central line of any body ; the organ round which others are attached ;
the root and stem. Ascending Axis, p. 9. Descending Axis^ p. 9.

Baccate: berry-like, of a pulpy nature like a berry (in Latin hacca) ; p. 127.

Barbate : bearded ; bearing tufts, spots, or lines of hairs.

Barbed : furnished with a barb or double hook ; as the apex of the bristle on the
fruit of Echinospermum (Stickseed), &c.

Barbel/ate: said of the bristles of the pappus of some Compositai (species of
Liatris, &c ), when beset with short, stiff hairs, longer than when denticulate,
but shorter than when plumose.

Barbdlulate : diminutive of barbcllate.

Bark: the covering of a stem outside of the wood, p. 150, 152.

Basal : belonging or attaclied to tlie

Base: that extremity of any organ by which it is attaclied to its support.

Bast, Bastfibres, p. 147.

Beaked: ending in a prolonged narrow tip.

Bearded : see barbate. Beard is sometimes used pojiularly for awn, more com-
monly for long or stiff hairs of any sort.

Bell-shaped : of the"^shape of a bell, as the corolla of Harebell, fig. 207, p. 102.

Beirj/ : a fruit pulpy or juicy throughout, as a grape; p. 127.

Bi- (or Bis), in compound words : twice; as

GLOSSARY. 207

Biartfoitlate : twice jointed, or two-jointed ; scpnniting into two pieces.

Biattriculate : iiaviiig two cars, as tiie leaf in H^. 96.

Bicutlose: liaviuj:; two callosities or harder spots.

Dicdiinctle : two-kccled, as tlie upper palea of Grasses.

Dicii>ital (Biceps) : two-headed ; dividing into two parts at the top or bottom.

Bicdiijmjiite : twice paired, as when a petiole forks twice.

Bide'nlate: having two teeth (not twice or doubly dentate).

Biennial: of two years' continuance; springing from the seed one season,

flowering and dying the next ; p. 21.
Bifuiioiis : two-ranked ; arranged in two rows.

Bifid: two-clefl to about the middle, as the petals of Mouse-ear Chickwced.
Bljolidate: a compound leaf of two leaflets; p. 66.
Bifurcate: twice forked ; or, more commonly, forked into two branches.
Bijngate: bearing two pairs (of leaflets, &c.).
Bilabiate: two-lipped, as the corolla of sage. &c , p. 105, fig. 209.
Bildinellate : of two plates {lamella), as the stigma of JMinmlus.
Biliiljed : the same as two-lobed.
Bildcular : two-celled; as most anthers, the pod of Fo.xglcvc, most Saxifrages

(fig. 234), &c.
Binale : in couples, two together.
Bipartite: the Latin fonu of two-parted ; p. 62.
Bipinnate (leaf) : twice pinnate ; p. 66, fig. 130.
Bipinndtijid : twice pinnatifid, p. 64 ; that is, pinnatifid with the lobes again

pinnatifid.
Biplkute : twice folded together.

Bise'rial, or Biseriale : occupying two rows, one within the other.
Biserrate: doubly serrate, as wlien the teeth of a leaf, &c. are themselves serrate.
Bile'rnate: twice ternate ; i. e. principal divisions 3, each bcaiing 3 leaflets, &c.
Bladder!/: thin and inflated, like the calyx of Silcne inflata.
.B/(K/e of a leaf: its expanded jwrtion ; p 54.

Boat-shaped : concave within and keeled without, in shape like a small boat.
Brdchiate: with opposite branches at right angles to each other, as in tha

Maple and Lilac.
Bract (Latin, braclea). Bracts, in general, are the leaves of an inflorescence,

more or less dirt"erent fiom ordinary leaves. Specially, the bract is the

small leaf or scale from the axil of which a flower or its pedicel proceeds;

p. 78 ; and a
Bractltt {hracteola) is a bract seated on the pedicel or flower-stalk ; p. 78, fig. 156.
Branch, p. 20, 36.

Bristles : stiff", sharp hairs, or any very slender bodies of similar appearance.
Bristli/: beset with bristles.
BriLth-sluifycd : see aspeniilliform.

Bryoloijij : that part of Botany which relates to Mosses.
Bud: a branch in its earliest or undeveloped slate ; p. 20.
Bud-sctiles, p. 22, 50.

Bulb : a leaf-bud with fleshy scales, usnally subtciranean ; p. 45, fig. 73.
Bulbi/irous : bearing or producing bulbs.
Btilbose or bulboiv : bulb-like in shape, &.c.

208 GLOSSARY.

Bidblets: small bulbs, borne above ground, as on tiie stems of the bulb-bearing
Lily and on the fronds of Cistopteris bulbifera and some other Ferns; p. 46.
Bulb-scales, p. 50.
Bullate: appearing as if blistered or bladdery (from bulla, a bubble).

Caducous : dropping off very early, compared with other parts ; as the calyx in

the Poppy Family, falling when the flower opens.
Ccespitose, or Ce'spitose : growing in turf-like patches or tufts, like most sedges, &c.
Culcurate: furnished with a spur [calcur), as the flower of Larkspur, fig. 183,

and Violet, fig. 181.
Culce'olute or Cdlceiform : slipper-shaped, like one petal of the Lady's Slipper.
Cdl/ose : hardened ; or furnished with callosities or thickened spots.
Cdlycine : belonging to the calyx.
Calyculate : furnished with an outer accessory calyx [calyculus) or set of bracts

looking like a calyx, as in true Pinks.
Calyptra : the hood or veil of the capsule of a Moss : Manual, p. 607, t&c.
Calyptriform : shaped like a calyptra or candle-extinguisher.
Calyx: the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower ; p. 85.
Cambium and Cambium-layer, p. 154.
Cumpdnulatt: bell-shaped; p. 102, fig. 207.
Cumpyldti-opous, or Campyldtropal ; curved ovules and seeds of a particular sort ;

p. 123, fig. 271.
Canipylospe'rmous : applied to fruits of Umbellifcrre when the seed is curved in

at the edges, forming a groove down the inner face ; as in Sweet Cicely.
Catiaficulate : channelled, or witli a deep longitudinal groove.
Cdncillale: latticed, resembling lattice-work.
Canescent: grayish-white; hoary, usually because the surface is covered with

fine white hairs. Incanous is whiter still.
Capilldceons, Cdpillary : hair-like in shape ; as fine as hair or slender bristles.
Cdpitate : having a globular ape.x, like the head on a pin ; as the stigma of

Cherry, fig. 213; or forming a head, like tiie flower-cluster of Button-bush,

fig. 161.
Ca pit dilate: diminutive of capitate ; as the stigmas of fig. 255.
Capitulum (a little head) : a close rounded dense cluster or head of sessile

flowers; p. 80, fig. 161.
Capre'olate: bearing tendrils (from capreolus, a tendril).
Capsule: a pod; any dry dehiscent seed-vessel; p. 131, fig. 305, 306.
Cdpsular: relating to, or like a capsule.
Carina: a keel; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, wliich aro

combined to form a body shaped somewhat like the Ivcel (or rather the

prow) of a vessel; p. 105, fig. 218, k.
Cdrinate: keeled; furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side.
Caridpsis, or Carydpsis: the one-seeded fniit or grain of Grasses, &c., p. 351.
Cdnicous: flesh-colored ; pale red.
Cdrnose: fleshy in texture.
Carpel, or Carpidium : a simple pistil, or one of the parts or leaves of which a

compound pistil is composed ; p. 117.
Cdrpellary : pertaining to a carpel.

GLOSSARY. iQ9t

Carpolofji/: thnt department of Botany wliicli relates to fruits.

CdifK>/)/iorc : tlic stalk or support of a fruit or pistil within the flower; as in

fi-. 27G-278.
Citrli/u'/iiioiis, or C<irlil(ii;inious : firm ami ton^xli, like cartila;:c, in texture.
Cuntnclc: an cxereseenre at the sc-ar of some seeds ; as those of Tolvgala.
Ciiiiincultile : furnished with a eariuulc.

Gin/o/i/ii/lldrcoiia: pink-like : ap|)lie(l to a corolla of .'} long-clawed petals ; fig. 200.
Culkin : a scaly deciduous spike of llowers, an anient ; j). 81.
Cdudiite : tailed, or tail-pointed.

Candex: a sort of trunk, such as that of Palms ; an upright rootstock ; p. 37.
Caulescent: having an obvious stem ; p. 36.
Cinilicle: a little stem, or rudimentary stem; p. 6.
Caiiline: of or belonging to a stem {aiiilis, in Latin), p. 3G.
Cell (diminutive Cellule) : the cavity of an anther, ovary, &.C., p. 1 13, 119 ; one of

the elements or vesicles of which plants arc composed ; p. 140, 142.
Cellular <(ssi(e of plants ; p. 142. Cellular Bark, \^. 152.
Cellulose, p. 159.
Cenlrifuijul (inflorescence) : produced or cx|)!iii(liiig in succession from the centre

outwards; p. 82. The radicle is centrifugal, when it points away horn the

centre of the fruit.
Centripetal: the opposite of centrifugal ; p. 79, 83.
Cereal: belonging to corn, or corn-plants.
Ce'rnuous: nodding ; the summit more or less inclining.
Chuff: small membranous scales or bracts on the i-eeeptadc of Compositaj ; the

glumes, &c. of Grasses.
Chaffy: furnislied with chaff, or of the texture of cliaflf.
Clutldza : that ])art of the ovule where all the parts grow together; p. 122.
Channelled: hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate.
Cliaracter : a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c.

which distinguish it from all others ; p. 180.
Chartdceous : of the texture of paper or parcliment.
Chlorojihi/ll : the green grains in the cells of the leaf, and of other parts exposed

to the light, which give to herbage its green color; p. 155.
Chrdmule: coloring matter in plants, esj)e(ially when not green, or when liquid.
Cicatrix: the scar left by tlie fall of a leaf or other organ.
Ciliate: beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like

the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name
Cinereous, or Cinerdecous : ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes.
Circinnle: rolled inwards from the top, like a crosier, as the shoots of Ferns;

p. 76, fig. 154; the flower-clusters of lleliotrwpe, &c.
Circuuisrissile, or Circumcissile : divided by a circular line round the sides, as

the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c. ; p. 133, fig. 298, 311.
Circumscription : the general outline of a thing.
Cirrhf/erous, or Cirrhose: furnislied with a tendril (Latin, rlrrhus) ; ns the Grape.

vine. Cirrho<;e also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as tlic leaf-
stalks of Virgin 's-bowcr ; p. 37.
Clivis, p 175, 177.
Classijication, p 173.

18*

210 GLOSSARY.

Cldthrate : latticed ; same as cancellatc.

C/dccite : club-sliapcd ; sli-nder below and thickened upwards.

Ciaio: the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks ; p. 102, fig. 200.

CUmhing : rising by clinging to otlier objects; p. 37.

Club-shaped : sec clavate.

Chisti-red : leaves, flowers, &c. aggregated or collected into a bunch

C/i/pente : buckler-shaped.

Cocidunate : same as connate ; i. e. united.

Coale'scent : growing together.

CodrcUtte : contracted or brought close together.

Coated Bulbs, p. 46.

Cobwebby : same as arachnoid ; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer.

Coccus (plural cocci) : anciently a bei-ry ; now mostly used to denote the cai-pels

of a dry fruit which are separable from each other, as of Euphorbia.
Cochlediiform : spoon-shaped.
Cdchleate : coiled or shaped like a snail-shell.

Calospcrmous : ap]jlied to those fruits of Umbellifera; which have the seed hol-
lowed on the inner face, by the curving inwards of the top and bottom ; as in

Coriander.
Coherent, ill Botany, is usually the same as connate; p. 104.
Collect ire fruits, p. 133.

Colluni or Collar : the neck or line of junction between the stem and the root.
Columella : the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached,

as in Geranium (fig. 278), or which is left when a pod opens, as in Azalea

and Rliododcndron.
Column : the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into

one body, as in the Orchis fiimily, fig. 226.
Columnar : shaped like a column or pillar.

Coma : a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair) ; p. 135, fig. 317.
Cdmose: tufted ; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed ; fig. 317.
Cdmmissure : the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferas,

such as Parsnip, Cai-away, &c.
Common: used as "general," in contradistinction to '"partial "; e. g. "common

involucre," p. 81.
Cdmplanate : flattened.

Compound leaf. p. 64. Compound pistil, p. 118. Compound umbel, &c., p. 81.
Complete (flower), p. 89.
Complicate : folded upon itself.
Compressed : flattened on two opposite sides.
Condiiplicate : folded ujion itself length^vise, as are the leaves of IMagnolia in the

bud, p. 76.
Cone: the fruit of the Pine famil/ ; p. 133, fig. 314.
Cdnflnent : blended together ; or the same as coherent.
Conformed : similar to anotlier thing it is associated with or compared to; oi

closely fitted to it, as the skin to the kernel of a seed.
Confje'sted, Comjldmerate : crowded together.
Cdnjuijate : coupled ; in single pairs.
Connate : united or grown together from the first.

GLOSSARY. 211

Conn^rtifr, Cnnnrrtivum : tliP part of the anther eonnceting its two cells ; p. 113.

Connicent: eonver;xiii<j;, or l)r(>u;j:ht close to;j;etlier.

Consolidated forms of ve<;etation, p. 47.

Continuous : tiic reverse of interrupted or articulated.

Contorted: twisted together. Contorted (estivation : same as convolute ; p. 109.

Contortuplicale : twisted hack upon itself.

Contracted: cither naiTowcd or shortened.

Contrary: turned in an ojjpositc direction to another organ or part with which
it is compared.

Cdnvo/ute : rolled up Icnjrfliwise, as the leaves of the Plum in vernation ; p. 70,
fig. 151. In a;.stivafion, same as contorted; \). 109.

Cordate: heart-shaped ; ]). 5S, fig. 90, 99.

Coriaceous: rcsemhling leather in texture.

Corky: of the texture of cork. Corky layer of bark, p. 152.

Corm, Cormus : a solid hull), like that of Crociis ; p. 44, fig. 71, 72.

Ctirneous : of the consistence or appearance of horn, as the albumen of tho
seed of the Date, Coffee, &c.

Corniculate : furnished with a small horn or spur.

Cormile: horned ; hearing a horn-like projection or appendage.

Corolla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx ; p. 86.

Corolldceous, Coralline : like or belonging to a corolla.

Cordna : a coronet or crown ; an appendage at the top of the claw of some
petals, as Silenc and Soapwort, tig. 200, or of the tube of the corolla of
Hound's-Tongue, &c.
Cordnate : crowned ; furnished witli a crown.
Cortical: belonging to the bark {coiiex).

Cdrymh: a sort of tiat or convex flower-cluster ; p. 79, fig. 158.
Corymhdse : ap])roaching the form of a corymb, or branched in that way ;

asranged in corymbs.
Costa : a rib ; the midrib of a leaf, &c. Costate: ribbed.
Cotyle'dons : the first leaves of the embryo ; p. 6, 137.
Crate'rifonn : goblet-shaped ; broadly cup-shaped.

Creepimj (stems) : growing flat on or beneath the ground and rooting; p. 37.
Cremocarp : a half-fruit, or one of the two carpels of Umbellifera;.
Crenate, or Crenelied : the edge scalloped into rounded teeth ; p. 62, fig. 114.
Crested, or Cristate : bcai-ing any elevated appendage like a crest.
Criliroxe : pierced like a sieve with small apertures.
Crinite : bearded with long hairs, &c.
Crown : see corona.

Crowniny : borne on the apex of anything.

Cruciate, or Cruciform: cross-shaped, as the four spreading petals of the Mus-
tard (fig 187), and all the flowers of that family.
Crustaceous : hard, and brittle in texture ; crust-like.
Cryj>ldi/amous, or Cry/itoyamic : relating to Cn'ptogamia ; p. 172, 197.
Cuctillate: hooded, or hood-shaped, rolled uj) like a cornet of jiaper, or a hood

{cucutlus), as the spathe of Inilian Turnip, fig, 162.
Culm : a straw ; the stem of (Jrasses and Sedges.
Cuneate, Cuneiform : wedge-shai)ed ; |i. 58, fig. 94.

212 GLOSSARY.

Ci(p-sh(ipf>d: same as cyatliiform, or near it.

Cujiule : a little cup ; the cup to the acorn of the Oak, p. 130, fig. 299.

Cdpulute: provided with a cupulc.

Cuspidate : tipped with a sharp and stiff point.

Cut: same as incised, or applied generally to any .sharp and deep division.

Cuticle : the skin of plants, or more strictly Us c.xtenial pellicle.

Cydlhiform : in the shape of a cup, or particularly of a wine-glass.

Cycle: one complete turn of a spire, or a circle ; p. 73.

Cyclical, rolled up circularly, or coiled into a complete circle.

Cycldsis: the circulation in closed cells, p. 167.

Cylindmccous : approaching to the

Cylindrical form; as that of steins, &c., which are round, and gradually if at all

tapering.
Cymbtrform, ot Cymhiform : same as boat-sliapcd.
Cyme: a cluster of centrifugal inflorescence, p 82, fig. 165, 167.
Cymose : furnished with cymes, or like a cyme.

Deca- (in composition of words of Greek derivation) : ten ; as
Dccdfjynous : with 10 pistils or styles. Dccdndwus : with 10 stamens.
Deciduous: falling off, or subject to fall, said of leaves which fall in autumn,

and of a calyx and corolla which fall before tlie fruit forms.
Declined : turned to one side, or downwards, as the stamens of Azalea nudiflora.
Decompound : several times compounded or divided ; p 67, fig. 138.
Decumbent: reclined on the ground, the summit tending to rise; p. 37.
Decurrent (leaves) : prolonged on the stem beneath the insertion, as in Thistles.
Decussate: arranged in pairs Which successively cross each other; fig. 147.
Definite : when of a uniform number, and not above twelve or so.
Dejlexed: bent downwards.

Deflorate: past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen.
Dehiscence: the mode in which an anther or a pod regularly bursts or splits

open ; p. 132.
Dehiscent : opening by regular dehiscence.

Deliquescent : branching off so that the stem is lost in the branches, p. 25.
Deltoid: of a triangular shape, like the Greek capital A.
Demersed: growing below the surface of water.
Dendroid, Dendritic : tree-like in form or appearance.
Dentate: toothed (from the Latin dens, a tooth), p. 61, fig. 113.
Denticulate : furnished with denticulations, or very small teeth : diminutive of

the last.
Depauperate (impoverished or starved) : below the natural size.
Depressed: flattened, or as if pressed down from above ; flattened vertically.
Descending : tending gradually downwards.
Determinate Inflorescence, p. 81, 83.
Dextrorse : turned to the right hand.
Di- (in Greek compounds) : two, as

Dia'delphoHS (stamens) : united by their filaments in two sets; p. Ill, fig. 227.
Didndrous : having two stamens, p. 112.
Diagnosis . a short distinguishing character, or descriptive phrase.

OLOSSARTi ^18

Didphnrtous: transparent or trani?liircnt.

DicltlamyiUous (Howcr) : liaviiig both calyx and corolla.

Dichiitoinons : two-forkcil.

Diclinous : having tiie stamens in one flower, tlic pistils in anoihcr ; p. 89,

fij,'. 176, 177.
Dicdccoiis (fruit) : splittinjj into two cocri, or doscil carj)(ls.
Dlcoti/leUvnous (cmliryo) : iiavini; a jtair of cotyledons ; p. IG, 1.37.
Diroli/hdoiioiis Plants, p. 150, 182.
Di((i/iiwus : twin.
Dklynamous (stamens) ; liavinp four stamens in two pairs, one pair shorter than

the other, as in fig. 194, 195.
Diffuse: spreading widely and irregularly.
Diijilate (fingered) : where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the

apex of tiie petiole; p. G5, fig. 129.
Diiji/nous (flower) : having two pistils or styles, p. IIG.
Dimerous : made up of two parts, or its organs in twos.
Dimidiate: halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed, or a

stamen has only one lobe or cell ; (ig. 239.
Dimorphous : of two forms.
Diacious, or Diou-ous : where the stamens and pistils arc in separate flowers on

different plants ; p. 89.
Dipe'iiilous : of two petals. Diplnjllous: two-leaved. Dipterous: two-winged.
Disciform or Disk-shnjted : flat and circular, like a disk or cpioit.
Disk: the face of any flat body; the central j)art of a head of flowers, like the

Sunflower, or Coreopsis (fig. 224), as opposed to the ray or margin; a

fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower ; p. 125.
Dissected : cut deeply into many lobes or divisions.
Dissepiments : the partitions of an ovary or a fruit ; p. 119.
Distichous : two-ranked ; p. 7."3.
Distinct: uncombined with each other ; p. 102.
Divaricate: straddling; very widely divergent.
Divided (leaves, &c.) : cut into divisions extending about to the base or the mid

rib; p. G2, fig. 125.
Dodeca- (in Greek compounds) : twelve; as
DodecdippioHS : with twelve pistils or styles.
Dodecandrous : with twelve stamens.
Dolahrif^rm : axe-shn])cd.

i/orscd: pertaining to the b.ick (dorsum) of an organ.
Dorsal Snture, p. 117.
Dolttd Ducts, p. 148.

Double Flowers, so called : where the jx-tals are multiplied unduly; p. 85, 98.
Doivny : clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs.
Drupe: a stone-fruit ; p. 128, fig. 285.
Drupaceous: like or pertaining to a drui)e.
Ducts: the so-called vessels of plants ; p. 14G, 148.
Dumose: bu«hy, or relating to bushes.
Duramen: the heart-wood, p. 153.
Dwarf: i-cmarkal)ly low in stature.

214 GLOSSARY.

E-, or Ex-, at the beginning of compound words, means destitute of ; as ecostate,
without a rib or midrib ; exalbuininotts, without albumen, &c.

Eared: see auriculate; p. 59, fig. 96.

Ehrdcteate ; destitute of l)racts.

EcJiinate; armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). jE'c/iuiu/ate ; a diminutive of it.

Edentate : toothless.

Effete : past bearing, &c. ; said of anthers wliich have discharged their pollen.

Eglandulose : destitute of glands.

Eldters : threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts. (Manual, p. 682.)

Ellipsoidal : approaching an elliptical figure.

Elliptical : oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded ; p. 58, fig. 88.

Emdrginate : notched at the summit ; p. 60, fig. 108.

Embryo: the rudimentary undeveloped plantlet in a seed; p. 6, fig. 9, 12, 26,
31 -37, &c., and p. 136. Embn/o-sac, p. 139.

Emersed : raised out of water.

Endecdijynoiis : with eleven pistils or styles. Endccdndrous : with eleven stamens-

Endocarp : the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit ; p. 128.

Endochrome : the coloring m.atter of Alga; and the like.

End&jemus Stems, p. 1 50. Endogenous Plants, p. 1 50.

Endosmose : p. 1 68.

Endosperm : another name for the albumen of a seed.

Endostome : the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule.

Ennea- : nine. Ennedgynous : with nine petals or styles.

Ennedndrous : Avith nine stamens.

Ensifonn : sword-shaped ; as the leaves of Iris, fig. 134.

Entire: the margins not at all toothed, notched, or divided, but even ; p. 61.

Ephemeral : lasting for a day or less, as the corolla of Purslane, &c.

Epi-, in composition : upon ; as

Epicarp : the outermost layer of a fruit ; p. 128.

Epidermal: relating to the Epidermis, or the skin of a plant; p. 152, 155.

Epigaons : growing on the earth, or close to the ground.

Epigynous: upon the ovary ; p. 105, 111.

Epipe'talo'is: borne on the petals or the corolla.

Epiphyllous : borne on a leaf.

Epiphyte : a plant growing on another plant, but not nourished by it ; p. 34.

Epiphytic or Epiphytal : relating to Epiphytes; p. 34.

Epispenn : the skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat.

Equal: same as regular ; or of the same number or length, as the case may be,
of the body it is compared with.

Equally pinnate : same as abruptly pinnate ; p. 65.

Equitant (riding straddle) ; p. 68, fig. 133, 134.

Erose: eroded, as if gnawed.

Erdstrate: not beaked.

Essential Organs of the flower, p 85.

Est i rat ion : sec a'stiration .

Etiolated: blanclied by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery.

Em-green : holding the leaves over winter and until new ones appear, or longen

Exalbumimus (stied) : destitute of albumen ; p. 136.

r.LOSSAUY. 215

Eralrrrnt : ninningj out, as wlion a niidril) projects beyond tlic npex of a Ica^

or a trunk is continued to tlie very top of a tree.
Exhalation, p. 150, 1G9.

Er&jenous Stems, p. 150. Exopnions Plants, p. 182.
Exostome : the oriliec in the outer coat of the ovule ; p. 122.
Exphnuite : spread or flattened out.

Ersei-ted: protruding,' out of, as the stamens out of the corolla of fig. 201.
Exulipulate : destitute of stipules.
Extra-axillari/ : said of a l)raneli or bud a little out of the a.xil ; a,s the upper

accessory buds of the Butternut, p 27, fif^. 52.
Extrdrse: turned outwards; the anther is extiorsc when fastened to the filamcni

on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, as in Iris ; p. 113.

Falcate : scythe-shaped ; a flat body curved, its edges parallel.

Family: p. 176.

Farinaceous : mealy in texture. Farinose : covered with a mealy powder.

Fdsciate: banded ; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat.

Fascicle : a do.sc cluster ; p. 8.'5.

Fascicled, Fasciculated: growing in a binidle or tuft, as the leaves of Pino
and Larch (fig 139, 140), the roots of Tieony and Daiilia, fig. 60.

Fasliijiate : close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of t,ombardy Poplar.

Fanx (plural, /<iHcp.s) : the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c.

Fare'olate, Fdvose: honeycombed; same as a/iWa^e.

Fealhcr-vtined : where the veins of a leaf spring from along the sides of a mid-
rib ; p. 57, fig. 86 - 94.

Female (flowers) : with pistils and no stamens.

Fenestrate : pierced with one or more large holes, like windows.

Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous : resembling iron-inist ; red-grayish.

Fertile: fruit-bearing, or capai)le of producing fruit; also said of anthers when
they produce good pollen.

Fertilization : the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed.

Fibre, p. 145. Fihroiis : containing much fibre, or composed of fibres.

Fibrillose: formed of small lil)res.

Fibrine, p. 165.

Fiddle-shaped : obovate with a deep recess on each side.

Filament: the Stalk of a stamen; p. 86, fig. 170, a; also any slender thread-
shaped appendage.

Filamcnlose, or Filamentons : bearing or formed of slender threads.

Filiform : thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical.

Fimbriate: fringed; furnished with fringes (/fm^/wr).

Fislular or F'sIiiIds,-: hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion.

Flabdili/urm or Fbibcllale : fan-slKiped ; iiroiid, munded at the summit, and nar-
rowed at the base.

Fldijfllate, or FIdi/i'llifiirm { long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip-
or like the runners ( flai/ella) of the Sfrawbirry.

Flavescent : yellowish, or turning yellow.

Flf.tlii/ : com|)osed of firm pulp or flesh.

Fleshy Plants, p. 47.

1

216 GLOSSARY.

FldxAiose, or Fle'xmus: bending gently in opposite directions, in a zigzag way.

Flodtiiuj : swimming on the surface of water.

Fldccose : composed, or beai-ing tufts, of woolly or long and soft hairs.

Flora (the goddess of flowers): the plants of a country or district, taken

together, or a work systematically describing them ; p. 3.
Floral: relating to the blossom.

Floral Envelopes : the leaves of the flower ; p. 85, 99.
Floret: a diminutive flower; one of the flowers of a head (or of the so-called

compound flower) of Composita;, p. 106.
Flower : the whole organs of reproduction of Phajnogamous plants ; p. 84.
Flower-bud: an unopened flower.

Flowering Plants, p. 177. Flowc.rless Plants, p. 172, 177.
FoUdceous: belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium).
Fdliose : leafy ; aliounding in leaves.
Fdliolate: relating to or bearing leaflets (fullola).

Follicle: a simple pod, opening down tlic inner suture ; p. 131, fig. 302.
Follicular : resembling or belonging to a follicle.
Food of Plants, p. 160.

Foramen : a hole or orifice, as that of the ovule ; p. 122.
Fornix: little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey.
Fornicate: over-arched, or arching over.
Fdreate: deeply pitted. Fove'olate: diminutive of /oi-eate.
Free: not united with any other parts of a dift'erent sort ; p. 103.
Fringed : the margin beset with slender appendages, bristles, &c.
Frond : what answers to leaves in Ferns ; the stem and leaves fused into one

body, as in Duckweed and many Liverworts, &c.
Frondescence : the bursting into leaf.

Frdndose: frond-bearing ; like a frond : or sometimes used for leafy.
Fructification: the state of fruiting. Organs of, p. 76.
Fruit: the matured ovary and all it contains or is connected with ; p. 126.
Frute'scent: .somewhat shrubby ; becoming a shrub (frutex).
Fruticulose: like a small shrub. Fniticose: shrubby; p. 36.
Fugacious : soon falling off or perishing.
Fulvous : tawny ; dull yellow with gray.
Funiculus: the stalk of a seed or ovule; p. 122.
Funnel-form, or Funnel-shaped: expanding gradually upwards, like a funnel

or tunnel ; p. 102.
Furcate : forked.

Furfurdceous : covered with bran-like fine scurf.
Furrowed: marked by longitudinal channels or grooves.
Fuscous: deep gray-brown.
Fusifyrm : spindle-shaped ; p. 32.

Gdleate: shaped like a helmet (galea) ; as the upper sepal of the Monkshood,

fig. 185, and the upper lip of the corolla of Dcad-Nettle, fig. 209.
Gnnwpe'tnlous: of united petals ; same as nwnopetalois, and a better word ; p. 102.
Gamophyllons : formed of united leaves. Gamose'pahus : formed of united sepals.
Gelatine, p. 165.

. OLOSSARY. £17

Geminate: twin ; in pairs; as tlic flowers of Linnica.

Gemma : a luul.

Gemmation: tlie state fif luidilinf;, or flic arranfjrenifnt- of parts in the i)ud.

Gimmnle : a small luid ; tla- inids of Mosses ; the phiinule, p. 6.

Geniculate: bent alHuptly, like a knee (ijenu), as many stems.

Genus: a kind ; a rank above speeies ; p. 175, 176.

Generic Names, p. 178. Generic Character, p. 181.

Geajrap/iiral Botani/ : the study of plants in their <};cni.napliiral relations, p. 3.

Germ: a f:ro\vin<^ jjoint ; a yomii^; iuid; sometimes the same as emi)ryo ; p. 1.36.

Germen : tlie old name for ovary.

Germination : the develoi)ment of a plantlot from the seed ; p. 5, 137.

Giblnns: more tumid* at one plaee or on one side tiian the other.

Glnltrate: hccomini^ glabrous witli a<;e, or almost glabrous.

Glabrous: smooth, i. e. having no hairs, bristles, or other pubcscentv.

Ghuliate: sword-shajied ; as the leaves of Iris, (ig. 134.

Glands: small cellular organs which .secrete oily or aromatic or other products:
they are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly
Ash, &c ; sometimes on the surface as small projections ; sometimes raised
on hairs or bristles (glandular hairs, S,-c.), as in the Sweetbricr and Sua-
dew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they
. secrete anytiiing or not.

Glandular, Glaiidulose : furnished with glands, or gland-like.

Glans ( Gland) : the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits.

Glaucescenl: slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray.

Glaucous: covered with a bloom, viz. with a fine white powder that rubs off, like
that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf.

Glol>ose: spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular: nearly globose.

Glochidiale (hairs or bristles): barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double
hooked ]>oint.

Gldmerate : closely aggregated into a dense duster.

GIdmerule: a dense head-like cluster; p. 83.

Glossolotjij : the department of Botany in which technical terms arc explained.

Glumaccous : glume-like, or glumc-bcaring.

Glume: G'umes arc the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particulailj,
the outer husks or bracts of each sj)ikelet. (Manual, p. 535 )

Glnmelles: the inher husks, or pale.-c, of Grasses.

Gluten: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 105.

Granular: composed cff grains. Granule: a small grain.

(howth, p 138.

Grumous or Grumosr : formed of coarse clustered grains.

Gittlale: spotted, as if by drops of something colored.

Gi/mnordr/>ons : naked-fruited.

Gifmnosjx'rmnus : naked-seeded; p. 121.

Gymnospennce, or Gi/mnospennous Plants, p. 194 ; Manual, p. xxiii.

Gi/nu'ndrnns : with stamens borne on, i. c. united with, the pistil ; ]>. Ill, fig. 226.

Gijuu;ctum : a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether.

Gi/nolxise : a particular recc|)tacle or support of the ])istils, or of the carpels of
a compound ovary, as in Geranium, fig. 277, 278.
19

2] 8 GLOSSARY. .

Gynophore: a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, as in the Cleome Family,

p. 276.
Gyrale : coiled in a circle : same as circinate.
Gyrose: strongly bent to and fro.

Hdh'it : the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth.

Iluhitat : the situation in which a plant grows in a wild state.

Hairs: hair-like projections or appendages of the surface of plants.

Hairy : beset with hairs, especially longish ones.

Halberd-shaped, or Halberd-headed : see hastate.

Halved: when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away.

Hamate or Hamose : hooked ; the end of a slender body bent round.

Hdmulose : bearing a small hook ; a diminutive of the last.

Hastate ov Hastlle : shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on

each side at the base ; p. 59, fig. 97.
Heart-shaped : of the shape of a heart as commonly painted ; p. .58, fig. 90.
Heart-wood: the older or matured wood of exogenous trees; p. 153.
Helicoid: coiled like a Ac-fe or snail-shell.

Helmet: the upper sepal of Monkshood in this shape, fig. 185, &c.
Hemi- (in compounds from the Greek) : half; e. g. Hemispherical, &c.
He'micarp: half-fruit, or one carpel of an Umbelliferous plant.
Hemilropous or Heniitropul (ovule or seed): nearly same us amphitropous, p. 123.
Hepta- (in words of Greek origin) : seven; as,
Heptdgynous : with seven pistils or styles.

Heptdmerous: its parts in sevens. Heptdndrous: having seven stamens.
Herb, p. 20.

Herbaceous: of the texture of common herbage ; not woody ; p. 36.
Herbarium: the botanist's arranged collection of dried plants; p. 201.
Hermaphrodite (flower) : having both stamens and pistils in the same blossom ;

same as perfect; p. 89.
Heterocdrpous : bearing fi'uit of two sorts or shapes, as in Amphicarprea.
Heterorjcttwits : bearing two or more sorts of flowers as to their stamens and

pistils ; as in Aster, Daisy, and Coreopsis.
Heteromdrphous : of two or more shapes.

He.terdtropous, or Heterdtropal (ovule) : the same as amphitropous ; p. 123.
Hexa- (in Greek compounds) : six; as

Hexd(jonal: six-angled. Hexdrjynous : with six pistils or styles.
Hexdmerous: its parts in sixes. Hexdndrous: with six stamens.
Hexdpterous : six-winged.
Hilar: belonging to the hilum.

Hilum : the scar of the seed ; its place of attachment ; p. 122, 135.
Hippocr^piform: horseshoe-shaped.
Hirsute : hairy with stiffish or beard-like hairs.

Hispid: bristly; beset with stiff hairs. Hispfdulous is a diminutive of it.
Hoary : grayish-white ; see canescent^ &c.

Homdfjamous : a head or cluster with flowers all of one kind, as in Eupatorium.
Hommjeneous : uniform in nature ; all of one kind.
Homomdilons (leaves, &c.) : originating all round a stem, but all bent or curred

round to one side.

GLOSS AKT. 219

TTomomrirpIioiix : nil of one shape.

lI<>in6lrojioits or I/oiiidtro/Hil (ciiiliryo) : cunTfl with the seed; ctin'ed one '.vay-

JIiMxl: sanio as A<//«(< or (/o/ra. Iltxxled: liood-sliaped ; see cucullate.

Jlookcd: same as liumatc.

Horn: a spur or some simihir appcndaj^e. Ilormj: of the texture of horn.

Jlortus Siccus: an liorbariiun, or collection of dried plants; p. 201.

Ilniiilfitse : spread over the surface of the ground.

Jli/dllne: transparent, or partly so.

Ilyhrid: a cross-breed between two allied species.

JIi/pocrutcnYonii : salver-shaped; p. 101, fig. 202, 208.

JIif/H>;/wtin: produced underground.

Jli/l'dji/nous : inserted under the pistil; p. 10.1, fig. 212.

Tcosdndrous : having 12 or more stamens inserted on the calyx.

Imbricate, Imhricaled, Imbricative: overlapping one another, like tiles or shingles
on a roof, as the scales of the involucre of Zinnia, &e., or the bud-scales of
Horsechcsnut (fig. 48) and Hickory (fig. 49). In aestivation, where some
leaves of tlic calyx or corolla arc overlapped on both sides by others ; p. 109.

Immarrjimite : destitute of a rim or border.

Lnmersid: growing wholly under water.

Imixiri -pinnate: pinnate with a single leaflet at the apex ; p. G.j, fig. 12G.

Jniper/'d Jloicers: wanting either stamens or pistils ; p. 89.

Imupiiluteral: unequal-sided, as the leaf of a Begonia.

Jucanous: hoary with white pubescence.

Incisrd : cut rather deeply and irregularly ; p. 62.

Inchtd&l: enclosed ; when the part in question docs not project beyond another.

Iiicomphtp Flower : wanting calyx or corolla ; p. 90.

Iiicrassati d: thickened.

Incumhint: leaning or resting upon: the cotyledons arc incumbent wlicn tho
back of one of them lies against the radicle ; the anthers are incumbent
when turned or looking inwards, p. 113.

Incurved: gradually curving inwards.

Indefinite: not uniform in number, or too numerous to mention (over 12).

Indijinite or Indiivnninale Injlorescence : p. 77.

Indehiscent : not splitting open ; i. c. not dehiscent ; p. 127.

Indi'/rnottx : native to the country.

IndiridmU: p. 173.

Indtiplicale : with the edges turned inwards; p. 100.

Indiisliini: the shield or covering of a fiuit-dot of a Feni. (Manual, p .^)88 )

Inferior: growing below some other organ ; p. 104, 121.

Injlatrd: turgid and bladdery.

Inflexcd: bent inwards.

Lijlorescince: the arrangement of flowers on the stem; p. 70.

Infra-<txillurij : situated beneath the axil.

In/iindiliuli/orm ov lo/nndtbiilar : funnel-shu))('d ; ]>. 102, fig. 100.

Innate (anther); attached by its base to the very apex i)f the filament; p. 113.

Liiioviitlon: an incomplete young shoot, cs))ccially in Mosses.

Inorjanic Constituents, p. IGO.

220 GLOSSARY,

Insertion : the place or the mode of attachment of an organ to its support ; p. 72.

Intercellular Passa(jes or Spaces, p. 143, fig. 341.

Iiitei-node : the part of a stem between two nodes ; p. 42.

Inteiruptedly pinnate: pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with larger ones,

as in Water Avens.
IntrafoUaccons (stipules, &c.) : placed between the leaf or petiole and the stem.
Introrse: turned or facing inwards, i. e. towards the axis of the flower; p. 113.
Inverse or Inverted: where the apex is in the direction op]30site to that of the

organ it is compared witli.
involucel : a partial or small involucre ; p. 81.
InvoJucellate: furnished with an involucel.
Involucrute : furnished with an involucre.

involucre : a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head ; p. 79.
involute, in vernation, p. 76 : rolled inwards from the edges.
Irregular Flowers, p. 91.

Jointed: separate or separable at one or more places into pieces ; p. 64, &c.

Keel: a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior

petals of a papilionaceous corolla; p. 10.5, fig. 217, 218, k.
Keeled: furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge.
Kernel of the ovule and seed, p. 122, 136.
Kidney-shaped: resembling the outline of a kidney; p. .59, fig. 100.

Lahcllum: the odd petal in the Orchis Family.

Labiate: same as bilabiate or two-lipped ; p. 105.

Laciniate: slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes (called lacinicc).

Lactescent : producing milky juice, as does the Milkweed, &c.

Ldcunose: full of holes or gaps.

Lcevifjcite: smooth as if polished.

Lamellar or Lamellate: consisting of flat plates (lamella;).

Lamina : a plate or blade : the blade of a leaf, &c., p 54.

Lanate : woolly ; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs.

Lanceolate : lance-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 86.

Lanuf/inous : cottony or woolly.

Latent buds : concealed or undeveloped buds ; p. 26, 27.

Lateral: belonging to the side.

Latex: the milky juice, &c. of plants.

Lax: loose in texture, or sparse; the opposite of crowded.

Leaf, p. 49. Leaf-buds, p. 20, 27.

Leaflet: one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf; p. 64.

Leaf-like: same ns foliaceous.

Leathery : of about the consistence of leather ; coriaceous.

Legume: a simple pod, dehiscent into two pieces, like that of the Pea, p. 131,

fig. 303 ; the fruit of the Pea Family [Leguminosce), of whatever shape.
Legumine, p. 1 65.

Leguminous: belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family.
Lenticular: lens-shaped; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides.

GLOSS ART. 221

T.e'pul(*f. : loprotiR ; cnvcrpd witli sciirfv scales.

/>(7«'/-; tlu; iiiiUT, lilimii-; Iwrk of Kx();,'cni)us jilants ; p. 152.

Liijw'oua, or Llijiinxr : wooily in tcxtuir.

Llijulate: furnished with a lii^^ile ; p. lOG.

Lujulv: the strap-sliaped eorolhi in many Composita;, p. 106, fi<r. 220; tho

little membranous append.ifjc at the summit of the Icaf-shcaths of most

Grasses.
Limb: the Itlade ot a leaf, petal, Sec. ; )). .'34, 102.
I.imnr: narrow and Hat, the margins parallel; p. 58, fig. 85.
Liniiite: marked with i)arallel lines. Limolate: marked with miimte lines.
Liiii/itlale, Liiii/nif'onn : tongne-shajjed.
Liji : the ])r4ncipal lobes of a bihihiatc corolla or calyx, p. 105; the odd and

peculiar petal in tho Orchis Family.
fjohe: any ])rojection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c.
Ijoce'llus (plural locdii) : a small cell, or compartment of a cell, of an ovary or

anther.
lAicnlar : relating to tiie cell or coni]iartinpnt (IockIii.i) of an ovary, &c.
Lociilici'chil (deiiiscence) : sj)litting down through the middle of tiic back of each

cell ; p 1.52, fig 305.
T^ocusta : a name for tlic spikelet of Grasses.

Ldmeiit: a pod which separates transversely into joints ; p. 131, fig. 304.
Lomentdaous : pertaining to or resembling a loment.
Ldiate: thong-shaped.

Luiinle: crcscent-sjiaped. Lnmihite: diminutive of /(/h«/c.

Lynite: lyre-sliapcd ; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the
end-lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in Winter-
Cress and Radish, fig. 59.

Mace: the aril of the Nutmeg; p. 135.

Mdcii/ate : spotted or blotched.

Male (flowers) : having stamens but no pistil.

Mdmmose: breast-shaped.

Marcescent: withering without falling ofi".

Man/innl: belonging to the edge or margin.

M(iri/i)utle : margined, with an edge different from tlie rest.

Masked : see personaic.

Median : belonging to the middle.

Medullarfi: belonging to, or of the nature of pith (mediilln) ; pithy.

MeflnUarij Riiifs: the silver-grain of wood; p. 151.

Mediillari/ Shealli: a set of ducts just aroun<l the pith ; p. 151.

Membranacinim or }fi'iii})iaiwHH: of tiie ftxture of membrane ; thin and more or

less translucent.
Menifcoid : cresccnt-shnped.

M^iiairp: one carpel of the fruit of an Umbelliferous plant.
Merismntic: sepanUins: into parts by the fonnatiun of partitions within.
Me'socarp: the middle part of a pericar]), when that is distinguishable into three

layers; p. 128.
Mesophlmum : the middle or green bark.
19*

222 GLOSSART,

Micropyle: the closed orifice of the seed ; p. 135.

Midrib: the middle or main rib of a leaf; p. 55.

Milk-Vessels : p. 148.

Miniate : vcrmilion-coloi-ed.

Mitriform : mitre-shaped ; in the form of a peaked cap.

Monadeljihous : stamens united by their filaments into one set; p. 111.

Mondndrous (flower) : kaving only one stamen; p. 112.

Monilifonn : necklace-shaped ; a cylindrical body contracted at intervals.

Monochlamydeous : having only one floral envelope, i. e. calyx but no corolla, as

Anemone, fig. 179, and Castor-oil Plant, fig. 178.
Monocotijle'donous (embryo) : wrth only one cotyledon; p. 16, 137.
Monocofi/ledonoits Plants, p. 150, 192.

Monrjecioiis, or Monoicous (flower) : having stamens or pistils only ; p. 90.
Moiid(ji/noHs (flower) : having only one pistil, or one style; p. 116.
Monope'lalom (flower) : with the corolla of one piece; p. 101.
Mono/ iliijl Ions: one-leaved, or of one piece ; p. 102.
Monose'/ia/oiis : a calyx of one piece; i. e. with the sepals united into one body;

p. 101.
Monospermous : one-seeded.

Monstrosity : an unnatural deviation from the usual stracture or form.
Morpholo(/y: the department of botany which treats of tiie forms which an organ

(say a leaf) may assume; p 28.
Mucronate: tipped with an abrupt short point (mucro) ; p. 60, fig. 111.
Mucrdnulate: tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last.
Multi-, in composition : many ; as

Multangidar : many-angled. Multicipital : many-headed, &c.
Multifarions : in many rows or ranks. Miiltifid: many-cleft; p. 62.
Multildcular : many-celled. Multise'rial: in many rows.
Multiple Fruits, p. 133.
Mdricate: beset with short and hard points.
Muriform : wall-like ; resembling courses of bricks in a wall.
Muscology : the part of descriptive botany which treats of Mosses (i. e. Musci).
Mdticous : pointless ; beardless ; unarmed.
Myceiium : the spawn of Fungi ; i. e. the filaments from which Mushrooms, &c.

originate.

Ndpiform: turnip-shaped; p. 31, fig. 57.

Natural System: p. 195.

Naturalized : introduced from a foreign country, but growing perfectly wild and

propagating freely by seed.
Navicular: boat-shaped, like the glumes'of mo.st Grasses.
Necklace-shaped : looking like a string of beads ; see moniliform.
Nectar : the honey. &c. secreted by glands, or by any part of the corolla.
Nectariferous : honey-bearing ; or having a nectary.
Nectary: the old name for petals and other parts of the flower when of unusual

shape, especially when hone3'-bearing. So the hollow spur-sliaped petals of

Columliine were called nectaries; also the curious long-clawed petals of

Monkshood, fig. 186, &c.

GLOSSAUY. 228

Needlr-ahaprd : lonp, sicndor, and ri^iil, like the loaves of Pinos ; p. GR, fljr- 140.
Nerrc: a name for tlie rilts or veins of leaves, when sinipU^ and panillel ; j). 56.
Nerred: furnished witli nerves, or sinipk" and ])arallel rihs or veins ; p. 5f), fij;. 84.
Keltnl-ninnl : furnislied witli brancliin;.; veins forming network; ]). .50, fi;;. 8.3.
Noihl'iiifj (hi Latin form, NiitanI) : bendiiij; so that the summit lian^^s downward.'
Node: a knot ; the "joints " of a stem, or the part whence a leaf or a pair of

leaves sjjrinfjs ; p. 40.
NiUhse: knotty or knobby. Nddnloxr : furnislied witli little knobs or knots.
Normal : aeeordlnj^ to rule ; the pattern or natural way accordiuf^ to some law.
Notalc: marked with spots or lines of a different color.
Nncamentatxoits : relatin<^ to or resembling a small nut.
Niiciform : nut-shaped or nut-like. Nucule : a small nut.
Nucleus: the kernel of an ovule (p. 122) or seed (|). 136) of a cell ; p. 140.
Nut : a hard, mostly one-seeded indehisccnt fruit ; as a chestnut, butternut,

acorn; p. 1.30, fig. 299.
Nutlet : a little nut ; or the stone of a drupe.

Oh- (meaning over against) : when prefixed to words, signifies inversion; as,

Obi-omprcssal : fiattencd the opposite of the usual way.

Olicdrdalc: heart-shaped with the broad and notched end at the apex instead of

the base; p. 60, fig. 109.
Ohldnceolatc: lance-shaped with the tapering point downwards ; p. 58, fig. 91.
Ohll(ju(' : applied to leaves, &c. means unequal-sided.
Obion;/: from two to four times as long as broad, and more or less elliptical

in outline ; p. 58, fig. 87.
Ohdriite: inversely ovate, the broad end upward ; p. 58, fig. 9.3.
Olituse: blunt, or round at the end ; p. GO, fig. 105.
Obverse: same as inverse.
Obcolute (in the bud) : when the margins of one leaf alternately overlap those of

the ojijiositc one.
Ochrcatc: fumished with ochreir (boots), or stipules in the form of sheaths; as

in Polygonum, p. 69, fig. 1.37.
Ochrulnirous : yellowish-white; dull cream-color.
Octo-, eight, enters into the composition of
Octwijinons : with eight pistils or styles.

Ov.ldmerous : its parts in eights. Ortdndrous : Avith eight stamens, &c.
Offset : short branches next the ground which take root ; p. 38.
Oite-ribhcd, One-nvrvid, &e. : furnished with only a single rib, &c., &c.
Ofxique, api)lied to a surface, means dull, not shining.

Ojie'rcuUite : furnished with a lid or cover (o/urculum), as the capsules of Mosses.
Opjiosile: said of leaves and branches when on opposite sides of the stem from

each other (i. c. in pairs) ; p. 23, 71. Stamens arc opposite the petals, &c.

when they stand before them.
OrUcnhir, Orbiculatf : circular in outline or nearly so; p. 58.
Onjnn: any member of the jibint, as a leaf, a stamen, &c. ; p. 1.
Ortjans of Viijilnllott, j). 7 ; of /!r/>rndiiri;on, p. 77.
Oiymtized, On/diilr: p. 1, 158, 159, 162.
Onjanic Constituents, p. 160. Organic Structure, p. 142.

224 GLOSSARY.

Orthdiropous or Oiihdtropal (o'iiilc or seed) : p. 122, 135, fig. 270, 274.
Osseous : of a bony texture.
Oral: broadly elliptical; p. 88.

Ocunj : tiiat part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds ; p. 86, 116.
Ocate : shaped like an egg with the broader end downwards, or, in plane sur-
faces, such as leaves, like the section of an egg lengthwise ; p. .58, fig. 89.
Oroid: ovate or oval in a solid form.
Ocule: the body which is destined to become a seed ; p. 86, 116, 122.

Pcdca (plural palece) : chaff; the inner husks of Grasses ; the chaff or bracts on
the receptacle of many Coniposita;, as Coreopsis, fig. 220, and Sunflower.

Paleaceous : furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture.

Palmate : when leaflets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the
petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers ; p. 167, fig. 129, &c.

Palmately (veined, lobed, &c.) : in a palmate manner; p. 57, 63, 65.

Panddriform : fiddle-shaped (which see).

Panicle : an open cluster ; like a raceme, but more or less compound ; p. 81,
fig. 163.

Panicled, Paniculate : arranged in panicles, or like a panicle.

Papery : of about the consistence of letter-paper.

Papdionaceoiis : butterfly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea
and the Locust-tree; p. 105, fig. 217.

Papilla {plural pa pdke) : little nipple-shaped protuberances.

Papillate, Papillose: covered with papilla;.

Pappus : thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, and
other Composita?, represents the calyx ; so the scales, teeth, chaff, as well
as bristles, or whatever takes the place of the calyx in this family, are called
the pappus; fig. 292-296, p. 130.

Parallel-veined, or nen-ed (leaves) : p. 55, 56.

Pardpliyses: jointed filaments mixed with the anthcridia of Mosses. (Manual,
p. 607.)

Parenchyma : soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves.

Parietal (placentie, &c.) : attached to the walls (parietes) of the ovaiy or pen-
carp ; p. 119, 120.

Parted: separated or cleft into parts almost to the base; p. 62.

Partial involucre, same as an inrolucel : partial petiole, a division of a main leaf-
stalk or the stalk of a leaflet : partial peduncle, a branch of a peduncle : par-
tial umlml, an umbellet, p. 81.

Patent: spreading; open. Patulous: moderately spreading.

Pauci; in composition : few ; as pauciflorous, few-flowered, &c.

Pear-shaped : solid obovate, the shape of a pear.

Pectinate : pinnatifid or pinnately divided into naiTow and close divisions, like
the teeth of a comb.

Pedate : like a bird's foot ; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions
again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c.

Pedately cleft, lobed, &c. : cut in a pedate way.

Pe'direl : the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster; p. 78, fig. 156.

Pe'dicellate, Pe'dicdled: fui-nished with a pedicel.

GLOSSARY. 225

Peduncle: a flower-stnlk, whether of a sinf,'Io flower or of a flower-cluster; p. 78.

Pc'iluiided, Pedtlnntltite. : furnished with u peduncle.

Ftltute: shield-shai)ed : siiid of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole '\%

attached to tlic lower side, somewhere within the mari^in ; p. 59, fi;,'. 102, 178.
Pendent: lianfrinf;. Poudnlous : somewhat han^in;: or droopin<j.
Pendilhtti' : tipped with a tuft of line hairs, like a painter's pencil ; as the sti<^-

mas of some Grasses.
Pettta- (in words of Grcek composition) : five ; as
Pentdijipious : with five pistils or styles ; p. UG.
Pentdimrous : with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five.
Pentdndioas : having five stamens ; p. 112. Pentdstichous : in five ranks.
Pepo: a fruit like the Melon and Cueumher; p. 128.
Perennial : lasting from year to year ; p. 21.
Perfict (flower) : having hoth stamens and pistils ; p. 89.
Perfdiidle: passing through the leaf, in appearance ; p. G7, fig. 131, 132.
Pe'ifurate: pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling hgles, as an

Orange-leaf.
P<frktnlh : the leaves of the flower generally, es)iccially when we cannot readily

distinguish them into calyx and corolla; p. S.'j.
Pericarp : the ripened ovary ; the walls of the fruit , p. 127.
Pcricdrpic : helonging to the pericarp,

Periclucth: the cluster of peculiar leaves at the base of the fruit-stalk of Jlosses.
PcrichceAial : helonging to the pcrichrcth.
Perifjdnitim, P<ri;/oiie : same a^ perianth.
Periijijidnm : bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shapod

body which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales,

&e. of the flowers of some other Cyperacea;.
Pert'r/i/nous : the petals and stamens borne on the calyx ; p. 104, 111.
Peripheric: around the outside, or peri])hery, of any organ.
Pe'risperm: a name for the albumen of a seed (p. l.'^fi).
Peristome: the fringe of teeth, &c. around the orifice of tlic capsule of Mosses.

(Manual, p. 607 )
Persistent : remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as the

leaves of evergreens, and the calyx, &e. of such flowds as remain during

the growth of the fruit.
Personate: maskcil ; a bilabiate corolla with a ])rojection, or ^jr'/i^/c ii' the tI:roat,

as of the Snapdragon ; p. lOG, fig. 210, 21 1.
Petal: a leaf of the corolla; p. 85.
Pi'tidoid : petal-like ; resembling or colored like petals.
Peliole: a footstalk of a leaf; a Icaf-sfalk, p. 54.
Pctioled, Petiolate: furnished with a ])etiole.

Petidlidate : said of a leaflet when nii.sed on its own partial leafstalk.
Pha-no'/anioiif^, or Phancr&iamous : plants hearing flowers and producing seeds:

same as Flowering Plants; p. 177, 182.
Phi/Uodium (plural phijUodia) : a leaf where the blade is a dilated jietiole, as in

New Holland Acacia.s ; p. C9.
Plii/ilotd.ris, or Phi/l/ola.ri/ : the arrangement of leaves on the stem ; p. 71.
PhysioiiMjical Botani/, Phi/aiolofji/, j). 3.
S&F— U

226 GLOSSARY.

Phyton : a name used to designate the pieces wliich by their repetition make up

a plant, theoretically, viz. a joint of stem with its leaf or pair of leaves.
Piliftrous: bearing a slender bristle or hair (pilitm), or beset with hairs.
Pilose: hairy ; clothed with soft slender hairs.

Pinna : a primary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf, as fig.
130, p. 66.

Pinnule : a secondary branch of the petiole of a bipinnate or tripinnate leaf ; p. 66.

Pinnate ( leaf ) : when the leaflets are arranged along the sides of a common pe-
tiole ; p. 65, fig. 126-128.

Pinnately lobed, clejl, parted, divided, &c., p. 63.

Pinndtijid: same as pinnately cleft; p. 63, fig. 119.

Pistil: the seed-bearing organ of the flower ; p. 86, 116.

Pistillidium : the body which in Mosses, Liverworts, &c. answers to the pistil.

Pitchers, p. 51, fig. 79, 80.

Pith: the cellular centre of an exogenous stem ; p. 150, 151.

Pitted : having small depressions or pits on the surfiice, as many seeds.

Placenta : the surface or part of the ovary to which the ovules are attached ;
p. 118.

Plaited (in the bud) ; p. 76, fig. 150 ; p. 110, fig. 225.

Plane: flat, outspread.

Plicate : same as plaited.

Plumose: feathery; when any slender body (such as a bristle of a pappus) is
beset with hairs along its sides, like the plumes or the beard on a feather.

Plumule : the little bud or first shoot of a germinating plantlet above the cotyle-.
dons ; p. 6, fig. 5 ; p. 137.

Pluri-, in composition : many or several ; as

Plurifoliolate: with several leaflets ; p. 66.

Pod: specially a legume, p. 131 ; also applied to any sort of capsule.

Pddosperm : the stalk of a seed.

Pointless: destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mucro, awn, acuminmtion, &c.

Pollen: the fertilizing powder of the anther; p. 86, 114.

Pollen-mass : applied to the pollen when the grains all cohere into a mass, as in
Milkweed and Orchis.

Poly- (in compound words of Greek origin) : same as multi- in those of Latin
origin, viz. many ; as

Polyadelphous : having the stamens united by their filaments into several bun-
dles ; p. 112.

Polydndrous : with numerous (more than 20) stamens (inserted on the recep-
tacle) ; p. 112.

Polycotyle'donous : having many (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines; p. 17,
137, fig. 45, 46.

Polygamous : having some perfect and some separated flowers, on the same or on
diff'erent individuals, as the Ked Maple.

Pohjijonal : many-angled.

Pohjgynous : with many pistils or styles; p. 116.

Polymerous : formed of many parts of each set.

Polymorphous : of several or varying forms.

Polype'talous : when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many ) ;
p. 103.

GLOSSAUY. 227

Polyphjllous : mnny-lcftvcd ; formed of several distinct pieces, as the calyx of

Seduin, n-;. 108, Flax, fi;;. 174, &e.
Poli/xejHilous : same as tlie last wiieii applied to the calyx ; p. 103.
Pol lispermous : many-scedt il.

Pome: the apple, ))ear, and similar lleshy fruits ; p. 128.
Porous: full of holes or pores.

Pouch : the siliele or short ])od, as of Shepherd's Purse ; p. 133.
Pnrjlordtton : same as a stiiation ; p. 108.
Pnv foliation: s&mo an, vernation ; p. 75.
Pnvimirse: endinjj abruptly, as if bitten off.

Prickles : sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose ; p. 39.
PricUl/ : bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them.
Primine: the outer coat of the covering of the ovule ; p. 124.
Priiiidrdial : earliest formed ; primordial leaves arc tiic first after the cotyledons.
Prismatic : prism-shajied ; having tiirce or more angles bounding flat or hollowed

sides.
Process : any projection from the surface or edge of a body.
Procumbent : trailing on the ground ; p. 37.
Produced : extended or projecting, as tiie upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced

above into a spur ; p. 91, fig. 183.
PnUfi-rous (literally, bearing offspring) • where a new branch rises from an

older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another, as in Filago

Germanica, &c.
Prostrate : lying flat on the ground.

Prdleiiie: a vegetable product containing nitrogen ; p. 165.
Protoplasm : the soft nitrogenous lining or contents of cells , p. 165.
Pruinose, Pruinate: frosted ; covered with a powder iike hoar-frost.
Puhe'rulent : covered with fine and short, almost imperceptible down.
Pube'scent: hairy or downy, especially with fine and soft hairs ov pubescence.
Pulve'rulent , or Pulveraccous : dusted ; covered with line powder, or what looks

like such.
Piilcinate : cushioned, or shaped like a cushion.
Punctate : dotted, eitiier with minute holes or what look as such (as tiic leaves of

St. John's-wort and the Orange), or with minute projecting dots.
Pungent : very hard, and sharp-pointed ; j)rickly-pointed.
Putumen: the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut ; p. 128.
Pyramidal : shaped like a pyramid.

Pi/rene, Pip-^na: a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe.
Pi/xis, Pyxulium : a jjod opening round horizontally by a lid ; p. 133, fig. 293, 311. '

Quadri; in words of Latin origin •. four ; as

Quadrdnrjular : four-angled Qmdrifoliate : four-leaved.

Qnddrijid: four-deft; p 62.

Quate'rnate in fours. Quinate : in fives.

Quinctinnial: in a quincunx ; when the parts in a-stivation arc five, two of them

outside, two inside, and one half out and half in, as showii in the calvx,

fig. 224.
Quintuple : five-fold.

228 GLOSSARY.

Race: a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed ; p. 174.
Raceme: a flower-cluster, witli one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of

a general peduncle ; p. 78, fig. 156.
Racemose : bearing racemes, or raceme-like.
Rachis : sec 7-hacIiis.
Radial: belonging to the ray.

Radiate, or Radiant: furnished with ray-flowers ; p. 107.
Radical: belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root.
Rddicant : rooting, taking root on or above the ground, like the stems of Trum-
pet-Creeper and Poison-Ivy.
Rddicels: little roots or rootlets.
Radicle : the stem-part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root ; p.

6, fig. 4, &e. ; p. 137.
Ramcal: belonging to a branch. Ramose: full of branches (rown').
Rdmiilose: full of branchlets (ramuli).
Raphe : see rhaphe.
Ray : the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, p. 107, fig. 219) or cluster

(as of Hydrangea, fig. 167), when difl'ercnt from the rest, especially when

ligulatc, and diverging (like rays or sunbeams) ; the branches of an umbel,

which diverge from a centre ; p. 79.
Receptacle: the axis or support of a flower; p. 86, 124; the common axis or

support of a head of flowers ; fig. 230.
Reclined : turned or curved downwards ; nearly recumbent.
Recurved: curved outwards or backwards.

Reduplicate, (in iEstivation) : valvate with the margins turned outwards, p. 109.
Reflexed : bent outwards or backwards.

Refracted: bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend.
Regidar : all the parts similar; p. 89.
Re'niform: kidney-shaped ; p. 58, fig. 100.
Repdnd : wavy-margined; p. 62, fig. 115
Repent: creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath.
Re'phim : the persistent frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress),

after the valves fall away.
Reproduction, organs of: all that pertains to the flower and fruit; p. 76.
Resiipinate: inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed.
Reticulated : the veins forming network, as in fig. 50, 83.
Retroflexed : bent backwards ; same as re flexed.
Retuse : blunted ; the apex not only obtuse, but somewhat indented ; p. 60,

fig. 107.
Re'volufe : rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves ; p. 76.
Rhachis (the backbone) : the axis of a spike, or other body ; p. 78.
Rhaphe : the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule

(p. 123) or seed ; fig. 273, r, 319 and 320, b.
Rhdphidcs : crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants.
Rhizdma : a rootstock ; p. 40, fig. 64 - 67.

Rhombic : in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal : approaching that shape.
Rib : the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces, of the framework of a

leaf, p. 55 ; or any similar elevated line along a body

GT.OSSAUT.

229

Ring : an clastic band on tlic sporc-citscs of Ferns. (Manual, p. 587, plate 9,

Jlingent : {^riuning ; gajjing oi)cn ; p. 102, fig. 209.

Jioot, p. 28.

Jioot-huirs, p. 31, 149.

Rootlets : small roots, or root-branches ; p. 29.

Rootstock : root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground ; p. 40.

Rostwfous : arranged like the petals of a rose.

Roslellate: bearing a small beak (rostellum).

Rdstrate : bearing a beak {>-ostritin) or a pixilonged appendage.

Rdsulate: in a regular cluster of spreading leaves, resembling a full or double

rose, as the leaves of Ilouseleek, &c.
Ratate: \vhcel-shaped : p. 101, fig. 204, 20.5.
Rotund : rounded or rouiulish in outline.

Riidimentari/ : imperfectly develojted, or in an early state of development.
Rwjose : wrinkled, roughened with wrinkles.
Ruminated (albumen) : penetrated with irregular channels or portions filled with

softer matter, as a nutmeg.
Riincinate : coarsely saw-toothed or cut, tlie pointed teeth turned towards the

base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion.
Runner : a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, as

of a Strawberry, p. 38.

Sac : any closed membrane, or a deep pursc-shapcd cavity.

Sdi/ittate : arrowhead-shaped ; p. 59, fig. 95.

Salcer-shaped, or Sidver-fonn : with a border spreading at right angles to a slen-
der tube, as the corolla of Phlox, p. 101, fig. 208, 202.

Samara: a wing-fruit, or key, as of i\Iaple, p. 5, fig. 1, Ash, p. 131, fig. 300, and
Elm, fig. 301.

Sdmaroid: like a samara or key -fruit.

iSap: the juices of plants generally. Ascending or crude »;ap; p. 161, 168.
Elaborated sap, that which has been digested or assimilated bv the plaHt ;
p. 162, 169.

Sdrcocarp : the fleshy ])art of a stone-fruit, ]). 128.

Sannentdccous : bearing long and flexible twigs {sarments), cither spreadin"; or
procumbent.

Saw-toothed : see serrate.

Scabrous : rough or harsh to the touch.

Scaldrijhrm : with cmss-bands, resembling the steps of a ladder.

Scales : of buds, p. 22, 50 ; of bulbs, &c., p. 40, 46, 50.

Scalg : furnished witii scales, or scale-like in texture ; p. 46, &c.

Scandrnt : climbing ; p. 37.

Scape: a peduncle rising from the ground, or near it, as of the stemless Violets,
the Bloodroot, &c.

Scdpiform : scape-like.

Scar of the seed, p. 135. Lraf-scars, p. 21.

Scdrious or Scariose : thin, dry, and membranous.

ScM/orm: resembling sawdust.
20

230 GLOSSARY.

Scdrpioid or Scorpioidal : curv^ed or circinate at the end, like the tail of a scor-
pion, as tlie inflorescence of Heliotrope.

Scrobiciilate : pitted ; excavated into shallow pits.

Scurf, Scurjiness : minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot,
Buffalo-beny, &c.

Scutate: buckler-shaped.

Scuteilate, or Scute'lUform : saucer-shaped or platter-shaped.

Se'cund : one-sided ; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c. are all turned to one side.

Secundine : the inner coat of the ovule ; p. 124.

Seed, p. 134. Seed-coats, p. 134. Seed-vessel, p. 127.

Segment : a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body.

Segregate : separated from each other.

Semi- (in compound words of Latin origin) : half; as

Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane, fig. 214. Semicordate: half-
heart-shaped. Semilunar: like a half-moon. Semiovate : half-ovate, &c.

Seminal : relating to the seed. Seminifeivus : seed-bearing.

Sempervirent : evergreen.

Sepal : a leaf or division of the calyx ; p. 85.

Se'paloid : sepal-like. Sepaline : relating to the sepals.

Separated Flowers: those having stamens or pistils only; p. 89.

Septate: divided by partitions {septa).

Se'ptenate : with parts in sevens.

Septicidal: where a pod in dehiscence splits through the partitions, dividing
each into two layers ; p. 132, fig. 306.

Septiferous: bearing the partition.

Septifragnl : where the valves of a pod in deliiscence break away from the par-
titions ; p. 132.

Septum (plural septa) : a partition, as of a pod, &c.

Se'rial, or Seriate : in rows ; as biserial, in two rows, &c.

Sericeous : silky ; clothed with satiny pubescence.

Serotinous : happening late in the season.

Serrate, or Serrated: the margin cut into teeth (serratures) pointing forwards,-
p. 61, fig. 112.

Serrulate : same as the last, but with fine teeth.

Sessile : sitting ; without any stalk, as a leaf destitute of petiole, or an anther
destitute of filament.

Seta : a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle.

Setaceous: bristle-like. Stftiform : bristle-shaped.

Setigerous : bearing bristles. Setose: beset with bristles or bristly hairs.

Sex: six; in composition. Sexangular : six-angled, &c.

Sheath : the base of such leaves as those of Grasses, which are

Sheathing : wrapped round the stem.

Shield-shaped : same as scutate, or as peltate, p. 59.

Shrub, p. 21.

Sigmoid: curved in two directions, like the letter S, or the Greek sigma.

Slliciilose: bearing a silicle, or a fruit resembling it.

Stlicle: a pouch, or short pod of the Cress Family; p. 133.

Silique: a longer pod of the Cress Family ; p. 133, fig. 310.

GLOSSAKT. 231

Siliquose : bcarin<]f siliqups or pods wliicli resemble siliques.
Silki/: glossy with a coat of line mid soft, close-pressed, struiglit liairs.
Silrer-tjrain of wooil , p. 151.

Silveiy: shining white or hluisli-gray, usually from a silky pubescence.
Simple : of one piece ; opposed to coinjtoiiinl.
Sinistrorse.: turned to tiie left.

Sinuate: strongly wavy ; with the margin alternately bowed inwards and oat-
wards; p. 62, tig. 116.
Sinus : a recess or bay ; the re-entering angle or space between two IoIkjs or pro-
jections.
Sleep of Plants (so called), j). 170.
Soliolt/erotis : bearing shoots from near the ground.
Solitari/ : single ; not associated with others.
Sorus (plural soil) : the j)roper name of a fruit-dot of Ferns.
S/Kidix: a fleshy spike of flowers ; p. 80, fig. 162.
S/Hithaceons : resembling or furnished with a
Sjyathe: a bract which inwraps an inflorescence; p. 80, fig. 162.
Spdttilale, or S/>athulale : shaped like a spatula; p. 58, fig. 92.
Special Moremenis, p. 170.
S/yxies, p. 173.

S/)eclJic Cliaractcr, p. 181. Specific Names, p. 179.
Spicate: belonging to or disposed in a spike.
Spiciform : in shape resembling a spike.

Spike : an inflorescence like a raceme, only the flowers are sessile ; p. 80, fig. 160.
Spikelet: a small or a secondary spike ; the inflorescence of Grasses.
Sjiine: a thorn ; p. 39.

Spindle-shajKcl • tapering to each end, like a radish ; p. 31, fig. 59.
Spinesrent : tipped by or degenerating into a thorn. '

Spinose, or Spinl/iroiis: thorny.

S/iiral arrantjement of leaves, p. 72. Spiral vessels or ducts, p. 148.
Sfwrdngia, or Spdrocarps : spore-cases of Ferns, Mosses, &c.
Sjmre: a body resulting from the fructification of Cryptogamous plants, in them

taking the place of a seed.
Spdrule: same as a spore, or a small sjiore.
Spur: any projecting ap])cndagc of the flower, looking like a sjiur, as that of

Larkspur, fig. 183.
Spiamate, Si/iiamose, or Squamaceons : furnished with scales (squama').
Sqnamifllate or Spidnmlose : furnished with little scales (squamellce or squamulce).
Sqttdmiform : shaped like a scale.
Sqiuirrose: wliere scales, leaves, or any appendages, are spreading widely from

the axis on which they arc thickly .set.
Squdrrulose: diminutive of squarrvse ; slightly squarrose.
Stalk: the stem, petiole, peduncle, &c., as the case may be.
Stamen, p. 86, 111.

Staminate: fnniisbed with stamens; p. 89. Slnminenl: relating to the stamens.
Slamimitliiim : an abortive stamen, or other body resembling a sterile stamen.
Standard: the upper petal of a pa])ilionaccons corolla ; p. 105, fig. 217, 218, *.
Starch: a well-known vegetable product; p. 163.

232 GLOSSARY.

Station : the particular place, or kind of situation, in which a plant naturally

occurs.
Stellate, Stellular: starry or star-like; where several similar parts spread out

from a common centre, like a star.
Stem, p. 36, &c.

Stemless : destitute or apparently destitute of stem.
Sterile : barren or imperfect ; p. 89.

Stigma : the part of tlic pistil which receives the pollen ; p 87.
Sliijmdtic, or Stigmatose : belonging to the stigma.
Stipe (Latin stijics) ■ the stalk of a pistil, &c., when it has any ; the stem of a

Mushroom.
Slipel : a stipule of a leaflet, as of tiic Bean, &c.
Stipellate: furnished with stipels, as the Bean and some other Leguminous

plants.
Stipitate: furnished with a stipe, as the pistil of Cleome, fig. 276.
Stipulate : furnished with stipules.

Stipules : the appendages one each side of the base of certain leaves ; p. 69.
Stolons: trailing or reclined and rooting shoots ; p. 37.
Stoloniferous : producing stolons.

Stomate (Latin xtoma, plural stomata) : the breathing-pores of leaves, &c. ; p. l.^-e.
Strap-shaped: long, flat, and narrow; p. 106.
Striate, or Striated: marked with slender longitudinal grooves or ciiannds

(Latin strice).
Strict : close and narrow ; straight and narrow.

Striyillose, Sirvjose : beset with stout and appressed, scale-like or rigid bristles.
Strohildceotis : relating to, or resembling a
Str6hile: a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, as that of the Hop and

of the Pine; fig. 314, p. 133.
Strdphiole: same as caruncle. Strophiolate : furnished with a strophiole.
Struma: a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ.
Sl//le : a part of the pistil which bears the stigma ; p. 86.
Sti/lopddium : an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at tlie base of the style,

found in Umbelliferous and some other plants.
Sub-, as a prefix : about, nearly, somewhat ; as suhcordate, slightly cordate : fuh-

serrate, slightly serrate : suhaxillary , just beneath the axil, &c., &c.
Siiberose: corky or cork-like in texture.
Subclass, p. 177, 183. Snhorder, p. 176. Suhtrihe, p. 177.
Subulate : awl-shaped ; tapering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp

point ; p. 68.
Succulent : juicy or pulpy.

Suckers: shoots from subterranean branches; p. 37.
Snffrute'scevl : slightly siu'ubby or woody at the base only ; p. 36.
Sugar, p. 163.

Sulcate: grooved longitudinally with deep furrows.
Supernumerari/ Buds: p. 26.

Supe'rvolute : plaited and convolute in bud ; p 110, fig. 225.
Supra-a.rillari/ : borne above the axil, as some buds : p. 26, fig. 52.
Supra-decompound: many times comnounded or divided.

GLOSSARY. 233

Siircuhse: producing suckers, or slioots resembling them.

Suspended: liiinging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very

summit of the cell which contains tiicm ; p. \22, fig. 209.
Siilitral: belonging or relating to a suture.

Suture: the line of junction of contiguous ])arts grown together; p. 117.
Swoid-shiiiied : vertical leaves with acute parallel edges, tapering alx)vo to i\

point ; as those of Iris, fig. 13.3.
Sijmmetriml Flower: similar in the number of parts of each set; p. 89.
Si/ndiitherous, or Si/mjencsious: where stamens arc united by their anthers; p. 112,

fig. 229.
Syncdr/mts (fruit or pistil) : comi)Oscd of several carpels consolidated into one.
Sptem, p. 195.
Systematic Botany: the study of i)lants after their kinds; p. 3.

Taper-pointed: same as acuminnte ; p. 60, fig. 10.3.

Tap-root : a root with a stout tai)eriiig body ; p. .32.

Tawny: dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown.

Tuxdnomi/: the part of Botany which treats of classification.

Tei/men: a name for the inner seod-coat.

TendrU: a thread-shaped body used for climbing, p. 3S : it is either a branch,

as in Virginia Creeper, fig. 62 ; or a part of a leaf, as in Pea and Vetch.

fig. 127.
Terete: long and round ; same as cylindrical, only it may taper.
Terminal : borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit.
Terminoloijii : the part of the science which treats of technical terms ; same as

(■//oS.SYi/o////.

Ttfrnate: in threes; p. 66. Ternntely : in a tcrnate way.

Testa: the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed; p. 134.

Telra- (in words of Greek composition) : (bur; as,

Tetracdccous : of four cocci or carpels.

Tetradijnamous : where a flower has six stamens, two of them shorter than th«

other four, as in Mustard, p. 92, 112, fig. 188.
Tetrdijonal: four-angled. Telrdt/ynons : with four pistils or styles ; p. 116.
Tetrdmerons : with its parts or sets in fours.
TetrdndroHs: with four stamens ; ]). 112.
T/ieca: a case ; the cells or lobes of the anther.
T/iorn : sec spine ; p. 39.
Thread-shaped: slender and round, or roundish like a thread : as the filament of

stamens generally.
Thivat: the opening or gorge of a monojietalons corolla, &c., where the border

and the tube join, and a little below.
T/iyrsf or Thyrsus: a compact nnd pyramidal panicle; p. 81.
Tiimentose : clothed with matted woolly hairs (lomenhim).
Tomjiie-shaped : long, flat, but thiekish, and blunt.
Toothed: furnished with teeth or short projections of any sort on the mar<:in,

used especially when these are sharj), like saw-teeth, and do not point for

wards; p. 61, fig. 113.
Top-shaped: shaped like a to]i, or a cone with its noe.x downwards.
20*

234 GLOSSARY.

7 arose, Tdntlose: knobby ; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals.

Turns: the receptacle of the flower; p. 86, 124.

Tree, p. 21.

'J'ri-, in composition : three ; as

Triude'ljihous: stamens united by their filaments into three bundles; p. 112.

Tridndrous : where the flower has three stamens ; p. 112.

Tribe, p. 176.

Triclidtomous : three-forked. Tricdccoits : of three cocci or roundish carpels.

Tricolor: having three colors. Tricdslute: having three ribs.

IViaispidute : three-pointed. Tride'ntate: three-toothed.

Triennial: lasting for three years.

Trifdrious : in three vertical rows ; looking three ways.

Trijid: three-cleft; p. 62.

Trifdliaie: three-leaved. Trifdliolate : of three leaflets ; p. 66.

Trifurcate: three-forked. Trvjonoits : three-angled, or triangular.

Tn'i/ijiions : M'ith three pistils or styles; p. 116. Triju^ate : in three pairs (jugi)-

Trilubed, or Trilobate : three-lobed ; p. 62.

Trildcular: three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 225-227.

Trimerous: with its pai-ts in threes, as Trillium, fig. 189.

Tririervale : three-nerved, or with three slender ribs.

Tridcious : wliere there are three sorts of flowers on the same or different indi-
viduals ; as in Eed Maple.

Tripdrtible : separable into three pieces. Tripartite : three-parted ; p. 62.

Trijie'luloiis : having three petals ; as in fig. 189.

Triphyllous: three-leaved ; composed of three pieces.

Tripiiinate: thrice pinnate ; p. 66. Tripinndtifid : thrice pinnatcly cleft ; p. 64.

Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c. : where a midiib branches into three near the
base of the leaf, as in Sunflower.

Trique'trous : sharply three-angled ; and especially with the sides concave, like a
bayonet.

Trise'rial, or Triseriate: in three rows, under each other.

Tristichoiis : in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks.

Tristigmdtic, or Trisliffmatose: having tliree stigmas.

Trisdlcute : three-grooved.

Trite'rnate: three times ternate ; p. 67.

Trivial Name : the specific name.

Trochlear : pulley-shaped.

Truiiipef-shaped: tubular, enlarged at or towards the summit, as the corolla ot
Trumpet-Creeper.

Tnmcafe:' as if cut off at the top ; p. 60, fig. 106.

Tube, p. 102.

Trunk: the main stem or general body of a stcjn or tree.

Tuber: a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, proviiled with ej-ce
(buds) on the sides ; as a potato, p 43, fig. 68.

Tubercle: a small excrescence.

Tubercled, or Tuhercitlate : bearing excrescences or ])imples.

Tuberous : resembling a tuber. Tuberiferoiis : bearing tubers.

Tubular : hollow and of an elongated form ; hollowed like a pipe.

GLOSSART. -235

Tumid: swollen; somewhat inflated.

Tunicate : coated ; invested with layers, as an onion ; p. 46.

Turbinate: top-shaped. Turgid: thick as if swollen.

Turio (plural turimea) : young shoots or suckers springing out of tlic ground ; ns

Asparagus-shoots.
Turnip-sliaped : broader than higli, narrowed below ; p. 32, fig. .'37.

Tivin: in i)airs [SQa yeminale), as the llowers of Linna;a
Tifininrj : ascending by coiling round a support, like the Hop ; p. 37.
Typical : well expressing the characteristics of a species, genus, &c

l/iiihrl: tlic nmlirella-likc form of inflorescence ; p. 79, fig. 159.

Umhdlate : in umbels. Umbelliferous : bearing umbels.

Umbellet : a secondary or partial umbel; p. 81.

Uiiihilicate: depressed in the centre, like the ends of an apple.

Umbonate: bossed ; furnished with a low, rounded jjrojection like a boss (umbo')-

Umbrdculiform ; umbrella-shaped, like a Mushroom, or the top of the style of

Sarracenia.
Unarmed : destitute of spines, prickles, and the like.
Uncinate: hook-shaped ; hooked over at the end.
Under-shrub : partially shrubby, or a very low shrub.
Undulate : wavy, or wavy -margined ; p. 62.

Unequal! u pinnate : pinnate with an odd number of leaflets; p. 6.5.
Unguiculate: furnished with a claw (unguis) ; p. 102, i. e. a narrow base, as the

petals of a Rose, where the claw is very short, and those of Pinks (fig. 200),

where the claw is very long.
Uni-, in compound words : one ; as
Unijldrous : one-flowered. Unifoliate : onc-leavcd.
Unifollolate: of one leaflet; p. 66. Unijugate : of one pair.
Unildbiate: one-lipped. Unilateral: one-sided.

Unildcular: one-celled, as the pistil in fig. 261, and tlic anther in fig. 238, 239.
Unidvulate: having only one ovule, as in fig. 213, and fig. 267-269.
Unis<frial : in one horizontal row.

Unisexual: having stamens or pistils only, as in Moonseed, fig. 176, 177, &e.
Univalved: a pod of only one piece after dehiscence, as fig. 253.
Urce'olate : urn-shaped.

Utricle: a small, thin-walled, one-seeded fruit, as of Goosefoot ; p. 130, fig. 350.
Utricular : like a small bladder.

Vdginate: sheathed, surrounded by a sheath (vagina).

Valve: one of the pieces (or doors) into wliich a dehiscent pod, or any similar

body, splits; p. 131, 114.
Valvate, Valvular : opening by valves. Valvate in iEStivation, p. 109.
Variety, p. 174, 177.

Vdfcular: containing vessels, or consisting of vessels, such as ducts ; p. 146, 148,
Vaulted: arched ; same as fornicate.
Vegetable Pligsiologg, p. 3.

Veil: the calyptra of Mosses. (Manual, p. 607 )
Veins: the small ribs or branches of the framework of leaves, &c. ; p. 5.").

236 GLOSSART.

Veined, Veiny: furnished with evident veins. Veinless : destitute of veins.

Veinlets : the smaller ramifications of veins.

Velate: furnished with a veil.

Velutinous : velvety to the touch.

Venation : tlie veining of leaves, &c. ; p. 5.5.

Venose : veiny ; furnished with conspicuous veins.

Ventral: belonging to that side of a simple pistil, or other organ, which looks

towards the axis or centre of the flower ; the opposite of dorsal ; as the
Ventral Suture, p. 117.

Ve'nlricose : inflated or swelled out on one side.
Ve'nulose : furnished with veinlets.
Vermicular : shaped like worms.

Vernation : the arrangement of the leaves in the bud ; p. 75.
Ve'rnicose: the surface appearing as if varnished.
V&rucose: warty ; beset with little projections like warts.
Versatile: attached by one point, so that. It may swing to and fro, as the anthers

of the Lily and Evening Primrose ; p. 113, fig. 234.
Vei-tex : same as the apex.

Ve'rtical: upright; perpendicular to the horizon, lengthwise.
Ve'rticil: a whorl ; p 71. Verticillate : whorled ; p. 71, 75, fig. 148
Ve'sicle : a little bladder. Embryonal Vesicle, p. 139. Vesicular : bladdery.
Vessels: ducts, &c. ; p. 146, 148.
Ve'xillary, Vexillar : relating to the

Vexillum: the standard of a papilionaceous flower; p. 105, fig. 218, f.
Villose: shaggy with long and soft hairs (villosity.)

Vimineous: producing slender twigs, such as those used for wicker-work.
Vine: any trailing or climbing stem; as a Grape-vine.
Vire'scent, Viridescent: greenish; turning green.
Virgate: wand-shaped, as a long, straight, and slender twig.
Viscous, Viscid: having a glutinous surface.
Vitta (plural vitta) : the oil-tubes of the fruit of Umbelliferse.
Voluble: twining, as the stem of Hops and Beans ; p. 37.

Wavy : the surface or margin alternately convex and concave ; p. 62.

Wary : resembling beeswax in texture or appearance.

Wedge-shaped: broad above, and tapering by straight lines to a narrow basC)

p. 58, fig. 94.
Wheel-shaped: see rotate; p. 102, fig. 204, 205.
Whorl, Whorled: when leaves, &c. are arranged in a circle round the stem,

p. 71, 75, fig. 148.
Wing: any membranous expansion. Wings of papilionaceous flowers, p. 105.
Winged: furnished with a wing; as the fruit of Ash and Elm, fig. 300, 301.
Wood, p. 145. Woody : of the texture or consisting of wood
Woody Fibre, or Wood-Gils. p. 146.
Woolly: clothed with long and entangled soft hairs ; as the leaves of Mullein.

BOTANY

THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES,

MAN UAL

THE BOTANY

THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

INCLUDING THE DISTRICT EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI AND
NORTH OF NORTH CAROLINA AND TENNESSEE,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE NATURAL SYSTEM."

By ASA GRAY,

FISHKR PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

JJfftt) HDftion.

EIGHTH ISSUE.

WITH TWENTY PLATES,

ILLUSTRATING THE SEDGES, GRASSES, FERNS, ETC.

IVISON, BLAKEMAN, TATLOR & CO

NEW YORK AND CHICAGO.

1877.

liitered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1867, by

IVISON, PHINNEY, ELAKEMAN, & CO.,

in the 'Clerk's Office of the District Court of tlie United States for the Southern District of

New York.

JOHN TORREY, LL.D.

Almost twenty years have passed since the first edition of this

work was dedicated to you, — more than thirty, since, as your pupil,

I began to enjoy the advantage of being associated with you in

botanical pursuits, and in a lasting friendship. The flow of time

has only deepened the sense of gratitude due to you from your

attached friend,

ASA GRAY.
Cambridge, May 30, 1867.

NOTE.

In the present issue many small corrections, typographical and other,
have been made throughout the volume, as well as more considerable
alterations on pages 479, 480, 564 ; an omission of the proper acknowl-
edgment for the article on Sparganium is supplied on page 481 ; and
additional species, with a few more extended emendations, are given on
pages 679-682.

Cambridge, January 30, 1868.

CONTENTS.

Explanation of Signs used in this Work .
Explanation of Abbreviation of Authors' Names

Preface . . .

Analytical Key to the Orders ....
FLORA. — Ph/enogamous or Flowering Plants .
Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants
Angiospermous, Polypetalous
Monopetalous
Apetalous
Gymnospermous Plants ....

Monocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants
Cryptogamous or Flowerless Plants. .
Acrogenous Plants (Equisetaceae, Ferns, &c.)

Addenda

Index

Explanation of the Plates

Page
8

9

11

21

33

33

33

202

403

468

475
653
653
679

683
697

SIGNS USED IN THIS WORK.

(1) An annual plant.

(D A biennial plant

H. A perennial plant.
? A mark of doubt.
! A mark of affirmation or authentication.

These signs are, however, very rarely employed in this volum".

1°, 2', 3". To save space, the sign of degrees (°) is used for feet ; of min-
utes ('), for inches ; of seconds ("), for lines, — the (English) line being the
twelfth part of an inch.

The dash - between two figures, as " 5 - 10," means from 5 to 50, &c.

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS

OF THE NAMES OF AUTHORS CITED IN THIS VOLUME.

Adans.

= Adanson.

Gmel. =

Gmclin.

Ait.

Alton.

Good.

Goodetiough.

All.

Alliouc.

Grev.

Greville.

Anders.

Andcrsson.

Griseb.

Grisebach.

Andr.

Andrews.

Gronov.

Gronovius.

Am.

Arnott.

Hartm.

Ilartniann.

Aubl.

Aublct.

Hoffni.

Hoffmann.

Bart.

Barton.

}Ioi>k.

W. J. Hooker.

Bartl.

Bartlin^.

■Ilook.f. (Jilhts) J. D. Hooker.

Beauv.

Palisot de Bcauvois.

Iloniem.

Hornemann.

Benth.

Bentham.

Ilnds.

Undson.

Bemh.

Bernhardi.

H. B. K.

Humboldt, Bonpland, &

Bleb.

Bicberstein.

Jacq.

Jacquin. [Kunth.

Biijel.

Bipclow.

Juss.

JUSSIEU.

Boiss.

Boissicr.

A. Juss.

Adricn Jussieu.

Bong.

Bongard.

L. or Linn.

LiXN.EUS.

Borkh.

Bork Hansen.

Lag.

Lagasea.

Brong.

Brongniart.

Lam.

Lamarck.

Cass.

Cassini.

Lamb.

Lambert.

C(iv.

Cavanillcs.

Ledeb.

Lcdebour.

Chapm.

Chapman.

L'Her.

L'Heritier.

Chav.

Cliavannes.

Lehm.

Lchmann.

DarUmjt.

Uarlini,'ton.

Lesqx.

Lesqucreux.

DC.

De Candolle.

Leslih.

Lestibudois.

A. DC.

Alphonse Do Candolle.

Lindl.

Lindley.

Desf.

Dcsfontaines.

Lodd.

Loddiges.

Dew.

Dewey.

Lour.

Loureiro.

DiU.

Dillenius.

Mart.

Martins.

Desv.

Desvaux.

Mich.

Miclicli.

Dougl.

Donglas.

Michx.

Michanx (the elder).

Ehrh.

Elirliart.

Mlrltr. /

F. A. Miclianx (the

Ell.

Elliott.

Mill..

Miller. [younger.)

Endl.

Endlichcr.

Mitch.

Mitchell.

Em/elin.

Enfrelmann.

MM.

Muhlenberg.

Flsch.

Fischer.

Nees,

Nees von Esenbeck.

Gcertn.

Gairtner.

Nutt.

Nuttall.

10

PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS.

Pnv. =

Pa von.

Sleud. =

Stcudel.

Pers.

Persoon.

Sullio.

Sullivant.

Pink.

Plukenet.

Tliunb.

Thunberg.

Plum.

Plumier.

Ton:

Torrcy.

Poir.

Poiret.

Torr. ^- Gr.

Torrcy and Gray.

It. Br.

Robert Bbown.

Tourn.

Tournefort.

Raf.

Kafincsque.

Trautv.

Trautvetter.

lieichenb.

Kcic'henbach.

Trev.

Treviranus.

Rich.

Richard.

Trin.

Trinius.

Richards.

Richardson.

Tuckerm.

Tuckerman.

Rcem.

Rcemer.

Tiircz.

Turczaninow.

Rottb.

RottboU.

Vuill.

Vaillant.

Salisb.

Salisbury.

Vent.

Ventenat.

Schk.

Schkuhr.

nil.

Villars.

Schlecht.

Schlechtendal.

Wahl.

Wahlenberg.

Schrad.

Schrader.

Walp.

Walpers.

Sclireb.

Schreber.

Walt.

Walter.

Schult.

Schultes.

Wancjh.

Wangcnheim.

Sclav, or Schicein

. Schweinitz.

Wedd.

Weddell.

Scop.

Scopoli.

tVilld.

Willdenow.

Ser.

Seringe.

With.

Withering.

Soland.

Solander.

Wulf.

Wulfen.

Spreng.

Sprengel.

Zucc.

Zuccarini.

preface:

This work is designed as a compendious Flora of the Northern
portion of the United States, for tlie use of students and of practical
botanists.

The first edition (published in 1848) was hastily prepared to sup-
ply a pressing want. Its plan, having been generally approved, has
not been altered, although the work has been to a great extent twice
rewritten, and the geographical range extended. The second edition,
much altcied, appeared in 1856. The third and fourth were merely
revised upon the stereotype plates, and i-ome pages added, especially
to the latter.

Tlie Garden Botany, an Introduction to a Knowledge of the
Common Cultivated Plants, which was prefixed to this fourth edition
in 1863, is excluded from the present edition, and is to be incor-
porated into a simpler and more elementary work, but of wider
scope, designed especially for school instruction, and for those inter-
ested in cultivation, — entitled Field, Forest, and Garden Botany.

In the present edition it has been found also expedient to remand
to a supplementai-y volume the Jifosses and Livericorts, so carefully
and generously elaborated for the i)revious editions of this work by
my friend, Wm. S. Sullivaxt, Esq. It is hoped that the Liclienes,
if not all the other orders of the Lower Cryptogamia, may be added
to this supplementary volume, so that our students may extend
their studies into these more recondite and ditheuU departments of
Botany.*

* The followinp important aids, moreover, are already j^oviiled, viz. The
Jronri* Miisroriim, or Figures ami /ItKcnjilioiis of must of those .Uosstis peculiar to

12 PREFACE.

Six plates, illustrating the genera of the Cyperacece or Sedge
Familj', are now added to the eight which illustrate the Graminece
or Grasses, and the six which illustrate the Filices or Ferns and
their allies : all are from original drawings by Mr. Isaac Sprague ;
and they should rerfder the study of these families comparatively
easy, even to the beginner.

In other respects the changes in this edition are only in details,
and such as the progress of botanical knowledge,- and the longer
experience of the author and his associates or correspondents in
teaching, have seemed to render necessary or advisable.

I am newly indebted to Dr. George Engelmann, of St. Louis,
for a revision of the account of Cuscuta and Sagittaria, &c., formerly
prepared by him, and for the complete re-elaboration of the genera
Callltriche, Euphorbia, Pl/ius, Juncus, and Isoetes. I have also to
express my special acknowledgments to my friends, Dr. J. W.
KoBBiNS, of Uxbridge, Massachusetts, who contributed the whole
article on the difficult genus Potamogeton ; — to Mr. Coe F. Austix,
of Closter, New Jersey, who furnished that on the Lemnacece ; — and
to Prof. Daniel Cady Eaton, of Yale College, who has entirely
re-elaborated the Ferns for the present edition. The Salicacece and
the genus Carex, as is well known, were contributed to the first
edition by my old friend and associate, John Carey, Esq., now of
London. Deprived of his further and important assistance, I have

Eastern North America ivJiich have not hem heretofore fgured, by "Wm. S. Sdlli-
VANT, LL. D. Imp. 8vo, with 129 copper-plates.

Musci-Boreali-Ami-ricana, sivc Specimina Exslccata, etc. — A seroiid and en-
larged edition of the arranged collection of Mosses of the United States, pub-
lislied by Messrs. Sullivant and Lksquereux, of which the first issue was
noticed in the preface to former editions of the Manual. The present edhion
comprises 536 species or varieties of Mosses, and is supplied by Mr. Leo Les-
quereux, of Columbus, Ohio, for $35 in gold, or £7 sterling.

Lichmes Ersiccali, by Professor Edward Ttickerman, of Amherst College;
— of which four vols, (small 4to) have already been issued A small volume on
the Genera of North American Lichenes is now in preparation by the same author.

Nereis Boreuli-Anwicana, — an account of the Marine AlgiB of tbe United
States, by the late Professor Wm. IT. Harvky, a large quarto volume with fifty
colored plates, — published by the Smithsonian Institution.

PRKFACE. 13

myself revised these articles as well as I could, in advance of the
publication of Andersson's work on the Salicacete in the forthcoming
volume of l)e CandoUc's Prodromu.-, and of the posthumous volume
of the late Dr. Boott's Illustrations of Car ex. In the latter genus,
however, I have been essentially aided by William Boott, Es(|.,
of Boston, and S. T. Olnk-Y, Esq., of Providence, who have made
the Carices a special study. To render due acknowledgments to
the correspondents who have contributed to the value of the Manual
by the communication of specimens, notes, and corrections, would
require me to enumerate all the cultivators and numerous amateurs
of botany in this country. In special instances their names will be
found scattered throughout the pages of the work. The necessity
of economizing space to the utmost, so as to keep the volume within
the dimensions of a manual, alone has debarred me from fuller
citations of the names of collectors and of particular stations of rare
or local plants. For the same reason I have generally omitted
synonymes, except in case of some original or recent changes in
noraenclatuie.

There is abundant reason, I doubt not, for me to renew the re-
quest that those who use this book will kindly furnish information
of all corrections or additions that may appear to be necessary, so
that it may be made more accurate and complete hereafter, and
maintain the high character which it has earned.

Some explanations are needful in respect to details of typography,
reference, and arrangement.

GEOGRAniicAL LIMITATION. DISTRIBUTION, &c. As is Stated
on the title-page, this work is intended to comprise the plants which
grow spontaneously in the United States north of North Carolina
and Tennessee and east of the Mississippi. A Flora of the whole
national domain, upon a similar plan (the issue of wliich I may now
hope will not be delayed many years longer), would be much too
bulky and expensive for the main purf>ose which this Manual fulfils.

14 PREFACE.

For its purpose, the present geographical limitation is, on the
whole, the best, — especially since the botany of the States south of
our district has been so well provided for by my friend Dr. Chap-
man's Flora of the Southern States, issued by the same publishers.
The southern boundary here adopted coincides better than any other
geographical line with the natural division between the cooler-tem-
perate and the warm-temperate vegetation of the United States ;
very few characteristically Southern plants occurring north of it,
and those only on the low coast of Virginia, in the Dismal Swamp,
&c. Our western limit, also, while it includes a considerable prairie
vegetation, excludes nearly all the plants peculiar to the great West-
ern woodless plains, which approach our bordei'S in Iowa and Mis-
souri. Our northern boundary, being that of the United States,
varies through about five degrees of latitude, and nearly embraces
Canada proper on the east and on the west, so that nearly all the
plants of Canada East on this side of the St. Lawrence, as well
as those of the deep peninsula of Canada "West, will be found in
this volume.*

I have here endeavored to indicate, briefly and generally, the dis-
trict in which each species occurs, or 'm which it most abounds, in
the following manner : 1. When the principal area of a species is
southward rather than northward, I generally give first its northern
limit, so far as known to me, if within the United States, and then
its southern limit if within our boundaries, or add that it extends
southward, meaning thereby that the species in question occurs in
the States south of Virginia or Kentucky. Thus Magnolia gla^ica,
p. 49, a prevailingly Southern species, but wliich is sparingly found as
far north as Massachusetts, is recorded as growing " near Cape Ann
and New York southward, near the coa^t " ; M. acuminata, " W.
New York to Ohio and southward," &c. While in species of northern

* For the geographical statistics of our botany, sec three articles in The
American Journal of Science and Arts, Second Series, Yol. XXII. and Vol. XXIII.
1856-57.

PRKFACE. 15

range, the southern limits are mentioned ; as Anemone Pennsylvan-
ica, ♦' W. New EngUmd to Illinois and northwestward." And so
of Western plants ; e. g. Isopyruin bilernutinn, p. 44, " Ohio to
Illinois, Kentucky, and westward"; Amorpha canescens, p. 130,
"Michigan to Wisconsin and southwestward." But this rule has not
always heen closely adhered to. 2. AVhcre no habitat or range is
mentioned, the species is supposed to be diffused over our whole
area, or nearly so, and usually beyond it. 3. AVhen the species is
quite local or rare, the special habitat is given ; e. g. Veslcaria
Shortii, p. 73, and Alyssum Lescurii, p. 72 ; Sidlivantia Ohionis,
p. 1G9, &,c. Except in such cases, or when the known geographical
range of a species has been recently extended, the want of space has
generally demanded the omission of particular stations, which are so
appropriately given in local Floras and in more detailed works, but
for which there is no room in a manual like this.

For the same reason, I could not here undertake to specify the
range of those species which extend beyond the geographical limits
of this work, or beyond the United States. Nevertheless, to facili-
tate the comparison of our American flora with that of Europe, I
have appended the mark (Eu.) to those species which are indi-
genous to both.

Distinction betaveen Introduced and Indigenous Spe-
cies. Foreign plants which have become denizens of the soil have
to be described along with the genuine indigenous members of our
flora ; but the introduced species are distinguished by the specific
name being printed in a different type, namely, in small capitals,*
while the names of the indigenous species are in iieavier, antique
letter-t Moreover, the country from which they came is specified
(mostly Europe), as well as the nature of the denizenship. That is,
following the suggestions of M. Alphonse De Candolle, I have clas-
sified our introduced plants as well as I could into two sorts, the

* For example, uiukr Kanuuculus, R. ulmiosls, ackis, &c., p. 43.
t For exaaijile, R. repens, on the baine page.

16 PREFACE.

thoroughly naturalized, and the advenlive ; the first comprising those
species which have made themselves perfectly at home in this coun-
try, propagating themselves freely by seed beyond the limits of
cultivated grounds ; the second, those which are only locally spon-
taneous, and perhaps precarious, or which are spontaneous only in
cultivated fields, ai'ound dwellings, or in manured soil, and which,
still directly or indirectly dependent upon civilized man, would
probably soon disappear if he were to abandon the country. (I
here rank with the adventive plants those weeds of cultivation which
De Candolle terms plants cultivated without or against man's will.)
Accordingly the species naturalized from Europe are indicated, at
the close of the paragraph, by the phrase " (Nat. from Eu.) " : those
adventive, or less established, by the phrase " (Adv. from Eu.)," &c.
Distinction of Grade of Varieties. Vain is the attempt
to draw an absolute line between varieties and species. Yet in sys-
tematic works the distinction has to be made absolute, and each par-
ticular form to be regarded as a species or a variety, according to
the botanist's best judgment. Varieties, too, exhibit all degrees of
distinctness. Such as are marked and definite enough to require
names are distinguished here into two sorts, according to their grade:
1. Those which, I think, cannot be doubted to be varieties of the
species they are referred to, have the name printed in small capi-
tals.* These varieties make part of the common paragraph. 2. Those
so distinct and peculiar that they have been, or readily may be,
taken for species, and are some of them not unlikely to establish the
claim : of these the name is printed in the same type as that of the
species ; and they are allowed the distinction of a separate para-
graph,! — except where the variety itself is the only form in the
country, as in the first species of Anemone. J

* As, for instance, the three varieties of Lespedeza violacea, p. 137, viz. diver-
gens, 6ES8ILIFOLIA, and ANGusTiFOLiA. See also, under Eanunculus Tlam-
mula, var. intermedius, p. 41.

t As, Var. reptans, of the above-mentioned species.

X A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, p. 36.

PREFACK. 17

Accentuation of Names. As :i f^uidc to correct pronunciation
of botanical names (in wliicii great carelessness prevails), I have
marked the accented syllable ; and have also (following Loudon's
convenient mode) indicated what is called the long sound of the
vowel by tiie grave (') and the short sound by the acute (') accent-
mark.

Indication of Prominent Characters is made by the use
of Italic type, for the leading distinctions of the orders, and for those
points in the specific descriptions by which two or more species of
the same division may be most readily or surely discriminated, —
the latter a i)lan adopted from Koch's Flora Gennanica.

Tiie ready discrimination of the genera is provided for by a
Synopsis, in small type, of the leading characters of all the genera,
■when more than two, under each order. In this the genera are an-
alytically disposed under tlieir proper sub-orders, tribes, or other such
natural groups, of whatever rank, properly characterized ; and tiien,
to save room, all these subordinal or tribal names and characters
are left out of the body of the order, the genera following each other
without a break.

Whenever a genus comprises several species, pains have been
taken to render important differences conspicuous, and to abridge the
labor of analysis, by proper grouping, and when needed by a series
of rightly subordinated divisions and subdivisions. Divisions of the
highest raidi, or Subgenera, have the sectional mark {i) followed by
the subgeneric name.* Those less important are indicated by the §,
without a name ; subsections or divisions of lower grade are marked
by stars ( ♦ ); their divisions, if any, by the -»- , and theirs again
by the ++ , «S:c.

Having in view the needs of students rather than of learned bot-
anists, I have tliroughout endeavored to smooth the beginner's way
by discarding many an uimecessary tecimical word or phrase, aud

* As § 1. .ATRAGENK, uudor Clematis, p. 35, ami § I. PULSATILLA,

under Anemone, p. 36.

^ L&M— '21

18 PREFACE.

by casting the language somewhat in a vernacular mould, — perhaps
at some sacriiice of brevity, but not, I trust, of the precision for
which botanical language is distinguished.

Arrangement of the Orders. The Natural Orders ai-e dis-
posed in a series wliioh nearly corresponds, in a general way, with
De Candolle's arrangement (varied somewhat more in this edition,
to come nearer to tliat adopted thus far in Bentham and Hook-
er's new Genera Plantarum), beginning with the highest chiss and
ending with the lowest ; and commencing this first and far the larg-
est class (of Dicotyledonous or Exogenous Plants) with those orders
in which the flowers are mostly provided with double floral envel,
opes, viz. with both calyx and corolla, and in which the corolla
consists of separate petals (the Polypetalous division) ; beginning
this series with those orders in which the several organs of the
flower are most distinct and separate (Jiypogynous), and proceeding
to those which have the parts most combined among themselves and
consolidated with each other {perigyyious and epigynous) ; then fol-
low those with the petals combined into a monopetalous corolla (the
Monopetalous division ; and finally, those destitute of a corolla or
destitute of all floral envelopes (the Apetaloiis division). The class
of Alonocotyledonous or Endogenous Plants opens with orders ex-
hibiting one form of simplilied flowers, passes to those with the or-
gans most combined and consolidated, then to those less combined by
adnation of parts, and closes with other simplified and reduced forms.
Tlie present problem in Botany is to group the numerous Natural
Orders in each class into nalural alliances. But this has not yet
been done in such a manner as to be available to the ordinary stu-
dent. I do not here attempt, therefore, to group the oiders naturally,
but let them follow one another in what seems to be on the whole
a natural and manageable sequence. And, by means of an artificial

Analytical Key to the Orders (p. 21), I enable the student
to refer readily to its proper order any of our plants, upon taking
the pains to ascertain the structure of its flowers, and sometiraco of

ruKFAon. 19

llic fruit, and following out a series of c.isy step-^ in the analysis.
This key is founded upon the most obvious distinctions which will
well answer ilw. puipo>e, and is so contrived as to provide for all the
exceptional in>iances and variant cases I could think of. I ,-hall he
disappointed if the attentive student is not able by it to refer to its
proper order any to him unknown plant of the Northern States of
which he has flowering specimens in hand. Referring to the Order
which the Key leads him to, the student will find its most distinctive
points* — which he has chiefly to consider, — brought together and
printed in italics in the first sent(;nce of the ordinal description, and
thus can verify his results.

The Synopsis which follows will then lead him to the genus, to be
verified in turn by the full generic description in its place ; and the
progress thence to the species, when there are several to clioose
from, is facilitated by the arrangement under divisions and sub-
divisions, as already explained.

It will be seen that the Key directs the inquirer to ascertain,
first, the Class of the plant under consideration, — which, even with-
out the seeds, is revealed at once by the plan of the stem, as seen in
a cross-section, and usually by the veining of the leaves, and is
commonly conlirmed by the numerical plan of the flower; — then,
if of the first class, the sub-class is at once determined by the pi-til,
whether of the ordinary kind, or an open scale bearing naked ovules.
If the former, then the choice between the three divisions is de-
termined by the presence or absence of the petals, and whether
separate or united. Each division is subdivided by equally obvious
characters, as, p. 21, first the number of stamens, then, whether the
calyx is free from or connected with the surface of the ovary.
And, finally, a series of successively subordinated j)ropositions, —
each set more indented upon the page than the preceding, leads
to the name of the order sought for, followed by the number of
the page upon which that order is described in the body of the
work.

20 PREFACE.

More particular instructions for the use of this book in the study
of our plants are here superfiuous; as these, as well as the needful'
preliminary knowledge, will be acquired from the author's Introduc-
tion to Structural and Systematic Botany {Botanical Text-Book), or
from the simpler First Lessons in Botany, — one or the other of
which must needs be previously studied, and be the inseparable
companion of The Manual.

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO THE ORDKRS OF ALL TIIH PLANTS DKSCRIBLD IX THIS WORK.

Skuies I. riLENOGAMOUS on FLOWERING PLANTS, thuse
producing real flowers and seeds.

Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS on EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming a zone
between the other two, ami increasing, when the stem continues from
year to year, by the annual addition of a new layer to the outside,
ne.xt the bark. Leaves netted-veined. Embryo witli a pair of opposite
cotyledons, or in Subclass IL often three or more in a wliorl. Parts of
the (lower mostly in fours or fives.

Subclass L ANGIOSPEll^LE. Pistil consisting of a closed ovary
■which contains the ovules and the seeds.

Division L POLYPETALOUS: the calyx and corolla both present ;
the latter of licpnrate petals.

A. Stanmis numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the se/>als.
1, Calyx entire} y free and si^parate from thf. pistil or pistils.
Pistils numerous but cohering over each other in a solid Fuse

mass on an clonjijated receptacle. . . . Magxoi.iace.e, 48
Pistils numerous, separate, liut concealed in a holluw rccc])t:icle.

Leaves opposite, entire : no stipules. . . . CALvrANTUACE.i:, 162

Leaves alternate, widi stipules Kosa, in Kosace.k, UG

Pistils several, immersed in hollows of the upper surface

of a large top-shaped receptacle. Nclumhium, in Nvjirn.KACE.E, .'>4
IMstils more than one, separate, not enclosed in the receptacle.

Stamens inserted on the calyx, distinct Eosacl.k, 14G

Stamens united with the base of the petals, monadelijlious. Malvaci;.!:, "JS
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Filaments much shorter than the anther ; trees. . . Axoxace.t;, 50
Filaments longer than the anther.

Flowers diarious : twiners with alternate leaves. Memsi>ei:mace.e, 'i\
Flowers i)erfeet : if clind)ers, the leaves o))|josite.

Leaves not peltate : ])ctals deciduous. . . TiAXt xcllace.i:, 34
Leaves peltate : petals persistent. Brasenia, in NYiirujiACE.t, f)*

Tl ANALYTICAL KEY.

Pistils scvcral-lobcd, the ovaries united below the niiiklle. Resedace^e, 76

Pistils several, their ovaries cohering in a ring around an axis. Malvace.e, 98
Pistils strictly one as to the ovary : the styles or stigmas may be several.

Leaves punctate under a lens with tyansparent dots. HvPEKifACEiE, 83

Leaves not punctate with transparent dots.

Ovary simple, 1 -celled, 2-ovuled Rosacea, 146

Ovary simple, 1-celled, with one p^ietal many-ovulcd placenta.

Leaves 2 - 3-ternately compound or dissected. Kanonculace^, 34

Leaves peltate, simply lobed. Podophyllum, in Berbkkidace.k, 52

Ovary comijound, 1-celled, with a central placenta. Portulacace.e, 97
Ovary compound, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placenta;.

Calyx caducous. Juice milky or colored. . . Papaverace^, 58

Calyx deciduous, of 4 sepals CAPPARiDAeE-E, 75

Calyx persistent, of 3 or 5 sepals Cistaceje, 80

Ovary compound, several-celled.
Calyx valvate in the bud, and
Persistent: stamens monadelphous : anthers 1-celled. Malvace-e, 98

Deciduous : anthers 2-celled Tiliace^b, 103

Calyx imbricated in the bud, persistent.

Shrubs : stamens borne on the base of the petals. Camelliace/E, 103
Aquatic or marsh herbs : ovules many,

On 5 placentte in the axis. . . . Sarraceniace^, 57

On the 8 -24 partitions. .... Nymph^ace.e, 54

2. Cnhjx more or Jess coherent with the surface of the {compound) orary.

Ovary 10-30-celled : ovules many, on the partitions : aquatic. NrMPiiiEACEiE, 54

Ovary 10-celled: cells 1-ovuled. . . . Amelanchier, in Rosacea, 146

Ovary 2-5-celled.,

Leaves alternate, with stipules Pomcre, in Rosace-t;, 146

Leaves opposite, without stipules. Philadclphus, in Saxifragace.t:, 1G3
Leaves alternate, without stipules Styracace.e, .309

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules parietal.

Fleshy plants with no true foliage : petals many. . . Cactace^e, 184
Rough-leaved plants: petals 5 or 10 Loasace^, 184

Ovary one-celled, with the ovules rising from the base. Portulacace.e, 97

B« Stamens of (lie same nnmher as the petals and opposite them.
Pistils 3 - 6, separate. Flowers dioecious. "Woody vines. Mexisperiiace.e, .51
Pistil only one.

Ovary one-celled : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Berberidace.e, 52
Ovary one-celled : anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

Style and stigma one : ovules more than one. . Primulace^, 313

Style one : stigmas 3 : sepals 2 : ovules several. Portulacaceje, 97

Styles 5 : ovule and seed only one. . . . Plumbaginace^, 312
Ovary 2 - 4-celled.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete : petals valvate. . . Vitace.e, 112
Calyx 4-5-cleft, valvate in the bud : petals im'olute. Rhamxace.e, 113

ANALYTICAL KF.Y. 21}

C Sldincns not more ihiin twice as mnny ns the pclah, when of just the numher of

the fH'titls t/uH altcniale with thun.

1. Cu/i/T free /loin the oran/, i. e. the ovurij whollij superior.

• Ocavies 2 or more, se/iurate.

Stamens united witli eiuli otlier and with a laryc and

tliiek stigma eomnion to the t>vo ovaries. Asclepiadacea:, 394

Stamens unconnected, on the reeiptaele, free IVoni tlie calyx.

Leaves punctate with puihicid dots. ..... Rutace.e, 109

Leaves not ijellutid-puiutate.

Tree, with piniuite leaves. . . Ailantlius, in Simaiu itA<-i;.i:, 1 10

Low shrul) with pinnate leaves. Zanthurliiza, in Kanu.nciii.ace.k, .'J4

Herbs, not llesliy IIaxuxcl'i.ace.e, 34

llerhs, witli thick lleshy leaves. .... Cuassiilack.k, 171

Stanu-ns unconnected, inscrteil on the calyx,
Just twice as many as tlie pistils (Hower symmetrical). CuASSULACEiE, 171
Not just the number or twice the number of the ])istils.

Leaves without stipules S.vxiruACACEyT:, 163

Leaves with stipules IIosacea;, 146

* * Ovaries 2 - .5, somctchat united at the base, separate above.

Leaves punctate with pellucid dots Rutace.e, 109

Leaves not pclluiid-punctate.

Shrubs or trees with opposite leaves. . . . . Sapindacb.e, 116
Terrestrial herbs : the carpels fewer than the petals. Saxifkagace.*;, 163

* * * Ovaries or lobes ofovarij 3 to .5, ivilli arommon style. GEitANiACEi;, 105
* * * * Ovarij onlj one, and
•t- Simple, xcith one parietal placenta. LEr.iJiiNo.s.E, 123
■(- -t- Comjioiind, as shoirn hij the number of cells, placenta', sti/les, or slii/mas.

Ovary one-celled.

Corolla irregular : petals 4 : stamens f). . . . Fu.mariace^, 60

Corolla irregular: petals and stamens .'). . . . Violace.f., 76

Corolla regular or nearly so.

Ovule solitary : slirulis or trees : stigmas 3. ANA(-AUi>iArE.E, 111

Ovules solitary or few : herbs. . . Some anomalous Cuucifer^, 62
Ovules more than one, in the centre or bottom of the cell.

Petals not inserted (m the calyx. . . . CAHYoriiYLLAOE^, 87
Petals on the throat of a hell-shaped or tubular calyx. Lytiikace.*;, 182
Ovules several or nn\ny. on two or more parietal j)laccnta;.

Leaves punctate with pellucid ami dark dots. IlYi'ERiCACEiE, 83

Leaves beset with reddish gland-tipi)ed bristles. Duo.SEUArE.i:, 82

Leaves neither jiunctate nor bristly-glandular.

Scjmls ."i, very nnecpial or only 3. . . Cistace.e, 80

Se])als and petals 4 : stamens 0. Anomalous Cki < nEit.E, 62

Sepals and petals ."i : stamens 5 or 10.

Ovary and stamens raised on a stalk. . Passhi-okaik-e, 185
Ovary sessile. SA.\iiKA(JACEiK, 163

24 ANALYTICAL KEY.

Ovarj 2 - several-celled.
Flowers in-egular.

Anthers opening at the top,

Six or eight and 1-celled : ovary 2-cclIed. . . Poltgalace^, 120
Ten and 2-celled : ovary 5-celled. . . Rhodora, in Eeicace/E, 286
Anthers opening lengthwise.

Stamens 12 and petals 6 on the throat of a tubu-
lar inflated or gibbous calyx. Cuphea, in Lttiirace.*:, 183
Stamens 5 - 8 or 10, and petals Jiypogynous, or nearly so.

Ovary 3-celled Sapixdace/E, IIG

Ovary 5-celled. . . . Impatiens, &c. in Geraniaue.e, 105
Flowers regular or nearly so.

Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as petals,

Triadelphous : petals 5 Hypericace.e, 83

Tetradynamous (or rarely only 2 or 4) : petals 4:

pungent herbs Crucifer.e, G2

Distinct and fewer than the 4 petals. . . . Oleace.e, 400
Distinct and more numerous than the petals. . Sapikdace.e, 116
Stamens just as many or twice as many as the petals.
Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell.
Herbs : flowers monoecious or dioecious. Euphorbiace.e, 430

Herbs: flowers perfect and symmetrical.
Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, &c. Geraniace/E, 105
Cells of the ovary (divided) twice as many as

the styles, sepals, &c LiNACEiE, 104

Shrubs or trees.
Leaves 3-foliolate, pellucid-punctate. Ptclea, in Rutace^e, 109
Leaves palmately veined : fruit 2-winged. Sapindace/E, 116

Leaves pinnatcly veined, simple, not punctate.
Calyx not minute : pod colored, dehiscent :

seeds enclosed in a pulpy aril. Celastrace^, 115

Calyx minute : fruit a berry-like drupe. Aquifoliace^, 305
Ovules (and usually seeds) several or many in each cell.

Stipules between the opposite and simple leaves. Elatinace^e, 86
Stipules between the opposite and compound leaves

(but they are caducous). Staphylea, in SAPiNDACii.E, 116
Stipules none when the leaves are opposite.
Stamens 5, monadelphous in a 10-toothed tube

or cup : leaves simple, all radical. Galacine^, 303

Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaf-
lets 3, inversely heart-shaped. Oxalis in Geraniace.e, 105
Stamens distinct, free from the calyx.

Style 1, undivided. Ericaceae, 286

Styles 2-5, separate. . . . Caryopiiyllace.e, 87

Stamens distinct, inserted on the calyx.
Styles 2 (or 3), or splitting into 2 in fruit. Saxifragace^, 163
Style 1 : pod in the calyx, 1-celled at maturity. Lythkace^, 182

ANAI.TriCAL KKY. 25

2. Cah/r-tul>e adherent to the ovary, at least to its lower half.

Tendril-beaiin;; and often succulent herbs. . , . CuciriuuTAA.!;, 18G
Not tendiil-bearin;;.

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell.

Ovary 1 -celled, many-ovulcd from the base. . . Portulacace.e, 97

Ovary l<elled, with 2 or 3 i)arietal plaeentaj. . Saxifkacjace.*:, 163
Ovary 2 -several-celled.

Anthers opening by pores at the apex : style 1. Melasto.mack.k, 181
Anthers not opening by jwres.

Stamens on a flat disk which covers the ovary. Celastrace.e, 115
Stamens inserted on the caly.x,

Eight or four (rarely five) : style 1. . . Onagrace^, 176

Five or ten: styles 2-3, distinct. . . Sa.\ifragace>e, 1G3
0\nilcs and seeds only one in each cell.

Stamens 10 or 5 (instead of many), — rarely in Crataegus, in Uosace.e, 146

Stamens 2 or 8 ; style I : stigma 2-4-lobed : herbs. O.nagkace^, 176
Stamens 4 or 8 : aquatics : styles or sessile stigmas 4. Halorage^, 174

Stamens 8 : styles 2 : shrub Hamamelace.e, 173

Stamens 4 : style and stigma 1 : chiefly shrubs. Cornace.e, 199
Stamens 5 : flowers in umbels, or rarely in heads.

Fmit dry, splitting in two at maturity : styles 2. Umbellifer.e, 187

Fruit berry-like : styles 2-5, separate, or united. Akaliace^e, 198

Divisiox II. MONOPETALOUS : calyx and corolla both present ; the
latter with its petals united more or less into one piece.

A. Stamens more numerons than the lobes of the corolla.

Ovary 1 -celled with one parietal placenta. , . . LKGrMixos.E, 123
Ovary 1-cclled, with 2 parietal placenta;. Adlumia, &c. in Fumariace.e, 60
Ovary 1 -celled with the ovules at the centre or base. Styracace.k, 309

Ovary 2-eelled with a single ovule in each cell. . . Polygalace.e, 120
Ovary 3 -many-celled.

Stamens free or nearly free from the corolla : style single. Ericace^, 286
Stamens free from the corolla: styles 5. Oxalis, in Geraniace^, 105

Stamens inserted on the base or tube of the corolla.

Filaments monadeli)lions : anthers 1-celled, kidney-shaped. JIai.vace.e, 98
Filaments 1 -5-adelphous at base: anthers 2-celled.

Calyx free from the ovary Cameli.iace.e, 103

Calyx coherent with the ovary or with its base. . Styracace.e, 309
Filaments wholly distinct : calyx free, persistent. . . Euexace.e, 303

B. Stamens ( fertile ones) as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.

Ovary 5-celled : corolla api)endaged with scales inside. Sapotace.e, 308

Ovary 1-celled : pod several - many-seeded : style 1. . Piu.mi:i,aci;.i:, 313

Ovarv 1-cclled : uuiclc 1-secdcd: styles 5. . . PLUMBAOiNACEiE, 312

2G ANALYTICAL KET.

C. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, or fewer.

1. Ovary adherent tojhe cali/r-tuhe ( inferior) .

Tendril-bearing herbs : anthers often united. . . Cucurbitace.t3, 186
Tendrils none.

Stamens united by their anthers into a ring or tube.

Flowers in an involucrate head Composit.e, 215

Flowers separate, not involueratc: corolla irregular. Lobeliace.i;, 282
Stamens separate, free from the corolla or nearly so, as

many as its lobes : stipules none : juice milky. Campanulace.e, 285
Stamens separate, inserted on the corolla.

One to three, always fewer than lobes of the corolla. Valerianace/t;, 213
Four or five : leaves opposite or whorled.

Flowers in a dense head, with an involucre : no stipules. Dipsace.e, 215
Flowers if in heads not involucrate.

Leaves whorled and without stipules. J _ Rubiace^, 208
Leaves opposite or whorled, and with stipules. )
Leaves opposite without stipules (but some-
times with appendages to the petioles imitat-
ing them) Capkifoliace^, 202

2. Ovarij free from the calyx (supa-ior).
* Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or only 2.
Ovules and seeds solitary in the (1-4) cells.

• Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising from between the lobes. Labiat.e, .341

Ovary not lobed, the style from its apex. . . . Vekbenace.i;, 339
Ovules numerous or at least as many as 2 in each cell.
Ovary and pod 1 -celled,

With a free central placenta : stamens 2 : aquatics. Lentibulace.e, 317
With 2 or more parietal very many-seeded placentte :

stamens 4 Oeobanciiace.e, 322

Ovary and fruit more or less 4 - 5-cellcd. Martynia, / -n .,^^., , ^^ ^ gon
Ovary and pod 2-celled, but the 2 placentae parietal. )
Ovary and pod 2-celled : placentJe in the axis.

Seeds rarely few, not on hooks, with albumen. SckophulariacExE, 324
Seeds few, borne on hook-like or other projections

of the placentte : no albumen. . . . AcANXiiACEiE, 338

* * Corolla someichat irregular : stamens [idth anthers) 5.

Stamens free from the corolla : anthers with their cells

opening by a hole or chink at the top. Azalea, in Ericace^, 286
Stamens inserted on the corolla.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around the style. FA'hium, in Boeragixace.e, 350

Ovary not lobed : ])od many-seeded.

Filaments or some of them woolly. Verbascum, Scrophulariace.is, 324
Filaments not woolly Hyoscyamus, Solanace.k, 380

ANALYTIC. \l, KKV. 27

* * ♦ Corolla rif/ular.

•»- Stamens as matiij as-tlw lobes of the roroUa.

Ovaries 2, sci)ar:itf ; tlifir

Styles and stigmas also wholly separate. Dichoiulra, in Coxvor.virLACE.'E, 374
Stigmas and sometimes styles united into one.

Filaments distinct : jiollen in onlinary grains. . . Apocynace^, 392
Filaments monadeljilioiis : jM^llen in nnisses. . . Asclki'Iadace^, 394
Ovary one, Init deeply 4-lol)ed around the style.

Leaves alternate Borkaginace^, 300

Leaves opposite. ' Mentha, in Lai!Iat.«, 341

Ovary one : pod 2-lobcd or 2-horncd at the summit. . Logaxiace.e, 391
Ovary one, not divided nor deeply lohed,

One-eelled, with ovules parietal or on 2 parietal placentic.

Leaves (or in .Menyantlies three leaflets) entire. . Gkntianace.c, ."584
Leaves toothed, lohed or pinnately eompound. IIyduoi-uvllace.e, 367
Two- to ten-eelled.

Leafless parasitic twining plants. Cuseuta, in CoxvolVllace.i:, 374

Leaves op])osite, their l)ascs or petioles conneeted

by stipules or a stipular line . . . . Logaxiaci;.e, 391
Leaves when ojjpositc without stipules.

Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so : style 1 . Eimcace.e, 286

Stamens almost free from the corolla ; style none. Aql-h-oliace.ic, 305
Stamens inserted on the tuhc of the corolla.

Four : jwd 2-celled, cireiimcissile. . . Pi.antaginace.b, 310
Four: ovary 2 - 4-ei;lled : ovules solitary. . Verbenace.*:, 3:39
F'ive or rarely more.

Fruit of two or four .>;eeil-like nutlets. . Borraginack^, 360

Fruit a few-seeded pod.

Style 3-cleft : seeds small. . . . Poi.emomace.'e, 370
Style single or 2-eleft, or again 2-eleft : seeds

large, only one or two in a cell. . Convoi.vilaoe.k, 374
Fruit a very many-seeded jxjd or herry.

Styles 2. . . . Ilydrolca, in IIvdropiiyllace.e, 367
Style single Solanacejj, 380

■*- H- Slaimns fuccr than the lobes of the corolla.

Stamens 4, didynamous.

Ovary 2-eelleil ; the cells several-seeded. . . . AcAXTirACE.F., 338

Ovary 2-4-eelled; the cells 1 -seeded. . . . Verhknack.i-:, .339
Stamens only 2 with anthers : ovary 4-1oIhi1. . Lycopus, in Lauiat.!:, 342

Stamens 2, rarely 3 : ovary 2-eelKd.

Low herbs : corolla .scarious, withering on t\w pod. I'i.axtacinace.e, 310

Herbs : corolla rotate, or somewhat funnelforni, and*

slightly irregular. . . Veronica, in ScRoi-nri.AKiArE.K, 324

Shrubs or trees : corolla perfectly regular. . ." . . Oi-EACEJi, 400

2» ANALYTICAL KKY.

Division III. APETALOUS: corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting.

A« Flowers not in catkins.
1. Ovary or its cells containing many ovules.

Ovary and pod inferior (i. c. calyx-tube adherent to tlie ovary),

Six-celled: stamens 6 -12. .... AKiSTOLOCniACEiE, 403

Four-celled: stamens 4 Ludwigia, in Oxagkace.i;, 176

One-celled, with parietal placentae. Chrysosplenium, in Saxxfkagace^,. 163

Ovary and pod wholly naked (there being no calyx),

Two-celled, 2-heaked : flowers capitate : tree. . . Hamamelace^, 173

. Two-celled, many-ribbed : aquatic herb. . . Podostemace^, 429

Ovary and pod superior, i. e. free from the calyx,

Five-celled and 5-beaked, opening across the beaks, which

fall off at maturity : stamens 10. Penthorum, in Crassulace^, 171

Three -5-celled, opening round the middle. Sesuvium, in Portulacace^, 97

Three-celled and 3-valvcd. . . Mollugo, in Caryopiiyllace^e, 87

Two-celled or one-celled : placenta central.

Stamens inserted on the throat or tube of the calyx. Lytiirace.e, 182

Stamens inserted on the receptacle or the base of the calyx,

Alternate with the 5 sepals. . . Glaux, in Primulace.e, 313

Opposite the sepals when of the same number. Caryophyllace>e, 87

One-celled, with one parietal placenta. ) ^

^ . „ . • , > . . . Eanunculace^, 34

Ovaries 2 or more, separate, simple. )

2. Ovary or its cells containing only 1 or 2, jrarly 3 or 4, ovules.

# Pistils more than one, and distinct or nearly so.

Stamens inserted on the calyx. Leaves with stipules. . . Rosace.e, 146
Stamens inserted on the receptacle.
Leaves punctate with pellucid dots. . Zanthoxylum, in Rctace.e, 109
Leaves not dotted.

Calyx present, and usually colored or petal-like. Ranuncueace.b, 34

Calyx absent. Flowers entirely naked, perfect, spiked. Saururace.e, 42)

* * Pistil one, either simple or compound.

Ovary partly inferior, the calyx coherent to its lower half,

2-celled : styles 2 : stamens many. . . . Hamamelace.e, 173
Ovary wholly inferior (in perfect or pistillate flowers).
Aquatic herbs : ovary 3-4 celled, or (Hippuris) 1-celled. Halorage.e, 174
Woody plants : style or stigma one, entire : ovary 1-celled.

Stigma running down one side of the style. Nyssa, in Cornace,i;, 199

Stigma terminal, with or without a style.
Parasitic on the branches of trees : anthers sessile. Loranthace.e, 426
Not parasitic above ground : anthers on filaments. Santalace.??, 425

ANALYTICAL KKY. 29

Ovary really free from tlie calyx, but permanently invested by its
tube, or the base of it, so as to seem inferior.
Shrubs, with siurfv leaves : flowers mostly diceeious. El.kagnaci:.«, 424
Herbs : with the ealyx colored like a corolla.

Leaves opposite, simple. ..... Nyctaginace.e, 404

Leaves alternate, piiniate Poterium, in Rosacea;, 146

Ovary plainly free from the ealyx, which is sometimes waiitin;,'.
Stipules (oclirea^) sheathinj,' the stem at the nodes.

Tree : tlie calyx none : tlowers monu;cious, in heads. Pi-ATANAricK, 446
Herbs: the calyx jiresent and commonly petal-like. Polyoo.nacl.k, 414
Stipules not sheathing the stem, or none.
Aipiatie herbs, submersed or nearly so.

Leaves whorled and dissected : style single. CERAToriiYi.i.ACK.T;, 427
Leaves opposite, entire : styles 2 : ovary 4-cellcd. Cali-ituiciiacici:, 427
Not acjuatics, herbs.

Ovary 10-celled: berry 10-sccded. . . . riiYxoLACCACK^v, 405
Ovary 3- (rarely 1 - 2-) celled : juice usually milky. Eui'iioBBiACiiiE, 430
Ovary one-celled : juice not milky.

Style, if any, and stigma only one : leaves simple :

no scarious bracts around the flowers. . . Urticace^., 440
Style or stigmas 2 or 3 : embryo coiled or curved.
Stipules not scarious ; leaves palmately cleft or

palmately compound. . Cannabinea;, in Urticace^, 44C

Stipules scarious. . . Illocebrea!, in Caryophyllace.*:, SJ

Stipules and scarious bracts none : stamens inserted high up

on the tube of the calyx. Selcranthus, in Caryoi'IIYLLACE.e, 87
Stipules none : but flowers with scarious bracts. Amakan'tace;e, 411
Stipules and scarious bracts none . . Cuenopodiace.i:, 405
Shrubs or trees.
Ovules a pair in each cell of the ovarj'.

Fruit 2-celled, a double samara. Accrinea?, in Sapindace.t:, 116

Fruit a 1-celled and 1 -seeded samara or a drupe. Oleace.i:, 40tt

Ovules single in each cell of the

Three -nine-celled ovary : leaves hcatb-likc. . Empetrace.i:, 440
Three-celled ovary : leaves broad. . . . Riiamxace.e, ll.*)

One- two-celled ovary : styles or stigmas 2-cleft. Ui;ticace.k, 440
One-celled ovary : style and stigma single and entire.

Anthers opening longitudinally . . . TuvMr.i.EACE.E, 424
Anihers opening by uplifted valves. . . . Laiuace.e, 422

B. Flowers {monacioiis or diwcioiis) one or both sorts in calkins.

1. Only one sort of Jlowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.

"Fertile flowers in a short catkin, head, or strobile. . . Urticace.e, 440
Fertile flowers single or clustered : sterile ones in slender catkins.

Leaves pinnate : fertile flowers and fruit naked. . Jcglandaoe.e, 447

Leaves simple ; fertile flowers I -3 in an involucre or cup. CuPULiFKRJi, 449

30 ANALYTICAL KEY.

2. Both sterile and fertile flowers in catkins or catkin-like heads.
Ovary and pod 2-cclled, many-seeded. Liquidambar, in Hamamelace^, 173
Ovary and pod 1 -celled, many-seeded; seeds furnished with

a downy tuft at one end. ..... SALiCACEiE, 461

Ovary 1 -2-eellcd, only one ovule in each cell : fruit 1-seeded.
Parasitic on trees : fruit a berry. .... Lokanthace.e, 426

Trees or shrubs, not parasitic.

Calyx regular, in the fertile flower succulent in fruit. UnTiCACEiE, 440
Calyx none, or rudimentary and scale-like.

Style and stigma one, simple : tiie flowers in heads. PLATANACEiE, 446
Styles or long stigmas 2.
Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each scale of the catkin. Betulace.e, 458
Fertile flowers single under each scale : nutlets

naked, waxy-coated or drupe-like. . . . Mykicace.e, 457

Fertile flowers in pairs at each scale, each in a mem-
branous sac or with leafy bractlets. Carpineaj, in Cupulifer.e, 449

Subclass II. GYMNOSPEllM.E. Pistil an open scale or altered
leaf, bearing naked ovules on its margin or its upper surlace, or in Taxus
entirely wanting. Flowers monoecious or dioecious.

Represented in the Northern United States only by the order Conifers, 468

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with the wood collected into separate bundles or threads, which
are irregularly dispersed throughout the whole diameter, leaving no dis-
tinct pith in the centre ; not forming annual layers. (A transverse
slice of the stern therefore exhibits the woody threads as dots scattered
throughout the cellular tissue.) Leaves mostly parallel-veined (occasion-
ally more or less reticulated). Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the
first leaves in germination alternate. Parts of the flower generally in
threes, never in fives.

4. Spadiceocs Division. Flotm-s arjrjrcrjnfrd on a spadix or fleshy nrlK, or
sometimes scattered, destitute of ralijr and rorol/a [fxcrptiinj some Araccjc and
Naiadaceoe, where, however, they are on a spadix), and also icilltont glumes
(husky scales). Leaves sometimes with mttcd veins.

Little floating aquatics, with no distinction of stem and foliage. Lemnace^, 478

Immersed aquatics, branching and leafy. .... NAiDACEiE, 482

lieed-like or Flag-like marsh herbs, with linear and sessile
nerved leaves : flowers in spikes or heads.
Flowers monoecious, and quite destitute of fli;ral envelopes. Typiiace.e, 480
Flowers perfect, on a lateral spadix : .s(])als 6. Acorus, y

Terrestrial or marsh plants : leaves mostly with a distinct ^ Arace.'e, 475

netted-veined blade, pctiolcd. )

ANALYTICAL KKV. SI

B> Petaloideocs Division. Flowers not cof/ectrd on a spndir. furnished with
Jloral envelopes (jierianl/i) answering to calyx or to both ciilij.c and corolla, either
herhictous or colored and /ittal-ll/ce.

1. Perianth adherent to the whole surface of the ovary.
Flowers dioecious or polygamous, rcfriilar.

i\(iuiitics: ovules luul seeds several or numerous. IlYDHociiAinnACE.T:, 494
Twiners : ovules and seeds one or two in eaeli till. DioscouEACKyE, 513

Flowers perfect : ovules and seeds usually numerous.

Stamens only one or two : llower irregular, gynandrous. Okciiidace.k, 497

Stamens three.

Anthers introrsc, ojjcning t^ansve^scly^ . . Biismaxniace-k, 490

Anthers introrse or versatile, opening lengthwise. II.lmodokali:.!:, 514

Anthers extror.^e, opening lengthwise. .... Ikidaci;.!:, 515

Stamens G : flowers usually on a seajje from a hull). A.mauvli.idacI';.!;, 512

2. Perianth adherent only to the base or lower half of the ovary.
Perianth woolly or roughish-mealy : the leaves equitant. H/i:mou()kaci;.e. 514
Perianth smooth : the leaves gras.s-like. Stcnanthium, &e., in Lii.iACK.ii, 520

3. Perianth wholly free from the ovary.
Pistils numerous or few in a head or ring. . . . Alismace^, 490

Pistil one : anthers 1-eelL'd : flowers dia-eious. Tendril-hearing. S.milace^, 518
Pistil one, compound (cells or placentie mo^tly 3) : anthers 2-eelled.
Perianth not glumaccous or chaffy : flowers not in dense heads.
Stamens 6 (in one Sinilacina 4), similar and ])erfeet.

Scurfy-leaved epijihyte : seeds hairy-tufted. . . Euo.meliace.e, 515
liush-like marsh-herhs : carpels separating closed from the

axis : seed without alhumen. Trigloehin, in Ai.is.iiace.e, 490

Terrestrial, not rush-like : seeds with albumen.

Perianth of similar divisions or lobes, mostly colored. ^

Perianth of 3 foliaceous and green sepals and .3 col- [- Lii.iace.e, 520

orcd withering-persistent petals. Trillium in)

Perianth of 3 persistent green sepals, and 3 I'phemc-

ral deli<|ue.scent petals ..... (^om.melynace.e, 546
Stamens 6, dissimilar, or only three with perfect anthers.
Perianth of 3 herbaceous sepals and 3 uiu'(iual

and ephemeral ])etals. .... CoMMF.i.YNArK.E, 540

Perianth tubular, 0-lobed P().NTi;i)i;uiAri;.i:, 544

Stamens 3, >imilar. Moss-like .aquatic. Mayaca, under Xyimdace.*:, 547
Perianth wholly glumaccous, of 0 similar divisions. Rushes. Ji'ncace.e, 536
I'erianth partly glumaceous or ehafl-like: flowers in very
(h'li.sc heads. Rush-like or aquatic.
Flowers jierfect : inner perianth of three yellow petals :
jierfect stamens and jdumo.xe sterile (ilaments each
3 : pod 1 celled, many-.seedcd on 3 pjirietal ])laecnta'. Xvridace.e, 547
Flowers moutecious or dia-eious, whitish-bearded : sta-
mens 4 or 3 : pod 2-3 celled, 2- 3-seeded. Lkiocalloxace.e, .549

32 ANALYTICAL KEY.

C. Glujiaceous Division. Flowers destitute of any proper perianth, except
sometimes small scales or bristles, but covered by glumes, j. e husk-like or scale-
like bracts.
Glume a single scale-like bract with a flower in its axil. . Cvperace^, .5.50
Glumes in pairs, of two sorts Gramine^, 602

Series II. CRYPTOGMIOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS :

those destitute of stamens and pistils, in fructification producing spores
instead of seeds.

Class III. ACROGENOUS PLANTS.
Plants -with a stem containing woody tissue and vessels, as does the
foliage when there is any (in the form of veins).
Fructification of several spore-cases borne on the under

side of the shield-shaped stalked scales of a terminal

spike or cone. Leaves none, except a whorl of teelh

at each joint of the stem. Equisetace^, G.'iS

Fructification borne on the leaves (fronds), commonly on

their backs or margins Filices, 6.5.')

Fructification of spore-cases in the axil of simple leaves

or bracts. Ltcopodiace^, 672

Fructification on the branches or petioles. . . Htdroptekiues, 677

BOTANY

NORTHERN UNITED STATES.

SERIES I

PII^NOGAJVIPUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS.

Vegetables bearing i)ro{)cr flowers, that is, liaving sta-
mens and pistils, and producing seeds, -wlucli contain an
embryo.

Class L DICOTYLEDONOUS or EXOGE-
NOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, and pith ; the wood forming
a layer between the otiier two, increasing, when the stem
continues from year to year, by the annual addition of a
n^w layer to the outside, next the bark. Leaves netted-
vcined. Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons, or
rarely several in a whorl. Flowers having their parts
usually in fives or fours.

Subclass I. AXGIOSPERM^.

Pistil consisting of a clo-ctl ovary, whidi contains the ovules tind
forms the fruit. Cotyledons only two.
3

34 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

Division I. POLYPETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla ; the petals
not united with each other. (Several genera or species .belonging to
Polypetalous Orders are destitute of petals.)

Order 1. RANU]¥CIJL.ACE^. (Crowfoot Family.)

Herbs or woody climbers, rarely undershrubs, with a colorless acrid juice,
polypetalous, or apetalous with the calyx often colored like a corolla, hypogy-
nous ; the sepals, petals, numerous stamens, and many or few {rarely sin-
gle) pistils all distinct and unconnected. — Flowers regular or irregular.
Sepals 3-15. Petals 3-15, or wanting. Stamens indefinite, rarely i'tiw :
anthers short. Fruits either dry pods, or seed-like (achenia), or beiTi*?s.
Seeds anatropous (when solitary and suspended the rhaphe dorsal), with
fleshy albumen and a minute embryo. — Stipules none. Leaves often
dissected, their stalks dilated at the base. (A large family, mostly of
acrid plants, some of them acrid-narcotic poisons.)

Synopsis of the Genera.

Tribe I. CliEMATIDE^. Sepals valvate in the bud, or iwith the edges bent inwards.
Petals none, or small. Achenia numerous, tailed with the feathery or hairy styles. Seeds
solitary, suspended. — Leaves all opposite.

1. Clematis. Climbing by the leafstalks, or erect herbs.

Tribe II. AIVEMOIVE^. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals none or very small
and stamen-like. Achenia numerous or several. Seed solitary. — Stem-leaves often op-
posite or wliurled, forming an involucre.

* Seed suspended. Sepals 4 - 20.

2. Anemone. Achenia numerous, in a head, pointed or tailed, not ribbed nor inflated.

Involucre leaf-like and remote from the flower

3. Hepatica. Achenia several, not ribbed. Involucre close to the flower, of 3 simple

leaves, and resembling a calyx.

4. Tlialictrum. Achenia 4-10, ribbed, grooved, or inflated. Involucre none, or leaf-

like, and remote from the flowers.

# » Seed erect. S3pals 3-5, caducous.

5. Trautvelteria. Achenia inflated and 4-angled. Involucre none.

Tribe III. RAIVTNCUL.E.E. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Petals evident, often
with a scale or pore inside. Achenia numerous Seed solitary.

6. Ranunculus. Sepals not appendaged. Achenia in a head. Seed erect.

7. Myosurus. Sepals spurred at the base. Achenia in a long spike. Seed suspended.
Tribe IV. IIELIjEBORIIVEjE. Sepals imbricated in the bud, deciduous, rarely

persistent, petal-like. Pet^ils (nf claries of the early botanists) tubular, irregular, or 2-
lipped, often none. Pods (follicles) few, rarely single, few - several-seeded. — Leaves all
alternate.

* Flower regular. Pods several-seeded. Herbs.

8. Isopyrum. Petals none (in our species). Pods few. Leaves compound.
14. Caltita. Petals none. Pods several. Leaves kidney-shaped, undivided.

UANUNCULACKvK. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 35

10. Trollilia. Petals many, minute ami stamen-like, hollowed near tlie biise. Pods 8 -15,

sessile. Leaves palmiitely divMed.

11. Coplis. Petals 5.-C, small, liollowe<l at the apex. Pods 3-7, long-stalked. Sepals

ilioiiludiis. Li'aves trifuliolate.

12. Ilrllfborus. Petals 8-10, small, tubular, 2-lipped. Pods several, sessile. Sepals 5,

pcrsistfiit, turning green with age.

13. Aqullcgla. Petals 5, spur-shaped, longer than the 5 deciduous se])als. Pods 5

• • Flower unsymmetrical and irregular. Puds sevcral-Sfeded.

14. Delphinium. Upi)er sepal spurred. Petals 4, of two forms; the upper pair with

long spurs, enclosed in the spur of the caly.\.

15. Acoiiit uiii. I'pper sepal h<K>ded, covering the two long-clawed small petals.

* • * Flower symmetrical. Pods ripening only one seed. Shrubby.

16. Zaiitliui-liizu. Petals 5, small, 2-lobe(l, with claws. Stamens 5-10. Flowers in

drooping cumpouiid racemes.
Tribe V. CIMICIFUGKjE. Sepals imbricated, falling' off as the flower opens. Pet-
als small and Hat, or none. Pistils 1- several. Fruit a 2 - several-seeded pixl or berry.
All the loaves alternate.

17. Hyilrastis. Flower solitary. Pistils several in a head, becoming berries in fruit, 2-

seeded. Leaves simple, lobcd. Petals none.
IS. Actaca. Flowers in a single 'short raceme. Pistil single, forming a many-seeded berry.

lA'aves 2 - 3-ternately compound. Petals manifest, but small.
19. Ciiiiicifiiga. Flowers in long spiked racemes. Pistils 1-8, in fruit forming dry and

several-seeded pods. Leaves 2 -3-ternately compound.

1. CLEMATIS, L. Virgin's-Roweu.

Sepals 4, or rarely more, colored, the valvatc margin.s turned inwards in the
bud. Petals none, or small. Aehcnia numerous in a head, bearin-.^ the persist-
ent styles as naked, hairy, or jilumosc tails. — Perennial herbs or vines, mostly
ft little woody, and climbinjj by the bendino; or clas])ino; of the leafstalks, rarely
low and erect. Leaves opjjosite. ( KXruiaTis, a name of Dioseorides for a climb-
ing plant with long and lithe branches.)
§ 1. ATIiAGKXE, L. Some of the outer Jilamcnts cnkurjcd and qradnall if passing

into small spatiilute petals : peduncles bearing sinyle larye Jhivers : the thin sepals

widely spmidiny.

1. C. verticill^ris, DC. "Woody-stemmed climber, almost glabrous;
leaves trifoliolate, with slender common and partial petioles; leaflets ovate or
slightly heart-shaped, jwinted, entire, or on sterile stems 1 -3-toothed or lobed ;
flower blnish-purple, 2'-3' acro-^s ; tails of the fruit plumose. ( Atragenc Amer-
icana, Sims.) — Rocky j)laces in moimtainous districts, Maine and Western
New England to Virginia, Wisconsin, and northwestward: rare. May. — A
pair of leaves with a j)cdnncle between them, devclo|)ed in spring from each of
the oi)i)ositc buds, gives the appearance of a whorl, whence the specific name.

§ 2. CLEMATIS projier. Prtals entirely wanting.

* Peduncles bearing single large nodding Jlowers : calyx leathery : anthers linear.

■*- Stem low, enrt and mostly .>iimple: caly.r silky outside, greenish.

2. C. OChroletlca, Ait. Leaves simple and entire, ovate or sometimes
3-lobed, almost .•fissile, silky beneath ; tails of the fruit very plumose. — Copses^
L(mg Island, Staten Island (/>;•. Allin), Pennsylvania, and Virginia: rare.
May.

36 RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

■t- •»- Stents ch'mhl)i(j : leai-es pinnate : cali/x {and foliage) glabrous or piiherulent.

3. C Viorna, L. (Leather-flower.) Calyx ovate and at length bell-
shaped ; the purplish sepals very thick and leathery, tipped with short recurred jmints ;
the long tails of ihe fndt very plumose ; leaflets 3-7, ovate or oblong, sometimes
slightly cordate, 2-3-lobcd or entire; uppermost leaves often simple. — Kich
soil, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. May -Aug.

4. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Calyxbell-shapcd ; the dull purplish sepals
with narrow and slighdy margined recurved points ; tails of the fruit Jiliform and
barely pubescent ; leaflets 3-9, ovate or somewhat cordate, entire or 3-lobed, much
reticulated; uppermost leaves often simple. — Illinois on the Mississippi, and
southward. June.

5. C. cylindrioa, Sims. Calyx cylindraceous below, the upper half of
the bluish-purple sepals dilated and widely spreading, with broad and wavy thin
margins ; tails of the fruit silky ; leaflets .5 - 9, thin, varying from oblong-ovate
to lanceolate, entire or 3 - 5-parted. — Virginia near Norfolk, and southward.
May - Aug.

* * Flowers in panicled clustej-s, polygamo-dicecious : sepals thin: anthers oblong.

6. C. Virginiana, L. (Common Virgin's-Bower.) Smooth; leaves
bearing 3 ovate acute leaflets, which are cut or lobed, and somewhat heart-shaped
at the base ; tails of the fruit plumose. — River-banks, &c., common ; climbing
over shrubs. July, August. — The axillary peduncles bear clusters of numerous
white flowers (sepals obovate, spreading) ; the fertile succeeded in autumn by the
conspicuous feathery tails of the fruit.

2. ANEMONE, L, Anemone. Wind-flower.

Sepals few or many, petal-like. Petals none, or in No. 1 resembling abortive
stamens. Achenia pointed or tailed, flattened, not ribbed. Seed suspended. —
Perennial herbs with radical leaves ; those of the stem 2 or 3 together, oppo-
site or whorled, and forming an involucre remote from the flower. (Name from
fivffios, the wind, because the flower was thought to open only when the wind
blows.)

§ 1. PULSATfLLA, Tourn. Carpels numerous in a head, with long and hairy
styles which in fruit form feathery tails, as in Clematis : flower large, usually with
some glandular bodies like abortive stamens answering to petals, but minute or
indistinct.

1. A. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana. (Pasque-flower.) Villous with
long silky haii's ; flower erect, developed before the leaves ; which are ternately
divided, the lateral divisions 2-parted, the middle one stalked and 3-parted,
the segments deeply once or twice cleft into narrowly linear and acute lobes ;
lobes of the involucre like those of the leaves, at the base all united into a shal-
low cup; sepals 5-7, purplish or whitish (1'- I2" long), spreading when in full
anthesis. (A. Nuttalliana, DC. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, ed. 2. P. patens, var.
Wolfgangiana, Trautv.) — Prairies, Illinois {Bebb), Wisconsin (Lnpham), thence
northward and westward. March -April. — A span high. Tail of carpels 2'
long. (Eu. Siberia.)

RANUXCULACK.f:. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 37

§ 2. Caq)el.i ven/ numerous in n drnsr hcdd, ti/i/nil irilli shorl and nearly naled styles,

thirkli/ dollied witU nri/ loiiij and inutlnl u-ool irlirn ripe.

♦ Low or slender plants, somewhat pubescent, alirai/s simple-stemmed, with a mostly

sessile. 2-'3-leaved iniolucre far below thejiower.

2. A. Carolini^na, Walt. (Cakolina xVnkmone.) Stem 3'-6' high
from a roiiiul tiil>tr; mot-lenvcs once or twice 3-parted or cleft; involucre 3-
parted, its wcdj,a'-t;hai)ctl divisions 3-(lcft ; sepals 10-20, oblong-linear, purjilc or
whitish; head of fruit oblong. — Illinois {O.Everett, J. W. Powell, M. S. Bebb,
I'J. Hall, T. J. Utile, &c.) and soiitliwurd. Ma}'. Ajjparently passes into the
South American A. decapctala.

3. A. parvifldra, Michx. (Small-flowekeu a.) Stem 3'- 12' high
from a slender rootstock ; root-leaves 3-parted, their broadly wedge-shaped divis-
ions crenate-incised or lobed ; involucre 2-3-leavcd; se]xils 5 or 6, oval, white;
head of fruit globular. — Lake Superior, northward and westward. May, June.
« * Taller, commonly branching above or producing two or more peduncles: sejKils

5-8, silLy or downy beneath (4" - 6" long), oval or oblong.

4. A. multiflda, DC. (Many-cleft A.) Silky-hairy (6'- 12' high);
principal involucre 2-3-lcaved, bearing one naked and one or two 2-leaved pe-
duncles ; leaves of the involucre short-petioled, similar to the root-leaves, twice or
thrice 3-partcd and cleft, their divisions linear ; sepals 5-8, obtuse, red, sometimes
greenish-yellow or whitish ; head of fruit spherical or oval. — Rocks, Western Ver-
mont and Northern New York, Lake Superior, &c. : rare. June.

5. A. cylindrica, Gray. (Long-fruited A.) Slender (2° high),
clothed with silky hairs; flowers 2-G, on very long and upright naked pcdun-
cles; leaves of the involucre long-pet ioled, twice or thrice as many as the flower-
stalks, 3-tlivided ; their divisions wedge-sliaixjd, the lateral 2-parted, the middle
one 3-cleft ; lobes cut and toothed at the apex ; sejxils 5, rather obtuse, greenish-
white; hfiid of fruit cylindrical (1' long). — Sandy or dry woods, Massachusetts
and Rhode Island to Illinois and northwestward. May. — Peduncles 7'- 12'
long, all appearing together from the same involucre, and naked throughout,
or sometimes ])art of them with involiicels, as in the next.

6. A. Virginikna, L. (Viugiman A.) Hairy; principal involucre 3-
leaved ; the leaves long-pet ioled, 3-parted ; their divisions ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
cut-serrate, the lateral 2-parted, the middle 3-eleft ; peduncles elongated, the
earliest naked, the others with a 2-leaved involucel at the middle; sepals 5, acute,
greenish (in one variety white and obtuse) ; head of fruit oval or olilong. — Woods
and meadows; common. June- August. — Plant 2°-3° high; the upright
peduncles 6' -12' long. In this and the next species the first flowerstalk is
leafless; but from the same involucre soon proceed one or two lateral ones,
which arc 2-leaved at the middle ; these partial involucres in turn giving rise to
similar peduncles, thus producing a succession of flowers through the summer.

§ 3. Car/i'ls frinr, the acltinia and the short slender styles merily pubescent.

7. A. Pennsylvdnica, L. (Penxsylvaman A.) Hairy, rather low;
Involucres s<ssilc ; the primary ones 3-leaved, bearing a naked peduncle, and soon
a pair of branches or peduncles with a 2-leavcd involucre at the middle, which
branch similarly in turn; their leaves broadly wedge-shaped, 3-cleft, cut and

38 RANUNCULACE.E. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.)

toothed; radical leaves 5-7-parted or cleft; sepals 5, obovate, white (6" -9"
long) ; head of fruit spherical; the carpels flat, orbicular. — W. New England
to Illinois and northwestward. June - Aug.

8. A. nemorbsa, L. (Wind-flower. Wood A.) Low, smoothish;
stem perfectly simple, from a filiform rootstock, slender, leafless, except the in-
volucre of 3 lung-pet ioled trifoliolale leaves, their leaflets wedge-shaped or oblong,
and toothed or cut, or the lateral ones (var. quinquefolia) 2-parted ; a simi-
lar radical leaf in sterile plants solitary from the rootstock ; peduncle not longer
than the involucre : sepals 4-7, oval, white, sometimes tinged with purple out-
side; carpels only 15-20, oblong, with a hooked beak. — ]\Iargin of woods.
April, May. — A delicate vernal species; the flower 1' broad. (Eu.)

3. HEPATICA, Dill. Liver-leaf. Hepatica.

Involucre simple and 3-leaved, very close to the flower, so as to resemble a
calyx; otherwise as in Anemone (of which this genus should strictly be viewed
as only a section). — Leaves all radical, heart-shaped and 3-lobed, thickish and
persistent through the winter, the new ones appearing later than the flowers,
wiiich are single, on hairy scapes. (Name from a fancied resemblance to the
liver in the shape of the leaves.)

1. H. triloba, Chaix. (Eound-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate
obtuse or rounded lobes ; those of the involucre also obtuse. — Woods ; common
eastward ; flowering soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring. Sepals
6-9, blue, purplish, or nearly white. Achenia several, in a small loose head,
ovate-oblong, pointed, hairy. (En.)

2. H. acutiloba, DC. (Siiarp-lobed Hepatica.) Leaves with 3 ovate
and pointed lolies, or sometimes 5-lobcd ; those of the involucre acute or acut-
jsh. — Woods, Vermont and New York to Wisconsin. Sepals 7-12, pale pur-
ple, pink, or nearly white. Perhaps runs into the other.

4. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Meadow-Rce.

Sepals 4 or more, petal-like or greenish. Petals none. Achenia 4-15,
grooved or ribbed, or else inflated. Seed suspended. — Perennials, with 2-3-
ternately compound leaves, the divisions and the leaflets stalked. Flowers in
corymbs or panicles, often polygamous or diojcious. (Derivation obscure.)
§ 1. SYNDESMON, HofFm. Betiveen Thalictrum and Anemone, having all
its stem-leaves in the form of an involucre at the top, and the stamens shorter than
the 5-10 tvhite and conspicuous sepals; but the stigma depressed-truncate, and
the ovoid sessile carpels terete, mang-utigled, icith deep internudiate grooves : flow-
ers perfect.

1. T. anemonoldes, Michx. (Rce-Anemone.) Glabrous; stem and
slender petiole of radical leaf (a span high) rising from a cluster of thickened
tuberous roots ; the latter 2 - 3-ternately compound ; leaflets roundish, somewhat
3-lobed at the end, cordate at the base, long-petiolulate, those of the 2 -3-leaved
1 -2-ternate involucre similar ; flowers several in an uml)el ; sepals oval {h' long,
rarely pinkish) not early deciduous. — Woods, common, flowering in early

RANUNCULACEiE. (CUOWFOOT FAMILY.) 31)

spring, along witli and ronsi(lor:il)Iy iTscnil)ling Anemone ncmorosa. Karely
the sejials arc ;il()l)eil like tlie Icallcts.

§2. Leaves alt irimte along the strm: no tm-olnrre : roots Jihrous : Jlowers compara-
tiielif small and numerous, imiiicled : sepals 4 or 5, usualli/ J'allint/ early.

* Flowers di(erioiis or sotnetirnes ]>olijg(nnoiis. in ample panicles : jVaments slender :

stiymas elomjated, linear or subulate, mostly unilulaul: arhenia sciisile or short-
it ijiitule, (iroiil, poiiitid, slronrjli/ several-auffled and (jroored.

2. T. dioicum, L. (Eauly Mkauow-Ri-k.) Smooth and pale or glau-
cous, l°-2° high; leares all with ijeneral jH-tioks; leajhls droopimj, rounded and
3-7-Iobcd; flowers purplish and greenish; the yello\vish antiiers linear, mu-
cronate, drooping on Jine capilUtrij jilaincuts. — Koeky woods, &e. ; eonimon.
April, May.

3. T. purpur^SCens, L. (Pcrplisii ]\I.) Taller (2° -4° high, the
stem usually pur|)lisli) ; stem-leaves sessile (without general petiole) or nearly so;
leaflets roundish or ohlong and more or less S-lohed, thiekish, pale and usually
minutely puheseent heneath, the margin mostly revolutc and the reining con-
spicuous; panicles eomjjound ; _/7()((V';-s (sepals, filaments, &c.) greenish and ]>ur-
plish ; anthers linear or ohlong-linear, mucronulate, drooping on capillary fila-
ments which are manifestly broadened at the summit. (T. Virginianum clatius,
&c., Aforis. T. rugiisum, .4//. ? T. pid)escens, Pwr.s-A. T. rcvoUitum, Z>C'.) —
Dry uplands and rocky hills, S. New England to Michigan, Illinois and south-
ward. May, June. — Sometimes nearly glabrous throughout, often minutely
pubescent, and in

Var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin, niss., with the lower surface of the leaves,
sepals, and mostly the fruit thickly beset with waxy atoms. Plant olten grow-
ing with the other, and exhaling a peculiar odor.

4. T. Corntlti, L. (Tall M.) Smooth or obscurely pubescent, 4° -8°
high; slem-leai-es sessile ; leaflets nearly as in the last, but usually thinner and
less revolute and veiny and the lobes more acute; panicles very compound;
/lowers white, the fertile ones with some stamens ; anthers not drooping, small, ob-
long, blunt, the irhite ^filaments decidedly thickened tipwards. (T. rugosum,
Pursh., DC. T. corynellum, />C.) — Wet meadows and along rivulets, com-
mon, especially eastward. July- Sept.

* « Flowers all jier feet, corymhed ; the Jilamenis strongly rluh-slutped or inflated under

the small and short anther: stigma short and unilateral : arhenia long-slipitate.
.5. T. clavatum, DC. Size and appearance of No. 2, but leaves only
twice ternate ; flowers white and fewer ; aebenia .'i - 10, flat, somewhat cresceiit-
shajK-d, ta]K-ring into the slender stipe. — Mountains of S. Virginia and south-
ward. June.

5. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fischer & Meyer. False BionANE.
Sepals .3 -5, usually 4, concave, petal-like, very caducous. Petals none.

Achenia numerous, in a head, membrainiceous, compresse(l-4-angled anil in-
flated. Seed erect. — A iierennial herb, with palmately-lobed leaves, all alter-
nate, and corymbose white flowers. (Dedicated to Prof. Truutveiler, u Russiaa
botanist.)

40 RANUNCDLACE^. ( CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

1. T. palmata, Fischer & Meyer. (Cimicifuga palmata, i/(c^T.) Woods,
along streams, Virginia and Kentucky along the mountains : also sparingly in
Ohio and Illinois. July, Aug. — Root-leaves large, 5 - 9-lobed ; the lobes
toothed and cut. Stems 2° -3° high.

6. RANUNCULUS, L. Crowfoot. Buttercup.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, flat, with a little pit or scale at the base inside. Achenia
numerous, in a head, mostly flattened, pointed ; the seed erect. — Annuals or
perennials : stem-leaves alternate. Flowers solitary or somewhat corymbed,
yellow, rarely white. (Sepals and petals rarely only 3, the latter often more
than .5. Stamens occasionally few in number.) — (A Latin name for a little
frog ; applied by Pliny to these plants, the aquatic sjjecies growing where frogs
abound.)

§ 1 . BATRACHIUM, DC. — Petals luith a spot or naked pit at the base, white,
or only the claw yellow : achenia marr/inless, transversely ivrinJded: aquatic peren-
nials, with the immersed foliage repeatedly dissected {mostly by threes) into capil-
lary divisions : peduncles 1-Jlowered.

1. R. divaricatus, Schrank. (Stiff Water-Crowfoot.) Leaves all
under water and sessile or nearly so, the divisions and subdivisions short,
spreading in one roundish plane, rigid, keeping their form without collapsing when
withdrawn from the water. (R. circinatus, iiibtltorp.) — Ponds and slow streams,
northward and westward, much rarer than the next. June -Aug. (Eu.)

2. R. aquatilis, L., var. triehophyllus, Chaix. (Common White
Water-Ckowfoot.) Leaves all under water and mostly petioled, their capil-
lary divisions and subdivisions rather long and soft, usually collapsing more or less
ivhen ivilhdrawn from the water. — Common, especially in slow-flowing waters.
June -Aug. (Eu.)

Var. heterophyllus, DC. (Floating W.) Uppermost leaves floating,

rounded and 3-5-lobed, the lobes wedge-shaped. (II. aquatilis, Bigel, ed. 3.) —

Roxbury and Newton, near Boston, Bigelow ; but not met with for many years :

was possibly introduced from Europe, where this form is common.

§ 2. RANUNC/ULUS proper. Petals with a little scale at the base {yellow).

* Achenia .smooth.

■f- Aquatic, perennial : immersed leaves f I iformly disserted, as in the preceding.

3. R. multifldus, Pursh. (Yellow Water-Crowfoot.) Stems
floating or immersed, with the leaves all repeatedly 3-forked into long filiform
divisions, or sometimes creeping in the mud, the emersed leaves with shorter
and linear or wedge-shaped divisions, or else kidney-shaped and sparingly
lobcd or toothed; flower deep bright yellow, j'-l' in diameter; petals 5-8,
much larger than the calyx ; carpels in a roimd head, pointed with a straight
beak. (R. lacustris, Beck ^- Tracy, and R. Purshii, Richards, both in the year
1823. R. Gmelini, DC. (1818) is an older name, belonging to a small north-
ern form of the species; but R. multifidus, Pursh, is the oldest, 1814, and
apparently free for use.) E. New England to S. Penn., Illinois, and northward.
May -July. — Out of water it is often pubescent, especially in

ranuncl'lacka;. (ciu>\vi-o()t family.) 41

Vnr. terr^Stris, wliioh differs from the ordinary emerset! forms by the
stems nseciidin;; from the hiisc and paiiicuhitcly scvcral-Howercd at tlie summit,
wlierc tlie leaves are reduced to ol)lou'r or hnear bracts ; no immersed dissected
leaves. — Ann ArJjor, Miehij^an, on muddy banks, Miss Clark-.
t- -t- Ttirestrial but (jioivinfl in verij wet plnns, f/lahroiis or ticarly so : root fiercn-

niid : Imrcs all entire or ixire/i/ loot/ied, all or else oil but the lowest lauceolute or

limar; niri>,ls fortiii,i;; a i/Miular head. (Si'EAKWOKT.)

4. R. alismsef'blius, (ieycr. (Water Plantain SrEAUwour.) Stems
hollow, asoeiidiiij,'( 1°- 2° liijfh), often rootin;r from the lower joints ; leaves
lanceolate or the lowest ol)ion<;, mostly denticulate (.J'-.^' lonjr), contracted
into a nuirjiined petiole which ex])ands into a membranaceous claspiuf; base ;
jK'tals 5-7, brifriit yellow, much lonj^-r than the calyx (.3" -4" loufr) ; carpels
Jl'ttliiud, lan/p, j>oiiit(d with a lowj and straii/hl narrow subulate beak: — Common,
esjKxially northward. June-Auf^. — Intermediate in appearance between K.
Flammula and Lingua, and has been confounded with both, but most resembles
the latter.

5. R, Flammula, L. (Smai.leu SrEAinvoRX.) Stem reclining or
ascending, rooting below ; leaves lanceolate or linear, or the lowest oblong-
lanceolate, entire or nearly so, mostly petioled (l'-2' long) ; petals 5-7, much
longer than the caly.x, bright yellow ; carpels Jiattish but tunpd, mucronale with
a short abrupt jioiut. — Shore of L. Ontario and northward: rare, and only a
small form (var. intekmedh;s) met with in this country, a span high, with
flowers ;J" in diameter, passing into

A'ar. r6ptans. (C'uEiii»iNG S.) Small, slender, t\\c filiform crecpimj stems
rootiixj at all the joints (3'- 6' long; leaves linear, spatulate, or oblong (i'-l'
long). — Gravelly or sandy shores and inimdated banks; very common north-
ward. June -Sept. (Kii.)

0. R. oblongifdlius, Kll. Stem erect or ascending, often pubescent
below, slender (1° high), dij/hseli/ branched alxtre and many-flowered ; It-ares ser-
rnte or dniticniale : the lower long-petioled, ovate or oblong (^'- 1^' long) ; the
up])ermost linear; flowers 3" -5" broail ; petals 5, twice the length of the calyx,
bright yellow ; stamens numerous ; carj>els minute, almost globular, tipped with a
very snuill sessile stigma. (R. pusillus, var. Turr. <$• Gr. Fl. R. Texensis,
Kiii/elni.) Wet prairies, Salem, Illinois DelJi, and in S. States. June.

7. R. pusillus, Poir. Stem ascending, weak, loosely branching (G'-18'
long) ; leares entire or obscurely denticulate ; the lowest round-ovate or heart-
shaped (^' long), long-petioled, the upper oblong or lanceolate (1'- 1^' long) ;
flowers very small; fielals 1 - .'), yellowish, scarcely excerdiny the cah/r and the .'? -
10 stamens ; carpels very lurgid, tipped with a minute se.'^sile stignui. — Wet
places, S. New York and .xouthward along the coast. June- Aug.

••-•«-■«- Ternslrial, with annual root, spreadiny by ninuers, ylabious: Unns all
rounded and undirideil but coarsely crcnate : carjie/s in fruit forminy an oliouy
head.

8. R. Cymbaliria, Pur-^h. (Sea-side Cuowfoot.) Flowering stems
leafless (3'-6' high), 1 -7-flowered ; leaves clustered at the root and on the
joints of the long rooting runners, roundish-heart-shaped or kidncy-shupcd,

L & M— 22

42 RANUNCULACE^. (CROAVFOOT FAMILY.)

rather fleshy, lonp;-petioled ; petals 5 - 8 ; carpels striate on the sides. — Sandy
shores, from New Jersey northward, and along the Great Lakes to Illinois and
westward : also at salt ^jmn-fs. June- Aug.

M- ^- -t- -1- Teirestriul, but o/ien in wet pldccs : root perennial : some or all of the

letires cleft or dividtd.

++ Root-leaves not divided to the vtri/ hase.

9. R. I'llOmboideuS, Goldie. Dwarf, hairij ; root-leaves roundish or

rhovibic-ovate., rarely suhcordate, toothed or crenatc ; lowest stem-leaves similar

or 3 - 5-lobe(l ; the upper 3 - 5-parted, almost sessile, the lobes linear ; carpels

orbicular with a minute beak, in a spherical head ; petals lanje, exceeding the calyx.

(Also R. brevicaulis & ovalis, Hook.) — Prairies, Michigan to Illinois and

northward. April, May. — Stems 3'- 6' high, sometimes not longer than the

root-leaves. Flower deep yellow, as large as in No. 14.

10. R, abortivus, L. (Small-floweked C.) Glabrous and very
s/nooth ; primary root-leaves round heart-shaped or kidney-form, barely crenate,
the succeeding ones often 3-lobcd or 3-parted ; those of the stem and branches
3 - 5-parted or divided, subsessile ; their divisions oblong or narrowly wedge-
form, mostly toothed ; carpels in a ylobuktr head, mucronute icith a minute curved
beak ; petals shorter than the reflex/ d calyx. — Shady hillsides and along brooks,
common. April -June. — Stem erect, 6' -2° high, at length branched above,
the pale yellow flowers very small in proportion.

Var. mieranthus. Pubescent ; root-leaves seldom at all heart-shaped,
some of them 3-parted or 3-divided ; divisions of the upper stem-leaves more
linear and entire; peduncles more slender. (R. micrantiius, iV«/<.) — Massa-
chusetts (near Boston, C. J. Sprcigue), Michigan, Illinois, and westward.

11. R. sceleratus, L. (Cursed C.) Smooth and glabrous ; root-leaves
3-l'jbed, rounded ; lower stem-leaves 3-parted, the lobes obtusely cut and toothed,
the uppermost almost sessile, with the lobes oblong-linear and nearly entire ;
carpels barely mucronulate, very numerous, in oblong or cylindrical heads ; petals
scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Wet ditches : appearing as if introduced. June-
Aug. — Stem thick and hollow, 1° high. Leaves thickish. Juice acrid and
blistering. Flowers small, pale yellow. (Eu. )

12. R. recurvatUS, Poir. (Hooked C.) Hirsute ; leaves of the root and
stem nearly alike, long-petioh'd, d<eply 3-clef}, large ; the lobes broadly wedge-
shaped, 2 - 3-cleft, cut and toothed towards the apex ; carpels in a globular head,
flat and margined, conspicuously beaked by the long and recurved hooked styles;
}>etals shorter than the reflexed calyx, pale. — Woods, common. May, June. —
Stem 10-2° high.

++ ++ .1// the leaves ternately divided to the very base, or compound, and the divisions

cleft or cut: acheniaflat.

a. Head of carpels oblong : petals jiale, not exceeding the calyx.

13. R. Pennsylvanieus, L. (Brlstly C.) Hirsute with rough
spreading bristly hairs ; stem stout, erect ; divisions of the leaves stalked,
somewhat ovate, unequally 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed, acute ; carpels
pointed with a sharp straight beak. — Wet places, common. June -Aug. —
A coarse plant, 2° -3° high, with inconspicuous flowers.

RANUNCULACE^. (CROWFOOT FAAIILY.) 43

b. Head of cariyels glohulnr ; petals bright yellow, much larger than the cnlgx.

14. R. fascicularis, Mulil. (Early C.) Low, pubescent with close-
pressed silky hairs ; rout a duster of thickctud flexliy Jibres ; radical leaves appear-
ing iiiuriiite, the long-stalked tcrmiiiivl division remote from the sessile lateral
ones, itself 3-5-divided or parted and 3-5-cleft, the lobes oblong or linear;
stems ascending ; petals spatulate-oblong, twice the length of the spreading
calyx ; carpels scarcely margined, tipped with a slender straight or rather curved
beak. — Koeky hills. April, May. — Plant 5' -9' high; the bright yellow
flower I' broad : petals rather distant, the base scarcely broader than the scale,
often 6 or 7.

15. R. repens, L. (Creeping C.) Low, hairy or nearly glabrous;
stems ascending, and some of than forming long runners ; .leaves 3-divided ; the
divisions all stalked (or at least the terminal one), broadly wedge-shaped or
ovate, unequally 3-cleft or parted and variously cut ; peduncles furrowed ;
petals obovate, much larger than the spreading calyx ; carpels strongly margined,
pointed by a stout straightish beak. — Moist or shady places, wet meadows, &c.,
May - Aug. — Extremely variable in size and foliage, commencing to flower by
upright stems in spring before the long runners are formed. Flowers as large
as those of No. 14, or often larger. (Eu.)

16. R. BULBOsus, L. (Bulbous C. Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect
from a Indb-like base ; radical leaves 3-divided ; the lateral divisions sessile, the ter-
viinal stalked and 3-parted, all wedge-shaped, cleft and toothed ; peduncles fur-
rowed ; petals round, wedge-shaped at the base, much longer than the reflexed
calyx; carpels tipped with a very short beak. — Fields; very abundant only in
E. New England ; rare in the interior. May -July. — A foot high. Leaves
appearing as if pinnate. Petals often 6 or 7, deep glossy yellow, the corolla
more than an inch broad. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. R. XcRis, L. (Tall C. or Buttercups.) Hairy; stem erect (2° -3°
high) ; leaves 3-divided ; tlie divisions all sessile and 3-cleft or parted, their seg-
inents cut into lanceolate or linear crowded lobes ; peduncles not furrowed ;
petals obovate, much longer than the spreading calyx. — Fields ; common
eastward. June- Aug. — Plant twice the height of the preceding ; the flower
nearly as large, but not so deep yellow. — The Buttercups are avoided by cat-
tle, on account of their very acrid or even blistering juice, Avhich, however,
being volatile, is dissipated in drying, when these plants are cut with hay.
(Nat. from Eu.)

-X -* Achenia beset with rough points or small pr idles : annuals.

18. R. muric.Vtus, L. Nearly glabrous; lower leaves roundish or reni-
ibrm, 3-lobed, coarsely crenate ; the upper 3-eleft, wedge-form at the base ;
petals longer than the calyx ; carpels flat, spiny-tuberculate on the sides, strongly
beaked, surrounded with a wide and sharp smooth margin. — Eastern Vir-
ginia and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

19. R. PARViFLORUS, L. Hairy, slender, and diffuse ; lower leaves round-
ish-cordate, 3-clcft, coarsely toothed or cut; the upper 3-5-parted; petals not
longer than the calyx; carpels minutely liispid and rough, beaked, narrowly mar-
gined.— Norfolk, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. i'rom Eu.)

44 RANUNCULACEiE. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.)

7. MYOStTRUS, Dill. Mouse-tail.

Sepals 5, spurred at tlie base. Petals 5, small and narrow, raised on a slen-
der claw, at the summit of which is a nectariferous hollow. Stamens 5-20.
Achenia numerous, somewhat 3-sided, crowded on a very long and slender
spike-like receptacle (whence the name, from /x£s, a moiwe, and ovpd, a tail),
the seed suspended. — Little annuals, with tufted narrowly linear-spatulatc
root-leaves, and naked 1-flowered scapes. Flowers small, greenish.

1. M. minimus, L. Carpels blunt. — Alluvial ground, Illinois and
Kentucky, thence south and west; apparently indigenous. (Eu.)

8. ISOPYRUM, L. (ExEMioN, Raf.)

Sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous. Petals 5, minute, wanting in the American
species. Stamens 10-40. Pistils 3-6 or more, pointed with the styles. Pods
ovate or oblong, 2 - several-seeded. — Slender smooth herbs, with 2 - 3-ternately
compound leaves; the leaflets 2-3-lobed. Flowers axillary and terminal,
white. (Name fi-om 'tcros, equal, and nvpos, loheat; of no obvious application.)

1. I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Petals none; pistils 3-6 (commonly
4), divaricate in fruit, 2-3-seeded; seeds even. H. — Moist shady places, Ohio
to Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. May. — Fibres of the root thickened here
and there into little tubers. Aspect and size of the plant much as in Thalictrum
aucmouoides.

9. CALTHA, L. Marsh Marigold.

Sepals 5-9, petal-like. Petals none. Pistils 5-10, with scarcely any styles.
Pods (follicles) compressed, spreading, many-seeded. Glabrous perennials,
with round and heart-shaped or kidney-form, large, undivided leaves. (Name
from KaXa^oy, a rjohlet, in allusion to the golden flower-cup or calyx.)

1. C. pallistris, L. (Marsh Marigold.) Stem hollow, furrowed;
leaves round or kidney- shaped, either crenate or nearly entire ; sepals bi-oadly
oval (bright yellow). — Swamps and wet meadows, common northward. April,
May. — This well-known plant is used as a pot-herb in spring, when coming
into flower, under the name of Cowslips ; but the Cowslip is a totally dif-
ferent plant, namely, a species of Primrose. The Caltha should bear with us,
as in England, the popular name of Marsh Mari<jold. (Eu.)

10. TROLLITJS, L. Globe-flower.

Sepals 5-15, petal-like. Petals numerous, small, 1-lipped, the concavity
near the liase. Stamens and pistils numerous. Pods 9 or more, sessile, many-
seeded. — Smooth perennials with palmately parted and cut leaves, like Ra-
nunculus, and large solitary terminal flowers. (Name thought to be derived
from the old German word troll, a globe, or something round.)

1. T. l^XUS, Salisl). (Spreading Glohe-flower.) Sepals 5-6,
spreading; petals 15-25, inconspicuous, much shorter than the stamens. —
Deep swamps, New Hampshire to Delaware and Michigan. May. — Flowers
twice the size of the common Buttercup ; the sepals spreading, -so that the

RANUNCULACEyE. (CROWFOOT FAJWLY.) 45

name is not appropriate, as it is to the European Globe flower of the gardens,
nor is the blossom showy, being pale greenish-yellow, or nearly white.

11. COPTIS, Salisb. Goldthread.

Sepals 5-7, petal-like, deciduous. Tetals 5-7, snir.ll, elnl.-.sli;ipcd, hollow
at the apex. Stamens 15-25. IMstils ;j-7, on skiider .-stalks. I'ods diver-
gent, membranaceous, j)ointed with the style, 4 - 8-scedcd. — Low smooth per-
ennials, with ternately dividerl root-leaves, and small white flowers on scapes.
(Name from kotttw, to cut, alluding to the divided leaves.)

1. C. trif61ia, Salisb. (TiiKEE-LEAVED Goldthread.) Leaflets 3,
obovate-wedge-form, sharjjly toothed, obscurely 3-lobc(l ; scape 1 -flowered. —
Bogs, abundant northward ; extending south to Maryland along the moun-
tains. May. — Koot of long, bright yellow, bitter fibres. Leaves evergreen,
shining. Scape naked, slender, .3' -5' high. (Eu.)

12. HELLEBORUS, L. Hellebore.

Sepals 5, petal-like or greenish, persistent. Petals 8-10, ver\^ small, tubu-
lar, 2-lippcd. Pistils 3- 10, sessile, forming coriaceous many-seeded pods. —
Perennial herbs of the Old AVorld, with ample palmate or pcdate leaves, and
large, solitary, nodding, early vernal flowers. (Name from eXelv, to injure, and
^opd, food, from their well-known poisonous properties.)

1. H. viRiDis, L. (Green Hellebore.) Root-leaves glabrous, pedatc,
calyx spreading, greenish. — Near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, and
Bucks Co., Penn., Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.)

1.3. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Columbine.

Sepals 5, regular, colored like the petals. Petals 5, all alike, with a short
spreading lip, produced backwards into large hollow spurs, much longer than
the calyx. Pistils 5, with slender styles. Pods erect, many-seeded. — Peren-
nials, with 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, the leaflets lobed. Flowers large
and showy, terminating the branches. (Name from aquila, an eagle, from some
fancied resemblance of the spurs to talons.)

1. A. Canadensis, L. (Wild Columbine.) Spurs nearly straight;
stamens and styles longer than the ovate sepals. — Rocks, common. April -
June. — Flowers 2' long, scarlet, yellow inside (or rarely all over), nodding, so
that tiic spurs turn upward, but the stalk becomes upright in fruit. — More
graceful than the

A. A'ulg.Xris, L., the common Garden Columbine, of Europe, with
hooked spurs, wliich is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.

14. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur.

Sepals 5, irregular, ])Ctal-like ; the upper one prolonged into a spur at the
ba.se. Petals 4, irregular, the upper pair continued backwards into long spurs
which are enclosed in the spur of the calyx, the lower pair with short claws :

46 RAXUNCULACi:^. (CnOWFOOT FAMILY.)

rarely only 2 united into one. Pistils 1-5, forming many-sccdcd pods in fruit.

— Leaves palmately divided or cut. Flowers in tcniiinal racemes. (Name
from Delphiii, in allusion to the shape of the flower, which is sometimes not
unlike the classical ligures of the dolphin.)

* Perennials, iiidif/i'iious ; piitils 3-5. ' ■

1. D. exalt^tum, Ait. (Tall LAKivSi'fR.) Leaves deeply 3-5-cleft;
the divisions narrow %vedgc-fonu, diverging, 3-cleft at the apex, acute ; racemes
waiidltke, paniclcd, muny-Jloivered ; spur straight; pods .3, erect. — \Vu:\\ soil,
Penn. to Michigan and southward. July. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flowers
purplish-blue, downy.

2. D. trieoi'ne, INIiclix. (Dwarf L.) Leaves deeply 5-paited, their di-
visions unequally 3 - 5-clcft ; the lobes linear, acutish ; raceme fetv-jlowered, loose;
spur straightish, ascending; pods stroiuj/i/ divenjiixj. — W. Penn. to Illinois and
southward. April, May. — Koot a tuberous cluster. Stem simple, 6'- 12'
high. Flowers bright blue, sometimes white.

3. D. aztireum, Michx. (Azlrk L.) Leaves deeply 3-.')-parted, the
divisions 2-3 times cleft ; the lobes all narrowly linear ; raceme strict ; spur as-
cending, usually curved upwards; pods erect. — Wisconsin, Illinois, and south-
ward. May, June. — Stem 1° - 2° high, slender, often softly pubescent. Flow-
ers sky-blue or whitish.

* * Annual, introduced: pistil single.

4. D. CoxsoLiDA, L. (Fikld L.) Leaves dissected into narrow linear
lobes; racemes rather few-flowered, loose; pedicels shorter than the bracts;
petals all comltined into one body. — Pennsylvania and Virginia, escaped from
grain-fields or gardens; and sparingly along roadsides farther north. (Nat.
from Eu.)

15. ACONITUM, Tourn. Aconite. Monkshood. Wolfsbane.

Sepals 5, petal-like, very irregular; the upper one (helmet) hooded or hel-
met-shaped, larger than the others. Petals 2 (the 3 lower wanting entirely, or
very minute rudiments among the stamens), consisting of small spur-shaped
bodies raised on long claws and concealed under the helmet. Pistils 3-5.
Pods several-seeded. Seed-coat usually wrinkled or scaly. — Perennials, with
palmately cleft or dissected leaves, and showy flowers in racemes or panicles.
(The ancient Greek and Latin name, said to be derived from Arone. in Bithynia.)

1. A. unein^tum, L. (Wild Monkshood.) Glabrous ; s/rw slender,
erect, hut weak and disposed to climb; Irares deeply 3-5-lohid, pctioled ; the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, coarsely toothed ; fl'iurrs blue ; lielmH erect, ohtnselij conical,
compressed, slijihtly pointed or beaked in front. — Rich shady soil along streams,
S. W. New York, and southward along the mountains. June -Aug.

2. A. reclin^tum, Gray. (Trailing Wolfsbane.) Glabrous ; stems
trailing (3° -8° lono) ; haves deejihj 3-7-clift, petioled, the lower orbicular in
outline; the divisions wedge-form, incised, often 2 - 3-lobcd ; .^oiWTs irhite, in
very loose panicles ; helmet soon horizontal, elongated-con ic(d, with a straight beak
in front. — Cheat IMountain, Virginia, and southward in the Alleghanics. Aug.

— Lower leaves 5' -6' wide. Flowers 9" long, nearly glabrous.

RANUNCDLACE^. (CROWFOOT FAMILY.) 47

16. ZANTHORHIZA, Marshall. Shrub Yellow-eoot. •

Scpnls 5, regular, spreading, dcciduons. Petals 5, much smaller than the,
sepals, concave and ohscurely 2-lobed, raised on a claw. Stamens 5 to 10.
Pistils 5-15, bearing 2 pendulous ovules. Pods 1-secdi'd, ohlong, the short
style* becoming dorsal in its growth. — ^A low shrui)by plant; the bark and the
long roots deep yellow and bitter. Flowers jjolygamous, brown purple, in com-
pound drooping racemes, appearing, along with the 1-2-pinnate leaves, from
large terminal buds in early spring. (Name compounded of $av66s, yellow, and
pi^a, nmt.)

1. Z. apiifblia, L'ller. — Sh.idy banks of streams, Sherburne, New York,
Dr.. Douglass, and from the mountains of Pennsylvania southward. — Stems
clustered, 1 ° - 2° high. Leaflets cleft and toothed. — The rootstoeks of this, and
also of the next plant, were used as a yellow dye by the aborigines.

17. HYDRASTIS, L. Or.vngi:-koot. Yellow puccoon.

Sepals 3, petal-like, falling away when the flower opens. Petals none. Pis-
tils 12' or mor-e in a head, 2-ovuled : stigma flat, 2-lipped. Ovaries becoming a
head'of crimson 1 -2-seeded berries in fruit. — A low perennial heri), sending
up in early spring, from a thick and knotted yellow rootstock, a single radical
leaf, and a simple hairy stem, which is 2-leaved near the summit, and terminated
by a single greenish-white flower. (Name perhaps from vbwp., water, and bpcux),
to act, alluding to the active properties of the juice.)

1 . H. Canadensis, L. — Rich woods, New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward : rare. -^ Leaves rounded, heart-shaped at the base, 5 - 7-lobed, doubly
serrate, veiny, when full grown in summer 4' -9' wide.

18. KCm MK, L. Baneberry.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off when the flower expands. Petals 4 - 10, small, flat,
spatulate, on slender claws. Stamens numerous, with slender white fllaments.
Pistil single : stigma sessile, depressed, 2-lobed. Fruit a many-seeded berry.
Seeds smooth, flattened, and packed horizontally in 2 rows. — Perennials, \vith
ample 2-3-ternately compound leaves, the ovate leaflets sharply cleft and
toothed, and a short and thick terminal raceme of white flowers. (Name from
aKXT), the Elder, from some resemblance in the leaves.)

1. A. spicata, L., var. rubra, Michx. (Red Baneberry.) Raceme
orate; petals rhombic-spatulate, much shorter than the stamens; jwdicels slen-
der; lierrifs chprri/-rfd, ova]. (A. brachype'tala, Z)C) — Rich woods, common,
especially northward. April, May. — Plant 2° high. (Eu.)

2. A. alba, Bigel. (White Baneberry.) Taller and rather smoother
than the preceding; raceme ohlonf] ; jtttals slendtr , mosn\y truncate at the end,
apjiearing to be transformed stamens ; pedicels thirlvned in fruit, ns large as the
peduncle and red, the globular-oval herries while. (A. spicata, var. alba, Mtclvc.,
and ed. 2. A. pachypoda, EU.) — Rich woods, flowering a week or two later
than the other, and more common westward and southward. — White berries
rarely occur with slender pedicels, also red berries with thick pedicels: but
these arc perhaps the result of crossing.

48 MAGNOLIACE^. (MAGNOLIA FAMILY).

19. CIMICIFUGA, L. Bugbane.

Sepals 4 or 5, falling off soon after the flower expands. Petals, or rather
transformed stamens, 1-8, small, on elaws, 2-liorned at the aj)cx. Stamens as
in Acta;a. Pistils I -8, Ibrming dry dcliiseent jjods in fruit. — Perennials, with
2-.'J-ternately-divided leaves, the leaflets cut-serrate, and white flowers in elon-
gated wand-iike raeemes. (Name from cimcx, a hug, and J'ui/o, to drive away;
the Siberian species being used as abughane.)
§ 1. MACROTYS, Raf. Pistil solitary, sometimes 2-3: seeds smooth, flattened

and jKickcd horizontally in the pod in two rows, as in Aeta;a : stiyma broad

and flat.

1. C. racemdsa, Ell. (Black Snakekoot.) Racemes very long ; pods
ovoid, sessile. — Rich woods, Maine and Vermont to Wisconsin, and south\yard.
July. — Stem 3° -8° high, from a thick knotted rootstock; the racemes in fruit
becoming l°-3° long.

§ 2. CIMICIFUGA, L. Pistils 3 - 8 : seeds flattened htn-ally, corned with
chaffy scales, and occupying one row in the nienibranaceoits jiods : style awl-
shaped: stiyma minute.

2. C. Americana, Michx. (American Bugbane.) Raeemes slender,
panieled ; ovaries mostly 5, glabrous; pods stalked, flattened, veiny, 6-8-
seeded. — Mountains of Southern Pennsylvania and southward throughout
the Allcghanics. Aug. - Sept. — Plant 2° - 4° high, more slender than the
preceding.

Adonis autumxIus, L., the Pheasant's Eye of Europe, has been found
growing spontaneously in Western New York, and in Kentucky.

NiGELLA Damasce.va, L., thc Pennel-flower, which otters a remarkable
exception, in having the pistils partly united into a compound ovary, so as to
form a several-celled pod, grows nearly spontaneously around gardens.

P.EONiA, the P.EONV, of which P. officinalis is familiar in gardens, forms
a sixth tribe of this order, distinguished by a leafy persistent calyx, and a
fleshy disk surrounding the base of the follicular pistils.

OrwDER 2. MAGWOL.IACEJE. (Magnolia Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with the leaf-buds covered by membranous stipules, poly-
petalous, hypof/ynous, polyandrous, polyyynous ; the calyx and corolla
colored alike, in three or more rows of three, and imbricated (^rarely con-
volute) in the bud. — Sepals and petals deciduous. Anthers adnate.
Pistils many, mostly packed together and covering the prolonged re-
ceptacle, cohering with each other, and in fruit forming a sort of fleshy
or dry cone. Seeds 1 or 2 in each carpel, anatropous : albumen fleshy:
embryo minute. — Leaves alternate, not toothed, marked with minute
transparent dots, feather-veined. Flowers single, large. Bark aromatic
and bitter. — There are only two Northern genera, Magnolia and Lirio-
dendron.

MAGNOLIACKuE. (mAGXOLIA FAMILY.) 40

1. MAGN6LIA, L. ]Magn-olia.
Sepals 3. Petals C- 9. Stamens imbricatctl, with very short filaments, ami
long anthers opening inwards. Pistils aggregated on the long receptacle and
coherent in a mass, together forming a tleshy and rather woody cone-like red
fruit ; each carpel at maturity opening on the back, from which the 1 or 2
berry-like seeds hang by an extensile thread composed of unrolled spiral ves-
sels. Inner seed-coat bony. — Buds conical, the coverings formed of the suc-
cessive i)airs of sti])ules, each pair enveloping the leaf next above, which is
folded lengthwise, and api)lied straight against the side of the next stipular
sheath, and so on. (Nanitd after Magnol, Professor of Botany at Montpellier
in the 17th century.)

* Ldircs all sniltmd aluiifj the hrnnches : leaf-lnids silk^/.

1. M. glauca, L. (Small or Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.)
Leaves oblong or oval, obtuse, icliite beneath ; Jlower globular, ichite, 2' long, very
fragrant ; petals broad ; cone of fruit small, oblong. — Swamps, from near
Cape Ann and New York southward, near the coast; in Pennsylvania as far
west as Cumberland Co. June -Aug. — Shrub 4° -20° high, with thickish
leaves, which farther south arc evergreen, and sometimes oblong-lanceolate.

2. M. acuminata, L. (Cucumber-tree.) Leaves oblong, pointed, green
and a little pubescent beneath; Jlower oblong bell-shnped, glaucous-green tinged
with yellow, 2' long; cone of fruit small, cylindrical. — Rich woods, W. New
York to Ohio and southward. May, June. — Tree 60 - 90 feet high. Leaves
thin, 5' -10' long. Fruit 2' -3' long, when young slightly resembling a small
cucumber, whence the common name.

3. M. maeroph^Ua, Michx. (Great-le.v^ved Magnolia.) Leaves
obornte-ohloni/, rordiile at the narrowed base, jiubescent and ivhite beneath ; flower
open bell-shiipcd, white, icitli a purjite spot at the base, petals ovate, 6' long ; cone of
fruit ovoid. — Rockcastle and Kentucky Rivers, S. E. Kentucky and south-
ward. Occasionally planted farther north. May, June. — Tree 20° -40° high.
Leaves 2|°-3i° long.

* * Leaves a-owded on the summit of the flowering branches in an umbrella-like
circle : leaf buds glabrous : flowers white, slightlg scented.

4. M. Umbrella, Lam. (Umkrella-tree.j leaves obovate-lanceolate,
pointed at both ends, soon glabrous, petals obovate-oblong, 4' -5' long. (M.
tripc'tala, L.) — York and Lancaster counties, Penn. {Prof Porter), to Vir-
ginia and Kentucky along the Alleghanies. May. — A small tree. Leaves
l°-3° long. Fruit rose-color, 4'- 5' long, ovoid-oblong.

5. M. Fr^seri, Walt. (Ear-leaved Umbrella-tree.) Leaves oblong-
olionite or spalutale, auriculate at the base, glabrous ; petals obovate-sj)atulate,
with narrow claws, 4' long. (M. auriculata, Dim.) — Virginia and Kentucky
along the Alleghanies, and southward. April, ALiy. — Tree 30° - 50° high.
Leaves 8'- 12' long. Flower more graceful and cone of fruit smaller tlian in
the preceding.

M. cord.Vta, Michx., the Yellow Cucumber-tree, of Georgia, and the
M. grandifl6ra, L., the Great Laurel Magnolia, of the Southern
States (a noble tree, remarkable for its deliciously fragrant great flowers, and
GM— 3

50 ANONACF,^, (cUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY.)

thick evergreen leaves, which arc shining and deep preen above and rustj'-
colorcd beneath), are the only remaining North American species. The former
is hardy as far north as C^anibriclgc. One tree of the latter bears the winter
and blossoms near Pliihulcl])hia. The Umhrelhi-tree attains only a small size
in New England, whore M. macrophylla is precarious.

2. LIRIODENDRON, L. Tulip-tree.

Sepals 3, reflexcd. I'etids C, in two rows, making a bcll-shapcd corolla. An-
thers linear, ojjcning outwards. Pistils flat and scale-form, long and narrow,
imbricating and cohering together in an elongated cone, dry, separating from
each other and from the long and slender axis in fruit, and falling away whole,
like a samara or key, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded in the small cavity at the base.
Buds flat, sheathed by the successive pairs of flat and broad stipules joined at
their edges, the folded leaves bent down on the petiole so that their apex points
to the base of the bud. (Name from Xlpiov, lili/ or tulip, and fieVSpor, tree.)

1. L. Tulipifei'a, L. — Rich soil, S. New England to Miciiigan, Illi-
nois, and southward. Mixy, June. — A most beautiful tree, sometimes 140°
high and 8° - 9° in diameter in the Western States, where it is wrongly called
Poplar. Leaves very smooth, with 2 lateral lobes near the base, and 2 at the
apex, which appears as if cut off abruptly by a broad shallow notch. Petals 2'
long, greenish-yellow marked with orange. Cone of fruit 3' long.

Order 3. AWOIVACE.E. (Custard-Apple Family.)

Trees or shrubs, tcith naked buds and no stipules, a calyx of 3 sepals,
and a corolla o/G petals in tivo rows, valoate in the bud, hypogynous, poly-
androus. — Petals thickish. Anthers adnate, opening outwards : fila-
ments very short. Pistils several or many, separate or cohering in a
mai5s, fleshy or pulpy in fruit. Seeds anatropous, large, with a crusta-
ceous seed-coat, and a minute embryo at the base of the ruminated
albumen. — Leaves alternate, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary,
solitary. Bark, &c. acrid-aromatic or fetid. — A tropical family, except
one genus in the United States, viz. :

1. ASIMINA, Adans. North American Papaw.

Petals 6, increasing after the bud opens ; the outer set larger than the inner.
Stamens numerous in a globular mass. Pistils few, ripening 1-4 large and
oblong pulpy several-seeded fruits. Seeds horizontal, flat, enclosed in a fleshy
aril. — Shrubs or small trees, with unpleasant odor when bruised ; the lurid
flowers solitary from the axils of last year's leares. (Name from Asiminitr, of
the French colonists.)

1. A. triloba, Dnnal. (Common Papaw.) Leaves thin, obovate-lan-
ceolate, j)oiuted ; petals dull-purple, veiny, round-ovate, the outer ones 3-4
times as long as the calyx. — Banks of streams in rich soil, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and .southward. April, May. — Tree 10° -20° high; the

MENISPEUMACICyE. (MOONSEEI) FAMILY.) 51

young shoots and cxpandinfij leaves clothed with a nist\- down, soon plahrous.
Flowers appearing with the leaves, I}/ wide. Fruits 3' -4' long, yellowish,
sweet and edihle in autumn.

A. PARViFLOKA, a sniallor-flowcrc'd and sniall-fruitcd low species, probahly
docs not grow so far north as Virginia.

Order 4. MEIVISPEKx^IACE.i:. (Moonseed Family.)

Wood// climbers, ivilh palmate or peltate alternate leaves, no stipules ; the
sepals and petals similar, in three, or more rows, imbricated in the bud ; hij-
pogynous, dioecious, 3 -6-gynous ; fruit a l-seeded drupe, with a large or
long curved embryo in scanty albumen. — Flowers small. Stamens several
Ovaries nearly straight, with the stigma at the apex, but often incurved
in fruiting, so that the seed and embryo are bent into a crescent or ring.
Properties bitter-tonic and narcotic. — Chiefly a tropical family ; there
are only three species, belonging to as many genera, in the United
States.

1. Cocciilus. Stamens, petals, anil sepals each 6. Anthers 4-celIed.

2. Meiiispermuin. Stamens 12-21, slender. Petals 6-S. Anthers 4-celled.

3. Calycocarpuni. Stamens in the sterile flowers 12; in the fertile flowers 6, abortive.

Petals none. Anthers 2-ceIled.

1. COCCULUS, DC. CoccuLua.

Sepals, petals, and stamens 6, the two latter short. Anthers 4celled. Pistils
3 - 6 in the fertile flowers : style 'pointed. Drupe and seed as in Moonseed.
Cotyledons narrowly linear and flat. — Flowers in axillarv racemes or panicles
(An old name, from coccum, a berry.)

1. C. Carolinus, DC. Minutely pubescent ; leaves downy benea-.
ovate or cordate, entire or sinuate-lobed, variable in shape ; flowers greenish;
the petals in the- sterile ones auriculatc-iuflcxed below around the filaments,
drupe red (as large as a small pea). — Eiver-banks, S. Illinois, Virginia, and
southward. July, Aug.

2. MENISPEEMUM, L. Moonseed.

Sepals 4 -8. Petals 6 - 8, short. Stamens 12-20 m the sterile flowers, as
long as the sepals : anthers 4-eelled. Pistils 2-4 in the fertile flowers, raised
on a short common receptacle: stigma broad and flat. Drupe globular, the
mark of the stigma near the base, the ovary in its orowtli after flowering being
strongly incurved, so that the (wrinkled and grooved) laterally flattened stone
(putamen) takes the form of a large crescent or a ring. The slender embryo
therefore is horseshoe-shaped : cotyledons filiform. — Flowers white, in axillary
panicles. (Name from ^r)vr}, vioon, and airep^ia, seed.)

1. M. Canad6nse, L. (Cwaplvn Moonseed.) Leaves peltate near
the edge, 3-7-anL:]ed or lubed. — Banks of streams; common. June, July.
Drupes black with a bloom, ripe in September, looking like frost grapes.

52 BERBERIDACE.E. (p.AUBERRY FAMILY.)

3. CAIiYCOCARPUM, Nutt Ccpseed.

Sepals G. Petals none. Stamens 12 in the sterile flowers, short: anthers
2-celled. Pistils 3, spinille-shaped, tipped with a radiate many-eleft stigma.
Drupe not incurved ; but the thin crustaeeous putamcn hollowed out like a cup
on one side. Embryo foliaceous, heart-shaped. — Flowers greenish-white, in
long racemose panicles. (Name composed of kuKv^, a cup, and Kupnos, fruit,
from the shape of the shell.)

1. C. Ly6ni, Xutt. (Mcnispcrmum Lvoni, Piirsh.) — Rich soil, S. Ken-
tucky and southward. May. — Stems climbing to the tops of trees. Leaves
large, thin, deeply 3 - 5-lobed, cordate at the base ; the lobes acuminate. Drupe
nn inch long, globular, greenish ; the shell crested-toothed on the edge of the
cavity.

Order 5. BERBEKIDAcEtE. (Barberry Family.)

Shrubs or herbs, u-ith the sepals and petals bath hubricatcd in the hud in
two or more roivs of 2-4 each ; the hypogynous stamens as many as the
petals and opposite to them: anthers openincj by 2 valves or lids hinged at
the top. (Podophyllum is an exception, and Jefiersonia as respects the
sepals in one row.) Pistil sinijle. Filaments short. Style short or none.
Fruit a berry or a pod. Seeds few or several, anatropous, with albumen.
Embryo small, except in Berberis. Leaves alternate.

• Petals and stamens 6. Fruit fcvr-seeded.

1. Berberis. Shrubs, with yellow flowers and wood ; a pair oT glandular spots on the base of

each petal. Fruit a berry.

2. Cnnloiiliylluin. Herb, with pxeenish flowers: petals thick, much shorter than the

sepals. Ovary soon bursting ; the two seeds left naked.

3. Dipliylleia. Herb with white flowers; petals much longer than sepals. Berry 2-4-

seeded.

*# Petals 6-9 Stamens 8-18. Fruit many-seeded. Herbs.

4. Jeffersonia. Petals and stamens usually 8 : anthers opening by uplifted valves. Pod

opening by a lid.

5. Podophyllnm. Petals 6-9. Stamens 12-18 : anthers not opening by uplifted valves.

Fruit a large beiry.

1. BERBERIS, L. Barberry.

Sepals 6, roundish, with 2-6 bractlcts outside. Petals 6, ol)ovate, concave,
with two glandular spots inside above the siiort. claw. Stamens 6. Stigma
circular, flcpresscd. Fruit a 1- few-seeded berry. Seeds erect, with a crusta-
eeous integument. — Shrubs, with yellow wood and inner bark, yellow flowers
in drooping racemes, .sour berries, and 1 -9-foliolatc leaves. Stamens irritable.
(Derived from Birbenj.i, the Arabic name of the fruit.)

1. B. vclgXrls, L. (Common Barbi:rrv.) Leaves scattered on the fresh
shoots of the sea.son, mostly reduced to sharp triple or branched spines; from
Avhich the next season proceed rosettes or fascicles of obovate-oblong closely
bristly-toothed leaves (the short petiole jointed!), and drooping mnuy-fiowered
racenies; petals entire; berries oliloiiy, scarlet. — Thickets and waste grounds in

BERBERIDACE.E. (BARBERRY FAJriLY.) 53

E. New England, where it has become thoroughly wild : elsewhere occasionally
spontaneous. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. B. Canadensis, Pursh. (American Barberry.) Leaves repandly
toothed, the tt'C'th less brLstly-pointed ; racemes fur-flowered : petals notched at
the apex; berries oral (otherwise as in No. 1). — Alleghanies of Virginia and
southward : not in (Canada. June. — Shrub l°-3° high.

2. CAXJLOPHYLLUM, Michx. Blue Cohosh.

Sepals 6, with 3 small bractlcts at the base, ovate-oblong. Petals 6 thick and
gland-like somewhat kidney-shaped or hooded bodies, with short claws, much
smaller than the sej)als, one at the base of each of them. Stamens 6 : anthers
oblong. Pistil gibbous : style short : stigma minute and unilateral : ovary
bursting soon after flowering by the pressure of the 2 erect, enlarging seeds,
and withering away ; the spherical seeds naked on their thick seed-stalks, look-
ing like dru])es ; the fleshy integument tunii«g- blue : albumen of the texture
of horn. — A perennial glabrous herb, with matted knotty rootstocks, sending
up in early spring a simple and naked stem, terminated by a small raceme or
panicle of yellowish-green flowers, and a little below bearing a large triternately
compound leaf, without any common petiole (whence the name, from kuvKus,
stem, and <^vK\ov,leaf; the stem seeming to form a stalk for the great leaf).
Leaflets obovate wedge-form, 2-3-lobcd.

1. C. thalictroides, Michx. (Also called PArpoosE-ROOT.) Lcontiee
thalictroides, L. — Deep rich woods ; common westward. Ajjril, May. — Stems
jo.oio iiiyh. Plowers appearing while the leaf is yet small. A smaller biter-
nate leaf often at the base of the panicle. Whole plant glaucous when young,
also the seeds, which are as large as peas.

3. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. Umbrella-leaf.

Sepals 6, fugacious. Petals 6, oval, flat, larger than the sepals. Stamens 6 :
anthers oblong. Ovary oblong: style hardly any : stigma depressed. Ovules
5 or 6, attached to one side of the cell below the middle. Berry few-seeded.
Seeds oblong, with no aril. — A perennial glabrous herb, with thick horizontal
rootstocks, sending up each j-ear either a huge centrally peltate and eut-lobed,
rounded, umbrella-like, radical leaf, on a stout stalk, or a flowering stem bearing
two similar (but smaller and more 2-cleft) alternate leaves which are jieltatc
near one margin, and terminated by a cyme of white flowers. (Name composed
of Si's, twice, and ^vXKov, Imf.)

1. D. cymbsa, Michx. Wet or springy places, mountains of Virginia
an<l southward. May. — iUiot-leavcs l°-2° in diameter, 2-cleft, each division
5-7-lobed; lobes toothed. Berries blue.

4. JEFPERSONIA, Barton. Twix-le.vf.

Sepals 4, fugacious. Pclnls 8, oblong, flat. Stamens 8 : anthers oblong-
linear, on slender filaments. Ovary ovoid, soon gibbous, pointed: stigma 2-
lobed. Pod pear-shapc<l, opening half-way round horizontally, the upper part

54 nymph.^:ace^.. (water-lily family.)

making a lid. Seeds many in several rows on the lateral placenta, •with a fleshy
lacerate aril on one side. — A perennial frlahrons herb, with matted fihrous roots,
lon<;-peti()led rout-leaves, ])arted into 2 half-ovate leaflets, and simple naked 1-
flowered scapes. (Named in honor of T/ioiwis Jefffisun.)

1. J. diph^lla, Pers. — Woods, W. New York to Wisconsin and south-
ward. April, May. — Low. Flower wliitc, 1' broad: the parts rarely in threes
or fives. — Called Ilheumatism-root in some places.

5. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-Apple. Maxdkake.

riower-lmd with 3 p-een l)raetlcts, mIiIcIi early fall away. Sepals G, fuga-
cions. Petals 6 or y, obovate. Stamens as many as the jietals in the Hima-
layan species, twice as many in ours : anthers linear-oblong, not opening by
uplifted valves. Ovary ovoid : stigma sessile, large, thick, and undulate. Frui't
a large fleshy berry. Seeds covering the very large lateral placenta, in many
rows, each seed enc'oscd in a pnlpy aril, all forming a mass which fills the cav-
ity of the Iruit. — Perennial herbs, with creeping rootstocks and thick fibrons
roots. Stems 2-leaved, I-flowcred. (Name from ttoCs, afoot, and (/)vXXoi/, a leaf,
from a fancied resemblance of the 5-7-parted leaf to the foot of some web-
iboted animal.)

1. P. peltatunij i-- Stamens 12-18; leaves 5-9-partcd; the lobes ob-
long, ratlier wedge-siiaped, somewhat lobed and toothed at the apex. — Rich
woods, common. May. — Flowerless stems terminated by a large round 7-9-
lobed leaf, peltaie in fhc middle like an umbrella. Flowering stems bearing
two one-sided leaves, with the stalk fixed near their inner edge ; the nodding
white flower from the fork nearly 2' broad. Fruit ovoid, l'-2' long, ripe in
July, sweet and slightly acid, edible. The leaves and roots are drastic and
poisonous ! — Found occasionally with from 2 to 6 caipcls !

Order G. NYMPILiEACEiE. (Water-Lily Family.)

Aquatic perennial herhs^ icith horizontal rootstocks and peltate or sortietimes
only cordate leaves ^/looting or emersed ; the ovules borne on the sides or back
{or when solitary hanging from the surnmil) of the cells, not on the ventral
suture ; the embryo enclosed in a little bag at the end of" the albumen next
the hilum, except in Nelumbium, which has no albumen. Radicle hardly
any : cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a well-developed plumule. —
Flowers axillary, solitary. Leaves rolled inwards in vernation. Root-
stocks very obscurely exogenous in structure. — Comprises a few genera,
which differ so much in the flower and fruit, that, for the sake of con-
venient definition, we have formerly treated as separate orders the follow-
ing suborders :

Suborder I. CAB6i?IBE.E. (Water-Shield Family.)

Sepals and petals each 3 or sometimes 4, hypogynous and persistent.
Stamens definite (6 - 1 8). Pistils 2-18, free and distinct, coriaceous and

NYjrrn.F.ACKyE. (watku-lily family.) 55

indehiscent, 1 - 3-seedc(l on the dorsal sutme. — Stems slender, leafy,
coated with mucilage. Flowers small.

1. Braseiiia. Stamens 12-18 : filaments slender. Leaves all peltate.

SuBOKDEU II. ]Vli:L,lIIWB6l\l::.i:. (Nelumbo Family.)

Sepals and petals numerous in several rows, passing gradually into each
other, and with the indefinitely numerous stamens hypogynous and decid-
uous. Pistils several, 1-ovuled, separately immei-sed in the obconlcal re-
ceptacle, which is much enlarged and broadly top-shaped at maturity, the
imbedded nut-like fruits resembling small acorns. Embryo large ; no al-
bumen.— Petioles and peduncles all from the tuberous rootstock, the cen-
trally peltate leaves and the flowers large.

2. Nelunibiuin. Character of the Suborder.

SuBOitDKR III. NYx^IPHiEACK.i: proper. (Water-Lily F.)

Sepals 4 - G, and petals numerous in many rows, pei-sistent or decayino-
away, either hypogynous or variously adnate to the surface of the com-
pound 8 - 30-celled ovary, which is formed by the union of ns many car-
pels ; the numerous ovules inserted over the whole inner face of the cells,
except at tb« ventral suture.' Stigmas radiate as in Poppy. Fruit bac-
cate, with a firm rind. Petioles and peduncles from a thick rootstock.

3. Nymph tea. Petals .idnatc to the ovary, large ; the stamens on its summit.

4. Nuphar. Petals, very small and stamen-like, and stamens inserted under the ovary.

1. BRASilNIA, Schrcbcr. Watkr-Shikld.

Sepals ,3 or 4. rctal* .3-4, linear, sessile. Stamens 12-18: filaments fili-
form: anthers innate. Pistils 4-18, forming little eliih-shaped indehiscent
pods : stisma linear. Seeds 1 - 2, pcndnlous on the dorsal suture ! — Rootstock
creepino;. Leaves alternate, lonff-j:(etiolcd, centrally peltate, oval, floatin.u: on
the water. Flowers axillary, small, dtdl-purplc. (Name of uncertain origin.)

1- B. peltkta. Pursh. (Hydrope'ltis purpurea, il//r^.r.) — Ponds and slow
streams. June - Aug. — Leaves entire, 2' - .3' across. ( Also a native of Puget
Sound, Japan, Australia, and Eastern India!

Cab6mb.\, the other genus of the group, occurs from N. Carolina southward.

2. NELUMBIUM, Juss. Neixmbo. Sacred Bean.

The only genus of the suborder. (Nehimho is the Ceylonese name of the East
Indian species, the piid<-flo\ver('d N. spcciosum.)

1. N. liiteura, Willd. (Yellow Nelumbo, or "Wateh CnixQUEPiN.)
Corolla pale vellow ; anthers tipjied with a slender hooked appendage. — Wa-
ters of the Western and Southern States ; rare in the Middle States : intro-
duced into tlic Delaware below Pliiladelphia. Near Woodstown and Sussex
Co., Nf.w Jersey. Rig Sodus Ray. L. Ontario, and in the Connecticut near
Lyme ; perhaps introduced there l>y the aborigines. June - Aug. — ^ Leaves
usually raised high out of the water, circular in outline, with the centre dc-

56 NYMPn^ACE^. (w^ATER-Lir.Y FAMILY.)

pressed or cupped, 1°- 2° in diameter. Flower 5' -10' broad. Tubers farina-
ceous and edible. Seeds also eatable. Embryo like that of Nynijjliaja on a
large scale. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, enclosing a plumule of 1 or 2 well-
formed young leaves, enclosed in a delicate stipulc-likc sheath.

3. NYMPH-ffilA, Tourn. WATEii-NvMrn. Water-Lilt.

Sepals 4, green outside, nearly free. Petals numerous, in many rows, the
innermost gradually passing into stamens, imbrieately inserted all over the
surface of the ovary. Stamens indefinite, inserted on the ovary, the outer
with dilated fdaments. Ovary 18-30-celled, the concave summit tipjied with a
globular projection at the centre, around which are the radiate stigmas ; these
project at the margin, and are extended into linear and incurved sterile ap-
pendages. Fruit depressed-globular, covered with the bases of the decayed
petals, maturing underwater. Seeds enveloped by a sac-like aril. — Flowers
white, rose-color, or blue, very showy. (Dedicated by the Greeks to the Watcr-
Nymphs.)

1. N. Odorata, Ait. (Sweet-scextf.i> Water-Lily.) Leaves orbic-
ular, cordate-cleft at the base to the petiole (.5' -9' wide), the margin entire;
stipules broadly triangular or almost kidney-shaped, notched at the apex, ap-
pressed to the rootstock ; flower white, venj sweet scented (often as much as 5^'
in diameter when fully expanded, opening early in the morning, closing in the
afternoon) ; petals obtuse ; aril much longer than the distinctly stipitate oblonrf
seeds (these about 1|" long; anthers blunt). — Ponds and still or slow-flowing
water : common eastward and southward. June - Sept. — Varies with ])inkisli-
tinged and rarely with bright pink-red flowers (especially at Barnstable, Mass.),
the leaves often ci-imson underneath, — and in size by gradations into

Var. minor, Sims (N. minor, DC, &c.), with leav« only 2' -5' and flowers
2' -3' broad.— Shallow water, in cold bogs and in sandy soil.

2. N. tuberosa, Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida, 186.5. (TrnER-BEARiNG W.)
Leaves renifonn-orbicular, mostly larger (8'- 1. 5' wide) and more prominently
ribbed than the last, green both sides ; rootstock beariiifj numerous spoiitaneoitshi
detachintj often compound tubers ; flower scentless (or with a slight odor as of
apples, white, never pinkish, 4^' -9' in diameter, the petals, as in N. alba, pro-
portionally broader and blunter than in No. 1 ) ; the fruit more depressed, and
with fewer but much larger (i. e. twice as broad) rjlobulur-oroid seeds which when
mature are barely enclosed by the aril, and not stipitate. (N. alba, Nult. Got.
N. rcniformis, DC. ? scarcely of Walter, which is very obscure.) — Lakes, slow
rivers, &e., W. New York (i'rom Oneida Lake, Pniiie) and near Meadville, Pcnn.
( \V. L. Chaffin) to Michigan, Illinois, and probably in the Southern States.
July - Sept.

4. NUPHAR, Smith. Yellow Poxd-Lilt. Spatter-Docic.

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish.
Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with
the very numerous and short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not

SARRACENIACICyK. (I'lTCIIKU-l'LANT FAMILY.) o7

surpassing the disk-like 8 -24-raved sessile stijjma. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually
ripening above water. Aril none. — Leaves with a deep sinus at the base.
Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with jiuryjle, produced all summer.
(Noixpap of Dioseorides, from the Kgyjitian name.) — Our various forms seem
to iuelude only two species.

1. N. advena, Ait. (Common- Y.) Sr/xils G, unrt/itd/ ; pdah shorter
than the sttimeiis and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate'; stigma 12-
24-rayed ; ovary and fruit not contracted into a narrow neck under the stigma;
tliin submersed leaves seldom appearing ; floating or emersed and erect leaves
thick, varying from roundish to ovate or almost oblong in outline, the sinus
open, or (var. VARiKf;.\TrM, Eiigelm., flower often partly purplish) closed or
narrow. — Very common, in still or stagnant water.

2. N. Itlteum, Smith. (Sm.\ller V.) .SV/in/s 5, near/ij equal; petnls
longer and dilated upwards; stigma 12-16-rayed; fruit globular, with a short
narrow neck ; earlier and submersed leaves very thin and delicate, roundish,
the floating ones oval and usually with a narrow or closed sinus. — The only
specimen seen like the Euroijcan (expanded flowcV fully 2' across) is from
" Mauayunk, 7 miles from Philadelphia," in herb. Collins, now Durnnd. (Eu.)

Var. ptimiluin. (Sm.\i,l Y.) Flower 5' - 1' across when outspread ;
leaves 1'- 5' long. (N. ])umilum, //o/yje. N. Kalmikna, P«/-.v/i.) — Ponds, N.
England to Penn. and northward. (Eu.)

N. rOLTSEP.\LfM, Engelm., with very Uirgc flowers and numerous sepals,
occurs far west.

N. SAGiTTiFOLiA, Pursli, of N. Carolina and southward, has narrow and
long leaves. Both poriiaps run into No. 1.

OnDF.R 7. SAKKACENIACE.i:. (Pitciier-Plaxts.)

Pohjnndrous and hiipngijuous horj-plants, with hollow jnlcher-fonn or
trumpet-shaped leaven, — comprising one plant in the mountains of Gui-
ana, another (Darlingtonia, Torr.) in California, and the following genus
in the Atlantic United States.

1. SARRACENIA, Toum. Side-saddle Flower.

Sepals 5, with .1 bn.ctlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblonfj
or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Ovary
conii)ound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at
the summit into a very broad and petal-like, ."i-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped
body ; the 5 delicate rays terminating uiuler the angles in as many little hooketl
stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded plaecntaj
in the axis, 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the l)ase of
fleshy albumen. — Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish ; the hollow leaves
all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex.
Scape naked, 1-flowercd : flower nodding. (Named 1)\ Tournelbrt in honor of
Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who flrst sent our Northern species, and a botanical
account of it, to Europe.)

58 PAI'AVERACE^E. (I'OrPY FAMILY.)

1. S. purptirea, L. (Side-saddle Flower. Pitcher-Plant. Hcn'ts-
MAx's Cup.) Leaves pitchir-shuped, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the
hood erect, open, round heart-shaped ; Jiomer deep purple ; the (iddle-shapcd
petals arched over the (greenish-yellow) style. — Varies rarely with greenish-
yellow flowers, and without puri)le veins in the foliage. (S. heterophylla,
Eaton.) — Peat-bogs; common from N. England to Minnesota, N. Illinois, and
southward east of the Alleghanies. June. — The curious leaves arc usually
half filled with water and drowned insects : the inner face of the hood is clothed
with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a
foot high : it is difficult to fancy any rcsenihlauce between its shape and a side-
saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.

2. S. flava, L. (TiuMi'ETS.) Ltares lomj (IO-30) and trumpft-shapcd,
erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing
almost none ; .//ofcer ijillow, the petals becoming long and drooping. — Bogs,
Virginia and southward. April.

OuDF.u 8. PAPAVERACE.E. (Poppy Family-.)

Herbs u'llh milky or colored Juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos
or fours, fufjdcious sepals, pobjandrous, hypofjjjnous, the ocary l-celled loith
2 or more parietal placentce. — Sepals 2, rarely 3-, falling when the flower
expands. Petals 4-12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the
bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a
dry l-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-
celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo
at the base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Leaves alternate, without stip-
ules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

* Ovary incompletely several-celled by the projecting placentas.

1. Papnver. Stijrmas united into a radiate crown on the summit of the ovary. Pod

opening by chiulis or pores. PetJils crumpled in the nodding flowtT-bud.

* ♦ Ovary strictly 1-celleJ. Pod opening by valves, leaving the 2-6 filiform parietal placcntaj

as a framework.

•^ Petals twice as many as the sepals, usually more or less crumpled in the flower-bud.

2. Argenioue. Stigmas (sessile) and placenta 4 - 6. Pod and leaves prickly.

3. Slylophoriim. Stigmas and |)lacenta3 3 - 4. Style distinct Pod bristly.

4. Clielldoiiiuin. Stigmas and placentae 2. Pod linear, smooth.

— — Petals 4-6 times as many as the 2 sepals, not crumpled in the erect flower-bud.

5. Sauguinaria. . Stigma 2 gruoved. Placentiu 2. Petals white.

* » * Ovary and elongated pod 2-celle(l tiy a spongy partition.

6. Glaucium. Stigma 2-lubed or 2-horned. Petals 4.

1. PAP AVER, L. Poppy.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals niostjy 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4-20-raye(r
crown, i-esting on the summit of the ovary and capsule ; the latter short and
turgid, with 4-20 many-seeded placenta; projecting like imperfect partitions,
opening by as many pores or chinks under the edge of the stigma. — Herbs

PAPAVKUACIC.E. (I'OPPl' FAMILY.) 59

with a white juice ; tlie flower-hiuls noddinp. (Derivation obscure.) — Tiircc
annual sjiecics of the Old World arc sparinjily adventive ; viz. :

1. P. soMxfFKiUM, L. (Co.MMox I'oi'fY.) Smooth, {glaucous ; leaves
clasping, wavv, incised and toothed ; pod (jlobosc ; corolla mostly white or pur-
ple.— Near dwellin;^^s in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. P. DuniLJi, L. (Smootii-fkuited Coux-rori'v.) rinnatilid leaves
and the long stalks brislb/ ; pods cliib-s/ia/)&l, smooth; corolla light scarlet. —
Cult, grounds, Westchester, Pcnn. and southward : rare. (Adv. from En.)

3. P. akgemT)NE, L. (KoLGii-FKUiTED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut
' leaves and paler flowers than the last ; pods club-shaped and bristly. — Waste

grounds, near Philadelphia, J//-. Dicffcnhaiyh. (Adv. from Eu.)

•2. ARGEMONE, L. Pnu klv Vowy.

Sepals 2 or 3, often prickly. Petals 4 -6. Style almost none: stigmas 3 ~
6, radiate. Pod oblong, prickly, opening by 3 - 6 valves at the top. Seeds
crested. — Annuals or biennials, with prickl}' bristles and yellow juice. Leaves
sessile, sinuate-lobed, and with prickly teeth, often blotched witli white. Flower-
buds erect, short-peduncled. (Name from upye'/iia, a disease of the eye, for
which the juice was a supposed remedy.)

1. A. Mexic.\na, L. (Mexican P.) Flowers yellow, rarely white. —
Waste places, southward. July -Oct. (Adv. from trop. Amcr.)

3. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. Celandine Poity.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar: stigma 2-4-lobed.
Pods bi-istly, 2-4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested. — Peren-
nial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes
1 - 3-leaved, and umbellately 1 - few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds
and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow.
(Name from arvKos^i style, and <j)ep(i), I bear, indicating one of the distinctive
characters.)

1. S. dip helium, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish,
dcc])ly pinnatitid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves
often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets ; peduncles equalling the
petioles; flower deep yellow (2' broad) ; stigmas 3 or 4 ; pod oval. — Damp
woods, W. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. ]\Iay. — Foliage and llower
resembling Celandine.

4. CHOiJLIDONIUM, L. Celandine.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16- 24. Style nearly none : stigma 2-Iobcd.
Pod linear, slender, smootli, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom up-
wards. Seeds crested — Perennial herb with brittle stems, saff"ron-colored acrid
juice, i)innately divided or 2-pinnati(id and toothed or cut leaves, and small yel-
low flowers in a i)cduiiculate undicl ; the l)uds mxlding. (Xanie from _;(fXt8a)i^,
the Sw(dlow, because, according to DioScorides, it begins to llower at the time
the swallows appeal-. )

GO FUMARIACEiE. (FUMITORY FAMILY.)

1. C. Ji\jus, L. (Celaxdine.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May-
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Blood-root.

Sepals 2. Petals 8-12, spatulatc-olilong, the inner narrower. Stamens
about 24. Style short; stigma i-groovcd. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2
valved. Seeds with a large ercst. — A low perennial, with thiek prostrate
rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest
spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1 -flowered naked scape. Flower
white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the'
color of the juice. )

1. S. Canadensis, L. — Open rich woods ; common. April, May.

6. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. IIorx-Poppv.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none: stigma 2-lobcd or 2-horned. Pod verv,
long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false partition ; seeds crestless.
— Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary
yellow flowers. (The Greek name, y\avKiov, from the glaucous foliage.)

1. G. LUTEr.M, Scop. Lower leaves jjinnatifid ; upper ones sinuate-Iobed
and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough, (6'- 10' long). — Waste places S.
E. New England, Maryland, and Virginia; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

Ordeu 9. FUillARI.iCE.E. (Fumitory Family.)

Delicate smooth herbs, ivith watery Juice, compound dissected leaves, ir-
regular Jlowers, icilh 4 somewhat united petals, 6 diadelphous stamens, and
2-merous pods and seeds like those of the Poppy Family. — Sepals 2, small
and scale-like. Corolla flattened, closed ; the 4 petals in two pairs ; the
outer with spreading tips, and one or both of them spurred or saccate at
the base ; the inner pair narrower, and with their callous crested ti[)s united
over the stigma. Stamens in two sets of 3 each, placed opposite the larger
petals, Iiypogynous ; their filaments often united ; the middle anther of
each set 2-celled, the lateral ortes 1-celled. Pod 1-celled, either 1-seeded
and indehiscent, or several-seeded with 2 parietal placenta?. — Leaves usu-
ally alternate, without stipules. (Slightly bitter, innocent plants.)

« Pod slender : the 2 valves separating from the persistent filiform placentae.

1. Adiumin. Corolla heart-shaped, persistent ; petals .<»11 united. Seeds crestless.

2. Dlceiitra. Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spurred at the base. Seeds crested.

3. Corydnlis. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Seeds crested or arilled.

» * Pod fleshy, indehiscent, globular, 1-seeded.

4. Funiaria. Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Seed crestless.

1. ADLUMIA, Raf. Cllmblvg Fumitory.

Petals all permamntly uiiited in a cordatc-ovatc corolla, becoming spongv-
cellular and persistent, enclosing the small, few-seeded pod. Seeds not crested.

FCMARIACEJE. (FUMITOUY FAMILY.) Gl

Stipfma 2-crcste(l. Filaments monailel|ihoiis holow in a tube wliicli is afllicrcnt
to the corolla, diaileli)lious at tiie sninniit. — A elimhin^ biennial, with thrice-
pinnate leaves, ciit-lolied delicate lealiets, and anjple panicles of dioopinjj white
or purpli>li flowers. (Dedicated by Kafines(iiie to Mtijor Adluin.)

1 A. cirrhbsa, Kal'. — Wet woods; common westward. June -Oct. —
A Innid.sonie vine, with delicate ioliajie, clindtinj^- by the slender younj^ leaf-
stalks over lii;^h bushes; cultivated lor festoons and bowers in shaded jtlaccs.

2. DICENTRA, Bork. Dltciimax's Bueeches.

Petals slifjhtly cohering into a heart-shaped or 2-spurrcd corolla, cither decidu-
ous or withering-persistent. Stigma 2-crested and sometimes 2-horned. Fila-
ments slightly united in two sets. Pod 10-20-seeded. Seeds crested. — Low,
stemlcss perennials (as to our wild sjjecies) with ternatcly compound and dis-
sected leaves, and racemose nodding flowers. Pedicels 2-bractcd. (Name from
his, twice, and Kivrpov, a spur ; — accidentally ])rinted Dici.y'tra in the first
instance, which by an erroneous conjecture was afterwards changed into I)i-

t'LYTK.\.)

1. D. Cucullkria, DC. (Dutchman's Breeches.) Scape and slcn-
der-petiolcd leaves from a sort of (jranu/ule bulb ; lobes of the leaves linear; ra-
ceme, simple, fcw-flowcred ; corolla ivith 2 divergent spurs longer than the pedicel ;
crest of the inner petals minute. — Kich woods, especially westward. — A very deli-
cate plant, sending up in early spring, from the cluster of grain-like tubers
crowded together in the form of a scaly bulb, the finely cut leaves and the slen-
der scape, bearing 4- U) pretty, but odd, white flowers tii)])ed with cream-color.

2. D. Canadensis, DC. (Sqliukel Coux.) Subterranean shoots bear-
ing scattered gmni-like tubers (resembling peas or grains of Indian corn, yellow) ;
leaves and raceme as in No. 1 ; corolla meixly Ik art -shaped, the spurs very short
and rounded ; crest of the inner petals conspicuous, projecting. —^ Rich woods, Maine
tx> Wisconsin and Kentucky, especially northward. April, May. — Flowers
greenish-white tinged with rose, with the fragrance of Hyacinths.

3. D. eximia, DC. Subterranean shoots scaly; divisions and lobes of
the lea\es broadly oblong ; raceme compound, clu.<:tered; corolla oblong, 2-snccate at
the base; crest of tlie inner petals ))rojecting. — Kocks, W. New York, rare
( Thomas, Sartw(M), and Alleghanies of Virginia. May - Aug. — Coarser-leaved
than the others; scapes 6'- 10' high.

3. CORYDALIS, Vent. Couvdalis.

Corolla 1-spurrcd at the base (on the upper side), deciduous. Style persist-
ent. Pod many-seeded. Seeds crested or arilled. Flowers Iti racemes. Our
sjieeics are biennial, leafy-stemmed, and jjale or glaucous. (The ancient Greek
name for the Fumitory.)

1. C. glatioa, Pnrsli. (Pale Couydalis.) Stem upright ; racemes pan-
idecl ; sjiur of the /lurplish and ijellow-tipped corolla very short and iT)unded ; pods
me/, .slender, elongated. — Rocky places : common: G'-2° liigh. May- Aug.

2. C. flivula, Uaf. Corolla /w//r-y,//o«-, 3" -4" long ; i>pur verg short; tips
of the outer ptttds pointed, iving-crestid on the back, longer than the inner; seeds

62 CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.)

aciitclff margined, nij^osc-rcticulatcd ; nril loose : otliciwisc as in the next. —
rcnnsylvaiiia to Wi.sconsin and southward.

3. C. atirea, Willd. (Golden C.) Sttms low or dKcumhut; racemes
simple; corolln (joldin-i/fHoiv, i' Ion;;; slightly decurvcd sjntr somewhat shorter
than the pedicel, not half the len-jth of the rest of the tiower; tips of outer pi tah
blunt, cresllfss and naked on the back, little lonj,^cr than the inner ; pods usually
pendent; seeds smooth and even, or sometimes very minutely reticulated, tonjid,
mnrqinlrss, partly covered hy the scale-shaped aril. — Kocky places, Vermont to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. April -July. — Var. micrAntiia, Engelm.,
is a state with minute spurless flowers (probably fertilizcil in the bud), and
ascending pods, on very short pedicels. — W. Illinois and St. Louis, Ilittil.

(C. mo.\t.\na, Engclm., or perhaps rather C. auuka, var. occidentalis,
Engelm., Missouri to Texas and westward, dift'ers from the Eastern C. aurea in
the often ascending spur nearly equalling the rest of the dorolla and longer than
the pedicel, erect or ascending pods, and seeds lenticular with acutish margin.

— C. cuKVisf LiQUA, Engehn., of Southwest, differs from this in longer 4-an-
gular pods ascending on very short pedicels, the acute-margined seed mnriaite!

— C. crystAllina, Engclm., of Southwest, differs from this in the very broad
but short wing on tip of outer petals, short few-seeded pod covered with crys-
talline vesicles, and sharper- margined tubercular-reticulated seeds.)

4. FUMARIA, L. Fl-mitory.

Corolla 1 -spurred at the base. Style deciduous. Fruit indchisccnt, small,
globular, 1 -seeded. Seeds crcstlcss. — Branched and leafy-stemmed annuals,
Avith finely dissected compound leaves, and small flowers in dense racemes or
spikes. (>.'ame fromy«/««s, smoke.)

1. P. officixXlis, L. (Commox Fumitory.) Sepals ovate-lanecolatc^,
acute, sharply toothed, narrower and shorter than the corolla (which is flesh-
color tipped with crimson); fruit slightly notched. — Waste places, about
dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 10. CRUCIFERJE. (Mustard Family.)

Herbs, with a pungent icatery juice and cruciform tetrad ijnamous flowers:
fruit a silique or silicic. — Sepals 4, deciduous. Petals 4, hypogynous,
regular, placed opposite each other in pairs, their spreading limbs form-
ing a cross. Stamens G, two of them inserted lower down and shorter
(rarely only 4 or 2). Pod 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between
the two marginal placenta?, from which when ripe tiie valves separate,
either much longer than broad (a sili(jue), or short (a silicic or pouch),
sometimes indehlscent and nut-like (jiucumenlaceous), or separating across
into 1-seeded joints (lojnentaccous). Seeds eampylotropous, without albu-
men, fdled by the large embryo, which is curved or folded in various
wavs : i. e. the cotyledons accumbent, viz. their margins on one side aj)-
plied to the radicle, so that the cross-section of the seed appears thus oQ ;

CRUCIFKK^. (mUSTAUD FAMILY.; 03

or else incumbent, viz. the back of one cotyledon applied to the radicle,
thus c(D. In these cases the cotyledons are plane ; but they may be
Ibhicd upon themselves and round the radicle, as in Mustard, wliere they
arc conduj)licate, thus o v). In Leavenwortliia alone the whole embryo is
straight. — Leaves alternate, no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes
or corymbs : jiediccls rarely bracted. — A large and very natural iiimily,
of pungent or acrid, but not poisonous plants. (Characters of genera
taken from the pods and seeds ; the ilowers being nearly alike in all.)
I. SlLlQl'Oy.E. Poll long, a A77i"(;ue, opening by valves.

Tribe I. ARABIDEJE:. I'od elongated (except in Nasturtium). Seeds orbicular or

oval, more or less flattened. Cotyledons accumbent, plane.

* Seeds small and turgid, seldom half the breadth of the turgid pod.

1. Nastnrtiiini. I'od terete, linear, oblong or even globular. Flowt-rs white or yellow.

• * Seeds flat or flattish, scarcely narrower than the partition, e.xcept in some of No. 5.

2. Leaveii^vortlila. Pod oblong, flat; the valves nervi-less. Seeds winged: embryo

straight ! Flowers white or purplish, with a yellowish base. Leaves all nulical.

3. Delitaria. I'od Hat, lanceolate ; the valves nerveless, opening elastically from the base.

Seeds wingless, on broad seedstalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem naked IkjIow.

4. Cardniniiic. I'od flat, linear or lanceolate; the valves nerveless, opening elastically.

Seeds wingless, on slender stalks. Flowers white or purple. Stem leafy, at least below.
5 Arabis. Pod linear, elongated, flat or flattish, rarely almost terete ; the valves commonly
with a prominent midrib, or veiny, not opeiiiug elastically. Flowers white, whitish, or
purple. Stems leafy, at least below.

6. Barbnrea. Pod linear, more or less 4-sided, the rigid valves being keeled by a promi.

nent midrib. Seeds wingless. Flowers yellow.
Tribe II. SISYMBRIE.E. Pod elongated. Seeds thick ish, mostly obloug. Cotyle-
dons incumbent, narrow, plane.

7. Krysiiiiiiin. Pod sharply 4-angled, linear. Flowers yellow.

8. Sisyiiibriiini. Pods terete, 4- C-augled, or flattish. FlDwers white or yellow-
Tribe III. BIlASSICE.aE. Pod linear or oblong. Seeds globular. Cotyledons in-
cumbent and conduplicate, folded round the radicle.

9. Bra!4slca (including Six.\pis). Pod beaked or pointed beyond the end of the valves,

or tipped with a rigid style, nearly terete, or 4-sided. Flowers yellow or whitish.

II. SILICULOS.E. Pod short, a silicic or pouch, opening by valves.

Tribe IV. ALYSSINEi*:. Pod oval or oblong, flattened parallel to the broad parti-

ticin, or globular. Cotyledons accumbent, plane
1. Nasturtium. Pod terete or globular with many small seeds.
^M|^-iiba. Pod flat, oval, oblong, or even linear, many-seeded.
inHKyssuin. Pod flat, orbicular, '2-4-seeded.

12. Vesicaria. Pod globular-inflated, 4 -several -seeded.

Tribe V. CAMELINEi^. Pod turgid or somewhat flattened p.irallel with the broad
partition. Cotyledons incumbent, narrow.

13. Cauifllnn. Pod pear-shaped, many-seeded ; style slender. Flowers yellow.

14. .^ubulnria. Pod globular, few-seeded : style none. Flowers white.

Tribe VI. I.EPIDINK.^ and TIlI.,ASPII>EiE. Pod short ; the boat-shaped

valves cnniluplicate or much flattened ci>nlrary to the narrow partition. Flowers white.
l.i. ('n|t!irlla. Pod many-seeded, obenrdate-tri.angular, wingless. Cotyledons incumltent.
IC. Tlilaspi. Pod-sevtral-seeded, obovate or obcordate, winged. Cotyledons accumbenL
17. Lepldiiini. Pod 2-secded, flat, scale-shaped. Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent.

15. Seael>lt-ra. Pod 2-8eeded, didymous ; the valves rugose, separating at maturity from

the little partition as two closed one-seeded nutlets. Cotyledous incumbent, narrow.

64 CRUCIFKKJC. (MLSTAltU FAMILY.)

III. LOMENTACE-E. Pod articulated, separating across into joints.

Tribe VII. CAKlLIXEiE. Ct'tyledons |>l;ine ami aCcumlKiit, as iiiTribe 1.

19. Cukile. I'oU sliDit, •! jointed : tlio joiiiU l-CL-Uud ami l-secdeil.

Tribe VIII. It.-tPIIANEiE. Ciityledoiis coiidupliciite and iiicumlMint, as in Tribe 3.

2U. Rapliaiiua. IVl elongated, severul-scedod, transversely iiiUicoptud.

1. NASTURTIUM, H. Br. WAXKu-CnEss.

Pod a short siliquc or a silicic, varying from oblong-linear to globular, terete
or nearly so. Seeds small, turgid, niarginless, in 2 irregular rows in each cell
(except in No. 2). Cotyledons accumbcnt. — Atiuatic or niarsli plants, with
yellow or white dowers, and commonly pinnate or pinnatiHd leaves, usually
glabrous. (Name from Nusus lortits, a convulsed uosc, alluding lo the effect of
its pungent qualities.)

§ 1. P(tuU ich'tc, twice the hiitjth of the. cali/x : {xxls linear: leaves pinnate.

1. N. officixXle, R.Br. (Tkle WATEU-C'Ktss.) Stems spreading and
rooting; leaflets 3- 1 1, roundish or oblong, nearly entire; pods (G"- 8" long)
ascending on slender widely spreading pedicels, y. — Brooks and ditches;
escaped from cuUivation. (Nat. from En.)

§ 2. Petals yellow or yellowish, seldom miwh exceeding the calyx : pods linear, oblowj,
or even ovoid or globular : leaves mostly jdnnuiijid.

* Perennial from creeping or subterranean shoots : flowers rather large, bright yellow.

2. N. svLVESTRE, K. Br. (Yellow Ckess.) Stems a.scending; Icuces
pinnate! y jiarttd, the divisions toothed or cut, lanceolate or linear; pods (.^'long)
on slender pedicels, linear and narrow, bringing the seeds into one row ; style
very short. — AVet meadows, Massachusetts to Virginia: rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. N. sinuatum, Nutt. Stems low, diffuse; leaves pinnniely cleft, the
short lobes nearly entire, linear-oblong; pods linear-oblong (4" -G" long), on
slender pedicels ; style slender. — Banks of the Mississippi and westward. June.

* * Annual or biennial, rarely perennial? with sim/ileflbroiis roots: flowers small or

minute, greenish or yellowish : leaves somewhat lyrate.

4. W. sessilifldrum, Nutt. Stems erect, rather simple ; leaves obtusely
incised or toutlu'd, obovate or oblong ; /?oit'M-.s minute, nearly sessile; pods elon-
gated-oblong (.5" - G" loni:*), thick ; style very short. — W. Illinois to Tennessee
and southward. April -June.

N. Obttisum, Nutt. Stems much branehcd, diffusely spreading; j^fc fl

piniiately jiartedvr divided, the divisions roundish and obtusely toothed or rep:
flowers minute, shoii-pedicelled ; pods longer than the pedicels, varying from lincar-
oblong to short-oval ; style short. — With No. 3 and 4.

7. N. palustre, DC (M.\ksii Cress.) Stem erect; leaves pinnnidy
clffl or jiarled, or the upper laciniate; the lobes oblong, cut-toothed; pedicels
about as long as the small /lowers and mostly longer than the oblong, ellipsoid, or
o\o\i\ ])ods ; style short. — .Wet jjlaccs or in shallow water ; common. June-
Scpt. — Flowers only 1"-1^" long. Stems \°-^° high. — The typical form
with oblong pods is rare (W. New York, Dr. Sartivell). Short pods and hirsute
stems and leaves are common. Var. hisi-idum (N. hispiduin, DC.) is- a form,
with ovoid or globular pods. (Eu.)

CUUCirKK.Ii. (MLoTAKi) FAMILY.) 65

§ 3. Petals white, mtirh loiKjor than the calj/.c : fiods oroid or (jlohuUtr : Itiivcs undicidid,
or the lourr ones piiiiKili/id : root iitriunud. ( Aniioriifia.)

7. N. lactlStre, Gray, Gen. 111. 1, p. i;J2. (Lakk C"iu;ss.) Aquatic;
imiiKTsod kavcs 1 -3-pinnatt'ly ilissei'tud into nnniiTous ciijiilliiry divisions;
cnuTscd leaves olilonj^, entire, serrate, or pinnatilid ; pedicels widely spreadin;,';
pods ovoid, oue-i-t/led, a link' loin/i-r than the stijle. (N. natans, var. Aincricannni,
Gniy. Arnioraeia Americana, Ant.) — Lakes and rivers, N. IC. New York to
Illinois and sonthwestward. July- Aug. — Near N. anipliibiuni.

8. N. AuMonXciA, Fries. (Hokskkadisii.) Koot-leaves very large, ob-
long, erenate, rarely pinnatifid ; those of the stem lanceolate ; fruiting pedicels
ascending; jiods </'obiilur {scklom formed); sti/le very "short. (Cochlearia Arnio-
raeia, L.) — Roots large and long ; — a well-known condiment. Escaped from
cidtivation into moist ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. Leavkxwortiiia,

Pod broadly linear or oblong, flat; the valves nerveless, but minutely reticu-
late-veined. Seeds in a single row in each cell, flat, surrounded by a wing.
Embryo straight ! or the short radicle only slightly bent in the direction w Inch
if continued would make the orbicular cotyledons accumbent. — Little biennial
or hyenial annuals, glabrous and stemless, with lyrate root-leaves and short
one - few-tiowered scapes. (Named in honor of the late M. C. Leavenworth.)

1. L. Michaiixii, Torr. — On flat rocks and barrens, S. E. Kentucky and
southwestward : rare. March - May. — Scapes 2' -4' high. Petals purple,
rose color, or nearly white, with a golden. yellow or yellowish base, or rarely
yellow throughout? (L. aurca, Torr.), cuncate-obcordatc or cmarginate ; tlic
flowers rather large for the size of the plant.

3. DENTARIA, L. TooxinvoRx. Pepper-root.

Pod lanceolate, flat, as in Cardamine, but broader. Seedstalks bfoad and
flat. Cotyledons petioled, their margins somewhat infolding each other. —
Perennials, with long, horizontal, fleshy, sometimes interrupted, scaly or toothed
rootstocks, of a pleasant pungent taste ; the simple stems leafless below, bear-
ing 2 or 3 petioled compound leaves about the middle, and terminated by a
single corymb or short raceme of large white or purple flowers. (Name from
dtns, a tooth.)

1. D. diph^lla, L. T\(X)tstnrlc loDfj and coiiliiiiioiis, toothed; stun-htiri'S 2,
simdiir to the nidiail oiiis, close together, of .3 rliombie-ovate coarsely toothed
leaflets; ])etals white. — Rich woods, Maine to Kentucky. May. — Rootstocks
5' -10' long, crisp, tasting like Water-Cress.

2. D. maxima, Xutt. Rootstocfcinternipted, foiminij a strintf of thick toothed
tubers; stctn-htins (2-7) mostly 3 and ulli-rmtte ; hajlets 3, ovate, obtuse, coarsely
toothed and inci.sed, often 2-3-<'left ; petals pi-ik. (D. laciniata, var. ^, 'J'orr.
/ir Or.) — Northern New York (Watertown, Crawe; Utica, Paiiv) to Penii. ;
rare. M;iy. — ScMoni taller, but the leaves often smaller, than in No. 1.

•5. D. heterophylla, Nutt. RootstocL a chain of '2 or 3 ti(irrow-ot)lon<j and
ohscureli] toothed tiili(r.i ; slem-ltaves 2 or 3, alternate (rarely opposite), divided into
L iL M-2.J

CG CRrciFKR.E. (mustaud family.)

3 lanceolate or llnear-olilong sorneirliat toothed (sometimes incised or 2-cleft) leaflets;
root-leuws of ti rounded or cntmile-orate tiicimd Ixijltts ; petals purple. — Peiin.
(near riiiladelpliia, Dr. Diffenbawjh) and Washington {Bcbb) to Kentucky and
southward. April, May.

4. D. lacini^ta, Muhl. Rootstoch as in the last ; stem-leaves^ in a whorl, 3-
paiied ; the led/lets liiieiir or lanc(olute, irregularly cut or deft into prominent nar-
row teeth, the lateral ones (lee])ly 2-lobed ; root-leaves siniilarli/ diKSecttd ; jxtals
pale purple or nearly white. — Kieh soil along streams, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky. April, May.

5. D. multifida, Muhl. More slender and delicate than the last; root-
stock similar ; n/ciu-ledres 3 or sometimes 2, alternate, opposite, or whorled,yi/ie/y
2 -3-tem(iteli/ divided, or the subdivisions jjarted, ?;ito very narrowly linear lobes;
root-leaves similarly 3-4-ternately divided; flowers (4-7) white. — Southern
Kentucky (doubtless) and southward. — This appears to pass into No. 4 ; and
all these species except the first probably run together.

4. CARDAMINE, L. Bitter Cress.

Pod linear, flattened, usually opening elastically fi-om the base ; the valves
nerveless and veinless, or nearly so. Seeds in a single row in each cell, wing-
less ; their stalks slender. Cotyledons accumbent. — Flowers white or purple.
(A Greek name, in Dioscorides, for some Cress, from the cordial or cardiacal
qualities.) — Huns into Dentaria on the one hand, into Arabis on the other.
* Rout perennial : leaves simple or 3-foliolate.

1. C. rhomboidea, DC. (Spuing Cress.) Stems vprir/ht from a tuberif-
erous base, simple ; root-leaves round and rather heart-shaped ; lower stem-leaves
ovate or rhombic-oblong, somewhat petiolcd, the upper almost lanceolate, all
somewhat angled or sparingly toothed; jjods linear-lanceolate, pointed with a
slender style tipped with a conspicuous stigma ; seeds round-oral. — Wet mead-
ows and springs ; common. Flowers large, white. April -June.

Var. purpurea, Ton-. Lower (4' - 6' high), and slightly pubescent ; leaves
rounder; flowers rose-purple, appearing earlier. — Along streams in rich soil,
W. New York and S. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and northward.

2. C. rotundifdlia, Miehx. (Mountain Watek-Ckess.) Stemshranch-
ing, weak or decumbent, making long runners ; root fibrous; leaves all much alike,
roundish, somewhat angled, often heart-shaped at the base, pctioled, the lowest
frecjuently 3-lol)eil or of 3 leaflets ; pods iinear-awl-shaped, pointed with the
style; stigma minute; seeds oval-oblong. — Cool shaded springs, Pennsylvania
and southward along the mountains. May, June. — Leaves with just the taste
of the true \\';^t^■r-('r^'ss. Flowers white, smaller than in No. 1.

3. C. bellidifblia, L. Am// (2' -3' high), tufted; leaves ovate, entire,
or sometimes 3-lol)ed (4" long), on long j)etioles ; pods upright, linear ; sti/le
nearly none. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains and Katahdin, Maine
(./. \V. Chickering). July. — Flowers 1-5, white. Pods 1' long, turgid, the
convex valves 1-nen'ed. (Ku.)

* * Root perennial : leaves pinnate : flowers shoioy.

4. C. prat6nsis, L. (Cuckoo Flower.) Stem ascending from a short

CRUCIFKR.E. (mustard FAMILY.) G7

rootstock, simple ; leaflets 7-1.3, those of tiic lower leaves rounded and stalked ;
of the upper ones oMoufj; or linear, entire, or slifilitly anj^lcd-toothed ; petals
(white or rose-color) thrice the leuf^th of the calyx. -^ Wet places and bogs,
Vermont to New Jersey, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. May. (Eu.)
* * * Root mosthj hiemufil or annmil : leaves pinnate: Jlotcrrs small, white.

5. C. hirstlta, L. (Small Bitter Cress.) Beset with scattered hairs,
or glabrous ; stems (3'- 12' iiij;h) erect or a.--cen(ling from the sjjreadin;^- cluster
of root-leaves ; tiieir leaflets rounded, those of the upjier leaves oblong or linear
and often confluent, all either toothed, angled, or entire; pods linear, slender,
erect or ascending in line with the pedicel; style very short or almost none.
(C. rennsylvanica, Muhl. ; usually tallci- and more leafy-stemmed than the true
European C. hirsuta, the stamens always 6, and the pods less erect.) — Wet
places: common. May -July. (Eu.)

Var. sylv^tica (C. sylvatica, Link., C. Virginica, Michx.) grows in drier
places, is more slender, and has pods more erect than their ascending or spread-
ing pedicels, the style evident. — Commoner southward. (Eu.)

5. ABABIS, L. Rock Cress.

Pod linear, flattened ; the valves plane or convex, more or less l-ncrved in
the middle, or longitudinally veiny. Seeds usually margined or winged. Coty-
ledons accumbent. — Leaves seldom divided. Piowers white or purple. (Name
from the country, Arabia. See Linn. Phil. Bot. § 235.)

§ I . Seeds in one row in each cell, being nearly us broad as the partition.
* Low, chiijly biennials, diffuse or spreading from the base.

1. A. Ludovici^na, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, often annual; leaves all
pinnatclj parted into ol)long or linear few-toothed or entire divisions, those of
the lower leaves numerous ; flowers small, white ; pods rather broadly linear
and spreading, flat ; seeds wing-margined. (Cardamine Ludo viciaua, //oo/j.) —
Open grounds, Virginia ? to Illinois and southward.

2. A. lyrata, L. Hoot biennial ; plant mostly glabrous, except the Igrate-
pinmitijid root-leans, stem-leaves scattered, spatidate or linear with a tapering
base, sparingly toothed or entire ; petals white, much longer than the yellowish
calyx ; pods long and slender, flat, ascending or spreading ; the seeds margin-
less. — On rocks. New England to Kentucky along the mountains, Minnesota
and northward. April -July. — Radicle sometimes obliijue, or even dorsal.

A. Tii.vLiXxA, L., resembles the last, but the root-leaves are hardly if at all
lyratc, the stem more strict, flowers smaller, and the cotyledons uniformly in-
cumbent ; so it is refeiTcd to Sisymbrium, p. 70.

3. A. petraea, Lam. Root perennial, mnltiripitnl : leaves sparingly pinna-
tifid-toothed or incised, sometimes entire; petals rose-color or nearly white; pods
shorti-r and less flat than in A. lyrata : otherwise similar. — Rocks, L. Superior?
Wilioughby Mountain, Vermont, //. Mann.

4. A. dent^ta, Torr. & Gray. Roughish-pubescent, slender (10-20
high) ; liaves oblong, very obtuse, unequally and sharply toothed; those of the
stem numerous, halj'rlasping and f(v<d at the ba.sc, of the root broader and
tapering into a short petiole; petals (whitish), scarcely exceeding the caly.x.

63 CRuciFF.u^. (mustard family.)

pods icidchj sprendincj, rerji slender, short-stalked ; sti/le scarcely ant/; seeds niar£rin-
less. — New York and Illinois to Virjjinia and Kentucky. May, June.
* * Erect and sim/tle lea/'ij-stemmed hieniiials, tvith white or whitish Jlowers, nairow
but flattened ascending or erect pods, and wingless seeds.

5. A. patens, Sulliv. Downy with spreading hairs, ercet (1°- 2° hifrh) ;
stem-leaves oblong-ovate, acutish, coai*sely toothed or the uppermost entire,
partly elasi)ing hy the heart-shaped base ; petals (bright white, 4" long) twice
the length of the calyx ; pedicels slender, spreading ; pods spreading or uscmding,
tipjted with a distinct sfi/le. — Central Ohio (rocky l)anks of the Scioto, Sulli-
vant), Pennsylvania (Huntingdon Co. to the Schuylkill, Porter) ; also in E.
Tennessee. April, May.

6. A. hirstlta, Scop. Rough-hairy, sometimes smoothish, strictly erect
(\°-2° high) ; stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, entire or toothed, partly clasp-
ing by a somewhat arrow-shaped or heart-shaped base ; petals (greenish-white)
small, but longer than the calyx ; pedicels and pods stricthj upright ; style scarcely
any. — Rocks, common, especially northward. May, June. (Eu.)

» * * Erect and simple leafy-stemmed biennials (l°-3° /(/////), with small whitish
flowers, recurved-spreading or pendulous flat pods (.3' -4' long), and broadly
winged seeds, their stalks adherent to the partition.

7. A. laevigata, DC. Smooth and glaucous, upright ; stem-leaves partly
clasjiing by the arrow-shaped base, lanceolate or linear, sparingly cut-toothed or
entire ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; pods long and narrow, recurved-
spreading on ascending or merely spreading pedicels. (This is also A. hetero-
phylla, Nutl.) — Rocky places, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May.

8. A. Canadensis, L. (Su kle-pod.) Stem upright, smooth above;
stem-leaves pubescent, jioiutid at both ends, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, the lower
toothed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, oblong-linear ; pods very flat,
scythe-shaped, hanging on rough-hairy pedicels (2" wide). — (A. falcata, Michx.)
Woods and ravines ; not rare, especially westward. June- Aug.

« * * * Tall and kafy-stemmed biennials or pei-ennials, with rather shoivy flowers,
the pink-purple petals long-clawed ; anthers sagittate and ivlien old arcuate-
recurved; the ividely spreading and rather short jiods marly terete ; seeds mar-
ginless. (Iodantiics, Torr. .j- G'ra_y.) — Transition to Thclypodium and
Streptanthus.

9. A. hesperidoides. Glabrous (10-3° high), often branched above;
root-leaves round or heart-shaped, on slender petioles ; stem-leaves ovate-ob-
long and ovate-lanccolatc (2' -6' long), membranaceous, veiny, sharply and
often doubly toothed, tapering to each end, the lower into a winged petiole,
sometimes bearing a pair or two of small lateral lobes ; pods on short diverging
pedicels, pointed by a short style. (Ilesperis pinnatifida, .l/a/ijr. lodanthus
hesperidoides, Torr. <$• 6Vo^.) — Alluvial river-banks, Ohio, Kentucky and
Bouthwestward. May, June.

§ 2. TURRITIS, Dill. Seed^i not so broad as the partition, occupying two more or
le-is distinct rows in each cell, at leiist when young : s/rirt and nry b ofy-stemmal
biennials ; the cauline leaves partly clasping by a sagittate base. ( Very gla-

CRUCIFERJE. (mustard FAMILY.) 69

broiix In fhr ffjllntriin/ sprrir.t, c.rrppl (he base of the stem and the hicer or tnjl of
railical /dins, ihi.sc iiiuslli/ hirsute.)

10. A. perfoliita, Lam. (Towkr Mistard.) Tall {2° -4° h\fih) ;
glanrons ; stcm-Icavcs olilonj; or ovate-lanceolate, entire, hall'-elasjtinf; by the
saf;ittatc base ; prtals t/dloirish-irhite, little lonijer than the cali/r ; jiods veri/ niiirow
{3' lon-x) <ni(l pedirh'x strfrtli/ erect. (Turritis {glabra, L.) — Kocks and fields,
scarce and iHTlinps introduced southward ; more common northward. (Ku.)

11. A. Drummondii, Gray. Scarcely glaucous, 1° - 2° hi;;h ; s/em-
leavcs htnceolate or ohhmtf-linear and sagittate (I' -2' long) with narrow auricles,
or the lowest spatulate ; petals white or rose-color, full y twice the Icnr/lh of the oili/x ;
pedicels and flat /Ws loosely erect, or ascending, or even s/ireading ; seeds wing-
margined, when nuiturc little narrower than the partition. (Turritis stricta,
Graham.) — Rocky places, from the St. Lawrence in Canada East, to Lewiston
{Clinton), Lake Sujierior, and northwestward; also "Chenango Co. New
York," Northern Illinois, Vasn/. — Pods 2V-3Vlong, or in var. (T. brachy-
carpa, Turr. ij- day) only I'- 2' long.

6. BAEB AREA, ' R. Br. Winter Cress.

Pod linear, terete or somewhat 4-sided ; the valves being keeled by a mid-
nerve. Seeds in a single row in each cell, marginless. Cotyledons accnmbent.
— Mostly biennials resembling Nasturtium ; flowers yellow. (Anciently called
The llcrl) of St. Barbara.)

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.)
Smooth ; lower leaves lyrate, the terminal division round and iisiuiUy large, the
lateral 1 - 4 pairs or rarely wanting ; u])per leaves obovate, cut-toothed, or pin-
natilid at the base; pods erect or slightly spreading; or in var. strict.v, ap-
prcs.sed ; in var. arcuAt.\, ascending on spreading pedicels. — Low grounds
and roadsides : apparently introduced, but indigenous from L. Superior north-
ward and westward. (Ku.)

2. B. pr.ecox, R.Br. (Early Winter C), with 5 -8 pairs of lateral lobes
to the leaves, and longer pods on very thick pedicels, — yet probably only a vari-
ety of the other, — somewhat cultivated from New York southward as a winter
salad, under the name of Scurvv-Grass, — is beginning to run wild. (Eu.)

7. ERYSIMUM, L. Treacle Must.vrd.

Pod linear, 4-sided ; the valves keeled witn a strong midrib. Seeds in a sin-
gle row in each cell, oblong, niarginless. Cotyledons (often oblitpiely) incum-
bent. Calyx erect. — Chiefly biennials, with yellow flowers ; the leaves not
clamping. (Name from f'puo), to draw blisters.)

1. E. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-seed Mustard) Minutely rougli-
ish, branching, slender ; leaves lanceolate, scarcely toothed ; flowers small ; pods
small and short (7 '- 12" long), very obtusely angled, ascending on slender di-
venjcut pedicels. — Banks of streams, New York, I'enn., Illinois, and northward,
July. (En.)

2. E. asperura, I)C\, var. Arkans^um, Nutt. (Wi-stekn Wall-
flower.) Minutely roughish-hoary ; stem simple; leaves lanceolate, some-

''0 CRUCIFKR^. (mustard FAHril.T.)

•what toothed ; /Ws nparji/ crrrt on jw/ short pedlreh, elonrjnled (3' -4' loTif]:), ex-
actly 4-si(k-(i ; stigma 2-]ol)cil. — Oliio (on limestone cliffs) to Illinois, and
MHithwcstward. Jnnc, July. — Plant stonf, 10-2° liij,^], ; the crowded briiiht
orange-yellow (lowers as larjjc as those of the Wall-flower. Petals orbicular,
on very slender elaws.

8. SISYMBRIUM, L. Hedge Mlstakd.

Pod terete, flattish, or 4-6-sided; the valves 1-3-ncrved. Seeds oblong,
maruinless. Cotyledons incumbent. Calyx open. — Flowers small, white or
yellow. (An ancient Greek name for some plant of this family.) Ours arc
annuals or biennials.^

1. S. officinXle, Scop. (Hedge Mustard.) Leaves runcinate ; flowers
very small, pale yellow; pods uwl-shapcd, close pressed to the stem, scarcely
stalked. — Waste places. May -Sept. — An unsightly branched weed, 20-3°
high. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. TuALi.VxA, Gaud. (Mocse-ear Cress.) Leaves oliovate or Monr], entire
or barely toothed ; flowers white ; pods linear, somewhat 4-sided, longer than
the slender spreading pedicels. (Arabis Thaliana, L. ; the plant resembles A.
lyrata.) — Old fields and rocks, Massachusetts to Kentucky. April, May. —
A span high, slender, branched, hairy at the base. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. S. caneseens, Nutt. (Tansy Mustard.) Leaves 2-pinnatiJid, often
hoary or downy, the divisions small and toothed ; flowers yellowish, very
small ; pods in long racemes, oblong-club-shaped or oblong-linear, shorter than
their mostly horizontal pedicels; seeds ^-ranked in each cell. — Penn. and New
York (Lucifer Falls, Tompkins Co., ./. IF. Chich-.rin;/) to Lake Superior, thence
southward and westward. June -Aug.

S. SoriiiA, L., with slender linear pods nearly erect on ascending pedicels,
and one-ranked seeds is nat. from Eu. in Canada East. — S. i.ncisum, Engelm.,
dift'ering only in the shorter jjods widely spreading on horizontal pedicels, is wild
beyond the Mississippi.

9. BRASSICA CBrassica and Sinapis), Toum.

Pod linear or ol)long, nearly terete or 4-sided, with a stout 1-sccded beak or a
rigid style ; valves 1 - .")-nervcd. Seeds globose, one-rowed. Cotyledons incum-
bent, folded around the radicle. — Annuals or biennials, with yellow flowers.
Lower leaves mostly lyrate, incised, or pinnatifid. (The Latin name of Cab-
bage. Sinapis is the Greek StVan-t, which is said to come from the Celtic nop,
a turnip.)

1. B. SixApfsTRUM, Bois.sier (or Sinapis arvevsis, L., the English Char-
lock), with knotty pods, fully one third occupied by a stout 2-edged beak
(which is either empty or one-seeded), the upper leaves barely toothed, is a
noxious weed in grain-fields, from Pennsylvania and New York westward.
(Adv. from Eu.)

2. B. (or SiN\ris) .ii.i'.A. (Wiiiti; MrsTAUD.) Pods bristly, ascending on
sjjreading pedicels, more than half its length occupied by the sword-shaped one-
seeded beak; leaves all pinnatifid; seeds pale. (Cult, and adv. from Eu.)

CRUCIFEU^. (mUSTAUD FAMILY.; 71

3. B. (or SinXpis) nIgra. (Black Mustard.) Tods smooth (J' long),
4-conicn'(l (tlic valves only 1-ncrvcd), erect on iipprcssed pedicels forming
a slender raceme, tipped with a stout persistent style ; seeds dark brown, small-
er and more piin<::eiit than in the last; lower leaves with a lar;re terminal lobe
and a few small lateral ones. — Fields and w;uste places, or cultivated. (Adv.
from Ku.)

13. CAMPESTKis, L., in the form of the Kutakaua and the Tlump, some-
times persists a year or two in neglected grounds.

10. DRAB A, L. Whitlow-Grass.

Pouch oval, oblong, or even linear, flat; the valves plane or slightly convex ;
the partition broad. Seeds several or numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, margin-
less. Cotyledons accumbcnt. Calyx equal. Filaments not toothed. — Low
herbs with entire or toothed leaves, and white or yellow flowers ; the pubes-
cence often stellate. (Name from bpd^rj, acrid, in allusion to the pungency of
the leaves.)

§ 1. DRAB A, DC. Petals vol mfrhfd twr c!f /I.
* Perennial or liicnniid, le>i Jjj-stemmed : flowers white: pods twisted when ripe.

1. D. ramosissima, Desv. Diffusdj/ much branched and forming many
radical tufts, perennial (.5' -8' high), pubescent; /eaves laciniate-toothed, linear-
lanceolate, the lower oblaneeolate ; racemes corymboscly-branehed ; jiods hairy,
oval-oblong or lanceolate (2" -5'' long), on slender spreading pedicels, tipped
with a long sti/le. — Cliffs, Harper's Ferry, Natural Bridge, &e., Virginia to Ken-
tucky Kiver, and southward. April, May.

2. D. arabisans, Michx. Slightly pubescent, the perennial root bearing
rather numerous radical tufts; flowering stems (G'- 10' high) erect and mostli/
simple; leaves oblong-lanceolate, linear, or the lower spattdate, spar inijlij toothed;
racemes short, usually simple; jxkIs glabious, oblong-lanceolate (S'-C long),
acute, on rather short and spreading pedicels, pointed with a shoii but distini-t
stifle. — Rocky banks, N. Vermont and New York towards the St. Lawrence,
also Akron, Ohio (Clinton), and shores of L. Huron and L. Superior. May,
June. — Petals rather large. Too near .some forms of the next.

3. D. Inc&na, L. Ilonni-pubesccnt, biennial or somewhat perennial, the
radical tuft seldom branching; leaves shorter, raceme more strict, petals smaUer,
and pods shorter and blunter than in the last, oJ}(n pubescent, on short erect pedi-
cels; style very short or none. — Dry rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont,
Tiickerman, II. Mann.; also high northward. (En.)

* * Annual or biennial: leaf// stems short : flowers white, or in Ao. 5 yellow: style
none, {flares oblong or dtoi-ate, hairy, sessile.)

4. D. brachycarpa, Nutt. Low (2' - 4' high), minutely pubescent ; stems
leafy to the base of the den.sc at length elongated raceme; leaves narrowly ob-
long or the lowest ovate (2" -4" long), few toothed or entire; flowers small ;
pods smooth, mirrowly olilong, acutish (2" long), ulmtl the length of the a.imiding or
spreading pedicels. — Dry hills, Illinois, Kentucky, Virginia, A. II. Curtiss, and
southward. April. — Petals sometimes minute, sometimes none.

72 cnucTFF.n^E. (must a no family.)

r). D. nemordsa, L. Lcavesolilonporsomcwhat lanceolate, more or less
toothed ; nwemm ilnntjand (4'- 8' loiifj in fitiit) ; petals einaruinatc, small ; jxmIs
eUiptkul-Muiiii, half the lcn;;l/i of the Imrlzontiil or uidt/i/s/inddin;/ /xxlircis, pubes-
cent (D. ncmoralis, Ehrh.), or smooth (1). lUtca, DC). — Fort Gratiot, Michi-
gan, and northwestward. (Kix.)

C. D. cuneifdlia, Nutt. Leaves obovatc, wedfic-shapcd, or the lowest
spatulate, toothed; raceme somewhat elongnttd in fruit (l'-3'), at Icngtii equal-
ling the naked ])edunclc; jjotals cmarginate, much longer than the calyx; poils
dilonrj-Hncar, minutthi hairi/, longer than the horizontal pedicels. — Grassy places,
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. March, April.

7. D. Caroliniana, Walt. Small (l' -5' high); leaves obovate, mostly
entire; peduncles scapc-likc; petals usually twice the length of the caly.x ; ra-
ceme short or corymbose in fruit (^'-I'long); pods broad/i/ linear, smooth, much
longer than the ascending pedicels. — Sandy and waste fields, Rhode Island to
"Wisconsin, and southward. March - May. — Petals often wanting in the later
racemes, especially in the

Var. micreintha (D. micrantha, Xutl.), with minutely rough-hairy pods.
With the other, westward, DeU>, &c.

§2. EROPIllLA, DC. Petals 2-cleft. (Annual or biennial : flowers white.)

8. D. v6rna, L. (Whitlow-Grass.) Small (scapes 1'- 3' high) ; leaves
all radical, oblong or lanceolate ; racemes elongated in fruit ; pods varying from
round-oval to oblong-lanceolate, smooth, shorter than the pedicels. — Sandy
waste places and roadsides. Ajiril, May. — Not found north of Lower Canada :
perhaps introduced, (En.)

11. ALYSSUM, Toum. Altssum.

Like Vesicaria but with a flat pouch : only one or two seeds in a cell : flowor"
yellow or white. Filaments often toothed. (Greek name of a plant reputed
to check the hiccup, as the etymology denotes.) They are plants of the Old
World, two adventivc species deserving a mere mention, and one indigenous,
rare and doubtful.

1. A. M.VKfTiMUM, L. (Sweet Altssum), with green or slightly hoary
linear leaves, honey-scented small white flowers, and 2-seeded pods, commonly
cult., begins to be spontaneous southward. (Adv. from En.)

2. A. CALYCXNTM, L., a dwarf hoary annual, with linear-spat\ilatc leaves,
pale yellow or whitish petals little exceeding the persistent caly.x, and orbicular
sharp-margined 4-secdcd pod, the style minute, occurs in grass-land at Amherst,
Mass., Tuckernum. (Adv. from En.)

3. A. Lesetirii. (Vesicaria? Lcscurii, ed. 2.) Somewhat pubescent, but
green ; stems diflusely ascending from a biennial joot : leaves oblong or oval,
sparingly toothed, those of the stem halfrla.^pint] hi/ a .sagittate base; racemes
elongated, many-flowered ; pedicels ascending ; filaments inflated at the base ;
style half the length (flhi- hispid or]ncn]ar or broadly u\i\\ flat ]>mI ; seeds wing-mar-
gined, 1-4 in each cell, on free stalks. — Hills near Nashville, Tennessee, Leo
fj'.squereux. April, May. — Petals golden yellow, rather large. Ambiguous
between this genus and the next.

CRUCIFER^. (mustard FAMILY.) 73

12. VESICARIA, Totiin. BLADDEn-ron.

Pouch globular or inflated, with a broad mostly orbicular partition ; the h-'m-
isphcrical or convex thin valves tu-rvclcss. Seeds few or sevcr.il, flat. Corylc-
dons acciinihtnt. Filaments toothless. — Low herbs, pubescent or lioaiy with
stellate Iiairs. Flowers mostly yellow. (Name iioni vesica, a bhuhbr.)

1. V. Sh6rtii, Torr. & Gray. Minutily hoary all over ; stems spreading
or deciimliout from an annual or biennial root ; leaves oblong or lanceolate with
a tapering base, rcpand-toothed or nearly entire; raceme at length elongated,
with filiform diverging pedicels ; petals light yellow ; style filiform, much longer
than the small globose about 4-sceded pod ; seeds marginlcss. — Kocky banks
ofElkhorn Creek near Lexington, Kentucky (Short), and Kentucky Kivcr near
Frankfort, Lc-sqticreux. May, June.

13. CAME LIN A, Crantz. False Flax.

Pouch obovoid or pear-shaped, pointed, turgid, flattish parallel to the broad
partition : valves 1-nervcd. becds numerous oblong. Cotyledons incumbent.
Style slender. Flowers small, yellow. (Name from x^'f""' dwarf, and \ivoi>,
Jlax. It has been fancied to be a sort of degenerate flax.)

1. C. SATivA, Crantz. Annual; leaves lanceolate and arrow-shaped ; pods
margined, large. A weed in flax-fields, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

14. SUBULARIA, L. Awlwort.

Pouch ovoid or globular, with a broad partition; the turgid valves 1-ncrvcd.
Seeds several. Cotyledons long and narrow, incumbcntly folded transversely, i. c.
the cleft extending to the radicular side of the curvature. Style none. — A
dwarf stemless perennial, aquatic; the tufted leaves awl-shaped (whence the»
name). Scape naked, few-flowered, l'-3' high. Flowers minute, white.

1. S. aquatica, L. — Margin of lakes in Maine, iVh^u//, &c. Echo Lake,
Franconia, New Hampshire, Tucktrman. June, July. (Eu.)

15. CAPSELLA, Vent. Shepherd's Pcrse.

Pouch obcordate-triangular, flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the
valves boat-shaped, wingless. Seeds numerous. Cotyledons incumbent. —
Annuals : flowers small, white. (Name a diminutive of cnpsiila, a jiod.)

1. C. BfRSA-PASTORis, Mttnch. Root-leaves clustered, pinnatilid or
toothed ; stem-leaves arrow-shaped, sessile. — Waste places ; the commonest
of weeds. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

16. THLASPI, Tourn. Penxtcress.

Pouch orbicular, oliovate, or obcordate, flattened contrary to the narrow par-
tition, the midrib or keel of the boat-shaped valves extended into a wing.
Seeds 2-8 in each cell. Cotyledons accumbent. Petals eqiml. — Low plants,
with root-leaves undivided, stem-leaves arrow-shaped and clasping, and small
white or purj)lish flowers. (Ancient Greek name, from 6\uia, to crush, of a
Cress the seeds of which were bruised and used like MusUxrd.)

74 CRucii'ER^.. (mcstakd family.)

1. T. ARVEXSE, L. (Field P. or Mitiiridate Mustard.) A smooth
annual, with broadly winjied jiod y in diameter, several-seeded, deeply notched
at top; style miiiute. — Waste plaees, sliore of Lake Huron and in Lower
Canada; also Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)

17. LEPIDIUM, L. Peppekwout. Peppekgrass.

Pouch roundish, much flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the valves
boat-siiaped and keeled. Seeds solitary in each cell, pendulous. Cotyledons
incumb^'nt, or in No. 1 accumhent ! Flowers small, white or greenish. (Namo
from Xfnidiov, a little scale, alluding to the small flat pods.) — Ours arc annuals
or biennials, except the last.

* Leaves all with a taperitiij base ; the upper linear or lanceolate and entire, the foiv/r
and often the middle oms incised or pinnatijid : pods orbictilar or oval, with a
small notch at the top: the stjle minute or none: stamens otilij 2.

1. L. Virginicum, L. (Wild Peppergrass.) Cotj/ledons accumbent
and seed minutely margined ; pod mare/inless or obscurely margined at the top;
petals present, except in some of the later flowers. — June -Sept. A common
roadside weeil, which has immigrated from farther South.

2. L. intermddium, Gray. Cotijledons incumbent as in the following ;
pod minuttlj/ wing-margined at the top; petals sometimes conspicuous, rarely
wanting; otherwise nearly as in No. 1. — Dry places, from Northern Michigan
and Illinois northward and westward.

3. L. RLDERALE, L. Morc difFusc, the smaller and oval pods and- the seeds
marginless ; petals ahcays wanting. — Koadsides, near Boston, Philadelphia, &c. ;
not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Stem-leaves with a sagittate partly clasping base, rather crowded.

4. L. CAMPESTRE, L. Miuutcly so/J f/ojt'Hy ; leaves arrow-shaped, somewhat
toothed; pods oiute, winged, rough, the style longer than the narrow nptch. —
Old fields, Mass. and New York to Virginia: rare (Nat. from Eu.)

5. L. Du.Vba, L. Perennial, oibscurely hoaiy; leaves oval or oblong, the
upper with broad clasping auricles ; flowers corymbose ; pods heart-shaped,
wingless, tliickLsh, entire, tipped with a conspicuous style. — Astoria, near New
York, D. C. Eaton. (Adv. from Eu.)

18. SENEBIERA, DC. W^vrt-Cress. Swine-Cress.

Pouch flattened contrary to the narrow partition ; the two cells indchiscent,
but falling away at maturity from the partition as closed nutlets, strongly
wrinkled or tuljerculate, 1-secdcd. Cotyledons narrow and incumbently folded
transversely. Low and diff"usc or prostrate annuals or biennials, with minute
whiti;-h flowers. Stamens often only 2. (Dedicated to J. Sencbicr, a distin-
guished vegetable physiologist. )

1. S. didyma, Pcrs. Leaves 1 -2-pinnately parted; pods notched at the
apex, rough-wrin/cled. (S. pinnatifida, DC. Lepidium didymum, Z.) — Waste
jilaces, at ports, Philadelphia to Virginia, &e. : an immigrant from farther
South.

CAPPAUIDAClwE. (CAI'ICR FAMILY.) 7.3

2. S. ConON6pus, DC. Leaves less divided, with narrower lobes ; pods not
nolclml lit the ajiex, tiilicirlcd. Virj^iuia, Purslt. Newport, Rhode Island, Roiblm,
&c. (Adv. from Kii.)

19. CAKILE, Toitrn. Sea-Rocket.

Pod short, 2-jointed across, flesiiy, the uii]Hr joint separatin^^ at maturity;
each indehiscent, l-celicd and 1 seeded, or the l(j\vcr sometimes seedless. Seed
erect in tlic upper, suspended in the lower joint. Cotyledons obliquely aceuui-
bent. — Seasiile fleshy annuals. Flowers purplish. (An old Arabic name.)

1. C. Americana, Nutt. (A.meiucan Sea-Rocket.) Leaves obovate,
sinuate and toothed; lower joint of the fruit obovoid, emarginate ; the upper
ovate, flattish at the apex. — Coast of the Northern States and of the Great
Lakes. July-Sej)!. — Joints nearly even and fleshy when fresh; the upper
one 4-angled and appearing,' more beaked when dry.

20. RAPHANUS, L. Eadisii.

Pods linear or oblony-, tapering- upwards, 2-jointed ; the lower joint ofte-n
seedless and stalk-like ; tiie ujiper necklacc-ibrm by constriction between the
seeds, with no proper jiartition. Style long. Seeds spherical as in Cabbage,
&c. — Annuals or biennials. (The ancient Greek name from pa, (/uicLlij, and
(jialvu), to iijipear, alluding to the rapid germination.)

1. R. RAriiANfsTKUM, L. (Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.) Pods
necklace-form, long-beaked ; leaves lyre-shaped, rough ; petals yellow, turning
whitisii or jjurplish, veiny. — A troublesome weed in fields, E. New England to
Pennsylvania. (Adv. from En.)

K. SATivus, L., Garden Radish, with pink-purple or whitish flowers, and
thick knobby and pointed pods, with irregular fleshy partitions between .the
seeds, occasionally becomes spontaneous for a year or two.

Okder 11. CAPPARIDACE^. (Caper Family.)

Herbs (when in northern regions), with cruciform /lowers, but 6 or more
not telradijnamous stamens, a l-cetled pod with 2 parietal placentcc, and kid-
ney-shaped seeds. — Pod as in Crncifcra?, but with no partition : seeds
similar, but the embryo coiled rather than folded. — Leaves alternate,
mostly palmately compound. — Often with tlie acrid or pungent qualities
of Crucifene (as in capers, tlie flower-buds of Ciipparis spinosa) ; also
commonly bitter and nauseous. Represented within otn- limits only by

1. POLANISIA, Raf. PoLANisiA.

Sei)als 4. Petals 4, witli eluws, udtelieil at the apex. Stamens 8-.12, nn-
eqind. Receptiiele not elongated, bearing a gland l)ehind the base of the ovary.
Pod linear or oblong, veiny, turgid, many-seeded. — Fetid annuals, with glan-
dular or clammy hairs. Flowers in leafy raeeuies. (Name from TroXi'y, iikdii/,
and (ifiaos, uiietjual, points in which tlie genus diflers in its stamens from
Cleome.)

7G VIOLACK.E. (VIOLKT FAMILY.)

1. P, grav6olens, Haf. Leaves with 3 oblonn; leaflets; stamens about
ll.scaicrlv I'xri'idiiij: tlii' jictals : style .short; pod sli'^^htiy stipitatc. — Gravelly
shores, fioiu L'oiiiieetieut (near llartl'oiil) and W. Vermont to Wisconsin and
Kentiieky. June - Aug. — Flowers small: ealyx and Hlaments purplish:
petals yellowish-white.

OuDKU V>. RESEDACE.D. (^Iigxonette Family.)

Herbs, rcilh iinsi/nimrtriral 4 - 7-merotts small jloirrrs, nJlesJnj one-sided
hjpogijnons disk l/etween the peUds and the (3 - 40) stamens, bcarin;/ tlie
latter. Calyx not closed in the bud. Pod 3 - 6-lobed, 3 -G-horneil, l-cellcd
with 3 - G parietal placentce, opening at the lop before the seeds (which are
as in Order 11) are full (jrown. — Leaves alternate, with only glands
ibr stipules. Flowers in terminal .''pikes or racemes. — A small and un-
in)portant family, of the Old World, represented by the Mignonette
(^Reseda odarata) and the Dyer's Weed.

1. KESEDA, L. Mignonette. Dyer's Rocket.

Petals 4-7, eleft, unequal. Stamens 12-40, on one side of the (lower.
(Name from r(S(<li>, to ealni, in allusion to supposed sedative properties.)

1. E.. LuTEOLA, L. (Dyer's Weed or Weld.) Leaves lanceolate;
calyx 4-partcd ; petals 4, greenish-yellow ; the upper one 3 - 5-cleft, the two
lateral .3-eleft, the lower one linear and entire; pods depressed. — Roadsides,
New York, &c. — Plant 2° high. Used for dyeing yellow. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 1-3. VIOLACE.E. (Violet Family.)

Herbs, icith a somewhat irregular 1-spiirred corolla of 5 petals, 5 hy-
pogynous stamens with adnale inlrorse anthers conniving over the pMl, and
a l-celled 3-valved pod icith 3 parietal placenta'. — Sepals 5, persistent.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens with their short and broad fila-
ments continued beyond the anther-cells, and often coherent with each
other. Style usually club-shaped, with the simple stigma turned to one
side. Valves of the capsule bearing the several-seeded placenta; on their
middle : after opening, each valve as it dries folils together lengthwise
firmly, projecting the seeds. Seeds anatropous, rather large, with a hard
seed-coat, and a large and straight embryo nearly as long as the albu-
men : cotyledons flat. — Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axil-
lary, nodding. (Roots slightly acrid or emetic.) — Two genera in the
Northern United States.

1. SO LEA, Ging., DC. Green Violet.

Sepals not prolonged nt the hasc. Petals nearly equal in length, but
the lower one larger and gibbous or saccate at the base, more notched than
the others at the apex. Stamens completely united into a t>heath enclos-

VIOLACF.^E. (violet FAMILY.) 77

ing the ovarv, nml lio.iriiij; a broad pland on the lower siilc. Style hooked at
the summit. — A lioiiiuh- perennial herb, with stems leafy to the to]), ami 1 -:^
small "greenish -white Howers in the axils, on short reenrved i)edieels. (Named
in honor of IT. S(i/,\ author of an essay on the British Mints.)

1. S. COncolor, (jinj^. (Viola eoneolor, I'urs/i, ice.) — Wood.^ New
York to Iliiiiuis and southward. June. — Plant l°-2° hiyh. Leaves oblong,
pointed at both ends, entire. I'od 1' long.

2. VIOLA, L. Violet. IIeart's-ease.

Sepals extended into cars at the base. Petals somewhat unequal, the lower
onc spurred at the base. Stamens eloscly surrounding the ovary, often slightly
cohering with each other; the two lower ones bearing spurs which project into
the spur of the corolla. Besides these conspicuous blossoms, which appear in
spring, others are i)rodueed later (especially in the stemless species), on shorter
peduncles or on runners, usually concealed under the leaves ; these never open
nor develop petals, but arc fertilized in the young bud, producing pods which
are fiir more fruitful than the ordinary blossoms. (The ancient Latin name of
the genus.)

§L Stemi.icss Violkts : tlie leaves ami scopes aJl from a mhtcrnmean roolstock,

Jioicei-iiuj in early spriiir/, and l>eariii(j fruitful, apetalous flowers all summer.

* Flowers yellow : rootstock creepiny and produciny summer runnas.

1. V. rotundif61ia, Miehx. (Rouxd-leaved Violkt.) Leaves roiind-
ovate, heart-shaped, slightly crenate; lateral petals bearded and marked with
brown lines ; spur very short. — Cold woods, Maine to Michigan, and south
along the Allcghanies — Snioothish : leaves 1' broad at flowering, increasing to
3' or 4' in the summer, then lying flat on the ground, shining above.

* * Flowers ivhite (small, short-spurred) ; lower petals striped with lilac veins: root-

stock creepiny and produciny summer runners or subterranean flliform hianclies.
(No. 2 and No. 4, however different, seem to be connected by No. 3.)

2. V. lanceolita, L. (Laxce-leaved Violet.) Smooth; leaves Ian-
croliite, erect, blunt, tnpiriny into a lony-maryined petiole, almost entire ; petals
beardless. — Damp soil, Maine to Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ; com-
mon eastward.

3. V. primulsefblia, L. (PniMnosE-LEAVED V.) Smooth or a little
pubescent ; liaves olilmiy or orate, ulniipl or somewhat htartshaped at the base;
petals often acute, the lateral ones usually sparingly bearded. (V. acuta, Bige-
low.) — Damp soil ; with No. 2.

4. V. blanda, Willd. (Sweet White V.) Leaves round-lieartshapcd or
kidney-form, minutely pubescent ; petals mostly beardless. — Damp ])laees, every-
where, Maine to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — Flowers faintly sweet-scented.

* * # Flowers purplish or violet: rootstocks slender and creepiny, oflen produciny

numeivus summer runners.
V. ODon\TA, L. (Sweet or Kx(;lish Violet), cultivated in gardens,
from Europe, belongs to this section, and is becoming spaiingly spontaneous
in 5ome places.

78 VIOLACEVE. (violet FAMILY.)

5. V. pallistris, L. (MAnsii V.) Smooth; leaves round-heart-shaped
and kidni'v-lonn, slightly crcnatc ; flowers (small) pale lilae with purple streaks,
nearly beardless; s/inr venj short and obtuse. — Alpine summits of the White
Mountains, New Hampshire, and hi>;h northward. June. (Eu.)

6. V. Selkirkii, Pursh, Goldie, \S-2-l. (GuKAT-si'i-KKED V.) Small and
delicate ; the fililorm lootstock filjrose-rooted, no runners above ground ; smooth,
c.\ccj)t the round-heart-shaped erenate leaves, Avhich are minutely hairy on the
upper surface and have a deep narrowed sinus ; spur vrnj Imije, thickened at the
end, almost as lonjr as the beardless pale violet petals. (V. umbrosn, Frus, 1828.
V. Kamtsehatiea, Gingins, 1826.) — Damp and shady soil, W. Massachusetts to
Chatauque Co., N. Y. (Clinton), L. Superior (llobhins), and northward : rare. —
Scapes and petioles l'-2', the leaf ^'- 1^' long, thin ; the spur 3" long. (Eu.)

* * « * Flowers violet or purple (or rarely almost wltite) : root stocks Jleshij andthick-
ewd or tuberous, mostly erect or uscendimj, piodacinij neither runners nor runner-
like subterranean branches.

7. V. CUCuU^ta, Ait. (Common Blue V.) Rootstocks thickly dentate
with fleshy teeth, brancliin;;- and forming compact masses; leaves all lony-petioled
and upright, heart-shaped with a broad sinus, varying to kidney-shaped and dilated-
triangular, smooth, or more or less pubescent, the sides at the base rolled in-
wards when young, obtusely serrate; lateral and often the lower petals bearded;
spur short an<l thick; stigma slightly beaked or beaklcss. — Low grounds, com-
mon everywhere. — Very variable in size, shape of leaves and sepals, and in the
color and size of the flowers, which are deep or pale violet-blue or purple, some-
times nearly white, or variegated with white. Scapes 3'- 10' high. Passes by
intermediate forms of all sorts into

Var. palmata. (Haxd-leai- Y.) Leaves V(iriousIi/^3- 7 -clrfl or parted, or
the earlier ones entire on the same individaal. (V. palmata,/,.) — Common,
especially southward.

Var. cordata. Leaves chiefly round-heart-shaped and prostrate, sometimes
villous, sometimes nearly glabrous, small. (V. villosa and V. cordata, Wall.
V. soivria, Wilkl.) — Common southward; a variety growing in drier soil or
more exposed situations.

8. V. sagittata, Ait. (Arrow-leaved V.) Smooth ish or hairy ; leaves
on shoi-t and margined, or the later often on long and naked petioles, varying from
oblong-h( art-shaped to halberd -shaped, arrow-shaped, ohlong-lanctolute or ovate, denticu-
late, sometimes eut-toothed near the ba.se, the lateral or oceasiomilly all the
(pretty large purple blue) petals bearded ; spur short and thick ; stigma beaked.
(V. ovata, Nnlt., and V. emarginata, Le Conte, arc states of this variable spe-
cies.)— Dry or moist open places, New England to Illinois and southward. —
Eootstock nearly as in the preceding, into which some forms .«cem to pass.

9. V. delphinifblia, Nutt. (Larkspur V.) Dares all pahmitdy or pe-
dateJji :■>-', -]>iuti(l, divisions 2 -3-cleft; lobes linear; lateral petals bt-ardtd ; stigma
short-beaked; (itlurwisc like the next. — Kich prairies, Illinois and westward.

10. V. pedata, L. (Bikd-foot V.) Nearly smooth ; rootstoek short and
very thick, erect, not scaly; leaves all 3-5-dividtd, or the earliest only i)arted,
the lateral divisions 2-3-partcd, all linear or narrowly spatulate, sometimes 2 -

VIOLACE^,. (VIOLKT FAMILY.) 79

3-toothc(l or cut at the apex ; petals brard/ess ; stifrma nearly boaklc.ss. — Sandy
or gravelly soil, New Enjrlaml to Illinois and .southward. — Flower lar};c, 1'
broad, pale or deep lilac-purjilc or blue.

Var. bicolor. A \ci-\ handsome variety, with the two upjjcr petals deep
violet, and a.s it were velvety, like a pansy, occurs sparingly from Massachusetts
to Maryland, &e.
§ 2. Le.vky-stf.mmed Violets : all but the last perennial from short rootstorls.

* Laif-bmriwj Jrom baxc to summit, usiialli/ brunchiiKj and jloinring all sunim r :

stipules entire or bareli/ tootlud, not Jhliarcous.

11. V. canina, L., var. sylv6striS, Re-el. (Dog V.) Low (.3'-8' high) ;
stems ascending;, mostly simple, irom the base at length producing creeping
branches ; leaves heart-shaped, or the lowest kidney -form, crenate, the uppermost
slightly pointed ; stipules lanceolate, fringe-toothed ; spur ciflindricu/, half the
length of the light vioUt petals, the lateral ones slightly bearded ; stigma beaked.
(V. sylvestris. Dim. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr., and former ed.) — Damp or wet
shady ))laees : common. May -July. (Eu.)

12. V. rostr^ta, Pursh. (Loxg-spurked V.) Stems ascending (3' -6'
high); leaves roundi.^ji heart-shaped, serrate, the upper acute; sti])ules lance-
olate, fringcd-tootiied, large ; spur slender (^' long), lunger than the pule violet beard-
less petals; style straight and slender; stigma terminal, beakless. — Shaded hill-
sides, IMaine to Ohio and Kentucky, and southwards in the Alleghanics : rather
rare. June, July.

1.'3. V. Striata, Ait. (Pale V.) Stems anguhir, ascending (C- 10' higl') ;
leaves heartshii|)ed, finely serrate, often acute ; stipules oblong-lanceolate, la;-ge,
strongly fringedtoothed ; spur thIcLish, much shoiier than the crenm-cnlored or ivliite
petals, the lateral ones bearded, the lower striped with purplish lines ; stigma
beaked. — Low grounds; common, especially westward. A])ril-Oct.

14. V. Canadensis, L. (C.\.nada V.) Upright (l°-2° high); leaves
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate; stipules orate-lanreolate, entire; petals white or
whitish inside, the upper ones mostly tinged with violet beneath, the lateral
bearded; spur rerg shoii ; stigma beakless. — Kich woods; common northward
and along the Alleghanics. May -Aug.

* * Simple stems erect, naked beloiv, 2 - 4-leaved above : stipules nearlg entire : fiow-

<rs yellow, in spring and early summer: stigma bearded on each side.

15. V. pubesc6ns, Ait. (Downy Yellow V.) Softly pubescent (C -
12' high); lenrrs very broadly heart-shaped, toothQ(\, somewhat pointed ; stipules
ovate or ovate-laneeolate, large; spur extremely short; lower petals veined with
purple. — Woods : common.

Var. eriocarpa, Nutt. More pubescent, stout, l°-2°high; pods woolly.
(V. eriocarpa, Srhirrin.) — Common westward.

Var. scabriuscula, Ton-. & (iray. Smaller and greener, slightly pubes-
cent ; stems often decumlimt ( f- 10' high). — Rhode Isbind to Kentucky.

16. V. hast^ta, Miihx. (Halhehd-leaved V.) Nearly glabrous, slen-
der (4' -10' high); stem-leaves hulberd-shripcd or oblong-heart-shaped, slightly
serrate, acute ; stipules ovate, small ; spur very short. — Woods, N. Ohio (near
Paincsville, Miss Sliattuck), mountains of Penn., and southward : rare.

80 CISTACE.*:. (ROCK-nOSK FAMILY.)

* ♦ ♦ Leiif-liearinrj throughout from an annual, biennial, or sometimeR short-lived
perennial root ; the stipules large, Iciif-like and lyrate-pinnatifid.
17. V. TRfcoLOR, L. (Pansy. He.vrt's-e.vsk.) Stem iingled and
branched ; leaves roundish, or the upper oval and the lowest heart-sluijied,
crenatc or entire; petals variable in color or varicfjated (yellow, whitish,
violet-blue and purple); — in var. auvensis shorter or little lon{::er than the
calvx. — Dry or sandy soil, New York to Illinois and southward: the variety
seeuiini; like a native plant. April -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

OnPEU 14. CISTACE.E. (Rock-rose Family.)

Low shrubs or herbs, icilh regular Jlowers, distinct and hgpogynous mostly
indefinite stamens, a persistent calyx, a l-celled Z - b-val ced pod with as
many parietal placentcE borne on the middle of the valves, and orthotropous
albuminous seeds. — Sepals 5 ; tlie two external often small, like bracts,
or sometimes wanting; the three others a little twisted in the bud. Petals
3 or 5, convolute in the opposite direction from the calyx in the bud. An-
thers short, innate, on slender fdaments. Style single or none. Ovules
few or many, on slender stalks, with the orifice at their apex. Embryo
long and slender, straightish or curved,' in mealy albumen : cotyledons

narrow Leaves simple and mostly entire, the lower usually opposite,

and the upper alternate. (Inert plants. A small family: mostly of the
Mediterranean region.)

1. Helianlhcmum. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious. StameDS and ovules nu-

mcnms in tlie petiil-bearing flowers.

2. Huflgoiiia. Petals 5, fugacious. Stamens 9-30. Style long and slender. Pod strictly

]-celled, 2-6-seeded.

3. LecUea. Petals 3, persistent Stamens 3 -12. Style none. Pixl partly 3-cdled, the im-

perfect partitions bearing broad 2-seeded placentas.

1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rocic-rose.

Petals 5, crumbled in the bud, fugjacious. Style short or none in our species :
stigma 3 lobed. Capsule strictly l-celled. Embryo curved in the Ibrm of a
hook or ring. — Flowers in most N. American species of tAvo sorts, viz., 1. tlic
primary or earlier ones, with large petals, indefinitely numerous stamens, and
many-seeded pods ; 2. secondai-y, or later ones, which arc much smaller and in
clusters, with small petals or none, 3-10 stamens, and much smaller 3 -few-
seeded pods. Tlie yellow flowers open only once, in sunshine, and cast their
petals by the next day. (Name from lyXtoy, the sun, and tw6(fxov,floirer.)

I. H. Canaddnse, Michx. (Fkost-weed.) PitaJ-Ueuriug flowers soli-
tar g ; the smcdl srroiidarg floirers rlustered in the axils nfthe leaves, ncar\y sessile;
calyx of the large flowers hairy-])uhesccnt ; of the small ones hoary, like the
stem and lower side of the lanceolate ()l)l(mg leaves. — A variety is more hoary,
and with a stronger tendency to inultiply the minute clustered flowers. — Sandy
or gravelly dry soil, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. June - Aug. — Stems
at first simple. Corolla of the large flower» J' wide, producing pods 3' long;

CISTACi:^. (UOCK-nOSK FAMILY.) 81

pods of the smaller flowers not larper than a pin's head. — Late in artiimn,
crystals ol' ice shoot iVoiii the cracked hark at tlie root, wlicncc tlie popular
name.

2. H. COrymbbSUm, Michx. F/onrrs all rlusfcrcd at the summit of" liie
Stem or branches, the petal-bearing ones at length on slender stalks : calyx
woolly. — I'inc barrens, New Jersey and southward along the coast.

2. HUDSONIA, L. lliDsoxiA.

Petals 5, fugacious (la>iting but a day), much larger than the calyx. Sta-
mens 9-30. Style long and slender: stigma minute. Pod oblong, enclosed
in the calyx, strictly 1-eelled, with 1 or 2 seeds attached near the base of each
nerve-like placenta. Embryo coiled into the form of a closed hook. — Bushy
heath-like little shrubs (seldom a foot hiyh), covered all over with the small
awl-shaped or scale-like ]:ersistent downy leaves, jjroducing numerous (small
biU showy) bright yellow flowers crowded along the upper ))art of the branches.
(Named in honor of \Vm. Hudson, an early English botanist.)

1. H. ericoides, L. Downy but greenish; leaves slender, awl-shaped,
loose; flowers on slender naked stalks. — Dry sandy soil neat the coast, N.
Maine to Virginia. May.

2. H. tomentbsa, Nutt. Iloary with down ; leaves oval or narrowly
oblong, short, elose-prcssed and imbricated; flowers sessile (sandy coasts from
Maine to Maryland), — or short-peduneled, the leaves also narrower: Maine
(at Harrison, /. Blake) and along the shores of the Great Lakes to Minnesota.
May, June.

3. LECHEA, L. PixwEED.

Petals 3, narrow, flat in the bud : not longer than the calyx, withering-per-
sistent. Stamens 3-12. Style scarcely any: stigmas 3, plumose. Pod
globular, partly 3-celled ; the 3 broad and thin placenta; borne on imperfect
partitions, each bearing 2 seeds on the face towards the valve : in our species,
the placentic curve backwards and partly enclose the seeds. Embryo straight-
ish. — Homely perennial herbs, with very small greenish or purplish flowers,
in summer. (Named in honor oi John Lcche, a Swedish l)otanist.)

1. L. m^jor, Mieiix. //f(//;y; stem upright (i°- 2° high, stout), simple,
producing slender prostrate branches from the base ; leaves fUl/itical, mucronatc-
pointed, alternate and opposite or sometimes whorled ; flowers densely crowded
in ])anicled clusters; pedicels shorter than the very smiiW </lol)Ose-triaii(/ular pod;
sejials uarroicer than its i:<dns. — Sterile grounds : common, especially southward.

2. L. thymif61ia, Pursh. Hoary with appressed hairs, especially the de-
cumbent stout leafy shoots from the base ; flowering stems ascending, loosely
branched, with the leaves linear or ohlanccohite ; those, of the shoots elliptiral,
whorled, crowded ; flowers saitlered in small and loose clusters ; pedicels as
long as the ijloliose jimls. — Sandy coast, Maine to New Jersey and southward.
— Scarcely a foot hiuh. tufted, rigid ; the pods larger than in No. 1.

3. L. Novae-Coesarfeae, C. F. Austin, ined. Intermediate in appear-
ance between No. 1 and tlie taller forms of No. 4 ; leaves of the former, but

6

82 DROSERACE-E. (SUNDEW FAMILY.)

smaller (J' long) elliptical or linear-oblonrj, often opposite or whorled ; Jloioer^ in
varrntr itither close paiiirlcs ; pedicels lon<^er than the oval pods ; the two outer
or bnict-like sejxiU very diiider, mostii/ lom/er than the others. — Open dry grounds,
N. New Jersey and adjacent part of New York, C. F. Austin.

4. L. minor, Lam. Minutfli/ hairij ; stems slender, upri{,Mit or ditluse;
leafy shoots densely tufted at the biise ; leaves linear ; Jtuwers luoseiij laceimd on
the slender liranchlcts ; pedicels mostly longer than the oval pods. — Dry open
soil : common. June -Sept. — Plant 5' -15' high, slendL-r, running into num-
berless variations according to the soil, season, and exposure. Pods smaller
than in No. 2.

Order 15. DROSER.lCEiE. (Sundew Family.)

Bog-herhs, mostly ylandular-haired, with regular hypogynous Jloivers, pcn-
tamerous and wilherimj-persistent calyx., corolla, and stamens, ihe anthers
fixed by their middle and turned outwards, and a 1-cellcd j)od with twice as
many styles or stigmas as there are parietal placentce. — Calyx imbricated.
Petals convolute. Seeds numerous, anatropous, with a short and minute
embryo at the base of the albumen. — Leaves circinate in the bud, i. e.
rolled up from the apex to the base as in Ferns. (A small iiimily, of no
known qualities, except a slight bitterness, &c. ; the Sundews impart a
purple stain to paper.) Only one genus within our limits, viz.

1. DROSERA, L. Slndew.

Stamens 5. Styles 3, or sometimes 5, deeply 2-parted so that they arc taken
for 6 or 10, slender, stigmatosc above on the inner face. Pod .*?- (rarely 5)
valved ; the valves bearing the numerous seeds on their middle for the wliolc
length. — Low perennials or biennials ; the leaves clothed with reddish gland-
bearing bristles, in our species all in a tuft at the base ; the naked scape bear-
ing the flowers in a 1-sided raceme-like inflorescence, which nods at the un-
developed apex, so that the fresh-blown flower (which opens only in sunshine)
is always highest. (The glands of the leaves exude drops of a clear glutinous
fluid, glittering like dew-drops, whence the name, from Spoatpos, dewy.)

1. D. rotundif6Iia, L. (Rouxd-leaved Scni>ew.) Leaves orhirul'ir,
abruptly narrowed into the spreaditnj hairy petioles; seeds spindle-shaped, the
coat loose and chaff-like ; flowers white, the parts sometimes in sixes. — Peat-
bogs, common, especially nortlnvard. July -Aug. (Eu.)

2. D. longifblia, L. lyeuves siunulute-ohtomi, tapering into the long rather
erect naked petiules ; seeds oHong, with a rough close coat ; flowers white. (D.
intermedia, Ilayne.) — Bogs; less common. June -Aug. — Plant raised on its
prolonged caudex when growing in water. (Eu.)

3. D. linearis, Goldic. (Slexdeh Sundew.) Z>rt)es //Wa?-, obtuse, the
blade (2' -3' long, scarcely 2" wide) on naked erect petioles about the same length ;
seeds oblong, with a smooth and perfectly close coat ; flowers white. — Shore
of Lake Superior. July.

iiYPiciucACK.*:. (sT. joiin's-wout family.) 83

4. D. fi.lif6rmis, Raf. (TiinKAn-LEAVEn St:Ni>E\v.) I^avrs rcrii lour/
avdjilifurm, erect, with no distinction l)Ct\vccn blade and stalk ; seeds spindle-
shaped ; flowers ntinierous, purple rosceolor (V hroad). — Wet sand, near the
coast, riyniouth, Massachusetts to New Jersey, and southward. Aiifr. —
Scapes G'-12' high, and the singular leaves nearly as long, from a l)iill)-likc
base or eorni.

Dion.'ea MuscfpiTLA, Ellis, the Vexits's Fly-trap, — so noted for the ex-
traordinary irritability of its leaves, closing quickly at the touch, — is a native
of the sandy savannas of the eastern part of North Carolina. It differs in
several respects from the character of the order given above ; the stamens being
15, the styles united into one, and the seeds all at the base of the pod.

Order 10. IIYPERICACE^. (St. Johx's-wort Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, tcith opposite entire (lotted leaves and no stipules, regular
hjpogijnous flowers, the petals mostly oblique and convolute in the bud, and
many or few stamens commonly collected in 3 or more clusters or bundles.
Pod 1-celled with 2 - 5 j}arietal placentie, and as many styles, or 3- 7-celled
by the union of the placenta: in the centre : dehiscence mostly septicidal. —
Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud, herbaceous, persistent. Petals 4 or
5, mostly deciduous. Styles persistent, at first sometimes united. Seeds
numerous, small, anatropous, with no albumen. Embryo cylindrical. —
Plants with a resinous juice (acrid and balsamic), dotted with pellucid or
dark glands, usually smooth. Leaves mostly sessile. Flowers solitary or
cymose.

1. Agcyrum. Sepals 4, very unequal. Petals 4, oV)lique, convolute, yellow.

2. Hypericum. Sepals 5. Petals 5, obliquo, convolute, yellow.

3. Elodes. Sepals 5. Petals 5, equal-sided, imbricated, purplish. Glands alternating with

the statnen-clusters.

1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Peter'.s-wort.

Sepals 4 ; the 2 outer very broad ami leaf-like ; the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, oblique, very deciduous, convolute in the bud. Stamens numerous ;
the filaments distinct and scarcely in clusters. Pod strictly 1-celled, 2-4-
valvcd. — Low, rather shrubby, smooth plants, with pale black-dotted leaves,
and nearly solitary light yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name of some
plant, from a, without, and (TKvpn^, roiKjliniss.)

1. A. Stans, Michx. (St. Petek's-woht.) Stem rather simple, 2-ed<;cd,
l°-2° hi;:h, stout; leaves oral or ohlontj, sntnurhiit rlni/iliiii, thickish ; petals
obovate ; styles 3 or 4. — Pine barrens. Long Island to Penn. and southward.
July, Aug. — Flowers showy, almost sessile : outer sepals round-heart-shaped.

2. A. Crux-Andreoe, L. (St. Andrew's Cross.) Low, much
branched and decumbent; liavis iiarroirli/ ohovatc-olilonfj, contrortpd at the Ixise,
thin; petals HumroUumj ; styles 2, very shun ; pod flat. — Pine barrens. New
Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July-Se]it. — Petals scarcely exceeding
the outer sepals, approaching each other in pairs over tlicm, in the form of a
St. Andrew's cross.

84 nvpERiCACK-E. (sT. joiin's-wort family.)

2. HYPERICUM, L. St. John's-woht.

Sepals 5, sonicwliat equal. Petals 5, oblicjiic, convolute in the bud. Sta-
mens eonimonly united or clustered in 3 - .5 parcels : no interposed glands. Pod
1-celled or 3-5-celled. Seeds usually cylindrical. — Herbs or shrubs, with cy-
mose yellow flowers. (An ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)
§ 1. Stamens irri/ iiumeruus, b-adeiphoiis : jiod b -1-celled, icilh the placental turned
fir hack into tin- nils : ])erennial : flowers very Uuye: styles united.

1. H. pyramid^tum, Ait. (Great St. John's-wort.) Branches
2-4-anglcd; leaves ovate-oblong, partly clasping; petals narrowly obovate,
not deciduous until after they wither ; stigmas capitate. — Banks of rivers :
rare. New England and Pcnn. to Wisconsin and Illinois. July. — Plant .3°-
5° high. Leaves 2' -3' long. Petals 1' long. Pod |' long, conical.

§ 2. Stamens very numerous, obscurely if at all clustered: styles 3 (.Vo. 2 excepted),

more or less united info one and the sppals foliacLOus, exce/it in iVo. 9.

* Bns/iy s/tnihs, 1° - &° hii/h, leafy to the top: pod 3 - 5-ctlled.

2. H. Kalmi^num, L. (Kalm's St. Joiin's-wort.) Branches 4-
anglcd : branchlcts 2-edged ; leaves crowded, glaucous, oblanceolate (l'-2'
long); flowers few in a cluster (1' wide); pods ovate, fxelled. — Wet rocks,
Niagara Falls and Northern lakes. Aug.

3. H. proliflcum, L. (Shrubby St. Joiin's-wort.) Branchlets 2-
cdged ; leaves lanceolate-oblong, mostly obtuse, narrowed at the base ; flowers
numerous, in single or compound clusters; pods oblonrj, 3-celk'd. — New Jersey
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. July- Sept. — Varies greatly in size, &c.

Var. densiflbrum. Exceedingly branched above, 1° - C° high, the
branches skiuler and crowded with smaller leaves; flowers smaller (j'-|'in
diameter) and mure numerous, in crowded compound cymes. (li. dcnsiflorum,
& II. galioides, Pursh.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey to glades of Kentucky,
and southward.

* * Perennial herbs or in No. 5 and 6 a little wood// at the base: pod one-celled
with 3 parietal placenta, or incompletely 3 - 4-ctlled.

4. H. adpressum, Barton. Stem simple, herbaceous, from a slightly
woody creeping base ( 1° - 2° high), obscurely 4-angled below and 2-edged above ;
leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-oblong, often acute, thin ; cyme leafy at the
base, few-flowered ; sepals linear-lanceolate ; jmds ovoid-ohlong, partly 3 -^celled. —
Moist jjlaces, Bhodc Island (Olnei/), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and .southwest-
ward. July - Aug. — Leaves 1 h' long. Petals bright yellow, 3" - 5" long.

5. H. dolabrifdrme, Vent. Stems branched from the decumbent base,
woody below (()'-20' liigii), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, widely spreading,
veinless ; cyme leafy, few-flowered ; sepals oblong or ovate-lanceolate, about the
length of the very oblique petals (5" -6" long); pods ovate-conical, jmintnl,
strictly \-ce!lid, the walls very thick and hard. (II. procnnd)ens, Michx.) — Dry
hills anil rocks, barrens of Kentucky and westward. June - Aug.

6. H. nudifldrum, Michx. Stems branchcil, woody at the base, shar])ly
4-angled or almost winged above (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong or oval-lanctolate,
obtuse, obscurely veined, pale (2' -2^' long) ; cyme compound, many-flowered.

k

HYPliKlCACK^t. (sT. JOIIN's-WORT I'AMILY.) 85

naked ; sfjKils oblong ; jyods ovate-conical, pointed, almost 3<(-lled ; seeds slender cy-
liiiilrioil, iiiiiiutely jiitted. — Low j^iouiuls, IViiiisylvania, Vir^nnia, anil soiitli-
waiil. July.

7. H. SphserOC^rpon, Michx. 8U'in.s mustly hiiiiijle, lierbaccous, with
a somewhat woody base, angled with 4 very narrow salient lines (l°-2° hiyh) ;
leaves olilonij-Uneur, greener above and narrower than in the preceding; the
naked eynie similar; sepals ovate ; pods depressedf/lobiilar or ovoid-conical, strictly
l-cellid; seeds oblong, rough-pitted. — Koeky banks of the Ohio and its tribu-
taries, S. W. Dliio to Illinois and southward. July -Sept. — Flowers small.

8. H. ellipticum, Hook. Stem simple, herbaceous ( 1° high), obscurely
4-angled ; leaves sjimidini/, (lliptind-o'jlonr/, obtuse, thin ; cyme nearly naked,
rather fcw-tlowered ; sepals oblontj ; jiods ovoid, very obtuse, purj)le, I -celled. —
Wet places, New England and I'enn.sylvania to Lake Superior and northward.
July, Aug. — Petals light yellow, 3" long.

9. H. angulbsura, Michx. Stem slender, strict, simple, sharjjly 4-
angled, herbaceous (l°-2° high); leaves ascendiny, opaque, ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, acute (^'-\' long), closely sessile by a broad base; cyme com-
pound, naked, the scattered flowers raccmo.se on its ascending branches ; sepals
herbaceous, ei'ect, enclosing the ovoid 1 -celled pod ; styles 3, separate. — Wet i)iuc
barrens of New Jersey and southward. July -Sept. — I'etals cojipcr-yellow^,
4" -5" long, furnished with a tooth on one side.

§ 3. Stamens very numerous, in 3 or 5 clusters : styles 3 separate and nsuafly diverg-
ing: pod 3-cellfd : calyx erect : petals and anthers with black dots.

10. H. i'ERFOK.\TtJi, L. (Common St. Joiin's-wort.) Stem much
branched and corymbcd, somewhat 2-edgcd (producing runners from the
base) ; leaves elliptical-oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid dots; petals (deep
yellow) twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals; flowers numerous, in
open Iciifv cymes. — Fields, &c. June - Sept. — Too well know^n as a pernicious
weed, which it is difficult to extirpate. Juice very acrid. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. H. COrymbosum, Muhl. Conspicuously marked with both black
and pellucid dots : stem terete, sparingly branched ; leaves oblong, the base
either obtuse or somewhat clasping; flowers crowded (small) ; petals pale yellow,
much longer than the oblong sepals, styles not longer than the pod. — Damp
places; common. July -Sept. — Leaves larger and flowers much smaller than
in the last : ])Ctals 2" -3" long, marked wilh black lines as well as dots. — Too
near IL maculatum, TT'i'(/<., of the South, which has more elasi)ing leaves and
very long and slender styles.

12. H. grav^olens, Buckley. Like the last, but with larger leaves and
fewer much lanjir bright yellow flowers, lanceolate acute sepals, and long erect
styles ; common in the mountains of N. Carolina, doubtless also in S. Virginisu
§4. Stamens 5 -1-2, distinct or in 3 dusters: pod (brown purple) \-celled, with 3

strictly parietal plaei-ntai : styles short, distinct ; petals oblong or linear : sejials
narrow, erect : slender annuals, with 4 angular branches ; flowering all summer.

13. H. mtltilum, L. Stem flaccid, widely branching (6'- 10' high) ;
leaves ovate, or otiloiig, obtuse, parOy dasping, b-neived ; cymes leafy; }wds orat>-
conical, rather longer than the calyx. (H. parviflorum, Muhl.) — Low grounds.
evervwhere. — Flowers 2" broad.

86 ELATIXACE.E. ( WATliU-WOUT FAMILY.)

Var. gymninthum (II. frymnanthnm, Engelm. Sf Gray), is a form, or per-
haps spetie.'^, witli siriit stfin aiul luamhfs, or olten iinbraiichcd, more clasping
iieart-siuipLd stuin-lcaves, and a naked cvnic, tlie lloral leaves being reduced to
small awl-sliaped bracts; so that in aspect it apjjroaehcs the next. — Newcastle
Co., Delaware, Ctiulii/, and Illinois, A\ //«//, thence southward.

14. H. Canadense, L. Stem strict (G'-1j' high), with the branches
erect ; kacts lunar, 3-utrctd at the base, obtuse ; cymes naked ; jxids rouival-ol^lontj,
usuailij much longer than the calyx. — Wot, sandy soil : common. June - Oct. —
Flowers deep yellow, 2" -3" broad when expanded.

Var. mkjor is a large lorni, l°-2° higii, with lanceolate leaves 1^' long,
3" wide, the upper acute. — L. Superior, liobbins ; S. New York and southward.

15. H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stem and the mostly alternate
bushy branches rigid, erect ( 10' - 18 high) ; leaves lineur-subuldte, nearly erect,
l-tmved (3" -9" long); Jlowers scatterfd along the upper part of the leafy
branches, short-pedicelled ; pods ovoid, not longer than the calyx. (Sarothra Drum-
mondii, Gri-r. <)• Ilouk.) — W. Illinois and southward, in dr}' soil.

16. H. Sarothl'a, Michx. (Orasge-gkass. Pine-weed.) Stem and
bushy branches thread-like, wiry (4' -9' high); leaves minute awl-shaped scales,
oppressed ; Jluwers minute, mostly sessile and scattered along the erect branches;
pods ovate-lanceolate, acute, mucA longir than the calyx. (Sarothra gehtianoides,
L.) — Sandy fields : common. June -Oct.

3. ELODES, Adans. Marsh St. John's-wokt.

Sepals 5, equal, erect. Petals 5, equal-sided, oblong, naked, imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 9 (rarely more), united in 3 sets; the sets separated by as
many large orange-colored glands. Pod 3-celled, oblong : styles distinct. —
Perennial herbs, in marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-
colored flowers in the axils of the leaves and at the summit of the stem. (Name
eXwSr/y, f/roivinq In marshes, accidentally changed to Elodea by Jussieu, who
was followed by Pursh, &c.)

1. E. Virginica, Nutt. Leaves closely sessile or cla.yiing by a broad base,
oblong or ovate, very obtuse; filaments united below the middle, (llyiicrieum
Virginicum, L.) — Common in swamps. July, Aug.

2. E. petiol^ta, Pursb. leaves tapering into a short petiole, oblong: fila-
ments united beyond the middle. — From New Jersey south and westward.

Ordku 17. ELATINACE.E. (Watku-wort Family.)

Little marsh annuals, tcilh menthranaccous .tlijmles lelween the opposite
dotless leaves, minute axillary floirers like Chickweeds, /vw< the pod 2-5-
celled, and the seeds as in St. John's-wort. The principal genus is

1. ELATINE, L. Water-wort.

Sepals 2-4, persistent. Petals 2-4, hypogynous. Stamens as many, rarely
twice as many, as the petals. Styles, or sessile capitate stigmas, 2-4. Pod 2 -
4-celled, several - manj-seeded, 2 - 4-valvcd ; the partitions left attached to tho

CAUYOPIIYLLACE.E. (I'lXK FAMILY.; 87

nxis, or cvaiipscent. Seeds cylindrical, straif;litish or curved. (A Greek name
for sonic ()l)S(iirc IktI).)

1. E. Americana, Arnott. Dwarf (1' liij^li), crci'i)in;;, rootiii;,' in the
mud, tufted ; leaves oiiovatc ; flowers sessile ; sepals, petals, stamens, and stig-
mas 2, rarely 3 ; seeds 5 or 6 in eacli cell, rising- from the base. (re])lis Amer-
icana, Puik/i. Crypta minima, Nutt.) — Marj;in of ponds, &e., N. Hampshire,
to Illinois, Virjiinia, and southwcstward. Tod very thin and delicate; the seeds
large in proportion, straightish.

OiiPKU 18. CARY^OPHYIiliACE^. (Pixk Family.)

Herbs, iL'ith opposite entire leaves, symmetrical i - ii-merous Jlowers, with
or u'ithout petals ; the du^tinct stamens no more than twice the number of the
sepals, either h II peg !j nous or perigynous ; styles 2-5 {or rarely united into
one) ; seeds attached to the base or the central column of the 1-celled {rarely
3 - 5-celled) pod, with a slender embryo coiled or curccd around the outside
of mealy albumen, in Diiintiius nearly straight. — Bland herbs; the stems
usually swollen at the joints ; uppermost leaves rarely alternate. Leaves
often united at the base. Calyx persistent. Styles stigniatic along the
inside. Seeds ampliitropous or campylotropous.

Tribe I. SILEXE/E. Sepals united intu a tube or cup. Petals and stamens borne on
the stipe or stalk of tin; ovary, the former with slender claws, to the base of which the cor-
responding filaments often adhere, inclu<Ied in the calyx-tube, mostly convolute in the bud.
Seeds numerous. — Stipulei none. Flowers often large and showy.

• Calyx Willi scaly bractlets or small leaves at the base. Seeds flattened on the back, attached
by their face : endjryo nearly straight.

1. Diaulhus. Calyx terete, mostly cylindrical. Styles 2.

• • Calyx naked. Seeds globular or kiilney-sbaped : embryo curved or coiled.

2. Sap oil aria. Calyx terete. Styles 2

3. Vuccni'la. Calyx 5-angletl ami in fruit 5-wuiged. Styles 2.
4 Silfiie. Calyx 5-toothi-d. Styles :J.

5. L> cliiiis. Calyx o toothed or 5-lobed. Styles 5, rarely 4.
Tribe II. ALSINEi^. S.-pals sei)arate to the base or marly so, imbricated in the hud.
Petals when present without claws, m.istly imhiicaled in the hud, and with the stamens in-
serted at the base of the sessile ovary, or into a little disk which often coheres with the base
of the calyx. Pod splitting into valves or teeth, several - many-seeded. Stamens opposite
the sepals, when not more numerous than they. — Low herbs. Stipules none.

• Styles opposite the sepals, or, when fewer, opposite those which are exterior in the bud.
C. Aminria. Petals entire. Styles usually 3. Pod short, splitting into 3 or 6 valves.

7. Sti-lliirin. Petals 2-cleft or none. Styles usually 3 Pod short, splitting to the base.

8. Ilolosteiiiii. Petiils denticulate or notched at the end. Styles usually 3. Pod open-

ing at the apex by 0 tci-th. Seeds fi.xeil by their face.

9. CcMiMl iiiiu. Petals notched at the end or 2-clift. Styles 5 or 4 (as many as the petals).

Po«l usually elongated, opening at the ai)ex by 10 or 8 teeth. Seeds fixed edgewise.

• * Styles alternate with the sepals : stamens as many as they, sometimes twice as many.
10. Sngiiia. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or none. Styles 4 or 5. Pod 4- 5-valved.

Tribe III. ILLECEBUEiE. Sepals separate or more or less united below. Petalt
without long claws, or minute, or often none, inserted under the sessile ovary or on the
calyx. Pod 1-celled and splitting into valves, or a one-seeded utricle. — I^eaves with dry.

88 OAUYOrHYLLACK.E. (I'lN'K FAMILY.)

scale-like etipnlcs (except in Sclerantlius), tlic uppermost sometimes alternate. Flowers
mostly small.

» I'od (capsule) many-sei'deil. Styhs 3-6. Petals usually conspicuous.

11. Spergiilnrin. Styles 3-5. Leaves opposite.

12. !!<|>ei'gula. Styles 5. Valves of the po J opposite the sepals. Leaves whorlcd.

• • Potl (utricle) l-seeiled. Styles 2, often united. Petals none or minute.

13. Aiiyt-Iiiii. Sumieus on the base of the 5 parted awnless caly.x. Style hai-dly any.

14. Paroiij«l»ln. Stamens on the base of the 6-parted calyx; the sepals bristle-pointed.

Stylo 1, two-cleft at the top.

15. Scleiiiiillkiis. Stamens borne on the throat of the indurated 5-cleft and pointless calyx.

Styles 2. Stipules none.
Tribe IV. B10l.L.i;GlNE.E. Stamens alternalo wilh the sepals when of the same
number, when fewer alternate with the cells of the 3-celled ovary. Partitions of the pod
per.-istent on the valves. Leaves not truly opposite, otherwise as in Tribe IL

16. AIollu^o. Petals none. Stamens 3 -5. Stijjmas 3. Pod many-seeded.

1. DIANTHUS, L. Pimv. Cakxation.

Calyx cylindrical, nerved or striate, 5-toothcd, subtended by 2 or more imbri-
cated bractiets. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod 1 -celled, 4-valved at tlie ape.x.
Seeds fluttish on the back: embryo scarcely curved. — Ornamental plants, of
■well-known aspect and value in cultivation. (Name from Aior, nfjuiiiter, and
av6os, flower, i. c. Jove's own flower.) Two insignificant annual species are
rarely sjiontancous.

1. D. Armkria, L. (Deptford Pink.) Flowers in close clusters ; bract-
lets of the calyx and bracts lance-awl -form, herbaceous, downy, as long as the
tube; leaves linear, hani/ ; petals small, rose-color with white dots, crcnate. —
Fields, &c., Virginia to E. Massachusetts. July. — (Adv. from Eu.)

2. D. pkolifer, L. (Proliferous Pi.nk.) Smooth, slender; flowers
clustered ; bractiets ovate, dry, concealing the calyx ; leaves few, narrow, linear,
erect; petals small, pink. — Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SAPONARIA, L. Soapwort.

Calyx tubular, terete, nerveless, ."i-toothed, naked at the base. Stamens 10.
Styles 2. Pod short-stalked, 1 -celled, or partly 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed
at the apex. — Flowers clustered. (Name from s(//;o, soap, the mucilaginous
juice forming a lather with water.)

1. S. officinXlis, L. (C0M.MON Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.) Clii.s-
ters corymbcd; petals crowned with an appendage at the top of the claw;
leaves oval-laneeolatc. — Roadsides, &c. July - Sept. — A stout perennial,
with large rose-colored flowers, commonly double. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. VACCARIA, Medik. Cow-Herb.

Calyx naked at the base, ovoid-pyramidal, 5-anglcd, 5-toothed, enlarged and
wing-angled in fruit. Petals not crowned. Stamens 10. Styles 2. Pod in-
completely 4-celled at the base. — A smooth annual, with pale red flowers in
corymbcd cymes, and ovate-lanceolate leaves. (Name from vacca, a cow.)

1. V. vulo.\ris, Host. (Saponaria Vaccaria, L.) — Escaped from gardens
and becoming spontaneous in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

CARYOl'IIYI.LACL.i;. (^I'lNK lAMlLV.) 81)

4. SILENE, L. Catchflv. Campion.

Calyx 5-tootlKcl, 10- many-ncrvcd, naked at the base. Stamens 10. Styles
3, rarely 4. Tod 1 -celled, sometimes S-eelled at least at the liase, ojieniny liy :i
or 6 teeth at tiie ape.x. — Flowers solitary or in cymes. IVtals mostly crowned
with a scale at the base of the blade. (Name from ataXov, sdlira, from the
viscid exudation on the stems and calyx of many sj)ecies. The Eni^dish name
Catclifly alludes to the same peculiarity.)

* Calyx blodderlij-iiifluted : perennial : flowers pan ided, white, in summer.

1. S. Stell^ta, Ait. (Starry Campion.) Leaves in whorls of A, ovate-
lanceolate, taj)er-i)uinted ; caly.x bell-shaped ; petals cut into a fringe, crownlcss.
(Cueubalus stcllatus, Z.) — Wooded banks, Rhode Island to Wisconsin, and
southward. — Stem 3° high, with a large and open pyramidal panicle. Co-
rolla 5' l)road.

2. S. nivea, DC. Leaves opposite, lancrolate or ohlonrj, taper-pointed ; calyx
oblong- ; petals wedyeform, 2-clefl, minutely croivned. — Columbia, Pennsylvania,
to Ohio and Illinois: rare. — Stem 10-2° high, almost smooth. Flowers few,
larger than in the last.

3. S. ixflXta, Smith. (Bladder Campion.) Glaucous; haves opposite,
ovate-lanceolate ; calyx (/lobular, much inflated, elegantly veined; petals 2-eleft,
nearly crownless. — Fields and roadsides, E. New England to Pcnn. — A foot
high. Flowers loosely cymose. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Calyx elongated or club-shaped, not inflated except by the enlarging pod: flowers
cymose or clustered : perennial, pubescent xvith viscid hairs, especially the calyx :
petals crowned, rtd or rose-color.

4. S. Pennsylvanica, Michx. (Wild Pink.) Stems low (4'- 8' high) ;
root-leaves narrowly spatulate, nearly glabrous, tapering into hairy petioles ;
stem-leaves (2 or 3 ))airs) lanceolate ; floweis cltisterid, short-stalked ; calyx elub-
sha]ied ; petals wedge-form, sliijhlly notched and erodid. pinl:. — Gravelly places,
E. New England to PcnTi., Kentucky, and southward. Ajiril -June.

5. S. Virginica, E. (Fire Pink. Catciifi.y.) Stems slender (1°-
2° high); leaves thin, spatulate, or the tipper oblong-lanceolate; floirers fw and
loosely cymose, peduncled ; calyx oblong cylindrical, soon obconical ; petals ol>-
long, 2-clef}, deep crimson; the limb 1' long. — Open woods, W. New York
(Dr. Sartwell) to Illinois and southward. June -Aug.

fi. S. r6gia, S'ims. (RoTAi. Catchfly.) Stem roughish, erect (3°-4°
high); leaves thirkish, ovate-lanceolate, acute; flowers numerous, short -sU diced, in
clusters, forming a strict ])anic]e ; calyx ovoid-club-shaped in fruit ; jietals sjxitn-
late-lanceolate, mostly undivided, deep scarlet. — Prairies, Ohio to Illinois, and
southward. .luly.

7. S. rotundifolia, Nutt. (Rofnd leaved Catchfly.) Viscid-hairy;
stems weak, branched, deiumbent (2° long) ; leaves thin, round, abruptly pointed.
the lower obovate; flowers few, loosely cymose, stalked ; calyx elongated ; pit-
nls 2-clefl and cut-toothed, deep scarlet. — Shaded banks of the Ohio, and in Ken-
tucky. June - Aug. — Leaves and flowers large. — The last three j»robably run
together. L & M— 24

90 CARYOniYLLACK.K. (iMNK FAMILY.)

« • * Cali/x not inflated, except bi/ the enlarfjinff pod : amuials.
t- Glabrous, a portion of each joint of the stem (fhitinons : flowers pink.

8. S. Armkria, L. (Swki;t-Wii,liam Catcih-ly.) Glaucous ; /«(ws ocnte-
liinccolalc ; ilowors in Hat cymes, ojk'II in suiisliiiic ; cuti/x chihsluipid ; petals
notched, crowned witli awl-shaped scales. — Escaped IVoui yaidcus : rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)

9. S. antirrhina, L. (Si.kkpy C.) Stem slender (8'- 30' hi-h) ;/< am
lanceolate or linmr; ilowers small, paniculate; calyx ovoid; petals obeordate,
crowned, opening transiently in sunshine. — Dry soil : co'himon in waste places.
June - Sept.

-<-■»- Viscid-pubescent: flowers tvhite or veorli/ so, openinrj at r,ir/hl, sweet-scented.

10. S, NOCTi'uNA, L. (Night C.) Leaves short, the lower spatulatc, the
upper linear ; flowers small, altei-nate in a \ sided spike ; petals 2-parted. — Intro-
duced sparingly in Pennsylvania, according to Schweinitz. (Adv. from Eu.)

11. S. noctifl6ra, L. (NiGiiT-FLOWiiRiNG C.) Viscid-hairi/, tall (1°-
8° high) ; lower leaves large and spatulatc; the upper lanceolate ; y?oirersye«',
peduncled ; calyx-tube elongated (over 1' long), soon ovoid, with awl-shaped
teeth ; petals rather large, 2-parted, crowned. — Cultivated grounds. (Nat.
from Eu.)

* * * * Dwarf t lifted, smooth, perennial : flowcrinrj s/ioots Ifloweied.

12. S. acaulis, L. (Moss Campion.) Tufted like a mo.ss (1'- 2' high),
leaves linear, crowded ; flowers almost sessile, or rarely on a naked peduncle ;
petals purple or rarely white, notched or entire, crowned. — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. July. (Eu.)

5. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Lychnis. Cockle.

Styles 5, rarely 4 ; and pod opening by as many or twice as many teeth : other-
wise nearly as in Silene. Calyx in one species with leaf-like lobes. (Ancient
Greek name for a scarlet or flame-colored species, from Xvxvos, a liflit or lamp. )

1. L. vespektIna, Sibth. (Evening L.) Biennial, usually dioecious,
viscid pubescent, in foliage, &c., like Silene noctiflora ; but .5 styles ; calyx much
shorter, the fertile enlarging and broadly ovoid in fruit, with lance-linear teeth ;
flowers white or pinkish, opening at evening. (L. dioica, L. in part.) — Cult.
or waste grounds : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. L. GituXgo, Lam. (Corn Cockle.) Annual, clothed with long
soft appressed hairs ; flowers long-])eduncled ; calyx-lobes similar to the lorn/ and
linear leaves, surpassing the broad and crownless purple-red petals, falling otf in
fruit. (Agrosteinma Githago, L., & cd. 2.) — A weed in wheat-fields, too
common, the black seeds of Cockle being injurious to the appearance of the
flour. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARENARIA, L. Sandwort.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire, sometimes barely notched, rarely wanting. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 3, rarely more or fewer, opposite as many sepals. Pod short,
splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles, few -many-

CARYOl'HYLLACK^. (PIXK lAMILY.) 91

seeded. —Low, usually tufted herbs, with sessile exstipulatc leaves nnd small
white flowers. (Nauie from arena, sand, in which numy of the species grow.)
— The lollowiiij,' seetious are liy many botani.sts taken lor genera, as they were
in the former edition.

§ 1. AUENAIIIA ])roper. Pwl spllltlng whol/i/ or part-waj down into .3 or at
kmjth into 6 vulccs: seeds nuini/, uukecl at the hiitini.
1. A. SKRi'YLLiFoi.iA, L. ( Til YMiM.iCAVED SANDWORT.) Diffusely
branched, roughish (2'-G' hi-h) ; leaves ovate, acute, snnill ; cymis leafy;
sepals lanceolate, pointed, 3- "j-nerved, about as long as the ])etals and the 6-
toothed pod. — A low annual, in sandy waste places. June -Aug. (Nat.
from Eu.)
§2. ALSINE, (Touni.) Wahl. Pod splittimj to the hase into 3 entire valves:

seeds many, usiiallij rotujlt, noLtd at the hilum: Jluwers solilanj and terminal or

ci/mose: root in our species perennial.

# Leaves small, riijid, aid-shaped or bristle-shaped.

2. A. squarrdsa, Michx. (Pine-barren S.) Densely tufted from a
deep perpendicular root; kace.s clost-lj/ imbricated, but spreading, awl-stiajied,
short, channelltd; branches naked and minutely glandular above, several-flow-
ered; s'pals obtuse, ovate, shorter than the pod. (Alsine, cd. 2.) — In pure
sand, S. New York, New Jersey, and .southward along the coast May- July.

3. A. Stricta, ilichx. Erect, or usually ditfnsely spreading from a small
root, smooth ; leaves slendei; bcticeen aivl-shaped and bristle-form, with many others
clustered in the axils ; cyme diffuse, naked, many-flowered ; sepals pointed, 3-
libbed, ovate, as long as the pod. (Alsine Michauxii, Fenzl.) — Rocks and dry
wooded banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. July. — The specific
name is a bad one, as there is nothing strict about the plant.

* * Leaves soft and herbaceous, filiform-linear : petals refuse or notched.

4. A. p^tula, Michx. Diffusely branched from the slender root ; stems
filiform (G'-IO' long) ; branches of the cyme diverging; peduncles long; seimls
lancmlate, acumimite, S-a-nerrrd. (Alsine, cd. 2.) — Cliffs of Kentucky River,
mountains of 'Western ^'irginia, and southward.

5. A. Groenlandica, Spreng. (Mountain S.) Densely tufted from
slender roots, smooth; flowering stems filiform, erect (2' -4' high), few-flow-
ered; sepals o'llorifj, o''tM.'e, nerveless. (Stellaria Gra-nlandica, Relz. Alsine, ed.
2.) — Summit of the Shawangunk, Catskill, and Adirondack Mountains, New
York, of all the higher mountains of New England, and northward; alpine or
sid)alpine. At Bath, Maine, on river-banks near the sea. June - Aug. —
Leaves and peduncles 3" -6" long; flowers large in proportion.

A. GL\nRA, Michx., of the mountain-tops in Carolina, may occur on those of
Virginia, and is jjcrhaps a large form of the above.

§ 3. MCEIIRfXGL\, L. Parts of th'- flower sometimes in fours: pod as in § 1,

but the i/ouni/ ovari/ 3-celled : .leeds rather fetv, smooth and with a ihickisk ap-

pcndaije (sirophiole) at the hilum: perennials, ivith Jlaccid broadis/i leaves.

G. A. Iaterifl6ra, L. Sparingly branched, erect, minutely pubescent;

leaves oval or oblong obtuse (J' - 1' long) ; peduncles 2- (rarely 3 -4-) flowered,

92 CAUTOPHTLLACE.E. (piNK FAMILY.)

soon bcconiijig lateral; sepals olflon-j:, obtuse. — Gravelly shores, &c., Rhode
Island to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. May, June. (Eu.)
§ 4. AMMADENIA, Gniclin. (Honke'nya, EMi.) Pod fleshy, sjilKtinrj into as
many calces as there are styles (3, mrely 4 or 5) ; the ovary more or less 3 - (5-)
celled: seeds few, smooth, short-btaktd at the naked hilum : disk under the ovary
more piominenl than usual, ylundnlar, lO-lohed ; floicers almost sessile in the axi/s
of fleshy leaves, sometimes dioecious or jwlyfjamous : root perennial.
7. A. peploides, L. Stems (simple or forkin^^ from long rootstocks, 6'-
10' high) and uvato i)artly-clasping leaves (8"- 10" long) very fleshy, (llon-
kenya peploides, Khrh., cd 2.) — Sands of the sea-shore. New Jersey to Maine
and northward. June. (Eu.)

7. STELLARIA, L. Ciiickwked. Starwoht.

Sepals 4 -5. Petals 4 - 5, deeply 2-cleft, sometimes none. Stamens 8, 10,
or fewer. Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5, opposite as many sepals. Pod ovoid, 1-cclled,
opening by twice as many valves as there are styles, several -many-seeded.
Seeds naked. — Flowers (white) solitary or eymose, terminal, or appearing
lateral by the prolongation of the stem from the upper axils. (Name from
Stella, a star, in allusion to the star-shaped flowers.)

* Stems spreading, flaccid, marked lonfjitudiniilly icith one or two pubescent lines :

leaves ovate or oblong, i' - 2^' long.

1. S. sii:DiA, Smith. (Co.mmos Ciiickweed ) Annual or nearly so;
lower leaves on hairy petioles; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-parttd ; stamens 3-
10. — Everywhere in damp grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. ptlbera, Miehx. (Great Ciuckweed.) Root perennial; leaves
all sessile ; jietah longer than the calyx, deeply 2-clcft ; stamens 10. — Shaded
rocks, Pennsylvania to Kentucky and southward. May.

* * Stems erect or spreading : tcholly glabrous perennials, with sessile and narrow or

. small leaver : stamens usually 10, perigynous.
' -t- Scaly-bracted : petals 2-parted, eepialling or surpassing the calyx.

3. S. longifdlia, Mnhl. (Long-leaved Stitciiwort.) Stem erect,
weak, often with rough angles (8'- 18' high); leaves linear, acntish at both ends,
spreading ; cymes naked and at length lateral, peduncled, many-flowered, the slender
pedicels spreading ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. —
Grassy places : common, especially northward. June, July. (Eu.)

4. S. Idngipes, Goldie. (Long-stalked S.) Shining or somewhat
glaucous, very smooth ; leaves ascending, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute,
broadest at the base, rather rigid ; cyme terminal, few-flowered, the long pedicels
strictly erect ; petals longer than the calyx ; seeds smooth. — Maine to Wiscon-
sin : rare, common farther north. (Eu.)

5. S. Uligin6sa, MniT. (Swamp S.) Stems weak, decumbent or diffuse,
at length prolonged, leaving the naked and nsuaUy sessile cymes lateral ; Icavts
lojiceolute or oblong, veiny ; petals and ripe pods as long as the calyx; seeds rough-
ened. (S. aquatica, Pollich.) — Swamps and rills, Pennsylvania (Darlington,
&.C.), New Hampshire {Blake), and northward iu British America. (Eu.)

CAROPIIYLL.VCK-E. (PIXK FAMILY.) 93

■*-■*- LcnfjjhTarted, the Jloirifs terminal or in the forks nfthe stem or ofleafij hrnnrh-
es; bravts foUuaous : ]>eta!s 2-/)urtid, small or (ifu-n none : stijle.i3-4 : jiod lonr/er
titan the ralij.r.

C. S. crassifolia, Klniiart. Stems diffuse or erect, flaccid; haves rnlhir
Jleshij, varyiu,;- I'rom lim'ar-liiiK.'eolatc to oMonji-; petals lowjir thun the califr, or
wanting'; seals niijos(-roii(/hcni<l. — (An ajietalous 4 - G-aiidnms statu is Sagina
fontiualis, Shoii <J- Peter.) Springy places, E. Kentucky (Short), Hingwood,
Illinois (Vaseif), and northward. April -June. (Eu.)

". S. bore^is, Bigclow. (Noktiiern S.) Stems erect or spreading,
flaccid, many times forked, at length resolved into a leafy cyme; leaves
varying from broadly lanceolate to ovate-oblong ; petals 2 - ."j, shorter than the
culi/x, or ojlencr none ; sepals acute; styles usually 4 ; seeds smooth. — Shaded or
wet places, Rhode Island to Wisconsin and northward. June -Aug. —
Var. ALi'ESTKis (S. alpestris, Fri(s, S. Fenzlii, Rec/el) has the later flowers
more cymuse, and their bracts small and partly scarious, also the seeds ob-
scurely rcticidat.d t)r roughish. — Lake Superior, Dr. Itobbins. (Eu.)

8. S. humiftisa, llottbocll. Spreading or c»-ee/«nr/ ; stems or branches (2'
high) 1 - ;3-flowcred ; leaves Jl(shi/, ovate or oblong (2" -.3" long); petals a little
longer than the cali/.r ; seeds smooth. — Northern border of Maine on the St.
John's (G. L. Goodale), and high northward. June. (Eu.)

8. HOLOSTEUM, L. Jagged Ciiicicweed.

Sepals .'5. Petals .5, usually jagged or denticulate at the point. Stamens .3-
5, rarely 10. Styles mostly 3. Pod ovoid, 1 -celled, many-seeded, opening at
the top by C teeth. Seeds rough, flattened on the back, attached by the inner
fiice. • — Annuals or biennials, with several (white) flowers in an umbel, borne on
a long terminal peduncle. (Name composed of oKos, all, and dartov, bone, by
antiphrasis, these plants being soft and tender.)

1. H. iMnELE.XxnM, L. Leaves oblong ; peduncle and upper part of the stem
glandular-pubescent ; pedicels refloxed after flowering. — Hills around Lancaster,
Penn., Prof. Porter, and Morris Co., N. Jersey, C. F. Austin. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. CERASTIUM, L. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

Sepals 5, rarely 4. I'ctais as many, 2-lol)cd or cleft, rarely entire. Stamens
twice as many, or (ewer. Styles tcjual in number to the sepals and opposite
them. Pod 1 -celled, usually elongated, membranaceous, opening at the apex
by twice as nniny teeth as there were styhs, many-seeded. Seeds rough. —
Flowers white, in terminal cymes. (Name from Ktpas, a horn, alluding to the
shape of the pods in many species.)

§ 1. Petals 2-chft or d>eordate: parts of thejlower in fves: pods {except in Xo. .'>)
longer than the calyx, and iisiiidli/ more or less curved.

1. C. vulo.\ti:m, L. (Mouse-ear Ciiickweed.) Annual, hairy and
rather clammy, nearly erect (4' -9' high) ; leaves ovate or ol>ovat,- ; bracts herba-
ceous; flowers (small) in close clusters at first; pedicels even in fruit not longer
than the aciUe sejitds ; petals shorter than the caJi/x. — Grassy places, eastward and
southward : not common. May -July. (The names of this and the next were

94 OAnYoriiYi.i,ACF.,F.. (pixk family.)

transposed by Linnteus, and by continental botanists ever since.) — Stamens
often .■). — The var. ? skmidkcandrum, wliich lias more Icnythtw d fruit-liearing
peclictis, is here hardly met witli. (Nat. from Kii.)

2. C. VISCOSUM, h. (L.u:(.;i;u INI.) 1\ ivimial ; stems clammy-hairy,
spreading (6' - l;")' loii^) ; /• aci-s ohlmij : upper bracts scarious-margined ; flowers
at first clustered, the fruiting />:(//c<7a longer, the earlier ones mostly much loixjcr
than t/ic oltnsf. atji'i/.i ; jictals cqmilling the calyx. — Fields and copses : common,
periiaps iiidiuenous to tlic country. May- July. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. C. nutans, Haf Annual, very clammy-pubescent; stems erect, slen-
der, grooved, difl'usely branched (G'-20' high); cyme loose and open, many-
flowered; leaves oblumj-lanctolate, acute, the lowest spatulate ; peduncles mostly
elongated ; petals longer than the calyx ; pods nodding on the stalks, curved up-
wards, thrice the length of the calyx. — Moist places, Vermont to Minnesota and
southward. May -July. — Var. uRACiiVroDU.M, Engelm., W. Illinois and
southwcstward, has pedicels shorter tluin the pods.

4. C. Oblongifblium, Torr. Perennial; stems ascending, villous (G'-
\2' \\\^h), niiiny-jlowtrtd ; Uuvcs oliloug-lanceolate and ovate; peduncles clammy-
hairy ; petals (2-lobed) and ripe puds about twice the length of the calyx. — Kocky
places, New York to N. Virginia and Illinois: rare. May -July. — Stouter
and larger flowered than the following species.

5. C. arvense, L. (Field Cuickwked.) Perennial; stems ascending
or erect, tufted, downy, slender (4'- 8' high), naked and /no -several-flowered at
the summit; I aves linear; petals obcordate, more than twice the length of the
calyx ; pods scarcity longer than the calyx. Dry or rocky places, New England
to Wisconsin and northward. May -July. (Eu.) *

§ 2. MCENCHI A, Ehrhart. Petals jntirc or merely retu.ie : the j>arls of the /lower
commonly in fours : pod orate, not longer than the calyx.

6. C. QiATEKXELLUM, Fcuzl. Smooth and glaucous annual ; stem simple,
erect (2' -4' high), 1-2-flowered; leaves lanceolate, acute ; |ietals not exceed-
ing the calyx ; stamens 4. (Sagina erecta, L. Mcenchia quaternella, Ehrh.)

— Near Baltimore, in dry ground. (Adv. from Eu.)

10. SAGINA, L. Peaulwort.

Sepals 4 or 5. Petals 4 or 5, undivided, or often none. Stamens as many
as tiie sepals, rarely twice their number. Styles as many as the sepals and al-
ternate with them. Pod many-seeded, 4-.5-valvcd to the base; valves opposite
the sepals. — Little, matted lierlis, with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves, no
stipules, and small flowers terminating the stems or branches ; in siunmer.
(Name from sagina, fsxttcning ; of dubious application.)

* Parts of the flower in fours, rarely tcith some few in fives.

1- S. prociimbens, E. Perennial, de/n-esxrd or spreading on the ground,
plalirous; leaves lincar-thread-shaped ; apex of the peduncle often booked soon
after flowering; petals shorter than thf broadly ovate obtuse sr/nrls, sometimes none.

— Springy places and damp rocks, coast of Maine to Pennsylvania. (Eu.)
2. S. ap6tala, E. J7»nw/,e/-f>rf, with more slender leaves, narrower sepals,

and petals none or ol)solete. — Dry soil, New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois:
scarce, seemingly native ? (Eu.)

CAUYOPUYLLAClC^li. (I'lNK FAMILY.; 95

* * Parts of the flower infivcx, the stamens not rnn/i/ 10.

3. S. subul^ta, Wiininer. Perennial (or apparently annual), asccndin};;
the peduiuli's anil calyx with the margins of the upper lcave.s at flrst (/liui(liil<ir-
ptiU'.srciil ; leaves siiort, often hristly-tippcd, not faseieled in the a.xils; pedniieles
slender; jieta/s eqnalliiuj or shoiter than the cdyjc (S. Klliottii, Fetizl.), — or in
var. SMfrmi, a .slender form, seemingly annual, ajietalous, at least in the later
flowers. — Near I'iiiladelphia, in waste j;;round, and sandy fields, &c., Sonicrs'
I'uint, New Jersey, V. E Smith. — This form has the aspeet of No. 2. Seeds
niitiutily roufihened. (Perhaps nat. from Eu.)

4. S. nod6sa, Fenzl. I'erennial, tufted, glabrous, or glandular ahove :
stems asceniling (3' -5' high; lower leaves thread-ibrm, the upper short and
awl-shapeil, with minute ones yo.sc/c/t'c/ ('« //iCfV a.r(7s so that the brandihts a/ijiear
kiiotti/ ; petals much lonifcr than the cali/r. (Spergula nodosa, L.) — Wet sandy
soil, along the coast of Maine, New Hampshire, also Lake Superior, and north-
ward. (Eu.)

11. SPERGULARIA, Pcrs. Saxd-Spurret.

Sepals .'). Petals 5, entire. SUuncns 2 - 10. Styles and valves of the many-
seeded jtod ."3, very rarely .5, w hen the valves alternate with the sepals ! Em-
bryo not coiled into a complete ring. — Low herbs, mostly on or near the sea-
coast, with liliform or linear somewhat fleshy opposite leaves, and smaller ones
often clustered ill the axils : stipules scaly-membranaccous : flowering all sum-
mer. (Name altered from .S'/(f7Y/(//«.) — Genus also known under the name of
LnrfGOxuM, Fries. Our species, which perhaps run together, are here arranged
in view* of Kindberg's monograph, but with some reduction. They are all
annuals and subiicrennials.

1. S. rilbra, Presl., var. camp^Stris. Nearly glabrous, except the snm"-
mit of the prostrate slender stems, peduncles, and sepals, which are usually gland-
ular-pubescent; leaves filiform ; stipules triangulai--awl-shaped ; ;>orfs and pink-
red corolla small (2"), hardlj (quaUiiuj or exceeding the calyx; seeds rough with pro-
jfctlnq jioints, seini-obovate or giUious-iredge-shaped, ivingless. — Sandy or gravelly
dry soil. New England to Virginia along and near the coast, but rarely mari-
time. (Eu.)

2. S. sallna, Presl. Larger and more decidedly fleshy than the jircccding,
with ovate stiiiules, and peduncles rarely longer than the pod, which is longer
than the calg.r (.'S" long) ; jietals jiale ; seed^ ohovate-roundcd and roughened with
points, wingless or narrow-winged. — Brackish sands, &c., coast of New Eng-
land to Virginia and southward. (Eu.)

3. S. m6dia, Presl. Distinguished from the last mainly by the snm>lh
srtds, either winged or wingless; peduncles c(iualling or exceeding the pod,
which is 2" or 3" long, and a little exceeds the c<di/x. (Le])igonnm medium. Fries.
L. leiospermum, Kindlirrg.) — Salt marshes and .sands, with the last. (Eu.)

Var. macroc^rpa. (S. macrocarpa, Prexl. Lepigonum mariuum. Fries.)
Eoot more woody and |ierennial ; potl ^y - 5" \on>x, surpassing the valgx ; seeds
also larger, rounded, broadly winged, or a few wingless. — Sea-beaches, rare
northward. (Eu.)

OG CAnYoniYi.L vcE.K. (pink family.)

12. SPERGULA, L. Spurret.

Stamens 5 or 10. Styles 5. 'Vlw 5 valves of the- pod opposite the sepals.
Embryo s])irally annular. Leaves in whorls. Otherwise as in Spergulari;u
(Name from sjicmjo, to scatter, from tlic seeds.)

I. S. ARVESSis, L. (Corn Sitrkcy.) Annual; leaves numerous in the
whorls, thread-shaped (1' -2' long) ; stii)ules minute; flowers white, in a stalked
panieled cyme; seeds rough. — Grain-fields. (Adv. from Eu.)

13. ANYCHIA, Miehx. Forked Ciiickweed.

Sepals .'), scarcely concave, indistinctly mucronate on the back, greenish.
Petals none. Stamens 2-3, rarely 5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Utricle 1-seeded,
larger than the calyx. Radicle turned downwards. — Small, many times forked
annuals, with small stipules, and minute flowers in the forks, produced all sum-
mer. (Same derivation as the next genus.)

1. A. dicll6tonia, Michx. Erect or spreading; leaves varying from
lanceolate to elliptical, somewhat petioled. Varies much ; in woods or rich soil
being very smooth, erect (fi'- 10' high) and capillary, with long joints, the leaves
broader and thinner (.'3"- 10" long), and the flowers more stalked (A. capillacea,
Niitt. and Queria Canadensis L.) : in sterile or parched soil it is pubescent, low
and spreading, sliort-jointcd, narrower-leaved, and the flowers nearly sessile and
more clustered (A. dichotoma, DC). Common throughout.

14. PARONYCHIA, Tourn. Whitlow-wort.

Sepals 5, linear or oblong concave, awned at the apex. Petals bristle-form,
or minute teeth, or none. Stamens .5. Style 2-cleft at the apex. Utricle 1-
seeded, enclosed in the calyx. Radicle ascending. — Tufted herbs, with dry and
silvery stipules, and clustered flowers. (Greek name for a whil/otr, and for a
plant thought to cure it.)

1. P. argyrdeoma, Nutt. Forming broad tufts, branched, spreadinfj ;
leaves linr(ir ; Jloirns dtiisc/i/ clustered, surrounded by conspicuous larrfe silverif
bracts; caly.x hairy, sbort-awned ; petals mere teeth between the stamens.
1|. — Slides in the Notch of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and bare
summits above. Alleghany Mountains from Virginia southward. July.

2. P. dich6toma, Nutt. Smooth, tufted ; stems (6'-12' high) oscenrf/n^f
from a rather woody base; leaves and bracts awl-slin jied ; cipnes open, mamj-times
forked; sepals short-pointed; minute bristles in ])lace of petals, y. — Rocks,
Harper's Ferry, Virginia, and south westward. July -Sept.

15. SCLERANTHUS, L. Knawel.

Sepals .5, united below in an indurated cup, enclosing the 1-seeded utricle.
Petals none. Stamens 10 or .5. Styles 2, distinct. — Homely little weeds, with
awl-shaped leaves, obscure greenish clustered flowers, and no stipules. (Name
from <tk\j)P(')^, hard, and tivBos, flover, from the hardened calyx-tube.)

1. S. AxMTs, L. Miu'h branched, spreading (.3' -.5' high) ; flowers sessile
in the forks; calyx-lobes scarcely margined. — Waste places. (Nat from Ya\.]

rORTrLACACF.K. (pURSLANE FAMILY.) 97

16. MOLLUGO, L. Ixdiax-Chickwekd.

Sepals 5, wliitc inside. Petals none. Stamens hypojrynous, 5 and nlternato
with the sepals, or .3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary. Stij^inas 3.
Pod 3-celkd, 3-valved, loenlieidal, the partitions breaking away from the many-
seeded axis. — Low homely annuals, nuieh branched ; the stii)ules obsolete.
(An o!il L;uin name for some soft plant.)

1. M. verticill^ta, h. (Caki'i;t-\vki;d.) Prostrate, forming patches;
leaves spatulate, clustered in whorls at the joints, Avhere the 1-Howered peditcls
form a sort of sessile uml)cl ; stamens usually 3. — Saudy river-banks, and cul-
tivated grounds. June- Sept. (An immigrant from farther south.)

Ordeu 19. PORTUIiACACE^E. (Purslane Family.)

Herbs, tfilh succulent leaves, and regular hut unsymmelrical Jlowera ; viz.,
sepals usualli/ fewer than the petals : the siaviens opposite the petals when
of the same number, but of en indefinite: otherwise nearly as Chickweeds.
— Sepals 2, rarely 3 or 5. Petals 5, or sometimes none. Stamens mostly
5 - 20. Styles 3-8, united below, or distinct, stigmatic along the inside.
Pod 1 - 5-celled, with few oi- many campylotropous seeds rising on stalks
from the base, or from a central placenta. Embryo curved around mealy
albumen. — Insipid and innocent herbs, with entire leaves. Corolla open-
ing only in sunshine, mostly ej)hemeral, then shrivelling.

* ANOMALOrS PORTULACACE.E. Sepals 5, bearing the stamens.

1. Sesn'vliini. Pot;ils none. Stamens 5 - 60. Pcxl 3 -S-cUed, opening across by a lid.

• . TRl'E POIlTrLACACE.E. Sepals (2) fewer than the petals : pod I -celled.

2. Pnrtiilaca. Stamens 7 20, on the partly adherent calyx Pixl open in;: by a lid.

3. Taliitiim. Stamens more numerous than the petjils, hypopynous Pod manj'-seeded.

4. CInytoiiia. Stamens as many as the hypogyuous petals, and attached to their base.

Pod 3 - 6-seeiled

1 . S E S tr V I U M , L. Sea PunsL.\xE.

Calyx 5-p.nrtcd, purplish inside, persistent, free. Petals none. Stamens ,5 -
CO, inserted on the calyx. Styles 3-5, separate. Pod 3 -5-ccllcd, many-seeded,
circumscissile, the upper part falling off as a lid. — Prostrate maritime herbs,
with succulent stems, 0]ipositc leaves, and axillary or terminal flowers. (An
Mncx]ilaincd name.)

1- S. Portulac^strum, L. Root perennial; leaves lanceolate-oblong,
flatfish; flowers sessile or short-pedunclcd ; stamens many. — Coast of New
Jersey and .southward. July - Sept.

2. PORTULACA, Tourn. PrnsLAXE.

Calj-x 2 cleft; the tube cohering with the ovary below. Petals .'5, rarely 6,
inserted on the calyx with the 7 -20 stamens, fugacious. Stvle mostlv3-8-
partcd. Pod 1 -celled, globular, many-seeded, opening transversely, the upper
part (with the upper part of the calyx) separating as a lid. — Fleshy annuals,
with mostly scattered leaves. (.-Vn old Latin name, of unknown mc;ining.)
GM— 5

08 MALVACIi^. (mallow FAMILY.)

1. P. OLERACEA, L. (CoMMON PuRSLANE.) Prostrate, very smooth;
leaves obovate or wedge-form ; flowers sessile (opening only in sunny morn-
ings); sepals keeled; petals pale yellow; stamens 7-12; style deeply 5-G-
partcd ; flower-biul flat and acute. — Cultivated and waste grounds : eommon.
(Nat. from Eu.)

P. RETUSA, Engelm., closely resembling the common Purslane, is indigenous
west of the Mississippi.

P. grasdifl6ra, with terete leaves and showy flowers, cult, for ornament,
begins to be spontaneous around gardens.

3. TALiNUM, Adans. Talinum.

Sepals 2, distinct and free, deciduous. Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens 10-
30. Style 3-lobed at the apex. Pod 3-celled at the base when young, 3-valved,
with many seeds on a globular staMced placenta. (Derivation obscure.)

1. T. teretif61ium, Pursh. Leafy stems low, tuberous at the base;
leaves linear, cylindrical; peduncle long (3'-G') and naked, bearing an open
cyme of ])ink flowers (3' broad); stamens 15-20. U — Serpentine rocks,
Westchester, Pcnn., Falls of St. Croix River, Wisconsin, and southward.
June - Aug.

4. CLAYTONIA, L. Sprixg-Beaittt.

Sepals 2, ovate, free, persistent. Stamens .5, adhering to the short claws of
the petals. Style 3-eleft at the apex. Pod 1-celled, 3-valved, 3- 6-seeded. —
Our two species are perennials, sending up simple stems in early spring from a
small deep tuber, bearing a pair of opposite leaves, and a loose raceme of pretty
flowers. Corolla rose-color with deeper veins, opening for more than one day !
(Named in honor of Dr. John C/ai/ton, one of our earliest botanists, who con-
tributed to Oronovius the materials for the Flora Virginica.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated (3' -6' long).—
Moist open woods : common, especially westward and southward.

2. C. Caroliniina, Micbx. Leaves .spatulate-oblong or oval-lanccolatc
(l'-2' long). — W. New Hampshire, to Wisconsin, and southward along the
Alleghanies.

OuDER 20. MALVACEAE. (Mallow Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, with altcrriale stipulate leaves and regular /lowers, the
calyx valcate and the corolla convolute in the hud, numerous stameiis mona-
delphous in a column, which w united at the base icith the short claws of the
petals, l-celled anthers, and lidney-shapcd seeds. — Sepals 5, united at the
base, persistent, often involucellate with a whorl of brartlets, forminji a
sort of exterior calyx. Petals 5. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening along
the top. Pistils several, with the ovaries united in a ring, or forming a
several-celled pod. Seeds with little albumen : embryo curved, the leafy
cotyledons variously doubled up. — Mucilaginous, innocent plants, with
tough bark, and palmately-vcined leaves. Flowerstalks with a joint,
axillary.

BIALVACKyK. (mALLOW FAMILY.) 9'J

Tribe I. MA1.VE.*:. Columns of stamens anther bearing at the top. Ovaries and

piuls (carpels) 5-20 or more, closely unitea in a ring around a. central axis, from which

they separate after ripening.
• Stigmas occupying the innt r face of the styles : carpels 1-see.leJ, falling away separately.
1. Alllin;a. Involucel of 0 to U bractleU.
2 Miilva. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Petals obcorilate. Carpels rounded, beakless.

3. Cullitrhoc. Involucel of 3 I)ractlet3 or none. Petals truncate. Carpels beaked.

4. NniiDca. Involucel none. Flowers diujcious. Stamens few.

* » Stigmas terminal, capiUte : carpels I,- few-seeded, usually dehiscent.
5 ninlvastriiin. Involucel of 3 bractlets or none. Seeds solitary in the cells, ascending.
C. Sitlii. Involucel none. Seed solitary in tlie cells, pendulous.
7. Abuliloii. Involucel none. Seeds 3 or more in each cell.
8 Modiola. Involucel of 3 bractlets. Seeds 2 in each cell, and with a transverse partitioa

between tlieni.
Tribe II. HIBISCE.15. Column of stamens anther-bearing for a considerable part of
its length, naked and S-toothed at the very apex. Pod mostly Scelled, loculicidal, leaving
scarcely any a.xis in the centre after opening.
9. Kosteletzkyn. Involucel of several bractlets. Pod 5-celled, 5-seeded.
10. Hibiscus. Involucel of many bractlets. Pod 5-celled, many-seeded.

1. ALTHiEA, L. Mausii-M.xllow.

Calyx surromuk'd by a C-9-clet't involucel. Otherwise as in Malva. (Name
from (iXdio, to cure, in allusion to its healing properties.)

1. A. offk'in.\lis, L. (Common M.\ksh-Mallo\v.) Stem erect; leaves
ovate or sliohtly heart-shaped, toothed, sometimes .3-lol)ed, velvety-downy : pe-
duncles axillary, many flowered. — Salt marshes, coast of New England and
New York. Aug., Sept. — Flowers pale rose-color. Perennial root thick,
abounding in mucilage, the basis of the Pates de Guimauve. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. MALVA, L. Mallow.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucel at the base, like an outer calyx. Petals ob-
cordatc. Styles numerous, stigmatic down the inner side. Fruit depressed,
separating at maturity into as many 1 -seeded and indchiscent round kidney-
shaped blunt carpels as there are styles. Radicle pointing downwards. (An
old I.atin name, from fiaXa^^rj, sof}, alluding to the emollient leaves.)

1. M. HOTt:Ni)ii-t)i.iA, L. (CoM.MOX Mallow.) Slemx pwnim'ieiif from a.
di'cp biennial root ; Unrcs round-heart-shaped, on very long petioles, erenatc,
o!iscunli/-lobed ; petals twice the length of the calyx, whitish; carpels pid)esceiit,
even. — Waysides and cultivated grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. M. svLVESTnis, L. (High M.) Biennial; stem erect, branchefl (2°-S°
high) ; leaves sharply 5-7-lobed; petals thrice the length of the calyx, large,
purple and rose-color; carpels wrinkled-veiny. — Waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)

.'5. M. CKfSPA. (Curled M.) A tall, erect annual, with roimd and angled
toothed and cn's/ied leares, anil small sessile flowers crowded in the axils, — spar-
iii-ly escaped from old gardens. (.\dv. from Eu.)

4. M. .moscii\ta, L. (Mlsk M.) A low perennial; with t.\\c stem-leaves ^^^
/I'lrled, and tlie divisions once or twice jxirted or clefl into linear lobes, faintly
musky-scented, tha Jlowcrs rose<olor or white (1^' in diameter) on short pc-

100 MALVACEAE. (mALLOW FAMILT).

dunclcs crowded on the stem and branches, the fruit downy : lias escaped from
gardens to waysides. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. M. AiAiiA, L., with the sUm-ltcices only once bpurtecl or di/l, tlie iohes
incised, hirgc llowers like No. 4, but the truit smooth, and bractlets of tiie
involuccl ovate : has escaped irom gardens iu Chester Co., Penn. (Adv.
from Eu.)

3. CAIiLIRRHOiJ, Xutt. C.\LLiRi!iioii;.

Calyx cither naked or with a S-leavcd involuccl at its base. Petals wedge-
shaped and truncate (usually red-purple). Styles, &c. as in Malva. Carpels
10-20, straightish, with a short empty beak, separated within from the 1-
seeded cell by a narrow projection, indehiscent or partly 2-valved. Kadiclc
pointing downwards. — Flowers perfect.

1. C. triangulkta, Gray. Hairy-pubescent; stems nearly erect (2°
high) from a tuberous root; leaves triangular or halbcrd-shapcd, or the lowest
ratlier heart-shaped, coar.sely crenatc ; the upper incised or3-5-cleft; flowers
panieled, short-pedicelled (purple) ; tnvolucel as long as the culijx; carpels short-
pointed, crestless. (Malva triangulata, Leavenworth. M. Houghtonii, Torr. ^
Gray.) — Dry prairies, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward. July.

2. C. alcseoides, Gray. Strigose-pube.scent ; stems slender (1° high)
from a perennial root; lower leaves triangular-heart-shaped, incised ; the upper
5-7-parted, laciniate, the uppermost divided into linear segments; flowers
corymbose, on slender peduncles (rose-color or white); involucel none ; carpels
obtusely beaked, crested and strongly itrinkled on the back. (Sida alca;oides.
Michx.) — Barren oak-lands, S. Kentucky and Tennessee.

4. NAPJEA, Clayt. Glade Mallow.

Calyx naked at the base, .5-toothed. Petals entire. Flowers dicecious ; the
staminate flowers destitute of pistils, with 15-20 anthers; the fertile with a
short column of filaments but usually no anthers. Styles 8-10, stigmatic
along the inside. Fruit depressed-globular, separating when ripe into as many
kidney-shaped 1 -seeded beakless and scarcely dehiscent carpels as there are
styles. Radicle pointing downwards. — A tall and ronghish perennial herb,
with very large 9-11-parted lower leaves, the pointed lobes pinnatifid-cut and
toothed, and small white flowers in panieled clustered corymbs. (Named by
Clayton from vanr), a wooded valley or glade, or, poetically, the nymph of
the groves.)

1. N. di6ica, L. (Sida dioica, Car.) — Limestone valleys, Pcnn. an.l
Bouthward to the Valley of Virginia, west to Ohio and Illinois : rare. July.

5. MALVASTRUM, Gray. False Malloav.

Calyx with an involuccl of 2 or 3 bractlets, or none. Petals notched at the
end or entire. Styles 5 or more : stigmas capitate. Carpels as in Malva, or
else as in Sida, but the solitary kidney-shaped seed ascending and the radicle
pointing downwards, as in the former. — Flowers perfect. (Name altered from
Malva.)

MALVACK.E. (mAI.LOW FAMILY.) 101

1. M. angUStum, Gray. Slijihtly hairy; stem erect (6' -9' high) from
an anniiiil mot ; loaves iaiiff-oljlony or linear, with scattered fine callons teeth;
flowers in the upper axils, on peduncles shorter than the broadly ovate-triangu-
hir sepals ; bruetlets and stipules setaceous; petals yellow, scarcely exceediii"-
the calyx; carpels 5, kidney-shaped, with smooth sides, at length 2-valvcd. —
Kock Island in the Mississippi, Illinois, Ewjelmun)}, Parn/. Aug.

2. M. eoccineum, (Jray (Sida coccinea, Pursh), a low and hoary
])en-iniiai, with 5 -parted or pedate leaves, and short spikes or racemes of
showy pink-red flowirs, the jjctals very much lon,L;cr than the calyx ; tiic car-
jjcls 10 or more, reticulated on the sides and iiukhisccnt : abounds on the
plains from Iowa and iMinncsota westward.

6. SIDA, L. Sida.

Calyx naked at the base, 5-cleft. Petals entire, usually oblique. Styles 5 or
more, tipped with capitate stigmas: the ripe fruit separating into as many 1-
seeded carpels, which are closed, or commonly 2-valved at the top, and tardily
separate from the axis. Seed pendulous. Embryo abruptly bent; tlic radicle
pointing upwards. — Flowers perfect. (A name used by Theophrastus.)

1. S. Napaea, Cav. Asmooth, tall (4° -10° high) perennial; hares 5<lf/t,
the lobes oblong and pointed, toothed; Jloarrs {tclu'le) umhcllate-corijmhal, large;
carpels 10, jiointed. (Napica laivis & herniaphrodita, L.) — Rocky river-banks,
Penn., York Co., &c., PorUr. Kanawha Co., Virginia, Rtv. J. M. IJroicn.
(Cultivated in old gardens.)

•2. S. Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A smooth, erect perennial (l°-4° hi|^h) ;
leaves linear, serrate, short-petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered, short ;^ow-
ers {ijellow) rather large; carpi Is 9-10, sllfjhili/ and abruptly y.ointtd, iorming a
depressed fruit. — Sandy soil, S. Virginia and southward. May -Aug.

3. S. spin6sa, L. Annual weed, minutely and softly pubescent, low (10'-
20' high), much branched; leaves omle-lannolatc or ohloncj, serrate, rather long-
petioled ; peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, shorter than the petiole ; Jioivtrs {yelloir)
small; carpels H, combined into an ovate fruit, cack splitlimi at the top into 2
licaks. -:- A little tu])erele at the base of the leaves on the stronger plants gives
the specific name, but it cannot be called a spine. — Waste places: common
southward. (Nat. frimi Trop. Anier. or Afr.)

7. ABUTILON, Tourn. Indiax Mallow.

Carpels 2-9-scc(k'il, at length 2-valvpd. Padicle ascending or pointing in-
wards. Otherwise as in Sida. (Name of unknown origin.)

1. A. AvicENX.E, Gajrtn. (Velvet-Leaf.) Tall annual (4° high) ; leaves
roundish-heart-shaped, taper-pointed, velvety ; peduncles shorter than the leaf-
stalks; corolla yellow; pods 12-15, hairy, beaked. — Waste places, escaped
from gardens. (Adv. from India.)

8. MODIOLA, Mocnch MonioL.\.

Calyx with a 3-lcaved involucel. Petals obovate. Stamens 10-20. Stigmas
capitate. Carpels 1-1-20, kidney-shaped, pointed, and at length 2-valved at the

102 MALVACi:^. (mai.low family.)

top; the cavity tlivided into two by a cross partition, witli a single seed in each
cell. — Ilmnble, proeiunliLMit or creeping annuals or biennials, with cut leaves
and small puqili.-li flowers solitary in the axils. (Name from modiolus, the broad
and depresseil iVuit resembling in shape the Koman measure of tliat name.)

1. M. multiflda, Maneh. Hairy; leaves 3 -S-cleft and incised ; stamens
15 -2U; t'luit hispid at the tup. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

9. KOSTELETZKYA, Trcsl. Kosteletzkva.

Pod depressed, with a single seed in each cell. Otherwise as Hibiscus.
(Named alter T. /•"'. Koslvletzkij, a Bohemian botanist.)

1. K. Virginica, Presl. Koughish-hairy j)crcnnial (2°-4°high) ; leaves
halberd-shaped and heart-shaped ; the lower 3-lobed. (Hibiscus Virgiiiicus, L.)
— Marshes on the coast. New York to Virginia and southward. ^\ug. — Co-
rolla 2' wide, rose-color. Column slender.

10. HIBISCUS, L. Eose-Mai.low.

Calyx involuc-cllatc at the base by a row of numerous bn.ctlets, 5clcft. Col-
umn of stamens long, bearing anthers for much of its length. Styles united :
Btigmas 5, capitate. Fruit a 5-celled loculicidal pod. Seeds several or many iii
each cell. — Herbs or shrubs, usually with large and showy flowers. (An old
Greek and Latin name of unknown meaning.)

* Iiidifjcnoits, tall percnniuls (4° - %°) flowering late in summer.

1. H. Mosehetltos, L. (Swamp Kosk-Mallow.) Leaves ovtitf, lointvd,
toothed, the lower 3-lobed, whitened underneath with a fine soft down, glabrous
or shghtly downy beneath ; the l-flowered peduncles sometimes united at the
base with the petioles; calyx not inflated; jiod and seeds smooth or nearly so. —
Brackish marshes along the coast, sometimes extending up rivers far beyond
\hc influence of salt water (as above Harrisburg, Pcnn.) : also Or.ondaga Lake,
N. Y., and westward, usually within the influence of salt springs. — Corolla
V -6' in diameter, light ro.sc-eolor or white, with or without a crimson eye.

2. H. grandifl6rUS, Jliehx. L( airs soft-douni/ loth sides, the hu-e'rhi-oad]y
ovate and lieart-shnped ; pod vi rij hirsute ; seeds smooth ; — otherwise resembling
the last. — Illinois (Lawrence Co., Friicheij) and southward.

3. H. milit^ris, Cav. (Halbeud-Leavkd 1{.) Sii.ooth throm/hovt ; \owvr
leaves ovate-heart-shaped, toothed, 3-lobcd ; vpper haves halberel-funn, the short
lateral loi)es spreading at the base, the middle one jjiolongcd and tajjcr-pointed ;
peduncles slender ;/n(<</?i7 cnlyc inflated; s^ed^ hainj. — Kivcr-banks, Penn. to
Illinois and southward. — Corolla 4' - 5' in diameter, flesh-color.

* « Escaped from rjardens or (/rounels.

4. H. TiuuxLM, L. (Bladder Kktmia.) A low, rather /w/V7/oh»!w/; up-
l)er leaves 3-parted, Avith lanceolate divisions, the middle one much ihe longest;
fruiting calijx iiflated, niemlnanaceous, r^-winijul ; corolla sulphur-yellow with a
blackish eye, ephemeral ; hence the name Fhwer-of-an-liour. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. H. SyrLvcus, L. (Siiruimjy Altii.ea of the gardeners.) Tall shrub,
smooth; leaves wedge-ovate, pointed, cut-toothed or lobcd ; corolla usually rose-
color. — Roadsides and copses, Pennsylvania, &c. Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

CAMKI.I.IACi:^. (CAMKI.LI.V FASIII.Y.) l'^3

Order 21. TICIACE.13. (Linokn Family.)

Treea {rarely herbs), wkh the mucilaginous properties, fibrous bark;
valvate calyx, S;c., of the Mallow Family; but the sepals deciduous, petals
imbricated in the bud, the stamens usually polyadelphous, and the anthers
2-celled: — represented in Northern regions only by the genus,

1. TILIA, L. LiNDKN. Basswood.

Sepals 5. Petals 5, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous : filaments coher-
ing in 5 clusters with each other (in European species), or with the hasc of a
spatulate petal-like body plaied opposite each of the real petals. I'istil with a
5-eelled ovary and 2 half-ana Iro pons ovules in each, a single style, and a 5-
toothed stigma. Fruit a sort of woody globular nut, becoming 1-celled and 1 -
2-secded. Embryo with a taper radicle, and a pair of leaf-like somewhat heart-
shaped and lobed cotyledons, which arc a little folded. — Fine trees, with soft
and white wood, more or less heart-shaped and serrate leaves (oblique and often
truncate at the base), deciduous stipules, and small cymes of flowers, hanging on
an a.xillarv peduncle which is united to a leaf-like bract. Flowers crcam-coior,
honey -bearing, fragrant. (The classical Latin name of the genus.)

1. T. Americana, L. (Basswood.) Leaves green and glabrous or
nearly so, thickish. — Rich woods, May, June. — This familiar tree is rarely
called Lime-tree, oficiicr ]VIiile-wo(Kl, commonly Basswood; the name (now obso-
lete in England) alluding to the use of the inner bark for mats and cordage.

Var. pub6scens. Leaves softly pubescent underneath, often thin. (T.
pnbesccns, ,1//.) — Common from Maryland southward and westward.

2. T. heterophylla, Vent. (White Basswood.) Leaves larger,
smooth and bri<;ht green above, silvery-whitened with a fine down underneath.
(T. alba, Micltx.) — Mountains of Penn. to Kentucky and southwanl.

T. EuROpiA, the ErnopKAN Linden, which is planted in and near our
cities as an ornamental tree, is at once distinguished from any native species by
the absence of the petal-like scales among the stamens. This tree (the Lin)
gave the family name to- Linmeus.

Order 22. CAITIELI.IACE.I:.* (Camellia Famfly.)

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules,
the regular flowers hyjiogynous and polyandrous, the sepals and petah both
imbricated in ceslivalion, the stamens more or less united at the base tcilh each
other (jnonadelphnus or 3-5-adelphous) and with the base of the petals. —
Anthers 2-eclled, introrse. Fruit a woody 3 - 5-celled loeulieidal pod.
Seeds few, with little or no albumen. Embryo large, with broad cotyle-
dons. — A family with showy (lowei-s, the types of which are the well-
known Camellia and the more important 'J'ea Plant, — represented
in this country by the two following genera.

• N)une or same (late a»TEUNSXK(EMIAC£iE, and preferable.

1(^1 LINACK^. (l-I.AX FAMILY.)

1. STUARTIA, Cntcshy. SxrAKTTA.

Sepals 5, rarely 6, ovate or laiKeolate. I'etals ."), rari-ly G, obovate, cronulntc.
Stamens nioiiadelphous below. I'oU S-ccllcd. Seeds 1 or 2 in caeh cell, crus-
taceous, anatropoiis, ascending. Embryo straight, nearly as long as the albu-
men : radicle longer than the cotyledons. — Shrubs with nieml)ranaceoiis dccid-
xious oblong-ovate serrulate leaves, soft-downy beneath, and large short-pedun-
cled lluwers solitary in their axils. (Named for John Stuart, Lord Bute.)

1. S. Virginica, Cav. Petals 5 white (I'long); sepals ovate; .style 1;
stigma 5-tootlied ; pod globular, blunt ; seeds not margined. (S. Malachode'n-
dron, L.) — Woods, Virginia and southward.

S. i'ENTi.GY\.\, L'ller., with cream-colored (lowers, .5 styles, and an angled
and pointed jwd, may be found in tiie Allegluinics of Southern Virginia.

2. GORDONIA, Ellis. LonLOi,LY Bay.

Sepals 5, rounded, concave. Petals .t, obovate. Stamens 5-a(lclphous, one
cluster adhering to the base of each petal. Style 1. Pod ovoid, 5-valved ; the
valves separating from the persistent axis ; cells 2 - 8-sceded. Seeds pendulous.
Embryo straightish, with a short radicle, and thin longitudinally plaited cotyle-
dons. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and showy white flowers on axillary
peduncles. (Dedicated by Dr. Garden to his "old master. Dr. James Gordon of
Aberdeen," and by Ellis to a London nurseryman of the same name.)

1. G. Lasianthus, L. (Loblolly Bay.) Leaves coriaceous and per-
sistent, lanceolate-oblong, narrowed at the base, minutely serrate, smooth and
shining ; pod pointed ; seeds winged above. Swamps near the coast. Virginia
and southward. May -July. — Petals U' long.

Ordfr 2.3. lilNACEiE. (Flax Family.)

Herhx {rarely shruhs) icith the regular and symmetrical hyporjyrtous ^flow-
ers 4-6-merous throughout, strongly imbricated calyx and convolute petals,
the 5 stamens monadelphous at the base, and an 8-10-seeded pod, haring
twice as many cells as there are styles. Represented by the genus,

1. LINUM, L. Flax.

Sepals (persistent), petals, stamens, and styles 5, regularly alternate with each
other. Pod of 5 united carpels (into which it sjilits in dehiscence) and 5-cclled,
with 2 seeds hanging from the summit of each ; but each cell is partly or com-
pletely divided into two by a false partition which jjrojects from the back of the
carpel, thus becoming 10-celled. Seeds anatropous, mucilaginous, flattened,
containing a large embryo with plano-convex cotyledons. — Herbs, with a tough
fibrous bark, simple and sessile entire leaves (alternate or often ojipositc), with-
out stipules, but often with glands in their place, and with corymbose or pani-
cled flowers. Corolla usually ephemeral. (The classical name of the Flax.)
* I ndlqemns species, fjlabrotis, l°-3° high, with yellow Jloirt-rs, in .itmimer.

1. L. Virgini^num, L. Stem erect from the base and with the corym-
bose sprearling or recurving branches terete and even ; leaves oblong or lanceolate.

GERANIACKTIi. (OKRANIUM FAMII.Y.) lO")

or the lower spatulate and often opposite ; flowers scattered, small (barely 3"
long) ; sepals ovate, jiointed, sniootli-ed^red or nearly so, equalling the dejjresseU
10-celled pod; styles distim-t. — Dry woods: connnon. — Hoot apparently an-
nual; but the ])laiit i)ropaj;:ite(l iiy suckers from the base of the stem.

2. L. striatum, Walt. Stems gregarious, erect or ascending from a creep-
ing or decumbent base, slightly viscid, and with the mostly racemose short
branc/iis striate icith about 4 sharp icintj-Ulce aiitjles decurrent from the leaves;
these broader than in the last, and mostly oblong, usually with all the lower
ones opposite ; flowers more crowded ; sepals scarcely equalling the very small
brownish pod : otherwise nearly as in No. 1. (L. oppositifolium, Enydui.) — Wet
or boggy groimds. New England to Virginia and southward. — Generally con-
founded with L. Virgiuianum (Hgured for it in lieichenb. Ic. Exot.), but well
distinguished by Walter, except that the stem-leaves are commonly opposite up
to the first branch : here described from the indications given by C. F. Aimlin.

3. L. sulcatum, Riddell, 1836. Stem strictly erect from an annual root,
and with the upright or ascending branches striate-anglcd or grooved; leaves
linear, acute, or the upper subulate, rather rigid ; a pair of dark (jbinds in place
of stipules : sepals ovate-lanceolate and sharj)-j)ointed, strongly 3-nerved and
(like the bracts) with rough-bristly-glandular margins, scarcely longer than the
ovoid-globose incompletely 10-cclled pod ; sti/les united almost to the middle.
(L. Boottii, Plunchon, 1848.) — Dry soils, Rhode Island to Illinois and south-
westward. — Flowers and pods twice as large as in the preceding. (L. itfoiDUM,
Pursli., of the Western plains, probably in Minnesota, is dwarf, glaucous, and
has the styles united almost to the top.)

* * Escapinq from cultivation, hlue-Jlowered, annual.

4. L. usiTATfssiMUM, L. {COMMON Plax), IS Occasionally spontaneous in
fields.

Okdkh 24. GEKAIVIACE.E. (Gkraxium Family.)

Plants {chief ij herbs) with perfect and f/eneralli/ si/mmetrical h>/pnfji/nous
flowers ; the stamens, counting sterile fdaments, as many or commonly twice
af many, and the lobes or cells (1 -few-oculed) of the ovary as many, as
the sepals, an axis of the dry fruit persistinr/. — Seeds withont albumen,
except in Oxalis. The flower of Impatiens is partly, and that of Tropa;-
olum still more unsynnnetrical. Herbage often strong-scented, but never
punctate with pellucid dots. — As a whole the order, here recombined
as it was founded by Jussieu, is hard to define. Of late it has generally
been broken into several small orders : the principal ones here stand as
suborders, with only one or two genera to each. — Thop.koi.um, the
Gardkx NA.STURTitTM, Occupies a position between the fii-st and the
second suborder.

SuiJORnr.K I. OCKANIEiE. (Gi-ranh-m Family proper.)

Flowers 5-merous and symmetrical; the persistent sepals imbricated
and the petals usually convolute in the bud : 5 glands of the receptacle

106 GERANIACE^. (GEUAMU.M FAMILY.)

alternate with the petals. Stamens somewhat monadelphous. Ovary
di'oj)ly 5-lobed, the .5 two-ovulcd carpels and the lower part of the long
stylfs adnate to a long and beak-like prolongation of the receptacle,
from which, when ripe and dry, the small and membranaceous pods are
torn oil", and carried away by the styles, — which, as they separate from
the beak liom the base upwards, are elastieally recurved or revolute, the
solitary seed iidling out. Embryo filling the seed (no albumen) ; cotyle-
dons folded togctiler and bent down on the short radicle. — Strong-
scented herbs (or the Pelargoniums, which have somewhat irregular
flowers, shrubby plants), with opposite or alternate stipulate leaves, and
astringent roots.

1. Geranium. Stamens with anthers 10, rarely 6. The recurving bases of the styles or

tails of the carpels in fruit naked inside

2. Ero<liuin. St;imens wiUi anthers only 5. Tails of the carpels in fruit bearded inside,

often spirally twisted.

SuBORDEU II. LIMNANTIIE^. (Limnantiies Family.)

Flowers 3-merous or 5-merous, completely symmetrical and regular; the
persistent sepals ovate in the bud : glands of the receptacle alternate with
the petals. Stamens distinct. No beak or prolongation of the receptacle
beyond the ovary, which consists of 3 or 5 almost di>-tinct, at length fleshy
and separating, indehiscent, 1-seeded carpels, united by a common st}le.
Seeds without albumen : cotyledons very thick and fleshy, the short radicle
included by their heart-shaped bases. — Tender low annuals, with pinnate
alternate leaves and no stipules. — Consists of the pretty-flowered Califor-
nian Limnaxthes, and of

3. Floerken. Sepals, minute petals, and lobes of the ovary 3 : stamens 6.

SuBORDEit III. BAL,§AI?IIi>fEiE. (Balsam Family.)

Flowers mostly unsymmetrical, .5-merous as to the stamens and pistil;
the sepals and petals irregular, usually unsymmetrical and of fewer pieces,
imbricated in the bud, all petaloid and deciduous, the larger piece with an
ani])le sac or spur: no glands : filaments distinct, short. Fruit a fleshy 5-
celled pod or berry : no albumen : the straight embryo witli thick cotyle-
dons and a short radicle. — Tender herbs, the succulent stems gorged
with a bland watery juice ; the leaves simj^le, mostly alternate, without
stipules.

4. Impatiens. Inner or lateral petals unequally 2-ljb-;d. Pod bursting elastieally into 5

valves, several -scL-ded.

SciJOUDEii IV. OXALIDE.E. (Souuel Family.)

Flowers 5-merous, regular and synnnetrical, decandrous ; the jicrsistent
sepals imbricated and the petals convolute in the bud : no glands alter-
nate with the latter. Stamens ollen monadelphous at the base. Fruit a

GEKANIACK^.. (gkKANIU.M FAMILY.) 107

6-celle(l loculicidal pod or a berry. Seeds 2 or fi;w in each cell, with a
straight embryo in a little (lesliy albumen. — Leaves rompound : juice
sour.

6. Oialis. Styles 5, separate. Pod oblong ■. the valves not falling' away. LeaOcts usually
obcurelate.

1. GERANIUM, L. Cn.vNKsiui.i..

Stamens 10 (sometimes only 5 in No. 2), all witli perfect anthers, the 5
longer with glands at their base (alternate with the petals). Styles smooth
inside in fruit when they separate from the axis. — Stems forking. Peduncles
1 -3-flowcred. (An old Greek name, from ytpavos, a cniiie; the long IVuit-
bearing beak thought to i-cscmblo tlie bill of that lurd.)
*• Ruiilstork jieirnnial.
1. G. macul^tum, L. (Wild Ckanesbill.) Stem erect, hairy;
leaves about 5-parted, the wedge-shaped divisions lobcd and cut at the end ;
sepals slender-pointed ; petals entire, light purple, bearded on the claw (^'
long). — Open woods and fields. April -July. — Leaves somewhat blotched
with whitish as they grow old.

* * Root biennial or annual : Jlowers small.

2. G. Caroliniknum, L. (Cauolin.v C.) Stems at first erect, dif-
fusely branched from the base, hairy ; leaves about 5-parted, the divisions cleft
and cut into numerous oblongdincar lobes ; peduncles and pedicels short ;
sfjHiIs awn-poinfedy as long as the emarginatc (pale rose-color) petals ; caqjcls
hairy ; se((h ovoiil-oblon(j, very minuUlij nticulaled. — Barren soil and waste
places : common. May -Aug. — Depauperate forms, except by the seeds, are
liardly distinguishable from

.3. G. inssECTUJi, L. (Cut-leaved C.) More slender and spreading,
with narrower lobes to the leaves, and smaller red-purple petals notched at the
end ; seeds short-ovoid or globular, Jindj and stronrjli/ reticulated. — "Waste grounds,
scarce. (Nat. from Eil)

4. G. conMBixuM, L. (Lon'g-.stalked C.) Minutely hairy, with
very slender decumbent stems; leaves .5-7-parted and cut into narrow linear
lobes ; prdunclc.t ami prdiccls Jiiiform and clonrjaled ; sepals awned, about equal-
ling the ])urple petals, enlarging after flowering; carpels f/labrous ; seeds nearly
as in No. 3. — Along the Susquehanna, Lancaster Co., &c., Prof. Porter.
Alexandria, Virginia, A. II. Curtiss. June, July. (Xat. from Eu.)

5. G. i-usfLLUM, L. (Small-flowered C.) Stems procumbent, slender,
minutely pubescent ; leaves rounded lidn<ij-form, 5 - 7-parted, the divisions
wedge-shaped, mostly 3-lobed ; sepals awnless, about as long as the (purplish)
petals ; seeds smooth. — Waste jilaccs, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania : rare. (NaL
from Eil)

6. G. Roberti^num, L. (IIekd RonERT.) Sparsely hairy, diHusc ;
Strong-sccntcd, harts ">-divided or jitdatdij b-divided, the divisions twice pinna-
tijid: sepals awncd, shorter than the (rcil-purplc) jietals ; jxhIs trrinUcd ; seeds
smooth. — Moist woods and shaded ravines: common northward. June -Oct.
(Eu.)

108 GERANIACE.'E. (OER.WIUM FAMILT.)

2. ERODIUM, Lllor. Storksbii.l.

The 5 shorter stamens st(M-ile or wanting. Styles in fruit twistinp: spirally,
bearded inside. Otiierwise as Geranium. (Name from tpcobu'is, a heron.)

1. E. cicut.Vrium, L'Her. Annual, hairy; stems low, sprcadinj; ; leaves
pinnate ; the leaflets sessile, 1 -2-pinnatilid ; peduncles several-flowered. — New
York, Pennsylvania, &e. : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. FLCERKEA, Wiild. False INIicrmaid.

Sepals 3. Petals 3, shorter than the ealyx, oblong. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3,
0])]JO.>itc ihe sepals, united only at the base; the style rising in the centre:
stiirnias 3. Fruit of 3 (or 1-2) roughish fleshy achenia. Seed anatropous,
erect, filled by the large embr^-o with its hemispherical fleshy cotyledons. — A
small and inconspicuous annual, with tninute solitary flowers on axillary pe-
duncles. (Named after Flwrkp, a German botanist.)

1. F. proserpinaeoides, Willd. — Marshes and river-banks, W. New
England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. April -June. — Leaflets 3-5, lanceo-
late, sometimes 2-3-cleft. Taste slightly pungent.

4. IMPATIENS, L. Balsam. Jewel-weed.

Calyx and corolla colored alike and not clearly distinguishable. Sepals ap-
parently only 4 ; the anterior one, which is notched at the apex, probably con-
sisting of two combined ; the posterior one (appearing anterior as the flower
hangs on its stalk) largest, and forming a spurred sac. Petals 2, unequal-sided
and 2-lobed (each consisting of a pair united). Stamens .5, short : filaments
appendagcd with a scale on the inner side, the .'5 scales connivent and united
over the stigma : anthers opening on the inner face. Ovary 5-cellcd : stigma
sessile. Pod with evanescent partitions, and a thick axis bearing the several
anatropous seeds, 5-valved, the valves coiling elastically and i)rojecting the
seeds in bursting. Embryo straight : albumen none. — Leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules, in our species ovate or oval, coarsely toothed, petioled.
Flowers axillary or panicled, often of two sorts, viz., — the larger ones, as
described above, which seldom ripen seeds; — and very small ones, which are
fertilized early in the bud ; their floral envelopes never expand, nor grow to
their full size, but are forced off by the growing pod and carried upwards on
its apex. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pods when touched, whence
also the popular appellation, Tonch-mc-not, or Snap-weed.)

1. I. p'illida, Xutf. (Pale Toi-ch-me-not.) Flowers pale-yellow, spar-
ingli) dotted with browni'-h-rcd ; sac dilated and very obtuse, broader than long,
tipped with a short incurved spur. — Moist shady places and along rills, in rich
soil; most common northward. July- Sept. — Larger and greener than the
next, with larger flowers : a spotless variety in N. Vermont and New Hamp-
shire, Miss Lumb'ird.

2. I. flilva, Nutt. (Spotted Touoii-me-kot.) F/owrrs oranfje-color,thirkli/
spotted with reddish-hrown ; sac longer than broad, acutely conical, tapering into
a strongly iriflexed spur. — Rills and shady moist places : common, ciepecially

RUTACEyE. (KUE FAMILY.) 109

Bouthward. June -Sept. — Plant 2° -4° lii<rh : the flowers loosely panicled.
at the ends of the branches, hanging gracefully on their slender nodding stalks,,
the oi)en mouth of the cornueopiit-shaped sepal upward. — A variety is not rare
with s/wl/ess Jhnvtrs, which diHers from the I. Nolitangere of Europe in the
more inlkxud spur and sniallcr jictals. Sjjur rarely wanting.

5. OX A LIS, L. Wood-Sorrel.

Sepals .5, persistent. Petals 5, tliiir bases sometimes united, withering after
expansion. Stamens 10, usually nionadel|)hous at the base, alternately shorter.
Styles 5, distinct. Pod oblong, membranaceous, .'j-celled, more or less 5-lobcd,
•each cell opening on the back; the valves persistent, being fixed to the central
column or axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 or more in each cell, pendulous
from the axis, anatropous, their outer coat loose and separating. Embryo
large and straight in fleshy albumen : cotyledons flat. — Herbs, with sour
watery juice, alternate or radical leaves, mostly of 3 obcordate leaflets, which
close and droop at nightfall. Several species produce (like Impatiens) small
peculiar flowers, which are precociously fertilized in the bud and are particularly
fruitful; and the ordinary flowers are often dimorphous or even trimorphous in
the relative length of the stamens and styles. (Name from o^vi, sour.)

* Steniless perennials: leaves and scopes a routstock or bulb: leojlcts broadlj obcor-

date: flowers nearly 1' broad; cells of the pod few-seeded.

1. O. Acetosdlla, L. (Common Wood-Sorrel.) Rootstock creeping
and scaly-toothed; ,s-w/)6 \-flowered (2'- 5' high); petals white with reddish
veins, often notched. — Deep cold woods, Massachusetts to Penn., L. Superior
and northward : also southward in the AUeghanies. June. (Eu.)

2. O. viol^cea, L. (Violet W.) Nearly smooth; bulb scali/ ; scapes
umheHutelj] sevend-flowered (5' -9' high), longer than the leaves; petals violet. —
Koeky places ; most common southward. May, June.

* * Stems leaf 11, branching : peduncles axillari/ : flowers small : cells several-seeded.

3. O. Stricta, L. (Yellow W.) Annual or perennial by running sub-
terranean shoots ; stems at first erect ; stipules absent ; peduncles 2 - 6-flowered,
longer than the leaves ; petals yellow ; pods elongated, erect in fruit. — Copses
and cultivated grounds: common. May -Sept. — Varies gieatly in apjwarance
and in the size of its flowers.

4. O. cormcul.Vta, L., if in this district, and truly distinci from 0. stricta,
should be known by the stipules at the base of the i)etiules. (Ku.)

OuDKit 25. RUTACE.i:. (Rri: Family.)

Plants with simple or compound leaves, dotted with pellucid fflands, abound-
ing tcith a pungent or bitter-aromatic acrid volatile oil, producing hupofignous
almost always regular ^ - b-mero us flowers, the stamens as many or twice as
many as the sepals (^rarely more numerous) ; the 2-5 pistils separate or com-
bined into a compouml ovary of as many cells, raised on a prolongation of
the receptacle (jgynophore) or glandular disk. — Embryo large, curved or

110 RUTACE.E. (UUE FAMILY.)

straight, usually in fleshy albumen. Styles eommonly united or cohering,
even wlien the ovaries are distinct. Fruit usually capsular. Leaves al-
ternate or opposite. Stipules none. — A large family, chiefly of the Old
World and the Southern hemisphere; the Propku IIutack.e, represented
in gardens by the Rue (llula (iravholens, L.) and Fraxiuella (Diddmntts
Fraxiiiella, L.) chietly herbs, but the rest are shrubs or trees. — The Au-
KAXTiE.E or Orange Family, recently appended to this order, has baccate
fruit, seeds without albumen, and stamens sometimes almost indefinitely
numerous. — Our two indigenous genera are

1. Zanthoxylum. Flowers dioecious : ovaries 3-5, separate, forming fleshy pods.

2. Ptelea. Flowers polygamous : ovary 2-celled, forming a samara, like that of Elm.

1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Coldcn. rRicKLv Asii.

Flowers dioecious. Sepals 4 or 5, obsolete in one species. Petals 4 or 5, im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 4 or 5 in the sterile flowers, alternate with the
petals. Pistils 2 -.5, separate, but their styles conniving or slij^htly united.
Pods thick and fleshy, 2.valved, 1-2-sccded. Seed-coat crustaceous, black,
smooth and shining. Embryo straight, with broad cotyledons. — Shrubs or
trees, with mostly pinnate leaves, the stems and often the leafstalks prickly.
Flowers small, greenish or whitish. (Name from ^avBos, yellow, and ^v\ov,
wood': therefore more properly spelled with an initial X.)

1. Z. Americknum, Mill. (Northeun Prickly Asii. Tootuache-
TREE.) Leaves and Jlowns in axillary clusters; leaflets 4-5 pairs and an odd
one, ovate-oblong, downy when young ; calyx none ; petals 5 ; pistils 3-5, with
slender styles ; pods sliort-stalhed. — Rocky woods and river-banks : common north-
ward. April, May. — A prickly shrub, with yclIowish-green flowers appearing
before the leaves. Bark, leaves, and pods very punpent and aromatic.

2. Z. Caroliniknum, Lam. (Southern P.) Glabrous; leaflets 3-5
pairs and an odd one, ovate or ovatc-lanccolatc, oblique, shinivg above ; flowers
in a terminal q/nif, appearing after the leaves ; sepals and petals 5 ; jiistils 3, with
short styles; pods sessile. — Sandy coast of Virginia, and southward. June. —
A small tree with very sharp prickles.

2. PTELEA, L. Shrubby Trefoil. Hop-tree.

Flowers polygamous. Sepals 3-5. Petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud.
Stamens as many. Ovary 2-cclled : style short: stigmas 2. Fnut a 2-celled
and 2-.secded samara, winged all round, nearly orbicular. — Shrubs, with 3-foli-
olatc leaves, and greenish-white small flowers in compound terminal cymes.
(The Greek name of the Elm, here applied to a p;enus with similar fruit.)

1. P. trifoliata, L. Leaflets ovate, pointed, downy when young. — Kocky
places, Pcnu. to Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub. Fruit bit-
ter, used as a substitute for hops. Odor of the flowers disagreeable.

AilAnthus gl.vndulosus, Dcsf., called Tree of IIe.vvex, — but whose
blossoms, especially the stamiuatc ones, are redolent of anything but " airs from

I

ANACAUDlAClCiE. (CASIIICW FAMILY.) Ill

heaven," — is much planted as a shade-tree, especially in towns, and is inclining
to spread tVoin sctd in rcniisylvania. It hclonj^s to the order 8iMAnuBACE.«,
wliicii differs troni Kutaceic in the absence of dots in the leaves. The tree is
known by its very lonj; pinnate leaves of many leaflets, and small poly<;aniou8
greenish Uowers in panicles, the female jirodueiuy 2-5 thin, lineiir-ol)loiig, veiny
samaras. (Adv. from China.)

Okdkr 2(3. ANACARDIACEiE. (Cashew Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous or milky acrid juice, dolless alternate
leai-es, and small, ojlen poh/(jamous, regular, jicntandrous Jloivers, with a 1-
celled and l-ovuled ovar>/, hut icith 3 styles or stigmas. — Petals imbricated
in the bud. Seed without albumen, borne on a curved stalk that rises
from the base of the cell. Sti{)ules none. Juice or exhalations oi'teii
poisonous. — Represented here only by the genus

1. RHUS, L. SuMACii.

Sepals 5. Petals 5. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge or between the lobes
of a flattened disk in the bottom of the calyx. Fruit small and indehiseent, a
sort of dry drupe. — Leaves (simple in R. Cotinns, the Smoke-Plant of gavd^^m)
usually compound. Flowers greenish-white or yellowish, (The old Greek and
Latin name of the genus.)

§ 1. Sumac, DC. Flowprs poli/udmoun, in a terminal thijrsoid panicle: fruit
(j'ohular, clothed with acid crimaon hairs; the stone smooth: leaves odd-pinnate.
{.\ot poisonous.)

1. R. typhina, L. (Stagiiorx Sumach.) Branches and stalks densely
velcety-huiry ; leaflets 11-31, pale beneath, oblong-lanceohite, pointed, serrate,
rai-ely laciniatc. — Hillsides. June. — Shrub or tree 10° -30° high, with or-
ange-colored wood.

2. R. glabra, L. (Smooth S.) Smooth, some irhat t/luucotts: leaflets 1 1 -
31, whitened beneath, lanceolate-oblong, pointed, serrate. — Rocky or barren
soil. June, July. — Shrub 2° - 12° high. A var. has laciniate leaves.

3. R. eopallina, L. (Dwarf S.) Branches and stalks downy; petioles
triii;]-m(in/iiicd between the 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate (often entire) leaf-
lets, which arc oblique or unequal at the base, smooth and shining above. —
Rocky hills. July. — Shrub l°-7° high, with running roots.

§ 2. TOXICODENDRON, Tourn. Flowers polyrjamous, in loose and slendef
axillary paniclis: fruit globular, (jlabrous,tvkitish or dan-colored; the stone stri'
ate: leaves odd-pinnate or 3-foliolate, thin. {Poisonous to the touch.)

4. R. venenata, DC. (Poisof S. ou Dogwood.) Smooth, or nearly
80 ; leaflets 7-1'?, olxwate-oblong, entire. (R. Ve'rnix, L.) — Swam])s. June. —

^Shrub G°-1S° bi^h The nmst poisonous species: also called Poison Elder.

5. R. Toxicodendron, L. (Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.) Climbing
by rootlets o\ cr rocks, &c., or ascending trees ; hajhts 3, rhombic-ovate, njostly
pointed, and rather downy beneath, variously notched, sinuate, or eut-lobed, — or
else entire, then it is R. radlcans, L. — Thickets, low grounds, &c. Juna.

112 VITACE.E. (VINE FAMILY.)

§ 3. LOBADIUM, Raf. Flowers polygamo-diaxious, in dusUred scnlji-bracted

spiL-es like calkins, ptecrdim] the leaves : disk b-parted, large : fruit as in ^l, but

Jlatlish : harts ^-fuliolate. (Sot jioisonous.)

6. il. arom^tiea, Ait. (Fkaukant S.) Leaves pubescent when young,

thickisli wlien old; IcaHi-'ts 3, rhombic-ovate, unequally cut-toothed, the middle

one wedge-shaped at tlic base; flowers pale yellow. — Ury rocky soil, fVonv

Vermont westward and southward. April, May. — A straggling bush ; the

crushed leaves sweet-scented.

OitDEit 27. VITACE.E. (Vixk Family.)

Shrubs with ivalery juice, usuatlij climbing by tendrils, with small regular
Jluicers, a minute or truncated calyx, its limb mostly obsolete, and the stamens
as many as the valvule petals and opposite them I Berry 2-celled, usualUj 4-
seeded. — Petals 4-5, very deciduous, hypogynous or perigynous. Fila-
ments slender : anthers introrse. Pistil with a short style or none, and a
slightly 2-lobed stigma: ovary 2-eelled, with 2 erect anatropous ovules
li'oiu the base of each cell. Seeds bony, with a minute embryo at the base
of the hard albumen, which is grooved on one side. — Stipules deciduous.
Leaves palmately veined or compound : tendrils and flower-clusters oppo-
site the leaves. Flowers small, greenish. (Young shoots, foliage, &c.,
acid.) — Consists of Vitis and one or two nearly allied genera.

1. VITIS, Touni. Gkape.

Calyx very short, usunlly with a nenrly entire border or none at all, filled with
an adnate fleshy disk which bears the petals and stamens. — Flowers in a com-
pound tiiyrsus ; pedicels mostly umbellate-clustered. (The classical Latin name.)
§ I. VITIS proper. Petals 5, cohering at tJie top, spparating at the base, and so
the corolla usually falls officilhoiit expanding: 5 thick glands or lobes of the disk
altcrmitivg ivilh the stamens: flowers polygamous or dioecious in all the Americm
sjiecies, exhaling a fragrance like tlmt of Mignonette: leaves simple, rounded and
heart-shapid, often variously and variably lobed.

* Tjraves wooUy beneath, when lobed having obtuse or rounded sinuses.

1. V. Labrusca, L. (Northeux Fox-Guai'E.) Branddels and young
leaves very woolly: leaves continuing rusiy-ivoolly beneath ; fertile panicles compact;
bcrrii-s large. — Moist thickets: common. June. Fruit ripe in Se])t. or Oct.,
diirk purple or amber-color, with a tough musky pulp. Improved by cultivation,
it has given rise to the Isabella, Catawba, Concord, and other varieties.

2. v. aestivalis, Mich.x. (Summer Grape.) Young leaves downy ivith
loose cobivebby hairs beneath, smoothish when old, green above; fertile panicles com-
pound, long and slender: ben-icx sm/f//, black with a bloom. — Thickets: com-
mon. M:iy, June. — Berries pleasant, ripe in Oct.

♦ * Leaves smooth or nearly so and bright green both sid(S, commonly pubescent on the
rein^i beneath, either incisdy lobed or undivided.

3. V. cordifblia, Michx. (Winter or Frost Grape.) Leaves thin.

KIIAMXACK.t. (bUCKTIIOUN FAMILY.) 113

not shininjj, heart-shaped, aeuminatc, siiarply and coarselj' toothed, often ob-
scurely 3-lubcd ; jKinirlis cniiifioidal, lun/e tiitd hose; lii-rn'cs siikiII, Idiic or Idack
with a hloom, vcn/ acerb, ripening' after frosts. — V;ir. imiXkia, has the leaves
broader and eut-Jobed. (V. riparia, Miclix.) — 'J likkits iiinl rivur-bauks : com-
nion. May, June. — Flowers very sweet-scented.

4. V. vulpina, L. (Muscadine or Sorriii;i!N Fox-Gijapk.) Lenvrs
shiiiiiuj both sides, small, rounded with a heart-shaped base, very coarsely toothed
with broad and bluntish teeth, seldom lobed ; ]>titiicles simdl, densel if flowered ;
berries lanje (j'-i|' in diameter), musky, purplish without a bloom, with a thick
and toufih skiu, ri])e early in autumn. — Hiver-banks, Maryland to Kentucky and
southward. May. — Bark of stem close, not separatinj: in strips as in the other
species. Branchlets minutely warty. This is the original of the Scitppertiotig
Grape, &c.

§ 2. 'CISSUS, L. Petals (5 in mir species) expanding before or when they fall:
disk thick and broad, usually 4 - 5-lobed : flowers commonly perfect : tendrils
fwer.

5. V. indivisa, AVilld. Nearly glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or truncate
at the base, coarsely and sharjdy toothed, acuminate, not lobed ; panicle snuiU
and loose; style slender; berries of the size of a pea, 1-3-sceded. — River-
banks, West Virginia, Ohio, and southward. June.

6. V. bipinn^ta, Torr. & Gray. Nearly glabrous, Imshy and rather u])-
right ; leares twice pinnate or ternate, the leaflets cut-toothed ; flowers cymose ;
calyx 5-toothed ; disk very thick, adherent to the ovary; berries black, obovate.
— Rich soils, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward.

2. AMPELOPSIS, .Michx. Virginian CRicErER.

Calyx slightly 5-toothed. Petals concave, thick, expanding before they fall.
Disk none. — Leaves digitate, with 5 oblong-lanceolate sparingly serrate leaf-
lets. Flower-elnsters eymose. Tendrils fixing themselves to trunks or walls by
dilated suckcr-likc disks at their tips. (Name from dpnf'Kos, a vine, and oyj/is,
ap/iearauie. )

1. A. quinquef61ia, Michx. — A common woody vine, in low or rich
grounds, climbing extensively, sometimes by rootlets as well as by its disk-
bearing tendrils, blo>soming in July, ripening its small blackish berries in
October. Also called Amerlrnn Try, and still less appropriately, Woodbine.
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.

Order 28. KIIAITINACE^. (IkicKTiioRX Family.)

Shrubs or small In^es, with sitnjde leaves, small and regular floicers (^some-
times apelalous), with the 4 or 5 perigynous stamens as many as the valvate
sep(ds and alternate with them, accordingly opposite the petals .' Drape or
poll with only one erect seed in each cell, not arilled. — Petals folded in-
wards in the bud, hooded or concave, in.serted alonp with the stamens
into the edge of the fleshy disk wliich lines the siiort tid)e of the calyx
and sometimes unites it to the lower part of the 2 - 5-celled ovary.
L & M— -J.-.

114 RIIAMNACK^. (buckthorn FAMILY.)

Ovules solitary, anatropons. Stigmas 2 - 5. Embryo large, wiUi broad
cotyledons, in sparing fleshy albumen. — Flowers often polygamous, some-
times dia'cious. Leaves mostly alternate : stipules small or obsolete.
Branches often thorny. (Slightly bitter and astringent : the fruit often
mucilaginous, commonly rather nauseous or drastic.)

» Calyx and disk free from the ovary.

1. Berclieinia. Petals sessile, entire, as long as the calyx. Drupe with thin flesh and a

'i-celleil bony j>utiimen.

2. Rhaninus. Petals small, short-clawed, notched, or none. Drupe berry-like, with the

2-4 separate seed-like nutlets concave on the back : cotyledons leaf-like, revolute.

3. Fran|;ula. Petals, &c. as in No. 2. Seed-like nutlets convex on the back: cotyledons

flat, fleshy.

♦ * Calyx with the disk adherent to the base of the ovary.

4. Ceanothu8. Petals long-clawed, hooded. Fruit dry, at length dehiscent.

1. BERCHEMIA, Neeker. SriTLE-jAcic.

Calyx with a very short and roundisli tube ; its lobes C(iualling the 5 oblong
sessile acute petals, longer than the stamens. Disk very thick and flat, filling
the calyx-tube and covering the ovary. Drupe oblong, with thin flesh and a
bony 2-celled putamen. — Woody high-climbing twiners, with the pinnate veins
of the leaves straight and parallel, the small grcenish-wbite flowers in small
panicles. (Name unexplained, probably jjersonal.)

1. B. VOlubilis, DC. Glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, scarcely
serrulate; style short. — Damp soils, Virginia, and southward. June. — As-
cending tall trees. Stems toug-b and very lithe, whence the popular name.

2. RHAMNUS, Tuurn. Blcktiiorn.

Calyx 4 - 5-cleft ; the tube campannlate, lined with the disk. Petals small,
short-clawed, notched at the end, wrapped around the short stamens, or some-
times none. Ovary free, 2-4-celled. Drupe berry-like (blackj, containing 2-
4 separate seed-like nutlets, of cartilaginous texture, which are grooved on
the back, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaceous, the margins revolute.
— Shrubs or small trees, with loosely pinnatcly veined leaves, and greenish
polygamous or dioecious flowers, in axillary clusters. (The ancient Greek
name, from the numerous branchlets.)

* Tjobes of the ca/i/.r, petnls, and stamens 4.

1. R. cathArtici's, L. (Co^imon nicKTUORN.) Leaves orate, minutely
serrate; J'mit S-4-seedefl; branchlets thorny. — Cultivated for hedges; spar-
ingly naturalized eastward. May, June. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. R. laneeolatUS, Pursh. leaves obloivj-lanroohite and acute, or on flow-
ering shoots oblong and obtuse, finely serrulate, suiootli or n)inutely downy
beneath; petals deeply notched ; _//«/< 2-seeded. Hills and liverbanks, Penn.
(Mcrcersburg, Prof. Green) to Illinois, and westward. May. — Shrub tall, not
thorny ; the yellowish-green fiowcrs of two forms on distinct plants, both per-
fect : one with the short pedicels clustered in the axils and with a short in-
cluded style ; the other with the pedicels oftener solitary, the style longer and
cxserted.

CELASTHACRyE. (STAIK-TREK FAMILY.) 115

♦ * Loins of the cnlifr and stamrna 5 : petalu ivantintj.
3. R. alnifblius, Llk-r. A low shnil), k-avcs oval, at-iitf, scrrati-, nearly
straiylit-VfiiR'd : Iriiit 3-^c^.•ll^.■d. — lS\vaiiii»s, Maine to IVnii., Illinois, and norili-
ward. June.

3. FRANGULA, Tourn. ALDKn-BrcKxiioRx.

Sccd.< not grooved or eoneave (hut convex) on the haek. Cotyledons plane,
thiek. Flowers pert'eet; the lohes of the calyx, petals, ar.d stamens almost
always 5. Leaves with nearly straight parallel veins. Otherwise as in llhaiu-
nus. (Name from Jhiiigo, to hreak, in allusion to the brittleness of the stems.)

1. P. Caroliniaua, Gray. Thornless shrub or small tree ; leaves (3' -5'
long) oblong, obseurely serrulate, nearly glabrous, deeiduous ; flowers in one
form umbelled, in another solitary in the axils, short-jjeduneled ; drupe globose,
3-sceded. — Secaueus swamp, New Jersey, Dr. Post, W. II. Liij<iM, ami river-
banks. Virginia to Kentueky and southward. June.

4. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jeksey Tea. Red-root.

Calyx 5-lobed ; the lobes colored and incurved ; the lower part with the thick
disk cohering with the ovary, the upper separating across in fruit. Petals
hooded, spreading, on slender claws longer than the calyx. Filaments also
elongated. Fruit 3-lobcd, dry and sijlitting into its 3 carpels when ripe. Seed
as in Frangula. — Shrubby plants; the flowers in little umbel-like clusters,
which arc crowded in dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of naked flower-
branches : caly.x and pedicels colored like the petals. ( An obscure name in
Theophrastus, jirobably missiiollod.)

1. C Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tea.) Leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, 3-ribbed, serrate, downy beneath, often heart-shaped at the base :
common peduncles elongated. —Dry woodlands. July. — Stems 10-3° liigh
from a dark red root : branches downy. Flowers in ])rotty white elustei-s. —
The leaves were used for tea during the American Kevolutiou ; and the manu-
facture has been recently revived in IVnnsylvania.

2. C. OV^lis, Bigelow. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical-lanceolate, finely
glandular-serrate, glabrous or nearly so, as well as the short common pedimcles.
— Dry rocks, W. Vermont to Wisconsin, and westward. May. — The white
flowers laiger than in No. 1, more corymbed : leaves narrower, smooth, mostly
acute at both ends.

Okder 29. CELASTRACE.E. (Staff-tree Family.)

SJirub.f with .simple leaven, and .^Jiiall 7-ef/uInr flowers, the sepah and the
petah both imbricated in the hud, the 4 or o perignnoua stamens as many as
the petals and alternate icith them, inserted on a disk which fills the bottom
of the cali/x and sometimes covers the ovari/. Seeds arilled. — Ovules one
or lew (erect or pendulous) in each cell, anatropoiis : styles united into
one. Fruit 2-5-celled, free from the calyx. Embryo large, in fleshy
albumen : cotyledons broad and thin. Stijjules niluutc and fu-jacious.
Pedicels jointed. — Represented hy two genera.

116 SAPINDACE>«. (soapberry FAMILY.)

\l. CELASTRUS, L. Stafftkee. SiiRrnnv Bitter-sweet.

I Flowers ])()ly;;aiiio-(li(i'(ious. Petals (crenulate) and stamens 5, inserted on
the margin of a eiip-sluipcd disk which lines the base of the calyx. I'od glo-
lx)se (oranjie-eolor and berry-like), 3-eclled, 3-valved, loculicidal. Seeds I or 2
in each cell, erect, enclosed in a pulpy scarlet aril. — Leaves alternate. Flowers
small, greenish, in raceme-like clusters terminating the branches. (An ancient
Greek name for some evergreen, which our plant is not.)

1. C. scandens, L. (Wax-wouk. Climuing Bitter-swef.t ) Twin-
ing shrub; ICaves ovatc-oblong, finely serrate, pointed. — Along streams and
thickets. June. — The opening orange-colored pods, displaying the scarlet
covering of the seeds, are very ornamental in autumn.

2. EU6nYMUS, Tourn. Spindle-tree.

Flowers perfect. Sepals 4 or 5, united at the base, forming a short and flat
calyx. Petals 4-5, rounded, spreading. Stamens very short inserted on the
edge or face of a broad and flat 4-5-angled disk, which coheres with the calyx
and is stretched over the ovary, adhering to it more or less. Style short
or none. Pod 3 - 5-lobed, 3 - 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds 1 - 4 in each cell,
enclosed in a red aril. — Shrubs, with 4-sided branchlets, opposite serrate
leaves, and loose cymes of small flowers on axillary peduncles. (Derivation
from ev. good, and ovofia, name, because it has the bad reputation of poisoning
cattle. Tourn.)

1. E. atropurpureus, Jacq. (Burxing-Bush. Waahoo.) Shrub
tall |6°-14° high) and upright; leaves petioled, oval-oblong, pointed; parts of
the (dark-purple) flower commonly in fours; /Ws smooth, deeply lobed. — 'Kcvf
York to Wisconsin and southward: also cultivated. June. — Ornamental in
autumn, by its copious crimson fruit, drooping on long peduncles.

2. E. Americanus, L. (Strawberry Bish.) Shrub low, upright or
straggling (2° - 5° high) ; leaves almost si'ssile, titicktsh, bright green, varying
from ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or pointed ; parts of the greenish-purple
flowers mostly in fives ; pods roiirjh-ivarti/, depressed, crimson when ripe ; the
aril scarlet. — Wooded river-banks, S. and W. Kew York to Illinois and south-
ward. June.

Var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray. Trailing, with rooting branches ; flower-
ing stems lo-2° high ; leaves thin and dull, obovate or oblong. (E. obovatus,
Nutt.) — Low or wet places : the commoner form.

Ordkr 30. SAPIXDACE^. (Soapberry Family.)

Trees, shriihs, tcith shnple or compound leaves, moslli/ imsymmetrical and
often irregular floxoers ; the 4-5 sepals and petals both imhricated in a:sti-
vation: the 5-10 stamens inserted on a fleshy (perigi/nous or /ii/pof/i/nons)
disk; a 2-3-celled and lohed ovary, tcith 1-2 (or rarely more) ovules in
each cell; and the embryo (except Staphylea) curved or convolute, without
albumen. — A large and diverse order, the true Sapindaceae principally
tropical, here represented only by the Buckeyes.

SAriNDACK.E. (sOAPBKUUY FAMILY.) 117

SunoRDKR I. STAPIIVLEACEiE. Bi.Ani>r.u-NrT Famii-y.

Flowers (perfect) regular : stamens as many as the petals. Ovules 1 -8
in eaeh cell. Seeds bony, with a straight embryo in scanty albumen. —
Shrubs with oi)posite pinnately compound leaves, both stijiulate and sti-
pellate.

1. Stnphylea. Lohes of the colored calyx and petals 5, erect. Stamens 5 Fruit a 3-celleil

bladdery-inflated pml.

Si-nouDKU II. SAPITVDACE.i: proper (including IIiitocastaxi:.!;.)

Flowers (often ])olygainous) mostly unsyminetrical and irregular ; the
stamens commonly more numerous than the petals or sepals, but rarely
twice as many. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Albumen none. Embryo
cinved or convolute, rarely straight : cotyledons thick and fleshy. — Leaves
alternate or sometimes opposite, destitute of stipules, mostly compound.

2. .^scuIhs. Calyx .l-lobed. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens commonly 7. Fruit a leathery pod.

L-aves opposite, digitate.

Si-iJORDKu III. ACERIWE.i:. INIaple Family.

Flowers (polygamous or dioecious) small, regular, but usually unsym-
metrical. Petals often wanting. Ovary 2-lobed and 2-celled, with a pair
of ovules in edch cell. Winged fruits 1-seeded. Albumen none. Em-
bryo coiled or folded ; the cotyledons long and thin. — Leaves opposite,
simple or compound.

3 Acer. Flowers polygamous. Leaves simple, or rarely dijritatidy compounil.
4. Nrgilililo. Flowers diuecious. Leaves pinnate, with 3 5 leaflets.

1. STAPHYLEA, L. Bl.vdder-Xut.

Calyx deeply ."j-imrtid, the lolics erect, wiiitish. Petals 5, erect, spatulatc,
inserted on the nuirjiin of tiie thick perifrynous disk which lines the l)asc of the
calyx. Stamens .'), alternate with the petals. Pistil of 3 scvcral-oviiled carpels,
united in the axis, their loii<; styles lightly cohering. Pod larjxc, meiuhrana-
ccous, inflated, Sdobed, 3-eellcd, at length InirstiuH' at the summit ; the cells
contiuninp; 1-4 bony anatrojjous seeds. Aril none. Kmbryo large and straight,
in scanty albumen ; cotyledons broad and thin. — Upright shrubs, with o|)posite
pinnate leaves of 3 or 5 serrate leaflets, and white flowers in drooping raceme-
like clusters, tcnninatin;; the branelilets. Sti[)ules and stipels deciduous. {Name
from (TT(i(f)vXTi, (I rlitstcr.)

1. S. trif61ia, L. (Amkukax Blamm-.h-mt.) Leaflets 3, ovate,
pointed. — Thickets, in moist soil. May. — Shrub 10° high, with greenish
striped branches.

2. ..ffiSCULUS, L. IIonsK-niKSTNUT. Blckeye.

Calyx tubular, 5-lol)C(l, often rather oblicpic or {jribbous at the base. Petals
4, sometimes 5, more or less unequal, with claws, nearly hypogynous. Stamena

118 SAPIXDACIC^E. (sOArUKURT FAMILY.)

7 (rarely 6 or 8) : filaments long and slender, often unequal. Style 1 : ovary
3-eellcd, witli '2 ovules in eaeli, only one of whieli, or one in eaeli cell, forms a
seed. Seed very lar<re, with a tiiiek and siiining eoat, and a large and round
pale sear, wiiliout alliunien. Cotyledons very thiek and fleshy, their eontiguous
faees more or less united, remaining under ground in germination : plumule 2-
leaved : radiele eurved. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves op])osite, digitate : leaflets
sciTate, straight-veined, like a Chestnut-leaf. Flowers in a terminal thyrsus or
dense jianiele, often fiolygamous, the greater portion with imperfeet pistils and
sterile. Pedieels jointed. Seeds farinaeeous, hut imluied with a bitter and
nareotie prineiple. (Tiie ancient name of some Oak ur other mast-bearing
tree.)

§1. ^SCULUS proper. Fruit covered with prickles when tjofuij.
1. JB. IIirroi.VsTAM M, L. (Common IIousk-ciiestnut.) Corolla
spreading, white spotted with purple and yellow, of 5 petals ; stamens deelined ;
leaflets 7. — Commonly ])lanted. (xVdv. from Asia via En.)

2. S^. glabra, Willd. (Fktid or Ohio Buckeyk.) Stamens curved,
longer than the ])ale yellow eorolla of 4 upright petals; leaflets 5. — River-
banks, AV. I'enn. and Virginia to Jfiehigan and Kentucky. June. — A large
tree; the bark exhaliTig an unpleasant odor, as in the rest of the genus. Flow-
ers small, not showy.

§ 2. PA VIA, Boerhaavc. Fruit smooth : petals 4, connivinrj ; the 2 upper- smaller
and longer than the others, icith a small and rounded blade on a very long chnu.

3. ^. fl^va, Ait. (Sweet Buckeye.) Stamens indudnl in the yellow
corolla; cali/.r oli/ont/-rani/innnhite ; leaflets .5, sometimes 7, glabrous, or often
minutely downy underneath. — Rich woods, Virginia to Ohio, Indiana, and
southward. May. A large tree or a shrub.

Var. purpui'ascens. Flowers (both calyx and corolla) tinged with flesh-
color or dull purple ; leaflets commonly downy brneath. (JE. discolor, Pursh.)

— From West Vii-giuia southward and westward.

4. ^. Pavia, Jj. (Red Buckeye.) Stamens not longer than the co-
rolla, which is bright red, as well as the tubular cali/.r ; leaflets glal)rous or soft-
downy beneath. — Fertile valleys, Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May.

— A shrub or small tree.

3. ACER, Tourn. Maple.

Flowers polygamo-dirreions. Calyx colored, .5- (rarely 4 - 12-) lobed or parted.
Petals either none, or as many as the lobes of the calyx, equal, with short claws
if any, inserted on the margin of Uie lobed disk, which is either pcrigynous or
hypogynous. Stamens 3-12. Ovary 2-celled, with a pair of ovules in each :
styles 2, long and slender, united only below, stigmatie down the inside. From
the back of each ovary grows a wing, converting the fruit into two 1 -seeded, at
length .separable samaras or keys. Seed without albumen. Embryo variously
coiled or folded, with large and thin cotyledons. — Trees, or sometimes shrubs,
with o])posite ])almately-lobed leaves, and small flowers. Pedicels not jointed.
(The classical name, from the Celtic ac, hard.)

SATINDACKvE. (SOAPBICKUY FAIMILV.) 1 1 'J

♦ J-'lotfi'is ill tinniiKil ranini's, greenish, appearing after the leaves: stamens 6-8.

1. A. Pennsylv^nicum, L. (Stru'kd Mai-i.k.) Ix-avcs 3-Iohe<l at
the ajjcx, finely iiiul sliurply doubly serrate; the short lohes taper-pointed and
also serrate; racmus ihoopiiKj, fixise ; pitnls olionite ; Cniit with larye divcrj^in;^
win-s. (A. striatum, Loin) — Rich woixls, Maine to Wiseonsin, and south-
ward aloii;,' the Aile;,^hanii's to X'iri^iiiia and KcntiRky. June. — A .small and
slendir truu, with li;;ht-j;reeii barli stri|jed with dark lines, and ■,-reeiiish flowers
and Iruit. Also railed Striped IkKjinmil and Moosi- Wood.

2. A. spicitum, Lam. (Molntain M.) Leaves downy underneath,
3- (or slightly .')-) lohed, coarsely serrate, the lobes taper-j)ointed ; racemes vp-
riijht, dense, .somewhat eonipound ; petals liiiear-sjHitiilate ; fruit with small very
divergent wings. (A. montanum, yl<7.) — Moist woods, with the same range
as No. I. June. — A tall shrui), forming clumps.

* * F/otrrrs iiiiiJx Hiite-coripiilied, greenish-ijeUow, appearing with the leaves.

3. A. saccharinum, Wang, j; Sugar or Rock M.) Tx-avcs 3 - S-lobed,
witii rounded siiiiivcs and ]ii)inted sparingly sinuate-toothed lobes, either heart-
sliapid or nearly truncate at the base, whitish and smooth or a little downy on
the veins bi'neath ; flowers from terminal leaf-bearing and lateral leafless buils,
'irooping on very slender hairy pedicels ; calyx hairy at the apex ; petals none ;
wings of the fiuit broad, slightly diverging. — Hieh woods, esjieeially north-
ward and along the mountains southward. April, May. — A large and hand-
some tree.

Var. nigrum. (Black Sugar-M.) Leaves scarcely paler beneath, but
often minutely downy, the lobes wider, the sinus at the base often closed. (A.
nigrum, Michx.) — With the ordinary form

# * * Flowers in umbel-lilr clusters arisiiig from separate lateral Inids, and much
}irccediiig tlie leaves : stamens 3-0

4. A. dasye^rpum, Ehrhart. (White or Sii.vi.u INI.) Lmres rcrij
difjili/ r^-loJxd with the sinuses rather acute, silvery-white (and when young
downy) underneath, the divisions narrow, cut-Iobed and toothed ; flowers
(greenish-yellow) on short ])edieels ; petak none ; fruit ivoolli/ trhen young, with
large divergent wings. — Hiver-banks ; most common southward and westward.
March- April. — A fine ornamental tree.

5. A. rtlbrum, L. (Ri;n or Swamp M.) Z^i'fs 3-5 /o6c</, with acute
sinuses, whitish underneath ; the lobes irregularly serrate and notched, lu-iite,
the middle one usually longest ; petals linear-ohlong ; flowers (scarlet, crimson,
or .sometimes yellowish) on very short ))edicels ; but the smooth fruit on pro-
longed drooping pedicels. — Swamps and wet woods. Ajiril. — A small tree,
with reddish twigs; the leaves varying greatly in shape, turning bright crini-
.son in early autumn.

4. NEGUNDO, Mandi. Asn-Li:AVF.n Maplk. Box-Eldkr.

Flowers dia'cious. Calyx minute, 4 -.5Hdeft. 'Petals none. Stamens 4 -.5.
Disk none. — Sterile flowers in clusters on ca))illary )>ediecls, the fertile la
drooping racemes, from lateral buds. Leaves pinnate, with 3 or 5 leaflets*.
(Name unmeaning.)

1-0 . i , I'OLYGALACK.K. (mII.KAVORT FAJIILV.)

1. N. aceroides, IMocnch. (Acer Ncgumlo, L.) Leaflets smoothish
when old, very veiny, ovate, jjointeil, toothed ; fruit .smooth, with large rather
incurved A>iii^s. — lliver-hnnks. l\'nusylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.
April. — A .-niail hut handsome tree, with li<;ht-green twigs, and very delicate
drooping clusters of small greenish flowers, rather earlier tiian the leaves.

Okdi-.k 31. POI.YGALACE.1E. (Milkwout Family.)

Plants n-ith irregular hijpogynous Jlowcrs, 4-8 dkulclphous or monatlel-
phous stamens, their l-celled anthers openiiKj at the top hi/ a pore or chink- ;
the fruit a 2-celled and 2-seeded pod. — Kepresented in this country only
by the ;^enus

1. POIjYGALA, Tourn. Milkwort.

Flower very irregular. Calyx ])ersistent, of .5 se])als, of uliicii ."5 (the iip]ier
and the 2 lower) are buiall and often greenish, while the two lateral or inner
(called wiiiffs) arc much larger, and colored like the j)etals. Petals .'5, hypogy-
iious, connected with each other and with the stamen-tube, the middle (lower)
one keel-shaped and often crested on the back. Stamens 6 or 8 : their filaments
united below into a split sheath, or into 2 sets, cohering more or less with the
petals, free above: anthers l-celled, often cup-shaped, opening by a hole or
broad chink at the apex. Ovary 2-celled, with a single anatropous ovule pen-
dulous in each cell : style prolonged and curved : stigma various. Fruit a
sni.iU, loculicidal 2-see(led pod, usually rounded and notched at the apex, much
flattened contrary to the very narrow partition. Seeds with a caruncle, or va-
riously shaped aj)pendage, at the liilum. Embryo large, straight, with flat and
hroad cotyledons, surrounded by a sparing albumen. — Bitter plants (low herbs
in temperate regions), with simple entire often dotted leaves, and no stipules :
sometimes (as in the last two species) bearing concealed flowers next the ground,
which are fertilii«.'d in the closed bud. (An old name composed of TroXvy, much,
and yuKa, milk, from a fancied property of its increasing this seci-etion.)

§ 1. Biennials or annuals, with alternate leaves, and yellow flowers, which axe dis-
2»>s:d to turn greenish in dnjimj: crest of the ktel [lower petal) small : flowerinrj
all summiT.

1. P. lutea, L. Low; flowers [bright orangr-jjcllow) in solitary ovale or ohloiuj
heads (:]' thick,) terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves (1'- 2' long) ob-
ovate or spatulate ; lobes of the caruncle nearly as lung as the seed. — Sandy swamps,
New Jersey and .southward, near the coast.

2. P. rambsa, Ell. Flou-ers [citron-yellow) in numerous short and dense spik-e-
//7ce racfmes collected in a flat-topped cow/;o«Hf/ cyme; leaves oblong-linear, the
lowest spatulate or obovate ; seeds ovoid ; minutely hairy, twice the Inigth of the
caruncle. (P. cymosa, Poir., not of Walt. P. corymbosa, Nntt.) — Damp pine-
barrens, Delaware and southward. (The allied P. cy.m^sa, Walt., which is
P. graminifolia, Pair., P. attenuata, Nntt. and 1*. acutifolia, Torr. cj- Gray, —
known by its simpler cymes, stem naked above, narrower leaves, and globu-
lar seeds with no caruncle, — may occur in S. Virginia.)

POLYGALACE.'E. (mII.KW»;KT FAMILY.) 121

§ 2. Aiiniial.t, wilh all the Icnvrx alternate: floirern in spikes, heads, or raremes termi-

ntUin'i the stem or liranvhrs, piir/ile or rosc-^edor , in summer: none suitcrraneun.
» Corolla consjiintouslij creMid on the led: the clau-s of the, true jictals united into a
loiK) and slender cleft tulw much siir/iassinf/ the wim/s.

3. P. incarilclta, L. Glaucous ; stem slender, sparingly branched ; leaves
minute and liuearawl-shaj)ed ; spike cylindrical; flowers flesh-color; caruncle
longer th:m the narrow stJilk of llic hairy seed. — Dry soil, I'enn. to Wisconsin
and southward ; rather rare.

« » Corolla minutilji or inconspicuously crested ; the true petcds not lonrjer but mostli/
shortir than the winrjs : seed pear-shaped.

4. P. sanguinea, L. Stem sparingly branched above, leafy to the top ;
leaves ohlon(/-liii<nr ; luads (/lolntlar, at lenijlh oblonf/, very dense (4" -5" thick),
bright red-i)uri)le (rarely paler or even white) ; pedicels scarcely any ; winfjs
Iroadli/ ovuti', closilij sessile, longer than the pod ; the 2-parteil caruncle almost
equalling the seed. — Sandy and moist groimd : common.

5. P. fastigi^ta, Xutt. Stem slender, at length corymbosely branched;
haves mirroirli/ linear, small ; spikes short and dense (3" in diameter) ; the small
rose-purple flowers on ;)e(f/ce/s q/" atewi the temjth of the pod ; wings obovatc- or
oval-oblong, narrowed at the base, scarcely exceeding the pod ; bracts deciduous
with the flowers or fruits ; caruncle as long as and nearly enveloping the stalk-
like base of the minutely hairy seed. (P. sanguinea. Ton-. <j- Gr., cxcl. syn. ;
not of Xutt., nor L.) — Pine barrens of New Jersey (Xuttull) and Delaware
to Kentucky and southward.

6. P. Nuttillii, Torr. & Gr. (F/. 1,;). 670, cxcl. syn. & descr.) Resembles
the last, but usually lower; spikes more cylindrical; flowers duller or greenish
purple, on shorter pedicels ; the awl-sliapcd scaly bracts persistent on the axis after
the flowers or fruits fall ; seed very hairy, the caruncle snudler. (P. sanguinea,
Nutt., not of L. P. Mariana, &c., Pluk. t. 437. P. anibigua, Torr. ,J- Gr. FL,
not o( Nutt.) — Dry sandy soil, coast of Massachusetts to Kentucky and south-
ward. — Spike sometimes rather loose.

7. P. Curtissii, n. sp. Slender (9' high) ; leaves, &c., as in the two pre-
ceding ; flowers rose-purple, in elongated and loose racemes ; the ascending pedicels
and the narrow oblong erect wings full i/ twice the length of the pod ; bracts persistent,
those of the lower and remoter flowers foliaccous ; caruncle small, on one side
of the stalk-like base of the very hairy seed, which is con.tpicuousli/ apicnhite at
the broader end. — Near Alexandria, Virginia, A. II. Curliss. — Most re'ated to
P. Chapmanii of Florida.

§ 3. Anmials with at lea.'it the lower stem/eaves irhorhd in fours, sometimes in Jives:

spikes terminating the stem and Inuinrhes ; ft. .<tummer and autumn.
* Spikes short and thick (4" - 9" in diameter ; the a.ris rough with the squarrose bracts

persisting after the fall of the (middle-sized) rose or greenish purple flowers: crest

of the keel small.

8. P. CrUCi^ta, L. Stems (3' -10' high) almost winged at the angles,
with spreading opposite branches ; leaves nearly n!! in fours, linear and some-
what spatulate or oblanceolate ; spikes sessile or nearli/ so, wings broad/;/ deltoid-
ovate, slightly hart-shajted, tapering to a bristly point, or rarely pointless; caruncle

G M— 6

122 POLYGALACE.E. (M'.LIvWOUT FAMILY.)

nearly as long as the seed. — Margin of swamps, Maine to Virginia and south-
ward near the coast, and along tiie Great Lakes.

9. P. brevifdlia, Nutt. Rather slender, branched above ; leaves scattered
on the liraiuhes, narrower; s/iiLes pidundcd; icinjs lanccolate-orale, jiointkss or
J<o.rtli/ mmroitate. — Margin of sandy bogs, Rhode Island ( Olncij), New Jersey, and
southward. Too near the last.

* * Sjiihes slender [itlout 2" tluck), the bracts faUimj ivith the Jhirrrs, which are
siiKill, (jrtenish-irhite ur bardij tiii(j(d With purple, the crest of the keel limjer.

10. P. verticillilta, L. Slender (6'- 10' high), much branched; stem-
leaves all whorled, those of the branches scattered, linear, acute; spikes pcduncled,
dense, acute; ivintjs, round, clawed; the 2-lobcd caruncle half the length of the
seed. — Dry soil : common.

11. P. ambigua, Nutt. Very slender, loosely branched ; lowest stem-le>ives
in fours, the rat scattered ; spikes lomppeduncltd, more slender, the flowers often
purplish and scattered ; wimjs oval.; caruncle shorter ; otherwise nearly as in
No. 10, — of which it is jjrobably a mere variety. — Dry soil, from New York
and Pennsylvania southward.

§ 4. Perennial, with alternate leaves throurjhout, and ichite flowers in a solitary close
spike : no subterranean blossoms.

12. P. S6nega, L. (Seneca Sxakekoot.) Stems several from thick
and hard knotty rootstocks, simple (G'-12' high) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, with rough margins ; flowers almost sessile ; wings round-obovatc,
concave ; crest short ; caruncle nearly as long as the seed. — Rocky soil, W.
New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

Var. Iatif61ia, Torr. & Gray. Taller, sometimes branched ; leaves ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, 2' -4' long, tapering to each end. — Maryland to Kentucky.

§ 5. Biennials and perennials, ivith shoici/, rose-purple, conspicuoiisli/ crested flowers ;
also bearing colorless and inconspicuous more fertile ones, irith imperfect corollas,
feitilized in the bud, on subterranean branches.

13. P. polygama, Walt. Stems numerous from the biennial root, mostly
simple, ascending, very leafy (6' to 9' high) ; leaves oblanceolute or oblong, alternate ;
terminal raceme many-flowered, the broadly obovate wings longer than the keel ;
stamens 8 ; radical flowers racemed on short runners beneath the ground ; lobes
of the caruncle 2, scale-like, shorter than the seed. — Dry sandy soil ; common
eastward. July.

14. P. paueifdlia, Willd. Prrwnm/,- flowering stems short (3' -4' high),
rising from long and slender jn-ostrate or subterranean shoots, which also bear
concealed fertile flowers ; lower leaves small and scale-like, scattered : the upper
leaves ovate, petiokd, crowehd at the summit of the stem; flowers 1 -3, large, pe-
dunclcd ; wings obovate, rather shorter than the conspicuously fringe-crested
keel; stamens 6; caruncle of 2 or 3 awl-shaped lobes longer than the seed; —
Woods, in light soil, especially northward, extending southward along the Al-
leghanies. May. — A delicate plant, with hirge and very handsome flowers, 9"
long, rose-purple, or rarely pure white. Sometimes called Flowering -Winter-
green, but more appropriately Fringed Rolygala.

LKGUMINOSyi:. (I'ULSK FAMILY.) 123

Ouni-.K 32. LEGlIIfllNOS.I]. (Pclsic Family.)

Plants wilft papilionaceous or soinctimcs regular Jtower.i, 10 (rarely 5 and
snnielimes mam/) mouailelphous, t/iaih^'phous, or rarelij distinct slarnens, and
a .-ingle simple free pistil, becoming a legume in fruit. Seeds mostlg tcithoul
albumen. Leaves alternate, with stipules, usually compound. One of tlie
sepals inft'rior (i. e. next the bract) ; one of tlie petals superior (i. e. next
the axis of the inflorescence). — A very large order (nearly free from
noxioius (jualities), of which tlie principal representatives in northern tem-
perate regions belong to the fii-st of tiie three subordei-s it comprises.

Suborder T. PAPILIOIVACE.E. Proper Pulse Family.

Calyx of .5 sepals, more or less united, oi'tcn unequally so. Corolla peri-
gynous (inserted into tlie base of the calyx), of 5 irregular petals (or very
rarely fewer), imbricated in the bud, more or less difiimciXy jiapilionaceous,
i. e. witli the upper or odd petal, called the cexillum or standard, larger
than tlie others and enclosing them in the bud, usually turned backward
or spreading ; the two lateral ones, called the icings, oblitjue and exterior
to the two lower petals, which last are connivent and commonly more or
less coherent by their anterior edges, forming a body named the carina or
keel, from its resemblance to the keel or prow of a boat, and which usually
encloses the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, very rarely 5, inserted with
the corolla, monadelphous, diadelphous (mostly with 9 united in one set
in a tube which Is cleft on the upper side, i. e. next the standard, and the
tenth or up])er one separate), or occasionally distinct. Ovary 1 -celled, .some-
times 2-celled by an intrusion of one of the sutures, or transversely 2-
many-celled by cross-division into joints : style simjile : ovules amphitro-
pous, rarely anatropous. Cotyledons large, thick or thickish : radicle
incurved. — Leaves simple or simply compound, the earliest ones in ger-
mination usually opposite, the rest alternate : leaflets almost always (piite
entire. Flowers perfect, solitary and axillary, or in spikes, racemes, or
panicles. .

A. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.

Tribe I. GENISTEiE. Shrubs or herbs, novcr climbing, with simple or palmatfly com-
pound leaves, and peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Stamens monailelplious : an-
thers of two forms. I'od continuous.

1. L.U|>iliU8. Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Keel scythe-shaped, pointed. Po<l flat.

2. C'rotnlaria. Calyx 5-lobed. Keel scythe-sha|>ed, pointi-d. P. id inflated. Leaves simple.

3. Gciii8tn. Keel straight, deflexe<l. Pod usually flat. Li-aves simple.

Tribe II. TRIFOI..IK.aC. Herbs, not climbinR, with 3 -(rarely 5-7-) foliolate leaves,
the veinleff of the Iraflcls often TunninR int/i minute teeth, and the stipules united with the
bas?(if the ]>etiiile. Peduncles axillary. Stamens diadelphous : luithers uniform. Pod small
and 1 -few-seeded, or coiled.

4. Triruliiim. Flowers capitate. Pods membranaceous, 1-6-seeded. Petals adherent to

the stamen-tiibf.

5. Mi-Iilotiifi. Flowers racemed. Po<ls coriaceous, wrinkled, 1 -2-seeded.

6. Medicago. Flowers racemeil or ripifted. P<k1h curved or coik-d, 1 - few-seeded

124 LKGU.MINOS.E. (rULSIC FAMILY.)

Tribe III. GAI^EGEiK. Herbs or woody plants (twining only in No. 12), not temlril-
beiiiiii;.', with |)iiiiiate or siim<tiiiies imliiiiitely coni|>i>uiHl leaves. Stuineiis cliacUlplious or
rurcly moiiadilphnus : iintliers uiiitunn (or the 5 alternate ones sometimes smaller in
No. 7). Poilocontiiiuous, at least not transversely jointed.

• PSORALIE.E. Glaiidular-dolted shrubs or herbs. Ovary 1-3 ovuled ; the legume small

and indehiscent, 1-seedeil, rarely 'i-seeded.

7. PsoraU-a. Corolla truly papilionaceous. Stamens 10, more or less diadelphous, half of

the anthers often smaller or less perfect. Leaves 3 - 5-foliolate.

8. Dalea. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous. Stamens 9 or 10, raonadelphous ; the cleft

tube of filaments bearing 4 of the pi^tals about its middle. Leaves piunate.

9. Petalosltiiioii. Corolla scarcely at all papilionaceous. Stamens 5, raonadelphous;

the cleft tube of filaments bearing 4 of the petals on its summit. Leaves pinnate.

10. Aiiioi-plia. Corolla <rf only one peUil ! Stamens 10, monadelphous at the base. Leaves

pinnate.

• ♦ TJiPHKOSIE.Ti. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. Ovary several - many-ovuled -. pod flattened,

several-seeded, 2-varved. Leaves ])innate. Suindard large and br.jad.

11. Robinia. Wings of the corolki free from the keel. I'od flat, thin, margined on one edge.

Trees or shrubs : leaflets stipellate.

12. Wistaria. Wings free from tli^kcel. Pod tumid, marginless. Woody tivincrs : leaflets

obscurely stipellate.

13. Teplii-osia. Wings cohering with the keel. Pod flat, marginless. Herbs : leaflets not

stipellate.

• * » ASTRAO.\LE.E. Chiefly herbs, with pinnate leaves and axillary racemes or spikes. Pod

mostly turgid or inflated. Style beardless. Standard narrow, erect.

14. Astra^^aliis. Anthers distinctly 2celled. Keel not tipped with a point or sharp ap-

pendage. Pod turgid, with one or both the sutures turned in, sometimes dividing the ceJl
lengthwise into two.
15 Oxyti-npis. Keel of the corolla tipped with a point : otherwise as Astragalus.

16. Glycyri-hiza. Anthers with the two cells confluent. Pod short, few-seeded, nearly

indehiscent, glandular-prickly.
Tribe IV. HEDYSAUE.^. Herbs, with pinnate or pinnately 1 - 3-foliolate leaves,
not tendril-bearing. Anthers uniform, except in No. 21. Pod (loment) transversely 2 -sev-
eral-jointed, the reticulated 1-seeded joints remaining closed, or sometimes reduced to one

such joint.

» Leaves pinnate, with several leaflets, not stipellate.

17. .ffi.scliynomene. Stamens equally diadelphous (5 & 5). Caly.x 2-lipiied. Pod several-

jointed : joints square.

18. Hedysariim. Stamens unequally diadelphous (9 & 1). Caly.x 5-cleft. Pod several-

jointed : joints roundish.

« * Leaves pinnately 3-fnliolate, rarely 1-foliolate.

19. Desmndiiim. Stamens diadelphous (0 & 1) or monadelphous below. Calyx 2-lipped.

Pod several-jointed. Flowers all of one sort and complete Leaflets stipellate.

20. LespedeKn. Stamens diadeli)hous (9 & 1) : anthers uniform. Po.1 1 - 2-jointed. Flow-

ers often of 2 sorts, the more fertile ones apetalous. Leaflets not stipellate.

21. Stylosaiilhcs. Stamens monadelphous : anthers of 2 sorts. Pod 1 - 2-jointed. Calyx

deciduous, the tube narrow and stalk-like. Leaflets not stipellate.
Tribe V. VICIK.^. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, usually climbing, the common
leafstalk continued into a tendril or bristle. Peduncles axillary. Stamens chiefly diadc'lphous
(9 & 1). Pod continuous, 2-valved, few - several- seeded. Cotyledons very thick, remaining
under ground in germination.

22. Vlcla. Wings adherent to the keel. Style filiform, boarded with a tuft or ring of hair»

at the apex.

23. liathyriis. Wings nearly free. Style somewhat dilated and flattened upwards, bearded

down the inner face.

LEGUMINOS^. (rULSK FAMILY.) 12;")

Tribe VI. PHASEOI^E^. Twininp or sometimes only trailing plants (herbs In tem-
|>erate repioiis). willi piiinalely 3- (rarely 1- or 5 - 7-) foliolate leavi-s, commonly Blipillatc.
Peduncles or flowers axillary ; (he pedicels usually clustered on the thickened nodes of
the raceme. Anthers uniform. I'od continuous, not jointed, nor more than l-cclle<l, except
by cellular matter sometimes depositeil between the seeds, 2-va'.ved. Cotyledons thick, aud
rising above ground lUtle changed in gennination, or sometimes becoming foliuceous.
• Leaves pinnate.

12. Wistnrin. Woody twiner : Icaflfts 9 - 13 Keel barely incurved, obtuse.

24. Apios. Ikrbaccius twiner : leaflets 5-7. Keel slender and much incurved or colled.

• • Leaves 3-foliolate Ovules and seeds several. Flowers not yellow.

25. Pllngeolns. Keel strongly incurved or coiled: standard recurved-spreading. Style

beaniod lengthwise.
2G Ceiitrosema. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Standard with a spur at the base: keel broad,

merely i[icurved. Style minutely bearded next the stigma
27. Clitoi'ia. Calyx tubular, 5-lobed. Standard erect, spurless : keel scythe-shaped. Style

bearded down the inner face.
28 Aniplil<-ur|)iiea. Calyx tubular, 4 - 5-toothed. Standard erect : keel almost straight.

Style beardless. Some nearly apetalous fertile flowers next the ground.

29. Gulactin. Calyx 4-clert, the ui>per lobe broadest and entire. Style beardless. Bract

and bractlets minute, mostly deciduous.
• * • Leaves 1 - 3-foliolate. Ovules and seeds only one or two. Flowers yellow.

30. Rliyncliosia. Keel scythe-shaped. Calyx 4 - 5-i)arted. Pod short.

B. Stiiinens all .«t'paratc.

Tribe VII. SOPHOnEjE and PODALY[lIE:.aE:. Stamens 10, distinct ; the co-
rolla being truly papilionaceous.

31. Bnplisia. t'al.vx4-5-liil)ed. Pod inflated. Herbs: leaves palmately3-riiliolate or simple.

32. Cladrasllii. Calyx 5-toothed. Pod very flat. Tree, with pinnate leaves.

Suborder II. C.ESALPIl^flEiE. Brasiletto Family.
Corolla imperfectly or not at all papilionaceous, sometimes nearly regu-
lar, imbricated in the bud, the upper or odd petal inside and enclosed
by the others. Stamens 10 or fewer, commonly distinct, inserted on the
calyx. Seeds anatropous, often with albumen. Embryo straight.

» Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous, perfect.

33. Cercls. Calyx camjianulate, 5-toothed. Pod flat, wing-margined. Leaves simple.

• « Flowers not at all papilionaceous, perfect.

34. Cassia. Calyx of 5 nearly <listinct sepals. Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate.

• • » Flower:) not at all papilion.iceous, polygamous or did'cious.

35. Gymnocladtis. Tree: leaves all doubly pinnate Calyx-tube elongated, at its sum-

mit bearing 5 |H>tals resembling the calyx-lobes. Stjimens 10.

36. GIrdilschln. Trees thorny: leaves simply and doubly )iinnate. Calyx-tube short;

its lobis, petals, and stamens 3-5.

Suborder III. MH^IOSCiE. Mimosa Family.

Flower regular. Corolla valvate in a\xtivation, oi\en iniited into a
4 - ."j-lobed cup, hypngynous, a.s are the (often very numerous) oxserted
stamens. Eml)ryo straight. Leaves twice pinnate.

37. Ucsiiiniilhiig. Petals distinck. Stamens 5 or 10 Pod smooth.

38. Schraiikia. Petals united below into a cup. Stamens 8 or 10. Pod covered with

small prickles or rough projections.

126 leguminos.t;. (pulse family.)

1. LUPtNUS, Tourn. Lipine.

Calyx very tUcply 2-lippocl. Sides of tlic standard rcHcxcd : keel scythe-
sliapcd, ])oiiited. Sheath of the moiiadelphoiis stamens entire: anthers alter-
nately ohlon-i and roinulish. Tod oblong, flattened, often knotty by eonstrie-
tions between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. Herbs, with palinately
1 - 15-foliolate leaves, stipules adnate to base of the petiole, and showy flowers
in terminal racemes or spikes. (Name from Lupm, a wolf, because the.>e plants
were thought to devour the fertility of the soil.)

1. Ii. per^unis, L. (Wii,u Li tine.) Perennial, somewhat hairy ; stem
erect (l°-2°); leaflets 7-11, oblanceolatc ; flowers in a long raceme; pods
very hairy. — Sandy soil: common. May, June. — Flowers showy, purplish-
blue, rarely pale.

2. GROT AL ARIA, L. Rattle-box.

Calyx 5-cleft, scarcely 2-lip|)ed. Standard large, heart-shaped : keel scythe-
shaped. Sheath of the monadelphous stamens cleft on the upper side : 5 of
the anthers smaller and roundish. Pod inflated, oblong, many-seeded. — Herbs
■with simple leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name from /cporuXoi^, a rattle ; the loose
seed? rattling in the coriaceous inflated pods.)

1. C. sagittalis, L. Annual, hairy (.3' -6' high) ; leaves oval or oblong-
lanceolate, scarcely jjctiolcd ; stipules nnite<l and decurrcnt on the stem, so as
to be inversely arrow-.shaped ; i)cdnncles few-flowered; corolla not longer than
the calyx. — Sandy soil, Mass. to Virginia near the coast, Illinois and south-
ward. July.

3. GENISTA, L. Woap-Waxex. Wiiix.

Calyx 2-lipped. Standard oblong-oval, spreading : keel oblong, straight,
deflexed. Stamens mon.adelpbous, the sheath entire ; .5 alternate anthers
shorter. Pod mostly flat and several-seeded. — Shrubby plants, with simple
leaves, and yellow flowers. (Name from the Celtic //en, a busli.)

1. G. TixcTORiA, L. (Dyek's Greex-weed.) Low, not tbomy, with
striate-angled erect branches ; leaves lanceolate ; flowers in spiked racemes. —
Eastern New York and jVIassaehusetts, es])ecially Essex Co., where it is thor-
oughly cstablislu'd on sterile hills. June. (Ad\'. from Eu.)

4. TRIPOLIUM, L. Clover. Trefoil.

Calyx i)ersistent, .'5-cleft, the teeth bristle-form. Corolla mostly withering or
persistent ; the claws of all the petals, or of all except the oblong or ovate
standard, more or less united below with the stamen-tube : keel short and
obtuse. 'J'enth stamen more or less .separate. Pods small and membranous,
often includeil in the calyx, 1 -6-secded, indehiscent, or o])eniiig by one of the
sutures. — Tufted or diffuse herbs. Leaves mostly palinately, sometimes ])in-
nately 3-foliolate : leaflets often toothed. Stii)ules uiiitnl with tlu' ])etiole.
Flowers in beads or s|)ikes. (Name from tnn, three, am\ toliinn, a leaf.)
* Flowers sessile in dmsp heads : corolla purple or purplish, withering away afler
flowering, tubular below ; tJie petals more or less coherent with each other.

LEGUMINOS.K. (iTI-SK FAMILY.) 127

■*- Ca/ijx-teeth s'dkij-pbininse, loii(/rr tfinn flic ir/iltis/t ruml/n : root nnivtal.

1. T. AUVEXSK, L. (Uabbit-foot or Stone Clovek.) Silky, branch-
iti": (5'- 10' high); leaflets obhinceolate ; heads becoiniti<|^ very soft-silky and
grayish, oblong or eylindrical. — Old fields, &c. (Nat. Ironi Eu.)

t- •*- Calyx scaialy luilnj except a benrded rin</ in the throat, shorter than the rose.-
pitrple tloii(/(il(d-lubuiar corolla. (K>horl-lictd perennials : Jluwers sweet-scented.)

2. T. PRATESSE, L. (Red C.) Stems ascending, somewhat hairy ; /e»(/?-^<s
oral or obocate, often notched at the end and marked on the upper side with a
pale spot; stipules broad, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, sessile. — Fields and mead-
ows ; largely cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

.3. T. .MEun;M, L. (Ziczag C.) Stems zigzag, smoothish ; leaflets Mong,
entire, and spotless ; heads mostly stalked ; flowers deeper ])urple, otherwise too
like the last. — Dry hills, E. Massaehusnts. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Flowers pedicellcd in umbel-like round In ads on a naked pedumle, their short pedi-
cels reflexed when old : corolla white or i ose-color, wilheriny-ptrsistent and turn-
in(j brownish infadiritj ; the tubular portion short.

4. T. refldxum, E. (Blffalo C.) Annual or biennial ; sto«s <Kcen(//n(7,
doiniy : Idijhts ohonitc-oblon;/, finely toothed; stii)ules thin, ovate; calyx-teeth
hairy; jiods 3 - 5-seeded. — Western New York (rare) to Illinois and south-
ward. — Heads and flowers larger than in No. 2 : standard rosc-rcd ; wings and
keel wjiitish.

5. T. Stoloniferum, Muhl. (Running Riffalo-C.) Smooth, peren-
luid ; stems uilli luny runners from the base; luijhts broadly oborale or obcoidale,
minutely toothed ; heads l6os6'; pods 2-seeded. — Open woodlands and prairies,
Ohio to Rlinois, lu'utucky, and westward. — Flowers white, tinged with purj)Ie.
Probably a variety of the last.

6. T. repens, E. (White C.) Smooth, i)crennial ; the slender stems
spreading and creeping ; leaflets inversely heart-shaped or merely notched, obscurely
toothed ; stipules scale-like, narrow ; petioles and especially the peduncles very
long ; heads snuill and loose ; calyx much shorter than the white corolla ; ])ods
about 4-secded. — Fields and cojjses, everywhere. Here probably introduced,
but indigenous northward.

"• T. Carolini^uum, Mi(hx. (Cauoiina C) Somewhat pubescent
small \wYt-\m\\\\, pronunhint , in tups ; leaflets wedge-obovate and slightly notched ;
stipules ovate, foliaceous ; heads small on slender peduncles; calyx-teeth lance-
olate nearly equalling the purplish corolhi ; standard jmiutrd : ])ods 4-seeded. —
Nat. from Southern States in waste grounds bchnv I'liiladtljiliia (C. E. Smith);
probably wild in S. Virginia. May.

* * * Flowers short -pedicel led in close heads, rrflrxed when old : conJIn yellow, per-
sistent, turning dry and chest utit -brown with ar/e, the standard becoming hood-
shnprd: anntuds, fl. in siimmir.

7. T. A(ii{,\Kn-M, E. (Ykm.ow or Hop-C.) Smoolhish, somewhat up-
right (C- 12' high) ; leaflets olmcte-ohloug, nil three from the .-lamr jmint (palmate)
and nearly sessile ; stipules narrow, cohering with the petiole for more than half its
length. — Sandy fields, ^lassachusetts to Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)

128 LEGUMIXOS^.. (pulse FAMILY.)

8. T. PROCUMnENS, L. (Low IIop-C.) Stems spreading or asccnainjr,
pubescent (.'J'-G' liiyh) ; Icnfltts iird/jfolm-n/e, notched at the end; the laleml at
a small distance fioin the ollur (i)innately 3-f'oliolatc) ; stipules ovate, short. —
Sandy fields and roadsides, New England to Virginia. Also var. jiiNua
(T. minus, Ilelhan), with smaller heads, the standard not much striate with
age. AVith the other; also Kentucky, in cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

5. MELILOTUS, Tourn. Melilot. Sweet Clover.

Flowers much as in Clover, hut in spiked racemes, small : corolla deciduous,
free from the stamen-tube. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, wrinkled, longer than the
calyx, scarcely dehiscent, 1-2-seeded. — Annual or biennial herbs, fragrant in
drying, with pinnately 3-foliolatc leaves; leaflets toothed. (Name from pe'Xc,
honey, and Acoros, some leguminous plant.)

1. M. officinXlis, Willd. (Yeeloav Melilot.) Upright (2° -4° high) ;
leaflets ohovate-oblong, obtuse; corolla ytllow; the petals nearly of equal length.
— Waste or cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. Alba, Lam. (White M.) Leaflets truncate; corolla ichite : the
standard longer than the other petals. (M. Icucantha, Koch.) — In similar
places to the last, and much like it. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. MEDICAGO, L. Medick.

Flowers nearly as in Melilotus. Pod 1 -.several-seeded, scythe-shaped, in-
curved, or variously coiled. — Leaves pinnafclyS-foliol ate. Stipules often cut.
{MrjdiKT], the name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from jMcdia.)

1. M. SATiVA, L. (Lucerne.) Upright, smooth, perennial ; leaflets
obovate-oblong, toothed; flowers (purple) racuncd ; pods spirally twisted. —
Cultivated for green fodder, rarely spontaneous. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. LUPULiNA, L. (Black Medick. Nonesuch.) Procumbent, pu-
bescent, annual ; leaflets wedge-obovate, toothed at the apex ; flowers in short
spikes (yellow) ; pods kldney-fljrm, 1-seeded. — Waste places. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. M. macul.\ta, Willd. (Spotted Medick.) Spreading or procum-
bent annual, somewhat pubescent ; leaflets obcordate, with a purple spot, mi-
nutely toothed; peduncles 3 -5 flowered; flowers yellow; pods conipuctlij spind.,
of 2 or 3 turns, compressed, yu/rou,W on the thick edtje, and fringed with a double
row of curved prickles. — Introduced with wool into waste grounds in some
places. (Adv. from Eu. )

4. M. denticulXta, Willd. Nearly glabrous; pods loosily spind, deiply
reticulated, and with a thin keeled edge: otherwise like tha last; in similar places,
eastward. (Adv. from Eu.)

7. PSORALEA, L. Psoralea.

Calyx 5-cleft, persistent, the lower lobe longest. Stamens diadelphous or
sometimes monadclphous. Pod seldom longer than the calyx, thick, often
wrinkled, indehisccnt, 1-sceded. — Perennial herbs, usually sprinkled all over
or roughened (especially the calyx, pods, &c) with glandular dots or points.

leguminos.t:. (rui.sic family.) 120

Leaves mostly 3- n-foliolntc. Flowers spiked or raccmca, white or mostly
bliKNpiirplish. Koot sometimes tuberous iind fiirinaecous. (Name, ^//wpuXt'of,
srnifij, iVoin the ,i;laiuls or dots.)

* Lcaccs jtiiinahlij 3-foliolate.

1. P. Onobrychis, Nutt. Nearly smooth and free from glands, erect
(3° -5° hiiili) ; Ixijlils lunceolate-ocale, taper-itoinUd (3' long) ; stijntlis and brads
awl-ahujtul ; raeemes elongated ; pcdiinele shorter than the leaves ; pods rough-
ene.l and wrinkled. — River-banks, Ohio to 111. and southward. July.

2. P. stipul^ta, Torr. & Gray. Nearly smooth and glandless ; sieiiis dif-
fus ■ ; Irtilh'iti oniU'-dllptiml, retieulated ; stijmles acute ; Jluwers In heads on rather
short peduneles ; hrarls hroad/i/ ovate, shari>-pointc'd. — lloeks, Falls of the Ohio,
Kentueky. June, July.

3. P. melilotoides, Michx. Somewhat pube.scent, more or less glan-
dular; sirms erect (l°-2° high), slender; Itojlets lanceolate or mrrowli/ oblong;
s/jiL-cs oliloni), long-peduneled ; sti/mles awl-sha/jed ; braets ovate or lanceolate,
taper-pointed ; ])ods strongly wrinkled transversely. (Also F. eglandulosa. Ell.)
— Dry soil, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. June.

* * Leaves palmateh/ 3 — 5-folioliite.
■i. P. floriblinda, Nutt. Slender, ereet, much branched and bushy (2° -
4° high), miiiiitcli/ lioaiy-pubescetit when young; leaflets varying from linear to
obovate-oblong (^'-1^' long), glandular-dotted; racemes panickd; lobes of the
calyx and bracts ovate, acute; pod glandular. — Prairies of Illinois and south-
westward. June - Sci)t. — Flowers 2" or 3" long.

5. P. argoph^Ua, Pursh. Silvery silky-white all over, erect, divergently
branched (l°-3° high); leaflets elliptical-lanceolate; spikes inteirnpted ; lobes
of the calyx and bracts lanceolate. — High plains, N. Wisconsin, and westward.
June. — Flowers 4" - .')" long.

6. P. eseul6nta, Pursh. Rowjhish hairy all over; stem stout (.">'- 15'
high) and erect from a tuberous or turnip-shaped farinaceous root; leaflets 5,
obovate- or lanceolate-oblong ; spikes oblong, dense, long-pednncled ; lobes of the
calyx and bracts lanceolate, nearly equalling the corolla (^' long). — High
plains, N. W. Wisconsin, Mr. Spears, T. J. Hale, &c., and westward. June.
The PoM.MK nL.vNCHE, or Pommii de Prairie, of the Voyageurs,

8. DALE A, L. D.vlea.

Calyx 5-cleft or toothed. Corolla imperfectly papilionaceous : petals all on
claws : the standard heart-shaped, inserted in the bottom of the calyx : the keel
and wings borne on the middle of the monadelphous sheath of fllaments, which
is cleft down one side. Stamens 10, rarely 9. Pod membranaceous, 1-sceded,
indehiscent, enclosed in the persistent calyx. — Mostly herbs, more or less glan-
dular-dotted with minute stipules; the small flowers in terminal spikes or heads.
(NauK'd fur Thninns Thde, an Fnglish botanist.)

1. D. alopecuroides, Wllld. Erect annual (l°-2° hijih), glabrous,
except the dense and cylindrical silky-villous spike; leaves pinnate, of many
linear-oblong leaflets ; corolla whitish. — Alluvial soil, Illinois and southward.
July. (Numerous species occur farther southwest.)

130 LKGUMIXOS.E. (I'ULSK FA.'\III.Y.)

9. PETALOSTEMON, Mkhx. Trairie Clover.

Calyx 5-tootIiC(l. Corulhi iiidisiiiictly papiliouaccous : petals all on thread-
shaped claws, 4 of them nearly similar and spreadinj;, borne on the top of the
monadeljjhous and cleft sheath of filaments, alternate with the 5 anthers ; tho
fifth (standard) inserted in the bottom of the calyx, heart-shai)ed or oblong.
Pod membranaceous, enclosed in the calyx, indehiscent, 1 -2-seeded. — Chiefly
perennial herbs, upright, glandular-dotted, with crowded odd-pinnate leaves,
minute stipules, and small flowers in very dense terminal and pedunded heads
or spikes. (Name combined of the two Greek words for petal and stamen, al-
luding to the peculiar union of these organs in this genus.)

1. P. violaceus, Michx. Smoothish: leaflets 5, narrowly linear; heads
globose-ovate, or oblong-cylindrical when old; bracts pointed, not longer than
the silky-hoary calyx ; corolla rose-purple. — Dry prairies, Michigan to Minnesota
and southward. July.

2. P. candidus, Michx. Smooth; leaflets 7-9, lanceolate or linear-ob-
long; heads oblong, when old cylindrical ; bracts awned, longer than the nearly
glabrous caly.x ; corolla white. — With Xo. 1. July.

3. P. vill6sus, Nutt. SoJ'i-downij or silky a.\\ over; leaflets 1.3- 17, linear
or oblong, small (4" - 5" long) ; spikes cijlindricnl ( 1 ' - .5' long), short-pedunclcd,
soft-villous ; corolla rosi:-color. — N. Wisconsin (Lake Pepin, &c. T.J.Uale) and
westward.

10. AMORPHA, L. False Indigo.

Calyx inversely conical, 5 toothed, persistent. Standard (the other petals en-
tirely wanting !) wrapped around the stamens and style. Stamens 10, monadel-
phons at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod oblong, longer than the calyx,
1-2-sceded, roughened, tardily dehiscent. — Shrubs, with odd-pinnate leaves;
the leaflets marked with minute dots, usually stipellate. Flowers violet or pur-
ple ; crowded in clustered tcrmitud spikes. (Name, apoprpr]. invitimi form, from
the absence of four of the petals.)

1. A. fruticdsa, L. (False Indigo.) Eatlur pubescent or smoothish;
leaflets 8-12 pairs, oval, scattered; pods 2-seeded. — River-banks S. Penn. to
Wisconsin and southward. June. — A tall shrub : very variable.

2. A. can6scens, Nutt. (Lead-Plant.) Low (l°-3° high), ivhitened
u-iih ho'iri/ down ; leaflets 1.") - 2'S pairs, elliptical, crowded, small, smoothish al)Ove
with age; pods 1 -seeded. — Prairies and crevices of rocks, Michigan to Wiscon-
sin and southwestward. July. — Supposed to indicate lead-ore.

11. ROBInIA, L. Loclst-tree.

Calyx short, .5-toothed, slightly 2-lippcd. Standard large and rounded,
turned back, scarcely longer than the wings and keel. Stamens diadclphous.
Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, at length 2-
valved. — Trees or shrubs, often with prickly spines for stipules. Leaves odd-
pinnate, the ovate or oblong leaflets stipellate. Flowers showy, in hanging
axillary racemes. Base of the leaf-stalks covering the buds of the next year.
(Named in honor of John Robin, herbalist to Henry IV. of France, and his son
Vespasian Robin, who first cultivated the Locust-tree in Europe.)

t

LKGUMINOS.i:. (rULSK FAMILY.) lol

1. R. Pseud acieia, L. (Common Loci-st or Falsi: Acacia.) Branches
naked; met men Khiiflrr, louse : flowers white, fVaj^raiit ; jxxl smooth. — S. Penn-
sylvania to S. Illinois and southward. Commonly eidtivated as an ornamental
tree, and for its valuahle tiniher : naturalized in many plaee.s. June.

2. R. visc6sa, ^'ent. (Cla.mmy L.) BmuchUts uud /eafstnlL-s cliimimj;
/lowiis cinviid in olloiuj racemes, tinged with rose-color, nearly inodorous; pod
jjlandular-hispid. — Virginia and southward. Cultivated, like the last, a smaller
tree. June.

■'5. R. hispida, L. (Buistly L. or Rose Acacia.) Bianchlets nnd stalks
Irlstlij ; tlowers large and deep rose-color, inodorous ; pods glandular-hispid. —
Varies with less hristly or nearly naked hranchlets ; also with smaller flowers,
&c. — Mountains of Virginia and southward : commonly cultivated. May,
Jane. — Shriih 3° -8° high.

12. WISTARIA, Nutt. Wistaria.

Calyx campanulate, somewhat 2-lippcd ; upper lip of 2 short teeth, the lower
of 3 longer ones. Standard roundish, large, turned back, with 2 callosities at
its base : keel scythe-shaped : wings doubly aurieled at the base. Stamens di-
adel])hous. Pod elongated, thickish, knobby, stipitate, many-seeded, at length
2-valved. Seeds large. — Woody twiners, clinil)ing high, with minute stipules,
])innate leaves of 9- 13 ovate-lanceolate leaflets, with or without minute stipcls,
and dense racemes of large and showy lilae-i)ur])lc flowers. (Dedicated to the
late Piofcssor Wislar, of rhiladel]ihia.)

1. W. frutescens, DC. Downy or smoothish when old; wings of the
corolla with one short auricle and an awl-shajjcd one as long as the claw. (W.
specinsa, Xnlt.) — Alluvial grounds, W. Virginia to Illinois and southward.
May. — Sometimes cultivated for ornament, as is the still handsomer Chinese
species.

13. TEPHROSIA, Ters. Hoary Pea.

Calyx about eiiually 5-cleft. Standard roundish, usually silky outside, turned
back, scarcely longer than the coherent wings and keel. Stamens monadelphous
or diadelphous. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded, 2-valved. — Hoary perennial
herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white or purplish racemed flowers. Leaflets
mucronate, veiny. (Name from T€(f>p6s, ash-ivlond or hoarij.)

1. T. Virginikna, Pers. (Goat's Kik. Catcut.) Sdky-viUous with
whitish hairs wiien young ; stem end and simfile (l°-2° high), leafu to the top;
Iciiflets 17-29, linear-oblong; flowers large and numerous, clustered in a termi-
nal tJiluii'i dense mreme or jMnide, yellowish-white marked with purple. — Dry
sandy .soil. June, July. — Roots long and slender, very tough.

2. T. Spicata, Torr. & Gray. Mllons n-ith ritsti/ /luirs; stems branched
below, straggling or ascending (2° long), /eir-leared ; leaflets 9- 15, obovate or
oblong-wedge-shaped, often notched ; flowers feu\ in a loose interru|ited very Iviiff-
pidinirlid spd.e, red<lish. — Dry soil, Di-laware and southward. .Inly.

3. T. hispidula, Pursh Hairy with .some long and rusty or only minute
and appressed pubescence ; stems slender (9' -24' long), divergently branched,

132 LEGUMINOS.E. (PULSK FAMILY.)

Straggling ; leaflets 5 - 15, ohlong, varying to obovatc-wedge-shaped and oblance-
olate; peduncles lonrjir than tlie Icarts, 2-4-Jiowercd ; flowers i-eddisli-purplc. —
Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

14. ASTRAGALUS, L. Milk-Vetcii.

Calyx 5-tootlicd. Corolla usually long and narrow : standard narrow, equal-
ling or exceeding the wings and blunt keel, its sides reflexed or spreading. Sta-
mens diadelj)hous Stigma minute, terminal. Pod several - many-seeded, various,
mostly turgid, one or both sutures usually projecting into the cell, either slightly
or so as to divide the cavity lengthwise into two. Seed-stalks slender. Chiefly
herbs (ours perennials), with Odd-pinnate leaves and spiked or racemed flowers.
(-The ancient Greek name of a leguminous plant, as also of the ankle-bone ; but
the connection between the two is past all guess.)
§ 1. Pod verji thick and juicy ichen fresh, not stalked in the cali/r, 2-celled, indehiscent,

or iardili/ separable into 2 closed portions : stems low, decumbent or ascending :

leaflets numerous.

1. A. caryocarpus, Kcr. (Ground Plum.) Pale and minutely ap-
pressed-pubcsccnt ; leaflets narrowly oblong; flowers in a short spike-like
raceme : corolla violet-purple ; fruit glabrous, ovate-globular, more or less pointed.
about ^' in diameter, very thick-walled, cellular or corky when dry. Upper Mis-
sissippi Elver, thence westward and southward. May.

2. A. Mexieanus, A. DC. Smoother, or pubescent with looser hairs,
larger; leaflets roundish, obovate, or oblong; flowers larger (10"- 12" long);
calyx softly hairy ; corolla cream-color, bluish only at the tip ; fruit globular, very ob-
tuse ixnd pointless, 1' or more in diameter: otherwise like the last: the unrijm
fruits of both resemble green plums, — whence the popular name, — and are
eaten, raw or cooked, by travellers. (A. trichocalyx, Xult.) — Prairies and open
plains, from Illinois opposite St. Louis westward and southward.

3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous; stipules conspicuous; leaflets
oblong, often glabi'ous above ; flowers crowded in a short spike or oblong head,
cream-color often tinged or tipped with purple ; fruit ovate, pointed, and with the
calyx villous, — in var. Tennesseexsis (A. Tcnnesseensis, Gray, in Cliapm. S.
Fl. ) oblong and slightly curved, much less fleshy and thick than in the preceding.
— Gravelly or sandy banks of Illinois River ( Vusey, Slosson, Btbb), thence south-
ward and westward. May.

§ 2. Pod dry and dehiscent, more or less thin-urdli-d, turgid, not stalked in the calyx,
completely •2-<-elled only in No. 4.

4. A. Canadensis, L. Tall and erect (l°-4°high), somewhat pubes-
cent; leaflets 21 -27, oblong; flowers greenish cream-color, very numerous, in long
and close S])ikes ; pods ovoid-oblong, coriaceous, small, completely 2-celled. — River-
banks : common from N. New York westward and southward. July - Aug.

5. A. Codperi, Gray. Nearly smooth, erect (l°-2° high); leaflets 11-
21, elliptical or oblong, somewhat notched at the end, minutely hoary under-
neath; yZoitws u-hite, rather numerous in a short sjiike ; pods inflated-ovoid (al-
most 1' long), thin-walled, one-celled, the dorsal suture slightly, the ventral more
decidedly projecting inwards. (Phaca neglecta, Torr. <^' Gray. Now named for

LEGUMINOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.) 133

the (lipcovcrcr, the late ]Vm. Coopn-, tlierc hciiif; alrcaily an A. ne;;lcrtus.) —
Gravelly shores, &.C., \V. New York to Wiseousiii. June, July.

G. A. distortUS, Ton-. & Gray. Low and spreadin;,^ branehed from the
base, suiootliish; leaflets 11-23, oblongs or obovate ; y/oi/rrs piirjilish or violet,
10 - 20 in a short spike ; the standard deeply notehed at the summit ; pods oblong,
tun/icl, iuciirved (§' long), eoriaccous, incompleleli/ '2-celled. — Mason Co., Illinois,
Dr. Mead. May. (Also in Arkansas and Texas.)

§ 3. Pod dry and dehiscent, thin-wallfd, small, stalked in llirrali/.r {slipilate), and irilh
it more or less pubescent with jine blackish hairs, Itamjimj on short pedicels : ra-
ceme short, rather many-flowered, lonej-jmlnncled: leajlets oral or dilong.

7. A. alpinus, L. Smooth or slightly hairy; stemdiffn.<e, 6' to 12'high;
leaflets 13-2;'); corolla violet-purjtle, or at least the keel tipped with violet or
blue (;■)"- 6" long) ; pods black-hairy, oblong, deeply grooved on the baek and
partly 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture, its stipe usually rather
exceeding the calyx. — Kocks and banks, Northern Vermont (Wilionghhy
Mountain, ./. Blake) and Maine (Dr. Scammon, G. L. Goodale), and north-
ward. June, July. (Eu.)

8. A. Robbinsii, Gray. Nearly smooth and erect (1° high), slender;
leaflets 7 - 11 ; corolla white (4" long) ; calyx-teeth short; pods oblong, flaltish (^'
long), membranaceous, almost glabrous, the base suddenly contracted into a stipe
about equalling the calyx, one-celled, a thin membrane slightly projecting from
the dorsal suture. (Phaca Robbinsii, Oakes.) — Rocky ledges of Onion River,
at Colchester, Vermont, Dr. Robbins (1829) : the station now obliterated. May.

15. OXYTROPIS, DC. Oxttropis.

Keel of the corolla tipped with a sluirp projecting point or appendage : othcr-
■wise as in Astragalus. Pod often partly 2-eelled by the intrusion of the ventral
suture. — Our species, and most others, arc low, nearly aeaulescent perennials,
•with tufts of numerous very short stems from a hard and thick root or rootstock,
covered with scaly adnatc stipules; pinnate leaves of many leaflets; and naked
scapes bearing a head or short spike of flowers. (Name indicates the peculiarity
of the flower, from o^xis, sharp, an<l rponis, keel.)

1. O. canip6stris, DC. Pubescent or smoothish; leaflets lanceolate or
oblong : flowers yellowish or white, often tinged or tipped with ])urj)le or violet-
blue ; jiods ovate or oblong-lanceolate, of a thin or ]>apery texture. — Northern
bonier of Maine, on tlie St. John's, near Seven Isles, G. L. Goodale, and north-
ward. July. (Ku.)

2. O. Lamb6rti, Pursh. Silky with fine appressed hairs ; leaflets mostly
linear ; flowers larger, purple, violet, or sometimes white ; jxxis cartilaginous or
Jinn coriaceous in texture, strictly erect, cyliadraccous-laueeolatc and long-pointed,
almost 2-eclled by intrusion of the ventral suture. — Dry plains, Minnesota and
westward. .June.

16. GLYCYRRHIZA, Toiun. LiQioiucii.

Calyx with the two ujjper lobes shorter or partly united. Anther-cells con-
fluent at the apex, the alternate ones smaller. Pod ovate or oblong-lincai-, com-

134 LEGUMINOS^E. (pulse FAMII.y).

pressed, often curved, clothed with rougli {glands or short prickles, scarcely de-
hiscent, few-seeded. The Howcr, &c., otherwise as in Astrajralus. — Long peren-
nial root sweet (whence the name, I'rom yXvKvs, sn•e^t, and pi$a, root) ; herhagc
glandular-viscid ; leaves odd-pinnate, with minute stipules ; Howers in axillary
spikes, white or l)luish.

1. G. Iepid6ta, Nutt. (Wild Liquorice.) Tall (2°-3° hi^h) ; leaf-
lets 15-rj, obluiig-laiiccolate, niucronate-pointed, sprinkled with little scales
when young, and with corresponding dots when old ; spikes pedunelcd, short ;
flowers whitish ; pods oblong, beset with hooked prickles, so as to resemble the
fiuit of Xunthium on a smaller scale. — Vicinity of Butlalo, New York, on the
sands of the shore, probably drifted from its native northwest regions ; but per-
fectly established, (J. \V. Clii.loii.

17. -ffiSCHYNOMENE, L. Sensitive JoiNT-Yi-Tcn.

Calyx 2-li])pcd ; tlic iijijH'r lip 2-. tlic lower .3-clcft. Standard romidish : keel
boat-shaped. Stamens diailcl])lious in two sets of 5 each. Pod flatteneil, com-
posed of several easily separable joints. — Leaves odd-pinnate, with sev
eral pairs of leaflets, sometimes sensitive, as if shrinking from the touch (whence
the name, from alaxwofiivrj, heiiifj ashamed).

1. JE. hispida, Wiild. Erect,. rough-bristly annual ; leaflets .37-51, lin-
ear; racemes few-flowered ; pod stalked, 6- 10-jointed. — Along rivers, S. Penn.
and southward. Aug. — Flowers yellow, reddish externally.

18. HEDYSARUM, Touni. IIedysarum.

Calyx 5-eleft, the lobes awl-shaped and nearly equal. Keel nearly straight,
obliquely truncate, not appendaged, longer than the wings. Stamens diadel-
phous, 5 & 1. Pod flattened, composed of several equal-sided separable round-
ish joints connected in the middle. — Perennial herbs : leaves odd-pinnate.
(Name composed o'i r}hvs, sweet, and (ipwiia, smelt.)

1. H. boreale, Nutt. Leaflets 13-21, oblong or lanceolate, nearly gla-
brous; stipules scaly, united opposite the petiole; raceme of many dcttexed pur-
ple flowers ; standard shorter than the keel ; joints of the pod 3 or 4, smooth,
reticulated. — Mountain above Willoughby Lake, Vermont, A. Wood, &e. St.
John's River, Maine, G. L. Goodule. Also northward.

19. DESMODIUM, DC. Tick-Trefoil.

Calyx usually more or less 2-li])ped. Standard obovate : wings adherent to
the straight or straightish and usually truncate keel, by means of a little trans-
verse ap])ciidage on each side of the latter. Stamens diadclphous, 9 & 1, or
monadelplious licldw. Pod Hat, deeply lolwd on the lower margin, separating
into few or many flat rciiculati'd joints (mostly roughened with minute hooked
hairs, by which they adhere to the fleece of animals or to clothing). — Perennial
herbs, with pinnately 3-foliolate (rarely l-(bliolate) leaves, stipellate. Flowers
(in summer) in axillary or terminal racemes, often panicled, and 2 or 3 from
each bract, purple or purplish, often turning green in withering. Stipules and

LEGUMINOSyE. (PULSIi FAMILY.) 135

bracts scale-like, often strinte. (Name from Sta^oy, a hoiid or chain, from tlio

coiinectecl joints of the pods.)

§ 1. Pod raised on a sialic within the ra/i/.r (slifx) man;/ timrs lonfjcr than the sliijlithj
toothed rali/x and nearli) as Ion;/ as the jxdicvl, slraii/htish on the u/i/ier maiyiu,
dee/il;/ sinuate on the lower ; the 1 - 4 joints mosdy huif-ohovate and coniace on
the hurt: stamms monadel/ihoiis below: /ilanls nearly glabrous: stems erect or
asreiidiii;/: ranine terminal, /xinicled : sti/mles hristle-form, deeiduons.

1. D. nudifl6rum, DC. Iauvvs idl crowded at the summit of sterile stems ;
leaflets broadly ovate, bluntisb, whitisb beneath; raceme dowjnted on an ascend-
in;/ mostly leafless stalk or scape from the rout, 2^ long. — Dry woods : common.

2. D. acuminatum, DC. Lenres all croicded at the summit of the stem from
which arises the eloni/aled naked raceme or panicle; leaflets round-ovjitc, taper-
pointed, ;;reen both sitU's, the end one round (4' -5' long). — Kich woods.

3. D. pauciflbrum, DC. Lem-es scattered along the low (8' -15' high)
a.seending stems; leatiets rhombic-ovate, bluntisb, i)alc beneath; raceme few-
Jtowered, terminal. — Woods, W. New York and Pennsylvania to Illinois and
southward.

§ 2. Pod raised on a stalk (sti/w) little if not all surpassinr/ the dee/^ly-rlefl calyx:
stems lon;i and /jrostrate or decumbent : racemes axillary and terminal.

♦ Sti/>utes coHsjiicimus, ovate, taper-pointed, striate, persistent : racemes mostly sim/)le.

4. D. rotundifblium, DC. Sof -hairy all over, truly prostrate; leaflets
orbicular, or the odd one slightly rhomboid ; flowers pur/de; pods almost equally
sinuate on both edges, 3-5-jointed; the joints rhomboid-oval. — Dry rocky
woods : rather common. ^

Var. glabr^tum: almost glabrous, otherwise nearly as the ordinary form.
(Iledysanim bmiiifii>um, .\tuhl. in jjart, Bi;/el., &f.) — Mass., New York, &c.

5. D. OChroleucum,'M. A. Curtis. Stems sparsely hairy, AnQwrnhiint; leaf-
lets nearly glalirous, ovate, acute or obtuse, transversely reticulated beneath,
the lateral ones smaller or sometimes wanting ; racemes much elongated ;
corolla whitish; jmls twisted, 2-4-jointed, the large rhomi)oid joints smooth and
reticulatc<l but the margins downy. (Tcriiaps Muhlenberg's II. humifusum
from '■ C'arulina.") — Woo.lhiiuls, Marylau.l {W. M. C'anby) and southward.

* # Stipules siiKi/Irr, lanceolate and awl-shaped, less /lersistciit : racemes panicled.

6. D. humifusum, Beck (as to syn.). Glabrous or nearly so, procum-
bent ; leaflets orate or oratc-oblon;/, rather obtu.se, much smaller than in the two
jn-eceding (14'-2' long) ; corolla purple ; pods 2-4-jointcd, flat, the oval-rhom-
boid joints minutely .scabrous throughout. (Iledysarum humifusum, Muhl. Fl.
Luncast. herb., ex Canby.) — Dry sandy soil (Lancaster, IVnn., Mnhlenbery),
Salisbury, Maryland, W. M. Canby.

§ 3. Pod slie/htly if at all stalked in the ctdyx : racemes panicled.

♦ Stems l(dl (3° -5°) and erect ; the persistent sti/ndes and deciduous bracts laieje

and conspicuous, ovnte or ovate-lannolate, ta/ter-jiointed : pods of A-1 unequal-

sided ihombic joints, which are considerably lom/er than broad, about ^' long.'

[Flowers rathr lar;/e.)

1. D. candscens, DC Stem loosely branched, hairy; leaflets orate,

bluulish, about the length of the petioles, whitish and reticulated beneath, both sides

136 LEGUMINOS.E. (PCLSE FAMILY.)

roup:hish with a close fine pubescence; joints of the pod very adhesive. — Moist
grounds, W. Vermont to Wisconsin and soiitliward, chiclly westward. —
Branches clotiied witii both minute and hoolced, and longer, spreading, rather
glutinous hairs.

8. D. CUSpid^tum, Torr. & Gray. TVr/y swoo/Zi except the panicle; stera
straight; lenjiits Itmccolutc-ocale ami tajier-jjointtd, green both sides ; longer than
the petiole (•'3' -5') ; joints of the pod rhomboid-oblong, suioothish. — Thickets :
common. — The consi)icuous bracts and stipules \' long.

* * Stems (2°-50 hiijit) erect: sti/mles as well as the bracts niostlj/ deciduous, smull

and inconspicuous : pods 0/3-5 triamjular or katf-rhombic or very unequal-
sided I'ltomlioidal joints, which are longer t/uin broad, ^' or less in length. (Flow-
ers miildh-sizid. )

9. D. Isevigatum, DC .Swwrt or nearly so throughout: stem straight ;
leajlets ovate, bluntish, pale beneath (2' -3' long); piinicles minutely rough-
pubescent. — Pine wouds, New Jersey and southward.

10. D. Viridifl6rum, Beck. Stem vcrij dowiii), rough at the summit;
leaflets broadh/ ovate, very obtuse, rough above, whitened with a sojl velvety down
underneath (2' -3' long). — S. New York and southward.

11. D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Stem pubescent ; leajlets oblong or oblong-ovate,
commonly blunti>li, pale beneath, softly and Jinely pubescent (mostly thin, 2' -3'
long). — Open woodlands: common.

12. D. paniculatum, 1>C. Nearly smooth throughout; stem slender,
tall ; leajlets oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly lanceolate, tapering to a blunt point, thin
(3' -5' long) ; racemes much panicled. — Copses, common.

13. D. Strictum, DC. Stem very straight and slender, simple (2° -3°
high), the uj)per part and narrow panicle rough-glandular; leajlets linear, blunt,
strongly reticulated, thiclcish, very smooth (I' -2' long, 4' wide) ; joints of the pod
1-3, semi-obovate or very gibbous (only 2" long). — Pine woods of New
Jersey, and southward.

* * * iSli/>ules small and inconspicuous, mosdy deciduous : jiods oj few roundish or

obliquely oral or sometimes roundish-rhontboidal joints, l|-"-2i" long.
•»- Stems erect : bracts before Jiowering conspicuous : racemes densely Jlowered.

14. D. Canadense, DC. Stem hairy (3° -6° high) ; leajlets oblong-lance-
olate, or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, with numerous straightish veins, much longer
than the petiole (l.^'-3' long) ; Jlow/rs showy, larger than in any other species
{y~l' long). — Dry, rieh woods: common, especially northward.

15. D. seSSilifblium, Ton-. & Gray. Stem pubescent (2° -4° high);
leaves nearly sissile; leajiels linear or linear-oblong, blunt, thickish, reticulated,
rough above, downy bcnentli ; branches of the ])anicle \onff ; fowers small. —
Co])ses, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois and southward.

t--*- Stems ascending {\° -3° hii/h) : brarts small; r-acemes or panicles elongated
and loosely Jlomred : Jlowers aniall.
10. D. rlgidum, DC. Stem branching, somewhat hoary, like the lower
surface of the leaves, with a close roughish jiubcsccnce ; leajlets ooate-oblong,
blunt, thickish, reticulated-veiny, rather rough above, the lateral ones longer thu"
the petiole. — Dry hillsides, Mass. to Michigan, Ulinoi.s, and southward. — In-
termediate, as it were, between No. 1 7 and No. 1 1 .

LEGUMINOS.K. (I'ULSli FAMILY.) 137

17. D. Cili^re, DC. Stem 6]em\t^v, /itiin/ or idui/li-jiiilKsrcnt ; leaves rrou-dd,
»n ven/ sliort hniiij ju'liohs ; Utijhts roninl-orntc ur oni/, iliickisli, moiv or le.>;s hairy
on tlie iiiar<;ins and niidiTncatli (^'-I'luny). — ])n liills anil sandy (itlds :
common, csptrially soutliward.

18. D. Marilandicum, Boott. Xtar/i/ smooth througliont, slender;
leaflets ovate or ruiiiidis/i. wry olituse, thin, the lateral ones uhont the lent/th of the
slender jietiole : otheiwi.sc le.sumMing the prccLdiny. (1). obthsuni, DC) —
Copses : common.

■t--i--^ Stems rerllnimj or prostrate: rurancs loosely jloivered
I'J. D. line^tum, DC. Stem minutely puijcsccnt, stiiate-an^led ; leallet.--
orbicular, smoothish (i'-l' long), much longer than the petiole; pod scarcely
stalked in the calyx. — Dry soil, Maryland ( W. M. Cunby), Virginia and
southward.

20. LESPEDEZA, Mirli. Brsii-CLovi:u

Calyx 5-cleft ; tlie lobes nearly equal, slender. Stamens diadelphous (9 & 1 ) :
anthers all alike. Pods of a single 1-seedcd joint (sometimes 2-jointed, with
tlie lower joint empty and stalk-like), oval or rouiulish, flat, reticulated. —
Perennials with pinnately S-Coliolatc leaves, not stiiKliate. Stipules and bracts
minute. Flowers often polygamous, in summer and autumn. (Dedicated to
Lespedez, the Spanish governor of Florida in the time of JMicliaux.)
* Flowers of two sorts, the lanjer (violet-purple) perfect, but seldom fruitful, paniclcd
or clustered ; with smaller pistdlate and fertile but mostly apttalous ones inter-
mixed, or in subsessile little clusters.

1. L. prOClimbenS, Michx. Sofl-doimy, except the u])]K-v surface of
the leaves, trailing, slender; leaflets oval or elliptical; peduncles slender, mostly
simple, few-flowered. — Sandy soil: commonest southward. — The ajietalous
fertile flowers, as in the rest, have short hooked styles.

2. L. rdpens, Torr. & Gray. Smooth, except minute close-pressed scattered
hairs, prostrate, spreading, very slender; leaflets oval or obovate-elliptical (^'
long); peduncles slender and few-flowered; jiods roundish. — Dry sandy soil,
S. New York to Kentucky and southward. — Much like the last.

3. li. viol^cea, Pers. Sterna upright or spreadinr;, branched ; leaflets vary-
ing from oval-oblong to linear, whitish-downy beneath with close-pressed pubes-
cence; peduncles or clusters few flowend : pods ovate. — The jirincipal varieties
arc, 1. 1)1 VKKGKNs, with oval or oblong leaflets and loosely jmnided flowers;
this runs into, 2. SKssn,iii,(')RA, with the flowers ])rinci])ally on peduncles much
shorter tlian the leaves, and clustered ; and a more distinct form is 3. angusti-
fAi.ia, with clo.sely clustered flowers on straight branches, crowded leaves, and
narrowly obhmg or linear leaflets, which are often silky. — Dry coiises : com-
mon. — Pods ripening from both sorts of flowers.

4. L. Sttivei, Xutt. Stems iiprif(ht-spreadin(j, bushy, downy; leaflets oval
or rounilish, longer than the petiole, silky or white-woolly beneath (and some-
times above) ; clusters nuDiy-ftowered. crowded; pods ovate, downy. — Dry hills,
and sand, Plymouth, Mass. to Virginia, Michigan, and southward. — Apjiear-
ing intermediate between No. 3 and No. 5.

L & M— 2f.

138 LEGUMINOS^. (rULSE FAMILY.)

* * Flowns all alike and perfect, in dose spikes or heads : corolla whitish or cream-
color with a pmple s/>ot on the standard, about the length of the downy calyx :
stems uprifjht, wand-like (2° -4° hi(jh).

5. L. hirta, Kll- Piduncks longer than the leaves; petioles slender; leaflets
rouiulisli or oval, hairy; sjnkes cijlindriccd, rather loose ; pods nearly as long as
the calyx. (L. polystachia, Miehr.) — Dry hillsides.

6. L. capit^ta, Michx. Pedunchsand pttioles sJiort; stems rij^id, woolly ;
leaflets elliptical or oblong, thickish, reticulated and mostly smooth above, silky
beneath ; spikes or heads short ; ])ods much shorter than the calyx. — Varies
greatly, most of all in var. angustifom.v : slcndtr; leaflets linear; peduncles
sometimes elongated. — Dry and sandy soil ; tne narrow variety only found
near the coast and southward.

21. STYLOSANTHES, Swartz. Pencil-Flowek.

Calyx early deciduous ; the tube slender and stalk-like ; the limb unecpially
4 - 5-cleft, the lower lobe more distinct. Corolla and monadelj)hous stamens
inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube : standard orbicular : keel incurved.
Anthers 10, the 5 longer ones fixed near their base, and the 5 alternate shorter
ones fixed by the niiiUlle. Stylo fililbrm, its upper part falling oft" after flower-
ing, the lower part incun-ed or hooked, and persistent on the apex of the 1 -
2-jointed small and short reticulated j^d, the lower joint when present empty
and stalk-like. — Low perennials, branched from the base, with wiry stems,
pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, the sheathing stipules united to the petiole, no
stipels, and small, yellow flowers in terminal heads or short spikes. (Name
composed of orilAoy, a column, and uvdos, a flower, from the stalk-like
calyx-tube.)

1. S. elatior, Swartz. Tufted ; leaflets lanceolate, strongly straight-
veined ; heads or clusters small and tew-flowered. — IMne barrens, Long Island,
New York, to Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July -Oct.

22. VICIA, Tourn. Vetch. Take.

Calyx .5-cleft or .^-toothed, tl)C 2 ujjjier teeth often shorter, or the lowest
longer. Wings of tlie corolla adliering to tlie middle of the keel. Stamens
more or less diadelphous (9 & 1 ) ; the orifice of the tube oblique. Style Ali-
form, hairy all round or only on the back at the apex. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2-
sevcral-scedcd. Seeds globular. Cotyledons very thick, remaining under
ground in germination. — Herbs, mostly climbing more or less by the tendril
at the end of the pinnate leaves. Stipules half-sagittate. Flowers or iiedun-
cles axillary. (The classical Latin name.)

* Annanl : flowers 1-2 in the axils, nearly sessile, large, inolet-purple.

\. V. SATiVA, L. (Common Vetch or Tare.) Somewhat pubescent j
Btem sim])lc ; leaflets 5-7 pairs, varying from obovate-oblong to linear, notched
and mucronatc at the apex; pod linear, several -seeded. — Cultivated fields and
waste places; both the common form and the var. axgustif6lia, which has
longer and narrow leaflets. (Adv. from Eu.)

leguminosa:. (ruLSE family.) 189

* * Annual, sUvder : peduncles elongated : flowers small. (Species of Ervum, L.)

2. V. TiiTHASi'ERMA, L. P<t/«Hr7f5 1 - 2-77oi/;«erf; Icaflcts 4 - 6 paiis, liiiL'.ir-
oblong, ol)tiisc ; calyx-tccth unequal ; corolla whitish ; jmls narrowly olAony, 4-
secded, smooth. — Waste or open places, near the coast. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. iiinst'TA, Koch. Peduncles 3 - 6 flowered ; leaflets C-8 pairs, trun-
cate; calyx-teeth ccpial ; corolla bluish; pods oblong, 2-seeded, Itairj. — Massa-
chusetts Jo Virginia. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Perennial: peduncles elongated ; calijx-leitli unerptul : pod several-seeded.

4. V. Cracca, I>. Dowuy-puhescent ; leajLts 20 - 24, oblong -lanceolate,
strotiglj mucronate ; peduncles densely many-flowered ; calyx-teeth shorter than the
tube. — llorders of thickets, New England to Kentucky and northward: rather
rare. July. — Flowers blue, turning purple, (i" lung, one-sided in the spike,
reflexed. (Eu.)

5. V. Cai'Olini^na, Walt. Nearly smooth; leaflets 8-24, oblong, obtuse,
scarcely mucronate ; piduncles loosfly flowered ; caly.x-teeth very short. — River-
banks, &c. May. — Flowers small, more scattered than in the preceding,
whitish, the keel tipped with blue.

6. V. AmeX'ickna, Muhl. Glabrous; leaflets 10-14, elliptical or ovate-
oblong, very obtuse, many-veined; peduncles 4-8floivered. — Moist soil, New
York to Kcntuiky and northward. June. — Flowers purplish, 8" long.

23. LATHYRXJS, L. Vetchlixg. Everlasting Pea.

Style flattish, dilated and tlattish (not grooved) al)ove, hairy alung the inner
side (next the free stamen). Sheath of the lilaments scarcely oblique at the
apex. Otherwise nearly as in Vicia. (AdSvpos, a leguminous plant of Theo-
phrastus.) — Our sj)ccies arc perennial and mostly smooth plants.

1. L. maritimus, Bigelow. (Beach Pea.) Stem stout (1° high);
leaflets 4-8 pairs, crowded, oval or obovate ; stipules broadly halberd-shaped,
nearly as large as the leaflets; peduncles G- 10-flowercd. — Sea-coast, from New
Jersey northward, and shore of the (ireat Lakes. June -Aug. — Flowers
large, purjile. Leaflets very veiny, as also in the other species. (Eu.^

2. L. venbsus, Muhl. Stem climbing (20-5° high); leiiflets 5-7 pairs,
scattered, oblong-ovate, often downy beneath ; stipules very small and usually slen-
der, half arrow-shaped, rarely larger and broader; peduncles many-flowered ; corolla
purple. — Shady banks, Pcnn. to Wiscon.^in. and southward. June.

3. L. OChl'Oleucus, Hook. Stem slender (IO-.30 high); leaflets 3-4
pairs, ovate or oval, smooth, glaucous, thin ; stipules hid/ heart-shaped, a f>out hdf
as large as the leaflets; peduncles 7 - 10-flowered ; corolht yelJnwish-wh ite, simxWcr
than in the last.— Hillsides, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and
northward. July.

4. L. pallistris, L. (Maush VKTriii.ixc.) Stem slender (10-2° hi-h),
often winged-margined; leaflets 2-4 pairs, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly ol>-
long, niucrouate-poiuted ; stljinhs small, laiUrolat,; half arrow-sIiaiR'd, sharp-
pointed at i>otli ends; peduncles 3 - 5-flowereil ; corolla blue-purple. — Moi^t
places, N. England to IVnn.. Illinois, and northward. July. (Eu.)

Vur, myrtifblius. Taller, climbing 2° - 4° liigh ; leaflets oblong or ovate-

140 LEGUMIXOSiE. (PULSE FAMILY.)

elliptical; upper stipules much larger: corolla pale purple. (L. myrtifolius,
Miihl.) — W. New Enfihind to Virginia and northward, July. — Ordinarily
appears quite distinct IVoni L. palustris ; but intermediate specimens occur.

T). L. I'UATENsis, L. Low and straggling ; leajlets a sinrjle pair, narrow<
lanceolate ; stipules large ; peduncles several-flowered ; corolld yellow. — Spon-
taneous and abundant along the Connecticut at West Springlield, Mass.,
A. P. Foster. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

24. API OS, Bocrliaave. GRorND-NUT. Wii.p Bean.

Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, the 2 lateral teeth being nearly obsolete, the upper
very short, the lower one longest. Standard very broad, reflexed : the long
scythe-shaped keel strongly incurved, at length coiled. Stamens diadeljihous.
Pod straight or slightly curved, linear, elongated, thickish, many-seeded. — A
perennial herb (with some milky juice !), bearing edible tubers on underground
shoots, twining and climbing over bushes. Leaflets 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, ob-
scurely stipellate. Flowers in dense and short, often branching racemes.
(Name from ("nriov, a pear, from the shape of the tubers.)

1. A. tuberdsa, Ma-nch. (Glycine Apios,Z.) — Low grounds ; common.
Aug. -Sept. — Flowers brown purple, or chocolate-color, violet-scented.

25. PHASEOLUS, L. Kidney Bean.

Calyx 5-toothcd or 5-cleft, the two upjior teeth often higher united. Keel of
the corolla, witii the included stamens and style, spirally coiled or curved into
a ring. Stamens diadelphous. Style bearded along the uj>per side: stignui
oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scythe-shaped, several - many-seeded, tipped
with the hardened base of the style. Cotyledons thick and fleshy, rising out
of the ground nearly unchanged in germination. — Twining or prostrate herbs,
•with pinnately 3-foliolatc stipellate leaves. Flowers often clustered on the
knotty joints of the raceme, produced in summer and autumn. (The ancient
name of the Kidney Bean.)

* Pods scymdar-shaped: racemes long and loosi', panichd.

1. P. perennis, Walt. ( Wilu Bean.) Stem climbing high from a per-
ennial root ; leaflets roundish-ovate, short-pointed ; pods drooping, strongly
curved, 4-.5-seeded. — Copses, Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. — Flow-
ers purple, handsome, but small.

* * Pods long and straight, linear, rather terete : Jloiversfew in a short mistered and
I ong-prduncled raceme. (Strophostyles, Ell.)

2. P. diversifdlius, Pers. Annual; stem prostrate, spreading, rough-
hairy ; leajh-ts! ov<ite-:Uub('d, or angled to\\ards the base, or some of them oblong-
ovate and entire ; i)eduneles at length twice the length of the leaves. — Sandy
fields and banks, coast of Massachusetts and along the Great Lakes to
Illinois and southward. — Corolla greenish-white, tinged with red or purple.
Pod thickish.

3. P. h^lVOluS, L. Perennial, hiury ; stems diffuse, slender ; hajkts ovate
or ohioni, entire or obscurely angled; peduncles 3-6 times the length of the leaves.
— Sandy fields, S. New York to Illinois and southward. — More slender than
the last : pods narrower : flowers as large and similar.

LEGUMINOS.E. (PL'LSE FAMILY.) 141

• ♦ Pi>ds stmifjlit and Um-nr, fltit : jtrdnwli-s short, 1 -fiw-Jlowerrd at the summit:
jjijictrs sinnll : kvd hss iiinticid.
•1. P. pauciflorus, Ikntli. Anmial ; stems (liffiisc, but twining, slender,
puhL'Sccnt ; IcatlL'ts vai yiiijj IVoni ol)loiiy:-ianccoliitc or ovatc-oblong to linear,
(r. leiospermus, Torr. ^- dr.) — River-banks, Illinois {Mead) and soutbwcst-
ward. July - Scjjt. — Flowers 3" lony, purjjlc. Tod 1' long, pubescent.

26. CENTROSEMA, DC. SruitRKo BuTTEurLY-PEA.

Calyx short, 5-el«ft. Corolla, &c. much as in Clitoria, but the spreading
standard with a spur-shaped projection on the back near the base : keel broad.
Style bearded at the apex around the terminal stigma. Pod long and linear,
flat, pointed with the awl- shaped style, many-seeded, thickened at the edges,
tJie valves marked with a raised line on each side next the margin. — Twining
perennials, with 3-foliolatc stipellate leaves, and large showy flowers. Stipules,
bracts, and bractlets striate, the latter longer than the calyx. (Name from
KtvTpov, a s/mr, and at)fia, the standard.)

1. C. Virgini^num, Bcnth. Rather roi'gh with minute hairs; leaflets
varying from oblong-ovate to lanceolate and linear, very veiny, shining ; pedun-
cles 1 - 4-flowered ; calyx-teeth lincar-awl-shaped. — Sandy woods, from Mary-
land southward. Jidy. — Corolla 1' long, violet. I'ods straight, 4-5' long.

27. CLITORIA, L. Bltterfly-Pea.

Calyx tubular, rj-toothed. Standard nnuii larger than the rest of the flower;
erect, rounded, notched at the top, not spurred on the Itack : keel small, shorter
than the wings, incurved, acute. Stamens monadelphous below. Style bearded
down the inner face. Pod linear-oblong, flatfish, knotty, several-seeded, pointed
with the base of the style. — Erect or twining perennials, with mostly pinnately
3-(oliolatc stipellate leaves, and very large flowers. Peduncles 1-3-flowered:
braetleti opposite, striate. (Derivation recondite.)

1. C. Mariana, L. Smooth; leaflets oblong-ovatc or ovate-lanceolate;
stipules aiidi)racts awl-shapcd ; peduncles short, 1-3-flowcred. — Dry banks,
E. New Vork to Virginia and southward. July. — Low, ascending or twining ;
the showy pale-blue flowers i>' long.

28. AMPHICARPJEA, Ell. Hog Pea-nct.

Flowers of 2 kinds ; those of the racemes from the upper branches perfect, but
seldom ripening fruit ; those near the base and on creeping branches with the
corolla none or rudimentary, and few free stamens, but fruitful. Calyx about
Cfjually 4- (rarely 5-) toothed : bractlets none or minute. Keel and wing-petals
similar, almost straight ; the standard i>artly folded round them. Stamens dia-
delphous. Style beardless. Pods of the upper flowers, when formed, somewhat
scymetar-shaped, 3-4-seedcd; of the lower ones commonly subterranean, oI)0-
vate or ])ear-sbaped, fleshy, ri])ening usually but one large seed. — Low and
slender perennials; the twining stems clothed with brownish hairs. Leaves
pinnately 3-foliokite ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, stipellate. Flowers small, in clus-

142 LEGUMIXOS-E. (PULSE FAMILY.)

tcred or compound racemes, purplish. Bracts persistent, round, partly clasp-
in;:, striate, i'.s well as the stijiules. (Name Ironi dfxcjyl, both, and Kapjros, Jruit,
in allusion to the two kinds of pods.)

1. A. monbica, Nutt. Kacemes nodding; hracts each supporting 2 or
more llowers, shorter than the pedicels ; subterranean pods hairy. — Rich wood-
lands. Aug., Sept.

29. GALACTIA, P. Browne. Milk-Pea.

Calyx 4-elelt ; the lobes acute, the upper one broadest, entire. Keel scarcely
incurved. Stamens diadelphous or nearly so. Style beardless. Pod linear, flat,
several-seeded (some few of them rarely partly subterranean and fleshy or de-
formed).— Low, mostly prostrate or twining perennial herbs. Leaflets usually
3, stipellate. Flowers in somewhat interrupted or knotty racemes, purplish ; in
summer. (Name from yi A a, -uktos, milk ; some species being said to yield a
milky juice, which is unlikely.)

1. G. glabella, ^liehx. Stems nearli/ smooth, prostrate; leaflets elliptical
or ovate-oblong, sometimes slightly hairy beneath ; racemes short, 4-8-flo\vcrcd ;
pods somewhat liairtj. — Sandy woods, S. New York, New Jersey and Penn. to
Virginia and .-southward. — Flowers large for the genus, rose-purple.

2. G. mollis, Michx. Stems (decumbent and somewhat twining) and
leaves beneath sofl-downy and honri/ ; leaflets oval ; racemes many-flowered ; pods
very downij. — S. Pennsylvania, Maryland, and southward. July.

30. RHYNCHOSIA, Lour., DC. Rhynchosia.

Calvx somewhat 2-lipped, or dee])ly 4-5-parted. Keel scythe-shaped, or in-
curved at the apex. Stamens diadelphous. Ovules only 2. Pod 1 - 2-seeded,
short and flat, 2-valved. — Usually twining or trailing perennial herbs, pinnatelv
3-foliolate, or -with a single leaflet, not stipellate. Flowers yellow, racemose or
clustered. (Name from pvv)(os, a beak, from the shape of the keel.)

1. R. toment6sa, Torr. & Gray. More or less downy ; leaflets roundish ;
racemes short or capitate ; calyx about as long as the corolla, 4-parted, the
upper lobe 2-cleft ; pod oblong. — Very variable : or perhaps the following arc
distinct species.

A'ar. monophylla, Torr. & Gr.iy. Dwarf and upright (3' -6' high);
leaves mostly of one round leaflet l'-2' wide. (R. reniformis, DC.) — Virginia
and southward, in dry sandy soil. — Flowers earlier than the following.

A'ar. volilbilis, Torr. & Gray. Trailing and twining, less downy ; leaflets
3, roundish; racemes few-flowered, almost sessile in the axils. (R. difformis,
DC.) — S. Virginia and southward.

Var. er6cta, Torr. & Gray. Upright {l°^2° high), soft-downy; leaflets
3, oval or oblong. (R. crecta, DC.) — ^Maryland and southward.

31. BAPTISIA, Vent. False Indigo.

Calyx 4-5-toothed. Standard not longer than the wings, its sides reflexed:
keel-petals nearly separate, and, like the wings, straight. Stamens 10, distinct.

LEGUMINOS.E. (iTI.SIC FAMILY.) 113

Pod stiilked in the persistent calyx, roundish or olilon<^, inflated, poiiitetl, many-
seeded. — Perennial herbs, with palniately .3-fuli()latc (rarely simple) leaves,
whieh ;renenilly hlaekeii in dryiii;;, and raeenied flowers. (Named from iiajir'i^oi,
to dije, from the econoinieal u.se o( i^ome sj)ecies, whieh yield a poor indi;;o.)

1. B. tinctdria, U. Pr. (Wild Indigo.) Smooth and slender (2°- 30
lii^h), rather filaiicoiis; k'uvos almost sessile ; leaflets ronnded wedge-obovatc
(!{' lonji) ; slijinld! (uul hnicts iiiiniit)- (iiiil daiditoiis ; rarcmis fi v-Jlturcrrif, tcrminat-
ili<;- the Inishy hraiiehes ; pods oval-};lol)ose, on a stalk lonj^er than the calyx. —
Sandy dry soil : common. June- Aujr- — Corolla yellow, ^' long.

2. B. austl'klis, K.Br. (BuK FALSii-lNDiGO.) Smooth, tall and stout
(4° -5°); leaflets oblonjj-wedge-form, obtuse; stipules lanaolate, as long as llie
jwtioks, rather /lemislciit ; raceme eloiirjated ( 1 ° - 2° ) and maui/-Jhwerrd, erect ; bracts
deciduous; stalh of the oval-ob/onff podf af)out the lent/th of the ca/yr. — Alluvial soil,
from Pennsylvania westward and southward: often cultivated. June. — Flow-
ers 1' lonji, indigo-blue. Pods 2' -.3' long.

3. B. leucantha, Torr. & Gr. Smooth ; stems, leaves, and racemes as in
the foregoing ; stiimlcs ear/// deciduous ; pods or<d-o!i/oii(j, raif.ed on a stad.- J'ulli/ twice
tlie Itmjtit of the cali/x. — Alluvial .soil, Ohio to Wisconsin and .southwestward.
July. — Flowers white ; tho standard short. Pods 2' long.

4. B. ^Iba, li. Br. Smooth (l°-.3° high) ; the branches slender and icidoly
sprmdiiKj : jietioles slender ; stipules and bracts minute an(\ deciduous; leaflets ob-
long or oblanceolatc ; racemes slender on a long naked peduncle; pods linrar-
ohlong {I'- \^' lon-^), short-stalhed. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. May,
June. — Flowers white, 6" -9" long.

•>■ B. leUCOphaea, Nutt. ITain/, hue (1° high), with direrrjent branches;
hares (dniost sissi/, : it'aflcts narrowly oblong-obovate or spatulate ; stipules and
bracts lar(/e and liafi/, persistent; racemes lonrj, reclined ; Jlowers on elonf/ated ftedi-
cels ; pods ovoid, hoary. — Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. April, May.
— Raceme often 1°, pedicels l'-2', the cream-colored corolla 1', in length.

32. CLADRASTIS, Puif Yellow- Wood.

Calyx 5-toothed. Standard large, roundish, reflexcd : the distinct kcel-pctals
and wings straight, oblong. Stamens 10, distinct: filaments slender, incurved
nl)0ve. Pod short-stalked above the calyx, linear, flat, thin, marginless, 4-6-
secded, at length 2-valved. — A small and handsome tree, with yellow wood,
smooth bark, nearly smooth pinmitc leaves of 7 - 11 oval or ovate leaflets, and
ample panicled racemes (10" -20" long) of showy white flowers drooping from
the end of the branches. Stipules obsolete. Base of the petioles hollow, and
enclosing the leaf-buds of the next year. Bracts minute and fugacious. (Name
of obscure derivation.)

1. C. tinctdria, Haf. (VirgHia lutca, .l//c//.r. /:) Rich hillsides, E. Ken-
tucky and southward along the western ba.sc of the Allcghanies. May, June.

33. CERCIS, L. RKD-nin. Jri)AS-Tnr.E.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla imperfectly pai)ilionaceous : standard smaller than
the wings, and enclosed by them in the bud : the keel-pcUils larger and not

144 LEGUMINOS^. (PULSR FAMILY.)

tinitcd. Stamens 10, distinct, declined. Pod oblong, flat, many-seeded, tho
iil)lHT .sutiiiv with a win;;ed niar^iiii. Knibryo straij^ht. — Trees, witii rounded-
lieart-sliaped !sinii)lc leaves, caducous stipules, and rcd-i)urple flowers in uwihel-
likc dusters along the branches of the last or preceding years, appearing before
the leaves, acid to the taste. (The ancient name of the Oriental Judas-tree.)

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Kkd-uhd.) Leaves pointed ; pods nearly sessile
above the calyx. — Rich soil, New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward.
March -May. — A small ornamental tree, often cultivated : the blossoms smaller
than in the European species.

34. CASSIA, L. Senna.
Sepals 5, scarcely united at the base. Petals 5, little une(j[ual, spreading.
Stamens .'j-lO, unequal, and some of them often imperfect, spreading: anthers
opening by 2 pores or chinks at the apex. Pod many-seeded, often with cross
partitions. — Herbs (in the United States), with simply and abruptly pinnate
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (An ancient name of obscure derivation.)
» Leaflets large: stipules deciduous : the 3 upper anthers di formed and imperfect:
flowers in short axilltiri/ racemes, the upper ones panicled: herliafje glabrous.

1. C. Marilandica, L. (Wild Sknna.) Ltaflds 6 -9 pairs, lanceolate-
oblong, obtuse; petiole with a club-shaped gland* near the base; pods linear,
slightly cui-ved, flat, at first hairy (2' -4') ; root perennial. — Alluvial soil. July.
— Stem 3° -4° high. Leaves used as a substitute for the officinal Senna.

2. C. occidentXlis, L. Leaflets 4-6 pairs, oudte-lunctolate, acute ; an ovate
gland at the base of the petiole ; pods long-linear (.5' long) with a tumid border,
glabrous. — Virginia and southward. Aug. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

.'5. C. obtusifblia, L. Leaflets 3 or rareti/ 2 pairs, obovate, obtuse, with an
elongated gland between those of the lower pairs or lowest pair; pods slender,
6' long, curved; root annual. — Banks of the Ohio Kiver, Illinois (Dr. Vasci/),
S. Virginia and southward.

» * Leaflets small, somewhat sensitive to the touch : stipules striate, persi.ftent : rt nip-
shaped gland beneath thn lowest pair of leaflets : anthers all perfect : flowers in
small clusters abo'w the axils: pods flat: root annual.

4. C. Chamseerista, L. (Pautridge Pea.) Leaflets 10-1.") pairs,
linear-oblong, oblique at the base; flowers (large) on slender pedicels; anthers 10,
elongated, unequal (4 of them yellow, the others purple) style slender. — Sandy
fields: common, especially southward. Aug. — Stems spreading, 1° long : 2
or 3 of the showy yellow petals often with a pin-ple spot at the base.

5. C. nictitans, L. (Wild Sensitive-Plant.) Leaflets 10-20 pairs,
oblong-linear; flowers (very small) on reri/ .'short pedicels; avthers .5, nenrli/ equal;
style short. — Sandy fields, New England, near the coast, to Illinois and south-
ward. Aug. - Sept.

35. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.

Flowers dioecious or ])olygam<)us, regular. Calyx elongated-tubular below,
r>-cleft. Petals .5, oblong, equal, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Sta-

LF-Gl'MINOS^. (pulse FAMILY.) Ho

mens 10, distinct, short, inserted witli the petals. Pod ol)lon^, flattened, hard,
pul|)y inside, several-seeded. iSeeds tiatti>li. — A tall lar^^e tree, with rou;^h
bark, stout branehlets, not thorny, and h\r<j;(i uneiiuaily twiec-jtinnatc luavea;
tlic leaflets standing;- veriiealiy. — Flowers whitish, in terminal raeenies. (Name
from yvfi.i'ui, uuLil, and KXiidus, a brunch, aliiuling to the stout branehes desti-
tute of spray.)

1. G. Canadensis, Lam. Rieh woods, along rivers, W. New York and
Penn. to Illinois and soutlnvcstward. June. — Cultivated as ati ornameuial
tree : timber valuable. Leaves 2° - 3° long, witli several larj>e partial leafstalks
bearing 7 -13 ovate stalked leaflets, the lowest pair with single leaflets. Tod
6'- 10' long, 2' broad ; the seeds over V aeross. Stipules wanting.

36. GLEDITSCHIA, L. IIoney-Locu.st.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx short, 3-5eleft, the lobes sjtreading. Petals
as many as the sepals and equalling them, the 2 lower sometimes united. Sta-
mens 3 - 10, distinet, inserted with the petals on the base of the ealv.x. Pod flat,
1 -many-seeded. Seeds flat. — Thorny trees, with abruptly onee or twiee pin-
nate leaves, and inconspieuous greenish flowers in small spikes. Thorns above
the axils. (Named in honor of J. G. Ukditsch, a botanist contemporary with
Linna'us.)

1. G. triac^nthos, L. (Three-tiiokned Acaci.\, or IIoxey-Locust.)
Thorns stout, often triple or compound ; haflds Innreolate-ohlon;/, somewhat ser-
rate ; pods linear, eloixfjatcd (1°- U° long), often twisted, fllled with sweet pulp
between the seeds. — Rieh woods, Penn. to Virginia, Illinois, and southwest-
ward. June. — Common in cultivation as an ornamental tree, and for hedges.

2. G. monosp6rma, Walt. (Watek-Locust.) Thorns slender, mostly
simple; hojlils oaite or nljlum/ ; pods oval, l-sccdal, puii>lcss. — Swamps, Illinois
and southwestward. July. — A small tree.

37. DESMANTHUS, Willd. DESMANTiins.

Flowers perfect or polygamous, regular. Calyx campanulate, 5-tootlied.
Petals 5, distinct. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, membranaceous or somewhat
coriaceous, several-seeded, 2-valved, smooth. — Herbs, with twice-pinnate leaves
of numerous small leaflets, and with one or more glands on the petiole, setaceous
stipules, and axillary peduncles bearing a head of small greenish-white flowers.
(Name composed nf dtana, a bond, and livBo^, flmrer.)

1. D. brach;^lobuS, Benth. Nearly glabrous perennial, erect (l°-40
high); partial petioles 0-15 pairs; leaflets 20 -,30 pairs ; stamens'); pods ob-
long or lanceolate, curved, scarcely 1' louir, 2 - f.-seeded. (Darlina-tonia hraehy-
loba & glandulosa, Z>C.) — Prairies and alluvial banks, Illinois and .southwest-
ward.

38. SCHRANKIA, Willd. Sensitive Bhiar.

Flowers polygamous, regidar. Calyx minute. .'J-toothed. Petals united into
a funnel-form 5-cleft corolla. Stamens 10-12. ilistinet, or the filaments united
at the base. Pods long and narrow, rough-pricklv, several-seeded 4-valvcd i. c

G M— 7

146 ROSACK^. (rose family.)

the two narrow valves separating on each side from a thickened margin. — Pc-
reiniiiil herbs, nearly related to the true Sensitive Phmts (Mimosa) ; tlie procum-
bent stems mid petioles prickly, with twice-jiinnatc sensitive leaves of many
small leafletij, and axillary peduncles bearing round heads of small rose-colored
flowers. (Named for F. P. Schrank, a German botanist.)

1. S. uncinkta, Willd. Prickles hooked; partial petioles 4-6 pairs;
k-dfhts e//i/itiml, nticulakd with stiony veins Ijencath ; pods oblong-linear, nearly
terete, short-pointed, densely prickly (2' long). — Dry sandy soil, Virginia,
Illinois? and southward. June -Aug.

2. S. angUSt^ta, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets oblonfj-linear, scarcehj veimd; -fodis
slender, tajier-poiuted, sparingly prickly (about 4' long). — With the preceding.

Okdeh 33. ROSACEA. (Rose Family.)

Plants with regular /lowers, numerous (rarely few) distinct stamens in-
sened on the calyx, and 1 - many pisiiU^ which are (/uite distinct, or (in the
Pear tribe) united and combined with the calyx-tnbe. Seeds (anatropous)
1 -few in each ovary, almost always without albumen. Embryo straight,
with large and thick cotyledons. Leaves alternate, with stipules, these some-
times caducous, rarely obsolete or wanting. — Calyx of 5 or rarely 3 - 4 -
8 sepals (the odd one superior), united at the base, often appearing double
by a row of bractlets outside. Petals as many as the sepals (rarely want-
ing), mostly imbricated in the bud, and inserted with the stamens on the
edge of a disk that lines the calyx-tube. Trees, shrubs, or herbs. — A
large and important order, almost destitute of noxious qualities, and pro-
ducing the most valuable fruits. Very intimately connected with Legu-
minosa; on one Land, and with Saxifragaceaj on the other.

SuBOKDER I. AMYGDALJC^. (Almond Family.)

Calyx entirely free from the (usually) solitary ovary, deciduous. Style
terminal or nearly so. Fruit a drupe (stone-fi-uit), 1-seeded, or rarely 2-
seeded. — Trees or shrubs, with simple leaves, the bark exuding gum, and
the bark, leaves, and kernels yielding the peculiar flavor of prussic acid.
Stipules free, often deciduous.

1. Prunus. Flowers perfect. Lol)C3 of the calyx and petals .5. Stone of the drupe bony.

Suborder II. KOSACEiE tropeu.
Calyx free from the ovaries (but sometimes enclosing them in its tube),
mostl)' persistent with the fruit. Pistils few or many, distinct, occasionally
single. Stipules commonly united with the petiole.

Tribe I. fVlRJEEJE. Pistils mostly 5 and forming follicles in fruit: styles terminal.
Calyx without bractlets. Seeds not rarely with some albumen !

2. Splrren. Calyx 5-cleft, short. Petals obovate, equal, chiefly imbricated in the bud.

3. Glllenla. CMyx elongated, 6-toolUed. PcUla slender, unequal, convolute in the bud.

ROSACK^:. (UOSK FAMILY.) 147

Trtbe II. POTERIEjE. Pistils 1-4, one-ovuled, becoming acheni.i, and enclosed io
the urii-sliiipcil tubu of the dry persistent calyx, wliicli is constricted or nearly closed at the
tlii-..at I'l t .Is .ifien wautini;
4 Pi>t< i-iiiin. IVtals none. Loljes of the calyx 4, petal-like. Style terminal : stigma tufted.
5. Alt litiiiillii. I'etuls none. Suimeiis anil pistils 1 -4 : style lateral.
6 A^i^riinoiiia. I'etala 5. SUmens 1-2 - 15. I'istils 2 : style terminal.
Tribe III. DKYAUKiS. Pistils numerous, rarely few or single, one-ovuled, becoming
liry aclKMiia ; the calyx open, not tlesliy in fruit. Petals present, usually conspicuous.

7. Drjns. Petals and calyx-lobes 8 or 9. Stamens and carpels numerous: persistent

styles becomin(f lonj; plumose tails in fruit.

8. Gviiin. lVt;ils and calyx-lobes 5, the latter usually with 5 alternating small bractleU.

Stamens and carpels numerous : persistent styles becoming long jilumose or hairy, or
naked and straight or jointed, tails. Radicle inferior.

9. 'WaltUteiitia. Petals and calyx-lobes 5 ; no bractlets. Stamens numerous. Achenia

2- 6 : styles deciduous from the base. Radicle inferior.

10. Siblialilia. Petals minute : stamens and achenia 5 -10 : otherwise same as Potentilla.

11. A.'uleiitilla. Petals 5 (rarely 4), conspicuous. Calyx-lobes as many, and also with an

altirnating set of accessory lobes or bractlets. Stamens and achenia numerous ; the
latter heaped on a dry receptacle. Styles commonly more or less lateral, deciduous or
not enlarging in fruit. Radicle superior.

12. Frugaria. Flower as in Potentilla. Receptacle much enlarged and pulpy in fruit.
Tribe IV. RUBB.^. Pistils numerous or several, 2-ovuled, becoming berry like or

druiK-lets in fruit ; the 5-cleft calyx not bracteolate, open, persistent or withering beneath
the fruit. Petals conspicuous.

13. Dallbartla. Carpels 6 - 10, in the bottom of the calyx, almost dry.

14. Kubiis. Carpels numerous, heaped on the receptacle.

Tribe V. ROSEiE. Pistils numerous, one-ovuled, becoming achenia, contained in the
urn-shaped or globular and almost closed fleshy tube of the caly.\, or hip : no bractlets.
Petals c inspicuous.

15. llosa. Character of the Tribe.

SuBOftDF.R III. POItlE.E. (Pkar Family.)
Caly.x-tube thick and flesliy in Irnit, including and combined with the
2-5 ovaries (forming a, pome). Stipules free.

• Cells of the compound ovary as many as the styles (2 5), each 2- (rarely several-) ovuled.

16. Crata;gus. Pome drupe-like, with 1 -6 bony stones or kernels. Usually thorny.

17. Py rus. Pome containing 2 - 5 papery or cartilaginous carpels.

* Cells of the compound ovary becoming twice as many as the styles, each 1-ovuled.
13. Aiuelaiifblcr. Pome usually of 5 carpels ; each becomes incompletely 2-celled by a
projection from its back : otherwise as Pyrus.

1. PRUNUS, Tourn. Plum, Cukrey, &c.

Caly.x 5-cleft ; the tube bcll-shapod, urn-.shaped or ttdiular-obconical, decidu-
ous after flowerin":. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens l.")-20. Ovary .solitary,
with 2 penduloua ovules. Drtipc fleshy, with a l>ony stone. — Small trees or
shrubs, with mostly edible fruit. (The ancient Latin name.)
§ 1. PKUXUS & Ci<:RASUS, Tomn. Drupe swoolh, and the stone smooth or
somewhat rnijijal : jloWivs {iisiuilli/ whi'tr) /rum se/Hirate Intend sndi/ buds in
eurlif spriiu/, precedimj or coetinicous with the Imres ; the pedicels ft w cr seiynd
in simple umbel-like clusters. — T/ie Pjlusis of the Old World have the leavef

148 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.)

convolute in the hud, the fruit with a bloom ; its stone oblong, flattened or flatfish
and acutf. at hutli ends : hut our wild Plums are like Ciikkries in liuvlncj the
leiives /hided hffure exjicnision, little or i.o hloom, and some of tlitm in the thicker
or (jlubular stone, thus confounding the disliuctions.

1. P. Americana, Marshall. (Wild Ykllow or Red Plum.) Leaves
ovule or suine\vh;U oljovate, cons/)iciiousli/ j>ointed, coarscli/ or douhlij serrate, very
veiny, qlahrous whi:n mature ; fruit nearly destitute of bloom, roundish-oval, yel-
low, orange, or red, j'-i' in diameter, with the turgid stone more or less acute
on l)Oth margins, or in cultivated states 1' or more in diameter, the flattened
stone with broader margins : plea^iant-tastcd, but with a tough and acerb skin.
— Woodlands and river-banks : common. — Tree thorny, 8° -20° high.

2. P. maritima, Wang. (Beach Plum.) Low and straggling (2°-
5°); leaves ovate or ovul, finely serrate, softly pubescent underneath; pedicels short,
pubescent; fruit globular, purple or crimson with a bloom {h' - 1' in diameter) ;
the stone very turgid, acute on one edge, rounded and minutely grooved on the
other. (P. littoralis, Bigiluw.) — Varies, when at some distance from the coast,
with the leaves smoother and thinner, and the fruit smaller. (P. pygmia,
Willd.) — Sea-beach and the vicinity, Maine to Virginia; the variety. New
Jersey and soutlnvard.

.3. P. Chicasa, Michx. (Chick.vsaav Plum.) Stem scarcely thorny
(8' -15' high) ; leaves nearly lanceolate, finely serrulate, glabrous; fruit globular,
red, nearly destitute of bloom (^'-|'in diameter); the ovoid stone almost as
thick as wide, rounded at both sutures, one of them minutely grooved. — Mary-
land to Illinois (probably not indigenous) and southwestward.

4. P. spiNosA, L. (Sloe. Black Thorn.) Branches thorny; leaves
ohovate-obhiig or ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, at length glabrous ; pedicels gla-
brous ; fruit small, globular, black with a bloom, the stone turgid, acute on one
edge. — Var. iNsixfxiA (Bullace-Plum.), is less spiny, the pedicels and lower
side of the leaves pubescent (P. insititia, L.) — Roadsides and waste places,
New England, to Pcnn., >S:c. (Adv. from Ku.)

5. P. ptimila, L. (Dwarf Cherry.) Smooth, depressed, and trailing
(6'- 18' high) ; leaves ohovate-lanceolate, tapering to the base, somewhat toothed near
the apex, pale underneath ; flowers 2-4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red, without
bloom ; stone ovoid, marginless, of the size of a large pea. — Rocks or sandy
banks, Massachusetts northward to Wisconsin, ana .south to Virginia along the
mountains.

6. P. Pennsylv&nica, L. (Wild Red Cherry.) Tj'aves dilong-lanceo-
late, pointed, jindy mid shar/ily sn-rate, shining, green and smooth both sides; flowers
many in a cluster, on long pedicels; fruit globose, light red, very small, with
thin and sour flesh ; stone globular. — Rocky woods : common, especially
northward. May. — Tree 20° -30° high, with light red-brown bark.

§2. PADUS, Mill. (Cherry.) Drupe small, glohosp, without hloom; the stone
turgid-orate, marginless : flowers in rcwemes terminating Uafy branches, therefore
appearing after the leaves, late in spring.

7. P. Virginikna, L. (Choke-Cherry.) lycaves ovtd, ohlong,or obovate,
abruptly pointed, very sharply (oflen doubly) serrate with slender teeth, thin ; racemes

rosace.t:. (rose faimily.) 149

short nnd rloso ; petals roundish; fruit rod turning: to dark rrimson ; stone
smooth. — liiver-haiiks : coniinoii, espicially northward. May. — A tall shrub,
seldom a trt'o, with >;ra_vish bark ; the fruit very austere and astringent till per-
fectly ripe. (1*. obovhia, Bitjclow. 1'. serotina, of several authors.)

8. P. sex'btina, Khrhart. (Wild Black Cheruv.) Lcavis oblong or
ItincroUitf-oli/uii//, taj)er-})oiiit(ii, serrate with incurred short and ailloiis tetth, tliieki«h,
sliinin;; above; racemes elongated; petals obovatc; fruit purj)lish-black. —
Woods: common. June. — A fine large tree, with reddish-brown liranches,
furnishing valuable timber to the cabinet-maker: al.so al)Oiin(ling eastward as a
shrub. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor.

2. SPIRJEA, L. Meadow-Swket.

Calyx 5-cleft, short, persistent. Petals 5, obovatc, equal, imbricated in the
bud (except in No. 6). Stamens 10-50. Tods (lollicles) 2- 12, several- (2-
15-) seeded. — Flowers white or rose-color, sometimes dioecious : rarely the parts
are 4 instead of 5. (Name probably from o-TTftpuw, to wind, alluding to the fit-
ness of the plants to be formed into garlands.)

§ 1. rilYSOCARPOS, Camb. (Neillia, Don.) Shrubs with simple pal-
matili/lohed leaves and vmhel-like corymbs: jiods iitjlated and diverfjing when
grown, 2-4-seeded: seeds pntty large, roundish, bitter, with a thick crustuceou.*
seed-codt, and rather copious albumen !

1. S. opulifblia, L. (Nine-Bark.) Leaves roundish, somewhat S-lobed
and heart-shaped; jiods 2-5. — Rocky river-banks, especially westward. June.

— Shrub 4° -10° high, with long recurved branches, and white Huwers, sue
cecded by membranaceous purplish pods : the ijld bark loose and separating in
numerous thin layers.

§ 2. SPIRAEA proper. Shrubs, with simple leavef ; the stipules obsolete : podf
[v)ostlg 5) not inflated, several-seeded : seeds mostlij linear and with a thin or
loose coiit and no albumen, in this and the following sections.

2. S. COrymb6sa, Raf Nearly smooth (l°-2° high); leaves oval of
ovate, cut-toothed towards the apex; corymbs large, flat, scvcnxl times compound,
flnweis irhite. — Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to Virginia and Kentucky. Juno

— A form of S. bctuiivfolia, Pallas.

•1. S. salicif61ia, I>. (Common Meadoav-Sweet.) Xearly smooth (2° -
3° high) ; leaves wedge-lanceolate, simply ur doubly serrate \floirtrs in a crowdtd
panicle, white or flesh-color ; pods smooth. — Wet or low groumls : alro culti-
vated. July. (Eu.)

4. S. toment6sa, L. (HAnniiACK. Steeple-Bisii.) Slenui and louet
surface of the ovate or oblong serrate leaves very woolly ; flowers in short racemes
crowded in a dense panicle; jiods woolly. — Low grounds : coniinoni'st iu New
England. July. — Flowers rose-color, rarely white.

§3. ULMARLV, Mancii. Perennial herbs, with pinnate leaves and panicUd
rymosp flowers : cnlijx rrfli-red : }iods 5 - 8 in number, 1 - 2-seedetl.

5. S. lobkta, Murr. (Qceen or the Prairie ) Glabrous (2° -8° high) ;
leaves interruptedly jiinnate ; the terminal leaflet very large, 7 -O-jmrted, the
lobes incised and toothed ; stipules kidney-form ; panicle eompounil clustered.

150 ROSACEA, (rose family.)

on a lonf,' naked peduncle. — Meadows and Prairies, Penn. to Michigan, Uli-
nois, and Kentucky. June. — I'lowers deep peaeh-blos.-iom color, handsome,
the petals and sejjals ot'tcu in fours ! The bruised t'oliage exhales the odor of
Sweet Bireh.

§4. ARCNCUS, Serinrje. Perennial herbs, with dioecious whitish Jlowers, in

inani/ slender spi/ciS disfwsed in a lomj comimind ixiiiide: leans thrice-pinnate:

stipith'S obsolete: pod^ 3-5, several-seeded : pedicels reflered in fruit.

6. S. Ariineus, L. (Goat's-Beakd.) Smooth, tall; leaflets thin, lancc-

ohue-ohlong, or the terminal ones ovate-lanceolate, taper-j)ointed, sharply cut

and serrate. — Rich woods, Catskill and Alleghany Mountains and westward.

Kear Baltimore, /'. r. /^eroy. June. (Eu.)

3. GILLENIA, Mueueh. Indian Physic.

Calyx narrow, somewhat constricted at the throat, 5-toothed ; teeth erect.
Petals 5, rather unequal, linear-lanceolate, inserted in the throat of the calyx ;
convolute in the bud. Stamens 10-20, included. Pods 5, included, at iirst
lightly cohering with each other, 2-4-sceded. Seeds ascending, with a close
coriaceous coat, and some albumen. — Perennial herbs, Avith almost sessile 3-fo-
liolate leaves; the thin leaflets doubly serrate aud incised. Flowers loosely
panieulatc-corymhed, pale rose-color or white. (I)etlicated to an obscure Ger-
man botanist or physician, A. Gille, or Gillenius.)

1. G. trifoliata, Micneh. (Bow.man's Root.) Leaflets ovate-oblong,
pointed, cut-serrate; stipules small, awl-shaped, entire. — Rich woods, from W.
New York southward, and sparingly in the Western States. July.

2. G, Stipulasea, Nutt. (American Ipecac.) Leaflets lanceolate,
deeply incised ; stipules large and leaf-like, doubly incised. — From W. Pcqq-
sylvania and New York to lUiuois and Kentucky. June.

4. POTERIXJM, L. (including Saxguisorba.) Burnet.

Calyx with a top-shaped tube, constricted at the throat, persistent ; the 4
broad petal-like spreading lobes imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Petals none.
Stamens 4-12 or more, with flaccid filaments and short anthers. Pistils 1 -.3 :
the slender terminal style tipped with a tufted or brush-like stigma. Achenium
(commonly solitary) enclosed in the 4-angled dry atul thiekish closed calyx-
tube. Seed suspended. — Chiefly perennial herbs, with unequally jiinnatc
leaves, stipules coherent with the petiole, and small, often polygamous or di-
oecious flowers crowded in a dense head or s])ike at the summit of a long and
naked peduncle, each bracteate and 2-hracteolate. (Name ttodj/jioi/, a drinkiuq-
cup, the foliage of Burnet having been used in the preparation of some medici-
nal drink.)

1. P. Canadcnse. (Canadian BrnxET.) Stamens 4, long-exserted,
club-sha])ed, white, as is the whole of the elongated and cylindrical spike ; stem
3° - G° high, leaflets numerous, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, coarsely serrate, ob-
tuse, heart-shaped at the base, as if stipellate; stipules serrate. (Sanguisnrha
Canadensis, Z., and former edition.) — Bogs and wet meadows; ehietly iiortli-
Vv-:u'd. Aug. - Oct.

«

ROSACE^.. (rOSK family.) , 151

5. ALCHEMILLA, Tuum. Ladv's Maxti.e.

Calyx-tube inversely coniciil, contracted at the throat ; linih 4-jiartcd with as
many alternate accessory lobes outside. Petals iion.-. Sianuns 1-4. I'istils
1-4; the slender style arising from near the base of tlic ovary ; the aclicnia in-
cluded in the tube of the persistent calyx. — Low herbs, witii palniatcly loi)ed
or conij)ound leaves, and small corymbed grcenisli Howers. (From AI/.-i nuli/ih,
tlic Arabic name.)

1. A. AUVEXsis, L. (Parsley Piekt.) Small annual (.T-8' hi;;li),
leafy; leaves 3-parted, with the wedge-shaped lobes 2-3-cleft, pubescent; How-
ers sessile in the axils. — Eastern and Central Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.)

A. ALPINA, L., is said by Pursh to grow on the Green and Wiiitc Moun-
tains, New England : but there is most probably some mistake about it.

6. AGRIMONIA, Tuurn. Agiumony.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, contracted at the throat, beset with liookcd bristles
above, induratea .n fruit and enclosing the 2 aehenia ; the limb 5-clcft, closed
after flowering. Petals 5. Stamens 12- 15. Styles terminal. Seed suspended.
— Perennial herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and yellow flowers in slen-
der spiked racemes: bracts 3-cleft. (^'ame a corruption oi' Anjonoiiia, oi the
same derivation as Argemone, p. 59.)

1. A. Eupatbria, L. (Common Agrimony.) Lciflitx :>-! with minute
OIKS inUrmixed, olilomz-obovatr, (.•oiwsdy toothed; petals twice the length of the
calyx. — Borders of woods : common. July -Sept. (Eu.)

2. A. pax'Vifldra, Ait. (Smai.l-Flowered A.) Lea fids crowded, W-
19, with smaller oius iiitcrmixal, hmrjolate, acute, deeply and regularly cut-serrate,
as well as the stipules ; petals small. — Woods and glades, S. New York (C. F.
Austin) to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. July.

7. DRY AS, L. Dryas.

Calyx open, flatfish, 8 - 9-pnrtcd. Petals 8-9, large. Otherwise like Genm
§ Sieversia. — Dwarf and matted slightly shrubby plants, with simjile toothed
leaves, and solitary large flowers. (Name from Dn/ndex, the nymphs of the
Oaks, the fulia-c of tlie original species resembling oak-leaves in miniature.)

1. D. integrifblia, Vahl. Leaves oblong-ovatc, slightly heart-shaped,
with revolutc margins, nearly entire, white-downy beneath, flowers white. —
White IMountains, New IIam])shire, Prof. P/c/c, according to Purs/i; not since
met with : but it grows in Lower Catuida. (Eu.)

8. GEUM, L. AvENs.

Calyx bell-shaped or flatti>h, deeply 5-cleft, usually with 5 small braetlets at
the sinuses. Petals 5. Stamens many. Aehenia numerous, hea])cd on a coni-
cal or cylindrical dry receptacle, the long jjcrsistcnt styles forming hairy or
iniked and straight or jointed tails. Seed erect. — Perennial herbs, with i)in-
nate or lyrate leaves. (Name from ytvu, to tjivc an at/reeuble jiuor, the rootA
being ratlier aromatic.)

1-'>'2 . ROSACEA. (rose family.)

§ 1. GE^^^ proper. Sli/Zis jointed and bent near the middle; the hirer portion
persistent, indeed, hooked at the end (tflcr the dejiexid and most/;/ somewhat hairij
upper joint fulls awai/: head of /ntil sessile in the calyx: calyx-lobis rejiexcd.
(Floicers sometchat ]>anicled at the summit of a leafi/ stem: achcnia in our
species glabrous or nearly so beluw, more or less bristly at the top or along the base
of the style.)
* Petuls white or pale greenish-yellow, small, spatulate or oblong: stipules small.

1. G. album, Ginclin. Smoothish or sojlly intbescent; stem slender {2° hh^h);
root-leaves of3-5 leaflets, or simple and rounded, with a few minute leaflets on
the petiole below ; those of the stem 3-dividcd or lohcd, or only toothed ; petals
about the length of the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit densely bristly-hirsute. — Bor-
ders of Avoods, &c. : common. May -Aug. — Too near the European G. urba-
num ; probably a white or whitish-flowered form of it.

2. G. Virginianum, L. Bristly-hairy, especially the stout stem ; lower and
root-leaves pinnate, very various, the upper mostly 3-parted or divided, incised ;
petals inconspicuous, shorter than the calyx ; receptacle of the fruit glabrous or
nearly so. — Borders of woods and low grounds: common. June -Aug. —
Heads of fruit larger than in the preceding, on stouter hirsute peduncles.

* * Petals golden-yellow, conspicuous, broadly obornte, exceeding the calyx: stipules
larger and all deeply cut.

3. G. maci'Ophyllum, Wilid. Bristly-hairy, stout (1°- 3° high) ; root-
leaves lyratcly and interruptedly pinnate, with the terminal lenflit very large and
round-heart-shaped ; lateral leaflets of the stem-leaves 2-4, minute, the terminal
roundish, 3-cleft, the lobes ivedge-form and rounded: receptacle of the fruit neaily
naked. — Around the base of the White Mountains, New Hamjjshirc, also North-
ern Michigan, Illinois, and northwestward. June. (Eu.)

4. G. Strictum, Ait. Somewhat hairy (3° -5° high); root-leaves inter-
ruptedly pinnate, the leaflets wedge-obovate ; leaflets of the stem-lenves 3-5, rhom-
bic-ovate or oblong, acute; receptacle of fruit downy. — Moist meadows: common,
especially northward. July, Aug. (Eu.)

§ 3. STYLIPUS, Ilaf. Styles smooth: head of fruit conspicuously stalked in the
calijx: bractiets of the calyx none: otherwise nearly as % 1.

5. G. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Somewhat pubescent ; stems ascending, few-
leaved, slender ; root-leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - 5-lobed, or some of them
pinnate, with the lobes cut ; petals yellow, about the length of the calyx ; recep-
tacle smooth. (Stylipus vernus, Raf.) — Tliickcts, Ohio to Illinois and Ken-
tucky. April -June.

§ 3. CARYOPIIYLLATA, Tourn. Style jointed and bent in the middle, the up-
per joint plumose : floicers large : ralyx erect or spreading : petals erect.

6. G. riv^le, L. (Water, or Turi'LE Avkns.) Stems nearly simple,
several-flowered (2° high) ; root-leaves lyrate and interruptedly pinnate ; those
of the stem few, 3-foliolate or 3-lobed ; petals dilated-obovate, refuse, contracted
into a claw, purjdish-orangc ; head of fruit stalked in the calyx. — Bogs and wet
meadows, New England to Ponn., Wisconsin, and northward. May. — Blos-
soms nodding, but the feathery fruiting heads upright. Calyx brown-purple.
(Eu.)

ROSACKiE. (rose FAMILY.) 153

§4. SIEVf:RSrA, AYill.l. Sli/le not jointed, w/wlh/ prrsistrnt and sirnn/lif .- head
of fruit S'SsUf : floinrs Itiiyf : ctili/x erect or spreudini/. { Floiverinij stems simple,
and Iwarini; onli/ /tracts or small l(nves.)

7. G. trifl6rum, Pursh. Low, softly-hairy; root-leaves interruptedly
pinnate; tlie leatk-ts very numerous and erowded, ol)lon;;-wedjje-('orm, deeply
eut-tootlicd ; liowers 3 or more on lon<ij peduncles; bractlcts linear, lo"f/er than tlte
purple cali/r, as lonrj as the oblong purplish erect petals: sfi/les v<ry lomj (2'), strongly
plumose in fruiL — Roeks, N. New Hampshire and N. New York to Wisconsin
and westward : rare. April -June.

8. G. radi^tum, Michx. Hirsutely liairy or smoothisli ; root-leavrs roundcd-
kidney-siuiped, radiate-veined (2' -5' broad), doul)ly or irregularly cut-toothed and
obscurely 5- 7-lol)ed, also a set of minute leaflets down the long petiole ; stems
(8' -18' high) 1 - .5-flowered ; hrarllets minute; petals ije.llow, ronnd-obovate and
more or less obeordatc, exceeding the calyx (h' long), spreading ; styles naked
except the base. (High mountains of Carolina.)

Var. P6ckii. Nearly glabrous, or the stalks and veins of the leaves sparsely
liirsutc. (G. Peckii, Pursh.) — 'Alpine tops of the White Mountains of New
Hampshire. July -Sept.

9. WALDSTEINIA, Willd. (CoMviiorsi^ DC.)

Calyx-tube inversely conical; the limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and decid-
uous bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted into the throat of the calyx.
Achenia 2-6, minutely hairy ; the terminal slender styles deciduous from the
biise by a joint. Seed erect. — Low perennial herbs, with chiefly radical .3-5-
lobed or divided leaves, and small yellow flowers on bracted scapes. (Named
in honor of Framis ran Watdstein, a German botanist.)

1. W. fragarioides, Tratt. (B.\rren STR.\.wnERKT.) Low; leaflets
.3, broadly wedge-form, cut-toothed ; scapes several-flowered ; petals longer than
the calyx. ( Dalibarda fragarioides, Michx.) — Wooded hillsides, common north-
ward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June.

10. SIBBALDIA, L. Siubaldia.

Calyx flattish, 5-clcft, with o bractlets. Petals .5, linear-oblong, minute. Sta-
mens .'), inserted alternate with the petals into the margin of the woolly disk
which lines the base of the calyx. Achenia .'3 -10: styles lateral. — Low and
depre.ssed mountain perennials, — in fact only reduced Potentillas. (Dedicated
to Dr. Ruliert Sihhild, Prof, at Edinburgh at the close of the 17th century.)

1. S. prociimbens, L. Leaflets 3, wedge-shaped, .3-toothed at the ajiex ;
petals yellow. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
and northward. (Ku.)

11. POTENTtLLA, L. Cinqce-foil. Five-finger.

Calyx flat, deeply .')-(l(fr, with as many bractlets at the sinuses, thus appear-
ing 10-clcft. Petals 5, usually roundish. Stamens many. Achenin many,
collected in a head on the dry mostly pubescent or hairy receptacle : styles lat-
eral or terminal, deciduous. Kadicle superior. — Herbs, or rarely shrubs, with

l04: KOSACK^. (kOSK FAMILY.)

compound leaves, and solitary or cymose flowers : their parts rarely in fours.
(Name a kind of diminutive from potens, powerful, alluding to the reputed medi-
cinal power, of which in fact these plants possess very little, beinjj; merely mild
astringents, like the rest of the tribe.)

§ 1. Sti/le terminal, or atiachid altove the jniddle of the ovary: achenia glabrous.

* Annuals or bieinikils: petals pale j/ellow, sniall, not exceeding the calyx: receptacle

glolndar, ocoid, or even oblong in J"/ nil.

1 . P. Noi'Vfegica, L. Hairy, erect, branched ai)ove ; leaves palmatelg 3-
foliolali'.; leaflets ol)ovatc-oblong, cut-tootlicd. — Fields: connnon, especially
northward. A homely weed. (Eu.)

2. P. parad6xa, Nutt. Somewhat pubescent, spreading or decumbent,
branched; leurcs /linnute; leaflets 5-9, obovate-oblong, cut-toothed; achenia
with a thick appendage at the base. — Banks of the Oiiio and Mississippi.
Shore of L. Ontario, ./. A. P«/ne ; .probably an immigrant from the West.

* * Perennial herbs : petals yellow, commonly lunger than the calyx.
-.- Low: hares piihwite, of 3 or 5 leaflets.

3. P, frigida, Vill. Da-aif {V -^' high), tufted, villous when young,
stems or scapes mostly 1 -flowered ; Uaflels 3, bro.idly iv-dge-oborate, deeply cut into
5-7 oblong approximate teeth. (P. Kobbinsilina, Oalts.) — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains of New Hampshire (/^'oWwi/s, Tuckrrnian, &c.). July.

— Less villous with age and smaller-flowered than P. frigida of the Alps, but
agreeing closer with it than with P. minima, which probably is only another
form of the same species. (Eu.)

4. P. Canadensis, ^1. (Commox Cixque-foil or Five-Finger.) Low-
er dwarf, silky-hairy ; stems decumbent, prostrate, or at length creeping ; peduncles
axillarv, 1-flowercd ; leaflf-ts 5, obovate-wedge-forin, citt-toothfd towards the apex.

— Dry soil. April -July: producing summer runners (P. sarmcntbsa, Muhl.).
Var. simplex, Torr. & Gr. • Less hairy and greener, larger, jhe ascending

stems (lO-2° long, seldom if ever creeping) from a thicker and harder caudex :
leaflets obovate-oblong, sometimes almost glabrous. (P. simplex, Micltx.) —
Meadows or moister soil. May -Sept. — Usually appearing distinct.

5. P. argentea, L. (Silvery Cixque-foil.) Stems ascending, pr/n/ni-
lately branched (it the summit, many-floicrred, white-woolly ; leaflets 5, wedge-oblong,
almost pinnatifid, entire towards the base, with revolutc margins, green above,
white with silvery tcool l>eneath. —Dry barren fields, &c. June- Sept. (Eu.)

-;- -t- hnrrs pinnate, of 3-d leaflets.
G. P. Pennsylv^nica, L. Stems erect (5' -18' high), hairy or woolly ;
cymose at the summit, many-flowered ; leaflets 5-9, oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid,
silky or downy with white hairs, especially beneath, the upper ones larger and
crowded; pet<'\ls scarcx^ly longer than the calyx. — Pennsylvania^ New Hamp-
shire (Isle of Shoals, Rohbins), Maine (Cape Elizabeth, C. J. Sprague), N. Wis-
consin, and northwestward. July -Aug.

§ 2. Style deeply lateral : petals yellow or white, deciduous.

* Achenia ghihrous : style thich-ened upiciirds : receptacle conical in fruit.

7. P. argilta, Pursh. Stem ereetand stout (l°-4° high,) brownish-hairy,

clammy above ; leaves pinnate, of 3 - 9 oval or ovate cut-serrate leaflets, downy

I

ROSACEA. (UOSK FAMILY.) 155

undcmcatli ; flowers cymoso-clustorcd ; pftnla yellowish or irliitish : divk tliick and
glaiulular. — Koik)- hills : coininoii northward and westward. July.

* » Arhfiiia (lit hfist Mow) and the convex receptacle lu'lloiix.

8. P, Anserlna, L. (8ii,veu-Wj;kd.) Ilcrhm-eows, neepini) trith slender
rimixrs : lians all rmlirnl , pinnate ; /ef{/?(7s 9 - 19, with niimitc jjairs interposed,
oblon;:, i)innatilid-scrratc, mostly preen and nearly smooth above, silren/. white
xrith silLij down underneath; stipules many-eleft ; flow-rs solitary {i/elloir), on lonp
scape-like peduncles. — Brackish marshes, river-banks, &c., New I^ipland to
Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. Junc-Sept. (Eu.)

9. P. frutie6sa,'L. (Siiuiunv Cinque-foil.) Stem erect, .s/(n/% (2° -
4° hipli), very much branched; leaves pinnate; leaflets 5-7, closely crowded,
oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky, especially beneath ; stipules scale-like ; flowers
numerous (i/ellow), terminating the branchlets. — Wet grounds: common north-
wards. Junc-Sept. (Ku.)

10. P. trident^ta, Ait. (Thkee-toothed C.) Stems low (4'-6' high),
rather Moody at the base, tufted, ascending, cymosely several-flowered ; leaves
palmate ; hnflcts 3, wedge-oblong, nearly smooth, thick, cwrsely ^-toothed at the
apex; petals ichite ; achenia and receptacle very hairy. — Coast of New England,
from Cape Cod, and moimtain-tops from the Allcghanies, northward: also
shores of the upper Great Lakes. June.

§ 3. Sti/les moderately lateral ; petals {shorter than the calyx, ovate-lancfolate) and
filaments more or less persistent : disk thick and hairy : achenia glabrous : recep-
tacle hairy, convex, at letiyth large and spongy. (Comarum, L.)

11. P. pallistris, Scop. (Marsh Five-Fixger.) Stems ascending
from a creeping perennial basc(l°-2° high); leaves pinnate, of 5-7 lanceolate
or oi)long crowded serrate leaflets, whitish beneath; flowers somewhat cymose;
caly.x (1' broad) dark purple inside ; petals purple. (Comarum palustre, L.) —
Cool bogs. New England to Pcnn., Illinois, and northward. June - Aug. (Eu.)

12. FRAGARIA, Toum. Str.vwberry.

Flowers nearly as in I'otcntilla. Styles deeply lateral. Keceptaclc in fruit
much enlarged and conical, becoming pul])y and scarlet, bearing the minute dry
achenia scattered over its surface. — Stemless perennials, with runners, and with
white cymose flowers on scapes. Leaves radical : leaflets 3, obovatcwcdge-forni,
coarsely serrate. Stipules cohering with the base of the petioles, which with the
scai)es are usually hairy. (Name from the fragrance of the fruit.) — Flowering
iu s])ring. (The sjieeies are indiscriminately called Wild SxRAwnERRV.)

1. F. Virginiana, Ehrhart. Achema imlmlded in the deeply pitlid finitiwj
receptacle, which usually has a narrow neck ; calyx becoming erect after flower-
ing and connivent over the hairy receptacle when sterile or unfructiiied ; leaflets
of a firm or eoriaci^nus texture. (F. Canadensis, Michx.) — Moist or rich wood-
lands, fields, &c. — In the true F. Virginiana, the hairs of the scajtcs, and es-
pecially of the prdici'ls, are silky and appressid. It is the original of the Vir-
ginian Scarlet strawberries.

Var. IlIino6nsi8 (F. Grayana, Vilmorin, F. Illinoensis & F. lowcnsis,

156 ROSACE.K. (rose family.)

Prince) is a coarser or larpor plant, pcrliaps a distinct species, the flowers more
inclined to be polygamo-dia'cions, the viilous futirs of the sca/ie and pedicels
loidelij spreadinrj, as in ¥■ clatior and F. coUina, which it seems to represent in
this country. — Common in richer soil, from W. New York to Illinois and be-
yond the Kocky Mountains. The sujjposed original of llovey's Seedling, Bos-
ton Pine, and other cultivated varieties.

2. F. v6sca, L. Aclienia superjicial on the glabrous conical or hemispherical
fruiting receptacle (not sunk in pits); calyx remaining spreading or rcflexed ;
hairs on the scape mostly widely spreading, on the pedicels apjuessed ; leaflets
thin, even the upper face strongly marked by the veins. — Fields and rocky
places: common; certainly indigenous northward. (En.)

3. P. Indica, L. (or Duche'snea fragario'ides, Smith), — which differs from
the true Strawberries in having leafy runners, a calyx with incised leafy bract-
lets larger than the sc\n\\s, yeltoiv ])eifds, and insipid fruit, — has sparingly estab-
lished itself in copses around Philadelijhia (Charles E. Smith, &e.), and in the
Southern States. (Adv. from Ind.)

13. DALIBARDA, L. Dalibarda.

Calyx deeply 5 - 6-partcd, 3 of the divisions larger and toothed. Petals 5,
sessile, deciduous. Stamens ma-ny. Ovaries 5- 10, becoming nearly dry seed-
like drupes: styles terminal, deciduous. — Low perennials, with creeping and
densely tufted stems or rootstocks, and roundisli-heart- shaped erenate leaves on
slender petioles. Flowers 1 or 2, white, on scape-like peduncles. (Named in
honor of Thomas Dalibard, a French botanist of the time of Linniieus.)

1. D. ripens, L. Downy; sepals spreading in the flower, converging and
enclosing the fruit. — Wooded banks: common northward. June -Aug. —
In aspect and foliage resembling a stcmless Violet.

14. RUBtrS, Tourn. Bramble.

Calyx .5-parted, without bractlets. Petals .5, deciduous. Stamens numerous.
Achenia usually many, collected on a spongy or succulent recejjtacle, becoming
small drupes : styles nearly terminal. — Perennial herbs, or somewhat shrubby
plants, with white (rarely reddish) flowers, and edible fruit. (The Roman
name, kindred with ruber, red.)

§ 1. RASPBERRY. Fruit, or collective mass of drupes, falling off whole from the

dry receptacle iche.n ripe, or of few grains ichichfall sepnrutcli/.

* LeaiX'S simple : flowers larq> : jirickles none; fruit and receptacle flat and broad.

1. R. odoratUS, L. (Plrple Flowuiuxg-Hasfbicury.) Stem shrubbij
(3° -5° high); branches, stalLs, and calyx bristlij with glandular clammi/ hairs;
leaves 3 - 5-lobed, the lobes pointed and minutely toothed, the middle one pro-
longed ; peduncles many -flowered ; calyx-lobes tipped with a long narrow ap-
pendage; ]>(lals rounded, purple rose-color ; irult rcckVmh. — Dells, &c. : common
northward. June -Aug. — Flowers showy, 2' broad.

2. R. Nutkknus, Mocino. (White F.) Glandular, scarcely bristly;
leaves almost cciually .")-lobed, coarsely toothed ; ])eduncles few-flowered ; petah
oval, white. (R. parviflorus, NtUt.) — Upper Michigan, and westward.

ROSACEA, (rosk family.) 157

3. R. ChameembrUS, L. (Ci.oun-itEUUv.) Ilohuceous, low, dujen'ons;
stem simple, 2-3-ltaviJ, l-Jtuwend ; leaves rouiidisli-kiiincy-Conn, somewliat 5-
loltcd, serrate, wrinkled; calyxlohes pointless; petals obovule, white; fruit of
few grains, amber-color. — White Mountains of New Hampshire at the limit of
trees : also on the coast at Lubeek, Maine, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Li-jijlits (piiinateJij) 3-5; petals small, end, white.
•*- Stints iiniiuiil, heib(Keous, not jiricklij : fruit of few separate (/rains.

4. R. trifl6rus, Hichardson. (Dwakf Uasi-hekuy.) Steins ascending
(0'-12' hij^ii) or trailing; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5), ihombie-ovate or ovalc-
lanceoiate, acute at both ends, coarsely doubly serrate, thin, smooth; jjedunclc
1-3-flowcrcd. — Wooded hillsides, New England to rcnnsyiviniia, Wisconsin,
and northward. June. — Sepals and petals often 6 or 7.

+-■•- Steins biennial and woodi/, prickli/ : receptacle oblonrj : fruit hemispherical.

5. R. Strig6sus, Michx. (Wild Red H.\si'iJt;imY.) Stems upright, ar\A
with the stalks, &c. beset with stiff straight bristles (or a few becoming weak
hooked prickles), glandular when young, somewhat glaucous; leaflets 3-5,
oblong-ovate, pointed, eut-serrate, whitish-downy underneath ; the lateral ones
sessile ; petals as long as the sepals ; fruit light red. — Thickets and hills : com-
mon evcrywhci'e, espccirtlly northward. June, July. — Fruit ripening all sum-
mer, more tender than that of the Garden or European Raspberry (R. Id.ecs),
which it too closely resembles.

6. R. oceidentMis, L. (Bl.\ck Raspberry. TiiniBLEBEnRY.)
Glaucous a'l orer ; stems recurved, armed like the stalks, &c., with hooked prickhs,
not brisllji : leaflets 3 (rarely 5), ovate, pointed, coarsely doubly serrate, whitened-
downy underneath ; the lateral ones somewhat stalked ; petals sliorter than the
sepals ; fruit ]>ur pie-black (rarely a whitish variety), ripe early in July. — Very
conniion northward, especially where ground has been burned over.

§ 2. BLACKBERRY. Fruit, or collectire drupes, not separating from the juicy
prolonged receptacle, mostly ovale or oblong, blackish.

7. R. vill6sus, Ait. (Common or High Blackberry.) Shrubby (1°-
6° hiuli), furrowed, upright or reclining, armed with stout curved prickles; branch-
lets, stalks, and lower surface of the leaves hitirij and glandular ; leaflets 3 (or
pcdately 5), ovate, pointed, unequally serrate ; the terminal ones somewhat
heart-shaped, conspicuously stalked ; fowers racemed, numerous, bracts short ;
se])als linear-])ointcd, much shorter than the obovate-oblong spreading petals. —
Var. 1. FROND6srs : smoother and much less glandular; flowers more corym-
bose, with leafy- bracts ; petals roundish. Var. 2. iic.mifitsis : trailing, smaller;
peduncles few-flowered. — Borders of thickets, &c. : common. May, June : the
jileasant large fruit ripe in Aug. and Sept. — Plant very variable in size, aspect,
and slia])e of the fruit : — the varieties connecting with

8. R, Canadensis, L. (Low Blackulrry. Dicwblruy.) ShrulAi/,
exiensiveli/ trailing, s'ightig prickli/ ; leaflets 3 (or pcdately 5-7), oval or ovate-"
lanceolate, mostly jwintcd, thin, marli/ smooth, sharply eut-scrratc ; flowers ra-
cemed, with leaf-like bracts. (R. triviidis, Pursh, Bigd., <Jr. ; not of Michr.) —
Rocky hills and copses : common. May ; ripening its excellent fruit earlier
than No. 7.

158 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.)

9. E. hispidus, L. (Rinmng SwAMr-BL.vcKnERRY.) Stfms slender,
scarctly v.rjocljj, extciisivtly procumbent, beset icit/i simtll rtjlextd pricLbs: leaflets 3
(or rarely jjcilateiy 5), smooth, ihickish, mostly persistent, obovatc, obtuse, coarsely
serrate, entire towards the base; peduncles hajiess, several -flowered, often bristh/;
Jloirers small. (H. obovhlis, Michj-. R. sempe'rvirens and K. setosus, Bifjdotc.)
— Low w<Joils : lomnion northward. June. — Flowering shoots short, ascend-
ing ; sterile ones t'ormiuu- lonj^- runners. Fruit of few grains, red or purjile, sour.

10. B,. cuneildlius, Fursh. (8and Blackberry.) Shruhbii (lo-.3°
liigh), upright, armed with stout rtcwved prickles ; hranchlets and lower sin-face of
the leaves whitish-woolly; leaflets 3-5, wedge-obovate, tliickish, serrate above;
peduncles 2 -4-flowered ; petals larye. — Sandy woods, S. New York, Pcnn. and
southward. May - July ; ripening its well-flavored black fruit in August.

11. R. trivialis, Michx. (Low Brsn-IJLACKBiiRUY.) Shrubby, procum-
bent, bristly and ])riikly ; leaves evergreen, coriaceous, nearly glabrous: leaflets 3 (or
p.edate]y 5), ovatc-oblong or lanceolate, siiarj)ly serrate ; peduncles 1 -3-flowered;
petals large. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. ISlarcli - Jlay.

15. ROSA, Tourn. Rose.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, contracted at the mouth, becoming fleshy in fruit.
Petals 5, obovatc or obcordate, inserted, with the many stamens, into the edge
of the hollow thin disk that lines the calyx-tube and within bears the numerous
pistils below. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achcnia in fruit. — Shrubby and
prickly, with odd-pinnate leaves, and stipides cohering with the petiole : stalks,
foliage, &c. often bearing aromatic glands. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Styles cohering in a protruding column, as long as the stamens.

1. R. setigera, Michx. (CLniBixu or Prairik Rose.) Stems climbing,
armed with stout nearly straight prickles, not bristly ; leaflets 3-5, ovate, acute,
sharply serrate, smooth or downy beneath ; stalks and calyx glandular ; flowers
corymbed ; sepals pointed; petals deep rose-color changing to wkitc; fruit
(hip) globular. — Borders of prairies and thickets, W. New York (indigenous 7)
to Wisconsin and southwestward : also cultivated. July. — The only Ameri-
can climbing rose, or with united protruding styles: sti'ong shoots growing
10° -20° in a season.

* * Stifles separate, included in the calyx-tuhe : petals rose-color.

2. R. Carolina, L. (Swamp Rose.) Stems tall (4° -7° high), armed
with- stout hooked priikles, not bristly; leaflets 5-9, elliptical, often acute, dull
above and pale beneath; stipules nan'ow; flowers numcious, in corymbs; pcdimcles
and calyx (with leaf-like appendages) glandular-bristly; fi-uit (hip) depressed-
globular, somewhat bristly. — Low grounds : common. June -Sept.

3. R. lucida, Elirhan. (Dwarf Wild-Rose.) Stems (l°-2°high),
armed with uueqncd bristly prickles, which arc mostly deciduous, the stouter per-
sistent ones nearly straight, slender ; leafl'ls 5-9, elliptical or oblong-lanceolate,
shining above, sharply serrate; stipules broad; peduncles I -S-floivend, mid ^^ith
the appendaged calyx-lobes glandular-bristly ; fruit depressed-globular, smooth
■when ripe. — Common in dry soil, or along the borders of swamps. May-
July. — R. m'tida, Willd., is a smooth and narrow-leaved form. . ..

nosAOEiE. (rosk family.) 159

4. R. bl^nda, Ait. (Eakly Wild-Rose.) NcuiIi/ unarmed, or with
scattered straij^lit dueiduous prickles (l°-3° high) ; kajlels 5-7, oral or Mony,
obtuse, jmie on both sides and minutely downi/ or Itounj beneath, serrate ; stipules
large; flowers 1 -3, ihc juduncks and liili/x-lulie smooth and ijlaucous ; fruit glo-
bose, crowned with the persistent erect and conniveiit entire calyx-lobes. —
Rocks and i)anks, Vermont to I'cnn. and Wisconsin, cliicHy northward. May,
June. — Petals light rose-color.

5. R. rubigin6sa, L. (Swkkt-Brikr.) Ciinilnng high; prickles numer-
ous, the larijerones stromj and hooked, the smaller awl-sluiped ; leaflets doubly serrate,
rounded at the base ; downy and clothed with /rafjranl russet glands beneath ; fruit
pear-shaped or olmrate, crowned u-ith the mostly persistent calyx-lobes. — Roadsides
and thickets. June- Aug. (Nat. from Ku.)

6. R. MicR.ixTUA, Smith. (Smaller-fl. S.) Prickles uni/orm and hooked ;
fruit elliptical and ovate ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; flowers smaller: otherwise as the
last: a mere variety of it. — E. New England to Virginia. (Nat. from En.)

16. CRATJEGUS, L. IIawtiiokn. Wiutk Tuork.

Calyx-tuhe uin-sliaiK'd, the limh .'i-clcft. Petals 5, roundisli. Stamens many,
or only 10-5. Styles I -5. Pome drupe-like, containing 1-5 liony 1-sceded
stones. — Thorny shrubs or small trees, with simple and mostly lobed leaves,
and white (rarely rosc-colorcd) blossoms. (Name from Kpdros, strength, on ac-
count of the hardness of the wood. )

* Cvrymhs many-floiuered.
T- Fruit very small, depressed-globose (not larger than pens), bright red: flowers
small : calyx-teeth short and broad: styles 5 : plants glabrous (except No. 1) and
gland/ess.

1. C. PvRACANTHA, Pcrs. (EviiUGUKKV TiiORV.) Tjcaves evergreen, shiTi-
ing (1' long), Mong or spatuUite-lanceolate, crenulatc; the short petioles and
young branchlcts pubescent ; corymbs small. — Shrub, spontaneous at Wash-
ington, and near Philadeli)hia, Isaac Martindale. (Adv. from Eu.)

•2. C. Spathulata, Michx. Leaves thickish, shining, hut(\cckhiow>, sjiatu-
lute or oblanceulate, with a long tapering base, cremtte above, rarely cut-lobcd,
nearly sessile. — Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 10° - 15° high.

3. C. COrdita, Ait. (Wa.«iiixgton Tuorx.) Ltaves broadly ovate or
triangular, mostly truncate or a little heart-shaped at the base, on a slender
petiole, lariously 3 - ^-xlffl or cut, serrate. — Virginia, Kentucky, and southward,
June — Trunk 15° -25° high.

■*-■*- Fruit small (1' — J' long), ovoid, deep red: /lowers rather large: styles 1 -3.

4. C. OxYAC.iNTHA, L. (English IIawtiiorx.) Smooth; leaves ol>ovate,
cnt-lobed and tuothvd, wedge form sit the base; calyx not glandular. May. —
More or less spontaneous as well as cultivated. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. C. apiifolia, Michx. Sottly pubescent when young ; leaves roundish,
with a broad truncate or slightly heart-shaped base, pinnattly 5-7-r/»/?, the
crowded divisions cut-lubed and sharply serrate ; petioles slender ; calyx-lobetj
glandular-toothed, slender. — Virginia and southward. March, April

160 ROSACE.E. (rose FAMILY.)

•*-■*-■*- Fruit larfje {h'-^' lonrj), red: flowers larfje: styles and stones of the fruit
even in the same specie's 1 -3 {when the fruit is ovoid or pear-shaped), o/- 4-5
(wheii the fruit is globular): stipules, calyx-teeth, bracts, Sfc. often beset with
glands.

6. C. COCCinea, L. (Scarlet-fruited Thorx.) Glabrous throughont;
leaves thin, roiiiulisli ovate, sharply toothed and cut, or somewhat cut-lobed,
usually abrupt at the base, on slender petioles; flowers white, often with a rosy
tinj^e {§' broad) ; /iu/( bright coral-red, ovoid (.^' broad), scarcely edible. —
Thickets and rocky banks : common. May. — A low tree.

7. C. tomentbsa, L. (Ur..\CK or Pear Thorn.) Downy or vilJous-
ptibescent at least when young on the peduncles, calyx, and lower side of the
leaves ; leaves thic/cish, rather large, oval or ovate-oblong, sharply toothed and
often cut, abruptly nan'owed at the base into a somewhat margined jxtiole, the
uf)per surface more or less furrowed along the veins; flowers large (often 1,
broad), white ; fruit scarlet or orange, large (§'-4' broad), globular or somewhat
pear-shaped, edible. — Thickets: common. May, June. — A tall shrub or low
tree, of many varieties, of which the following are the most marked.

Var. pyrifblia. Leaves sparingly pubescent beneath when young, soon
glabrous, smooth above, and shining often slightly cut-lobed ; fruit large, bright-
colored, sparingly dotted, of a j)leasant flavor. (C. pyrifblia. Ait.)

Var. punctata. Leaves rather small, mostly wedge-obovate, with a longer
tapering and entire base, unequally toothed above, rarely cut, villous-pubesccnt
Avhen young, smooth but dull when old, the numerous veins more strongly im-
pressed on the upper surfice and prominent underneath; fruit globose, usually
dull red and yellowish with whitish dots. (C. punctata, Jarq.)

Var. mollis. Leaves rounded, al)rupt or somewhat heart-shaped at the
base, soft-downy both sides, or at least beneath, very sharply doubly-toothed
and cut; fruit often downy, dull red. (C. subvillosa, Schrader. C. coccinea,
var.? mollis. Torr. t^ Gray.) — Michigan, Illinois, and southwestward.

8. C. Crus-g&lli, L. (CofKSi'irR Thorn.) Glabrous ; leaves thirl;
shining al.ove, wcdge-ohovate and ohlanceolate, tapering into a very short petiole,
serrate above the middle; fruit globular, bright-red (i' broad). — Thickets.
June. — Shrub or tree 10° -20° high, with firm dark-green leaves very shining
above, and slender thorns often 2' long. This is our best species for hedges.

* Corymbs simple, few- (1 - Q-) Jlowered : calyx, bracts, ^c. glandular.

9. C. flava, Ait. (Summer Haw.) Somewhat pubescent or glabrous;
leav/s wedge-obovate or rhonthic-ohovate, narrowed into a glandular petiole, utiequdlly
toothed and somewhat cut above the middle, rather thin, the teeth glandular; styles
4- 5 ; fruit somewhat pear-shaped, yellowish, greenish, or reddish {^' - §' broad*.
— Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. May. — Tree ir)°-20° high, with
rather large flowers, 2 - 6 in a corymb.

Var. pub6scens. Downy or villous-pubescent when young ; leaves thie"k-
ish, usually obtuse or rounded at the summit. (C. elhptica. Ait. C. glandu-
losa, Mirhr. C \'irginica, Lodd.) — Virginia and southward.

10. C. parvif61ia, Ait. (Dwarf Thorn.) Downy ; leaves thick, ohovale-
tputulatc, crenatc-tootlitd (i' - 1^' long), almost sessile, the upper surface at length

I

K06ACIJ.K. (K06K lAMlLV.) ICl

shining; flowers solitary or 2 -3 together on a- n/ short /jicluiwks ; calyx-lobes a$
Ion;/ us the petals ; styles 5; Iruit globuhir or pear-shaped, yellowish. — Sandy
soil, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. May. — blirub 3° -6° high.

17. PYRUS, L. I'lOAK. AiTLK.

Calyx-tulx; urn-shaiK-d, the linil) .'i-eleft. Petals i-oundish or ohovato. Sta-
mens numerous. Styles 2-5. Tome fleshy or herry-like ; the 2-5 carpels or
cells of a ])ai)ery or cartilaginous te.\ture, 2-seeded. — Trees or sliruhs, witli
liandsonie flowers in coryuil)ed cymes. (Tlie classical name of the Pear-tree.)

§ 1. MALUS, Toiirn. (Api-Hi.) Liaves sini/de: rijiius slnijile and iiinbil-like:
po»ie_ft('x/ii/, (jlubnlar, sunk in at the attachment of the stalk.

1. P. COron^ria, L. (A.MiiRiCAN Ckah-Ai'I'LE.) Leaves ovate, often
rather heart-shapetl, cut-serrate or lobed, soon glabrous ; styles woolly and united at
the base. — Glades, \V. New York to Wisconsin and southward. May. — Tree
20' high, with large^ rose-colored, fragrant blobsonis, few in the corynih, and
fragrant, grecnisli fruit.

2. P. angUStif61ia, Ait. (NAHUOWi.KAViiiJ C.) Leaves oblong or lance-
olate, often acute at the base, mostly toothed, glabrous ; styles distinct. — Glades,
from Pennsylvania southward. April. — Perhaps a variety of No. 1.

§ 2. ADEN6IIHACH1S, DC. Leaves simple, the mid-rib glandular along the up-
per side : ryni's compound : styles united at the base: fruit berry-like, small.

3. P. arbutif61ia, L. (Choke-berry.) Leaves oblong or ohovate, finely
serrate; fruit pear-shaped, or when ripe globular. — Var. 1. ervtiirocAupa,
has the cyme and leaves beneath woolly, and red or purple fruit. Var. 2. me-
i.AXOC.iRi'A, is nearly smooth, with black fruit. — Damp thickets: common.
Mu}', June. — Shrub 2° -10° high. Flowers white, or tinged with ])urple.

§3. SORBUS, Tourn. Leaves odd-pinnate, with rather numerous leojhts : cymes
compound : styles separate : pome berry-like, small.

4. P. Americana, DC. (American Mountain-Ash.) Nearly glabrous
or soon becoming so ; Uajiets 13-15, lanceolate, taper -pointed, sharply serrate with
pointed teeth, bright green ; cymes large and flat ; berries globose, not larger
than peas; leaf -buds pointed, glabrous and somewhat glutinous. — Swamps and
mountain-woods, Maine toPcnn.and Michigan, and southward along the whole
length of the Alleghanics. June. (P. microcarpa, DC.) — Tree or tall shrub,
with leaflets rather shining above and scarcely pale underneath, the rhachis and
petiole redilish and ek)ngatc(l : prized in cultivation for the autunmal clusters
of bright-red berries.

5. P. sambucifblia, Cham. & Schlccht. LkiJI ts oblong, oral, or lance-
ovate, mostly olituse or abruptly short-pointed, serrate (mostly doubly) with more
spreading teeth, often pale beneath ; cymes smaller ; flowers and berries larger,
the latter (4" broad) when young ovoid, at length globose; leaf-buds sparingly
hairy: otherwise nearly as the ])reccding. (Sorbus aucuparia, var. /3. Miehx.)
— Along the northern frontiers of the United States, northward and westward
to the I'aciflc, &c. IVrhaps passes into No. 4 : it is sumetinies cultivated for it,
and nearlv connects it with

L & M-L'7

162 CALYCANTIIACE-rE. (CALYCANTHUS FAMILY.)

P. aucupXria, GaTtn., the EtuorEAN Mountain Ash or Rowan-tree,
the one more commonly planted in grounds : it has paler, oblong, and obtuse
leaflets, their lower surface downy, larger globose berries, and blunter and
tomentose leaf-buds.

18. AMELANCHIER, Medic. June-ui;ruy.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals oblong, elongated. Stamens numerous, short. Styles
5, united below. Ovary .5-celled, each cell 2-ovuled ; but a projection grows
from the back of each, and forms a false partition ; the berry-like pome thus
10-ceIled, with one seed in each cell (when all ripen) : jmrtitions cartilaginous.

— Small trees or shrubs, with simple sharply serrated leaves, and white Huwers
in racemes. (Ameluncier is the popular name of A. vulgaris in Savoy.)

1. A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. (Shad-bush. Service-berry.)
Calyx-lobes triaiigiihu-hinie-form ; fruit globular, purplish, edible (sweet, ripe
in June). — Along streams, &c. : common, especially northward. April, May.

— Varies exceedingly ; the leading forms are, —

Var. Botrykpium; a tree 10° -30° high, nearly or soon glabrous; leaves
ovate-oblong, sometimes heart-shaped to the base, pointed, very sharply serrate ;
flowers in long drooping racemes ; the oblong petals 4 times the length of the
calyx. (Pyrus Botrya])inin, Wilhl.)

Var. oblongifolia ; a smaller tree or shrul) ; leaves oblong, beneath, like
the branchlets white downy when young ; racemes and petals shorter.

Var. rotundifolia ; with broader leaves and smaller petals than in the first
variety ; racemes 6 - 10-flowered.

Var. alnifdlia; shrub, with the roundish leaves blunt or notched at both
ends, serrate towards the summit ; racemes dense and many-flowered. — Chiefly
in the Western States and westward.

Var. oligoearpa ; shrub, with thin and smooth narrowly oblong leaves,
and 2 - 4-flowered racemes, the broader petals scarcely thrice the length of the
calyx. — Cold and deep mountain swamps, northward.

Order 34. CAL-YCANTHACE^. (Calycantiius Family.)

Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the sepals- a jid petals similar
and indefinite, the anthers adnate and extrnrse, and the cotyledons convolute :
the fruit like a rose-hip. Chiefly represented by the genus

1. CALYCANTHUS, L. Carolina Allspice. Sweet-

SCENTLI) Siiuun.

Calyx of many sepals, united below into a fleshy inversely conical cup (with
some leaf-like bractlets growing from it) ; the lobes lanceolate, mostly colored
like the petals ; which arc similar, in many rows, thickish, inserted on the top
of the closed calyx-tube. Stamens numerous, inserted just within the petals,
short; some of the inner ones sterile (destitute of anthers). Pistils several or
many, enclosed in the calyx-tubc, inserted on its base and inner face, resembling
those of the Pose ; but the enlarged hip dry when ripe, enclosing the achenia.

SAXIFKAOACKiE. (SAXIFRAGK FAMILY.) 1 G3

— The lurid puri>k' flowers terminating^ the lertfy branches. Bark and foliage
aromatic; the crushed flowers exhaling more or less the fragrance of .strawber-
ries. (Name composed of kuXv^, a aip or cali/x, and iivdus, jiuwer, from the
closed cup which contains the pistils.)

1. C. fl6ridus, L- Ltures oral, soft-downy underiwath. — Virginia? and
southwiinl, on hillsides in rich soil. Common in gardens. April -Aug.

2. C. laevigitUS, Wilkl. Inures oUotuj, thin, either blunt or taper-pointed,
Iritiltt ijruDi and (jiahrous or nearly so on both sides, or rather pale beneath ; flow-
ers smaller. — Mountains of Franklin Co., i'enn. [Prof. Porter), and southward
along tlie Alleghauies. May -Aug.

3. C. glaucus, Willd. Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate ; conspicu-
ousli/ ta/jer-/K)iiit,d, (/luucoiis-white ben&dh, roughish above, glabrous, large (4' -7'
long); probably a variety of the preceding. — Virginia? near the mountains
arid southward. Mav-Aug.

Order 35. SAXIFKAGACE.S:. (Saxifrage Family.)

Herbs or shrubs, of various aspect, distinguishable from Rosacese by hav-
ing copious albumen in the seeds, opposite as well as alternate leaves, and
usually no stipules when the leaves are alternate ; the stamens mostly definite,
and the carpels commonly fewer than the sepals, either separate or partly
so, or all combined into one compound pistil. Calyx either free or adher-
ent, usually persistent or withering away. Stamens and petals almost al-
ways inserted on the calyx. Ovules anatropous. — A large family, to
which Parnassia, formerly associated with Drosera, is commonly referred,
— now made to include Ilibes also.

Tribe I. GKOS.SVL.ARIE.K. Shrubs, with alternato and palmatcly veined and lobed
leaves : stipules none or united with the base of the petiole. Calyx-tube coherent with the
one-celled ovary, which has 2 parietalplacentre and forms a many-seeded berry. Seed-coat
externally pelutinous. Embryo minute at the base of the hard albumen.

1. Ribes. Characttr of the tribe. Stamens and small petals 5

Tribe II. ESCALLOXIE^E. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and simple pionately
veined leaves, and no stipules. Ovary 2-5-cclled

2. Itea. Calyx 5-cleft, free from the 2celled ovary, which becomes a septicidal pod.
Tribe III. II YDR ANGIKiG. Shrubs or trees, with opposite simple leaves, and no

stipules. Ovary 2 - 5-cclIed ; the calyx coherent at least witli its base. Fruit (in the fol-
lowinj;) a many -seeded pod.

3. Ily cli-aiig;i-a. Lobes of the calyx minute in complete flowers. Pctal.s valvatc iu the bud.

Stiimens 8 or 10.

4. PhllailclpUuH. Lobes of the calyx and petals conspicuous; the former valvate, the

latter convolute in the bud. Stamens 20-40.
Tribe IV. SAXIFRAGE.^. ITerbo, withunt stipules, except p<Thaps a niomhranous
dilatation of the base of the ])etiole. Petals imbricated or rarely convolute in the bud. Fruit
dry, capsular or follicular.
• A cluster of sterile or Bland-tipped filaments at the base of each petal. Stigmas 3 or 4, Bito-
ated ilirectly ov^r ns many pnrii't-il placenta? !
S. Pnrnnxglik. S<.'puU, peUUn, uud projier slameus 5. iVduuclo u scapu or scape-like, 1>
flowcjtxl.

164 SAXIKKAGACE^:. (SAXIFUAGE I'AMILT.)

» • No sterile stamens or bodies resembling them.
•*- Poil 2-3-celled and 2- 3-beakfd, or of as many distinct folliclei.

6. Astilbe. Flowers polygamous. Stamens twice as many as the small petals. Seeds feir.

LeavfS decompound.

7. Saxifraga. Flowers perfect. Stamens twice as many as the petals. Seeds numerous,

with a close coat.

8. Boykiiiia. Flowers perfect. Stamens only iis many as the petals, which are convolute

in the bud and dtciduous. Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary. Seed-coat close.

9. Sulllvaiilia. Flowers perfect. Slameus 5. Calyx nearly free. Seeds wing-margined.

— — Pod one-celled with 2 parietal placentas
++ Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 5.

10. Heucliera. Calyx bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary below. Petals small, entire.

++ -M- Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, namely 8 or 10.

11. Mitella. Calyx partly cohering with the depressed ovary. Petals small, pinnatifid.

12. Tiai-ella. Calyx nearly free from the slender ovary. Petals entire.

13. Chrysospleiiiuni. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary. Petals none.

1. HIBES, L. Clek.v.vt. Gooseberry.

Calyx 5-lobc(l, often colored ; the tube coherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
inserted in tlie throat of the calyx, small. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals.
Ovary 1 -celled, with 2 parietal placentae and 2 distinct or united styles. Berry
crowned with the shrivelled remains of the calyx ; the surface of the numerous
seeds swelling into a gelatinous outer coat investing a crustaceous one. Em-
bryo minute at the base of hard albumen. — Low, sometimes prickly shrubs,
with alternate and palmately-lobed leaves, which are plaited in the bud (except
in one species), often clustered in the axils ; the small flowers from the same
clusters, or from separate lateral buds. (An Arabic name, properly belonging
to a species of Rheum. Grossularia was the proper name to have been adopted
for the genus.)

§ 1. GROSSULARIA, Tourn. (GoosEnERUV.) Stems mostly hearing thorns
at the base of the Jeujltalks or clusters of leaves, and ojten with scattered bristly
prickles : buries prickly or smooth. ( Our species are indiscriminately called
AViLD Gooseberry: the flowers greenish.)

* PcJiiiicles l-3flowered: leaves roundish-heart-shaped, 3 - ^-lobed.

1. B,. Cyn6sbati, L- Leaves pubescent ; ;i<'(/«nc/es s/tjx/tr, 2- 3-flowered;
stamens and undivided style not longer than the broad calyx. — Rocky woods : com-
mon, especially northward. May. — Spines small or obsolete. Berry large,
armed with lonu prickles like a burr, or rarely smooth.

2. R. hirtellum, Michx. Leaves somewhat pubescent beneath ; po'iwc/es
very short, 1 - 2-flowered, deflexcd ; stamens and 2-clefl style scarcely longer than the
bell-shaped calyx; fruit smooth, small, purple, sweet. — Moist grounds. New Eng-
land to Illinois, common. May. — Stems either smooth or prickly, and with
very short thorns, or none. — This yields the commonest smooth gooseberry of
New England, &c., and usually passes for R. triflbrum, Willd., which name be-
longs to the next.

3. R. rotundifblium, Michx. Leaves smooth or downy ; peduncles slen-
der, 1 - 3-flowere(l ; stamens and 2-parted style slender, longer than the narrow cylin-
drical calyx ; fruit smooth, pleasant. — Rocks, W. Massachusetts to Wisconsin,
and southward along the mountains to Virginia, &c. June.

SAXIFRAGACK.E. (SAXIFRAOK FAMILY.) 1 Go

♦ « Rnremes 4 - 9-Jlowered, slender, norkUng.

4. R. lacustre, Poir. Young stems clotliecl witli bristly jjricklcs, and
witli wiaU tliuiii^; leaves heart-sliaijcii, 3 - 5-j)aricd, with the lobes dee|)ly cut;
calyx broad and Hat; stamens and style not longer than the petals ; fruit bristly
(small, un])lcasant). — Cold woods and swamps, Is'ew England to Wisconsin
and northward ; south to Pennsylvania. June.

§ 2. RIIJESIA, Bed. (Currant.) Stems neither jin'rkli/ nor Ihorni/ : flowers
{i/reenis/i ) iit racemes : bciries never prklcly.

5. R. prostritum, L'ller. (Fktid Clruant.) Stems reclined ; leaves
dccjdy hcart-shapi'd, 5- 7-lobed, smooth ; the lobes ovate, acute, doubly senate ;
racemes erect, slender ; calyx fiattish ; pedicels and the (pale red) fruit r/landular-
bristli/. — Cold damp woods and rocks, from N. England and Penn. northward.
May. — Tlie bruised plant and berries exhale an unpleasant odor.

6. R. floridum, L. (Wild Black Currant.) Leaves sprinkbd with
res/»io«s f/o^«, sliglitly heart-shaped, sharply 3- 5-lobed, doubly serrate ; racemes
droopinff, doirni/ ; lintels lonr/er than the pedicels ; calyx tubular-bcll-shaped, smooth ;

fruit roHiid-ovoid, black, smooth. — Woods: common. May. — Much like the
DIark Currant of the gardens, wliich the berries resemble in smell and flavor.
Flowers large, whitish.

7. R. rubrum, L. (Red Curr.vnt.) Stems straggling or reclined;
leaves somewhat heart-shaped, obtusely 3 - 5-lobed, serrate, downy beneath
when young ; racemes from lateral buds distinct from the leuf-lmds, drooping ; calyx
flat (green or purplish) ; fruit globose, smooth, red ; on our wild plant apt to turn
upwards in the drooping raceme : the veins of the leaves are whitish beneath
(whence the name R. albinervium, Michx.) : but apparently not distinct from
the garden AW Currant of the Old World. — Cold bogs and damp woods, New
Hampshire to Minnesota and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

R. .\imEi;M, Pursh, the Buffalo or Missouri Currant, remarkable
for the spicy fragrance of its yellow blossoms m early spring, is widely culti-
vated for ornament. Its leaves arc convolute (instead of plaited) in the bud.

2. I TEA, L. Itea.

Calyx 5-cleft, free from the ovary or nearly so. Petals 5, lanceolate, much
longer than the calyx, and longer than the 5 stamens. Pod oblong, 2-grooved,
2-celled, tipped with the 2 united styles, 2-parted (septicidal) when mature,
several-seeded. — Shrubs, with simple, alternate, petioled leaves, without stip-
ules, and small white flowers in simple racemes. (Greek name of the Willow.)

1. I. Virginica, L. Leaves deciduous, oblong, pointed, minutely ser-
rate; seeds oval, llattish, with a crustaceous coat. — Wet places, New Jersey
and southward, near the coast. June.

3. HYDRANGEA, Gronov. Hydrangea.

Calyx-tube hcmisjdierical, 8- lO-ribbcd, coherent with the ovary; the limb
4 - 5-tootUcd. Petals ovate, valvate in the bud. Stamens 8- 10, slender. Pod
cro^vncd with the 2 diverging styles, 2-celIed below, many-seeded, opening by a
hole between the styles. — Shrubs, with opposite petioled leaves, no stipules.

IGG SAXiKiJAGAcn^. (saxifrage family.)

and niimoroiis il<nvcrs in (.•oiiijiound ovmcs. The marginal flowers arc usually
sterile aiul r;i(liiiiif, euiisisiiiii; nuiilv of a nuiuhranaeeous and colored flat and
dilatetl ealyx, and siiowy. (Xante from vBoip, water, and (i-yyos, a vxise.)

1. H. arboreseens, h. (Wild Hyukangea.) Glabrous omearly so;
haves ovate, rarely heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, fjreen both sides ; cyrnes flat.

— Koeky banks, N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward. July. — Flowers often
all lertile, rarely all radiant, like the Ganlm J/i/flraiigea.

4. PHILADEL^HUS, L. Mock Orange or Strinca.

Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary ; the limb 4 - 5-parted, spread-
ing, persistent, valvate in the bud. Petals rounded or obovate, large, eouvolute
in the bud. Stamens 20-40. Styles 3- 5, united below pr nearly to the top.
Stigmas oblong or linear. Pod 3 - 5-celled, splitting at length into as many
pieces. Seeds very numerous,. on thick placentie projecting from the axis, ])en-
dulous, with a loose membranaceous coat prolonged at both ends. — Shrubs,
with oppositu often toothed leaves, no stipules, and solitary or eymose-clu.Sfered
showy white flowers. (An ancient name, applied by Linnaius to this genus for
no obvious reason.)

1. P. inoddrus, L. Glabrous; leaves ovate or ovatc-oblong, pointed,
entire or Avitii some spreading teeth ; flowers single or few at the ends of the
diverging branches, pure white, scentless ; calyx-lobes acute, scarcely longer
than the tube, — Mountains of Virginia, and southward.

Var. grandifl6rus. Somewhat pubescent ; flowers . larger ; calyx-lobes
longer and ta]ier-pointed. — Virginia and southward, near the mountains.
May-July. — A tall shrub, with long and rccun-ed branches : often cultivated.
P. coroxXrius, L., the common Mock Or.^^ge or Syrixga of the gar-
dens, with cream-colored, odorous flowefs, in full clusters, the crushed foliage
with the odor and taste of cucumbers, •^ has sometimes escaped from grounds.

5. PAENASSIA, Tourn. Grass of Parnassus.

Sepals 5, imhricated in the bnd, slightly united at the base, and sometimes
also with the base of the ovary, persistent. Petals 5, veiny, spreading, at length
deciduous, imbricated in the bud : a cluster of somewhat united gland-tipped
sterile filaments at the base of each. Proper stamens 5, alternate \Vith the
pct4»ls- filaments persistent: anthers opening inwards. Ovary 1 -celled, with
4 projecting parietal plnccntie : stigmas 4, sessile, directly over the phicentie.
Pod 4-valve(l, the valves bearing the plaeent^B on their middle. Seeds very nu-
merous, anatropous, with a thick wing-like seed-coat and little if any albumen.
Embryo straight : cotyledons very short. — Perennial smooth herbs, with the
leaves entire and chiefly radical, and the solitary flowers terminating the long
naked stems. Petals white, with greenish or yellowish veins. (Named from
Mount Parnassus : called Grass of Parnassus by Dioscorides.) In former
edition placc<l between Droseraceae and Hypericaceae.

I. P. parvifldra, DO. PcUtts sessile, httlc longer than the calyx; sterile
fitamn}ls ahniit 5 in cnrh set, slender ; leaves OiKite or ohlonf), tapering at the base.

— N. W. shore of L. Michigan (White-Fish Bay^ Wisconsin, Henri/ Gillman),

SAXlFUACwVCK.E. (SAXIFIIAGK FAMILY.) 1 G7

fuid westward. Jul}-. — More slender than the next, and tlic (lower only lialf
the size.

2. P, pallistris, L. Petah sessile; rather longer than the calyx, fcw-
vcined ; sttiih- jihiiiu^nts 9 -15 in each set, slendci- ; leaves heart-shaped. — Shore
t)t' Lake Superior, and northward. Aug. — Stalks 3'- 10' high. Flower nearly
I'l.road. (Ell.)

•T. P. Carolini^na, Michx. Petuh xessile, more than twice the length
oi' tlie (mIvn, niany-M'iiied ; sterile Jilaments ^ in each set, stout, distinct almost to
tlic Ixise. — Wet hanks, New England to Wisconsin and southward, especially
along the mountains. July -Sept. — Leaves thickish, ovate or i-ounded, often
heart-shaped, usually but one on the stalk, and that low down and elasi)ing.
Stalk 9' - 2° lii.-h. Flower 1'- 1^' broad.

4. P. asarifdlia, Vent. Petals abruptlji (milmcted into a claw at the base ;
sterile filaments 3 in each set ; leaves rounded kidnei/shajied : otherwise as in the
foregoing. — High Allcghanics of Virginia and southward.

6. ASTILBE, Don. False: Goatsbe.vrd.

Flowers dia>ciously polygamous. Calyx 4-.5-parfed, small. Petals 4-5,
spatnlate, small, withering-persistent. Stamens 8 or 10. Ovary 2-eelIed, almost
free, many-ovuled : styles 2, short. Pod 2-Gclled, separating into 2 follicles,
each rijjening few seeds Seed-coat loose and thin, tapering at each end. —
Perennial herbs, with twice or thrice tcrnatcly-compound ample leaves, cut-lobed
and toothed leaflets, and small white or yellowish flowers in spikes or racemes,
which arc disposed in a compound panicle. (Name composed of a privative and
aTikjir], a briqlit surface, because the foliage is not shining.)

1. A. dec^udra, Don. Somewhat' pubescent ; "leaflets mostly heart-
shaped; petals minute or wanting in the fertile flowers; stamens 10, — Rich
woods, Alleghanics of S. W. Virginia and southward. July. — - Plant^ipLtating
Spira;a Aruncus, but coarser, 3°-. 5° high.

7. SAXIFRAGA, L. S.vxifrage.

Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-clcft or
parted. Petals 5, entire, imbricated in the bud, commonly deciduous. Stamens
10. Stjles 2. Pod 2-beaked, 2-ccllcd, opening down or between the beaks ; or
sometimes 2 almost separate follicles. Seeds numerous, %vith a close coat. —
Chiefly perennial herbs, with the root-leaves clustered, those of the stem mostly
alternate. (Name from saxum, a rock, a.nd /lango, to breilk ,' manj species
rooting in the clefts of rocks. )

* S/ftHW prostrate, in tufts, leofij : leaves opposite : cali/.r free from the pod.
1. S. oppositif61ia, L. (Mointain SAXHUAr.i;.) Leaves fleshy,
ovate, keeled, ciliate, imbricated on the sterile branches (l"-2" long) ; flowers
solitary, large ; ])etals purjjle, obovatc, much longer than the S-t'left-caly.x. —
Rocks, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont, and northward. (En.)
♦ ♦ Stems ascendin;/, leafy : stt-m-lfows alternate : cali/x coherent Mow with the pod.

2. S. ' rivuliris, L. (ALriNii Brooic-S.) Small; stems weak, 3-5-
flowercd ; lower leans rounded, 3 - b-lobtd, on slender petioles, the ujiper lance-

168 SAXIFRAG.VCE^. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

olatc ; pctiih ivhi/r, omie. — Alpine region of Mount Washington, New Hamp-
shire (Oiikex, &e.) : rare. (Vai.)

3. S. aizoldes, L. (Yki.low Modntajn-S.) Low (3'-5' high), in
tufts, witii few or several eorvuibose flowers; leaves linear-hinrcokUe, entire, fli shy ,
distantly spinulose-eiiiate ; petals i/ellow, spotted tvith oravfje, olilonr/. — Wiliougiiby
Mountain, Vermont ; near Oneida Lake, New York ; N. Rlieliigan ; and north-
ward. Jinie. (Eu.)

4. S. triCUSpidata, Retz. Stems tufted (4' -8' high), naked above;
floweis eorymbose ; leaves ohlomj or spatulate, icilli 3 rit/kl sharp teeth at the sun?-
mit ; petals ohomte-oblonc), yellotv. — Shore of L. Superior and nortinvard. (Eu.)

* * * Leaves clustered at the root : scape manipjlowered, erect, <:lammy -pubescent.
• -t- Petals all alike.

5. S. Aiz6on, Jaetj. Leaves persistent, tidck, spatulate, ivith ivhite cartila;/i-
tious toothed nuiif/iiis ; ealyx partly adherent ; petals obovatc, creara-eolor, often
spotted at the base. — Moist roeks. Upper Michigan and Wisconsin ; Willoughhy
Mountain, Vernumt (.1/;-. Blake), and northward. — Scajjc ."J'- 10' high. (Ku.)

6. S. Virginiensis, Michx. (Early S.) Low (4' - 9' higli) ; lenvts
obovate or oval-sputulate, narrowed into a broad petiole, crenate-toothed, thiekish ;
flowers in a clustered cyme, which is at length open and loosely panicled ; lobes
of the nearly free caljjx erect, not half the length of the ohlomj obtuse {ivhite) petals;
pods 2, united merely at the base, divergent, purplish. — Exposed rocks: com-
mon, cs])ccially northward. April -June.

7. S. Pennsylvaniea, L. (Swamp S.) Large (1° -2° high); leaves
ohhina oUite , obscnreli/ toothed (4' -8' long), narrowed at the base into a short and
broad petiole ; cymes in a large oblong panicle, at first clustered ; lobes of the
nearly free calyx recurved, about the length of the linear-lanceolate (greenish) small
petals ; filaments aid-shaped: pods at length divergent. — Bogs: common, es-
pecially northward. May, June. — A homely species.

8. S. erdsa, Pursh. (Lettuce S.) Leaves oblong or oblanceohtte, obtuse,
sharplji toothed, tapering into a margined petiole (8' -12' long) ; scape slender
(1°-;?° higli) ; panicle elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels slender ; eali/r re-
Jlexed, entirely free, nearly as long as the oval obtuse {white) petals; filaments club-
shaped; pods 2, nearly separate, diverging. — Oold mountain brooks, Penn-
sylvania (near Bethlehem, Mr. Wolle), and throughout the Alleghanies, south-
ward. June.

■I- ^^- Petals unequal, with claws, white, all or some of them with a pair of yellow
spots near the base : leaves oblong, ivedge-shaped or spatulate ; calyx fee and
refiexed.

9. S. leueanthemifblia, Lapcyronse, Michx. Leaves coarsely toothed
or cut, tapering into a petiole ; scapes (5'- 18' high) bearing one or more leaves
or leafy bracts and a loose, spreading eorymbose or paniculate cyme ; petals
lanceolate ; the 3 larger ones with a heart-shaped base and a pair of spots ; the 2
smaller with a tapering base and no spots. — Salt Pond Mountain, Virginia
( Wm. ^f. Cauby), and southward in the Alleghanies.

10. S. Stellkris, L., var. eom6sa, Willd. Leaves wedge-shaped, more
or less toothed ; scape (4' -5' high) bearing a small contracted panicle; many

saxifragaceyE. (saxikuage family.) 1G9

or most of the flowers changed into little tufts of preen leaves ; ]>rtnls all lancro-
late and laixrini/ into the cluiu. — Mount Katalidiu, Maine (luv. J. Blukc) mid
high northward. (Hu.)

8. BOYKiNIA, Nutt. BovKiMA.

Calyx-tube toij-shajied, euhereut with the 2-eelled and 2-heaked pod. Sta-
mens 5, as many as the deciduous petals, these mostly conyolute in the bud.
Otherwise as in Saxil'raga. — I'erennial herbs, with alternate palmately 5 - 7-
lobcd or cut pctioled leaves, anil white flowers in cymes. (Dedicated to the
late Dr. Boi/lciu of Georgia.)

1. B. aconitiI61ia, Nutt. Stem glandular (C- 20' high) ; leaves deeply
5_7.1obed. — JIuuutaius of S. W. Virginia, and southward. July.

9. SULLIVANTIA, Torr. & Gray. Slllivaxtia.

Calyx bcU-shapcd, cohering below only ^tith the base of the ovary, 5-cleft.
Petals 5, entire, acutish, withering-]>ersistent. Stamens 5, shorter than the
petals. Pod 2-cclled, 2-bcaked, many-seeded, opening between the beaks : the
seeds wing-margined, imbricated upwards. — A low and reclined-sprcading per-
ennial herb, with rounded and cut-toothed, or slightly lobed smooth leaves-, on
slender petioles, and small white flowers in a branched loosely cymose panicle,
raised on a nearly leafless slender scape (C- 12' long). Peduncles and calyx
glandular: pedicels recurved in fruit. (Dedicated to the distinguished bryolo-
gist who discovered the only species.)

1. S. Ohidnis, Torr. & Or. {Grai/, Chlorh Bor.-Am.. pf. 6.)— "Limestone
cliflTs, Highland County, Ohio, SuUivant : Wisconsin River, Lapham. June.

10. HEUCHEKA, L. Alumroot.

Calyx bell-shajird, the tube cohering at the base with the ovary, .5-cleft. Pet-
als 5, spatulate, small, entire. Stamens 5. Styles 2, .slender. Pod 1-cellcd,
with 2 parietal many-seeded placcnt.TC, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks.
Seeds oval, with a rough and close seed-coat. — Perennials, with the round
heart-shaped leaves principally from the rootstock ; those on the scapes, if any,
alternate. Petioles with dilated margins or adherent stipules at their base.
Flowers in small clusters dispo.sed in a prolonged and narrow panicle, greenish
or purplish. (Named in honor of John Henri/ llcucha; a. German botanist of
the beginning of the 18th century.)

* Flowrrs smnll, looxely panirhd : slnmrn-f and sli/lrs ergcii'd : calijr r<i]nhir.

1. H. Vill6sa, Michx. Scapes (I°-.1° high), jietioles, and veins of the
acutely 7-0-Iolx'd leaves beneath villous with i-ust;/ lutirs ; calyx 1 V' long ; prtnls
spatuhitf -linear, ahout as long as the stumctis, soon twisted. — Rocks, Maryland,
Kentucky and !^outhward, in and near the mountains. Aug. - Sept.

2. H. Americana, L. (Common A LCM-noor.) Scapes (2° -3^ high),
Sn.-. i/l(nidu>ar and more or less hirsute with short huirs ; leaves roundish, with
short rounded lobce and crcnatc teeth ; calyx broad, 2" long, the spntnlnte intals
not lon(jfr than its lobes. — Rocky woodlands, Connecticut to Wisconsin and
southward. June.

GM-8

J 70 SAXIFRAOACEiE. (SAXIFRAGE FAMILY.)

♦ * Flowers larger: cali/r {3" - 4" long) more or less oblique: stamens short: panicle
verj/ uanvir: leaves rounded, stif/lgli/ 5-9-lobed.

3. H. hispida, Pmsh. J/ispid or hirsute witli lony; spreading hairs (oc-
casionally almost ylabioiis), scaiTcly glandular ; sfamfins soon exseilid, longer than
the spatulute petals. (H. Ilichardsonii, R. Br.) — Mountains of Virginia. Also
Illinois (Dr. Mead) and northwestward. May -July. — Scapes 2° -4° hi-h.

4. H. pub6scens, Pursh. Scape (l°-3° high) and petioles .9ran«/ffr-
puhiscoit or glandular above, not hairy, below often glabrous ; stamens shorter than
the lobes of the calyx and the spatulatc petals. — Rich woods, Lancaster, Penn. to
Virginia and Kentucky, along the mountains. June, July.

11. MITIJLLA, Tourn. Mitre-wokt. Bisiiop's-Cap.

Calyx short, coherent with the base of the ovary, 5-clcft. Petals .5, slender,
pinuatilid. Stamens 10, included. Styles 2, very short. Pod short, 2-beaked,
1-celled, with 2 parietal or rather basal several-seeded placenta;, 2-valvcd at the
summit. Seeds smooth and shinin*g. — Low and slender perennials, with round
heart-shaped alternate leaves on the rootstock or runners, on slender petioles ;
those on the scapes, opposite, if any. Flowers small, in a simple slender raceme
or spike. (Name a diminutive from ixirpa, a mitre or cap, alluding to the form
of the young pod.)

1. M. diphylla, L. Ilairij, leaves heart-shaped, acute, somewhat 3-5-
loI)ed, toothed, those on the niany-Jlowered-scape 2, opjwsite, nearly sessile. — Hill-
sides in rich woods : common, especially westward and northward. May. —
Flowers white, in a raceme 6' -8' long.

2. M. nuda, L. Small and slender; leaves rounded or kidney- form , dQcjAy
and doubly crcnate ; scape usually leafless, feiv-flowered, very slender (4'- 6'
high). (M. cordifolia. Lam. M. prostrata, Michx.) — Deep moist woods in
moss, Maine to Penn., III., and northward. May -July. — A delicate little
plant, sending forth runners in summer. Blossoms greenish.

12. TIARELLA, L. False Mitre-wort.

Calyx bell-shaped, nearly free from the ovary, 5-partcd. Petals 5, with claws,
entire. Stamens 10, long and slender. Styles 2. Pod membranaceous, 1-celled,
2-valved; the valves unequal. Seeds few, at the base of each parietal placenta,
globular, smooth. — Perennials : flowers white. (Name a diminuiive from
Tiapa, a tiara, or turban, from the form of the pod, or rather pistil, which is like
that of Mitella, to which the name of Mitre-wort projierly belongs.)

1. T. COrdifblia, L. Leaves from the rootstock or summer runners heart-
shaped, sharply lobc-d and toothed, sparsely hairy above, downy beneath; scape
leafless (5'- 12' high); raceme simple; petals oblong. — Rich rocky woods:
common northward, and southward along the mountains. April, May.

13. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, Touni. Golden Saxifr.vge.

Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; the blunt lobes 4-5, yellow within.
Petals none. Stamens 8-10, very short, inserted on a conspicuous disk.

CRASSULACK.-K. (ORIMMC lAMILY.^ 171

Styles 2. Pod inversely heart-shaiied or 2-l<)iK'(l, flMttciicd, very short, l-ccllcd,
with 2 parietal ])laceiit;B, 2-valved at tiie to]), iiiaiiy-see<led. — Low and small
smooth herl)S, with tender siieeulent leaves, and small solitary or leaty-eymed
flowers, (\iimc eoinixmnded uf xPv<t6s, f/oldoi, and ititXt]v, tlw siiUiii, prohahly
from some rcpntid nu'dieiual iiualities.)

1. C. Americ^num, Seliweln. Stems slender, sjireadinj;- and forking;
leaves priueipally opposite, roundish or somewhat heart-shaped, obseurely ere-
nate-lobed; ftowcrs distant, ineonspieuous, nearly sessile (j;reenish tinyed with
yellower purple.) — Cold wet places: common northward. April, May.

OuDEU 3(). CRASSUL.ACE.E. (Oiu-ine Family.)

Succulent kerbs, with pcrfeclli/ si/mmetiical /lowers : viz. the petals and
pistils equalling the sepals in number (3 - 20), and the stamens the same or
double their number, — technically different from Saxifrageae only in this
complete symmetry, and in the carpels being quite distinct from each
other, but even this does not hold in two N. American genera. Also, in-
stead of a perigynous disk, there are usually little scales on the receptacle,
one behind each carpel. Fruit dry and dehiscent; the pods (follicles)
opening down the ventral suture, many- rarely few-seeded. — Stipules
none. Flowers usually cymose, small. Leaves mostly sessile, in Pentho-
rum not at all fleshy.

* Nut succulent : the carpels united, forming a 5-colle(l pad. Transition to tlic Saxifrajro Fainiljr.

1. Pfiilliorum. Sepals 5 Petals none. Stamens 10. Pod 5-l)L'akt'd, many-secilcd.

• • Leaves, &c., thick and succulent. Carpels distinct.

2. Tillcca. Sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils 3 or 4. Seeds few or many.

3. Seduin. Sepals, petals, and iiislils 4 or 5. Stamens 10- S. Seeds many.

1. PENTHORUM, Gronov. Ditch Stoxe-cuop.

Sepals 5. Petals rare, if any. Stamens 10. Pistils .'j, united below, forming
a 5-angled, 5-horncd, and fj-eelled ])od, which ojjens by the falling off of the
Leaks, many-seeded. — Upright weed-like perennials (not fleshy like the rest of
tlie family), with scattered leaves, and yellowish-green flowers loosely spiked
along the upper side of the naked branches of the cyme. (Xame from tt(vt(,
Jive, and opos. n rule or mode, probaljly from the (juinary order of the flower.)

1. P. sedoides, L. Leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends. — 0])en wet
places, everywhere. July - Oct. — Parts of the flower rarely in sixes or sevens.

2. TILLJEA, L. T11.1..EV.

Sepals, petals, stamens, and jiistils 3 or 4. Pods 2 - many-seeded. — Very
small tufted anuiuds, with opposite entire leaves and axillary flowers. (Named
in honor i)\' Mirhncl Ani/'to Tilli, an early Italian botanist.)

1. T. simplex, Nntt. Rooting at the bjuse (l'-2' high) ; leaves linear-
oblong; (lowers .solitary, nearly sessile; calyx half the length of the (greenish-
white) petals and the narrow 8- lO-seeded pods, the latter with a scale at the
base of each. (T. asce'ndens, Eulon.j — MiuUy river-banks, Nantucket to Ma-
ryland. July -Sept.

172 CRASSULACE.?::. (OUri.VK FAMILY.)

3. SEDUM, Touin. SxoNK-cRor. Orpine.

Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens 8 or 10. Pods many-seeded ; alrttlcscale
Kt tiie base of eaeh. — Chiefly perennial, smooth, and thick-leaved herbs, with
the lk)\vers eymose or one-sided. Petals alnio.-st always narrow and acute or
pointed. (Name from sideo, to sit, alluding to the manner in which these plants
tix themselves upon rocks and walls.)

« Flowers perfect and sessile, as it were spiked along one side of spreading flowering
branches or of the divisions of a scorpioid cyme, the first ur central flower mostly
5-iiierous and lO-androus, the otiiers oflen <^-mtrous and 8-aiidrous.

1. S. XcRE, L. (Mossy Stoxe-crop.) Spreading on the ground, moss-
like; leaves very small, alternate, almost imbricated on the branches, ovate,
vcrv thick ; jjctals yellow. — Escaped i'rom cultivation to rocky roadsides, &c.
July. (Adv. from Ku.)

2. S. pulchellum, jNIichx. Stems ascending or trailing (4'- 12' high) ;
leaces terete, linear fli ifonn, much cro\vded ; spikes of the cyme several, densely
flowered ; petals rose-purple. — Virginia to S. Illinois, Kentucky, and southward ;
also cultivated in gardens. July.

3. S. N6vii, Gray. Stems spreading, simple (3' -5' high) ; leaves all alter-
nate, those of the sterile shoots wedfje-ohorate or spatidate, on flowering stems lin-
ear-sputulate and flattish ; cyme about 3-spikcd, densely flowered ; petals white,
more pointed than in the next ; the flowering 3 or 4 weeks later ; leaves and
blossoms smaller. — Mountains of Virginia (Salt Pond ^luuutain, ir. M. Can-
by) to Alabama (R. D. JVevius).

4. S. ternktum, Michx. Stems spreading (3' -6' high); /eat-e,s/fj<; the
lower ivhorlcd in threes, icedge-obovate, the upper scattered, ohlowj ; cyme 3-spiked,
leafy; petals white. — Rocky woods, Penn. to Illinois and southward: common
in gardens. May, June.

* * FloiLvrs in a terminal naked and regular cyme or cluster, more or less ped uncled:

haves flat, ohovate or oblong, mostly alternate.

•f- Flowers perfect, ri-merous, \0-androii^.

5. S. telephioides, Michx. Stems ascending (6' -12' high), stout, leafy
to the top; leaves oblong or oval, entire or sparingly toothed; cyme small;
petals fltsh-cotor, ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed ; jmds tapering into a slender style.
— Dry rocks, Alleghany Mountains, from Maryland southward, and sparingly
in New Jersey? W. New York ? and Indiana. June. — Too ne:ir the next.

6. S. TEL]i;pniuM, L. (Gardkn Orpine or Live-for-ever ) Stems
erect (2° high), stout; leaves oval, obtuse, toothed; cymes compound; /letals
jntrplc, oblong-lanceolate ; jiols abru/illi/ poiiit(d with a short style. — Rocks and
banks, escaped from cultivation in some ])laces. July. (Adv. from Eu.)

•<- -t- Flowers ditrrlous, mostly 4-ni'rous and S-androus.

7. S. Rhodiola, Dr. (Roseroot.) Stems erect (.'5'- 10' high) ; leaves
oblong or ovmI, smaller than in the preceding ; flowers in a close cyme, greenish-
yellow, or the fertile turning purplish. — Pennsylvania, on cliffs of Delaware
River, below Easton ! {Pnfe.sxo'S Porter if Green) ; Quoddy Head, Maine {Prof
Verrill), and nortiiward. May, June. (Eu.)

IIAMAMEL.vrK.r.. ( WITCII-IIAZKL FAMILY.) 173

Order 37. II.4I?I.4ITIElACE.«:. (Witcii-IIazel Family.)

Shrubs or tires, with alternate simple leaves and deciduous stipules ; floic-
ers in heads or spikes, often poli/yainous or monacious ; the calyx cohering
with the base of the ovary ; which consists of 2 pistils united below, and forms
a •2-btaked, 2-celled woody pod, opening at the summit, uith a sinr/le bony seed
in each cell, or several, only one or two of them ripening. — Petals inserted
on tlie caly.x, narrow, valvate, or involute in tlie bud, or often none at all.
Stamens twice as many as tiie petals, and half of them sterile and changed
into scales, or numerous. Seeds anatropous. Embryo large and straight,
in sparing aU)umen : cotyledons broad and flat.

Tribe I. Il.VItl AltlELE^. Flowers with a manifest calyx or cilyx and corolla, and a
siiifjlf ovulf suspeiKleil from the summit of each cell.

1. Ilnmainells. Petals 4, strap-shaped. Stamens and scales each 4, shirt.

2. Kolhergilla. Petals none. Stamens about 24, long : filaments thickened upwards.
Tribe II. BALSAMIPMiiE. Flowers naked, with barely rudiments of a calyx, and

no corolla, crowded into catkin-like heads. Ovules several or many in each cell

3. Liquid uiiibar. Monoecious or polygamous. Stamens very numerous. Pods consoli-

dated by tluir bases in a dense head.

1. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch-Hazel.

Flowers in little axillary clusters or heads, usually surrounded hy a scale-like
3-leavcd involucre. Caly.x 4-partcd, and with 2 or 3 hractlcts at its hase. Pet-
als 4, strap-sha])cd, lonj^ and narrow, spirally iuvuliite in the hud. Stamens 8,
very short; the 4 alternate with the petals anthcr-hcariun:, the others imperfect
nnd scale-like. Stvles 2, short. Pod o])cning loeulicidally from the top ; the
outer coat separating from the inner, which encloses the single hirge and hony
seed in each cell, hut soon hursts elastically into two pieces. — Tall shruhs, with
straight-veined leaves, and yellow, perfect or polygamous flowers. (From afxa,
lib' to, and fiT)\is, an npple-tree ; a name anciently applied to the Medlar, or .-iome
other tree resomhling the Apple, which the Witch-IIazel docs not.)

1. H. Virginica, L. Leaves obovate or oval, wavy-toothed, .«onicwhat
downy when young. — Damp woods: blossoming late in autumn, when the
leaves arc falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer.

2. FOTHERGILLA, I., f. Fotiiekgii.i.a.

Flowers in a terminal cntkin-liko spike, mostly perfect. Calyx hell-shaped,
the summit truncate, slightly .'j-7-toothed. Petals none. Stamens about 24,
borne on the margin of the calyx in one row, all alike : filaments very long,
thickened at the top (white). Styles 2, slender. Pod cohering with the base
of the calyx, 2-lol)ed, 2-celled, with a single bony seed in each cell. — A low
shrub ; the oval or obovate leaves smooth, or hoary underneath, toothed at the
summit ; the flowers appearing rather before the leaves, eneh jiartly covered by
a scale-like l.ract. (Dedicated to the distinguished Dr. ./ohn Folli, ri/ill.)

1. F. alnif61ia. L. f. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward. April,
May.

174 HALOKAGEiE. (WATEU-MILFOIL FAMILY.)

3. LIQXJIDAMBAR, L. Sweet-Gum Tree.

Flowers usually monaciuus, in {^lobular heads or catkins ; the sterile arranged
in a conical cluster, naked : stamens very numerous, intermixed with minute
scales: filaments short. Fertile flowers consisting;; of many 2-eelled 2-beaked
ovaries, subtended by minute scales in place of a calyx, all more or less cohering
together and hardening in fruit, forming a spherical catkin or head ; the pods
opening between the 2 awl-shaped beaks. Styles 2, stigmatic down the inner
side. Ovules many, but only one or two perfecting. Seeds with a wing-angled
seed-coat. — Catkins racemcd, nodding, in the bud enclosed by a 4-leaved decid-
uous involucre. (A mongrel name, from //^w/V/hs, fluid, and the Arabic «»(/«!/•,
nmbcr; in allusion to the fragrant terebinthinc juice which exudes from the
tree.)

1. L. Styraciflua, L. (Sweet Gum. Bilsted.) Leaves rounded,
deei)ly 5-7-lol)ed. smooth and shining, glandular-serrate, the lobes pointed. —
Motst woods, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. April. — A large
and beautiful tree, with fine-grained wood, the gray bark commonly with
corky ridges on the branchlets. Leaves fragrant when bruised, turning deep
crimson in autumn. The woody pods filled mostly with abortive seeds, re-
sembling sawdust.

Order 38. II.lLORAGE.i:. (Water-Milfoil Family.)

Aquatic or marsh plants (at least in northern countries), with the incon-
spicuous symmetrical Jiowers sessile in the axils of leaves or brads, cahjx-lube
coherent icith the ovary, which consists 0/2-4 niore or less united carpels
(or in Ilippuris of only one carpel), the styles or sessile stir/mas distinct.
Limb of the calyx obsolete or very short in (crtile flowers. Petals small
oi; none. Stamens 1-8. Fruit indehiscent, 1-4-celled, with a single
jwiatropous seed suspended from the summit of each cell. Embryo in the
axis of flcsliy albumen : cotyledons minute. — Formerly attached as a sub-
order to Onagracea?, but now deemed quite distinct.

1. Myriophyllutn. Flowrers monoecious or polygamous, the part? in fours, with or without

petals. Stamens 4 or 8. Immersed leaves pinnately disseoteil.

2. Proserpinaca. Flowers perfect, the parts in threes. Petals none. Immersed leaves

pinnately dissected.
8. Hippuris. Flowers usually perfect. Petals none. Stamen, style, and cell of the ovary
only one. Leaves entire.

1. MYEIOPHYLLUM, Vaill. Water-Mii.foii..

Flowers monaeious or polygamous. Caly.x of the sterile flowers 4-parted,
of the fertile 4-toothed. Petals 4, or none. Stamens 4-8. Fruit nut-like, 4-
celled, deeply 4-lobed : stigmas 4, recurved. — Perennial aquatics. Leaves
crowded, often whorlcd ; those under water pinnately parted into cnpillnry divis-
ions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the ujiper leaves, usually above water in
summer ; the uppermost staminatc. (Name from fivpios, a t/iousaiul, and ^vX-
Xov, a leaf, i. e. Milfoil.)

I

HALOUAGE^E. (WATEK-JIII.FOIL FAMILY.) 175

• Stdtnetis 8: jntuls (hcidiioiis: carpels even: leaves irlwilfd in llireei or fours.

1. M. spiCcltum, L. Leaves uU piiinately parttd ami capillary, except
ilnijlural outs or hracls ; these ovule, entire or tuvthul, and diiejlij slioiler than the
Jiuwers, wliiiU tluis lonii an inlerrupted sijike. — Deep water: eoiuiuoti. (Vm.)

2. M. Verticillatum, -L. Flund kaces iiiHcli louijer titan Iht- Jluwers, jiec-
tinate-pinnulijid : otherwise nearly as ^'o. 1. — Tonds, &.Q. northward. (Eu.)

* * Stamens 4: pettds rather persistent: carpels \-2-ridijed and ronijht ned on tlie

lath: If-aces wliorleti in fours and fives, the lower with capdlanj divisions.

3. M. heterophyiium, Miehx. Sti:m stont ; Jloral leavis ovate and lance-
oltite, thick, crowded, sharjily serrate, the lowest pinnatifid ; fndt ohsrure/y rough-
ened.— Lakes and rivers, from N. New York westward and southward.

4. M. scabr^tum, Miehx. Stem rather slender; lower leaves pinnatcly
parted with tew capillary divisions ; Jlorul leaves linear {rurcly scattei'cd), jMctinute-
tuothed or cut-serrate: carpels strom/ly 2-rid(/ed and roughened on the hack. — Shallow
ponds, from S. New England and Ohio sonthw^ard.

* * * Stamens \: petals rather persistent : carpels even on the hack : leaves chiefly

sctittered, or waiitinrj on the flowering stems.

5. M. ambigUUm, Nutt. Immersed leaves immatthj parted into about 10
very delicate capillary divisions; the emerging ones pectinate, or llf tipper floral
linear and s])arin};iy toothed or entire; flowers viostli/ perfect; fruit (minute)
smooth. — Var. 1. n.Vtaxs ; stems floatinp;, prolonjjed. Var. 2. cai'ili-Xceim:
stems floating, long and very slender ; leaves all immersed and capillary. Var.
3. mm6sum : small, rooting in the mud ; leaves all linear, incised, toothed, or
entire. — Ponds and ditclies, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvanin, and
southward, near the coast.

6. M. teil611um, Bigelow. Flowering stems nenrlg leafless and scape-like,
(3'- 10' high), erect, simple; the sterile shoots creeping and tufted; bracts
small, entire ; flowers alternate, monoecious ; fruit smooth. — Borders of ponds, N.
New York, New England, and northward.

2. PROSERPINACA, L. Meumaid-weed.

Flowers perfect. Calyx-tube 3-sided, the limb 3-parted. Petals none. Sta-
miMis ;3. Stigmas 3, cylindrical. Fruit bony, 3-angled, 3-celled, 3-seeded, nut-
like.— Low, perennial herbs, with the stems creeping at the base (whence the
name, Irom proserpo, to creep), alternate leaves, and small Howers sessile in the
axils, .'olitary or 3-4 together, in sunnuer.

1. P. pallistriS, L. /x«ics lanceolate, sharply senate, the lower pectinate
when under water; fruit sharply angled. — Wet swamps: not rare.

2. P. pectin^cea, Lam. Leaves all pectinate, the divisions liuear-awl-
shaped ; fruit rather obtusely angled. — Sandy swamps, near the coast.

9. HIPPURIS, L. .Mahl's Tail.

Flowers jK-rfect or ])o!yganious. Calyx entire. IVtals none. Stamen one,
inserted on the edge of the calyx. Stylo single, thrend-shaj;ed, stigniatie down
one side, received in the groove Ix'twceu the lobes of the largo anther. Frui'

176 OXAGRACE^. (KVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

nut-likc, l-cellcd, l-sccdcd. — Perennial aquatics, with simple entire leaves in
wiiorls, and niiniite flowers sessile in the axils in suiiinicr. (Name from "nrnos,
a hui^r, an<l ovpti, <i tail.)

1. H. vulgaris, L. Leaves in whorls of 8 or 12, linear, acute. — Tends
and springs. New York to Kentucky and northwiud : rare. Stems simple, 1°-
2° high. Flowers very inconspicuous. (Eu.)

Order 39. OJ^AGRACE.E. (E vexing-Primrose Family.)
Herbs, with -i-inerous (sometimes 2-3- or 5 - 6-merous) perfect and si/m-
vietricul Jlowers ; the tube of the calyx cohering with the 2-4-celled ovary,
its lobes valoate in the bud, or obsolete; the petals convolute in the bud, some-
times wanting; and the stamens us many or twice as many as the petals or
calyx-lobes, inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube. Style single, slen-
der : stigma 2 - 4-lobed or capitate. Pollen grains often connected by cob-
webby threads. Seeds anatropous, small, without albumen.

« Pai'ts of the flower in twos.

1. CIrctea. Petals 2, obcordate or 2-lobed. Stamens 2. Fruit 1 - 2-secdecl, bristly.

* # Parts of the flowers in fours or more.
-- Fruit dry and indehiscent, mostly becoming l-celled, 1-4-seeded.

2. Gaura. Petals -t Stamens 8 and with the long style turned downwards.

H- ..- Fruit a many-seeded pod, usually loculicidal.

3. Epilobium, Stamens 8, Petals 4. Seeds with a large downy tuft at the apex.

4. CEiiothera. Stumens S and petals 4 on the prolonged caly.x-tulie. Seeds naked.

5. Jiissirea. Stamens 8-12. Petals 4 -6. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.

6. Itudwigia. Slamens 4. Petals 4 or more. Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary.

1. CIRC^A, Tourn. Enciiantek's Nightshade.

Calyx-tube slightly prolonged, the end filled by a cup-shaped disk, deciduous;
lobes 2, reflcxed. Petals 2, inversely heart-shaped. Stamens 2. Fruit inde-
hiscent, small and bur-like, bristly with hooked hairs, 1 -2-cclled : cells 1-secdcd.
— Low and inconspicuous perennials, in cool or damp woods, with oj)positc thin
leaves on slender petioles, and small whitish flowers in racemes, produced in
summer. (Named from Cin-e, the enchantress.)

1. C. Luteti^na, L. Taller (1°- 2° high); /mrra o?-n/c, slightly toothed ;
bracts none; hairs of the roundish 2-rel/pd fruit bristly. — Very common. (Eu.)

2. C. alpina, L. Low (.3' -8' high), smooth and weak; leaves hexirt -shaped,
thin, shining, coarsely toothed; bracts minute; hairs of the obovatc-oblong l-celled
fruit soft and slender. — Deep woods . common northward. July. (Eu.)

2. GAURA, L. Gaura.

Calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous ; the lobes 4 (rarely
3), reflcxed. Petals clawed, unequal or turned to the upper side. Stamens
mostly 8, often turned down, as is also the long style. A small scale-like ap-
pendage before the base of each filament. Stigma 4-lobed, .surrounded by a
ring or cup-like border. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3- 4-ribbe<l or angled, inde-

ONAGRACE^. (evemno-primuosi-: familv.) 177

liiscont or nearly so, iisnnlly hrcoiiiiriG: 1 -rclloil and 1 -4-.';oo(lc(l. Socfls naked.

— Leaves alternate, sessile. Flowers rose-color or white, rlmnf^in^ to reddish
in fadin-j, in wand-like sj)ikes or raeenies ; in our species quite small (so that
the name, from yavpos, siipnh, does not seem appropriate).

1. G. biennis, L. So/l-hain/ or doirm/ {:i°-S° h\<;h); leaves oblonrj-lanceo-
Inle, acute, denticulate ; fmit oval or ohlonjr, nearlfi Sfssi/e, ribbed, downy. —
Dry banks, from New York westward and southward : common. Aug.

2. G. filipes, Spaeh. Nearly smooth; stem slender (2° -4° high) ; /ea?'cs
liniar, mostly toothed, tajiering at the base ; branches of the panicle very slen-
der, naked ; fruit obovate-club-sliaj)ed, 4-angled at the summit, slender pedicelkd.

— Open ]jlaces, Virginia to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug.

3. EPILOBIXTM, L. Willow-heub.

Calyx-tube not prolonged beyond the ovary ; the limb4-cleft, deciduous. Pet-
als 4. Stamens 8: anthers short. Pod linear, many-seeded. Seeds with a tuft
of long hairs at the end. — Perennials, with nearly sessile leaves, and violet,
purple, or white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of ini Xo'iiov lov, viz.
a violet on a pod.)

♦ Flowers hnrje in a lonrj spike or raceme : petals widely spreading, on claws, entire :
stamens and sli/le turned downicards : stii/ma of 4 lone/ lobes: leaves scattered.

1. E. angustifdlium, L. (Great Willow-herb.) Stem simple, tall
(4° -7°); leaves lanceolate. — Low grounds, especially in newly cleared land:
common northward. — Flowers pink-purple, very showy. (Eu.)

« * Flowers rather large, regular : petals obcordate : stamens and style erect: stigma
of 4 long linear lobes : leaves mostly opposite.

2. E. HiRsijTL-.M, L. Soft-hair)', branching (3° -5° high); leaves lance-
oblong, serrulate ; flowers in the upper axils or in a leafy short raceme ; petals
rose-purj)le, 6" long. ^Spontaneous in waste grounds. New Bedford, Mass.
{T. A. Greene) and Roxbury (/). Mutray) ; and in a ravine near Albany, New
York (C. //. Peck). (Nat. from Eu.)

» * Flouvrs small, corymhed or puniclcd : petals (mostly notched at the. end), sta-
mens, and style erect : stigma club-shaped, nearly entire : lower leaves opposite,
entire or denticulate.

3. E. alpinum, L. Low (2'-G' high), nearly glabrous; stems ascending
from a stolonifcrous base, simple ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, obtuse, nearly
entire, on short petioles ; flowers few or solitary, drooping in the bud ; petals
purple; pods long, glabrous. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of
New IIami)shirc, and Adirondack Mountains, New York. (En.)

Var. m^jUS, Wahl. Tiiller ; upper leaves more or less acute and toothed,
po.I glabrous or somewhat pubescent. (E. alsinifoliiim, Vill. E. origanifolium,
Lum.) —With the ty])ical form: alf-o upper Wisconsin and Michigan. (Eu.)

4. E. pallistre, L., var. line^re. Fnct and slender (10-2° hi-h),
branched above, minutily luHiry-piilii.'niiil ; stem roundish ; hares narmu-li/ lanceo-
late or linear, nearly entire ; flower-buds somewhat nodding ; petals pur]tlisli or
white; pods hoary. (E. lineare, J/h/i/. E. .squauiatum, Xtitt.) — Bogs, N.

12

178 ONAGRACE^. (eVENING-I'RIMROSE FAMILY.)

England to Pcnn., Illinois, and northward. There is also a small an simple
I - luw-flowcrcd form (4' -9' high), less hoary or nearly glabrous, with shorter
leaves (E. oligauthum, Mirh.c), found in N. New York, White Mountains of
New Hampshire, and northward. This is E. nutans, Soinmerf. &, E. lineare,
Fries, but tiic pods are usually a little hoary. (Eu.)

5. E. molle, Torr. Sojt-donny alt over, strietly erect (I°-2|° high), at
length branching; letives crowdcA; liiiear-oUonc/ or lanceolate, blunt, mostly peti-
oled ; petals rose-color, notched (2" -3" long). — Bogs, Khode Island and
Pennsylvania to Michigan, and northward. Sept.

6. E. coloi'atum, Muhl. Glabivus or nearly so ; stem roundish, not
angled, much branched (1° -3° high), uiany-flowered ; Icaces lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, denticulate, ojlen petioled, not at all decurrent, thin, usually pur-
ple-veined; flower-buds erect ; petals purplish, 2-cleft at the summit (l^"-2"
long). — Wet places : common. July -Sept.

4. CENOTHERA, L. Evening Primrose.

Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, deciduous; the lobes 4, rcflexcd.
Petals 4. Stamens 8 : anthers mostly linear and versatile. Pod 4-valved,
many-seeded. Seeds naked. — Leaves alternate. (Name from oivos, wine, and
6f]pa, a hunt or eager pursuit, given to some plant the roots of which were eaten
to provoke a relish for wine.)
§ 1 . Tube of the calyx filiform or cylindrical and much prolonged beyond the ovary :

stamens nearly equal : antheis linear : stiyma of 4 filiform or linear divergent

lobes.
* Annuals or biennials: flowers nocturnal, odorous, yellow, withering the next day:
pods fusiform or cylindrical, closely sessi'e.
I. CE. biennis, L. (Common Evening-Primrose.) Erect, mostly
hairy ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, obscurely toothed ; flowers in a terminal
rather leafy spike ; calyx-tube much prolonged ; petals inversely heart-shaped
(light yellow); pods o'llong, somewhat tapering above. — Varies grcatlj' ; as
Var. 1. muric.\ta, with rough-bristly stem and pods, and petals rather longer
than the stamens. "Var. 2. grandifi.Ara, with larger and more showy petals.
Var. 3. parvifl6ra, with petals about the length of the stamens. Var. 4.
critciXta, with singularly small and narrow linear-oblong petals, shorter than
the stamens, and smooth pods. Var. .5. Oakf.si.Vxa (CE. Oakesiana, Iiol)lii)is\,
with a minute and wholly appressed pubescence, or almost glabrous : otherwise
as Var. 3. — Fields and waste places : very common. June- Sept.

2. CE. rhombipetala, Nutt. Petals rhombic-omte, acute : calyx-tube very
slender, extended an inch longer than the short cylindrical ovary : otherwise
rescmblinfr a smoothish or rather hoary narrow-leaved state of No. 1 . — Sandy
soil, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward. July- Sept.

3. CE. sinukta, L. Hairy, low, «.sr^nrf/j/7, or at length procumbent; leaves
oblong or lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, often pinnatifid, the lower petioled ; flow-
ers (small) axillary; petals not longer than the stamens (pale yellow, rose-color
in fading); pods cylindrical, elongated. — Sandy fields, New Jersey and south-
M-ard, principally a dwarf state. Juno.

ONAGRACK.*:. (KVENING-PKIMUOSE FAMILY.) 179

♦ * Biennials or perennials : flowers diurnal (opening in sunshine), yellow: pods club-
shaped, with 4 strong or winged angles and 4 intennediale rihs.

4. CE. glauca, Miehx. Very glal)rous, glaucous; leaves onite or ovate-
laiHcolaio ; pmls oliovoicl-oblong, A-wingnl, almost sessile; root perennial. — Moun-
tains of ^'irJJ;inia, Kentiu-ky, an<l sotitiiward. May -July. — heavLs bromlcr
and tlowors larirer than in the next.

5. CE. fruticbsa, L. (Sinduoi-s.) Hairy or nearly smooth (l°-3°
liiuh) ; leaves laiirtohite or ol>lotig ; raceme corynibcd, naked below ; petals broadly
obcordatt', lonj;er than the calyx-lobes and stamens ; pods olilong-cluh-sh'iped, 4-
icinged, longer than the pedicels ; root perennial. — Open ])laccs, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug. — Corolla 1^' broad.

C. (E. rip^ria, Nutt. Scarcely pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate, elon-
gated, tapering below and somewhat stalked ; flowers (large) in a rather leafy at
length elongated raceme ; petals slightly obcordatc ; pods Mong-chtb-sliaped, slen-
der-pedicelled, scarcely 4-wiiiged ; root biennial. — River-banks and swamps, Qua-
ker llridge, New Jersey, to Virginia and southwiird.

7. QE. linearis, Miehx. Slender, minutely hoary-pubescent ; /rarrsZ/nrdr,-
flowers (rather large) somewhat corymbed at the end of the branches ; pods ob-
orate, hoary, scarcely ■i-winged at the summit, tapering into a slender pedicel. — Mon-
tauk Point, Long Island, to Virginia and southward. June, July. — Plant 1°
high, bushy-branched: flowers I'wide.

8. CE. chX'ysantha, Miehx. Slender, sniootli or i)ube,sccnt ; leaves lanre-
vUite, rather blunt ; flowers crowded or at first corymbed ; petals obovate, notched
at the end (orange-yellow), longer than the stiimens : pods alt jmlicelleil , ol)long-club-
sha/ml, scarcely wing-aiigled ; root biennial? — Banks, Oswego, New York, to
Wisconsin and northward. July. — Stem 12'- 15' high ; flowers larger than in
No. 0, from which it may not be distinct.

9. CE. pumila, L. Almost smooth, small ; leaves lanceolate or ohlanceolate,
mostl}- obtuse ; llo^vcrs in a loose and prolonged leafy raceme ; petals obcordate
(pale yellow), scarcely longer than the stamens ; pods almost sessile, oblong-club-
shaped, strongly wing-angled; root perennial or biennial ? — Dry fields: com-
mon northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. —Stems mostly
simple, 5'- 12' high: the corolla ^ broad.

§ 2. Tulie of the calyx funnel-form, strongly 4-nerved, and shorter than the cylindrical
ovary, its lobes keeled tvith the midrib: Jilaments opposite the jwtals shorter : an-
thers ohioog, versatile: stigma disk-shaped, almost entire: Jlowers ojwiing in sun-
shine or dayll/jhi.

10. GE. serrul^ta, Nutt. Stems low, slightly woody at the base ; leaves
lance-linear, oi>l:\ncc<)]ate or linear-si)atulate, sliari>ly .serrulate or toothed; flow-
ers axillary mostly small ; i>etals yellow, obovate, wavy-erenulate, much longer
than the stamens ; pods cylindrical, puberulent. — Falls of St. Anthony, Wis-
consin (tesquereui, T. .1 Ilale), and westward.

5. JUSSI^A, L. Jrssi.ij.v.

Calyx-tube elongated, not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4 - 6,
herbaceous and jiersistcnL Petals 4-9. Staineus twice an mauy us tlic petals.

180 OXAGRACE.E. (kVKNING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Porl 4-G-ccllccl, usually lonjr, opcninp; hotwccn the rilis. Seeds very numerous.
— Ilerhs (ours oliibroiis perennials), with mostly entire and alternate leaves,
and axillary yellow flowers, in summer. (Dedieated to Bcrwird de JiiS'iicu, the
founder of the Natural System of Botany, as further developed by his illustrious
nephew. )

1. J. deciirrens, DC. Stem erect (l°-2° high), branchinf^, ivlnrjed hy
the deeurrent lanceolate leaves ; calyx-lobes 4, as lonjj as the petals ; pod oblong-
club-shaped, wing-angled. — Wet places, Virginia to Illinois, and southward.

2. J. rdpens, L. Stemcreepinfj,orJloatimi and rootim/ ; leaves oblong, ta-
pering into a slender petiole; flowers large, long-peduncled ; calyx-lobes and
obovate petals .5 ; pod cylindrical, with a tapering base. — In water, Illinois,
Kentucky, and southward. Also nat. near Philadelphia.

6. LUDWIGIA, L. F.vlse Loosestrife.

Calyx- tube not at all prolonged beyond the ovary ; the lobes 4, usually persist-
ent. Petals 4, often small or wanting. Stamens 4. Pod short or cylindrical,
many-seeded. Seeds minute, naked, — Perennial herbs, with axillary (rarely
capitate) flowers, produced through summer and autumn. (Named in honor
of Christian G. Liiduug, Professor of Botany at Leipsie, contemporary .vith Lin-
naeus.)

* Leaves all alternate, sessile or nearly so.

•*- Flowers peduricled in the upper axils, with conspicuous yellow petals (4" - 8" long),

equallinff the ovate or lanceolate foliaceous lobes o/ the cali/x.

1. L. alternifdlia, L. (Seed-box.) Smooth or nearly so, branched
(3° high) ; leaves lanceolate, acute or pointed at both ends ; pods cubical, rounded
at the base, wing-angled. — Swamps : common, especially near the coast. — Pods
opening first by a hole where the style falls off, afterwards splitting in pieces.

2. L. hirtella, Haf. Hairy all over ; stems nearly simple (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves oblony, or the upper lanceolate, blunt at Ixtth ends : pods nearly as in the last,
but scarcely wing-angled. — Moist pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and
southward. — Fascicled roots often tuberous-thickened.

•*- ■*- Flowers small, sessile (solitary or sometimes clustered or crowded) in the axils,
with very small greenish petals {in No. 5) or mostly none: leaves mostly lanceolate
or linear on the erect stems (l°-3° high) and numerous branches; but prostrate
or creeping sterile shoots or stolons are nfhn produced from the base of the stem,
these are thickly beset icilh shorter olmrate or s/iatulate kavcs. ( Our species gla^
brous, except No. 3.)

3. L. sphseroearpa, Ell. Minutely pubescent, especially the calyx, or
nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or linear, acute, tapering at the base ; those
of the runneps obovate with a wedge-shaped base and glandular-denticulate;
bractlets minute, obsolete, or none ; pods glolmlar or depressed (sometimes acute at the
base), not longer than the caly.x-lobcs (less than 2" long). — AVater or wet
swamps, E. Mass., S. New York, New Jersey, Pcnn., and .'^outliwanl. — Bark
of lower part of the stem often spongy-thickened.

4. L. polycarpa, Short & Peter. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at
both ends; those of the runners oblong-spatulatp, acute, entire; bractlets linear-

MELASTOMACE^. (mELASTOMA l-AMILY.) 181

awl-shaped, and conspicuous on the base of the 4-sidtd somewhat top-shaped pod,
which is lonj,fer tlum tlie caljx-iolics. — Swamps, Micliifj^aii to lUiiiuis, Ken-
tucky, and southward.

5. L. linearis, Walt. Slender, mostly low ; leaves narrowly linear, those
of the short riniiRTs obovate; minute petals usually j)rcsent ; bractlets minute at
the base oftltc doiii/uled top-shajkd \-sid(d pod, which is ."5" lony and much longer
than the ealyx-lohes. — Bogs, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward.

6. L. cylindrica, Ell. Much branched ; leaves oblong- or spatuhite-
lanecolatc, much tapering at the base, or even petiolcd ; bractieis very viinuteat
the base of the ci/lihdrical pod, which is 3" long, and several times exceeds the
calyx-lobes. — Mound City, S. Illinois, Dr. Vaseij, and southward.

« * Leaves all opposite: stems creepincj or floating

7. L. pallistris, Ell. (Water Purslane.) Smooth : leaves ovate or
oval, tapering into a slender petiole ; petals none, or small and reddish when the
plant grows out of water; calyx-lobes very short; pods oblong, 4-sided, not ta-
pering at the base, sessile iu the axils (2" long). (Isna'rdia palustris, L.) —
Ditches: comiuon. (Eu.)

8. L. arcuata, Walt. Smooth, small and creeping ; leaves oblanceolate,
nearly sessile ; ilowers solitary, long-peduneled ; petals yellow, exceeding the
calyx (3" long) ; pods oblong-club-shapcd, somewhat curved (i' long). —
Swamp.s, Eastern Virginia and southward.

Order 40. MEL.ASTOMACE.I:. (Melasto.aia Family.)

Plants loith opposite 3- 1-rihhcd leaves, and definite stamens, the anthers
opening l»j pores at the apex ; otherwise much as in the Evening-IViuirose
Family. — All tropical, e.\cept the genus

1. RHEXIA, L. Deer-Grass. Meadow-Beaut v.

Calyx-tube urn-shaped, coherent with the ovary beloW. and continued above
it, persistent, 4-cleft at the apex. Petals 4, convolute in the bud, oblique, in-
serted, along with tlw 8 stamens, on the summit of the calyx-tube. Anthers
long, 1-ccllcd, inverted in the bud. Style 1 : stigma 1. Pod invested by the
permanent calyx, 4-cclIed, with 4 many-seeded placenttc ]irojeeting from the
central axis. Seeds coiled like a snail-shell, without albumen. — Low |)crennial
herbs, often bristly, with sessile 3-5-nerved and bristle-edged leaves, and large
showy cymose flowers; in summer; the petals falling early. (Name from ^v^if,
a rupture, applied to this genus for no obvious reason.)

* Anthers linear, curved, with a minute spur on the back at the attachment of the
filame.nl aliove its base : flowers cipnose, peduncled.

1. R. Virginica, L. Stem se/uare, with wing-like angles; leaves oval-
'aiictolate, anil,'; petals bright jjurple. — Sandy swamps, E. Massachusetts to
Peiiu., WiMonsin. Illinois, and southwiird.

2. B,. Marikna, L. Stems ci/lindric<d ; leaves Unrar-obluni/, nnvro\wd below;
petals paler. — Sandy swamps, New Jersey, Kentucky, aud southward.

182 LYTUUACE^. (loosestrife FAMILY.)

* * Anlhrrs nhlonrj, strnif/ht, iritliout any spur: flowers fetv, se«s(7e.
3. R. eilidsa, Michx. Stem ^^qllin•c, f;liibious; leaves broaiilj ovate,
ciliate with low^ bristles; ealyx <,dabrous. — Maryland and southward.

Oiii>Eii 41. L,YTIIBACE^. (Loosestrife Family.)

Herbs, with mostly opposite entire leaves, no stipules, the calyx enclosing
but free from the 1 -i-celled many-seeded ovary and membranous pod, and
hearing the 4-7 deciduous petals and 4-14 stamens on its throat ; the latter
lower down. Style 1 : stigma capitate, or rarely 2-lobed. — Flowers axillary
or whorled, rarely irregular, perfect, souietinies dimorphous or even tri-
morphous, those on dill'erent plants with filaments and style reciprocally
longer and shorter. Petals sometimes wanting. Pod often 1-celled by
the early breaking away of the thin partitions : placentte in the axis.
Seeds anatropous, without albumen. — Branches usually 4-sided.

* Flowers rej^ukr, or nearly so.

1. Amman Ilia. Calyx sliort, 4-:iii^led. not striate. Petals 4. or none. Stamens 4, rarely 2.

2. Lytliruiii. Calyx tubular-cyliiiilrioal, striate. I'eUils 5-7. Stamens 5 - 14.

3. IVessea. Calyx sliurt-campauulate or liemispherical. Stamens 10 - 14, e.xserted.

* * Flowers irregular : petals unequal.

4. Cuphea. Calyx spurred or enlarged on one side at the base. Stamens 12.

1. AMMANNIA, Houston. Ammaxnia.

Calyx globular or bell-shaped, 4-angled, 4-toothed, usually with a little horn-
shaped appendage at each sinus. Petals 4 (purplish), small and deciduous,
sometimes wanting. Stamens 4, rarely 2, sliort. Pod globular, 2 - 4eclled.
— Low and inconspicuous smooth herbs, with opposite narrow leaves, and small
greenish flowers in their axils, produced all summer. (Named after Paul
Ammann, a German botanist anterior to Linna'us.)

§ 1. Calyx with manifest tooth-like or horn-shaped appendnyes at the sinuses: pod 4-
cilUd : plants of low or ivet ground ; ours are annwils.

1. A. htiniilis, Michx. Leaves tapering at the base or into a short petiole,
linear-oblanceolate or somewhat spatulate ; flowers solitary or 3 together in the
axils of the leaves, sessile ; style very short. — Massachusetts to Michigan,
Illinois and southward.

2. A. Iatif61ia, L. Leaves linear-laiireolntc (2' -.3' long), irilh a hrond
auricled sessile base; style sometimes very short, sometimes slender. — Oliio,
Illinois, and southward. Ship-yards, I'luladeliihia, an immigrant from thu
south, C. F. Parker.

§ 2. HYPOBRYCHIA, M. A. Curtis. Appendages at the. sinuses of the calyx
mere callous jmints or none : petals none : pod 2<elled.

3. A. Nuttallii, Gray. Submersed aquatic, or sometimes terrestrial,
rooting in the mud ; leaves linear, when immersed elongated, thin, and closely
sessile by a broad base, when out of water shorter and contracted at the base ;
flowers mostly solitary in the axils, sessile, small ; calyx with broad triangular
lobes; style very short. (Pe'plis diandra, iV«<^, but stamens usually 4. Hypo-

LYTHRACEiE. (LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY.) 183

brichia Nnttallii, Af. A. Curtis.) — Wisconsin and Minnesota (7". .7. Jlalc),
Illinois (Buckley, Vasei/, Hall, &.C.), and soutiiward. — Wiieii in deep water tiie
stems arc l°-30 lonj,', very leafy, the flowers and pods not larger than a pin's
head : when terrestrial 2' - 6' long, larger-flowered, resembling depauperate
specimens of No. 1, with obsolete projections at the sinuses.

2. LYTHRUM, L. Loosestrife.

Calyx cylindrical, striate, 5- 7-toothed, with as many little processes in the
sinuses. Petals .5-7. Stamens as many as the petals or twice the number, in-
serted low down on the calyx, commonly nearly ciiual. Pod oblong, 2-celled.
— Slender herbs, with opposite or scattered mostly sessile leaves, and purple
(rarely white) flowers; produced in summer. (Name from \v6poVi blood; pen
haps from the crimson blossoms of some species.)

* Stamens and petals 5- 7 : flowers small, solitury and nearly sessile in the axils of

the mostly scattered upper leaves : proper calyx-teetli often shorter than the inter-
mediate processes : plants smooth.

1. L. Hyssopifblia, L. Low annual (C- 10' high), pale; leaves oblong-
liiuur, oltluse, loiii/i:r than the inconspicuous floirtrs ; petals (pale-purple) 5-6. — •
Marshes, coast of New England and New Jersey. (Eu.)

2. Ii. alktum, Pursh. Tall and wand-like perennial ; branches with
murgim d (UKjlts ; leaves from ohlony-ocale to lanceolate, the upper not longer than the
flowers; petals (deep purple) G. — Michigan, Wisconsin, and southward.

3. L. line^'e, L. Stem slender and tall (3° -4° high), bushy at the top,
two of the uni/lcs margined; leaves linear, short, chiefly opposite, obtuse, or the
ui)i)cr acute and scarcely exceeding the flowers ; calyx obscurely striate; petals
(whitish) 6. — Brackish marshes, New Jersey and southward.

* * Stamens 12, twice the numlxn- of the petals, 6 longer and G shorter : floivers large,

crowded and ichorled, in an inteirupted wand-likv spike.

4. L. Salickria, L. (Spiked Loosestrife.) Leaves lanceolate, heart-
shaped at the base, sometimes whorled in threes. — Wet meadows. Eastern New
England, and Orange County, New York : also cultivated. —Plant more or less
downy, tall : flowers large, purple, trimoridioiis, as to respective length of stvle
and filaments in 3 different kinds of individuals.

3. NES^A, Commerson, Juss. Swamp Loosestrife.

Calyx short, broadly hckl-shaped or hcmis])hcrical, with 5-7 erect teeth, and
ns many longer and sjireading horn-like i>rocesscs at the sinjises. Petals 5.
Stamens 10-14, exsertcd, of two lengths. Pod globose, 3-5-eelled. — Peren-
nial herbs or slightly .shrubby i)lants, with opposite or whorled leaves, and ax-
illary flowers (these ])robably dinioridious or trimorphous).

1. N. veX'ticill^ta, IL B. K. Smooth or downy ; stems recurved (2°-
8° lung), 4-C-sided ; leaves lanceolate, nearly sessile, opposite or whorled, the
npjicr with clustered flowers in their axils oji short pedicels ; petals 5, wedgc-
laneeolate. rose-])nrple \^ long) ; stamens 10, half of them shorter. (Dc'codon
vertieillatum, Cmelin.]. — Swamj)y grounds : common eastward. July- Sept.

184 CACTACEuE. (CACTUS FAMILY.)

4. CUP HE A, Jacq. Cupiiea.

Calyx tubular, 12-ribbocl, somcwbat inflated below, gibbous or spurred at the
base on tbc upper side, C-tootlied at the apex, and usually with a.s many little
processes in the sinuses. Petals 6, very unequal. Stamens mostly 12, appro.xi-
inate in 2 sets, included, unequal. Ovary with a curved <.rlaiul at the base next
the spur of the calyx, 1 - 2-celled : style slender : stij^ma 2-lobed. Pod oblong,
few-seeded, early ruptured through one side. — Flowers solitary or racemose,
stalked. (Name from Kv<ji6s, gibbous, from the shape of the calyx, &c.)

1. C. viseosissima, Jacq. (Clammy Cupuea.) Annual, very viscid-
hairy, branching : leaves ovate-lanceolate ; petals ovate, short-clawed, purple.
— Dry fields, from Connecticut to Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Seeds flat,
borne on one side of the placenta, which is early forced out the ruptured pod.

Order 42. L.OASACJEiE. (Loasa Family.)

Herbft, icith a rough or si ingiiu/ pubescence, no stipules, the cahjx-tube ad-
herent to a l-cclled ovary with 2 or 3 parietal placcntte; — represented here
only by the genus

1. MENTZELIA, Plumicr. (Bart6nia, Nutt.)

Calyx-tube cylindrical or club-shaped ; the limb 5-parted, persistent. Petals
5 or 10, regular, spreading, flat, convolute in the Inul, deciduous. Stamens in-
definite, rarely few, inserted with the petals on the throat of the calyx. Styles
3, more or less united into one : stigmas terminal, minute. Pod at length dry
and opening irregularly, few - many-seeded. Seeds flat, anatropous, with little
albumen. — Stems erect. Leaves alternate. Flowei-s terminal, soHtary or cy-
mose-clustered. (Dedicated to C. Mentzd, an early German botanist.)

1. M. oligosperma, Nutt. Rough and adhesive (l°-30 high), much
branched, the brittle branches spreading; leaves ovate and oblong, cut-toothed
or angled; flowers yellow (7"- 10" broad), opening in sunshine; petals wedge-
oblong, pointed ; stamens 20 or more: filaments fililbrm : pod small, about 9-
seeded. — Prairies and plains, Illinois, and on the western jjlains ; — wliei-e M.
OKNATA and M. nuda, with large white flowers, arc showy representatives of
the genus.

Ordkr 43. CACTACEJE. (Cactus Family.)

Flesh >/ anil tliickemd mnstlij lea/less j)lauls, of jttculiar asjicci, (/lobular,
or columnar and inanij-amjled, or jlattcned and jointed, usualhj willi prickles.
Flowers solitary, sessile ; the sepals and petals numerous, imbricated in sev-
eral rows, adherent to the l-celled ovary. — Stamens numerous, with long
and slender filaments, inserted on the inside of the tube or cup formed by
the union of the sepals and petals. Style 1 : stigmas numerous. Fruit a
l-celled berry, with numerous campylotropous seeds on several parietal
placenta;. — Represented east of the Mississippi only by the genus

J

PASSIFLOUACE^. (I'ASSION-FLOWEU FAMILY.) 185

1. OPUNTIA, Toiini. ruiCKLY I'lCAR. Indian Fig.

Sepals and petals not united into a prolonged tube, spreading, regular, the
inner roundish. Berry often priekly. Seeds flat and margined. Embryo
coiled around albumen: cotyledons large, ibliaceous in germination. — Stem
composed of joints, bearing very small awl-shaped and usually deciduous leaves
arranged in a s))iral order, with clusters of barbed bristles and often spines also
in their axils. Flowers in our species yellow, opening in sunshine for more than
one dav. (A name of Theophrastus, originally belonging to some different
plant.)"

1. O. VUlg^l'is, Mill. (Cactus Opuntia, L.) Low, prostrate or spreading,
pale, with flat and l)roadly obovute joints; the minute /eaccs oi-ate-suimlnte and
oppressed; the axils bristly, rarely with a few small spines; flowers sulphur-yel-
low; betTi/ netirlj/ smooth, pulpy, eatable. — Sandy fields and dry rocks, from
Nantucket, Mass., southward, usually near the coast. June.

2. O. Raflnesquii, Engelm. Joints {deep fjreen) and flowers larger than
in the i)receding, the latter often with a red centre, and with more numerous
(10-12) petals; liarts i^pnadiii;/, longer and narrower (.3"-4"); axils some of
them bearing a few small spines and a single strong one (9"- 12" long). —
"Wisconsin to Kentucky and westw'ard. June.

.'5. O. Missouriensis, DC. Prostrate; thy joints broadly obovate and
flat (2'--l' long), tuberculate; leaves minute; axils armed with a tuft of straw-
colored bristles and 5-10 slender radiating spines (I '-2' long) ; flowers light
yellow ; bcrri/ dri/, prickly. — Borders of Wisconsin and westward. May -July.

OuiMCK 44. PASSIFLORACEiE. (Passiox-Flo\vi;u Family.)

Herbs or woody plants, climbing bij tendrils, icitk perfect Jlowers, 5 mona-
dclphous stamens, and a stalked l-celled ovarii free from the calyx, icilh 3 or
4 jiarietal j>lacenl(c, and as many club-shaped styles; — represented by tiie
typical genus

1. PASSIFLORA, L. Passion-Flovver.

Calyx of 5 sepals united at the base into a short cup, imbricated in the bud,
usually colored like the jxjtals, at least within ; the throat crowned with a double
or triple fringe. Petals 5, on the throat of the calyx. Stamens 5 : filaments
united in a tube which sheathes the long stalk of the ovary, separate above :
anthers large, fixed by the middle. Berry (often edible) many-seeded ; the ami-
tropous albuminous seeds invested by a pulpy covering. Seed-coat brittle,
grooved. — Leaves alternate, generally palmatcly lobed, witli stipules. Pedun-
cles axillary, jointed. Ours are perennial herbs. (Name, irom passio, passion,
and Jlos, a flower, given by the early missionaries in South America to these
blossoms, in which they fancied a n|)re.sentation of the implements of the cru-
cifixion.)

1. P. Itltea, L. Smooth, slender; loires olitusely S-lolxd at the summit, the.
IoIhs entire; j)eti«)les glandless; flowers greenish-yellow (I' broad). — Dump
thickets, S. I'enn. to III. and suutlnvard. Julv-Sejit. — Fruit J' in diameter.
L .^ M—-2A

s

186 CUCURBITACE^-. (gOURD FAMILY.)

2. P. incarn^ta, L. Nearly smooth ; leaves 3-cleJl ; the lobes serrate ; peti-
ole bearing 2 glands; flower large (2' broad), nearly white, with a triple purple
and flesh-colored crown; involucre 3-leavcd. — Dry soil, Virginia, Kentucky,
and southward. May - July. — Fruit of the size of a hen's egg, oval, called
yy Mat/pops.

' (\

• OuDF.R 45. CUCURBITACEiE. (GoruD Family.)

Mostly succulent herbs with tendrils, dicecioiis or monoicious (^often 7nono-
petalous) Jlowers, the calyx-tube cohering v/ith the 1-3-celled ovary, and the
5 or usually 2^ stamens (i. e. one with a one-celled and 2 with two-celled
anthers) commonly united by their often tortuous anthers, and sometimes also
by the filaments. Fruit (pepo) jleshy, or sometimes membranaceous. —
Limb of the calyx and corolla usually more or less combined. Stigmas 2
or 3. Seeds large, usually flat, anatropous, with no albumen. Cotyledons
leaf-like. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed or veined. — Mostly a troj)-
ieal or subtropical order; represented in cultivation by the GouuD (La-
GEXARiA vulgaris), Pumpkin and Squash (.species of Cucurijita),
MusKMKLON (CiJCUMis Melo), Cucumber (C. sativus), and Wa-
termelon (CiTKULLUS vulgaris) ; while as wild plants, there are only
the three following: —

1. .Sicyos. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and spreading, 5-lobed. Fruit prickly, iiidehis-

ceiit, 1-CfIled, 1-seeded.

2. Kchiiiocystis. Corolla of the sterile flowers flat and sprea<ling, 6-partcd. Pod prickly,

2-celled. 4-seeded, bursting at the top.

3. Melothria. Corolla of the sterile flowers somewhat campanulate, 5-cleft. Berry smooth,

many-seeded.

1. SICYOS, L. One-seeded Star-Cuccmbek.

Flowers moncecious. Petals 5, united below into a bell-shaped or flattish co-
rolla. Anthers cohering in a, mass. Ovary 1-cellcd, with a single suspended
ovule : style slender : stigmas 3. Fruit ovate, dry and indehiscent, filled by the
single seed, covered with barbed prickly bristles which arc rc:ulily detached. —
Climbing annuals, with 3-forked tendrils, small whitish flowers ; the sterile and
fertile mostly from the same axils, the former corymbed, the latter in a capitate
cluster, long-j)e(luncled. (Greek name for the Cucumber.)

1. S. angulatus, L. Leaves roundish heart-shaped, 5-angled or lobed,
the lobes jKjinted; plant clammy-hairy. — River-banks; and a weed in damp
yards. July - Sept.

2. ECHINOCYSTIS, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam-ai>ile.

Flowers monrccious. Petals 6, lanceolate, united at the base into an open
spreading corolla. Anthers more or less united. Ovary 2 celled, with 2 erect
ovules in each cell : stigma broad. Fruit fleshy, at length dry, clothed with
weak prickles, bursting at the summit, 2-celIed, 4-seeded, the inner part fibrous-
netted. Seeds large, with a thickish hard coat. Tall climbing ])lants, nenrly
smooth, with 3-forkcd tendrils, thin leaves, and very numerous small greenish-

UMBELLIFEU.E. (I'Ar.SLEV KAMII-Y.) 187

white flowers; the sterile in compound racemes often 1° lonjr, the fruitful in
small cluster* or solitary, from the same axils. (Name composed of «;(4i/or,
a hnhjclioi) , aiitl Kvcms, a bladder, from the prickly covering of the at length
bladdery fruit.)

1. E. lob^ta, Torr. & Gr. Knot annual; leaves deeply and sharjdy 5-
lobcd ; fruit oval (2' long); seeds Hat, dark-colored. (Sicyos lobatus, Mkhx.
ilomurdica echinUta, Muhl.) — Rich soil along rivers, W. New England to
Wisconsin and Kentucky : also cult, for arbors. July -Oct.

OQ 3. MELOTHRIA, L. MiiixminiA.

Flowers polygamous or monoecious ; the sterile campanulatc, the corolla 5-
lobed ; the fertile with the calyx-tube constricted above the ovary, then cam-
panulatc. Anthers more or less united. Berry small, pulpy, filled with many
flat and horizontal seeds. — Tendrils simple. Flowers very small. (Altered
from ^lr;^aJ^po^', an ancient name for a sort of white grape.)

1. M. pendula, L. Slender, from a perennial root, climbing; leaves
small, ruundi,vh and heart-shaped, fj-angled or lobed, roughish ; sterile flowers
few in small racemes ; the fertile solitary, greenish or yellowish ; berry oval,
green. — Copses, Virginia and southward. June -Aug.

Q OuDER 4G. UMBELLirER^. (Parsley Family.)

^^ Herbs, icilfi small flowers in umbels (or rarely in heads), the calyx entirely
adhering to the 2-celled and 2-ovulcd ouary, the 5 petals and 5 stamens in-
serted on the disk that crowns the ocary and surrounds the base of the 2
styles. Fruit consisting of 2 seed-like dry carpels. Limb of the calyx
obsolete, or a mere 5-toothecl border. Petals either imbricated in the bud
or valvate with the point inflexed. The two carpels (called viericarps)
cohering by their inner face (the com)nissure), when ripe separating from
each other and usually suspended from the sunnnit of a slender prolon-
gation of the axis (carpophore) : each carpel marked lengthwise with 5
primary ribs, and often with 5 intermediate (secondary) ones ; in the inter-
stices or interi-als between them are commonly lodged the oil-tubes (villa:),
wliich are longitudinal canals In the substance of the fruit, containing
aromatic oil. (These are best seen in slices made across the fruit.) Seed
suspended from the summit of the cell, anatroj)ous, with a minute embryo
in hard albumen. — Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, mostly com-
pound, tlie petioles expanded or sheatliing at the b;use : rarely with true
stipules. Umbels usually compound ; when tlie secondary ones are termed
umbellets : each oflen subtended by a whorl of bracts (that under the
umbel is the involucre; that of the umbellet, invohicel). — In many the
flowers are dichogamous, i. e. the styles are protrudeil from the bud some
time before tlie anthers develop, — an arrangement for cross-fertilization.
— A large family, some of the plants innocent and aromatic, others with
very poisonous (acrid-narcotic) properties; the (lowers much alike in all.

188 umbei.lifi:r^. (parsley family.)

— therefore to be studied In- their fruits, inflorescence, &c., -which likewise
exhibit comparatively small diversity. The family is therefore diflicult
for the young student.

I. Inner face of each seed flat or nearly so (not hollowed out).

• UmbeU or heads simple or irregularly compound, sometimes proliferous (i. e. one from the
summit of another).

1. Hydrocotj-le. Fruit smooth, orbicular or shield-shaped, flattened laterally. Leaves

with an orbicular or roundish blade.

2. Crantzla. Fruit smooth, globular, corky. Leaves are thread-shaped or awl-shapcd

|)Ctiole3, with no true blade.

3. Sail tenia. Fruit clothed with hooked prickles, globular. Flowers pol3'gamous, capitate

in the umbellets.

4. Eryngium. Fruit clothed with appressed scales or tubercles, top-shaped. Flowers

perfect, in dense heads.
» * Umbels compound and perfect ; i. e. its rays regularly bearing umbellets.
•^ Fruit lieset with bristly prickles, not flat.

5. Daucus. Fruit beset with weak prickles in single rows on the ribs.

— — Fruit smooth, strongly flattened on the back, and single-winged or margined at the junc-

tion of the 2 carpels (next to the commissure).

6. Polytseuia. Fruit surrounded with a broad and tumid corky margin thicker than the

fruit itself, which is nearly ribless on the back.

7. Heracleum. Fruit broadly wing-margined : the carpels minutely 5-ribbed on the back :

lateral ribs close to the margin. Flowers white, the marginal ones radiant.

8. Pastiiiaca. Fruit wing-margined : ribs of the carpels as in No. 7. Flowers yellow, the

marginal ones perfect, not radiant.

9. Arclieinuia. Fruit broadly winged : the 5 ribs on the back equidistant ; the 2 lateral

ones close to the wing. Flowers white. Leaves pinnate or 3-foliolate.

10. Tiedemaiinia. Fruit winged, much as in No. 9. Leaves simple, long and cylindrical,

hollow, with some cross partitions.

— .^ <- Fruit smooth, flat or flattish on the back, and double-winged or margined at the edge,

each carpel also 3 ribbed or sometimes 3-wingedon the back.

11. Angrlica. Carpels with 3 slender ribs on the back ; a single oil-tube in each interval.

Seed not loose.

12. Archanselica. Carpels with 3 rather stout ribs on the back, and 2-3 or more oil-

tubes in each interval adhering to the loose seed.

13. Conioselinum. Carpels with 3 wings on the back narrower than those of the margins.
^ ^ ^ ^ Fruit smooth, not flattened either way, or only slightly so, the cross-section nearly

orbicular or quadrate ; the carpels each with 5 wings or strong ribs.

14. .X^thnsa. Fruit ovate-globose : carpels with 5 shari.ly keeled ridges, and with single

oil-tubes in the intervals.

15. Ligusticiim. Fruit elliptical: carpels with 5 sharp almost winged ridges, and with

several oil-tubes in each interval.

16. Tlinspium. Fruit elliptical or ovoid : carpels Swinged or 5-ribbed, and with single

oil-tubes in each interval Flowers yellow or dark puri>le.

.^ .^ *. H Fruit smooth, flattened laterally or contracted at the sides, wingless.

17. Zizin. Flowers yellow. Fruit oval, somewhat twin : the carpels narrowly 5-ribbed : oil-

tubes 3 in each interval. Leaves compound.

18. Biipleiirum. Flowers yellow. Fruit ovoid-oblong : the carpels somewhat 5-ribbed.

T.A'aves all simple.

19. Di!<co|>Ieura. Flowers white Fruit ovoid : the lateral ribs united with a. thick corky

margin. Leaves cut into capillary division*.

UMBliLLIKER/E. (rARSI.F.Y FAMILY.) 1B9

20. CIciita. Flowers white. Fruil subglobo3e, twin: the carpels Btrongly and equally 5-

ribbeil. Lsaves twice or tlirice teriiate.

21. Slum. Flowers white. Fruit ovate or globular : the carpels S-ribbeJ. Leaves all simplj

l)liiiiate.
22 Cryptotieiiia. Flowers white. Fruit oblong. leaves 3- parted. Umbel irregular.

II. Inner face of the seed hollowed out lengthwise, or the margins invo-
lute, .<;o that the cross-section is semilunar. (Umbels compound.)

23. CIiK^rophy Hum. Fruit linear or oblong, narrowed or beaked at the apex.

21. Ortiiiorrliiza. Fruit linear-club-shaped, tapering below : ribs bristly.

25. Con I urn. Fruit ovate, flattened at tlie sides : ribs prominent, wavy.

20. Kulophiis. Fruit ovoid, somewhat twin, ueaiffy destitute of ribs.

III. Inner face of the seed hollowed in the middle, or curved inwards at
the top and bottom, so that the section lengthwise is semilunar.

27. Erigenia. Fruit twin : carpels nearly kidney-form. UmbelleU few-flowered.

1. HYDROCOTYLE, Tourn. Water rENNYwoRX.

Caly.x-tcctli obsolete. Fruit flattened laterally, orbicular or shiekl-shapcd ;
the carpels 5-ribbed, two of the ribs enlarged and often forming a thickened
margin : oil-tubes none. — Low, mostly smooth, marsh or aquatic perennials,
witii slender crcci)ing stems, and round shield-shaped or kidney-form leaves,
with scale-like stipules. Flowers snuill, white, in simple umbels or clusters,
which are cither single or proliferous, appearing all summer. (Name from
v8iop, water, and kotvKt], a Jlal cup, the peltate leaves of several species being
somewhat cup-shaped.)

* Peduncles much shorter than the petioles: pedicels short or none : leaves not peltate.

1. H. repanda, Pers. retioies (2'-9' long) and peduncles (l'-2'long)
clustered on the creeping stems or runners ; leaves ovatc-heart-shipcd with a shal-
low open sinus, repand-tooth'd, thickish; flowers 2-4 in a head or cluster, with
a cons])icuons 2-leaved involucre; ripe fruit ribbed, reticulated between the
ribs. — Maryland ( IF. M. Canby) and southward. — Probably a variety of
II. Asiatica," L.

2. H. ranunculoides, L. Petioles (2' -9' long) and peduncles (i'-l'
long, in fruit reflcxed) from long commonly floating creeping stems; leaves or-
bicular or kidneij-form, 3-7-cleft, the lobes broad and crenate; flowers 5- 10 in a
capitate luubtd ; fruit smooth, scarcely ribbed. — Pennsylvania to Virginia, and
southward.

3. H. Americana, L. " Stents jUlfonn, branching, sprc:uling and cree])inLr ;
leaves rounded Lidiiei/-/orm, crenate-lohed and the lobes crenate, thin, verv smooth and
shining, short-petioled ; the f.;w-tlowered umbels of minute flowers in their a.xils
almost sessile. — Shady damp places : common northward.

• # Peduncles scajw-lilce, as long as the slender petioles, all from slender runners or

rootstoi'/cs creepimj in tlir mud: leaves orbicular, centrallij jultate, simply or doubly
crenate: fruit shifrp-margined.

4. H. umbell^ta, L. Undwl many-flowered and simple or sometimes
proliferous (2 or 3, above one another); pedicels slender l^"-3" long); fruit

190 UMBKLLIFKR^. (rARSLEY FAMILY.)

notched at base and apex. — Massachusetts on the coast, to Penn. (on the Juni-
ata Hivcr, Prof. Porter), and southward. — Petioles and peduncles 3' -8" high:
leaves 1'- 2' wide.

Var. ? ambigua. Umtuls .3 - 4 ; pedicels only once or twice the length ot
the fniit. — Maivlaiul, W. M. Cdnhi/. lutciinediate between H. umbellata and
H. vul<;aris : dilK is IVoni the next i)y the distinctly pedicellcd fruit.

5. H. interitipta, Muhl. Umbels or rather little heads few-flowcrcd,
proliferous and tbriiiiiig an interrupted spike ; pedicels scarcely any, the broadly
marjiined fruit acutish at the base. — Massachusetts to Virginia and southward,
along the coast. — Usually smaller than No. 4.

2. CRANTZIA, Nutt. Cr.wtzia.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit globose ; the carpels corky, ,'j-ribbed : an oil-tube
in each interval. — Minute perennials, creeping and rooting in ihe mud, like
Hydrocotyle, but with fleshy and hollow cylindrical or awl-shaped ])etioles, in
place of leaves, marked with cross divisions. Umbels few-tlowcrcd, simple.
Flowers white. (Named for Prof. Iltnrij John Craiilz, an Austrian botanist of
the 18th century.)

1. C. lineclta, Nutt. Leaves somewhat club-shnped, very obtuse (r-2'
long) ; lateral ribs of the fruit projecting, forming a corky margin. — Brackish
marshes, from Massachusetts southward along the coast. July.

3. SANICULA, Tourn. Saxicle. Black Snakeroot.

Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular ; the carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with .5 oil-tubes.
— Perennial rather tall herbs, with palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from
the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or
yellowish) capitate in the umbcllcts, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed.
Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name from f^nno, to heal.)

1. S. Canaddnsis, L. Leaves 3-5- (the upper only 3-) parted; sfrrile
flowers few, scarcdi/ pediceUeil, shorter than the fertile ones ; sli/les shorter than the
pricL/e.'i of the fruit. — Copses. June - Aug. — Plant 10-2° high, with thin
leaves ; their divisions wedgc-obovate or oblong, sharply cut and serrate, the
lateral mostly 2-lobcd. Fruits few in each umbellet.

2. S. Maril^ndica, L. Leaves all 5 - 7-parted ; sterile flowers nitinerous,
on slender perlicels, about the length of the fertile ; sti/les elonr/dted and conspicuous,
recurved. — Woods and copses : common. — Stem 2° -3° high ; the leaves more
rigid and with narrower divisions than in the former, with almost cartilaginous
teeth. Fruits several in each umbellet.

4. ERYNGIUM, Tourn. Eryxgo.

Ciilyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Styles slender. Fruit top-shaped, covered
with little scales or tubercles, with no ribs, and scarcely any oil-tubes. — Chiefly
perennials, with coriaceous, toothed, cut, or prickly leaves, and blue or white
bracted flowers closely sessile in dense heads. (A name used by Dioscorides,
of uncortaiu origin.)

UMIIKLI.IFKR/E. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.) 191

1. E. yucC8ef61ium, Miclix. (Rattlesnake-Mastks. Button Snakk-
ROOT.) Iawcs liru'iu", tapcr-pointi'd, ri<;id, rfniss-likr, nerved, bristi ji-fi imjrd ; leaf-
lets of the involiicio mostly entire and sliorter than tlie liiads ; root jjereniiial.
(E. aquaticuin, L., in part, but never acjuatic.) — Dry or dani]) pine-barrens or
prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin, and soutliward. July, An{f.

2. E. Virgini^UUm, Lain. Lmvcs linear-lanceolate, serrate with hooked
or somnchtU ^/linij tdth, veiny; leaflets of the involucre cleft or spiny-toothed,
lonj^er than the cyniose whitish or bluish heads ; root biennial. — Swamps, New
Jersey and southward near the coast. July.

5. DAtrCUS, Touni. Cakhot.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla irrej^ular. Fruit ovoid or oblong; the carpels
scarcely flattened on the back, with b primary slender bristly ribs, two of them
on the inner face, also with 4 equal and more or less winged secondary ones,
each hearing a single row of slender bristly prickles : an oil-tube under each of
these ribs. — Biennials, with finely 2 -3-])innate or pinnatifid leaves, cleft invo-
lucres, and concave umbels, dense in fruit, ('riic ancient (Ireek name.)

1. D. Cakota, L. (Common Caruot.) Stem bristly ; involucre pinnati-
fid, equalling the umbel. — Spontaneous in old fields. July- Sept. — Flowers
white or cream-color, the central one of each umbellet abortive and dark-purple.
Umbel in fruit dense and concave, resembling a bird's nest. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. POLYT^NIA, DC Polyt^nia.

Calyx .5-toothed. Fruit oval, very flat, with an entire broad and thick corky
margin, the impressed back very obscurely ribbed : oil-tubes 2 in each interval,
and many in the corky margin. — A smooth herb (2°-3° high), resembling a
Parsni]), with twice-])innate leaves, the uppermost opposite and 3-cleft, no invo-
lucres, bristly involucels, and bright yellow flowers. (Name from ttoXvs, many,
and Taiv'uiy a jilld, alluding to the numerous oil-tubes.)

1. P. Nuttallii, DC. — Barrens, Michigan, Wisconsin, and southwcstward.
May.

7. HERACLEUM, L. Cow-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth minute. Fruit as in Pastinaca, but the oil-tubes shorter than the
carpels (reaching from the summit to the middle). Petals (white) inversely
heart-shaiH^d, those of the outer flowers commonly larger and radiant, apjxiaring
2-cleft. — Stout iKM-ennials, with broad sheathing petioles and large flat umbels.
Involucre deciduous : involucels many-leaved. (Dedicated to Hercules.)

1. H. lanMura, Michx. Woolly; stem grooved; leaves 1 -2-ternately
compound; leallets somewhat heart-shaped; fruit obovate or orbicular. — Moist
rich ground : most common northward. June. — A very large, strong-scented
plant, 4*^-8° high, in some places wrongly called Masterwort.

8. PASTINACA, Tourn. Par,snip.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oval, flat, with a thin single-winged margin ; the
carpels minutely 5-ribbcd ; three of the ribs equidistant on the back, the lateral

192 UMBELLIFKR.E. (I'ARSLEY FAMILY.)

ones distant from them and near the margin : an oil-tube in each interval, of the
Icnj^th of tlie fruit. Petals yellow, roumli.sli, entire ; none of tlic flowers radiant
— Chieflj' biennials, with spindle-shaped roots, and pinnatcly-conipound leaves.
Involucre and involuecls small or none. (The Latin name, from pa.stits, food.)
1. P. 8ATivA, L. (Co.MMON P.\KSNiP.) Stem <,M-ooved, smooth; leatlcts
ovate or oblonp:, obtuse, cut-toothed, somewhat shining above. — Piclds, &c.
July. (Adv. from Eu.)

9. ARCHEMORA, DC. Cowbane.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a broad single-winged margin, oval, flattish ;
the carpels with 5 obtuse and approximated equidistant ribs on the convex buck :
oil-tubes one in each interval, and 4-6 on the inner face. — Smooth perennials,
with rather rigid leaves of 3-9 lanceolate or linear leaflets. Involucre nearly
none: involuecls of numerous small leaflets. Flowers white. (Name applied
to this poisonous umbelliferous plant in fanciful allusion to Ardicmorus, who is
said to have died from eating parsley. DC.)

1. A. rigida, DC. Leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 3-9, varying from
lanceolate to ovatc-oblong, entire or remotely toothed, or, in Var. ambigia,
linear, long and narrow. — Sandy swamps. New Jersey and W. New Yoik to
Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Aug. — Stem 2° - 5° high.

10. TIEDEMANNIA, DC. False WATER-DnopwonT.

Calyx 5-toothed. Fruit with a single-winged margin, obovate, flattish ; the
carpels with .'5 equidistant slender ribs on the convex back : oil-tubes one in each
interval, and 2 on the inner face. — A smooth and erect aquatic herb, with a
hollow stem (2° -6° high), and cylindrical pointed and hollow petioles (the
cavity divided by cross pai'titions) in place of leaves. Involucre and involuecls
of few subulate leaflets. Flowers white. (Dedicated to the distinguished anat-
omist the late Prof. Ticrktnaun, of Heidelberg.)

1. T. teretifolia, DC. Virginia (Harper's Ferrv) and southward. Aug.

11. ANGELICA, L. Anuklka.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit flattened, with a doublc-wingcd margin at the
commissure ; i. e. the lateral rib of each oval carpel expanded into a wing; their
flattish backs each strongly 3-ribbed : an oil-tube in each interval, and 2-4 on
the inner face. Seed adherent to the pericarp. — Stont perennial herbs, more
or less aromatic, with first ternately, then once or twice pinnately or ternatcly
divided leaves, toothed and cut ovate or oblong leaflets, large terminal umbels,
scanty or no involucre, .ind small many-leaved involuecls. Flowers white or
greenish. Petioles meml)ranaccous at the base. (Named unrjdic from its cor-
dial and medicinal pro])erties.)

1. A. Curtisii, Buckley. Nearly glabrous; leaves twice ternate or the
divisions (juiiiate ; leaflets thin, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, sharply cut
and tootlied ; invohicels of small subulate leaflets ; wings of the fruit broad. —
Mountains of Pennsylvania {Prof. Porter), Virginia, and southward in the Alle-
ghanies. Aug.

DMBELLIFERiE. (PARSLF.Y FAMILY.) 193

12. ARCHANGELICA, IIofTm. Arciiaxgelica.

Calyx-tectli sliort. Seed hecoiiiiii^' loose in tlic pericarp, coated with numer-
ous oil-tubes which adhere to its surliuo. Otherwise as in Angelica, from which
the species have heen separated, with hardly sufhcient reason.

1. A. hirstlta, Torn &, Gr. Woollij or dowiiy at the top (SO-fjO hifrh),
rather slender; leaves twice pinnately or ternatcly divided; leaflets thickish,
ovatc-ohlon^'-, often blunt, serrate ; involiicels ivs long jis the uni!)ellcts ; pedun-
cles &ud fiitit dotriii/, broadli) icimied. (Angt'lica triquinUta, A'«<^) — Dry open
woods, New York to Michigan, and southward. July. — Flowers white.

2. A. atropui'purea, Hort'in. (Gkk.vt Angelica.) 6^woo//( .• stem dark
purple, W'/v/ .s7oH< (4°-(i° iiigh), hollow; leaves 2 -3-ternately compound; the
leaflets pinnate, 5-7, sharply cut serrate, acute, pale beneath; petioles much
inflated ; involucels very short ; fruit smooth, ii-inged. (Angelica tri(|uinata,
Mich.r.) — Low river-banks, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and nortliward.
June. — Flowers greenish-w^hitc. Plant strong-scented.

3. A. Gm61ini, DC. Stem a little downy at the summit ( l°-.3° high) ;
leaves 2-.3-ternatcly divided; the leaflets ovate, acute, cut-scrratc, glabrous ; in-
volucels about as long as the umbellets ; Jruit oblong with 5 thick and corky wing-
like ribs to each carpel, rte immjiiial ones little brouder than the others. (A. pcro-
gn'na, Xutt., & ed. 2.) — Kocky coast of Massachusetts Bay and northward.
July. — Flowers greenish-white. Plant little aromatic. Fruit so thick and so
equally ribbed, rather than winged, that it might be taken for a Ligusticum.

13. CONIOSELINUM, Fischer. Hemlock-Parsley.

Ciilyx-tceth obsolete. Fruit oval : the carpels convcx-flattish and narrowly
3-winged on the back, and each more broadly winged at the margins : oil-tubes
in the substance of the pericarp, 1 -3 in each of the intervals, and several on
the inner face. — Smooth perennials, with finely 2-3-pinnatcly compound thin
leaves, inflated petioles, and white flowers. Involucre scarcely any : leaflets of
the involucels awl-shajied. (Name compounded of Conium, the Hemlock, and
Selihuin, Milk-ParsIcy, from its resemblance to these two genera.)

1. C. Canadense, Ton-. & Gr. Leaflets pinnatifid ; fruit longer than the
pedicels. — Swamps, Vermont to Wisconsin northward, and southward through
the Alleghanies. Aug. — Herbage resembling the Poison Hemlock.

14. JETHITSA, h. Fool's Paksley.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate-globose ; the carpels each with .') thick
phaqily-keelcd ridges: intervals with single oil-tubes. — Annual, poisonous
herbs, with 2 -3-ternately compound and many-cleft leaves, the divisions pin-
nate, and white flowers. (Name from aWoi, to burn, from the acrid taste.)

1. -S3. CvnXphtm, L. Divisions of the leaves wedge-lanceolate; involucre
none : involucels 3-lcavcd, long and narrow. — Al)out cultivatinl grounds, New
England to Penn. July. — A fetid, poi,«onous herb, with much the aspect of
Poison Hemlock, but with dark-green foliage, long hanging involucels, and
unspotted stem. (Adv. from Eu.)

G M-9

194 UMBKLLIFER^. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.)

15. LIGUSTICUM, L. Lovage.

Calyx-tccth small or iniimtc. Fruit elliptical, round on the cross-section, or
sliylitly flattened on the sides; the carpels each with 5 sharp and projcctinj,' or
narrowly winged ridjifes: intervals and inner face with many oil-tubes. — Peren-
nials, with aromatic roots and fruit, 2 - 3-ternately compound leaves, and white
flowers. (Named from the country IJguiia, where the oflicinal Lovage of the
gardens, L. /^vi.sticum, abounds.)

1. L. Sc6ticum, L. (Scotch Lovage.) Very smooth; stem (2° high),
simple; Uuvcs 2-tcniiite ; leaflets rhombic-ovate, coarsely toothed or cut; leaflets
of the involucre and involuccls linear ; calyx-teeth distinct ; fruit narrowly oblong.

r Salt marshes, from Kliode Island northward. Aug. — (Eu.)

2. L. actseifblium, Michx. (Noxdo. Angelico.) Smooth; stem (3°-
6° high) branched above; the numerous umbels forming a loose and naked
somewhat whorkd panicle, the lateral ones mostly barren ; leaves 3-ternate ; leaf-
lets broadly ovate, equally serrate, the end ones often 3-partcd ; calyx-teeth mi-
nute ; ribs of the short fruit wing-like. — Rich woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and
southward along the mountains. July, Aug. — Root large, with the strong
aromatic odor and taste of Angelica. (Michaux's habitat, "Banks of the St.
Lawrence," is probably a mistake.)

16. THASPIUM, Nutt. Meadow-Parsnip.

Calyx-tccth obsolete or short. Fruit ovoid or oblong, somewhat flatfish or
contracted at the sides (the cross-section of each seed orbicular and somewhat
angled or 5-angular) ; the carpels each with 5 strong and equal ribs or wings,
the lateral ones marginal: oil-tubes single in each mterval. — Perennial herbs,
with 1 - 2-tcrnately divided leaves (or the root-leaves simple), umbels with no
involucre, minute few-leaved involuccls, and jellow or sometimes dark-purple
flowers. (Name a play upon Tliapsia, a genus so called from the island of Thap-
sus.) I include in this genus Zizia, Koch, — because the same species has fruit
either ribbed or winged, — and retain the name of Zizia for Z. integerrlma, DC.
* Stems looKfli/ branched, 2° -5° high, mosthj pubescent on the joints: calyx short but
mnnifest: corolla light yellow: leaves all ternately compound.

1. T. barbinbde, Nutt. Leaves l-3-tcrnate; leaflets ovate or lance-ovate
and acute, mostly with a ivedge-shaped base, above deeply cut-serrate, often 2-3-cleft
or parted, the terminal one long-stalked (l'-2' long) ; fruit oblong, 6-\0-winged
(3" long), some of the dorsal wings often narrow or obsolete. — River-banks,
W. Now York to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

2. T. pinnatifidum, Gray. Branchlets, umbels, &c. roughish-puberulent ;
leaves 1-3-ternatc; Uaflits 1 -2-pinnatifid, the lobes linear or oblong ; fruit oblong,
narrowly 8-lO-winged (1^' long), the intervals minutely scabrous. (Zizia pin-
natifida, Buckley. Thaspium Walteri, Shutllew., cxcl. syn. Walt.) — Barrens of
Kentucky (Short), and southward in the mountains.

« « Stems somewhat branched ; tlie whole plant glabrous : calyx -teeth obscure.

3. T. atireum, Nutt. Leaves all l- 2-lernat<ly divided or parted (or i-Mdy
Bome of the root-leaves simple and heart-shaped) ; the divisions or leaflets oblong-

UMBELLIFKR.'E. (PAUSLEY FAMILY.) 195

lanceolate, ven/ sharply cut-senate, with a wcdgc-slmpcd entire base ; flowers deep
}cllow •,J'ruit obluiHj-omI , witli 10 wiii;^ed ridyes. — Moist river-biiiiks, &c. June.

Viir. apterum. Fruit with stronjj^ and shaqj ribs in place of win^^s.
(Sni^'iniiiin iiurcmn, L. Zizia aiirea, Koch.) — With the winged form.

4. T. trifoliatum. lluot-Uaves or some of tiicm round and heart-shaped;
stcm-lcares sim/ili/ termite or quinate, or 3-partcd; the divisions or leaflets ovate-
liiiiceolate or roundish, mostly abrupt or heart-shaped at the base, cnnuti I y toothed ;
flowers deep yellow ; Jruitj/lohusc-oroiil, with 10 winged ridges. — Kocky thickets,
Vermont to Wisconsin, and southward : rare eastward. June.

Var. atropurpureum, Torr. & Gr. Petals deep dark-purple. (Thap-
sia trifoliata, />. ISniyrnium cordatum, Walt. Thaspium atropurpureum,
Nutt.) — From New York westward and southward.

Var. ^ptei'Um. Petals yellow : fruit with sharp ribs in place of wings.
(Zizia conlata, Koch, Torr.) With the preceding form.

17. ZIZIA, DC. partly. (Zizia § T.T.NfDiA, Torr. & Gr.)

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid-oblong, contracted at the junction of the
carpels so as to become twin, the cross-section of each seed nearly orbicular;
carpels somewhat fleshy when fresh, with .') slender ribs (which are more con-
sj)icuous when dry) : oil-tubes .'5 in each interval and 4 on the inner face. — A
perennial smooth and glaucous slender herb (2° -3° high), with 2 - 3-ternately
compound leaves, the leaflets with entire margins ; umbels with long and slen-
der rays, no involucre, and hardly any involucels. Flowers yellow. (Named
for /. B. Ziz, a Rhenish botanist.)

1. Z. integeXTima, DC — Rocky hillsides : not rare. May, June.

18. BUPLEURUM, Tourn. Tiiorougii-wa.x.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit o\atc-ol)long, flattened laterally or .somewhat
twin, the carj)els .'i-ribbed, with or without oil-tubes. Plants with simple entire
Ie»ves and yellow flowers. (Name from ^ovs, an ox, and ivXtvpov, n rib.)

I. B. u<)Tuxnii-bLii:.M, L. Leaves ovate, perfoliate ; involucre none; in-
volucels of .") ovate leaflets. — Fields, New York to Virginia: rare. (Adv.
from Eu.)

19. DISCO PLEURA, DC. Mock Bishop-weed.
Calyx-teeth awl-shaped. Fruit ovoid ; the carpels each with 3 strong ribs on
the back, and 2 broad lateral ones united with a thickened corky margin : in-
tervals with single oil-tubes. — Smooth and slender branched annuals, with the
leaves finely dissected into bristle-form divisions, and white flowers. Involucre
and involucels conspicuous. (Name from bicrKm, n disk, and ■K\fvp6v, a rib.)

1. D. capill^cea, DC. Unib.l few-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre .3 - 5-
cleft; involucels longer than the umbellcis ; fruit ovate in outline. — Rrackish
swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia, and -southward. Jul v- Oct.

Var. ? costita, DC. Larger; rays and divisions of the involucre numer-
ous; ribs of the fruit stronger. — S. Illinois ( Fasw/) and sonthwe.stward.

2. D. Nutt^IIii, DC. Uniiiel many-rayed ; leaflets of the involucre entire
and shorter ; fruit globular. — Wet prairies, Kentucky and southward.

196 UMBEI.LIFERyE. (tAUSLEY FAMILY.)

20. ClCUTA, L. Water-Hemlock.

Calyx miiuitelv j-toutlad. rniit sul)<i,lol)osc, a little contracted at the sides,
the carpels with 5 flatti^h and strong ril)s : intervals with single oil-tubes. —
Marsh perennials, very poisonous, smooth, with tliricc piiinately or ternately
conij)Ound leaves, the veins of the lanceolate or oblong leaflets tcrniinating in
the notches. Involucre lew-leaved: involucels many-leaved. Flowers white ;
in summer. (The ancient Latin name of the Hemlock.)

1. C. macuiata, L. ( Spotted Cowba^e. Musquash Root. Bea-
ver-Poison.) Stem streaked with purple, stout ; leuJJcts oUoiKj-lancpolate,
coarselji serrate, sometimes lobed, pointed. — Swamps : common. Aug. —
Plant 3' - 6° high, coarse; the root a deadly poison.

2. C. bulbifera, L. /rf'«y/e/A- //Htar, remotely todtlicd or cut-lobcd ; upper
axils bcartiiy cliistrrcd buHdels. — Swamps : common northward : seldom Iruiting.

21. SiUM, L. AVater-Parsnip.

Calyx-teeth small or none. Fruit oblong, ovate or globular, flatfish or con-
tracted at the sides; the carpels with 5 mostly strong rii)s : intervals with l-
several oil-tubes. — Marsh or aquatic perennials, smooth, poisonous, with sharp-
angled or grooved stems, simply pinnate leaves, and serrate or incised leaflets,
or the immersed leaves more compound. Involucre several-leaved. Flowers
•white; in summer. (Name supposed to be from tiic Celtic siu, water.)

* Pericarp thin between the siroiit; projectinc/ ribs: lateral ribs maryimd.

1. S. lineare, Michx. Tall (2° -4°); leaflets linear, lanceolate, or oblong-
lanceolate, tapering to a sharp point, very sharply serrate ; calyx-teeth none or
obsolete ; fruit globular, with corky and very salient ribs, or rather wiii(js ; oil-tubes
1-3 in the rery narroio intervals. (S. cicutajfblium, Gmelin, of Siberia is prob-
ably the same, and if so, the older nam6.) — In water or wet places : common.

S. latif6lium, L., of Europe (for which broad-leaved forms of our plant
have been mistaken), if ever found in this country, will be known by its blunt
or less tapering leaves, slender calyx-teeth, and much less ]>rojecting or wing-
like ribs to the more oval fruit.

2. S. Cars6nii, Durand, ined. Smaller (1°- 2° high), branched ; leaflets
3-7, thin, varying from linear to oIjIohl;, mute, sharply serrate; calyx-teeth
none or obsolete ; fruit oroicl-f/lobnlur, irilh slrnnrj filiform ribs, the broad inter-
vals with 1-3 conspicuous oiI-tnl)es. — Wet banks of streams, or in flowing;
water (when the submei-.sed or floating leaflets are very thin, sometimes reduced
to the terminal one, ovate or oblong, and usually laciniate-toothed or dissected :
in this state it was doubtfully referred to Ilelosciiidium nodiflorum, fCoeh, in
addend, to ed. 2). — Pennsylvania, around the Pocono Mountain, /Vc/". Traill
Green, Prof. T. C. Porter, Dr. Carson. Connecticut, Prof. D. C. Eaton.

* * Ribs inconspieiio'is or confluent in the thick texture of the pericarp, concealing
the numerous oil -tubes, the. lateral ones not quite marginal. (Be'rula, Koch.)
2. S. angUStifblium, L. I>ow (9'- 20' high); leaflets varying from
oblong 10 linear, mostly cut-toothed and cleft or even pinnatifid ; peduncles
short; fruit ovate ; calyx-teeth scarcely any. — Wet places, MassaHiu.setts [M.
A. Cuitis in herb Durand), Michigan, Illinois (Dr. Vnxey), and westward (Ku.)

UMBELLIFER.E. (I'ARSLKY FAMILY.) 197

22. CRYPTOTJENIA, DC. IIonf.wort.

C.ilyx-tectli ol)solete. Fruit ohloii};, contnicted at tlic sides; tlic carpels
equally aiui obtusely S-ribbed : oil-tubes very slender, one in caeli interval and
one under caeh rib. Seed slightly concave on the inner face. — A perennial
smooth herb, with thin 3-foliolatc leaves, the undieJs and unibellets with very
unequal rays, no involucre, and few-leaved involucels. Flowers white. (Name
composed of k/jutttos. /lidda), and raivia, ajillcl, from the concealed oil-tubes.)

1. C. Canadensis, DC. — Thickets: common. June- Sept. — Plant
2° hiyh. Leaflets larye, ovale, jioiuted, doubly serrate, the lower ones lobed.

23. CH^ROPHYLLUM, L. Chervil.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear or obloiijj;, ])ointed or short-beaked, con-
tracted at the sides ; the carpels .'i-riljbed, at least at the apex : inner face of
the seed deejily grooved lengthwise : intervals usually with single oil-tulws. —
Chiefly annuals or biennials : leaves ternately decompound ; the leaflets lobed
or toothed : involucre scarcely any : involucels many-leaved. Flowers cliiclly
white. (Name from ;:^aipa), to (jludden, and (pvXXov, a buj] alluding to the
agreeable aromatic o<lor of the foliage.)

1. C. prociimbens, Lam. Stems slender (C- 18'), spreading, a little
hairy ; lobes of the pinnatifid leaflets obtuse, oblong ; umbels few-rayed (sessile
or pcduncled) ; fruit imrrowly oblong, with conspicuous narrow ribs, not beaked.
— Moist coj)scs. New Jersey to Illinois and southward. May, June.

2. C. .s.vTivuM, Lam. (G.vrden Chervil.) Taller; lobes of the leaves
ovate and pinnatifid ; fruit oblong-linear, ribless, but tapering into a ribbed beak
shorter than the seed. (Anthri'scus Ccrefolium, Ilqff'm.) — Karely seen in
gardens (as a sweet herb), but thoroughly spontaneous in fields and copses near
Lancaster, reuii., /'ri>f. T. C. Porter. (Nat. from Eu.)

24. OSMORRHIZA, Raf Sweict Cicely.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit linear-oblong, angled, ta]iering downwards into
a stalk-like base, contracted at the sides, crowned with the styles ; the carpels
with sharj) upwardly bristly ribs : inner face of the nearly terete seed with a
deep longitudinal channel : oil-tubes none. — Perennials, with thick sweet-aro-
matic roots, and large 2 - 3-tcrnately compound leaves ; the leaflets ovate,
pinnatifid-toothed. Livolucreand involucels few-leaved. Flowers white. (Name
from u(Tfi.rj. It sniit. and f)iC^< <i root, from the anise-like flavor of the latter.)

1. O. longistylis, DC. (Smoother Sweet Cicely.) Styles slmder,
nrarfij as loiifj as the oviirij ; laiflets s/inrhufli/ pithfsrciit or smooth wjieii old, slioii-
/Joi/iW, cut-toothed, sometimes lobed. — Rich moist woods: conniKmest north-
ward. May, June — Plant .3° high, branching : stem reddish.

2. O. brevistylis, DC. (IIairv SwEin' Cicely.) Sti/lrs ronlad and uot
liDK/rr thdii t/tc hriadlli of tin- orari/ ; fruit somewhat tai)eriug at the summit; liaf-
Icls downi/dtain/, taiifr-jioliitid, jiiiiiintijid-iut. — Common : root less sweet.

25. CONtUM, L. Poison Hemlock.

Calyx-tccth ol)solete. Fniii- ovale, flattened at the .sides, the carpels with .")
prominent wavy rib.-;, and no oil-tubes : inner face of the seed with a deep uar

198 j^RALIACKiE. (ginseng FAMILY.)

row longitudinal proovc. — Biennial poisonous herbs, with large decompound
leaves. Involucre aiul involucels 3 - 5-lcaved, the latter 1-sided. Flowers wliitc.
(Kuvfiov, the Greek name of the Hemlock, by whieli criminals and pliilosophers
were put to death at Atliens.)

I. C. macll.VtuiM, L. Smooth; stem spotted; leaflets lanceolate, pinnati-
lid : involucels shorter than the umbellets. — Waste places. July. — A largo
brandling herb : the pale green leaves exhale a disagreeable odor when bruised.
A virulent narcotico-acrid poison, used in medicine. (Nat. from Eu.)

26. EULOPHUS, Nutt. Eulopiics.

Calyx-teeth small. Fruit ovoid, contracted at the sides and somewhat twin ;
the carpels suiootii, indistinctly ribbed, and with a close row of oil-tubes : inner
face of the seed longitudinally channelled, the cross-section semilunar. — A slen-
der, smooth perennial : leaves 2-ternatc!y divided into narrow linear leaflets. In-
volucre scarcely any : involucels bristle-form. Flowers white. (Name from eu,
well, and Xotpos, a cnst, not well applied to a plant with no crest at all.)

1. E. Americ^nus, Nutt. — Darby plains, near Columbus, Ohio {Sulli-
vant), Illinois, and southwcstward. July. — Koot a cluster of small tubers.

27. ERIGENIA, Nutt. H.vrbixgkk-of-Spkixg.

Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obovate or spatulate, flat, entire. Fruit twin ;
the carpels incurved at top and bottom, nearly kidney-form, with 5 very slender
ribs, and several small oil-tubes in the interstices : inner face of the seed hollowed
into a broad deep cavity. — A small and smooth vernal plant, producing from
a deep round tuber a simple stem, bearing one or two 2 - 3-ternately divided
leaves, and a somewhat imperfect and Icafy-bracted compound umbel. Flowers
few, white. (Name from fjpiyfvris, born in the spring.)

1. E. bulbosa, Nutt. — Alluvial soil, Western New York and Pcnn. to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, &c. March, April. — Stem 3' -9' high.

Order 47. ARAJLIACE.i:. (Ginseng Family.)

Herbs, n/iruhs, or trees, with much the same characters as UmbelliferaG, hut
with usiia/li/ more than 2 st)jles, and the fruit a few — several-celled drupe.
(Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflo.xed.) — Represented here only
by the genus

1. ARALIA, Tourn. Ginseng. Wild Sars.vparilla.

Flowers more or less polygamous. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the
teeth very short or almost obsolete Petals .5, epigynous, oblong or obovate,
lightly imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 5, epigynous, alternate with
the petals. Styles 2-5, mostly distinct and slender, or in the sterile flowers
short and united. Ovary 2 - S-cellcd, with a single anatropous ovule suspended
from the top of each cell, ripeninj,' into a berry-like drupe, with as many seeds
as eells. Embryo minute. — Leaves compound or decomjjound. Flowers white
or greenish, in umbels. Roots (perennial), bark, fmit, &e. warm and aromatic.
(Derivation obscure.)

CORNACEJE. (dogwood FAMILT.) 199

§ 1. ARALJA, L. Floioers mon(ccioushj poli/rfomoiis or perfect, the umheh tisitalltf
ill coi 1/ litis or iHinicles : sli/lisuiid cells of lite (hUtck or duik purple) fruit 5 : stents
herbaceous or ivooilj : ultimate dicisioiis of the leaves pinnate.

* Umbels very numeious in a lanje compound /xinicle : leaves vtrij Inrt/e, quinattly or
pinnately di compound.

1. A. spin6sa, L. (Angelica-tkke. Herctles' Cluu.) Shrub, or a
low tree; the stout stem and slnlks prickly ; leaflets ovate, pointed, serrate, ))alc 1)C-
neath. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Keutueky and southward: common in
cultivation. July, Auj;ust.

2. A. I'acem6sa, L. (Spikenard.) Herbaceous; stem widely branched;
leaflets heaii-orate, pointed, doubly serrate, sligiitly downy; umbels racemose;
styles united. — Rich woodlands. July. — Well known for its spicy-aromatic
large roots. There are traces of stipules at the dilated base of the leafstalks.

* * I 'iiilirls 2-7, corymbed : stem short, somewhat woody.

3. A. hispida, Michx. (Bristly Sarsaparilla. Wild Elder.) Stem
(l°-2° high), bristly, leafy, terminating in a peduncle bearing several umbels;
leaves twice pinnate; leaflets oblong-ovate, acute, cut-serrate. — Rocky places:
common northward, and southward along the mountains. June.

4. A. nudicaulis, L. (Wild Sarsaparilla.) Stem scarcely rising out
of the (/round, snioulh, bearimj a siiiyle lony-stalked leaf and a shorter naked scape, with
2-7 umbels; leaflets oblong-ovate or oval, pointed, serrate, 5 on each of the 3
divisions. — Moist woodlands; with the same range as A"o. 3. May, June. —
The aromatic horizontal roots, which are several feet long, arc employed as a
substitute for the officinal Sarsaparilla. Leafstalk 1° high,

§ 2. GINSEXG, Decaisnc & Tlanchon. (Panax, L.) Floweis dinciously poly-
giimous : styles and cells of the (red or reddish) fuit 2 or 3: stem herbaceous, low,
simple, Imiring at its summit a ivhorl of 3 jialmately 3 - Ifoliolate leaves (or per-
haps reilher a single and sessile twice-eonijjound leaf), and a single umbel on a
sleiid( r nak- d vedunrle.

5. A. quinquef61ia. (Ginsexc:.) Hoot large ar.d spindle-shaped, often
forked (4' -9' long, aromatic); stem 1° high; hafl<ts long-stnlked, mostly 5,
large and thin, obovatc-oblong, pointed ; styles mostly 2 ; fruit bright rid. (Pa-
niux quinqucfoliinn, L.) —Rich and cool woods: becoming rare. July.

6. A. trifblia. (Dwauk Cinsexo. Gi!orxD-NUT.) "Root or tuber ghibnlnr,
deep in the ground (|)ungent to the taste, not aromatic) ; stems 4' - 8' high ; leaf-
lets 3 -b, sessile at the summit of the leafstalk, narrowly oblong, obtuse ; styles
usually 3 ; fmit yellowish. — Rich woods : common northward. April, May.

IliDERA HfcLix, the European Ivy, is almost the only other representative
of this family in the northern temperate zone.

OiJDKU 48. CORW.iCE.E. (Do(;\vo(.i> Family.)

SJiruhx or trees (rarely herhacenus). with opposite or allenm'e simple leaves^
thr ralyr-fuhr roherrni with the 1 - 2-celled ovary, jV.s- limb minute, the petals
(valcate in the hud) and as many stamens home on the margin of an epigy-
tious dink in the perfect flowers ; style one ; a single anatropous ovule hang-

200 CORXACE^. (dogwood family.)

inrj from the top nf the cell ; the fruit a l-2-needed drupe; embryo nearly
the length of the albumen, tcilh larr/e and foliaceoux cotyledons. — A small
family represented by Cornus, and by a partly apetalous genus, Nyssa.
(Bark, bitter and tonic.)

1. CORNUS, Tourn. Corvel. Dogwood.

Flowers perfect (or in some foreign species dioecious). Calyx minutely 4-
toothed. Petals 4, oblong, spreading. Stamens 4 : filaments slender. Style
slender : stigma terminal, flat or cai)itate. Drupe small, with a 2-cellcd and 2-
seedcd stone. — Leaves opposite (excei)t in one species), entire. Flowers small,
in open naked cymes, or in close heads which are surrounded by a corolla-like
involucre. (Name from cornu, a horn ; alluding to the hardness of the wood.)
§ 1. Flowers (/reenlsh, in a head or close cluster, ichich is surrounded by a larye and
shoivy, 4-leuvtd, corolla-like, white or rarely pinkish involucre : fruit bright red.

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.) Stems low
and siinjile (o'- 7' liigli) from a slender creeping and subterranean rather woody
trunk ; leaves se;irccly petioled, the lower scale-like, the upper crowded into an
apj)arent whorl in sixes or fours, ovate or oval, pointed ; haves of the involucre
ovate; fruit globular. — Damp cold woods : common northward. June.

2. C. florida, L. (Flowering Dogwood.) Leaves ovate, pointed,
acutish at the base; haves of the involucre inveisely heart-shaped or notched (1^'
long);//u(< oval. — Rocky woods: more common southward. Maj, June. —
Tree 12° -30° high, very showy in flower, scarcely less so in fruit.

§ 2. Flowers ichite, in open and fat spreading cymes : involucre none : fruit sjiherical.
* Leaves all opposite : shrubs.

3. C. circinata, L'Hcr. (Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.)
Branches greenish, warty-dotted ; leaves round-oval , abruptly pointed, woolly beneath
(2' -5' broad); cymes ^nt; fruit light blue. — Copses; in rich soil. June. —
Shrub 6°- 10° high. Leaves larger than in any other species.

4. C. sericea. L. (Silky Cornel. Kinnikinnik.) Branche.<> purplish ;
the branchlets, stalks, and lower surface of the narrowly orate or elliptiad. pointed haves
silhy-dou-ny (often rusty), pale and dull ; cymes flat, close ; calyx-teeth lanceolate ;
fruit jinle blue. — Wet places : common. June. — Shrub 3° - 10° high.

5. C. Stolonifera, Michx. (Red-osier Dogavood.) Branches, especially
the osier-like anmud shoots, bright red-ptirj)le, smooth ; leaves ovate, rounded at the
base, abruptly short-pointed, roughish with a minute close pubescence on both
sides, ichitish underneath ; cymes small and flat, rather few-flowered, smooth ; /noY
white or Icad-rolor. — Wet places: common, especially northward. Multiplies
freely by prostrate or sul)tcrranean suckers, and forms broad clumps, 3° -6°
high. June.

6. C. asperif61ia, Michx. (Rough-leaved Dogwood.) Branches
broivnish; the branchlets, ^c. rough-pubescent ; leaves oblong or otate, on very short
petioles, pointed, rough with a harsh pubescence altove, aiul downy Iteneath ; calyx-
teeth minute. — Dry or sandy soil, Illinois and southward. May, June.

7. C. stricta. Lam. (Stiff Cornel.) Branches brownish or reddish,
smooth ; leaves ovale or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, acutish at the base, glabrous,

C0R^AC^:.'E. (dogwood family.) 201

vf nearly the same hue both side^ ; cymes loose, flattish; anthirs and fruit pale blue.
— Swamps, Virginia and southward. April, May. — Shrub 8° -15° liigh.

8. C. paniculata, LIltT. (Paxicled Coknel.) Blanches ymy, smooth;
leaves ovatt-Uimeululc, taper-pointed, acute at the base, whitish beneath but not
downy; cymes convex, loose, often ijaiiiclcd ; fruit white, depressed-f^loliosc. —
Thickets and river-banks. Jniie. — Slirub 4° - 8° high, very much branched,
bearing a profusion of pure white blossoms.

* * Leaves mostly alternate, crowded at the ends of the branches.

9. C. altei'nif61ia, 1^. (ALTERXATK-LiiAVKi) Couxel.) Branches (jrem-
ish strriikfd iriih ir/ii/r, dl/irnate ; leaves ovate or oval, long-pointed, acute at the
base, whitish and minutely pubescent underneath ; //•(((< dicp blue on rv.'d<lish
stalks. — Hillsides in copses. May, June. — Slirub or tree 8° -20° high, with
flattish top, and very open, broad cymes.

2. NYSSA, L. Tlpllo. I'ErrEKiDGE. Sour-Gum Tree.

Flowers diceciously polygamous, clustered or rarely solitary at the summit
of axillary peduncles. Stam. Ft. numerous in a simple or compound dense
cluster of fiiscicles. Caly.K small, 5-parted. Petals as in fertile flower or none.
Stamens 5-1-2, oftener 10. inserted on the outside of a convex disk : filaments
slender : anthers short. No pistil. Pist. Fl. solitary, or 2-8, sessile in a bracted
cluster, much larger than the staminate flowers. Calyx with a very short re-
pand-truncate or minutely .5-toothed limb. Petals very small and fleshy, decidu-
ous, or often wanting. Stamens b - 10, with perfect or imperfect ai.tlu-rs. Style
elongated, rcvolutc, stigmatic down one side. Ovary one-celled. Drupe ovoid
or oblong, with a bony and grooved or striate 1-celled and 1 -seeded stone. —
Trees with entire or sometimes angulatc-toothed leaves, which are alternate, but
mostly crowded at the end of the branchlets, and greenish flowers appearing-
with the leaves. (The name of a Nym])h : "so called because it [the original
species] grows in the water.")

1. N. multiflbra, Wang. (Tupelo. Pepperidge. Black or Sour
Gum.) Leaves oval or obovate, commonly acuminate, glabrous or villous-pubes-
cent when young, at least on the margins and midrib, shining above when old
(2' - 5' long) ; fori He flowers 3 - 8, at the summit of a slender peduncle : fru't ovoid,
bluish-black (about i' long). (N. sylvatica, J/ars/i. N. villosa, Willd,&.c.) —
Kich .soil, either moist or nearly dry, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward.
April, May. — A middle-sized tree, with liorizontal branches and a light Hat
spray, like the Beech : the wood firm, close-grained ami very unwedgeable, on
account of the obli(pie direction and crossing of the fil)re of ditlcrent layers.
Leaves turning bright crimson in autumn.

2. N. uniflora, Walt. (Large Tupelo.) Loaves oblong or ovate, some-
times slightly eonlatc at the ba.se, long-])Ctiuled, entire or angulatc-toothed, jiale
and downy-pubescent beneath, at least when young (4' -12' long) ; fertile Jtower
solitary on a slender peduncle ; fruit cHilimij, blue (1' or more in length). (N. dcn-
ticulata. Ait. N. tomentosa, and angulisans, Michr. \. grandidentata, Miclix.
f.) — In water or wet swamps, Virginia, Kentucky, and .southward. April.- -
Wood soft : that of the root^ very light and spongy, used for corks.

202 CAPKXFOLlACEJi. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

Division n. MONOPETALOUS EX6GEN0US PLANTS.
Floral envelopes consisting of both calyx and corolla, the lattei
com[)Osetl of more or less united petals, that is, luonopetalous.*

Okder 49. CAPRIFOClACEiE. (Honeysuckle Family.)

Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (f/enuine) stipules, (he
cali/x-tube coherent icith the 2-5-celled ooary, the stamens as many as (or
one fewer than) the lobes of the tubular or wheel-shaped corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1 -several-seeded. Seeds au-
atropous, with a small embryo in flesliy albumen.

Tribe I. LONICEREiE. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes •i-lipped. Style
slender : stigma capitate.

1. Liiiiiiiva. Stunieiis 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celIed, but only

1-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.

2. Syinphoriciii-pus. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular

corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded ; two of the cells sterile.

3. LiOiitcera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular

corolla. Berry several-seeded ; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

4. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-cclled, 2-valved,

many-seeded, slender.

5. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe.
Tribe H. SAMBUCEiE. Coralla wheel shaped or um-shapeil, regular, deeply 5-lobed.

Stittmas 1-3, rarely 5, sessile. Flowers in broad cymes.

6. Saiitbiicus. Fruit berry-like containing the small seed-like nutlets. Leaves pinnate.

7. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone. Leaves simple.

1. IjINN.S1A, Gronov. Linn^a. Twin-flower.

Calyx-tccth .5, awl-shaped, deciduous. Corolla narrow bcll-sliapcd, almost
equally .5-lobed. Stamens 4, two of them shorter, inserted toward the base of
the corolla. Ovary and die small dry pod 3-cellcd, hut only 1 -seeded, two of the
cells having only abortive ovules. — A slender creeping and trailing little ever-
green, somewhat hairy, with rounded-oval sparingly crenate leaves contracted at
the base into short petioles, and thrcad-Iikc upright peduncles forking into 2
pedicels at flic top, each bcuring a delicate and fragrant nodding flower. Co-
rolla purple aiul whitish, h;urv inside. (Dedicated to the immortal Limicvns,
who first pointed out its characters, and with whom this pretty little plant was a
special favorite.)

1. L. bore^lis, Gronov. — Moist mossy woods and cold bogs: common
northward, but towards the south of rare occurrence as far as New Jersey, and
along the mountains to Maryland. June. (Eu.)

♦ In certain families, such as Ericaceae, &c., the petals in some genera are nearly or quite sep-
arate. In CompositsB and some others, the calyx is mostly reduced to a pa|)pus, or to scales, or a
mere border, or even to nothing more than a covering of the sm-face of the ov;u-y. The student
might look for these in the first or the third division. But the artificial analysis prefixed to the
volume provides for such anomalies, and will lead the student to the proper order.

CAPKIFOLIACE-E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.) 203

2. SYMPHORICARPUS, Dill. SNOwHEnnr.

Calyx-tcctli sliort, jxT.sistL-nt on the fruit. Corolla l)ell-.sha])e(l, rc<,nil!irly 4-
5-lobi;il, with as many short stamens inserted into its throat. Ovary 4-ccllcd,
only 2 of the eells with a fertile ovule ; the berry therefore 4celled l)ut only 2-
sccded. Seeds bony. — Low and branching upright shrubs, with oval short>
petioled leaves, which are downy underneath and entire, or wavy-toothed or
lobed on the young shoots. Flowers white tinged with rose-color, in close
short spikes or clusters. (Name composed of (rvficpoptu), to bear together, axiA
KapTTus, fruit ; from the clustered berries.)

1. S. OCCidentillis, R. Brown. (WoLKnEURV.) Flowers in dcn.«c ter-
minal and axillary spikes ; corolla much bearded within ; the stnmeiis and sti/le
protruded; beiries white — Northern Michigan, Illinois, and westward. — Flow-
ers larger and more funnel-form, and stamens longer, than in the next.

2. S. raceradsus, Michx. (Sxowherry.) Flowers in a loose and some-
what leafy iiittrrupted spike at the end of the branches ; corolla bearded inside ;
berries large, bright white. — Rocky banks, W. Vermont to Pennsylvania and
Wisconsin : common in cultivation. June -Sept. — Berries rijjc in autumn.

Var. pauciflbrus, Bobbins. Low, dirtuscly branched and sjjrcading ;
leaves smaller (about 1' long), the spike reduced to one or two flowers in the
axils of the upi)erinost. — Hocky woods of L. Superior, Dr. Rabbins, and north-
westward. Allcghanics of Pennsylvania, ./. R. Lowrie, Mr. Borldii;/.

3. S. vulgaris, Michx. (Indian Ccrr.vnt. Coral-berry.) Flowers
in small close clusters in the axils of nearly all the leaves ; corolla sparingly
bearded ; berries small, dork red. — Rocky banks, W. New York and Penn. to
Illinois and southward : also cultivated. July.

3. LONICERA, L. Hoxeysuckle. Woodrixe.

Calyx-teeth very short. Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often gibbous at the
base, irregularly or almost regularly 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary 2-3-cellcd.
Berry several-seeded. — Leaves entire. Flowers often showy and fragrant.
(Named in honor of ^Ja/n Lonitzer, latinized Lonicerus, a German herbalist of
the 16th century.)

§ 1. CAPRIFOLIUM, Juss. Twining shrubs, with the flowers in sessile whorhd
clusters from the arils of the {oflen connate) upper lea res and forming iitte)Tujited
terminal spikes: jcali/x-tceth persistent on the (red or orange) bcrrg.

# Corolla trumpet-shaped, almost regularli/ and equally 5-lobed.

1. L. Semp6rvirens, Ait. (Trumpet IIoNEYsrcKLE.) Flowers in
somewhat distant wiioils ; leaves oblong, smooth ; the lower petioled, the up-
permost pairs united round the stem. — Copses, New York (near the city) to
Virginia, and southward: common also in cultivation. May -Oct, — Leaves
deciduous at the North. Corolla scentless, nearly 2' long, deep red outside,
yellowish within or rarely throughout.

* » Corolla ringent : the lower lip narrow, the upper broiul and \-lol>ed.

2. L. grita, .\it. (American \Vo(H)niXK.) hares smoolh, glaucous be-
neath, obovate, the 2 or 3 upper pairs united ; flowers whorled in the oxiib of

204 CAPRIFOLIACE.E. (HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY.)

the uppermost leaves or leaf-like connate bracts ; corolla smooth {whitish with a
puri>li'. tube, failing' yellowisii), not gibbous at the base, fragrant.* — Kocky wood-
lands, New York, Tenn., and westward : also cultivated. May.

3. L. flciva, Sims. (Yellow Honeysuckle.) Leaves smooth, very jmle
and glaucous bulk sides, thickish, obovatc or oval, the 2-4 upjjcr pairs united into
round cup-like disks ; flowers in approximate whorls ; tube of the smooth (li</lif
yellow) corolla somewhat gibbous; lilaments almost or quite smooth. — lioeky
banks. Catskill mountains (Pursh), Ohio to Wisconsin (a Ibrm with rather
short flowers), ami SDiithward along the Alleghany Mountains. June.

4. L. parvifl6ra, J^am. (Small IIoneyslckle.) Leaves smooth, ob-
long, (jneii above, very ijlaucous beneath, the ujiper pairs united, all closely sessile;
flowers in 2 or 3 closely appro.ximate whorls raised on a peduncle ; corolla gib-
bous at the base, smooth outside [greinisli-yillow tinged with dull purple), short
(9" long) ; filaments rather hairy below. — Rocky banks, mostly northward.
May, June. — Stem commonly bushy, only 2° -4° high.

Var. Douglasii. Leaves greener, more or less downy underneath when
young, or ciliate ; corolla crimson or deep dull purple. (L. Douglasii, D<J.) —
Northern Ohio to Wisconsin and northward.

5. L. hirsuta, Eaton. (Hairy Honeysuckle.) f^eaves not glaucous,
downy-hairy beneath, as well as the branches, and slightly so above, veiny, dull,
broadly oval ; the uppermost united, the lower short-petioled ; flowers in ap-
proximate whorls ; tube of the [orange-yellow) clammy-pnlx scent corolla gibbous at
the base, slender. — Damp copses and rocks, Maine to Wisconsin northward.
July. — A coarse, large-leaved species.

§2. XYLOSTEON, Juss. Upright bushy shrubs: leaves all distinct at the base :
peduncles axdiary, single, 2-Jiowered at the summit ; the two berries sometimes
united into one : calyx-teeth not peisistent.
* The two flowers involucrate by 4 conspicuous and broad foliaceous bracts.

6. L. involucrata, Banks. Pubescent, or becoming glabrous ; branches
4-angular ; leaves (3' - 6' long) ovate-oblong, mostly pointed, petiolcd, and with
a strong midrib, exceeding the peduncle ; corolla yellowisii, viscid-pubescent,
cylindraceous (6" -8" long); ovaries and globose berries distinct. — Deep
woods. Lake Superior ( C. G. Loring, Jr., Dr. Robbins) and westward. June.

* * Brads (2 or sometimes 4) at the base of the ovaries minute.

7. L. ciliata, Muhl. (Fly-Honeysuckle.) Branches straggling (3° -
5° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, ojlen heart-shaped, petiohd, thin, downy beneath ;
Jiliform peduncles shorter than the leaves; corolla funnel-form, almost spurred
at the base (greenish-yellow, 3' long), the lobes nearly equal ; berries separate
{red). — lioeky woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. May.

8. L. caerMea, L. (Mountain F.) Low (1° -2° high) ; branches up-
right; leuves oval, downy when young; peduncles very short; brncls awl-shaped,
longer than the ovarie.i of the two (yellowish) _/7o«v/s, which are united into one (blue)
berry. (Xylosteum villbsum, Miclix.) — Mountain woods and bogs, Khode Isl-
and to Wisconsin, northward. May. (En.)

9. L. oblongifdlia, Muhl. (Swamp F.) Branches upright; leaves ob-
long, downy when young, smooth when old; peduncles long and slender; bractt

CAruiroi.iACEJi. (iioneysucklk family.) 205

minute or deciduous; corolla deeply 2-lipped (^' lonp, yellowish-white); berries
(purple) uniud or nearly distinct. — Bogs, Nortlicrn New York to Wisconsin.
June. — yiinib 2° - 5° hij,-li. Leaves 2' - 3' lon■,^

4. DIERVILLA, Tourn. Blsii-IIoxevsuckle.

Ciilyx-tiihe tapering at the summit ; the lobes slender, awl-shaped, persistent
Corolla funnel-forin, 5-lobed, almost regular. Stamens 5. I'od ovoid-oblong,
pointetl, 2-celled, 2-valved, scpticidal, many-seeded. — Low, upright shrubs,
with ovate or oblong pointed serrate leaves, and cymosely 3 - several-tlowcrcd
peduncles, from the u|)per axils, or terminal. (Named in compliment to M.
Ditrville, who brought it from Canada to Tournefbrt.)

1. D. trifida, Maueh. Leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, pctioled ; pe-
duncles mostly .'J-llowered ; pod long-beaked. (D. Canadensis, Mufd.) — Kocks:
common, especially northward. June -Aug. — Flowers hone\' -color, not showy,
like the Japanese sjieeies cultivated under the name of Weigkla.

D. SESSinF(')LiA, Buckley, of the mountains of North Carolina, may
occur in those of S. W. Virginia.

5. TRIOSTEUM, L. Fever-wokt. IIokse-Gentiak.

Calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, leaf-like, persistent. Corolla tubular, gibbous
at the base, somewhat equally 5-lobed, scarcely longer than the calyx. Stamens
5. Ovary mostly 3-celled, in fruit forming a ratlier dry drupe, containing as
many angled and ribbed 1 -seeded bony nutlets. — Coarse, hairy, perennial
herbs, leaty to the top ; with the ample entire pointed leaves tapering to the
base, but connate round the simple stem. Flowers sessile, and solitary or
clustered in the axils. (Name from rpfls, three, and uareot>, a bone, alluding to
three bony seeils, or rather nutlets.)

1. T. perfoliatum, L. S(;flli/ kiiri/ (2°-4° higli); leaves oval, abruplli/
narrowed helnw, downy i)eneath ; flowers brownish-jjurple, mostly clustered. —
Rich woodlands : not rare. June. — Fruit orange-color, h' long.

2. T. angUStifblium, L. Smaller; brisdy-huiry ; leaves lanceolate, tajier-
ing to the base; flowers greenish-creani-color, mostly single in the axils. — S.
Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. May.

6. SAMBUCUS, Touru. Elder.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-sliaped, with a broadly
spreading 5-eleft limb. Stamens 5. Stignias ."5. Fruit a berry-like juicy
drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets. — Shrubby plants, with a rank
smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate jwinted leaflets, and numerous small
and white flowers in comj)ound cymes. (Name from aap^vKt], an ancient nm-
sical instrument, sui)posed to have been made of Elder-wood.)

1. S. Canadensis, L. (Common Elder.) Stems scarcely woody
(5°- 10° hi-h) ; l:itih/s 7-11, oUoii'j, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-partcd ;
ci/mts flat : fruit lliirk-jiin-jile. — Piich soil, in oikmi ])Iaces. June. — Pitli white.

2. S. pilbens, Michx. (RED-nLKUiLD Elder.) Stems woody (2° - IS®
high), the bark warty; leajlets 5-7, ovate-lanccolalc, doivny undcrncalli ; cyiiiLS

206 CAriiiFOLiACE^. (honeysuckle family.)

pauicled, convex or pyramidal ; fruit hrir/hl red (rarely white). — Eocky woods;
cliieHy northward, and southward in the mountains. May : the fruit ripening
in June. — I'ith brown. — Var. with dissected leaves, Lake buijerior, Ltvcis Foote,
Dr. Ilobbins.

7. VIBURNUM, L. Akrow-wood. L.vukestixcs.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas
1-3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaeeous
(flattened or tumid) stone. — Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white (lowers in
flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are
evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The classical
Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

§ 1 . Flowers all alike and perfect.

* Leaves fnelt/ serrate or entire, bri(jht (jreen ; veiiis not prominent : no stipular ap-

pendatjes: ivliole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf : fruit black or
ivilh a blue bloom, sweet; the stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular.

1. V. Lentigo, L. (Sweet Vibuknum. Siieei'-bekkv.) Leaves ovate,
strom/ly jiointcd, closely and very sharply serrate ; petioles long and margined ;
cyme sessile ; fruit oval, h' or more long, rii)c in autumn, edible ; tree 15° -30°
high. — Copses, &c. : common, especially northward. May, June.

2. V. prunif61ium, L. (Black Haw.) Leaves oval, obtuse or sli<;litly
pointed, flnely aiid sharply seirate, smaller than in the preceding (l'-2' long) ;
fruit similar or rather smaller; cyme sessile. — Dry copses; Connecticut to Illi-
nois, and common southward. May. — A tall shrub or small tree.

3. V. nudum, L. (Withe-rod.) Leaves thickish, oval, oblong or
lanceolate, not shiniinj, the maryins entire, repand, or crenale ; cynw shoi t-jiedunrUd ;
fruit round-ovoid (3" long). — Var. 1. Claytoxi has the leaves nearly entire,
the veins somewhat prominent underneath, and grows in swamps from Massa-
chusetts, near the coast, to Virginia and southward. Var. 2. cassinoides (V.
pyrifolium, Pursh, ^r.) has more opaque, often toothed leaves ; and grows in cold
swamps from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Shrub e° - 10° high.

4. V. Obov^tum, Walt. Letivea obovate or s/iatiilate, dituse, entire or denticu-
late, thickish, small (1'- 1^' long), shining; cymes sessile, small; fruit ovoid-
oblong. — River-banks, Virgiuu\ and southward. May. — Shrub 2° - 8° high.

* * Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coarsely toothed, prominently pinnately

veined, the veins straight and simple or sparingly forked : no rusty scurf: fruit
small, ovoid, blue or purple; the stone tumid and grooved : cymes pedunded.

5. V. dent^tum, L. (Arrow-wood.) Smooth; leaves broadly ovate,
very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined, on slender petioles ; fruit bright
blue; the turgid stone deeply excavated on one face; cross section of the seed
between kidney- nr.d horseshoe-shaped. — Wet places, common northward. June
— Slirub 5° - 10° high, with ash-colored bark ; the pale leaves often with hairy
tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

6. V. m611e, INIiclix. leaves broadly oval, obomte or ovate, scarcely pointed,
coarsely eremite or rcpand-toothcd, the lower surface, rather slender petioles, brunch-
kts and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate pubescence; fruit oily [En-

i

OAPUIFOLIACE^. (honeysuckle FAMILY.) 207

(jchii.), tlic stone as in No. 5, but less deeply excavated on tlic fare. (V. dcnta-
tum, var. scabrfllmn, To)r. <j- dr.) — Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

7. V. pub6scens, Pursh. (Downv a.) Leaves ovule or olJonc/ -ovale,
acute or tapcr-iiointcd, tiic veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in
No. 5, the lower sitrfuce and very sitoit petioles soft-doivny, at least when young;
fruit dark-purple ; the stone plano-convex and 3-4-groovcd on tlie flat face. —
Kocks, &c., W. Vermont to New Jersey, Kentucky, Wisconsin, and nortliward,
June. — A low, straggling shrub.

* * * Leaves coarseli/ toothed and someichat 3-lol>ed, rou7idish, the base mostly

truncate or somewhat h(art-sha/j(d, 3 - b-ribbed from the base, the ribs and veins
prominent Imieath : stijiular appendayes bristle-shaped : cymes small, slender-
pi'dunclcd : fruit red ; the stone fattened.

8. V. acerifdlium, L. (M.vi'lk-lkaved A. Dockmackie.) Leaves
sof -downy beneath, 3-ribbed, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed ;
stamens cxserted ; fruit crimson turning purple ; the lenticular stone undulately
2-grooved on one face and 3-groovcd on the othci'. — Rocky woods : common.
May, June. Shrub 3° - 6° high.

9. v. paueifl6rum, Pylaie. Leaves glabrous or loosely pubescent beneath,
t)-rilil)(d at /»/s , uncciually serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lol)es at the
summit ; cyme fcw-flowercd ; stamens shorter than the corolla ; fruit red, sour, glob-
ular ; the stone very flat and even. (V. Oxycoccus, var. eradiatum, Oahes.) —
Cold woods, Northern N. Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin, and northward. —
A low straggling shrub, most related to the next; the leaf-buds similar.

§ 2. Marginal fuwers of the cyme destitute of stamens and jiistils, and with corollas
many times larger than tlie others, forming a kind of ray, as in Hydrangea :
stipular appendages conspicuous on the petiole.

* Fruit spherical, pleasantly acid, bright red; the stone very flat, smooth and even,

nearly orbicular : lenfbnds enclosed in one or two pairs of scales.

10. V. Opulus, L. (CiJAxnERUY-TjiEE.) Nearly smooth, upright (5°-
10° high) ; leaves .'5 - .')-ril)bed, strongly 3-lobcd, broadly wedge-shaped or trun-
cate at the base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire
in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex, cymes ])cduncled. (V.
Oxyco'ccus and V. cdulc, Pursh.) — Low grounds, along streams: common
northward, and southward in the Alleghanics to the borders of Maryland.
June, July. — The acid fruit is a substitute for cranberries, whence the name
Uigh Cranberry bush, &c. — The well-known Snow-ball Tree, or Guelder-
RosE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile
flowers. (Eu.)

* ♦ Fruit ovoid, red, turning darker ; the stone tumid, G-^/roorrd : Imds wholly naked.

11. V. lantanoides, Michx. (Honiu-E-nrsu. A.MKUUAN Wavfar-
ING-TREE.) Leaves roimd-ovate, abru])t!y pointed, hcart-.sha])ed at the base,
closely serrate, pinnatcly many-veined ; the veins and veinlets underneath alonp
with the stalks and brancblets very rusty-scurfy ; cymes sessile, very broad and
flat. — Cold moist woods, New Knginnd to Pcnn. and northward, and southward
in the Alleghanics. May. — A straggling shrub ; the reclining branches often
taking root. Flowers handsome. Leaves 4' -8' across.

208 RUBiACE^:. (maddeu family.)

Order 50. BUBIACE.E. (Maddkr Family.)

Shrubs or kerbs, with opposite entire leaves connected by interposed stipules,
or in whorls without apparent stipules, the calyx coherent icith the 2 - 4-cclled
ovary, the stamens as many as the lubes of the rerjular corolla (3-5), and
inserted on its tube. — Flowers perfect, but often diinorplious (as in Mitch-
ella and Houstonia). Fruit various. Seeds anatropous or anipliitropous.
Embryo conimouly pretty laro;e, in copious hard albumen. — A very large
family, the greater part, and all its most important plants (such as the
Coffee and Peruvian-Bark trees) tropical ; not sulHciently represented in
our district to render it worth while to note the tribes and the larger
systematic divisions.

I. STELLATE. Leaves in whorls : no apparent stipules.

1. Galium. Corolla wlieel-shaped, 4- (or rarely 3-) partciL Calyx-tettli obsolete. Fruit

twill, separating into 2 indehiscent one-seeded carpels.

II. CINCHONE-tE, &c. Leaves rarely in whorls, with stipules.

* Ovules and seeds solitary in each cell.
■*- Flowers axillary, separate. Fruit dry when ripe. Herbs.

2. Spcrmacoce. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form -. lobes 4 Fruit separating when ripe

into 2 carpels, one or both of them opening.

3. Diodia. i'ruit separating into 2 or 3 closed and indehiscent carpels : otherwise as No. 2.

— — Flowers in a close and globose long-peduncled head. Fruit di-y. Shrubs.

4. Cephalaitthua. Corolla tubular : lobes 4 Fruit inversely pyramidal, 2- 4-seeded.

.^ *- — Flowers twin; their ovaries united into one. Fruit a 2-eyeJ berry.

6. Mitcliella. Corolla funnel-form ; its lobes 4. — A creeping herb.

* « Ovules and seeds many or several in each cell of IIk' (loculicidal) pod.
6 01<leiilun(lia. Corolla wheel-shaped in our species, 4-lobfJ. Si;ods very numerous
and minute, angular.

7. Houstonia. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, 4-lubed. Seeds rather few, thimble-

shai)ed or saucer-shaped.

1. GALIUM, L. Bedstuaw. Cleavers.

Calyx-tcctli obsolete. Corolla 4-partcd, rarely 3-parted, wheel-shaped, valvatc
in the bud. Stamens 4, rarely 3, short. Styles 2. Fruit dry or flesliy, globu-
lar, twin, separating when ripe into the 2 seed-like, indehi.scent, 1 -seeded carpels.
— Slender herbs, with small eymosc flowers (produced in summer), square stems,
and whorled leaves : the roots often containing a red coloring matter. (Name
from ydXa, milk, which some species are used to curdle.)

* Annual: haves ahout 8 in a irhnri : peduncles 1 - '2- flowered , a.rillari/.
1. G. Aparlne, f-^ (rr.i:.\vi;i!s. Goose-Grass.) Stem weak and re-
clining, bristle-])riekly backwards, liairy at the joints ; leaves lanceolate, tay)ering
to the base, short-pointed, rough on the margins and midrib (l'-2' long) ; flow-
ers white ; fruit (kirrje) hristhj iritk hooked prickles. — Moist thickets. Doubtful
if truly indigenous in our district. (I-u.)

* * Perennial, ascendintj ; If ares 4 -G or S in a whorl, with prominent midriti, hut
no lateral nerves : flow rs white, few or numerous, on slender pedicels : fruit smooth.

RUBIACE.t. (madder FAMILY.) 209

1- Flovns very abundant, the small clusters or ci/nies jxinkUd on the branches.

2. G. Moi.Lt'GO, L. Stems (l°-3° long) very smooth; liuves mostly in
whorls of 8, oblanccoliite or obloii};-linear, biurly rough on tlie margins, slen-
der-pointed; flowers forming a lomj punkie. — Washington Heights, near New
York, ir. W.lhnslow. (A.lv. ^om Eu.)

.J. G. aspr611um, Miilix. (ixoicai Bkdstraav.) Sttm weak, nuuli
branehed, ronijh lidcLuards inth liouhd prickles, leaning on bushes (3° - 5° high);
leans in u-horlso/6, or 4-5 on the brumhlets, oval-luuceulate, jiointed, with almost
priekh- margins and midrib; peduneles short, 2-3 times forked. — Low thick-
ets : eoninioM nortliward.

4. G. COncinnum, Torr. & Gr. Stems low and slender (C - 12' high),
with minutely roughened angles; leaces all in whorls of 6, linear, sliyhtlij jminltd,
vcinless, the margins upwardly roughened; peduncles slender, 2-3 times forked,
diffusely panielcd at the summit ; pedicels short. — Dry ground, Pennsylvania
from the Susquehanna, to Virginia, Michigan, Illinois, and Kentucky. — Leaves
not blackening in drying.

■t- t- Flowers ftic, lalend or lerminatiny the branches, not panirled.

5. G. trifidum, L, (Small Blustk.vw.) Stems weak, ascending (5'-
20' high), branching, mostly roughened backwards on the angles; leaves in
whorls of 4 to G, linear or oblanceolate, obtuse, the margins and midrib rough;
corolla-lobes and stamens often only 3. — Var. 1. prsfLLUM : stems rather
simple, 5' -8' high, nearly smooth; leaves only 3" -4" long, all in fours, soon
i*eflcxed; peduncles 1 -3-flowered. (In deep sphagnous swamps, northward.)
Var. 2. TiNCToKiUM : stem taller and stouter, and with nearly smooth angles;
peduncles 3 -"-flowered, the corolla-lobes and stamens 4. Var. 3. latifof.iim
( G. obtusum, Biytl. ) : stem smooth and widely i)ranchcd ; leaves oblong or ellip-
tical, quite rough on the midrib and margins. — Swamps: connnfn, and very
variai)le. (Eu.)

* * * Perennial, procumbent : leaves 6 or rarely .5 in a whorl, with prominent midrib
and no bthral nerces : flowers greenish : fruit bur-like, beset with hooked bristles.

6. G. triflbrum, Michx. (Sweet-sckxtkd Bedstkaw.) Stem (l°-
3° long) bristly -roughened backwards on the angles; leaves elliptical-lanceolate,
bristle-jwinted, with slightly roughened margins (l'-2' long) ; peduncles 3-How-
ered, the flowers all i)ediccllcd. — Kich wootllands : common. — Sweet-scented
in drying. (Eu.)

« « « * Perennial, uscendinr) or npriyht : leaves all in fours, more or lets 3-ncrved :

jKdiincles loosely or remotely 3 - several-flowered : corolla dull-purple, brownish, or

rarely cream-color ; the lobes pointed or bristle-tipped : fruit, except in No. 10,

bur-like, Ix'sH icith hooked bristles.

1. G. pildsum, Ait. //«/>(/ ,-/«Jirsorfj/, (lotted, hairy (1' long), .vni/n/^ 3-

nerred ; jiidnnclis twice or thrice 2 - 3-forki d, thf flowi-rs all judicelkd. — Dry C»)|)Ses,

Rhode Island and Vermont to Illinois and southward. — Var. PfxCTicLi.68iM

is a nearly smooth Inrm ((i. punciic iilosuni. Mirhr.): Virginia and southward.

8. G. Circoezans, Michx. (Wild Lh-ioimce.) Snumth or downy (1°

high) ; leavei oval, varying to ovate-oblong, mostly ol>tuse, ^-nerrid, cili.ifi' (!'- li'

long) ; peduncles usually oncefvrkid, the branches elonyated and widely diverging in

L & M— 29

210 RUBIACE^. (madder FAMILY.)

fruit, bearing several remote flowers on veri/ short latciol pedicels, roi[Qxcd in frnit;
lobes of the rw'o//fi /«i//7/ outside above the middle. — Rich woods: common. —
The var. moxt.\m .m is a dwarf, broad-leaved form, from mountain woods.

9. G. lanceolatum, Torr. (Wild Liquokice.) Leaves (except the
lowest) Idiiceolute or uvute-tunaolute, tuperini) to the apex (2' long) ; corolla (jUibrous:
Otherwise like the last. — Woodlands : common northward.

10. G. latifblium, Mich.x. Smooth (l°-2° high); leaves lanceolate or
ovute-hinreoiiite, acute, .3-ncrved below ; the midrib and margins rough ; cymes
paniclcd, U)Osily many-flowered, tlie purple flowers all on slendei- sprcadinr/ pedi-
cels; fniil siiwotli. — Dry woods, Mercersberg, Penn. {Prof. Porto-), Maryland,
and southward in the Alleghanies. (Also Arkansas, EiKjelmaun.)

• * * * * Perennial, erect: leaves 4 or 8 in a wliorl : floivcrs irri/ ninnrroas and
crowded in a narroiv and compact terni'mil paiiiclt', ivltUe or ijellow.

11. G. bore^le, L. (NonxiiiiKN Bkdstraw.) Smooth (l°-2°high);
leaves in fours, lin ur-lanceolati', 3-nerved ; flowers white; fruit minutehj hristljj, some-
times smooth. — Rocky banks of streams : common, especially northward. (Eu.)

12. G. viiKUM, L. (Yelloav Bedstraw.) Leaves in eiijhls (or some in
si.xes), linear, grooved above, roughish deflcxed ; flowers yellow ; fruit smooth. —
Dry fields, E. Massachusetts, (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SPERMACOCE, L. Button-weed.

Calyx-tube short; the limb parted into 4 teeth. Corolla funnel-form or
salver-form ; the lobes valvate in the l)ud. Stamens 4. Stigma or style 2-cleft.
Fruit small and dry, S-i-elled, 2-seeded, splitting when ripe into 2 carpels, one
of them usually carrying with it the partition, and therefore closed, the other
open on the inner face. — Small herbs, the bases of the leaves or petioles con-
nected by a bristle-bearing stii)ular membrane. Flowers small, crowded into
sessile axillary whorled clusters or heads. Corolla whitish. (Name compounded
of anepfia, seed, and aKaxrj, a point, probably from the pointed calyx-teeth on
the fruit.)

1. S. glabra, Mich.x. Ghii)rous j)crennial ; stems sjircading (9' -20' long) ;
leaves oblong-lanceolate; whorled heads many-dowered ; corolla little exceeding
the calyx, bearded in the throat, bearing the anthers at its base; filaments and
style hardly any. — River-banks, S. Ohio, Illinois, and southward. Aug.

3. DIODIA, L. BlTTON-WEED.

Calyx-teeth 2 -.5, often unequal. Fruit 2- (rarely 3-) celled; the crustaccous
carpels into which it splits all closed and indehisccnt. Otherwise resembling
Spermaeoce. Flowering all summer. (Name from 8io6os, a thoroughfare ; the
species often growing by the wayside.)

1. D. Virginica, L. Smooth or hairy perennial ; stems spreading (1°-
2° long) ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile ; flowers 1-3 in each
axil; corolla white {V long), the .flnidcr tube nhrupllij expanded into the large
limb; style 2-p<(rted ; friit ohiinii/, stronglii fnrrowid, crowiu'd mostly with 2 slender
calyx-teeth. — River-banks, Maryland, and southward. Also naturalized near
Fhiladelphia, C. F. Parker.

KUBIACEyE. (mAUDF.R FAMILY.) 211

2. D. tdres, Walt. Hairy or minutely ])uhcscent annual ; stem spreading
3 '- 9' long), nearly terete ; leaves iinear-Ianei.olatc, elosely sessiile, ri<,nd ; Howers
1-3 in each axil; corolla Juiinel-form (2"-3" lony, whitish), witii short'lobes,
not exeeeiling the long bristles of the stipules; sti/lc tnKlividal ; fruit obovate-
turbinate, nut furroiad, erownetl witii 4 short ealyx-teeth. — bandy liclds, from
New Jersey and Illinois southward.

4. CEPHALANTHUS, L. BLXTOx-nrsii.

Calyx-tube inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla tubular, 4-
toothed ; the teeth imbrieated in the bud. Style thread-form, much protruded.
Stiy:ma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, small, inversely pyramidal, 2-4-celled,
at length splitting from the base upward into 2 - 4-closed 1-seeded j)ortions. —
Shrubs, with the flowers densely aggregated in spherical pedunded heails. Flow-
ers white. (Xame composed ol' K((f}a\T], a lund, and livdos, d Jlouxr.)

1. C. OCCident^lis, L. Smooth or ])ul)esccnt; leaves ijctiokd, ovate or
lanceolate-oblong, pointed, opposite or whorled in threes, with short intervening
stipules. — Wet places : common. July, Aug.

5. MITCHELLA, L. Paktuidg^-berry.

Flowers in pairs, with their ovaries united. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla fun-
nel-form, 4-lobed ; the lobes spreading, densely bearded inside, valvate in the
bud. Stamens 4. Style I : stigmas 4, linear. Fruit a berry-like double drupe,
crowned with the calyx-teeth of the two tiowers, eueh with 4 small and seed-like
bony nutlets. — A smooth and trailing small evergreen herb, with round-ovate
and siiining petioied leaves, minute stipules, wiiite fragrant flowers often tinged
with |mr])le, and scarlet edible (but nearly tasteless) dry berries, which remain
overwinter. Flowers occasionally 3 - G-raerons, always dimorphous ; all those
of some individuals having exserted stamens and included stigmas; of others,
included stamens and exserted style. (This very jiretty plant commemorates
Dr. John Mitch' II, an early correspondent of Linnieus, and an excellent botanist,
who roidcd in Virginia.)

1. M. l'6pens, L. — Dry wooils, creeping about the font of trees : common.
June, July. — Leaves often variegated with whitish lines. Karely the two flow-
ers arc completely confluent into one, with a 10-lobed corolla.

6. OLDENLANDIA, Plumier, L. Oi-dicnlamiiv.

Calyx 4- (rarely 5-) lohcd, persistent. Corolla short, in our species wheel-
shaped ; the limb 4- (rarely .")-) parted, v.ilvatc in the bud. Stamens 4 (rarely
5): anthers short. Style 1 or none: stigmas 2. Foil thin, 2-celled, many-
8ce<led, opening loculicidally across the summit. Seeds concave, very numer-
ous, minute and angidar. — Low herbs, with small sti[iules united to the peti-
oles. (Dedicated, in I70.T, to the memory of O'ihnhnul, a German jihysiciaii
and botanist, wiio died varly at the ('iii>e of (Jood IIo]r'.)

1 O. glomer^ta, Michx An iiuonspienous, pubescent or smoothish,
brauehed and spreading annual (2'- 12' high) ; leaves oblong ; flowers in sessile

212 RUBIACK^. (madder FAMILY.)

axillary clusters ; corolla nearly wheel-shaped (white), much shorter than the
calyx. ((). uniflura, L. Ikdyotis glouierata, EU.) — Wet places, S. New York
to Virginia near the coast, aud southward.

7. HOUSTONIA, L. IIoustonia.

Calyx 4-lol)ed, persistent; the lobes in fruit distant. Corolla salver-form or
funnel-form, usually much longer than the calyx-lobes, 4-lobed, the lobes valvate
in the bud. Stamens 4 : anthers linear or oblong. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Ovary
2-cellcd. Pod top-shaped, globular, or didymous, thin, its summit or upper
half free from and projecting beyond the tube of the calyx, loculicidal across the
top. Seeds rather few (4-20 in each cell), peltate and saucer-shajjed or globu-
lar-tiiimble-shaped. pitted. — Small herbs, with short entire stipules connecting
the petioles or narrowed bases of the leaves, and cymosc or solitary and pedun-
cled flowers. These are dimorphous, in some individuals with the anthers borne
high up on the tube of the cofolla and projecting from its throat, while the style
is short and the stigma therefore included : in the other sort the anthers are low
down in the corolla and the style long, the stigmas therefore protruding ; — an
arrangement for cross-fertilization. (Named for Dr. Wm. Houston, an English
botanist who collected in Central America.) The genus, formerly merged in
Oldenlandia, merits S-estoration.

* Erect, mosf/i/ perennial herbs (G'-20' hir/h), tvith siern-leaves sessile, and flowers

in terminal small cymes or clusters: corolla funnel-form, purplish, often hairy in-
side: seeds meniscoiddl , ivith a ridije acj-oss the hollowed inner face.

1. H. purpurea, L. Pubescent or smooth (8'- 1 5' high); leaves varyiu;/
from roundish-ovate to lunceolote, 3 - 5-ribbed ; calyx-lobes longer than the Imlf
free globular pod. (IIoustonia purpurea, Z. H. varians, ^l/(t7ij-. Oldenlandia
purpurea, ed. 2.) — Woodlands, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.
May- July. — Varying wonderfully, as into : —

Var. longif61ia. Leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to linear, nar-
rowed at the base, 1-ribbed ; calyx-lobes scarcely as long as the pod ; stems 5'-
12' high. ( IIoustonia longifolia, Willd.) — Maine to Wisconsin and southward.
— A narrow-leaved, slender form is 11. tenuifolia, Nutt.

Var. ciliolata. More tufied stems .3'-G' high; root-leaves in rosettes,
thickish and ciiiate ; calyx-lobes about as long as the pod. (Houstonia ciliolata,
Torr.) — Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from N. New York to Wisconsin.

2. H. angustif61ia, Michx. Stems tufted from a hard or woody root;
leaves narrowly linear, acute. 1-ribbed, many of them fascicled; flowers crowded,
short-pedicelled ; lobes of the corolla densely bearded inside ; pod oboroid, acute at
the l)a.<ip, only its summit free from the calyx, opening first across the top, at length
through the partition. (Oldenlandia angustifolia, ed. 2. Hcdyotis stcnophylla,
Torr. ^- Gray.) — Plains and banks, from Illinois southward. June -Aug.

* * Small and delicate, chiefly annuals or biennials, vernal-flowerinf] : ptdunchs \-flow-

ered : corolla sed vi-r-furm : upper half of the broad and somewhat '2-lobed pod free :
seeds (/lobular, ivith a very deep round cavity occupying the inner face.

3. H. minima, Beck. Scabrous; stems at length much branched and
spreading (l'-4' high); lowest leaves ovate or spatulate, the upper oblong or

I

VALEKIANACE^. (VALEUIAX FAMILY.) 213

nearly linear; earlier peduncles elonjjatcd and spreading in fruit, the later ones
sliort ; titl>e of the pnrijlish corolla not lom/ir than its loln's nor than the amjth. calijX'
lobes (\V lonjr). — Dry hills, W. Illinois and south westward. March -May.

4. H. casi'tllea, L. (Bluets.) (^^Ai/^johs; stems erect, slender, sparingly
branched from the base (.3'- 5' high) ; leaves oblong-spatulate (."J" -4" long) ;
peduncle lilitbrni, erect ; corolla with tube much loni/cr than its l(Jtes or than those
of tlie calyx. (Oklenlandia cKrulea, cd. 2.) Moist and grassy places; produ-
cing from early spring to niitlsuniuier its delicate little flowers, light blue, pale
lilac, or nearly white with a yellowish eye.

H. sERi'YLLiFoi-iA, Michx., — with similar flowers, but with slender
creeping stems, abounding in the mountains of N. Carolina, — may occur in
those of Virginia.

H. ROTLXDiFOLiA, Miclix., — also Creeping, but with much larger round-
ish leaves, and axillary peduncles nodding in fruit, — belongs to the low country
of the Southern States, and may occur in S. E. Virginia.

Order 51. VALERIANACEiE. (Valeriax Family.)

Herbs, with opposite leaves and no stipules : the calyx-tube coherent with
the ovary, which has one fertile l-ovulerl cell and two abortive or empty ones ;
the staynens distinct, I - 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla, and inserted
on its tube. — Corolla tubular or funnel-form, often irregular, mostly 5-
lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 1 - 3.
Fruit indeliisoent, 1-celled (the two empty cells of the ovary disappear-
ing), or 3-celleil, two of them empty, the other 1-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous, with a large embryo and no albumen. — Flowers in panicled
or clustered cymes. (Roots often odorous and antispasmodic.) — Repre-
sented by only two genera.

1. VALERIANA, Toum. Valeriax.

Limb of the calyx of several plumose bristles (like a pappus) which are rolled
up_ inwards in flower, but unroll and spread as the seed-like 1-celled fruit ma-
tures. Corolla commonly gibbous near tlie base, the ij-lobed limb nearly regular.
Stamens 3. — Perennial herbs, with thickened strong-scented foots, and simple
or pinnate leaves. Flowers in many species imperfectly dicecious, or iliniorphous.
(Name from valere, to have efficacy, alluding to the medicinal qualities.)
* Unot Jihrons : leaves thin. {Stems l°-S° hiyh )

1. V. paucifl6ra, Michx. Smooth, slemler, sureulose ; root-leaves ovate,
heart-slia/ied, toothed, pointed, sometimes with 2 small lateral divisions ; stem-
leaves piimate, with 3-7 ovate toothed leaflets ; branches of the panicled cyme
few-flowered ; tube of the (pale pink) corolla lony and slender {y long). — Wood-
lands, and alluvial banks, IVnn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter) ami Ohio to S.
Illinois and southward. June.

2. V. sylv^tica, Richards. Smooth or minutely pubescent ; root-leaves
ovate, or oblong, entire, rarely with 2 small lobCB ; stem-leaves pinnate, with 5-11

214 VALKUIANACK-K. (VALKUIAN FAMILY.)

ob!ong-ovate or lanceolate nearly entire leaflets ; cyme at first close, many-
flowered ; corolla Inviri^ilij conical (3" loni;, rosc-eolor or white). — Cedar swamps,
Western Vermont to Wisconsin and nortinvanl. June. (Probably a form of
V. dioiea, L.) n.

* Hoot s/iindh'-shapcd, larr/e and deep (6' -12' long) : leaves thickish.
3. V. 6dulis, Nutt. Smooth, or minntcly downy when very yonng ; stem
straight (l°-4° high), few-leaved; leaves commonly minutely and densely
ciliate, those of the root spatulate and lanceolate, of the stem pinnately parted
into 3-7 long and narrow divisions ; flowers in a long and narrow interrupted
panicle, nearly diu'cious ; corolla whitish, obconieal (2" long). (V. ciliiita,
Torr. ^- Gr.) — Alluvial ground, Ohio to Wisconsin, and westward. June.

2. FEDIA, Gicrtn. Coun Salad. L.vmb-Lettuce.

Limb of the calyx obsolete or merely toothed. Corolla funnel-form, equally
or unequally 5-lobed. Stamens 3, rarely 2. Fruit 3-celled, two of the cells
empty and sometimes confluent into one, the other 1-seeded. — Annuals and
biennials, usually smooth, with forking stems, tender and rather succulent leaves
(entire or cut-lobed towards the base), and white or whitish cymose-clustered
and bracte'd small flowers. (Name of uncertain derivation.) — Our species all
have the limb of the calyx obsolete, and are so much alike in aspect, flowers,
&c., that good characters are only to be taken from the fruit. They all have
a rather short corolla, the limb of which is nearly regular, and therefore be-
long to the section (by many botanists taken as a genus) Valkuianella.

1. F. OLiTURiA, Vahl. Fndt compressed, oblique, at length broader than
long, with (I corkij or sponpi/ moss at the buck of the fi-rlUe cell nearli/ as larfje as the
(often confluent) emj)ti/ cells; flowers bluish. — Fields, New York and Peim.
to Virginia : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. F. Fagopyrum, Ton-. & Gr. Fruit ordte-triniifjiilnr, smooth, not t/rooued
between the (at length confluent) em pti/ cells, which form the anterior am/le, and are
much smaller than the broad and JIat fertile one ; flowers white. — Low grounds,
from Western New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June. — Plant
l°-20 high.

3. F. radi^ta, Michx. Fruit ovoid, downi/ (rarely smooth), oldnseli/ and
tmequally somewhat A-amjled ; the empti] cells parallel and contifjuons, but with a
deep groove between them, rather narroicer than the flat tish fertile cell. — Low
grounds, Penn. to Michigan, an<l southward. — Plant 6' -15' high.

4. F. Umbilic^ta, Sulliv. Fmit (/lolndar-omte, smooth; the much in flat d
sterile cells wider and many times thicker than the flattish feHile one, contiguous, and
when yovmg with a-common partition, u-hen grown, indented with a deep circular
depressiou in the middle, opening into the confluent sterile cells; bracts not cili-
ate.— Moist grounds, Columbus, Ohio, SulJivant. (Sill. Jour. Jan. 1842.)

5. F. patell^l'ia, Sulliv. Fruit smooth, circular, platter-shafied or disk-like,
slightly notched at both ends, the flattrned-concave sterile cells widili/ divergent,
much broader than the fertile one, and forming a kind of wing arotmd it when
ripe. — Low grounds, Columbus. Ohio, Sullivant. — Plant l°-2° high, resem-
bling the last, but with a very diflerent fruit.

COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.; 215

Ordkr 52. DIPSACE.'E. (Tkaskl Family.)

Herbs, witli opposite or tchor/ed leaves, no stipules, and the flowers in dense
heads, surrounded by an involucre, as in the Composite Funiily ; but the sta-
mens are distinct, and the suspended seed has albumen. — Represented by
the Scabious (cultivated) and the genus

1. DIPSACUS, Tourn. Teasei-

InvohicTC maiiy-lcavi'd, lonj^er than tlie chaffy Icafy-tippcd and pointed bracts
amon^ the (k-nsdy capitate Ho\vor.>( : cm\\ tlower with a 4-lcaved calyx-like in-
voluccl investin},^ the ovary and fruit (aclicniuni). Ciilyx-tubc coherent with
the ovary, the limb cup-.shapcd, without a pappus. Corolla nearly regular,
4-clcft. Stamens 4, inserted on the corolla, t^tyle slender. — Stout and coarse
biennials, hairy or priekly, with large oblong heads. (Name from 5(^da>,
to thirst, probably because the united cup-shaj)cd bases of the leaves in some
species hold water.)

1. D. SYLVESTRis, Mill. ( W I'D Tkasel. ) Prickly ; Icavcs lancc-oblong ;
leaves of the involucre slender, longer than the head ; bracts (chart) tapering
into a long fle.xiblc awn with a straight jwint. — Roadsides : rather rare. (Nat.
from Eu.) Susjx:cted to be the original of

'2. D. Fllloxum, L., the cultivated Fi;i.ler's TEASKi^.wbich has a shorter
involucre, and stifJ" chaff to the heads, with hooked points, used for raising a
nap upon woollen cloth : it has escaped from cultivation in some places. (Adv.
from Eu.)

OuDEu 53. COItlPOSIT.E. (Composite Family.)

Flowers in a close head (tlie compound flower of the older botanists),
on a common receptacle, surrounded by an involucre, with 5 (rarely 4)
stamens inserted on the corolla, their anthers united in a tube (synyenesious).
— Calyx-tube united with the 1-celled ovary, the limb (called a. pappus)
crowning its summit in the form of bristles, awns, scales, teeth, &c., or
cup-shaped, or else entirely absent. Corolla either strap-shaped or tubu-
lar ; in the latter chielly 5-lobed, valvat« in the bud, the veins bordering
the margins of the lobes. Style 2-cleft at the ape.x. Fruit seed-like
(achenium), dry, containing a single erect "aiiatropous seed, with no albu-
men. — An immense family, in temperate regions chiefly herbs, without
stipules, with perfect, polygamous, monoecious, or di<rcious flowers. The
flowers with a strap-shaped (liyulate) corolla are called rays or ray-Jlotc-
ers: the head which presents such flowers, either throughout or at the
margin, is radiate. The tubular flowers compose the disk ; and a head
■which has no ray-flowers is said to be discoid. When the head contains
two sorts of flowers it is saitl to be hflcrdyamous : when oidy one sort,
homdyamous. The leaves of the involucre, of whatever form or texture,
are termed scales. The bracts or scales, which often grow on the recep-

216 COMPOSITyE. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.)

tacle among the flowers, are called the chaff: when these are wanting,
the receptacle is s.iid to he naked. — The largest order of Phfcnoganious
plants. It is divided by the corolla into three suborders, only two of
which are represented in the Northern United States. The first is much
the larger.

SunonnF.n I. TUBUHFtORiE.

Corolla tubular in all the perfect flowers, regularly 5- (rarely 3-4-)
lobed, ligulate only in the marginal or ray-tlowers, which when present
are either pistillate only, or neutral (with neither stamens nor pistil).

The technical characters of the five tribes of the vast sul)ordcr TubuliJIora,
taken from the styles, rc(iuirc a magnifyinj^-glass to make tliem out, and will
not always be clear to the student. Tiic following artificial analysis, founded
upon other and more obvious distinctions, will be useful to the beginner. (The
numbers are those of the genera.)

Artificial Key to the Genera of this Suborder.

§ 1. Rays or ligulate flowers none: corollas all tubular (or rarely none).
* Flowers of the head all perfect and alike.
Pappus composed of bristles ;

Double, the outer of very short, the inner of longer bristles No. 1

Simple, the bristleoi all of the same sort.

Heads few-flowered, themselves aggregated into a compound or dense cluster. . . 2.
Heads separate, few-flowered or many-flowered.

Keceptacle (when the flowers are pulled off) bristly-hairy . . . . 67, 68, "0.

Kcceptacle deeply honeycomb-like 69.

Keceptacle uaked.

Pappus of plumose or bearded stiff bristles. Flowers purple 4.

Pappus of very plumose bristles. Flowers whitish • . 5.

Pappus of slender but rather stiff rough bristles 6,7,8,20.

Pappus of very soft and weak naked bristles 62, 63.

Pappus composed of scales or cbatf.

Receptacle naked. Leaves in whorls. 3.

Iteceptiicle naked. Leaves alternate 45.

lleceptncle bearing chaff among the flowers. 49.

Pappus of 2 or few barbed awns or teeth 41,42.

Pappus none, or a mere crown-like margin to the fruit. 65, 57.

* * Flowers of two kinds in the .same head.
Marginal flowers neutral and sterile, either conspicuous or inconspicuous. . . 65, 66.
Marginal flowers pistillate and fertile.

Keceptacle elongated and bearing broad chaff among the flowers 60.

Receptacle naked or bearing no conspicuous chalf.

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre imbricated 23, fiS. 59

Pappus of capillary bristles. Involucre merely one row of scales. . . 14,61.

Pappus obsolete or none.

Achenia becoming much loneer than the involucre. 11

Acheiiia not exceeding the involucre 29, 56, 57.

♦ » * Flowers of two kinds in .separate heads, the one pistillate, the other staminate.

Heads dioecious ; in both kinds many-flowered. Pappus capillary 24, 59

Heads monoecious ; the fertile 1 - 2-flowered and closed. Pappus none. . . . 30, 31

COMPOSURE, (composite famii,\-.) 217

{ 2. Rays present ; 1. c. the mnrginal flowers or some of thein with ligulate corollas.
• I'uppus of cupillujy bristles. (Iluys uU pistillate.)

RajR occupy ing several rows 9, 10, 14.

Ka>8 ill oue iii.irKiiiiil row, mid

\Vhit«, purple or blue, uever yellow 12-15.

Yellow, of the niuiu color as the il'i^k.

Pappus double, the outer short and minute 21.

Pappus ^illlple.
Scales of the involucre equal and all in one row. Leaves alternate. . . C3.

Scales of the involucre in two rows. Leaves opposite 04.

Scales of the involucre imbricated. Leaves alternate 19, 22.

* • Pappus a circle of shafTy scales, dissected into bristles. ... 44.
• • * Pappus a circle of tliin chuffy scales or short chaffy bristlea.

Heads several-flowered. Receptacle chaffy. 50.

Heads 8-10 Hi>weri'd. Keceptacle naked 18.

Heads many-flowered. Kcceptacle dei-ply honeycombed 48.

Heads mil ny- flowered. Keceptacle naked 45.}, 46, 47.

• » * Pappus none, or a cup or crown, or of 2 or 3 awns, teeth, or chaffy scales corresponding

with the edges or angles of the ucheniuui, often with intervening minute bristles or scales.

1- Keceptacle naked.

Acbenia flat, wing-margined. Pappus of separate little bristles or awns 16.

Acbcnia fliit, marginless. Pappus none. Receptacle conical 17.

Achenia terete or angled. Pappus none. Receptacle flattish 54.

Achenia angled. Pappus a little cup or crown. Receptacle conical. .... 55.

4- -I- Receptacle chaffy.
Rays neutral (rarely pistillate but sterile) ; the disk-flowers perfect and fertile.
Receptacle elevated (varying from strongly convex to columnar;, and

Chaffy only at the summit ; the chaff deciduous. Pappus none 5I.

Chaffy Ihrous'iout. Achenia flattened laterally If at all 8G-40.

Receptacle flat or fliltish. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales or chaff. . 41,42.
Rays pistillate .ind fertile ; the disk-flowers also perfect and fertile.

Achenia much flattened laterally, 1-2-awned 43.

Achenia flattened p.irallel with the scales and chaff. Pappus none. ... 53.

Achenia 3- 4-angular terete or laterally flatfish, awnless.

Receptacle convex or conical. Leaves alternate dissected 52.

Receptacle conical. Leaves opposite simple.

Achenia ohovoid. Involucre a leafy cup 32.

.Achenia 4-angular. Involucre of separate scales. S.'S.

Recppticle flat. Leaves opposite and simple 33, 34.

Rays pistillate and fertile : the disk -flowers staniinat« and sterile (pistil imperfect).

Receptacle chaffy 25-28.

Systemalic Synopsis.
Tribe I. VKRNOXIACF^.. Heads discoid ; the flowers all alike, perfect and tubu-
lar. Branches of the style long and slender, terete, thread-shaped, minutely bristly -hairy
all over. — Leaves alternate or scattered.
1. Vernoiiln. Heads several -many-flowered, separate. Involucre of many scales. Pap-
pus of many capillary bristles
2 Elrpliniilopiis. Heads .l-o-flowered, several crowded topether into a compound head.

Involucre of S .scales. Pappus of several chaffy bristles.
Tribe II. ErP.\TORf.\rFiK. Heads di.scoid, the flowers all alike, perfect and tu-
bular ; or in a few cases dissimilar, and the outer ones ligulate Ilranches of the style
thickened upwards or club-shaped, obtuse, very mlnutbl/ and uniformly pubescent -, tb*
siigmaUc Unee indistinct, ,

G M— 10

218 CO-MPOSIT.E. (cOMrOSITE FAMILY.)

Subtrlbe 1. EupatorU-rc. Flowers all perfect and tubular, never truly yellow.

* Pappus a row of hard scales.

8. Sclerolepis. Head many -flonereJ. Scales of the involucre equal. Leaves wborled.

» * I'appus of slender bristles.

4. Lilatris. Achenia many-rihbcd. Bristles of the pappus plumose or barbellate. Corollas

red-purple, .strongly 5-lobed.

5. Kiiliiiiii. Aohenia many -ribbed. Bristles of the pappus very strongly plumose. Corol-

liui whitish, 5-toothed.

6. Eu|>atui-iiim. Achenia 5-angled. Bri.«tles of the pappus roughish. Scales of the

involucre many or several. Ueieptacle of the 5 -many flowers flat or barely convex.

7. nilkaiiia. Acbenia and pappus as No. 6> Scales of the involucre and flowers only 4.

8. Couoclluiuin< Acbenia, pappus, &c. as No. 6. Receptacle conical.

iSubtribe 3. Tussilasinrte. Flowers (sometimes yellow, more or le.'s monoecious or
diwi'ious) of 2 sorts iu the same head.
* Outer flowers of each (many-flowered) head l>istillate and ligulate. Scape leafless.
9 NardoMiiiiu. Heads corymbed. Flowers somewhat dioecious. Pappus capillary.

10. Tussilujjo. Ilead single ; the outer pistillate flowers in many rows. Pappus capillary.

♦ * Flowers all tubular. Stem leafy.

11. Adenocauloii. Uead few-flowered ; the ouler flowers pistillate. Pappus none.

Tribe III. ASTEROIDEiE. Heads discoid, with the flowers all alike and tuhular ;
or else radiate, the outer ones ligulate and pistillate. Bl-auches of the style in the perfect
flowers flat, smooth up to where the conspicuous marginal stigmatic lines abruptly termi-
nate, and prolonged above this into a flattened lance-shaped or triangular appendage which
is evenly hairy or pubescent outside. — Leaves alternate. Keceptacle naked (destitute of
chafl^) in all our species.

Subtrlbe 1. Asterliiere. Flowers of the head all alike and perfect, or the marginal
ones ligulate and pistillate. Anthers without tails at the base.

» Kay -flowers white, blue, or purple, never yellow.
^- Pappus of numerous long and capillary bristles : receptacle flat.

12. Sericocnrpus. Heads 12 - 15 flowered : rays 4 or 5. Involucre oblong or club-shaped,

imbricated, carJ;ilaginous. Ac .euia short, narrowed downwards, silky.

13. Aster. Heads many-flowered. Involucre loosely or closely imbricated, .\chenia flattish.

Pappus simple, copious.

14. Eriseroii. Heads many-flowered. Involucre of narrow scales, little imbricated.

Achenia flattened. Pappus simple and rather scanty, or with some outer minute scales.

15. DIplopappus. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Pappus double; the

outer obscure, of minute slitt bristles,
t- I- Pappus of very short rigid bristles, or none : receptacle conical or hemispherical.

16. Boltonia. Achenia flat and wing-margined. Pappus very short.

17. Bellis. Achenia marginless. Pappus none. Recepta<;le conical.

* * Ray-flowers yellow (in one species of Polidago whitish), or sometimes none at all.

18. Brachj-rhreta. Heads 8-10 flowered, clustered: rays 4 or 5. Pappus a row of mi-

nute bristles shorter than the achenium.

19. !SoIifIii;;o. Heads few - many-flowered : rays 1 - 16. Pappus simple, of numerous slen-

der and erjual capillary bristles.

20. Bigelovia. Heads 3- 4-flowered : rays none. Receptacle awl-shapcd. Pappus simple,

a single row of capillary bristles.

21. Chrysopsia. Heads many-flowered: rays numerous. Pappus double; the outer of

very small chaffy bristles, much shorter than the inner of copious capillary bristles.

Subtrlbe 2. Inulrse. Anthers with tails at their base : otherwise as Subtribe 1.

22. luulo. Heads many-flowered. Rays many. Pappus capillary and copious.

COMPOSITyr,. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 219

Snbtribc 3. Bncchnricletv &. Tart-honaiithfoe. Flowors of the head all tuba-
Ijir, eitlier dineoious or iiioiia'ciou-', n.-iim-ly, the Ktiiniinitto and pistillate (lowtTH eitlier in
different la-ads on distinct plants, or in the sanii- liead. Corolla of the pistillate fertile flow-
ers a very slender tube fiheathing the style, and truncat4! at the summit.

23. Pliichrn. Heads contJiining a few perfect but sterile flowers in the centre, and many

pistillate fertile ones around them. Anthers tiileJ at the base. I'uppus capillary.

24. BacchnrU. Heads dicGcious, some all pistillate, others all stamiaate, on different plants.

Anthers tailles-s. Pappus capillary.

Tribe IV. SENECIOXIDE.^. Heads various. Branches of the style in the fertile
flowers linear, thiokish or convex externally, flat intemalh, hairy or pi^ncil-tufted at the
apex (where the stiginatic lines terminate abruptly), and eitlier truncate, or continued be-
yond into a bristly-hairy appendage. — Leaves either opposite or alternate.

Subtribe 1. Melnmpodiiierc. Flowers none of them truly perfect, but either stam-
inate or pistillate ; the two sorts either in the same or in different heads. Anthers tailless.
I'uppus, if any, never of bristles.

• Heads containing two kinds of flowers, the marginal ones pistillate, the central and tubular

Rtaminate flowers having a style, but alwais sterile.
<- Fertile flowers with a li^ulate corolla (rarely wanting in No. 25) receptacle chaffy.

25. Polyimiln. Achenia thick and turgid, roundi.sh. Pappus none.

26. Chrysnjfonum. Achenia flattish. I'appus a one-sided 2 - S-toothed chaffy crown.

27. Sil|ihluin. Achenia flat, wing-margined, numerous in several rows : rays deciduous.

28. Pat-theiiiuin. Achenia fl.at, slightly margined: rays very short, persistent.

<- t- Fertile flowers with tubular or no corolla : no pappus.

29. Ivn< Achenia short and thick : recept;icle with narrow <'haff.

57. Arlemlsln, in part. Achenia short and small : receptHcle naked.

11. Adeiiocauloii. Achenia elongated, bearing stalked glands : receptacle naked.

• * Heads of two sorts, one containing staminate, the other pistillate flowers, both borne on

the same plant ; the pistillate only 1 or 2. in a closed involucre re.-sembling an achenium or
a bur ; the st.iuiinate several, in an open cup-shaped involucre.

30. Ambrosia. Fertile involucre (fruit; .small, l-flowered, pointed and often tubercled.

31. Xaiithluin. Fertile involucre (fruit) an oblong prickly bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered.

Sul>tribe '4. Ilrlinitlhrie. Hcadsradiate.orr.irely discoid; the rays ligulatc. the disk-
flowers all perfect and fertile. Uecept.icle chaffy. Anthers bl.ickish, taillejss. Pappus none,
or a crown or cup, or of one or two chaffy awns, never capillary, nor of several uniform
chaffy scales. — Leaves more commonly opposite.

* Kays pistillate and fertile : achenia 3 -4-sided, slightly if at all flattened.
1- Involucre double ; the outer forming a cup.

32. Tetragonotheca. Outer involucre 4-leaved. Achenia obovoid. Pappus none.

<- ^- InV' 'lucre of one or more rows of separate scales.
3.3. Ec-lipta. Receptacle flat ; its chaff bristle-shaped. #appus obsolete or none.
3t. Ilorrlvhia. Ueccpt.acle flat, its chaff .-icale-like and rigid. Pappus an obscure croTrn.
35. HeliopMis. Receptacle conical ; ita chaff linear. Pappus none or a mere border.

• • Kays sterile (either entirely neutral or with an imperfect style), or occa.'sionally none ; ache-

nia 4-angular or flatteneil laterally, i.e. their edges directed iuwards and outwards, th^
ch;iff of the receptacle embracing their outer edge.

<- Receptacle elevaU^d, conical or columnar. Pappus none or a short crown.
3f). Echiiinrrn. Kays (very long) pistillate, but sterile. Achenia short, 4-sided.
37 Riiilberkin. Kays neutn\l. Achenia 4sicliMl, flat at the top, inarginless.
3.S. Ltiint liys. Itays few, neutral. Achenia flattened laterally and margined.
«- <- Receptacle flattish or conical. Pappus chaffy or awned.

39. HclianthuH. Achenia flatteneil, margiulcss. Pappus of 2 very deciduous chaffy scales.

40. Actliionierlii. Achenia very flat, wing-margined, bearing 2 persistent awns.

220 coMPOSiT.E. (composite family.)

• • • Rays sterile, tieutrnl : achenia obcompressed, I. e. flattened parallel with the scales of the
involuore, the faces looking inwards and outwards. Involucre double ; the outer spreading
and often foliaceous. Iteceptiicle flat.

41. Coreopsis. Pappus of 2 (or rarely more) scales, teeth, or awns, which are naked or

barbed upwards, sometimes obsolete or a mere crown.

42. Bid«ii8> Pappus of 2 or more rigid and persistent downwardly barbed awns or teeth.

« • * » Rays pistillate or fertile (rarely none): achenia laterally flattened, 2-awned.

43. Vtrbesliia. Itays few and small, or rarely none. Receptacle convex. Achenia some-

times winged.
Subtribe :t. TRg^etiiiere. Heads commonly radiate ; the r.iys ligulate ; the disk-flowers
all perfect and fertile. Receptacle naked, fiat. Scales of the involucre united into a cup.
Pappus various. — Herbage strong-sceuted (as in Tagetes of the gardens), being dotted with
large pellucid glands containing a volatile oil.

44. DysoUia. Pappus a row of chally scales dissected into many bristles.

Subtribe 4. Heleiiierc. Heads radiate or .sometimes discoid ; the disk-flowers perfect.
Pappus a circle of several chaify scales. Anthers tailless.

« Receptacle naked (not chaffy nor honeycombed.)

46. Hymeiiopnppus. Ra>8 none. Receptacle flat. Scales of the involucre colored.
45}. Acliiiella. Itays pistillate, merely toothed. Receptacle elevated, rnvolui're appressed.
40. Heleiiiuin. Rays pistillate, 3 5-cleft. Receptacle elevated. Involucre small, reflexed.

47. Leptopotla. Rays neutral or sterile : otherwi.se as i\o 40.

« * Receptacle deeply pitted, like hone.conib.

48. Balcl^viiiia. Rays numerous: neutral, elongated. Involucre much imbricated.

* * « Receptacle chaffy.

49. Mnrshallia. Rays none. Involucre of many narrow and foliaceous scales.

50. Gnlliisoga. Rays 4 or 5, short, pistillate, whitish ; the disk yellow. Involucre of 4 or

5 ovate and thin scales.

Subtribe 5. Anthemidree. Heads radiate or discoid ; the perfect flowers sometimes
infertile, and the jiistillate flowers rarely tubular. Pappus a short crown or none. Other-
wise nearly as Subtribe 4.

» Receptacle chaffy, nt least in part: rays ligulate.

51. Maruta. Ravo neutral. Achenia ohovoid .and many-ribbed. Pappus none.

.')2. Aiitlieinis. Rays pistillate. Achenia terete or 4 angular. Pappus minute or none.

53. Acliillea. Rays pistillate, short. Achenia flattened and margined.

* * Receptacle naked.

54. Leucniilliemiini. Rays numeroas, pistillate. Receptacle flatfish. Achenia striate

or ribbed. Pappus none.

55. Matricaria. Rays pistillate, or none, and then all the flowers perfect. Receptacle con-

ical. Pappus crown-like or none.

56. Tanacetiiin. Rays none, but the marginal flowers pistillate. Achenia broad at the

top. Pappus a short crown.

57. Artemisia. Rays none ; some of the outer flowers often pistillate. Achenia narrow at

the top. Pappus none.

Subtribe 0. Gnaphalinrnc. Heads all di.scoid, with tubular corollas; those of the
fertile flowers filiform. Anthers with tails at their b.ise. Pappus of capillary bristles.
Flocculent-wnolly herbs : leaves alternate.
68. Gnaphaliuin. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads containing both perfect and pistillate

flowers. Bristles of the pappus all slender.
59. Aiitciiiiaria. Receptacle naked, flat. Heads dioecious, or nearly so. Pappus of the

staminate flowers thickened or club-shaped at the summit.
CO. Fila^o. Receptacle columnar or top-sh<aped, chaify. Pappus of the inner flowers capil-
lary, of the outer often none.

COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITF, FAMILY.) 221

Snbtribe 7. Senvcionero. Heads rniliate or disroiJ ; the rentrnl flowers perfect. An-
thers t^iii less. I'iippus ciipillury. KeccpCaeIc nukcJ. (Scales of the involucre cutnoionly
iu a siugle row.)

• Heads discoid. Leaves alternate.

6L EreclilUitcs. Heads many - liowercd : flowers wiiitifh ; the marginal ones pistillate
and witli liliforni corollas.

62. Cacalla. Heads 5-uiaoy-flowercd: flowers white or cream-color, all tubular and perfect.

63. Seueclo. Heads mauy-flowered : flowers yellow, all perfect.

♦ • Heads radiate, many-flowered.

<- Rays conspicuous and in a single row : flowers all fertile, yellow.
63. Senecio. I'appus fine and soft. Leaves alternate.

C4. Arnica. I'appus of more rigid and rough-denticulate bristles. Leaves all oppo.site.
<- <- Rays narrow or small, in more than one row, at least in fertile heads. Leaves all radical.
9. Niii'dotiiiila. Flowers whitish or purplish. Scape bearing several beads.
10. Tu8!*iInKO. Flowers yellow. Scape bearing a single bead.

Tribe V. CYNAREjE. Heads (in our species) discoid, with the flowers tubular, or
some of the outer corollas enlarged and appearing like rjvys but not truly li^'ulate. Style
thickened or tbickisb near the summit ; the branches stigmatic to the apex, without any
appendage, ofien united below. (Heads large.)

* Marginal flowers mostly neutral or sterile. Pappus not plumose.

65. Centnurcn. Achenia flat. Pappus of short naked bristles, or none. Marginal neutral

flowers commonly enlarged or ray-like.

66. Ciiiciis. Achenia terete, bearing 10 horny teeth and a pappus of 10 long and 10 shorter

rigid naked bristles. Marginal flowers inconspicuous.

« » Flowers all alike in the (ovoid or globular) head.

67. Cirsiiim. .\chenia smooth. Pappus of plumose bristles. Receptacle clothed with long

and soft bristles or hairs.

68. Cardiiiis. Pappus of naked bristles : otherwise as No. 67.

69. Onopordon. Achenia wrinkled transversely, 4angled. Pappus not plumose. Recep-

tacle hone) combed.

70. Lnppn. Achenia wrinkled, flattened. Pappus of short and rough bristles. Receptacle

bristly.

SUBORDKR II. L.IG1JLIFL,0R.1E:. Tribe VI. CICHORACEiE.

Corolla lifjulate in all the flowers of the head, and all the flowers per-
fect. — Herbs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate.

* Pappus none.

71. Lampsana. Involucre cylindrical, of 8 scales in a single row. 8-12-flowercd.

* • Pappus chaffy, or of both chaff and bristles.

72. Cicborium. Pappus a small crown of many bristle-form scales. Involucre double.

73. Kri^ia. Pappus of 5 broad chaffy scales, and 5 slender bristles.

74. Cynthia. Pappus double -, the outer short, of many minute chaffy scales, the inner of

numerous long capillar., bristles.

• • • Pappus plumose.

75. Lcontodon. Bristks of the pappus several, chaffy -dilated at the base, tawny.

• • • • Pappus compo.sed entirely of capillary bristles, not plumose.

■<- Achenia not flattened nor distinctly beaked, columnar or terete, often slender: pappus

rather stiff, mostly tawny or ilirty-wliite.

76. Troximon. Involucre loosely imbricated, many-flowered, corolla yellow. Achenia

lO-ribbeil. Pappus very copious and unequal.

77. Ilic-rarliim. Involucre more or less imbricated, 12 - many-flowered : corolla yellow.

Achenia short. Pappus of rather scanty and tawny roughish bristle*.

222 composit.t:. (composite family.)

78. Nabnlna. Involucre cylindriral, of 5-14 linear equal scales in a single row and a ftw

little scales at base, 5 - manj-flowered : corolla whitish, cream-color, or purplish. Ache-
ni;i rather short and blunt. I'appus ol' very copious tavinj or brown roughish bristles.

79. lij'gollesinla, Involurre as the preceding, 5 - 10-Howered . corolla rose-purple. Ache-

nia long and slender, tapering at the summit. i'ai>pus of copious whitish bristles.
t- t- Achenia terete or ndkrly so, ribbed, rou;:bish above, abruptly slender-beaked. Pappu«
soft, fine, and flaccid. Involucre cylindrical, of several linear scales in a single row and
some .small short ones at the ba.«e. Corolla yellow.

80. (lion il I'll la. Involucre few-tlowered. I'appus white. Stems branching, le.afy.

81. Pyrrliopnppus. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus reddish or rusty. Stemi

bnmching, leafy below.

82. Taraxacum. Involucre many-flowered. Pappus whitish. Scape naked, simple.

^- <- <- Achenia flat or fl.ittish. Involucre somewhat imbricated, mostly many-flowered.
S3. LaclucB. Achenia abruptly long and slender-beaked, very flat : pappus bright white.

84. Mulgertiuin. Achenia flattish, and with a short and thick beak.

85. Soncliiis. Achenia flattish, bcakless. Pappus white. Flowers yellow.

1. VERNONIA, Sdircb. Iuox-weed.

Heads 15-many-flo\vcrc'(l, in corymbose cymes; flowers all perfect. Invo-
lucre shorter than the flowers, of many apprcssed closely imbricated scales.
Receptacle naked. Achenia cylindrical, ribbed. Pappus double ; the outer
of minute scale-like bristles; the inner of copious capillary bristles. — Peren-
nial herbs, with alternate leaves and mostly i>urplc flowers. (Named in honor
of a Mr. Vernon, an early Eni^lish botanist who travelled in this country.)

1. V. Noveboraeensis, WiUd. Scales of the involucre tipped with a long
bristle-form or awl-shapHl sjnriulinf/ appendnrje or awn ; in some varieties merely
pointed. — Low grounds near the coast, Maine to Virginia; and river-banks in
the Western States, from Wisconsin southward. Aug. — A tall coarse weed
with lanceolate or oblong leaves.

2. V. fascieulata, Michx. Sraks of the involnrre (all but the lowest)
rounded and obtuse, icitiiout appendage. — Prairies and river-l)anks, Ohio to Wis-
consin and southward. Aug. — Leaves narrowly or broadly lanceolate : heads
mostly crowded. Very variable, and manifestly passing into Xo. 1.

2. ELEPHANTOPUS, L. Elei'ii.\xt's-foot.

Heads .3 - 5-flowered, several together clustered into a compound head : flow-
ers perfect. Involucre narrow, flattened, of 8 oblong dry scales. Achenia
many-ribbed. Pappus of stout bristles, chaffy-dilated at the base. — Perennials,
with alternate leaves and purplish flowers. (Name composed of eXfCpas, ele-
phant, and TT oil s, fool.)

1. E. Caroliniauus, Willd. Somewliat hairy, corymbose, leafy ; leaves
ovate-oblong, thin. — Dry soil, IVnnsylvania to Illinois and southward.

3. SCLEROLEPIS, Cas. K( lkuouu-is.

Head many-flowered : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre linear, equal,
in 1 or 2 rows. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia 5-angIed. Pappus a single row of
almost horny oval and obtuse scales. — A smooth perennial, with simple stems,
rooting at the base, linear entire leaves in whorls of 5 or 6, and a terminal head

COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 223

of flesh-colored flowers. (Xamc of a-KXtjpus, hard, and Xfirir, a scale, from tfio
pappus.)

1 . S. verticill^ta, Cass. — la water : pine barrens, Isew Jersey and
southward. Any.

4. LIATRIS, Sehrel). Bltton Sxakekoot. Blazing-Star.

Head several - many-flowered : flowers perfeet. Seales of tlic involuerc iin-
brieatfd, appressed. Keeejjtaelc nakeil. Corolla 5-lobed. Aelienia slender,
tapering to the base, about 10-ribbed. Pappus of 15-40 eapillary bristles,
which arc manifestly plumose, or only barbellate. — rcrcnnial herbs, often
resinous-dotted, with riyid alternate entire leaves (these sometimes twisted .-o
as to become vertical), and heads of handsome rose-purple flowers, spieatc,
racemose, or panieled-cymose, appearing late in summer or in autumn. (Deri-
vation of the name unknown.)

§ 1. Stem usually icamUike and si m pic, from a fjlohular or roundish corm or tuber
(impreijnated with resiuous matter), very leaf i/ : leaves narrow or (jrass-l ike, 1-
5-nervcd: heads spicate or racemed: involucre well imbricated: lobes of the
corolla long and slenda:

* Pappus vertj plumose ; srafcs of the ^-/lonrred involucre ivith ovale or lanceolate

Sjircadimi petal -like (purple or sometimes white) tips, exceeding the fowers'i

1. L. 61egans, Willd. Stem (3° -5° high) and involucre hairy; leaves
short and >prea(ling ; spike or raceme compact (1° long). — Barren soil, Vir-
ginia and soutliwanl.

* » Pappus VI ry phnnosc : scales of the ri/lindrical mnnip/lowered involucre imbri-

c(it(d in mauji rou-s, the tips rigid, not petal-like : corolla huirg within.

2. L. squarr6sa, Willd. (Blazixg-Star, &e.) Often hairy (l°-30
high); leaves linear, elongated; heads few (1' long) ; scales of the inrolucre
mostlij with ehingaldl and leaf like spreading tips. — Dry soil, TcnnsylvaTiia to
Illinois and soutliwMrd.

3. L. cylindr^cea, ]\Iichx. Commonly smooth (G'-IS' high); leaves
linear; heads few (i'-j' long) ; i-cales of the involucre with short and rounded ap-
pressed tips. — Dry o])en places, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, and south westward.

« * * Pappus not obviously plumose to the naked eye : corolla stnooth inside.

4. L. scari6sa, Willd. Stem stout (2°-50high) pubescent or hoary;
leaves (smooth, rough, or pubescent) lanceolate ; the lowest o'llong-lanceolatr or
olwate-oblong, tai)ering into a petiole; heads few or many, large, 30-40-ilow-
cred ; .scedis of the broad or dipressid involucre ohovatc or sjtutulate, very numerous,
with dry and scarious of en colored tips or margins. — Dry soil, New England to
Minnesota, and southward. — Widely variable : heads 1' or less in diameter.

,5. L. pil6sa, Willd. Beset with long scattered hairs ; stem stout; hares
linear or lincar-lanctolate, elongated; heads few, 1 0 - 1 .")-flowercd ; scales of the
to/)-shajwd or bell-shaped involucre slightly margined, the outer narrow'y oblong, very
ol/tuse, the innermost linear. — fountains of Virginia and southward : rare and
obscure. rerliai>s a remarkable state of the ne.\t ; but the flowers as largo
aa in the preceding.

224 coMrosiT.E, (composite family.)

6. L. spic^ta, Willd. Smooth or somewhat hairy ; stems very leafy
(2°-;")° hiuh) ; liavcs linear, the lower 3-5-ncrved ; heads 8 - 1 2-fiowcred (i'-
^' lonjr), erowdcd in a long spike ; scales of the rijlindricul-bell-shaped involncre
Mony or oval, olliiae, upprtssed, with sli(jht margins ; achenia jiubesceiit or smoothish.

— Moi>t grounds : roniinon from S. New York to Wisconsin and southward. —
Involucre somewhat resinous, very smooth.

7. L. graminif61ia, Wilid. Hairy or smoothish; stem (10-3° high)
slender, leafy ; leaves linear, elongated, 1-nerved ; heads several or numerous,
in a spike or raceme, 7 - 12-flo\vcred ; scales of the obconical or obovoid involucre
spatulate or oblony, obtuse, or somewhat pointed, riyid, appres&ed ; achenia hairy. —
Virginia and southward. — Inflorescence sometimes panicled, especially in

Var. dubia. Scales of the involucre narrower and less rigid, oblong, often
ciliate. (L. dubia, Barton.) — Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and soutliward.

8. L. pyeuostaehya, Michx. Hairy or smoothish ; stem stout (3° - 5°
liigh), very Icafv ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the upper very narrowly linear;
spike thick and dense (G'-20' long) ; heads alwut ."i-flowercd (^' long) ; scales of
the cijliudrical involucre olilong or lanceolate, with recurved or sjn-eciditiy colored tips.

— Prairies, from Indiana southward and westward.

§ 2. Stem simple or branched above, not from a tuber: heads small, corymbed or pan-
icled, A - Id-flowered : involucre little imbricated: lobes of the corolla ovate:
pappus not plinnoxe.

9. L. Odoratissima, Willd. (A^vxilla-plaxt.) Very smooth; leaves
pale, thickish, obovate-spatulate, or the upper oval and clasping ; heads corymbed.

— Low j)ine barrens, Virginia and southward. — Leaves exhaling the odor of
Vanilla when bruised.

10. L. paniculkta, Willd. Viscid-hairy; leaves narrowly oblong or lan-
ceolate, smoothish, those of the stem partly clasping, heads panicled. — Virginia
and southward.

5. KUHNIA, L. KcuNiA.

Heads 10-2.'j-flowcred : flowers perfect. Scales of the involucre few and
loosely imbricated, lanceolate. Corolla slender, 5-toothcd. Achenia cylindri-
cal, many-striate. Pappus a single row of very plumose (white) bristles. — A
perennial herb, resinous-dotted, with mostly alternate lanceolate leaves, and
paniculate-corymbose heads of crenm-colorcd flowers. (Dedicated to Dr. Kuhn,
of Pennsylvania, who brought the living plant to Linnaeus.)

1 . K. eupatorioides, L. Leaves varying from broadly lanceolate and
toothed, to linear and entire. — Dry soil, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Sept.

6. EUPATORIUM, Toum. TiioitouGinvoRX.

Heads 3-many-flowcrod : flowers perfect. Involucre cylindrical or bell-
shaped. Receptacle flat or barely convex. Corolla 5-toothed. Achenia .5-
anglcd. Pappus a single row of slender capillary barely roughish bristles. —
Perennial herbs, often sjn-inklcd with bitter resinous dots, with generally co-
rymbose heads of white, bluish, or purple blossoms, appearing near the close of

COMPOSITE. (composite FAMILY.) 225

summer. (Dedicated to Enpnior Milhrkhites, wlio is said to have used a species
of the pcnusin mcdiiine.)

* Heads ri/limlrlcal, 5 - ICi-Jloireivfl ; llie purplish scales nnmrroiis, closely imbricated

in several rows, of unequal len;/t/i, sllr/litli/ striate : stout herbs, with ample mostly
whorled leans, and fli sh-colored flowers.

1. E, purpureum, I>. (Jok-Pye Wked. Trumpet-Weed.) Stems tall
and .stout, simple ; leaves .'3-6 in a whorl, oblon<^-ovate or lanceolate, pointed,
very veiny, rouf>liish, toothed ; corymb.s very dense and compound. — Varies
greatly in size (2° -12° liij^h), &c., and with spotted or unspotted, often dotted
stems, &c., — including several nominal species. — Low grounds: common.

* « Uexids 3 - 20-Jlowered : involucre o/" 8- 15 more or less imbricated and unequal

scales, the outer ones shorter : flowers white.
■*- Leaves all alternate, mostly dissected : heads panichd, very small, 3 -^flotfered.

2. E. foenicul^ceum, Willd. Smooth or nearly so, pauiculutely much-
hranclied (.iO-loo liiuli) ; leaves 1 - 2-pinnately parted, filiform. — Virginia,
near the coast, and southward. Adv. near Philadelphia.

-!- -t- fj'iircs mnxlly opposite and sessile: heads 5-8-flowered, corytnbed.

3. E. hyssopif61ium, L. Minutely pubescent (1°- 2° high) ; /eawi
narrow, linear or lanceolate, elongated, obtuse, 1-3-ncrved, entire, or the lower
toothed, often crowded in the axils, acute at the base; scahs of the involucre obtuse.
— Sterile soil, Massachusetts to Virginia, E. Kentucky and southward.

4. E. leucolepis, Torr. & Gr. Minutely pubescent, simple (l°-2°high);
leaves linear -lanceolate, closely sessile, \-nerved, obtuse, serrate, rough Imth sides;
corymb hoary ; scales of the involucre with white and scarious acute tips. — Sandy
bogs. Long Island, New Jersey, and .southward.

.'). E. parvifldrum, Ell. Minutely velvety -pubescent, branching (20-3°
high) ; leaves laiiciolote or oblomj, triple-ribbed and veiny, serrate above the middle,
tapering to the ba.se, the lower slightly petioled ; scales of the short involucre
obtuse. (Leaves sometimes whorled in threes, or the upper alternate.) — Damp
soil, Virginia and southward.

6. E. altissimum, L. Stem stout and taW (3° - 7° high), f/wny; leaivs
lanceolate, tapering at both ends, conspiciwusly 3-nerred, entire, or toothed above the
middle, the upperiitost alternate ; corymbs dense ; scales of the involucre Ql)tuse,
shorter th:in the flowers. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and Kentucky.—
Leaves 3' - 4' lung, somewhat like tlio.sc of a Solidago.

7. E. ilbum, L. Rixigliish-hniry (2° high) ; leaves ol)long-lanceolate, coarsely
toothed, veiny; heads clustered in the corymb; .w/teo/'/Af in w/wrz-ff closely imbri-
cated, rigid, narrowly lanceolate, jiointnl, white and scnrions aliove, lowjer than the
flow.rs. — Sandy and barren places, ])iue barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and
southward.

8. E. teucrifdlium, Willd. Koitghish-pubescent (20-30 high); Imves
ovate-ohlong and ovuii-bnifeoliite, obtuse or truiu-ate at the base, slightly triplc-
n Tved, veiny, roarseli/ lonlhtd or incised towards the base, the npjwroiiis alternate.'
branches of the corymb few, uno(iiial ; scahs of the involucre ohlonfjlmwi o'ate, rather
o'ltuse, at li-ngfh shorter than the flowers. (E. verlieniefoliiim, Michc.) — Low
grounds, Massachusetts to Virginia and soutliwanl near the coast.

15

226 coMrosnvE. (compositk family.)

9. E. rotundifblium, L. Downy-pubescent (2° high) ; hares ronndish-
ovalf, obliise, tnincato or slij:htly heart-shaped at tlie base, deeply erenate-tootlicd,
triple-nerved, veiny, I'oughish (I' -2' long) ; corymb large and dense; scales of
the (i>-f1uwfncl) involucre linear-laticfolute, slightly pointed. — Dry soil, Rhode
Island to Virj;iiiia, near the coast, and southward.

10. E. pubescens, Muhl. rultcseent: Imces ovale, moslly ocu^e, slightly
truncate at the base, serrate-toothed, .somewhat triple-nerved, veiny ; scales of the
7 - 8-Jloirered involucre lanceolate, acute. ( E. ovatum, Biijcl.) — Massachusetts to
New Jersey, near the coast, and Kentucky. — Like the last, but larger.

11. E. sessilifdlium, L. (Upland Boneset.) Stem tall (4°- G° high),
smooth, branching ; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taperimj from near the ronmhd
sessile base to the sharp point, serrate, veiny, smooth (3' -6' long) ; corymb very
compound, pubescent ; scales of the 5- (or 5-12- \) flowered involucre oval and oblong,
obtuse. — Copses and banks, Massachusetts to Illinois, and southward along the
mountains.

•<-••-•<- Leaves opfjosile, clasping or united at the base, long, ividelg spreading : heads
nuistlij \0-\5-Jlowered: coripnbs veri/ compound and large.

12. E. resinbsum, Torr. Mmutelg velvelipdowny (2° -3° high); leaves
linear-lanceolate, elongated, serrate, paillij clasping, tapering to the point, sliglitly
veiny beneath (4' -6' long); scales of the involucre oval, obtuse. — Wet pine
barrens, New Jersey. — Name from the copious resinous globules of the leaves.

13. E. perfoliatum, L. (Thoroughwort. Boneset.) Stem stout
(2° -4° high), hairy ; leaves lanceolate, united at the base around the stem (connatc-
perfoliate), tapering to a slender point, serrate, very veiny, wrinkled, downy be-
neath (5'-8' long) ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate. — Low grounds:
common and well-known. — "Varies with the heads 30- 40-flowered.

-I- -t- -t- -t- Leaver long-petioled, the upper ones alternate : heads 12-1 T^-floivered, in
compound cori/mhs.

14. E. serdtinum, Michx. Stem pulverulent-pubescent, bushy-branched
(3^-6° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a point, triple-nerved and
veiny, coarsely serrate (5' -6' long); involucre very pubescent. — Alluvial
ground, Maryland to Illinois and southward.

* * * Heads 8 - t^O-fowered ; the scales of the involucre nearli/ equal and in one
row: leaves opposite, ovate, petioled, triple-nerved and veini/, not resinous-dotted:
flowers white.

15. E. ageratoides, L. (WrriXE S\ake-root.) Smooth, branching
(3° high); leans broadli/ orate, jwinted, coarseli/ and sharplg toothed, long-pdioled,
thill (4' -5' long) ; corymbs compound. — Hicli woods: common northward.

16. E, arom^ticum, L. Smooth or slightly downy ; stems nearly sim-
ple ; haves on short petioles, ovale, rather obtusili/ toothed, not poi>it<d, thickish. —
Copses, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward, near the coast. — Lower and
more slender than No. 15, with fewer, but usually larger heads.

7. MIKANIA, Willd. Climkixg Hemp-weed.

Heads 4-flowered. Involucre of 4 scales. Receptacle small. Flowers and
achenia, &c., as in Eupatorium. — Twining perennials, climbing bushes, with

COMI'OSIT^E. (CUMI'OSITK FAMILY.) 227

oppo<»\t« rtmmonly hcart-slinpcd and pctiolcd leaves, and eorymlwse-paniclcd
flusl'-'^ol'Tcd flowers. (Named tor Prof. Mlbin, of l'raj;,Mic.)

*• M. scandens, L. Nearl\ smootli, twininu:; leaves somcwliat triangu-
liT-li'-art-shnped or liallienMorni, pointed, tootlied at the base. — Copses along
streams, E. New lui;;l;intl to Kentucky and southward. July-Se])t.

8. CONOCLINIUM, DC. Mist-ii.ower.

Heads many-flowered. Involuere l)ell-shaped, the nearly' equal linear-awl-
sliaped seales somewhat imbricated. Receptacle conical ! U^erwisc as in I'^u-
patorium, of which it is ratlier a section. — Perennial erect herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and violet-pnrplc or blue flowers in crowded terminal coryml).s.
(Name formed of Kou'oy. fi conr, and kXivt], a bed, from the conical receptacle.)

I. C. eCBlestiuum, DC. Somewhat pubescent (1°- 2° hiirh) ; leaves tri-
anfrularovate and sliulitiy heart-shaped, coarsely and bluntly toothed. — Rich
soil, Pennsylvania to Michij^an, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

9. NARDOSMIA, Cass. Swekt Coltsfoot.

Heads many-flowered, somcAvhat dioecious: in the sterile plant with a sin}j:le
row of ligulatc pistillate ray-flowers, and many tubular ones in the disk ; in the
fertile plant with many rows of minutely ligulatc ray-flowers, and a few tubular
perfect ones in the centre. Scales of the involucre in one row. Hecejitacle flat.
Achenia terete. Pa])pus of soft capillary bristles, louf^er and coj)ious in the fer-
tile flowers. — Perennial woolly herbs, with the leaves all from the rootstock,
the scape with sheathinif scaly bracts, bearing- heads of purplish or whitish fra-
grant flowers, in a corymb. (Name from vaphos, siuk-eiuini, and oa-fir], odor.)

1. N. palm^ta, Hook. Leaves rounded, somewhat kidney-form, white-
woolly beneath, ])almately and dee])ly .5-7-lobed. the lobes toothed and cut.
(Tussila.ffo palmata, Ait. T. frigida, Dijjil.) — Swamps, Maine and Massachu-
setts to Michigan and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Full-grown leaves
(6' -10' broad).

10. TUSSILAGO, Tourn. Coltsfoot.

Head many-flowered ; the ray-flowers narrowly ligulate, pistillate, fertile, in
many rows; the tubular disk-flowers few, staminate. Scales of the involucro
nearly in a single row. Receptacle flat. Fertile achenia cylindrical-oblong.
Pappus capillary, copious in the fertile flowers. — A low ])erennial, with hori-
zontal creeping rootstocks, sending up simj)lc .scaly scapes in early spring, bear-
ing a single head, and producing rounded-heart-shaped angled or toothed leaves
later in the sea.son, woolly when young. Flowers yellow. (Name from tiutsis,
a cough, for which the j)lant is a reputed remedy.)

1. T. FiRFAUA. L. — Wet places, and along brooks, New England, New
York, and Pennsylvania; thoroughly wild. (Nat. from Eu.)

11. ADENOCAULON, Hook. Adk.nocailon.

Heads 5- 10-flowcred; the flowers all tubular and with similar corollas ; the
marginal ones pistillate, fertile ; the others stiminatc. Scales of the involucre

228 coMPOsiT.E. (composite family.)

equal, in a single row. Achcnia elongated at maturity, club-shaped, beset with
stalked glands above. Pap|)us none. — Slender perennials, witli the alternate
thin and petioled leaves smooth and green above, white woolly beneath, and few
sm.ill (whitish) lie. ids in a loose panicle, beset with glands (whence the name,
from ci8ijv, n (/hind, and kuvXos, a stem).

1. A. bicolor, Hook. Leaves triangular, rather heart-shaped, with angu-
lar-toothed margins; petioles margined. — Moist woods, shore of Lake Supe-
rior, and westward.

12. SERICOCARPUS, Nees. White-topped Aster.

Heads 12-I5-fiowered, radiate; the rays about 5, fertile (white). Involucre
somewhat cylindrical or club-shaped; the scales closely imbricated in several
rows, cartilaginous and whitish, appressed, with short and abrupt often spread-
ing green tips. Receptacle alveolate-toothed. Achenia short, inversely ])yram-
idal, very silky. Pappus simple, of numerous capillary bristles. — Perennial
tufted herbs (1°- 2° high), with sessile somewhat 3-nerved leaves, and small
heads mostly in little clusters, disposed in a Hat corymb. Disk-flowers pale
yellow. (Name from arjpiKns, silL-ij, and Kapnos, fruit.)

1. S. solidagineus, Nees. Smooth, slender ; leaves linear, rigid, obtuse,
entire, with rough margins, tapering to the base ; heads narroio (3" long), inoiose
clusters, few-flowered; iHippus white. — Thickets, S. New England to Virginia,
near the coast. July.

2. S. COnyzoides, Nees. Somewhat pubescent ; leaces ohlonq-lanceolute or
the lower spatidalc, mostly serrate towards the apex, ciliate, veiny ; heads rather
loo>cly corymbed, obconical (4" -6" long); pappus rusty<olor. — Dry ground:
common. July.

3. S. tortif61ius, Nees. Hoary -pubescent ; leaves ohovate or ohlomj-spatu-
late, short, (j'- 1' long), turned edgewise, both sides alike, nearly veinless ; heads
rather loosely corymbed, obovoid (4" -5" long); pappus white. — Pine woods,
Virginia and southward. Aug.

13. ASTER, L. Starwort. Aster.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the ray-flowers in a single series, fertile.
Scales of the involucre more or less imbricated, usually with herbaceous or leaf-
like tips. Receptacle flat, alveolate. Achenia more or less flattened. Pappus
simple, of capilbiry bristles. — Perennial herbs (or annual only in § 6), with co-
rymbed, paniclcd, or racemose heads ; flowering in autumn. Rays white, purple,
or blue: the disk yellow, often changing to purple. (Name aarrip, a star, from
the appearance of the radiate heads of flowers. )

§ 1. CIOTLV, DC. I nvoliKre o'lOvoid-bi It-shaped; the scales regularly imhrlcntcd in

several rows, oppressed, nearly destitute of hcrlxiceous tips: rays 6-15 {white or

marly so) : achenia slender: lower leaves large, heart-shaped, petioled, coarsely

serrate : heads in open corymbs.

1. A. COrymbdsUS, Ait. Stem slender, somewliat zigzag; leaves thin,

smoothish, coarsely and unequally sen-ate with sharp spreading teeth, sharp-pointed,

ovate or ovate-lanceolate, all but the uppermost heart-shaped at the base and on

i

COMl'OSIT.E. (COMI'OSITK I-AMILV.) 229

slender naked petioles ; rai/s 6-9. — Woodlands : common, especially northward.
July, Aiij;. — Plant l°-2° liigh, with smaller heads, looser corynil)s, rumidcr
and less rigid exterior involucral scales, and tliiiiner leaves than tiie next; not
rough, but sometimes j)ul)esceut.

2. A. macrophyllUS, L. Stem stoiU ami rl</i(l (20-30 higii); leaies
thickls/i, roiiij/t, doAf/i/ .scnulf, somewhat pointed ; the lower heart-shaped (4'- 10'
long, 3'-G' wide), long-petioled ; the upper ovate or ol)long, sessile or on mar-
gined petioles; heads in ample rigid corymbs; uii/s 12-2.') (white or bluish). —
Moist woods : common northward, and southward along the mountains. Aug.,
Sept. — Involucre ^' broad; the outer scales rigid, oblong or ovate-oblong, tlie
innermost much larger and thinner.

§ 2. CALLlASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre imbricated in severed
rows, coriaceous, mlh short herbaceous tips: rays 12-30, violet or blue: ucluniu
narroiv (siuoulliish) : pappus ofriijid bristles of unequal thickness: stem-leaces ail
sessile; lower ones not heart-shaped : heads few, or when several cori/mbosc, larye
and showtj. (Allied to § 1, and to Scricoearpus.)

3. A. R^dula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth,
many-leaved (1°- 3° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate pointed, shar pi ij serrate in the
middle, cerj ronyh both sides and rugose-veined, closely sessile (2' -3' long), nearly
equal ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, oppressed, with very short and slightly
spreading herUiccous lips; achcnia stnooth. — Bogs and low grounds, Delaware
to Maine and northward, near the coast. Also Pocono Mountain, Penn. (Pr<f.
T. Green); and a dwarf variety, with iinear-lanccolatc leaves, at White Moun-
tains, New Hampshire. Aug. — Kays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth,
except the ciliate margins.

4. A. SUrcul6sus, Michx. Stems slender (i°-l° high), from long and
slender, or here and there tuberous-thickened, creeping, subterranean shoots or suck-
ers, roughisli-pubescent above, 1-2- or eorymbosely several-flowered; leaves
roughish, obscurely toothed, lanceolate or the lower spatulate ; involucre oh-onical or
bell-sluiped (^' - h' long), tiie whitish and coriaceous scales ivith short herbaceous
tijis, th' outer ones shorter ; achcnia .slightly pubescent. — Var. orXcilis (A. gra-
cilis, Xult.) is a form with the scales of the narrower obconical involucre succes-
sively shorter and witli very short and scarcely spreading green tips, resembling
a Scricoearpus. — Moist grounds, j)ine barrens of New Jersey and southward.
Sept. — Hays about 12, violet, G" long.

5. A. spect^bilis, Ait. Stems (1°- 2° high) minutely rough and gland-
ular-j)ube.<eent at tlie summit ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, row/hish, oliscnrely tiHithed,
tapering to the Ixise ; scales of the short and almost hemispherical involucre linear-ob-
long, with consi)icuous spatulate glandular-downy tips, the outer mast scarcely shorter ;
achcnia slightly pubescent. — Sandy soil, Mas.<achusetts to New Jersey, near
the coast, and southward. Sept. - Nov. — One of the handsomest of the genus,
though the luMds are few. Tiie rays, about 20, are narrowly lanceolate, nearly
1' long, viry dec]) violet-blue. Involucre i' long and wide.

6. A. H6rveyi, n. sp. Stem slender (10-2° high), nearly smooth, tho
summit and i)eduncles of the several corymbose iieads minutely glaiulular-j)ubes-
cent; leaves tliinnish, roughish, obacurely serrult, obloug-lauceolate, very acute, all but

230 COMPOSIT.E. (composite family.)

the uppermost taper-pointed, and also taperinfj Mow into a narrowed base or winjrcd
petiole; /uads smitll (less than ^' long, exclusive of the narrow r-.iys) ; involucre
between bell-shaped and top-shaped ; the scales ohscurdy (jlandnlttr, linear, or the
short outer ones oblonJ,^ wiih j;rcenish appressed tips; achenia linear, slightly
pubescent. — Borders of oak woods, in rather moist soil, New Bedford, Mass.,
E. W. Ilcicei/. Sejtt. — An ambiguous member, and the snialle.st-Howered, of
the section. Pappus whitish, Hner than that of the preced;ng.
§ 3. ASTER, proper. Scales of the involucre imbricated in various degrees, wiih
lierbaceous or Ituf-lilce summits, or the outer ones entirely follaceous : raijs numer-
ous: pappus sojland nearlij uniform: achenia JJatleiud. (All flowering late
in summer or in autumn.)

* Leaves whitened, silvtri/silki/ both sidex, all sessile and entire, mucronulate : involu-

cre imbricated in 3 to several tows: rays showy, purple-violet.

7. A. sericeus, Vent. Stems slender, branched ; leaves silver-white, lance-
olate or oblong; htuJs mostly solitary, terminating the short branchlcts; scales of
the (jlobulur involucre sitnilar to the haves, sprcadiiiy, except the short coriaceous
base ; achenia smooth, many-ribbed. — Prairies and dry banks, Wisconsin to
Kentucky and southward. — Heads large: rays 20-30.

8. A. COncolor, L. Stems wand-like, nearly simple ; leaves croicdcd, ob-
long or lani<ol(ile, appressed, tlie upper reduced to little bracts ; heads in a simple
or compound wand-like raceme; scales of the oliovoid involucre closely imbricated
in several rows, appressed, rather rigid, silky, lanceolate ; achenia silky. — Dry
sandy soil, pine barrens of New Jersey and southward. — Plant l°-3°high,
with the short leaves 1' or less in length, grayish-silky both sides.

* * Lower leaves not heart-shaped ; the upper all sessile and more or le.ss clasping by

a lu art-shaped or auricled base : heads showy : scales of the inversely conical or
bdl-shaptd involucre regularly imbricated in several rows, the outer successively
shorter, appressed, coriaceous, whitish, with short herbaceous tips: rays large,
purple or blue.

9. A. patens, Ait. Rough- pubescent ; stem loosely panicled above (1° -.3°
high), with widely spreading branches, the heads mostly solitary, terminating
the slender branchlets ; le<ives oblong-lanceolate or ovate-oblong, often contracted
below the middle, all clasping by a deep auricled-heart-sluiped base, rough, especially
above and on the margins, entire ; scales of the minutely roughish involucre with
spreading pointed tips; achenia silky. — Var. phlogifolius is a form which
the plant assumes in shady moist places, with larger and elongated thin scarcely
rough leaves, downy underneath, sometimes a little toothed above, mostly much
contracted below the middle. — Dry ground: common, es])ecialiy southward.
Heads i' broad, and with showy deep blue-purple rays.

10. A. Isevis, L. Vu-y smooth throughout : heads in a close panicle ; leaves
thickish, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, chiefly entire, the upper more or less
clasping by an auricled or heart-shaped base ; scales of the short-obovoid or hemi-
spherical inrohicre with appressed green points ; rays sky-blue ; achenia smooth.
A variable and elegant species, of which the two best-marked forms are : —

Var. ISBVig^tuS. Scarcely if at all glaucous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong;
involucre nearly hemispherical ; the scales lanceolate or linear, with narrow and

COMPOSIT.^. (cOMrOSITi: TAMILY.) 2.'31

acute green tips tapering down on the midncrvc. (A. la; vis, />. A. Uuvigatus,
Wili'd.) — Dry woodlands: rather lonnnon. 4

Var. cytincus. Very smooth, hut jjalc or glaucous ; leaves thicker ; tho
upper oltiMi ohlong or ovate-lanceolate, clasping hy a heart-shaped base; invo-
lucre narn)Wi'd at the base, of broader and more coriaceous scales with shorter
and abrupt tii)S. (A. eyaiieus, Iloffm., i^c.) — JJordcr of woodlands : connnon,
especially north wanl.

11. A. tui'binellus, Lindl. Very smooth; stem slender, paniculately
brauiiud ; Intns hiiictohitc, tapering to each end, entire, with rough margins ;
ini-o'ucre dotiijdtcd-ohcouirdl or almost club-shaped (V^OHg); tli<^ scales linear,
with very short and blunt green tips ; rajs violet-blue ; uclienia ni.arly smooth. —
Dry hills, &,c., Illinois and southwestward. — Well-marked and handsome.
* * * Lower laives all heart-shaped and petioled, t/ie upper sissile or pelioled: invo-
lucre imbricated much as in the last division, but the heads smaller, verij numerous,
racemos'd or paniclcd.
■*- Lexivrs entire or sli(jhtlij serrate : heads middle-siz^d : rays briyltt-blue.
12. A. azureus, Lindl. Stem rather rough, erect, racemose-compound
at the sunnnit, the branches slender and rigid ; leaves rough ; the lower ovate-iance-
elate or oblomj, heart-shajted, on lonfj ojlen hairy petioles ; the others lanceolate or lin-
ear, sessile, on the branches awl-shaped ; involucre inversely conical. — Copses
and prairies, Niagara Falls (Clinton), and Ohio to Wisconsin and southward. —
Involucre much as in A. la;vis, but much snuillcr, slightly pubescent ; the rays
bright blue.

1"5. A. Shortii, Boott. Stem .slender, spreading, nearly smooth, bearing
very numerous heads in racemose panicles; hares smooth aliore, minutily pubes-
ant underneath, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, elonr/ated, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, all but the uppermost more or less heart-shaped at the base, and on naked
petioles; involucre bell-shaped. — Cliffs and bank-s Ohio to Wisconsin and
southward. — A pretty species, 2° -4° high; the leaves 3' -5' long.

14. A. undulktUS, r>. Pale or somewhat hoary with close pubescence;
stem spreading, bearing nunu'rous heads in racemose panicles ; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, with wavy or sliyhtly toothed man/ins, roiiyhish above, downy under-
neath, the lowest heart-siiaiH-d on margined jx-tioles, the others abruptly contracted
into short broadly wimjt-d petioles which arc dihitrd ami claspinr/ at the base, or di-
rectly sessile by a heart-shaped Ijase ; invohure obovoid. (A. diversif()liu3,
Michx.) — Dry copses: common.

■i- ■*- Leans conspicuously serrate: heads small : rays pale blw or nearly white.

1.'). A. COrdif61iuS, L. Stem much hnwKhvil above, the sprradiny or di-
venjimj branches beariny very num-rons pnnicled hca-ls ; lower leaves nil heart-
shaped, on slender and mostly naked ciliatc petioles ; scales of the inversily coni-
cal involucre all appra^srd and tipped with short ip-een fwints, dttuse or acntish. —
Woodlands: very cominon. — Varies with the stem and leaves cither smooth,
rougiiish, or sonivtiin s hairy. Heads profuse, but (piite small.

IG. A. sagittifblius, Willd. Stem rigid, crec. with nscendiny branch's
beurinij numerous raccwosi- hnuls; leaves ovate-lanceolate, jiointed ; the lower
hcart-bhaijed at the base, on margined petioles ; the upper lanceolate or linear.

232 COMl'OSlTvE. (cOJIPOSITIi FAMILY.)

pointed at both ends ; scales of the oblong involucre linear, tapering into awl-shaped

slender and loose tips. — Dry ground, New York and Penn. to Kentueky and

nortlnvard. — Usually more or less hairy or downy ; the heads rather lar<,^er

than in the last, almost sessile. — A. Drummondii, Lindl., whieh probal)ly

grows on the Illinois side of the Mississippi, is a downy-leaved variety of this.

* ♦ * ♦ Leaves none of them heart-shaped ; those of the stem sessile, narrow, rigid,

entire: involucre imbricated in several rows: the coriaceous scales appressed and

whitish lit the base, with abrupt and conspicuous spreading herlxjceous tips : heads

stnall and i-enj numerous, paniculate-racemose ; rai/s white.

17. A. erieoides, L. Smuothor sparingly hninj {\° -\^° Wv^hj ; tlie sim-
ple branchk'ts or peduueles racemose along the upper side of rlie wand-like
spreading branches; lowest leaves obloiig-spatulate, sometimes tootliL-d ; the ul hers
linear-lanctolate or linear-awl-shaped, acute at both ends ; scales of the involucre
broadest at the base, with acute or awl-sluipal green tips, — Var. vill6sus is a
luiiry form, often with broader leaves ; chiefly in the Western States. — Dry
open places, S. New England to Wisconsin and soiuliward.

18. A. multiflbl'US, Ait. I'ale or koarg with minute close pubescence (1°
high), much branched and bushy ; the heads much crowded on the spreading
racemose branches ; leaves crowded, linear, spreading, with rough or ciliate mar-
gins, the upper somewhat dilated and purtlg clasping at the base ; scales of the in-
volucre with spalulatc spreading green tips broader than the lower portion, the outer
obtuse. — Dry gravelly or sandy soil : common.

***** Leaves none of them lieart-shaped ; those of the stem tapering at the b'ise,
sessile ; involucre imbricated ; the scales tmequal, with short and narrow up-
pressed or rather loose greenish tips: lauds small or middU-sized : raijs ivhite or
bluish-purple.

H- Heads stnall. (Involucre 2" -4" long.)
19- A. dum6sus, L. Smooth or nearly so, racemosely compound, the
scattered heads mostly solilarij at the end of the spreading branchlets ;. leaves linear
or the upper ol)long, crowded, entire or slightly serrate, with rough margins ;
scales of the closdg imbricated involucre linear-spatulate, obtuse, in 4 - 6 rows. —
Thickets: common. — Available species, 1°-. 3° high, loosely branched, with
small leaves, especially the upper, and an inversely conical or bell-shaped invo-
lucre, with more abrupt green tips than any of the succeeding. Rays pale
purple or bliu\ lar!_''er tlian in the next. Runs into several peculiar forms.

20. A. Tradescanti, L. Smooth or smcothish : the nunvrons heads closely
racemed along one side of the erect-spreading or diverging branches ; leaves
lanceolate-linear, elongated, the larircr ones remotely serrate in the middle with
fine sh.'irp teeth ; scales of the inrohirrp narrowly linear, arute or acullsh, in .3 or 4
rows. — Var. frAoii.is has the leaves entire or nearly so, except the lowest,
the heads more scattered. — Moist banks : very common. — Stems 2° - 4°
high, bushy : heads very numerous, smaller than in the last. Rays white or
nearly so.

21. A. miser, L., Ait. More or If ss hairy, much hTi\nchL'i\ ; the brunches
usually divcri^ing, bearing racemose often srallerrd heads; leaves lanceobite or ob-
long-lanceolate, tapering or pointed at each end, bharply serrate in the middle •

COMrOSIT.E. (COMI'OSITK FAMILY.) 233

scales of the involucre linear, acute or rather obtuse, imlH-iciitcd in 3 or 4 rows. —
Thickets, Helds, &c. : very common, and c.xtcn.sivcly variahle. — Leaves larj^cr
than in either of the precedin;; (^' -.')') ; tiie involucre intermediate between
tlicni, as to the forn.\ of tiie scales. Kays mostly short, pale bluish-purple or
white.

H- H- I/,a<ls mul.lli-sizrd. (Incolucre 3" - .')" /o»</.)

22. A. simplex, Willd. Smooth or nearly so (3° - 6° high), much
branched; t\n: brumhi a and scattered heads somewhat corifmhose at the summit;
Uai-es lanceolate, pointed, the louxr serrate ; scales of the involucre linear-aui-shaped,
looselj and sjxirinyli/ imbricated. — Shady moist banks : common. — Rays pale.
Approaches in its different forms the preceding and the two following.

23. A. tenuifblius, L. Nearly smooth; stem much branched (2° -3°
high); the heads sumewluit i)aiiicled or raeemcd ; leaves narrowli/ lanceolate,
tapering into a lomj slender point (2'- 6' long), with rough margins, the lower some-
what serrate in the middle ; scales of the hemispherical involucre linear-awl-shaped,
verij slender-pointed, numerous, closelij imbricuted. — Low grounds. New York to
Wisconsin, and .southward. Kays short and narrow, ])ale purple or whitish.

24. A. CarneUS, Nees. Smooth, or the branches rough or pubescent;
leaves lanciolute, somewhat pointed, or the upjier short and partly clasping;
heads racemose along the ascending leafy branches ; scales of the obovate in-
volucre lanceolate, abruptly acute, closely imbricuted. — Moist soil : common. Leaves
firm in texture, smooth, or rough above. Kays rather large, bluish, purplish,
violet-purple, or almost white. — On a thorough revision of the genus, older
names will be found and verified for this and No. 22, which here cover a multi-
tude of forms. A muta'bilis, L., is probably one of them.

» « jK * * * Stem-leaves sessile, the upper more or bss rldspliH/ : scales of the hemi-
sjiherical involucre loosely more or less imbricated, somew/iut ecjual, ivith herba-
ceous tips, or the outer often entirety herbaceous: heads middle-sized or large:
rays blue or pur/ile. (The species of this group are still perplexing.)

2.5. A. SestiVUS, Ait. Stem slender, roui/h, bushy-branched ; leaves nar-
rowly lanceolate-linear, elongated, taper-pointed, entire, with rough nuirgins; heads
corymbose, loose ; scales of the involucre linear, loose ; rays large, apparently light
blue. (A. laxifblius, Nees.) — Var. L.KTiFL6nus has very slender branches
and leaves, and the scales of the involucre unequal and more appressed. —
Moist shady places, Ohio to Wisconsin and northward. — Heads about as large
as in A. puniccus, in some forms ap])earing more like A. carueus. Leaves 4'-
7' long, \' to i' wide.

2G. A. Novi-B61gii, L. Nearly smooth ; stem stout ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, pale or somewhat glaucous, serrate in the middle, acute, tajiering to each end ;
scales of the involucre rather closely imbricated, with bro<idi.th acute herbaceous tips;
rays j)ale blue or purplish. — Low grounds, not clearly known in a wilil state.
The plant here in view is intermediate between No. 24 and No. 27. — Heads
smaller and less ^liowy tiian in the next.

27. A. lougif61iuS, Lam. Smmith or nearly so ; stem branclicd, corym-
bose-panicled at the summit; /((fCLs/dHfro/f/^'or //;(«;»-, or the lower ovate-lanceo-
late, entire or sparinglv serrate in the middle, taper-pointed, shining above; scales
L & M— 30

234 coMPOsiTJE. (composite family.)

of the inrolucrc ImhiicnUd in 3 - 5 roirs, linear, icith acute or atcI-sJiaprd spreading
or recurved green tips ; rays larj^c juul niunerous, bright purplisli-blue. — Moist
places, along streams, &c. : eoiinnoii eastward. — riant l°-5" high, with large
and showy heads ; very variable in the foliage, involucre, &c. ; its multiforia
varieties inchiding A. thyrsiHorus, Ilojfin., A. jaxus, Willd. (a form wiih more
leafy involucres), A. jinualtus, Poir., A. elodes, Tvrr. cj- Cr. : also A. salicifolius,
Scholler, the oldest name of all.

28. A. punieeus, L. Stem tall and stout, rom/h-hiiiri/ all over or in lines,
Msually purple below, panicled above; leures olilong-lanccolate, claapiug lii/ an uuri-
cLd liiise, spuriuijlji serrate in tiie middle ivith nppress<d teeth, rough above, nearly
smooth luiderneath, pointed ; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, acute, loose,
egiuil, in about 2 rows; rays long and showy (lilac-blue, paler or whitish in
shade). — Low thickets and swamps, very common. — Stems 3° -6° high, in
open grounds rough with ri<;id bristly hairs.

Van vimineus (A. vimineus, Willd.) is a variety nearly smooth through-
out; growing in shade.

29. A. prenanthoides, Muhl. 5'^r?m /off (I°-.'}°high), corymbosc-paui-
cled, hairi) ahore in lin<s; leaves rough aliove, very snimlh undirnialli, ovalc-lunceolute,
sharply mt-tootlied in the middle, conspicuously taper-jminted, and tapering below in a
long contracted entire portion, which is abruptly ddated into an auricled-heurt-shaped
clasping base; scales of the involucre narrowly linear, with recurved-spreading
tips; rays light blue. — Borders of rich woods, W. New York to Wisconsin, and
southwards to Virginia.

******* Leaves entire, those of the stem sessile, the base often clasping: heads
solitary terminating tlie branches or somewhat corymbed, showy: scales of the invo-
lucre very numerous, with loose and spreading or recurved mostly fuliaceous tij>s,
usually more or less glandular or viscid, as are the branchlets, ij-c.

■*- Inrnlnrre imbricated, the scales in several or many ranks.

30. A. grandiflbrus, L. Rough with minute hispid hairs ; stems slender,
loosely mucii branched (l°-3° high); leaves very small (i'-l' long), oblong-
linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical
squarrosc many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (I' long); achcuia hairy.
— Dry open ]>laccs, Virginia and southward. — Heads large and very showy.

31. A. oblongifblius, Nutt. Minutely glandular-puberutent, much branched
above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (l°-2'' high) ; leaves narrowl y oblong or lancer
olate, mucronate-pointcd, partly clasping, thickish (l'-2' long by 2" -5" wide) ;
scales of the involucre broadly linear, appresscd at the base; rays violet-purple;
achcuia canescent. — Banks of rivers, from Penn.sylvania (Huntingdon County,
Prof. Porter !) and Virginia to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and westward. — Heads
miildlc-sizcd or smaller.

32. A. amethystinus, Xutt. Taller than the foregoing (2° -.5° high),
more ui)right, witli more hirsute and not at all glandular or viscid pubescence ;
heads more racemose on the branches and smaller; involucre only about 3" in
diameter, the tips of the scales less s))reading ; rays light clear blue. — ^ Moist
grounds, Massachusetts (near Salem, Cambridge, &e., Nuttall, Dr. liobbins, &.c. :
Amherst (Prof. TucLcrman), Illinois (f. Hall), and Wisconsin.

COMI'OSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 23J

■*- ■*- Im-o'urre of many fen/ .shtultr rqiial smlrs npprnriug like n single row.
3.^. A. Novae-AngliaB, L. .SVrw k/ok/, /lu//// (3°-8° higli), conmbed at
the smnniit ; hunx n rj uiiimrviis, lannolotc, mlire, acute, aiiriatlate-rlas/un;/, clol/ud
with minittejmbescence ; scuks oj't/ie inrolucre lineuf-aul-s/tupcd, loose, (jUindulur-viscid,
as well as the branchlcts ; rays violct-purplc, in var. kosels rosc-purpic (A.
losL'us, Desf), very numerous; aciienin hairy. — Moist grounds: eoninion. —
Heads larj;e, corynibcd. Var. > witii white rays, Carroll Co., 111., //. ^/limtr.
**#****# ILads, Sj-c, as in tlir prrredinr/ group ; hut foliage as in ♦ » ♦.

34. A. anomalus, Engelm. Somewhat hoary-pubeseent; stems slender
(2° -4° high), simple or racemose-branehcd above; leaves ovate or ovatc-lanec-
olatc, pointed, entire or nearly so, the lower cordate and long-petioled, the upper
small and almost sessile; scales of the hemispherical involucre imbricated in
several rows, appressed, with linear spreading leafy tips ; achcnia smooth. —
Limestone cliffs, W. Illinois (and Mis.souri, near St. Louis), Engelinann. — Heads
as large as those of No. 31 : rays violet-purple.

§4. OKITROl'HIUM, Kuntli. Scales of the inrolucre narrow, nearly equal and
almost in a single row, more or less herbaceous: pappus ofsojl and uniform capil-
lary bristles: mostly low perennials, bearing solitary or few heads.

35. A. graminifdlius, Pursh. Slightly pubescent, slender (6'- 12' high);
leaves very numerous, narrowly linear; branches prolonged into slender naked
peduncles, bearing solitary small heads; rays rose-purple or whitish. — North-
ern borders of New England, Lake Superior, and northward.

§ 5. OllTHOMERIS, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the involucre regularly imbricated,
unequal, often carinate, with membranaceous margins, entirely destitute of herba-
ceous tips: jHipptts of soft and unequal capillary bristles.

36. A. acuminatUS, Michx. Somewhat hairy; stem (about 1° high)
simple, zigzatr, paiiiiled-corymbosc at the sunnnit ; peduncles slender ; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed, coarsely toothed above, wedge-form and entire
at the base ; scales of the involucre few and loosely imbricated, linear-lanceolate,
pointed, thin (3"- 5" long) ; heads fcw or several ; rays 12-18, white, or slightly
purple. — Cool rich woods : common northward and southward along the Alle-
ghanies. Aug. — There is a depauperate narrow-leaved variety on the White
Mountains of New Hampshire.

37. A. nemor^lis, Ait. Minutely roughisli-pubescent ; stem slender,
simple or corymbose at the summit, very leafy (l°-2° high) ; leares small (!'-
li' long), rather rigid, lameohtte, nearly entire, with revolute margins; scales of the
inversely conical involucre narrowly linear-lanceolate, the outer passing into
awl-shaped bracts; rays lilac-purple, elongated. — Bogs, pine barrens of New
Jersey to Maiui- along the coast, and northward. Also White Mountains of
New Hampshire; a small form, with solitary heads. Sept.

38. A. ptarmicoides, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish ; stems clus-
tered (6'- l.")' high), simple; /coirs linear-lanceolnte, acute, rigid, entiw, tapering
to the base, 1 -3-nerved, with rough margins (2' -4' long) ; heads small, in a
flat corymb ; scales of the involucre imbricated in 3 or 4 rows, short ; rays white
(2" -3" long). — Dry rocks, W. Vermont to lUiuois and Wisconsin along the
Great Lakes, and northward. Aug.

236 coMPosiT.iL. . (composite family.)

§ 6. OXYTRIPOLIUM, DC. Scales of the involucre hnhricaied, without herha-
rroKS ti/)s, iiaiuilli/ rcry acute, the outer passing into scale-like brads : pappus sojl
ami cajtHhn If : aihenla striate.

39. A. flexu6sus, Nutt. Stem zigzag, rigid, forked (O"- 20' hi|,^h) ; the
branches bearing/ lan/e avlitdri/ heads ; leaves linear, thick aiul Jlcshy, j)oiiitcd, entire,
seales of the hell-shaped involucre imbricated in many roivs, ovate-hxneeolatc with
awl-shaped points; ruifs numerous, lanje, pale purjile. — Salt marshes on the
coast, Maine to Viriijinia. Sept.

40. A. Iinif61ius, L. Annual; stem iiuk-1i In-anchcd (G'-24' higli), the
branches bearing numerous racemose or panicled small heads ; leaves linear-lanceolate,
pointed, entire, flat, on the branehcs awl-shaped ; seales of the oblong involucre
linear-aivl-shnped, in feiv rows ; rays somewhat in two rows, short, not projecting be-
yond the disk-, more numerous than the disk-flowers, purplish. (A. subulatus,
Michx.) Salt marshes, on the coast, Maine to Virginia. Aug. -Oct.

41. A. angustus, Torr. & Gr. (Tripolinm angustum, Z/«f//. T. frondo-
sum, Nutt. Also in Siberia, Conyza Altiiica, DC, and Brachyactis ciliata,
Ledtb.) An annual species related to the last, but with broader leaves, very
many minute rays, and more copious pappus : comes from the northwest to near
the borders of Wisconsin.

14. ERIGERON, L. Fleabaxe.

Heads many-flowered, radiate, mostly flat or hcmisj)herical ; the narrow rays
very numerous, pistillate. Scales of the involucre narrow, nearly equal and
little imbricated. Keceptaclc flat or convex, naked. Achenia flattened, usually
pubescent and 2-ncrved. Tappus a single row of capillary bristles, with minuter
ones intermixed, or with a distinct short outer pappus of little bristles or ehaff'y
scales. — Herbs, with entire or toothed and generally sessile leaves, and solitary
or corymbed heads. Disk yellow ; ray white or purple. (Name from vp? spring,
and ytpav, an old man, suggested by the hoary appearance of some of the ver-
nal species.)

§ 1. C^NOTUS, Nutt. Rays inconspicuous, in sevei-al rows, scarcely longer than
the pappus: pappus simple: chiefly annuals and bienniids.

1. E. Canad^nse, L. (House-weed. Butter-weed.) Bristly-hairy;
stem erect, wand-like (3° -5° high) ; leaves linear, mostly entire ; those from the
root cut-lobed ; /iea(/s very numerous and small, cylindrical, paH/c/<rf. — Waste
places; a common weed, now widely ditiPused over the world. July -Oct. —
Ligules much shorter than their tube, white. (Nat. in En. &e.)

2. E. divarieatum, Michx. Dijfuse and decumbent (3' - G' hi<:h) ; leaves
linear or awl-shaped ; heads loosely coi-ymbed ; rays purple: otherwise like No. 1. —
Illinois, Kentucky, and southward.

3. E. acre, L. Sparsely hairy or smoothish ; stem erect (10' -20' high) ;
leaves lanceolate or the lower spatulatc-oblong, entire ; heads several or rather
numerous, racemose or at length corymbose, nearly hemisidicrical (4'' -5"
long) ; rays purplish or bluish, equalling or a little exceeding the copious pap-
pus. — Shores of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbins, Prof. Porter, &.C.), and northwest-
ward. (Eu.)

CO.MPOSIT.E. (cOJirOSlTE FAMII.V.) 237

§ 2. EUERf GERON, Torr. & Gr. lini/s elonqnted, crowded in one. or more rows:
ixi/i/iiis siiii/>/<!. (Erect ficrennkih : heitds somewliat cori/mhrd, middle-sized.)

4. E. bellidifblium, Muhl. (Kohin's Plantain.) Hairy, proditrimj
offsrts from tin- Ikisc : stiiii sini/ile, rather U(dc<d uiure, Itcariiig low (1-9) lar<;c
heads oii .slciulcr iieiliincle.s, root-leaves ohovate ami spatulate, sparingly toothed ;
those of the stem distant, huiceolateoblong, i)aitly elas])ing, entire ; rnija (ulioiit
50) rather hroud, liijht hluixh-jmriile. — Copses and moist hanks : common. May.

5. E. Pllilad61phiGU.m, L. (Co.m.mon Fleabane.) Hairy; stem fea/i/,
corymhed, hearing several small heads ; leaves thin, with a broad midrib, ob-
long ; the upper smoothish, clasping by a heart-shaped base, mostly entire ; the
lowest spatulate, toothed ; rays innumerable and very narrow, rose-purple or flesh-
color. (E. purphreum, Ait.) — Moist ground : common. June -Aug.

§ 3. STENACTIS, Cass. Outermost bristles of the pappus short and minute, or
ratlur chiij/'j/, forming an external series: otherwise as § 2.
G. E. glab^llum, Nutt. Stem (6'- 15' high) stout, hairy al>ove, the
leafless summit bearing 1-7 large heads; leaves nearly glabrous, except the
margins, entire, the upper oblong-lanceolate and pointed, closely sessile or
partly clasping, the lower s])atulate and petioled ; rays (more than 100, purple)
more than twice the length of the hoary-hisj)id involucre. — Plains N. Wiscon-
sin, and westward. June.

§ 4. PHALACROL^MA, Cass. Bays numerous, but nearly in a single row, con'
sjn'cuous : pappus plainly double, the outer a crown of minute chajfy-hristle-fortn
scales ; the inner of scanty capillary bristles which arc deciduous, or entirely
wantinfj in the ray : annuals and biennials.

7. E. ^nnuum, Pcrs. (Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.) Stem
stout (.'}°-5° high), branched, l)eset with spreading hairs; leaves coarsely and
sharply toothed; the lowest ovate, tapering into a margined petiole; the upiwr
ovate-lanceolate, acute and entire at both ends ; heads corymbed ; rays white,
tinged with purple, not twice the length of the bristly involucre. (E. hetcro-
phyllum, Afuhl. E. strigosum, Bigel.) — Fields and waste places : a very com-
mon weed. June -Aug. (Nat. in En.)

8. E. Strigbsum, Arnhl. (Daisy Fleab.^ne.) Stem panicled-corym-
bose at the summit, roughish like the leaves with minute oppressed hairs, or almost
smooth ; leaves entire or nearly so, the upper lanceolate, scattered, the lowest ob-
long or spatulate, tapering into a slender petiole; rays white, twice the length
of the minutely hairy involucre. (E. integrifulium, Blgel.) — Fields, &c. : com-
mon. June- Aug. — Stem smaller and more simple than the last, with smaller
heads but longer rays. — Var. DiscofDEUM, RdJnus, has the rays minute,
scarcely exceeding the invohicre. — Uxbrid;re, Massachusetts, and adjacent parts
of Connecticut and Rhode Island, Dr. RMiins.

§ 5. ERIGERfDIUM, Torr. & Gr. Rays about 30, in a single row, rather
broad: pappus simple : achenia mosdy Anerved : root ptrenniid.

9. E. v6rnum, Torr. & Gr. Glabrous ; leaves clustered at the root,
oval or spatulate; scape leafless, slender ( 1° -2° high), bearing 5-12 small
corymbed heads ; rays white. (E. nudicaule, Micluc, Aster veriius, L.) — Low
grounds, E. Virginia and southward. May.

238 coMrosiT.E. (compositf. family.)

15. DIPLOPAPPUS, Cciss. Double-bristled Aster.

Ikiuls nuiiiy-flowcrcd, railiatc ; tlic rays 8-12, i)istillatc. Scales of the invo-
lucre imbricated, appicsised, narrow, 1-iierved or keeled, destitute of lierbuceous
tips. Ixeeeptaclc tlat, alveolate. Acliciiia Hattish. rapi)us double ; the outer
of very short and small stifi' bri-stle.s, the inner of capillary bristles as long as
tlie disk<orolla. — Tcrennials with corymbose or sini])le heads : disk-flowers
vcUow ; rays white or violet. (Name coniposed of StTrXooy, doublef^id nuTTTros,
piifj/ius, the character which distinguishes the genus from Aster.)^
§ 1. Rays violet, showy: head solilari/, pretty large: involucre much imhricaled :
achniia silky : bristles of the inner jiapjms all alike.

1. D. Iinariif61ius, Hook. Stems (6'- 20' high) several from the same
woody root, iuu.-.tly siiii|)le, very leafy ; leaves rigid, spreading, linear, strongly
l-nerved, smooth, rough-margined. — Dry soil : common. Sept., Oct.

§ 2. Bays white: heads small, corymhfd : inrolnrre shorter than the disk, imhricaUd
in about 3 rows: acheniu smooth i sh : bristles of the inner pappus unequal, some
of them thickened at the tip : leaves ralhi-r large, scattered, membranaceous, veiny,
entire.

2. D. umbell^tus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth, leafy to the top (2° -6° high);
leaves lanc(olate, elonijutid, taper-pointed and tapering at the base (3' -C long);
heads very numerous in compound flat corymbs; scales of the involucre rather
close, obtusish. — Moist thickets: common, especially northward. Aug.

3. D. amygdalinus, Torr. & Gr. Smooth or roughish above, leafy ;
leaves ovate-la nreolale, aruie, abruptly narrowed at the base ; scales of the involu-
cre loose, obtuse. — Low grounds, New Jersey, Pcnn., and southward. Aug. —
Too near the last ; but lower, rougher, and with broader and shortir leaves.

4. D. COrnifdliUS, Darl. Stem (l°-2° high) pubescent, bearing few
heads on direrqent peduncles ; leaves elliptical or ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously pointed
at both ends, ciliatc, hairy on the veins underneath. — Woodlands, E. Massa-
chusetts to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. July -Sept.

16. BOLTONIA, L'llcr. Boltoxia.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
hemispherical involucre imbricated somewhat in 2 rows, appressed, with narrow
memhranaceons margins. Rcccj)tacle conical or hemispherical, naked. Aelie-
nia very flat, obovatc or inversely heart-shaped, margined with a callous wing,
or in the ray 3-winged, crowned with a ])a])pus of sbveral minute bristles and
tisnally 2-4 longer awns. — Perennial aiul bushy -branched smooth herbs, ])ale
green, with the aspect of Aster: the thickish leaves chiefly entire, often turned
edgewise. Flowers autumnal : disk yellow: rays white or purplish. (Dedicated
to James Bolton, an English botanist of the last century.)
* Heads middle-sized, loosely corymbed.

1. B. asteroides, L'lkr. Leaves lanceolate ; achcnia broadly oval ; pap-
pus of few minute bristles and no awns. — Moist places along streams, renn-
sylvania (Bartram), and southward along the Alleghanies : rare. Oct. — Plant
usually 6° high.

COMI'OSIT^. (composite FAMILY.) 239

2. B. glastif61ia, L'llcr. Leaves lanceolate, ascendirif; ; achenia obovate,
l)r()a(lly wiii-fil ; ])ai>|iiis of several short bristles and 2 or 3 short awns. — Kiih
soil, reiiiisvlvania to Illinois and soutiiward. Sept., Oet. — Plant 2° -4° hit;h.

* * IIhii/s swtill, fHtniclcd on ihe slrm/rr lirdncJws.

3. B. dijRTtlsa, L'lli-r. Stem ditiusely I)ranthcd ; leaves lance-linear, those
on tlic liraiK lilcts very small and awl-sliaprd ; pajipns of several very short bris-
tles and 2 sliort awns. — Prairies near Centralia, Illinois ( Vascif), and southwest-
ward. AiJg. - Oct.

17. BELLIS, Tourn. Daisy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays nnmerons, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre lierl)aceous, etpial, in about 2 rows. Heceptacle conical, naked. Ache-
nia obovate, flattened, winjiless, and without any pappus. — Low herbs (all but
onr sinjilc species natives of the Old World), cither stemless, like the true Daisy,
B. j>erennis, or leafy-stemmed, as is the following. (The Latin name, from
lieUiis, pretty.)

1. B. integrifdlia, Michx. (Western Daisy.) Annual or biennial,
diffu.sely bram lied (4' -9' high), snioothish ; leaves lanceolate or oblong, the
lower spatulatc-obovatc ; heads on slender peduncles ; rays pale violet-purple. —
Prairies and banks, Kentucky and southwestward. March- June.

18. BRACHYCHiETA, Ton-. & Gr. False Golden-rod.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Solidag«, except the pappus, which is a row
of minute rather scale-like bristles, shorter than the achenia. — A perennial herb,
with rounded or ovate serrate leiwes, all the htm- ones heml-sluiped ; the small
yellow heads in sessile clusters racemed or sjaked on the branches. (Name com-
posed of ^pap^ilf, shorl, and X"""'?' (>''istle, from the pappus.)

1. B. cord^ta, Torr. & Gr. (Solidago cordata, Slio)-t.) Wooded hills,
E. Kentucky and southward. Oct. — Plant 2<'-4° high, slender, more or less
pubescent.

19. SOLIDAGO, L. Golden-rod.

Heads few -many-flowered, radiate; the rays 1-16, pistillate. Scales of the
oblong involucre ajjprcssed, destitute of heri)aceous tips (except No. 1 ). Recep-
tacle small, not cliafly. Achenia many-riipbed, nearly terete. Pappus simple,
of equal capillary bristles. ^Perennial herbs, with mostly wand-like stems and
nearly sessile stem-leaves, never heart-shaped. Heads small, racemed or clus-
tered : flowers both of the disk and ray (except No. 2) yellow. (Name from so-
lulo, to join, or make whole, in alln-^^ion to reputed vulnerary (jualities.) Flow-
ering in autumn.

§ 1. CHUYSASTRUM, Torr. & Gr. Scales of the much imhHcattd and rigid

inrohicrc with alnuptli) sprmdini/ hnliacrous tips : heads in c/nstrrs or (jlomcrate

racemes, disjiosed in a dense somtichat Ua/i/ and intcrrufilid iraud-lih eumjmind

spilce.

L S. squarrbsa, Muhl. Stem stout (2°-.')0 high), hairy above; leaves

large, oblong, or the lower spatulutc-oval and tapering into a luurgincd petiole.

240 comi'OsityE. (composite family.)

serrate, veiny; disk-flowers 16-24, the rays 12- 16. — Rocky and wooded
hills, Maine and W. Vermont to renn.sylvania, and the mountains of Virginia :
rather rare.

§2. VIllGAiniEA, Toiirn. Soilis of the involucre destitiUe of herlxtceous tiys:
rai/.i moAtly fewer than the disL-Jioweis : /leads dl more or hss pedict-lled.
* III (ids clustered in the axils of the ftutlier-veintd leaves.
2. S. bicolor, L. Uoarjj or (jrnylsh with soft, hairs ; stem mostly simple ;
leaves obloii"- or elliptical-lanceolate, acute at both ends, or the lower oval ami
tapering into a petiole, slightly serrate; cinders or short racemes Jiom the axils of
the upper /taws, forming an interrujjted spike or crowded panicle; rai/s small,
cream-color or jiearli/ white. — Var. concolok has the rat/s yellow. — Dry copses
and hanks : the var. in Pennsylvania and westward.
f^.i^a^ ■"'-''' C^- ^- latif61ia, L. Smooth or nearly so, stem angled, zigzag, simple or
^i^^^-- ''paniculate-branched (l°-30 high) ; leaves broadly orate or oval, very strongly and
sharply serrate, conspicuously pointed at both ends (thin, 3' -6' long) ; heads in very
short axillary clusters, or somewhat prolonged at the end of the branches. —
Moist shaded banks : common northward, and along the mountains.

4. S. Cii&sia, h. Smooth ; stein terete, mostly glaucous, at length much
branched and diffuse ; leaves lanceolate or ohlong-lanceolatc, serrate, pointed,
sessile ; heads in very short clusters, or somewhat racemose-paniclcd on the
branches. — Moist rich woodlands : common.

* * Racemes terminal, erect, either somewhat simple and wand-like, or compound and

panided, not one-sided : leaves father-veined. (Not maritime.)

1- Heads small : leaves nearly entire, except the lowermost.

5. S. virgkta, Michx. ^'<■ry smooth throw^hout; .stem strict and simple, wand-
like (2° -4° high), slender, beset with small and entire appressed lanceolate-ob-
long thickish leaves, which are gradually reduced upwards to mere bracts ; the
lowest oblong-spatulate ; heads crowded in a very narrow compound spicate raceme ;
rays .'3-7. — Diimp pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

6. S. puberula, Nutt. Stem (l°-3° high, simple or branched) and pan-
icle minutely hoary ; s/em-leares lanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, snioothish ; the
lower wedge-lanceolate and sparingly toothed; heads very numerous and crowded
in compact short racemes forming a prolonged and dense narrow or ])yramidal {xinicle ;
scales of the involucre linear-awl-shaped, appressed; rays about 10. — Sandy soil,
Maine to Virginia and southward, near the coast.

7. S. striata, Ait. Very smooth throughout; • stem simple, strict (2° -3°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, the lower tapering into winged petioles, partly
sheathing at the base, minutely serrate above with appressed teeth ; racemes much
crowded and ai)pre.^sed in a di-nse wand-like panicle; scales of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse; rays .5-0, small. — Peat-bogs, Maine to Pennsylvania, Wis-
consin, and northward. Ituut-kuvcs G' - 10' long. Plowers earlier than most
species, beginning in July.

-1- H- J/uiils rather large, at hast Jar the size of the plant.

8. S. Speci6sa, Nutt. Stem slout (.'3° -0° high), smooth; leaves thickish,
smooth with rougli margins, oval or ovate, slightly serrate, the uppermost oblong-
lanceolate, the lower contracted into a margined petiole ; heads somewhat

COMrOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK FA^IH.Y.) 211

crowded in numerous erect rnremos, forminrj an amjiJc pi/rnnn'dal or lln/rsi/orm pan-
iclc ; peduncles and ])ediccls roM;;li-hiiiry ; scales of the cylindrical involucre
oblong, olitiise ; rays about 5, large. — Var. angi:st.\ta is a dwarl Ibrin, witli
the racemes short and clustered, forming a dense interrupted or compound spike.
— Copses, Maine to Wisconsin and southward. — A very handsome species;
the lower leaves 4'-G' long and 2' -4' wide in the larger forms.

9. S. petiol^ris, Ait. MinHtely himrij or downij ; stem strict, simple, (1°-
:\° higii) ; harts smull (.}'-2' long), omil or oUomj, mucronatc, veiny, rough-ciiio-
late ; the ni)per entire and nhntptly vera siml-pdiohcl, the lower often serrate and
tapering to the base; heads ftw, in a wand-like raceme or panicle, on slender
bracted pedicels ; rays about 10, elongated : scales of the piihescent involucre
lanceolate or linear-awl-shaped, the outer ones loose and spreading, 7nore or /ess
foliuceous, — especially in var. SQUARnuL6sA, Torr. & Gr. — S. W. Illinois
(Dr. Kiujdiiirtnii), and southward. — The name is misleading, as the leaves are
hardly pctioicd.

10. S. Virga-atirea, L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous ; stem low (6'- 18'
high) and simple ; leitces lanceolate or oldanceolatr, or the lowest spatulute or Miptical-
oliovute and jietioled, serrate with small appresse.d te(th or nearly entire ; racemes
thyrsoid or simple, narrow; scales of the involucre lanceolate or linear, acute;
rays 8-12. — An extremely variable species in the Old World and in our north-
ern regions ; jjcrhaps including several. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, Bigel. Dwarf (l'-8' high), with few (1-12) pretty large
lieads (.3" -4'' long, becoming smaller as tliey increase in number) ; leaves thick-
ish, mostly smooth; scales of the involucre lanceolate, acute or acutish ; rays
about 12. — Alpine region of the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and
New York; and shore of Lake Superior.

Var. htimilis. Low (6'- 12' high) and smooth, bearing several or numer-
ous loosely thyrsoid smaller heads, which, with the peduncles, &e., arc mostly
somewhat glutinous; scales of the involucre obtuse; rays 6-8, short; leaves
varying from narrowly lanceolate and nearly entire to oblanceolate and serrate.
(8. humiHs, Pursh, Torr. <f- Gr.) — Itocky banks, W. Vermont, and along the
Great Lakes northward. Also on islands in the Susquehanna, near Lancaster,
I'cnn., Prof. Porter! Great Falls of the Potomac, Virginia, Dr. Pol)l)ins.' — At
the base of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, on gravelly banks of
streams, occurs a form, with the minutely pubescent stout stem I°-2° hi;;h, the
leaves larger and broader, and the heads very numerous in an ample compound
raceme ; the rays occasionall}' almost white.

11. S. thyrsoidea, E.Meyer. Stem stout (l°--l° hvj^h),vand-liLr,imWs-
cent near the summit, simple ; leaves thin, ovate, inrrjularli/ and coarsely serrate
viih sharp salient teeth, laryc ( t'-4' long), all but the uppermost abruptly con-
tracted hnolonrj and uianiined petioles ; heads lanjc (.")"- 6" long), niany-flowercd,
crowded in an oblong or wand-like raceme or contracted ])anicle (2'- 18' long) ;
scales of the involucre loose and thin, long, lanceolate, taper-pointed; rays 8-
10, elongated ; aehenia smooth. (S. Virga-aurea, /'"/Ji/i. S. leiocarpa, Z>C'.) —
Wooded sides of niountaius, N. Maine to New York (houth to the CatskiUs),
shore of Lake Superior, and northward. — Very near an European form of S.
Virca-uurea.

<; M-n

^

242 COMPOSITE, (composite family.)

» » * Heads in a componml cori/nib terminating the simple stem, not at all racemose:
Uuris mostljj Willi a sirorij midrib.

12. S. ri^ida, L. Row/h and someu-hat hoeni/ with a minute pubescence;
Btcm stout (."J" -5° high), very leafy; coiynib dense; leaves oval or oblong, copi-
ously feather-veined, thick and rigid ; the upper closely sessile by a broad base,
slightly serrate, the uppermost entire ; heads large, about 34-flo\vered ; the rays
7-10.— Dry soil, Connecticut to N. Wisconsin and southward.

13. S. Ohioensis, Hiddell. Very smooth throughout; stem wand-like,
slender, leafy (2° -3° high); stem-leaves oblong-laiweolate, Jlut, entire, obscurely
fciitiier-veined, closely sessile ; the lower and radical ones elongated, slightly
serrate towi.rds the apex, tapering into long margined petioles ; heads numerous,
on smooth pedicels, small, 16 -2()-tiowercd ; the rays 6 or 7. — Moist meadows
or jn-airies, W. jS'cw York to Ohio and Wisconsin. — Koot-leaves 1° long; the
upi>er reduced to l'-2', with rough margins, like the rest.

■ 14. S. Rlddellii, Frank. Smooth and stout {2° -4° high), mi/ /m^, the
branches of the dense corymb and pedicels rough-])ubescent ; leaves linear-lance-
olate, eloni/att.d (4' -6' long), entire, acute, partly clasping or sheathing, rowrfw/Vi-
late and mostli/ recurved, the lowest elongated-lanceolate and tapering into a long
keeled petioie, obscurely 3-nervcd; heads ve^i »iHmc)oi/s, clustered, 20-24-flow-
crcd ; the rays 7-9. — Wet grassy prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and Illinois. —
Heads larger than in the last, 2" -3" long. Stem-leaves upright and partly
sheathing at the base, then gradually rccurved-spreading.

15. S. Hought6nii, Torr. & Gray. Smooth; stem rathei- low and slender
(l°-2° higii) ; leaves scattered, hnmr-kmceolate, acutish,Jlat, entire, tapering into
a narrowed slightly elas|Hng base, or the lower into margined petioles ; heads
few or several, 2u - 30-fiowered ; the rays 9 or 10. — North shore of Lake Michi-
gan ; collected in the Michigan State Survey. Swamps at West Bergen, Gen-
esee Co., New \ork, J. A. Paine, &c. July, Aug. — Leaves rough-margined,
2' - 5' long, 2" -4'' wide, 1-ncrved, or the lower obscurely 3-nerved above ; veins
obscure. Heads large, nearly ^' long. Scales of the involucre obtuse.

* * * * Heads in one-sidi d more or less spreiidine) or recurved racemes : leaves veiny,

not 3-ril)lied, but sometimes obscurely triple-nerved.
•»- Leaves thirkish, very smooth, entire, tlongated, obscurely ixiny : heads rather larrje.

16. S. sempervirens, L. Smooth and stout (l°-6° high) ; leaves fle-liy,
lanceolate, sliglitlv clasiting, or the lower ones lanceolate-oblong, obscurely
triple-ncnx'd ; racemes short, in an open or contracted panicle. — Vai'ics, in le-s
brackish swamps, with thinner elongated linear-lanceolate leaves, taj>ering to
each end, and more erect racemes in a narroAver panicle. — Salt marshes, or
rocks on the shore, Maine to Virginia. — Heads showy : the golden rays 8-10.

■*- H- leaves usually ample, serrate, loosely feather-veined, or rarely sll(jhlly tri/ile-
vrrvrd: heads middle-sized.

17. S. eHiptica, Alt. Smooth; stem stout {\° -3° hv^h), very leafy ; leaves
elliptical or ohlunij-bninoldle, acute (2' -3' long), closely sessile, slightly serrate,
strongly veined, ihich, smooth both sides, shinimj abm-e ; heads in dense sjnrad in ij ra-
cemes which are crowelid in a close pyramidal panicle ; jK'iUinclcs aiid achunia stri-
gose-j)ubescent. — Swaui]is (fresh or brackish) near the coast, Mass. to New Jer-
sey and southward. — Heads showy, 3" long ; the rays 8-12.

COMPOSIT/E. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 2 I'J

1 8. S. negl6cta, Torr. & Gniy. Smooth ; stem stout (2° - 3° high) ; hares
tlii(kisli, .■iiiiuDtJt Ijolk sales, ojiuque ; the upper oblong-lanccoliite, mostly acute ami
neiirly cmire; tlie luwer orat^-lauceohite or ohloiifj, sliarply serrate, tapcrin<r into a
petiole ; raremes short aiid dense, at letii/th spreudiiuf, di'<i)0>cd in an elon^attd or
pyraniiilal dose panicle; peduncles and aclienia nearly glabrous. — 5>wamns,
Maine to Penn. and Wisconsin. — Heads rather large, crowded ; the racemes at
first erect and scarcely one-sided.

19. S. p^tula, Muhl. Stem stronr/h/ anyh'd, smooth (S^-S* high); Uareji
(4' -8' long) nriitc, acute, serrate, pale, very smooth and celni/ uudenieath, but the
upper surfttce verij rofiijh , \\\iG s\\n\xYQii\\ ; racemes rather short and numerous on
the spreading branches. — Swamps : common.

20. S. argilta, Ait. Smooth throw/hoid {\°-i° high); radical and lower
stem-leaves elliptical or lanceolate-oval, sharpli/ seirate with spreading teeth, pointed,
tapering into winged and ciliatc j)etioles ; llie others lanceolate or olilonr/, slightly
triple-nerved, tapering to each end, the uppermost entire; racemes dense, naked, at
leiiijlh iloiKjatrd and recurved, formiiKj a crowded and flat coripnh-llke }>anlcle: rays
8-12, smidl. — Var. 1. jvxcka has the leaves narrower and less serrate, or all
the upper entire. — Var. 2. scAi!Kiii,i,.\ is .somewhat roughish-])ubeseent (Wis-
consin, &c.). — Copses and banks : common, especially the first variety. — Well
distinguished by its long or droo])ing racemes, and the closely appressed rigid
scales of the involucre, siii;ill rays, i*^c,. But the name is a bad one, as eveu
the root-leaves are seldom much tootlied.

21. S. Muhlenb6l'gii, Torr. & tJr. Smooth; stem am/led; leaves (large
and thin) orate, ami the upper elliptical-lanceolate, very sharply and strongly ser-
rate, pointed at both tnds, the lowest on margined petioles ; racemes pidiesccnt,
spreadinf/, dis/iosed in an elon(/atid open ]Kinirle ; rays 6-7, lanje. — Copses and
moist woods. New Hampshire to Tenn. — llicemes much shorter and looser
than in the last ; the iuvolncral scales thin and more slender.

22. S. linoldes, Solander. Smooth; stem slender, simple (10' - 20' high) ;
leaves lanceolate, serrate with small appressed teeth, narnnved at the base, the
lower tapering into margined ciliatc jjctioles, the uppermost oblong ; racemes
short, crowded in one or 3-4 small one-sided i)anicles (3' -4' long) ; heads small
and few-flowered; rays 1-3. — IBogs, New England (near Boston and Provi-
dence), to the j)ine barrens of New Jersey.

■*-■*-■*- Lku-ix hroad, not large, sessile or short -pet ioled, coarsely and sharply serrate,
co])ie)u<lii fiather-velned and conspicuously reticulated: heads small: rays shod.

23. S. altissima, L. Rouyh-hairy, especially the stem (2' -7' high) ; leaves
ovate-lane-eolate, ellipticed or olilony, often thiclcish and very ruyose ; racemes panided,
spreading; scales of the involucre linear; rays 6-9; the disk-flowers 4-7. —
Borders of fields ami copses : very common, jiresenting a great variety of forms :
but instead of the tallest, as its name denotes, it is usually one of the lowest
of the common G'o'elen-reiels. It flowers early. Aug. - Se])t.

24. S. Ulmifblia, Muhl. Stem smooth, the branches hairy; leaves thin,
elllptieal-orate iir eJ,li,nyleinfio!<ite, pointed, lapniny to the- Inise, loo,sely veined, be-
set with soft hairs beneath; racemes panieled, recurved-spreading ; scales of
the involucre laneeolnte-oblong ; rays about 4. — Low eop.ses : common. — Too
near the last; distinguished only by its smooth stem .tikI thin larger leaves.

244 coMPOsiTi'E. (composite family.)

25. S. Drummdndii, Torr. vt Gr. Stem (1°-.'J° hiuli) and lower surface
of the hriMullij onite or ornl somewhat tn/ile-ribbed leaves mimilelj/ relreti/-/>ub( scent,
soino of the leaves almost entire; nueiiies panicled, short; scales of the in-
volucre ohiong, obtuse; rays 4 or 5. — Hocks, Illinois opposite St. Louis, and
southwestward.

^- -I- H- -t- Leaves entire or nenr/i/ so, thirkish, reticttlate-vn'ni/, lint the veins obscure.

26. S. pilbsa, Walt. Stem stunt, uiiriyhl {:i° -7° h\ij;\\), clothed with spread-
ing hairs, often panicled at the summit ; leaves oblong-lunceolate, rouyhish, hairy
lieneuth, at least on the midrib, serrulate, the upper ovate-lanceolate or oblong
and entire, closely sessile ; racemes many, recurved, crowded in a dense pyram-
idal panicle ; rays 7-10, very short. — Low grounds, pine barrens of jS'ew Jer-
sey to \'ir;jinia, and southward.

•r,. S. odbra, Ait. (Swket Goldkn-hod.) .S'moo^/i or nearly so through-
out; stem slender (2° -3° high), often reclined; leaves linear-lauccolate, entire, shin-
ing, jiellucid-ilotted ; racemes spreading in a small one-sided panicle; rays 3-4,
rather larire. —Border of thickets in dry or sandy soil, Vermont and Maine to
Kentucky and southward. — The crushed leaves yield a pleasant anisate odor.
Bnt an occasional form, var. ixodOua, is nearly scentless.

-t- -1- f- -I- H- Leaves more or less rjrayish or hoary, thicklsh, feather-veined and
sliiihthj triple-ne.rvid, obscurehf serrate or entire; heads middle-sized.

28. S. nemoralis. Ait. Ciothed with a minute and close grayish-hoary (soft
or roughish) puhesrence; stem simple or corymbed at the summit (^°-2j°
high) ; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate-oblong, the lower somewhat crenate-
toothcd and tapering into a petiole; racemes nnmerous, dense, at length re-
curved, forming a large and crowded compound raceme or panicle which is
usually turned to one side; scales of the involucre linear-oblong, oppressed ;
rays 6 -9. — Dry sterile fields: very common. — Flowers very bright }'ellow,
beginning early in Aug.

29. S. radula, Nutt. Stem and oblong or obovatc-spatulate leaves rigid
and very rough, not hoary, the upper sessile ; scales of the involucre oblong,
rigid ; rays 3 - 6 : otherwise nearly as in S. nemoralis, of which it is most
probably a greener and rough variety. — Dry Hills, Western Illinois and south-
westward.

***** Heads in one-sided spreading or recurved racemes, forming an ample

panicle ; leaves plainly 3-ribbed, or triple-ribbed.

-t- Scales of the involucre thickish and rigid, closely imbricated, and with somewhat

greenish tips or midrib : leaves rigid, smooth and shining.

30. S. Shoi'tii, Torr. & Gr. Stem slender, simple (l°-30 high), mi-
nutely rougliisii-]iubesc-cnt ; leaves oUong-lancolate, acute, the lower sharply
serrate above the middle with scattered fine teeth ; racemes mostly short in a
crowded panicle; achenia .silky-pubescent. — Rocks at the Falls of the Ohio, &c.
— A handsome species : heads 3" long, narrow.

31. S. Missouri6nsis, Nurt. Smooth throughout (1°- 3° high) ; leares
lincar-lanc(olale, or the lower broadly lanceolate, tapering to both ends, with
very rough margins, the lower very sharply serrate ; heads and dense crowded
racemes nearly as in No. 20 ; arJunla nearly glabrous. — Dry prairies, from Wis-
consin and Illinois southward and westward. — Heads l-^"-2" long.

COMPOSITE.. (COMPOSITK FAMILY.) 24')

•*- ■*- Scales of the involucre narrow, thin and membranaceous: racemes mostly elon-
gated and nnmeroHS, fonnimj a crowded amjite juinicle. (Tlicse all jjivsent in-
tcnnctliati' i'urins, and .should ratlier he ivjjarded as one jwlymorphous
species.)

32. S. rup6stris, Kaf. 5/t/« smooth and slender (2° -.3° high); lcai:es
linear-lancioldte, ttijierinc] to both ends, smooth and (//uhrous, entire or nearly so ;
panicle narrow; heads very small; rays very short. — Kocky river-hanks, Kcu-
tueky and Indiana.

33. S. Canadensis, L. Stem roii<jh-huiry, taW and stout (3° -6° liigh) ;
leaves lanaolate, pointed, sharply serrate (sometimes almost entire), more or less
pubescent beneath and rouijh above ; heads small ; rays vtry short. — Boiders of
thickets and Hclds : very common. — Varies greatly in the roughness and hairi-
ness of the stem and leaves, the latter oblong-lanceolate or elongated linear-
lanceolate ; — in var. procek.v, whitish-woolly underneath ; and in var. scXiuja
also very rough above, often entire, and rngo.se-veincd.

K/ 34. S. serotina, Ait. Stem very smooth, tail and stout (4° -8° higli), often

^^^ glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, pointed, serrate, ronghish above, smooth ereejit the veins
""^•y^^juiuiderneath, ichich are more or less hairy ; rays short. — Thickets and low grounds :

common. — Intermediate in character, and in the size of the licads and rays,

between the hist and the next.

35. S. gigantea, Ait. Stem stout (3^-7° high), smooth, often glaucous;
leaves quite smooth both sides, lanceolate, tapci'-pointed, ver}' sharply serrate, ex-
cept the narrowed base, rough-ciliate ; the ample panicle pubescent ; rays rather
lony. — Copses and fence-rows : common : — presenting many varieties, but with
decidedly larger heads and rays than in the preceding. Seldom very tall.

§ 3. EUTHAMIA, Nutt. Corymbosely much branched: heads small, s>ssile, in
little clusters which are crowded in Jiat-topped corymbs; t/ie closely oppressed
scales of the involucre somewlmt glutinous: receptacle Jimbrillate : rays 6-20,
short, more numerous than the disk-flowers : Uaves narrow, entire, sessile, crowded
or fascicled in the a.rils.

36. S. lanceolata, L. Leaves lanceolate-linear, S-t)-nervcd; the neiTcs,
margins, and angles of the branches minutely rough-pubescent ; heads obovoid-
cylindrical, in dense corymbcd clusters; rays 15-20. — River-banks, &c., in
moist soil : common. — Stem 2° -4° high : leaves 3' - 5' long.

37. S. tenuif61ia, Tursh. Smooth, slender; leaves tery nairowly linear,
mosdy \-nerved, dollfd: beads obovoid-club-shajieil, in numerous clusters of 2 or
3, disposed in a loose corymb; rays G- 12. — Sandy fields, Massachusetts to

^ Illinois, and southward : common near the coast.

20. BIGELOVIA, DC. Ravi.ks.s GoLniix-noD.

Heads 3- 4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular: rays none. Invo-
lucre club-shaped, yellowish ; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely
imbricated and apprcssed. Receptacle murow, with an awl-shaped j>rolongation
in the centre. Achenia somewhat oliconical, hairy. Pa])pus a single row ui'
capillary bristles. — A smooth perennial ; the slender stem (l°-2° high) sim-
ple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing

24G coMPOSiT.E. (composite family.)

small heads in a flat-topped corymb. Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblan-
ccolate or linear, 1 -3-nerved. (Dedicated by DcCandolle to Dr. Jaah Biijeluw,
author of the Flonila Bpstoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany. >

1. B. nud^ta, DC. — Low pine barrens, New' Jersey (rare), and south-
ward. Sept.

21. CHRYSOPSIS, Nntt. Golden Aster.

Iloails many-fluwcrcd, radiate ; tin' rays numerous, pistillate. Scales of the
involucre linear, imliricatcd, without herbaceous tips. Receptacle flat. Achcnia
obovate or linuar-oblon^j;, flattened, hairy. I'appus in all the flowers double, the
outer of very short and somewhat chaffy bristles, the inner of long capillary
bristles. — Chiefly perennial, low herbs, woolly or hairy, with rather large often
corymbose heads terminating the branches. Disk anil ray-flowers yellow.
(Name composed of ;(pvcr(If, yold, and o\//is, asjicct, from the golden blossoms.)

* I e ires iKirrmrh/ hinrcotntf. or linear: achcnia linear.

1. C. graminifblia, Nutt. Sih-en/silLi/, -^v'nh long close-pressed hairs;
stem slender, often with niimers from the base, naked above, bearing few heads;
leaves lanceolate or linear, elom/alecl, ffrass-like, nerved, sliininr/, entire. — Dr}' sandy
soil, Delaware to Virginia, and southward. July -Oct.

2. C. faleata, Kll. Stems (4'-10' high) very woolly; leaves crowded,
linear, rii/id, about S-nirrrd, entire, somewhat recurred or sci/thc-s/tapfd, hairi/, or
smooth when old, sessile; heads (small) corymbed. — Dry sandy soil on the
coast, pine barrens of New Jersey to Nantucket and Cape Cod, JIass. Aug.

* * Leaves ohlonrj or lanrrnlate, entire or slifjhtli/ sei'rate, mosthj sessile, veined, not
nerved ; achenia ohnvate, flattened.

3. C. gOSSypina, Nutt. DenseJi/ wonllif all over; leaves ohlom/, obtuse (1'-
2' long) ; heads larger than in the next. — Pine barrens, Virginia and south-
ward. Aug. - Oct.

4. C. Mariana, Nutt. Silh/ iriih low/ and n-ml: hairit, or when old smnotli-
ish ; leaves obloni/ ; heads corymbed, on glandular j)eduncles. — Dry barrens,
from S. New York and Pcnn., southward, near the coast. Aug. - Oct.

5. C. villdsa, Nutt. Hirsute and villons-pubescent ; stem corymboscly
branched, the branches terminated by single short-pednncled heads ; leaves
narrowljl oblom;, hoarij icith rou(/h pubescence (as also the involucre), Jn-istlijciliate
toward the base. — Dry jilains and jjrairies, Wisconsin to Kentucky-, and west-
ward. July - Sept.

22. INULA, L. Elecvmiuxe.

Outer .scales of the involucre sometimes leaf-like. Achenia terete or 4-sided.
Pappus simple, of caj)illary bristles. Anthers with 2 tails at their base. Other-
wise much as in the last genns. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. I. IlEi.fexM-M, L. (Common Ei.ec ami>.\\i:.) Stout perennial (3° -5°
high) ; leaves large, woolly beneath; those from the thick root ovate, petioled,
the others partly clas])ing ; rays very many, narrow. — Roadsides, escaped
from gardens. Aug. — Heads very large. Root mucilaginous. (Nat. from Eu.)

COMPOSITyK. (COMPOSITF, FAMILY.) 217

23. PLtrCHEA, Cass. Marsh-Fleabane.

Heads ma)iy-fluwerc(l ; the flowers all tubular; the central perfect, but sterile,
few, with n .5-clert corolla; nil the others with a thread-shaped truncate corolla,
pistillate and fertile. Involucre imbricated. Anthers with tails. Achcnia
grooved. Pappus capillary, in a single row. — Herbs, somcwiiat glandular,
emitting a strong or camphoric odor, the heads in close compound corymbs.
Flowers j)urpli>li, in suinuier. (Dedicated to the Abbe Piurlie.)

1. P. camphor^ta, DC (Salt-marsh Fleabane.) Annuul, miimUh/
ri.irid, pale {l°-'2° hi.uh); haves scarcely pctiolnl, ohlow^-ovixtii or lanceolate,
thickish, obscurely veiny, serrate; corymb flat; involucre viscid-downy. (Co-
n\za camphorata, Bi(/i:l. C. Marylandica, Ptira/i.) — Salt marshes, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia and southward.

2. P. foetida, DC. Pe.rcmilal, almost smooth (-2°- 4° \u'j:h); leaves disdnctli/
jietioted, veiny, oval-litneeolate, poitittd at Initli tt>ds, serrate ; corymbs panieled ;
involucre smooth. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward.

3. P. bifrons, DC. Perennial; leaves closely sessile or hulf-claspinfj b}- a
somewhat heart-shaped base, lance-oblong, sharply denticulate, veiny (only 2'-
3' long) ; heads clustered in a corymb ; involucre smooth. — Salisbury, ilary-
land ( W. M. Canby), and southward.

24. BACCHARIS, L. GnorNnsnL-TnEE.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, dicecions, viz. the pistillate and
staminate flowers in sejjarate heads borne by difl'erent plants. Involucre imbri-
cated. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like ; of the
staminate, larger and 5-lobed. Anthers tailless. Aeheni.i ribbed. I'apjius of
slender capillary bristles, in the sterile j)lant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile
plant very long and copious. — Shrubs, commonly smooth and n\sinous or glu-
tinous. Flowers whitish or yellow, autumnal. (The name of some shrub
anciently dedicated to Bdrrlms.)

1. B. halimif61ia, L. Smooth and soniewlmt scurfy ; branches angled ;
leaves obovate and wedge-form, coarsely toothed, or the upper entire ; heads
scattered or in leafy panicles; scales of the involucre acutish. — Sea beach,
Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Shrub 6° -12° high; the fertile
plant c()ns])icuous in autinnn by its very long and white ])ap|)us.

2. B. glomerulifl6ra, I'ers. Leaves sinituiate-oblong ; heads larger,
sessile in the axils or in clusters ; scales of the bell-shaped involucre broader,
very obtuse : otherwise like the last. — Pine barrens, E. Virginia and south-
ward.

25. POLYMNIA, L. Leai -Ci r.

Heads manyflowcrcd. radiate: tlic rays several (rarely abortive), jiisfillatc ;
the disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Scales of the involucre ill two rows ; the
outer about 5, leaf-like, large and spreading ; the inner small and membrana-
ceous, partly embracing the thick triangular-obovoid achcnia. l\ecej)tacle flat,
with a membranaceous cliaft' to each flower. Pappus none. — Tall branching

248 COMTOSIT.E. (COMl'OSITE FAMILY.)

perennial herbs, viscid-hairy, exhaling a heavy odor. Leaves large and thin,
opposite, or the uppermost alternate, lobed, and with dilated appendages like
stipules at the base. Heads in panicled corymbs. Flowers light yellow ; in
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the Muse, Poli/hi/mnia, for no obvious
reason, as tlie ])l.ints are coarse and inelegant.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. Clammij-hnirn ; lower leaves deeply pinnatifid, the
uppermost tn;ingular-ovatc and 3-5-lobed or angled, petioled; heads small;
rays/ew, obocate or widtjr-fnrni, shorter than the involucre, whiti-h-ycllow. — Moist
shaded ravines, W. New York (and Weehawken, New Jersey, Dr. Allen) to
Pcnn., Wisconsin, and southward along the mountains. — Var. niscoiDEA has
the corolla of the ray-flowers reduced to a mere ring around the base of the style.
Mt. Carroll, Illinois, Flcnri/ Shinier.

2. P. Uved^lia, L. Roiujhish-hnin/, stout {A° -10° hh^h) ; leaves broadly
ovate, angled and toothed, nearly sessile ; the lower palmately lobed, abruptly
narrowed into a winged petiole; outer involucral scales very large; rai/s 10-15,
linear-ohlom/, i>iitch loiifjer than the inner scales of the incoliicre, } ellow. — Rich soil,
W. New York and New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

26. CHRYSOGONUM, L. Ciirysogoxum.

Heads many-flowered, radi;ite ; the rayt about 5, ])istillate and fertile ; the
disk-flowers perfect but sterile. Involucre of about .5 exterior leaf-like oblong
scales, which exceed the disk, and as many interior shorter and chaff-like con-
cave scales. Receptacle flat, with a linear chaff to each disk-flower. Achenia
all in the ray, obovate, obeompressed, 4-angled, each one partly enclosed by the
short scale of the involucre behind it; those of the disk-flowers abortive, l^^p-
pus a small chaffy crown, 2 -3-toothed, and split down the inner side. — A low
(2' -6' high), hairy, perennial herb, nearly stemless when it begins to flower,
the flowerless shoots forming runners. Leaves opposite, ovate or spatulate, cre-
nate, long-pctioled. Heads single, long-])edunclcd. Flowers yellow. (Name
composed of XP'J"''''^^ fplden, and yow, knee.)

1. C. Virgini^num, L. Dry soil, from Pennsylvania ( Mercersburg,
prof. Porter) and Illinois southward. May- Aug. — Rays ^' long.

27. SILPHIUM, L. Rosin-Plaxt.

Heads many-flovvercd, radiate ; the rays numerous, pistillate and fertile, their
broad flat ovaries imbricated in 2 or 3 rows ; the disk-flowers apparently perfect,
but with undivided style, and sterile. Scales of the broad and flatfish involu-
cre imbricated in several rows, broad and with loose leaf-like sunmiits, e.\cc|it
the innermost, which are small and resemble the linear chaff of the flat recep-
tacle. Achenia broad and flat, obc()mi)resscd, surrounded by a wing which is
notched at the top, destitute of ])appus, or with 2 teeth confluent with the
winged margin: achenia of the disk sterile and stalk-like. — Coarse and tall
rough pcrenniid herbs, with a cojiious resinous juice, and large coryuibosc-
panicled yellow-flowered heads. (SiX^toi/, the ancient name of a plant which
produced some gum-resin, perhaps assafcutida, was transferred by Linna;us to
this American genus.)

i

COMPOSITE. (COMI'OSITi: FAMILY.) 249

♦ Stem trrrtr, miked ahnrr, nltrrnatr-lrtivnl near the hnsn {root irnj larrjf and thick).

1. S. laciniitum, L. (Hosix-wkkd. Compass-I'laxt.) Ronfj/i-hrislhi
ihroiirilioHt ; stciii stout (.■!° - G° lii^li), leafy to the top; ledvcs jiinmitdi/ pnrtij,
potiolcd l)ut dilated and claspiiij,' at the base; t/ieir dinsloiis lanreolate or /iiii"ir,
sicwtc, riil-lolii'd or pliinatl/id, rarely entire; heads few (!'- 2' broad), somewhat
raecnied ; srtifes of the involiicro orate, tapcriug into loiicj and s/neadinrj ri(fid jioinli ;
aehcnia broadly winjjed and deeply notehed. — Prairies, Miehij^an and Wiscon-
sin, thence southward and westward. July. — Lower and root-leaves vertical,
12 -30' lon<;, ovivtc in outline; on the wide open prairies disposed to present
their edi^es noith and south ; hence called Conipasa-Plant.

•2. S. terebinthiniceura, L. (Tijaiuie Dock.) Stem smooth, slender
(4°- 10° hi;;h), panicled at the sununit and bearing nuiny (small) heads, leafless
except towards the base ; leaves orate and ovate-oblong-, somewhat heart-shaped,
serrate-loot lied, thick, rough, especially beneath (1° - 2° long, on slender petioles) ;
scales of the inrotucre roundish, obtuse, smooth; aehenia narrowly wingeii, slightly
notched and 2-toothed. — Var. piNNATfriDUM has the leaves deeply cut or pin-
natilid, but varies into the ordinary form. — Prairies and oak-openings, Ohio
and Michigan to Wisconsin and southward. July- Sept.

* * Stem terete or slii/htiij 4-anffled, leaf}/: leaves undivided (not larr/e).

3. S. trifoli^tum, L. Stem smof>th, often glaucous, rather slender (4°- 6°
high), branched aliove; stem-leaver liinetolate, /w/»W, ?«<//•« or scarcely ser>*ate,
rough, shoit-fietioled, in whorls o/' 3 or 4, the ii])perniost opposite; heails loosely
panicled; aehcnia rather broadly winged, and sharply 2-toothed at the top. —
Dry plains and banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. Aug.

4. S. AsterisCUS, L. Stem hispid (2° -4° high); leaves opposite, or the.
loiver in whorls of 3, the upper alternate, oblonc] or oval-lanceolate, coarseli/ tootlw.d,
rarely entire, romjh-huirif ; heads nearly solitary (large); aehcnia obovate,
winged, 2-to()thed. — Dry sandy soil, Virginia and southward.

5. S. integrifdliura, Michx. Stem rouyh, rather stout (2° -4° high),
rigid, 4-angular and grooved ; leaves all opposite, rigid, lanccoluie-orate, entire,
tapering to a sharj) \)oint from a roundish /uart-shapcd and parlli/ clasping Imse,
rough-pubescent or nearly smooth, thick (3' - 5' long) ; heads m a close forking
corymb, short-pcduncled ; aehenia broadly winged, deeply notched. — Var.
L/EVE ha-s the stem antl leaves smooth or nearly so. — Prairies, Michigan to
Wisconsin, and southward. Aug.

« * « Stem square: leaves opposite, connate (thin and large, G'-l.')' lonq).

6. S. perfoliatum, L. ((-li'-Pi,ant.) Stem stout, often branched alwro
(4° -8° high) ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, the upper united by their bases
and forming a cup-shaped disk, the lower abruptly narrowed into winged petioles
which are (onnate by their bases; heads corymbose ; aehenia wingeil and vari-
ously notched. — Huh soil along streams, Michigan to Wisconsin, and south-
ward : common. Also escaped from gardens eastward. July.

28. PARTHENIUM, L. Paktukmi m.

Heads many-tlowcred, inc(Mis))i(uou>ly radiate ; the ."> ray-(lowers with verr
short and broad obcordate lii;ules not jirojecting beyond the woolly disk, pistil-

250 COMPOSITE, (composite family.)

late and fertile ; the disk-flowers staminate with imperfect styles, sterile. Invo-
luere heinispherical, of 2 ranks of short ovate or roundisli scales. Receptacle
conical, chafiy. Achenia only in the ray, obcomprcssed, surrounded hy a slen-
der callous margin, crowned with the persistent ray-corolla and a pappus of 2
small chatty scales. — Leaves alternate. Heads small, corynihcd ; the tlowers
whitish. (An ancient name of some plant, from napdtvos, vinjin.)

1. P. integrifblium, L. Kough-puhesccnt perennial (l°-3° high);
leaves ohlong or ovate, crenate-toothed, or the lower (3' -6' long) cnt-lohcd he-
low the middle ; heads many in a very dense flat corymb. — Dry soil, Maryland
to Wisconsin and southward. June - Aug.

2 9. IV A, L. Marsh Elder. IIiGiTWATER-snRCB.

Heads several-Howered, not radiate ; the pistillate fertile and the staminate
sterile flowei-s in the same heails, the former few (1 -5) and marginal, with a
small tubular or no corolla ; the latter with a funnel-lorm 5-toothed corolla.
A.nthcrs nearly separate. Scales of the iavoiucre few, roundish, lleceptaclc
small, with narrow chaft" among the flowers. Achenia obovoid or lenticular.
I'appus none. — Herbaceous or shrubby coarse plants, with thickish leaves, the
lower opposite, and small greenish-white heads of flowers ; in summer and au-
tumn. (Name of unknown derivation.)

4 I. Ftrl He flowers irit/i a small, tubular corolla: involucre simple {heads noddimj in
the arils of Ifiif-llb' bracts, fi>rmin(/ spikes or racemes).

1. I. frut6scens, L. Shrubhi/ at the liase, nearly smooth (.3° -8° high);
leaves oval or lanceolate, coarsely and sharply toothed, rather fleshy, the upper
reduced to linear bracts, in the axils of which the heads are disjwsed, in leafy
paniclcd racemes ; fertile flowers and scales of the involucre 5. — Salt marshes,
coast of Massiuliusetts to Virginia, and southward.

2. I. ciliata, WilUl. Annual {2° -8° hh^h), rourjh and hain/ ; leaves ovate,
pointed, coarsely toothed, doinnij beneath, on slender cUiate petioks ; heads in dense
spikes, with conspicuous ovate-lanceolate rough-ciliatc bracts; scales of .the in-
volucre and fertile flowers 3-5. — Moist ground, from Illinois southward.

$ 2. EUPHIKJSYNE, DC. Fviii I e flow-is 5, in the arils of as mani/ thin mem-
branaceous scales of the involucre, ivhich loosely enwrap the achenia, their corolhi
a mere rudimei^tary rinrj or none.

3. I. xanthiif61ia, Nutt. /lHn»n/, tall, ronghish; leaves nearly all oppo-
site, hoary with minute down, ovate, rhombic, or the lowest heart-shaped, doubly
or ent-toothed, or obscurely lobed ; heads small, crowded in s])ikes or dusters
disposed in axilRiry and terminal panicles; bracts inconspicuous. — N.W.Wis-
consin (T. J. Ilalc), and northwestward.

30. AMBROSIA, Toum. Ragweed.

Sterile and fertile flowers occupying different heads on the s;nne plant ; the
fertile 1 -3 together and sessile in the axil of leaves or bracts, at the base of the
racemes or spikes of sterile heads. Sterile involucres flatfish or top-shaped,
composed of 7-12 scales united into a cup, containing 5-20 funnel-form stam-

COMPOSiTyE. (co:mi"Ositk family.) 2.j1

inatc flowers, with slender chaff intermixed, or none. Anthers almost sepa-
rate. Fertile involucre (fruit) oblong or top-shaped, closed, pointed, reseml)Iing
an adieniuni, and usually with 4-8 tubercles or horns near the top in one row,
enclosing a single flower which consists of a- pi>til only ; the elongated branches
of the style jirotruding. Achenia ovoid: pappus none. — Homely and coarse
weeds, with opposite or alternate lobed or dissected leaves, and incon.^picuous
greenish or whitish flowers, produced throughout hue summer and autumn : our
species are all annuals. ( 'Afx^poaia, the. food of the gods, an ill-chosen name for
these miserable weeds.)

§ 1. Sterile heads sessile, crowded in a dense njUndiical spike, the top-shnped involucre
with its tnmrute nianjin extcndid on one side into a hmje, lanctolule, hooded, re-
cnrad, iri:<l/i/-liii/ri/ toolli or appendiuje ; fertile involucre oblong find 4-angled.

1. A. bidentilta, JMichx. Hairy (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves alter-
nate, lanceolate, partly clasjting, nearly entire, except a short lobe or tooth on
each side near the base. — Prairies of Illinois and southward.

§ 2. Sterile heads in single or panichd racemes or spikes, the involua-e regidar.
* Leaves opjxisite, only once lobed: sterile involuae 3-riljbed on one side.

2. A. trifida, L. (Gre.vt Ragweed.) Stem stout (40-12° high), rough-
hairy, as are the large deeply 3-lobed leaves, the lobes oval-lanceolate and
serrate; petioles margined; fruit obovate, 5-6-ribbed and tubercled. — Var.
ixtegrif6lia is only a smaller form, with the upper leaves, or all of them, un-
divided, ovate or oval. — Moist river-banks : common.

* * Leaves mani/ of them alternate, all once or twice pinnatlfid.

3. A. artemisisefdlia, L. (Roman- Woismwood. IIoo-wEEn. Bit-
ter-weed.) Much hrauciicd (10-3° high), hairy or r()Ughi>li])ubesceut ;
leaves thin, twice-plnnutijid, smoothish above, paler or hoary beneath ; fruit obo-
void or globular, armed ivilh almit G short acute teeth or s/>ines. — Waste places
everywhere. — An extremely variable weed, with finely cut leaves; rarely the
spikes lK*ar all fertile iieads.

4. A. psilost^chya, T)C. Pani(iilate-l)rauched (2°-:")° high), rough and
somewhat hoary with short hispid hairs ; letives once pinnatijid, thidish, the lobes
acute, those of the lower leaves often incised ; fruit obovoid, without tuliercles or
with verji small ones, pubescent. (A. coronopifoliH, Torr. tj- 6'/-.) — Prairies and
plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward.

31. XANTHIUM, Tourn. CocKLEnru. Ci.oxnrR.

Sterile and fertile Howers occniiying ditVerent heads on the same plant ; the
latter clustered below, the former in short spikes or racemes above. Sterile in-
volucres anil flowers as in Ambrosia, but the .•;cales separate. Fertile involucre
closed, coriaceous, ovoid or oblong, clothed with hooked |)rickles so as to form
a rough bur, 2-celled, 2-flowered ; the flowers consisting of a pistil with a slen-
der thread-form corolla. Achenia oblong, flat, destitute of pappus. — Coarse
and vile weeds, with annual roots, hiw and branching stout stems, and alternate
toothed or lol)ed ])etioled leaves ; tlowering in summer and autumn. (Namo
from ^dvdos, yellou; in allusion to the color the plants are said to yield.)

252 co.MPosiT.E. (composite family.)

1. X. Stl'umirium, L. (Common CocKLEnun.) Uoui^h; stems unarmed;
leaves diluhd-lriaiKjitlar and more or less heurl-shiijitd, on long petioles, toothed and
cut or obscurely lobcd; fruit oval or oblong (i'- §' long), pubescent on the
lower part of and between the hooked prickles, and with two strong and usually
straight liealcs at the summit. — Barn-yards, &e. (Nat. from Eu.) — Varies into
forms with more spotted stems, and often larger fruit (!'- 1' long), which is
cither glabrous, glandular, or glandular-hairy, the prickles longer and the beaks
often incurved. (X. Canadense, Mill., &c.) — Kiver-banks, &c., common west-
ward; apparently indigenous. And this j)asscs into

Var. eehinatum. (X. echinatum, Mtirr., &c.) Fruit turgid (I' long),
thickly clothed with long prickles, glandular-hispid, the beaks commonly in-
curved. — Sandy sea-shore, and along the Great Lakes and rivers. Perhaps
an immigrant from farther south. Now widely scattered over the warmer parts
of the world.

2. X. spixosfM, L. (Spiny CLOTBfR.) Honry-pubescent ; stems slender,
with sleniler yellow 3-/iarted s/)i>ics at the base of the Iwiaolalc or ovute-kinctolale
leaves; these taper into a short petiole, arc white-downy beneath, often 2-
.3-lobed or cut; fruit (J' long) pointed with a siny/e short bcaL\ — Waste places
on the sea-bo;ird and along rivers, southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer. ?)

32. TETRAGONOTHECA, Dill. Tetragonotiieca.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays G - 9, fertile. Involucre double; the
outer of 4 large and leafy ovate scales, which are united below by their margins
into a 4-angled or winged cup ; the inner of as many small and chaffy scales as
there are ray-flowers, and partly clasping their achenia. Receptacle convex or
conical, with narrow and membranaceous chaff between the flowers. Achenia
roundish and obovoid, flat at the top. Pai)pus none. — An erect perennial herb,
viscidly hairy when young, with opposite and coarsely toothed oval or ol)long
leaves, their sessile bases sometimes connate, and large single heads of pale yel-
low flowers, on terminal ])cduncles. (Name compounded of TfTpdyui^os, four-
am/led, and 6f)Kr], II case, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. T. heliantholdes, L. — Sandy soil, Virginia and southward. June-

33. ECLIPTA, L. Eclipta.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays short, fertile ; the disk-flowers perfect,
4-toothed. Scales of the involucre 10-12, in 2 rows, leaf-like, ovate-lanceolate.
Receptacle flat, with almost bristle-form chaff between the flowers. Achenia
short, 3-4-sided, or in the disk laterally flattened, roughened on the sides, hairy
at the summit ; the pappus none, or an obscure denticulate crown. — Annual
or biennial rough herbs, with slender stems and opposite lanceolate or oblong
leaves. Heads solitary, small. Flowers whitish : anthers brown. (Name from
(K\(i7r(i>, to k' defiilftit, alluding to the absence of pappus.)

1 E. prOCTlmbenS, Michx. Rough with close appressed hairs; stems
procumbent, crec])iiig, or ascending ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at each end,
sessile, slightly serrate ; peduncles many times longer than the head. — Var.
BRACHTPODA Has the peduncles not more than twice the length of the heads. —

COMPOSITE. (coMi'osrri: kamm.y.) 253

Wet river-banks, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. June -Oct. — All
belonfr to a widc-sijjrcud and variable species ol the wui nier regions, the oldest
specific uaniL- of wiiicli is E. ai.u.v.

34. BORRICHIA, Adaus. Ska Ox-eye.

Heads niany-liowtrcd, radiate ; tiic rays rcrtile. Scales of the hemispherical
involucre imbricated. Ucccptacle Hat, covered witli lanceolate rigid and per-
sistent chart'. Achenia somewhat wedge-shaped, 3-4-angled. Pappus a short
4-toothed crown. — Shrubby low maritime plants, coriaceous or rteshy, with
opposite nearly entire leaves, and solitary peduncled terminal heads of yellow
flowers : anthers blackish. (Named for Oluf Borrich, a Danish botanist.)

1. B. frutescens, DC. Whitened with a minute silky pubescence (6'-
Vl' high); leaves spatulate-oblong or lanceolate, often toothed near the base;
chafl" rigidly pointed. — Virginia and southward.

35. HELIOPSIS, Pers. Ox-eye.

Heads many-flowered, radiate; the rays 10 or more, fertile. Scales of the
involucre in 2 or 3 rows ; the outer leaf-like and somewhat spreading, the inner
shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical : chaff linear. Achenia smooth, 4-
angular. Pappus none, or a mere border. — Perennial herbs, like Hclianthus.
Heads showy, peduncled, terminating the stem or branches. Leaves opposite,
petioled, triple-ribbed, serrate. Flowers yellow. (Name composed of rjXios, the
61111, and o\|/'is', apjuurance, from the likeliess to the Sunflower.)

1. H. laevis, Pcrs. Nearly smooth (l°-4° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
or oblong-ovatc. — Var. sc.\bra has roughish foliage, and the involucre some-
what hoary. — Banks and copses : common. Aug.

36. ECHINACEA, Maiich. Purple Cone-flower.

Heads numy-flowercd, radiate ; the rays very long, drooping, pistillate but
sterile. Scales of the involucre imbricated, lanceolate, spreading. Receptacle
conical ; the lanceolate spiny-tipped chaff longer than the disk-flowers. Ache-
nia thick and short, 4-sidcd. Pa])pus a small toothed border. — Perennial herbs,
with the stout and nearly simple stems naked above and terminated by a single
large head ; the leaves chiefly alternate, 3-5-nerved. Rays rose-purple, rather
persistent: disk purplish. (Name formed from 'E;(I«'os, the Ilcdi/ehorj, or Sea-
urchiii, in allusion to the sjiiny ciiafJ'of the disk.)

1. E. purptirea, Moncli. Lcm-es rough, often serrate ; the lowest w<»^',
b-mrfccl, veiny, long-petioled ; the others ovate-lanceolate ; involucre imbricated
in 3-5 rows ; stem smooth, or in one variety (E. scrtitina, DC.) rough-bristly,
as well as the leaves. — Prairies and banks, from W. Penn. and Ohio southward
and westward. July. — Rays 15-20, dull purple (rarely whitish), \'-2' long.
Root thick, black, very pungent to the taste, used in poi)ular medicine under
the name of /i/'ick Sinn/isivt. — Probably varies into

2. E. angUStif61ia, DC. Ltaws, as well as the slender simjile stem,
bristli/-h'iiri/, laiiculatc and linearlaiiceulate, S-iiernd, intire ; involucre less imbri-
cated ; rays 12-15 (2' long), rose-color or red. — Plains from lUiuois and Wiii-
consin southwcstward. June -Aug.

254 coMPOsiT.t:. (composite family.)

37. RUDBECKIA, L. Cone-flower.

Heads niany-HoweiTd, radiate ; the rays noutral. Scales of the involucre
leaf-like, in about a rows, spreading. Keceptaclc conical or columnar ; the short
cliatt' concave, not rigid. Achenia 4-angular, smooth, not mai-gincd, tlat at the
top, witli no i)ai)j)us, or a minute crown-like border. — Chiefly jjcrennial herbs,
with alternate leaves, and siiowy heads terniinating the stem or branches ; the
rays generally long, yellow. (Named in honor of the Projtssors Itudbtclc, fatlier
and son, predecessors of Linnaeus at Upsal. )

* Disk cohiiiiiwr ill fruit, dull (jreeriish-i/eUow : leaves divided and cut.

1. R. laciniata, L. Stem smooth, branching (3° -7° high); leaves
smooth or rougliisli, the lowest pinnate, with 5-7 cut or 3-lobed leaflets; upper
leaves irregularly 3 - o-parted ; the lol)es ovate-lanceolate, pointed, or the ujiper-
most undivided ; heads long-peduncled ; chatt' truncate and downy at the tip ;
rays linear ( 1' - 2' long), drooping. — Low thickets : common. July - Scjit.

* * DisL ylubiiiiii , pale hrutniialt : lower leaves S-parted: recejttade sweet-aanttd.

2. R. SUbtomentOSa, Pursh. Stem branching above (3° -4° high),
downy, as well as the lower side of the ovate or ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves ;
heads short-pedunelcd ; chaff downy at the blunt ajjcx. — Prairies, Wisconsin,
Illinois, and southward.

» * * Disk broadly conical, dark purple or hroirii : leaves undivided, except Xo. 3.

3. R. triloba, L. Hairy, biennial, much branched (2° - 5° high), the
branches slender and spreading ; upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, sparingly toothed,
the loivcj- 3-lobtd, tapering at the base, co«yst//y-.s«Ta<e (those from the root pin-
nately parted or undivided) ; ixiys 8, oval or ohlony ; chaff of the blaek-jjurjde
disk smooth, awned. — Dry soil, Pemi. to Illinois, and southward. Aug. —
Heads small, but numerous and showy.

4. R. specibsa, Wenderoth. Kou^hisb-liairy ( 1° - 2° high), bninehed ;
the branches upright, elongated and naked above, terminated by single large
lieads ; leaves lanceolate or orate-lanccolate, pointed at both ends, petiulid, 3 - b-nerved
coarselij and uneqwdlif toothed or incised ; involucre nuieli shorter than the numer-
ous elongati'd (I'-U') rays ; chaff of the dark purple disk acutisb, smooth. —
Dry soil, W. Penn. to Ohio and Virginia. July.

5. R. fiilgida, Ait. IlHiry, the branches naked at the summit and bear-
ing single heads ; leaves spatulate-ol>lonfj or lanceolate, por^/^ clas])imj, triplc-iierved,
the upper entire, mosdy obtuse ; rays about 12, equalling or exceeding the involucre ;
chaff of the dark purple disk nearly smooth and blunt. — Dry soil, Pennsyl-
vania to Kentucky and southward. — Variable, l°-3° high: the rays orange-
yellow. Nearly ap])roachcs the next.

C. R. hirta, L. Very rough and bristly-hairy throughout ; stems simiile
or branched near the base, stout (l°-2° high), naked above, bearing single
large heads ; leans tiearli/ entire ; the upper oblon(j or lanceolate, sessile; the lower
spatulatc, tri[)le-ncrved, petioU-d ; rays (about 14) more or less exceeding the
involucre ; chaff of the dull brown disk hairy at the Up, acutish. — Dry soil, W.
New York to Wisconsin and southward. Now common eastward, as a weed
in meadows, of recent introduction, with clover-seed from the West June-
Aog.

COMI'OSlTyK. (composite FAMILY.) 255

38. Ll^PACHYS, Kaf. (Oreliscaiua, 7)C.)

Heads inaiiy-ll<i\vciT(l, radiate ; tlie rays few, neutral. Scales of the involucre
few and small, sjireadiii;;. lvece])tacle oijionj^j or coluinuar : the chall' tiuniate,
thickened and iicarded at the U\>, partly euil)racin<^- the tlattened and niar;;ined
achenia. l'ai)i)us none or J teeth. — I'erennial herb.s, with alternate pinnate
leaves; the grooved steins or hranehes naked above, terminated by single showy
lieads. Ka\'s yellow or ])urty-eolored, drooping ; the disk grayish. (Name from
XfTTf?, a si-iilr, and nax^s, tliir/c, from the thickened tips of the chaff.)

1. L. pinnita, Torr. & Gr. Hoary with minute appressed hairs, slender
(4° higii), branching; leaflets 3-7, lanceolate, acute; disk oblong, much
shorter than the large and drooping light-yellow rays (which arc 2' long). —
Dry soil, W. New York {Dr. Sdiiircll), to Wisconsin and southward. July. —
The receptacle exhales a ])leasant anisate odor when bruised. Aehcnia slightly
margined on the inner edge, obscurely 2-toothcd at the top.

39. HELIANTHUS, L. Sunflower.

Heads nuiny-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays several or many, neutral. Involucre
imbricated. Ueceptacle flattish or convex ; the persistent chatf endjracing the
4-sidi.'d and laterally compressed achenia, which are neither winged nor mar-
giiicd. ra])pus very deciduous, of 2 thin chaffy scales on the principal angles
of the achcnium, and often 2 or more little intermediate scales. — Coarse and
stout herbs, with solitary or corymbcd heads, and yellow rays ; flowering to-
wards autumn. (Named from tjXios, the sun, and uv6os, ujiower.)

§ 1. Root annual : leaves alternate : receptacle Jlat : disk biownish.

1. H. ANNUL-.S, L. (CoMMox SuNFLOWER.) Tall, rough ; leaves triple-
ribbed, ovate or the lower heart-shaped ; heads in cult, plant very broad, and
rays many. — Escaped from cult, into waste grounds. (Adv. from trop. Anier.)
§ 2. Hoot perennial, the creeping roofstocks sometimes tuberous-thickened or tulicrijlrous.

* Disk convex, dark purple: leaves mainly opposite: heads small, except Xo. A.

2. H. angUStif61ius, L. Stem slender (20-60 high); leaves lonij and
linear, sessile, entire, with revolute nnvrgins, 1-nerved ; heads loosely corynd)cd,
long-fledunilc.l ; scales of the involucre tapering into narrow and spreading hcr-
baceons tii)s.— Low pine barrens, New Jersey to Kentucky ami southward.

.}. H. atr6rubens, L. RnMjh-hairii ; stem s/pWe/- (20-50 high), smooth,
and naked and forking above ; hacrs thin, orate or oral, or the lowest heart-
shajjcd (.'J'-G' long), serrate, abruptly contracted into a margined jx-tiolc ;
lieads small, corymbcd ; scales of the involucre ovate, obtuse, regularly indiri-
cated, (fy»/)ms-,sW, destitute of herlmcous tips; rays 10-16; pai)i)us of 2 fringed
scales. — Dry soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward.

4. H. rigidus, Dcsf. Stem stout (l°-3° high), simple or sparingly
branched, rough ; leaves veri/ thick and rigid, rough lioth sides, Monij-lunceolate,
usually pointed at both cinls, nearly sessile, slightly serrate, the lowest ovnl ;
heads nearly solitary, pretty large; scales of the involucre ovate or lance-oblon;;,
obtu.se, eiliate, appressed, r/'.s7///(/,' of herhacout tips: rays 20-25; p.i|)pus of 2
large and often several small scales. — Dry prairies, Aliehigan to Hlinois, and
westward.

256 coMi'OrfiT^. (composite family.)

* « Disk convex, ycUotv : scales of (he involucre rerjularlij imbricated and oppressed,
with somewhat spreadinrj and acute {hut not/oliaccous) tips : Icucis ckicfly opposite.

5. H. l8Btifl6ruS, Tcrs. Stout and romjh (3° -4° high), branching above:
leaves oval-lam-iuldtc, verij rourjh both sides, narrowed into short petioles, serrate, taper-
pointed, the upi)erniost alternate and nearly entire ; licads single or corymbcd,
on naked ])eiluneles ; scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ciliatc. —
Dry open places, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Leaves almost as thick as
in 11. ri;iiilus. Kays showy. l'-2' long.

6. H. OCCident^Iis, Kiddcll. Somewhat hairy; stem s/c«t/r';-,s/;«;)/<', Wa J
above (l°-3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1-5 small
heads on long jjeduncles ; lowest leaves oval or lanceulate-ovate, 3-nerved, obscurely
serrate, romjhish-ptibescmt beneath, abruptly contracted into lony hairy petioles ; the
upper small and remote, entire ; scales of the involucre oval-lanceolate, pointed,
ciliate. — Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

7. H. cinereUS, var. SuUivantii, Torr. & Gr. Gray with a close rouijh-
ish pubescence ; stem branching above, hairy ; leaves ovate-oblomj , sessile bi/ a nar-
rowed base, acute, obscurely serrate ; the upper small and remote ; peduncles
slender ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, hoary. — Darby Plains, Ohio, SuUi-
vant. Stem 2° -3° high, bearing few heads, as large as those of the next.

8. H. mollis, Lam. Stem clothed with soft white hairs, simple, Uafy, to
the top (2° -4° higii) ; leaves ovate, with a broad heart-shaped and clasping base,
pointed, nearly entire, hoary above, very soft ivhite-ivoolly and reticulated under-
neath ; scales of the involucre lanceolate, downy. — Barrens iind Prairies, Ohio
to Illinois, and westward.

* * * Heads very S7nall {about 4" broad) : scales of the involucre fetv, shorter than the

yellow disk, irrerfulurly imbriculed, oppressed, the outer with spreading foUuceous
pointed tips : rays 5-8, slender : leaves all but the uppermost opposite.

9. H. mierocephalus, Torr. & Gr. Stem smooth {i°-^° high), with
numerous slender branches above ; haves thin, ovate-lanceolate, taperjiointed,
somewhat serrate, veiny, petioled, rough above, downy or hairy undernnith ; pe-
duncles slender, rough ; scales of the involucre ovate and ovate-lanceolate,
ciliate. — Thickets, Pennsylvania to Illinois, and southward. *

10. H. Isevig^tus, Ton-. & Gr. Stem slender (l°-4° high), simple or
sparingly branched, very smooth and glabrous throughout, as well as the slightly
terrate lanceolate leaves. — Dry soil, Alleghany Mountains, west of the Warm
Springs of Virginia, and southward.

* # * * Heads middle-sized or large : scales of the im^olucre irregularly imhrimtaf,

loose, with spreading foliaceous tips, as long as the yrllvw disk or longir.
•*- Leaves chiefly alternate or scattered, feather-veined, somrtimes obscurely triph-rihhed.

11. H. giganteUS, L. Stem hairy or rough (3" -10° high), branched
above; Irarrs lunnoldti', pointed, serrate, very rough above, rough-liairy hewalh,
narrowed and ciliate at the I)asc, but nearly sessile ; scales of the involucre long,
linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy, or strongly ciliate. — Var. .VMnfouus has most
of the leaves opposite and clo.se]y sessile by an obtuse base, and approaches No.
14. — Low thickets and swamps : common. Heads somewhat corymbed : the
pale yellow rays 1 5 - 20.

COMl'OSIT.K. (tOMl'OSlTi: 1 AMILV.) 257

12. H. grosse-SerrktUS, Miutciis. Stem smooth and yfatifous, at least
below (5" - lu^' lii;L;li) ; /ains clon<jal(ul-.'<i>iciolatc or ovate-hmccolatc, taixT-
irtintod, senate, iDiigli above, rouiidod or acute at the base, peliokil, /tomij-
clotinij liencuth ; scales of the involucre lance-a\vl-sha]jcd, slightly ciliate. — Dry
j)laiiis, Ohio to Illinois, and southwestward. — Probably runs into the last.

13. H. tomentdsUS, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4° -8° high); leaven
oUong-lancio'.alv, or the lowest owttc, taper-pointed, obscurely serrate, large (5'-
12' long), somewhat ])etiolcd, veri/ roiu/h above, sojl-downij liencath ; scales of the
involucre with very long and si)reading tips, hairy; the chaff and tips of the
disk-flowers pubescent. (Disk 1' broad; rays l.'i-16 about I' long.) — Rich
woods, Illinois 1 Virginia and southward along the mountain*.

■*- ■*- Leaves opposite, or the npjKrmost alternate, S-nerced or triple-ribbed.

14. H. Stl'Umbsus, L. Stem (30-4° high) smooth below; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, tapering (jradudl If to a point, serrate with small appressed t<tth, abruptly
contracted into short margined jjetioles, rough above, whitish and nuked or mi-
nutetij duwiiij underneath ; scales of the involucre broadly lanceolate with spread-
ing tips, equalling the disk; rays mostly 10. — Var. m6llis has the leaves
softly downy underneath. — Kiver-banks and low copses . common, especially
westward.

15. H. divaricitUS, L. Stem simple or forked and corymbed at the top
(l°-4° high) smooth; leaves all opposite and divaricate, ovate-lanceolate, 3-nervtd
from the rounded or truncate sessile base, tapering gradually to a sharp point (3'-
6' long), serrate, thickish, rough both sides; scales of the involucre lanceolate
from a broad ba.se, pointed, equalling the disk; rays 8-12. — Thickets and
barrens: common. — Disk 6" wide ; rays I 'long.

16. H. hirstltUS, Raf. Stem simple or forked above, stout (1° - 2° lii-k),
hristlg-hiiiri/ ; haves more or less jictioled, ovate-lanciolate, gradually ])ointed, slighlli/
serrate, rounded or obtuse at the base, vug rough above, rough-hairy underneath;
scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate, pointed, equalling the disk; .-ays about
12. — Dry plains. Oliio to Wisconsin, and southward. — Runs into the hxst.

17. H. traeheliifdlius, Willd. Stem loosely branched, tall, hairy;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply seirate,
smoothish or ronghish/wbescent both s/V/es, contnicted into short jietioles; scales of
the involucre lanceolate-linear, elongated and very taper-pointed, loose, e.vceed-
ing the disk; rays 12- 15. — Copses, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Illinois, and
southward. — Probably runs into the next.

18. H. decapetalus, L. Stem branching (3°-G° high), smooth below;
leaves thin and gieen both sides, sviuoth or roiighislt, ovale, coarsely serrate, pointed,
abruptly contracted into margined petioles; scales of the involucre lanceolate-
linear, elongated, loo.sely spreading, the outer longer than the disk; rays about
10. — Var. FKONUOsu.s has the outer involucral scales foliaceous or changing to
leaves. — Copses and low banks of streams: common, especially northward.
(11. mnltitlorus, L., may be a cultivated state of this.)

I'J. H. dOX'OllicOideS, Lam. Stem stout (5°- 9° high),branihing, roi/yA-
hiiiry above; leaves ovale or olilong-lanrtolale, pointid, serrule, strongly Iripb-vtintd,
rough above, smoothish or dmcny underneath, the lower often heurt-shaped and ou
L & M— 31

258 cOMPOsiTiE. (coMrosiTi': family.)

maro;incd petioles ; scales of the involucre linear-lanceolate, pointed, scarcely
exceeding the disk ; rays 12-15. — Kiver-bottoms, Pennsylvania to Illinois and
southward. — A coarse species, with anij)le leaves (the lower often 1° long) ; the
upper ones frequently alternate; rootstock thickening into elongated tubers.
This is probably the original of

20. H. TiiHKnosu.s, L., the Ji:nrSAi-i;M Akticuokic, (i. e. (Jinisole of the
Italians, meaning the same as sunflower, and corrupted in England into Jenisu-
lem), which has all the upper leaves alternate. It has escaped from gardens into
fence-rows, &c. in some places.

40. ACTINOMERIS, Nutt. Actixo.mekis.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays few or several, neutral, or rarely none. In-
volucre foliaceous, nearly equal, in 1 to 3 rows. Receptacle convex or conical,
chatty ; the chaft' embracing the outer margin of the flat (laterally compressed)
and winged achenia. Pappus of 2 smooth persistent awns. — Tall and branch-
ing perennials, with serrate feather-veined leaves, tapering to the base and
mostly dccurrent on the stem. Heads corymbed : flowers chiefly yellow. (Name
from OKTis, n mij, and fXfpis, a part; alluding to the irregularity of the rays.)

1 . A. squai'l'bsa, Nutt. Stem somewhat hairy and winyed above (4° - 8°
high) ; leaves alternate or the lower opposite, oblong or ovate-lanceolate, pointed
at both ends ; heads in an open corymbed panicle ; scales of the imolncre. in 2
rows, the outer linear-spatulate, rcjlexed ; raijs 4-10, inrf/iilar ; achenia liroadly
winged; receptacle globular. — Rich soil, Penn. and W. New York {Sarturll}
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward. Sept.

2. A. helianthoides, Nutt. Stem hairy {\° -:i° high), widdt/ idnged hy
the ovate-lanceolate sessile alternate leaves, which are rough above and soft-
hairy beneath; heads few; scales of the involucre not .yireadinr/ ; rai/s 8-15,
regular; a-jhcnia oval, slightly winged, tipped with 2 fragile awns; receptacle
conical. —Prairies and coi)ses, Ohio to Illinois and southward. July.

41. COREOPSIS, L. TicivSKiiD.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays mostly 8, ncutrMl. rarely wanting.
Involucre double ; each of about 8 scales, the outer rather foliaceous and some-
what sjjreading ; the inner broader and oppressed, nearly membranaceous.
Receptacle flat, with membranaceous chaff deciduous with the fruit. Achenia
flat, obcompressed (i. e. parallel with the scales of the involucre), often winged,
not beaked or naiTowed at the top, 2-toothed, 2-awned, or sometimes naked at
the summit, the awns not barbed downwardly. — Herbs, generally with op-
posite leaves, and yellow or party-colored, rarely pm-])le, rays. (Name from
Kopis, a bii(j, and o\//'is, resemblance; from the form of the fruit.)

§ 2. Branches of the style truncate: rays rose-color: disk i/ellow: root perennial.

1. C. rdsea, Nutt. Stem branching, leafy, smooth (G'-20' high) ; leaves
opi)osite, linear, entire ; heads small, somewhat corymbed, on short peduncles ;
outer involucre very short ; rays 3-toothed ; achenia oblong, wingless ; jjappus
an obscure crown-like border. — Sandy and grassy swamps, Plymouth, Massa-
chusetts, to New Jersey, and southwai-d : rare. Aug.

coMPOdiT.*:. (composite family.) 259

§ 3. Corolla of the ray and disk yellow or partly brown : branc/its of the style tipped
with a pointed or acute ujipendaiie.

* Achenia nearly orbicular, broadly wiityed, incur vtd, furuishtd with a callous tubercle

on the inside, at the top and bollum, crowned with 2 sntail chaj'-lilce denticulate
teeth: outer involucrt about the Iniyih of the inner: rays la ry e, coarsely Z-b-
toothed: liaves opposite or the uppermost alternate: lieuds oniony naked ptdun-
clcs : root in our wild sjttcits perennial.

2. C. auriculata, LUm. rubesceut or ylabrous; stems \°-4° high,
brauLliiuy, .soiuctinics witli runners; leaves mostly ]>etioled, tite up/ier oblong or oval-
lunctolute, entire ; the lower oval or roundish, some if them variously 3 - ^-lobid or
divided; scales of the outer involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate. — Rich woods
and banks, Virginia to Illinois and southward. June -Sept.

3. C. laneeolkta, L. Smooth or hairy ( 1° - 2° higli) ; stems short, tufted,
branched only at the base; leaves idl entire (or the lower rarely with a pair of
small fliteral lobes), lanceolate, sessile, tlie. lowest obianceolate or spalulate, tapering
into petioles; scales of the outer involucre ovate-lanceolate. — Kich or damp
soil, Michigan and Illinois to Virginia, and southward. July. Also cultivated
in gardens. — Heads showy : rays 1' long.

C. TixcTOKiA, Nutt., a native of the plains beyond the Mississippi, with

the rays yellow above, and brown-purple towards the base, a common garden

biennial or annual, is becoming spontaneous in a few places.

« « Achenia oblong, narrowly ivinyed, minutely or obscurely 2-toothed at the summit:

scales of the outer involucre narrow, about llw, length of the inner, all more or less

united at the base : 7uys mostly entire and acute : leaves op/iosite, sessile, mostly 3-

divided, then fore appearing as ifwhorkd: perennial (l°-3° high).

4. C. senifdlia, Michx. Leaves each divided into 3 sessile oca/e-ZaHcco/o/e
entire leafiels, therefore appearing like 6 in a whorl : plant minutely soft-pubes-
cent. — Sandy woods, Virginia and southward. July.

Var. stellata, Torr. &, Gr. Glabrous, and the leaves narrower. (C. stel-
lata, Xntt.) — \'irginia, Kentucky, and southward.

5. C. delphiuif61ia, Lam. Glabrous or nearly so ; leaves divided into
3 sessile laijkts which are 2-a-parted, their divisions lance-linear (l"-3" brojwl),
rather rigid ; disk brownish. — Pine woods, Virginia and southward. July.

6. C. verticill^ta, L. Glabrous ; leaves divided into 3 sessile leaflets
which arc I -'2-j>innately /xtrted into narrowly linear orjiliform divisions. — Damp
soil, from Maryland and Michigan southward. Also cultivated in old gardens,
but not sliowy. July -Sept.

7. C. palmata, Xutt. Nearly smooth, simple; /<<nv.s broadly i«(/(/r-s/«»/j«/,
deeply 3-<le/), rigid ; the lobes broadly linear, entire, or the middle one 3-lobod. —
Trairies, Michigan to Wisconsin, and southwestward. July.

* * * Achenia elliptical, narrowly winged, the narrowly notched summit of the wing

minutely lacerate-toulhed : scales of the outer inrvlucre fJiaceoiis, much smalU r than
the inner, all united at the base: rays obtuse, entire: leaves o]i/iosite, pilioled, 3-
5-dividid: prrenniaJ.

8. C. tripteris, L. (Tall Coreopsis.) Smooth; stem simple (40 - 9"
high), corymbed at the top; leadets luueeolate, acute, emire. (Chryswslemuia,

200 COMPOSITiE. (COMPOSITE FAMILY.)

Less.) — Pcnn. to Michigan, Illinois and sonthward. Aui;. - Sept. — Heads cx-
haliny the odor of anise when bruised : disk turning hrownisli.

* « * * Ac/ienia wimjless, flat, 2-awned, 2-toothid, or rureli/ truncate, l-neived or
ridyed on each Jace : acales uf the outer inrolucre leafy, njhxid or s/madiiK/ :
leaves ojj/tosUe, jittiuled, (jencrully pinnatd;! or teriiately compound, the leaves or
leaflets serrate: biennials or annuals, with the aspect of Bidens, intermediate be-
tween that (jenus and Coreopsis ; — ««(/ certain amblijitous (hybridized?) speci-
mens, With the awns barbed some it/iwuids and some downwards, connect the ttco.
•*- J!iii/s cons/ticuous, ijulden-yillow.

9. C. arist6sa, Miehx. Somewhat pubescent; leaves 1 -2-pinnately 5-
7-dividcd, petiolcd; leaflets lanceolate, cut-toothed or pinnatifid; heads paniclcd-
corymbosc; outer involucre of 10-12 leafy bracts; achcnia derate, often ob-
scurely wing-margined, bristly-ciliate, with 2 (rarely 4) long and slender divere/ing
aicns as long as the achenium itself. — Swamjjs, Ohio to Michigan, Wisconsin,
and southwcstward. Ang. -Oct. — Var. ml'tica has two short divergent teeth
or points in place of the awns. — W. Illinois and southwcstward, where a form
(C. involucrhta, Nutt.) occurs with the bracts of the outer involucre more leafy,
numerous, and hirsute. Mr. Fritchey sends, from near St. Louis, specimens with
short awns and their barbs cither spreading or retrorse, and others with long
awns retrorscly barbed, — perhaps hybrids with some Bidcns.

10. C. trichosp6rma, Michx. (Tickseed Sunflower.) Smooth,
branched; leaves short-pctioled, 5-7-divided; leaflets lanceolate or linear, cut-
toothed, or the upper leaves only 3-5-cleft and almost sessile; heads paniclcd-
corymbose ; achenia narrowly wedf/e-oblong or the inner ones wedge-linear, smooth or
minutely appressed-hairy, marginless, crowned with 2 erect triangular ur awl-sltaped
stout teeth. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Virginia near the coast. Also Buffalo,
New York {G. IF. Clinton), and Illinois {V'uscy), where forms with shorter
achenia approach the Southern C. aurea. Aug. - Oct.

t- -t-Rays none, or rarely sniall and inconspicuous : outer involucre of flew {usually
3-5) loose lafy bracts commonly surpassing the heads: achenia minutely ap-
pressed-puhi scent : plants glabrous, l°-.3° high.

11. C. diSCOidea, Torr. & Gr. Diffusely branched; leaves iernately di-
vided, slender-])etioled ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, pointed, coarsely serrate ; heads
2"-3" long; achenia linear-wedge-shapid (2"-3" long), bearing a pair of short
and stout upwardly-barbed awns of the length of the co'olta. — Wet banks and
swamps, Delaware ( W. M. Canby) to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July.

Anomalous specimens, from near Pliihulclphia {A. II. Smith, &c.), growing
with Bidens frondosa, differ from suuiU forms of that only in the less rigid and
upturned barlis of the awns.

12. C. bidentoides, Nutt. Taniculately branched ; leaves undivided, Ian-
ciobile, coarsely toothed, taper-pointed, and the base tapering into a slender pet-
iole; heads G"- lU" long; achenia. nearly subulate tapering downwards, bearing a
pair of eery slender upwardly roughened awns sur/iassing the corolla (4" long), but
shorter than the achenium, often also 2 minute teeth alternate with the awns. —
Shores of Delaware liiver, near Philadelphia, and in Delaware, Nuttail, Durand,
A. U. Smith, W. M. Canby.

COMPOSIT.E. (cOilPOSlTE FAMILY.) 2G1

42. BIDENS, L. BrR-MAUiGOLD.

Ilotitls manj-'flowcrcd ; the rays wlicn present 3-8, neutral. Involucre (lonl)Ie,
the outer commonly large and foliaccous. IJcccptaclc flattish ; the cliall' decidu-
ous with tiic fruit. Achenia flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre,
or slender and 4-sided, crowned with 2 or more rigid and persistent awns which
arc downwardly barbed. — Annual or perennial licrbs, with opposite various
leaves, and mostly yellow flowers. (Latin, bidens, two-toothed.)

* Achenia flat, not tapering at the summit. {All annuals ?)

1. B. frondbsa, L. (Common Beggar-ticks.) Smooth or rather hairy,
tall (^o-G" high) and branching; leaves 3-^<licid('d ; the leaflets mosllj stal/ced,
lanceolate, pointed, coarsely toothed ; outer leafy involucre much longer than
the head, ciliatc below ; rays none or few and very small ; achenia tvedye-oliovate,
2-awned, the vtan/ins ciliate with upwardlij-tnnied bristles, except near the summit.
— Moist waste places : a coarse troublesome weed, the achenia, as in the other
species, adhering by their retrorsely barbed awns to the dress, and to the fleece
of animals. July - Oct.

2. B. COnnita, Muhl. (Swamp Bicggar-ticks.) Smooth (l°-2° high) ;
leaces lanceoiite or oblong-lanceolate, jiointcd, sharply serrate, tapering into mar-
gined piitioles which are slightly united at the base ; the tower oflen 3-dirided, their
lateral divisions united at tlf. base and decnrrent on the petiole ; scales of the outer
involucre longer than the head, few, mostly obtuse; raj/s none; achenia narrowli/
wed(je.-form, 3- (2-4-) awiwd, the mnnjiits minntelij retrors'ly ciliate. (B. tripartita,
Bigel.) — A thin-leaved more jjetioled form is B. petiolata, Nutt. — E. 2\'ew Eng-
land to Illinois, and southward. — V'ar. comosa is stouter, the leaves commonly
all simple, upper ones nearly sessile, the heads larger and with more numerous
and leafy bracts. — Illinois, Kentucky, and westward. Aug. -Oct.

3. B. c6rnua, L. (Smaller Bur-Marigold.) Nearly smooth (5'- 10'
high); leaves (dl undivided, lancobite, uneqwdti/ serrate, scarcely connate; heads
nodding, otV/i or without (light yellow) rays: outer involucre longer than the
head; achenia wedgc-obovate, 4-awned, the margins downwardly barbed. —
Wet places, Virginia to Wisconsin, and northward. Julv - Scj)t. — Kavs, when
present, smaller than in the next, the leaves irregularly toothed, and the outer
involucre more leaf-like. (En.)

4. B. Chrysanthemoidas, Michx. (Larger Bur-Marigold.) Smooth,
erect, or reclining at the i)as;; ((-,'-30' high) ; leaves lanceolate, tapering at both
ends, more or less connate, regularly serrate: outer involucre mostly sliorter than
the sho'vy ,/o!den-yello,v {V long) rays; achenia wedge-sliai>ed. with almost prickly
downwardly barbed m irgins ; awns 2,3, or 4. — Swamps : common. Aug. -
Oct. — Northward it runs into No. 3.

* * Arhenin linear or airl-shaped, A-sided, slender, tapering at the summit.

5. B. B6Gkii, ToiT. (Watkr Marigold.) .Ir/w///-. perhaps perennial,
smooth ; stems long and slender, bearinu: crowded immersed lemv.s mnn>/ times dis-
sected into flne capillary divisions ; the few emerging leaves lanceolate, slightly
connate, toothed ; heads single, short-jiedimelcfl ; involucre much shorter than the
shou-y {gofden yellow) rays: achenia linear, thickish, .smooth (V Icmg), be:irin<r 4-
6 stout divergent awns which are an inch long and barbed only towards the

202 coMPOsiT.r. Ccor.irosixr family.)

nppx. — Ponds and slow deep streams, Massnchusctts to N. Jersey, Illinois, and
northward. Aug. - Oct.

G. B. bipinnata, L. (SpAXisn Needles.) Smooth annual, branched ;
Icar.s \- 3-jiiiinottl^ parted, pctiolcd ; letijitts ovatc-lanccolate, mostly wcdgc-shiiped
at the base; heads small, on slender pcduncljs; outer involuc re of linear scales
eqmUitig the short /uilr. ydlow rnip ; aelmnia slender, 4-p:roovcd and angled, nearly-
smooth, 3-4-awucd. — Dry soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward.

43. VERBESINA, L. Cromnbeard.

Heads several - ni.^ny-flowered ; the rays pistillate, few, or sometimes none.
Sciiles of the erect invulucrc few, imbricated in 2 or more rows. Receptacle
rather convex; the chaiF concave. Achcnia flat (compressed laterally), winged
or wingless, 2-awned. — Perennial herbs ; the toothed or lobed leaves decurrent
on the stem. ("Xamc metamorphosed from Verbena.")

1. v. Siegesbeckia, aiichx. Stem tall, 4-wingcd ; leaves opposite, ovate,
triple-nerved, serrate, poiutcd at both ends, often pubescent beneath (large and
thin); heads in compound corymbs; /lowers yellow; rays 1-5, lanceolate;
achenia wingless. — Rich soil, S. Penn. to Illinois, and southward. July.

2. V. Virginica, L. Stem narrowly or interruptedly winged, dnwny-
pubesceiit, like the lower surface of the ovate-lanceolate featlicr-veincd alternate
Uavpjt ; heads in compound corymbs ; floweis white ; rays 3-4, oval ; achenia
nan-Qwly winged. — Dry soil, Pennsylvania 1 Illinois, and southward. Aug.

44. DYSODIA, Cav. Fetid Marigold.

Heads many-flowered, usually radiate ; the rays pistillate. Involucre of one
row of scales united into a firm cup, at the base some loose bractlcts. Recep-
tacle flat, not cliafly, but beset with short chaify bristles. Achenia slender, 4-
anglcd. Pappus a row of chafl"y scales dissected into numerous rough bristles.
— Herbs, mostly annuals or biennials, dotted with large pellucid glands, which
give a strong odor (as in TAtiixES, the French Marigold of the gardens,
which belongs to the same group) ; the heads terminating the branches : flow-
ers yellow. (Name hvainhia, an ill smell, which the plants er.emj)lity.)

1. D. chrysanthemoides, Lag. Nearly smooth, diff'usely branched
(6'- 18' high); leaves opposite, jnnnately parted, the narrow lobes bristly-
toothed or cut; rays few, scarcely exceeding the involucre. — Roadsides, and
banks of rivers, from Illinois southward : a common weed ; now migrating east-
ward, established at Butlaio, N. Y., G. W. Clinton. Aug- - Oct.

45. HYMENOPAPPUS, L'Her. Hymexopappus.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubuiar and ficrfect. Scales of the in-
volucre 6-12, loose and broad, thin, the upper part petal-like (usually white).
Receptacle small, naked. Corolla with large revolutc lobes. Achenia top-
shaped, with a slender base, striate. Pappus of l.')-20 small and blunt scales
in .1 sino-le row, very thin (whence the name of the genus, from vpT]v, membrane,
and ndmrv^, pnppux). — Biennial or perennial herbs, with alternate mostly dis-
sected leaves, and corvmbcd small heads o<" usually whitish flowers.

COMl*OSIT>i:. (cOMrOSITK FAMILY.) 203

1. H. scabiosaeus, L'Hcr. Somewhat floccnlcnt-wooUy when young
(l°-3° hi^h) ; leaves 1 -2-i)inn:Uoly pnrtod into linear or ol)lon{r lobes ; scales
of the involucre roundish, nearly all whitish. — Sandy liarrcns, Illinois and
southward. May, June.

45^. ACTINijLLA, Pers., Nutt. Actinkli.a.

Heads niany-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays several, wcd;j;c-()l)lon<r, S-lobed at the
npcx or 3-toothed, pistillate. Scales of the hemispherical involucre ovate or
lanceolate, membranaceous or coriaceous, nearly equal, apprcsscd in 2 or .3
ranks, little shorter than the disk. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, naked.
Achenia top-shaped, densely silky-villons. Pappus of 5 or more ovate or lance-
olate very thin chaffy scales. — Low herbs, with narrow leaves, dotted or sprin-
kled with resinous atoms as in the next genus; the solitary heads terminating
acapes or slender naked peduncles ; flowers yellow. — Natives of the Western
plains, &c., and barely entering our borders. (Name a diminutive of ylrt/nea,
from aKTis, ray.)

1. A. seap6sa, Nutt., var. glabra. Tufted; leaves crowded on the
summit of woolly rootstocks, linear or somewhat spatulate, tbickish, sparingly
silkj'-hairy, becoming glabrous ; scape (3' -9' high) and involucre more woolly,
the scales ovate and obtuse ; chaffy scales of the pappus ovate, awnless. —
Joliet, Illinois, on an Indian mound [Dr. Scammon, W. Doott), and westward.

46. HELENIUM, L. Sneeze-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the spreading wedge-shaped rays .several, 3-
5-clcft at the summit, fertile. Involucre small, refl(;?;ed, the scales linear or
nwl-shaped. Receptacle globose or oblong, naked. Achenia top-shaped, ribbed.
Pappus of 5-8 thin and 1 -nerved chafl[\- scales, the nerve usually extended into
a bristle or point. — Erect, branching herbs, with alternate leaves deeurrent on
the angled stem and branches, which are terminated by single or corymbed
(yellow, rarely purple) heads ; often sprinkled with bitter and aromatic resin-
ous globules. (Named after Helen, the wife of Menelaus.)

1. H. autumnkle, L. (Sxeeze-weed.) Nearly smooth, perennial ;
leaves lanceolate, toothed ; rays longer than the globular-disk. — Alluvial river-
banks : common (except in New England). Sept. — Plant 1°-^"^ high, bitter:
the corymbed heads showy.

47. LEPTOPODA, Nutt. Leptopoda. .

Rays neutral. Otherwise nearly as in Heleuium. — In the true species (of
which L. piihfiula and A. hrrrifJiit may be found in S. Vir;:inia) the stems are
simple, and naked above, like a long peduncle, and bearing a single head
(whence the name, from XfTrnJs, slivdr, and novs. ftmf) ; but the following is
leafy to the fop, and branched ; and were better restored to Heleuium.

1. L. brach^poda, Ton-. & Gr. Stem corymbed at the snnnnit (l°-4<'
high); leaves oblou^i-laneeolate, deeurrent on the sten» ; disk ^'lol)nlur, brown-
ish ; rays (J^'- 3' I'J'ifi) yellow, or in one variety brownish-purple, sometimes
with an imperfect style. — Damp soil, from Illinois southward. June -Aug.

264 coMPOSiTvE. (composite family.)

48. BALDWINIA, ^'utt. Baldwinia.

Heads globular, iiiany-flowcred, railiutc ; the long and narrowly wedge-shaped
rays nsutral. luvoiucru short, of niaiiy tliickish small scales imbricated in 3 or
4 rows, the outer obovutc and obtu-e. Kcceptacle strongly convex, with deep
honeycomb-like cells containing the obconicd or oldong siiky-villous achenia.
Pappus of 7 -9 lancc-oblong erect ciiatty scales. — A perennial herb, smoothish,
with slender simple stems (2° -.3° high), bearing alternate oblanceolate leaves,
and the long naked summit terminati-d by a showy large heail. Kays yellow
(I' long) ; the disk-flowers often turning dark i)urple. (Named for the late Dr.
WiUinm Baldwin.)

1. B. uniflbra, jS'utt. — Borders of swamps, Virginia and southward.
Aug.

49. MARSHALLIA, Schrcb. Makshallia.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tulnilar and perfect. Scales of the
involucre linear-lanceolate, foliaceous, erect, in one or two rows, nearly equal.
Receptacle <;onvex or conical, with narrowiy linear rigid chaff among the flow-
ers. Lobes of the corolla slender, spreading. Achenia top-shaped, .'j-angled.
Pappus of 5 or G membranaceous and pointed chaffy scales. — Smooth and low
perennials, with alternate and entire 3-nei-ved leaves, and solitary heads (re-
sembling those' of a Scabious) terminating the naked summit of the simple
stem or branches. Flowers purplish ; the anthers blue. (Named for Ilumphnj
Marshall, of I'eunsylvania, author oi' Arhustruin Americanuin , one of the earliest
works on the trees and shrubs of this country.)

1. M. latifblia, Pursh. Stems leafy; leaves ovate-lanceolate, pointed,
sessile. — Dry soil, Virginia and southward. (M. i^ancloi.ata and M. an-
GCSTiFOLiA may occur in S. Virginia.)

50. GALINSOGA, Ruiz & Pav. Galixsooa.

Heads several-flowered, radiate; the rays 4-5, small, roundish, ])istillatc.
Involucre of 4 or 5 ovate thin scales. Recejjtaclc conical, with narrow chaff
among the flowers. Achenia angled. Pappus of small oblong cut-fringed
chaffy scales (sometimes wanting). — Annual herbs, with opposite triple-nerved
thin leaves, and small heads . disk-flowers yellow ; rays whitish. (Named for
Galinsoga, a Spanish botanist.)

1. G. pauvifl6ra, Cav. Smoothish (1° high) ; leaves ovate, acute, some-
what toothed ; scales of the pappus 8- 10. — Waste places, especially eastward;
spreading from year to year. (Adv. from S. Amer.)

'51. MARUTA, Cass. May-weed.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the ra_vs neutral. Involucre of many small
somewhat imbricated scales, shorter than the disk. Kece[)taclc conical, bearing
slender chaff, at least near the summit. Achenia obovoid, ribl)ed, smooth.
Pappus none — Annual acrid herbs, with a strong odor, flnely thrice-))innately
divided leaves, and single heads terminating the branches Rays white, soon

COMPOSURE. (COMTOSITE FAMILY.) 2G5

>cflcxcd ; the disk yellow. (Derivation unknown. — The genus not distinct
enough iVuni the next.)

1. M. Con i,A, DC. (Common May-wkkd.) Scales of the involucre
with whitish margins. (Anthciuis Cotula, L.) — Koadsides : very coiuiuon.
(Nat. from Ku.)

52. ANTHEMIS, L. Chamomile.

Heads and flowers as in JMarutu, Imt the rays pistillate. Achcnia terete, stri-
ate or smooth. Tappus nunc, or a minute crown. — llerhs with aromatic or
strong odor, 1 -2-pinnately divided leaves, the branches terminated by single
heads. Kays in ours white ; the disk yellow. ('AvOffiis, the ancient name, given
in allusion to the profusion of the flowers.)

1. A. AUVE.NSis, L. (CoKx CiiAMoMiLK.) Puhcscent (tn)iu(d or l/u'iiitiul,
resembling May -weed, but not ill-scenteil ; chaff of the receptacle lanceolate,
pointed ; pai)pus a minute border. — Waste places : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. A. xoiiiLis, L. (Gauukn Chamomile.) More downy and perennial,
pleasantly strong-scented ; sterile shoots depressed or creeping ; leaves very
finelv dissected ; chaff' of the receptacle blunt ; pappus none. — Established
near Lcwistou, Delaware, yiittall. (Adv. from Eu.)

53. ACHILLEA, L. Yarrow.

Heads many-flowcrcd, radiate ; the rays few, fertile. Involucre imbricated.
Eeceptaele chaffy, flattish. Acluiua oblong, flattened, margined. Pappus
none. — Perennial herbs, with small corymbose heads. (So named because its
virtues are s;iid to have been discovered by Achilles.)

1. A. Millefbiium, L. (Common Yarrow or Milfoil.) Stems
simple; hares ticicc-jtitnidtelii parted ; the divisions linear, 3 - .5-cleft, crowded ;
corymb compound, flat-toj)pcd ; involucre ohiong ; rays A- h, short, white (some-
times rose-color). — Fields and hills : common northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. A. PtArmica, L. (Sneezkwort.) • Daves simple, lanre-linear, sharply
serrate with oppressed teeth; corymb loose; mys 8-12, nvirh lonrjer than the
involucre ; flowers white. — Danvers, ^Massachusetts, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

54. LEUCANTHEMUM, Tourn. Ox-eye Daisy.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays numerous, fertile. Scales of the
broad and flat involucre imbricated, with .^carious margins. Receptacle flat or
convex, naked. Disk-corollas with a flattened tube. Achcnia of the disk and
r.ay similar, striate, without pappus. — Perennial herbs, with toothed, pin-
natifid, or divided leaves, and single or corymhcd heads. Rays white : disk
yellow. (Name comjjosed of XfuKiIr, uhlte, and avStnov, a Jhurr, from the
white rays.)

1. L. vl-lgXre, Lam. (Ox-i:ve or White Dai.sy. Whitk-wkli).)
Stem erect, nearly simple, naked above and bearing n single large heail ; root-
leaves spatnlate, petioled, the others partly clasping, all cut orpinnatifid-toothed ;
Bcnles of the involucre with ni^ty brown margins, ((^hrysjinthemum Leucan-
thcinuni, L. — Fields and meadows : too abundant. June, July. A pernicious
G :\I— 12

2CG COMPOSITE, (composite family.)

weed, with large and hliowy lieads : in Connecticut is a variety with inconspicu-
ous rays. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. rAUTiiENHJM, Uodron. (Fevkrfkw.) Tall, hranched, leafy ; leaves
twice-pinnately divided ; the divisions ocatc, cut ; heads conjmlied, rather small.
(Matricaria rarthcniiim, L. ryrcthrum Partheuium, Smith.) — Escaped from
gardens in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

55. MATRICARIA, Tourn. Wild Chamomile.

Heads many-flowered ; the rays pistillate, or wanting. Scales of the involu-
cre imbricated, with scarious margins. Receptacle conical, at least in fruit, na-
ked. Achcnia angular, wingless. raj)pus a membranaceous crown or border,
or none. — Smooth and brandling herbs (ours annuals or biennials) with di-
vided leaves and single or corymljcd heads. Rays white or none : disk yellow.
(Mamed i'or reputed medicinal virtues.)

1. M. ixouoRA, L. Leaves twicc-pinnatcly divided into fine almost filiform
lobes; heads Uirgc, nakcd-pedunclcd, and with man y long raijs; pappus a short
crown or border. — (Wild far northward.) Roadsides, Eastport, Maine, Prof.
Venill. Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. discoidea, DC. Low (6' -9' high); leaves 2 - .3-pinnatcly parted
into short linear lobes; hads nvjltss, short-ped uncled ; scales of the involucre
oval, with broad margins, much shorter than the conical disk; pappus obsolete.
— Banks of the Mississipiii opposite St. Louis. Probably an immigrant from
Oregon, now extending eastward : also established in N. Europe. July- Sept.

56. TANACETUM, L. Tansy.

Heads many-flowered, nearly discoid, all fertile ; the marginal flowers chiefly
pistillate and 3-.5-toothed. Scales of the involucre imbricated, dry. Recep-
t.icle convex, naked. Achenia angled or ribbed, with a large flat top. Pap-
pus a short crown. — Bitter and ncrid strong-scented herbs (ours perennial),
with 1 - 3-pinnately dissected leaves, and corymbed heads. Flowers yellow ; in
summer. (Name said to be a corruption of aOavaala, undyimj, from its durable
flowers.)

1. T. vulgXre, L. (Common Tansy.) Stem (20-4° high) smooth;
leaflets and the wings of the petiole cut-toothed ; corymb dense ; pistillate
flowers terete; pappus .5-lobcd. - Var. ndspuM has the leaves more cut and
crisped. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. T. Huron6nse, Nutt. Hairy or woolly when young, stout (l°-.''<'
high); lobes of the leaves oblong ; heads large (^'-§'wide) and usually few ;
l)istillate flowers flattened, 3-5-cleft; pappus toothed. — St. John's River,
Maine (G. L. Goodale), shores of the upper Great Lakes, and westward.

57. ARTEMISIA, L. Wormwood.
Heads discoid, few- many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal
wcs pistillate, or sometimes all similar and perfect. Scales of the involucre
Imbricated, with dry and scarious margins. Receptacle small and flattish, na-

COMrosiTyi:. (coJirosiTE fa:mily.) 2G7

kcd. Achcnia obovoid, with a small sumniit and no pappus. — Ilcrhs or shrubby
plants, bitter and aromatic, wit li small heads in ijaniili-d sjiikes or racemes;
flowering in summer. Corolla yellow or j)urplisb. (Dedicated to Artemis, the
Greek Diana.)

§ 1. Rcciptadv smooth : vmrgiiial jlowers jiistillate. and f(rtll<: : dis/c-Jluwers jKrfcct but
stcrili' : riMit jierennial, except in \o. 4.

1. A. dracunculoides, Tursh. Tall (.•3° -5°), somewhat woody at base,
slightly hoary or glabrous; Imves linear and entire or the lower 3-cleft ; Jtexids
small and uiimeroiis, jjanicled. — Sandy banks of streams, S. W. Illinois {Dr.
T use)/, Dr. Mead) and westward.

2. A. bore^lis, Pallas. Low (3'-f)' high), tufted, silky-villous or nearly
smooth ; loiver leaver 3 - Ty-chjl at the ajxix, or like the others 1 - 2-pinnatelij parted,
the, lobes lanceolate or linear; heads few, liemispherieal, pretty large, spiked or
racemal. — Shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

.3. A. Canadensis, Michx. Smooth, or hoary with silky down (lO-S®
high) ; lower leaves twiee-pinnately divided, the upjier 3 - 7-divided ; the divisions
linear, rather rigid ; heads rather large, in punicltd racemes. — Shore of all the (Jreat
Lakes, &c., and northward. (En.)

4. A. caud^ta, Miehx. Smooth {2° -5° high) ; upper leaves pinnatcly,
the lower 2 -3-pinnatcly divided ; the diiusions thrcad-'lrm, diverging ; heads stmdl,
the racemes in a wand-like elongnted panicle ; root bieni ial. — Sandy soil, coast of
Kew Hampshire to Virginia; also Michigan and Illinois.

§ 2. Recpptade smooth: flowers all fertile, a few pistillate, the others perfect.

♦ Tall (l°-5°) and hnnichini/ perennials, whitened with fine and close-pressed wool :

h"iid-i small, oroid, crowded in leafy panicles.

5. A. Ludovicikna, Nntt. (Western Mugwoist.) Whitened icoolly
throughout ; leaves lanciolnte, the upper mostly entire, the lower cut-lobed, toothed
or j)innatifid; ht'ads larger than in the next, mostly sessile in narrow })anicles.
— Dry banks, Lukes Huron and IMiehigan, and sonthwestward ; esj>ecially the
var. (iXAi'HAi-oDES, wliieli has the elongated nearly entire leaves very woolly
both sides.

6. A. vulcVris. L. (Commox Mitgwort.) T.pnves mostli/ glabrous and
green above, beneath and the branches white-woolly, all jjinnatifid, with tiie divi-
sions often cnt-lobed, lineir-lanceolatc ; heads small in open panicles. — Waste
places, near dwellings. (Adv. from Kii.)

* * />.« branched (l°-3°) biennial or annual, glabrous: heads dcnseli/ clustered.

7. A. biennis, Willd. (Biennial Wormwood.) Lower leaves twiec-
pinnately parted, the upper pinnatifid ; lobes linear, acute, in the lower leaves
cut-toothed ; heads in short a.xillary sj)ikes or clusters, crowded in a narrow and
glomerate leafy panicle. — Gravelly banks, Ohio to Illinois, and northwestward ;
rapidly extending eastward l>y railroad to liutValo, riiiladelpliia, &e.

§ 3. Receptacle hairy ; flowers (dl fertile, the marginal ones pistillate : heads nodding.

8. A. AusfNTHiLM, L. (Common Wormwood.) Rather shrubby (2°-
4°high), silky-lumry ; leaves 2- 3-piunately parted, lobes lanceolate ; heads liemi-
spherieal, panieled. — lloadsides, .sparingly escaped from gardens. (Adv. from

208 coriPOSiTjE. (co:ipopite faimily.)

9. A. frigida, Willd. Low (C'-^O'high), in tufts, slightly woody at the
1)asc, v.hitc-sillcy ; leaves pinnatcly parted and 3 - 5-cleft, the divisions naiTow-
lincar; heads globose, racemose. — Dry hills and rocks. Falls of St. Anthony,
"Wisconsin {L. Lcsqucrcux, T. J. IIcIc), Lake Superior, and northwestward.

5 8. G-I7APHALIUM, L. Cudwekd.

Ilends inany-flowcred ; tlic llowers nil tubular ; the outer pistillate and very
slender, the central perfect. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, ind)ricatcd in several rows. Eeceptaclc flat, naked. Pappus a. single
row of capillary rough bristles. — Woolly herbs, with sessile ordecurrent leaves,
and clustered or corynibcd heads ; fl. in summer and autumn. Corolla whitish
or yellowish. (Name from ypd(f)a\ov, a lock of ivool, in allusion to the floccose
down of the leaves.)
§ 1. Achenia terete: pistillate Jloiccrs in several 7-oirs : bristles of pappus distinct.

1. G. deciirrens, Ives. (Evkklastjxg.) Stout, erect (2° high) peren-
nial, branched at the top, clammy -])ubescent, white-woolly on the branches,
bearing numerous heads in dense cori/mbed clusters ; leares linear-lanrealtite, partly
clasping, decwrent ; scales of the (yellowish-white) involucre oval, acutisli. —
Hillsides, New Jersey and Penn. to Maine, Michigan, and northward.

2. G. polycephalum, Michx. (ComiMon Everlasting.) Erect, woolly
annual (l'-2' high), fragrant; leaves lanceolate, tapering at the base, with undu-
late margins, not decurrent, smoothish above ; heads clustered at the summit of the
panicled-corymbose branches, ovate-conical before expansion, then obovate ; scales
of the (whitish) involucre ovate and oblong, rather obtuse; perfect flowers
few. — Old fields and woods : common.

3. G. uliginosum, L. (Low Cudaveed.) Diffuseli/ branched, woolly
annual (3' -6' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, not decurrent; heads (small)
in terminal sessile capitate clusters subtended by leaves. — Low grounds by the
roadside; common eastward and northward : perhaps introduced. (Eu.)

§ 2. GAM0CHJ:TA, Weddell. Achenia and flowers as % \ : bristles of the
pappus united at the very base into a ring, so falling off all together.

4. G. purptireum, L. (Purplish Cudwhed.) Annual, simple or
branched from the base, ascending (6' -20' high), woolly ; leaves oblong-spatu-
late, mostly obtuse, not decurrent, green above, very white with close wool un-
derneath ; heads in sessile clusters in the axils of the upper leaves, and spiked at the
icandjjlce summit%of the stem ; scales of the involucre tawny, the inner often
marked with puri)lc. — Sandy or gravelly soil, coast of Maine to Virginia, and
southward.

§ 3. HOMALOTHfeCA, DC. Achenia flattened: pistillate flowers in a single
marginal row : bristles of the pappus distinct and fdling separately, as in § 1 .

5. G. suplnum, Villars. (Mountain Citdweed.) Dwarf and tufted
perennial (2' liiuh) ; leaves linear, woolly ; heads solitary or few and spiked on
the slender simple flowering stems ; scales of the involucre brown, lanceolate,
acnte. — Alpine summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire: very rare.
(Eu.)

composit-t:. (co:\rposiTK faafilv.) 200

50. ANTENNABIA, G.-urtn. Eveklastixg.

Heads inany-flowerc'il, di(i;i-iou.s or nearly t^o ; tlie flowers all tubular : jiistil-
late corollas very slender. Scales of the involucre dry and scarious, white or
colored, imbricated. Reccptaele convex or flat, not chafly. Pappus a .sin'rlc
row of bristles, in the fertile flowers capillary, and in the sterile thickened and
club-shaped or barbelhite at the suniniit. — I'crennial vvliite-woolly herbs, witli
entire leaves and corynibcd (rarely single) heads. Corolla ycllowi.^li. (Name
from the resemblance of the sterile pappus to the antemm of certain insects.)

1. A. margarit^Cea, R. Brown. (Pkarly EvEnLASTiNC. Stem erect
(l°-2° hi-b), roiyiidiose. at the summit, with many hciuls, l(-(i/(/ ; leaves lincar-
lanccolatc, ta[)er-poiuted, sessile ; fertile heads often with a few impcrl'ect stami-
iiatc flowers in the centre ; scales of the pearly-white involucre obtuse or rounded.
— Dry hills and woods ; common northward. Aug.

2, A. plantaginifblia, Hook. (rLANXAiN-LEAVKD Everlasting.)
Sjircadimi iy oj/'sds mid runntrs, low (4' - 10' high) ; leaves silky-woolly when
young, at length green above and hoary beneath ; those of the simple and scape-
like flowering .stems small, lanceolate, appressed ; the radical obovatc or oval-
spatulate, petioled, ample, 3-ncrvcd ; lieads in a small crowded corymb ; scales
of the (mostly white) involucre obtuse in the sterile, and acutish and narrower
in the fertile plant. — Var. moxocei'iiala is an occasional state, with a single
larger head. — Stenile knolls and banks : connnon. March - May.

60. FILAGO, Tourn. Cottox-Rose.

Heads many-flowcrcd ; tlie flowers all tubular, the central ones perfect, but
often infertile ; the others j)istillate, very slender and thread-form. Scales of
the involucre few and woolly. Receptacle elongated or top-shajjcd, naked at the
summit, but chaffy at the margins or toward the base ; the chaff resembling the
])ropcr involncral .scales, each covering a single ])istillate flower. — Pappus of
the central flowers capillary, of the outer ones mostly none. — Annual, low,
branching woolly herbs, with entire leaves, and small heads in capitate clusters.
(Name from Jiliim, a thread, in allusion to the cottony hairs of thcr^c plants.)

1. P. GERM.iMCA, L. (1Ii:ri$a Imima.) Stem erect, short, clothed with
lanceolate and.npri^'ht crowded leaves, i)roducing a capitate cluster of woolly
heads, from which rise one or more branches, each terminated liy a similar
head, and so on: — hence the common name applied to it by the old botanists,
as if the offspring were nndutifully exalting themselves above the parent. — .
Dry flelds. New York to Virginia. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. ERECHTHITES, Ral. Fireweed.
Heads many-flowcrcd : tiic flowers all tubular an<l fertile ; the marginal jiis,
tillrtte, with a slender corolla. Scales of the cylindrical involucre in a single
row, linear, acute, with a few small bractlets at the base. Receptacle naked.
Achenia oblong, tapering at the end. Pa])iius copious, of very tine atid white
soft hairs. — Erect and coarse annuals, of rank smell, with alternate simjile
leaves, and panicuhite-corymbed heads of whitish flowers. (The ancient name
of some spoeics of Groundsel, probaV)ly called after Ercrhlliciis.)

270 COMPOSITE. (COMrOSITE FAMILY.)

1. E. hieracif61ia, Raf. (Fireweed.) Often hairy; stem grooved
(l°-rj° liijili); liaves lanceolate or oblong, acute, cut-toothed, sessile; the
upper with au auricled clasping base. (.Senecio hieraciColius, L.) — Moist
woods : common, especially northward, and in recent clearings, where the
ground has been burned over ; wlience the popular name. July - Sept.

62. CACALIA, L. Indian Plantain.

Heads 5 - many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular and ])erfcct. Scales of tho
involucre in a single row, with a few bractlcts at the base. Iteceptacle naked.
Corolla deeply Scleft. Achcnia oblong, smooth. Pappus of numerous capil-
lary bristles. — Smooth and tall perennial herbs, with alternate often petioled
leaves, and rather large heads, in flat corymbs. Flowers white or whitish.
(An ancient name, of uncertain meaning.)

* Inrohtcre "2n - ^0-fhwered, with seveial brads at its base: receptacle flat.

\. V. SUav6olens, L. Stem grooved (.3° -5° high); leaves triangular-
lanceolate, htylbfrd-shaprd, pointed, serrate, those of the stem on winged jjetioles.
— Rich woods, Coiiiiectieut to Wisconsin and Kentucky : rare. Sept.

* * Involucre 5-leaved and 5-floicered, its bracts minute or none : receptacle beariu<j

a more or less evident scale-lik^ pointed appendage in the centre.

2. C. renifox'mis, Muhl. (Great Indian Plantain.) Stem (4° -9°
higli) groo\ed and angled ; leaves green both sides, dilated fan-shaped, or the lowest
kidnfij-form (l°-2° broad), repand-tuothed and angled, palmately veined, peti-
oled ; the teeth pointed ; corymbs large. — Rich damp woods, New Jersey to
Illinois, and southward along the mountains. Aug.

3. C. atriplicifblia, L. (Pale Indian P.) Stem terete (30-6° high),
and with the palimitelij veined and angnlatc-lohed leaves qlaucons ; lower leaves
triangular-kidney-form or slightly heart-shaped ; the upper rhomboid or
wedge-form, toothed. — Rich woodlands, W. New -York to Wisconsin, and
southward Aug.

4. C. tuberdsa, Nutt. (Tup.kkois Indian P.) Stem angled and grooved
(2° -6° high), from a thick or tuberous root; kaces green both sides, thick,
strongly 5-7-nerved ; the lower lance-ovate or oval, nearly entire, tapering into
long petioles ; the upper on short margined petioles, sometimes toothed at the
apex. — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Wisconsin, and southward. Jnnc.

63. SENECIO, L. Gkoundsel.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers nil perfect and tubular, or mostly with
radiate marginal ones ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the involucre in a single
row, or with a few bractlets at the l)ase. Receptacle flat, naked. Pap])us of
numerous very soft and slender capillary bristles. — Herbs, in the United States,
with alternate leaves and solitary or corymbed heads. Flowers chiefly yellow.
(Name from senex, an old man, alluding to the hoary hairs which cover many
species, or to the white hairs of the pn])pus.)

* Root annnal or in No. 3 biennial: heads several or muni/ in a corymb: herbage

glabrous or soon becoming so.

COMPOSIT.E. (co"Mi'Osrn: fa^iily.) 271

1. S. vi'ix.Vris, L. (Common Groundsel.) Low, corymboscly branched ;
leaves jnnnalilid and toothed, claspiiifr; rays none. — Waste grounds. July -
Sept. (Adv. from Ku.)

2. S. lobktUS, I'ers. (BiTTi:u-\vi:i;i).) Kather tall; leaves .somewhat
fleshy, mostly lynitt or piiiiuite, tlie divisions or lealU't.s crenate or ent-loheil, vari-
able; heads small in a naked corymb; 7<ii/s aljout 12, consjiintons. — Low banks
of the Ohio and Mississippi, Illinois and southward. April -July.

3. S. pallistris, llook. Biennial, loosely woolly when young ; stem stout,
6-3^ higii ; Uiivea ol)iong-lanceolate, irm/iUdrly toothed or luciniute, the upper
with a heart-shaped clasping ba.sc ; rays 20 or more, short, pale yellow ; pappus
copious and becoming very long. — Wet ground, N. W. Wisconsin {T.J. Uale)
and northward. June. (Eu.)

* ♦ Root ]X-rennial : heads small or middle-sized, in a naked corymb.

4. S. atireus, L. (Golukn K.vgwort. Sqlaw-wkud.) ^Smooth, or
fldccosc-iroully irlwii yoiiiii/ (10' -30' high) ; root-leaves simple and rounded, the larger

_ones mostly heart-sliaped, crenate-toothed, lomj-petiokd ; the lower stem-leaves
lyrate; ni)jicr ones lanceolate, cut-pinn*atitid, sessile or partly clasping; corymb
umbel-like; rays 8-12. — Varies greatly, the leading forms being, — Var. I.
obovXtls, with the root-leaves round-obovate (growing in drier places). —
Var. 2. BalsAmit^, w ith root-leaves oblong, spatulate, or lanceolate, sometimes
cut-toothed, tapering into the petiole. Kocky places. — Var. 3. lanceoi-.\tus,
Oakes, with the leaves all lanceolate-oblong, thin, sharply and unequally toothed,
cither wcdge-shai)ed or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, the upper merely
pinnatifid-cut towards the base. (Cedar swamps, Vermont, Robbins.) — Common
everywhere : the primary form in swamps. May, June.

5. S. Elli6ttii, Torr. & Gr. Soon smooth, stem simple (1° high), often
nearly leafless, bearing a small corymb; roof-harrs tliirh'sh, ohorate or ivnndisli,
narrowed into a short and wintjrd pitiole, or sessile, crenate-toothed, sometimes ly-
rate ; stem-leaves small, cnt-pinnatifid. — Rich soil, Virginia and southward
along the mountains. May.

6. S. tomentdsUS, Michx. (Wooi.lv Ragwort.) Clothed n-ith scarcely
deciduous hoary icoiil (l°-2° high) ; roof-leaves oblonrj, obtuse, crenate toothed, on
slender petioles ; the upper sessile ; corymb flat-topped ; rays 12 -15. — Moun-
tains of Penn.sylvania {Pursli), Maryland, and southward. May. — S. cXni:?,
Hook., which too closely resembles smaller forms of this, probably occurs within
the nortliprn borders of Wisconsin.

* * * Root perennial : head^ larr/c and mnatli/ solitari/.

7. S. Pseudo-Arnica, Less. Loosely white woolly, sometimes becom-
ing glabrous ; stem stout, f)' - 12' high, lenfv to tho top; leaves oblong, repaiul,
tapering into a narrow petiole-like base; beads 1 -4, over an iiuli in diameter;
rays 20 or more, large. — Grand Manan Island oil' Maine (/'/W: Vnrill) and
northward.

64. ARNICA, L. Arnica.

Heads many-flowered, radiate ; the rays pistillate. Scales of the bell-shaped
involucre lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 rows. Receptacle flat, flmbrillatc-

272 coMPOsiT.E. (cor:MrosiTK family.)

Achcnia slender or spindle-shaped. P.ippus a single row of rather rijrid and
strongly roiighcncd-dcntienlatc bristles. — Perennial herbs, chiefly of inountiiins
and cold northern repons, witii simple .'■tcnis, bearing single or corymbed large
lieads and opposite leaves. Flowers yellow. (Name thought to be a corruption
of Ptaniiicu.)

1. A. mollis, Hook. Soft-hairy; shm Icnf}/ (l°-2° high), bearing \ to 5
liciids ; leav(S thin, veiny, smoothish when old, toothed ; the upper ovale-hinceolntc,
closely sessile ; the lower narrower, tapering into a margined petiole ; scales of
the involucre pointed ; pappus almost plumose. — Alpine rivulets, mountains of
New Hampshire and N. New York, shores of Lake Superior, and northwest-
ward. July.

2. A. nudicatllis, Ell. Hairy and rather glandular (1° -3° high); fcarcs
thirkish , ^-b-ntrced, ocatc or oblong, all sessile, mostly entire and near the root,
those of the naked stem small and only one or two pairs ; heads several, corymbed,
showy. — Damp pine barrens, S. Penn. and southward. April, May.

65. CENTAUREA, L. Star-Thistle.

Heads many-flowered ; the flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger
and as it were radiate, sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre imbricated, the
scales margined or appendagcd. Achenia compressed. Pappus wanting, or of
a few bristles. — Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from
the Centaur, Chiron.)

1. C. CVaxus, L. (Bluebottle.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-
margined ; false rnjjs large; pappus very short ; leaves linear, entire, or toothed at
the base; root annual. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July. — Flowers
blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. C. NIGRA, L. (Knapweed.) Scales of the globular involucre appcn-
diiged, and with a stiff black fringe; raijx- icanting ; pappus very short; leaves
lanceolate, or the lower lyrate-angied, rough ; root perennial. — Waste places, E.
New England. Aug. — Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. C. CALcfTRAPA, L. (Star TiiiSTLE.) Stcm diflfuscly much branched ;
leaves pinnalely lohnl or spinulosc-toothed ; heads sessile, the middle scales of the.
ovoid involucre spiny; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual. — Norfolk,
Virginia, and Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

66. CNICUS, Vaill. Blessed Thistle.

Heads many-flowcrcd ; the ray-flowers tubular and sterile, shorter than the
rest, which arc all tubular and perfect. Scales of the ovoid involucre coriaceous,
apprcsscd, extended into a long and rigid pinnately spinose appendage. Re-
ceptacle clothed with capillary bristles. Achenia terete, short, strongly striate,
crowned with 10 short and horny teeth, and bearing a papi)us of 10 elongated
rigid bristles, and 10 short bristles alternate with the Inst in an inner row. —An
annual smoothish herb, with clasping scarcely i)iiinatilid-cut leaves and large
braeted heads. Flowers yellow. (Nmuic from kvI^co, to prid:)

1. C. BENEDfcTLS, L. — Uoadsidus, Southward : rare, scarcely naturalized
(Adv. from Eu.)

COMPOSIT.E. (COMPOSITK IWIMILV.) 273

67. CIRSIUM, Tonm. Common- or ri.rMr.n TniSTi.E.

Heads maiiy-llowcrnl ; the Ilowcrs all tuhuhir, perfect and similar, or rarely
imperfeetiv dlteeioiis. Scales of the ovoid or sjilierieal involucre imbricated in
many rows, tipped witli ajwint or prickle. IJeceptaele thickly clothed with soft
hristles or hairs. Aehenia ohlon;,', (lattish, not ribbed. Pappus of numerous
bristles united into a rinj^at the base, plumose to the middle, deciduous. — Herbs,
with sessile alternate leaves, often pinnatilid, and priekl}'. Heads large, ter-
minal. Flowers reddish-purple, occasionally yenowisii, white, or cream-color;
in summer. (Name I'nnn Kipdos, a mnllid vein, i'ov which the Thistle was a
reputed remedy.)

♦ Scales of the involucre all tipped ivith spreading prickles: root biennial.

1. C. l.a^nceol.Vtum, Seop (Co.mmon Thistle.) Leaves deeurrcnt on
the stem, forming prickly lobed wings, ])innatitid, rough and bristly above,
Moolly with deciduous webby hairs beneath, prickly ; flowers purple. — Pastures
and roadsides, everywhere, at the North. (Nat. from Eu.)

♦ « Scales of the involucre a})prrssed ; the inner ones not pricLlij : f laments hain/.

t- Leaves white-ivoollij beneath, and sometimes also above: outer scales of the involucre

successiveli/ shorter, and tipped with short prickles.

2. C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gr. Wlute-ivoollij throughout, perennial, low ; stem
stout, very leafv ; leaves all pinnateli/ parted into rigid narrowly linear and elongated
divisions, with rcvolute margins; flowers cream-color. — Sandy shores of Lakes
Michigan, Huron, and Siijicrior.

3. C. Undul^tum, Spreng. White-woollg throughout, biennial, low and
stout, leafy; haves luuceolate-ohlong, partly ela-ping, undulate-pi nnali fid, with
prickly lobes; flowers reddish-purple. — Islands of L. Huron and Michigan;
thence westward.

4. C. discolor, Spreng. Biennial ; stem grooved, hairy, liranched, tall,
leafj'; leaves all deeply pinnatijid, sparingly hairy and green above, tvhilcned with
close wool beneath ; the diverging lobes 2-3-cleft, linear-lanceolate, prickly-pointe'l ;

cpiile to the heads: haves roughish-hairy aliovc, whitened with close wool l)eneath, ' . y^
oblong-lanceolate sinuate-toothed, undulate-pinnafi'fid, or undivided, the lobes or teeth r
jjrickly ; those from the base pinnatifid ; and their Wjcs short, oblong or triangular :
flowers chiefly i)uriile. — Fields and copses, Penn. to Illinois and southward.

G. C. Virginiknum, Miehx. Stem woolly, slender. sim])le or sparingly
i)ranchcd (l°-3° high) ; the bra'iches or long jmlnncles naked: leaves lanceolate,
green above, whitened with close wool beneath, ciliate with prickly bristles, en-
tire or sparingig sinuatel(J>ed, sometimes the lower dee])ly sinuate-pinnatifld ; outei
scales of the involucre scarcely prickly; heads small; flowers purj)le. — Wood*
and plains, Virginia, Ohio, and southward.

Var. fllip6ndulum. Stem stouter, more leafy, corymboscly branched
above; the brads on shorter peduncles; leaves iiinnatifld : roots tuberous, en-
larged below. (C. lilipeiidulum, Kugelm.) — I'rairies of S. Illinois and south-
westward.

18

flowers pale jturple, rarely white. — Meadows and copses.

C. altissimum, Spreng. Stem downy, branching (.3°- lOOhi-lO.^/y a

274 COMPOSITE. (CO-MTOSITE FAMILY.)

■t- -t- Leaves green both sides, or onhj with loose cobwehhi/ hairs vnderncalh : scales of
the involucre scarccli/ pricUy-pointeci : heads large.

7. C. muticum, Jlichx. (Swamp Thistle.) Stem tall (3°-8°high),
angled, snioutliisli, jjunick-d at the summit, the branches sparingly leafy and
bearing single or few rather large naked heads ; leaves somewhat hairy above,
whitened with louse tvdJii/ hairs beneath wiien young, deejilji jiinmttijid, tlte divisions
lanceolate, acute, cut-Iobcd, j)rickly-pointed ; scales of the icehhij and glutinous invo-
lucre closely apprcssed, pointless or barely niucronate ; flowers purple ; root per-,
cnnial. — S\vaini)s and low woods : common.

8. C. pumilum, Spreng. (Pasture Thistle.) Stem low and stout
(l°-3° liigli). Iiaiiy, bearing 1 -3 very large hauls (li' broad), which are some-
ivhat leafif-bracted at the base ; leaves green, lanceolate-oblong, partly chisping,
sometrhat hairi/, pinnatijid, with short and cut very jiric/clij-margined lobes ; outer sades
of the involucre pricklij-jioiiitcd, the inner very slender ; flowers purple or rarely
white (fragrant, 2' long) ; root biennial. — Dry fields, Maine to Penn., near the
coast, Illinois and westward : common.

9. C. horridulum, Michx. (Yellow Thistle.) Stem stout (l°-4o
high), webby-liaired when young; leaves partly clasping, green, soon smooth,
lanceolate, pinnatijid, the short toothed and cut lolxs veri/ spiny with yellowish
prickles; heads (l'-l|' broad), surrounded at the base by an involucrate whorl of
leaf-like and very prickly bracts, which equal or exceed the narrow and unarmed
scales of the involucre ; flowers pale yellow or purple. — Sand}' fields, Massachu-
setts to Virginia, and southward, near the coast.

* * * Outer scales of the appressed involucre barely prickly-pointed : f laments nearly
imooth : heads imperfectly dioecious, sm(dl and numerous.

10. C. ARVENSE, Scop. (Canada Thistle.) Perennial, the roots exten-
sively creeping ; leaves oblong or lanceolate, smooth, or slightly woolly beneath,
sinuate-pinnatifid, prickly-margined ; flowers rose-purple. — Cultivated fields,
pastures, and roadsides : common at the North ; a most troublesome weed, ex-
tremely difficult to eradicate. (Nat. from Eu.)

68. CARDUTJS, Tourn. Plumeless Thistle.

Bristles of the pappus naked (not plumose), merely rough or denticulate.
Otherwise as in Cirsium. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. NUTANS, L. (Musk Thistle.) Biennial; leaves decurrent, sinuate,
spiny; heads solitary, drooping; flowers purple. — Fields near Ilarrisbiirg,
Penn.sylvania, Prof Poftei: (Adv. from Eu.)

69. ONOPORDOW, Vaill. Cotton or Scotch Thistle.

Heads and flowers nearly as in Cirsium. Scales of the involucre coriaceous,
tipped with a lanceolate ))rickly appendage. Receptacle deeply honeycombed.
Achenia 4-angled, wrinkled transversely. Bristles of the pappus numerous,
slender, not ))lumose, united at the base into a horny ring. — Coarse, branching
annuals, or biennials, with the stems winjred l)y the decurrent base of tin; lobed
and toothed somewhat prickly loaves. Heads large- flowers purple. (The an-
cient Greek name of the plant.)

COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 275

1. O. ArAxTniuM, L. Stem (2° -4° higli) and leaves cotton-woolly ; scales
lincar-awl-sliaptd. — Roadsides and waste places: rather rare. July -Sept.
(Adv. from Kii.)

7 0. LAPPA, Tuurn. BrHDorK.

Heads many-flowcrcd ; tlic flowers all perfect and similar. Invohicro glohiilar ;
the imbricated scales coriaceous and ap])rcsscd at the base, tipped with an abrupt
and spreading awl-shaped hook-pointed appendage. Receptacle bristly. Achc-
nia oblong, flattened, wrinkled transversely. I^i[)pus short, of numerous rough
bristles, not united at the base, dccitluous. — Coarse biennial weed, with large
unarmed and petiolcd leaves, and small solitary or clustered heads : flowers
purple, rarely white. (Name from Xa/Seii/, to lay hold, the involucre forming a
hooked bur which holds tenaciously to the dress, or the fleece of animals.)

1. L. officinXlis, Allioni. — Waste places and around dwellings, in ma-
nured soil. — The var. mXjor (CoMjroN Bukdock) has the involucre smoothish ;
leaves loosely whitish-cottony beneath or becoming smooth, the upper ovate,
lower heart-shaped. — Var. tomentosa has the involucre cottony, and is rare.
— Var. JiixoR has smaller heads with smooth involucre, and smaller smoothish
leaves, often tai)cring at the base ; occasionally cut-toothed or liu-iniate-lobcd.
(Uxbridgc, Mass., Dr. Robbius.) July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

Suborder II. LIOULIFLOR.^:. (Cichorace^.)

71. LAMPSANA, Tourn. Nipple-wort.

Heads 8- 12-flowcred. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one
row. Receptacle naked. Achenia oblong. Papjius none. — Slcniler branch-
ing annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely paniclcd small heads :
flowers yellow. (The Aafxy\ri'ivr^ of Dioscorides Wi»,s evidently a wild Mustard.)

1. L. COMMUNIS, L. Nearly smooth ; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-
shaped. — Roadsides, near Boston, Burtiiio, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

72. CICHORIUM, Tourn. SrccoRV or Cioiiory.

Heads .several-flowered. Involucre double ; the outer of ."j short spreading
scales, the inner of 8-10 scales. Achenia striate. l'ap|)us of nnmerous .Nmail
chaffy scales, forming a short crown. — Branching perennials, with deep roots;
the .sessile heads 2 or 3 together, axillary and terminal. Flowers bright blue or
varying to ])urplc, showy. (Altered from the Arabian name of the j)lant.)

1. C. Intybu.s, L. Stem-leaves oblong or lanceolate, partly clas])ing, the
lowest rnncinate, those of the rigid flowering branches minute. — Roadsides.-
common near the coast, especially in E. Ma.ss. Jidy-Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

73. KRIGIA, Sehreber. Dwarf Dam.kmon.

Heads l.')-20-Howcrcd. Scales of the involucre several, in alwut 2 rows.
Acheaia top-shaped, miuiy-striute or angled. Paj)pus double ; the outer of 5

276 coMPOsiTiE. (composite family.)

broad and rounded chaffr scales ; the inner of as many alternate slender bris-
tle.— Small annuals or biennials, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly
radical, lyratc or toothed ; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or
branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after D. Krkg, an early German botani-
cal collector in tliis coimtry.)

1. K. Virginica, Willd. Stems or scapes several (I'-IO' high) ; earlier
leaves roundish and entire, the others narrower and often pinnatifid. — Var.
DicnoTOM.v is a branched and leafy summer state. — New England to Illinois
and southward. April - Aug.

74. CYNTHIA, Don. Ctnthi.v.

Heads many-flowered. Scales of the involucre several, somewhat in 2 rows.
Achenia short, striate. Pappus double ; the outer of numerous very small
chatfy bristles ; the inner of numerous capillary elongated bristles. — Low per-
ennial herbs, nearly smooth and glaucous, with scattered or radical leaves;
the scapes or naked peduncles (often bristly at the apex) bearing rather showy
single heads. Flowers yellow. (Perhaps named after Mount C'j/nllnis.)

1. C. Virginica, Don. Roots Jilirous ; stem-leaves 1-2, oblong or lan-
ceolate-spatulatc, clasping, mostly entire ; the radical ones on short Avinged
petioles, often toothed, rarely pinnatilid ; peduncles 2-5. — Moist banks, New
York to IMiclii-an and southward. June. — Stem 1° high, or more.

2. C. Dandelion, DC. Scapes leafless, from a tuberous root (G'-15' high) ;
leaves varying from spatulate-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or few-lobed. —
Moist ground, Maryland to Kentucky and southward. March- July.

75. LEONTODON, L., Juss. IIawkbit. F.\ll Daxdeliox.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre scarcely imbricated, but with several bract-
lets at the base. Achenia spindle-shaped, striate, all alike. Pappus persistent,
composed of plumose bristles which are enlarged and flattened towards the base.

— Low and stemless perennials, with toothed or pinnatifid root-leaves, and scapes
bearing one or more yellow heads. (Name from \(cov, a lion, and oSoJj, a tooth,
in allusion to the toothed leaves.) — The following belongs to the subgenus
Opouf.si.v, with a tawny pappus of a single row of equal bristles.

L L. atitumxXle, L. (Fall Dandelion.) Leaves laciniatc-toothed or
pinnatifid ; scape branched ; peduncles thickened at the summit and furnished
with small scaly bracts. — Meadows and roadsides : common in E. New Eng-
land. July -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

76. TROXIMON", Nutt. Tkoximon.

Head many-flowered. Scales of the bell-shaped involucre ovate or lanceo-
late, pointed, loosely imbricated in 2 or 3 rows. Achenia smooth, lO-ribhed,
not beaked. Pappus longer than the achenium, white, of copious and unequal
rigid capillary bristle-!, some of the larger gradually thickened towards tlie l)ase.

— Perennial herbs, with elongated linear tufted root-leaves, and a simple naked
scape. Heads solitary, large : flowers yellow. (Name from rpio^onai., to cat,
first applied to some plant with an edible root, like Salsify.)

COMl'OSITiE. (composite FAMILY.) 277

1. T. CUSpid^tum, Pursh. Leaves lanceolate, elongated, tapering to a
sharp i)oint, W(«>!!y on i!ic margins; scales of tlu; involncre lanceolate, sharp-
poiriti'il. — rniirics, AViscousin, X. Illinois, and westward. April, May.

77. HIERACIUM, Tourn. II.vwkwkkd.

Heads 12-nuiny-flowcred. Involucre more or less imhricated. Aclicnia
short, oblong or columnar, striate, not beaked. I'appus a single row of tawny
and fragile capillary rough bristles. — I'crennial herbs, with entire or toothed
leaves, and single or paniclcd heads of mostly yellow llowers ; in summer und
early autumn. (Name from te/Ja|, a hawL:)

* Heads larrjc (ind hrowt : involucre imbricated: achenia tapering towards the base.

1. H. Canaddnse, Michx. (Canada IIawkweku.) Stems simple,
le;ify, corymbed at the summit (l°-3° high) ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or ovate-
oblong, acute, remotely and very coarsely toothed, somewhat hairy, the upper-
most slightly clasping. — Dry woods, northward.

* * Heads small : involucre ci/lindrical, scarctli/ imbricated.

2. H. sckbrum, Michx. (Rough II.) Stem rather stout (I°- 3° high),
leafy, rou(jh-haiiij ; the still" panicle at first racemose, at length rather corymbose;
the thickish jK'duncles and the hoary 40-50-flowered involucre densely clothed
M'ith dark glandular bristles ; uc/itniu columnar, not tujierimj at the summit ; leaves
obovate or oval, nearly entire, hairy. — Dry open woods; common.

3. H. longipilum, Torr. (Long-Beaudkd H.) Stem wand-like, sim-
ple, stout (2° -3° high), ivry Icafij towards the Imse, nalced above, and bearing a
small racemed panicle ; the lower portion and both sides of the oblong-lanceo-
late or sjiatulatc entire leaves thickly clothed with very lomj and u]>ri<jht bristUs
(often I' long) ; peduncles and 20 -30-flowered involucre glandular-bristly ; ache-
nia spindle-shajied, narrowed at the apex. — Prairies, Aliehigan to Wisconsin and
soutlnve-'tward. — Heads intermediate betw'een the last and the next.

4. H. Gron6vii, L. (IIaiky H.) Stem wand-like, mostly simple, /co/y
and vei-if hainj below, naked above and forming a long.and narrow j)anicle ; leaves
oblong or obovate, nearly entire, hairy ; the slender peduncles and the 20 -30-
flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly ; achtnia spindle shaped, with a
i-erij tufjcr summit. — Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward. — Varies
from 10-4° high. The small heads and almost beaked fruit distinguish the
largest forms from No. 2, and small naked-stemmed states from the next.

5. H. ven6sum, L. (Hattmcsnake-weed.) Stem or scape {\°-'2°
high) naked or with a single leaf, smooth and slender, fork inrj above into a spreadiw/
loose cori/mb ; root-leaves obovate or oblong, nearly entire, scarcely pctioled, thin
and pale, pnri)lish and glaucous underneath (often hairy along the midrib),
marked al)()ve with ])nr])le veins ; peduncles very slender; involucre 20-flowered ;
achenia linrar, not t;ipcring upwards. — Var. srnc.vn.ESCKNS has the stem
mure or less leafy next the base. — Dry jilains and pine woods: common.

6. H. panicul^tum, L. (Panki.ed H.) Stem slender, leafy, dijfnselif
branched, hairy below (2° -3° hi>:h); leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends,
slightly toothed, smooth; /leadi in a loose panicle (very small), ou slender and

278 coMrosrra:. (compositk family.)

divcr;;ing peduncles, 12 - 20-Jlowercd ; achenia short, not tapering at the summit.
— Open woods : rather common.

78.- NABALUS, Cass. R.vttlesx.vkk-root.

Heads few - many-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of 5 to 14 linear scales in
a single row, and a few small braetlcts at the base. Achenia short, linear-ol)-
long, striate or grooved, not contracted at tiie apex. Pappus of copious straw-
color or brownish and rough capillary bristles. — Perennial iierbs, with upright
loaiy stems ari.sing from spindle-shaped (extremely bitter) tubers, very variable
leaves, and racemosc-panicled mostly nodding heads. Flowers greenish-wliite
or yellowish, often tinged with purple; in late summer and autumn. (Name
probably from vdjiXa, a harp, in allusion to the lyrato leaves which tliese plants
sometimes present.) Species of Prenanthes, L.

* Involucre smooth or neurit/ so, b-20-Jiuwered.

1. N. albus, Hook. (White Lettuce. Rattlesnake-root.) Smooth
and glaucous (2° -4° higli) ; stem corymbose-pan icled at the summit : leaves angu-
late or triangular-halberd-form, sinuate-toothed, or 3-5-cleft; the uppermost
oblong and undivided; involucre (purplish) of about 8 scales, 8-l2-Jloaered ;
pappus deep cinimmon-color. — Var. SeupentXuia is a form with deeply divided
leaves, their margins often rough-ciliate. — Borders of woods, in rich soil :
common, especially northward. — Stouter and more corymbed than the next,
witii tliickish leaves and often purplish branches. Heads G" long.

2. N, altissimus, Hook. (Tall W.) Smooth; stem tlill and .slender
(3° -6° high) ; the heads in small axillary and terminal loose clusters forming
a long and wand-like leafy panicle: leaves membranaceous, all petioled, ovate,
heart-shaped, or triangular, and merely toothed or cleft, with naked or winged
petioles, or frequently 3-5-parted, with the divisions entire or again cleft; in-
volucre slender (greenisli), o/' 5 scales, 5 - G-flowered ; pap/ius dirty white, or pale
straw-color. — Kich moist woods : common northward.

3. N. Fi'^seri, DC. (Lion's-foot. Gall-of-the-earth.) Nearly
smooth ; stem coryiiJiose-pnn icled at the summit (l°-4° high) ; leaves mostly del-
toid, roughish ; the lower variously 3- T-lobed, on margined jietioles ; the upjier
oblong-lanceolate, mostly undivided, nearly sessile ; iuvulucre (greenish or pur-
plish, sometimes slightly bristly) o/a^w/^ 8 scales, 8 - \2-Jioweied : jxtp/nis dull
straw-color. — Varies greatly in foliage : tlie var. integrif^lius has the thick-
ish leaves all undivided and merely toothed. — Dry sandy or sterile soil, S. New
England to Virginia and southward.

4. N. nknus, DC. Smooth; stem low and simple (5'- 10' high) ; the
heads in axillary clusters forming a narrow racemed panicle; leaves triangular-
halberd-shaped and very variously lobed or cleft, on slender petioles ; involucre
(livid) 10- \'i- flowered, of about 8 propel- scales and several very short bract-like ones,
which are Iriamptlar-ovate and ap pressed ; pap])us straw-color. — Aljjine summits,
Wliite Mountains of New Hampshire, and Adirondacks, N. New York.

5. N. Bo6ttii, DC. Stem simple, dtoarf 15' -G' high), pubescent at the
summit; the heads in an almost simpb; raceme; lowest leaves lialberd-shaped
or heart-shaped, the middle oblong, the upper lanceolate, nearly entire, taper-

COMPOSITJC. (cOMPOSITli FAMILY.) 279

ing into a margined petiole; involucre (livid) 10 -\8-Jlowcred, of \0- 15 ver^ ob-
tuse, jrrnppr sral<:i, and sirpial linear ami loose ixterior ones iieaili/ half the le/)fft/i of
the former ; jjiippus straw-color. — Ilijiher alpine suumiits ol' the mounuiius of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York.

6. N. virgatUS, DC. (Sli;nukk Kattli:.snakk-root.) Smooth, slightly-
glaucous ; sliin simple (2° -4° high), I'ldlonr/irl into a naked and slender sj'iked
raceme (l^°-2° long); heads clustered and mostly unilateral ; leaves lanceolate,
acute, closely sessile, the upper reduced to bracts, the lower toothed or pinnati-
fid ; ini-olucre (purplish) of about 8 scides, 8 - l2-Jlowered ; pappus straw-color. —
Sandy ])ine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

* * Involucre 12 - -iO-Jlowered, hairy, as well us the peduncles.

7. N. racem6sus, Llook. Stem wand-like, simjjle (2° -5° high), s»ioo/A,
as well as the oval or oblong-lanceolate denticulate leaves ; the lower tapering
into winged petioles (rarely cut-pinnatitid,) the upper partly clasping; heads in
clusters crowded in a lom/ and narrow interruptedlj/ spiked panicle; involucre about
Vl-Jhwertd ; pappus straw-color. — Plains, Ohio to Illinois and northward.
Also Iluckensack marshes, New Jersey. — Flowers flesh-color.

8. N. asper, Torr. & Gr. Stem wand-likc, simple (2°-4°high), rowjh-
fubesccnt, as well as the oval-oblong or broadly lanceolate toothed leaves ; lieads
(mostly erect) in small clusters disposed in a lomj and narrow comjmund raceme :
involucre 12 - \4-Jlowered ; pappus straw-color. — Dry prairies anU barrens, Ohio
to Illinois, and .southward.— Flowers larger than No. 7, cream-color.

9. N. crepidineus, DC. Somewhat smooth ; stem stout (5° -8° high),
bearing numerous nodding heads in loose clusters on the conjmlM^e-jwniclcd
branches; hares large (G'-l^ long), hroadli/ trianfjular-ovale or halberdfonn,
strongly toothed, contracted into winged petioles; involucre 20 - 40-/low<red ;
pappus brown. — Kich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. — Involucre black-
ish ; flowers cream-color.

79. LYGODESMIA, Don. Lvoodes.mia.

Ileails and (lowers (3-10) nearly as in Nahalus; the cylindrical involucre
more elongated, and the achenia long and slender, tapering at ilie summit.
Pappus whiti.sh. — Smooth, often glaucous, low perennials, Avith sin-jc cnvt
lic.ids of rose-purple flowers terminating almost leafless or rush-like stems or
branches. ( Name composed of \vyos, a twig for wickerwork, and bfo-pos, a bond,
from the twiggy or rush-like stems.)

1. L. jlincea, Don. Stems (1° high) tufted, branched, striate; lower
leaves lance-linear, l'-2' long, rigid, the upper awl-shaped and minute; heads
5-flowcred. — St. Croi.x liiver, Wisconsin, T. J. Hale, and westward. July.

80. CHONDRILLA, Tourn. Ciiondkii.la.

Heads few-flowered. Involucre cylindrical, of several narrow linear equal
scales, and a row of small bractlets at the biuse. Achenia terete, sev«!ral-ribl)cd,
smooth below, roughened at the sununit by little scaly projections, from among
which springs an abrupt slender beak. Pa|>pns of copious very fine and sofk
capillary bristles, bright white. — Herbs of the Old World, with wand-liko

280 CO-MI'OSIT.IC. (COMPOSITK KAMlLi.)

branching stems, and small heads of yellow flowers. (A name of Dioscorides for
some plant whieli exudes a j,^um.)

1. C. JiJNt'EA, L. Biennial; bristly-hairy below, smooth above (l°-3°
hi- li) ; root-leaves runeinate ; stem-leaves few and small, linear ; heads seattercd
on nearly leafless branches, 6" -8" long. — Fields and roadsides, abundant
near -Vle.xandria, Virginia, M. J. BM, A. II. CurUas; j)erhaps of recent intro-
duction. Aug. (Adv. irom Eu.)

81. PYRRHOPAPPUS, DC. False Dandelion.

Heads, &c. nearly as in Taraxacum, but the soft pappus reddish or rusty-
color, and with a villous ring at the top of the long beak of the achenium. —
Mostly annual or biennial herbs, often branching and leafy below. Heads soli-
tary, terminating the naked summit of the stem or branches. Flowers deep
yellow. (Name composed of nvppos, flame-colored, and namros, pup/ms.)

1. P. Carolini^nUS, DC. Stemi)ranching(l°-2°high); leaves oblong
or lanceolate, entire, cut, or pinnatifid, the stem-leaves partly clasping. — Sandy
fields, from Maryland southward. April -July.

82. TARAXACUM, Hallcr. Dandelion.

Head many-lowered. Involucre double, the outer of short scales; the inner
of long linear scales, erect in a single row. Aehenia terete, oblong, ribbed, and
roughened on the ribs, the apex prolonged into a very slender thread-like beak,
bearing the pappus of copious soft and white capillary bristles. — Perennials or
biennials, producing a tuft of pinnatifid or runeinate radical leaves, and slender
naked hollow scapes, bearing a single large head of yellow flowers. (Name
from Tapd(T(T(i)., to (lisf/iiirt or disorder, in allusion to medicinal properties.) .

1. T. Dens-le6nis, Desf. (Common Dandelion.) Smooth, or at first
pubescent; outer involucre reflcxcd. — Pastures and fields everywhere: prob-
alily indigenous in the North. April - Sept. — After blossoming, the inner invo-
lucre closes, the slender beak elongates and rai<es up the pappus while the fruit
is forming; the whole involucre i-; then refle.xed, exposing to the wind the naked
fruits, with the pappus displayed in an open globular head. (Eu.)

83. LACTUCA, Tourn. Lkttiice.

Heads several-flowered. Scales of the involucre imbricated in 2 or more sets
of unequal lengths. Aehenia flat (compressed parallel to the scales of the invo-
lucre), abruptly contracted into a long thread-form beak, bearing a copious and
fugacious pappus of very soft and white capillary bristles. — Leafy-stemmed
herbs, with j)anicled heads; the flowers of variable color, produced in summer
and autninn. (The ancient name of the Lettuce, L. scitini; from hf, milk, in
allusion to the milky juice.)

L L. Canadensis, L. (Wild Lettuce.) Biennial, mostly tall ; leaves
partly clasping, ])ale bemath ; the ujjpcr lanceolate and entire ; heads about 20-
flowered ; aehenia oval, rather longer than the beak, minutely rugose transversely
and I'oughish, one-ribbed on each face. The typical form (L. elongata, Muh! ,

COMPOSIT.E. (composite FAMILY.) 281

nnd Ed. 2) is tall, with a thick and hollow very leafy stem (4° -9° high), smooth
Oi nearly so i leaves long, most ol'tlieni runciuatc-pinnatilid ; heads very numer-
ous, iu a long and narrow naked panicle ; flowers mostly pale yellow. — Rich
and damp soil, borders of fields or thickets: common, especially northward. —
The following are perhaps to be restored as species : —

Var. integrifblia, Torr. & Gr. ( L. integrifblia, Bii/tl.) Stem 3° - 6° high ;
leaves all undivided, either entire or sharply denticulate; panicle more ojrcn ;
flowers pale yellow, cream-color, or purple. — Open and dry or sterile soil, E.
New England near the coast to Illinois and southward.

Var. sanguinea, Torr. .<: Cir. (!.. .^-an^uinea. /%./.) Lower and less
stout (2°-')° high); leaves all runcinate-iiiinialilid, the midrili beneath and
lower part of the stem often sparsely bristly-hairy ; heads fewer, in a loose open
])aiiiele ; flowers yeilow-purijle, reddish with or without a yellow centre, or rarely
white. — Open dry ground, Eastern New England to New Jersey, Illinois, and
southward.

2. L. ScakIola, L. (Pricki.y Letticic.) Annual or biennial ; stem
below sparsely prickly-bristly, as also the midrib on the lower face of the sagit-
tate-clasping oblong or lanceolate spinulose-denticnlate vertical leaves; panicle
narrow ; heads small, few-flowered ; achenia striate. — Waste grounds and road-
sides, Cambridge, Massachusetts. (Adv. from Eu.)

84. MULGEDIUM, Cass. False or lii.tE Lettt'ce.

Heads many-flowered. Involucre, &c. as in Lactuca. Achenia laterally com-
pressed, striate or ribbed, the summit contracted into a short and thick (or in
No. 1 slender) beak or neek of the same texture, expanded at the apex into a
ciliate disk, which bears a copious rather deciduous pappus of soft capillary
bristles. — Leafy-stemmed herbs, with the general aspect and foliage of Lactuca ;
ours glabrous or nearly so. Heads raeemed or i)aiiiclcd ; the flowers chiefly
blue ; in summer. (Name from muh/eo, to milk.)

* Pappus bright wfiite: flowers blue.

1. M. pulchellum, Nutt. Pere«;//a/, pale or glaucous; stem simple, 1°-
2° high ; leaves sessile, oblong- or linear-lanceolate, entire, or the lower runei-
nate-pinnatifid ; heads few and large, racemose, erect ; scales of the conical-cylin-
draceous involucre lanceolate, imbricated in 3 or 4 ranks ; the peduncles scaly-
bracted ; achenia taprrinfj into a slender beak, almost as in Lactuca. — Upper
Michigan {Prof. Porter, &c.), probably in N. W. Wisconsin: common on the
plains westward.

2. M. acuminiltum, DC Tall biennial (3° -CO high), with many small
lieads in a loose panicle, on diverging peduncles ; leatrx ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
pointed, bareh/ toolheil, .sometimes hairy on the midril) beneath, contracted into a
winged jjctiole, the lowest occasionally sinuate; achenia with a very short beak.
— Borders of thickets. New York to Illinois, and .southward.— Probably only
an eutire-lfavcd state of the next.

3. M. FiOridknUm, DC. Lem-es all li/rate iir rimrliiii/i , ihi' upper olteu
with a heart-shaped clas|)iug base; panicle larger: otherwise as Nj. 2.— Rich
soil, Pennsvlvaniii to Illinois and southward.

L & M— 32

282 LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

* * Pappus tmrnif : corolla pale blue, or cream-color turning bluish.
4. M. leucophaeum, DC. Nearly smooth biennial; stem tail (3° -12°
high), very leafy; leaves irregularly pinnatitid, sometimes ruiicinate, coarsely
toothed, the upjiermost often undivided and sometimes clasping ; heads in a
large and dense compound panicle. — Low grounds : rather common.

85. SONCHUS, L. Sow-Tjiistle.

Heads many-Howcred, becoming tumid at the base. Involucre more or less
imbricated. Achenia flattened laterally, ribbed or striate, not beaked. Pappus
copious, of very white exceedingly soft and fine capillary bristles. — Leafy-
stemmed coarse weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous, with corymlied or umbel-
late heads of yellow flowers ; produced in summer and autumn. (The ancieut
Greek name.)

* Annual (1° - 5° hlr/h) : floweis pale yellow.

1. S. olerXceus, L. (Common Sow-Thistle.) Stem-leaves runcinate-
pinnatifid, or rarely undivided, slightly toothed with soft spiny teeth, clasping
bv a heart-shaped base, the auricles acute ; involucre downy when young ; ache-
nia striate, also wrinkled transcerselij. — Waste places in manured soil and around
dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. AsPER, Vill. (Spixy-leaved S.) Stem-leaves less divided and more
spiny-toothed, the auricles of the clasping base rounded ; achenia margined, 3-
nerved on each side, smooth. — With and like the last. (Nat. from Eu.)

♦ * Perennial, with creeping rootstocks : flowers briglu yellow, in large heads.

3. S. ARVENSis, L. (Fields.) Leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, spiny-toothed,
clasping by a heart-shaped base ; peduncles and involucre bristly ; achenia trans-
versely wrinkled on the ribs. — Roadsides, &c.. New England and New York :
becoming more common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Order 54. LOBELIACE.I:. (Lobelia Family.)

Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered fltnvers, an irregular
monopetalous o-lobed corolla; the 5 stamens free from the corolla, and united
into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers. — Calyx-
tube adherent to the many-seeded pod. Style 1 : stigma often fringed.
Seeds anatropous, with a small straight embryo, in copious albumen. —
Acrid poisonous plants (rather to be regarded as a part of the next
order), represented only by the genus

1. LOBi3LIA, L. Lobelia.

Calyx 5-cleft, with a short tube. Corolla with a straight tube, split down on
the (apparently) upper side, somewhat 2-lipped ; the upper lip of 2 rather erect
lobes, the lower lip spreading and 3-cleft. Two of the anthers in our species
bearded at the top. Pod 2-celled, many-seeded, opening at the top. — Flowers
axillary or chiefly in hracted racemes; in summer and early autumn. (Dedi-
cated to Matthias De I'Obel, an early Flemish herbalist.)

LOBELIACE^. (LOBELIA FAMILY.) 283

♦ Flowers deep red, large : stem simple.

1. L. cardinklis, L. (Cakdinal-fm)Wkk.) Tiill(2°-4°lii';li), smooth-
ish ; leaves obIoiij;-laiK-eo!ate, .slij^Iitly tootlied ; raceme eloii^ateti, ratlier l-sidcd ;
the pedicels iiiueh sliorter tliaii tlie leaf-like bracts. — Low grounds: coininon.
— rerennial liy oH'sets, with large and very showy intensely red flowers, — rarely-
varying to rose-color! (Plymouth, Mr. Gilbert), or even to white !

* * Flotvers blue, or blue varicijuted with white.
•*- Stems leafy to the top, simple (l°-3° hiijli) from a perennial root ; leaves oblong yr
ovate-lanceolate: sinuses of the calyx with conspicuous dejiextd auricles : flowers
crowded in a long s/ii/ce or dense jaceme.

2. L. syphilitica, L. (Great Lobelia.) Sotnewhat hairy; leaves thin,
acute at both ends (2' -6' long), irregularly serrate; flowers (nearly l'long)pedi-
celled, longer than the leafy bracts; calyx hirsute, the lobes half the length of
tlu; corolla, the short tube hemispherical. — Low grounds; connnon. — Flowers
light blue, rarely white.

3. L. pubdrula, Michx. Finely sojl-pubescent : leaves thickish, obtuse (1'-
2' long), with small glandular teeth ; spike rather 1 -sided; calyx-lobes (and ovate
bracts) little shorter than the corolla, the hairy tube lop-shaped. — JMoist grounds, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — Corolla bright blue, |' long.

4. L. leptostachys, A. DC. Smooth above ; leaves obtuse, denticulate, ob-
long-lanceolate, the upper gradually reduced to awl-shaped bracts ; raceme spike
like, long and dense ; lobes of the calyx nearly equalling the corolla, the auri-
cles in the form of 10 awl-shaped appendages as long as the hemispherical tube. —
Sandy soil, Illinois and southward. — Corolla 3" -4" long.

f- ■>- Stems leafy, mostly simple (I' -2^' high) from a perennial root : leaves lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate: calyx-tube hemispherlcrd, the sinuses destitute of auricles:
floivers pretty large (§'- 1' long) and showy, in a loose 7iearly l-sided raceme:
anthers sometimes bearded on the back.

5. L. glanduldsa, Walt. Sparingly pubescent : leaves, bracts, and usu-
ally the lobes of the calyx strongly glandular-toothed; calyx-tube densely hispid,
rarely sparsely so, or smoothish. — Moist places, Virginia and southward.

6. L. amfiena, Michx. ^^/o/woi/s (rarely minutely pubescent) ; leaves and
bracts usually glandular-toothed ; calyx-lobes entire and slender. — Shady moist
places, Virginia and southward.

■*-■*-■*- Stems leafy : calyx tvith no auricles or appendnqes at the sinuses : flowers
small i'-i' long, racemed : roots slender, annual or biennial, or perhaps some-
times perennial.

*^ More or less pube.srent, at least below: leaves oblong or ovate: sterns anghd or
striate : racemes splice-like : corolla pale blue.

7. L. infl^ta, L. (Indian Tobacco.) Stems paniculately much branched
from an annual root, pubescent with spreading hairs (9'- 18' high) ; leaves
ovate or oblong, toothed, gradually diminishing into leaf-like bracts, which ex-
ceed the lower short-i)edicellc(l flowers, calyx-tube ovoid, the /W inflated. — Dry
open fields: common. — Corolla only l.J"-2"long. I'laut poisonous and a
noted quack mediciae-

284 LOBELTACE.E. (LOBELIA FAMILY.)

8. L. spicita, Lam. StQin slender, strict and simple {1°-!^° high) from a
biennial- or pcrlraps perennial root, below and the barely denticulate leaves mi-
nutely pubescent ; lower and root-leaves obovatc or spatulate. the upper reduced
to linear or club-shaped bracts ; rarmie long and naked, mostly dense and many-
flowered ; calyx-tubc short, obconical or becoming almost hemispherical. (L.
Claytoniaua, il/«V/tx. L. pallida, Muhl.) — Moist or dry, mostly gravelly or
sandy soil : rather common, at least southward and westward. — A slender and
smaller flowered variety (beginning to blossom in June) grows in swamps at
Lancaster, Penn., Prof. Porter. — Corolla ordinarily 4" long.

++ ++ Glabrous or nearly so : leaves small, linear or lancedafe, only those from the
root ohovate or spatulate, the uji/>ermost reduced to setaceous In-acts, all entire or
barely denticulate : stems vert/ slender, simple or hcomim) punirulatehj branched
above : racemes loosely several-flowered.

9. L. Nuttallii, Uoem. & Seh. Stem very slender (l°-2° high), terete;
pedicels mostly longer than the bract and shorter than the flower, usually with very
minute bractiets near the base ; calyx-tube very short, depressed-hemispherical in
fruit, the globular pod half free ; corolla pale blue, barely 3" long. — Sandy
swamps, from Long Island, New Jersey, and the adjacent lower borders of
Pennsylvania, southward.

10. L. Kalmii, L. Stem mostly low (4'-18'high) minutely angled;
pedic<-ls fliiform, not exceeding the linear or setaceous bracts but as long us the flower,
minutely 2-bracteoleile or 2-glundular above the middle ; calyx-tube top-shaped or obo-
void with an acute base, fully half the length of the lobes, in fruit rather longer
than they, smooth, covering the whole pod ; corolla bright light blue, 4"- 5"
long. — Wet limestone rocks and banks. Northern New England to Wisconsin
and northward along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes, and through Ne\^f
York southward to Lancaster, Penn. [Prof. Porter).

11. L. C^nbyi, n. sp. Stem strict (l°-2°high), minutely angled; pedi-
cels shorter titan the bracts and mostly shorter than the flower, minutely roughened
under a lens ; brucllets none ; calyx-tithe top-shaped, acute at the base, and only half
the length of the lobes (which, with the linear leaves, arc sparsely glandular-den-
ticulate along the margins), in fruit becoming oblong, covering the whole pod ;
corolla deep blue (fu/iy .')" long), more or less bearded in the throat. — Wet places,
pine barrens of New Jersey, especially at Quaker Bridge, Wm. M. Canby, (J.
E. Smith, &c. (Also South Carolina, M. A. Curtis.) Aug., Sept. — Leaves 1',
rarely 1|' long, numerous, gradually diminishing in size up to the raceme, the
largest 2" wide. Pod near/y 3" long.

•»- -t- 1- H- Stem simple froM a perennial root, and nearly leafless, except at or near
the base : flowers in a simple loose raceme, light blue: leaves flashy : calyx-tube
acute at the base, top-shaped: auricles none.
• 12. Ij. palud6sa, Nutt. Nearly smooth; stem slender (10-2phigh);
leaves thidish but flat, scattered near the base, Umar-spatulate or oblong-linearj
glandular-denticulate, mostly tapering into a petiole; lower lip of the corolla
bearded in the middle ; calyx-tube about half the length of the short lobes, be-
coming hemispherical in fruit. — Wet bogs, Delaware [Natiall) and southward.
— Corolla 5" -6" long.

CAMPANULACE^. (CAMPANULA FAMILY.) 285

13. L. Dortm^nna, L. (Water Lobema.) Very smooth ; scape thick-
ish (5'- 12' liiuli). hir-tliiwcnd ; leaves all tti/hd ut the root, linear, teirte, hollow,
witli Ji partition leiigtlnvisc, sessile; lower lip of the corolla slightly hairy;
calvx-tul)L' aliout as long-as the lobes, in fruit much longer. — In the gravelly
lionlers of ponds, N. Penn. to New England, and northward. — Corolla 6" - 8"
long. (Ku.)

OnoER 55. CAMPA^ri^ACE^. (Campanula Family.)

Ilerhs, with milh/ Juice, alternate leaves, anil scattered Jlowcrs ; the calijx
adherent to the ovary ; the reyidar b-lohed corolla hell-shaped, valcate in the
hud ; the 5 stamens free from the corolla and usuull;/ distinct. — Style 1, be-
set with collecting hairs above : stigmas 2 or more. Pod 2 -several-celled,
iiiiiny-seedcd. Seed small, ana troj)ous, with a straight embryo in fleshy
alimmen. — Flowers generally blue and showy. — Sparingly represented
in America, and in the Northern States by only two genera.

1. CAMPANULA, Toum. Bellflower.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla generally hell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens .5, separate j
the filaments broad and meinbranaeeous at the base. Stigmas and cells of the
pod 3 in our species, the short pod opening on the sides by as many valves or
liolcs. — Herbs, with terminal or axillary flowers ; in summer. (A diminutive
of the Italian campana, a bell, from the shape of the corolla.)

* Indifjenous species, peremduls, exce/jt No. 2 and No. 4.
f- Flowers Joosehf panicled (or rareli) solitary), lonr/-peduncled : jyxls no(hliti(j.

1. C. rotundifolia, L. (IIarebkll.) Slender, branching (.5' -12' high),
1 - 10-ilowered ; rout-leaves round-heart-shaped or ovate, mostly toothed orcrenatc,
long-petioled, early withering away ; stem-leaves numerous, linear or narroichj
lanceolate, entire, smooth ; calyT-lol)es awl-shaped, varying from J to § the length
of the bright-blue corolla (which is G"-9" long). — Rocky shaded banks : com-
mon northward, and along the mountains. — A delicate and pretty, but variable,
species, with a most inappropriate name, since the round root-leaves are rarely
obvious. (Eu.)

Var. linifblia. Stems more upright and rather rigid ; the lowest leaves
varying from heart-shaped to ovate-lanceolate ; corolla ij'-l' long. (C. linifo-
lia, L<im.) — Shores of the Great Lakc-i, and northwestward. (Eu.)

2. C. aparinoides, Pursh. (Maush Bellflowek.) Stem simple and
slender, irial: (8' - 2U' high), few-flowered, somewhat .3-anglcd, roMf/Zi backwards
on the aiif/les, as are the slightly toothed edijis and midrib of the linear-laurcolate
leaves; peduncles divertjitief, slender; lobes of the cali/r triani/iilar, half the length
of the i)cll-shaped nearly white corolla. (C. crinoidcs, Midil.) — Bogs and wot
meadows, among high grass. — Plant with .--uincwliat the habit of a Galium ; the
corolla barely 4" long.

-3. C. divaricilta, i\iichx. Very smooth ; stem loosely branched (1°- 3°
high) ; leaves ohlonylaiiceolute, pointed at both ends, coarsely and sharply toot/ted;

286 ERICACE^. (UKATH FAMILY.)

Jlowers niimrrous on the branches of the large compoiind panicle, caJyx4ohes awl-
s/taped, iihout half the lcn;j;th of the pale-blue sniall corolla (of 3" long) ; stij/e
lirotrtidfd. — Dry woods and ro(L<, mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and
southward.

■*- t~ Flowers numciotts and nearly sessile, crowded in a long more or less leafy spike:
corolla almost wJieelshapcd, deeply 5-lol>ed ; pods end.

4. C. Amei'icana, L. (Tall BLLLFLowiiu.) Stem mostly simple
(3°-G° high) ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, serrate, mostly
on nnirgined petioles, thin, somewhat hairy (2^'-G' long) ; the slender style
protruded and curved. — Moist rich soil, New York to Wisconsin, and south-
ward. — Spike 1° - 2° long. Corolla light blue, 1' broad. Root annual.

* European species escaped from gardens into roadsidis ; both perennials.

5. C. GLOMiiKXTA, L. (Clusteued B.) Somcwliat hairy, stout and crcct,
1° high; stem-leaves oblong or laJieeolate, cordate-clasping ; flowers sessile,
clustered in the upper axils, forming a leafy head ; corolla open-bell-shaped, 1'
long. — Danvcrs, Mass., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. C. EAPUNCULOiDES, L. Smoothisli, slender, erect ; stem-leaves ovate-
lanceolate, pointed, the lower long-pctioled and heart-shaped ; flowers nodding,
single in the axil of bracts, forming racemes ; corolla oblong, 1' long. — K. Mas-
sachusetts; and Richfield Springs, New York, G. IF. Clinton. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. SPECULARIA, Heister. Vexus's Looking-glass.

Calyx 5- (or 3 -4-) lobcd. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, sepa-
rate ; the membranaceous hairy filaments shorter than the anthers. Stigmas 3.
Pod prismatic or elongated-oblong, 3-celled, opening by 3 small lateral valves.
— Low annuals ; the earlier flowers in the American species (§ Triodalli;s,
Raf.) minute and fruiting precociously in the bud, without expanding their im-
perfect corolla. (Name from Specidum Veneris, the early name of the common
European species.)

I. S. perfoli^ta, A. DC. Somewhat hairy (3' - 20' high) ; leaves round-
ish or ovate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; flowers sessile, solitary
or 2-3 together in the axils ; the upper or later ones only with a conspicuous
and expanding (purple-blue) corolla ; pod oblong, opening rather below tlie
middle. — Sterile open ground : common. May - Aug.

Oroeu 5G. ERBCACEiE. (Heath Family.)

Shrub.t, sometin}e.<^ herbx., with the flnirrrs ree/iilnr or nearly .<;o ; the Mnmens
an many or twice o.s" many as the 4 - ^i-lohed or 4 - 5-pctalled corolla, free
from but inserted with it : anthers 2-celled, commonly appendayed or open-
•"i7 ^1/ terminal chinks or pores, introrse (except in Suborder 3) : style 1 :
ovary 3-lO-cclled. Pollen compound, of 4 imitod grains, except in Sub-
order 4. Seeds small, anatropons. Embryo small, or sometimes minute,
in fleshy albumen. — A large family, very various in many of the charac-
ters, comprising four well-marked suborders, as follows : —

ERICACE^. (heath FAMILY.) 287

Suborder I. VACCINIE.E. Wiiokt^kukkry Family.

Calyx-tube adlicroiit to the ovary, which forms an cdilile berry or berry-
like ii-uit, crowned with tlie short calyx-teeth. Anthers 'i-parted. — Shrubs
or somewhat woody plants, witli scaly buds.

1. Ga}-Iu8sacia. Ovary 8-10-celled, with a single ovule in each ctll. Fruit a l)erried

<lrui>e with 8 or 10 small sceil-liku nutleU.

2. Vaccliiiiini. Ucny 4-5-celle(l (or imperfectly 8-10-celled by false partitions), many-

seeded. Anther-Cells tapering upward into a tube.

3. Cliiogeiies. Berry 4-celled, muny-seeded, its summit free. Anther-cells not prolonged

into a tubo, but each 2-pointcd.

SuBOKDEU II. £KICIlV£ii:. Proper Heath Family.

Calyx free from the ovary. Corolla monopetalous, or sometimes poly-
petalous, hypogynous. — Shrubs or small trees.

Ti-lbe I. ARBITTE.S:. Fruit indehiscent, a berry or drupe. Corolla deciduous.

4. ArctoslapltyluA. Corolla urn-shaped. Drupe berry -like, 6 - 10-sceded.

Tribe II. ANDROMEDE.E. Fruit a loculicidal pod. Corolla deciduous.

* Anthers upright iu the bud. Corolla monopetalous.

■1- Anther-cells opening through their whole length ; not appendaged.

5. Epigtea. Corolla salver-shaped. Caly.x of 5 separate dry and pointed sepals.

•t- <- Anther-cells opening only at the top. Corolla not salver-shaped.
++ Caly.\ becoming enlarged and berry-like in fruit.

6. Gaultlieria. Caly.x 6-clel't, in fruit enclosing the small pod. Anthers 4 awned at the top.

+* +* Calyx dry, not becoming fleshy after flowering.

7. Leucotlioe. Calyx imbricated iu the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod

depressed, 5-lobed, the valves entire.

8. Cassandra. Calyx imbricated in the bud. Corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed. Pod

splitting when ripe into an outer and inner layer, the iimer of 10 valves.

9. Caasiope. Calyx imbricated. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4-.')-cleft. Pcxi

globular-ovoid, 4- 5-valved, the valves 2 cleft.

10. Andromeda. Calyx valvate and very early open in the bud. Po*l globular. Seeds

mostly hanging on the central placenta.

11. Oxydendrum. Calyx valvate and opening early in the bud. Pod oblong-pyramidaJ.

Seeds all ascending.

• * Anthers turned over outwardly in the bud. Corolla of 5 separate petals.

12. Clethra. Sepnls 5 Stamens 10 : anther-cells opening by a terminal hole or chink.

Style: y-cleft at the apex. Pod 3-valved.
Tribe III. ERICE.^.. Corolla persistent, becoming Rcarious after flowering.

13. Call una. Corolla bell-shap-d, 4-parte(l Pod opening septicidally.

Tribe IV. RHODORE.flE. Fruit a scpticidal pod. Corolla deciduous.

• Anthor-cells opening by a hole or chink at the top.

— Flowers not from scaly bu Is ; the bracts leaf-like or coriaceous.

14 Phyllndoci*. Cor.'lla ovate or urn-shaped. Loaves narrow and heath-like.

15. Kalmin. Corolla broadly hell-shaped or wheel-shai>ed, with 10 pouches receiving U

many anthers. Leaves oblong or linear.

■^ *- Flowers developed from large scaly buds, the sciiles or bncls caihicous.
16 Menzieala. Corolla plobular-bell-shaped, 4-toothed. Stamens 8. Li-avcs deciduous.
17. Aaalca. Corolla open funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stameu8 5. Leaves deciduous.

288 ERiCACK.E. (heath family.)

IS. Rtiododenclron. Corolla bell-shaped or funnel-form. Stamens 10. Leaves evergreen.
10. Hhoduru. Corolla irri-'Kuliir, two iietals nearly separate. Stamens 10. Leaves deciduous.

20. Lirduin. Corolla rejrular, all 5 petals nearly separate. Stiimens 5 - 10. Leaves evergreen.

* • Anther-cells opening lengthwise. Leaves evergreen. Bud-scales firm and persistent.

21. Liulseleiiria. Corolla deeply 5-cleft. Stamens 5, included.

22 lieiopliylluin. Corolla of 5 separate i)etals. Stamens 10, exserted.

SuBOKDER III. PYKOLE.E. Pyrola Family.

Calvx free from tlic ovary. Corolla polypctaloiis. Anthers extrorse
in the bud. Seeds with a loose and translncent cellular coat much larger
than the nucleus. — jJsearly herbaceous and broad-leaved evergreens.

23. Pjtrola. Flowers in a raceme. Petals not widely spreading. Filaments awl-shaped.
Style long. Valves of the potl cobwebby on the edges.

21. Aluiieses. Flower single. Petals widely spreading. Filaments not dilated in the mid-
dle : anthers conspicuously 2-horned. Style straight, exserted : stigma 5-rayed. Vahes
of the pod smooth on the edges.

25. Chimaphiln. Flowers corymbed or umbelled. Petals widely spreading. Filaments

dilated in the middle : anthers 2-horned. Style very short and top-shaped, covered by a
broad and orbicular stigma. Valves of the pod smooth on the eilges.

Suborder IV. ITIONOTKOPEiE. Indian-pipe Family.

Flowers nearly as in Suborders 2 or 3, but the plants herbaceous, root-
parasitic, entirely destitute of green foliage, and with the aspect of Beech-
drops. Seeds as in Suborder 3.

* Corolla monopetalous : anthers 2-celIed.

26. Pterospora. Corolla ovate, 5-tfiothed : anthers 2-awned on the back, opening lengthwise.

27. SchM'einltzia. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-lobed : anthers opening at the top.

* * Corolla of 4 or 5 separate petals : calyx imperfect or bract-like.

28. nionotropa. Petals narrow. Anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top.

1 . G A Y L U S S A C I A , II. B. K. Huckleueruv.

Corolla tubular, ovoid, or bell-shaped; the border 5-clcft. Stamens 10: an-
thers awnlcss; the cells tapcrinj^ upward into more or less of a tube, o])cnin<; by
a eliiuk at the end. Fruit a bcrry-likc drupe, containing 10 seed-like nutlets. —
Branching shrubs, with the aspect of Vaccinium, comnioidy sprinkled with res-
inous dots; the flowers (white tinged with purple or red) in lateral aiKl bractcd
racemes. (Named for the distinguished chemist, Gaij-Lussac.)
* Leaves thick and everqri-en, not reslnous-dotled.

1. G. brach^cera. Gray. (Box-Huckleberry.) Very smooth (l°high) ;
leaves oval, tinciy crcnate-toothed ; racemes short and nearly sessile; pedicels
very short ; corolla cylrndrical-bell-shapcd. — Dry Woods, Perry Co., I'cnnsyl-
vania, near Bloomfield (Prof. Buird), and motintainsof Virginia. May. — Leaves
in shape and aspect like those of the Box.

* * Lmves deciduous, entire, sprinkled more or /ess irit/i rrsinous or irari/ ntoms.

2. G. dum6sa, Ton-. & Gr. (DwAUF IltcKLEBEiiuy.) Somewhat hairy
and glandular, low (l°-5° high from a creeping base), bushy; Imves obovate-

ERICACE/E. (heath FAMILY.) 28^

oblongr, mucronate, green both sides, rather thick and shining when old; racemes
elongated ; Imcts lenf-Uke, oval, persixleiit, as luiirj us the ]>edir.els ; ovuri/ biistlij or
(jianduhtr ; corolla bcll-shaped ; fruit black (insipid). — Var. iiiktklla has the
joung branclilets, racemes, and often tiic loaves hairy. — Sandy low soil, Maine
to IVnn. and Virginia, near the coast, and southward. June.

3. G. frondbsa, Torr. &Gr. (Bluk TAXuLii. DANGi.unEnnY.) Smooth
(3°-C° high); branches slender and divergent; leaves obovate-oblong, bhiiit,
pnle, yluiicoits beneath : racemes slender, loose ; brads obloixj or linear, deciduous,
shorter than the slender drooping pedicels ; corolla globular-bell-shapcd ; fruit dark
blue with a white bloom (sweet and edible). — Low copses, coast of New Eng-
land to Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

4. G. resinbsa, Torr. & Gr. (Black Huckleberry.) Much branched,
rigid, sHijIill)/ pubescent wlien young (10-3° high); leares oval, oblong-ovate, or
oblong, tiiickly clothed and at first clammy, as well as thejiowers, with shining res-
inous glolndcs ; racemes short, clustered, one-sided ; pedicels about the length of
the flowers ; bracts and bractlets (reddish) small and deciduous ; corolla ovoid-coni-
cal, or at length cylindrical with an open mouth; fruit black, without bloom
(pleasant, very rarely white). — Woodlands and swamps: common (except
southwestward towards the Mississippi). May, June. — The common //uciWe-
beirif of the North.

2. VACCINIUM, L. Cranberry. Blueberry. Bilberry,

Corolla various in shape; the limb 4-5-cleft, revolute. Stamens 8 or 10:
anthers sometimes 2-awned on the back ; the cells separate and prolonged up-
wards into a tube, opening by a hole at the apex. Berry 4 - 5-celled, many-seeded,
or sometimes 8-10-ceIlcd by a false partition stretching from the hack of each
Cell to the placenta. —Shrubs with solitary, clustered, or racemed flowers: the
corolla white or reddish. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure derivation.)
§ 1. OXYCOCCUS, Tourn. Orari/ 4-celled: corolla 4-parted, the long nairoto

dinsions revolute: anthers 8, awnless, tapering al>ove into very long tubes: pedi'

eels slender.
* Steins very slendei; creeping or (railing : leaves small, entire, wliltened beneath, ever'

green : pedicels ei-ect, with the pale rose-colored flower nodding on their summit :

corolla dcrplij A-partcd : l>eiries red, acid.

1. V. Oxyc6ecus, L. (Small Cranberry.) Stems very slender (4' -
9' long) ; hares ovate, acute, with strongly revolute margins (2" -3'' long) ; pedicels.
1 -4, terminal ; filaments more than half the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus
vulgaris, Pf^-.s/i.) — Peat-bogs, New England and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin,
and northward. June.- Rerry 3"- 4" broad, often speckled with white when
young; seldom gnthorpd for the market. (Eu.)

2. V. macroc^rpon, Ait. (Large or American Cranberry.) Stems
elongated (l°-3" i.-ng), the flowering l)ranclics ascending ; leans olUig, ol,tuse,
glaucous underneath, less revolute (4" -6" long); pedicels several, In-coming
lateral ; filaments .scarcely one third the length of the anthers. (Oxycoccus
macrocarpus, Prr.s. ) — Pent-bogs, Virginia to Wi.sconsin, and everywhere north-

•ward, but scarcely westward. June. — Berry i'- 1' long.
GM— 13

290 ERICACE^. (lIEATII FAMILY.)

» ♦ Stem uprifjht and leaves deciduous, as in common Bluberries: flowers axillary
and solitary: corolla dcejily 4-clifl: berries turning purple, insipid.

3. V. erythroearpon, Mkhx. Smooth, divergently braiulicd {l°-4°
high); icavcsi ol)loiii;-l;uicLolate, tiipcr-poiuted, bristly serrate, thin. — Wood',id
hills; iiiountiiiiis of N'iryiuia aud southward. July.

§ 2. VITIS-ID.EA, Tourn. Ovary 4 - 5-celled : corolla bell-shnped, 4-5-hhfd:
anthers 8-10, awnless: fllaments huiri/ : flotvers in short and bructcd nodding
racemes : leaves evergreen : beiries red or purple.

4. V. Vitis-Idsea, L. (Cowbeuky.) Low (6'- lO' high); branches erect
from tufted creeping stems ; leaves obovate, with revolute margins, dark green,
smooth and shining above, dotted with blackish bristly points underneath ; co-
rolla bell-shaped, 4-clcft. — Higher mountains of New England, also on the
coast of Maine, and at Danvers, Massachusetts (Oakes), and northward. June.
— Berries dark red, acid aud rather bitter, mealy, barely edible. (Eu.)

§3. PICKOCOCCUS, Nutt. Ovary more or less \0-celled by false part illona: ber-
ries greenisJi, hardly edible, ripening Jew seeds : corolla open-btll-shaped, b-lol>ed:
anthers 10, extended into very long much exserled tubes, 2-uwnedon the hick: flow-
ers on slender pedicels, singly in the axils of the upper leaves or Itaf-Uke bracts,
fl)rming leafy racemes, not articulated : leaves thin, deciduous.

5. V. stamineum, L. (DeeritErry. Squaw Huckleberry.) Dif-
fusely branched (2° -3° high), somewhat pubescent; leaves ovate or oval, pale,
glaucous or whitish underneath ; corolla greenish-white or purplish ; berries
globular or pear-shaped, large, greenish, mawkish. — Dry woods, Maine to
Michigan and southward, mainly eastward. May, June.

§4. BATODENDRON, Nutt. Ovary more or less \0-celled by false partitions:
berries black : corolla short-hell-shapcd, 5-lootltcd : anthers 1 0, included, conspicu-
ously 2awned on the back, and extended into slender tubes : fllaments hairy : flow-
ers on slender pedicels singly in the arils of coriaceous shining leaves, or racemed
at the end of the branches, articulated just btlow the ovary!

6. V. arbbreum, Marshall. (Farkle-berry.) Tall (8°-15° high),
smoothish ; leaves oval or obovate, entire or denticulate, mucronate, bright
green and shining above, at the South evergreen ; corolla white; berries mealy,
insipid, ripening late. — Dry ground, Makanda, S. Illinois {Dr. Vasey), proba-
bly also in Virginia, and southward. June.

§ 5. EU VACCf NIUM. Ovary 4 - b-celled, with no trace of false partitions : corolla
urn-shaped or globidar, 4-5-toothed: anthers 2-awned on the back: fllaimnts
smooth : flowers axillary, solitary, or 2 or S together : berries blue or black, edible:
* northern or alpine plants, with deciduous leaves.

* Parts (f the flower nms/li/ in fours: stamens 8.

7. v. uliginbsum, L. (Bog Bilberry.) Low and sjircading (4' -18'
high), tufted ; leaves entire, dull, obovate or oblong, pale and slightly ])ubesccnt
underneath; flowers single or 2-3 together from a scaly bud, almost sessile;
corolla short, nrn-shai)ed ; berries black with a bloom, sweet. —Alpine tops of
the high moinitains of New England aud New York, shore of Lake Superior,
and northward. (Eu.)

ERICACEAE. (lir.ATII FAMILY.) 291

« ♦ Parts of the flower iiiflres: staiiviis 10: leaves meinbiamtceous : flowers soUtarj
on short (ij-il/ari/ pidniicles, nodJiiifj.

8. V. C8espit6sum, Mklix. Dwarf (3' -5' lii};li), tiifteil ; leaves ofmvatc,
narrowed at tlio basr, siaootli ami shini/u;, serrate; corolla ohlomj, slif^litly urn-
shaped; berries liluo. — Aljiiiie reyioii of the White Mountains of New Hamp-
shire; and hi;;li nortiiward.

9. V. OValif61ium, Smith. Stran:','ling, 3°- 10° higli ; leaves elliptical,
obtuse, nearly entire, jiale, mostly glaucous beneath, smooth ; corolla ovoid; berries
blue. — Peat-l)ogs, Keweenaw Co., Lake Superior, Dr. Robbins (and far west-
ward). May.

10. v. myrtilloides, Hook. More erect, 1°- 4° hi<,-h; branchlets .some-
what angled ; leaves niosthj orate and acute or pointed, sharply and closely sejrulate,
bright green, nearly smooth ; border of the calyx almost entire ; corolla depresscd-
glolmlar, rather large ; berries large, black, rather acid. — Woods and bluffs,
Keweenaw Co., Lake Sui)crior, Dr. liobbins. (Lake Huron, Dr. Todd; and
northwestward.) May, June. — Pedicels 3" - G" long, drooping in flower,
erect in fruit.

§ 6. CYANOCOCCUS. Ocarti more or less completeli/ \Ocelled hji false partitions:
corolla ohlong-cylindrical or slightly urn-shaped, Moothtd : anthers 10, uwnless:
fllaments hairy : berries blue or black with a bloom (sweet) : flowers in clusters or
very short racemes from seedy buds separate from and lather preceding the leaves,
on short pedicels, appearing in early spring. (Leaves deciduous in the Nortliern
species or pro/ier Bhtdierries.)

11. V. Pennsylvanicum, Lnm (Dwarf BLUEitKiiKY.) Dwarf (6'-
15' high), smooth ; leares lanceolate or oblong, distinrily serrulate with bristle-jminted
teeth, smooth and shining Imth sides (or sometimes downy on the midrib under-
neath) ; corolla short, cyliudrical-bell-sliapcd. — Var AXGUSTiF(")LifM is a high
mountain or ijoreal form, 3' -6' higli, with narrower lanceolate leaves. (V. an-
gustifolium. Ait.) —Dry hills and woods: common from Pennsylvania and N.
Illinois far northward. — Branches green, angled, warty. Berries abundant,
large and sweet, ripening early in July: the earliest blueberry or blue huckle-
berry in the market.

12. V. Canadense, Kalm. (Canada Bu'khkruv.) Low (1° -2° high) ;
leaves olilong-lanccolate or elliptical, entire, downy both sid'S, as well as the crowded
branchlets ; corolla shorter : otherwise as the last, into which it seems to pass.
— SwamjjS or moist woods, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward.

13. V. vaciUaus, Sulander. (Low Bukhkuky.) /^w (l°-2i° high).
glabrous; lanes olioralc or oval, very pale or dull, f/la neons, at least underneath,
minutely ciliolate-serrulatc or entire ; corolla between bell-shaped and cylindra-
ceous, the mouth somewhat contracted. — Dry woodlands, es|)ccially in sandy
soil. New Kngland to Virginia and N. Illinois. — Branches yellowish-green.
Berries ripening later than those of No. 11.

14. V. COrymbdsum, L. (t'osniox or SwA.Mr-Bi,i:KnERRY.) Tall
po_ioo hijrji) ; /,(/(, .s urate, orid, oblong, or ellipticallanceolate ; corolla varyinjj
from turgid-ovatc and cylindric.al-urn-shaped to oblong-cylindrical. — Swamps
and low thickets: everywhere common, except southwestward. — This yields

202 KRICACE^. (lIEAXn FAMILY.)

the common blttebeiri/ or blue hucklebern/ of the latter part of the season. The
typical ibriu has the leaves entire and more or less pubescent, at least when
younji:, as also the branchlets. The species exiiibits tlie greatest variety of forms :
the last of those here mentioned is the most remarkable, and the only one which
has any claims to i)e regarded as a species.

Var. gl^brum, is wholly or nearly glabrous tliroughout; the leaves entire.

Var. amcenum, has the leaves bristly-ciliate, shining above, green both
sides, beneath soiucwhat pubescent on tiie veins. (V. araujnum. Ait., &c.)

Var. pallidum, has the leaves mostly glabrous, pale or whitish, glaucous:
especially underneath, scirulate with bristly teeth. (V. pallidum. Ait.)

Var. atroCOCCUm, has the leaves entire, downy or woolly underneath even
when old, as also the branchlets ; berries smaller, black, without bloom. ( V.
fuscatum, Ait.'f & Ed. I.)

3. CHIOGENES, Salisb. Creeping Snowberrt.

Caly.\-tube adherent to the lower part of the ovary ; the limb 4-parted. Co-
rolla bell-shaped, deeply 4-cleft. Stamens 8, included, inserted on an 8-toothed
cpigynous disk : filaments very short and broad : anther-cells ovatc-oblong, quite
separate, not awned on the back, but each minutely 2-poiiitcd at the apc.x, and
opening by a large chink down to the middle. Berry white, globular, crowned
with the 4-toothed calyx, rather dr}', 4-eelled, many-seeded. — A trailing and
creeping evergreen, with very slender and scarcely woody stems, and small
Thyme-like, ovate and pointed leaves on short petioles, with rcvolute margins,
smooth above, the lower surface and the branches beset with rigid rusty bristles.
Flowers very small, solitary in the axils, on short nodding peduncles, with 2
large bractlcts under the calyx. (Name from x"^") snow, and yevos, offspring,
in allusion to the snow-white berries.)

1. C. hispidula, Torr. & Gr. — Peat-bogs, and mossy mountain woods,
in the shade of evergreens ; common northward, extending southward in the
Alleglianies. JMay. — Plant with the aromatic flavor of Gaultheria or Birch.
Leaves 3" -4" long. Berries 3" broad, bright white.

4. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, Adans. Bearberry.

Corolla ovate and nrn-shapcd, with a short rcvolute 5-toothcd limb. Stamens
10, included : anthers with 2 rcflcxed awns on the back near the apex, opening
by terminal pores. Drupe berry -like, with .5-10 seed-like nutlets. — Shrubs,
with alternate leaves, and scaly-bracted nearly white flowers in terriiinal racemes
or clusters. Fruit austere. (Name composed of /i/jktos, a hear, and aTu(f)v\ri,
a grape or Iik'ti/, the Greek of the popular name.)

1. A. Uva-lirsi, Spreng. (BE.\niiERRV.) Trailing; /«/rr.s ^///V/>- nW rm-
(jreen, ohovixte or spatulatc, piitiro, smooth : fruit red. (Arbutus Uva-ursi, L.) —
Rocks and bare hills, New Jersey to Wisconsin and nortlnvard. May. (Eu.)

2. A. alpina, Spreng. (Alpine Bearberry.) Dwarf, tufted and de-
pressed ; leaves deciduous, serrnfe, wrinkled with strong netted veins, obovate ;
fruit iihirk. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Mount

Katahdin, Maine, and high northward. (Eu.)

»

ericace-t:. (iieatii family.) 203

6. EPIGifeA, L. GuotND Laukel. Trailing Annrxua.

Corolla salvcr-fonii ; the tube liairy inside, as lon^ as the ovate-lanceolate
pointed and sealc-like nearly distinct sepals. Stamens 10, with slender filaments :
anthers ol)lon<j, awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex (as in
Pyrola) forming a sort of ring or collar around and piirtly adnate to the 5 little
lobes of the stigma, i'od depressed-globular, 5-lobed, 5-cellcd, many-seeded. —
A prostrate or trailing scarcely shrubby j)lant, bristly with rusty hairs, with ever-
green and reticulated rounded and heart-shaped alternate leaves, on slender peti-
oles, and « itli rose-colored llowers in small axillary clusters, from scaly bracts,
(>'ame composed of tVi, upon, and y^, the earth, from the trailing growth.)

1. E. ripens, L. — Sandy woods, or sometimes in rocky soil, csjiecially
in the shade of pines: common in many places, es])ecialiy eastward. — Flowers
appearing in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fragrance. In New England
called Mayflower.

6. GAULTHERIA, Kalm. Aromatic Wixtergreen.

Corolla cylindrical-ovoid or a little urn-shaped, 5-toothcd. Stamens 10, in-
cluded : anther-cells each 2-awncd at the summit, opening by a terminal pore.
Pcd depi-essed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded, enclosed when ripe by
the calyx, which thickens and tums fleshy, so as to appear as a globular retl
berry! — Shrubs, or almost herbaceous plants, with alternate evergreen leaves
and axillary (nearly white) flowers: pedicels with 2 bractlets. (Dedicated by
Kalm to "Dr. Ganlthkr," of Quebec; Liii». Amoen. Acad. 3, p. 15. The true
orthography, as ascertained by Prof. Brunet from the old records in Quebec,
is (jatiltier ; so that the orthogra])liy of the genus, if changed at all, should be
Gaultiera.)

1. G. prociimbens, L. (Creeping Wintergreex.) Stems slender
and extensively creeping on or below the surface ; the flowering branches ascend-
ing, leaf)' at the summit (3' -5' high) ; leaves obovate or oval, obscurel_v serrate ;
flowers few, mostly single in the axils, nodding. — Cool damp woods, mostly in
the shade of evergreens especially northward, and southward along the Allegha-
nies. July. — The bright red berries (formed of the calyx) and the foliage have
the well-known sjjicy-aromatic flavor of the Sweet Birch. In the interior of the
country it is called Wmterrpeen, or sometimes Tta-herry. Eastward it is called
Checkerberrij or Partrid<)e-berrij (names also ai)plied to Mitchella, the latter espe-
cially so), also Borheiri/.

7. LEUCOTHOE, Don. Leccotiioe.

Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals, imbricated in the bud, not enlarged nor
fleshy in fruit. Corolla ovate or cylindraceous, 5-t()(itlie(l. St'imens 10: an-
thers naked, or the wlls with 1 or 2 erect awns at the apex, o])ening by a ],ore.
Pod depressed, more or less 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved, the sutures not thick-
ened ; valves entire : the many-seeded placentiC borne on the summit of the short
columella, mostly pendulous. — Shrubs with petioled and serrulate leaves, and
white scaly-bracted flowers crowded in axillary or terminal spiked racemes. (A
mythological name.)

294 ERiCACE.-E, (heath family.)

§ 1. LEUCOTIIOE proper. Anthers awnlcss; the cells sometimes ohscurdij 2-
polntcd: sti(jma (l./)ri>sscd<apitiite, b-raycd : racemes sessile {dense), produrnl (U
the time of flower in j from seal j buds in the axils of the coriaceous and shinin/j jicr-
sistent leaves of the preceding year, shorter than they : bracts persistent : bractlets
at the. Iiase of the short pediaU. (Seed-coat loose and cellular, icintj-likc.)

1. L. axillaris, Don. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or oval, abruptly pointed or
acute, somewhat s])iiuilose-scrrulate, on very short petioles ; sepals broadly ovale.
(Andromeda axillaris, Lam.) — Banks of streams, Virginia, in tiie low country,
and southward. Feb. - April. — Siirub 2° - 4" high.

2. L. Catesbsei. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, SGVT\\\A\.c\\\\\vQ\\\vLic-
epinulosc appresscd teeth, conspicuously petiuled (.3' -6' long) ; sejials ovate-oblong,
often acute. ( Andr. Catesbai, Walt. A. axillaris, Micluc. A. spinulosa, Pursh.
L. spinulosa, Z)on.) — Moist banks of streams, Viriiinia alonj,^ tlie mountains,
and .southward. May. — Shrub 2° -4° high, with long spreading or recurved
branches. Flowers exhaling the unpleasant scent of Chestnut-blossoms.

§2. EtiBOTRYS, Nutt. Anthers nwned: stigma simple: bractlets close to the
calyx, and, lilce the sepals, of a rigid texture, ovate or lanceolate, pointed: pla-
centie not pendulous : flowers very short-pedicel led, in long one-sided racemes,
which mostli/ terminate the branches, formed with them in the summer, but the
flower-buds not expanding till the following spring : bracts awl-shaped, deciduous:
leaves membranaceous and deciduous, serrulate, the midrib and veins beneath pu-
bescent.

3. L. recurva, Buckley. Brnnrhes and racemes recurved-spreading ; leaves
lanceolate or ovate, taper-pointed ; sepals ovate ; anther-cells l-awned ; pod i>-lobed ,■
seeds flat and eeJlitlar-wingcd. — Dry hills, Allcgiianies of Virginia and southward.
April. — Lower and more straggling than the next.

4. L. racembsa. Branches and racemes mostly erect ; leaves oblong or oval-
lanceolate, acute; sepals ovate-lanceolate ; anther-cells each 2-awned ; pod not lobed ;
seeds angled and wingless. (Andromeda racemosa & A. paniculata, L) — Moist
thickets, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast, and southward. May,
June. — Shrub 4° - 6° high. Corolla cylindrical.

8. CASSANDRA, Don. Leather-Leaf.

Calyx of 5 distinct rigid ovate and acute sepals, imbricated in the bud, and
with a pair of similar bractlets. Corolla cylindrical-oblong, 5-toothed. Sta-
mens 10: anther-cells tapering into a tubular beak, and opening by a pore at
the apex, awnlcss. Pod depressed, 5-celied, many-seeded ; the pericarp of 2
layers, the outer 5-valved, the cartilaginous inner layer at length 10-valved.
Seeds flattened, wingless. — Low and much branched shrubs, with nearly ever-
green and coriaceous leaves, which are scurfy, especially underneath. Flowers
white, in the axils of the upper small leaves, forming small 1 -sided leafy ra-
cemes; the flower-buds formed in the summer and expanding early the next
spring. {Cassaiidni, a diiuglitcr of Priam and Hecuba.)

1. C. calycul^ta, Don. Leaves oblong, obtuse, flat. (Andromeda caly-
culata, Z.) — Wet bogs: common northward: rare westward to North Wis-
consin. (Eu.)

ERICACEAE. (lIEATII FAMILY.) 29a

9. CASStOPE, Don. Cassiope.

Calyx without bractlcts, of 4 or .'> nc;u-ly distinct ovate scpali;, imbricated in
the bud. Corolla broadly campanulate, deeply 4 - 5-clcft. Stamens 8 or 10 :
nnthcrs fixed by their apex ; the ovoid cells each opening by a larpc terminal
pore, and bearing a long recurved awn behind. Pod ovoid or globular, 4-5-
ccilcd, 4-5-valvcd; the valves 2-cleft : placenta; many-seeded, pendulous from
the .'iummit of the columella. Seeds smooth and wingless. — Small, arctic or
alpine evergreen plants, resembling Club-Mosses or Heaths. Flowers solitary,
nodding on slender erect peduncles, white or rose-color. (Cassiope was the
motiicr of Andi-unicila.)

1. C. hypnoides, Don. Tufted and procumbent, moss-like (1' - 4' high) ;
leaves necdle-siiaped, imbricated ; corolla 5-clcft ; style short and conical, (An-
dromeda liyi)noides, L.) — Alpine summits of the Adirondack Mountains, New
York (Dr. Patri/), White Mountains of New Hampshire, Mount Katahdin,
Maine (Mr. Youmj), and high uorthwatd. (Ku.)

10. ANDROMEDA, L. (in part). Axduomed.\.

Calyx without bractlcts, of 5 nearly or partly distinct sepals, valvate in the
bud, but vcrj- soon separate or o\vin. Corolla 5-toothed. Stamens 10 : anthers
fixed near the middle, the cells opening by a terminal ])orc. Pod globular, 5-
celled, 5-valvcd ; the many-seeded jilaccntix; borne on the sunnnit or middle
of the columella. — Shrubs, with umbelled, clustered, or paniclcd and raccmed
(mostly white) flowers. (Fancifully named by Linnajus for A. poliiulia, in al-
lusion to the fable oi Andromeda.)

§ 1. ANDROMEDA proper. Corolla gldHdar-urn-slmped : JUaments bearded,
not (ijifuiidarjrd : anthers short, the cells tach surmounted bij a slender ascending
awn : sc(ds turned in all directions, oval, with a close and hard snioiAk coat :
Jloivers in a terminal umbel: pedicels from the axils of ovate persistent scaly
bracts ; leaves evergreen.

1. A. polif61ia, L. Smooth and glaucous (G'- 18' high; leaves thick,
lanceolate or oblong-linear, with strongly revolutc margins, white beneath. —
Cold bogs, from Pennsylvania northward. May. (Eu.)

§ 2. PORTONA, Nutt. Corolla ovoid-urn-shaprd and b-angled : filaments not
appcndaged : anthers oblong, the cells each bearing a long refl'xrd awn near the
insertion : .leeds moslli/ pendulous, and icilh a loose cellular coat : flowrs in axil-
larij and terminal naked racemes, formed in summer, but the lilossoms expanding
the following spring: pedicels \ -sided, bnicted and uuth minute bractlets, re-
curved: leaves thirl- and fverqrcen,

2. A. floribtinda, Pursh. Branches bristly when young ; leaves lance-
oblong, acute or jiointcd (2' long), pctioled, serrulate and bristly-ciliate ; racemes
dense, crowded in panicles. — Moist hills, in the Alleghanics from Virginia
southward. April.— Avery leafy shrub, 2° - 10° high, bearing abundance
of hand.somc flowers.

§3. PIERIS, Don. Corolla nvoid-iJibmij or rijlindraccous : Jilaments slender and
awi-sluiped, usually appendnged with a spreading or recurved bristle on each side

296 KRICACE^. (IIKATH FAMILY.)

at or below the apex : anthers ofAong, aivnless : sutures of the 5-anguIar pod with
a more or less tliickened line or ridge, which o/)en falls uwaij spjiaiatJj when the
pod opens : seed:i turned in alt directions, oblong, with a thin and rather loose
reticulated rout : Jloweis in umbel-like clusters variousli/ arrani/ed.

3. A. Mariana, L. (Stagger-bcsh.) Nearly glabrous ; leaves dceid-
uous, but ratliur coriaceous, oval or oblong, veiny ; flowers large and nodding,
in clusters from axillary scaly buds, which are crowded on naked branches of
the preceding year ; sepals leaf-like, deciduous with the leaves. — Sandy low
places, Rhode Island to Virginia near the coast, and southward. May, June.
— Shrub 2° -4° high : foliage said to poison lambs and calves.

§ 4. LYONIA, Nutt. Calyx T^-cleft : corolla globular, pubescent : filaments and
anthers destitute of aivns or ajipendages, or the former sometimes 2-setose near the
apex: pods pruminentli/ ribbed at the sutures, the ribs at length separating or
separable : seeds slender, all pendulous, with a loose and thin cilliilar coat : flow-
ers small, niostlij in clusters ichich are racemosed-jianicled : bracts minute and
deciduous: leaves pubescent or scurfy beneath.

4. A. ligUStrina, Muhl. Leaves deciduous, not scurfy, smoothish when
old, obovate-oblong varying to oblong-lanceolate ; flowers raceniose-pauided on
branchlets of the preceding year. — Swamps and low thickets. New England
to Penn., Virginia, and southward. June, July. — Shrub 4° - 10° high.

11. OXYDENDRXJM, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour-wood.

Calyx without bractlets, of 5 almost distinct sepals, valvatc in the bud.
Corolla ovate, 5-toothed, pubcrulent. Stamens 10: anthers fixed near the base,
linear, awnless ; the cells tapering upwards, and opening by along chink. Tod
oblong-pyramidal, 5-celled, 5-valved ; the many-seeded placenta; at the base of
the cells. Seeds all ascending, slender, the thin and loose reticulated coat ex-
tended at both ends into awl-shaped append.ages. — A tree with deciduous, ob-
long-lanceolate, pointed, soon smooth, serrulate le:ives, on slender petioles, and
white flowers in long one-sided racemes clustered in an oj)cn paiiide, terminat-
ing the branches of the season. Bracts and bractlets minute, deciduous. Foli-
age sour to the taste (whence the name, from o^vs, sour, and dfvSpou, tree).

1- O. arb6l'eum, DC. (Andromeda arborea, L.) — Kich woods, from
Penn. and Oliio southward, mostly along the Alleghanics. June, July. — Tree
15° -40° high. Leaves in size and sha])e like those of the Peach.

12. CLETHRA, L. White Alder. Sweet Pepperbush.

Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct obovate-ob-
long petals. Stamens 10, often exserted : anthers inversely arrow-shaped, in-
verted and reflexed in the bud, opening by terminal pores or short slits. Style
slender, 3-elcft at the apex. Pod .3-valved, .3-cel]e(l, many-seeded, enclosed in
the calyx. Shrubs or trees, with alternate and serrate deeiiluous leaves, and
white flowers in terminal honry racemes. Bracts deciduous. (KXij^pa, the
ancient Greek name of the Alder, which this genus somewhat resembles in
feliuge.)

ER1CACK.E. (IIKATH FAMILY.) 697

1. C. alnifdlia, L. Leaves wedge-oliovate, sharply serrate, entire towards
the base, proiiiinently straight-veined, smootli, green both sides; racemes iiprlff/tt,
paniclcd ; bracts shorter than the flowers ; filaments smooth. — Wet copses, Maine
to Virginia near the coast, and sontliward. — Shrub 3° - 10*' higli, covered in
July and August with handsome fragrant blossoms. — In the South arc varieties
with the leaves rather scabrous, and pubescent or white-downy l)encath.

2. C. acuminata, Midix. Ijeares oral or ohioiiy, ]>oinl(d, thin, finely ser-
rate (5' -7' long), pale beneath; racemes aolitarij, fLoupintj ; brads loiKjir than the
flowers: lilaments and puds hairy. — Woods in the Alleghanics, Virginia and
southward. July. — A tall shrub or small tree.

13. CALLUNA, Salisb. Heather.

Calyx of 4 colored sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-partcd, much shorter and
less conspicuous than the calyx, both becoming scarious and persistent. Sta-
mens 8, distinct: anthers with a pair of detlexed appendages on the back, the
cells opening each by a long chink. Pod 4-ccllcd, septicidally 4-valved. —
Evergreen undershrub, with no scaly buds, opposite and minute leaves (mostly
extended at base into 2 sharp auricles), crowded and imbricated on the branches.
Flowers axillary, or terminating very short shoots and crowded on the branches,
forming close mostly one-sided spikes or spike-like racemes, rose-colored or
sometimes white, small, bractcd by 2 or .3 pairs of leaves, the innermost of which
are more or less scarious. (Named from KaXKvv(x>,to brush or sweep, brooms
being made of its twigs.)

1. C. vulgaris, Salisb. (C. Atlantica, Seemann, Jour. Bat. 4, p. 305, t.
53. Erica vulgaris, L.) — Low grounds, Tewksbury, Massachusetts (Jackson
Dawson, &c., a small patch) ; border of forest on Cape Elizabeth, Maine {Mr.
PirJcard, from Dr. Wood) ; also Xova Scotia, Cape Breton, and Newfoundland ;
mostly local. ( See various articles in ^;ns/-. ./o«r. -Sc;'. ) July, Aug. (Eu.)

14. PHYLLODOCE, Salisb. I'm llodoce.

Corolla urn-sh;ii)cd or bell-shaped, 5-toothed, deciduous. Stamens 10: anthers
pointless, shorter than the lilaments, opening l)y terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
5-valvcd, septicidal (as are all the succeeding), many-seeded. — Low alpine
Ileath-Iike evergreen undershrubs, clothed with scattered linear and obtuse
rough-margined leaves. Flowers usually nodding on solitary or uinbelled pe-
duncles at the sumniit of the branches. ("A mythological name.")

1. P. taxifdlia, Salisb. Corolla oblong-urn-shaped, jmrplish, smooth;
style included. (Meiiziesia ea;rulea, 5/«/M.) —Alpine summits of the moun-
tains of New Hampshire and Maine, and northward. July. (Eu.)

15. KALMIA, L. Amlisk an Lmuel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla In-twcen wheel-shaped and bell-slinpcd, 5-lobcd,
furnished with 10 depressions in which the 10 anthers are severally lodged ;
fibmcnts long and thrend-form. Pod globose, 5 celled, many-seeded. — Ever-
green mostly smooth shrubs, with alternate or opposite entire coriaceous leaves,

298 ERiCACK^. (hkatii family.)

naked buds, and sho\v}' flowers. (Dedicated to Peter Kalm, a pupil of Linnajus
•who travelled in this country about the middle of the last century, afterwards
Professor at Abe. )

§ 1 . Flowers in simple or clustered naked umhel-like cori/mhs : pedicels from the arils
of small and fii m fuliaceous persistent bracts: calyx smaller than the pod, per-
sistent : leaves f/lubrous.
1. K. Iatif61ia, L. (C.vlico-busii. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-
wood.) Li aces mostly alternate, brnjld cp-een both sides, ocutc.-Utnceolate or ellipti-
cal, tapering to each end, pctioled ; corymbs terminal, many-flowered, claniniy-
pubescent; pod depressed, glandular. — liocky hills and damp soil, rather
common irom Maine to Ohio and Kentucky, as a shrub 4° -8° high; but in
the mountains from Penn. southward forming dense thickets, and often tree-
like (10° -20° high). May, June. — Flowers profuse, large and very showy,
varying froni deep rose-color to nearly white, clammy.

2. K. angUStifdlia, L. (SuKiiP Laukel. Lamkkill.) Leaves com-
monly opposite or in threes, pale or whitish undernntth, liyht yreen above, narrowli/
oblonij, obtuse, petioled ; corymbs lateral (appearing later than the shoots of the
season), slightly glandular, many-flowered; pod depressed, nearly smooth;
pedicils recurved in fruit. — Hillsides: common. May, June. — Shrub 2° -3°
high : the flowers more crimson and two thirds smaller than in the last.

3. K. glauca, Ait. (Pale Laurel.) Branchlets 2-edyed : leaves opposite,
nearly sessile, oblong, white-glaucous beneath, with recolute margins ; corymbs termi-
nal, few-lloAvered, smooth ; bracts large ; pod ovoid, smooth. — Var. rosmari-
nif6lia has linear and strongly rcvolutc leaves. — Cold peat-bogs and moun-
tains, from Pennsylvania northward. May, June. — Straggling, about 1° high.
Flowers ^' broad, lilac-purple.

§ 2. Flowers scattered, solitary in the axils of the leaves of the season : calyx leafy,
larger than the pod, nearly equalling the corolla, at length deciduous: leaves {alitr-
mite and opposite) and branches bristly-hairy.

4. K. hirsuta, Walt. Branches terete ; leaves oblong or lanceolate (4"
long), becoming glitbrous. — S;mdy pine-barren swamps, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May- Sept. — Slirul) 1° high. Corolla rose-color.

16. MENZIESIA, Smith. Menziesia.

Calyx very small and flattish, 4-toothed or 4-lobed. Corolla cylindraceous-
um-shapcd and soon bell-shaped, obtusely 4-lobed. Stamens 8, included : an-
ther-cells opening at the top by an oblique pore. Pod ovoid, woody, 4-celled,
4-vaIved, many-seeded. Seeds narrow, with .-v loose coat. — A low shrub ;
the straggling branches and the ol)Iong-<ibovate alternate deciduous leaves (like
those of Azalea) hair^^ and ciliate with rusty rather chafl'-like bristles. Flowers
small, develoj)cd with the leaves, in terminal dusters from scaly buds, greenish-
white and jiurplish, nodding. (Named for Archibald Menzics, who in Vancouver's
voyage brought the sijccics from the Northwest Coast.)

1. M. ferruginea, Smith, var. globul^ris. Corolla rather shorter
and broader than in the Oregon ])lant. — Alleghany Mountains, S. Pennsyl-
vania to Virginia, &c. (Also beyond Lake Superior.) June.

ERICACK/E. (HEATH FAMILY.) 299

17. AZALEA, L. False Honeysuckle. Azalea.

Calyx 5-partcd, often iniiiiite. Corolla funnel-form, 5-lobed, slightly irregu-
lar ; the lol»cs sjjrcnding. Stamens .'), with long exserted filaments, usually
declined, as well as the similar style : anthers short, 0])ening by terminal pores,
pointless. Tod 5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded. Seeds scale-like. — Upright
shrubs, with alternate and obovate or oblong deciduous leaves, which arc entire,
ciliate, and mueronatc with a glandular point. Flowers large and showy, often
glandular and glutinous outside, in uiubclled clusters from large scaly-imbri-
cated terminal buds. (Name from dCaXeos, arid, — most inappropriate as ap-
plied to our species, which grow in swamps.)

* Flowers api>eariii(j ajler the leaves.

1. A. arborescens, Pursh. (Smooth Azalka.) Branchlets smooth ;
leaves obovate, obtuse, ciry siiiouth both siiles, shiiiiiu; tiliore, glaucous beneath, the
margins bristly-ciliate ; ailijx lolies long and conspicuous; corolla slightly clammy;
stamens and style very much exserted. — Mountains of Penn. to Virginia, and
southward. June. — Shrub 3° -10° high, with thickish leaves, and very fra-
grant rose-colored blossoms larger than in No. 3.

2. A. viscdsa, L. (Clammy A. White Swamp-IIoxeysuckle.)
Branchlets bristlij, as well as the margins and midrib of the oblong-obovate
otherwise smooth leaves; cali/r-lobcs minute; corolla clammy, the tube much longer
than the lobes; stamens and especially the style exserted. — Var. glaCca has
the leaves paler, often white-glaucous underneath or both sides, sometimes rough-
hairy. — Var. NfTiDA is dwarf, with oblanceolate leaves green both sides. —
Swamps, Maine to Kentucky, mostly near the coast. June, July. — Shrub 4°
- 10° high, with clammy fragrant flowers, white or tinged with roseeolor.

* * Flowers appearing before or with the leaves.

3. A. nudifl6ra, L. (Plkim.e A. Pixxter-flower.) Branchlets
rather hairy; leaves obovate or oblong, downy underneath; culifx very short;
tube of the corolla scarcely longer than the ample lobes, slightly glanduhir ; stamens and
style much exserted. — Swamps, Massachusetts and New York to Illinois,
and southward. April, May. — Shrub 2° -6° high ; the showy flowers varying
from flesh-color to pink and purple. There arc numberless varieties, some of
them with 10 stamens.

4. A. calendul^eea, IMicIix. (Flame-colored Azalea.) Branchlets
and obovate or oi)long leaves hairy ; calyx-lobes oblong, rather conspicuous; tube of
the corolla shorter than the. lobes, hairy ; stamens and style much exserted. — Woods,
mountains of Penn. to Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. May. — Shrub
3° -10° high, covered just when the leaves appear with a profusion of largo
orange blossoms, usually turning to flame-color, not fragrant.

18. RHODODENDRON, L. Rose-day.

Calyx 5-parted, minute in our species. Corolla bell-shaped or partly funnel-
form, sometimes slightly irregular, .5-lobed. Stamens 10 (rarely fewer), com-
monly declined: anthers, pods, &c. as in Azalea. — Shrubs or low trees, with
evergreen entire alternate leaves, and ample showy flowers, in compact terminal

300 ERICACE^. (HEATH FAMILY.)

corymbs or clusters, from large scalj-bractcd biids. (' PobutevBpov, rose-tree ; tho
ancient name.)

1. H. ia^imum, L. (Great L.vurel.) Leaves d/iiilical-ol/lonci or hxnce-
oblong, aciilc, imrroiaed (awards the Inise, very smooth, witli somcwiiat revolutc
margins; i)eiiicels visciil ; corolla bell-sliapeil. — Damp deep woods, sparingly
from Maine to Oliio, but very common along sliaded water-courses through the
mountainous parts of Pennsylvania and southward. July. — Shrui) or tree 6° -
20° liigh. Leaves 4' -10' long, very thick. Corolla an inch broad, pale rose-
color or nearly white, greenish in the throat on the upper side, and spotted with
yellow or reddish.

2. R. Catawbi6llSe, Michx. Leares ornl or ohionrj, roinidcd at both ends,
smooth, pale beneath (3' -5' long); corolla broadly bell-shaped, lilac-purple;
pedicels rusty-downy. — High Alleghanies, Virginia and southward. June. —
Shrub 3° - 6° iiigh.

• 3. R. Lappbnicum, Wahl. (Lapland Rose-bay.) Z^itvjr/] prostrate ;
leaves elliptical, obtuse, dotted (Wkii the branches) with rusty scales ; umbels few-
flowered ; corolla open bell-shaped, dotted ; stamens 5 - 10. — Aljjine summits of
the mountains of Maine, New Hampshire, and New York. July. — Shrub 6'
high, in broad tufts : leaves ^' long. Corolla violet-purple; (Eu.)

19. RHODORA, Duhamcl. Riiodora.

Calyx minute, 5-toothed. Corolla irregular and 2-lipped ; the upper lip
usually 3-lol)ed or 3-clcft, and the lower two-parted or of 2 distinct s])reading
petals. Stamens 10, and with the slender style declined. Otherwise as in
Azalea. (Name from p68ov, a rose, from the color of the showy flowers.)

1 . R. Canadensis, L. — Damp cold woods and swamps, New England
to Penn. and northward, or on mountains. May. — A handsome low shrub,
with the oblong deciduous leaves whitish and dowTiy underneath ; the showy
rose-j)urple (rarely white) flowers in umbel-like clusters, on short peduncles,
appearing rather earlier than the leaves.

20. LEDUM, L. Labrador Tea.

Calyx 5-toothed, very small. Corolla of 5 obovatc and spreading distinct
petals. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by terminal pores. Pod 5-celled,
splitting from the base upwards, many-seeded : placentai borne on the summit
of tiie columella. — Low shrubs, with the alternate entire leaves clothed with
rusty wool underneath, persistent, the margins revolutc : herbage slightly fra-
grant when bruised. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like clusters
from large scaly buds : bracts or scales thin and caducous, {.\rj8ov, the ancient
Greek name of the Cistus.)

1. L. Iatif61iuni, Ait. Leaves elliptical or oblong ; stamens 5, sometimes
6 or 7 ; pod oblong. — Cold bogs and damp mountain woods, New England to
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. J«ine. — Shrub 2°-5° high. (L.
PAn'sTRE, L., grows in British America. It is dis::;nguished by its linear leaves,
uniformly 10 stamens, and oval }>ods.) (Eu.)

ERICACl::^^. (lIliATII FAMILY.) 801

21. LOISELEURIA, Dcsv. Alpine Azalea.

Calyx 5-pnrtc(l, nciirly as long as tlic rather l)cll-sha[)C(l and deeply 5-cleft reg-
ular corolla. Stamens 5, not declined, included : antiiers opening lengtiiwise.
Style short. Pod ovoid, 2 - 3-ccllcd, many-seeded, 2-3-valved; the valves 2-
cleft from the apex: placenta; borne on the middle of the columella. — A small
depressed evergreen shrubby plant, nmch branched and tufted, smooth, with
coriaceous oi)posite elli])tical leaves, on short jietioles, with ruvolute margins.
Flowers small, wiiite or rose-color, 2-5 in a cluster, from a terminal scaly bud;
the scales or bracts thick and persistent. (Named for Loisdeur Delongcliumps, n
Frcncii butaiii>t.)

1. L. prociimbens, Desv. (Azalea procumbcns, /..) — Alpine summits
of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, on rocks. June. (Eu.)

22. LEIOPHYLLUM, Pers. Sand Myrtle.

Calyx ."j-parted. Corolla of 5 distinct obovatc-oblong petals, spreading. Sta-
mens 10, exserted : anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled, splitting from
the apex downward, many-seeded. — A low much-branched evergreen, with the
aspect, foliage, &c. of the preceding genns, but the crowded leaves sometimes al-
ternate, scarcely petioled. Flowers small, white, in terminal umbel-like clusters.
(Name formed of Xfiof, smooth, and (f)i\\ov,folki(je, from the leaves.)

1. L. buxif61ium, Ell. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey, and moun-
tain-tops in Virginia? and southward. May. — Shrub 6' -10' high: leaves
oval or oblong, smooth and shining, 3' - 6" long.

23. PYROLA, Toum. Wintergreex. Shin-leaf.

Calyx 5-parted. persistent. Petals 5, concave and more or less converging,
deciduous. Stamens 10: filaments awl-shaped, naked: anthers extrorsc in the
bud, but in the flower inverted by the inflexion of tiie apex of the filament, more
or less 4-cellcd, opening by a pair of pores at the blunt or somewhat 2-horned
base which by the inversion becomes the apparent apex ! Style generally long :
stigma 5-lobed or 5-rayed. Pod depressed-globose, 5-lobed, 5-celled, 5-valved
from the base upwards (loculicidal) ; the valves cobwebby on the edges. Seeds
minute, innumerable, resembling saw-dust, with a very loose cellular-reticulated
coat. — Low and smooth perennial herbs, with running subterranean shoots,
bearing a cluster of rounded and petioled evergreen root-leaves, and a simple
raceme of nodding flowers, on an ujjright more or less scaly-bracted scape.
(Name a diminutive of Pyrun, the Pear-tree, from some fancied resemblance
in the foliage, which is not obvious.)

§ 1 . Stamens ascending : sfi/le turned down and tuwaids the ajtex ttsual/i/ more or less
cvrccd upwards, longer than the campamdate-conniiient or somewhat er/ianding
jH'tids: stigma much narrower than the truncate and somewhat crcacntcd ujtex of
the stifle which forms a sort of ring or collar, the 5 Wv.s otjiist very short iiud in-
cludi d, at length vsuallij protruded. ( Le<ives denticulate or entire. )
1. P. rotundifdlia, L. La ares orliicular, thirl:, shining, usually shorter
than the petiole ; rae^jme elongated, many-tlowcrcd ^ .calyx-lobes lamedatu or Mong'

302 ERiCACii.E. (heath family.)

lanceolate, acutish, with somewhat spreading tips, one lialf or one third the length
of the roundisli-oljovatc rather sprcailiiig (eiiieliy white) petids; anthercdk nearly
blunt. — Damp or sandy wouds : eomnion, e^peeialiy nortliward. June, July. —
Seape C- 12' liigh, many-braeted : flowers i' broad. — Exhibits many varieties,
sueh as: Var. ixcaknXta, with flesh-colored flowers; calyx-lobes triangular-
lanceolate. — Var. asahif6lia, with oblate or round-reniform leaves, and trian-
gular-ovate calyx-lobes of about half the length of the white or flesh-colored
petals. (P. asarifolia, Michx.) (.Common northward. — Var. uliginOsa, with
roundish-oval or somewhat kidney-shaped smaller leaves (I'-l^' wide), and
ovate acute calyx-lobes, about one quarter of the length of the reddish or pur-
ple petals; flowers rather smaller, few or several. (P. uliginosa, Twr. <$* Gr.)
Cold bogs, N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

2. P. elliptiea, Nutt. (Shin-leaf.) Leares thin and dull, elli/itical or
ohuvatf-ovul, usuallij lunijer titan the margined petiole ; raceme many-flowered ; calj/x-
lohes ovate, acute, not one fourth thelengih of the obovate rather spreading (greenish-
white) petals; anther-cells blunt. — Kith woods, New England to Pennsylvania,
Wisconsin, and northward: common. June. — Seape and flowers nearly as
large as in the preceding.

3. P. chlorantha, Swartz. I.caves small (1' long), roundish, thick, dull,
shoi-ter than the peliule; scape few-Jtowyed, naked (5' - 8' high) ; caiyx-loltes roundish-
ovate, very short; the elliptical petals converging (greenish-white); anther<ells
contracted below the orifice into a distinct neck or horn ; style little exserted. — Open
woods, New England to Penn., AViseonsin, and northward. June, July.

4. P. oxypetala, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Leaves ovate, small {S" -12" \ong),
shorter than the slender petiole; scape (7' -8' high) several-flowered; flowers
on ascending pedicels, not nodding; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, acute, short;
petals lanceolate-ohlong , acuminate, greeni>h ; anthers conspicuously mucronate at the
apex, obtusely 2-horned (as in No. 3) at the base, not inverted ; style straightish,
scarcely exserted. — Wooded hill near Deposit, Delaware Co., New York, June
1, 1860, C. F. Austin. — Stigma as in No. 3; the calyx-lobes, &c., diflerent, so
that' it can hardly be a monstrosity of that species.

§ 2. Stamens regular : style straight, much narrower than the expanded depressed
5-rayed stigma : petals erect and conniveut.

5. P. seciinda, L. Subcaulescent ; leaves ovate, thin, longer than the peti-
ole, .scattered, y!'«e/^ ser/a^e; racemes dense and spike-like, the numerous Small
(green ish-\vhite) fowers all turned to one side, scarcely nodding ; calyx-lobes ovate,
very much shorter than the oblong oval petals ; style long^ exserted. — Uich woods:
common eastward and northward. July. — Scape 3'- 6' high. (Eu.)

Var. pvinila (Paine, Cat. PI. Oneida Co.) is a renuukable form, growing
in high peat-bogs from Otsego Co., New York, Lake Superior, and northward
(indicated by Chamisso in Russian America) ; leaves orbicular or broadly oval,
very thin (5"- 12 ' long) ; scape 2' -4' high, 3- 8-flowered. July, Aug.

6. P. minor, L. Zeui;esro«Hc/<s/(,slightlycrenulate,thickish, mostly longer
than the margined petiole; raceme spiked ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate, very
much shorter than the nearly globose corolla ; style short and included. — Woods
at the base of the White Mouutaius, New Hampshire, Lake Superior (L. Footi ),

EKICACKiE. (iII!;aTII FAMILY.) 303

and northward. July, Aug. — Scape 5' -10' high. Flowers small, crowded,
white or rose-color. (Eu.)

24. MONESES, Salish. One-flowkrkd Pyuola.

Petals 5, widely spreailing, orhicular. Filamcuts awl-shaped, naked : anthers
as in Pyrola, but conspicuously 2-liorned. Style straight, exseried : stigma
large, peltate, with .5 narrow and conspicuous radiating lobes. Valves of the
pod naked, as in the next genus. (Parts of the flower occasionally in four.-.)
Scape 1-tlowercd. Otiierwise as in Pyrola : intermediate between it and C.'liima-
phila. (Name funned of fxovos, siiujle, iind r^ais, deliyhl, from the pretty and
solitary flower.)

I . M. unifldra. (Pyrola uniflora, L.) — Deep cold woods, from Penn. and
New England nortbward. June. — A small perennial, with the rounded and
veiny serrate thin leaves (6" -9'' long), clustered at the ascending apex of creep-
ing subterranean shoots; the 1-2-bracted scape (2'-4'high) bearing a white
or rose-colored terminal flower G" wide. (Eu.)

25. CHIMAPHILA, Pursh. Pipsissewa.

Petals .5, concave, orbicular, widely spreading. Stamens 10 : filaments en-
larged and hairy in the middle : anthers as in Pyrola, but more or less consi)ic-
uously 2-horned. Style very short, inversely conical, nearly immersed in the
depressed summit of the globular ovary : stigma broad and orbicular, disk-
shapeil, tlie border .5-crcnate. Pod, &c. as in Pyrola, but splitting from the
apex downwards, the edges of the valves not woolly. — Low, nearly herbaceous
plants, with long running underground shoots, and evergreen thick and shining
leaves, somewhat whorled or scattered along the short ascending stems : the
fragrant (white or purplish) flowers corymbcd or timbelled on a terminal pe-
duncle. (Name from x^'M'"' winter, and (f)i\i(t), to luve, in allusion to one of the
popular names, viz. Winti'njreAU.)

1. C. umbellata, Xntt. (Puixce's Pixk. Pipsissewa.) fxaves wedcje-
lanceolate, unite at the Ixisr, sharply serrate, not s/)olt(d ; peduncles 4-7-flowered.
— Dry woods : common. June. — Plant 4'- 10' high, leafy : petals flesh-color :
anthers violet. (Eu.)

2. C. macul^ta, Pursh. (Spotted Wixtergreen.) Leaves ovate-lan-
ceolate, obtuHu at the base, remotely toothed, the vppfr surface variefjaled ivith white;
peduncles 1 - S-flowcred. — Dry woods: most common in the iliddlc States.
June, July. — Plant 3' -6' high.

26. PTEROSPORA, Nutt. Pixe-dkops.

Calyx .'j-])arted. Corolla ovate, .urn-shaped, 5-toothed, jjcrsistent. Stamens
10: anthers 2-cellcd, awned on the back, opening lengthwise. Style short:
stigma 5-lobed. I'od glol)ose, depressed, 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidal, but the
valves cohering with the columella. Seeds very numerous, ovoid, tapering to
each end, the apex expan<led into a broad reticulated wing many times larger
than the body of the seed. — A stout and simple purplish-brown elami4y-pubcs-

304 EKICACE^. (UliATH FAMILY.)

cent root-parasitic herb (l°-2° high) ; the wand-like stem furnished towards
the base witii seuttcred laiieeohite seales in place of leaves, above bearing many
nodding (white) flowers, re>embling those of Andromeda, in a long braeted ra-
ceme. ( Name from nrfpov, a iviinj, and aiiopd, sttd, aliuding to the singular
wing borne hy tlie seeds.)

1. P. Andl'omed^a, Nutt. — Hard clay soil, parasitic apparently on the
roots of pines, iVoni Vermont, I'eekskill and Albany, N. Y., audJSi. reunsylvauia
nortliwanl and westward : rare.

27. SCHWEINITZIA, EII. Sweet Pine-sap.

Calyx of 5 oblong-lanceolate acute scale-like sepals, erect, persistent. Corolla
persistent, bell-shaped, rather fleshy, 5-lobed, slightly 5-gibbous at tlie base.
Stamens 10 : anthers much shorter than the filaments, fi.xed near the summit,
awnless ; the two sac-shaped cells opening at the top. Pod ovoid. 5-celled, with
a short and thick style, and a large .5-angular stigma. Seeds innumerable. —
A low and smooth brownish plant, 3' -4' high, with the aspect of Monotropa,
scaly-bracted, the flowers several in a terminal spike, at first nodding, flesh-color,
exhaling the fragrance of violets. (Named for the late L. D. von Srhireini/z.)

1. S. odor^ta, Ell. — Woods, parasitic on the roots of herbs, Maryland
and southward : rare. April.

28. MONOTROPA, L. Indian Pipe. Pine-sap.

Calyx of 2 - 5 lanceolate bract-like scales, deciduous. Corolla of 4 or 5 sep-
arate erect spatulate or wedge-shaped scale-like petals, which arc gibbous or
saccate at the base, and tardily deciduous. Stamens 8 or 10: filaments awl-
shapcd : anthers kidney-shaped, becoming 1-cellcd, opening across the top.
Style columnar : stigma disk-like, 4 - 5-rayed. Pod ovoid, 8 - 10-groovcd, 4-5-
celled, loculicidal : the very thick placenta; covered with innumerable minute
seeds, which have a very loose coat. — Low and fleshy herbs, tawny, reddish, or
white, parasitic on roots, or growing on decomposing vegetable matter like a
Fungus; the clustered stems springing from a ball of matted fibrous rootlets,
furnished with scales or bracts in place of leaves, 1 -several-flowered; the flow-
ering summit at first nodding, in fruit erect. (Name composed of fiovos, one,
and T/joTTOf, turn, from the summit of the stem turned to one side.)
§ 1. MONOTROPA, Nutt. Plant inodorous, with a single 5-petaIlcd and \0-an-
drous flower at the summit ; the calyx of 2- A irregular scales or bracts : anthers
transverse, opening In/ 2 chinks : sti/le short and thick : stigma naked.
1. M. unifldra, L. (Indian Pii-e. Corpse-Plaxt.) Smooth, waxy-
white (turning blacki<h in drying, 3' -8' high); stigma naked. — Dark and
rich woods: common. June -Aug.

§ 2. HYPOPITYS, Dill. Plant commonlji fragrant : flowers several in a scaly
raceme; the terminal one usually ^-petalled and lO-androus, ivhilc the rest are 4-
jietalled and 8-undrous ; the bract-like sepals mostly as many as the petals : ant/urs
opening by a continuous line into 2 very unequal valves, the smaller one erect and
appearing like a continuation of the jUajnent.: style longer than the ovary, hollow.

AQLiroLIAC.i;. (IIOLLV FAMILY.) 3().j

2. M. Hypdpitys, L. (I'ink-sap. Falsi-: Bi;i;< ii-i>roi'S.) Somewluit
pubc8wiit or (luwiiv, tawny, whitish, or ri-ddisli (4'- 12' lii;j;h) ; ]Kj(i ^;lol)iilar
or oval ; sti{;iiui ciliate. — (.)criirs in various forms: thf more piiljL'sccnt is M.
lanuginosa, Midix. — Oak and jiino wood.-.: common. Junc-Auj^. (Eii.)

OuDKU 57. CJALACi]\E.li. (Galax Family.)

CharacU'r that of the lullowinj; j^enus ; wliich is kept as a distinct order
until tlie true relationsliij) is asct-rtained.

1. GALAX, L. Galax.

Calyx of 5 small and scjuu-atc sepals, persistent. Petals T), liypojrynous, ob-
ovate-spatulate, rather erect, deciduous. Stamens hypojrynous : filaments united
in a 10-toothed tube, slightly cohering with the base of the petals, the 5 teeth
oppcsite the jjctals naked, the .5 alternate ones shorter and bearing each a round-
ish 1-celled anther, which opens across the top. Pollen simple. Style short:
.'^tigma .3-lol)ed. Pod ovoid, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved : columella none.
Seeds numerous, the cellular loose coat tapering to each end. Embryo straight
in iieshy albumen, more than half its length. — Evergreen herb, witli a thick
matted tuft of scaly creeping rootstocks, beset with fibrous red roots, sending up
round-heart-shaped crenate-toothcd and veiny shining leaves (about 2' wide) on
slender petioles, and a slender naked scape, \° -2° high, bearing a wand-like
spike or raceme of small and ininutely-bracted white flowers. (Name from
•yii'Xa, milk, — of no conceivable application to this plant.)

I. G. aphylla, L. — Open woods, Virginia and southward. June.

OuDioR 58. A<iUIFOLIACE.E. (Holly Family.)

Trees or shrubs, with small axUlary 4 - 8-merous foicers, a minute calyx
free from the 4 - 8-celled ovary and the 4 - 8-seeded berry-like drupe ; the
stamens as many as the divisions of the almost or quite 4 - 8-petalled corolla
and alternate with them, attached to their very base. — Corolla iniLrieated
in the bud. Anthers opening lengthwise. Stigmas 4-8, or united into
one, nearly sessile. Seeds suspended and solitary in each cell, anatrojious,
with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. Leaves simple, mostly alternate.
Flowers white or greenish. — A small family, here represente<l by only
two genera (Prinos being j)laeed under Ilex) ; related to the Celastraeeie,
&e., among the Polypetalous orders jis nuich as to tlie following order.

1. ILEX, L. (Ilcx& I'rinos. A..) Hoi.lv.

Flowers more or less di(eci()nsly polygamous. Calyx 4-6-toothed. Petals
4-G, separate, or united only at the base, oval or olxnate, obtuse, s])reading.
Stamens 4-6. The berry -like dru])C containing 4- G little nutlets. — Leaves
alternate. Fertile flowers iudint'd to be .solitary, and the sterile or partly sterile
flowers to be clustered in the axils. (The ancient Latin name of the Holly-Oak
rather than of the Holly.)
L & M— 33

306 AQUIFOLIACKliE. (lIOLLY FAMILY.)

§ 1. AQUIFOLIUM, Tourn. Paiis of the /lower commovlij in fours, sometime*
mJir(S or sixes: dnijK red, its nutlets ribbed, veiny, or one-yrooned on the back:
leaves (mostly smooth] coriaceous and eceii/reen.

* Leaves armed with s/iiny teeth : trees.

1. I. op^ca, Ait. (Amekican Holly.) Leaves oval, flat, the wavy
margins witli scattered spiny teeth ; flowers in loose clusters along the base of
the young branches and in the axils; calyx-teeth acute. — Moist woodlands,
Maine to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and more common from Virginia
.southward. June. — Tree 20° -40° high; the deep green foliage less glossy,
the berries not so bright red, and their nutlets not so veiny, as in the European
Holly (I. AguiFOLiiTM, L.).

* * Leat^es serrate or entire, not spiny : shrubs.

2. I. Cassine, Ij. (Cassen.v. Yaupon.) Leares lance-orate or elliptical,
a-enatc. (l'- 1|' long) ; flower-clusters nearly sessile, smooth ; calyx-teeth obtuse. — •
Virginia and southward along the coast. May. — Leaves used for tea by the
people along the coast, as they were to make the celebrated black drink of the
North Carolina Inilians.

3. I. myrtif61ia, Walt. Leaves linear-lanceolate or llnear-oblonff, sparingly
and sharply serrate or entire (1' long); peduncles slender and 3- 9-tlowered, or
the more fertile shorter and 1-flowered, smooth; caly.v-teeth acute. — Coast of
Virginia and southward. May. — Probably a var. or the next.

4. I. Daho6n, Walt. (Dahoon Holly.) Leaves oblanceolate or oblong,
entire, or shur ply serrate towards the apex, with revolute margins (2' -3' long),
the midrib and peduncles pubescent ; calyx-teeth acute. — Swamps, coast of Virginia
and southward. May, June.

§ 2. PRINOIDES. Paris of the {poly(/amous or dlarlons) Jlowers in fours or Jivrs
{rarely In sires) : drape red or purple, the millets striute-many-rlbbed on the buck:
leaves deciduous : shrubs.

5. I. decidua, Walt. Leaves iccd//e-ublong or lunce-obovafe, obtusely serrate,
downy on the midrib beneath, shining above, becoming thickish ; peduncles of tho
sterile flowers longer than the petioles, of the fertile short ; calyx-teeth smooth,
acute. — Wet grounds, Virginia, Illinois, and .southward. Mav.

6. I. montieola, Gray. Leaved ovate or lance-oblong, ample (.T- 5' long),
taper-pointed, thin-mcmbranaceous, smooth, sharply sen-ate ; fertile flowers very
Bhort-ped uncled ; calyx ciliate. (L ambigua, Torr. L montkna, Ed. 1, not
Prinos montanus, >S'«;.) — Damp woods, Taconic and Catskill Mountains, and
Cattaraugus Co., New York (G. W. Clinton), through Pennsylvania (cast to
Nortluuuptou Co. Mr. Wolle, Prof. T. Green), and southward along the Alle-
fhanics. May.

7. I. moUiS, Gray. Leaves soft downy benntlh, oval, ovate, or oblong, taper-
ijointcd at both ends, especially at the ajK-x, thin-membranaccous, sharply ser-
tulatc ; sterile flowers very numerous in umbel-like clusters, the pedicels shorter
than the petiole and (with the calyx) soft-downy, the fertile peduncles very
short. (Prinos pubescens, Michx. herb. P. ambiguus, Purx/t, not MIchx.) —
Burgeon's Gap, Alleghanies of Pennsylvania (.7. It. Lowrie, Porter), and alony
the mountains in the Southern States. — Resembles the last.

EBENACEiE. (eBONY FAMILY.) 307

§3. PRINOS, L. Parts of the sterile flowei-s in fours, fvcs, or sixes, those of the
fertile Jiowi-rs commoiili/ in sixcs (rarefy injicts, secens, or tiyhts) : nutlets smooth
and tvtii : Jiiuhs.

* Leaves (Itcidiiuits: Jlowcrs in sessile clusters, or the fertile solitary : fruit bright red.

8. I. verticillkta, Gray. (Black Aldek. WiNTKUUEKitY.) Leaves
obovate, oval, or wcdge-lanccolatc, pointed, acute at tlie base, serrate, downy on
the veins beneath; floweis all very short-pedunded. (Prinos vcrtieillatiis, L.) — Low
grounds : couiinou. May, June.

9. I. laevigata, Gray. (Smooth WiNTERBERRY.) Leaves lanceolate or
obloug-Unucolate, pointed at both ends, appressed-serrulate, shining above, be-
neath mostly (jlahrous ; sterile Jiotvers lony-peduncled. (Prinos la;vigatus, Pursh.)
— Wet grounds, Maine to the mountains of Virginia. June. — Fruit larger
than in the last, ripening earlier in the autumn.

* * Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, shining above, of en black-dotted heucatli : fruit black.

10. I. gl^bl'a, Gray. (Inkheruv.) Leaves wedge-lanceolate or oblong,
sparingly toothed towards the apex, smooth; peduncles (|' long) of the sterile
flowers .3 - G-flowered, of the fertile 1 -flowered ; calyx-teeth rather blunt. (Pri-
nos glaber, L.) — bandy grounds. Cape Ann, Massachusetts, to Virginia and
southward near the coast. June. — Shrub 2° -3° high.

2. NEMOPANTHES, Kaf. Mountain Hoixy.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious. Calyx in the sterile flowers of 4 - 5 minute de-
ciduous teeth; in the fertile ones obsolete. Petals 4-5, oblong-Iinear, spread-
ing, distinct. Stamens 4-5: filaments slender. Drupe with 4-5 bony nutlets,
light red. — A much-br.nnched shrub, with ash-gray bark, alternate and oblong
deciduous leaves on slender petioles, entire, or slightly toothed, smooth. Flowers
on long and slender axillary peduncles, solitary, or sparingly dustei-ed. (Name
said by the author to mean " flower with a filiform peduncle," therefore prob-
ably composed of vrjfia, a thread, ttovs. afoot, and livOos, a flower.)

1. N. Canadensis, DC. (Ilex Canadensis, Jl//f/i.r.) — Damp cold woods,
from the mountains of Virginia to Maine, Wisconsin, and northward : commoa
at the north. May.

OuDKR 59. EBENACE.^. (Eboxy Family.)

Treea or shrubs, irilh alternate entire leaves, and pnli/gamous regular flmo-
ers which have a calyx free from the 3- \2-ceUed ovary: the stamens 2 -i
times as many as the lobes of the corolla, of}en in pairs before them, their
anthers fumed inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. •Ovules 1 or 2,
suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatroponp, mostly sinfjle
in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceons integument ; the
embryo shorter than the hard albumen, with a long radicle and flat cotyl-
edons. Styles wholly or partly separate. — Wood hard ami dark -colored.
No milky juice. — A small family, chiefly tropical, reprefe^ted here only
by the Persimmon.

308 safotacejE. (sappodilla family.)

1. DIOSPYROS, L. Date-Plum. Persimmon.

Calyx 4-6-lol)eil. Corolla 4- G-lolicd, convolute in the bud. Stamens com-
monly 16 in the sterile flowers, and 8 in the fertile, in the latter imperfect.
Berry larj^e, globular, surrounded at the base by the thickish calyx, 4-8-ccllcd,
4 -8-sced'.'d. — Flowers diuiciously poly<^amous, the fertile axillary and solitary,
the sterile smaller and often clustered. (Name, Atos, of .love, and nvpni, ijrain.)

1. D. Virgini^aa, L. (Commo.v Pekslmmox.) Leaves ovate-oblong,
smooth or nearly so ; peduncles very short ; caly.x 4-parted ; corolla between
bell-shaped and urn-shaped ; styles 4, two-lobed at the apex; ovary 8-cclled. —
Woods and old fields, Rhode Island and New York to Illinois, and southward.
June. — Ti-ee 20° -60° high, with very hard blackish wood, thickish leaves, a
pale yellow corolla, and a plum-like fruit, 1' in diameter, which is exceedingly
astringent when green, yellow when ripe, and sweet and edible after exposure
to frost.

Order 60. SAPOTACEJE. (Sappodilla Family.)

Trees or shrubs, mostly ivilli a m'dkij juice, simple and entire alternate
leaves {often rusty-downy beneath), srnall and perfect regular flowers usually
in axillary clusters ; the calyx free and persistent ; the fertile stamens com-
monly as many as the lobes of the hypogynous short corolla and opposite
them, inserted on its tube, along with one or more rows of appendages and
scales, or sterile stamens ; anthers turned outwards ; ovary 4-1 '2-celted, with
a single anatropous ooule in each cell ; seeds large. — Albumen mostly none ;
but the large embryo with thickened cotyledons. Style .single, pointed. —
A small, mostly tropical order, producing the Sappodilla or Star-apple,
and some other edible fruits, represented in our district only by the genua

1. BUMELIA, Svvartz. Blmelia.

Calyx .'5-parteil. Corolla S-clcft, with a pair of internal appendages at each
sinus. Fertile stamens 5 : anthers arrow-shaped. Sterile stamens 5, petal-like,
alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 5-celled. Fruit small, resem-
bling a cherry, black, centaining a large ovoid and erect seed, with a roundish
scar at its base. — Flowers small, white, in fascicles from the axil of the leaves.
Branches often spiny. Leaves often fascicled on short si)urs. Wood very hard.
(The ancient name of a kind of Ash.)

1. B. lycioides, G;ertn. (Southern Buckthorn.) Spiny (10° - 25°
high); lectves ivnl^/e-oblony varying to ovid-huuxohite, with a tapering base, often
acute, reticiilateil, imirly gktbrous (2' -4' long); clusters deitsely mauy-Jhwered ;
fruit ovoid. — Moist ground, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. May, June.

2. B. Ianugin6sa, Pers. Spiny (10°-40° high); leaves obtong-oliovate or
wedye-obocate, rusty-woolly beneath, ohtase (I J' -3' long) ; clusfirs 6-\2-flowered ;
fruit globular. (B. lanuginosa & tomentosa, A. pC.) — Woods, Illinois, Gi)po-
site St. Louis, and .southward, — a variety with the leaves less woolly and rusty
beneath (B. oblongilolia, Natt.), passing towards No. 1. July.

STYRACACi:^-. (STORAX FAMILY.) 309

ORni-.R 01. STVKACACE.E. (Storax Family.)

Shrubs or trees, icith alternate simple leaves destitute of stipules, and per-
fect ref/ular flowers ; the cali/x either free or adherent, to the 2 - i>-celkd
ovary ; the corolla of i-S petals, commorUi/ more or less united at the base ;
the stamens twice as manij as the petals or more numerous, monadelphous or
poli/adel/>hous at the base ; style 1 ; fruit dry or drupe-like, 1 - b-celled, the cells
commonly \-seeded. — Seeds anatropous. Embryo nearly the length of the
albumen : radicle slender, as long as or longer than the flat cotyledons.
Corolla hypogynous when tlie caly.x is free : the stamens adherent to ita
base. Ovules 2 or more in each cell. — A small family, mostly of warm
countries, comprising two very distinct tribes, which arc sometimes sepa-
rated as suborders or orders.

Tribe I. STYRACE.fl5. C;il.vx 4-8-tnotho(l or entire. Stamens 2-4 times as manj
as till' petals : anthers linear or oblong, adimt*;, introrse. Ovules or part of tliem asceoiliug
— Flowers white, handsome. Pubescence soft auil stellate.

1. Styrnx. Calyx coherent only with the base of tlie 3-celled ovary. Corolla mostly 5,

p.irted. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

2. Ilalesia. Calyx coherent with the whole surface of the 2-4-celled ovary, which is 2-4,

winged and 2-4-Cflled in fruit. Corolla 4-lobed.
Tribe H. SY.MPLOCINE.E. Caly.x 5-cleft. Stamens usually very numerous: aa
tln-rs sliort, innate. Ovul>-s pendulous. -- Flowt-rs yellow. I'ubesceuce simple.

3. J^yiiiplocoti. Caly.x coherent. PeUils 5, united merely at the base.

1. ST"^RAX, Tourn. Storax.

Calyx truncate, somewlmt .o-foothi-d, the base (in our species) coherent with
the hii.se of the 3-ccllcd ma)iy-ovuled ovary. Corolla 5-parted (rarely 4-8-
parted), larpe ; the lobes mostly soft-downy. Stamens twice as many as the
lobes of the corolla : filiiinents tlat, united at the base mto a short tube : anthers
linear, adnatc. Frtut j,dobuUr, its ba.se surrounded by the persistent calyx,
1-ccllcd, mostly 1-seeded, dry, often .3-valved. Seed jrlobular, erect, with a hard
coat. — Shrubs or small trees, with coinniouly deciduous leaves, and axillary or
Icafy-raccmed white and showy flowers, on droopini,' peduncles ; produced in
spring. Pubescence scurfy or stellate, (ij Srupa^, the ancient Greek name of
the tree which produces stouir.)

1. S. grandifdlia, Ait. Leaves obovatc, acute or pointed, (c//»V^-/ompn/osc
l>ei„-iilh (.J'-e' lun-) ; jloivtrs mtstly'ni eluu;i(it>'d racemes ; corolla (J' long) convo-
luie-inil.riiatcd in ilic l.ud. — Woods, Virginia and southward.

2. S. pulverul6nta, Michx. Leaves oval or obovatc (al>out 1' long),
above spaihii/li/ i>itl,ciiil<i,t. ti„d friirOf-lomciitoxfi himith ; flowers (^ long) \-3 to-
gethr in ihe tirlls and at the tips of the branches, fragrant. — Low pine barrens,
Virginia (Pins/,) and .^outlnyard. — Shrub lO-4° high.

3. S. Americana, Lan^ Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (l -.Tlong),
smn>.th,ortHn:lii jni/nmlnit l;^rath : fluircrt arilhiry or in 3-4floitynd rorrmes
(^' loii^') ; corolla- valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lave, £7/.) — Mar-
gin of swamps, Viiginia and southward. — Shrub 4° - 8° high.

310 PLANTAGIXACE.E. (PLANTAIN FAMILT.)

2. HALESIA, Ellis. SNownnor or Silvkr-bell-Tree.

Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothcd ; the tube 4-ribl)ed, coherent with the 2-4-
cellccl ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or ol'tener to the middle, into an open
bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16: tila-
iijcnts united into a riny at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base
of the corolla: anthers linear-oblonj,'. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit larye and
dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1-4-celled. Seeds single, cylindrical. —
Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy
white Howers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from
axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for
Step/im Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.)

1. H. tetl'^ptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit 4-wingcd. — Banks of
streams, upper jiart of Virginia, also on the Ohio Kiver at Evansville (S/iort),
and southward. Fruit I^' long.

3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. (HOPEA, L.) Sweet-Leaf.

Calyx 5-clcft, the tube coherent Avith the lower part of the 3-cclled ovary.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly ui.Jted at the base. Stamens very nu-
merous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slen-
der : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1-cellcd and 1 -seeded.

— Shrubs or small trees , the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying,
and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow.
(Name avfnrXoKos, connected, from the union of the stamens.)

1. S. tinctdria, L'Hcr. (Horse-Scgar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong,
acute, obscurely tootheil, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and
pale beneath (.3' -5' long) ; flowers 6- 14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous.

— Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily
eaten by cattle.

Order fi2. PLANTAGINACE^. (Plantain Family.)

CJiiefli/ stemlex.t herb.'i, irith rrr/ulnr A-mrrnu;^ spiked ftotcers, the stamens
inserted on the tube of the dry and memhranaceous veinless monopetalous
corolla, alternate with its tnhrs ; — chiefly represented by the genus

1. PLANTAGO, L. Plantain. Ribgra.ss.

Calyx of 4 imbricated persistent sepals, mostly with dry membranaceous mar-
gins. Corolla salver-form, withering on the pod, the border 4-parted. Stamens
4, or rarely 2. in all or some flowers with long and weak exserted filaments, and
fiVracions 2-celled anthers. Ovary 2- (or in No. .5 falsely 3-4-) celled, with 1 -
several ovules in each cell. Stvlc and long hairy stigma single, filiform. Pod
2-celled, 2 -several-seeded, opening all round by a transverse line, so that tho
top fills offlike a lid, and the loose partition (whi(4i boars the peltate seeds) falls
away. Embryo strnight, in fleshy albumen. — Leaves ribbeil. Flowers whitish,
small, in a bracted spike or head, raised on a naked scape. (The Latin name.)

PLANTAGINACK/E. (PI.ANTAIN FAMILY.} 311

§ 1. Flowers all perfect and alike, and with the 4 stamens and fiiform stigma much
erserted, but diriwijumotts, i. e. with the stiijma cxsertnl from the tip of tin- corolla a
duji or so before it expands and the anthers are hun;/ out (an arrangement for crosr-
fertilization) : tobts of the corolla spreading or rejlexed after Jiowering.

* Leaves 5 - 1-ribbid, mostli/ broad : spike long and slcmler, smooth : seeds not concave

on the inner face: root perennial, or perhaps annual in No. 2 and 3.

1. P. M.Vjon, L. (Common Plantaix.) Smooth or ratlmr hairy, rarely
rounhi.sli ; leaves ovate, obloii},^ oval, or sliijhtly heart-shaped, often toothed,
abruptly narrowed into a ehainielled petiole; spike dense; }X)d 7 -16-seedcd. —
Moist {^rounds, everywhere near dwellings. June - Sept. — A small and rougher
form in salt marsiies. (Nat. from Eu., but probably indigenous high north.)

2. P. KamtscuAt'ca, Cham. Much resembles small forms of the preced-
ing; but sepals and bract narrower, and pod 4-seeded. (P. Kugelii, Uecaisne.)
— Buttalo, N. Y., Mr. Dag, and sparingly in the south. (Apparently adv.)

3. P. sparsiflbra, Michx. Slender (3' -18' high), smoothish or hairy;
leaves lanceolate or vlilong, 3 - 5-ncrvcd, tapering to both ends, denticulate or entire ;
spike spitrsilg-Jluirercd, very slender; lobes of the corolla acute; pod 2-seedeJ. —
Mound City, Illinois (Dr. Vaseg), and southward. July -Sept.

4. P. COrdata, Lam. Tall, glabrous; leaves heart-shaped or ronnd-ovate
(3' - 8' long), long-pctioled, the ribs rising from the midrib ; spike at length loosely
flowered ; bracts round-ovate, flfshy ; pod 2 - 4-seeded. — Along rivulets, New York
to Wisconsin (rare), and southward. April -June.

* ♦ Leaves linear, thick and flesliy, ivithout I'ibs, or when dry obscurely 3-nerved: spike

slender: tube, of the corolla hairy below: seeds not hollowed.

5. P. maritima, L., var. juncoides. Smooth, or the scape slightly pu-
bescent; leaves flat or tlnttisii anil eliaiinelled,, erect, nearly as long as the scape
(5'- 12'), mostly entire; pud 2-eelled or iiu.omi)leteiy 3 -4-cel led, 2 -4-seeded ;
root on our coast annual or liiennial. (P. juncoides, Litm.) — Salt marshes, from
New Jer.'-ey northward. Near Boston a dejjauperate form, 2' -5' high, littlo
fleshy, grows in sand beyond the influence of salt water (D. Murray). The per-
ennial P. maritima occurs in New Brunswick, &c., perhaps in Maine.

* » « Leaves 3-5-riblKd, narrow: spike thick arid dense, at first or throughout very

short: two of the scarious sepals generally united into one: seeds only 2, hollowed
on the inner face.

6. P. lanceolXta, L. (RincRASs. Rii-plegrass. English Plantain.)
Mostly hairy ; scape groovcd-angled, at length much longer than the lanceolate
or lance-oblong leaves, slender (9' -2° high); root perennial. — Dry fields:
common eastward. (Nat. from En.)

§ 2. Flowers of two .<>orts on dislinrt plants, apparently polygamo-dimions ; the mostly
sterile with thf tismd large anthers on long rnpillari/ flanifnts, and the lolxs of the
corolla refi'xedor spreading ; the truly fitilc with minute anthers on short imlmlid
filaments, and the corolla usually closing periuanmlli/ oinr the apex of the fruit :
seeds not hollou-e<l on the fare: small annuals or biennials.
* Stamens 4 : spike dens(^

7. P. Virginica, L. Hairy or honry-jmbescent (2'-9' high); leaves ob-
long, varying to obovate and spatulate-lanccolatc, 3 -5-ncrvcd, sligiitly or

312 rLUMBAGiNACi:^'.. (lkadwokt family.)

coarsely and sparingly tootlied ; seeds usually 2. — Sandy grounds, Uhode
Island to Illinois and southward. May -Sept.

* * Stamens onli/ 2 : Imres narrowli/ linear or thread-shaped, bareli/ \-ribbcd: spike
invsllji sleiidfr, of few or inanif croivdiu or sailtered small Jlotrers.
8. P. pusilla, Nutt. Minutely pubescent (1'- 4' higii) ; leaves entire ; pod
short-ovoid, 4-se(did, little exceeding the calyx and bract. — Dry hills, New York
to Illinois, and southward. April- Aug.

0. P. heterophylla, Nutt. Leaves rather fleshy, acute, entire, or some
of them helow 2-4-lobed or toothed; pod olilnmj-ronoidal, ]0-'28-seeded, nearly
twice the length of the calyx and bract. ( P. pusilla, Dtcaisne, in DC.) — Low or
sandy grounds, from Philadelphia southward. April -June. — Plant 2' -8'
high.

§ 3. Flowers all rotiimonli/ firtik, but of 2 sorts on diffi-rent plants; the more common
mth.veri) small anthers on short filaments (perhaps early and close-frtilized) ; oth-
ers with large anthers on lomj-erserted f laments : corolla with broad round lobes
permaneiilli/ iridehj spreadinij : seeds 2 (one in each cell), boat-shaped, deeply hol-
lowed on the face: uwslltf annuals, with narrow and ivoolly or hairy leaves.
10. P. Patagonica, Jacq. Silky-woolly, or becoming naked; leaves 1-
3-nervcd ; spike (vlindrirai or oblong, dense; sepals very obtuse, scarious, with
a thick centre. (Fuund tln-ough almost the whole length of America.)

Var. gnaphalioides, Gray. White with silky wool ; leaves varying from
oblong-linear to filiform; spike very dense (5' 4' long), woolly; bracts noi
exceeding the calyx. (P. Lagopus, Piirsh. P. gnaphalioides, AV/.) — Dry
plains, W.Wisconsin and southwestward. — Runs through var. spinulosa and
var. NiiDA mto

Var. arist^ta, Gray. Loosely hairy and green, or becoming glabrous ;
bracts awned, 2-3 times the lengtl^of the flowers. (P. aristata, Michx., &c.) —
Llinois and southwestward.

Order G3. PLUMB AGINAcE.*:. (Lead wort Family.)

Maritime herhs, icith regular b-merous flowers., a plaited calyx., the 5 sta-
mens opposite the separate petals or the lobes of the corolla, and the free ovary
one-celled, with a solitary ovule hanr/ing from a long cord irhich rises from
the base of the cell. — The Statice/E or Marsu-Rosemary Tribe only
is repnisentcd in our region, in gardens by the Thrift (Arm'eria vul-
garis), on the coast by a single species of

1. STATICE, Tourn. Sea-Lavender. Marsh-Rosemary.

Flowers scattered or loosely spiked and 1 -sided on the branches, 2-3-bractcd.
Calyx funnel-form, dry and membranaceous, persistent. Corolla of 5 nearly or
quite distinct petals, with long claws, the 5 stamens severally attached to their
bases. Styles 5, rarely 3, separate. Fruit membranous and indehiscent, 1 -seeded,
in the bottom of the calyx*. Embryo straight, iii mealy Jilbumen. — Seaside
perennials, with thick and stalked radical leaves; the naked flowering stems or

PRIMULACE^. (rRIMROSE FAMILY.) 313

scapes bmnchcd into panicles. (SrariKij, an ancient name given to this or somo
other herb, on account of its astringency.)

1. S. Lim6nium, Ij. Leaves oblong, spntuiate, or obovatelanceolatc, l-
riblicd, tipiied with a deciduous bristly point, ])etioled; scape inueh-hnmehed,
corynibose-panicled (l°-a° high); spikelets I - 3-llo\vered ; caly.x-tuhe hairy on
the angles, the lobes ovate-triangular, with as many teeth in the sinuses. —
Root thick and woody, very astringent. Flowers lavender-color, (lai.)

Var. Caroliui^na (S. Caroliniana, Walt., &.C.), the plant of the Northcra
States, has a hollow scape, more erect branches, at length scattered Howers, and
sharper caly.\-lobcs. — Salt marshes along the coast, extending northward ( whero
it passes into S. Bahusiensis, Fries). Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

Order G4. PRII?IUL.ACE.E. (Primrose Family.)

Herbs, u-ith sunple leaees, and regular pei-fect Jloivers, the stamens as many
as the lubes of the monapelalous (rarely polyjietalous) corolla and inserted
opposite them, a l-celled ovary with a central free placenta rising from the
base, bearing several or many seeds. — Calyx free from the ovary, or in
Sainolus partly coherent. (Corolla none in Glaux.) Stamens 4 or 5,
rarely 6 or 8. Style and .stigma one. Seeds with a small embryo in fleshy-
albumen, ampbitropous and fixed by the middle, except in Tribe 4.
Tribe I. PRIMULEiE. Pod free from the calyx, opening by valves or teeth.
* Stemless : leaves all in a cluster from the root.

1. Primula. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, open at the throat. Stamens included.

2. Aiidrosnce. Corolla short, very small, constricted at the throat. Stamens included.

3. Dodecathcoii. Corolla reflexcd, 5-parted. Stamens exserted : filaments united.

* • Stems leafy : corolla wheel-shaped (or in Glaux none).

4. Trientalis. Corolla mostly '-parted. Stem leafy only at the summit.

5. I^ysimncliia. Corolla 5 6-parted or 5-6-i)etalled. Stems leafy throughout,

6. Glaiix. Corolla none : the calyx petal-like.

Tribe II. ANAGALLIDE^. Pod circumcissile. Otherwise as in Tribe L

7. AiiR{;alIia. Corolla lonper than the calyx, 5-parted. Leaves opposite.

8. Cciitiiiiculus. Corolla shorter thau the calyx, 4- deleft. Leaves alternate.
Tribe III. SA MOIjF.JE. Poil partly adherent to the caly^c, opening by valves.

9. ^amolus. Corolla tiell-shaped and with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses.

Tribe IV. IiOTTOiVIE.E. Pod as in Tribe L Seeds fixed by the base, anatropous.
(0. Ilottoiiia. Corolla salvcr-shiiped. Immersed leaves pcctinately dissected.

1. PRIMULA, L. rniMROSE. Cowslip.

Calyx tubular, angled, ."i-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, enlarging above the
Insertion of the stamens; the 5 lohcs often notched or inversely hciirt-shaiK-d.
Stamens .5, included. Tod many-seeded, sjilitting at the top into !i valves or 10
teeth. — Low perennial lierhs, producing a tuft of veiny leaves at the root, and
simple scapes, bearing the flowers in an umlwl. (Name a diminutive of /wimus,
from the flowerinir of the true Primrose in early s])rifig.)

1. P. farin6sa, L. (limn's-KVK Pkimhose.) Leaves elliptical or obo-
vatc-lan<xolatc, llie lower surface and the 3-20-flowered involucre, <Jx. covered with
G M-U

314 PRIMULACE^. (primrose FAMILY.)

a while mealiness: corolla pale lilac with a yellow eye. — Shores of Lakes St.
Clair and Huron ; also Mount Kineo, Maine {A. H. Smith), and northward.
June, July. — Sciipc 3' -10' lii;.^h. (Eu.)

2. P, Mistassinica, jNIichx. Leaves spatulatc or wedge-oblong, thin and
veiny, not mealy; involucre 1-8-flowcred; lobes of the flesh-colored corolla
broadly and deeply obeordate. — Shores of the Upper Lakes : also Crooked Lake
(Utirtirell) and Annsville, Oneida County, New York (Knicskern and Vasey),
Wilioughby Mountain, Vermont (Wood, Sfc), and northward. May. — A
pretty species, 2' -6' high. (Eu.)

2. ANDROSACE, Tourn. Androsace.

Calyx 5-cleft ; the tube short. Corolla salver-shaped or funnel-form ; the tube
shorter than the calyx, contracted at the throHt; the limb 5-parted. Stamens
and style included. Tod 5-valved. — Small herbs, with clustered root-leaves,
and very small solitary or unibellcd flowers. (An ancient and obscure name,
thought by Linnaeus to be formed of at8poy, of man, and o-fiKOf, a shield.)

1. A. OCCidentalis, Pursh. Smoothish annual; scapes diff'use (2' -4'
high), many-flowered ; leaves and leaflets of the involucre oblong-ovate, entire,
sessile ; calyx-lobes leafy, triangular-lanceolate, longer than the (white) corolla.
— Bare hills on the Mississippi, Illinois, and northwestward.

3. DODECATHEON, L. American Cowslip.

Calyx deeply .'i-cleft ; the divisions lanceolate, reflexed. Corolla with a very
short tube, a thickened throat, and a .5-partcd reflexed limb ; the divisions long
and narrow. Filaments short, monadelphous at the base : anthers long and
linear, approximate in a slender cone. — Perennial smooth herb, with fibrous
roots, a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves, and a simple naked scape, involu-
cratc with small bracts at the summit, bearing an ample umbel of showy flowers,
nodding on slender peduncles. Corolla rose-color, or sometimes white. (Name
fancifully assumed from ScoSfKu, twelve, and 6eoi, gods.)

1 . D. Me^dia, L. — Kich woods, Pennsylvania and Maryland to Wiscon-
sin, and southwcstward. May, June. — Very handsome in cultivation. In the
West called Siiooting-Star.

4. TRIENTALIS, L. Ciiickweed-Wintekgreen.

Calyx mostly 7-parted; the divisions linear-lanceolate, pointed. Corolla
mostly 7-parted, spreading, flat, without any tube. Filaments slender, united in
a ring at the base : anthers oblong, rcvolutc after flowering. Pod fcw-sccdcd. —
Low and smooth perennials, with simple erect stems, bearing a few alternate
usually minute and scale-like leaves below, and a whorl of thin veiny leaves at
the summit. Peduncles one or more, very slender, bearing a delicate white and
star shaped flower. (A Latin name, meaning the third part of a foot, alluding
to the heijrht of the plant.)

1. T. Americana, Pursh. (Star-flower.) Leaves elongated-lanceo-
late, tapering to both ends ; petals fiiiely pointed. — Damp cold woods : common
northward, and southward in the mountains. May.

• PRIMULACK^. (primrose FAMILY.) 315

6. LYSIMACHIA, Tourn. Looskstrife.

Calyx 5- (nurly C-7-) juirtcd. Corolla wlieel-sliapcd, 5- (or 6-7-) parted,
or even of as many separate petals. Stamens as many. I'od globose, .5-10-
valvcd, few - many-seeded. — Leafy-stemmed perennials, with mo.stly yellow
flowers, either axillary or in a terminal raeeme. (Named in honor of King
Lysimac/tun, or from Xvcris, a rdaisefiom, fidx']^ ulrl/e.)

§ 1. NAUMBCRGIA, Moeneh. Daves opjwslte, sessile, minutelij glandulnr-dotled :
jvirts oflhefloutr not ranlij 6, sometimes 7 ; the narrow petals a/most or f/iiitc
distinct, and with an interposed small tooth, spriukkd with purplish dots: jilamcnts
slender, distinct, equal : anthers short : pod few-seeded.

1. L. thyrsiflbra, L. (Tufted Loosestrife.) Smooth; stem .simple
(l°-2° hij:li) ; lower leaves redueed to scales, the rest lanceolate, the axils of
one or two pair.s. of the middle ones hearing a short-jjcduncled head-like or sjjike-
likc elnster of light yellow small flowers; divisions of the eorolhi lance-linear.
(Xaumhurgia thyrsiflora, luichenb., and Ed. 2.) — Cold wet swamjjs, from Tenn.
northward. June, July. (Kn.)

§ 2. TRIDYNLV, Kaf Leaves opposite or whorled, sessile, dotted: calyx and
golden-i/ellow corolla streaked trith dark lines : Jilaments mosllij nnerjual, jilainli/
monadclphous at the base, tcilh no interposed sterile ones : anthers short : poil 5-
Vdlvcd, riprnimi onli/ 2 - .5 sn-ds.

2. L. Stricta, Alt. Smootii, at length branched, very leafy; leaves opiiosite.
or rarely alternate, lanceolate, acute at each end ; flowers on slender pedicels in
a lonrj raceme (,')'- 12'), which is leafy at the base; or, in var. producta, leafy
for fully half its length : lobes of the corolla lance-oblong. — Low grounds : com-
mon. June -Aug. — Stems l^-l^ high, often bearing oblong or monihform
bulbiets in tlie axils.

3. L. quadrifolia, L. Somewhat hairy; stem simple (l°-2° high);
leaves ivhorkd in lours or flves (rarely in threes or sixes) ovate-lanceolate; flow-
ers on long capillary peduncles y/o/« the axils of the leaves; lobes of the corolla
ovate-oblong. — Moist or sandy soil : common. June. — A variety has the
leaves varying to opposite and partly alternate, some of the upper reducL'd to
bracts shorter than tlie peduncles. Near New York, Washington, &c.

§ 3. STEIRONEMA, Raf. Leaves opposite, no! doited, (jltdiroiis, mostlij dilate at
the base : flowers noddinij on slender peduncles from the axils of the upper leaves :
corolla light yellow, not streaked nor dotted ; the lol>es broadly ovate, fm'nted, trith
undulate or denticulate margins, little exceeding the sepals: flJamenls nearly equal,
scarcely momulclphous, with the rudiments of a sterile set interpnsid at the bnsi' in
the form of slender teeth or processes: anthers linear, at length curved: pod '> - 10-
valred, or bursting irregularly, 1 0 - 20-sefded.

4. L. Ciliilta, L. Stem erect (20-.'}0 high); leaves lanceolate-ovate (.T-f.'
.ong), tapering to an acute point, rnu»ded or heartsha/^d at the base, all on long
iind fringed petioles; corolla longer than the calyx. — Low ground and thickets:
common. July.

5 L. radlcans, Hook. .S>m «/«)rfrr, .<;oon J7v//wrf, the elongated branches
jften rooting in the muil ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, mostly rounded at Uie base, on sltn-

316 rniMULACK.E. (primrose FAMILY.)-

der petioirs : corolla about the length of the calyx. — Swampy river-banks, West
Yirjriiiia [Aik'm) and southward. — Leaves and flowers nearly one halt' smaller
thnii ill the last.

0. L. lanceolata, Walt. Stem erect (W - 20' \ni;\\) ; leaves lancfohite, va-
ryiiKj to ulilonij mid to linear, nariowid into a short man/ined ]>etiole or tapering base,
or the lowest short and broad on long petioles. — Var. iiybuida is merely the
broader-leaved form. Var. angi'stifolia (L. angustifolia, Dim.) is a slender
branching form, with the ujiper leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear, and acute
at both ends. — Low grounds : not uncommon, especially westward and south-
ward. June -Aug.

7. L. longifblia, Pursh. 6"'to«<'r«-/,4-angled, slender (l°-3° high), often
branched below; stem-leaves sessile, tutrrotili/ linear, elonijated (2' -4' long, 2" -3"
wide), smooth and shining, rather rigid, obtuse, the margins often a little revo-
lute, the veins obscure; the lowest oblong or spatulate ; corolla (8" -9" broad)
longer than the calyx, the lobes conspicuously pointed. (L. rcvoliita, Nntt.) —
Moist soil, Western New York and Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and Illinois.
July- Sept.

§ 4. Introduced European species of true Lysimachia.

8. L. nummcl.Vria, L. (Monevwout.) Smooth; stems trailing and
creeping; leaves roundish, small, short-petiolwl ; peduncles axillary, 1 -flowered ;
divisions of the corolla broadly ovate, obtuse, longer than the lance-ovate ealyx-
lol)es and the stamens; filaments slightly monadelphous at the base. — Escaped
from gardens into damp ground in some places. July -Sept.

6. GLAUX, L. SiiA-MiLKwoRT.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft ; the lobes ovate, petiil-like. Corolla wanting. Sta-
mens ."), on the base of the calyx, alternate with its lobes. Pod ."i-valved, few-
seeded. — A low and leafy fleshy perennial, with opposite oblong and entire ses-
sile leaves, and solitary nearly sessile (purplish and white) flowers in their axils.
(An ancient (ircck name, from yXavKos, sea-(jreen.)

1. G. mai'itima, L. — Sea -shore of New England from Cape Cod north-
ward. Also beyond the Mississippi northwestward. June. (Eu.)

7. ANAGALLIS, Tourn. Pimpekxel.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, with almost no tube, .5-parted, longer
than the caly.x ; the divisions broad. Stamens b : filaments bearded. Pod
membranaceous, circumcissile, the top falling off" like a lid, many-seeded. — Low,
spreading or ])rocumbent herbs, mostly annuals, with opposite or whorled entire
leaves, and solitary flowers on axillary peduncles. (The ancient Greek name,
probably from di'ii, ar/ain, and ayiiXXw, to dili(//it in.)

1. A. AiiVKNSis, L. (Common PiMricRxici,.) Leaves ovate, sessile, shorter
than the peduncles ; petals obovate. obtuse, fringed with miiiute teeth or stalked
glands. — Waste sandy fields. June- Aug. — Flowers variable in size, scarlet,
sometimes purple, blue, or white, quickly closing at the approach of bad
weather; whence the ICnglish popular name of "Poor Man's Weatlier-ijluss."
(Nat. from Eu.)

LENTIBULACi;^.. (iJLADDKRWORT FAMILY.) 317

8. CENTUNCULUS, L. Cuaffweed.

Calyx 4-5-partcd. Corolla shorter than the ealyx, 4-5-cleft, wheel-shaped,
with an urn-shaped short ttilie, usually withering on the sununit of the pod
(whieh is like that of Aiiagallis). Stamens 4 or 5: lilaiiients beardless. —
Small annuals, with alternate entire leaves, and solitary inconspieuous flowers
in their axils. (Derivation obscure.)

1 . C. minimus, L. Stems aseending (2' - 5' long) ; leaves ovate, obovatc,
or spatulate-oblong; flowers nearly sessile, the parts mostly in fours. (C. lan-
ccolatus, Miclix.) — Low grounds, Illinois and southward. (1-u.)

9. SAMOLUS, L. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

Calyx o-eleft ; the tube adherent to the base of the ovary. Corolla somewhat
bell shaped, .'j-eleft, commonly with 5 sterile filaments in the sinuses. True
stamens 5, on the tube of the corolla, included. Pod 5-valved at the summit,
many-seeded. — Smooth herbs, with alternate entire leaves, and small white
flowers in racemes. (" According to Pliny, an ancient Druidical name.")

1. S. Valerindi, L. Stem erect (6'- 12' high), leafy ; leaves obovate;
bracts none ; bractlcts on the middle of the slender aseending pedicels ; calyx-
lobes ovate, shorter than the corolla. (Eu.)

Var. Americ^nus, Gray. More slender, becoming diffusely branched;
racemes often panidcd, the pedicels longer and spreading ; bractlets, flowers,
and pods smaller. (S. floribiindus, //. li. A'.) — Wet places : common. June-
Sept.

10. HOTTONIA, L. Featiiekfoil. Water Violet.

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions linear. Corolla salver-shaped, with a short
tube; the limb 5-parted. Stamens 5, included. Pod many-seeded, 5-valved;
the valves cohering at the base and summit. Seeds attached bv their b;ise,
anatropous. — Aquatic perennials, with the immersed leaves pectinate, and the
erect hollow flower-stems almost leafless. Flowers white or whitish, whorlcd at
the joints, forming a sort of interrupted raceme. (Named for Prof. Ilollun, a
botanist of Leyden, in the 17th century.)

1. H, infl^ta, Ell. Leaves dis.seetcd into thread-like divisions, scattered
on the floating and rooting stems, and crowded at the base of the duster of pe-
duncles, which are strongly inflated between the joints (odffu as thick as one's
finger) ; pedicels short. — Pools and ditches, New England to Kentucky, and
southward. June - Aug.

Order G5. LENTIBIIL.4CE.£. (BLADni-uwoRT Fa.mily.)

Small herbs (fjroirhif/ in water or wcl places), wilh n 2-lij>pe(l cali/x, ami a
2-lipped personate corolla, 2 stamens tcilk (con/luentli/) one-celled anthers,
and a one-celled ovary with a free central placenta, hearing several anatro-
pous seeds, wilh a thick straiijht endirf/o, and no albumen. — Corolla <leenly
2-lipped, spurred at the base in front ; the palate visually beai-ded. Ovary

318 LENTIBULACE^, (bLADDKUWORT FAMILY.)

free : style very short or none : stigma 1 - 2-lipped, the lower lip larger
and with a prominent palate. Tod often bui-sting irregularly. Scapes
1 -few-flowered. — Consists mostly of the two following genera: —

1. UTRICULARIA, L. Bladdekwort.

Lips of tlic 2-])artcd calyx entire, or nearly so. Corolla personate, the p.alate
on the lower 11]) projectin},^ often closing: the throat. Anthers eonvcri^ent. —
Aquatic and ininicrsed, with capillary di.ssectcd leaves bearing little bladders,
which are filled with air and float the plant at the time of flowering; or rooting
in the mud, and sometimes with few or no leaves or bladders. Scapes 1 - few-
flowered ; usually flowering all summer. (Name from iitriculus, a little bladder.)

* Upper leaves in a ivhoH on the otherwise naked scape, floating by means of large

bladders formed of the inflated petioles ; the lower leaves dissected and capillarij,
bearing little bladders: rootlets fow or none.

1. U. inflata, Walt. (Inflated Bladdeuwort.) Swimming free;
bladder-like imtioles oblong, pointed at the ends, and branched near the apex,
bearing (iuc thread-like divisions ; flowers .')- 10 (large, yellow) ; the appresscd
spur half the lengtli of the corolla; style distinct. — Ponds, iMaiiiu to Virginia,
and southward, near the coast.

* * Scapes naked (except some small srnli/ bracts), from immersed branching stems,

which commonlij swim free, and bear capillarij dissected- leaves furnished ivith
small air-bladders on their lobes: roots few and not affixed, or none. [Mostly
perennial, projiagated from year to year by a sort of buds.)
+- Flowers all alike, ydloiv, seveml in a raceme: pedicels nodding in fruit.

2. U. vulgaris, L. (Greater Bladderwort.) Immersed stems (1°-
3° long) crowded ivith 2-3-pinnittfly many-parted capillary leaves, bearing many
bladders; scapes 5 - 12-flowered (6' -12' long) ; corolla closed (6"- 9" broad, the
sides reflexcd ; spur conical, rather shorter than the lower lip, thick and blunt
in the European and the high northern plant; in the common Var. Americ.Vna
(U. macrorluza, LeContc), less thick and rather acute. — Common in ponds and
slow streams. (Eu.)

3. U. minor, L. (Smaller B.) Leaves scattered on the thread-like im-
mersed stems, 2-4 times /w/ar/, short ; scapes weak, 2 - 8-flowcred (3' - 7' high ) ;
upper lip of the gapgtg corolla not longer than the depressed ])ahite : spur very short
and blunt, or almost none. — Shallow water, Rhode Island to Illinois and north-
ward. — Corolla 2" - 3" broad. (Eu. )

•*- -t- Flowers of 2 sorts ; viz. the usual .'<ort (3- 7) in a raceme, their pedicels ascend-
ing, the corolla yellow ; and more fertile ones solitary and sraltertd along the hafy
Stems, on short .soon refle.red pednnrb s, fruiting in the bud, the roiolla. minute and
never expanding.

4. U. clandestina, Nutt. Leaves numerous on the slender immersed
stems, several times forked, capillary, copiously bladder-bearing ; scapes slen-
der (3'-.')' high) ; lips of the corolla nearly equal in length, the lower broader
and 3-lobed, somewhat longer than the ajjproximatc thick and blunt sj)ur. —
Ponds, E. New England, W. New York, and New Jersey.

LENTIBULACE^., (bLADDERWORT FAMILY.) 319

•*-■*-■*- Flowers all alike, few (1 -5) : pedicels erect in fruit.
** Corolla yellow : scape and pedicels jili/brni : sjjitr ascendini/ or horizontal.

5. U. intermedia, Ilayne. Lmves crowdcil oil tlic immersed stems,
'Z-rauk<d, 4-:') times furLid, ri</ id ; tlie divisions linciir-iiwl-shnpcd, minutely
bristic-tootiied along the margins, not bladder-beuriiu/, the bladders being on sep-
arate leiifless branches ; upptr lip of (he corulla much longer than the palate ; spur
conical -diloiuj, acute, oppressed to the very l,road (6" - 8") lower lip and nearly as lontj
as it. — SJiullow pools, New England and New Jersey to Ohio, Wiseonsin, and
florthward. — Leafy stems 3' - 6' long. Scapes 3' - 7' high. (En.)

6. U. striata, LeConte. Leaves crowded or whorled on the small im-
mersed stems, several times forked, capillary, hiadder-hearinej ; flowers 2-5 (6"
broad), on long pedicels ; lips of the corolla nearly equal, broad and expanded ;
the upper undulate, concave, plaited-striatc in the middle; spur neeirly linear,
obtuse, approaching and almost equalling the lower lip. — Shallow pools in pine bar-
rens, Long Island, New Jersey, and southward. — Scape 8'- 12' high.

7. U. bifl6ra, Lam. Scape (2' -5' high) I -Sflowered, at the base bear-
ing soniL-wliat elongated submersed branches with caj)illary root-like leaves and
numerous bladders ; spur oblong, erjuulling the lower lip ; seeds scale-shaped ; other-
wise resembles the next. — Shallow water, Illinois and southward.

8. U. gibba, L. Scape (1 '-3' high), \ -2flowered, »\. the base furnished
with very slender short branches, bearing sparingly dissected capillary root-like
ieaves and scattered bladders ; lips of the corolla broad and rounded, nearly
equal; the /o!f«- with the sides reflexed (^''-S" long), cj-acf//m/ the very thick
and blunt coniced gibbous spur. — Shallow water, Vii'ginia to Massachusetts, N.
New York and N. Illinois.

■>-<- ++ Corolla violet-purple.
0. U. purptirea, "Walt. ? Leaves whorled along the long immersed free
floating stems, jietiuled, decompound, capillary, bearing many bladders; flowers
2-4 (G" wide) ; spur a]ipressed to the 3-lobcd 2-saccate lower li|) of the corolla
and about half its length. (U. saccata, LeConte.) — Ponds, Maine to Virginia,
and southward. — Scape 3'-G' high, not scaly below.

* * * Scape solitary, slender and naked, or with a fexo small scales, the base rooting
in the mud or soil : leaves snudl, awl-shaped or gia.is-like, often raised out of the
tcater, commonly few or fugacious: air-blaelders few on the leaves or rootlets, or
commonly none.

■*- Flower purple, solitary: leaves bearing a few delicate lobes.

10. U. resupin^ta, Greene. Scape (2'-8'high) 2-bracted above; leaves
thread-like, on delicate creeping branches ; corolla (4"- 5" long) deeply 2-i>arted ;
.vpur oblong-conical, very obtuse, shorter than the dilated lower lip and remote
from it. l>olh ascending, the flower resting transver.-icly on the summit of the scape-
— Sandy margins of ponds, E. Maine to Rhode Island.

■*- ■»- Flenvers 2-10, {chiefly) yellow: leaves entire, rarely .sent.

11. U. COrndta, .Mlchx. Stem strict (;5'-l° high), 2 - lO-flowercd ; /W-
icels not longer than the califx; lowir lip of the corolla large and helnut-shapfd, its
centre very convex and ](rojeeting, while the sides are strongly rellexed ; upper
lip obovato and much smaller ; spur awl-sliaped, turned downward and outward.

320 BIGNONIACE^.. (bIGXONIA FAMILY.)

about as long as the lower lip. — Peat-bogs, or sandy swamps : common both
northward and southward. — Flowers close together, large.

12. U. SUbulita, L. Stem capillary (3' -5' high); pedicels rapilhry ;
lower lip of the roiolla Jlut or with its margins recurved, eqmdly 3-M>ed, much
larger thim the ovate upper one ; spur oblumj, acute, straight, oppressed to the
lower lip, which it nearly equals in length. — Sandy swamps, pine-barrens of
Kew Jersey, Virginia, and southward. June. — Corolla 2" -4" broad.

U. — Walter characterizes his IJ. purpurea as with " Jlorilms pnrvis."
Elliott mentions that he once saw, near Savannah, a small terrestrial species,
like U. subulata, but purple-flowered, which he took for Walter's plant. Mr. J.
A. Paine, Jr. found in the pine barrens of New Jersey, in Sept., 18G6, a few
minute specimens of this sort, with " faint pink-purple corolla, not larger than
a pin's head." It is left for further investigation.

2. PINGUiCULA, L. Butterwort.

Upper lip of the calyx 3-clcft, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with an open hairy
or spotted palate. — Small and stcmless perennials, growing on damp rocks,
with 1 -flowered scape.<i, and broad and entire leaves, all clustered at the root,
soft-fleshy, mostly greasy to the touch (whence the name, from pinguis, fat).

1 . P. vulgaris, L. Leaves ovate or elliptical ; scape and calyx a little
pubescent ; lips of the violet corolla very unequal, the tube funnel-form ; spur
straightish. — Wet rocks, W. New York to Lake Superior, and northward.
July. (Eu.)

Order GG. BIGNONIACEiE. (Bignoxia Family.)

Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, monopetalous, didynamous or dian-
drous, with the ocary commonly 2-celled by the meeting of the two parietal
placenlce or of a projection from them, many-seeded : the large seeds with a
flat embryo and no albumen. — Calyx 2-lipped, 5-cleft, or entire. Corolla
tubular or bell-shaped, 5-lobed, somewhat irregular or 2-lij)ped, deciduous;
the lower lobe largest. Stamens inserted on the corolla ; the fii'th or pos-
terior one, and sometimes the shorter pair also, sterile or rudimentary :
anthers of 2 diverging cells. Ovary free, bearing a long style, with a
2-lipped stigma. — Leaves compound or simple, opposite, rarely alternate.
Flowers large and showy, — Chiefly a tropical family : to which are ap-
pended several outlying groups, such as the I^kdalinEvE, represented
by Marty nia, &c.

• Woody plants, with do' pods. Seeds transverse, very flat, winged ; the broad and leaf-lili«

cotyle<lons notched at both ends.

1. Bignonia. Pod flattened iiaralKl with the jiartition. Leaves compound, tendril-be.iring.

2. Tecoina. Pod flattish contrary to the partition. Leaves compound, without tendrils.

3. Catalpa. Pod as in No. 2. Fertile stamens only 2. Trees: leaves simple.

* « Herbs. Fruit fleshy outside, woody within. Seeds attached by one cud, not winged ; tba

cotyledons thick and entire.

4. Alartyuia. Fertile Elamens 2 or 4. Corolla bell-shaped o-lobed. Fruit beaked.

#

BIGNONIACK.Ii. (I'.IGNOMA FAMILY.) 321

1. BIGNONIA, Toiirn. Biononia.

Calyx truncate, or slijL;litly 5-t()()tliC(l. Corolla somewhat lu'll-shnpcd, S-lobcd
and rather 2-li])pe(l. Stamens 4, often showing a rudiment of the fifth. Tod
2-celled, flattened parallel with the valves and partition. Seeds transversely
winged. — Woody elinihers, with chieHy cuinpoiind leaves, terminating in a ten-
dril. (Named for the Ahhe Biiinon.)

1. B- capreol^ta, I> Smooth ; leaves of 2 ovate or oblong leaflets and a
braneheil tendril, often wiili a jjair of accessory leaves in the a.xil resembling
stipules; peduncles few and clustered, 1-flowered. — Rich soil, Virginia to S.
Illinois and southward. April. — Stems climbing tall trees ; a transverse sec-
tion of the wood showing a cross. Corolla orange, 2' long. Pod 6' long. Seeds
with the wing 1^' long.

2. TECOMA, Juss. TRuj^ET-FLowEn.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla funncl-forra, 5-lobcd, a little irregular.
Stamens 4. Pod 2-ceiled, the jjartition contrary to the convex valves. Seeds
transversely winged. — Woody climbers, with compound leaves. (Abridged from
the Mexican name.)

1. T. radicans, Juss. (Trumpet Creeper.) Climbing by rootlets;
leaves pinnate ; leaflets .5-11, ovate, pointed, toothed; flowers corymbcd ; sta-
mens not protruded beyond the tubular-funnel-form corolla. (IJignonia radi-
cans, Z,.) — Rich soil, Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward; but cultivated
farther north. July - Sept. — Corolla 2' -3' long, orange and scarlet, showy.

3. CATALPA, Scop., Walt. C.vtalpa. Ixdi an Bean.

Calyx deeply 2-lipped. Corolla bell-shaped, sAvclling ; the undulate 5-lobcd
spreading border irregular and 2-Iipi)ed. Fertile stamens 2, or .sometimes 4;
the 1 or 3 others sterile and rudimentary. Pod very long and slender, nearly
cylindrical, 2-cclled ; the ])artition contrary to the valves. Seeds winged on
each side, the wings cut into a fringe. (The aboriginrtl name.)

1. C. bignonioides, Walt. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, downy be-
neath ; Howers in open coin])ound panicles. — S. Illinois ? and southward. Cul-
tivated in the Northern States : a well-known ornamental tree, with large leaves,
and showy Howers, which are white, .slightly tinged with violet, and dotted with
purple and yellow in the throat, appearing in July. Pods hanging till the next
spring, often I*' long.

4. MARTYNIA, L. U.vironN-pi.AXT.

Calyx .5-cleft, mostly unequal. Corolla gibbous, bell-shaped, 5-Iobcd and
somewhat 2-lipped Fertile stamens 4. or only 2. I'od fleshy, the flesh at length
falling away in 2 valves ; the inner j)art woody, terminated by a beak, which at
length sjjlits into 2 hooked horns, and opens at the apex k'tween the horns,
imperfectly 5-celled, owing to the divergence of the two plates of each of the two
partitions or i)laeenta;, leaving a space in the centre, while by reaching and co-
hering with the walls of the fruit they form 4 other cells. Seeds several, wing-
21

322 OROBANCIIACK.E. (bUOOM-RAPK FAMILY.)

less, with a thickened and roughened coal. — Low hrancliing annuals, clammy-
pubcsccnt, exlialing a heavy odor : .stems thickish : leaves .simple, rounded.
Flowers raceiiK'd, large. ( Dedicated to Prof. John Martyu, of Caml)ridge.)

1. M. proboseidea, Glo.x. Leaves heart-shaped, oblique, entire, or un-
dulate, the upper alternate; corolla dull white or purplish, or spotted with yel-
low and ])urple ; endocarp of the fruit crested on one side, long-beaked. — Banks
of the Mississippi in S. Illinois (probaldy indigenous) and southwestward. Also
common in gardens. July -Oct.

Ordkr G7. OROBANCUACEiE. (Broom-rape Family.)

Herbs destitute of green foliage (root-parasites) monopetalous, didi/na-
mous, the ovary one-celled uuth 2 or 4 parietal placentce; pod very inany-
secded: seeds minute, with albumen^ and a very minute embryo. — Ca!y.K
persistent, 4 - 5-toothed or parted. Corolla tubular, more or less 2-lipped,
ringent, persistent and withering; the upper lip entire or 2-lobed, the low-
er 3-lobed. Stamens 4, dldyiiamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla:
anthers 2-celled, persistent. Ovary free, ovoid, pointed with a long style
which is curved at the apex : stigma large. Pod 1-celled, 2'Valved ; the
valves each bearing on tlieir face one placenta or a pair. Seeds very nu-
merous, minute, anatropous, the minute embryo at the base of transparent
albumen. — Low, thick or lleshy herbs, bearing scales in place of leaves,
lurid yellowish or brownish throughout. Flowers solitary or spiked.

* Flowers of two sorts : stems branching.

1. EpipUeff us. Upper flowers sterile, with a tubular corolla ; the lower fertile, with the

corolla miuute and not expanding. Bracts inconspicuous.

# * Flowers all alike and perfect: stems mostly simple.

2. C on o pi) oils. Flowers spiked. Calyx with 2 bractlets, and split on the lower side. Sta-

mens protruded. Corolla 2-Iipped.

3. Pheliprca. Flowers spiked or panicled. Calyx with 2 bractlcts, and regularly 5-cleft.

Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens included.

4. Aphylloii. Flowers solitary, without bractlets. Calyx regularly 5-cleft. Corolla with

the border almost equally 5-lobed. Stamens included.

1. EPIPHEGUS, Nutt. BcEcn-DROPS. Caxcer-root.

Flowers racemose or spiked, scattered on the branches ; the upper sterile, with
a long tuliular corolla and long filaments and style ; the lower fertile, with a very
short corolla which seldom opens, l)Ut is forced off from the base i)y the growth
of the pod : the stamens and style very short. Calyx 5-toothcd. Stigma capi-
tate, a little 2-lobed. Pod 2-valved at the apex, with 2 approximate jdaccntaj
on each valve. — Herbs slender, purplish or yellowish-brown, much branched,
with small and scattered scales, 6' -12' high. (Name composed of eVi, upon,
and (firjyik, the Bez-rh, because it grows on the roots of that tree.)

1. E. Virginiana, Bart. (E. Americimus, Niitt.) — Common under
Beech-trees, parasitic on their roots. Aug. -Oct. — Corolla of the upj^er (ster-
ile) flowers whitish and purple, 6" - 8" long, curved, 4-toothed.

onoBANCiiACK^. (bkoom-rapk KAMILY.) 323

2. CONOPHOLIS, Wallruth. Sqiaw-root. Ca.vcer-root.

Flowers in a tliick sciily spike, perfect, with 2 bractlets at the base of the irre<^-
nlarl y 4 - 5-tootlieil calyx; its tube sjjlit down on the lower side. Corolla tubu-
lar, swollen at the base, strongly 2-lii)ped ; the u])per lip arehed, notehed at the
summit ; the lower shorter, .'}-parted, spreading. Stamens ])rotruded. Stijrma
depressed. Pod with 4 placenta', a pair on tiie middle of each valve. — Upper
scales forming bracts to the Howers ; the lower covering each other in regular
order, not unlike those of a fir-couc (whence the name, from kwi/os, a cone, and
\})ai\is, a scale.)

1. C. Americana, Wallroth. (OrobiincheAmcricana,Z.) — Oak woods:
not rare, growing in clusters among fallen leaves. May, June. — A singular
plant, chestnut-colored or yellowish throughout, as thick as a man's thumb, 3'-
6' long, covered witli scales, which are at first fleshy, then dry and hard.

3. PHELIP^A, Tourn. Broom-k.\pe.

Flowers perfect, crowded in a spike, raceme, or clustered panicle, with a pair
of bractlets at the base of the regular 4 - 5-cleft calyx. Corolla 2-lipped ; the
upper lip 2-lobed or notched ; the lower 3-parted. Stamens included. Ovary
with a gland at the base on the upper side. Tod with 4 jilaccntre, two on the
middle of each valve. — Stems rather thick, scaly. (Named for L. rj- ./. P/uli-
peaux, patrons of science in the time of Tourncfort.)

1. P. LudOViciana, Don. Glandular-pubescent, branched (3'- 12' high) ;
the flowers spiked in close clusters; corolla somewhat curved, twice the length
of the narrow lanceolate calyx-lobes; the lips equal in length. — Illinois (E.
Hall) and westward. Oct.

4. APHYLLON, Mitchell. Naked Broom-r.u'e.

Flowers perfect, solitary on long naked scapes or peduncles, without bractlets.
Calyx 5-clcft, regular. Corolla with a long curved tube and a spreading bor-
der, somewhat 2-lipped; the upper lij) deeply 2-cleft, its lobes similar to the 3
of the lower lip.. Stamens included. Stigma broadly 2-lippcd. Capsule with
4 equidistant placentae, 2 borne on each valve half-way between the midrib and
the margin. Plants brownish or yellowish. Flowers (purplish) and scaj)cs
minutely glandular-pubescent. (Name from a privative and (f)vX\ov, foliuije,
alluding to the naked stalks.) — Perhaps rather a section of Phclipa'a.

1. A. uniflbrum, Torr. & Gr. (Oxe-floweued C.axcer-root.) Slem
suhUrnini'on or VKirli/ so, verij short, scaly, often branched, each branch sending
up 1 -3 slender one-flowered scapes (3'- .5' high) ; divisions of the calyx hnce-
awl-shajml, half the length of the corolla. (Orobanche uniflora, L.) — Woods :
not rare. April, May. — Corolla 1' long, with 2 yellow bearded folds in the
throat, the lobes obovatc.

2. A. fasciculitum, Torr. & Gr. Saih/ stem erect and risitir/ 3' - 4' out
of the f/roiinil, mostly lunger than the crowded peduncles; dirisions of the calijx
triuii(/ii/tir, viifji iniirh slioilir than the corolla, which has rounded short lobes.
(Orobanche fascicuhita, A'»/^) — Islands in Luke Michigan (Engelmann), N.
Illinois ( Vasey), and northwestward. May.

324 SCROPIILLARIACK.E. (fIGWOUT FAMILY.)

Ordkr G8. SC'ROPIIULARIACE.E. (Fiowout Family.)

ChieJJy herbs {rarehj trees), ivitli d'uhjmimnus or diandrous (or very rarely
5 perfect) sffnnens inserted on the tube of the 2-lipped or more or less irregu-
lar corolla, the lobes of which are imbricated in the bud: fruit a 2-celled and
usually many-seeded pod, icith the placentcB in the axis : seeds anatropous,
with a small embryo in copious albumen. — Style single : stigma entire or
2-lobed. Leaves and inflorescence various ; but the flowers not terminal
in any genuine representatives of the order. — A large order of bitterish,
some of them narcotic-poisonous plants : the two principal groups generally
distinguishable by the lestivation of the corolla.

I. ANTIRRIIINIDE.E. Upper lip of the corolla covering the lower in

the bud (with occasional exceptions in Mimulus, &c.). Pod usually
septicidal.
Tribe I. VERBASCE.E. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Flowers in a simple spike or
raceme. Leaves all alternate.

1. Vei-basciiin. Stamens 5, all with anthers, and 3 or all of thera with bearded filaments.
Tribe II. ANTinRlillVEiE. Corolla tubular, with a spur or sac at the base below,

the throat usuiilly with a palate. Pod opening by chinks or holes. Flowers in simple
racemes or a.\illary. Lower leaves usually opposite or wlinrled.

2. Li Italia. Corolla spurred at the base ; the palate seldom closing the tliroat.

3. Aiitirrliiiiuin. Corolla mert-ly saccate at the base ; the palate closinR the throat.
Tribe III. CIIELONEjE. Corolla tubular, or 2-lipped, not spurred nor saccate below.

Pod 2- 4-valved. Leaves opposite. Inflorescence usually compound ; the flowi-rs in small
clusters or cymes in the axils of the leaves or bracts, the clusters spiked or racemed ; or
when reduced to a single flower the peduncle 2-bracleate. Stamens 4, with mostly a rudi-
ment of the tifth.

4. Scropiiularia. Corolla inflated, globular or oblong, with four erect lobes and one

spreading one. Rudiment of the sterile stamen a scale on the upper lip.
' 5. Colliiisia. Corolla 2-cleft, the short tube saccate on the upper side ; the middle lobe of
the lower lip sac-like and enclosing the declined stiimens.

6. Ctieloiie. Corolla tubular, inflated above. Sterile stamen shorter than the others.

Anthers very woolly. Seeds winged.

7. Peiitstenion. Corolla tubular. Sterile stamen about as long as the rest. Seeds wingless.
Tribe IV. GRATIOLEiE. Corolla tubular, not saccate nor spurred. Vod 2-valved.

Iiillurcsccnco simple ; the flowers being single in the a.\il of the bracts or leaves, the pe-
duncles bractless. Leaves all or the lower ones opposite. No rudiment of a fifth stamen.
* Stamens 4, all antlier-bearing and similar.

8. Itliinnlus. Caly.i prismatic, 5-angled, 6 toothed. Corolla elongated.

9. CoiKibeu. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions equal. Corolla short. •

10. Herpestis. Calyx 5-parted, unequal, the upper division largest. Corolla short.

* » Anther-bearing stamens 2 : usually also a pair of sterile filaments.

II. Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile pair short or none.

12. Ilysaiillies. Calyx 5-parted. Stamens included ; the sterile filaments protruded.

11. RIIINANTIIIDE.E. Under lip or the lateral lobes of the corolla

covering tiie upper in the bud. Pod commonly loculicidal.
Tribe V. SIBTHORPIK^, VEROIVICE^, &c. Corolla wheel-shaped, salver-
shapeil, or bell-shaped. Suimens 2 or 4, not approaching each other in pairs nor strongly
diilynamous -. anthers 2-celled.

SCROPHULARIACEJE. (fIOWORT FAMILY.) 325

13. Mlcrnikthemnin. Calyx 4-tooth<?<l or cleft. U)>i)er lip of corolla short or none. Sta-
mens 'Z, anterior : liliinieiits with an iiiipeiiiliigc. Leaves o|>|>o8it<'. Flowers axillary.

14 L.iiiio8elIn. Calyx 5-toothe(l. Corolla oih;h bell-shaped, .Vcleft, nearly regular. Sta-
mens 4. Leaves alternate or fascicled, fleshy. Flowers axillary.

15. Syiitliyrla. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla bell-shapeil, 2-4-lobed, irregular. Stamens 2
or 4. Leaves alternate. Flowers raceuie.1.

10. Veronica. Calyx 4- (rarely 3-5-) parted. Corolla wheel-shaped or salver-shaped,
almost regular. Stamens 2. Leaves chiefly opposite or whorled. Flowers racemed.

Tribe VI. BDCIINEREjE. Corolla salver-shaped. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs :
anthers l-celled. I ppcr leaves alternate. Flowers in a spike.

17. Biicliiiera. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Limb of the elongated corolla 5-clert.

Tribe VII. GEUAR1}IK;E. Corolla inflated or tubular, with a spreading and slightly
unequal 5-lobed liiiil>. Stamens 4, approximate in pairs : anthers 2-celled. Leaves oppo
site, or the uppermost alternate.

18. Seymeria. Stamens nearly equal. Tube of the corolla broad, not longer than the lobes.

19. Gerard in. Stamens strongly unequal, included.

Tribe VIII. EVPHIl ASlE.iE. Corolla tubular, 2-lipi)ed ; the upper lip narrow,
erect or arched, enclosing the 4 usually strongly didyuamous stiimens.

« Anther-cells uuequal and separated. Pod many-seeded.

20. Castilleiu. Calyx tubular, cleft down the lower, and often also on the upper, side.

« * Anther-Cells equal. Pod many -several-seeded.

21. Sclfivalbea. Calyx 5-toothed, very oblique, the upper tooth much the smallest.

22. Euphrasia. Calyx 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla 2-lobed. Pod oblong.

23. Rliliiaiitbus. Calyx inflated, ovate. Pod orbicular : seeds winged.

24. Pedicularis. Calyx not inflated. Pod ovate or sword-shaped : seeds wingless.

• * * Anthcr-ccUs equal. Pod 1-4-secdod.

25. Melampyrnin. Calyx 4-cleft. Ovary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Pod flat, oblique.

1. VERBASCUM, L. Mlllkin.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-lobcd, open or concave, Avhecl-shapcd ; the lobes
broad and rounded, a little unctiual. Stamens •') ; all the lilainents, or the 3
upper, woolly. Style flattened at. the apex. Pod globular, many-seeded. —
Tall and usually woolly biennial herbs, with alternate leaves, those of tlie stem
sessile or decurrciit. Flowers in large terminal racemes, ephemeral ; in sum-
mer. (The ancient Latin name, altered from Barbasmm.)

1. V. Tii.vi'Sis, L. ((^OMMON MiTLLEiN.) Denselij icoolly tliiouijhout ; sstcm
tall Olid stout, siiiijile, winged J)y the deciirrcnt bases of the oblong acute leaves ;
Jlowers (yellow, very rarely white) in a proloncjed and reiji dense cijlindriail sjiilce;
lower stamens usually beardless. — Fields, &c. : common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. V. BlattXria, L. (Moth M.) Green and smoolhisli, slender ; lower
leaves j)etioled, oblong, doubly serrate, sometimes lyre-shaj)ed, tiie upper partly
clasping; raceme loose; filaments all bearded with violet wool. — Roadsides:
not rare eastward. Corolla either yellow, or white with a tinge of purple.
(Nat. from Eu.)

3. V. LychnItis, L. (Wiiiti; M.) Clotlied in'ih a thin jioinlen/ iroolllness ;
stem and branches angled above; leaves ovate, acute, not decurreiit, greenish
above; flom-rs (yellow, rarely whiti«) in a fii/ramidal fianirfe ; filaments with
whitish wool. — Waste places, Penn. to New York : rare: hybridizes spontane-
ously with the common Mullein. (Adv. from Eu.)

326 SCROPHULARIACE^. (FIGWORT FAMILY.)

2. LINARIA, Tourn. Toad-Flax.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla personate, with the prominent palate often nearly
closinj,' the tinoat, spurred at the Itase on the lower side. Stamens 4. Pud
thin, opening below the summit by one or two pores or chinks. Seeds many.

— Herbs, with at least all the upper leaves alternate : fl. in summer. (Name
from Liiium, the Flax, which the leaves of some species resemble.)

* Leaves sessile, narrow : plant (jhihroiis, erect, leafij.

1. L, Canadensis, Spreng. (Wild Toad-Flax.) Slender annual or
biennial, mostli/ simple, with scattered linear leaves ; those from prostrate shoots
oblong, crowded, and mostly opposite or whorled ; Jlowcrs blue (very small), in
a slender raceme, short-pedieelled ; spur thread-shaped (occasionally wanting).

— Sandy soil : common.

2. L. vulg.Vris, Mill. (Toad-Flax. Blttek-and-eggs. Ramsted.)
Perennial, pale (l°-3° high); leaves alternate, crowded, hnear or lanceolate,
SLCVLiiih ; flowers crowded in a dense raceme, i/d low (I'long); spur awl-shaped;
seeds flattened and munjined. — Old fields and roadsides : common eastward, ex-
tending westward : a showy but pernicious weed. — The Pcloria state, with a
regular 5-cleft border to the corolla, 5 spurs, and 5 stamens, has been observed
in Pennsylvania by Dr. Duilintjlon. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. L. GENiSTiFOLiA, Mill. G/rtf/coKS /)eren7(H(/, paniculate-branclicd ; leaves
lanceolate, acute, often partly clasping ; flowers scattered, yellow (smaller than in
No. 2) ; seeds angled and wrinkled. — Roadsides, New York, near the city {Prof.
H. J. Clarh, Lesqitereux) . (Adv. from Eu. )

* * Leaves petioled, broad, veinij, hairi/ : stems procumbent.

4. L. ElAtine, Mill. Branching annual ; leaves alternate, ovate and hal-
berd-shaped, mostly shorter than the slender axillary peduncles ; flowers small,
yellow and purplish; sepals lanceolate, very acute. — Fields and banks, east-
ward: scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. ANTIRRHINUM, L. SxAPDnvGox.

Corolla saccate at the base, the throat closed by the large bearded palate.
Seeds oblong-truncate. Otherwise nearly as Linaria. Corolla commonly showy,
resembling the face of an animal or a mask; whence the name (from avri, in
comparison with, and piP, a snout.) Fl. summer and autumn.

1. A. OiJONTiuM, L. A small flowered annual or biennial, low, erect;
leaves lance-linear ; spike loose, leafy ; sepals longer than the purplish or white
corolla. — About gardens, and old fields in Virginia. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. A. m\.jus, L. (Large Snapdragon.) A large-flowered perennial, with
oblong smooth leaves and a glandular-downy raceme ; sepals short ; corolla 1 i' -
2' long, purple or white. — Eastward escaping from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

4. SCROPHULARIA, Tourn. Figwort.

Calyx deeply .")-cleft. Corolla with a somewhat globular tube ; the 4 upper
lobes of the short border erect (the two upper longer), the lower spreading.
Stamens 4, declined, with the anthcr-ccUs transverse and eoiiUuent into one ;

scrophulariacejE. (figwort family.) 327

the vestige of the fifth stamen forms a scale-like nuliineiit at the summit of tho
tube of the coiollii. Pod iiiiiiiy-.siednl. — Kaiik herbs, with mostly ojjpositc
leaves, and small <;ivenisli-i)iir])le or lurid Howers in loose cymes, formiii;; a ter-
minal narrow panicle. (So called because a reputed remedy for sciofala.)

1. S. UOdbsa, L. Smooth perennial (3°-4° high); stem 4-sided; leaves
ovate, oblong, or the upper lanceolate, cut-serrate, rounded or heart-shaped at
the base. (S. Marilaiidica, Z.) — Damp copses and banks. June- Aug. (Eu.)

5. COLLINSIA, Nutt. CoLMNsiA.

Calyx deeply .5-clcft. Corolla declined, with the tube saccate or bulging at
the base on the u])])er side, dcei)ly 2-lipped; the upper lip 2-cleft, its lobes
partly turned backwards ; the lower 3-clet't, its middle loi)e keeled and sac-like,
enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Fifth stamen a slender rudiment,
p. id 4 -many-seeded. — Slender branching annuals or biennials, with ojJiHjsitc
leaves, and handsome party-colored flowers in umbel-like clusters, apjjcaring
whorled in the axils of the upper leaves. (Dedicated to the late Zaccheus Collins,
of Philadelphia, an accurate botanist.)

1. C. v6rna, Nutt. Slender (6'-20' high); lower leaves ovate; the up-
per ovate-lanceolate, clasping by the heart-shaped base, toothed ; whorh aliout
6-ftoicered ; JioHfis lon<]-])eihinded ; corolla (blue and ichite) twice the length of the
caltfx. — Moist soil, W. New York to Wisconsin and Kentucky. May, June.

'.i. C. parvifl6ra, Dougl. Small; lower leaves ovate or rounded;
the up])er oblong-lanceolate, mostly entire; ichorls 2 -&- flowered ; flowers short-
peduncled; the snuiU (blue) corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx — Shore of Lake
Superior and westward.

6. CHELONE, Tomn. Tlrtle-iie.vd. Sn.\ke-iie.\d.

Calyx of 5 distinct imbricated sepals. Corolla inflated-tubular, with the
month a little open ; the upper lip broad and arched, keeled in the middle,
notched afthe apex ; the lower woolly-bearded in the throat, ;3-lobcd at the ajK-x,
the middle lobe smallest. Stamens 4, with woolly fllaments and very woolly
heart-shaped anthers ; and a tilth sterile lilament smaller than the others. Seeds
many, wing-margined. — Smooth jjcrennials, with upright branching stems, op-
posite serrate leaves, and large white or purple flowers, which are nearly sessile
in s|)ikes or clusters, and closely imbricated with round-ovate concave bracts
and bractlets. (Name from x^^^vrj, a tortoise, the corolla resembling in shape
the head of a rci)tile.)

1. C. glabra, L. Leaves very short-petioled, lanceolate or lance-oblong,
l)ointed, variable in wiiltli, &c. : the llowers wliite, rose-color, or purple. (Also
C. obluiua, L., &e.) — Wet places : common. July - Sept. — Called also Suell-
ILOWKU, Balmoxy, i«ic.

7. PENTSTEMON, Mitchell. Beaud-toxgle. Peststemox.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and more or less inflated, or bell-shaped,
cither decidedly or slightly 2-lipped ; the upper lip 2-lobed, and the lower 3-eleft.
Stamens 4, declined at the base, ascending above ; and a fifth sterile (ilament

328 SCKOPHULAUIACE^. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.)

usually as long as the others, either naked or bearded. Seeds numerous, wing-
less.— Perennials, braHched from the base, simple above, with opposite leaves,
the upper sessile and mostly clasping. Flowers mostly showy, tliyrsoid or ra-
ccmose-panieled. (Name from nivT(,Jive, and arrffiaiv, stamen; the fifth stamen
being present and eon.>;pieuous, although sterile.)

« Sterile Jilament bearded down one side: Jioioers numcioiis in a loose and somewhat
chimmi/ panicle, white or purjilish.

1. P. pub6scens, Solander. More or less pubescent (l°-3° high); stem-
leaves lanceolate from a clasping ba.se, serrate or sometimes entire ; corolla 2
h'pped, (jradiiaJli/ widened upwards, somewhat Jlatteneil i\nd one-ridged on the ujjper
side, and with 2 infolded lines on the lower which are bearded inside ; thu throat
almost closed ; lower lip rather longer than the upi)er; sterile filament densely
ycIlow-bcardcd. —Varies greatly in the foliage, sometimes nearly glabrous, when
it is P. hvvigatus, Solander, &c. — Dry banks, C^ounecticut to Wisconsin, and
southward. June -Sept.

2. P. Digitalis, Xutt. Nearly glabrous (2° -4° high); stem-leaves ob-
long- or ovate-lanceolate, clasping, serrulate or entire ; corolla ahruptli/ inflated and
almost bell-shaped from a narrow base, beardless, with the throat widely open, the
spreading lobes nearly equal ; sterile filament sparingly bearded. (Flowers more
showy than in the preceding, mostly white, over 1' long). — Rich soil, Alexan-
dria, Virginia {A. H. Curtiss), to Illinois, and southward. June -Aug.

* * Sterile filament nearly beardless, dilated and hooked at the end [rarelij wanting).

3. P. grandifl6rus, Fraser. Very smooth and glaucous; stems simple
(l°-3° hi-li) ; leaves tliicki.sh, ovate or rounded, the upper clasping ; flowers
(showy, 2' long) on short pedicels, in a long and narrow raceme rather than
])anicle; corolla oblong-bcll-shajied, almost regular, bluish or lilac-purple. —
Prairies, W. Wi.sconsin (Falls of St. Anthony, Lupham), and westward. June.

8. MIMULUS, L. Monkey-flower.

Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, .^-toothed, the upper tooth largest. Corolla tubu-
lar ; the upper lij) erect or refle.Kcd-spreading, 2-lobed ; the lower spreading, 3-
lobed. Stamens 4. Stigma 2-lippcd, the lips ovate. Seeds numerous. — Herbs,
with opf)Ositc leaves, and mostly h>mdsome flowers on solitary axillary and
bractless peduncles. (Name from /ntum, an ape, on account of the gaping corolla.)
* Erect from a perennial root, (jlohrons : leaves feather-veined : corolla violet-purple.

1. M. ringenS, L. Stem square (1°- 2° high); leavis oblong or lanceolate,
pointed, clasping by a heart-sluqied base, serrate ; pedmicles longer than the
flower ; calyx-teeth tMper-])ointed, nearly e(iual. — Wet places : common. July -
Sept. — Flower 1' - U' long, rarely white.

2. M. al^tUS, Ait. Stem somewhat winged at the angles; leai-es oblong-
ovate, tapering into ajtetiole; jjcduneles shorter than the calyx, which has very
short abruptly pointed teeth : otherwise like the last. — Low grounds, Connecti-
cut to Illinois, and southward.

* * Dijfnsflli/ spreading: hares sereral-nervrd and veinij : corolla yellow.

3. M. Jamdsii, Toit. Smooth or smoothish ; stems creeping at the base:
stem-leaves roundish or kidney-shaped, nearly sessile, equalling the peduncles;

SCROl'llLLAUlACIi^. (FIGWOKT FAMILY.) 329

calyx ovate; inflated in fruit, the ui)pcr tootli inncli tiic larj^cst. — In cool sprin{?«,
N. Miehi;ian, Witiconsin, Illinois, aniT wci^twaid. — Flovwrs small, little larger
than in the cultivated M. Jios( iiatus or Mlsk-Plant.

9. CONOBEA, Aublct. (CaprXkia, .1//V-Ax.)

Calyx 5-parted, ecpial. Up])cr lip of the corollu .'i-loKcd, the lower 3-piirted.
Stamens 4, fertile: anthers approximate. Style 2-lolie(i at tiie apex, the lobe.
wed<;e-form. Seeds numerous. — Low brancliini; herbs, with opposite leaves,
and small solitary flowers on axillary 2-bractleted peduncles. (Namcuncx-
l.lainecl.)

1. C. multifida, liontli. Ditfuscly spreadinjr, niueli branelied, minutely
pubescent, annual ; leaves petioled, i)innately parted, divisions linear-wedf^e-
shaped ; corolla (greenish-white) scarcely longer than the calyx. — River-banks,
Ohio to Illinois, and southward ; also adventive bejow Philadelphia. July- Sept.

10. HERPESTIS, Gartn. IIiiRi-KSXis.

Calyx ."j-parted ; the u])pcr division broadest, the innermost often vvvy narrow.
Upi)er lij) of the corolla entire, notched or 2-cleft ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens
4, all fertile. Style dilated or 2-lobed at the apex. Seeds numerous. — Low
herbs, with opjwsite leaves, and solitary axillary flo^vers; in summer: ours
rather succulent perennials. (Name from efJ7rr](TTr]s, (t,cn<jHii(j Oiiug, the species
being chiefly procumbent.) i

* T'^ppcr lip of the. blue corolla merely notched: Imves many -nerved.

1. H. rotundifblia, Pursh. Nearly smooth, crecming ; leaves round-ohovate,
half cUiSjumi (^' - 1 ' long) ; peduncles twice or thrice the Imrith of the calyx, the upjjcr
Bcpal ovate. — Wet places, Illinois and southward. K

2. H. amplexicaulis, Pursh. Stems hairy, cAjjing at the base ; leaves
ovate, cldspiiHj; ptdniirhs shorter than the calyx; upper semi heart-shaped. — Wet
places, New Jersey and southward. — Aromatic when bmised.

* « Corolla (bluish) almost equally b-clejl, the upper lip (M^ "l-parted: calyx 2-
bnirtid: stttmens almost equal: hares nearly ii^k'cless.

3. H. Monnidra, II. B. K. Smooth, somewhat creiMng; leaves obovate
or wedge-shai)ed. — JNIaryland and southward along the coa^^

11. GRATIOLA, L. IIej)ok-IIys1^

Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow and nearly ecjual. Uppe^ii) of the co-
rolla entire or 2-cleft, the lower 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, inclndi^knosterior;
the anterior mere sterile filaments, or wanting. Style dilated or 2-li^Bd at the
apex. Pod 4-valvcd, many-seeded. — Low herbs, mostly ])crennials, som^ppar-
cntly annuals, with opposite sessile leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered peduncles,
usually with 2 bractlets at the base of the calyx. Flowering all summer; all
inhabiting wet or damp i)laces. (Name from yralia, grace or favor, on account
of supposed excellent medicinal properties.)

§ 1. Anthers u-ith a broad connective: the cells transverse: stems mostly diffusfly
branched, or crecpiny at base, soft viscid-pubtsc&d or smooth.
L & M— 34

G30 SCROPHULARIACK^. (fIOVVOUT FAMILY.)

♦ Sterile fdameiits minute or none: corolla whitish, with the tube yellowish.

1. G. Virginicina, L. Stem cliiinii)y-pulH;rulciU above (4' -6' liigh) ;
leaves laiiccolutc, narrowed at the base, sparingly tootiied ; piduncles almost equal-
ling the leavis (i'- 1' long) ; pod ovoid (2" long). — Very eomnion.

2. G. sphaeroe^rpa. Ell. Smooth, ratlier stout (5'- 10' high); leaves
lance-ovate or oblong, tootiied; jiedunrlcs scarctly longer than the culi/x and the
large (3") glol)iilar pod. — N. Jersey to Illinois, and southward.

» ♦ Sterile filaments slender, tipped ivith a little head: leaves short (I'-l' long).

3. G. visedsa, Schwcinitz. Clummji-puhejicent or glandular; leaves ovate-
lanccniate or ollong, acute, tootiied, mostly shorter than the peduncles; corolla
whitish, ijellow within. — Kentucky and southward.

4. G. atirea, Muhl. Nearly glabrous ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-linear, entire,
equalling the peduncles; corolla golden-yellow (.J' long). — Sandy swamps, N.
Vermont and New Hampshire to Virginia, and southward.

§ 2. Anthers with no broad connective; the cells vertical: hairy plants, with erect rigid
and more simple stems, from an apparently annual rout : sterile Jiluntents tii>ptd
with a head.

5. G. pil6sa, Michx. Leaves ovate or oblong, sparingly toothed, sessile
(4' long) ; flowers nearly sessile; corolla white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. —
Low ground, Camden Co., New Jersey ( C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), JMaryhmd,
and southward.

12. ILYSANTHES, Raf. (Lindernia, Muhl.)

Calyx 5-parted, nearly e(pial. Upper lip of the corolla short, erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower larger and spreading, .3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, included, posterior ;
the anterior pair sterile, inserted in the throat of the corolla, 2-lobed, without
anthers ; one of the lobes glandular ; the other smooth, usually short and tooth-
like. Style 2-lipped at the apex. Pod ovate or oblong, many-seeded. — Small
and smooth annuals, with opposite leaves, and small axillary (purplish) flowers,
or the upper raceined, produced all summer. (Name from i\vs, mud, or mire,
and ("tvdos, Jlowtr.)

1. I. gratioloides, Benth. (False Pimpernel ) Much branched, dif-
fusely spreading (4' -8' high); leaves ovate, rounded, or oblong, sparingly
toothed or entire, the upper partly clasping. (Capraria gratioloides, L. Lin-
dernia dilatata, & L. attenulita, Muhl.) — Wet places : common.

13. MICRANTHEMUM, Michx. (Including IIemiaxtiius, Nutt.)

Calyx 4-lobcd or 4- (rarely 5-) parted. Corolla short, 2-lippcd, with the up-
per lip considerably shorter than the lower, or l-liijjied, the upper lip obsolete ;
lower lip 3-cleft, the middle lobe longest. Stamens 2, anterior, the short fila-
ment with a glandular (mostly basal) appendage : anthers 2-celled, didynious.
No sterile filaments. Style short, its apex or the stigma 2-lohcd. Pod glob-
ular, thin, with a very delicate or evanescent partition, several -many-seeded.
— Small, smooth, depressed and tufted or creeping annuals, in mud or shallow
water, with opposite and entire rounded or spatulate sessile leaves, and minute

SCROPHULARIACE^E. (fIGWOKT FAMILY.) 331

•white or purplish flowers solitary in the axils of some of the middle leaves (usu-
ally one axil florilcroiis, that of the other Iciif stirik-j. (Name formed of fiiKpos,
siiutU, and audfiiov, Jloiver.) — The section IIesiiAntiius (Irom rjfii, ha fj, and
tivOos, Jidiccr) includes the species like ours, of which there are several dis-
covereil by C. Wri;,'ht in Culm, havin;; the upper lip of the corolla very short
or obsolete, and mostly slender or subulate stij^^uias.

1. M. Nutt^Uii. (Ilcmiantlnis micranthcmoidcs, Nittt.) Branches as-
cendiuj;, \' -'2' high; leaves obovate-spatulatc or oval; peduncles at length
recurved, about the length of the calyx, which is bell-shaped, 4-toothed and
usually split down on one side, in fruit becoming pear-shaped ; middle lobe of
the corolla linear-oblong, nearly twice the length of the lateral ones ; appen-
dage of the stamens nearly as long as the filament itself; stigmas subulate. —
Tidal muddy bands of the Delaware River, and southward. Aug. -Oct.

14. LIMOSELLA, L. Mldwort.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla short, widely bell-shaped, 5-cleft, nearly
regular. Stamens 4 : anthers contluently 1-eelled. Style short, club-shaped.
Pod globular, many-seeded; the partition thin and vanishing. — Small annuals,
growing in mud, usually near the sea-shore, creeping by slender runners, with-
out ascending stems ; t!;e entire fleshy leaves in dense clusters around the simple
1-flowered peduncles. Flowers small, white or purplish. (Name a diuiiimtive
oi limns, mud, in which these little plants delight to grow.)

1. L. aqu^tica, L. : var. tenuifblia, llort'm. Leaves (with no blade
distinct from tlie petiole) awl-shaped or thread-form. (L. tenuifolia, Nittt. L.
subulata. Ices.) — In brackish tidal mud, from New Jersey northward. Aug.,
Sept. —riant r-2' high. (Eu.)

15. SYNTHYRIS, Benth. Syntiivius.

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla somewhat bell-shaped, variously 2 -4-lobcd or cleft.
Stamens 2, inserted just below the sinuses on each side of the upper lobe of the
corolla, occasionally with another pair from the other sinuses, exserted : anther-
eeils not confluent into one. Style slender : stigma simple. Pod flattened,
rounded, obtuse or notched, 2-grooved. 2-cclled (rarely .3-lobed and .3-celled),
many-seeded, loculicidal ; the valves cohering below with the columella. — Per-
ennial herbs, with the simple scape-like stems beset with partly-clasping braet-
like alternate leaves, the root-leaves rounded and ))etioled, crenate. Flowers
in a raceme or sjjike, with bracted jjcdicels. (Name composed of avv, tofjfther,
and Ovpis. a lit//,- thmr : evidently in allusion to the closed valves of the pod.)

1. S. Houghtoniina, Benth. Hairy; root-leaves round-ovate, heart-
shaped; raceme spiked, dense (.">'- 12'); corolla not longer than the calyx,
usually 2-.3-parted. — High prairies and hills. Wisconsin, //wyA/o", /v//>A<imi.
Michigan, Wrif/ht. Illinois, Mcdd. May. — Corolla grceni>h-white, for tlie
most part deeply 2-parted, with the ujjper lip entire, a little hunger and narrower
than the lower, which is .3-toothed ; but occasionally 3-tiarled, with the ujiper
lip notched or 2-lobed. When there are 4 stameus the lower aie later than
the others-

332 SCROPHULAKIACE.E. (kIGWORT FAMILY.)

16. VERONICA, L. Speedwell.

Calyx 4- (rarelv .3-5-) partuil. Corolla wlicel-shapcd or salvcr-shapcd, the
border 4-iKuted (rarely 5-parto(l) ; the lateral lobes or the lower one eoinmonly
narrower than the others. Stamens 2, one caeh side of the upper lolte of the
corolla, exserted : anther-cells confluent at the apex. Style entire : sti^^ma
sinj;le. I'ud flattened, obtuse or notched at the apex, 2celled, few -many-
seeded. — Chiefly herbs : leaves mostly opposite or whorled : flowers blue, flesh-
color, or white. (Derivation doubtful; perhaps the flower oi' Si. Veronica.)
§ 1. Tall perennials, with mostly ivhorled leaves: raames terminal, dense, spiked :

bracts verij small: tube, of llie corolla lonc/er than its limb and much lonyer than

the calijx ; both sometimes b-difl. (Lepttindra, Nutt.)

1. V. Virginica, L. (Culver's-koot. Cilver's Physic.) Smooth
or rather douny ; stem simple, straight (2° -6° hi^h) ; leaves whorled in fours
to sevens, short-petioled, lanceolate, pointed, finely serrate ; spikes panicled ;
stamens much exserted. — Rich woods, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward:
often cultivated. July, Aug. — Corolla small, nearly white. Pod oblong-ovate,
not notched, opening by 4 teeth at the apex, many-seeded.

§ 2. Perennials with opposite nsuallij serrate leaves : flowers in axillary mostly oppo-
site racemes : corolla wheel-shaped (pale blue) : pod notched, many-seeded.

2. V. Anagallis, L. (Water Speedwell.) Smooth, creeping and
rooting at the base, then erect ; leaves sessile, most of them claspivy by a heart-
shaped base, ovute-lanceolale, acute, serrate or entire (2' - 3' long) ; j)cdicels spread-
ing; pod slightly uotclied. — Brooks and ditches, especially northward: rare
eastward. June -Aug. — Corolla pale blue with purple stripes. (Eu.)

3. V. Americana, Schwcinitz. (American Brooklime.) Smooth,
decumbent at th.c base, then erect (8' -15' high) ; leaves mostly petioled, ovate or
Mom], acutish, serrate, thickish, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base;
the slender pedicels spreading; pod turgid. ( V. Beccabiinga, ^mer. a«//iorA-.)
— Brooks and ditches : common. June -Aug.

§ 3. Perennials, with diffuse or ascending branches from a decumbent base : leaves
opfiosite : racemes axdiary, from alternate or sometimes opposite axils : corolla
wheel -shaped : pod strongly flattened, several-seeded.

4. V. SCUtellkta, L. (Marsh Speedwell.) 6';noor/i, slender and weak
(6'- 12' high) ; leaves sessile, linear, acute, remotely denticulate; racemes 1 or 2, very
slender and zigzag ; flowers fw and scattered, on elongated spreading or reflexed
pedicels ; pod very flat, much broader than long, notched at both ends or didy-
mous. — Bogs : common northward. June- Aug. (Eu.)

5. V. ofl&cinklis, L. (Common Speedwell.) Pubescent; stem pros-
trate, rooting at the base ; leaves short-petioled, obovate-illiptical or wedge-oblong, ob-
tuse, seiTale ; i-acemes den.iely many-flowered ; pedicels shorter than the calyx; ]iod
obovate-iriangular, broadly notched. — Dry hills and open woods. July. (Ku.)
§4. Leaves opposite : flotvirs in a terminal raceme, the lower bracts resembling the

stem-ldivis: corolla wheel-shaped : pods flat, several-seeded.
* Perennials (mostly turning blackish in drying).

6. V. alplna, L. Stem branched from the base, erect, simple (2'-G'
high) ; leaves elliptical, or the lowest rounded, entire or toothed ; nearly sessile;

SCROPIIUL.VRIACK.E. (FIGWORT FAMILY.) 333

raceme hairy , f w- flowered, eroirded ; pod ohovate, luitclicd. — Alpine summits of
the Wliitc Mountains of New Ilnmpsiiiiv. (Kii.)

7. V. serpyllifblia, L. (TiiYMK-i.KAVia) Spekdwell.) Much inanelied
at the creepinir l>:>se, »«///// amooth ; Itranclics asccndinjr and simple (2' - 4' liigli) ;
laves ovate or oh/oiii], ol)si-urely crcnatc, the lowest fietioled and rounded, tlic njiper
pas.sin,!| into lanceolate hraet.s ; raenne loose; pod rountled, broader than lon<^,
obtusely notched. — Roadsides iind (iclds ; common : introduced and indigenous.
May-July. — Corolhi whitish, or pale blue, with deeper stripes. (En.)

« # AnnuaU or hiennkds : floral leaves like those of the stem, so that tlie Jlowers
appear to be axdiary and solitary: corolla shorter than the calyx.

8. V. peregrina, L. (Neck weed. Purslane Speed well.) Neaily
smooth, erect (4' -9' liif^h), branched; lowest leaves petioled, ocal-ohloni/, toothed,
thiekish ; the others sessile, obtuse ; the upper oblong-linear and entire, longer
than the almost sessile (whitish) flowers; pod orbicular, slightly notched, many-
seeded. — Waste and cultivated grounds: common: appearing like an intro-
duced weed. April -June.

9. V. ARVEssis, L. (Corn Speedwell.) Simple or diffusely branched
(.3' -8' high), hairy ; lower leaves petioled, ovate, crenate; the uppermost sessile,
lanceolate, entire ; peduncles shorter than the calyx ; pod inversely heart-shaped,
the lobes rounded. — Cultivated grounds : rather common. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 5. Annuals or biennials [prostrate-spreading, hairy) : stem-leaves opposite [all peti-
oled), the upper alternate and bearing solitary peduncled Jlowers In their axils :
corolla tcheej-shaped : pod flat: seeds cup-shaped. Rare or local immigrants,
and only near the coast, from Massachusetts to Virginia.

10. V. AGRESTLS, L. (FiELD SPEEDWELL.) Leaves round or ovate, cre-
nate-toothcd ; the floral somewhat similar, about the length of the recurred pedun-
clis ; ealyx-loi)cs oi)long ; flower small ; ovary uiany-ovuled, but the nearly orbicu-
lar and sharply notched pod 1 - 2-seeded. — Sandy fields. (Adv. from Eu. )

11. V. BuxnAu.Mii, Tenore. Leaves round or heart-ovate, crcnatcly cut-
toothed (i'-l' long), shorter than tlw. peduncles; flower large (nearlv A' wide,
blue) ; calyx-lobes lanceolate, widely spreading in fruit ; pod olicordate- triangular,
broadly notched, 16-24-seeded. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. V. heder.ef6lia, L. (Ivy-leaved Speedwell.) Leaves rounded
or heart-shaped, 3 - 1-toothed or lobed, shorter than the peduncles ; calyx-lobes some-
what heart-shaped; flowers small; pod turgid, 2-lobed, 2-A-seedtd. — Shaded
places. April -June. (Adv. from Eu.)

17. BUCHNERA, L. Blle-IIearts.

Calyx tubular, obscurely nerved, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-form, with a
straight or curved tube, and an almost equally 5-eleft Iind) : the lobes oblong or
wedge-obovate, flat. Stamens 4, included, apjiroximatc in jiairs : anthers one-
celled (the other cell wanting). Style club-shaped and entire at the apex. Pod
2-valved, maiiy-sccdcd. — Perennial rough-hairy herbs (doubtless root-parasitie),
turning blackish in drying, with opposite leaves, or the upix'rmost alternate;
the flowers opposite in a terminal sjiike, braeti-d and with 2 Iractlcts. (Named
in honor of y. G. Buchner, un early German botanist.)

334 scnopiiULARiACE.E. (figwort family.)

1. B. Americana, L. Rough-hairy; stem wand-like (l°-2° high);
lower leaves oliovate-olilun^^ the others oblong and lanceolate, sparingly and
coarsely toothed, veiny; tiie ni)])erinost lincar-lanccolate, entire; spike inter-
rui)ted ; calyx longer than the bracts, one third the length of the deep-purplt»
corolla. — riaiiis, W. New York to WiK-onsin and southward. June- Aug.

18. SEYMEKIA, Pursh. Sey-mkuia.

Calyx bell-shaped, deeply S-cleft. Corolla with a short and l)road tube, not
longer than the 5 ovate or oblong nearly equal and spreading lobes. IStaniens
4, somewhat equal : anthers approximate by pairs, oblong, 2-cellcd ; the cells
equal and pointless. I'od nuuiy-seeded. — Erect branc^iing herbs, with the gen-
eral as])ect and character of Gerardia : leaves mostly opposite and dissected or
pinnatitid, the uppermost alternate and bract-like. Flowers yellow, interrupt-
ed! v racemed or sjjiked. (Named for IJenn/ Scymer, an English naturalist.)

1. S. macroph^lla, Nutt. (Mullein-Foxglove.) Rather pubescent
(4° -5° high) ; leaves large, the lower pinnately divided, with the broadly lan-
ceolate divisions pinnatitid and incised, the upper lanceolate ; tube of the corolla
incurved, very woolly inside, as arc the filaments except their apex; style short,
dilated and notched at the point ; pod ovate, pointed. — Shady river-banks, Ohio
to Illinois, and soutliwcstward. July.

19. GERARDIA, L. Gerardia.

Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed or 5-clcft. Corolla campanulatc-funnel-form, or
somewhat tubular, swelling above, with 5 more or less unequal spreading lobes,
the 2 upper usually rather smaller and more united. Stamens 4, strongly di-
dynamous, included, hairy : anthers approaching by pairs, 2-celled ; the cells
parallel, often pointed at the base. Style elongated, mostly enlarged and flat-
tened at the apex. Pod globular or ovate, ))ointcd, many-seeded. — Erect branch-
ing herbs (more or less root-parasitic) : stem-leaves opposite, or the upper alter-
nate, the uppermost reduced to bracts and subtending 1 -flowered peduncles,
wliich often form a raceme or spike. Flowers showy, purple or yellow ; in late
summer and autumn. (Dedicated to the celebrated hcr])alist, John Gprnrde.)
§ 1. GERARDIA proper. Cali/r-trcth shmi .- romlla purple or rose-mJnr : nnthfra
all alike, nearhi poinlless: leaves linear, entire. {Our spenex are nil hrnnrhlnrj
annuals. Tltey still need revision , in connection with those of the Southern States.)
» Peel uncles .<!horfer or moderatelfi lonqer than the cah/r: stem erect.

1. G. purptirea, I>. (Purple Gerardia.) Stem (8'-20' high) with
long and rigid widely spreading branches; leaves linear, acute, rouqh-warqined;
flowers large (I' long), bright purple, often downy; cali/r-teefh .sharp-pointed,
shorter than the tube. — Low grounds, Maine to Wisconsin and southward,
mostly towards the coast.

2. G. marltima, Rnf. (Sea-side G.) Low (4'- 12' high), with shorter
branches ; lemrs rathrr flr-fhi/ and obtuse, as are the short cali/x-teeth ; corolla ^' long.
— Salt marshes along the coast.

3. G. ^spera, Dongl. Sparingly branched (P-2° high); leaves long
and narrowly linear, rough ; pedicels once or twice the length of the calyx, which has

SCKOI'IIULAUIACE.E. (fIGWOUT FAMILY.) 335

lanceolate acute teeth nearli/ as long as the tultc ; corolla lar<;cr than in No. 1. —
Damp grounds, Illinois, Wisconsin, and westward.

* * Peduncles long and Jili/orm, commonli/ exceeding the leaves : stems diffusely
branched, slender (8' - 20' hit/h) : corolla liyht purjile, 5" - 7" long.

4. G. tenuif61ia, Vahl. (Slkndku G.) Leaves narroicli/ linear, acute,
the tlural unis iiio.-tly like the others; calyx-teeth very sliort, acute; pod globular,
not exr<ediii(/ the ciilyx. — Di'y woods : common.

5. G. Set^eea, Walt. Leaves bristle-shaped, as arc the branchlcts, or the
lower linear ; pod orate, mostly longer than the calyx, which has siiort setaceous teeth.
(G. Skinneriaiia, Wood.) — Dry grounds, I'enn. to Wisconsin, and southward.

§ 2. DASi'STOiMA, .Raf. Calyx 5-cleJ}, the lobes ojlen toothed: corolla yellow;
the tube elongated, woolly inside, as well as tlie anthers andfilanu.nts : anthers all
alike, scarcely included, the cells awn-pointed at the base: leaves rather large, all
of them or only the lower pinnutijid or toothed. (Pei-ennials.)
6.'G. fl^va, L. partly. (Downy False Foxglove.) Pubescent trith a
fine close down ; stem (3° -4° hijih) mostly simple; /cures ovate-lanceolate or ob-
long, obtuse, entire, or the lower usually sinuate-toothed or pinnafi/id ; jmluncles very
short: calyx-lol)es oliloiig, obtuse, rather shorter than the tube. — Open woods,
especially in the Middle States. — Corolla U' long.

7. G. quercifblia, I'ursh. (S.mootii False Foxglove.) Smooth and
glaucous (3° - 6° lii^h), usually branching ; lower leaves commonly twice-pinntitijid ;
the upjier oblong-lunceolate, pinnatifid or entire; peduncles nearly as long as the calyx,
the lance-linear acute lobes of which arc as long as the at length inflated tube.

— Rich woods, cs])ccially southward. — Corolla 2' long.

8. G. integrif61ia, Gray. Smooth, uolglaucous; stem (10-2° high) mostly
simple ; kuvis hinrinhite, acute, entire, or the lowest obscurely toothed; jxdunclcs
shorter than the calyx. ( Da.'^ystoma qucrcitblia, var. ? intcgrifolia, Benih. ) — Woods
and barrens, Penn.sylvauia to Illinois, and southward along the mountains. —
Corolla 1 ' long.

9. G. grandifl6ra, Benth. Minutely downy; stem much branched (3°-
4° high) ; leaves ovaU-laiiceolale, coarsely toothed or cut, the lower pinnatifid ; pedun-
cles rather shorter than the caly.x; corolla (2' long) 4 times the length of the
broadly lanceolate entire or toothed calyx-lobes. {Di\systoma Drummondii,
Benth.) — Oak o])cnings, Wisconsin {Lapham), Illinois (]'asfy) and southward.

— Intermediate between G. flava and the next.

10. G. pediculiria, L. Smoothish or pubescent, much branched (2°-
3° high, very leafy ) ; leaves nvate-lanceolate, pinnatifid. mid the lohes cut and toothed;
peduncles longer than the hairy mostly serrate calyx-lvbes. — Dry copses : common.
§3. OTOPIIYLLA, Benth. Calyx deeply H-cle ft. the lolics unequal: corolla pur-
ple (rarely white), sparingly hairy inside, as well as the very unequal stamens:
anthers jio'ii/ltss, those, of the shorter jniir much smaller. {Annuals?)

11. G. auricul^ta, Michx. Rough-hairy; stem erect, nearly simple (9'-
20' higli); leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, sessile, the lower entire, the
others with an ol)long-Ianceolate lobe on each side at the ba.<e ; flowers nearly
sessile in the axils (1' long). — Low grounds, Fcnu. to Michigan, Illinois, and
southward.

o30 scROPnuLARiACE-^. (figwort family.)

20. CASTILLEIA, Mutis. Paintf.d-Ccp.

Calyx tulmlar, flnttciicd, deft af tlic summit on tlic anterior, and usnally on
tlio jiostcriur side also ; tiie divisions entire or 2-lol)cd. Tube of tiie corolla in-
cluded ill the cal^x ; its ujipcr lij) long aiul narrow, arched and keeled, flattened
laterally, enclosing the 4 unequal stamens ; the lower lip short, 3-lobed. Anther-
cells oblong-linear, imequal, the outer fixed by the middle, the inner pendulous.
I'od miiny-bceded. — Herbs (root-parasitic), with alternate entire f)r cnt-lobcd
leaves; the floral ones usnally dilated, colored, and more showy than the yel-
low or pui-plish s])iked flowers. (Dedicated to Casti/lrjo, a Spanish botanist.)

1. C. COCCinea, Spreng. (Sc.vklet Painted-Cup.) Hairy biennial or
annual; stem sim])lc; root-leaves clustered; tho.sc of the stem incised; the floral
.3-cleft, hn'i/ht scarict towards the summit (rarely yellow) ; ca/i/.r u/mosl crjunlli/ 2-
rlef'/, the lolws tikiiIij entire, about the length of the \y.\]c yellow corolla. ( Euchroma
coccinca, .iY»/r) — Sandy low grounds: not unconunon. May -Aug.

2. C. pallida, Knnth. Smooth or sparingly hairy perennial ; at the sum-
mit woolly ; leaves often incised ; the floral oblong or obovate, whitish, rarely
tinged with purple; cahj.r clefl more deeply in front, the divisions 2-cleJ}, the ovate-
oblong lobes mostly shorter than the whitish corolla. (C. sei)tentrionalis,
fjndl.) — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and Green
Mountains, Vermont, Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. (En.)

3. C. sessiliflbra, Pursh. Hairy and low perennial (6' -9' high) ; leaves
mostly 3-clcft, with narrow diverging lobes ; the floral broader, not colored: spike
many-flowered, crowded ; calyx deeper cleft in front, the divisions dee/ily 2-de/l',
shorter than the tube of the long and narrow greenish-yellow corolla; which
has the lol>es of the lower lip slender, pointed, about half the length of the upper.
— I'rairies, Wisconsin [Lapham), Illinois, and westward. — Corolla 2' long.

21. SCHWALBEA, Gronov. Chaff-seed.

Calyx oblique, tubular, 10- 12-ribbcd, 5-toothed ; the posterior tooth much
smallest, the 2 anterior united much higher than the others. Upper lip of the
corolla acthcd, oblong, entire ; the lower rather shorter, erect, 2-plaitcd, with 3
very short and broad obtuse lobes. Stamens 4, included in the ui)per lip : an-
thcr-cclls equal and parallel, obscurely pointed at the base. Pod ovate, many-
seeded. Seeds linear, with a loose chafl-like coat. — A perennial minutely pu-
bescent upright herb (lo-2° high), with leafy simple stems, terminated by a
loose spike of rather large dull purplish-yellow flowers ; the leaves alternate,
sessile, 3-nerved, entire, ovate or oblong, the upper gradually reduced into nar-
row bracts. Pedicels very short, with 2 bractlets under the calyx. (Dedicated
to C. G. Schwalbe, an obscure German botanist.)

1. S. Americana, L. — Wet sandy soil, Cajie Cod at Sandwich (B. D.
Greene), near Albany, New York, pine barrens of IS'cw Jersey, and southward
ntS&r the coast. May -July.

22. EUPHRASIA, Tourn. Evebright.

Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-cleft. Upper lip of the corolla erect, scarcely
arched, 2-lobed, the lobes broad and spreading; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft, the

scROPiitn.ARiACF.yE. (figwort famti.t.) 337

lobes obtnsc or notched. Stnmcns 4, under the upper )ip : antlicr-cclls equal,
pointed at tlic base. Pod oblong, fl.ittencd. Seeds numerous. — Ilerlis witli
branebin<; stems, and opposite toothed or cut leaves. Flowers small, sj)iked.
(Name elcf^paala, cheerfulness, in allusion to its reputed medicinal properties.)

1. E. officinalis, I-^- Low annual; leaves ovate or lanceolate, the lowest
crcnato, the (Uiral lirisily-toothed ; lobes of the lower lip of tlic (whitish, yellow-
ish, or bluish) corolla notched. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire {Ouhs), Lake Superior, and northward. A dwarf variety, 1 '-.')'
high, with very small flowers. (E. pusilla, Godcl, mss.) (Eu.)

23. RHINANTHUS, L. Ykllow-Ratti.e.

Calyx membranaceous, flattened, much inflated in fruit, 4-toothed. I'pper
lip of the corolla arched, ovate, obtuse, flattened, entire at the summit, hut fur-
nished with a minute tooth on each side below tlic apex ; lower lip 3-lobcd. Sta-
mens 4, under the upper lip : anthers approximate, hairy, transver.se; the cells
equal, pointless. Pod orliicuhvr, flattened. Seeds many, orbicular, winged. —
Annual upright herbs, with opposite leaves; the lower oblong or linear; the
upper lanceolate, toothcJ ; the floral rounded and cut-serrate with bristly teeth ;
the solitary yellow flowers nearly sessile in their axils, and crowded in a one-
sided s])ikc. (Name composed of piv, a snout, and tivdos, a Jlourr, fvom the
beaked u])per li|) of the corolla in some species formerly of this genus.)

1. E. Crista-g^lli, L. (Common- Yellow- Rattle.) Leaves ol)long
or lanceolate; seeds broadly winged (when ripe they rattle in the inflated calyx,
whence tlic popular name). — Plymouth, Mass. (probably introduced), White
Mountains, X. Hampshire (Tuckennun), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

24. PEDICULARIS, Tourn. Loisewort.

Calyx various. Corolla strongly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip arched, flattened,
often beaked at the apex ; the lower erect at the base, 2-crested above, 3-lobed ;
the lobes commonly spreading, the lateral ones rounded and larger. Stamens
4, under the upper lip: anthers transverse; the cells equal, pointle-'s. Pod
ovate or lanceolate, mostly oblique, several-seeded. — Perennial herbs, with
chiefly pinnatifid leaves, the floral bract-like, and rather large flowers in a spike.
(Name from fiidivulnx, a louse ; of no obvious application.)

1. P. Canadensis, L. (Common Lolsewokt. AVood Betoxy.)
Hairy; stems simple, clustered (5'- 12' high); haves scattered; the lowist pin-
nalely parted; llie others half-pinmitijid; spike short and dense; calyx split in
front, otherwise .ilmost entire, oblique; upper lip of the (dull greenish-yellow
and purplish) corolla hooded, inciuved, 2-toothed under the apex; ]>od Jhit,
wiiieirhdt sirnrd-s/miird. — Co])ses and lianks : common. May -July.

2. P. lanceol^ta, Michx. Stem upright (l°-.3° high), nearly simple,
mostly smooth; Imrcs ]Kiit/i/ opfiosito, ohlvnq-lnnreolate, doiib/i/ cut-toothed ; spiko
crowded; calyx 2-lolx'd, leafy-crested; upper lip of the (pale yellow) coi-oUa
incurved and bearing a short truncate beak at the apex ; the lower erect, so aa
nearly to close the throat; /W orate, smrci/i/ /onf/er than the cnli/r. (P. pallida,
Pursh.) — Swamps, Connecticut to Virginia and Wisconsin. Aug., Sept.

G M 15

338 ACAXTIIACE/E. (ACANTIirS FAMILY.)

25. MELAMPYRUM, Tourn. Cow-Wukat.

Calyx bc'll-sliapcd, 4-cli'ft ; the taper lobes sharp-pointed. Tube of the co.
rolla eyliiulrieal, enlargin;^ above; ii]>por li]) arehed, coin])rcssed, straight in
front; the lower creet-spreading, biconvex, 3-lobed at the apex. Stamens 4,
under the npper lip : anthers approximate, oblong, nearly vertical, hairy ; the
cqnal cells minutely pointed at the ba.se. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell.
Pod flattened, oblique, 1-4-seedcd. — Erect branching annuals, with o])posite
leaves, the lower entire, the upper mostly larger and fringed with bristly teeth
at the base. Flowers scattered and solitary in the axils of the upper leaves in
our spcQics. (Name composed of /xe'Xas, hloLk, and jrupoi-, ivlmit ; from the color
of the seeds of field species in Europe, as they appear mixed with grain.)

1. M. Americ^num, Miehx. Leaves lanceolate, short-petioled, the lower
entire ; the floral ones similar, or abrupt at the base and I)eset with a few bristly
teeth ; calyx-teeth linear-awl-shaped, not half the length of the slender tube of
the pale greenish-yellow corolla, (M. pratense, var. Americannm, Bmth.) —
Open woods: common. June- Sept. — Plant 6'- 12' high. Corolla 5" long,
more slender than in M. pratense, sometimes tinged with purple.

Order G9. ACAKTII.4.CEiE. (Acanthus Family.)

Chieflij herbs, tiAth opposite simple leaves, didynamous or diandrons sta-
mens, inserted on the tube of the more or less 2-lippcd corolla, the lobes of
which are convolute or imbricated in the bud ; fruit a 2-celled and few- (4 -
12-) seeded pud ; seeds anatropous, without albumen, usually flat and sup-
ported by hoolced projections of the placentte. — Flowers commonly much
bracted. Calyx 5-clefl. Style thread-form: stigma simple or 2-clell.
Pod loculiciilal, usually flattened contrary to the valves and partition.
Seed with albumen in Elytraria of the Southern States, according to Dr.
Feay. Cotyledons broad and flat. — Mucilaginous and slightly bitter, not
noxious. A large Aimily in the warmer parts of the world : represented
in gardens by Tiiuxbeiu.ia, which diflTers from the rest by the globular
pod and seeds, the latter not on hooks (relinacula) ; in the Northern States
by only two indigenous genera.

1. DIANTHERA, Gronov. Water-Willow.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla deeply 2-lij)ped ; the upper lip erect, notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-parted, external in the bud. Stamens 2 : anthers 2-celled,
the cells separated and somewhat unequal. Pod obovate, flattened, contracted
at the i)ase into a short stalk, 4-seedcd. — Perennial herbs, growing in water or
wet places, with entire leaves, and jnirplish flowers in axillary peduncled spikes
or heads. (Name formed of bis, donlile, and avOqpd, nnthcr ; the separated cells
giving the appearance of two anthers on each filament.)

1. D. Americana, E. Leaves linear-lanceolate, elongated; spikes ob-
long, dense, long-pcduncled. (Justi'cia jiedunculo.sa, Michx. llhytiglossa. Nets.)
— Borders of streams and ponds, N. W. Vermont to Wisconsin, Virginia, and
southward. Jnly - Sept.

VERBENACE^-. (VEUVAIN FAMILY.) 33\>

2. RUELLIA, L. (DiptkracAnthls, Nccs, & Ed. 2.)

Calyx o-partuil. Coiullii fiiiiiiol-foriii, the spreading ample Ixjrdcr almost
equally and re<^ularly ."i-cleft, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included, di-
dynamous : cells of the .somewhat aiiow-shapcd anthers parallel and nearly
equal. Pod narrow, in our species (of the section Dii'Tkkacantiius) somewhat
flattened, contracted and seedless at the base, above 8- I2-.seeded. beeds with
a mucilaginous coat, when wet under the microscope cxhil)itiuy innumerable
tapering short bristles, their walls marked with rings or spirals. — Perennials,
with rather large and showy blue or purple flowers, mostly in axillary dusters,
sometimes also with small flowers precociously close-fertilized in the bud. Calyx
often 2-bracte()huc. (Named for the early herbalist, John Riulk.)

1. R. cilidsa, Pursh. ///«)//« with soft whitish hairs (l*- 3° high) ; fotw*
imirhi srs-llc, oral or ovate-oblong (l'-2' long) ; flowers 1 -3 and almost sessile
in the axils; tube of the. corolla (I'- H' long) fully twice the lent/th of the setaceous
cahjx-hhes ; the throat short. (Dipteracanthus ciliosus, Nejis.) — Dry soil, Mich-
igan to Illinois, and southward. Jime-Scpt.

2. R. Str^penS, L. Glabrous or sparlnfjlij pnhesrent (l°-4° high); leaves
uarroired at the Ikisc into (t petiole, ovate, obovate, or mostly oblong (2^' - .'3' long) ;
tube of the corolla {ahowt \' \on<r) little longer than the dilated portion, slir/htly
exceeding the hiiiceohite or linear calf/ r-lobes. (Dipteracanthus strepcns. Nets.) —
Flowers 1 -5 in each axil, rarely on a slender pt'diinclc, usually almost .sessile;
sometimes many and closely crowded, then mostly fruiting in the bud, (when it
is D. micninthns, EiifjeJm. <f- (Jr.). — Kich soil, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and
southward. July - Sej)t.

Order 70. VERBEWACE^. (Vervain Family.)

//p;-t.<j or sh-ii7).<f, irlth oppnuite leaven, more or fess 2-Upped or irregular
corolla, and didipiamonx .'Stamens, the 2-4-celled (in Phryma l-celled)//-MJ<
dnj or drupaceous, usualli/ splilting xchen ripe into as many l-seeded inde-
hi^cent nutlel.i ; difTerlng from the following order in the ovary not being
4-lobed, the style therefore terminal, and the plants seldom aromaric or
furni.shing a volatile oil. — Seeds with a straight embryo and little or no
albumen. — A large order in the warmer parts of the world, sparingly rep-
resented in cool regions.

TrllJC I. VERBENE.3E. Ov.nry 2 - 4-cellc(l, and with an erect anatropous ovulein cacb
cdl : r.i.licle inforinr.

1. Vtrbeiin. Flowers in spikes or heads. Ciilyx tuliular. Fruit splittinp into 4 nutlets.

2. Lippla. Fluwers in spikes or lieiuls. Calyx short, 2-eleft. Fruit splitting into 2 nutlets.

3. CalUciirpa. Flowers in axillary cynics. Calyx short. Fruit beiTy-like, with 4 nutlets.
Tribe II. PIIKYRIE^. Ovary I -celled : ovule erect, orthotropnus : radicle superior,
i. Phryiua. Flowers in slender spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2 lip|>ed. Fruit an achcnium.

1. VERBENA, L. V.kvain.

Calyx tubular, a-toothed, one of the teeth often shorter than the others. Co
rolla tubular, often curved, salver-form; the border somewhat unequally 5-cleft.

340 VKRBENACr.E. (VERVAIN FAMILY.)

Stamens included ; the upper pair occasionally without anthers. Style slender :
sti<,^niu capitate. Fruit splitting into 4 ;-ceil-like nutlets-. — Flowers sessile, in
single or often i)anicled spikes, bractcd; produced all summer. (The Latin
name for any sacred herb: derivation obscure.) — The species present numerous
spontaneous hybrids.

§ 1. Aitt/ters not appendiu/cd : erect herbs, vith slender spikts.
* Lmves undivided: root perennial,

1. V. angUStifolia, Michx. Low (6' -18' high), often simple; leaves
narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the b;vsc, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ;
spikes few or single; the purple flowers crowded, larger than in the next. — Dry
soil, Amherst, JIass., to Wisconsin and southward : rare northward.

2. V. hastata, L. (Hluk Vluvai.n.) Tall (4°-G° high); leaver lance-
olate or oUoiKj-tunctulute, taper-pointed, cut-serrate, petioled, the loioer ojlen lobed and
sometiiiiis halherd-shaiied at the base ; ypikes linear, erect, denselij flowered, corymbed
or panicled. (V. paniculiita. Lam., when the leaves are not lobed.) — Low and
waste grounds : common. At the north probably immigrant from the south.

3. V. Ul'ticifdlia, L. (Nettle-leaved or White V.) liather tall;
leaves oval or oUony-ovale, acute, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes very slender, at
length much elongated, with the flowers remote, loosely panicled, very small, white.
— Old fields and roadsides : apparently immigrant.

4. V. Stricta, Vent. (HoAKY v.) Downg with soft whitish hairs; stem
nearly simi)le (1° - 2° high) ; leaves sessile, obovate or oblong, serrate ; s/iikis thick
and verij denscli/ flowered, .somewhat clustered, hairy. — Barrens, Ohio to Wiscon-
sin, and southward. — Flowers blue, pretty large.

* * Leaves clefl or pinnritifid, narrowed at the base: root perennial ?

5. V. offici.nXlis, L. (Eukopean V.) Erect, \oosii\y branched (1° -3°
high) ; leaves pinnatifid or 3-clefl, oblong-lanceolate, sessile, smooth above, the lobes
cut and toothed ; spikes panicled, very slender ; bracts small, much shorter than
the very small purplish flowers. (V. spuria, L.) — Roadsides; chiefly south-
Avard : scarce. (Nat. from En.)

6. V. braete6sa, Michx. Widdg spreading or procumbent, hairy; A ares
wedge-lanceolate, vut-pinnatijid or 3-rlfft, short-petioled ; spikes single, remotely
flowered ; bracts large and lenfi/, the lower pinnatifid, longer than the small pur-
ple flowers. — Waste places, Wisconsin to Kentucky and southward.

§ 2. Anthers of thf longer stamens tipped with a glandular appendage.

7. V. Aubl6tia, L. tIwhho/, rather hairy, spreading or ascending; leaves
obovatc-oblong with a wedge-shaped base, .3-cleft and cut or pinnatifid ; spikes
])cduiu'led. flat-t()|iped in flower; bracts shorter than the calyx; flowers .showy,
light jiurple. — Prairies and rocks, from Illi^iois southward. Also cultivated.

2. LIP PI A, L. (Zap.\xia, ./«.«.)

Calyx short, often flattened, 2-4-toothed, or 2-lipped. Corolla 2-lipped : up-
per lip notched ; tiie lower much larger, .3-lobcd. Stamens inclu<led. Style
slender: stigma obliquely capitate. Fruit 2-celled, 2-seeded. (Dedicated to
Augustus Lippi, an Italian naturalist and traveller.)

LARIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.) '341

1. L. lanceolMa, Michx. (Fog-frlmt.) Procumbent or creeping, rough-
ish, green ; leaves oldaiieeolatc or wedgc-spatiilate, serrate al>ove ; ])ediiiKlcs
axillary, slender, bearing solitary closely braetcd beads of bluisb-wbitc Howers;
calyx 2-elefi, tbc divisions sbarply keeled. — River-banks, Pennsylvania to Illi-
nois and soutliward. July -Sept.

3. CALLICARPA, L. Callicarpa.

Caly^ 4-5-tootlied, sliort. Corolla tiibular-bcll-sbapcd, 4-5-lobcd, nearly
regular. Stamens 4, nearly equal, exserted : antliers opening; at tbe npcx. Style
slender, tbiekened upwards. Fruit a small berry-like druj»c, witli 4 nutlets. —
Sbrubs, witb scurfy i)ubcseence, and small Howers in axillary cymes. (Name
lormed of xiiXXos, Imuiti/, and Kapnos, fruit.)

1. C. Americana, L. (French Mulberry.) Leaves ovate-oblong with
a tapering base, toothed, whitish beneath; calyx obscurely 4-tootbcd ; fruits vio-
let-color. — Kich soil, Virginia and southward. May - July.

4.. PHRYMA, L. Lopseed.

Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped ; tbc upper lip of 3 bristlc-awl-shapcd teeth ; tho
lower shorter, 2-toothed. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip notched ; tlie lower much
larger, 3-lobed. Stamens included. Style slender: stigma 2-lobed. Fruit dry,
in the bottom of the calyx, oblong, 1-celled and 1 -seeded! Seed orthotropous.
Radicle pointing upwards: cotyledons convolute round their axis. — A peren-
nial herb, with slender branching stems, and coarsely toothed ovate leaves, the
lower long-pctiolcd ; the small opposite flowers in elongated and slender terminal
spikes, reflcxed in fruit, and bent close against the axis. Corolla purjilisb or
pale t:o.se-color. (Derivation of the name unknown.)

1. P. Leptost^chya, L. — Woods and copses : common. July. — Plant
(20-3° high) : leaves 3'-.'}' long, thin.

OuDEU 71. LABlAT.i:. (Mixt Family.)

Chicflf/ 7ie)-hs, trilli square stems, opposite aromatic legces, more or less 2-
lippetl corolla, ilidi/namous or diaiulrous stamens, and a deeply i-lohcd ovary,
which forms in fruit 4 little seed-like nutlets or achenia, swTounding the base
of the single style in the bottom of the persistent calyx, each filled with a sin-
ffle erect seed. — Nutlota smooth or barely rougliish and fixed by their
base, except in the first tribe. Albumen mostly none. Knibryo straigiit
(except in Scutellaria) : radicle at the base of the Iruit. Upper lij) of
the corolla 2-lobed or sometimes entire ; the lower 3-lobed. Stamens
^hserted on the tube of the corolla. Style 2-Iobed at the apex. Flowers
axillary, chielly in cyniose clusti'rs, these often aggregateti in terminal
spikes or racemes. Foliage mostly dotted with small glands containing a
volatile oil, upon which dep*'nds the warmth and aroma of the plants of
this large and well-known family. (More abundant in the Ohl World
than the New. One third of our genera and many of the species are
merely intro«luced plants.)

342 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.^

Tribe I. A JUGOIDF:.^. Stamens 4, a.-icendin); (curved upwards) and parallel, usually
projecting from the notch of the upper side of thf (not evidently 2-Iipped) 5-lobcd corolla.
Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely attoched by the inside near the base.

* Lobes of the corolla all declined (turned forwards) : stamens exserted.

1. Teui-rluin. Lower lobe of the corolla much larger than the others. Cal.. x 5 toothed.

2. Ti'lchosttriiiR. Lobes of the corolla scarcely unequal. Calyx 5-cleft, oblique.

• * Lobes of the corolla almost equally spreading : stamens nearly included.

3. liiaiit lilts. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-cleft, almost equalling the small corolla.

Tribe II. SATi:UEIE.^. Stamens 4. the inferior pair longer, or onl.; 2, dist;int,
straight, diverging, or converging under the upper lip : anthers 2 celled. Lobes of the
corolla flat aud spreading.
• Corolla not evidently 2-lipped, but almost equally 4-lobed, small. Stamens erect, distant.

4. Mentha, Fertile stamens 4, nearly equal.

5. Lycopus. Fertile stamens 2 ; and often 2 sterile filaments without anthers.

* * Corolla more or less 2-lipped ; the tube naked (not bearded) within.

■I- Stamens only 2, distjint : no rudiments of the upper pair.

6. Caulla. Calyx very hairy in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Corolla small.

H- 4- Stamens 4, all with anthers.

7. Ilyssopus. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, naked in the throat, equally 5-toothed. Sta-

mens exserted, diverging.

8. Pyciiaiitlieiiiiint. Cal>x ovate or short-tubular, 10-13ncrved, naked in the throat,

equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers in dense heads or dusters.

9. OriKniiuiii. Calyx ovate-bell-shaped, hairy in the throat, 13 nerved, 5-toothed. Sta-

mens diverging. Flowers spiked, and with large colored bracts.

10. Thymus. Calyx ovate, nodding in fruit, hairy in the throat, 10- 13-nerved, 2-lipped.

Stamens distant. Bracts minute. Leaves very small.

11. Sntiireiu. Calyx bell-shaped, naked in the throat, 10-nerved, equally 5-toothed. Sta-

nicn.s somewhat ascending.
12 Calainintho. Calyx tubular, often liairy in the throat, 13-nerved, 2-lipped. Tu,be of
the corolla straight. Stamens connivent at the suniniit in pairs under the upper lip.

13. Melissa. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 2-lipped, flatti.sh on the upper side. Tube of the

corolla curved upwards. Stamens curved above, connivent under the erect upper lip.
4_ ^_ ^_ Stamens only 2 with anthers, aj^ccnding, and a pair of small sterile filaments.

14. Iledeoina. Calyx gibbous on the lower side, hairy in the throat. Flower.-< loose.

» » « Corolla 2-lipped and with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat.

15. Colliiisuiiia. Calyx enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped. Lower lobe of the co-

rolla much larger than the other four. Stamens 2 or 4, long, diverging.

Tribe III. MON.\RDP3.E. Stamens 2 (.sometimes hIso with mere rudiments of the
upper pair), ascending and parallel : anthers either apparently or really 1-ceIled. Corolla
2-lipped.

16. Salvia. Calyx 2-lipped. Anthers with a long connective astride the filament, bearing

a linear cell at the upper end, and none or an imperfect cell on the lower.

17. MnilRi-dn. Calyx tubular and elongated, equally 5-toothcd. Anthers of 2 cells con-

fluent into one ; the connective inconspicuous.

18. BlephlPn, Calyx ovate-tubular, 2-lipped .Anthers as in the preceding.

Tribe IV. WEPETE.^. Stamens 4, the superior (inner) pair longer than the inferior!
a.<cendiiig or diverging. Corollb, 2-lippcd ; the U|>per lip concave or arched, the lower
spreading. Calyx mostly 15-nerved.

19. Lophnnthns. Stamens divergent; the upper pnir curved downwards ; the lower aa-

cending: anther cells nearly parallel.

20. ]Kepeta. Stamens all ascending ; the anthers approximate in pairs ; the cells at length

widely diverging. Calyx more or less currad.

LABlATiF,. (mint FAMILY.) 343

21. DracocephnlHin. Stnmcns nearly as in the pnrceding. Calyx Btmisht, the upper

lip or mipcr tooth coiiinionl.v larger.

22. Ce«lr«ni«-Iln. Staiiions all asceudini;. Anther-rolls panillel.

Tribe V. STACIIYDK^. Stamens 4, ascending and parullel ; the inferior (outer)
pair iDiiiftT than the superior, except in No. 33. Anthers usually approximate iu pairs.
Corolla 2-lippeil ; the upper lip concave or arched, (,'alyx 5 - lO-ncrved.

• Calyx not 2-lipped, thin and membranaceous, inflatcd-bell-.ihaped in fruit.

23. Sy nam! III. Calyx almost equally 4-lobed 1 Arither-oells widely divergent.

24. PI>y8oate(;la. Calyx 5-toothed or 5 lobed. Anther-cells panillel.

• ♦ Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.

25. Brunella. Calyx nerved and veiny ; upper lip flat, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft.

26. Siculellaria. Calyx with a helmet-like projection on the upper side ; the lips entire.

• * • Calyx not 2-lipped, nor the tube inflated, 5-10 toothed.
4- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

27. MniTubluin. Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-uerved, and with 5 or 10 awl shaped teeth.

4- 1- Stamens projecting beyond the tube of the corolla.
♦* Anthers opening tninsversely by two unequal valves ; the smaller valve ciliate.

28. Galeopsis. Calyx tubular-bell-sbaped ; the 5 teeth spiny -pointed.

« ++ Anthers opening leugtlnvi.-^e.

29. Stachys. Calyx tubuhir-bell-shaped. Nutlets rounded at the top. Stamens after

shedding the pollen often turned downward.

30. L.<-oiiiirii)i. Calyx top-shaped, the rigid and spiny-pointed teeth soon spreading. Nut-

lets trun ate and acutely 3-angled at the top.

31. Laiiiiiiin. Calyx-teeth not spiny-pointed. Nutlets sharply 3-anglcd, truncate at the top.

32. Ilallula. Calyx somewhat funnel-form, the 5 -10 teeth united at the base into a spread-

ing border. Nutlets roundish at the top. Upper lip of the corolla erect.

33. Plilouiia. Calyx tubular, the 5 teeth abruptly awned. Upper lip of the corolla arched.

1. TEUCRIUM, L. Gekm.vnder.

Calyx 5-tootlicfl. C'oroll.T witli the 4 nppiM- lolics nearly equal, oblong, turned
forward, po that there .';ecnis to lie no iqijicr lip , the lower one iniieh larger.
Stamens 4, exserted from the deep cleft hetween the 2 upper lobes of the corolla :
anther-ecll.-^ confluent. (Named for Tencer, king of Troy.)

1. T. Canad6nse, L. (A.mkrican Gkr.m.wder. Wood S.voe.) Her-
baceous perennial, downy ; stem erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate-lanceolate,
serrate, rounded at the base, short-petiolcd, hoary undcrnciith; the floral scarcely
longer than the oblique unequally-toothed calyx ; whorls about 6-flowered,
crowded in a long and simple wand-likc spike. — Low grounds: not rare.
July- Sept. — Corolla pale purple, rarely white.

2. TRICHOSTEMA, L. Bue Crni.s.

Calyx bell-shaped, oblitjue, deeply ."i-deft ; the .3 upjier teeth elongated and
partly iiniled, the 2 lower very .'<hort. Corolla 51oi)ed ; the lobes narrowly ob-
long, declined, nearly equal in lenjrth ; the .'{ lower more or less united. Sta-
mens 4, with very long capillary filaments, exscrted much beyond the corolla,
curved: anther-cells divergent and at lrn'.:th conlliient. — Low annuals, some-
what clanjmy-glandular and balsamic, branched, with entire leaves, and mostly
solitary 1 -flowered j)cdicels terminating the branches, becoming lateral by the
production of axillary branchlets, and the flower appearing to be reversed.

•'^44: * LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.)

namely, the short teeth of the ealyx upward, &c. Corolla blue, varyinj^ to pur
nle, rarely white, sm:Ul ; in summer and autumn. (Name composed of Of>i^,
hair, luiil orrj^a, slumrii, from the capillary filaments.)

1. T. dichbtomum, L. (Rastakd Pexnyroyai,.) Lmirs lance-Monrj
or r/ioinliic-laiicco/(ite, rarely lance-linear, short-petiolcd. — Sandy fields. New
England to Kcntueky, and southward, chiefly eastward. — Stamens ^' long.
Corolla blue : a j)ink variety near Hartford, Conn., C. II. Olmstaul.

2. T. line^re, Nutt. Z/«'^«w-i; ///im/-, nearly smooth. — Sandy pine barrens
of New JersL-y, and southward. — More slender and less forked than the last.

3. ISANTHUS, Michx. False Tj-nnyroyal.

Calyx bcll-slinped, 5-lobed, equal, enlarged in fruit. Corolla little longer than
the calyx ; the border bell-shaped, with 5 nearly e<jual and obovate spreading
lobes. Stamens 4, slightly didynamous, iiieurved-aseending, scarcely exceeding
the corolla. — A low, much branched annual, clammy-pubescent, with nearly en-
tire lance-oblong 3-nerved leaves, and small pale blue flowers on axillary 1-3-
flowered peduncles. (Name from lo-oj, equal, and avQoSt flower, referring to the
almost regular corolla.)

I. I. CSeruleus, Michx. — Gravelly banks and fields, Maine to Illinois, and
southward. July, Aug. — Corolla 2" long.

4. MENTHA, L. Mint.

Calyx bell-shaped or tubular, .5-toothed, equal or nearly so. Corolla with a
short included tube; the bell-shaped border somewhat equally 4-cleft; the upjier
lobe broadest, entire or notched. Stamens 4, equal, erect, distant. — Odorous
perennial herbs, with the small flowers mostly in close clusters, forming axil-
lary capitate whorls, sometimes approximated in interrupted spikes ; produced
in summer ; of two sorts as to the length of the stamens in most species.
Corolla pale ])urple or whitish. (MtV^r; of Theophrastus, from a Nymph of that
name, fabled to have been changed into Mint by the jealous Proserpine.)
* Inflorescence terminal, fljrming narrow spikes: hares sessile or nearly so.

1. M. rotuxdif6lia, L. (Rodnd-leaved Mint.) ASo/J-Zia/V^ or downy ;
leaves ronml-ovate and somewhat heart-shaped, rugose, crenate-toothed. — Wet
places, Maine, .7. Blake, New Jersey and Penn., Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. M. vfRiDis, L. (Spearmint.) Nearly smooth; leaves olilonij- or oiate-
lanceolate, unequally serrate. — Wet places : common. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Inflorescence mostly terminal, fl:irmiii(] interrupted spikes or heads : leaves pctioled.

3. M. piperita, L. (Peppermint.) 5moo//t,- leaves ovate-oblong, acute;
spikes loose. — Var. sitbiiirsuta, Benth., has the petioles, veins of the leaves,
&c. rather hairy. — Low grounds, and along brooks : less naturalized than the
last; and like it multiplying rapidly by running under-grouiul shoots. (Nat.
from Eu.)

4. M. aquAtica, L. (Water Mint.) Puhesceiit or smoothisli ; leaves
ovifte or round-ovate ; flowers in a terminal (jlohutar or interrupted and oblong
head, often with one or more clusters in the axils of the uppei leaves ; calyx and

LABIAT.E. (MINT FAMILY.) 345

usnallj the pedicels hairy. The common form has the stems hninj doionwards.
— Muddy shores, Nantiioiic River, Delaware, IT. .1/. Ctinbi). — Var. glahrAta,
Briitii., a ucarly sinootli litrin, dittlrin},' from Peppermint in the rounder leaves
and i^])ike of 2 or a rounded heads (M. eitratii, Eltrh.). — Litchtield, Connecti-
cut, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * » Inflorescence axilla ri/, the (/lobular whorls or clusters all in the axils of the leaves,

the iipprrmost axils not floiver-biarinij : leaves more or less ytlioled, toothed. ( The

species (tjiparenllij run together,)

5. M. satIva, L. (WiiouLED MrNT.) Stem hninj doumcards; \ca.ycs ovate ;
calyx ohlong-cylindrical with vcri/ slender teeth. Intermediate between the last
and the ne.xt, ap|)arently runs into both. — Kivcr-banks, N. Jersey &Penn., Prof.
Porter. (Adv. from Eu.)*

6. M. AKVEN'sis, L. (Corn Mixt.) Lower and smuUcr-leavcd tliaii tlio
last; calyx bell -shaped, the teeth short and broader. — Moist fields: rare. (Adv,
from Eu.)

7. M. Canadensis, L. (Wild Mint.) Z.<?aie.s varying from ovate-oblong
to lanei'olate, l<i/i<riii(i to both ends; calyx oblony-bell-sliaped, tiie teeth rather
short; hairs on tiie stem when present not conspicuously reflcxed. The com-
moner form is more or less hairy, and has nearly the odor of Pennyroyal. —
Var. GLABRATA, Bcnth. (M. borealia, Michx.) is smoothish, "the scent pleas-
antcr, more like that of Monarda." (Prof. Porter.) — Shady wet places, New
England to Kentucky.and northward.

6. LYCOPUS, L. Water IIoreiiound.

Calyx bell-sh:ipcd, 4-.5-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla bell-shaped,
scarcely lon;;er than the calyx, nearly equally 4-lobed. Stamens 2, distant ; the
upper pLiir either sterile rudiments or wanting. Nutlets with thickened margins.
— Perennial low herbs, reseful)ling Mints, with sharply toothed or pininitilid
leaves, the floral ones similar and much longer tlAn the dense axillary whorls of
small mostly white flowers; in summer. (Name compounded of XJicoy, a wolf,
and TTovs, fo"t, from some fancieil likeness in the leaves.)

1. L. Virginicus, L. (Blgi.e-weed.) Stem obtusely 4-angled (6'- 18'
high), producing long and slender runners from the base ; leaves oblong or ovatc-
laneeolate, toothed, entire towards the base, short-petiolcd ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate,
bluntish and pointless. — Shady moist places: common, especially northward. —
Smooth, often purpli>ih, with small caj)itate clusters of very small flowers. — The
depauperate, few-flowered form, often tiiU'riferous at base (L. uniHorus, il/(c/ix.,
and L. piinrilus, Vulil), I.,ake Superior and northward. Plant very Iiitter.

2. L. Europceus, L. Stem sharply 4-angled (1° -3° high); leaves ovate-
oiilong or o!)long-lanccolate, sinuate-toothed.or pinnatifid, usually more or less
jjCtioled ; whorls many-flowered ; cali/x-teeth 5, triampilarlanceohite, tajKrincj to a
rifjid reri) sharp ])oint ; nutlets (smooth or glandular-roHgliene<l at the top) equal-
ling or exceeding the calyx-tube. (En.) — Includes several nominal species (tho
sterile filaments variable) ; among them in our district is

Var. sessilif61ius. Nearly smooth, producing slender leafy runners from
the decumbent base ; leaves oblong-ovate, closely sessile or almost clasping, re-

346 lauia'im:. (mint family.)

motely toothed ; sterile filaments minute and slender. — Atsion Creek, New Jer-
sey, ir. M. Cunbi). — Nearest the var. parvifolius, Miqttel, from Japan: proba-
bly L. ruhelhif^, Mdnrh, is a closely related form.

Var. integrif'61ius. Stems often producing slender runners ; leaves oblong-
lanceolate, varying to narrowly lanceolate (L. angustifolius, Nutt.), much acu-
minate at both ends (2' -4' lougj, sleuder-petioled, sharply serrate. — Common
westward.

Var. sinuitUS. (L. sinuatus, Bmth. L. exaltatus &. L. sinuatus, Ell.)
Much brauciied, smooth or smpothish ; runners short or none ; leaves mostly
more tupering to both ends than in the European form, varying from cut-toothed
to pinnatihd ; sterile filaments mostly with a globular or spatulatc tip. — Com-
mon in wet grounds. ,

6. CUNILA, L. Dittany.

Calyx ovate-tubular, equally .5-toothed, very hairy in the throat. Corolla 2-
lipped ; upper lip erect, flattish, mostly notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft.
Stamens 2, erect, cxsertcd, distant: no sterile filaments. — Perennials, with
small white or purplish flowers, in corym bed cymes or clusters. (An ancient
Latin name, of unknown origin.)

1. C. Mariana, L. (Common Dittany.) Stems tufted, corymbosely
much branched (1° high) ; leaves smooth, ovate, serrate, rounded or heart-shaped
at the base, nearly sessile, dotted (1' long) ; cymes peduncled ; calyx striate. —
Dry hills, S. New York to Ohio, Illinois, and southward. July-SepL

7. HYSSOPUS, L. Hyssop.

Calyx tubular, 1.5-ncrved, equally .^)-toothed, naked in the throat. Corolla
phort, 2-]ip]X'd ; upper lip erect, flat, obscurely notched ; the lower 3-clcft, with
the middle lobe larger and 2-clgft. Stamens 4, cxserted, diverging. — A peren-
nial herb, with wand-like simple branches, lanceolate or linear entire leaves, and
blue-purple flowers in small clusters, crowded in a spike. (The ancient name.)

1. H. officix.Vlis, L. — Roadsides, &c., sparingly escaped from gardens.
(Adv. from Eu.)

8. PYCNANTHEMUM, Michx. Mountain Mint. Basil.

Calyx ovate-oblong or tubular, about 13-nerved, equally 5-toothcd, or the
three upper teeth more or less united, naked in the throat. Corolla short, more
or less 2-li{)ped ; the upper lip straight, nearly flat, entire or slightly notched;
the lower 3-cleft, its lobes all ovate and obtuse. Stamens 4, distant, the lower
pair rather longer : anther-cells parallel. — Perennial uprighs herbs, with a pun-
gent mint-like flavor, corymbosely branched .nbove ; the floral leaves often
whitened; the many-flowered whorls dense, crowded with bracts, and usually
forming terminal heads or close cymes. Corolla whitish or purplish, the lips
mostly dotted with ))urple Fl. summer and early autumn. — Varies, like the
Mints, with the stamens exserted or included in different flowers. (Name com-
posed oiirvKvos, dense, and apdefioi/, a blossom, from the dense infloreeceace.)

LABIAIVIC. (mint FAMILY.) 347

• Calyx srarceli/ at all 2-lipped, the teeth and bracts awl-shaped and awn-pointed,

ri</id, nalid, as /oiifj as the corolla : Jloivtrs in rather dense mostly terminal heads:
Iciiris ri</i(l, sli</litlij pctiolvd.

1. P. aristitum, Michx. IMimitdy hoary-puln'iiilciit (l°-20 lii;,rli) ;
leaves ovate-oldonf; ami oMoii^-laiK-eolate, acute, spariiijily ileiiticulatc-serratc
(I '-2' Ion;;), ruimdisli at tiie liasc. — riae barrens, from New Jersey southward.

Var. hyssopifblium, Gray. Leaves narrowly ol)lon;4 or broadly linear,
nearly entire aiidobtusc. (P. hyssopifolium, Benth.) — Virginia and southward.

# ♦ Calyx 2-lipped from the greater union more or less of the 3 upper teeth, which,

with the l)racts, are subulate and bearded with some spreadinij hairs: /lowers m
dense and compound Jlatteiicd cymes, which become considei'ably expanded in fruit.'
learrs membranaceous, petioled. (S/>ecies 2-5 incline to run toyelher. )

2. P. Tlillia, Benth. Leaves greener and loosely sojldowny, only the floral
ones whitened, otherwise icsembling those of the next; cymes dense; bracts
much surpassing thejlowirs, their long awn-likc points and the awn-pointcd calyx-
teeth bearded with long loose hairs. — Dry ground, mountains of Virginia and
southward.

3. P. inc^num, Miehx. Lcm-es ovate-oblong, acute, remotely toothed,
downy ultove and mostly hmry icith ivhiiish wool underneath, the uppermost ichitcned
bothgides; cymes 0}>en ; bracts linear-awl-shaped and, with the caly.x-tceth, more
or less awn-pointed. — Hocky woods and hills. New England to Michigan, and
southward. — Plant 2° -4° high, the taste intermediate between that of Penny-
royal and Spearmint, as in most of the following species. Very variable.

4. P. clinopodioides, Torr. & Gr. Leaves ohlong-lanceulate, scarcely
toothed, sliDrt-pctioleil, not whitened ; the upper surface often smooth, the lower
as well as the stem downy; cymes contracted ; bracts and calyx-teeth short-subu-
late, the latter nearly one half shorter than the tube. — Dry copses, S. New York
to Pennsylvania. Connects No. 3 with No. Ci.

* * * Calyx usually almost equally 5-toothed : flowers crowded in loose heads or dense

clusters at the end of the branches and in the uppermost axils; the brads shorter
than the 2-Hpped corollas : leaves almost sessile.

5. P, Torr6yi, Benth. Somewhat pubescent; stem strict and nearly
simple {•2°-3° high) ; leaves thin, linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends (mostly
2' long and 2" -3" wide), nearly entire; the awl-shaped calyx-teeth and bracts
cancscent. — Dry soil, S. Now York to Pennsylvania. — Intermediate in aspect
between No. 4 and No. 8.

tj. P. pil6sum, Nutt. More or less downy with lontj and soft whitish hairs,
much brauihed al)Ove ; hares lanceolate, acute at l>oth ends, or th.: lower oratr-lan-
ceolatf, nearly entire, the jloral not whitened; caly.x-tecth ovate-lanceolate, acute,
and with the bracts hoary-hairy. — Dry hills and plaitis, \V. Pennsylvania to
Illinois, and southwanl.

"• P. mtlticum, Pers. Minnttly lifHiry throughout, or becoming almost
smooth, corymbosdy much branched { 1° - 2J° high) ; leaves ovate or broadly ovate-
lanceolate, varying to lanceolate, rather rigid, acute, rounded or slightly htartsltu/ted
at the base, mostly sessile and minutely sliarji-toothed, prominently veined, green
when old ; the floral ones, bracts, and triangulai- or ovate calyx-tccth, hoary with a

348 LABlATiE. (mint FAMILY.)

fine closfi down. (Brachystemum vcrticillatnm, Michx.) — Dry liills, Maine to

Ohio, Kentucky, and southward. — Flowers in very dense clusters; the outer

bracts ovate-lanceolate and pointed, the others pointless.

« * « * Caljix eqmdly b-toothed : flowers collected in dense and rjlobidar, oflevflis-

cichd, small and nnnierons heads, which are crowded in terminal corymbs: bracts

rigid, closely apprtssed, shorter than the flowers: lips of the corolla very short:

leaves narrow, sessile, entire, r'tgid, crowded and clustered in the axils.

B. P, lanceol^tum, Pursh. Smoothish or minutely pubescent (2° high);

(eaves lanceolate or lance-linear, obtuse at the base ; /wads downy ; calyx-teeth short

and triangular. — Dry thickets ; not rare.

9. P. linifblium, Pursh. Smoother and leaves narrower and heads less
downy than in the last ; the narrower bracts and lanre-awl-shaped calyx-teeth pun-
gently pointed. — S. New England to Illinois, and southward.

***** Calyx equally 5-tonthed : flowers collected in few and solitary large and
glohular heads (terminal, and in the up/ier axils of the membranaceous petioled
learrs) ; the brads loose, ciliate-bcurded.

10. P. mont^num, Michx. Stem (l°-30 liigli) and ovate- or oblong-
lanceolatc serrate leaves glabrous; bracts very acute or awl-pointed, tlie oiitcr-
nio.^t ovate and Iwif-Iikc, the inner linear; teeth of the tubular calyx shoit and
acute. — Alleghanies, from S. Virginia southward. — Flavor warm and pleas-
ant. Foliage and heads resembling Monarda.

9. ORIGANUM, L. Wild Mar.joram.

Calyx ovatc-bell-shapcd, hairy in the throat, striate, 5-toothed. Tube of the
corolla about the length of the calyx, 2-lipped ; the upper lip rather erect and
slightly notched ; the lower longer, of 3 nearly etpial spreading lobes. Stamens
4, exscrtcd, diverging. — Perennials, with nearly entire leaves, and purplish
flowers crowded in cylindrical or oblong spikes, imbricated with colored bracts.
(An ancient Greek name, said to be composed of o/joy, a mountain, and ydvos,
delight. )

1. O. vulgXre, L. Upright, hairy, corymbose at the summit; leaves peti-
oled, round-ovate ; bracts ovate, obtuse, purplish. — Dry banks : scarce. June -
Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. THYMUS, L. TuvME.

Calyx ovate, 2-lipped, I3-nerved, hairy in the throat; the npper lip 3-toothed,
spreading; the lower 2-clcft, with the awl-shnped divisions ciliate. Corolla
short, slightly 2-lippcd ; the upper lip straight and flatti>h, notched at the apex ;
the lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, straight and distant, usually exsertcd. — Low per-
ennials, with small and entire strongly-veined leaves, and purplish or whitish
flowers. (The ancient Greek mime of the Thyme, probably from 6vo, to burn
perfume, because it was used for incense.)

1. T. Serpylldm, L. (Creeping Thyme.) Prostrate; leaves green, flat,
ovate, entire, short-petioled, flowers crowded at the end of the branches. — Old
fields. Eastern New England to Pennsylvania: rare. (Adv. fromEu. ) The
Garden Thyme is T. vulgaris, L.

I.AUIAT.i:. (mint lA.MlLY.) 349

11. SATURJSIA, L. Savory.

Calyx l)ell-sliapc(l, lO-iicrvt'd, equally 5-tootlic(l, naked in tlic throat. Corolla
2-lii)pecl ; the upper lip erect, flat, nearly entire, tlic lower 3-clcft. Stamens 4,
somewhat ascendinj;. — Aromatic plants, with narrow entire leaves, often clus-
tered, and .somewhat spiked purpli.sh flowers. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. S. iioiJTENSis, L. (SuMMiiU Savory.) Pubescent annual ; clusters few-
flowered ; bracts small or none. — Prairies of Illinois, and rocky islands at the
Palis of the Ohio, Short: escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

12. CALAMINTHA, Manch. Calamintii.

Calyx tubular, 13-nerved, mostly hairy in the throat, 2-lippeil, the upper lip
3-clett, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with a straijibt tube and an inflated throat,
distinctly 2-iipjx'd ; the upper lij) erect, flatfish, entire or notched ; the lower
spreading, 3-partcd, the middle lobe usually largest. Stamens 4, mostly ascend-
ing ; the anthers usually approximate in pairs. — Perennials, with mostly pur-
plish or whitish flowers; produced all summer : inflorescence various. (Name
composed of (caXor, hcatiliful, and filvda, Mint.)

§ 1. CALAMINTHA, Ma-nch. Cnh/x striate, scarcely r/iblmux at the Ixtse: cliistt-rs
ofjiowers loose and pedmicUd in the axils of the leaves, and Junniny a raceme at
the summit: bracts minute.

1. C. Nepeta, Link. (Rasil-Tiiymk.) Soft hairy ; stem ast ending (1°-
3" higli) ; leaves pctioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crcnate ; corolla (3" long) about
twice the length of the calyx. — Dry hills, Virginia, &,c. (Nat. from Eu.)

§2. CALOMELfSSA, Benth. Cah/z nearlj/ «s § 1 : whorls feu^- several-flow-
ered, .'ir-ssilc ; flowas on slender naked pedicels : the bracts at their base linear or
oiilon'i, Ip'iflike.

2. C. glabella, Benth. Smooth ; stems diffuse or spreading (10-2° long) ;
leaves slightly pctioled, oblong or oblong-linear, narrowed at the base (8" -2'
long), sparingly toothed, or nearly entire ; clusters 6-10-flowered ; corolla (pur-
plish, .5" -6" long) fully twice the length of the calyx, the teeth of the latter
awl-pointed. ( Cunila glabella, Michx. Mieromcria. Benth.) — Limestone banks,
near Frankfort, Kentucky (Short), and southward.

Var. Nuttallii, Gray. Smaller; the flowerinj? stems more upright (.')'- 9'
high), wiih narrower mostly entire leaves and fewer-flowered clusters; while
sterile runners from the base bear ovate thickish leaves only 2" -.5" long. (C.
Nuttallii, Benth. Micronu-ria glabella, var. angustifolia. Ton:) — Wet limestone
rocks, Niagara Falls to Wisconsin, Central Ohio (Sultirant), and south westward
— Appearing very distinct, but united by southwestern specimens.
§3. CLINC)rODIUM, L. Cali/x more or less qiblioiis In-low : clusters sessile and
mnnii-tloicired, dense, crowded with awl-shaped bracts.

3. C. Clinop6dium, Benth. (Basil.) Hairy, erect (1°- 2° high) ; leaves
ovate, ixjtioled, nearly entire; flowers (pale purple) in globular clusters; hairy
bracts as long as the calyx. (Clinopodium vulgare, />.) — Borders of thickets
nnd fields. Naturalized extensively : but apparently also indigenous about the
upper Great Lakes and elsewhero. (Eu.)

350 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.)

13. MELISSA, L. Balm.

Calyx with the upper lip flattened and 3-tootlied, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla
with a recurvod-aseendin^' tiil)C. Stamens 4, curved and connivin;; under the
upper lip. Otherwise nearly as Calanuntha. — Clusters Jew-flowered, loose,
one-sided, with few and mostly ovate bracts rescniblin<^ the leaves. (Xame from
firj\i(Taa, a bee ; the flowers yielding abundance of honey.)

1. M. officinXlis, L. (Common Balm.) Uprijiht, branehinjr ; leaves
broadly ovate, crenate-toothed, lemon-scented ; corolla nearly white. — Sparingly
escaped from gardens. (Xat. from Eu.)

14. HEDEOMA, Pers. Mock Pexnyroyal.

Calyx ovoid or tubular, gibbous on the lower side near the base, 13-nervcd
bearded in the throat, 2-lippcd ; the upper lip 3-tootlied, the lower 2-cleft. Co-
rolla 2-lij)ped ; the upper lip erect, flat, notched at the apex ; the lower spread-
ing, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2; the ujiper pair reduced to sterile filaments or
wanting. — Low, odorous annuals, with small leaves, and loose axillary clusters
of Howers (in summer), often forming terminal leafy racemes. (Altered from
'll8vu(Tfj.oi>, an ancient name of Mint, from its sweet scent.)

1. H. pulegioides, Pers. (American Pennyroyal.) Erect, branch-
ing, hairy; leaces petioled, oblong-ovate, ol'scureli/ seiraie, the floral similar; whorls
few-flowered ; corolla (bluish, pubescent) scarcely exceeding the calyx ; sterile
filaments tipped with a little head. — Open barren woods and fields. — The taste
and odor nearly of the true Pennijroija/ (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe.

2. H. hispida, Pursh. Erect, hairy (2' -5' high) ; leaves sessile, linear,,
entire, the floral similar and exceeding the flowers ; corolla scarcely longer than
the ciliate /lispid cahjx. — Dry hills, W. Illinois and westward.

15. COLLINSONIA, L. IIorse-Balm.

Calyx ovate, enlarged and declined in fruit, 2-lipped ; upper lip truncate and
flattened, 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla elongated, expanded at the throat,
somewhat 2-lippcd ; the 4 upj)er lobes nearly equal, but the lower much larger and
longer, pendent, toothed or laeerate-fringt d. Stamens 2 (sometimes 4, the up-
per pair shorter), much exserted, diverging: anther-cells divergent. — Strong-
scented perennials, with large ovate leaves, and yellowish flowers on slender pedi-
cels, in loose and ])anicled terminal racemes. (Named in honor of Pdtr ColUn-
son, a well-known patron of science and correspondent of Linnaeus, who intro-
duced it into England.)

1. C. Canadensis, L. (Rich-weed. Stone-root.) Nearly smooth
(l°-3° high); leaves serrate, pointed, petioled (3' -6' long); panicle loose;
stamens 2. — Rich moist woods : common. July - Sept. — Corolla 8" - 9" long,
lemon-sceutcd.

16. SALVIA, L. S.^GE.

Calyx naked in the throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip 3-toothcd or entire, the
lower 2-cleft. Corolla deeply 2-li])ped, ringcnt ; the upper lip straight or scythe-
shaped, entire or bai-ely notched ; the lower spreading or pendent, 3-lobcd. the

LABIAT/E. (mint FAMILY.) 851

middle lobe larger. Stamens 2, on short filaments, jointed with the elongated
transverse connective, one end of wliicli ascending under the upper lip hears a
linear 1-celled (half-) anther, the other usually descending hears an ini|>crfect or
deformed (half-) anther. — Flowers mostly large and showy, in spiked, raccined,
or paniclcd whorls, produced in summer. (Name from salco, to save, in allu-
sion to the repined healing qualities of Sage.)

1. S. lyrita, L. (LviiE-LKAVKn S.u;i:.) Low perennial (10'- 20' high),
someuhit /iiiiri/ ; sfcm ncdili/ siiiijile <tnd nalccd ; root-lcuvis oljuvdte, li/ieshajied or sin-
uatc-pimiiititid, .sometimes almost entire; Uiose of the stem mostly a single ]>iiir,
smaller and narrower ; the floral oblong-linear, not longer than the calyx ; whorls
loose and distant, forming an interrupted raceme; upper lip of the hlue-purplo
pubescent corolla short, straight, not vaulted. — Woodlands and meadows, New
Jersey to Ohio, Illinois, and southward.

2. S. urticifdlia, L. (Ni;ttm;-le.\ved S.voe.) Domii/ u-illi claminj/ hairs,
lecfll ; leans rliomhir-oratt', ])()inted, crenate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at
the base, narrowed into a short ])etiole, the floral nearly similar; whorls remote,
many-flowered ; upper lip of the blue corolla erect, one third the length of the
lower; style bearded. — Woodlands, from Maryland southward. — Corolla 4"
long; the lateral lobes delkwed, the middle nutciicd.

17. MONARDA, L. IIok.se-Min-t.

Calyx tubular, elongated, 15-ncrved, nearly ecpially 5-tootlied, usually hairy
in the throat. Corolla elongated, with a slightly expanded throat, and a strongly
2-lij)ped limb ; the li])s linear or oblong, somewhat equal ; the upper erect, entire
or slightly notched; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd at the apex, the lateral lobes
ovate and obtuse, the middle one narrower and slightly notched. Stamens 2,
elongated, ascending, inserted in the throat of the corolla : anthers linear (the
divaricate cells confluent at the junction). — Odorous erect herbs, with entire or
toothed leaves, and pretty large flowers in a few whorled heads, closely surrounded
with bracts. (Dedicated to Nicolas Moimnks, author of many tracts upon
medicinal and other useful plants, especially those of the New World, in the
latter half of the 16th century.)

» Slametis and sti/le exserted heipnd the narrow acute upper Up of the corolla : root per-
eiinial ; hares lance-ovate or oblong, with a roundid or slightly heart-shaped Ixise.

1. M. didyma, L. (Osw-kgo Tk.\.) Somewhat hairy (2° high) ; leaves
petioled, pointed ; the floral ones and the large outer bracts tinged with red ;
culyx smiiolh, inciirced, nearly nuLiil in ihelltroat; corolla snioalh (2' long), bright
red. showy. — Moist woods by streams. New England to Wisconsin northward,
and southward in the AUeghauies : often cultivated (under the name of Balm or
B(e-Uahu). July, Aug.

2. M. fistul6sa, L. (Wild Bki!o.\mot.) Smoothish or downy; leavea
petiolid; tlu' uppermost and outer bracts somewhat colore<l (whitish or purplish) ;
culyx slightly curved, veiy hairy in the throat ; corolla purplish, rose-color, or almost
white, smooth or hairy. — Woods ami rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin, and
southward, csi)ceially westward. July - Sejit. — Very variable in appearamio,
2° -5° high; the pale corolla smaller than iu tl»c last.

352 LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.;

3. M. Bradburiana, Beck. Leaves nearly sessile, clothed with lonrj soft hairs,
espi-ciulli/ uiuiciiu'uth ; the Horul and tlie outer bracts somewhat heart-shaped, pur-
plish ; calyx smoolhish, contracted above, vei-y hairy in the throat, wit\ awl-shufjcd
owned teeth ; corolhi smootliish, bearded at the tip of the uppt-r iij), scarcely twice
the length of the calyx, pale purplish, the lower lip dotted with purple. — Oak-
openings and woods, Ohio to Illinois, and westward. May -July.

* * Stamens not exceeding the upper lip of the short corolla: annuals or biennials.

4. M. punctata, L. (Horse-Mint.) Minutely downy (2°-3°high);
leaves pctioled, lanceolate, narrowed at the base ; bracts lanceolate, obtuse at
the base, sessile, yellowish and purple ; teeth of the downy calyx short and rigid,
awnlcss; corolla nearly smooth, yellowish, the upper lip spotted with purple,
notched at the apex, the tube scarcely exceeding the calyx. — Sandy fields and
dry banks, New York to Illinois and southward. July -Sept. — Very odorous
and pungent.

18. BLEPHILIA, Raf. Blephilia.

Calyx ovoid-tuljular, 13-ncrved, 2-lippcd, naked in the throat; upper lip with
3 awned teeth, the lower with 2 nearly awnless teeth. Corolla inflated in the
throat, strongly and nearly equally 2-lippcd ; the upper lip erect, entire ; the
lower spreading, 3-clcft, with the lateral lobes ovate and rounded, larger than
the oblong and notched middle one. Stamens 2, ascending, exserted (the rudi-
ments of the upper pair minute or none) : anthers, &c. as in Monarda. — Peren-
nial herbs, with nearly the foliage, &c. of Monarda ; the small pale bluish purple
flowers crowded in axillary and terminal globose capitate whorls ; in summer.
(Name from jSAe^api'y, the eyelash, in reference to the hairy-fringed bracts and
calyx-teetli. )

1. B. eilikta, Kaf. Somewhat downy (l°-2° high); leaves almost sessile,
oblnnfi-ovote, narrowed at the base, whitish-downy underneath ; outer bracts orate,
acute, colored, ciliate, as long as the calyx; corolla hairy. (Monarda ciliata,
L.) — Dry open places, Penn. to Kentucky and Wisconsin.

2. B. hirstlta, Benth. Usiiry throu'r'hont; leaves long-petio'ed, ovate, pointed,
rounded or heart-shaped at the base; the lower floral ones similar, the uppermost
and the h-acts linear-awl-shaped, shorter than the long-haired calyx ; corolla
smoothish, pale, with darker purple spots. (B. nepetoides, Rqf. Monarda hir
suta, Pursh.) — Damp rich woods, E. Vermont to Wisconsin and Kentucky. —
Plant 2° - 3° high, with spreading branches, and numerous close whorls, the
lower remote.

19. LOPHANTHTJS, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

Calyx tubular-bell-sliaped, 1.5-nerved, oblique, 5-toolhed, the ui)pcr teeth rathev
longer than the others. Corolla 2-lipped; the upper lip nearly erect, 2-lobed ;
the lower somewhat spreading, 3-cleft with the middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4,
exserted ; the upper pair declined ; the lower and shorter pair ascending, so that
the pairs cross. Anther-cells nearly parallel. — Perennial tall herbs, with peti-
oled serrate leaves, and small flowers crowded in interrupted term nal spikes; in
summer. (Name from X6<pos, a crest, and uv6os, a flower.)

LABIAT.E. (hint FAMILY.) 353

1. L. nepetoides, Bcnth. .S'j/ioo^A, or nearly so ; leaves ovate, somewhat
pointed, coarsely crenatc-toothed (2' -4' long) ; culjix-teethcuate, rather obtuse, /title,
shorter than the pale (jreenish-yelloiv corolla. — Borders of woods, W. Vermont to
Wisconsin, and southward. — Stem stout, 4° - 6° high, sharply 4-angled. Spikes
2' -6' long, crowded with the ovate jiointed bracts.

2. L. serophularisefblius, Benth. Stem (obtusely 4-anglcd) and lower
surface of the ovate or somewhat heart-shaped acute leaves more or less pubes-
cent; cati/.v-tetth lanceolate, acute, .shorter than the fiurijlish corolla (spikes 4' - 15 'long) :
otherwise like the last. — Same geographical range.

3. L. anisatus, Benth. (Anise Hissop.) Smooth, but the ovate acute
leaves glaucotis-ichlte underneath \\''\i\\ minute down ; calyx-teeth lanceolate, acute.
— Plains, Wisconsin and northwestward. — Foliage with the scent of anise.

20. NEPETA, L. Cat-Mixt.

Calyx tubular, often incurved, obliquely .5-toothcd. Corolla dihited in the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, rather concave, notched or 2-cktt ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, the middle lobe largest, either 2-lobed or entire. Sta-
mens 4, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair shorter. Anthers ap-
proximate in pairs ; the cells divergent. — Perennial herbs. (The Latin name,
thought to be derived from Nepete, an Etrurian city.)

§ 1. Cymose chisli-rs rather dense and many-floicerfd, forming interrupted sjiikes or
racemes: upper floral leaves small and bract -like.

1. N. Cat.yria, L. (Catnip.) Downy, erect, branched; leaves heart-
shaped, oblong, deeply crenate, whitish-downy underneath; corolla whitish,
dotted with purple. — Near dwellings: a very common weed. July -Se] it.
(Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. GLECHOMA, L. Leaves all alike: the axillary clusters loosely fw-flou-ered.

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. (Ground Ivy. Gill) Creejiiiig and trail-
ing ; leaves pctioled, round kidney-shaped, crenate, green both sides ; corolla
thrice the length of the calyx, light blue. (Glechoma hederacea, L.) — Damp
waste grounds near dwellings. May - Aug. — Anther-cells diverging at a right
angle, each pair approximate' and forming a cross. (Adv. from Eu.)

21. DRACOCEPHALUM, L. Dragon-IIead.

Calyx tubular, 13- 15-nerved, straight, 5-toothed ; the upper tooth usually
much largest. Corolla 2-lipped ; the upper lip slightly arched and notched ; the
lower spreading, 3-cleft, with its middle lobe largest and2-cleft or notched at the
end. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip ; the lower pair shorter. An-
thers approximate by pairs, the cells divergent. — Whorls many-flowered, mostly
spiked or capitate, and with awn-tootiicd or fringed leafy bracts. (Name from
8paK(ov, a dragon, and Kfcpa^r], luad, alluding to the form of the corolla in the
original species.)

1. D. parvifldrum, Nutt. Annual or biennial; stem erect, leafy (8'-
20' high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sharply cut-toothed, petioled ; whorls crowded
in a terminal head or spike ; upper tooth of the calyx ovate, nearly equalling
L & M— 35

354 LABIAT.E. (mint FAMILY.)

the bluish small slender corolla. — Rocky places, from St. Lawrence Co., New
York, to Wisconsin along the Great Lakes, northward. May - Aug.

22. CEDRONELLA, Mu;nch. Cedronella.

Calyx rather .obliquely 5-toothed, many-nerved. Corolla ample, expanded
at the throat, 2-lipped ; the upjier lip flattish or concave, 2-lobed ; the lower 3.
cleft, spreading, the middle lobe largest. Stamens 4, ascending; the lower pair
shorter. Anther-cells parallel. — Sweet-scented perennials, with pale purpHsh
flowers. (Name a diminutive of Ke8piov, oil of Cedar, from the aromatic leaves
of the original species, C. triphylla, the Balm-of-Gilead of English gardens.)

1. C COl'd^ta, Benth. Low, with slender runners, hairy ; leaves broadly
heart-shaped, crenate, potioled, the floral shorter than the calyx ; whorls few-
flowered, at the summit of short ascending stems ; corolla hairy inside (1^' long) ;
stamens shorter than the upper lip. (Dracoccphalum cordatum, Nult.) — Low
shady banks, W. Penn. to Kentucky, and southward along the mountains. June.

23. SYNANDRA, Nutt. Stnandra.

Calyx bell-shaped, inflated, membranaceous, irregularly veiny, almost equally
4-toothed ! Corolla with a long tube, much expanded above and at the throat;
the upper lip slightly arched, entire ; the lower spreading and 3-cleft, with ovate
lobes, the middle one broadest and notched at the end. Stamens 4, ascending :
fllaments hairy : anthers approximate in pairs under the upper lip ; the two
upper each with one fertile and one smaller sterile cell, the latter cohering with
each other (whence the name ; from <tvv, together, and avr]p, for anther).

1. S. grandifl6ra, Nutt. — Shaded banks, Ohio, Kentucky, and south-
ward. June. — A perennial? hairy herb, 1° high. Lower leaves long-petioled,
broadly ovate, heart-shaped, crenate, thin ; the floral sessile, gradually reduced
to bracts, each with a single sessile flower. Corolla Ij' long, yellowish-white.

24. PHYSOSTEGIA, Benth. False Dragon-head.

Calyx nearly equally 5-toothed, obscurely 10-ncrved, short-tubular or bell-
shaped, more or less enlarged and slightly inflafed in fruit. Corolla funnel-
form with a much inflated throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, nearly entire ;
the lower 3-parted, spreading, small : its middle lobe larger, broad and rounded,
notched. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate ;
the cells parallel. — Smooth perennials, with upright wand-like stems, and ses-
sile lanceolate or oblong mostly serrate leaves. Flowers large and showy, rose
or flesh-color variegated with purple, opposite, crowded in simple or panicled
terminal leafless spikes. (Name from ^vaa, a bladder, and aTfyrj, a covering.)

1. P. Virginiana, Benth. Corolla 1' or more long, gaping, the upper
lip slightly arching ; calyx-tubc oblong- or obconical-bell-shaped. (Dracoccph-
alum Virginianuni, L.)' — "Wet bank«, &c., W. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. July - Sept. — Varies from l°-4° high, stout or slender; the
leaves from oblong-obovate (the lower) to narrowly lanceolate, and from very
sharply toothed to nearly entire ; the flowers either crowded or scattered.

LABIATiE. (mint FAMILY.) OOO

25. BRTJNELLA, Tourn. (Prunella, Z.) Self-heal.

Calyx tubular-bell-shiiped, soiiicwluit lO-nervud and reticuhitcd-veiny, flat-
tened on the upper side, naked in tlie throat, closed in fruit, 2-lipiJcd ; the up-
per lip broad and flat, truncate, with 3 .short teeth ; the lower 2-clett. Corolla
ascending, slightly contracted at the tlnoat, and dilated at the lower side just
beneath it, 2-lipped ; the upper lip erect, arched, entire ; the lower reflexcd-
spreadiug, 3-cleft ; its lateral lobes oblong ; the middle one rounded, concave,
crenulatc. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : fllaments 2-toothed at
the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Anthers approximate in pairs,
their cells diverging. — Low perennials, with nearly simple stems, and 3-flow-
ered clusters of flowers sessile in the axils of round and bract-like membrana-
ceous floral leaves, imbi'icated in a close spike or head. (Name said to be taken
from the German braune, a disease of the throat, for which this plant was a
reputed remedy.

2. B. vulgaris, L. (Common Si;lf-iieal or He.vl-all.) Leaves ovate-
oblong, entire or toothed, petioled, hairy or snioothish ; corolla (violet or flesli-
color, rarely white) not twice the length of the purplish calyx. — Woods and
fields : common. June -Sept. (Eu.)

2 6. SCUTELLARIA, L. Skullcap.

Calyx bell-shaped in flower, 2-lippcd ; the lips entire, closed in fruit, the upper
with a helmet-like at length concave and enlarged appendage on the back (the
upper sepal) ; calyx splitting to the base at maturity, the upper lip usually fall-
ing away. Corolla with an elongated curved ascending tube, dilated at the
throat, 2-lipped ; the upper lip arched, entire or barely notched; the lateral
lobes mostly connected with the upper rather than the lower lip ; the lower lobe
or lip spreading and convex, notched at the apex. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, ciliate or bearded ; those of the
lower stamens 1-cclled (halved), of the upper 2-cellcd and heart-shaped. — Bit-
ter perennial herbs, not aromatic, with axillary or else s])iked or racemcd flow-
ers; in summer: the short peduncles or pedicels chiefly opposite, 1-flowered,
often 1 -sided. (Name from scutella, a dish, in allusion to the form of the ap-
pendage to the fruiting calyx.)

* Flowers (blue) in terminal {single or pan id ed) racemes; the Jloral Icares, except the

loiver ones, being small, and reduced to bracts.
1- Lips short, nearhj equal in length, the lateral lobes rather distinct, and almost as
long as the slraigldish or scarcely incurved upper lip : leaves on slender petioles.
1. S. versicolor, Nutt. Soft hairg, the hairs of the inflorescence, &c.
partly viscid-glandular ; stem mostly erect (l°-3° high); leaves ovate or round-
ovate, chiefly heart-shaped, crenate-toothed, very veiny, rugose, the floral reduced
to broadly ovate entire bracts about equalling the glandular-hairy calyx ; ra-
cemes mostly simple. — River-banks, &c., Pcnu. to Wisconsin and southward.
— Corolla 9" long, with a slender tube, below whitish, the lower lip purple-
spotted ; the upper deep blue ; the lateral lobes belonging as much to the loweif
as to the upper lip. — S. saxatilis, var. ? pilosior, Benik., is probably a smaller

356 LABIAT.E. (mIXT FAMILY.)

form of this, as is S. rugosa, Wood. (The hatter from Harper's Feny, Dr. Aihln,
according to Wund.)

2. S. saxatilis, Riddell. Smoothish or sliglul'/ Itairi/ ; stem weak, ascend-
ing (6'- 18' long), often producing runners, branched; leaves ovate or omte-oblong
and mostlij heart-shuped, coarsely crenate-toothed (l'-2' long), thiri, obttisn ; upper
bracts oblong or ovate, small ; racemes loose. — Moist shaded banks, S. Ohio,
Virginia, and Kentucky, and southward in the mountains. — Corolla 8" long,
the lateral lobes connected with the straightish upper lip.

•*- -t- Lateral lobes of the corolla small, 7nitcJi shorter than the decidedly arched or in
curved upper lip, and connected with it: stem erect: leaves modeiately peliuhd,
except in No. 6.

3. S. can6scens, Nutt. Stem branched (2° -4° high) above, with the
paniclcd many-flowered racemes, flowers, and the lower surface of the ovate or lance-
ovatu acute (at the base acute, obtuse, or cordate) crenate leaves whitish icith flne
sofl down, often becoming rather glabrous ; bracts oblong or lanceolate ; upper
lip of the corolla shorter than the lower. — Rich ground, Penn. to Illinois and
southward. — Corolla 8" long.

4. S. serrata, Andrews. Green and nearly glabrous; stem rather simple
(l°-3° high), Avith single loosely-flowered racemes; leaves serrate, acuminate at
loth ends, ovate or ovate-oblong ; calyx, &c. somewhat hairy ; lips of the corolla
equal in length (corolla 1' long, the tube more tapering below than in the last,
which this resembles). — Woods, Penn. to Illinois, and southward.

5. S. pil6sa, Michx. Pubescent with spreading Jmirs; stem nearly simple
(1° -3° high) ; leaves rather distant, crenate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, varying to round-
ish-ovate, the lower abrupt or heart-shaped at the base and long-petiolcd, the
upper on short margined petioles, veiny ; bracts oblong-spatulate ; racemes short,
often branched ; corolla (6" - 8" long) rather narrow, the lower lip a little shorter.
(S. hirsuta, Short, is a large form.) — Dry ground, S. New York to Michigan
and southward.

6. S. illtegl*if61ia, L. Downy all over with a minute hoariness ; stem com-
monly simj)le (l°-2o high) ; leaves Mong-lanceolate or linear, mostly entire, obtuse,
very short-petiolcd ; raceme often branched ; corolla (I'long) much enlarged above,
the ample lips equal in length. — Borders of thickets, from Bridgewater, Mass.
(Mr. Howard), to Pennsylvania and southward.

* * Flowers {blue or violet, short-peduncled) solitary in the axils of the upper mosdy

sessile leaves, which are similar to the lower ones.

•1- Corolla (2" -3" long) seldom thrice the length of the calyx; the short lips nearly

equal in length, the upper lip concave.

7. S. nervdsa, Pursh. Smooth, simple or branched, slender (10' -20-
high) ; loivcr leaves loundi.^h ; the middle ones orate, toothed, somewhat heart-shaped
(V long) ; the floral ovate-lanceolate, entire ; nerve-like veins prominent beneath.
(S. gracilis, Nutt.) — Moist tliickcts, New York to Illinois and southward.

( (^/vi*^S. parvula, Michx. Minutely downy, dwarf (3' -6' high), branched
P^ arrd spreading; lowest leaves round-ovate ; the others ovate or lance-ovate, obtuse, all
entire or nearly so, slightly hcarl'shaprd (G" -8" long). (S. amlngua, A^««.) —
Dry banks, W. New England to Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

LABIAT.E. (.MINT FAMILY.) 357

t- H- Corolla (S"-9" hnrj), with n slc/ulrr tube: Innrr lip larfje and rallur longer
tluin the so.'ueichat inched uii/x r lip : stem aiiiiple.

9. S. galericulata, L. Smooth or a little downy, erect (l°-2° high) ;
leaves ovatc-lanccohitc, acute, serrate, roundish and slightly heart-shaped at the
base ( 1' - 2' long). — Wet shady places : common northward. ( En.)

* * * Flowers small [blue, 3" long), in axillarjj and ofien also in terminal one-sided
racemes ; the lower Jioral leaves like the others, the upper small and bract-like.

10. S. laterifldra, L. Smooth; stem upright, much branched {\°~2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate-ovate or ovate-oblong, pointed, coarsely serrate, rounded
at the base, petioled (2'- 3' long). — Wet shaded places : common. — A iiuack
having formerly vaunted its virtues as a remedy for hydrophobia, this species
bears the name of Mad-dog Skullcap.

27. MARRtlBIUM, L. Horehound.

Calyx tubular, 5 - 10-nerved, nearly equally 5 - 10-toothed ; the teeth more or
less spiny-pointed and spreading at maturity. Upper lip of the corolla erect,
notched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft, its middle lobe broadest. Stamens 4,
included in the tube of the corolla. Nutlets not truncate. — Whitish-woolly bitter-
aromatic perennials, branched at the base, with rugose and crenatc or cut leaves,
and many-flowered axillary whorls. (A name of Pliny, said to be derived from
the Hebrew marrob, a bitter juice.)

1. M. vulgXue, L. (Common Horehound.) Stems ascending; leaves
round-ovate, petioled, crenatc-toothed ; whorls capitate; calyx with 10 recurved
teeth, the alternate ones shorter; corolla small, white. — Escaped from gardens
into waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)

28. GALEOPSIS, L. Hemp-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bcll-shaped, about 5-nerved, with .5 somewhat equal and spiny-
tip])ed teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the tipper lip ovate, arched, entire ;
the lower 3-cleft, spreading ; the lateral lobes ovate, the middle one inversely
heart-shaped ; palate with 2 teeth at the sinuses. Stamens 4, ascending under
the upper lip : anther-cells transversely 2-valved ; the inner valve of each cell bristly-
fringed, the outer one larger and naked. — Annuals, with spreading branches,
and several - many-flowered whorls in the axils of floral leaves which are nearly
like the lower ones. (Name composed of yaXerj, a weasel, and o\j/^is, resemblance,
from some fancied likeness of the corolla to the head of a weasel.)

1. G. TetrXiiit, L. (Common Hemp-Nettle.) Stem swollen below the
joints, bris>li/-hairi/ ; leaves ovate, coarsely serrate ; corolla pur]ilish, or variegated,
about twice the length of the calyx ; or, in var. graxdi flora, 3-4 times the
length of the calyx, often yellowish with a purple spot on the lower lip. —
Waste places : rather common. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. G. LAdanum, L. (Red H.) Stein smooth or pubescent; leaves ob/ong-
lanceolate, more or less downy ; corolla red or rose-color (the thront often spotted
with yellow), much exceeding the calyx. — Eastern New England : rare. Aug.
(Adv. from Eu.)

358 LABTAT^E. (.MINT FAMII.Y.)

29. STACHYS, L. Hkdge-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-bcll-sluijjcd, 5 - lO-uevvcd, equally 5-tootlicd, or the upper teeth
united to form an upper li]). Corolla not dilated at the throat ; the upper lip
erect or ratlier sprcadini^-, often arched, entire or nearly so ; the lower usually
longer and spreading, 3-lobed, with the middle lobe largest and nearly entire.
Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip (often reflexed on the throat after
flowering) : anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets obtuse, not truncate. —
Wiiorls 2 - inany-flowered, approximate in a terminal raceme or spike (whence
the name, from ardxvs, a spike). Flowering in summer.
* ll(jot annual : stems decumbent, low.

1. S. ARVENSis, L. (Woundwort.) Hairy; leaves petioled, ovate, obtuse,
crcnate, heart-shaped at the base ; a.xillary whorls 4 - 6-flowered, distant ; corolla
(purplish) scarcely longer than. the soon declined unarmed calyx. — Waste
places, E. Massachusetts : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

* * Root ]>erennial : stem erect.

2. S. pallistris, L. Stem 4-angled j2°-3° high), leafy, hirsute with
spreading or reflexed hairs, especially on the angles ; leaves sessile, or the lower
short-petioled, oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, crenately serrate, rounded or heart-
shaped at the base, downy or liairj'-pubescent, obtusish (2' -4' long), the upper
floral ones shorter than the nearly sessile calyx ; whorls 6 - 10-flowered, the up-
per crowded into an interrupted spike ; calyx hispid ; the lance-subulate teeth
somewhat spiny, half the length of the purple corolla, diverging in fruit. — Wet
banks of streams, &c., mostly northward. (Eu.) — To this, for the present, we
must refer all the following as varieties, different as some of them are : —

Var. ^spei'a. (S. aspcra, Michx.) Stem more commonly smooth on the
sides, the angles beset with stiff reflexed bristles ; leaves hairy or smoothish,
pointed, the lower petioled, the lower floral as long as the flowers ; spike often
slender and more interrupted ; calyx-tube rather narrower and the teeth more
awl-shaped and spiny. — Common in wet grounds. — This passes into

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, RiWfJl, suppl. cat. Ohio pi. 1836.) More slender,
smooth find f/labtous throiic/hout, or with few bristly hairs ; leaves oblong- or ovate-
lanceolate, taper-pointed, more sharply toothed, mostly rounded or truncate at
the base, all petioled. — W. New York to Michigan and southwestward.

Var. cord kta. (S. cordata, 7?/fWe//, /. c. S. 'SnttaWii, Shuttlew.) Stem
beset with spreading or reflexed bristly hairs ; leaves hairy or smoothish, oblong,
heart-shaptd at the narrowed base, all more or less petioled ; calyx-teeth sometimes
shorter. — Common westward and southward.

3. S. hyssopifblia, Midix. Smooth and glabrous, or nearly so ; stems
slender (1° high), the angles sometimes reflexed-bristly ; leai'es lincar-ohlonp, or
narrowly linear, sessile, obscurely toothed towards the ape.x ; whorls 4 - 6-flowered,
rather distant; corolla (light purple) twice or thrice the length of the triangular-
awl-shaped spreading calyx-teeth. — Wet sandy places, Massachusetts to Vir-
ginia ; also Michigan, Illinois and southward.

Betonica officin.\lis, the Wood Betony of Europe, — of a genus hardly
distinct from Stachys, — was found by C. J. Sprague in a thicket at Newton,
Massachusetts.

LABIATE. (mint FAMILY.) S69

30. LEONURUS, L. Motherwort.

Calyx top-shaped, 5-ncrvcd, witli T) nearly equal teeth which arc awl-shaped,
and when old rather spiny-pointed and spreading. Upper lip of the eorolla ob-
long and entire, somewhat arehed ; the lower spreading, 3-lobcd ; its middle lobe
larger, broad and inversely heart-shaped, the lateral ones oblong. Stamens 4,
ascending under the upper lip : anthers approximate in pairs, the valves naked.
Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. — Upright herbs, with cut-lobed leaves,
and close whorls of flowers in their axils ; in summer. (Name from X«'coi/, a lion,
and ovpdi tail, i. e. Lion's-tail.)

1. L. CaruLvca, L. (Common Motherwort.) Tall perennial ; leaves
long-petioled ; the lower rounded, palmately lobed ; the floral wedge-shaped at
the base, 3-cleft, the lobes lanceolate ; upper lip of the pale purple corolla bearded.

— Waste places, around dwellings. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. MarrubiAstrum, L. Tall biennial, with elongated branches ; stem-
leaves olilong-ovate, coarsely toothed; corolla (whitish) shorter than the calyx-
teeth; the tube naked within; lower lip rather erect. — Koadsidcs, Pennsyl-
vania: rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

31. LAMIUM, L. De ad-Nettle.

Calyx tubular-ix'll-shapod, about .5-ncrvcd, with 5 nearly equal awl-pointed
teeth. Corolla dilated at the throat ; the upper lip ovate or oblong, arched, nar-
rowed at the base; the middle lobe of the spreading lower lip broad, notched
at the apex, contracted as if stalked at the base ; the lateral ones small, at the
margin of the throat. Stamens 4, ascending under the upper lip : anthers ap-
proximate in pairs, 2-celled, the cells divergent. Nutlets truncate at the apex.

— Herbs, decumbent at the base, the lowest leaves small and long-petioled, the
middle ones heart-shaped and doubly toothed, the floral subtending the whorled
clusters of flowers ; produced from spring to autumn. (Name from Xainos, the
throat, in allusion to the ringent corolla.)

* Anmiah or biennials, low: Jlowers small, purple, in feiv u'horls or heads.

1. L. amplexicaule, L. Leaves rounded, deeply crenate-toothed or cut,
the upper ones claspirtrj ; corolla elongated, upper lip bearded, the lower spotted;
lateral lobes truncate. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. L. PURPUREUM, L. Leaves roundish or oblong, heart-shaped, crenate-
toothed, all petio/cd. — Cult, grounds, Pennsylvania. (Adv. from Eu. )

* * Perennial, lalUr : ^flowers larger, in several axilkmj whorls.

3. L. Album, L. Hairy ; leaves ovate, heart-shaped, petioled ; calyx-teeth
very slender, spreading ; corolla white, the tube curved upwards, obliquely con-
tracted near the base, where there is a ring of hairs inside ; lateral lobes of lower
lip bearing a long slender tooth. — Waste ground near Boston, D. Murray.
(Adv. from Eu.)

32. BALLOTA, L. Fetid Horehound.

Calyx nearly funnel-form ; the lO-ribbed tube expanded above mto a spreaCN
ing regular border, with 5-10 teeth. Anthers exserted beyond the tube of

."GO BOPaiAGINACICiE. (bORAGE FAMILY.)

the corolla, approximate in pnirs. Otherwise mueh as in Marrubium. (The
Greek name, of iineertaiii origin.)

1. B. n'igua, L. (Black IIorehouxi).) More or less hairy, but green,
erect; the root perennial; leaves ovate, toothed; wliorls maiiy-Howercd, dense;
calyx-teetli 5, longer than the tube of the purplish corolla. — Waste places, Mas-
sachusetts and Connecticut : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

33. PHLOMIS, L. Jerusalem Sage.

Calyx tubular, 5-10-ribbed, truncate or equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of the
corolla arched ; the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, ascending and approx-
imate in pairs under the upper lip ; the filament.t of the upper pair with an awl-
shaped apj)cndage at the base., longer than tite others in V. tuberosa, &c. : anther-
cells divergent and confluent. — Leaves rugose. Whorls dense and many-flow-
ered, axillary, remote, bracted. (An old Greek name of a woolly species, of
oliscurc derivation.)

I. P. tuber6sa, L. Tall perennial (3° -5° high), nearly smooth; leaves
ovate-heart-shaped, crenatc, petioled ; the floral oblong-lanceolate ; bracts awl-
shnped, hairy; upper lip of the purple corolla densely bearded with white hairs
on the in.';] de, — Shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester. June, July. (Adv.
from Eu.)

Order 72. BORRAGII^ACE.E. (Borage Family.)

Chinflii rough-hairy herbs (not aromatic), with alternate entire leaven, ana
sTjmmetrical Jlowers with a 5-parted calyx, a regular b-lobed corolla (except
in No. 1), 5 stamens inserted on its tube, a single style and a deeply 4:-lobed
ovary (as in Labiatse), which forms in fruit 4 seed-like nutlets, each with a
single seed. — Albumen none. Cotyledons plano-convex : radicle pointing
to the apex of the fruit. Stigmas 1 or 2. Calyx valvate, the corolla im-
bricated (in Myosotis convolute) in the bud. Flowers mostly on one side
of the branches of a reduced cyme, imitating a spike or raceme, which is
rolled up from the end, and straightens as the blossoms expand (circinate
or scorpioid), often bractless. (A rather large family of innocent, muci-
laginous, and slightly bitter plants; the roots of some species yielding a
red dye.)

Tribe I. BORRAGGjG. Ovary deeply 4-parted, forming aa many separate 1-seeiled

nutlets i:i fruit ; the style rising trom the centre between them. (Root frequently red )

* Corolla naked and open (without scales) in the throat, somewhat irregular ! Nutlets erect

1. IDcliiuin. Corolla funnel-form, unequally 5-lobed. Stamens protruded.

* * Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets not prickly, erect ; the scar broad.

2. Lycopsis. Coi'oUa funnel-form, slightly curved and oblique : scales blunt and hairy.

3. Symphytum. Corolla tubular, and enlarged at the summit : scales awl -shaped.

• » » Corolla open, with folds rather than scales in the throat. Nutlets smooth, erect ; scar small
— Lobes of the tubular corolla imbricated ii\ the bud.

4. Onosmotlium. Nutlets stony, smooth. Lobes of the corolla acute and erect.

6. Liithospcrmum. Nutlets stony, smuuth. Lubes of the corolla spreading, rounded-

BORUAGINACE^. (bOUAGE FAMILY.) 3G1

6. Mertensla. Nutlets fleshy, fixed by tlie inner angle. Lobes of the corolla roundud.

■<- ■>- Lobes of the short salver-shnped corolla convolute in the bud.

7. M'yosotis. Nutlets hard and smooth. Flowers all or most of them bractUss.

» * » « Corolla with 5 scales closing the throat. Nutlets prickly, laterally fixed to the central
column or the base of the style, often recuuiljent.

8. EcUinospermum. Corolla salver-shaped. Nutlets eiwct, prickly on the margin

9. Cyuu^loasuiu. Corolla fuiinet-furm. Nutlets oblique or depressed, prickly all over.
Tribe II. HELIOTROPEjE. Ovary not lobed, tipped with the simple style : the fruit

sei)arating when ripe into 2 or 4 nutlets.

10. Helioti-opluhi. Throat of the short salver-shaped corolla open. Nutlets l-celled.

11. Ileliophytum. Throat of the corolla contracted. Nutlets 2, each 2-celled, i. c. 4 iu 2

pairs and sometimes a pair of empty false cells.

1. ECHIUM, Touni. Viper's BiTGLOSS.

Corolla with a cylindraccous or funnel-forin tube, and a more or less unequal
spreading .5-Iobcd border ; the lobes rounded, the expanded throat naked. Sta-
mens mostly cxserted, unequal. Style thread-form. Nutlets roughened or
wrinkled, fixed by a flat base. (A name of Dioscorides, from exis, a viper.)

1. E. vulg.\re, L. (Blue-weed.) Rough-bristly biennial; stem erect
(2° high), mostly simple; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile ; floAvers showy,
in short lateral clusters, disposed in a long and narrow raceme ; corolla reddish-
purple changing to brilliant blue (rarely pale). — Roadsides and meadows : rather
rare northward ; but a troublesome weed in ciiltivatetl fields in Virginia. June.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. LYCOPSIS, L. BuGEOss.

Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved tube and a slightly unequal limb ; the
throat clo.sed with 5 convex obtuse bristly scales placed- opposite the lobes. Sta-
mens and style included. Nutlets rough-wrinkled, erect, fixed by a hollowed-
out base. — Annuals. (Name from 'Kvkos, a ivolf, and o^is, fnce.)

1. L. ARVENSis, L. (SiM.\LL BuGLOSs.) Very rough-bristly (l°high);
leaves lanceolate ; flowers in leafy raceme-like clusters ; calyx as long as the tube
of the small blue corolla. — Dry or sandy fields. New England to Virginia:
scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. SYMPHYTUM, Tourn. Comfret.

Corolla oblong-tubular, inflated above, 5-toothed ; the short teeth spreading ;
the throat closed with .5 converging linear-awl-shaped scales. Stamens included ;
anthers elongated. Style thread-form. Nutlets smooth, ovate, erect, fixed by
the large hollowed base, which is finely toothed on its margin. — Coarse peren-
nial herbs, with thickened bitterish mucilaginous roots ; the nodding raccmc-liko
clusters cither single or in pairs. (Name from cri;/i^eli', to grow tojether, proba-
bly in allusion to its re])uted healing virtues.)

1. S. officx.v.Vle, L. (C(i.M.MON CoMFREY.) Hairy, branched, winged
above by the dccurrcnt leaves ; the lower leaves ovatc-lanceolatc, tapering into
a petiole, the upper n.arrowcr ; corolla yellowish-white, rarely purplish. — Moist
places ; cscajxid from gardens. June. ( Adv. from Eu. )
G M 16

362 boiiragix\acp:^. (bouage family.)

4. ONOSMODIXJM, Mirhx. False Gromwell.

Calyx 5-prtrted ; tlie divisions linear and erect. Corolla tubular, or tubular-
funnel-form, naked in the throat (the sinuses minutely hoodcd-inflexcd) ; the 5
acute lobes converj;ing or barely spreading. Anthers oblong-linear or arrow-
shaped, mucronate, inserted in the throat of the corolla. Style thread-form,
much exserted. Nutlets bony, ovoid, smooth, erect, fixed by the base; the .'car
minute, not hollowed out. — Chiefly perennial herbs, coarse and hispid, with ob-
long and sessile ribbed-veined leaves, and white, greenish, or yellowish flowers,
in at length elongated and erect leafy raceme-like clusters ; in summer. —
Our siiecies all belong to true Onosmodium, having the anthers all induaed,
smooth, and on very short filaments ; the corolla only once or twice the Icigth
of the calyx. (Named from the resemblance to the genus Onosma, which means
asssmell. )

1. O. Virginianum, DC. Clothed all over idtli harsh and rifiid a),prcssed
short bristles ; stems rather slender (l°-2°high); l>:aves narrowly ohloiir,, or ob-
long-lanceolate (l'-2|' long), the lower narrowed at the base; lobes of the nar-
row corolla lance-awl-shapcd, sparingly bearded outside with long bristles. (0.
hispidum, Michx. Lithospe'rmum Virginianum, L. !) — Banks and hillsides, S.
New England to Virginia and southward.

2. O. Carolinianum, DC. (excl. syn. 3//c7(a:.) Shfifffji/ all v^'er with long
and spreading hristlij hairs; stem stout, upright (3° -4° high) ; leavi/s ovate-lance-
olate or oblong-lanceoliite, acnte ; lobes of the rather broad corolla ovate-triangular
or triunqular-lanceolate, thickly hirsute outside. (0. molle, Beck, &c. Lithospcr-
mum Carolinianum, Lam.) — River-banks, W. New York to Wisconsin and
southward. — Perhaps passes into the next.

3. O. molle, Michx. Hoary with finer and soft mostly appressed hairs ; leavai
ohlong-ovnte, olnusish, strongly ribbed, lobes of the rather narrow corolla triangu-
lar and sharp-pointed, thicUy hirsute outside.— Dry grounds, Ohio to Ihinois>
and southward.

5. LITHOSPERMUM, Toum. Cromwell. Plccooit.

Corolla funnel-form, or sometimes salver-shaped ; the open throat maked, or
with a more or less evident transverse fold or scale-like appendage op^wsite each
lobe; the spreading limb5-cleft; its lobes rounded. Anthers oblong, almost
sessile, included. Nutlets ovate, smooth or roughened, mostly bony or stony,
fixed by the base ; the scar nearly flat. — Herbs, with thickish aiid commonly
red roots and sessile leaves ; the flowers solitary and as if axillary, or spiked and
leafv-bractcd : sometimes dimorphous as to insertion of stamens and length of
style. (Name formed of Xi'^oy, stoiie, and anepfia, seed, from the hard nutlets.)
§ 1. Nutlets tubercled or rough-icriiddtd and pitted, gray and dull: throat of the
(nearly white) corolla destitute of any evident folds or appendages.

1. L. ARVENSE, L. (Corn Cromwell.) Minutely rough-hoary annual
or biennial; stems erect (6'- 12' high); leaves lanceolate or linear, veinless;
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx.— Sandy banks and roadsides. May-
Ang. (Nat. from Eu.)

BORUAGINACIC^. (boUAGI;; FAMILY.) 3G3

§ 2. Nutlets smooth and shinitirj, viostli/ ivhite like ivory, occasional!)/ dotted with pores:
corolla in our species ijreenish-white or cream-color, small, with 5 small but distinct
pubescent scales in the throat. {Root perennial.)

2. L, angUStifblium, Michx. Minutely and sliglitlj hoaiy, roughish,
much bratiched, erect or spreading (6'- 15' high) ; leaves linear, rigid, \-nerveA;
corolla not lonc/er than the calyx ; the sliort peduncles in fruit mostly recurved ;
nutlets more or less pitted when young, rarely bright white, but smooth and shin-
ing.— River-banks, from Illinois southward and westward. May.

3. L. officin.Vlk, L. (Common Gromwell.) ]\Iuuh branched above,
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves thinnish, broadly lanceolate, acute, with a few distinct
veins, rough above, soft-pubescent beneath; corolla exceeding the calyx ; nutlets very
smooth and even. — Roadsides, &c. : ratlier rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. L. latifdlium, Michx. Stem loosely branched, erect (2° -.3° high),
rough ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolate, mostly taper-pointed (even the floral ones
2' -4' long), ribbed-veined, roughi-<h above, finely soft-pubescent beneath, the
root-leaves large and rounded ; corolla shorter than the calyx ; nutlets very smooth or
sparingly impressed-punctate, shining, turgid (2" long). — Borders of woods, W,
New York and Penn. to Wisconsin and southwestward. June.

§ 3. BATSCHIA, Gmclin. Nutlets smooth and shining: corolla large, salver-shaped
or nearly so, deep orange-yellow, someiohat pubescent outside, the tube 2-4 times
longer than the calyx, the throat more or less appendaged. (Roots perennial, long
and deep, yielding a red dye. )

* Tube of the corolla from one half to twice longer than the calyx, not much longer than

its ample limb, the lobes entire ; the appendages glandular and adherent (especially
ichen the stamens are at the base of the tube), or slightly arched.

5. L. hirtum, Lchm. (Hairy Puccoon.) Hispid with bristly hairs
(1° -2° high) ; stem-leaves lanceolate or linear, those of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, bristly-ciliato ; corolla icoolty-bearded at the base inside; flowers dis
tinctly peduncled ; fruiting calyx (j'long) 3-4 times longer than the nutlets-
(Also L. sericeum, Lehm. Batschia Caroliniensis, Gniel. B. Gmclini, Mich.)
— Dry woods, New York to AVisconsin, Virginia, and southward and westward.
April- June. — Flowers crowded, showy: limb of the corolla g'-l' bi-oad.

G. L. candscens, Lehm. (IIoary Puccoox or Alkanet.) Softly hairy
and more or less hoary (G'-l.'j' high) ; leaves obtuse, linear-oblong, or the upper
ovate-oblong, more or less downy beneath and roughish with close appressed hairs
above; corolla naked at the base within ; flowers sessile ; fruiting calyx (3" long)
barely twice the length of the nutlets. (Batschia canesccns, ]\L''-hx.) — Ojwn Avoods
and plains, New York to Kentucky and nortliwcstward. INIay. — Limb of the
showy corolla smaller and the calyx shorter than in the last.

* * Tube of the corolla 2-4 times the length of the calyx and of its erose-toothed or

crennlateh'irs, the appendages more projecting. (Pentalophus, A. DC.)
7. L. longifl6rum, Sjjrcng. Minutely strigose-hoary ; stem simple (C-
18 high); leaves linear; tulje of the corolla much longer than the calyx (8"-
1^' long). (Batscliia longiflora, Pursh. L. incisum, Lehm. Pentalophus lon-
giflorus, A. DC.) — Prairies and plains, from W. Illinois and Wisconsin west-
ward. May.

364 BORHAGINACE^. (BORAGE FAMILY.)

6. MERTENSIA, Roth. Smooth Lcngwokt.

Corolla triiiiipet-;sha])t'(l or hi'li-luuiicl-.slmpcd, lunger than the deeply r)-cleft
or 5-jjartC(l ealy.x, naked, cr with 5 small jilandiilar iolds or appendages in the
open throat. Anthers oblong or arro\v-sh;iped. Style long and thread-form.
Nutlets ovoid, Heshy when fresh, smooth or wrinkled, obliquely attaehed next
the base by a prominent internal angle ; the sear small. — Smooth ! or soft-hairy
pereimial herbs, with pale and entire leaves, and handsome purplish-blue (rarely
white) flowers, in loose and short panieled or eorymbed raceme-like clusters,
only the lower one Icafy-bracted : pedicels slender. (Gained t'ov Prof. Francis
C/uiilcs Merle/is, a German botanist.)

§ 1. Corolla perfectly nuked in the throat; the broad trumpet-iiiouthed limb almost
entire : filaments slender, protrudin<j, much longer than the anthers.

1. M. Virginiea, DC. (Virginian Cowslip or Lungwout.) Very
smooth, pale, erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves obovatc, veiny, those of the root (4'-
6' long) petioled ; corolla trumpet-shaped, 1' long, many times exceeding tlie
calyx, rich purple-blue, rarely white ; lol)es of the disk one on each side of the
ovary. (Tnlmonaria Virginiea, L.) — Alluvial banks, W. New Yorji to Wis-
consin, Virginia, and southward. May. — Cultivated for ornament.

§ 2. Corolla with 5 glandular folds or appendages at t/ie throat; the limb b-lobcd.

2. M. maritima, Don. (Ska Lungavort.) Spreading or decumbent,
smooth, gliiuvoiis ; leaves fleshg, ovate or obovatc, the upper surface becoming pa-
pillose ; corolla bell-funnel-form, twice the length of the calyx (3" long) ; fila-
ments longer and narrower than the anthers ; nutlets flattened. — Sea-coast, on
rocks and sand, Cape Cod to Maine and northward: scarce. June -Aug. (En.)

3. M. paniculata, Don. Ronghlsh and more or less hairy, erect (10-2°
high), loosely branched ; leaves ovate and ovate-lanceolatr, taper-pointed, ribbed,
thin; corolla (Belong) somewhat funnel-form, 3-4 times the length of the
lance-linear acute divisions of the calyx ; fihimcnts broader and shorter than the
hnthcrs. — Shore of L. Superior and northward and westward. July.

. BfYOSOTIS, L. ScoRnoN-GRASS. Forget-me-not.

Corolla sal vcr-form, the tube about the length of the 5-toothed or 5-clcft calyx ;
the throat with .') small and blunt arching apjicndages opposite the rounded
lobes ; the Litter convolute in the bud ! Stamens included, on very short fila-
niints. Nutlets smooth, compressed, lixed at the base; the scar minute. — Low
and mostly soft-hairy herbs, with entire leaves, those of the stem sessile, and
Mitli small flowers in naked (so called) racemes, which arc entirely bractlcss, or
occasionally witii one or two small leaves next the base, prolonged and straight-
ened in fruit. Flowering through the season. (Name composed of /uijr, mouse,
and Oi^s, a>r(js, car, in allusion to the aspect of the short and soft leaves in some
species : one popular name is Mouse-ear.)

* Cahjr open in fruit, its hairs appressed, none of them hooked nor r/lanehilar.
1. M. palustris, Withering. (Ti:i-e FonoET-ME-xoT.) rcrcnni:il ; stems
ascending from an oblique creeping base (9'- 20' high), loosely branched,

BORRAGINACE^. (bOHAGE FAr.IILY.) 3Go

Emoothish ; leaves rough-pubescent, obloTig-Ianccolate or linear-oblong; culvx
moderately 5-clcft, shorter than the spreading pedicels ; corolla (rather large in
the genuine phint) pale blue with a yellow eye. —Nat. from Eu. near Boston,
escaping from gardens. — Varies into smaller-Howered forms, among which higli
authorities rank M. caispitosa, and (with yet more i-eason) the intermediate

Var. laxa. (M. laxa, Lehm.) Creeping base of the stem short; flowers a
third or half smaller ; pedicels longer. — Wet places, northward. (En.)
* * Calijr. closiny or the lobes erect in fruit, clothed with sprcadim/ hnirs, a />rni of

t/icin 1 1, i I add y hooked or glandular at the apex : corolla small: root animal or

biennial.

2. M. arvensis, Iloffm. Hirsute with spreading hairs, erect or ascend-
ing (6'- 15' high) ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish ; racemes naked at the base
and stalked; corolla blue, rarely white ; pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than
the b-clejl equal calyx. (M. intermedia, Link. M. scorpioides, var. arvensis, L.)
— Fields, &e. : not very common, perhaps not indigenous. (Eu.)

3. M. verna, Kutt. Bristly-hirsute, branched from the base, erect (4'-
12' high); leaces obtuse, linear-oblong, or the lower spatulate-oblong ; racemes
Itafy at the base; corolla very small, white, with a short limb; pedicels in fmit
erect and oppressed at the base, usually abruptly bent outwards near the apex,
rather shorter than the deeply 5-clefl unequal (somewhat 2-lippcd) eery hispid calyx.
(M. inflexa, Engelm.) — Dry hills : rather common. May - July.

4. M. VERSICOLOR, Pers. More slender than the last, simple at the base ;
racemes loose, mostly naked at the base ; flowers almost sessile; corolla pale i/el-
hw changing to blue or violet; calyx deeply and equallij 5-clefl. — Fields, Delaware,
W. M. Canby. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. ECHINOSPEEMUM, Swartz. Sticksiced.

Corolla salvcr-form, short, nearly as in Myosotis, but imbricated in the bud,
the throat closed with 5 short scales. Stamens included. Nutlets erect, fixed
laterally to the base of the style or central column, triiingular or compresseci,
the back armed with 1-3 marginal rows of prickles which are barbed at the '
apex, otherwise naked. — Rough-hairy and grayish herbs, with small blue flow-
ers in bractcd (so called) racemes; ours annuals or biennials, flowering all
summer. (Name compounded of ex'""^- '' hedgehog, and cnrep^a, se(d.)

1. E. LAppula, Lehm. Stem upright, branched above (1°- 2° high) ; the
short pedicels erect ; leaves lanceolate, rough-hairy ; nutlets each with a double
row of prickles at the margins, and rongh-tuberclcd on the back. — Waste places :
common. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. E. Redowskii, Lehm. Nutlets with a single marginal row of stout
prickles, and granulate-roughened on the back : otherwise much like the hi.st.
(E. patnlum, Hook.) — St. Paul's, Minnesota, and on tht plains westward

9. CYNOGLOSSUM, Tourn. IIocxd's-Tongue.

Corolla funnel-form ; the tube about the length of tl:e .'i-partcd calyx ; the
throat closed with 5 obtuse scales ; the lobes rounded. Stamens included. Nut-

366 BORRAGINACE.C (P.OKAGE FAMILY.)

lets depressed or convex, oblique, fixed near the apex to the base of the style,
roughened all over with short barbed or hooked prickles. — Coarse herbs, with
a strong scent and petioled lower leaves; the mostly panicled (so-called) ra-
cemes naked above, usually bractcd at the base. Fl. all summer. (Name from
Kvwv, a dtxj, and yXaxrcra, tonf/uf,; from the shape und texture of the leaves.)

1. C. officinXle, L. (Common Houni>'s-Toxguk.) Biennial; clothed
with short s'ljl hairs, Itafy, panicled above; upper leaves lanceolate, closely sessile
by a rounded or slightly heart-shaped base ; racemes nearly braetless ; corolla
reddish-purple (rarely white); nutlets flat on the broad upper lace, somewhat
margined. — Waste grounds and pastures : a familiar and troublesome weed ;
the large nutlets adhering to the fleece of sheep, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. C. Virginieum, L. (Wild Comfrey.) Perennial; rouyhish with
spreadiiu/ hristlj hairs ; stem s\m^\c, Jlw-leaued (2° -3° high) ; stem-leaves lance-
olate-oblong, clasping by a deep heart-shaped base ; racemes few and corj/mbed,
raised on a lour/ naked j^eduncle, braetless ; corolla pale blue ; nutlets strongly con-
vex.— Kich woods : rather common, especially westward. — Flowers interme-
diate in size between the other two.

3. C. Moris6ni, DC. (Beggar's Lice.) Biennial; stem hairy, very
broadly branched, leafij (2° -4° high) ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed, also
tapering at the base, thin, minutely downy underneath and rougliish above ;
racemes panicled, Ibrking, diverging, hairy, leafy-brdcted at the base ; flo^vers very
small; corolla white or pale Wue (minute); pedicels reflexed in fruit; nutlets
convex, the prickles with barbed points. (Myosotis Virginica, L. Echino-
spermum, Lehm.) — Copses : a common and vile weed.

10. HELIOTROPIUM, Tourn. Heliotrope.

Corolla salver-shaped, short, 5-lobcd ; the sinuses more or less plaited in the
bud ; the throat open. Anthers nearly sessile. Style short : stfgma conical, or
capitate. Nutlets 4, when young united by their whole inner faces into a 4-
cellcd ovary, but separating when ripe, each 1-secded. — Herbs or low shrubby
plants, the small flowers in one-sided spikes ; in summer. (The ancient name,
from rjXius, the sun, and rponr], a turn.)

1. H. EuROP.iiUM, L. Erect annual (6' - 18' high), hoarj'-pubescent ; leaves
oval, long-petioled ; lateral spikes single, the terminal in pairs ; calyx spreading
in fruit, hairy. — Waste places, southward : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. H. Curassavicum, L. Apparently annual, glabrous ; stems a.scend-
ing; leaves lanec-linear or spatulate, thickish, pale, almost vcinless; spikes in
pairs. — Sandy shores, Norfolk, Virginia, S. W. Illinois, and .southward.

11. HELIOPHYTUM, Cham., DC. Indiax Heliotrope.

Corolla constricted at the throat. Style very short. Nutlets 2, each 2-cellcd,
i. e. 4, in puirs, and sometimes a pair of empty ialse cells besides : otherwise
nearly as in Heliotro])ium. (Name, rj\ios, sun, and (J)vt6v, plant.)

1. H. ixDicuM, DC. Erect and hairy annual ; leaves petioled, ovate or
oval and somewhat heart-shaped; spikes single; fruit 2-cleft, mitre-shaped,
with an empty false cell before each seed-bearing cell. (Heliotropiura Indi-
cum, L.) — Waste places, S. Illinois, and southward. (Adv. from India.)

HYDROPIIYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.) 3G7

Order 73. HYDROPIIYLLACE^. (Waterleaf Family.)

Herbs, commonhj hairy, wi:h moslli/ alternate leaves, ref/ular 5-merous and
b-androus flowers, in aspect between the foregoing and the next order; but
the ovari/ entire and l-celled with 2 parietal 4 - many-ovuled placenta, or
rarely 2-celled by the union of the i^lacenloi in the axis; style 2-clefi or 2
separate styles ; fruit a 2-valved 4 - many-seeded pod. — Seeds mostly retic-
ulated or pitted. Embryo small in copious albumen. — Flowers cliieHy blue
or white, in one-sided cymes or ra'.'emes, which are mostly bractless and
coiled fi'om the apex when young, as in the Borage Family. (A small order
of plants of no marked properties, some cultivated for ornament.)

Tribe I. H YDROPH VL.l,E.E. Ovary and pod 1-celleiI. Seeds amphitropous, pitted

or reticulated, and with cartilayiuous albumen. Leaves usually cut-toothed, lobed or pinnate.
Style 2-cleft.
« Ovary lined with the dilated and fleshy placenta, which enclose the ovules and seeds (in our
plants these are only 4 in numl)er) like an inner pericarp.

1. Hydropliy Hum. Stamens exserted : anthers linear. Calyx unchanged in fruit.

2. Neiiiopltila. Stamens included -. anthers shoi't. Calyx with ap])endagcs at the sinuses.

3. Ellisiu. Stamens included. Calyx destitute of appL'ndages, enlarfred in fruit.

# * Ovary with narrow pwietal placentEe, in fruit projecting inwards more or less.

4. Pliai'elia. Coralla-lobes imbricated in the bud. Calyx destitute of appendages.

Tribe II. HYDROLE.E. Ovary and pod 2-celled, the placentas often projecting from
the axis far into the cells. Seeds anatropous : albumen fleshy. Leaves undivided.

5. Uydrolea. Corolla between wheel-shaped and bell-shaped. Styles 2 Leaves entire.

1. HYDROPHYLLTJM, L. Waterleaf.

Calyx 5-partctl, sometimes with a small appendage in each sinus, early open
in the bud. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-clcft; the lobes convolute in the bud; the
tube furnished with 5 longitudinal linear appendages opposite the lobes, which
cohere by their middle, while their edges are folded inwards, forming a necta-
riferous groove. Stamens and style mostly exserted : filaments more or less
bearded : anthers linear. Ovary bristly-hairy (as is usual in the famil}-) ; the 2
fleshy placentae expanded so as to line the cell and nearly fill the cavity, soon
free from the walls except at the top and bottom, each bearing a pair of ovules
on the inner face. Pod rii)ening 1-4 seeds, spherical. — Perennials, with petiolcd
ample leaves, and white or pale blue cymose-clustered flowers. (--Naftie formed
of i^^otfp, water, and (f)v\Xov, leaf; of no obvious application to these plants.)

* Calyx toifk minute if any appendages: rootstocks creeping, sca/y-toot/ied.

1. H. macroph^llum, Nutt. Rough-hain/ ; Imces oblong, pinnate and
pinnatifd; the dirisions 9-13, ovate, obtuse, coarsely cut-toothed; peduncle very
long; calyx-lohcs lanccolatc-pointcd from a broad base, very hairy. — Kocky,
shaded l)anks, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and southward. July. — Pioot-lcavcs
1° long ; flowers crowded in a globular cluster.

2. H. Virginieum, L. 5(/wv/f/.s/i (1°- 2°high); leaves pinnntelydlrldcd;
the divisions 5-7, ovate-Uinoolate or oblong, pointed, sharjdy cut-toothed, the lowest
mostly 2-parted, the uppermost confluent ; peduncles longer 'han the petioles of the
ujiper leaves, forked ; calyx-lobas narrowly linear, bristly-ciliatc — Damp woods.
June - Aug.

368 nVDUOPIIYLLACE^. (WATERLEAF FAMILY.)

3. H. Canad6nse, L. Nearly smooth {\° high); leaves palmalehj 6-7.
lobed, rounded, heart-shaped at the base, unequally toothed ; tliose fVom the root
sometimes with 2-3 small and scattered lateral leaflets; peduncles much shorter
than the lour/ pttioirs, forked, the crowded (nearly white) flowers on very short
peiliccls ; calyx-lobes linear-awl-shaped, nearly smooth. — Damp rich woods, W.
New England to the mountains of Virginia and northward. June -Aug. —
Rootstocks thickened and very strongly toothed in 2 rows by the persistent bases
of the stout petioles : leaves 3' - 5' broad.

* * Culi/x tci/h a small reflextd append<ii/e in each sinus: stamens sometimes not
txsertul (prohahhj two forms ofjluwcrs, as in some Borrafjinacece, ^'c).

4. H. appendiculatum, Michx. Hairy ; stem-leaves palmatcly 5-lobed,
rounded, the lobes toothed and pointed, the lowest pinnately divided ; cymes
lather loosely flowered ; pedicels (at length slender) and calyx bristly-hairy. —
Open woods. New York to Virginia, Wisconsin, and westward. June, July.

2. NEMOPHILA, Nutt. Nemophila.

Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed tooth or appendage in each sinus, more
or less enlarged in fruit. Corolla bell-shaped or almost wheel-shaped ; the lobes
convolute in the bud ; the tube mostly with 10 small folds or scales inside. Sta-
mens included : anthers ovoid or heart-shaped. Placenta; (bearing each 2-12
ovules), pod, and seeds as in Hydrophyllum. — Diff"use and fragile annuals, with
opposite or partly alternate pinnatifid or lobed leaves, and one-flowered pedun-
cles ; the corolla white, blue, or marked with purple. (Name composed of vtfjLos,
a (/rove, and ^tXf'w, to love.) Some handsome species arc garden annuals.

1. N. mici'oealyx, Fisch. & Meyer. Small, roughish-pubescent ; stems
diff'usely spreading (2' - 8' long) ; leaves parted or deeply cleft into 3 - .5 roundish
or wedge-obovate sparingly cut-lobed divisions, the upper leaves all alternate;
peduncles opposite the leaves, shorter than the long petioles ; flowers minute;
corolla white, longer than the calyx ; placentae each 2-ovuled; pod 1 -2-seeded.
(Ellisia microcalyx, Nutt. Nemophila evanescens, Darby.) — Moist woods,
Virginia (near Washington), and soutliward. April -June.

3. ELLISIA, L. Ellisia.

Calyx 5-parted, without appendages, enlarged and foliaceous in fruit. Corolla
bell-sh.aped or cylindraceous, not longer than the calyx, .5-lobed above ;' the lobes
imbricated or convolute in the bud, the tube with 5 minute appendages within.
Stamens included. Placentfe (each 2-ovuled), fruit, and seeds much as in Hy-
drophyllum.— Delicate and branching annuals, with lobed or divided leaves,
the lower opposite, and small whitish flowers. (Named for John Ellis, a dis-
tinguished naturalist, an English correspondent of Linnaus.)

1. E. Nyct^lea, L. Minutely or sparingly roughisli-hairy, divergently
branched (G'-12' high) ; leaves pinnately parted into 7-13 lanceolate or linear-
oblong sparingly cut-toothed divisions ; peduncles solitary in the forks or oppo-
site the leaves, I -flowered ; calyx-lobes triangular-ovate lanceolate, pointed, about
the length of the cylindraceous (whitish) corolla (in fruit becoming nearly^'
long) ; pod pendulous. — Shady damp places, W. New Jersey and E. Pennsyl-
vania to Virginia. Mav-.Jiilv.

IlYDROrilYLLACK.E. (WATIiULKAF TAMILV.) 3G9

2. E. ambigua, Xutt. Later peduncles sometimes 2- S-flowcred; corolla
ratlicr more bcll-shnpcd, tlic upper jiart of tube 5-angular : otherwise like the
prcuedinjj;, of which it is ])rohably a variety. — Illinois and westward.

4. PHACELIA, Juss. (Phacelia & Eutoca, 7?. 5/-.)

Calyx 5-partcd ; the sinuses naked. Corolla open bcll-shapcd, 5-lobcd ; the
lobes imbricated in the bud. Filaments slender, often (with the 2-cleft style)
cxserted : anthers ovoid or oblong. Ovary witli 2 narrow linear placenta2 ad-
herent to the walls, in fruit usually projecting inwards more or less, the two
often ibrniing an imperfect partition in the ovoid 4 - many-seeded pod. (Ovules
2 - 30 on each placenta.) — Perennial or mostly annual herbs, with either simple,
lobed, or divided leaves, and commonly handsome (blue, purple, or white) flow-
ers iu one-sided raceme-like clusters. (Name from (fiuKeXos, a fascicle.)

§ 1. PHACELIA. Seeds and ovules oiili/ 4 (two on each plaanta) : corolla with
narrow folds, appendaries, or scales within, the lobes entire.

1. P. bipinnatiflda, Michx. Biennial; stem upright, much branched,
hairy (l°-2° liigh) ; leaves long-petioled, pinnately 3-5-divided ; the divisions
or leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, acute, coarsely and often sparingly cut-lobed
orpinnatifid; racemes elongated, loosely many-flowered, glandular-pubescent;
pedicels about the length of the calyx, spreading or recurved. — Shaded banks,
in rich soil, Ohio to Illinois and southward. May, June. — Corolla bright blue,
6" broad, with 5 pairs of longitudinal folds, covering as many externally keeled
deep grooves. Stamens bearded below; these, with the style, are either some-
what included (P. brevistylis, Buckhy) or cxserted in different individuals.

§2. COSMANTHUS. (Cosmanthus, AW/e. Sect. Eucosmanthns, ^. DC,
in part.) Seeds and ovules onlij A: corolla naked within ; its lobes beaulifulhj
fringe-toothed: filaments villous-hearded below : leaves pinnatifid, the upper clasp-
ing at the base : flowers long-pedicelled : annuals or spring biennials.

2. P. Purshii, Buckley. Sparsely hairy ; stem erect or ascending, branched
(8'-12' hi.i;h) ; Ivhcs of the stem-leaves 5 - 9, oblong or lanceolate, ariite ; raceme many-
flowered ; cali/x-lobes lance-linear ; corolla light blue, varying to white (about ^' in

diameter). (P. fimbriata, Pursh., not of Michx. Cosmanthus fimbriatus,
Nulte, ij-c.) —Moist wooded banks, W. Pennsylvania to Illinois and southward.
April- June.

3. P. fimbriata, Michx. Slightly hairy, slender; stems spreading or as-
cending (5' -8' long), few-leaved; lowest leaves 3-5-divided into roundish leaf-
lets ; the upper 5 - 7-cleft or cut-toothed, the lobes obtuse ; raceme 3 - \0-flou-ered ;
cali/x-lobes liiicar-oblong, obtitse, becoming spatulate ; corolla white (3' -4" broad).
— Woods, high mountains of Virginia, and southward. May.

§ 3. EUTOCA. (Eutoca, R. Br.) Seeds (or at least the ovule.<!) several or many,
rarely only 3 or 4 on each jihtcinta : corolla usually with small and inconspicuous
folds or (ippcndiign^ ivithin, its lobes entire. (Ours are annuals or biennials.)

4. P. parviflora, Pursh. Somcwh;it hairy, slender, diffusely spreading
(3' -8' high) ; leaves pinnately cleft or the lower divided into 3-7 short lobes ;
racemes solitary, loosely f> - lb-flowered ; pedicels filiform, at length several times

24

370 rOLEJIONIACE^. (I'OLEMOMU-M FAMILY.)

longer than the oblong calyx-lobes; corolla bluish-while (3" -4" broad) ; pod
/eir-secilfd. — Shaded banks, S. Penn. to Virginia and southward. April - June.
•>. P. Pranklinii, Gray. Soft-hairy; stem erect (C- 15' hiyii), rather
stout; leaves j)innatcly jjarted into many lanceolate or oblong-linear lobes,
which are crowded and often ciit-toothcd or pinnatifid ; racemes short, dense.,
crowded into an oblumj sfiike ; calyx-lobes linear ; corolla blue ; pod uiani/s^eded .
(Eutoca Franklinii, li. Br.) — Shores of Lake Superior, especially on Isle
Koyale ; thence northward and westward.

5. HYDROLEA, L. Htdrolea.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short-caniiianulatc or almost wheel-shaped, .5-clcft.
Filaments dilated at the base. Styles '2, distinct. Pod globular, 2-celled, and
the cells often partly divided into 2 by the projection of the many-seeded pla-
centJe, thin-walled, 2-4-valved or bursting irregularly. Seeds minute, striate-
ribbcd. — Herbs or scarcely shrubby plants, growing in water or wet places
(whence tlie name, from vdcup, icuter), with entire leaves, often having spines
in their axils, and clustered blue flowers.

1. H. afQ.nis, n. sp. Glabrous throughout ; stem ascending from a creep-
ing base, armed with small axillary spines ; leaves lanceolate, tapering into a
very short petiole; flowers in small axillary leafy-bractcd clusters; divisions of
the calyx lance-ovate, equalling the corolla and the irregularly-bursting globose
pod. — Banks of the Ohio in S. Illinois, Dr. Vasey (and of the Missisippi at
Memphis, A. Fendler: also E. Texas, C. Wright: in addenda to ed. 2, referred
to H. quadrivalvis, Walt., of the Southeastern States, from which it is dis-
tinguished by the smoothness and the broader sepals.

Order 74. POLiEIWONIACEJE. (PolemoniUM Family.)

Herbs, tvith alternate or opposite leaves, regular b-merous and 5-androus
flowers, the lobes of the corolla convolute (in one tribe imbricated) in the bud,
a 3-celled ovary and 3-lobed style ; the pod 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidal,few-
many-seeded ; the valves usually breakinr/ away from the trianrjular central
column. — Seeds amphitropous, the coat frequently mucilaginous when
moistened and emitting spiral threads. Embryo straight in the axis of
copious albumen. Calyx persistent, usually imbricated. Corolla with a
^-parted border. Anthers introrse. (Insipid and innocent plants ; many
are ornamental in cultivation.)

Tribe I. POL.F.I»IO]VIE.aE. Calyx 5 cleft. Corolla convolute In the bud. Filaments
filiform, iiisertwl on the tube of the conillii : Cecils of the anther parallel, opening length-
wise. Flowers cymose-paiiicilt'd or clustered.

1. Polciiioiiiiiin. Calyx and corolla open-bell -shaped. Filaments slender, equal.

2. Plil«(X. Calyx narrow. Corolla salver-shaped, with a long tube, including the unequally

inserted filaments.
Tribe II. DIAPENSIEiE. Calyx of 5 sepals. Corolla imbricated in the bud, and
with the broad and flat filaments in the sinuses. Anthers opening transversely.

3. Diapeiisia. Anther-cells pointless, opening by an obliquely transverse line.

4. Pyxidaiitliera. Anther-cells awo-pointed underneath, opeuiug straight across.

POLlCMONIACEyE. (i'OLEMOlSlUM FAMILY.) 371

1. POLEMONIUM, Tourn. Greek Valerian.

Calyx bell-sliapcd. Stamens equally inserted at the summit of the very short
tube of the opcn-bell-shaped or short funnel-form corolla : filaments slender,
declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Pod few - several-seeded. — Perennials,
with alternate pinnate leaves, the upper leaflets sometimes confluent ; the (blue
or white) corymbose flowers nearly bractless. (An ancient name, from noXefios,
war, of doulitful application.)

1. P. reptans, L. Smooth throughout; stems weak and spreading (6'-
10' high, never creeping as the name denotes) ; leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate
or oblong ; corymbs few-flowered ; flowers nodding ; lobes of the calyx rather
shorter than the tube ; stamens and stijie not protruding beyond the corolla, which
is light blue, about ^' wide ; pods about 3-seeded. — Woods, W. New York to
Wisconsin and southward. May, June.

2. P. esertlleum, L. (Jacob's Ladder.) Stem erect (1°- 3° high);
leaflets 9-21, linear-lanceolate, oblong- or ovate-lnnccolatc, mostly crowded;
flowers numerous, in a thyrsus or contracted panicle ; lobes of the calyx longer
than the tube; stamens and sti/le mosll// e.rserted beyond the bright blue corollo,
which is nearly 1' broad; pod several-seeded. — Swamps, about the sources of
the Susquehanna, New York: East of Charlottesville, Schoharie Co., Dr.E. C.
Howe. Elk Creek, near Delhi, Delaware Co., D. D. Gilbert. Head of Little
Lakes, Warren, Herkimer Co., G. W. Clinton. Warren Co., New Jersey,
A. P. Garber. Wild far northwestward. July. (Eu.)

2. PHLOX, L. Phlox.

Calyx narrow, somewhat prismatic, or plaited and angled. Corolla salver-
form, with a long tube. Stamens very unequally inserted in the tube of the
corolla, included. Pod ovoid, with (sometimes 2 ovules but ripening only) a sin-
gle seed in each cell. — Perennials (except a few Southern species, such as P.
Drummondii of the gardens), with opposite and sessile perfectly entire leaves,
the floral often alternate. Flowers cyniosc, mostly bracted ; the open clusters
terminal or crowded in the upper axils. (^Xo^, flame, an ancient name of
Lychnis, transferred to this North American genus.) Most of the species are
cultivated in gardens.

* Stem strictli/ upright: panicle pi/rnmidnl or oblong, manij-floirered : peduncles and
pedicels very short : lobis of the corolla entire. ( Very common in gardens.)

1. P. panicul^ta, L. Stem stout (2° -4° high), smooth; leaves oblou)^
lanceolate and ovate-lanceolate, pointed, large, tapering at the base, the upper
often heart-shaped at the base ; panicle ample, jn/ramiehd-corgmbed ; culgx-teeth awn-
pointed. (P. undulata, Ait., &c.) — Var. acu.mix.Vta (P. acuminata, Pursh) has
the broader and taper-pointed leaves beneath downy, like the stem, which is some-
times rough-hairy and spotted below. — Rich woods, from I'enn. to Illinois, and
southward. June, July. — Flowers pink-purple varying to white.

2. P. maeulMa, L. (Wild SwEET-WiLLiAM.) Sniootii, or barely
roughish ; stem spotted with purple, rather slender (l°-2° high); lower leaves
iauceolate, the upper nearly ovate-lanceolate, tapering to the apex from the broad

372 roLEMONiACK.E. (poLEMOMUii fa:\iily.)

and rounded or somewhat heart-shaped base ; prtnide narrow, oblong, leafy below •,
calyx-tetth trinnrjiilar-lanccoldtc, .s/wrt, scarcely pointed; corolla purple (sometimes
white, when it is P. suaveoleiis, Ait.). Lower branches of the ])anicle rarely
elongated, so as to become pyraniidid, when it is P. pyramidalis. Smith. — Ricli
woods and river-banks, N. Penn. to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

* * Stems ascmdintj or uprigid, ojlenfrom a dicambent base: Jluwers in terminal co-

rijinbfd cymes: the whole plant smooth and <jlahi ous : lobes of tin corolla round and
entire : calj/x-teeth short, triangular-lanceolate.

3. P. Carolina, L. Stems ascending (^°-a° high), often from a pros-
trate base ; leavi^s oblong-lanceolate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, and sometimes
licart-sliaped at tiie base, acute or i)ointed ; flowers crowded, short-pcduncled ;
ctilijx-teeth acute. — Var. ovXta, Benih., has broader leaves (P. ovata, L.). —
Var. xfTiDA, Benth., has narrower leaves (P. nitida, Pursh), and verges to the
next. — Woods, W. Pennsylvania to Michigan, Virginia, and southward. June,
July. — Corolla 1' long; the limb I' broad, pink-purple.

4. P. glaberrima, L. Stems slender, erect (1°- 3° high) ; leaves linear-
lanceolate or rarely obiong-lanciolute, very smooth (except the rough and sometimes
revolute margins), tapering gradually to a point (3' -4' long) ; cymes few-flow-
ered and loosely corymbed; flowers peduncled (pink or whitish); calyx-teeth
sharp-pointed. (P. carnea, Sims. P. revoluta, Aikin.) — Prairies and open woods,
Ohio and Wisconsin to Virginia and southward. July.

* * * Stems ascending (or in No. 5 erect) from a spreading or prostrate base, more

or Ics'i clammy-pubescent, us ivell us the calyx and the oblong, l<inc<olate, or linear
leaves: flowers in terminal corymbed cymes, mostly pedicclled: calyx deeply cleft,
the teeth linear-awl-shaped or setaceous.

5. P. pildsa, L. Stems slender, nearly erect (1°-1^° high), usually hairy,
as are the lanceolate or linear leaves, which commonly tapei- to a sharp point ; cymes
at length open ; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped and awn-like, longer tlian the tube,
loose or spreading ; lobes of the pink-purple or rose-red (rarely white) corolla
obovate, entire. (P. aristata, Miclix. P. aristata & pilosa in part, Benth. in
DC.) — Borders of thickets and prairies, New Jersey to Wisconsin and south-
ward. May, June. — Leaves l'-2^' long, l"-3" wide.

6. p. prociimbens, Lehm. Stems ascending (j°-l^° liigli). mostly
simple ; leaves broadly linear, lanceolate or ovate-oblong, abruptly acute or blunt
(^' - 1^' long, on sterile shoots often ovate) ; cyme mostly compact and sessile, leaf//-
braeted; calyx-teeth aivl-shaped or linear, sharp-pointed, but seldom awned, rather
longer than the tube, straight ; lobes of the corolla obovate and entire (or rarely
notclied), purple, pink, or sometimes white. (P. pilosa, Wtdt., Michx., Ell.,
Benth. in part, not L. P. pilosa, var. ? Walter!, Ed. 2. P. Walteri, Chapman.
P. procumbens, Lehm. is a small form.) — Dry hills and barrens, Kentiuky,
Virginia, and southward. May, June.

7. P. l'6ptans, Michx. Runners creeping, bearing round ish-olmrate smooth-
ish and thiekisli leaves; flowering stems (4' -8' high) and their oblong or ovate
obtuse Uavis (V long) pubescent, often clammy; cyme close, few-flowered ; calyx-
teeth linear-awl-shaped, about the length of the tube ; lobes of the reddish-purple
corolla round-obovate, mostly entire. — Damp woods, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and

POLEMONIACE^. (POLEMONIUM FAMILY.) 373

southward. May, Juno. — Flowers showy : tube of tlie corolhi an inch long ;
the limb nearly as broad.

8. P. diVaricata, L. Stems spreading or ascending from a decumbent
base (9'- 18' Iiigli) ; leaves ohlung-ocate or the lower oblong-lanceolate (I^' long),
acutish ; cyme corymbose-paniclcd, spreading, loosely-flowered; peduncles slen-
der; calyx-teeth slender awl-shaped, m-ich longer than the tube; lobex of the pale
lilac or htuinh corolla obcordate or wed<je-ohovate and notched at the end, or often entire.
( var. Laphamii, Wood), j' - §' long, equalling or longer than the tube, with rather
wide sinuses between them. — llocky damp woods, mountains of Virginia to N.
New York, Wisconsin, and northward. May.

9. P. bifida. Beck. Stems ascending, branched (5' -8' high) ; leaves linear,
becoming nearly glabrous (^'-li' long, Ij" wide) ; flowei's few, on slender pe-
duncles; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, about the length of the tube; lobes of the pale
purple corolla 2-cleft to or below the middle (4" long), equalling the tube, the divis-
ions linear oblong. — Prairies of Illinois, Mead (and Missouri). May.

* * * * Stems creeping and ttfled in broad mats, the short flowering shoots ascendin(/,
glandalar-pahescent ; the rigid narrow leaves crowded and fascicled.

10. P. subulata, L. (Ground or Moss Pink.) Depressed, in broad
mats; leaves awl-shaped, lanceolate, or narrowly linear (.3" -6" long) ; cymes
few-flowered; calyx-teeth awl-shaped, rigid; corolla pink-purple or rose-color
with a darker centre (sometimes white) ; the lobes wedge-shaped, notched, rarely
entire. (P. setacea, L.) — Dry rocky hills and sandy banks, S. New York to
Michigan and southward. April, May. — Common in cultivation.

3. DIAPENSIA, L. Diapexsia.

Calyx of 5 concave imbricated sepals. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-lobed ; the lobes
roimded. Filaments broad and flat, adherent to the corolla up to the sinuses,
short : anthers adnate, of 2 ovoid pointless cells, diverging below, each opening
therefore by a ti-ansverse-deseending line. Pod enclosed in the calyx, cartilagi-
nous ; the cells few-seeded. — An alpine dwarf evergreen, growing in very dense
convex tufts, with the stems imbricated below with cartilaginous narrowly spat-
ulate mostly opposite leaves, terminated by a scape-like 1 -flowered peduncle,
3-bracted under the calyx. Corolla white (^' wide). (Ancient Greek name of
the Saniclc, of obscure meaning, strangely applied by Linna?us to this plant.)

1. D. Lapponica, L. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, and Adirondack Mountains, N. New York. July. (Eu.)

4. PYXIDANTHERA, Michx. Pvxidanthera. .

Anther-cells awn-pointed at the base, opening by a strictly transverse line.
Otherwise much as in Diapensia. — A small prostrate and cree])ing evergreen,
■with narrowly oblanceolatc and awl-pointed crowded leaves, which are mostly
alternate on the sterile branches, and somewhat hairy near the base. Fk)wcrs
solitary and sessile, very numerous, white or rose-color. (Name from wv^ls,
a small box, and a:>6r)pa, anther, the anther opening as if by a lid.)

1. P. barbulata, Michx. — Sandy pine barrens of New Jersey and south-
Vvard. April, May.

374 CONVOLVULACE.B. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.)

Order 75. CONVOLVULACE-a:. (Convolvulus Family.)

Chiefly twininf/ or Iraiting herbs, often with some milky juice, icith alter-
nate leaves (or scaleit) and regular b-androus flowers ; a calyx of 5 imbricated
sepals ; a 5-plaited or b-lobed corolla convolute or twisted in the bud ; a 2-
celled (rarely 3-celled) ovary, or in one tribe 2 separate pistils, with a pair
of erect ovules in each cell, the cells sometimes doubled by a false partition
between the seeds, so becoming A-celled; the embryo large, curved or coiled
in mucilaginous albumen. — Fruit a globular 2 - G-seeded pod. Flowers
mostly showy, on axillary peduncles : pedicels articulated, often 2-bracted.
(Many are cultivated for ornament, and one, the Sweet Potato, lor its edi-
ble farinaceous roots : those of several species are cathartic ; e. g. Jalap.)
— There are three suborders, or rather strongly marked tribes.

Tribe I. CO]VVOIiVrL.E.E. Leafy plants, mostly twiners. Ovary 2-4-celled. Pod

usually SL'ptifragal. Embryo with broad and leaf-IiUe cotyledons, crumpled in the seed.

» Style single and undivided.

-^ Calyx naked, i. e. not enclosed or surrounded by leafy bracts.

1. Quamoclit. Stamens and style exserted. Corolla salver-shajied or nearly so. Stigma

capitate-2-lobed. Pod 4-celled ; the cells 1-seeded.

2. Ipoincea. Stamens included. Corolla funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stigma capitate, often

2 - 3-lobed. Pod 2 - 3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded.

3. Couvolvulus. Stigmas 2, elongated, linear. Otherwise much as in Ipuraoca.

— -^ Calyx surrounded and enclosed by a pair of broad leafy bracts.

4. Calystegia. Stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, 4-seeiled.

* * Style single and 2-cleft, or styles 2, rarely more. Prostrate or spreading herbs.

5. Boitainia. Styles 2 and undivided, or a single one 2-cleft : stigmas capitate.

6. Evolvulus. Styles 2, and each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse.

Tribe II. DICHONDRE.3E. Creeping plants. Ovaries as well as styles 2 or more.
Embryo, &c. .is in the preceding tribe.

7. Dicliondra. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pistils 2, one-seeded.

Tribe III. CUSCUTIKEiE. Leafless parasitic twiners. Embryo spiral, slender, desti-
tute of cotyledons. Ovary 2-ct'lled. Parts of the flower rarely iu fours'

8. Cuscuta. The only genus of the group.

1. QUAMOCLIT, Tourn. CypeessVixe.

Sepals mostly mucronatc or awncd. Corolla cylindrical-tubular, with a small
spreading border, not twisted in the bud. Stamens and style protruded. Stigma
capitatc-2-lol)cd. Pod 4-celled; the cells 1 -seeded. — Annual twiners, with red
or crimson flowers; in summer. (An aboriginal, probably Mexican, name.)

1. Q. coccfxE.\, Moeuch. Leaves heart-shaped, acuminate, entire, or an-
gled; sepals awupointcd; corolla light scarlet (I'long). (Ijiomcca coccinca,
L.) — Eivcr-banks, tic, Ohio to Illinois, Virginia, and southward. (Nat. from
Trop. Amcr. or Ind.)

2. Q. vulg-Vris, Choisy. (Cypress-Vike.) Leaves pinnately parted into
lincar-thread-shapcd delicate parallel lobes ; peduncles l-flowcrcd; corolla nar-
row,, scarlet-red, and a white variety. — Sparingly escaped from gardens south,
ward. (Adv. from India.)

CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 375

2. IPOMCEA, L. Mokxing-Glory.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., twisted in
the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate, often 2 -3-lobed. Pod 2-celled,
or in one <;roup .3-celled ; the cells 2-seeded. (Name, according to Linnaeus,
from lyj/, Inus, a Bindweed [which it is not], and ofxoios, like.)

§ 1, PHARBITIS, Choisy. Pod 3- {rarelij 4-) celled; the cells 2-seeded.

1. I. PURPUREA, Lam. (Common Morning-Glory.) Annual ; stems re-
trorsely hairy; leaves lienrt-shuped, acuminate, entire; jjcduncles long umbellately
3 - 5-flowercd ; calyx bristly-hairy below; corolla funnel-form (2' long), purple,
varying to white. (Convolvulus purpureus, Z. Pharbitis hispida, Choisy.) —
Around dwellings, escaping from cultivation. (Adv. from Ti-op. Amcr.)

2. I, Nil, Roth. (Smaller M.) Stems retrorsely hairy ; /eayes Aea>-<-sAapec?,
3-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate ; peduncles short, or rather long, 1 -3 flow-
ered ; calyx densely hairy below ; corolla white and purple or pale blue ( I' - 1^'
long). (Conv. Nil. & C. hederaceus, Z.) — Banks and near dwellings, from
Maryland southward. (Adv. from Trop. Amcr.?)

§ 2. IPOMOEA, Choisy. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-sccded.

3. I. lacunosg,) L. Annual ; leather smooth ; stem twining and creeping,
slender ; leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire or angled-lobed ; peduncles short, 1 -
3-flowered ; sepals hnice-ohlong, pointed, hristhj-ciliate or hairy, half the length of
the shai-ply 5-lobed (white, ^'- J' long) corolla. (C. micranthus, /2(rfc/e//.) —
Woods and fields, Penn. to Illinois and southward. Aug.

4. I. pandurata, Meyer. (Wild Potato-vixe. Man-of-tiie-Earth.)
Perennial, smooth or nearly so when old, trailing or sometimes twining ; leaves
regularly heart-shaped, pointed, occasionally some of them contracted at the
sides so as to be fidille-shapcd ; peduncles lonr/er than the petioles ; I - 5-flowered ;
sppnls smooth, ovate-oblong, very obtuse; corolla open-funncl-form (3' long), white
with purple in the tube. — Sandy fields and banks, from Connecticut to Illinois
and southward. June -Aug. — Stems long and stout, from a huge root, which
often weighs 10-20 pounds. Flowers opening in bright sunshine.

3. CONVOLVULUS, L. Bindweed.

Calyx naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or bell-shaped. Stamens
included. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear, often revolute. Pod 2-celled; the cells 2-
seeded. — Stems twining, procumbent, or often erect-spreading. Flowers mostly
opening at dawn. (Name from convolvo, to entwine.)

1. C. ARVENSis, L. (BiNDW'EED.) Perennial; stem jirocunibent or twin,
ing, and low ; leaves ovate-oblong, arrow-shaped, with the lobes at the base acute ;
peduncles mostly 1-flowered; bracts minute, remote; corolla (9" long) white or
tinged with reddish. — Fields, near the coast: likely to become a troublesome
weed. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. CALYSTEGIA, R.Br. Bracted Bindweed.

Calyx enclosed in 2 large and mostly heart-shaped leafy bracts : sepals equal.
Corolla bell-funuel-forni, the border obscurely 5-lobed or entire. Stamens in-

376 CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.'

eluded. Style 1 : stigmas 2, linear or oblong. Pod imperfectly 2-cclled or 1-
cclled, 4-se(dod. — rerennials, with heart-shaped or arrow-shajxHl leaves, and
axillary l-flowcred pediincles; H. in summer. (Name from (caAu|, calijx, and
(TTtyw, to cover, alluding to the bracts enclosing the. calyx.)

1. C. S^pium, 11. Br. (HiCDGE BixuwKED.) Stem tivinirig or sometimrs
Irailin;/ e.rieiisirelj ; leaves triangular-halberd->haijcd or 'arrow-shaped, acute or
pointed, the lobes at the base obliquely truncate and often somewhat toothed
or sinuate-Iobed ; peduncles 4-angled ; corolla white, or in the American plant
more commonly light rose-color ( H' - 2' long) : the typical form ylabrous through-
out. (Convolvulus sepium, and C. repens, L.) — Varies greatly, often slightly
pubescent: Var. pubescens is a downy form, in the young state approaching
the next. (C. Catesbyana, Parsh.) — Common, especially along the moist banks
of streams. (Eu.)

2. C SpithamSea, Pursh. Downij ; stem low and mostli/ simple, upriijht or
ascending (G'-12' long) ; leaves oblong, with or without a heart-shaped or auri-
cled base ; corolla white (2' long). — Dry, mostly sandy ground : not rare.

5. BONAMIA, Thouars. (Breweria, R. Br. & Stylisma, Raf.)

Styles 2, or rarely 3, simple and distinct, or else united into one below : stig-
mas depressed-capitate. Otherwise as Convolvulus and Evolvulus. — Perennial
prostrate or diffusely spreading herbs (or in warmer regions sometimes shrubby) ;
flowers small ; in summer : corolla more or less hairy or silky outside. (Named
for Francis Bonamij, author of a Flora of Nantes.)

1. B. humistrata, Gray. (Proceed. Amer. Acad. 5, p. 337.) Sparsely
hairfi or nearly smooth ; leaves varying from oblong with a somewhat heart-
shaped base to linear, mucronate ; peduncles 1 - 7-flowered ; bracts shorter than
the pedicels ; sepals pointed, glabrous or nearly so ; corolla icliite : ^filaments Itairi/ ;
styles united (it the base. (Convolvulus humistratus, Walt., who well distinguishes
this from the next. Stylisma evolvuloides, C/iois., in part. S. humistrata,
Cha/nn.) — Dry pine barrens, Virginia (probably not in Ohio), and southward.

2. B. aqiiatica, Gray. Minntflji soft downji and somewhat hoary ; sepals
silk-ij ; corolla pink- or purple ; ^filaments smooth ; styles separate almost to the base :
otherwise nearly as in the last. (Conv. aquaticus, Walt. Stylisma aquatica,
Chapm.) — Mar;;in of ])onds, S. Virginia? and southward.

3. B. Pickeringii, Gray. Soft-pubescent or smoothish ; leaves very nar-
rowly linear or the lowest linear-spatulate, tapering to the base, nearly sessile ; pe-
duncles 1 -3-flowered; bracts resembling the leaves, mostly exceeding the flowers;
sepals hairy : ^filaments (scarcely hairy) and styles (which are united fir above the
middle) exser led from the oprn white corolla. (Stylisma Pickeringii, Ed. 2.) —
Rather dry sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey and southward. — Stems l°-o'^
long: leaves 1 '- 1 ^' long. Corolla 4"-. 'i" bruail.

6. EVOLVULUS, L. Evolvulus.

Calyx of 5 sepals, naked at the base. Corolla open funnel-form or almost
wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft : stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled ; the cells

CONVOLVULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 377

2-scedcd. — Low and small herbs or suff'rutescent plants, mostly diffuse, never
ivviuiiig (hence the name, from evolvo, to unroll, in contrast with Convolvulus).
1. E. argenteus, Pursh. Many-stemmed from a somewhat woody base,
dwarf, silky- villous all over; leaves crowded, broadly lanceolate, sessile, or the
lower oblong-spatulatc and short-petioled, about ^' long; flowers almost sessile
in the axils ; corolla purple, 3" broad. — Potosi lead-mines, Missouri, probably
also on the Illinois side of the Mississippi : common westward.

7. DICHONDRA, Forst. Dichonuka.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly bell-shaped, 5-elcft. Stamens included.
Styles, ovaries, and the utricular 1 -2-seeded pods 2, distinct. Stigmas thick.
— Small and creeping perennial herbs, soft-pubescent, with kidney-shaped
entire leaves, and axillary 1 -flowered bractless peduncles. Corolla small, yel-
lowish or white. (Name composed of 5is, double, and ^oi'Spos'j roundish mass;
from the fruit.)

1. D. repens, Forst.: var. Carolinensis, Choisy. Leaves round-kid ■
ney-shaped, pubescent, green both sides; corolla not exceeding the calyx (1"-
Ij" I'ong). (D. Carolinensis, Michx.) — Moist ground, Virginia, near Norfolk,
and southward. (Widely difi'used in the Southern hemisphere.)

8. CUSCUTA, Tourn. Doi>der.

Calyx 5- (rarely 4-) cleft, or of 5 sepals. Corolla globular-urn-shaped, bell-
shaped, or somewhat tubular, the spreading border 5- (rarely 4-) cleft. Stamens
furnished with a scale-like often fringed appendage at their base. Ovary 2-celled,
4-ovuled : styles distinct, or rarely unitcfl. Pod mostly 4-.seeded. Embryo
thread- shaped, spirally coiled in the rather •eshy albumen, destitute of cotyle-
dons ! sometimes with a few alternate scales (belonging to the plumule): ger-
mination occurring in the soil. — Leafless herbs, chiefly annuals, yellowish or
reddish in color, with thread-like stems, bearing a few minute scales in place of
leaves; on rising from the ground becoming entirely parasitic on the bark of
herbs and shrubs on which they twine, and to which they adhere by means of
papillae developed on the surface in contact. Flowers small, cymose-clustered,
mostly white; usually produced late in summer and in autumn. (Name of un-
certain, supposed to be of Arabic, derivation.)

The following account of our species is contributed by Dr. Engelmann,
■whose monograph of the whole genus is published in Transactions of the St.
Louis Academy of Science.

§ \. Stigmas eloiif/ated : pod open in (j reguhirlij around the base hij ciicumcissile dehis-
cence, leuvinp (he partition behind. (Natives of the Old World.)

1. C. EpfLiNUM, VVeihe. (Flax Dodder.) Stems very slender, low,
flowers globular, sessile in dense scattered heads ; corolla 5-parted, short-cylin-
arical, scarcely exceeding the broadly ovate acute divisions of the calyx, left sur-
rounding the pod in fruit ; stamens shorter than the limb ; scales short, broad,
crenulate, shorter than the globose ovary. — Flax-fields; in Europe very in-
jurious : sparingly introduced with flax-seed into the Northern States. June
(Adv. from Eu.)

L & M— 36

i>/8 coxvoLA'ULAC;:.ii. (convolvulus family.)

§ 2. Stigmas capitate : pods indehiscent, rarely bursting irregularlij.

♦ Flowers more or less pedicelled: the scaly bracts few and distant : calyx 4 - 5-cleJl.

■>- Corolla cylindrical, in fruit covering the top of the pod.

2. C. tenuifldra, Engelm. Much branched, twining high, palc-colorcd ;
flowers at length pcduncled and in rather loose cymes; tube of the coiolhi (ven-
tricosc after flowering) twice the length of its obtuse sprecuUng lobes and of the ovate
obtuse calyx-lobes ; scales ovate, cut-fringed ; stamens shorter than the lohcs of
the corolla; pod depressed, membranaceous, thin, yellowish. (C. Cepiialanthi,
Engelm.) — Swamps, New Jersey to Illinois and Avestward ; on Ccplialanthus
and other shrubs, and on various tall herbs. — Hower the narrowest of all our
Northern species.

3. C. inflexa, Engelm. Flowers pcduncled, in umbel-like cymes, 1" long;
tube of the mostly A-cleft fleshy corolla as long as the ovate acutish and minutely crenate
erect infexed lobes and the acute keeled calyx-lobes ; scales minute andfewtouthed,
appressed ; pod depressed, somewhat umbouate, of a thicker texture, brown, its
top covered with the remains of the corolla. (C. Coryli, Engelm. C. umbrosa,
B(yrich, and Kd. 2.) — Prairies and barrens, in rather dry soil, on Hazels, Ceano-
thus, and other shrubs or herbs ; from Western Virginia and Illinois southward
and westward.

4. C. decdra, Chois., altered by Engelm. Floiivrs larger than in No. 3,
from l.V to nearly 2" long, loosely paniculate, broadly campanulate; corolla 5-
clef; the lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; the scales large, broadly oval; pod envel-
oped by the remains of the corolla. ( C. nidecora, Chois. C. neuropetala, Engelm.
C. pulcherrima, Scheele.) — Wet prairies, S. W. Illinois and southward ; on va-
rious shrubs and herbs. — The name changed by Dr. Engelmann, because this
is not a homely but the handsomest of our species.

•*- -1- Corolla bell-shaped, persistent at the base of lite ripe pod.

5. C. arvensis, Beyrich. Low ; flowers small, 5-parted, pcduncled in
loose umbel-like cymes; tube of the corolla included in or little exceeding the
broad-lobed calyx, shorter than its lanceolate acuminate spreading or reflexed
lobes; stamens much shorter than the lobes of the corolla; scales ovate, fim-
briate, converging and often exceeding.^ the tube ; pod globose, thin, yellowish.
(C. pentagona, Engelm.) — In fields, prairies, and barrens, from S. New York
(C. F. Austin) to Virginia, Illinois, and southwestward ; on smaller herbs, and
flowering (in June and July) earlier tlian any other of our species. — Stems
low, scarcely over a foot high ; flowers smaller than in any of our species, and
quite variable : when with a large 5-angled calyx it is C. pentagona (Virginia) •.
with a small one, it is var. microcalyx (Illinois) : with a large and hemispherical
one, var. calycina (Texas) : with a lleshy verrucose calyx, it is C. verrucosa,
Engelm. (Texas.)

6. C. chlorocarpa, Engelm. Low, orange-colored; flowers mostly 4-
cleft, about 1" long, short-pcdicelled, in scattered clusters; corolla open bell-
shaped, the tube nearly the length of the acute lobes and calyx-teeth ; stamens
as long as the lobes; scales snnill, appressed, incised, sometimes almost want-
ing ; the thick styles as long as the large depressed ovary ; pod depressed, thin,
greenish-yellow. (C. polygonoruin, £;(^e/;«.) — Low grounds, on Polygonum

CONVOI.VULACE^. (CONVOLVULUS FAMILY.) 379

nnd other herbs, Delaware to Wisconsin, and southwestward. — The large ovary
fills the shallow tube of the corolla.

7. C. Grondvii, Willd. Stems coarse, climbing high; flowers mostly 5-
cleft, pcduucled, in close or mostly open paniculate cymes; corolla bell-shaped,
the tube longer than (or sometimes only as long as) the ovate obtuse entire
spreading lobes; scales large, converging, copiously fringed, confluent at the
base; pod globose, umbonate, brown. (C. Americana, P(trs/(, &c. C. vulgivaga,
Engelm. C. umbrosa, Torr.) — Low, damp grounds, especially in shady places ;
everywhere common both cast and west, and the principal species northward
and eastward : chiefly on coarser herbs and low shrubs. — The close-flowered
iorms occur in the Northeastern States ; the loosely-flowered ones westward
and southward ; a form with 4-partcd flowers was collected in Connecticut. C.
Sauriiri, Engdm., is a form with more open flowers, of a finer te.\ture, in the
Mississippi valley.

8. C. rostrkta, Shuttleworth. Stems coarse, climbing high ; flowers
(2" -3" long) 5-parted, pedunclcd, in umbel-like cj'mes ; corolla deep bell-
shaped, the tube twice as long as the ovate obtuse teeth of the calyx and its
ovate obtuse entire spreading lobes ; the large scales fimbriate, confluent at the
base ; styles slender, as long as the acute ovary ; the large pod pointed. —
Shady valleys of the Alleghanies, from Maryland and Virginia southward ; on
tall herbs, rarely on shrubs. Flowers and fruit larger than in any other of our
species.

* * Flowers sessile in compact and mosthj conUnuous clusters: calijx of 5 separate
sepals surrounded by numerous similar bracts: remains of the corolla borne on the
top of the globose somewhat pointed pod. (Lepidanche, Engelm.)

9. C. COmpaeta, Juss. Stems coarse; bracts (3-5) and sepals orbicular,
concave, slightli/ crenate, appressrd, nearly equalling or much shorter than the cy-
lindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens shorter than the oblong obtuse spreading
lobes of the latter; scales pinnatifid-fringed, convergent, confluent at the base.
C. coronata, Beyrich (C. compacta, Choisij) is the Eastern and Southern form,
with a smaller, slenderer, more exserted corolla. C. (Lepidanche) adpressa,
Engelm., is the Western form, with a larger, shorter, nearly included corolla.
Both glow almost entirely on shrubs ; the first from N. New York, and New
Jersey southward ; the latter from Western Virginia to the Mississippi and
Missouri, in fertile shady bottoms. The clusters in fruit are sometimes fully
2' in diameter.

10. C. glomer^ta, Choisy. Flowers very densely clustered, forming
knotty masses closely encircling the stem of the foster plant, much imbricated
with scarious oblong bracts, their tips returved-spreading ; sepals nearhj similar,
shorter than the oblong-cylindrical tube of the corolla ; stamens nearly as long
as the oblong-lanceolate obtuse spreading or reflexed lobes of the corolla ; scales
large, fringed-pinnatifid ; styles slender, longer than the pointed ovary ; the
pointed pod mostly 1 - 2-seeded. ( Lepidanche Compositarnm, Engelm.) — Moist
pi'airies, Ohio to Wisconsin and southward : growing commonly on tall Conx-
posita;. — The orange-colored items soon disappear, leaving only the close mat-
ted coils of flowers, appearing like whitish ropes twisted around tllQ stctas.

380 SOLANACF-E. (XIGUTSUADK FAMILY.)

Order 7G. SOL.ANACE.E. (Nightshade Family.)

Ilerhs (or rareli/ .ylirub^), with a colorless Juice and alternate leaves, regu-
lar o-merous and b-audrous jloicers, on bractless pedicels ; the corolla imbri-
cate, convolute, or vulcate in the bud, and mosthf plaited ; the fruit a 2-ceHed
(rarely 3 ~ 5-celled) many-seeded ]Md or berry. — Seeds caiiii)ylotropous tir
ampliitropous. Embryo mostly slender and curved in fleshy albumen.
Calyx usually persistent. Stamens mostly equal, inserted on the corolla.
Style and stigma single. Placenta? in the axis, often projecting far into
the cells. (Foliage rank-scented, and with the fruits mostly narcotic,
often very poisonous, while some are edible.) — A large family in the
tropics, but very few indigenous in our district. It shades off" into Scro-
phulariacea?, from which the plaited regular corolla and 5 equal stamens
generally distinguish it.

* Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-parted or 5-lobed ; the lobes valvule and their margins usually
turned inwards in thu' bud. Anthers conuivent. Fruit a beny.

1. Solaiiuni. Anthers opening by pores or chinks at the tip.

* * Corolla various, not wheel-shaped, nor valvate in the bud. Anthers separate.
•<- Fruit a lierry, enclosed in the bladderyinflatL-d calyx. Corolla widely exjiaiidiiig.

2. Phy sails. Calyx deleft. Corolla 5-lobed or nearly entire. Berry juicy, 2-CLlltd.

3. Kicaudra. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla nearly entire. Berry dry, 3-5-oelled.

— — Fruit a berry with the unaltered calyx persistent at its base.

4. Iiyciunt. CuruUa funnel-form or tubular, not plaited. Berry small, 2-celled.

M- ■<- »- Fruit a pod.

5. Ilyoscj'amus. Calyx urn-shaped, enclosing the smooth 2-celled pod, which opens by

the top falling off as a lid. Corolla and stamens somewhat irregular.

6. Datum. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed. Pod prickly, naked, more or less 4-celled,4-valved.

Corolla funnel-form.

7. Nicotiaua. Calyx tubular-bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Pod enclosed in the calyx, 2-celled.

1. SOLANUM, Tourn. Nightshade.

Calyx and the wheel-shaped corolla 5-parted or 5-cleft (rarely 4- 10-parted),
the latter plaited in the bud, and valvate or induplicate. Stamens exserted:
filaments very short : anthers converging around the style : opening at the tip
by two pores or chinks. Berry usually 2-cellcd. — Herbs, or shrubs in warm
climates, the larger leaves often accompanied by a smaller lateral (rameal) one;
the peduncles also mostly lateral and cxtra-axillary. — A vast genus, chiefly in
the warmer regions, including the Potato (S. tuberOsuji) and the Egg-
plant (S. Melongena); while the To.mato (Lycopeksicum esculextuii)
is hardly of a distinct genus. (Name of unknown derivation.)

* Anthers blunt. {Plants not prickly, smooth or nearly so.)

1. S. Dl-lcam.\ra, L. (Bittersweet.) Stem shrubby, scarcely climhing ;
leaves orate-lieart-shajied, the up]3er halberd-slKiped, or with two eur-llL-e lobes at the
base; flowers (purple or blue) in small cymes; berries oval, red. — JMoist banks
and around dwellings. June -Sept. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. S. NIGRUM, L. (Co-MMON Nightshade.) ^l/iniW, low, much branched
and often spreading, roug-h on the angies; leaves vvate, ivca-y-tvothed ; Jiowers

SOLANACE^. (nightshade FAMILY.) 381

(rery small, white) in small and vmbel-liLe lateral clusters, drooping; berries
globular, black. — Shaded grounds and fields : coniuion. July - Sept. — A
homely weed, said to be poisonous. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Anthers domjatfd, lanceolate, pointed. (Phints vwstli/ pricklij.)
3. S. Carolinense, !>• (Hokse-Nettle.) Perennial, low (1° high);
stem erect, prickly ; leaves ovatc-oblong, acute, sinuate-toothed or angled,
roughish with stellate pubescence, prickly along the midrib, as also the calyx ;
flowers (pale blue or white, large) in simple loose racemes; berries globular,
orange-yellow. — Sandy soil, Connecticut to Illinois and southward. June-
Aug. (S. Virginianum, L., is not here identified as distinct.)

2. PHYSALIS, L. Ground Cherry.

Calyx 5-cleft, reticulated and enlarging after flowering, at length much in-
flated and enclosing the 2-celled globular (edible) berry. Corolla between
wheel-shaped and funnel-form, the very short tube marked with 5 concave
spots at the base; the plaited border somewhat 5-lobed or barely 5- 10-toothed.
Stamens .5, erect: anthers separate, opening lengthwise. — Herbs (in this coun-
try), with the leaves often unequally in pairs, and the 1-flowered nodding pe-
duncles extra-axillary; flowering through tiie summer. (Name, (f)V(Ta\is, a
bladder, from the inflated calyx.)

* Root annual : anthers tintjed icilh blue or violet: steins 1° -3° /;////(.
-1- Corolla while, larije.

1 . P. grandifldra, Hook. Clammy-pubescent, erect ; leaves lance-ovate,
pointed, entire or nearly so ; corolla l'-2' wide when expanded, almost entire,
and with a woolly ring in the throat ; fruiting calyx globular, apparently nearly
filled by the berry. — Upper Michigan, shore of Lake Superior (Dr. Robbing,
&c.) and northward, springing up in new clearings.

t- -*~ Corolla pale or fjreenish-yellow, small or smallish.

2. P. Philadelphica, Lam. Almost glabrous, erect ; leaves ovate or ob-
long-ovate, oblique at base, entire, repand, or very sparingly angulate-toothed ;
corolla brownish- or violel-sjMtted in the centre, 7" -10" broad; calyx at maturity
globose and completely filled by the large reddish or purple berry and open at
the mouth. — Rich grounds, not rare, especially southward : also cult.

3. P. angulata, L. Glabrous or nearly so, erect, much branched ; leaves
ovate or ovate-oblong, shar])ly and irregularly /(»c/n(Vite-/oo//*ef/,- peduncles fili-
form ; corolla uns/iotted, verij small (3"- 6", broad when expanded) ; fruiting calyx
conical-ovate with a truncate or sunken base, 10-angled, loosely inflated, but at
lengtii well filled by the greenish-yellow berry. — Cult, and waste grounds.

4. P. pub6scens, L. Pubescent or ctammylwiirij (rarely smoothish) dif-
fuse] if much branch (I or at length decumbent ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angu-
hite- or repand-toothed ; corolla sjmtttd with brown-purple in the centre, ."^''-S"
broad when cxp:inded, oi)seurely 5 -10-toothed ; fruiting calyx ovate from a
truncate or impressed base, pointed, sharply 5-angled, loosely enclosing the
yellow or greenish berry. (P. hirsuta, Dunal. P. obscura, Michx. in part.) — ■
Low grounds : common, especially southward and westward.

382 soLANACE.E. (nightshade family.)

♦ * Root perennial: stems mostli/ from slender creepinr/ rootstocks, nsualh/ low (6'-
20' liii/h) : anthers ydlow : fruiting calyx loosely injiatcd, b-anyled, much larger
than tlie berry.

*- Wild species : corolla greenish-yellow and commoxly broirn or purplish in the
cinlre, the border !)-aiigUd or barely 5 - lO-loollud, 6" - 12" broad.

5. P. viscbsa, L. Clammy pubescent, diHiiJiely much branclied and widely
spreading, or at first erect ; leaves ovate or siiyiitly heart-shaped, sometimes
oblong, repand or obtusely toothed, rarely entire ; corolla dark brown in the
centre; fruiting calyx ovate, barely concave or truncate at base, sharply 5-
angled ; berry orange or reddish, glutinous. (P. heterophylla, iVees. F. nyc-
taginea, &, P. viscido-pubescens, Dunul?) — Light or sandy soil : common.

6. P. Pennsylvanica, L. Minutely hirsute-pubescent (not clammy), or
nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate and tapering at the
base, entire or sparingly repand-toothcd ; corolla merely darker or purplish-veiny
in the centre; fruiting calyx conical or globular ovate, pointed, and with an im-
pressed base; berry red. — Var. l.wceolata ; the narrower-leaved and pubes-
cent form (.)'-15' high), especially the state with a hairy calyx. (P. lanceolata,
Michx. P. maritima, J/. ^1. Curtis.) — Dry, often sandy soil, from Pennsyl-
vania southward and westward, even northwestward to tiie Winipeg valley. —
Fruiting calyx I'-l^' long. Shape of calyx-lobes very variable.

t- •*- Introdiwed : corolla greenish -white, unspotted, 5-lobed.

7. P. Alkekengi, L. (Strawberry Tomato.) More or less pubcs-
cent ; sparingly branched ; leaves deltoid-ovate, pointed ; calyx-teeth awl-shapcd ;
fruiting calyx broadly ovate, turning red ; the berry bright red, pleasant. — Cult,
and waste grounds, eastward. (Cult. & Adv. from Eu.)

3. NICANDRA, Adans. Apple of Peru.

Calyx .5-partcd, 5-anglcd, the cTivisions rather arrow-shaped, enlarged and
bladder-like in fruit, enclosing the 3-5-celled globular dry berry. Corolla with
border nearly entire. Otherwise much like Physalis. — An annual smooth herb
(2°-3° high), with ovate sinuate-toothed or angled leaves, and solitary pale
blue flowers on axillary and terminal peduncles. (Named after the poet A^zcan-
der of Colophon.)

1. N. PHYSALOiDES, Gojrtn. — Waste grounds. (Adv. from Peru.)

4. LYCIUM, L. Matrimony- Vine.

Calyx 3-.5-toothed or cleft, not enlarging, persistent at the base of the berry.
Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 5-Iobed, the lobes imbricated and not
plaited in the bud. Stamens 5 : anthers opening lengthwise. Style slender :
stigma capitate. Berry small, 2-celli'd. Shrubby, often spiny plants, with
alternate and entire small leaves, and mostly axillary small flowers. (Named
from the country, Lyn'a.)

1. L. vul«.\ke, Dunal. (Common M.) Shrub with long sarmentosc re-
curved-drooping brandies, smooth, sparingly if at all spiny ; leaves oblong- or
spatulate-lanceolate, often fascicled, narrowed into a short petiole ; flowers on
slender peduncles fascicled in the axils ; coi-olla short funnel-form, greenish-

SOLANACE^.. (nightshade FAMILY.) 383

purple ; style and slender filaments equalling its lobes ; berry oval, orange-red.
(L. Ba'rbarum, L., in part.) — About dwellings ; and escaped into waste grounds
in Pennsylvania, &c. June- Aug. (Adv. IVoni Eu.)

5. HYOSCYAMUS, Tourn. Henbane.

Calyx bell-shaped or urn-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla funncl-iorm, oblique, with
a 5-lobed more or less unequal plaited border. Stamens declined. Pod en-
closed in the persistent calyx, 2-celled, opening transversely all round near tho
apex, which falls off like a lid. — Clammy-pubescent, fetid, narcotic herbs, with
lurid flowers in the axils of angled or toothed leaves. (Name composed of
vs, idr, o lioq, and Kvafios, (t bean; said by ^lian to be poisonous to swine.)

1. H. xiciiiK, L. (Black Henbane.) Biennial or annual ; leaves clasp-
ing, sinuate-toothed and angled ; flowers sessile, in one-sided leafy spikes ; co-
rolla dull yellowish, strongly reticulated with purple veins. — Escaped from
gardens to roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. DATURA, L. Jamestown-Weed. Thorn-Apple.

Calyx prismatic, .'i-toothed, separating transversely above the base in fruit,
the upper part falling away. Corolla funuel-form, with a large and spreading
5 - 10-toothed plaited border. Stigma 2-lipped. Pod globular, prickly, 4-valved,
2-cclled, with 2 thick placentie projected from the axis into the middle of the
cells, and connected with the walls by an imperfect false partition, so that the
pod is 4-celled except near the top, the placenta; as if on the middle of these
false partitions. Seeds rather large, flat. — Rank weeds, narcotic-poisonous,
with ovate leaves, and large and showy flowers on short peduncles in the forks
of the branching stem ; produced all summer and autumn. (Altered from the
Arabic name, Tnlomlt.)

1. D. Stram6nium, L. (Common Stramonium or Thorn Apple.)
Annual, glabrous; leaves ovate, sinuate-toothed or angled; stem green; corolla
white (3' long), the border with 5 teeth. — Waste grounds : a well-known weed.
(Adv. from Asia.)

2. D. TAtula, L. (Purple T.) Mostly taller ; stem purple ; corolla pale
violet-purple. Thought to be sjjecifically distinct fronj the last, on aeeo'unt of the
behavior of the cross-breeds. (Adv. from trop. AmehJ)

7. NICOTIANA, L. Tobacco.

Calyx tubular-bcll-shapccl, .'i-cleft. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form, usu-
ally with a long tube; the plaited border 5-Tobed. Stigma capitate. Pod 2-
celled, 2- 4-valved from the apex. Seeds minute. — Rank acrid-narcotic herbs,
mostly clammy-pubcseeiit, with ample entire leaves, and racemcd or panicled
flowers. (Named after .Aj/(n Nicot, who was thought to liave introduced the
Tobacco (N. Tabacum, L.) into Europe.)

1. N. rlstica, L. (Wild Tobacco.) Annual; leaves ovate, petioled ;
tube of the dull greenish-yellow corolla cylindrical, two thirds longer than the
calyx, the lobes rounded. — OM fields, from New York westward and south-
ward • a relic of cultivation by the Indians. (Adv. from Trop. Anier.)

384 GKNTIANACK-E. (gICNTIAX FAMILY.)

OnoKn 77. GElVTIAWACEiE. (Gentian Family.)

Smooth herbs, with a colorless bitter Juice, opposite and sessile entire and
simple leaves (except in Tribe II.) without stipules, regular Jiowers with the
stamens as mani/ as the lobes of the corolla, which are convolute {rarely im-
bricated and sometimes valvule) in the bud, a 1-celled ovanj ivith 2 parietal
placenfcE, or nearhj the tvhole inner face of the ocarij ovuliferous ; the fruit
usually a 2-valred and septicidul many-seeded pod. — Flowers solitary or
cymose. Calyx persistent. Corolla mostly withering-persistent ; the
stamens inserted on its tube. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo
in fleshy albumen. (Bitter-tonic plants.)

Tribe I. GENTIANE^. Lobes of the corolla convolute in the buil (with the sinuses
mostly plaiteil), or in Obolaria imbricated. Leaves almost always opposite or whorled, en-
tire, those of the stem sessile. Seeds very small and numerous, with a cellular coat ; In
Obolaria, Bartonia, and several Gentians, the ovules and seeds covering the whole face of
the pericarp !

* Style distinct and slender, deciduous.

1. Sabbiitia. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5- 12-parted : anthers at length recurved.

2. Erythrrea. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, 4 - 5-clefl : anthers soon spiral.

» * Style (if any) and stigmas persistent : anthers straight.

3. Frasera. Corolla 4-parted, wheel-shaped ; a fringed glandular spot on each lobe.

4. Hnlenia. Corolla 4- 5-cleft, bell-shaped, and 4 - o-spurred at the base.

5. Gentiaiia. Corolla funnel- or bell-shaped, mostly plaited in the sinuses, not spurred.

6. Barloiiia. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, bell-shaped : no jjlaits. Calyx 4-parted.

7. Obolaria. Corolla tubular-bell-shaped, 4-lobea, with no plaits, the lobes imbricated in

the bud ! Calyx '2-leaved.

Tribe II. MEIV YANTIIE^. Lobes of the corolla valvate in the bud, with the edges
turned inwards. Stem-leaves alternate, petioled. Seed-coat hard or bony.

8. MeiiyaiitUes. Corolla bearded inside. Leaves 3-foliolate.

9. liiniiiantbeuium. Corolla naked or bearded on the margins only. Leaves simple,

rounded.

1. SABBATIA, Adans. American Centaury.

Calyx .^- 12-piirteil, tlic divisions slender. Corolla 5-12-partcd, wheel-
shaped. Stamens 5-12: anthers soon recurved. Style 2-piirtcd, slender. —
Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (whitfe
or rose-purple) flowers ; in summer. (Dedicated to L. Sabbati, an early Italian
botanist.)

* Corolla ^-/inrted, or rnreli/ 6-7-pnrtrd.
-»- Corolla ivhitc, often turning yellowish in dryiny: rynus rarymhed, wany-fowered.

1. S. paniCUlkta, Pursh. Stpm Imwhiately much-lmmrhcd (l°-2° hi>,rh),
rather terete, l)nt angled with 4 sharp lines ; letrces linpfir or the hnvr ahtmiq, ob'
fuse, I- nerved, iio;iily ('(|iiallinfi the internodes ; calyx-lohes linear-thread-form,
much shorter than the corolla. — Low grounds, Viriiinia and southward.

2. S. lanceolata, Ton-. & Gr. Stem sim/ile (l°-3° hi>-h) bearing a flat-
topped cyme; Imrts ovntp-ianceohite or ovate, H-nerved, the upper acute, much
shorter than the internodes ; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger thnn in

gentianaoejG. (gentian family.) '3S6

No. 1. (Chironia lanccolata, Walt. S. corymbosa, Baldw.) — Vfet pine bar-
rens, from New Jersey southward.

4_ ^_ Corolla rose-i)ink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye: stem erect,
1° -3° hii/h, pyrumiihilly maity-flowered : bniiivhes oi>/.osile : peduncles short.

3. S. brachi^ta, Ell. Stem sliyhtly anyled, simple below (l°-2° high);
leaves linear and linear-oblon(j, obtuse, or the upper acute ; branches rather few-
flowered, forming an oblong panicle ; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the
corolla. (S. concinna. Wood, ex char.) —Dryish grassy places, Virginia (Indi-
ana, Wood), and southward. — Corolla rather smaller, and its lobes narrower
than in the next.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. St(m sonmchat Awinrjed-angled, much branched
above [\°--l^° high), many-flowered; leaves ovate, acutish, 5-nerved, with a
stmewhut heart-sha/ied clas/iiiiy base ; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of
the corolla. — Dry ground. New York to Illinois and southward. Corolla 1^'
wide ; the lobes obovate.

4- -t- -t- Corolla rose-jnirple or while: stems (5' -20' hiyh) slender, loosely and often
alternately branched, or merely forked, terete or scarcely i-anyled : peduncles elon-
gated and \-fluwered.

5. S. ealyc6sa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale ; leaves oblong or lance-ob-
long, narrowed at lite base ; caly.r-lobes fuliace.ous, spatulate-lanceolate ('i' - I' long),
exceeding the almost while corolla. — Marshes, E. Virginia, and southward.

G. S. Stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking ; leaves oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, or the upper linear; ctdyx-lobes aicl-shaped-linear, varying from
half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla. — Salt marshes, Massachu-
setts to Virginia, and southward. Too near the next.

7. S. gracilis, Salisb. Stem very slender, at length diffusely branched ;
the branches and long peduncles filiform ; leaves linear, or the lower lance-linear,
the uppermost similar to the setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple
corolla. (Chironia campanulata, L.) — Brackish marshes, Nantucket (OaKs),
banks of lower Delaware River {Mr. Cooley,Mr. Diffenbaugh), and southward.

* * Corolla 9-12-parted, large {about 2' bro'td). (Lapithea, Grisebach.)

8. S. ehloroides, Pursh. Stem (l°-2° high), loosely panicled above;
the peduncles Slender, 1 -flowered ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; calyx-lobes linear,
half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla. — Borders of
brnckish ponds, Plymouth, Massachusetts, to Virginia, and southward. — One
of our handsomest plants.

2. ERYTHEMA, Pers. Centaury.

Calyx 4- 5-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla funnel-form or salver-form,
with a slender tube and a 4 -5-parted limb. Anthers exserted, erect, twisting
spirally. Style slender, single : stigma capitate or 2-lipped. — Low and small
branching annuals, chiefly with rose-purple or reddish flowers (whence the name,
from (pvBpos, red) ; in summer. All our Northern species were probably intro-
duced, and occur in few localities.

1. E. CicxTAURiuM, Pers. (Ckntacuy.) Stem upright, con/w/)OsT////)n(«(7(r<i
above ; leaves oblong or elliptical, acutish ; the uppermost linear ; cytm^ clus-
GM 17

3R6 GKNTIANACE^. (GENTIAN FAMII-Y.)

terfd, flat -topped, the. Jlourrs all ncarhj sessile; tube of the (pnrple-rosc-colored)
corolla not twice the len^^th of tlic oval lobes. — Oswego, New York. — Plant
C - 12' high : corolla 3" - 4" long. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. E. RAMOsfssiMA, Pcrs., var. pci.chella, Griscb. Low (2'-G' high) ;
stem many tl mes forked above and forming a diffuse cipm ; leaves ovatc-oblong or
oval ; flowers all on short pedicels ; tube of the (pink-purple) corolla thrice the
length of the elliptical-oblong lobes. (E. Muhlenbe'rgii, Grisd., as to Penn.
plant. Exacuni pulchellum, Pursh.) — Wet or shady places, Long Island to E.
Virginia : scarce. — Flowers smaller than in No. 1. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. E. spicXta, Pers. Stem strictly upright (6' - 10' high) ; the floiccrs ses-
sile and spiked alonrj one side of the simple or rarely forked brunches ; leaves oval
and oblong, rounded at the base, acutish ; tube of the (rose-colored or whitish)
corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, the lobes oblong. (E. Pickcringii.
Oakcs.) — Sandy sea-shore, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Oakes, and Norfolk, Vir-
ginia, Riir/fl. — Remarkable for the spike-like arrangement of the flowers.
(Nat. from Eu. 1)

3. PRASERA, Walt. American Colcmbo.

Calyx deeply 4-partcd. Corolla deeply 4-parted, wheel-shaped, each division
with a glandular and fringed pit on the face. Filaments awl-shupcd, usually
somewhat monadeljdious at the base : anthers oblong, versatile. Style persist-
ent : stigma 2-lobed. Pod oval, flattened, 4- 14-seeded. Seeds large and flat,
wing-margined. — Tall and showy herbs, with a thick root, upright and mostly
simple stems, bearing whorled leaves, and numerous pcdunclcd flowers in open
cymes, which are disposed in an ample elongated panicle. (Dedicated to John
Eraser, an indefatigable collector in this country towards the close of the last
century.)

1. F. Carolinensis, Walt. Smooth biennial or triennial (.3° -8° high) ;
leaves mostly in fours, lance-oblong, the lowest spatulate, veiny ; panicle py-
ramidal, loosely flowered ; divisions of the corolla oblong, mucronate, longer
than the narrowly lanceolate calyx-lobes, each with a large and round gland
on their middle; pod much flattened parallel with the flat valves. — Rich dry
soil, S. W. New York to Wisconsin and southward. July. — Root very thick
and bitter. Corolla 1' broad, light greenish-yellow, marked with small brown-
purple dots.

4. HALENIA, Borkh. Spurred Gentian.

Calyx 4- 5-parted. Corolla short bcll-shapcd, 4-5-cleft, without folds or
fringe, prolonged at the base underneath the erect lobes into spurs, which arc
glandular in the bottom. Stigmas 2, sessile, persistent on the oblong flattish
pod. Seeds rather numerous, oblong. — Small and upright herbs, with yellow-
ish or purplish panicled-cymosc flowers. (Name of unknown meaning.)

1. H. defldxa, Griscbadi. Leafy annual or biennial (9'- 18'high), sim-
]ik' (jr branched above; leaves 3-5-ncrvcd, the lowest oblong-spatulatc and
jietiolcd ; the others oblong-lanceolate, acute ; spurs cylindrical, obtuse, curved,
descending, half the length of the acutely 4-lobcd corolla. (Swe'rtia corniculata.

GICNTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) 387

L., partly.) — Damp woods, from the northern parts of Maine, to Wisconsin, and
northward. July, August.

5. GENTIANA, L. Gextiax.

Calyx 4-5-clcft. Corolla 4 - 5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate
plaited folds, which bear a|>pendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or
none: stigmas 2, persistent. Pod oblong, 2-valved ; the innumerable seeds
either borne on placenta; at or near the sutures, or in most of our species cover-
ing nearly the whole inner face of the pod. (First shown by Prof. II. J. Ckirlc!)

— Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn. (Name
from Gentlus, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

§ 1. AMARELLOIDES, Ton-. & Gr. Corolla tubular-funnel -form, witliout
crown or plaited folds, and with the lobes naked: anthers separate, jixed by
the middle, iulrorse in the bud, but reflextd afer the flower opens : seeds wing-
liss : annuals.

1. G. quinquefldra, Lam. (Five-flowered G.) Stem rather slen-
der, branching (1° high) ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and
heart-shaped base, 3 - 7-nerved, tipped with a minute point ; branches racemed
or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit ; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx
awl-shaped-linear ; lobes of the ])ale-blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed,
one fourth the length of the slender obeonical tube. — Var. occidentXlis has
lineai'-lanceolate calyx-lobes, more leaf-like, about half the length of the corolla.

— Dry hilly woods, Maine to Wisconsin and southward, especially along the
Alleghanies : the var. is the common form in the Western States. — Corolla
nearly 1' long ; in the variety proportionally shorter.

§ 2. CROSSOPETALUM, Frcel. Corolla funnel-form, gland-bcarinfj between the
bases of the f laments, without crown or plaited folds ; the lo'.ies fringed or toothed
on the marfiins : anthers as in § 1 : pod somewhat stalked : seeds luingless, clothed
• with little scales: annuals or biennials.

2. G. crinita, Frcel. (Fuixged G.) Flowers solitary on long peduncles
terminating the stem or simple branches ; leaves lanceolate or ocate-lanceolate from
a parth) heart-shaped or rounded base; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx uneqnal, ovate and
lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaiied tube of the sky-blue corolla, the lobes of
which arc wcdge-obovate, and strongl/j fring^l around the summit; ovari/ lanceohite.
r— Low grounds. New England to Kentucky and Wisconsin : rather common. —
Plant l°-2° high : the showy corolla 2' long.

3. G. detonsa, Fries. (Smaller Fringed G.) Stem .simple or witli
fllendcr branches, terminated by solitary flowers on very long peduncles ; leaves
linear or lanceolate-linear ; lobes of the 4- (rarely h-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or
triangular and lanceolate, pointed ; lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong,
with citiate-fringed margins, the fringe sliorter or almost obsolete at tlte summit;
ovary elliptical or obovatr. — Moist grounds, Niagara Falls to Illinois and north-
westward. Passes into the last. (Eu.)

§ 3. PNEUMONANTHE, Nccker. Corolla bell-shaped or obeonical, 5-lobcd,
with plaited folds which project into appendages in the sinuses : ant/ias crtcl,

388 GENTIANACE^. (gKNTIAN FAMILY.)

Jixed by the deep sacjittate base, exfrorse, often cohtring with each other in a ring
or tube: pofi slulktd : perennials, musl/i/ (lulttmn-Jluwerini/.

* Flowers nearly sessile, clustered or rarely solitary, 2-bracteolale.
•1- Seids winyless : anthers unconnected.

4. G. OChroleuea, Fial. (Ykllowisii-Whitk G.) Stems ascending,
mostly smooth ; tlic flowers in a dense terminal cluster and often also in ax-
illary clusters ; leavis oborate-oUonfj, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the
uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narroued at the base ; calyx-lobes linear, un-
equal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla,
which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes ; its lobes ovate,
very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages ; pod
included in the persistent corolla. — Dry grounds, S. rennsylvania (rare) to
Virginia, and common southward.

-i- -1- Seeds winged: anthers connivent and usually more or cohering.

5. G. ^Iba, Muhl. Cat.! (Whitish G.) Stems ujiright, stout, and very
smooth ; Howers closely sessile and much crowded in a dense terminal cluster,
sometimes also clustered in the upper axils ; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a ncart-
shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering to a point ; calyx-lobes ovate,
shorter than the top-shaped tube, and many times shorter than the tube of the
corolla, reflexed-spreading ; corolla ivhite more or less tinged with greenish or yellow-
ish, iiijlated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes n&trhj twice the
length of the tuothed appenchig/'s ; pod nearly included; seeds broadly winged.
(G. flavida, Gray, in Sill. Jour. G. ochroleuca, Sims., Darlingt., Griseltach,
in part.) — Glades and low grounds, S. ^^. New York to Virginia along the
AUeghanies, and west to Illinois and Lake Superior. Begins to flower in July,
fur earlier than the two next.

6. G. Andl'ewsii, Griseb. (Closed G.) Stems upright, smooth ; flow-
ers closely sessile in tcrmin;il and upper axillary clusters ; leaves ovate-lanceolate
and lancfolate from a narrower base, gradunlly pointed, rough-margined ; calyx-
lobes ovate or oblong, recurved, shorter than the top-shaped tube, and much
shorter than the inflated chib-slmpid and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is
dosed at the mouth, its proper lubes obliteraUd, the apparent lobes consisting of
the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages ; pod finally projecting out
of the persistent corolla; seeds broadly winged. (G. Sajionaria, Frai., not
oi' L.) — Moist and rich soil: common, csi)ccially northward. — Corolla an
inch or more in length, striped inside, the folds whitish ; occasionally jiare
white througboiit.

7. G. Sapon^ria, L. (Soapwokt G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth;
the flowers clustered at the summit and more or less so in the axils ; leaves ovate-
lanceolate, oblong, or lancenlate-olm-ute, with rough margins, narrowed at the base ;
calyx-lobes linear or spatulate, acute, equalling or exceeding the tube, half the
length of the corolla ; lobes of the club-bell-shapcd light-blue corolln obtuse, erect or
converging, short and broad, but distinct, and more or hss longer than the consj)>cuous
2-cleft and minutrly toothed a/iptuditges ; se/ds acute, narrowly winged. (G. Cates-
ba;i. Wall.) — Moist woods. New Jersey and S. Penu. to Virginia, Illinois, and
southward : flowering late.

GENTIANACE^. (gENTIAN FAMILY.) dSO

Var. linearis. Slender, nearly simple (l°-2° high); leaves linear or
lancc-linuar (2'-3' long), acittish ; Hppendages of the corolla shorter and less
cleft, or almost entire. (G. rncumonanthc, Amer. autlt., .j- Ed. 1. G. linearis,
Fred.) — Mountain wet glades of Maryland and Pcnn., to Lake Superior,
Northern New York, New Hampshire (near Concord), and Maine (near Tort-
land) : heginning to hlossom at midsummer. — Seems to pass on one side into
G. Saponaria, on the other into G. Pneumonanthe of Europe.

8. G. pub6rula, IMichx. Stems erect or ascending (8'- IC high), mostly
?-oi(///t and minutely pubescent above; leaves rigid varying from linear-lanceolate
to oblong-lanceulate, rough-margined (1'- 2' long) ; flowers clustered, rarely soli-
tary; calyx-lobes lanceolafe, not longer than the tube, much shorter than the
b.H-fnmiel-form o/ien briglit-lilti corolla, the spreading ovate lobes of which are acutish
and twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages. (G. Catesbtei,
Ell. G. Saponaria, var. pubcrula, Ed. 1.) — Dry prairies and barrens, Ohio to
Wisconsin, and southward. Flowering near the end of summer. Corolla large
for the size of the plant, 1,'- 2' long. Seeds (also in G- Pneumonanthe) not
covering the walls, as they do in the rest of this division.

* * Flowers 1-3, peduncled: seeds wingless: anthers separate.

9. G. angUStifolia, Michx. Stems slender and ascending (6' - 15' high) ;
leaves linear or the lower oblanccolate, rigid ; corolla opcn-funnel-form, azure-
blue, also a greenish and white variety (2' long), about twice the length of the
thread-like calyx-lobes, its ovate spreading lobes twice the length of the cut-
toothed appendages. — Moist piae barrens. New Jersey, and southward.

6. BARTONIA, Muhl. (Centaurella, Michx.)

Calyx 4-parted. Corolla deeply 4-cleft, destitute of glands, fringes, or folds.
Stamens short. Pod oblong, flattened, pointed with a large persistent at length
2-lobed stigma. Seeds minute, innumerable, covering the whole inner surface
of the pod. — Small annuals or biennials (3'- 10' high), with thread-like stems,
and little awl-shaped scales in place of leaves. Flowers small, white, peduncled.
( Dedicated, in the year 1 801 , to Prof. Benjamin Smith Barton, of Philadelphia.)

1. B. tenella, Muhl. Stems branched above; the branches or peduncles
mostly opposite, 1 - 3-flowered ; lobes of the corolla oblong, acntish, rather longer
than the. calg.v, or sometimes twice as long ; anthers roundish ; ovary 4-angled, the
cell somewhat cruciform. — Open woods, New England to Wisconsin and south-
ward. Aug. — Centaurella Moseri, Grisebuch, is a variety with the scales and
peduncles mostly alternate, and the petals acute.

2. B. verna, Muhl. Stem l - few-flowered ; lobes of the corolla s/iatitlate,
obtii.se, spreading, thrice the length of the cali/.r ; anthers oblong ; ovary flat. — Bogs
near the coast, Virginia and southward. March. — Flowers 3" -4" long, larger
than in No. 1.

7. OBOLARIA, L. Obolaria.

Calyx of 2 spatulatc spreading sepals, resembling the leaves. Corolla tubu-
lar-l)ell-shaix;d, withering-persistent, 4-clcft ; the lobes oval-oblong, or with age

390 GENTIANACK^. (GENTIAN FAMILY.)

spatiilatc, imbricated in the bud ! Stamens inserted at tlie sinuses of the corolla,
sliort. Style short, persistent : stigma 2-lipped. Pod ovoid, l-cclled, the ecll
cruciform : tlic seeds covering the whole face of tlie walls. — A low and very
smooth purplish-green perennial (3' - 8' high), witli a simple or sparingly
branched stem, opposite wedge-obovate leaves ; the dull white or purplish
flowers solitary or in clusters of three, terminal and axillary, nearly sessile ; in
spring. (Xanie from o^oXoy, a small Greek coin; to which, however, the
leaves of this plant bear no manifest resemblance.)

1. O. Virginica, L. (Grntj, Clilor. Bm-.-Am., t.?,.) — Rich soil, in woods,
from New Jersey to Illinois, and soutlnvard : rather raie.

8. MENYANTHES, Tourn. Buckbean.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla short funnel-form, .'j-parted, deciduous, the whole
npper surface white-bearded, valvate in the bud with the margins turned inward.
Style slender, persistent : stigma 2-lol)ed. Pod bursting somewhat irregularly,
many-seeded. Seed-coat hard, smooth, and shining. — A perennial alternate-
leaved herb, with a thickit;h creeping rootstoek, sheathed by the membranous
bases of the long petioles, which bear 3 oval or oblong leaflets at the summit;
the flowers raeemed on the naked scajie (l°high), white or slightly reddish.
(The ancient Theophrastian name, ])robably from }ir]v, month, and (wBos, a
fluwtr, some say from its flowering for about that time.)

1. M. trifoliata, I>. — Bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
and northward. May, June. (Eu.)

9. LIMNAISTTHEMUM, Gmclin. Flo.^ting Heart.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla almost wheel-shaped, 5-parted, the divisions fringed
or bearded at the base or margins only, folded inwards in the bud, bearing a
glandular appendage near the base. Style short or none : stigma 2-lobcd, per-
sistent. Pod few - many-seeded, at length bursting irregularly. Seed-coat
hard. — Perennial aquatics, with rounded floating leaves on very long petioles,
which, in most species, bear near their summit the umbel of (polygamous)
flowers, along with a cluster of short and s])ur-like roots, sometimes shooting
forth new leaves from the same place, and so spreading by a sort of proliferous
stolons : flowering all summer. (Name compounded of 'Kl^vr), a marsh or/W,
and uvSfiJiov, a hlotKoin, from the situations where they grow.)

1. L. lacunbsum, Gri.sebach (partly). Zeai'es ph^')7>, round-lioart-sliaped
(l'-2' broad), thickish ; petioles filiform ; lobes of the (white) corolla broadly
oval, naked, except the crest-like yellowish gland at their base, twice the length
of the lanceolate calyx-lobes; style none; xarls smoo/h and rrni. (Villarsia
lacunosa. Vent. Y. cordlita, Ell.) — Shallow water, from Maine and N. New
York to Virginia and southward.

2. L. trachyspermum, Gray. /.«7tvs/(/)y/rc (2'- C broad), and rounder,
thicker, often wavy-margined or crenate, roughisli and dark-punctate or pitted
beneath ; ])etioles stouter ; seech i/landiilar-ruui/hciictl. (Menyanthes traehysperma,
Michx.) — Ponds, Maryland ( IF. M^. Canbij) and southward.

loganiacejE. (logania family.) 391

Ordkr 78. LiOGANIACE.lE. (Logania Family.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, loilh opposite and entire leaves, and stipules or a
stipular membrane or line between them, and with regular 4 - b-merous 4-5-
androus perfect flowers, the ocunj free from the calyx : a connecting group
between Gentianaceai, Apocynaccoe, Scrophulariaccae (from all wliich they
are known by their stipules) and Rubiaceaj, from which they differ in their
free ovary : our representatives of the family are all most related to the
RubiaceoB, to which, indeed, they have been apjjcnded.

* Woorly twiners ; leaves evergreen.

1. Gelseniiuin. Corolla large, the 5 lobes imbricated in the bud. Style slender : stigmas 4.

« * Herbs.

2. Pol ypremuiM. Corolla 4-Iobed, not longer than the calyx, imbricated in the bud.

3. Spigelia, Corolla 6-lobed, valvate in the bud. Style single, jointed in the middle.

4. Mitreola. Corolla 5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Styles 2, short, converging, united at the

summit, and with a common stigma.

1. GELSEMIUM, Juss. Yellow (False) Jessamine.

Calyx .5-partcd. Corolla opcn-funnel-form, 5-lobed ; the lobes imbricated in
the bud. Stamens 5, with oblong sagittate anthers. Style long and slender.
Stigmas 2, each 2-partcd ; the divisions linear. Pod elliptical, flattened con-
trary to the narrow partition, 2-celIed, septicidally 2-valved. Seeds many or
several, winged. Embryo straight in fleshy albumen ; the ovate flat cotyledons
much shorter than the slender radicle. — Smooth and twining shrubby plants
with opposite and entire ovate or lanceolate leaves, minute stipules, and showy
yellow (lowers, of two sorts as to relative length of stamens and style. ( (Jelse-
iidiin, the Italian name of the Jessamine.)

1. G. semp6rvirens, Ait. (Yellow Jessamine of the South.) Stem
climbing high; leaves sbort-petioled, shining, nearly persistent; flowers in
short axillary clusters ; pedicels scaly-bracted ; flowers very fragrant (the bright
yellow corolla I'-l^' long); pod flat, pointed. —Low grounds, Eastern Vir-
ginia and southward. JMarcli, April.

2. POLYPREMUM, L. PoLYruEMUM.

Calyx 4-pnrtcd ; the divisions awl-shajied from a brond scariotis-marginrd
Lase. Corolla not longer than the caly.x, almost wheel-shaped, bearded in tbc
throat; the 4 lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 4, very short: anthers
globular. Style 1, very short: stigma ovoid, entire. Pod ovoid, a little flat-
tened, notched at the apex, 2-cellcd, loculicidally 2-valved, many-seeded. — A
smooth, ditnisc, much-branchcil, small annual, with narrowly linear or awl-
sliapcd leaves, connected at their b:isc across the stem hy a slight stipular line;
tlic small flowers solitary and sessile ia the forks and at the ends of tlic
branches; corolla inconspicuous, white. (Name altered from TroXv-pfjivos,
mnni/slemmrd )

1. P. pi'OC1J.rabenS, L. — Dry fields, mostly in sandy soil, Maryland and
southward; also ad ventive at Philadelphia. June- Oct.

S^2 APOCYNACi:^. (l>OGI5A\E FAJIILY.)

3. SPIGELIA, L. Pink-root. Worm-grass.

Calyx 5-partC(l ; tlic lohcs .slender. Corolla tubular-fiinncl-fonn, ."i-lobed at
the siiininit, valvate in the i)iul. StaniOns 5 : anthers linear. Style 1, slender,
hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, 2-celled, twin, laterally flat-
tened, separating at maturity from a persistent base into 2 carpels, which open
lociilieidally, few-seeded. — Chiefly herbs, with the pair of leaves united by
means of the stipules, and the flowers spiked in one-sided cymes. (Named for
Adrian S/u'egel, latinized Spiijelius, who wrote on botany at the beginning of
the seventeenth century, and was perhaps the first to give directions for
preparing an herbarium.)

1. S. Marilandica, L. (Maryland Pink-root.)^ Stems simple and
erect from a perennial root (6'- 18' high); leaves sessile, ovate-lanceolate,
acute ; spike simple or forked, short ; tube of the corolla 4 times the Jengtli ot
the calyx, the lobes lanceolate; anthers and style exserted. — Kich woods,
Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and southward: not common northward. June,
July. — Corolla 1^' long, red outside, yellow within. — A well-known officinal
anthelmintic, and a showy plant.

4. MITREOLA, L. Mitrewort.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla little longer than the calyx, somewhat funnel-form,
5-lobed, valvate in the bud. Stamens 5, included. Ovary at the base slightly
adnate to the bottom of the calyx, 2-celled : styles 2, short, converging and
united above ; the stigmas also united into one. Pod projecting beyond the
ralyx, strongly 2-horned or mitre-shaped, opening down the inner side of each
horn, many-seeded. — Annual smooth herbs, 6' -2° high, with small stipules
between the leaves, and small white flowers spiked along one side of the
branches of a terminal pctioled cyme. (Name, a little mitre, from the shape
of the pod.)

1. M. petiolkta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves thin, oblong lanceolate, pctioled.
— Damp soil, from Eastern Virginia southward.

2. M. Sessilif61ia, Torr. & Gray, with thickish sessile and roundish
leaves, probably occurs as far north as Virginia.

Order 71). APOCYIVACE^. (Dogbane Family-.)

Plants almost all with ntilky acrid juice, entire {chiefly opposite) leaves
vithnut stipules, regular b-merous and r,-androus flowers ; the 5 lobes of the
corolla convolute and twisted in the hud ; the filaments distinct, inserted on
the corolla, and the pollen granular; the calyx entirely free from tlic
two ovaries, which (in our genera) are distinct (and forming pods),
though their styles or stigmas are united into one. — Seeds amphitro-
pous or anatropous, with a large straight embryo in sparing albumen,
often bearing a tuft of down (comose). — Chiefly a tropical family (of
acrid-poisonous plants), represented in gardens by the Oleander and
Periwinkle, and among wild plants by three genera : —

APOCTNACEiE. (DOGBANE FAMILY.) 393

1 Amsoiiia. Seeds naked. Corolla with the tube bearded inside. Anthers longer than the
filaments. Leaves alternate.

2. Forsttroiiia. Seeds comose. Corolla funnel-form, not appendaged. Filaments slen-

der. Calyx glandular inside. Leaves opposite.

3. Apocyiiuin. Seeds comose. Corolla bell-shaped, appendaged within. Filaments short,

broad and flat. Caly.\ not glandular. Leaves opposite.

1. AMSONIA, Walt. Amsonia.

Calyx 5-partcd, small. Corolla with a narrow funnel-form tube bearded in-
side, especially at the throat ; the limb divided into 5 long linear lobes. Sta-
mens 5, inserted on the tube, included : anthers obtuse at both ends, longer than
the filaments. Ovaries 2 : style 1 : stigma rounded, surrounded witii a cup-like
membrane. Pod (follicles) 2, long and slender, many-seeded. Seeds cylindri-
cal, abrupt at both ends, packed in one row, naked. — Perennial herbs, with
f//ter/ia<p /caoes, and pale blue tlowers in terminal panieled cymes. (Said to be
named for a Mr. Chdiies Amson.)

1. A. Tabernsemontkna, Walt. Loosely somewhat pubescent or hairy
Avhen young, or soon glabrous ; leaves varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, taper-pointed ; calyx-lobes short, awl-shaped ; tube of the bluish
corolla little longer than the lobes, the upper part either hairy when young or
glabrous. — Low grounds, Illinois, Virginia? and southward. May, June.

2. FORSTERONIA, Meyer. Forsteroni.v.

Calyx .5-partcd, with .3-5 glands at its base inside. Corolla funnel-form, not
appendaged ; the limb 5-lol)cd. Stamens b, included : filaments slender : an-
thers arrow-shaped, with an iiiHexcd tip, adhering to the stigma. Pods (follicles)
2, slender, many-seeded. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of down. — Twining plants,
more or less woody, with opposite leaves and small flowers in cymes. (Named
for Mr. T. F. Forster, an English botanist.)

1. F. diflformis, A. DC. Nearly herbaceous and glabrous; leaves oval-
lanceolate, pointed, thin; calyx-lobes taper-pointed; corolla pale yellow. —
Damp grounds, Virginia, S. Illinois, and southward. April.

3. APOCYNUM, Tourn. Dogb.xxe. Indian Hemp.

Calyx 5-partcd, the lobes acute. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, bearing 5 trian-
gular appendages in the throat opposite the lobes. Stamens 5, inserted on the
very base of the corolla: filaments flat, shorter than the arrow-shnpcd anthers,
which converge around the ovoid obscurely 2-lobed stigma, and are slightly ad-
herent to it by their inner face. Style none : stigma large, ovoid, slightly 2-
lobed. Fruit of 2 long and slender follicles. Seeds comose with a long tuft of
silky down at the apex. — Perennial herbs, with n))right branching stems, ()i)po-
site mucronate-pointed leaves, a tough fibrous bark, and small and ])ale cymosc
flowers on short pedicels. (An ancient name of the Dogbnne, composed of
viTo., from, and Kvav, a dor;, to which the plant was thought to be poisonous.)

1. A. androssemifblium, L. (Spreading Dogbane.) Smooth,
branched above; branches d I ceigeMlij forking ; leaves ovate, distinctly pctiuled ;

394 aSCLepiadace^. (milkweed family.)

a/mes loose, spreading, mostly longer than the leaves ; corolla (pale rose-color,
4" broad) open-beJI-sfiaped, with revolute lubes, the tube much loni/er than the orute
poitittd divisions of thi: cali/x. — Varies, with the leaves downy underneath. —
Borders of thickets : common northward. June, July. — Pods 3' - 4' lo>g,
pendent.

2. A. cannabinum, L. (Indian Hemi'.) Stem and bnuuhes uprii/ld
or asccndiny, terminated by trect and dose many-jiowcicil cymes, which are usually
shorter than the leaves ; corolla (greenish-white) with nearly erect lobes, the tube
not longer than the lanceolate divibions of the calyx. — Var. glabekkimum, Z)C'.
Entirely smooth ; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, on short but manifest
petioles, obtuse or rounded, or the uppermost mostly acute at l)oth ends. —
Var. PLBESCEXS, DC. Leaves oblong, oval, or ovate, soft-downy underneath
or sometimes on both sides, as well as the cymes. (A. pubescens, li. Br.) —
Var. HYPEEiciFOLiUM. Leuves more or less heart-shaped at the base and on
very short petioles, commonly smooth throughout. (A. hypericifolium, Ait.)
— River-banks, &c. : common. July, Aug. — Plant 2° -3° high, much more
upright than the last ; the flowers scarcely half the size.

Order 80. ASCL.EPIADACE^. (Milkweed Family.)

Plants with milky Juice, and oppofdte or whorled (j-arcbj scattered) entire
leaves; the follicular pods, seeds, anthers (connected with the stigma), sensible
properties, ffc.,just as in the last family : from which they differ in the com-
monly valvate corolla, and in the singular connection of the anthers icith the
stigma, the cohesion of the pollen into wax-like or granular masses, &c., as
explained under the first and typical genus.

Tribe I. ASCLEPT ADE^E. Filaments roonadelphous. Pollen-m.asses 10, waxy,
fixed to the stigma in pairs liy a pland, lianging vertically.

1. A8c]epias. Caly.x and corolla refli'xed, deeply 5-parted. Crown of 5 hooded fleshy bod-

ies (nectaries, /..), with an incurved horn rising from the cavity of each.

2. Acerates. Calyx and corolla reflexed or merely spreading. Crown as in No. 1, but

without a horn inside.

3. Enslcnin. Calyx and corolla erect Crown of 5 membranaceous flat bodies, terminated

by a 2-cleft tail or awn.

4. Vincdoxicum. Calyx and wheel-shaped corolla spreading. Crown a fleshy 5-10-

lobed ring or disk.

Tribe II. GONOLOBE.^. Filaments monadel|>hous. Pollen-masses 10, aOi.xed to the
stigm.i in pairs, horizontal.

5. Goiiolobus. Corolla wlieel-shapcd. Crown a wavy-lobcd fleshy ring.

Tribe III. PEI?II»LOCEiE. Filaments distinct or nearly so. Pollen-masses granu-
lar separately applied to tin- stigma.

6. Periplocn. Corolla wheel-shaped, with 5 awned scales in the throat.

1, ASCLEPIAS, L. Milkweed. Silkweed.

Calyx 5-partcd, persistent ; the divi.sions small, spreading. Corolla deeply
5-parted ; the divisions valvate in the bud, reflexed, deciduous. Crown of 5
hooded bodies (nectaries, L.) seated on the tube of stamens, each containing

ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 395

an incurved horn. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla: filaments
united in a tube which encloses the jjistil : anthers adherent to the stij,nna, each
with 2 vertical cells, tipped with a membranaceous appendage, each cell con-
taining a flattened pear-shajjcd and waxy ])ollen-niass ; the two contiguous pol-
len-masses of adjacent anthers, forming pairs which hang by a slender prolon-
gation of their summits from 5 cloven glands that grow on the angles of the
stigma,e.\tricated from the cells by the agency of insects, and directing cojjious
pollen-tubes into the point where the stigma joins the apex of the styles.
Ovaries 2, tapering into very short styles : the large depressed 5-angled fleshy
mass which takes the place of stigma common to the two. Follicles 2, one of
them often abortive, soft, ovate or lanceolate. Seeds anatropous, flat, margined,
downwardly imbricated all over the large placenta, which separates from the
suture at maturity, furnished with a long tuft of silky hairs (coma) at the hilum.
Embryo large, with broad foliaeeous cotyledons in thin albumen. — Perennial
upright herbs, with thick and deep roots : peduncles terminal or lateral and be-
tween the petioles, bearing simple many-flowered umbels : flowering in summer.
(The Greek name of ^Esculapius, to whom the genus is dedicated.)

* Leaves opposite {or some of them in No. 5-7 in threes or fours.)
■*- Stem simple or nearly so, Jeafij to the top, and hearing lateral umbels as ivell as a

terminal one: leaves ovate or oblong : flowers whitish, pinkish, or dull purple.
•M- Pods beset with sojl spinous projections : flowers 6" -9" long when open, greenish-
purple, numerous in dense umbels.

1. A. Corntlti, Decaisne. (("ommox Milkweed or Silkweed.) Stem
tall and stout.; leaves oval-oblong (4' -8' long), contracted at base into a short
petiole, pale, minutely downy beneath, as well as the peduncles, &c. ; hoods of the
crown ovate, obtuse, with a lobe or tooth on each side of the short and stout claiv-like
horn ; pods ovate, covered with iceak spines and woolly. (A. Syriaca, L., but the
plant belongs to this country only.) — Kicli ground, everywhere.

2. A. Sullivantii, Engelm. Very smooth throughout, tall ; leaves ovate-
oblong with a sonif'ivhat heart-shaped base, nearly sessile; hoods obovate, entire, ob-
tusely 2-eared at the base outside j^vflowers larger (9' long) and more purple than
in the preceding ; pods obscurely soft-spiny, chiefly on the beak, ovate-lanceolate.

— Low grounds, Columbus, Ohio {Sullivant) to Illinois.

' ++ Pods even, not ivarty-roughened, mostly glabrous.

3. A. phytolaccoldes, Pursh. (Poke-Milkweed.) Stem (.3° -.5°
high) smootli ; Icures broudly ovale, or the tipper oval-lanceolate and pointed at l/olh
ends, short-pet iolid, smooth or slightly downy underneath (5' -8' long); lateral
umbels several ; pedicels loose and nodding, nurnerous, long and slender ( 1 ' - 3' long),
equalling the pcil uncle, mrfH_y^//«'S longer than the ovate-oblong divisions of tlw (green-
ish) corolla; hoods of the crown (white) truncate, the margins 2-toothed at the
summit, the horn with a long projecting awl-shaped jwint ; pods minutely downy.

— Moist co])ses ; flowering early in summer. — Flower 6' long.

4. A. purpurascens, L. (Purple M.) Stem rather slender (1° -3°
high) ; leaves elliptical or ovate-oblong, the uj)per taper-pointed, minutely velvety-
downy underneath, smooth above, contracted at the base into a short petiole ; pedicels

396 ASCLiiPiADACi:.E. (milkweed family.)

shorter than the peduncle, 3-4 times the lemjth of the dark purple lanceolnte-
oviite dicisions of the coru'/a ; hoods of the crown oblong, ahriiptly narrowed
above ; the horn broadlij scylht-shaped, with a narrow and ubrnptly injiuxcd horizontal
point. (A. amuena, L., JJichx. ) — Borders of woods, &c., New Enghmd to Illinois
and southward. — Flowers G" long.

5. A. Variegata, L. (VAUiJiG.VTED M.) NeaHi/ r/Uihrous {\° -2° h\<ih);
liUL-ia orate, oca/, or odocute, somewhat wavy, contracted into alwit petioles ; pudicds
(numirous and crowded) and peduncle short, downij ; divisions of the corolla ovate
(while) ; hoods of the crown orbicular, entire, purplish or reddish, the horn
semilunar with a horizontal point; pods slightly downy. (A. nivea, L., in part.
A. hybrida, Alichx.) — Dry woods, S. New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July. — Remarkable for its compact umbels of nearly white tiowers. Leaves
4-5 pairs, the middle ones sometimes whorled.

6. A. ovalifolia, Decaisne in DC. Low (6'- 18' higli), so/t-downij, es-
pecially the lower surface of the ovate or lunctolate-oblong acute short-petiokd
Itaves; umbels loosehj 10 - \%-jiowered, cither sessile or peduncled ; pedicels slen-
der ; hoods of the crown oblong, obtuse, yellowish, with a small horn, about
the length of the oval ijreenish-white divisions of the corolla (which arc tinged
with purple outside); pods downy. (A. lanuginosa, Ed. 1, probably not of
Nutt. A. Vascyi, Careij). — Prairies and oak-openings, N. Illinois, Vascy, Wis-
consin, Laphani, and northwestward. June. — Leaves H'-3' long, smoothish
above, the upper sometimes scattered ; the middle rarely in threes. Flower
4" -5" long.

7. A. quadrifolia, Jacq. (Four-leaved M.) Nearli/ smooth; stem
slender (1° - 2<= high), mostly leafless below, bearing usually o;/e or two whorls
of four in the middle and one or two pairs of ovate or ovate-lanceolate taper-
pointed petioled leaves (2' -4' long); pedicels slender; divisions of the (pale
pink) corolla oblong; hoods of the white crown elliptical-ovate, the incurved
horn short and thick; pods linear-lanceolate, smooth. — Dry woods and liills :
not very common. June. — Flowers 4" long.

■*- -<- Sleni branchincj, leafi/ to the top, bearing lateral as well as terminal umbels:
leaves jntiolcd : Jlowers small (3" lonij) : pods smooth and glabrous.

8. A. perennis, Walt. Nearly glabrous; stems (l°-2° high) persistent
or somewhat wuodi/ at the beise ; leaves lanceolate or lanceolate-ovate, tapering to both
end^, thin, rather slendcr-petioled ; Jlowers white, small; the srarfll hoods of the
crown shorter than the needle-shaped horn ; seeds sometimes destitute of a
coma! (A. pai-viflora, Pu/s/;, and Ed. 2.) — Low grounds, S. Indiana, Illinois,
and southward.

9. A. incarnata, L. (Swamp JMiLKWEED.) Smooth, or nearly so, in
the typical form, the stem with two downy lines above and on the branches of
the peduncles (2° -3° high), very leafy; leuas oUong-lanceolnle, acute or pointed,
ol>tuseor obscurclg hcart-shajitd at ba.t'. : Jlowers rose-j>ur,)lc; liood.s of the crown
scarcely equalling the slender necdle-pointcd horn. — Var. laLciinA has broader
and shorter-petiolcd leaves, mure or less hairg-pnbe.scent, as well as the stem. (A.
pulchra, Willd.) — Wet grounds; the smooth form very common northward;
the hairy variety more so southward. — Milky juice scanty. ^

/

ASCLEPIADACE^. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 397

■♦i- •»- -1- Stem perfecth) simjile, jnodar.infj onli/ a sim/le conspicuoiislif-pedunclrd ttn'mi-
nal umbel of dull-colored lanjlsh (tj" lo)i(j) flowers: hoods and lulies of the co-
rolla broad : jiods smooth : whole plant (jlubrous or neurlij so, and pale or f/luu-
cous : leaves closely sessile, transversely veiny.

10. A. obtUSifdlia, Michx. Stem tall (2° -3° high); leaves wavy, oblong
with a heart-shaped clasping base, very obtuse or retuse (2^' -5' long) ; peduncle
3' -12' long; corolla pale greenish purple; hoods of the crown truncate and
somewhat toothed at the summit, shorter than tl)e slender awl-pointcd horn. —
Sandy woods and fields : not rare, especially southward.

11. A. Meadii, Torr. (in Ed. 2, addend.) Stem slender (l°-2° high);
leaves ovate or obloug-ovute, not wavy, obtuse or acutish (H'-25' long) ; peduncle
only twice the length of the upper leaves ; pedicels rather short; corolla green-
ish-white ; hoods of the crown rounded-truncate at summit, and with a sharp
tooth at each margin, somewhat exceeding the stouter horn ; pod unknown. —
Augusta, Illinois, Dr. S. B. Mead. Clinton, Iowa, Dr. Vascy. June.

-1- -I- -i- -1- Stem simple or mostly so (2° -4° high), bearing 2-5 panicltd umbels on
a naked terminal peduncle, and sometimes single axillary ones : flowers pink-red,
rather large (over G" long) : crown conspicuously elevated above the base of the
corolla : pods smooth : whole plant glabrous or nearly so.

12. A. rilbra, L. Leaves ovate or lanceolate and tapering from a rounded or
heart-shaped base to a very acute point, sessile or nearly so (2' -6' long, j'-2^'
■wide), bright green ; umbels many-flowered ; divisions of the corolla and hoods
of the crown oblong-lanceolate, purple-red ; the horn long and slender. (A. lauri-
folia, Michx. A. acuminata, Pursh.) — Wet pine-barrens, «&-c., New Jersey and
Penn. to Virginia and southward.

13. A. pauperoula, Michx. Stem slender (2° -4° high); leaves don-
gated lanceolate or linear (5' -10' long), tapering to both ends, slightly petioled;
umbels 5 - l2-floiierfd ; divisions of the red corolla narroivly ohlong ; the bright orange
hoods broadly oblong, obtuse, much exceeding the incurved liorn. — Wet pine-bar-
rens on the coast. New Jersey, Virginia, and southward.

* * Leaves scattered, or some opposite: milky juice little or none: flowers orange-red.

14. A. tuberbsa, L. (Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.) Rough-
ish-hairy ; stems erect or ascending, very leafy, branching at the summit, and
bearing the umbels in a terminal corymb ; leaves varying from linear to oblong-
lanceolate, sessile or slightly petioled ; divisions of the corolla oblong (greenish-
orange) ; hoods of the crown narrowly oblong, bright orange, scarcely longer
than the nearly erect and slender awl-shaped horns ; pods hoary. (A. deeiim-
bcns, L.) — Dry hills and fields: common, especially southward. — Plant 1°-
2° high, leafy, to the summit, usually with numerous and corymbcil sliort-
pcdunclcd umbels of showy flowers.

« « * Leaves nearly all whorled, rardy alUrnatc, croivded : flowers white, small-.

l->. A. Verticill^ta, L. (Whouled M.) Smoothish; stems slender,
simple or sparingly branched, very leafy to the summit ; leaves very narrowly
linear, with revolutc margins (2' -3' long, 1" wide), 3-G in a whorl; umbels
small, latci-al and terminal ; divisions of the corolla ovate (greenish-white) ;

398 ASCLEPIADACE^. (lIILKWEED FAMILY.)

hoods of the crown roumlish-oval, about half the length of the incurved claw-
bhapcd horns; pods smooth. — Dry hills: common, especially southwurd.

2. ACERATES, Ell. Green Milkweed.

Nearly as in Asclepias ; but the hoods of the crown destitute of a horn
(whence the name, from a pricativt and Ktpai, -gtoj, a horn). — Flowers green-
ish. Leaves varying from opjjosite to irregularly alternate, short-petiolcd or
sessile. Pollen-masses slender-stalked.

§ 1 . Divisions of the corolla rejiexed, oblong : hoods of (he crown erect and concace :

umbels compactly manij-Jioivejtd : pods not muricate, slender.

* Crotcn not elevated; its hoods oblony, neailij equalling the anthers.

1 . A. Viridifldra, Ell. Minutely sofi-downtj, becoming smoolhish ; stems as-
cending (l°-2° high) ; leaves varying from oval to linear, thick (l^'-4' long),
umbels nearly sessile, lateral, dense and globose; flower (when the corolla is re-
fle.\ed) nearly V long, short-pedicelled. — Dry soil : common, especially south-
ward. July - Sept.

2. A. lanugindsa, Dccaisne. //aZ/v/, low (5' -12' high) ; leaves lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate ; umbel solitary and terminal, pedunded ; flowers not larger
than in the next ; pedicels slender. (Probably Ascle[)ias lanuginosa, Nntt. : cer-
tainly A. Nuttalliana, Torr. Acerates monocephala, Lapham, in Ed. 2, addcud.)
— Prairies, Wisconsin [Lapham) and westward. July.

* * Crown short- stalked, i. e. elevated above the base of the corolla : its hoods oval,
strongly concave, and decidedly shorter than the tips of the anthers.

3. A. longif61ia, Ell. Minutely roughish-hairy or smoothish ; stem
erect (1° -3° high), very leafy ; leaves mostly alternate-scattered, linear (3' -7'
long) ; umbels lateral, on peduncles of about the length of tiic slender pedicels;
flowers 3" long when expanded. — Moist prairies, Ohio to Wisconsin and south-
ward. July -Oct.

§2. ANANTIIERIX, Nutt. Divisions of the corolla ascending or barely spread-
ing : hoods of the crown widely spreading and somewhat incurved, slipper-shaped
and laterally compressed, the cavity divided at the apex by a crest-like partition :
umbels solitary and terminal or corymbed, loosely-Jiowend : pods oblong or ovate,
often somewhat muricate with sofl spinous projections.

4. A. paniculata, Decaisne. Almost glabrous; stems short (l°high);
loaves alternate, short-petioled, elongated-oblong, l'-2' wide; umbels several in
a chister, short-peduncled ; flowers large (1' in diameter), green, with a purplish
crown. — Prairies, Illinois [Vasey, Bebb), and southward. June.

3. ENSLENIA, Xutt. Exslenia.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted ; the divisions erect, ovate-lanceolate.
Crown of 5 free membranaceous leaflets, which are trnncate or obscurely lobcd
at the apex, where they bear a pair of flexuous awns united at their base. An-
thers nearly as in Ascle))ias : pollen-masses oblong, obtuse at both ends, fixed
below the summit of the stigma to the descending glands. Pods oblong-laneeo-
late, smooth. Seeds with a tuft, as in Asclepias. — A perennial twining herb.

ASCLEPIADACEiE. (mILKWEED FAMILY.) 399

smooth, with opposite heart-ovate and pointed long-pctioled leaves, and small
whitish flowers in racenic-like clusters, on slender axillary pcdunck's. (Dedi-
cated to ^1. Enden, an Austrian hotanist who collected in the Southern United
States early in the present century.)

1. E. albida, Nutt. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward: com-
mon. July - Sept. — Climbing- 8° - 1 2° high : leaves 3' - 5' wide.

4. VINCETOXICUM, Moench. Vincetoxicum.

Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. Crown flat and fleshy,
disk-like, 5-10-lobed, simple. Anthers smooth, pods and seeds much as in
Asclepias. — Herbs, often twining. (Name composed of Vinca, the Periwinkle,
and toricum, poison. )

1. V. NIGRUM, Mccnch. (Black V.) More or less twining, nearly smooth ;
leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; flowers small, dark purple, in an axillary cluster,
on a peduncle shorter than the leaves. — Cambridge, Mass., &c. : a weed escap-
ing from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. GONOLOBUS, Michx. Gonolobus.

Calyx 5-parted. CoroHa 5-parted, wheel-shaped, sometimes reflexed-spread-
ing ; the lobes convolute in the bud. Crown a small and fleshy wavy-lobed ring
in the throat of the corolla. Anthers horizontal, partly hidden under the flat-
tened stigma, opening transversely. Pollen-masses 5 pairs, horizontal. Pods
turgid, mostly muricate with soft warty projections, sometimes ribbed. Seeds
with a coma. — Twining herbs or shrubs (ours herbaceous), with opposite heart-
shaped leaves, and corymbose-umbelled greenish or dark purple flowers, on pe-
duncles rising from between the petioles. (Name composed of ywi/os, an a)i(/le,
and Xo/3of, « pod, from the angled or ribbed follicles of some species.)

1. G. Isevis, Michx. Nearly glabrous, or the stems and petioles sparingly
hirsute and finely pnbcrulent; cali/x and corolla (jlnhrous, the latter tapering-con-
ical in the bud, the expanded divisions lanceolate, yelloiclsh-fjreen ; pods ribbed,
smooth. ( Vincetoxicum gonocarpos, Walt. Periploca latc-scandens, Clayt. G.
macrophyllus, Michx., also Deaiisne, excl. syn. Jacq. & Bot. Mag. G. tiliaifo-
lius, Diraisiw.) — River-banks, Virginia, to Illinois and southward. July.

2. G. obliquus, R. Br. Stems, petioles and often the ribs of the leaves
beneath hirsute with spreading viscid hairs ; calyx and corolla pubescent or pubern-
lent outside, the latter narrowconical-oblong in the bud, its divisions ligulato-
linear or lanceolate, obtuse, dark dull crini son-pur pie within ; pods copiously muri-
cate, ribless. (Cynanchum obliquum, Jacq., 1786. C. discolor, Sims, Bot.
May. Gonolobus hirsiitus, Ed. 2, &c. G. discolor, R. ^ S. G. macrophyllus,
Decaisne in part.) — River-banks, Penn. to Virginia. Aug., Sept. — Lobes of
the corolla nearly 6" long. Pod 5' long.

3. G. hirsutus, Michx. ( Ap(5cynum hirsutum, A'l/Z:. ; perhaps Periploca
Carolinensis, Dill., and P. latc-scandens fl. ferrugineo, Clayt.; Vincetoxicum
acanthocarpos, Walt.; and' clearly Cynanchum Carolinense, Jacq.) Known
from the last by its short-ocate flmoer-bud.t, and the oval or oblong divisions of tlie
purple corolla (only about 3" long) ; perhaps occurs in S. E. Virginia.

400 OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.)

6. PERIPLOCA, L. PKRirLocA.

Calyx 5-partcd. Corolla 5-partccl, wlicel-shaptd, with 5 awiied scales in tlio
throat. Filaments distiiiet: anthers coherent with the apex of the stiynia,
bearded on the back : pollcu-masscs 5, each of 4 united, sin<^Iy affixed directly
to the glands of the stigma. Stigma hemispherical. Pods smooth, widely
divergent, bccds with a silky tuft. — Twining shrubby plants, with smooth
opposite leaves, and panicled-eymose flowers. (Name from ntpinXoKr], a coUukj
ruuiiii, in allusion to tlie twining stems.)

1. P. Gu.KCA, L. Leaves ovate or ovate-'.anccolatc, shorter than the loosely-
flowered cymes ; divisions of the brownish-purjde corolla linear-oblong, very
hairy above. — Near Rochester, &c.. New York. Probably hardly established.
Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

Order 81. OL,EACEJE. (Olive Family.)

Ti'ees or shrubs, with opposile and pinnate or simple leaves, a 4-cleft (or
sometimes obsolete) calyx, a regular A-clefl or nearly or quite A-petalous
corolla, sometimes apetaluus; the stamens only 2 {rarely or accidentally 3
or 4) ; the ovary 2-celled, with 2 (rarely more) ovules in each cell. — Seeds
anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard fleshy albumen, or with-
out albumen. — The Olive is the type of the true OleaccEB, to which be-
longs the Lilac (Syrixga), &c. ; while the Jessamine (Jasminum)
represents another division of the order.

Tribe I. OL1KINE.E. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers perfect or polygiimous, with
both calyx aud corolla ; the latter valvate ia the bud. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple,
mostly entire.

1. l<ij;^tislruin. Corolla funnel-form, its tube longer than the caly.v, 4-cIeft.

2. OlfB. Corolla short, bell-shaped or salver-shaped ; the limb 4-iiarted.

3. Cliioiiautlius. Corolla 4-parted or 4-petalous, the divisions or petals long and linear.
Tribe II. FRAXIXE.E. Fruit dry and winged (a samara). Flowers dioacious or

polygamous, mostly apetalous, auj sometimes also without a calyx. Ovules suspended.
Leaves odd-pinnate.

4. Fraxiiiiis. The only genus of the Tribe.

Tribe III. FORESTIERE^. Fruit a drupe or berry. Flowers dioecious or perfect,
apetalous. Ovules suspended. Leaves simple.

5. Purestiera. Flowers dioecious, from a scaly catkin-like bul. Stamens 2-4.

1. LIGtrSTRUM, Tourn. PiuvJiT.

Calyx short-tubular, 4-toothed, deciduous. Corolla funnel-form, 4-lobcd ; the
lobes ovate, obtu.se. Stamens 2, on the tube of the corolla, included. Stigma
2-cleft. Berry sjiberical, 2-cclled, 2-1-sceded. — Shrubs, with entire leaves on
short petioles, and snudl white flowers in terminal tbyrsoid panicles. (Tlie clas-
sical name.)

1. L. vulgXue, L. (Common- Pkivkt or Puim.) Leaves elliptical-
lanceoUite, very smooth, tliickish, deciduous ; berries black. — U.scd lur low
h-dges : naturalized in copses by the agency of birds in E. New England aiul
Pennsylvania. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.) 401

2. OLE A, Toiirn. Olive.

Calyx short, 4-tootlK'd, rarely entire. Corulla with a shoit l>cll-shapc(l tube
and a 4-parted spreading linib. Stamens 2. Drupe with a bony stone, 2-1-
seeded. — Shrubs or trees, with opposite and eoriaceous mostly entire leaves,
and perfect, or (in our species) polygsnnous or dioecious small white flowers, in
panicles or corymbs. (The classical name of the Olive, 0. EuROPyEA.)

1. O. Americana, L. (Devil-woou.J Leaves oblong-lanceolate, smooth
and shining (3'-G' long) ; fruit spherical. — Moist woods, coast of S. Virginia,
and southward. May. — Tree 15° - 20° high.

3. CHIONANTHUS, L. Fringe-tree.

Calyx 4-parted, very small, persistent. Corolla of 4 long and linear petals,
which are barely united at the base. Stamens 2 (rarely 3 or 4), on the very base
of the corolla, very short. Stigma notched. Drupe fleshy, globular, becoming
1-cellcd, 1 -3 seeded. — Low trees or shrubs, with deciduous and entire petioled
leaves, and delicate flowers in loose and drooping graceful panicles, from lateral
l)uds. (Name from x"^''' snow, and livdos, b/ussum, alluding to the light and
stiow-white clusters of flowers.)

1. C. Virginica, L. Leaves oval, oblong, or obovate-lanceolate ; flowers
on slender pedicels; drupe purple, with a bloom, ovoid (6" -8" long). — River-
banks, S. Pennsylvania and southward : very ornamental in cultivation. June.
— Petals 1' long, narrowly linear, acute, varying to 5-6 in number.

4. FRAXINUS, Tourn. Asii.

Flowers polygamous or (in our species) dia'cious. Calyx small and 4-cleft,
toothed, or entire, or obsolete. Petals 4, slightly cohering in pairs at the base,
or only 2, oblong or linear, or altogether wanting in our species. Stamens 2,
sometimes 3 or 4 : anthers linear or oblong, large. Style single : stigma 2-cleft.
Fruit a 1 -2-celIed samara or h-ji-fnut, flattened, winged at the apex, 1-2-
seeded. Cotyledons elliptical : radicle slender. — Light timber-trees, with peti-
oled pinnate leaves of 3- 15 either toothed or entire leaflets ; the small flowers
in crowded panicles or racemes from the axils of last year's leaves. (The tl-is-
sical Latin name, thought to be derived from (fypu^is, a sejtarution, from the
facility with which the wood splits.)

* Fruit ifinged fioni the aj)ex onhj, barely margined or quite terete toicards the base:
calyx minute, persistent : corolla none : leu fiefs stalked.
1. F. Americana, L. (White Ash.) Branchlets and petioles glabrous;
leaflets 7-9, ovate- or lancc-oblong, pointed, pale and either smooth or pubescent
underneath, somewhat toothed or entire ; fruit terete and marginless bdow, above
extended into a lanceolate, oblunceolate, or wedge-linear uiing. (F. acuminata, and
F. juglandifolia, Lnm. F. epi'ptera, Michx.) — Rich or moist woods: common.
April, May. — A large forest tree, with gray furrowed bark, smooth gray branch-
lets, and rusty -colored buds. (The figure of the fruit in Michaux's Sylva is
misplaced, apparentlv interchanged with that of the Green Ash.)
L&M— 37

402 OLEACE^. (olive FAMILY.)

2. F. pub6seens, Lam. (Red Ash.) Branchlets and petioles velvety-pu-
bescetit: leatlrts 7-9, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, taper- pointed, almost entire,
pale or more or less pubescent beneath ; fruit acute at the l)ase,Jiattish and 2-ed(jed,
the edges gradually dilated into the long (l^'-2') Munccolate or linear-lunceolati'.
wing. (F. tomentosa, il//(//r.) — With No. I: rare west of the Alleghanies : a
smaller tree, less valuable for timber: j)asses by gradations into the next.

3. F. viridis, Michx. f. (Gkken Ash.) Glabrous tltrouyhoul ; IhiJIl-Is 5-9,
ovate or oblong-binccolate, often Avedge-shaped at the base and serrate above,
brif/ht (jre.en both sidus ; fruit acute at the base, striate, 2-edfjed or margined, gradually
dilated into an oblanceolate or linear-spatulate wing, much as in No. 2. (F.
eoncolor, 3/«/i/. F. juglandifolia, Willd., DC, and Ed. I, but not of Lam.) —
Near streams. New England to Wisconsin and southward; most common west-
ward.— A small or middle-sized tree. (The figure of the fruit given in Michaux's
Sylva evidently belongs to F. Americana.)

* * Fruit winged all round the seed-bearing portion.
•»- Cahjx icanting, at least in the fertile flowers, ichich are entirely naked!

4. P. sambucifdlia, Lam. (Bl.\ck or Water Ash.) Branchlets and
petioles glabrous ; kajiets 7-11, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to a point,
serrate, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and smooth both sides, when young
with some rusty hairs along the midrib ; fruit linear-oblong or narrowly ellipti-
cal, blunt at both ends. — Swamps, Penn. to Kentucky, and everywhere north-
ward. A\)\-\\, May.— Small tree; its tough wood separable into thin layers,
used for coarse basket-work, &c. Bruised leaves with the odor of Elder.

*- -1- Caljix present, persistent at the base of the fruit.

5. F. quadrangulata, Michx. (Blue Ash.) Branchlets square, at ]east
on vigorous shoots, glal^roiis ; leaflets 7-9, short-stalked, oblong-ovate or lance-
olate, pointed, sharply serrate, green both sides ; fruit narrowly oblong, blunt, and
of the same ividlh at both ends, or slightly narrowed at the base, often notched at
the apex (1 V long, y - ^' wide). — Dry or moist rich woods, Ohio to Wisconsin,
Illinois, and Kentucky. — Tree large, with timber like No. 1.

G. P. platyearpa, Michx. (C.\rolixa Water-Ash.) Branchlets terete,
glabrous or pubescent; leaflets .5 - 7, ovate or oblong, acute at both ends, short-
stalked ; fruit broadly winged (not rarely S-winged), oblong (9'' wide), with a taper-
ing base. — Wet woods, Virginia and southward. March.

5." FORES TIER A, Poir. (AniiLiA, Michx.)

Flowers dioecious, crowded in catkin-like scaly buds from the axils of last
year's leaves, imbricated with scales. Corolla none. Calyx early deciduous,
of 4 minute sepals. Stamens 2-4: anthers oblong. Ovary ovate, 2-celled,
with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell : style slender : stigma somewhat 2-lobed.
Urupe small, ovoid, 1-celled, 1-sceded. — Shrubs, with opposite and often fasci-
cled deciduous leaves and small flowers. Fertile peduncles short, I -3-flowered.
(Named for ^f. Foreslier, a French ])hysician.)

1. P. acurnin^ta, Poir. Glabrous; leaves thin, oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, often serrulate; drupe oblong, usually
pointed. — Wet river-banks, W. Illinois and southward. April.

ARISTOLOCUIACE^. (lilRTHWORT FAMILY.) 403

Division HI. APETALOUS EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Corolla none ; the floral envelopes in a single series (calyx), or
sometimes wanting altogether.

Order 82. ARISTOLOCHIACE^. (Bihtiiwort Family.)

Twining shrubs, or low herbs, tcilh perfect /lowers, the conspicuous lurid
cali/x valcate in the bud and coherent {at least at the base) with the 6-celled
ocanj, ivhich forms a many-seeded G-celled pod or berry in fruit. Stamens
6-12, 7no)-e or less united toith the style: anthers adnate, extrorse. — Leaves
petioled, mostly heart-shaped and entire. Seeds anatropous, with a large
flesliy rhaplie, and a minute embryo in fleshy albumen. A small family of
bittei'-tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants.

1. AS ARUM, Tourn. Asaharacca. Wild Ginger.

Calyx regular; the limb 3-cleft or parted. Stamens 12, with more or less
distinct filaments, their tips usually continued beyond the anther into a poiut.
Pod rather fleshy, globular, bursting irregularly. Seeds large, thick. — Stem-
less herbs, with aromatic-pungent creeping rootstocks, bearing 2 or 3 scales, then
one or two kiduey-shaped or heart-shaped leaves on long petioles, and terriii-
nated by a short-peduncled flower, close to the ground; iu spring. (An ancient
name, of obscure derivation. )

§ 1. Calyx-tube wholly cohrent tcitli the ovary, the tips injlrxed in bud : f laments
slender, united only icith die base of the style, much lonycr than the short anthers :
styles united into one, which is barely Ct-lobed at the summit, and icitli 6 radiating
thick stii/mas : Icaixs unspotted, a single pair, with the peduncle between them.

1. A. Canadense, L. Soft-pubescent; leaves membranaceous, kidney-
shaped, more or less ])oiuted (4' -.'3' wide when full grown) ; calyx bell-shaped,
with the upper part of the short-pointed lobes widely and abruptly spreading,
brown-purple inside ; at each sinus is usually a small awl-shaped appendage
(abortive petal). — Hillsides in rich woods: common, especially northward.

§ 2. Calyx-tube infated bell-shaped, somewhat contracted at the throat, only its base
coherent with the lower half of the ovary ; the limb 3-cleJl, short : f laments very
short or none : anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, feshy, diverging, 2-clefl, each far-
ing a thick extrorse stigma below the cleft: leaves thich'sh, persistent, usually only
one each year, the upper surface often whitish-mottled : peduncle very short : root-
storks clustered, ascending.

2. A. Virginieum, L. l^carly glahrons ; leaves round-heart-shaped {:\hout
2' wide); calyx short, reticulated within; anthers pointless. — Virginia, and
southward, in and near the mountains.

3. A. arifdlium, Michx. Laiveshalberd-heort-shapcd (i'-A' \o\v^); calyx
oblong-tubular, willi very short and blunt lobes; anthers obtusely shorl-iMiinlcd. —
Virginia and southward. •

404 KYCTAGINACE-E. (fOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY.)

2. ARISTOLOCHIA, Tourn. Birthwort.

Calyx tubuhir ; the tube variously inflated above the ovary, mostly contracted
at the throat. Stamens 6 ; the sessile antiiers wiiolly adnate to the back of the
short and fleshy 3 - 6-lol)ed or an^'led stigma. Pod naked, 6-valved. Seeds very
flat. — Twininj,^ climbinjj, or sometimes upri;^ht perennial herbs or shrubs, with
alternate leaves and lateral or axillary greenish or lurid-purple flowers. (Named
from reputed medicinal properties.)
§ 1. Calyx-tuhe bent like the letter S, eulanjcd at the two ends, the smnll limb obtnseh/

3-/ob(d: U7itheis contij/iwus in pairs (hiakitig 4 cells in a row under each of the

three truncate lobes of the stigma ) : low herbs.

1. A. Serpentkria, L. (Virginia Snakeroot.) Stems (8' -15' high)
branched at the base, pubescent; leaves ovate or oblong from a heart-shaped
base, or halberd-form, mostly acute or pointed ; flowers all next the root, short-
peduncled. — A narrow-leaved variety is A. sagittata, Muhl., A. hastata, Nutt.,
&c. — Rich woods, Connecticut to Indiana and southward : not common except
near the Alleghany Mountains. July. — The fibrous, aromatic-stimulant root
is well known in medicine.

§ 2. Calyx-Vibe strongly curved like a Dutch pipe, contracted at the mouth, the short
limb obscurely 3-lobed: anthers contiguous in jMiirs under each of the 3 short and
thick lobes of the stigma : twining shrubs : fioweis from one or two of the super-
posed accessor!/ axillary buds.

2. A. Sipho, L'Her. (Pipe-Vine. Dutchman's Pipe.) Nearly gla-
brous; leaves round-kidney-shaped; peduncles with a clasping bract; calyx (1^'
long) with a brown-purple abrupt flat border. — Rich woods, Pcnn. to Kentucky,
and southward, along the mountains. May. — Stems sometimes 2' in diameter,
climbing trees : full-grown leaves 8'- 12' broad.

3. A. tomentdsa, Sims. Downy or soft-hairy ; leaves round-heart-shaped,
very veiny (3' - 5' long) ; calyx yellowish, with an ohlicjue dark purple closed orifice
and a rugose refexed limb. — Rich woods, from S. Illinois southward. June.

Order 83. NYCTAGIWACEiE. (Four-o'clock Family.)

Herbs (or in the tropics often shrubs or trees), tcith mostly opposite and
entire leaves, stems tumid at the joints, a delicate tubular or funnel-form
calyx which is colored like a corolla, its persistent base constricted above the
l-celled 1-seeded ovary, and indurated into a sort of nut-like pericarp ; the
stamens few, slender, and hypogynous ; the embryo coiled around the out-'
side of mealy albumen, with broad foUaccous cotyledons. — Represented in
our gardens by the Four-o'clock, or Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis
Jalapa), in which the calyx is commonly mistaken for a corolla, the cup-
like involucre of each flower exactly imitating a calyx ; — and by a single

1. OXYBAPHUS, Vahl. Oxybapiics.

Flowers 1-5 in the same 5-lobed membranaceous broad and open invohure.
'which enlarges and is thin and reticulated in fruit. Calyx with a very short

CHENOPODIACF.^. (gOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 405

tube and a bell-shaped (rose or purple) deciduous limb, plaited in the bud.
Stamens mostly 3. Style filitbnn : stijiina ca])itate. Fruit aclienium-like,
several-ribbed or angled. — Herbs, abounding on the western ])lains, with very
large and thick perennial roots, opposite leaves, and mostly clustered small flow-
ers. (Name o^v(iu(jiov, a vimiiar-saucer, or small shallow vessel ; from the shape
of the involucre.)

1. O. nyctagineUS, Sweet. Nearly smooth; stem repeatedly forked
(l°-3° high) ; leaves varying from ovate, or somewhat heart-sliaped to lanceo-
late ; involucres 3-.')-flowered. — Rocky places, from Wisconsin and Illinois
southward and westward. June- Aug.

Order 84. PIIYTOLACCACE.*:. (Pokeweed Family.)

Plants with alternate, entire leaves and perfect flowers, having the general
c^aracto'S o/Chenopo(liace£e, 6u< usuallij a several-celled ovary composed
of as many carpels united in a ring, and forming a berry in fruit; — repre-
sented only by the typical genus

1. PHYTOLACCA, Tourn. Pokeweed.

Calyx of 5 rounded and petal-like sepals. Stamens 5-30. Ovary of .5-12
carpels, united in a ring, with as many short sepiirate styles, in fruit forming a
deprcKsed-globose 5-12-cciled berry, with a single vertical seed in each cell.
Embryo curved in a ring around the albumen. — Tall and stout perennials,
with large petioled leaves, and terminal racemes which become lateral and op-
posite the leaves. (Name compounded of (pvTuv, pl<int. and the French Inc,
lake, in allusion to the crimson coloring matter resembling that pigment which
the berries yield.)

1. P. decandra, L. (Common Poke or Scoke. Garget. Pigeox-
Berry.) Stamens 10: styles 10. — Low grounds. July -Sept. — A smooth
1-lant, with a rather unpleasant odor, and a very large poisonous root, often
4'-C' in diameter, sending up stout stalks (which are in early spring sometimes
eaten as a substitute for Asparagus), at length 6°-9° high. Calyx white:
ovary green ; the long racemes of dark-purple berries filled with crimson juice,
ripe in autumn.

Order 85. CHElVOPODIACEiE. (Goosefoot Family.)

Chiefly herbs, of homely aspect, more or less succulent, with mostly alter-
nate leaves, and no stipules nor scarious bracts, minute greenish flowers, vulh
the free calyx imbricated in the bud; the stamens as many as its lobes, or
occasionally fewer, and inserted opposite them or on their base ; the 1-celled
ovary becoming a l-seeded thin utricle or rarely an achenium. Embryo coiled
into a ring around the mraly albumen, tvhen there is any, or else condupli-
ca'Cs or spiral. — Calyx persistent, mostly enclosing llie fruit. Styles or
stiijmas 2, rarely 3-5. (Mostly inert or innocent, weedy plants: several
aie ])ot-herbs, such as Spinach and Beet.)

406 ciiKXoroDiACE^. (goosekoot family.)

• EmlTyo coiled into a ring around copious central albumen. Leaves flat, not spiny nor fleshy.

— Fluwers all alike and |>vrft;ct, or merely pnlypamous by the want of stamens in sume of then,

clustered or paiiicled. Calyx olividu*. Si;eil-ci)at crustaceous.

1. Cyclolotna. Calyx 6-cleft, iu fruit s-uirouiided by a horizontal continuous membrana-

ceous wiiitr. Soed horizontal.

2. Clui«o|>o«lluiii. Calyx3-5-cKft or parted, the lobes naked or merely keeled in fruit.

Sred horiz .Mtal, rarely vcrtic.ijV.

3. Ulltiiiii. Calyx of 3-5 sepals, mostly juicy or fleshy in fruit. Seed vertical.

— ■>- Flowers monoecious or dioecious, and of 2 distinct sorts ; the stamiuate with a regular

calyx, clustered, the clusters mostly spiked.

4. A triplex. Fertile flowers without calyx, enclosed between a pair of appressed bracts.

..- H- — Flowers all perfect and alike, single in the axil of bracts, naked or 1-sepalled.

5. Corispermuni. Fruit oval, flattened : pericarp adherent to the seed. Leaves linear.

* # Embryo narrowly horseshoe-shaped or conduplicate : no albumen. Stem fleshy, jointed -.

leaves reduced to opposite fleshy scales or teeth. Flowers densely spiked, perfect.

6 ^allcornia. Flowers sunk in hollows of the axis of the fleshy spike. Calyx utricle-like.

« » * Embryo coiled into a spiral : albumen mostly none. (Leaves alternate.)

7. Sueedifc. Embryo flat-spiral. Calyx wingless. Leaves succulent.

8. Salsola. Embryo conical-spiral. Calyx iu fruit horizontally winged. Leaves spinescent

1. CYCLOLOMA, Moqiiin. Winged Pigwked.

Flowers perfect, l)ractless. Calyx 5-cleft, with the concave lobes stronjjly
keeled, enclosing the depressed fruit, at length appendaged with a broad and
continuous horizontal scarious wing. Stamens 5. Styles 3. Seed horizontal,
flat. Embryo encircling the mealy albumen. — An annual and much-branched
coarse herb, with alternate sinuate-toothed petioled leaves, and small paiiicled
clusters of sessile flowers. (Name composed of kikcAco, round about, and Xw/xu,
a border, from the encircling wing of the calyx in fruit.)

1. C. platyph^llum, Mu(iuin. (Salsola platyphy 11a, ^l//c/ix.)— Illinois,
on sandy banks of the Mississi])j)i, and northwestward.

2. CHENOPODIUM, L. Goosefoot. Pigweed.

Flowers perfect, all bractless. Calyx 5-cleft, rarely 2-4-cleft or parted, with
the lobes sometimes keeled, but not appendaged nor becoming snccident, more
or less enveloping the depres,«ed fruit. Stamens mostly 5 : filaments filiform.
Styles 2, rarely 3. Seed horizontal (sometimes vertical in Nos. 3,7-0). lenticu-
lar ; the coat crnstaceous : embryo coiled partly or fully round the mealy albumen.
— Weeds, usually with a white mealiness, or glandular. Flowers sessile in
small clusters collected in spiked panicles. (Named from xh^^ " (/nosp, and noiis,
foot, in allusion to the shape of the leaves.) — Our species are all annuals (ex-
cept the last two), flowering through late summer and autumn, growing around
dwellings, in manured soil, cultivated grounds, and waste places.

§ 1. Smooth or mpnly, never (jhindnhir nor sweet -scented : emhnjo a complete, rinq.

1. C. POT.YSPERMi'M, L. Low, oftcu Spreading, green and ivfiol/i/ destitute of
ntenh'ness thivphout : hares all entire, oh\or\^ or ovate and on slender petioles ;
flowers very small, the thin lobes of the calyx very incompletely enclosing the
fruit; seed obtuse-edged. — In and around Boston : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) 407

2. C. Ar.ncM, L. (LAMn's-QrARTERS. Pigweed.) Erect (1°-3«^ lii;xh),
mealy (itid jiale, soinetimcs f/reeii and the mealiness obscure ; kaves vanjinrf from
rhombic-ovate to lanceolate or the ujjpenuost even linear, acute, all or onlij the lower
wore or less anr/ulate-toothed ; clusters spikcd-panided, mostly dense; seed with
acute or bluntish marj,^ins. — Common, especially in cult, ground : extremely
variable. — The genuine C. album is considerably whitish-mealy, at least the
inflorescence, which is dense ; the calyx with strongly keeled lobes, and com-
pletely enclosing the fruit. A green form with somewhat entire leaves and less
dense inflorescence is C. viride, L. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. B0SC1A.NUM. Loosely branched, more slender, the mealiness obscure
or slight and only on the iuHoresccnce, which is laxer, the flowers smaller ; calyx
incompletely covering the fruit, its lobes moderately or slightly if at all keeled;
leaves inclined to be entire. (C Bosc'ianum, Moquin. C. Berlandieri, Moquin,
an intermediate form. C. polyspermum, var, spicatum, Ed. 2.) — More shady
places, Pennsylvania and southward. In some forms appears as if a distinct
species ; seemingly indigenous southwestward.

3. C. GLAuct'M, L. (Oak-leaved Goosefoot.) Low (5' - 12' high),
spreading, glaucous meal;/, haves simiately pinnatijid-toothed, oblong, obtuse, pale
green above ; clusters spiked, small ; calyx-lobes not at all keeled ; seed sharfy-
edyed, often vertical. — Streets of towns: rather scarce. Brackish borders of
Onondaga Lake. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. C. URBicuM, L. Rather pale or dull green, nearly destitute of meali-
ness, with erect branches (l°-3° high); leaves triangular, acute, coarse/y «7ic?
shurplji many toothed ; spike» erect, crowded in along and narrow racemose panicle;
calyx-lobes not keeled ; seed with rounded margins. — Var. riiombif^mum,
Moquin (C. rhombifolium, Afnhl.), is a fomi with the leaves more or less wedge-
shaped at the base, and with longer and sharper teeth. — Not rare eastward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

5. C. murXle, L. Resembles No. 4, but less erect, loosely branched (1°- U°
high) ; leaves rhomboid-ovate, acute, coarsely and sharply unequally toothed, thin,
bright green; spikes or racemes diverging, somewhat corymbed; calyx-lobes scarcely
keeled; seed sharp-edged. — Boston to Illinois : rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. C. iiy'bridum, L. (Maple-leaved Goosefoot.) Bright green
throughout; stem widely much branched (2° -4° high); leaves thin (2'- 8'
long), somewhat triangular and heart-shaped, taper-pointed, sinuate-angled, the
angles extended into a/ew/a»Y/e aW/)o/V//frfte//t; racemes diffusely and loosely
paniclcd, leafless ; calyx not fully covering the fruit, its lobes keeled ; seed sharp-
edged, the thin pericarp adhering closely to it. — Common. Heavy-scented, like
Stramonium. (Nat. from Eu.)

§ 2. BOTRYOIS, Moquin. (Amrrtva, Moquin, in part.) Not mecdy, hut
more or less viscid-glandular and plens<tnt-aronmlic : seed frequently vertical,
ohtuse-edgrd : embryo forming only two thirds or three quarters of a ring.

7. C. BoTRYS, L. (Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.) Glan-
dular pubescent andvi.'icid; leaves slender-pet ioled, oblong, obtuse, sinuate piii-
natifid ; racemes cymose-diverging, loose, Irajess ; fruit not perfectly enclosed. —
Escaped from gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

408 CIIENOPODIACK.E. (c.OOSEFOOT FAMILY.)

8. C. ambtjosioIdes, L. (Mexica:* Tea.) Smoothish; leaves sJifjMy
peti'ol&l, oblonjr or lanceolate, ropuntl-tootlietl or nearly entire, the up])cr taper-
ing to both ends ; spikes dense! ij Jiowereil, lea/}/, or intermixed with leaves ; I'niit
perfectly enclosed in the calyx. — Waste places : common, especially southward.
(Nat. I'rom Trop. Anicr.) — Passes into

Var. ANTiiELMiNTicUM. ( WoKMSEED. ) Root perennial {]) ; leaves more
strongly toothed, .the lower sometimes almost laciniate-pinnatilid ; spikes ntost/i/
leafless. (C. anthelmi'nticura, L.) — Common in waste places southward. (Nat.
from Trop. Amcr.)

9. C. MULTiFiDUM, L. Glandular-pubcrulcHt, diflFuscly branched; leaves
nnce or twice pinnatijid, pale ; flowers small in axillary clusters ; calyx only 5-
clefl, compressed and completely closed over the glandular-dotted utricle ; seed always
vertical, (lloubieva multitida, Moquin, & Ed. 2.) — Waste places. City of New
York (the station now seemingly extinct), and Philadelphia. Introduced iu
ballast from South America, not permanently established.

3. BLITUM, Tourn. Elite.

Flowers perfect, bractless. Calyx 3-5-parted, becoming fleshy or berry -like
in fruit; the genus also made to include some with calyx unchanged in fruit.
Stamens I - 5 : filaments filiform. Styles or stigmas 2. Seed vertical, com-
pressed-globular; the embryo coiled into a ring quite around the albumen. —
Herbs, with petioled triangular or halberd-shaped and mostly sinuate-toothed
leaves. (The ancient Greek and Latin name of some insipid pot-herb.)
§ 1 MOROCARPUS, Moench. Glabrous annuals or biennials, not mealy : Jlonrrs
in axillary heads, the upper ones ojlen spiked: calyx in fruit commonly becoming
fleshy or berry-like, nearly enclosing the utricle.

1. B. maritimum, Nutt. (Coast Elite.) Stem angled, much branched;
leaves thickish, triangular-lanceolate, tapering below into a wedge-shaped base
and above into a slender j)oint, sparingly and coarsely toothed, the upper linear-
lanceolate; clusters scattered in axillary leafy s/iikes ; calyx-lobes 2-4, rather fleshy ;
stamen 1 ; seed shining, the margin acute. — Salt marshes, New Jersey to Mas-
sachusetts: salt springs, at Syracuse, New York {G. W. Clinton), and north-
westward. Probably a variety of B. rubrum of Eu.

2. B. capit^tum, L. (Strawberky Elite.) Stem ascending, branch-
ing; leaves triangular and somewhat halberd shaped, sinuate toothed ; clusters
simple (large), interruptedly spiked, the up])er leafless ; stamens 1 -5 ; calyx berry-
like in fruit; seed ovoid, flattish, smooth, with a very narrow margin. — Dry
rich ground, common from W. New York to Lake Sujierior, and northward.
June. — Tiie calyx becomes pul])y and bright red in fruit, when the large clus-
ters look like Strawberries. (Eu.)

§2. AGATIIOPHYTON, Mocpiin. Somewhat mealy : root perennial : flowers
iu clusters crowded in a terminal spike : calyx not fleshy, shorter than the half-
naked fruit. Intermediate between Blitum and Chenopodium.

3. B. Eonls-IIknricus, Reichenljach. (Good-King-IIenrv.) Leaves
triangular-halbcrd-form ; stamens .">. (Chenopodium Eonus-IIenricus, L.) —
Around dwellings : scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

CHENOPODIACE^. (GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.) r^^^f*"^

4. ATRIPLEX, Tourn. Oraciie.

Flowers moncjccious or dia'cions ; the staniinate like the flowers of Chenopo-
dium, only sterile by the abortion of the jjistil ; the fertile flowers consisting
simply of a naked pistil eneloscd between a pair of appressed foliaecons (ovate
or halberd-shaped) bracts, which are enlarj^ed in fruit, and sometimes united.
Seed vertical. Embryo coiled into a rin<j around the albumen. In one section,
to which the Garden Orache belongs, there are also some fertile flowers with a
calyx, like those of Chenopodium, but without stamens, and with horizontal
seeds. — Herbs usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales, with triangular
or halberd-shaped angled leaves, and spiked-clustered flowers ; in summer and
autumn. (The ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.)

1. A. patula, L. Erect or diffusely spreading, annual, scurfy, fjreen or
mthei- hoari/, branching; leaves alternate or partly opposite, petiolcd, varying
from triangular and halberd-form to lance-linear; fruiting bracts ovate-trian-
gular or rhombic, entire or 1 -2-toothed below, united to near the middle, their
flat faces either even or sparingly warty-muricate ; radicle inferior or some-
what ascending. — The two extreme forms are, Var. uastAta (A. hastata, L.),
with the leaves nearly all triangular-halbcrd-shaped, entire or sparingly toothed.
— Var. littorXlis (A. littoralis, L.), with lanceolate or Hncar mostly entire
leaves. — Salt marshes, brackish river-banks, &c., Virginia to Maine, and spar-
ingly on the Great Lakes, and northward. The plant on the shore is more
scurfy and hoary ; more inland, sometimes far from saline soil, it is greener and
thiimer-leaved. (En.)

2. A. arenaria, Nutt. Silvery-mealy annual, diffusely spreading ; leaves
oblong, narrowed at the base, nearly sessile; fruiting bracts broadly wedge-
shaped, united, 2-3-toothed at the summit, and with a few prickly points on
the sides; radicle superior. (Obione arenaria, il/o^uj'n, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy
beaches, Massachusetts to Virginia and southward.

5. CORISPERMUM, Ant. Juss. Bug-seed.

Flowers perfect, single and sessile in the axil of the upper leaves reduced to
bracts, usually forming a spike. Calyx of a single delicate sepal on the inner
side. Stamens 1 or 2, rarely 5. Styles 2. Fruit oval, flat, with the outer fice
rather convex and the inner concave, sharp-margined, a canjopsis, i. e. the thin
pericarp adherent to the vertical seed. Embryo slender, coiled around a cen-
tral albumen. — Low branching annuals, with narrow linear alternate 1-nerved
leaves. (Name formed of Kopir, a bug, and antpfj-u, seed.)

1. C. hyssopifdlium, L. Somewhat hairy when young, pale; floral
leaves or bracts awl-shaped from a dilated base or the upper ovate and jwintcd,
scarious-margincd ; fruit wing-margined. — Sandy benches «f the Great Lakes •
from Buffiilo, a recent immigrant ( G. W. Clinton), Chicago (Dr. Scammon, &c.),
to Lake Superior and northwestward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.)

6. SALICORNIA, Tourn. Gi.asswort. Samthire.

Flowers perfect, 3 together immersed in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints, forming a spike ; the two lateral sometimes sterile. Caly.x small ami
G xU i«

410 cniiN'opoDiACE!i;; ' (goo'sefoot family.)

bladdcr-likc, with a tootlied or torn margin, at length spongy and narrowly
^Ying-bor(lcred, cnclo-iiig tlic tiattcncd tliin utricle. Stamens 1 or 2. Stylos 2,
united at base. Seed vortical. Embryo thick, condiiplicate : no albumen. —
Low saline plants, with succulent leafless jointed stems, and opimsite branches;
the flower-bearing branchlets forming the spikes. (Name composed of sal, salt,
and coniu, a horn ; saline plants with hornlike branches.)

§ 1. Aniiiuils: spiL-es very thick andjleshij: Jlowers and se(ds deeply immersed.

1. S. herbieea, L. Erect or at length spreading (6' -12' high), r/'ecn ;
settles obscure and very blunt, making a truncate barely emarginatc termination
of the joints of stem or elongated s])ike ; middle flower much higher than the
lateral ones; seed oval or oblong. — Salt marshes of the coast and interior salt
springs. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.)

2. S. Virginiea, L. (pi. Clayt.) Erect, less branched, naked below
(2'-9' high), turning red in age; spike shorter and thicker; scales viucroniite-
pointed and conspicuous, especially when dry ; middle flower little iiigher than
the lateral ones; seed round oval. (S. mucronata, Lae/asca? 1818, Biyelow, and
Ed. 2.) — Salt marshes, coast of Virginia to Maine. Sept., Oct. (En. ?)

§ 2. Perennial : spikes less thick-, and Jlowers less immersed; middle one hardly higher.

3. S. fruticdsa, L., var. ambigua. (S. ambigua, 3/(V/(.r.) Numerous
tufted stems (3' -12' long) decumbent or ascending from a hard and rather
woody creeping base or rootstock, greenish, turning lead-colored ; the cylindri-
cal joints rather strongly notched at the end; seed round-oval. — Sandy wet
beaches, &c., Massachusetts to Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. (Eu.)

7. SU-53DA, Forskal. Sea Bute,

Flowers perfect, solitary or clustered in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 5-
parted, not appendagod, fleshy, becoming somewhat inflated and closed over the
fruit (utricle). Stamens 5. »Stignias 2 or 3. Seed vertical or horizontal, with
a flat-spiral embryo, dividing the scanty albumen (when there is any) into 2
portions. — Fleshy maritime plants, with alternate nearly terete linear leaves.
(An Arabic name.) Ciiknopodix.\, Moquin was founded for those species,
like ours, which have horizontal seeds, — a wholly insufficient and inconstant
dittcrcnce.

1. S. maritima, Dumorticr. Annual, smooth, diff"usely much branched;
leaves .slender (1' long), acute; calyx-lobes keeled ; stigmas 2 ; .«ecd horizontal.
(Cbenopodina maritima, Moquin.) — Salt marshes of the sea-shore, and on the
northwest plains. Aug. (Eu.)

9. SALSOLA, L. Saltwort.

Flowers perfect, with 2 bractlets. Calyx S-parted, persistent and enclosing
the depressed fruit in its base ; its divisions at length horizontally winged on the
back, the wings forming a broad and circular scarious border. Stamens mostly
5. Styles 2. Seed horizontal, without albumen, fllled by the embryo, which is
coiled in a conical spiral (cochlcate). — Herbs, or slightly shrubby branching
plants cf the scarshorc, with fleshy and rather terete or awl-shaped leaves, and

AMARANtACE^. (aMAKANTII FAMILY.) 41 I

sessile axillarv flowers. (Name from sal, salt; in allusion to the alkaline salts
these plants t-oitioiisly contain.)

1. S. Kali, L. (Cu.AiMON S.vLTWORT.) Annual, diffusely branching,
bushy, rough or snioothish ; leaves all alternate, awl-shaped, jirickly-jjointed ;
flowers single; calyx with the converging- lobes forming a sort of beak over the
fruit, the large rose or flesh-colored wings nearly orbicular and spreading. —
Sandy seashore : cpmmon. Aug. (Eu.)

OuDER 80. AM.4BA]\TACEiE. (Amaranth Family.)

Weedy herbs, with nearly the characters of the last familij, but thejloivers
mostly imbricated with dry and scarious persistent bracts ; these often colored,
commonly 3 in number; the one-celled ovary sonietiuies niany-ovuleJ.
(The greater part of the order tropical, but several have found their way
northward as weeds.)

« Anthers 2celled : filaments sepamte. Ovule and seed solitary.

1. Ainarantiis. Flowers monoecious or polygamous, all with a caly.x of 3 or 5 distinct

erect sepals, not falling off with the fruit.

2. Moiitelia. Flowers dioecious. Calyx none in fertile flowers. Utricle thin, circumcissile.

3. Aciiida. Flowers dioecious. Fruit fleshy, indehisceut, 3- 5-angled.

* * Anthers 1-celled. Ovule and seed solitary.

4. Iresine. Caly.x of 5 sepals. Filaments united below into a cup.

6. Froelicliia. Caly.x 5-cleft at the apex. Filaments united throughout into a tube.

1. AMARANTUS, Toum. Am.vranth.

Flowers moncccious or polygamous, 3-bracted. Calyx of 5, or sometimes 3,
equal erect sepals, glabrous. Stamens 5, rarely 2 or 3, separate : anthers 2-
celled. Stigmas 2 or 3. Fruit an ovoid 1 -seeded utricle, 2-3-beaked at the
apex, mostly longer than the calyx, opening transversely or sometimes bursting
irregularly. Embr3'0 coiled into a ring around the albumen. — Annual weeds,
of coarse aspect, Avith alternate and entire petioled leaves, and small green or
purplish flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters ; in late summer and
autumn. ('A/ia/jai/ros, unfiduig, because the dry calyx and bracts do not wither.
The Romans, like the Greeks, wrote Amarantus, which the early botanists in-
correctly altered to Amaranthus.)

§ 1. Utricle thin, circumcissde, the top fall! ny away ax a lid: flowers polyyamous.

* Flowers in taminal and axillary simple or mostly panirhd spikes: stem erect

(1°- 6° high) : leaves iony-petloled : stamens and sepals 5.

.— Red Ajt.\RANTiis. Flowers and often leaves tinged ivith crimson or purple.

1. A. iiYPOCiiONDiuAcus, L. Smooth or smoothish ; leaves oblong-lanceo-
late, acute or pointed ; spikes very obtuse, thick, crowded, the terminal one elon-
gated and interrupted ; bracts longawned; fruit 2-3-cleft at the apex, longer than
the calyx. — Rarely spontaneous around gardens. (Virginia, ex L. ; but doubt-
less adv. from Trop. Amer.)

2. A. pamcul.\tus, L. Stem mostly pubescent ; leaves oblong-ovatc or
ovate-lanceolate ; splices numn-ons and slender, panirled, erect or spreading ; bracts
awn-pointed ; fruit 2 -'Moot hed at the apex, longer than the calyx. — Flowers

412 AMARANTACF..E. (AMARANTH FAMILY.)

small, green, tinged with red, or sometimes crimson as in A. candatus, L., the
Prixck's FiCATUER of the gardens. (A. sanguineus,//.) — In gardens, &c.
(Adv. irora Trop. Amer.)
■t- t- Green Amaranths, PiowiiED. Floirers (jrpeu, rare! ij a little reddish.

3. A. RKTROFLEXUS, L. Rougliish and pubescent, or smoothish; leaves
dull green, long-petioled, ovate or rhombic-ovate, undulate ; spikes crowded in a
stiff' or glomerate panicle ; bracts awn-pointed, rigid, exceeding the calyx. — Var.
ciH.oRosTACiiYS (A. clilorostacliys, Wdld.) is smoother, with biighter green
leaves and less thick and crowded spikes, apparently passing into var. hy'bridus
(A. hybridus, L.), which is smooth and more loosely panieled, — perhaps not in
our district. — Cultivated and mauureil soil, gardens, &c. Probably indigenous
southwestward. (Adv. from Trop. Amer. '.)

* * Flowers crowded in close and siiuill axillary clusters: stems low, spreading or
ascending: stamens and sepals 3, or the former onlij 2.

4. A. Albus, L. Smooth, pale green ; stows tt7((7/s/i, mostly spreading next
the ground ; leaves long-j)etioIed, obovate and spatnlate-oblong, very obtuse or
retiise ; flowers greenish ; sepals mucronate, half the length of the rugose fruit,
much shorter than the rigid pungently pointed bracts. — Waste grounds, near
towns, and roadsides: common, (Nat. from Trop. Amer.?)

§ 2. Utricle thinnish, bursting or imjjerftctly circumcissile : ftow&s monacions.

5. A. SPiNosus, L. (Thorny Amaranth.) Smooth, bushy-branched;
stem reddish ; leaves rhombic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, dull green, a pair of
spines in their axils; upper clusters sterile, forming long and slender spikes;
the fertile globular and mostly in the axils ; flowers yellowish-green, small. —
Waste grounds, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and southward. (Nat. from Trop. Amer.)

§ 3. EUXOLUS, Raf. Utricle rather fleshy, remaining closed or bursting irregu-
larly: no spines: bracts inconspicuous.

6. A. LfviDiis, L. Smooth, somewhat succulent, much branched (l°-3°
high) ; Icai-eslividpurfili.^h, long-petioled, ovate or oval ; flower-dusters greenish,
sessile in the axils and crowded in a terminal interrupted spike ; stamens 3; se-
pals mostly 3, rather shorter than the ovate smoothish fruit. (Eiixolus lividus,
liqf) — Coast of Virginia, Clayton. Probably an introduced species, and to in>
dude A, oleraceus, L., and the next.

7. A. pumilus, Ivif. Low or prostrate ; leaves more fleshy and obovate,
emarginate, the ribs stouter and transverse; flower-clusters sniidl and axillary;
stamens and sepals 5, the latter half the length of the obscurely .5-ribbed fruit:
probably a maritime form of the preceding. (Euxolus pumilus, Baf.) — Sandy
beaches, Rhode Island to Virginia and southward.

8. A. vfRiDis, L. Smooth or minutely pubescent, spreading or ascending
(O'-IS' high); leares pale green, ovate or ovate-oblong, long-petioled ; y?owrs
innrh smaller than in the preceding, in axillary clusters and usually also in a
terminal spike; sepals and s/anip'-s .T, the latter thin, shorter than the small
globose-ovate roughish fruit, (Euxolus deflexus, Ed. 2; but that has a larger
and more elongated smooth 3-nerved utricle.) — Streets of Albany, New York:
depauperate form with the terminal spike undeveloped. (Adv. from Eu.)

AMARANTACE^. (AMARANTH FAMILY.) 413

2. MONTELIA, Moquin (under Ackida).

Flowers dioecious, 2-3-bracted. Staminate flowers of 5 thin oblonfj and mu-
cronatc-tipped sepals, longer than the bracts, and as many stamens with oblong
anthers; the cells of the latter united only at the middle. Pistillate flowers
without any calyx, their lanceolate awl-pointed bracts longer than the 1-ovnled
ovary : stigmas 2-4, very long, bristle-awl-shapcd, plumose-hispid. Fruit a thin
and membranaceous globular utricle, smooth and even, opening transversely
around the middle ; the upper part falling oft" like a lid. Radicle of the annular
embryo inferior. — An annual glabrous herb, mostly tall, with lanceolate or ob-
long-ovate alternate leaves, on long petioles, and small clusters of greenish flow-
ers, usually crowded into elongated and panicled interrupted spikes. (Probably
a personal name.)

1. M. tamariscina. (Amarantus tamariscinus, Nnft. A. altissimus &
Miamensis, Riddell. Acnida altissima, Mirhx. herb. A. rusocarpa, Moqitin, &c. )
— Low grounds and moist sandy shores, Vermont to Wisconsin, Illinois, and
southward, especially westward. Aug., Sept. — Var. concatknXta is a form
with the lower clusters in the fertile plant forming thickish distant heads (5" - 6"
in diameter) in the axils of the leaves ; the stems often low and spreading or
decumbent. — A very variable plant, as to inflorescence, height (l°-C° higti),
the size and shape of the leaves (l'-5' long, the petioles often of the same
length), the bracts more or less awl-shaped, equalling or exceeding the frxit
(which is that of Amarantus) : but all are forms of one species. The steiile
plant i.s Acnida rusocarpa, Michx., or was mixed with it in Michaux's coliec-
tion, but the fruit is neither obtuse-angled, rugose, nor indchiscent. That n^me
is unmeaning, perhaps a misprint of niscorarpa.

3. ACNIDA, L. Watek-IIemp.

Fruit a fleshy and indchiscent utricle, 3-5-angled, the angles often rug5«e or
tubcrcled-crested. Stigmas 3-5, shorter than the ovary, linear-awl-shnped.
Flowers in rather loose panicled spikes. Otherwise as in the preceding genus.
(Name formed of a privative and KviSt], a ruttli-.)

1. A. eannabina, L. Annual, tall (2° -6° high); leaves elongated-lan-
ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pctioled ; fruit globular (l^"-2" long), nuich
.exceeding the pointless bracts. — Salt marshes on the coast, Massachusetts to
Virginia and southward. Aug. -Oct. — Probably the only species; for A.
rusocarpa, Michx., is certainly to be divided between this and Montelia ta«ians>
cina ; and A. tuberculata, Muquin, must be one or the other.

4. IRESINE, P.Browne. Ire.sine.

Flowers mostly polygamous or dioecious, 3-bractcd. Calyx of 5 sepals. Sta-
mens mostly .5 : filaments slender, united into a short cup at the base : anthers
1-celled, ovate. Fruit a globular utricle, not opening. — Herbs, with opposite
petioled leaves, and minute •carious-white flowers, crowded into clusters or spiked
and branching panicles ; the calyx, <Sc. often bearing long wool (whence the
name, from fipfo-iaji/^, a branch entwined with fillets of wool borne in proces-
sions .It festivals.)

414 POLYGONACE^. (BUCKAVIItfAT FAMILY.)

1. I. celosioides, L. Nearly glabrous annual, erect, slender (2° -4°
hijjli); leavfs ovutc-laincolate ; panicles narrow, naked; bracts and calyx sil-
very-white, tlie l.'.tter wuully at the base. — Dry banks, Ohio to Illinois and
southward. Sept.

5. FRCELICHIA, Mrench. (Ovlotukcx, Nuit.)

Flowers perfect, 3-bracted. Caly.x tubular, 5-cleft at the summit, below 2-5-
crcsted lengthwise, or tubcrclcd and indurated in fruit, enclosini,' the indehiscent
thin utricle. Fihiinenjs united into a tube, bearing 5 oblong l-ccUed anthers,
and as many sterile strap-shaped appendages. — Hairy or woolly herbs, Avith
op[)osite sessile leaves, and sjiiked searious-braeted flowers. (Named for ./. »-l.
Fwlicli, a German botanist of the last century.)

1. F. Florid^na, Moquin. Root annual; stem leafless above (l°-2°
high) ; leaves lanceolate, silky-downy beneath; spikelets crowded into an inter-
rupted spike; caljx very woolly. — Illinois, and southward. Aug.

ORDi:n 87. POLY'GONACEiE. (Buckwheat Family.)

Herbs, icith alternate leaven, and stipules in the form of sheaths (ochrese,
these sometimes obsolete) above the swollen Joints of the stem; the flowers
mostly perfect, with a more or less persistent calyx, a l-celled ovary hear in j
2 or 3 styles or stigmas, and a single erect orthotropous seed. Embr}-o
curved or straiglitish, on the outside of the albumen, or rarely in its centre;
the radicle pointing from the hilum and to" the apex of the dry seed-like
fruit. Stamens 4-12, inserted on the base of the 3-G-cleft calyx. Leaves
usually entire. (The watery juice often acrid, sometimes agreeably acnl,
as in Sorrel ; the roots, as in Rhubarb, sometimes cathartic.) — West of the
Mississippi are a great nimiber of Ekiogone.e, having their flowers sur-
rounded by an involucre. Our few genera are all of the true Polygona-
ce£e, except the anomalous Brunnichia.

» Slipular sheaths {pckretB) manifest. Ovule erect from the base of the cell.
»- Sepals 5, sometimes 4, somewhat equal and erect in fruit.

1. Polygonum. Embryo curved around one side of the albumen: cotyledons narrow.

2. Fagopyruin. Embryo in the albumen, its very broad cotyledons twisted-plaited.

H- — Sepals 4-6, the outer row reflcxcd, the inner erect and enlarging in fruit.

3. Oxyrin. Si'puls 4. Sligmas 2. Fruit 2-\vingcd, samara-like.

4. Runiex. Sepals 6. Styles 3. Fruit o-angled, enclosed by the inner sepals.

* * Stipules obsolete. Ovule hanging from the apex of a slender stalk.

5. Briiiiiitcliia. Calyx 5-parted, in fruit with a wing decurrent on the i>e(liccl. Tendril.

climber.

1. POLYGONUM, L. Kxotweed.

Calyx mostly .5-parted ; the divisions often petal-like, all erect in fruit, with-
ering or persistent and surroimding the lenticular or 3-angidar achenium. Sta-
mens 4-9. Styles or stigmas 2 or 3. Embryo placed in a groove on the outside
of the albumen and curved hall-way around it ; the radicle and usually th6 cotyl-

POLYGONACK^. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 415

edons slender. — Pedicels jointed. Our.s all herbaceous, nowerin^? thron;;!) Into
summer and early autumn. (Name composed of ttoXv, inaiii/, and ■ydi'i;, knee,
from the numerous joints.)
§ 1. BISTORTA, Tourn. Calijx petal-Uhe, dee],!:/ v,-rhfl : stamens 8 or 9 : *■////(.»

3, slemhr : arlien'ium 3-sided: stems low and sim/Aa J'rom a thick and icaudj

crcppiivj rootstoch : Jloiccrs in a Sjnke-like raceme.

1. P. Viviparum, L. (Alpixe Bistort.) Smooth, dwarf (4'-8' liigli),
bearing .i linear sjiikc of flesh-coIorcd (lowers (or often little red bulblets in their
place) ; leaves lanceolate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains, Jscw Hamp-
shire, shore of Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

§2. PEKSICaRIA, Tourn. Califx petal-like, b-j>arted : stirjmas capitate: ache-
niuin lenticular, or [when there are 3 sliijmas) 3-sided: cotyledons accumbent and
albumen hard and hornij except in A'ci. 2 ; roots jibrous : Jlowcrs crowded in
spikes or spike-like racemes.

* Sheaths some of them irith an abrupt spreading and more or lesa follaceons (some-
times deciduous) bordir: tall branching annuals, with panickd and nodding dense
cylindrical spikes: Jlowers rose or Jlesh-color : achenium flat.

2. P. orientXle, L. (Prince's Feather.) Soft-hainj ; leaves ovate or
oblong, pointed, distinctly pctioled ; flowers large, bright rose-color ; stamens 7 ;
style 2-cleft; cotyledons incumbent; albumen floury. — Si^aringly escaped
from gardens into waste grounds. (Adv. from India.)

3. P. Careyi, Olney. Stem (3° -5° high) and peduncles f//aH(//(/o?-7)m//y;
leares lanceolate, ronghisli ; flowers jiurplish ; stamens moslly 5 ; style 2-parted. —
Shady swamps, Rhode Island to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northward.

* * Sheaths all cylindrical and truncate, without a border.
•*- Annuals: spihs oblong or linear, densely Jlowertd: flowers ro.'se or Jlesh-color, or
occasionally varying to white, slightly or not at all glandular-dotted : stamens 6 - 8 :
styles 2 or 2-cleJl and achenium flattened, except soineliiucs in No. 7, ichich alone
has the sheaths at all or more than slightly ciliate.

4. P. Pennsylvanicum, L. Stem (l°-3°high), smooth below, the
branches above, and esjicciully the peduncles, beset with brislly-stalked glands; leaves
lanceolate, roughish on the midrib and margins (iV-S'long); sjiikes oblong,
obtuse (I' -2' long), erect, thick; stamens mostly 8, somewhat cxserted ; style 2-clefl ;
achenium with flat sides. — Moist soil, in open waste places : common.

5. P. incarnatum, Ell. Nearly glabrous (.30-0° high) ; the peduncles,
&c. often minutely rough with scattered sessile glands ; sheaths wholly naked
and glabrous ; leaves rough on the midrib and margins, elongated-lanceolate
(4' -12' long, l'-3' wide below), tapering gradu:illy from towards the ba.se to a
narrow point; spikes linear, nodding, becoming slender (1 j'- 3' long) ; stamens
C and styles 2, loth included; achenium with concave sides. (P. nodosum, var.
incarnatum, Ed. 2. P. lapathifoiium, Amer. authois, Si-c.) — Wet borders of
ponds and streams ; rather common everywhere, especially soutliward and
westward. — Flowers smaller than in the last, lighter rose-color, or flesh-color,
varying to white.

6. P. Iapathif61iuni, Ait., is lower, with shorter and muiii less ]>ointed
leaves; sheaths often somewhat hairy or ciliolatc ; sjrikes oblong and blittU ; flowers

416 rOLYGOXACE^. (P.UCKAVIIEAT FAMILY.)

pale or whitish ; style 2-clr/), or not parted to (lie hose. Wc have, sparingly, var.
iNcXxLM, Koch (P. incanuin, ]V<lld.), and only a depauperate form of it,
3'-C' high; leaves lanceolate, obtuse, white-downy heneath; spikes barely C"
long, erect. — Borders of Cayuga Lake, New York (Cliiclceriiig and Breiar), of
Lake Su]icrior {0. B. W/icekr) and farther northward (Buimjrau). — The true
P. nodosum, Pns., which connects this species with the next, has not been
detected. (Ku.)

7. P. PicKsicVniA, L. (L.vdt's Thumb.) Nearly smooth and glabrous
(12'- 18' high); shcallis more or less bristty-ciliate ; leaves lanceolate, pointed,
roughish, usually marked with a dark triangular or lunar sjyot near the middle ;
spikes ovoid or oblong, dense, erect, on smooth (or at least not glandular) peduncles ;
stamens mostly G; styles half 2-5-cl(Jl ; achenium gibbous-flattened or some-
times triangular, smooth and shining. — Waste and damp places: very com-
mon.— Flowers greenish-purple. (Nat. from Eu.)

■•- ■*- Annuals or peretmials : spikes slender, Jiliform, loosely-flowered or inter-
rupted: flow?7-s greenish or whitish, sometimes purplish-tingrd : sepals dotted
with conspicuous glands: leaves pellucid-dotted : sheaths fringed with bristles'
whole lurbai/e pungcntly acrid!

8. P. Hydropiper, L. (Common Smartweed or Water-peitek.)
Annual, l°-2° high, smooth; spikes nodding, usually short or interrupted;
flowers mostly greenish ; stamens 6; style 2-3-parted ; achenium c?«//, minutely
striate, either ^a< or oblusfly triangular. — Woist or wet grounds; apparently
introduced eastward, but indigenous northward. (Eu.)

9. P. ^cre, H. B. K. (Water Smartvv-ked.) /-"e/pHr/Za/, nearly smooth ;
stems rooting at the decumbent base, 2° -5° high; leaves larger and longer
than in the last, taper-{X)inted ; spikes erect ; flowers whitish, sometimes flesh-
color ; stamens 8 ; style mostly 3-partcd, and the achenium sharply triangular,
smooth and shining. (P. punctatum, £■//. P. hydropiperoides, PwsA.) — Wet
places : common, especially southward.

••-■'-■*- Pf-rennials, not acrid, aquatic or arujihiliious : sepals not glandular-dotted.

10. P. hydropiperoldes, Miehx. (Mild Water-Pepper.) Stem
smooth (l°-3° high), branching ; the narrow sheaths hairy, fringed with bristles;
leaves narrowly lanceolate ; sometimes oblong ; spikes erect, slender, sometimes
filiibrm, often interrupted at the base (l'-2^' long); flowers small, flesh-color
or nearly white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-clefl ; achenium sharply triangular, smooth and
shining. (P. mite, Pers., not of Schrunk.) — Wet places, and in shallow water :
common, especially southward.

11. P. amphibium, L. (Water Persicaria.) Stems somewhat sim-
ple, and usually terminated by a single ovate or oblong and very dense spike
(6" thick) of rather large briijht rose-nd flowers ; sheaths not fringed with bri.s-
tles; stamens h; style 2-clefl ; achenium biconvex; leaves varying greatly, from
elliptical or cordate-oblong to lance-ovate or lanceolate. — The ty])ical ])lant is
var. aquAticum, Willd. (Var. natans, Ma-nch. P. coccineum, Muhl., &e.), in
water, nearly glabrous ; leaves long pctioled, floating, elliptical or oblong, some-
times heart-shaped at base ; sjiikes short. — Var. tekuestke, Willd., grows
in shallow water, or in wet soil, or even "in sandy prairies" in lUinoia

POLYGONACE7E. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 417

{Dr. Mmd), cither almost glabrous or strigosc-hirsutc ; leaves short-petiolcd,
varying f'roiu eloiigatcd-luiiceolatc to lance-ovate and taper-pointed ; spikes
cylindrical (1' -3' long) often in pairs. — Common. (Eu.)

§ 3. TOVARIA, Adans. Qtli/x rather herbaceous {rjrei iiish), unegnalli/ 4-parted:
stamens 5 : sti/les 2, distinct, rii/id and jiersisteiU on the smooth lenticular ache-
niinn: cotyledons ohlony, accnnibent: perennial: Jlowers looseli] disposed in naked
lo)ifj and slender s/iikes.

12. P. Virgini^aum, L. Almost smooth ; stem terete, upright (2° -4°
high) ; leaves ovate, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, rounded at the
base, short-petioled, rough-eiliate (3' -6' long); sheaths cylindrical, truncate,
hairy and fringed ; flowers 1 - 3 from each bract, somewhat curved, the styles
in fruit obliquely bent down, minutely hooked at the tip. — Thickets in rich
soil : common.

§ 4. PSEUDO-POLYGONELLA. Characters of the next section, except that the
sheaths are truncate, naked and rigid ; t.lie flowers rucemed, soli tury from each trun-
cate bract ; pedicels jointed below the middle ; caltjx expandimj and pctaloid.

13. P. articulatum, L. (Jointweed.) Annual; stem upright, panic-
ulately branched (4' -12' high), slender; leaves linear-thread-form, deciduous;
flowers rose-color, crowded in slender and spike-like panicled racemes, on re-
curved pedicels twice the length of the crowded joint-like bracts ; stamens 8 ;
aehenium triangular, smooth and shining. (Polygonella articuhita, Meisner,
but has not the enlarged connivent inner sepals, nor the axilc embryo of thav
genus.) — Dry, sandy soil ; along the coast and the Great Lakes, and in inter-
mediate places in New York. — Singular for its many-jointed spikes or racemes,
which are l'-3' long; the lower bracts tooth-pointed on one side. Three inner
filaments dilated at the base.

§4. AVICULARIA, Mcisn. Cuh/x more or less petal-like, 5-parted: stamens
3 - 8 ; the fllameids awl-shaped, 3 of them broader at the base : stifjmas 3, glo-
bose, ncarli/ sessile: aehenium 3-sided: coli/ledons incumbent: albumen horny:
flowers inconspicuous, greenish-white, 2 or 3 together or sonutimes solitary in the
axils of the small haves, appearing nearly sessile, sometimes more or less spiked
along the leafless summits of the branches : ours all annuals or nearly so : sheaths
sc'jrious, usually 2-3-cl(ft or cut-fringed and torn.

14. P. aviculkre, L. (Knotgrass. Goosi;-gr.vss. Dook-wekd.)
Prostrate or spreading ; leaves sessile, lanceolate or oblong, pale ; stamens chiefly
5 in the American, 8 in the European plant; aehenium dull, minutely granular
under a lens, enclosed in the calyx. — The commonest weed, in yards, waste
places, &c. (Eu.)

Var. erectum, Eoth. Stems upriglit or ascending; leaves broader (ob-
long' or oval) and larger. (P. erectum, L.) — In richer soil or more shaded
places : common.

15. P. maritimum, L. (Coast Knotgkass.) Prostrate, ^/'/kcok.s, with
a hard and sometimes woody and jjcrcnnial root; stems very short-jointed;
searious sheaths large; leaves /A/t-fo/i'f/, cllii)tical-lancco!ate or narrow oblong ;
flowers larger than in the last ; aehenium very smooth and shining. (P. glaucum,

27

418 POLTGONACE^. (BUCKWIIKAT FAMILY.)

Nutt. P. avicularc, var. littorale, Ed. 2.) — Sandy sea-beach, Mass. to Virginia
and southward : at the north apparently only annual. (P^u.)

1 6. P. ramosissimum, Alichx. Stems erect or uscending, much branched
(2°-4° hi^h), riyid, iiiiiny-striatc ; leaves lanceolate or linear, taperiii;/ into a
petiole; sheidlis iiwstlij short; calyx (drying yellowish) 6-parted and with 6 or 3
stamens, or 5-partcd and with 4 or 5 btumens ; achmium very smooth and shoiiiu/.

— Sandy shores iind banks of streams, Michigan to Illinois and southwaril.
Salt marshes, Kliodc Island, Oliie;j. — Larger leaves 2' long.

17. P. t6nue, Mich.x. SlemsUnder,\tpri(jht, sfKirimjIij branched (a' ~\2' hv^h),
sharp-angled ; leaves sessile, narrowlj limar, very acute ; sheaths capillary fringed ;
flowers axillary and loosely spiked on the filiform branches ; achenium smooth and
shinimj. — Dry soil, and rocky hills.

§ 6. TINIARIA, Meisn. Calyx 5-parled (rarely 4-parted), (jreenish tinrjed with
rose-color or white : stamens mostly 8 : styles or capitate stiijmns .3 and achenium
3-sided {except in No. 18) : leaves heart-shaped or arrow-shaped, pet ioltd : sheaths
sem icylindrica I.

* Annuals, erect or somcichut climbing hy the rrjlcrid prickles which beset the angles

of the stem and jietioles: divisions oj' the (pale rose-colored or white) calyx iiot
keeled: bracts chaff-like.

18. P. arifolium, L. (IIalberd-leaved TEAR-muMn.) Stem grooved-
angled ; haves halberd -shaped, taper-pointed, long-petiohd ; flowers somewhat ra-
cemed (few) ; peduncles glandular-bristly ; calyx often 4-partcd ; stamens C ; styles
2, very short; achenium lenticular (large). — Low grounds.

19. P. sagittatum, L. (Arrow-leaved Tear-thumh.) Stem 4-angled ;
leaves arrow-shaped, short-pet iohd ; flowers capitate ; peduncles smooth ; stamens
mostly 8; s/yes 3, slender ; achenium sharply 3-angled. — Low grounds : common.

— Slender, smooth except the angles of the stem'and midrib beneath : these are
armed with a line of fine and very sharp saw-toothed prickles, which cut the
hand drawn against them.

* * Stems twining, not prickly : calyx with the 3 outer divisions keeled, at least in

fruit : Jlowers in loose paniclcd racemes : bracts like the stipules.

20. P. Convolvulus, L. (Black Bindweed.) Annual; stems twining
or procumbent, low, roughish, the joints naked; leaves halbcrd-hcart-shaped,
jiointed ; flowers in small interrupted corymbose racemes ; outer calyx-loins keeled;
achenium smoothish. — Cult, and waste grounds: common. (Nat. from Eu.)

21. P. cilin6de, Michx. Perennial, minutely downy ; the sheaths fringed at
the base with reflexed bristles; leaves heart-shaped and slightly halberd-shaped,
taper-pointed; racemes paniclcd; calyx-lol>es obscurely keeled; achenium very
smooth iind shining. — Copses and rocky hills. Climbing 3° -9° high.

22. P. dumetbrum, L. (Climbing False Buckwheat.) Pirenniid,
smooth; sheaths naked ; leaves heart-shaped or slightly halberd-shaped, pointed;
racemes interrupted, leafy; the 3 outer ralyx-ioUs strongly keeled and in fruit
winged; achenium smooth and shining. (Eu.)

Var. seandens (P. scanden.s, L.) has more paniclcd flowers, and usually
much broader wings to the fruiting calyx than the European. — Moist thickets.
Twining 8° -12° high over bushes.

POLYGONACE^.. (BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.) 419

2. PAGOPYRUM, Tourn. BucKwriEAx.

Calyx petal-like, equally 5-parte(l, withering and nearly unehangcd in fruit.
Stamens 8. Styles 3 : stigmas capitate. Achenium 3-si(lc(l, longer than tho
calyx. Embryo large, in the centre of the albumen, wiiich it divides into 2 parts,
with very broad and ibliaceous plaited and twisted cotyledons. — Annuals, with
triangular-heart-shaped or halberd-shaped leaves, scmicylindrieal sheaths, and
Cf"-vymbose racemes or panicles of white llowers, often tinged with green or rose-
color. (Name, (prjyos, the beech, and nvpos, wheat, from the shape of the grain
being that of the beech-nut ; whence also the English name Buckwheat, from
the German iSurfjf, lieech.)

1. P. ESCULilNTU.M, Mocncli. (BucKwnEAT.) Smootliisli ; flower with 8
honey-bearing yellow-glands interposed between the stamens ; the fruit acute
and entire. (Polygonum Eagopyrum, Z.) — Old fields, remaining as a weed
after cultivation, and escaping into copses. June- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. OXYRIA, Hill. Mountain Sorrel.

Calyx herbaceous, of 4 sepals ; the two outer smaller and spreading, the two
inner broader and erect (but unchanged) in fruit. Stamens 6. Stigmas 2, ses-
sile, tufted. Achenium lenticular, thin, flat, much larger than llae calyx, sur-
rounded by a broad and veiny wing. Seed flattened in the opposite direction
from the wing. Embryo straight, occupying the centre of the albumen, slender.
— Low alpine perennia's, with round-kidney-form and long-petioled leaves
chiefly from the root, obliquely truncate sheaths, and small greenish flowers
clustered in panicled racemes on a slender scape. (Name from o^vs, sour, in
allusion to the acid leaves, like those of Sorrel.)

1 . O. digyna, Campdera. Leaves all i-ound-kidney-forni, usually notched
at the end; fruit orbicular. — Alpine region of the White Mountains, New
Hampshire, Oakcs, &c., and high northward. (Eu.)

4. RtlMEX, L. Dock. Sorrel.

Calyx of 6 sepals ; the 3 outer herbaceous, sometimes united at the base,
spreading in fruit ; the 3 inner larger, somewhat colored, increasing after flow-
ering and convergent over the 3-angled achenium, veiny, often bearing a grain-
like tubercle on the back (in fruit called valves). Stamens 6. Styles 3:
stigmas tufted. Embryo slightly curved, lying along one side of the albumen,
slender. — Coarse herbs, with small and homely (mostly green) flowers, which
are crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes ; the ])ctiolcs somewhat
sheathing at the base. (The ancient Latin name of these plants ; of unknown
etymology.)

§ 1. Dock. Fhncers perfct or nwiacioiisli/ poli/ijamoits : lierliotjr not sour: none

of the liavfs hulbenf -shaped. {Flotariii;/ through the suvimei.)

* Pereuiiiuls, 2° - 7° higli : ra/res not bearbiy bristles.

•*- Valvis (larrje, 3" broad, thin) all ntdad or one with a small grain.

1. R. Patiextia, L. (Patience Dock.) A very tall si)ccies, with ovate-
oblong and lanceolate leaves, those from the root 2° -3"^ long, and one of the

420 roLYGOXACE.E. (buckwiikat family.)

hcfirt-shapcfl nearly entire valves bearing a small grain, or its midrib tbickened
at tlic base, was found spontaneous at Aniberst, Mass., by Piof. Tuvkenmin, in
tbc form witli undulate leaves, K. oricntaiis, Bcnih. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. B,. longif6lils, DC. (R. donie'sticus, Ilmtm., and too near R. aquat-
icus, L.), known by tbc rounded somewbat beart-sbaped valves all witbout a
grain, — i.s indigenou.s at tlie nortbwest, pcrbaps in Nortbern Wisconsin. (Eu.)

■*- Valves (amuller) one or more of them conspicuousl y f/rain-benring.
■*-*■ Intlirjenoiis: /fares not wavy, none htart-shaped, except the lowest of No. 6.

3. R, orbieul^tus, Gray. (Great Water-Dock.) Tall and stout
(5°-G° lii-li) ; rateinus upriylit in a large compound panicle, nearly leafless ;
■wborls crowded ; pedicels cctpillnri/, noddimi, about twice the lemjth of the fruiting
calyx ; the vidves orbicular or round-orate, very obtuse, obscurely beart-sbaiwd at
base, membranaceous, finely reticulated, entire or repand-denticnlate (2" -3"
broad), all grain-bearing; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather acute at botb ends,
transvei-sely veined, and witb obscurely erose-crenulatc margins (tbe lowest, in-
cluding the petiole, l°-2° long, the middle rarely truncate or obscurely cordate
at base). (R. Ilydrolapatbum, var. 1 Americanus, Ed. 2. R. Britannica, Pursh ?
Tiiijelow, Toff. F\. N. Y. R. aqua'ticus, Pursh ?) — Wet places : rather common
northward. — Root yellow. Leaves occasionally abruptly contracted a little be-
low the enlarging apex. Valves very much rounder, thinner, larger in propor-
tion to the grain, and more reticulated than in tbe Eurojican R. Ilydrolapatbum,
resembling those of R. longifolius except in bearing a conspicuous grain.

4. R. Britannica, L. (Pale Dock.) Rather tall (2°-6° high); ra-
cemes spike-like and panicled, nearly leafless; whorls crowded ; pedicels noddiurj,
shorter than the fruiting calyx ; the valves broadly ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
obtuse or acutish, entire, membranaceous, loosely reticulated (about 2" broad),
one witb a conspicuous grain, the others witb a small grain or tbickened midrib,
or naked ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale, thiekish. obscurely
veiny (those of the stem 3' - 6' long, contracted at base into a short petiole), none
heart shaped. (R. Claytonii, Campdera, which name is to be adopted if we
reject that inconsiderately assigned by Linnajus, who transferred the obscure
Herba Britannica of the old writers to a Virginian species. R. xanthorhizus,
Uoffmansegg, ex Meisner. R. altissimus, Wood.) — Moist grounds, New York
to Illinois and southward.

5. B. salicifblius, Weinmann. (White Dock.) Rather low (l°-3°
high); root white; leaves narrowly or linear-lanceolate, or the lowest oblong;
whorls much crowded ; pedicels much shorter than the fruiting calyx; valves deltoid-
ovate, obtnsisb or acutish (about 1 j'' long), one, two or sometimes all three with
a consj)icuous often very large grain : otherwise nearly as in the preceding. (R.
pallidus, Bigeiow.) — Salt marshes, coast of New England ; also far westward
and northward.

6. R. vertieill^tUS, L. (Swamp Dock.) Rather tall (3°-:>° high);
racemes nearly leafless, elongated, loose ; tbe whorls crowded or the lower ones
distant; fruit-bearing pedicels slender, club-shaped, abruptly reflexed, 3-4 times
lunger than the fruiting calyx ; the valves dilated-rhomboid, obtusely somewhat pointed,
strongly rugose-reticulated, each bearing a very large grain ; leaves lanceolate or

POLYGONACEiE. (BUCK^V^EAT FAMILY.) 421

oblong-lancftolale, rather obtuse, thickish, pale-green, the lowest often heart-
shaped at the base. — Wet swamps : common:

■>-*■ •*-* Naturalized weeds : lower leaves mostly heart-sluiptd at the base.

7. E.. cuispus, L. (CuuLED Dock.) Smooth; leaves luith strongly wavy-
curled iiiari/ins, lanceolate, acute, the lower truncate or scarcely heart-shaped at
the base ; whorls crowded in /iroloiiijed ivand-like racemes, lexijiess above ; valves
rontid-heart-ahaptd, obscurely denticulate or entire, mostly all of them grain-bearing.
— A very comiuon weed in cultivated and waste grounds. Stem 3° -4° high,
from a deep spindle-shaped yellow root. There is a hybrid of this with the
next. (Nat. from Eu.)

8. R. ODTUSiFOLius, L. (Bitter Dock.) Stem roughish ; lowfst haves
ovate-heart-shaped, obtuse, rather downy on the veins underneath, somewhat wavy-
margined, the upper oblong-lanceolate, acute; whorls loose and distant ; valves ovate-
holberd-shipcd, and ivith some sharp awl-shaped teeth at the base, strongly reticulated,
one of them principally grain-bearing. — : Fields, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)

9. E.. coxglomerXtus, Murray. (Smaller Green Dock.) Leaves oh-
'long, pointed, sliglitly wavy-margined, the lower heart-shaped at the base ; whorls

distant, leafy ; pedicels very short; valves linear-oblong, raihtr broinhr next the base;
obtuse, entire, each bearing a single reddish grain. (R. acutus, jSmith.) — Moist
places; sparingly introduced. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. R. SASGufNEUs, L. (Bloody-veined Dock.) Leaves lanceolate, wavy-
margined, the lowest heart-shaped at the base ; whorls distant, in long and slender
leajiess interrupted spikes ; pedicels very short ; valves narrowly oblong, obtuse, entire,
one at least grain-bearing ; veins of the leaf red, or, in var. viridis, green. —
Waste and cultivated grounds. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annuals, low: valves bearing long awns or bristles.

11. R. maritimus, L. (Golden Dock.) Minutely pubescent, diffusely
branched ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower auricled or heart-shaped
at base ; A\horls excessively crowded in leafy and compact or interrupted spikes ;
valves rhombic-oblong, lance-pointed, each bearing 2 -.3 long awn-like bristles
on each side, and a large grain on the back. (Also R. persicarioules, L.) — Sea-
shore, Virginia to Massachusetts : also Illinois and westward. — Plant 6' -12'
high ; remarkable for the crowded and almost orange-colored fruiting calyx,
the bristles usually longer than the width of the valves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Sorrel. Flowers diacious, small, in a terminal naked panicle : herbage sour :
some kaves halherd-sha/ied : smooth perennials, flowering in spring.

12. R. Engelmanni, Ledeb. Stem simple, l°-2° high; leaves nearly
as in the next ; pedicels jointed at or below the middle ; valves of the fruiting calyx
round-heart-shaped, thin, finely reticulated, naked, many times larger than the
acheninm. (R. hustnXiitns, Baldwin.) — S. W. Illinois, thence southward and
westward.

13. R. AcETOSELLA, L. (FiELD or SiiEEP SoRREL.) Low (C - 1 2' high) ;
leaves lancc-halberd-form, at least those of the root, the narrow lobes entire ;
pedicels jointed with the flower ; valves scarcely enlarging in fruit, oittte, naked. —
An abundant weed in waste places and all sterile and worn fields. — The fertile
panicles usually turu reddish in summer. . (^at. from Eu.)

422 LAURACK.E. (LAUREL FAMILY.)

5. BRUNNICHIA, Banks. Bruxnichia.

Calvx 5-partcd ; the divisions somewhat petal-like, oblong, connivcnt and
coriaceous in fruit. Stamens 8 : filaments capillary : styles 3, slender : stigmas
depressed-capitate. Ovule hanging- on the summit of a slender erect funiculus :
the seed erect, 6-grooved. Embryo in one of the angles of the mealy all)umcn,
somewhat curved. Achenium ol)tuscly triangular, partly 3-celled, enclosed in
the indurated calyx, its base and almost the whole length of the pedicel wingeil
on one side. (Named for F. Bninnuh, a Danish naturalist.) *

1. B. cirrhosa, Banks. — A somewhat shrubby smooth jilant, with grooved
stems, climbing by tendrils extended from the ends of the branches. Leaves
ovate or heart-shaped, jiointed, entire : petioles dilated at base and partly elas])-
ing; but no distinct sheath or stipules. Flowers greenish, 2-5 in a fascicle
from the axil of an awl-shaped bract, these crowded in axillary and terminal
racemes : pedicel jointed near the base. Fruiting calyx with the wing 1' long.
— Pulaski Co., S. W. Illinois, Dr. F. Brendd : also soutliwui-d.

Order 88. L,AURACEiE. (Laurel Family.)

Aromatic trees or shrubs, icitli alternate simple leaves mostly marked tdth
minute pellucid dots, andjloicers with a regular calyx of A or G colored sepals,
imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, free from the 1-celled and 1-omded ocary,
and mostly feicer than the stamens; anthers opening by 2 or A uplifted
valces. — Flowers clustered. Style single. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or
drupe. Seed anatropous, suspended, with no albumen, filled by the large
almond-like embryo. — A well-marked family, very numerous in the trop-
ies, represented in our district by only five species, in four genera.

* Flowers perfect, paniclcd : stamens 12, three of them sterile.

1. Persea. Calyx persistent. Anthers 4-celled, those of three stamens turned outwrard.

« ♦ Flowers dioecious, or nearly so : stamens in the male flowers 9.

2. Sassafras. Flowers in corymb- or umhellike racemes Anthers 4-celled, 4-vaIved.

3. LiiKlera. Flowers in umbel-like clusters. Anthers 2-celled, 2- valved.

4. Teti-aiitliera. Flowers few in involucrate umbels. Anthers 4-celled, 4-valved.

1. PERSEA, Gffirtn. Alligator Pear.

Flowers perfect, with a 6-parted calyx, which persists at the base of the berry-
like fruit. Stamens 12, in four rows, the 3 of the innermost row sterile and re-
duced to a sort of glands: the rest bearing 4-celled anthers (i. e. each of the
two proper cells is divided transversely into two), opening by as many uplifted
valves; the anthers of 3 stamens turned outward, the others introrse. — Trees,
with persistent entire leaves, and small paniclcd flowers. (An ancient name of
some Oriental tree.)

1. P. Carolinensis, Nees. (Red Bay.) Hoary at least when young
with a tine down ; leaves oblong, pale, soon becoming smooth above ; peduncle
bearing few flowers in a close cluster ; sepals downy, the outer shorter ; berries
dark blue, on a red stalk. (Laurus Carolinensis, Catesb. L. Borbonia, i.J —
Swamps, Delaware, Virginia, and southward. June. — A small tree.

LAUUACE^. (lAUUEL FAMILY.) 423

2. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras.

Flowers dioecious, with a 6-parted spreading calyx ; the sterile kind with 9
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx in 3 rows, the 3 inner with a pair of
stalked glands at the base of each; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved : fertile Howers
with 6 short rudiments of stamens and an ovoid ovary. Drupe ovoid (blue),
supj;ortcd on a club-shaped and rather fleshy reddish pedicel. — Trees, with
spicy-aromatic bark, very mucilaginous twigs and foliage ; the latter decidu-
ous, often lobcd. Flowers greenish-yellow, naked, in clustered and peduncled
corynibed racemes, appearing with the leaves, involucrate with scaly bracts.
Leaf-buds scaly. (The popular name, of Spanish origin.)

1. S. oflQ-Cinale, Noes. Leaves ovate, entire, or some of them 3-lobed,
soon glabrous. (Laurus Sassafras, L.) — Rich woods: common. April. —
True 15° -50° high, with yellowish-green twigs.

3. LINDERA, Thunbcrg. Wild Allspice. Fever bush.

Flowers polygamous-dioecious, with a 6-parted open calyx ; the sterile kind
Avith 9 stamens in 3 rows, the inner filaments 1 - 2-lobed and gland-bearing at
the base; anthers 2-cclled and 2-valved : fertile flowers with 15-18 rudiments
of stamens in 2 forms, and a globular ovary. Drupe obovoid, red, the stalk not
thickened. — Shrubs, with deciduous leaves, and honey-yellow flowers in almost
sessile lateral iimbel-like clusters, appearing before the leaves (in our species) ;
the clusters composed of smaller clusters or umbels, each of 4-6 flowers and
surrounded by an involucre of 4 deciduous scales. Leaf-buds scaly. (Named
for John Under, a Swedish botanist of the early part of the 18th centur}^
Benzoin, Nets, adopted in Ed. 2, is a much later name.)

1. L. Benz6in, Meisner. (Spice-busii. Benjamin-bush.) Nearly
smooth; leaves ob/onij-obovate, pale underneath. (Laurus Benzoin, L. Benzoin
odoriferum, Nees, & Ed. 2. ) — Damp woods : rather common. March, April. —
Shrub 6° -15° high.

2. L. melisssefblia, Blume. Young branches and buds pubescent ; leaves
oblon(j, obtuse or heart-sluiptd at the base, downy beneath ; umbels few. ( Lauru3
mclissaefolia, Walt. L. diospyroides, Mic.hr. Benzoin nielissaifolium. Nets.) —
Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois? and southward. April.

4. TETRANTHERA, Jacq. Tetraxtiiera.

Flowers dicccious, with a G-parted deciduous calyx ; the sterile with 9 stamens
in 3 rows ; their anthers all introrse, 4-celled, 4-valvcd : fertile llowers with 12
or more rudiments of stamens and a globular ovarv. Drupe globular. —
Shrubs or trees, with entire leaves, and small flowers in axillary clustered um-
bels. (Name composed of rtrpa, four, and dvdrjpd, antlier.)

1. T. geniculata, Xees. (Pond Spice.) Flowers (yellow) appearing
before the deciduous ()l)long leaves, which are hairy on the midrib beneath ;
branches forked and divaricate, the branchlets zigzag ; involucres 2 -4-leaved,
2-4-flowered; fruit red. (Laurus geniculata, Michx.) — Swamps, Virginia
and southward. April.

424 ELiEAGXACE.E. (OLEASTER FAMILY.)

Order 89. TlIYMELEACEiE. (Mezereum Family.)

SJirubs, with acrid and i-crij lonr/h (not aro7natic) hai-k; entire leaves, and
perfect flowers with a regular and .sim/ite colored culijx, bearing usuulhj twice
as inanij stamens as its lobes, free from the \-ceUed and \-ovuled ocary,
wlilcli forms a berry-like drupe in i'ruit, with a single suspended anatro-
pous seed. Kiubryo large: albumen little or none. — A small family, rep-
resented in cultivation by Dapiin'e Mezkueum, and one or two other
species; in North America only by a single species.

1 . D i R C A , L. Leatiiekwood. Moose-wood.

Calyx petal-like, tubular-funnel-shaped, truncate, the border wavy or obscurely
about 4-tootlicd. Stamens 8, long and slender, inserted on the calyx above the
middle, ])rotruded, the alternute ones Ioniser. Style tliroad-forui : stigma capi-
tate. Drupe oval (reddish). — A niuch-branched bush, with jointed branehlcts,
oval-obovate alternate leaves, at length smooth, deciduous, on very short peti-
oles, the bases of which conceal the buds of the next season. Flowers light
yellow, preceding the leaves, 3 or 4 in a cluster from a bud of as many diirk-
hairy scales, forming an involucre, from which soon after proceeds a leafy branch.
(^IpKrj, the name of a fountain near Thebes, applied by Linnfeus to this North
American genus, for no imaginable reason, unless because the bush frequently
grows near mountain rivulets.)

1. D. pallistris, L. — Damp rich woods, seldom in swamps. New England
to Penn., Kentucky, and (especially) northward. April. — Shrub 2° -5° high;
the wood white, soft, and very brittle ; but the fibrous bark remarkably tough,
used by the Indians for thongs, whence the popular names. In Northern New
England also called Wicopy.

Order 90. EL,iE.lGNACE/E. (Oleaster Family.)

Shrubs or small trees, with silvery-scurf y leaves and mostly dioecious flow-
ers ; further distinguished from the Mezereum Family by the erect or
ascending albuminous seed, and the calyx-tube becoming pulpy and
berry-like in fruit, and strictly enclosing the achenium ; and from the
following or by the calyx-tube not cohering with the ovary, &c. A
small family, represented by only three North American species, only
one strictly within our limits.

1. SHEPHERDIA, Nutt. Siiepiierdi.x.

Flowers dioecious; the sterile with a 4-parted calyx (valvatc in the bud) and
8 stamens, alternating with as many processes of the thick disk ; the fertile with
an urn-shaped 4-cleft calyx, enclosing the ovary (the orifice closed by the teeth
of the disk), and becoming berry-like in fruit. Style slender: stigma 1-sidcd.
— Leaves opposite, entire, deciduous ; the small flowers nearly sessile in their
axils on the branchlets, clustered, or the fertile solitary. (Named for John Shep-
herd, formerly curator of the Liverpool Botanic Garden.)

SANTALACEiE. (SANDALWOOD FAMILY.) 42J

1. S. Canadensis, Nutt. (Canadian Shkpherdia.) Leaves elliptical
or ovate, nearly naked and yrcen above, silvery-downy and scurfy with rusty
scales underneath ; fruit yellowish-red, insijjid. — Rocky or gravelly banks, Ver-
mont to Wisconsin and northward. May. — Shrub, 3° -6° high ; the branch-
lets, young leaves, yellowish flowers, &c., covered with the rusty scales.

2. S. arg6ntea, Nutt., the Buffalo-Berky of Upper Missouri, has nar-
rower leaves, tapering at bjise, silvery on both sides, and edible, acid, scarlet
fruit : probably in Minnesota : sometimes cultivated.

El^Agnus ARGENTINA, Pursh, the Silver-Berry, Avith oval silvery leaves,
and silvery and mealy edible fruit, ditl'ering from Shepherdia in its perfect flow-
ers with only 4 stamens, — abounds not far beyond our northwestern limits.

Order 91. SANTALACE.E. (Sandalwood Family.)

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with entire leaves ; the 4-5-cleft calyx valvule in
the bud, its tube coherent with the l-celled ovary, which contains 2-4 ovtdes
suspended from the apex of a stalk-like free central placenta which rises from
the base of the cell, but the {indehiscent) fruil always l-seeded. — Seed des-
titute of any proper seed-coat. Embryo small, at the apex of copious al-
bumen : radicle directed upward : cotyledons cylindrical. Stamens equal
in number to the lobes of the calyx, and inserted opposite them into the
edge of the fleshy disk at their base. Style 1. A small order, the greater
part belonging to warm regions, here represented only by the two follow-
ing genera.

1. COMANDRA, Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax.

Flowers perfect. Calyx bell-shaped or soon urn-shaped, lined above the ovary
with an adherent disk which has a 5-lobed free border. Stamens inserted on the
edge of the disk between its lobes, opposite the lobes of the calyx, to the middle
of which the anthers are connected by a tuft of thread-like hairs. Fruit drupe-
like or nut-like, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, the cavity filled by the
globular seed. — Low and smooth perennials, with herbaceous steins from a
lather woody base or root, alternate and almost sessile leaves, and greenish-white
flowers in terminal or axillary small umbel-like clusters. (Name from KUfxrj^
hair, and /ivdpes, for stamens, in allusion to the hairs on the calyx-lobes which
are attached to the anthers.)

1. C. umbell^ta, Nutt. Leaves oblong, pale (l' long) ; peduncles several
and corymbose-dust end at the summit of the stem, several flowered ; calyx-tube con-
spicuously continued beyond the ovary, forming a necji to the globular-urn-
shaped fruit ; the lobes obiony ; style slender; fruit dry. — Dry ground : common.
May, June. — Stems 8' -10' high, very leafy. Root forming parasitic attach-
ments to the roots of trees (as shown by Mr. Staiifflr).

2. C. livida, Richardson. Peduncles axillavy, 3 - b-floicered, shorter than
the oval leaves ; calyx-tiibe not continued beyond the ovary, the Mies ovate; style
short; fruit pulpy when ripe, red. — Sandy shores of Lake Superior and north-
ward.— Leaves larger than in the last.

L & M— 38

426 LORANTHACE^. (MISTLETOE FAMILY.)

2. PYRULARIA, Mkhx. Oil-nut. Buffalo-nut.

Flowers dioecious or polygamous. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the lobes recurved; a
tuft of hairs at their base iu the male tlowers. Stamens 4 or 5, on very short
filaments, alternate with as many rounded <;lands. Fertile flowers with a pear-
shaped ovary invested by the adherent tube of the calyx, naked at the flat sum-
mit: disk with 5 glands: style short and thick : stigma capitate-flattened. Fruit
fleshy and drupe-like, pear-shaped ;' the globose entloearp thin. Embryo small :
albumen very oily. — Shrubs or trees, with alternate short-petioled and decidu-
ous leaves; the small greenish flowers in short and simple spikes or racemes.
(Name a diminutive o( Pi/nis, from the fruit, which in the original species looks
like a small pear.)

1. P. oleifera, Gray. Shrub straggling (.3°- 12° high), nunutely downy
when young, at length nearly glabrous ; leaves obovate-oblong, acute or pointed
at both ends, soft, very veiny, minutely pellucid-punctate ; spike small and few-
flowered, terminal; calyx 5-cleft. (P. piibera, 37/c/tx. ; a little older than the
other specific name, but much less appropriate. Hamiltonia oleifera, Mull.) —
Rich woods, mountains of Pennsylvania, and southward through the Allegha-
nies. May. — Whole plant imbued with an acrid oil, especially the fruit, which
is an inch long.

Order 92. LORANTHACE.E. (Mistletoe Family.)

Shrubby plants icith coriaceous greenish foliarie, parmitic on ?ree>", repre-
sented in the northern temperate zone chiefly by the Mistletoe and its
near allies ; distinguished from the preceding family more by the parasitic
growth and habit, and by the more reduced flowers, than by essential
characters : represented by an American genus nearly allied to Viscum, or
true Mistletoe, viz.

1. PHORADENDRON, Nutt. False Mistletoe.

Flowers dioecious, in short and catkin-like jointed spikes, usually several under
each short and fleshy bract or scale, and sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, 3-
(rarely 2-4-) lobed : in the staminate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the
base of each lobe, and is transversely 2-celled, each cell opening by a pore or
slit : in the fertile flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary : stigma sessile,
obtuse. Berry I-seeded, pulpy. Embryo small, half imbedded in the summit
of mucilaginous albumen. — Yellowish-green woody parasites on the branches
of trees, with jointed much-branched stems, thick and firm persistent leaves (or
only scales in their place), and axillary small spikes of flowers. (Name com-
posed of ^cop, a thief, and bevhpov, tree; because these plants steal their food
from the trees they grow upon.)

1. P. flav6scens, Nutt. (^mekican Mistletoe.) Leaves ol)ovate or
oval, somewhat petioled, longer than the si)ike5> in their axils, yellowish ; berries
white. (Viscum flavesccns, Pursh.) — New Jersey to Illinois and southward,
on various deciduous-leaved trees.

)

CALLITRICHACE^. (WATEK-STARWOUTS.) 427

Order 93. SAURURACE^E. (Lizard's-tail Family.)

Herbs, with Jointed stems, alternate entire leaves, and perfect flowers in
spikes, entirely destitute of any floral envelopes, and loilh 3-5 more or less
separate or united ovaries. — Ovules ihw, ortliotropous. Embryo heart-
shaped, minute, contained in a little sac at the apex of the albumen. — An
offshoot of the (tropical) Pe[)per Family, and represented only by

1. SAURURUS, L. Lizard's-tail.

Stamens mostly 6 or 7, hypogynous, with distinct filaments. Fruit somewhat
fleshy, wrinkled, of 3-4 pistils united at the base. Stigmas recurved. Seeds
usually solitary, ascending. — Perennial marsh herbs, with heart-shaped con-
vergiug-ribbed petioled leaves, without distinct stipules; flowers (each with a
small bract) crowded in a slender wand-like and naked peduncled terminal
spike or raceme (its appearance giving rise to the name, from (raiipos, a lizard
and ovpti, tail). Bract adnate to or borne on the pedicel.
vr'Vl. S. c6rilUUS, L. Flowers white, in a dense spike nodding at the end ;
brae
Aun

^*^ ^ bract lanceolate ; filaments long and capillary. — Swamps : common. June -

Order 94. CERATOPHYELACEiE. (Horxwort Family.)

Aquatic herhs, with xoliorled finely dissected leaves, and minute axillary
and sessile monoecious flowers tcithout floral envelopes, but with an 8-12-
clefl involucre in place of a calyx, the fertile a simple 1-celled ovary, with a
suspended orthotropous ovule : seed filled by a highly developed embryo with 4
cotyledons! and a cotispicuous plumule. — Consists only of the genus

1. CERATOPHYLLUM, L. Hornavort.

Sterile flowers of 12-24 stamens, with large sessile anthers. Fruit an ache-
nium, beaked with the slender persistent style. — Herbs growing under water,
in ponds or slow-flowing streams : the sessile leaves cut into thrice-forked thread-
like rigid divisions (whence the name from Kcpas, a horn, and (jivWov, lenf).

1. C. demersum, L. — Var. commune has a smooth marginless fruit
beaked with a long persistent style, and with a short spine or tubercle at the
base on each side. — Var. echinXtum (C. echinatum. Gray) has the fruit
mostly larger (3" long), rough-pimpled on the sides, the narrowly wing-ed mar-
gin spiny-toothed. — Slow streams and ponds : common, but rarely seen in fruit.
Probably there is only one sjjccics. (Fu.)

Order 95. CAEEITRICIIACEJE. (Water-Starworts.)

Small annuals or perennials, mostly aquatics, with opposite entire leaves
and axillary monoecious flowers ivithoul any proper floral envelopes, and with
a i-lobed and A-celled i-sceded fruit ; — consisting only of the genus Calll-
triche (regarded by many botanists, perhaps with good reason, as repre-

428 CALLITRICHACE^. (WATER-STARWORTS.)

senting the most reduced form of the Halorageae, p. 174. The so-called
perfect flower is considered to be a staiuinate and a pistillate, or two stam-
inate and one j)istillate naked flowers in the same axil, each of a single
stamen or pistil.)

The elaboration of our species is contributed by Du. G. Engelmanx.

1. CALLITRICHE, L. Watek-Starwort.

Flowers moncecious, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the axil of the same leaf,
wholly naked or between a pair of membranaceous bracts. Sterile flower a sin-
gle stamen : filament bearing a heart-shaped 4-celled anther, which by confluence
becomes one-celled, and opens by a single slit. Fertile flower a single 4-cclled
ovary, either sessile or pcdicclled, bearing 2 distinct and filiform sessile, usually
persistent stigmas. Ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit nut-like, compressed, 4-
lobed, 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many closed 1-seeded portions.
Seed anatropous, suspended, filling the cell : cnd)ryo slender, straight or slightly
curved, in the axis and nearly tlie length of the oily albumen. — Smooth, or liesct
with minute stellate scales (visible only under the microscope), with spatulate or
linear leaves, both forms often occurring on the same stem. (Name from KnXor,
beautiful, and 6pi^, hair, from the almost capillary and usually tufted stems of
the commoner species.)

§ 1. Terrestrial species. Small annuals, forming tufls on merely moist soil;
destitute of stellate scales and cf bracts: leaves uniform, very small, obovate or
wedge-shaped, 3-nerved, crowded, provided with stomata : jUament iwt lengthen-
ing: carpels connate.

1. C. Austini, Engelm. Fruit small, broader than high, deeply notched
above and below, on a pedicel often nearly of its own length ; lobes of the fruit
narrowly winged and with a deep groove between them, wings denticulate ; per-
sistent stigmas shorter than the fruit, spreading or reflcxed ; leaves obovate. —
On damp soil in open woods, fields and roads, New York and New Jersey ( C. F.
Austin) to Illinois, Missouri, Texas, Mexico, and South America. April- June.
— Half an inch or an inch high : leaves l"-2" long: fruit J'' in diameter.

C. PEPLOiDES, Nutt. and C. Nuttallii, 7orr. (C. pedunculbsa, Nutt.), —
the former with subsessile curiously gibbous fruit, the latter with long-pcduncled
fruit with eversed keels, — are southwestern species of this section.

§ 2. Amphibious species. Perennials? with elongated stems [occasionally quite
ten-estrial as in the former, or wholly sttbmersed as in the next section) : haves
with stellate scales and stomata, the f outing ones obovate and 3-nerved, the sub-
mersed linear: flowers usually between a pair of bracts, rarely naked : pollen shed
only in the air ; the filament elongating afterwards : carpels in fruit connate.

2. C v6rna, L. Fruit (-}" long) higher than broad, obovate, slightly ob-
cordate, usually thicker at the base than ujjwards, sessile, its lobes sharply keeled
or very narrowly winged upwards, and with a wide groove between them; stig-
mas shorter than the fruit, almost erect, usually deciduous ; floating leaves
crowded in a tuft, obovate, narrowed iuto a petiole. — Common in stagnant
waters, from Pennsylvania and New Jersey north and northwestwai-d. April -

rODOSTEMACEVE. (UIVER-WEED FAMILY.) 429

Aug. — From a few inches to a foot and more in length: upper leaves 3" -5"
long ; lower ones twice as long. A terrestrial form with smaller, narrower, and
more uniform leaves (C. brevifolia, Pursh), occurs where the waters recede in
summer and fall. (Eu. )

3. C. hetaroph^lla, Pursh. Fruit sm.allcr, as broad or broader than
high, deeply cmarginate, thick, almost ventricosc, sessile or nearly so, its lobes
obtusely angled, wiih a small groove between them ; stigmas as long as the
fruit, erect, persistent ; floating leaves crowded in a tuft, broadly spatulate, often
retuse, abruptly narrowed into a long petiole. (C. Asagrayi, Hegtimaier.) —
Stagnant water. New York to Illinois and southward: common. April -Aug.
— Similar to the last, of same size, but with smaller leaves (2" -4" long), and
fruit scarcely larger than in No. 1, but much thicker. A terrestrial form (which
comes also under C. brevifolia, Pursh) and a submerged one, with linear leaves
often an inch long (C. linearis, Pursh), arc not rare.

§ 3. Submersed species. Perennials, entirely under water, with crowded and uni-
form linear l-nerved leaves, without scales or stomata : flowers hrarlless, fertilized
under tcater : filament not elowjating: carpch se/iarate nearly to the axis.

4. C. autumn^lis, L. Fruit large, flattened, circular, deeply and nar-
rowly notched, sessile or nearly so, its lobes broadly winged, and with a very
deep and narrow groove between them ; stigmas very long, reflexed, deciduous ;
leaves all linear from a broader base, retuse or notched at tip. — In the St. Law-
rence River, near Ogdensburgh (G. W. Clinton), Lake Superior (C. G. Loring,
Jr.), and northwestward. Aug. -Sept. — Stems 3"- 6" high : leaves 2"- 5"
long : fruit variable in size, usually 1" or more in diameter. (Eu.)

Order 96. PODOSTEIWACEiE. (River-weed Family.)

Aquatics, growing on stones in running water, some with the aspect of
Sea-weeds or others of Mosses or Liverworts ; the minute naked flowers
bursting from a spathe-like involucre as in Liverworts, producing a 2 - 3-
celled many-seeded ribbed pod ; — represented in North America by

1. PODOSTIIMON, Michx. River-weed.

Flower solitary, pedicelled, from a tubular sac-like involucre, destitute of
floral envelopes. Stamens borne on one side of the stalk of the ovary, with
their long filaments united into one for more than half their length, and 2 short
sterile filaments, one on each side : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 2, awl-shaped.
Pod oval, 8-ribbed, 2-celled, 2-valve(l. Seeds minute, very numerous on a thick
persistent central placenta, destitute of albumen. — Leaves 2-ranked. (Name
ivomiTovs, foot, awA (rTrnKjiv, stamen; the two stamens being apparently raised
on a stalk by the side of the ovary.)

1. P. ceratoph^Uus, Michx. Leaves rigid or horny, dilated into a
sheathing base, above mostly forked into thread-like or linear lobes. — Not rare
in the bottom of shallow streams. July- Sept. — A small olive-green plant, of
firm texture, resembling a Sea-weed, tenaciously attached to loose stones, ia
the manner of a Fw.us, by fleshy disks or processes in place of roots.

430 KurnoRBiACK>E. (spurge family.)

OnpER 07. EUPIIOltBI.kCEiE. (Spurge Family.)

Plaiits usiinl'i/ iritli a viilkij acri'l juice, and moncccious or dioecious Jl on-'
crs, mostly apdalous, sometimes achlamydeous (occasionally polypelalous or
monopetaloiis) ; the ovary free ami usually 3-ceUed, with a single or some-
times a pair of ovules hanging from the summit of each cell ; stigmas or
branches of the style as many or twice as many as the cells; fruit commonly
a 3-lobed pod, the lobes or carpels separating elastically from a persistent
axis and elastically 2-valved ; seed anatropous ; embryo straight, almost as
long as and the Jlat cotyledons mostly as wide as the fleshy or oily albumen.
Stipules often present. — A vast family in the warmer parts of the world
(the acrid juice poisonous) ; most numerously represented in Northern
countries by the genus Euphorbia, which has very remarkable reduced
(lowers enclosed in an involucre that imitates a calyx. Our last genus
belongs to the Box-Family, which some botanists of late separate from the
Euphorbiacefc, on account of the rha]jhe being on the outer or dorsal side
of the suspended ovule, &c.

* Seeds and ovules only one in each cell.
t- St.iminate and pistillate flowers both destitute of calyx as well as corolla, and contained in
the same cup-shaped involucre, which imitates a calyx, — the whole liable to be mistaken
for a sinjrle flower.

1. Eiiphoi-bia. Involucre surrounding many staminate flowers (each of a single naked

stamen) and one pistillate flower (a 3-lobed pistil).

•^ •<- Staminate and pistillate flowers both with a calyx, not involucrate.
++ Stamens erect in the hud.

2. Jatrophn. Flowers cymose or panicled. Calyx corolla-like, 5-cleft ; the lobes imbri-

cated in the bud. Stamens 10 or more.
S. Stillingta. Flowers in a spike, pistillate at the base. Calyx 2-3-partcd, the lobes im-
bricated in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3. Stigmas or branches of the style 3, simple.

4. Acalypha. Flowers spiked or glomerate, the pistillate in the axil of bracts. Calyx 3-5-

parted ; in staminate flowers valvate in the bud. Stamens mostly 8 : anthers with 2
separate pendulous cells. Stylos or stigmas 3, dissected.

5. Tragla. Flowers in racemes, pistillate at the base. Calyx in staminate flowers valvate In

the bud. Anther-cells united. Styles united at the base, simple.
++ ++ Stamens inflexed in the bud.

6. Croton. Flowers spiked or glomerate. Ovary and fruit 3- (rarely 2-4-) celled.

7. Crotonopsis. Flowers scattered on the branchlcts. Ovary and fruit 1-celled.

* * Seeds and ovules 2 in each cell. Calyx imbricated in the bud.

8. Pliyllaitllius. Flowers axillary. Stamens mostly 3, and usually monadelphous.

9. Pachysaitdrn. Flowers spiked. Calyx 4-i)arted. Stamens 4, separate.

1. EUPHORBIA, L. Spurge.

Flowers monoecious, incliuled in a ciip-shnped 4-.5-lobcd involucre (floiner of
older authors) lesenibling a calyx or corolla, and usually bcarino- larj^e thick
{jiands (with or without pctiil-like mar;j;ins) at its sinuses. Sterile flowers
numerous and lining the base of the involucre, each from the axil of a little
bract, and consisting merely of a single stamen jointed on a pedicel like the fila-
ment : anthcr-cclls globular, separate. Fertile flower solitary in the middle of

EUPHOKBIAClCyE. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 431

the involucre, soon protruded on a long pedicel, consisting of a 3-lobed and 3-
celled ovary with no calyx, or a mere vestige. Styles 3, each 2-cleft ; the .stig-
mas therefore 6. Pod separating into 3 one-seeded carpels, which split elasti-
cally into 2 valves. Seed often caruncled. — Plants (herbs in the United States),
with a milky acrid juice. Peduncles terminal, often umbellate-clustered ; in the
first section mostly appearing lateral, but not really axillary. (Named after
Euphorbus, physician to King Juba.)

Genus newly elaborated for this work by Dr. George Engelmann.

A. APPEND I CULAT^. Glands of the involucre with petal-like, usually white
or rose-colored, and entire or toothed margins or appendages ; these almost obsolete
in No. 1 .

§ 1. ANISOPHYLLUM. Leaves all similar, opposite, on short petioles, small,
oblique at base, furnished with awl-shaped or scaly and oft. en fringed persistent
stipules: stems much branched, spreading or usually procumbent: involucres soli-
tary in the forks of the branches or in terminal or pseudo-lateral clusters, small,
always with 4 glands : seeds ivithout a caruncle : all our species are annuals,
flowering throughout summer and autumn.

* Seeds smooth and even, ash-colored: leaves entire, glabrous, as is the whole plant,
and pale green or glaucous.

1. E. polygonifdlia, L. Prostrate-spreading; leaves oblong-linear, ob-
tuse, mucronate, slightly cordate or obtuse at base (4" -8" long) ; stipules seta-
ceousiy divided ; peduncles in the forks of the branches, as long as the petioles ;
lobes of the involucre longer than the minute not appendaged glands ; pods ob-
tusely angled; seeds ovate (over 1" long, the largest of this section). — Sandy
shores of the Atlantic and of the Great Lakes.

2. E. G6yeri, Engelm. Procumbent; leaves ohlong-ovate, obtuse, slightly
mucronate, mostly acutish at base, lowermost cordate (3" -6" lon'^J^ ^ stipules
setaceously divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, at lengtliMn loose foliaceous
lateral clusters; glands of the involucre with narrow white or red appendages;
pods acutely angled ; seeds ovate, acute at one end (^" long). — Sandy soil,
Illinois (Geyer, Vasey) to Wisconsin and Minnesota (2'. J. Hale). .

The nearly allied E. petaloidea, Engelm., of Kansas and Nebraska, extends
into Western Missouri and Iowa, and may cross the upper Mississij)pi ; it is dis-
tinguished by its half-erect spreading growth ; longer, narrower, and retusc or
emarginate leaves ; peduncles longer than petioles ; larger involucres, tiic broadly
campanulate appendages much larger and conspicuous ; capsule obtusely angled ;
seeds nearly a line long.

3. E. s6rpens, II. B. K. Stems filiform, prostrate, and often rooting;
leaves round-ovate, obtuse or cordate at base (only |" - \^" long) ; stipules mem-
branaceous, triangular; peduncles much longer than petioles, at length in loose
foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands- of the very small involucre with minute crenu-
late appendages; pods acutely angled; seeds obtusely angled (|" long or less).
(E. herniariokles, iVhM. and Ed. 2.) — In rich soil, Illinois, especially in the
alluvions of the larger rivers, and southwestward : also advcntive on ballast
sand-banks of the Delawai-e near Philadelphia. ( /. Martindale, C. F. Parker.)

432 EUPHORBIA CK.E. (SPURGE FAMILY.)

♦ * Seeds minutrft/ roufjhened, or transirrsdij urinlled, or pitted, osh-colored, Ot- {in
the last Sfwrifs) lilnrlcish : Imvcs more or less serrulate, smooth or often hairy.

4. E. serpyllifdlia, Pcrs. Glabrous, prostratc-siprea(liii<,' ; leaves oborate-
nlitoiir;, iiariowcil at the very oblique base, sharply serrulate towards the obtuse
apex (3" -6" long, often with a red spot) ; stipules lanceolate, fimbriate; pe-
duncles as lon<r or longer than petioles, at length in loose Coliaceous lateral clus-
ters ; glands of the small involucre with narrow somewhat toothed appendages ;
pods sharply angled ; seeds acutely gtiadrani/utar, slir/htli/ cross-wrinkled and often
pitted (nearly %" long). — Wisconsin and Minnesota, and southwcstwnrd.

5. E. glyptosperma, Engelin. Glabrous (or very rarely puberulent),
erect-sjircading ; liare^ liuear-oblonrj, mostly falcate, Very unequal at base, slightly
serrulate towards the obtuse apex (2" - 5" long) ; stipules lanceolate, sctaceously
divided ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense foliaceous lateral clusters ; glands
of the very small involucre with narrow crenulate appendages ; pods sharply
angled ; seeds sharply 4-anf/led and with 5 or 6 sharp transverse ivrinkles (^" long).
— Wisconsin {Hale, Lapham) to Illinois, opposite St. Louis, where is also the
pubescent form [Eiehl), and southwestwai'd.

6. E. maeulata, L. Prostrate ; stems puberulent or hairy ; leaves oblong-
linear, very oblique at Ijase, sernilate upwards, more or less pubescent or some-
times smoothish (4" -6" long), usually with a brown-red spot in the centre;
stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles as long as petioles, in dense folia(«ous
lateral clusters ; glands of the small involucre minute, with narrow slightly
crenate (usually red) appendages; pods acutely angled, puberulent; seeds ovate
(I" long), sharply 4-angled and with about 4 shallow grooves across the con-
cave sides. (E. thymifolia, Pursh, not L. E. dopressa, Torr.) — Open places,
roadsides, &c. : everywhere.

7. E. liuniistrata, Engelm. Procumbent, puberulent or hairy; Icaiys
elliptical or obovate, very oblique at base, serrulate towards the apex, sparsely
hairy underneath (4" -9" long, sometimes with a brown spot above) ; stipules
lanceolate, fimbriate ; peduncles rather shorter than petioles, in dense scarcely
foliaceous lateral clusters; involucre clejl on the back, its (red or white) appen-
dages truncate or crenate ; pods sharply angled, puberulent ; seeds ovate, obtusely
amjled, minutely roughened (.j" long). — Rich soil, in the alluvions of the Missis-
sippi and lower Ohio and their tributaries ; and also southward.

8. E. hypericifblia, L. Smooth or with scattered hairs, ascending or
erect (l°-2° high) ; leaves oblique at the obtuse or slightly cordate base, ovatc-
oblong or oblong-linear, sometimes falcate, serrate (^'-1^' lonfJ^), often with a
red spot or red margins ; stipules triangular ; peduncles longer than the peti-
oles, collected in loose leafy cymes at the end of the branches ; appendages of the
involucre entire, larger and white, or smaller and sometimes red ; jmd glabrous,
obtusely angled ; seeds ovate, obtusely angled, wrinkled and tubercled (^" long),
blackish. (This character is from the U. S. plant, E. Preslii, Gussone and
Boissier, the E. hypericifolia, var. communis, Engelin. The West Indian origi-
nal E. hypericifolia, L. (found also in Florida) has more compact and usually
lateral inflorescence, smaller flowers and small reddish seeds.) — Open places,
cultivated soil : very common.

EUPHORBIACE^.. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 433

§ 2. PETALOMA. Uppermost or floral leaves with rompirnous white petal-like
margins, whorl ed or opposite, the others scattered: erect annuals, with the leaves
equal at the ba^e and entire, and with lanceolate d(ciduous stipules: involucres
mostlij ^^-lobid, collected in an umbil-like inflorescence : no caruncle to the seed.

9. E. jMauginXta, Pursh. Stem stout (2°-3° hiy,h), erect, hairy; leaves
sessile, ovate of oblong, acute ; umbel with 3 dichotomous rays ; glands of the
involucre witW broad white appendages. — Frequently cultivated in gardens for
its showy bimdly white-iuargined floral leaves : native of the plains of Kansas
and Nebraska.

§ 3. TITH YM AL6PSIS. Onlij the uppermost or floral leaves whorled or opposite :
erect perennials, ivith entire leaves equal at the base : stipules none : involucres
mosthi 5-lobed, in thefl)rks of the branches and terminal, in an umbellifl)nn inflo-
rescence : seeds without caruncle.

10. E. corollata, L. Glabrous or sometimes sparingly hairy (2°-3° high) ;
leaves ovate, lanceolate, or linear, entire, obtuse; umbel 5- (3-7-) forked, and
the forks again 2-3- (or rarely 5-) forked; involucres long-peduncled ; pod
slender-pedicelled, smooth ; seeds thick (1" long or more), ash-colored, the surface
slightly uneven. — Rich or sandy soil, New York to Wisconsin and southward.
July - Oct. — Conspicuous for the showy false lobes of the involucre, which ap-
pear like five white petals, the true lobes minute and incurved. .

B. EXAPPENDICULATJE. Glands of the involucre without petal oid appendacjcs.

§ 4. POINSETTIA. Involucres in terminal clusters, 4 -5-lobed, with few {or
oflen solitarij) cup-shaped (/lands: seed without a caruncle: ours erect annuals,
with variable, entire, dentate, or sinuate leaves, all of them or only the upper ones
opposite ; the uppermost often colored, especially at the base : stipules small and
glandular.

11. E. dentata, Michx. Erect or ascending, hairy (1° high) ; leaves ovate,
lanceolate, or linear, petioled, coarsely toothed (l'-2' long), only the lowest ones
alternate, all others opposite, upper ones often paler at base; involucres almost
sessile, with 5 oblong dentate lobes, and one or sometimes more short-stalked
glands ; seeds ovate-globular, slightly tubercled. — Rich soil, Penn. to Illinois and
southward. July - Sept.

12. E. heterophylla, L. Erect (1°- 3° high), glabrous; leaves alternate,
petioled, ovatc-ful die-shaped and sinuate-toothed, or lanceolate or linear and en-
tire, often only those of the branches linear ; the upper ones usually with a red
base ; involucres about the length of the peduncle, with 5 ovate incised lobes
and a single or few and almost sessile glands : seeds nearly globular, tubercled.
(E. cyathophora, ./ficy.) — Slopes and rocky soil, W. Illinois and southward.
July - Sept.

§ 5. TITHYMALUS. Involucres in a terminal dichotomous or cowmonli/ nmbelli-
form inflorescence, !j- or usually A-lobed, with as many flat or convex entire or
crescent-shaped glands : seeds mostly carunculate: ours ascending or erect, and
glabrous {except No. \5) annuals or perennials ; ivith entire or serrulate leaves,
and no stipules.

♦ Perennials with entire kaves, all or only the upper ones opjwsite : involucres tong-
G M 19

434 EUPHORBIACE^E. (SPVRGR FAMTLT.)

pednnrhd in a dichotomoiis inJJore.trence, mosdy with 5 obtuse glands : seeds icith-
out caruncle.

3. E. Ipecacuanhse, L. Stems many from a very long perpendicular
root, erect or (lifTiistly spreading (5'- 10 long), forking from near the base;
leaves varying from obovatc or oblong to narrowly linear, almost sessile, gla-
brous ; peduncles elongated (^'-1' long) ; pod longpedicelled, obtusely angled,
nearly smooth ; seed ovate, white, sparsely marked with impressed dots. — Sandy
soil, near the coast, New York to Virginia and southward. May- July.

» * Perennials or mostly annuals, with serrulate or rarely entire scattered leaves, only
the floral leaves in the unilieUiform inflorescence whorled or opposite and qfdifler-
enl shape: glands oftlie involucre mostly 4, transversely oval, obtuse.
■*- iSecds smooth and even : pod warty or rough.

14. E. Datlingt6nii, Gray. Tall perennial (2° -4° high); leaves entire,
minutely downy beneath ; those of the stem lanceolate-oblong from a narrow base ;
the floi-al ones oval, very obtuse ; the upper roundish-dilated with a truncate
base; umbel 5- 8-raycd, then simply forked; pod minutely warty ; large globular
seed with a small caruncle. (E. nemoralis, Z>ar/., not of Kitaibel.) — Copses,
Penn. and southward along the mountains. July -Sept.

15. E. PLATYPiiYLLA, L. Ercct annual (8'- 18' high); upper stem-leaves
lanceolate-oblong, acute, cordate at base, minutely serrulate, mostly with scattered
hairs beneath ; floral ones triangular-ovate, subcordate ; umbel 5-raycd ; involucre
with ciliate lobes and large sessile glands ; styles longer than the ovary, united at
the base, slightly 2-cIpJI; pod covered with depressed warts. — Along the Great
Lakes and the St. Lawrence to L. Champlain. June -Aug. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. E. obtUSkta, Pursh. Erect ann»a/ (1°- 2° high); leaves oblong-spatu-
lafe, minutely serrulate, smooth, all obtuse; upper ones cordate at base ; floral ones
ovate, dilated, barely mucronate ; umbel once or twice divided into 3 rays, then
into 2; involucre ivith naked lobes and small stipitate glands; styles distinct and
longer than the ovary, rcct, 2-rlefl to the middle; pod beset with long Avarts. —
Damp woods, Virginia to Illinois. May- July.

-t- •*- Seeds rugose or rc*iculated : leaves serrulate: annuals.

17. E. dictyosp6rma, Fischer & Meyer. Stem erect (8'- 18' high);
leaves oblong- or obovatc-spatulate, smooth, all obtuse and obtusely serrate; upper
ones cordate at base; floral ones roundish-ovate or obscurely heart-shaped,
slightly mucronate; umbels once or twice 3-forked, then 2-forked ; involucre
•with nearly naked lobes and sm«// almost sessile glands ; styles shorter than the
ovary, spreading or recurved ; pod warty ; seeds delicately reticulated. (E. Arkan-
skna, Engelm. ^- Gray.) — Prairies and roadsides, Kentucky (Short), and west
and southwcstward. May -July.

18. E. Heliosc^pia, L. Stems ascending (6'- 12' high), stout; leaves all
dmvate and very rounded or retuse- at the end, flnely serrate, smooth or a little
hairy, those of the stem wedge-shaped ; umbel divided into 5 rays, then into 3,
or at length simply forked ; glands orbicular, stalked; jmd smooth and even; seeds
with coarse honeycomb like reticulations. — Waste places, especially eastward and
along the Great Lakes. July- Sept. (Nat from Eu.)

EUPHORBIACK.^.. (SPUKGIC FAMILY.) 435

* * * Pcrcnttials or annuals ; ours with evtire and scalteirxl leavef:, only the Jloral ones

in the unibfl-like iiiflorcitcence whurled or op/)osite and of different shape: glands
of the involucre mostli/ 4, crescent-shaped or 2-horned.

I- Sf.eds smooth and dark-colored : perennials, with runniufj roolstocks.

19. E. EsuLA, L. Stems clustered (1° high) ; leaves lanceolate or linear ; the
floral (yellowish) broadlj/ heart-shaped, mucronate ; umbel divided into many rays,
then forking; glands short-horned (brown); jsods smoothish and granular. —
Essex County, Massachusetts, Oakes. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

20. E. CvPARfssiAS, L. Stems densely clustered (6'- 10' high) ; stem-lcares
liiirar, crowded, the floral ones heart-shaped; umbel many-rayed; glands crescent-
shaped; [¥)ds granular. — Escaped from gardens to roadsides, in a few places in
Kew England. (Adv. from Eu.)

+~ H- Seeds sculptured, ash-colored : pod smooth: aruutals or biennials.

21. E. Peplus, L. Erect or ascending (.5' -10' high) ; leaves petioled, thin,
round-ol)Ovate, the upper floral ones ovate ; umbel 3-rayed, then forking ; glands
long-horned ; lobes of the pod 2-wing-crestsd on the back ; seeds 2-grooied on the
inner face, pitted on the back (scarcely over half a line long). — Waste places east-
ward : not common. July, Aug.

22. E. commutata, Engelm. Stems branched from a commonly de-
cumbent base (6' -12' high); leaves obovate, obtuse; the upper all sessile, the
upper floral ones roundish-dilated, broader than long.; umbel 3-forked ; glands
with slender horns ; pod ohtusely angled, creslless ; seeds ovate, jiittfd all over (a line
long). (E. Ohiutica, Stcudel ^' Hochslelter.) — Along streams and shady slopes,
from Virginia towards the mountains to Kentucky, Wisconsin, and westward-
May, June. — Leaves often persistent over the winter on sterile shoots, turning
red. Larger i^ all its parts than E. Peplus, with which it has been confounded ;
but the characters of the pod and seeds readily distinguish it.

* * * * A glabrous annual or biennial, with entire opposite and decussate leaves, an

umbelliform inflorescence, and short-horned glands : seeds carunculate.

23. E. LAtiiyris, L. Stem stout (2° -3° high) ; leaves thick, linear or ob-
long, the floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-i-ayed, then forking.
— Sparingly escaped from gardens, where it is common. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. JATROPHA, L. (Cnidoscolus, Pohl., Ed. 2.)

Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious, in a terminal open forking cyme; the
fertile ones usually in the lower forks. Calyx corolla-like, in the staminate
flowers often salver-shaped, S-lobed ; in the pistillate, 5-parted, imbricated or
convolute in the bud. Corolla of 5 distinct or apparently united petals, or in
our species none. Glands of the disk opposite the calyx-lobes. Stamens 10-30,
in 2 or more whorls : filaments monadelphous at the base. Ovary mostly 3-
celled : styles 3, united below, their summits once or twice forked. Pod 3-celled,
3-seedcd, separating into 3 two-valved carpels. Seed carunculate. — Perennial
lierbaccous or shrubby pla»its, chiefly trojjical, witli alternate mostly long-
pctioled palnuitely-veined leaves, and stipules. — Our species is of the section
Cnidoscolus; of ])lants mostly armed with stinging bristles. (Name said by
Linnaeus to be formed of larpui/, a rcmcdij, and (^ayu, to cat.)

436 EuniORBiACK^. (spruoK family.)

1. J. ixrens, L, var. stimulbsa, J. Miilkr. (Tread-soi-tly. Spurge-
Nettlk.) Herbaceous, from a lonir perennial root, branching (6'- 2° hijili) ;
leaves roun(lish-heart-siiai)cil, 3 -5-lobeil ; the divisions toothed, cut, or even pin-
natitid, often discolored ; flowers slender ; tilanicnts 10, nioiiadelphons only at
the woolly base, or the outer set almost distinct. (J. stiniulosa, Micli.r. C'ni-
doscolus stiniulosus, Ed. 2.) — Dry sandy soil, Virginia on the coast, and south-
ward. June - Sept.

3. STILLINGIA, Garden. Stillixgia.

Flowers monoecious, aggregated in a terminal spike. Petals and glands of
the disk none. Caly.x 2 - 3-cleft or parted ; the divisions imbricated in the bud.
Stamens 2 or 3 : anthers adnate, turned outwards. Style thick : stigmas 3, di-
verging, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, 3-seeded. Seed carunculate. — Smooth
upright plants, with the alternate leaves mostly 2-glandular at the base; the
fertile flowers few at the base of the dense sterile spike (rarely separate) ; the
bract for each cluster with a gland on each side. (Named for Dr. B. StiUiniiJieet.)

1. S. sylvatiea, L. Herbaceous (l°- 3° high); leaves almost sessile, ob-
long-lanceolate, serrulate ; glands of the spike saucer-shaped. — Sandy and dry
soil, E. Virginia and southward. June -Sept.

4. ACALYPHA, L. Three-seeded Mercury.

Flowers moua?cious ; the sterile very small, clustered in spikes, with the few
or solitary fertile flowers at their base, or sometimes in separate spikes. Calyx
of the sterile flowers 4-partcd and valvate in the bud ; of the fertile 3-5-parted.
Corolla none. Stamens 8-16: filaments short, monadelpTious at the base:
anther-cells separate, long, often worm-shaped, hanging from the apex of the
filament. Styles 3, the upper face or stigmas cut-fringed (usually red). Pod
separating into 3 globidar carpels which split into 2 valves, rarely of only one
carpel. — Herbs (ours annuals), or in the tropics often shrubs, with the appear-
ance of Nettles or Amaranths ; the leaves alternate, petioled, with stipules.
Clusters of sterile flowers with a minute bract ; the fertile surrounded by a
large and leaf-like cut-lobed ]K'rsistent bract. ('AKaX»)(^r;, an ancient name of
the Nettle.)

* Fniit smooth or mei-eh/ pnhescent : seeds nearlij s))iooth.

1. A. Virginica, L. Leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, obtusely and sparsely
serrate, long-petioled ; sterile spike rather few-flowered, mostly shorter than the
deeply pahnately-cleft fruiting bracts. — Fields and open places : common.
July -Sept. — A homely weed, l°-2° high, smoothish or rather hairy, often
turning ])ur])lish in autumn. Fertile flowers 1-3 in each axil, along with the
small and short-peduncled sterile spike : bracts large and leaf-like, unequally
cut into !)-9 lanceolate lobes. — Passes by various forms (belonging to var.

INTERMEDIA, ./. Mull.) iutO

Var. gracilens, with lanceolate or even linear leaves, less toothed and
shoriir-petioled ; the slender sterile spike often I'long, and miu-h surpassing
the less cleft or few-toothed fruiting bracts. (A. gracilens, Ed. 1 ^ 2. A. Vir-
giniana, var. gracilescens, J. Miill. A. monococca, Enydm., a reduced form with

EUPHORBIACE^. (srUKGE FAMILY.) 437

two cells of the ovary abortive.) — Sandy dry soil, Rhode Island to Illinois,
and common southward.

* * Fruit erhinate ivith soft brislly green projections : seeds roitrjh-wrinkled.
2. A. Caroliniana, Walt., Ell. Leaves thin, ovate-cordate, sharply and
closely serrate-tootlied, abruptly acuminate, long-petioled ; sterile spikes short,
axillary ; the fertile ones mostly terminal and elongated, its bracts deeply cut
into many linear lobes. (A. ostryaefolia, Riddetl.) — New Jersey (Princeton,
Tonry), Ohio, and southward.

5. TRAGI A, Plumier. Tragia.

Flowers monoecious, in racemes, apetalous. Sicr. Fl. Calyx 3-5- (chiefly
.3 ) parted, valvate in the bud. Stamens 2 or 3 : filaments short: anther-cells
united. Fert. Fl. Calyx 3- 8-partcd, persistent. Style 3-cleft or 3-parted;
the branches 3, simple. Pod 3-celled, 3-lobed, bristly, separating into three
2-valved 1 -seeded carpels. Seeds not carunculate. — Erect or climbing plants
(perennial herbs in U. S.), pubescent or hispid, sometimes stinging, with mostly
alternate stipulate leaves ; the small-flowered racemes terminal or opposite the
leaves ; the* sterile flowers above, the few fertile at the base, all with small bracts.
(Named for the early herbalist Boch, latinized Trufjus.)

1. T. innocua, Walt. Erect, paniculate-branched, suftlu hairy-pubescent
(6' -12' high) ; /eaivs varying frojn obovate-oblong to narrowly \ineiiv, acute at
the base, obtusely or sinuately few-toothed or loljcd, sometimes entire, short-peti-
oled or sessile, paler beneath; stamens 2. (T. urens, L., having been discarded
as a false name, the next oldest, and a good one, is adopted, rather than the
recent one of T. discolor, Miiller.) — Dry sandy soil, E. Virginia and south-
ward. May -Aug.

2. T. urticsefdlia, Michx. Erect or reclining or slightly twining, hirsute
■with stinging hairs ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or trinngular-lanceolafe, or the lower
ovate, all somewhat cordate or truncate at the base, coarsely cut-toothed, short-ptti-
nled. — Virginia (Puish), and common southward.

3. T. macrocarpa, W^illd. Twining, somewhat hirsute, not stinging;
Itai-es deeply cordate, ovate, sharply serrate (3' long), all but the uppermost long-
jietioled (pod ^' broad). (T. cordata, Michx.) — Kentucky [Michaux,) and south-
ward. — Apparently quite distinct.

6. CROTON, L. Croton.

Flowers monoecious, rarely dia?cious, mostly in terminal spike-like racemes or
spikes. Ster. Fl. Calyx 5- (rarely 4-6-) parted; the divisions lightly imbri-
cated or nearly valvate in the bud. Petals usually present, but mostly small or
rudimentary, hypogynous, as many as the divisions of the calyx. Glands or
lobes of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals. Rccc])tacle usually
hairy. Stamens 5 or more : filaments with the anthers inflcxed in the bud.
Fert. Fl. Calyx .5-10-cleft or parted, nearly as in the staminate flowers : but
petals none or minute rudiments. Ovary mostly 3-celled, rarely 2-celled, with
a single ovule in each cell : styles as many, from once to thrice 2-cleft. Pod .')-
(rarely 2 -4-) celled, separating into as many 2-valved I-seeded carpels. Seeds

438 BUpnoRBiACH.«. (spurge family.)

carunculate. — Stellate-downy, or scurfy, or liairy and glnndular plants, mostly
strong-scented ; tlic sterile flowers above ; the iertilc usually at the base of the
same spike or cluster. Leaves alternate, or sometimes iiniicrfectly opposite,
with or without obvious stipules. (Kporwc, the Greek name of the Castor-oil
riant, of this family.)

§ 1. GEISELERIA, Klotzseh. Sterile flowers mostly with a 4-parted calyx,
as many orate.-loimulate petals, a A-raijed disk, and 8 stamens: Ji-rl He floweis
with a 5-parted culi/x, and very minute awl-shaped rudiments of petals ; the
3 styles 2-clefl.

1. C. glanduldSUS, L. Annual, rough-hairy and glandular (1° - 2° high),
somewhat iimijcUately branched ; leaves oblong or lincar-oi)long, obtusely toothed,
the base with a saucer-shaped gland on each side; fertile flowers capitate-clus-
tered at the base of the sterile spike, sessile in the i'orks and terminal. — Open
waste places, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. July - Sept.

§ 2. PILINOPHYTUM, Klotzseh. Sterile flowers with the calyx 'qnally 5-
parted, as many (/lands ulternaie with the petals, and 10-14 stamens: flrtile
flowers with a 7-l2-jiarted calyx and vjithout petals; the 3 styles twice or
thrice 2-parted.

2. C. capitatus, Michx. Annual, densely soft-woolly and somewhat
glandular (l°-2° high), branched; leaves long-pctioled, lanec-oblong or elon-
gated-oblong, rounded at the base, entire ; petals obovate-lanceolate, densely
fimbriate; fertile flowers several, capitate-crowded at the base of the short ter-
minal sterile spike. — Barrens of Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. Tine
barrens of New Jersey, Knieskern ! July - Sept.

§3. GYNAMBLOSIS, Torr. (Engelmannia, A7o^rsc/(.) Sterile flowers with
an unequally 3 - 5-parted calyx, and us many petals and scale-like glands ; the
stamens varying from 3-11: flirtile flowers with an equally 5-parted calyx,
and with no petals, 5 glands, and a 2-3-celled ovary, crowned with as many
sessile 2-parted stnjmas.

3. C. monanthogynus, Michx. Annual, whitish-stellate-pubcsccnt and
rusty-glandular; stems (l°-2° high), slender, erect, below often umbellately
3-4-forkcd, then repeatedly 2-3-forked or alternately branched ; leaves oblong-
ovate or narrowly oblong, entire, often acutish (6"- 12" long, about twice
the length of their petioles) ; flowers in the forks, the sterile few on the sum-
mit of a short and erect peduncle, the fertile few and clustered or mostly soli-
tary on short recurved peduncles; stamens 3-8; ovary 2-celled ; fruit often
by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded ; the seed broadly oval. (C. elh'pticum, Nutt.
Engelinannia Nuttalliana, /l/otec/j. Gynamblosis monanthogyna. Ton-.) —
Barrens, and dry prairies, from Illinois and Kentucky southward and west-
ward. June - Sept.

(C. EUTRfGYNUs, as It mnv be named, is the related Texan species, — with
more silvery down, rounder leaves on longer petioles, 7-12 stamens, more pe-
duncled fertile flowers, and a 3-celled ovary generally ripening 3 oblong-oval
seeds, — mentioned by Torrey as a possible variety of this, and taken by
Baillon and Miiller for C. ellipticus of Nuttall.)

i

EUPHORBIACE^. (SPURGE FAMILY.) 439

7. CROTONOPSIS, Miclix. Crotoxopsis.

Flowers monoecious, in very small terminal or lateral spikes or clusters, the
lower fertile. Ster. FL Calyx equally S-parted. Petals o, spatulate. Sta-
mens 5, opposite the petals : filaments distinct, inflexed in the bud, enlarged at
the apex. Fed. Fl. Calyx unequally 3-5-parted. Petals none. Glands
(petal-like scales) 5, opposite the sepals. Ovary 1-celled, simple, 1-ovulcd, bear-
ing a twice or thrice forked style. Pruit dry and indehiscent, small, 1 -seeded.
— A slender low annual, with alternate or opposite short-petioled linear or
elliptical-lanceolate leaves, which are green and smoothish above, but silvery
hoary with starry hairs and scurfy with brownish scales underneath, as well as
the branches, &e. (Name compounded of KpuTo)v, and oy^is, appearance, for a
plant with the aspect and general character of Croton.)

1. C. line^l'is, Michx. — Dry sandy soil, New Jersey (Knieskern, C. E.
Smith), Bristol, Pennsylvania (E. DijfeHiam/Ii), Illinois, and southward. July-
Sept. The form with shorter and broader leaves is C. elh'ptica, Willd., and C.
arge'ntea, Parsh.

8. PHYLLANTHUS, L. Phyllanthus.

Flowers monoecious, axillary. Calyx usually 5-6-partcd, imbricated in the
bud. Petals none. Stamens mostly 3, erect in the bud, often united. Ovules 2
in each cell of the ovary. Pod depressed ; each carpel 2-valved, 2-seeded. Seeds
not carunculate. — Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, with small stipules. (Name com-
posed of (pvXXov, kiif, and (iudos, bhssoni, because the flowers in a few sj)ecies
are borne upon leaf-like dilated branches.)

1. P. CarolinensiS, Walt. Annual, low and slender, branched ; leaves
■obovate or oval, short-petiolcd ; flowers commonly 2 in each axil, almost sessile,
one staminate, the other fertile ; calyx 6-parted ; stamens 3 ; styles 3, each
2-cleft ; glands of the disk in the fertile flowers united in a cup. — Gravelly
banks, E. Penn. to Illinois and southward. July- Sept.

9. PACHYSANDRA, Michx. Pachtsandra.

Flowers monoecious, in naked spikes. Calyx 4-partcd. Petals none. Ster.
FL Stamens 4, separate : filaments long-exserted, thick and flat : anthers ob-
long-linear. Fert. FL Ovary 3-celled : styles 3, thick, awl-shaped, recurved,
stigmatic down their whole length inside. Ovules a pair in each cell, suspended,
with the rhaphc dorsal (turned away from the placenta). Pod deeply 3-horned,
3-celled, splitting into 3 at length 2-valved 2-seedcd carpels. — Nearly glabrous,
low and procumbent, perennial herbs, with matted creeping rootstocks, and alter-
nate, ovate or obovate, coarsely toothed leaves, narrowed at the base into a petiole.
Flowers each 1 -3-bracted, the upper staminate, a few fertile ones at the base,
unpleasantly scented: sepals greenish or purplish: filaments white (the size
and thickness of the latter giving the name, from naxvs, thick, and <"v8pa, used
for stamen).

1. P. procumbens, Michx. Stems (6' -9' long) bearing several ap-
proximate leaves at the summit on slender jietiolcs, and a few many-flowered
spikes along the base ; the intervening portion naked, or with a few small scales.

440 EMPETRACK^, (CROWBERRY FAMILY.)

(P. erecta, Raf., BaiUon, is the same.) — Woods, mountains of Kentucky, W.
Virginia, and southward. March - May.

OuDER 98. EITIPETU.4CE.I:. (Crowberry Family.)

Low shruhbi/ evergreens, icitJi the foliage, aspect, and compound pollen of
Heaths, and the drupaceous fruit of Arctostaphylos, but the divided or
laciniate stigmas, &c. of some Eiiphorbiacea; : — probably only an apctalous
and polygamous or dioecious degenerate Ibrra of Ericacea?, — comprising
three genera, two of which occur within the limits of this work, and the
third further south.

1. EMPETRUM, Touni. Crowbekrt.

Flowers polygamous, scattered and .solitary in the axils of the leaves (incon-
spicuous), scaly-hracted. Calyx of 3 spreading and somewhat petal-like sepals.
Stamens 3. Style very short : stigma 6-9-rayed. Fruit a berrv-like drupe,
with 6-9 seed-like nutlets, each containing an erect anatropous seed. Embryo
terete, in the axis of copious albumen, with a slender inferior radicle and very
small cotyledons. (An ancient name, from iv, upon, and ntTpos, a rock.)

1. E. nigrum, L. (Black Crowberry.) Procumbent and spreading ;
leaves linear-oblong, scattered ; fruit black. — Alpine summits of the mountains
of 2sew England and New' York, Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

2. CO RE MA, Don. (Buoom-Ckowberrv.)

Flowers dicecious or polygamous, collected in terminal heads, each in the axil
of a scaly bract, and with 5 or 6 thin and searious imbricated bractlets, but no
proper calyx. Stamens 3, rarely 4, with long filaments. Style slender, 3-
(or rarely 4-5) cleft: stigmas narrow, often toothed. Drupe small, with 3
(rarely 4 -.5) nutlets. Seed, &e. as in the last. — Diffn.sely much-branched
little shrubs, with scattered or nearly whorled narrowly linear heath-like leaves.
(Name Koprjfia. n hrnom, from the bushy aspect.)

1. C Conradii, Torrey. Diffusely branched, nearly smooth ; drupe very
small, dry and juicoless when ripe. (Empetrum, Torr. Tuckermania, AT/otocA.
Oakesia, Tnckennnnn.) — Sandy pine barrens and dry rocky places. New Jersey ;
Long Island ; Plymouth and Cape Cod, Massachusetts ; Bath, and islands of
Penobscot Bay, Maine. (Also Newfoundland.) April. — Shrub 6' -9' high :
the sterile plant handsome in flower, on account of the tufted purple filaments
and brown-purple anthers. (Gray, Clilor. Bor -Am. t. 1.)

Order 99. UBTICACE^. (Nettle Family.)

Plants with stipules, and monacious or dioecinus, or rarely (in the Elm
Family) perfect Jlowers, furnithed ivith a regular calyx, free from the 1-
celled (rarely 2-cclled) ovary which forms a 1-seeded fruit ; the embryo in
the albumen when there is any, iu> radicle pointing upwards; stamens as

URTICACK^. (nettle FAMILY.) 441

many as the lobes of the calyx and opposite them, or sometimes fewer. Coty»
ledons usually broad. Stipules often deeiduous. — A large order (far the
greater part tropical), comprising the following suborders, viz.: —

Suborder I. ULITIACE^. P:lm Family.

Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous. Filaments straight op
m««derately incurved in the bud. Styles or stigmas 2. Fruit a samara
or drupe. Seed suspended. — Ti-ees, with a watery juice (no active or
no.\iou3 properties), and alternate leaves.

* Fruit dry, winged or crested (a samara) : anthers extrorse.
1. riinus. Flowers sometimes perfect. Ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit 1-celled, winged.
2 Planera. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Fruit wiugless, nut-lilie.
* * Fruit a drupe : anthers Introrse.

3. Celtis. Flowers polygamous. Ovary 1-ovuled. Cotyledons curved and crumpled.

Suborder II. ABTOCARPEiE. Bread-fruit & Fig Family.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, crowded in catkin-like spikes or heads;
the calyx, &c. becoming fleshy or juicy in fruit, but the 1- (rarely 2-)
celled ovary ripening as a dry achenium. Styles or stigmas commonly 2.
— Mostly trees or shrubs, with a milky or yellow (acrid or poisonous)
juice, and alternate (rough or smooth) leaves. — Stamens Inflexed in
the bud, and elastically spreading when the flower opens, in the Tribe
More.e.

4. Morus. Fertile and sterile flowers in separate spikes. Calyx berry-like in fruit.

Suborder III. URTICEyE. Nettle Family.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Filaments transversely wrinkled and
inflexed in the bud, straightening or spreading elastically when the flower
opens. Style or stigma simjile. Ovary always 1-celled, with an erect or-
thotropous ovule, forming an achenium In fruit. Embryo straight in the
axis of albumen. — Herbs (or In the tropics often shrubs or trees), with a
watery bland juice, a tough fibrous bark, and opposite or alternate leaves:
many are armed with stinging hairs.

« Calyx in the fertile flowers of 2-5 separate or nearly separate sepals.
1- Plant beset with stinging bristles.

5. Urlica. Sepals 4 in both sterile and fertile flowers. Achenium straiarht and erect, en-

closed by the 2 inner .^nd larger sepals. Stigma capitate-tufted. Leaves opposite.

6. Lnpoi-lea. Sepals b in the sterile flowers, 4 in the fertile, or apparently only 2, the two

exterior minute and obscure. Arheniuui very oblique and bent down, nearly naked.
Stigma long and awl-shaped. Leaves alternate.

■1- I- Plant wholly destitute of stinging bristles.

7. Pllea. Sepals 3 or 4, those of the fertile flowers unequal, all or all but one small

Achenium partly naked, s-traight and ertct. Stigma pencil-tufted.
» » Calyx of the fertile flowers tubular or cup-shaped, enclo.«ing the achenium.

8. BfEhmerla. Flowers monoecious, glomer.ate, the clusters spiked, not involucrate-

St \ le long and thread-shaped, stigmatic down one side.
0. Parietaria. Flowers polygamous, in iiiTolucrate-bracted clusters. Stigma tufted.

442 URTiCACK^. (nettle family.)

Suborder IV. CAN^ABINE^E. (Hemp Family.)

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile raceuied or panicled ; the fertile in clus-
ters or catkins. Filaments short, not inflexed in the bud. Fertile calyx
of one sepal, embracing the ovary. Stigmas 2, elongated. Ovary 1-celled,
■with an erect orthotropous ovule, forming a glandular acheniuin in iruit.
Seed with no albumen. Embryo coiled or bent. — Herbs, with a watery
juice, mostly opposite and lobed or divided leaves, and a fibrous inner
bark (yielding bitter and narcotic products).

10. Cnnnnbis. Fertile flowers spiked-clustered. Anthers drooping. Leaves 5 -"-divided.

11. Hum III lis. Fertile flowers in a short spike forming a meiutiranaccous cutkiu iu fruit-

Anthers erect. Leaves 3 - 5-lobed.

1. ULMUS, L. Elm.

Calyx bell-shaped, 4 - 9-cleft. Stamens 4-9, with long and slender filaments.
Ovary 2 celled, with a single anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of
each cell, rarely 1-celled : styles 2, short, diverging, stigmatic along the inner
edge. Fruit (by obliteration) a 1-celled and 1-seeded membranaceous samara,
winged all around. Albumen none : embryo straight ; the cotyledons large. —
Flowers polygamous, purplish or yellowish, in lateral clusters, in our species
preceding the leaves, which arc strongly straight-veined, short-petioled, and
oblique or unequally somewhat heart-shaped at the base. Stipules small, cadu-
cous. (The classical Latin name.)

* Flowers appearing nearly sessile : fruit orbicular, not ciliate : leaves very rour/h above.

1. U. ftilva, Mich. (Slippery or Red Elm.) Buds before expansion
soft-downy witii rusty hairs (large) ; leaves ovate-oblong, taper-pointed, doubly
serrate (4' -8' long, sweet-scented in drying), soft-downy underneath or slightly
rough downwards; branchlcts downy; calyx-lobes and stamens 7-9; fruit
(8" -9" wide) with the cell pubescent. — Rich soil from \V. New England to
Lake Superior and southward. March, April. — A small or middle-sized tree,
with tough reddish wood, and a veiy mucilaginous inner bark.

* * Flowers on slender droopinrj peduncles or pedicels, which, are jointed above the

middle: fruit ovate or oval, frinffed-ciliate : leaves smooth above, or nearly so.

2. U. Americana, L. (pi. Clayt.), Willd. (American or White Elm.)
Buds and branc.hkts glabrous ; branches not corky ; leaves ohovatcoblong or oval,
abruptly pointed, sharply and often doubly serrate (2' -4' long), soft-pubescent
beneath, or soon ^Xnhrous; flowers in close fascicles ; calyx with 7-9 roundish
lobes ; fniit ylabrous except the margins (i' long), its sharp points incurved and
closing the notch. — Moist woods, especially along rivers, in rich .soil. April. —
A large and well-known ornamental tree, variable, usually with spreading
branches and <lrooping branchlets.

3. U. racemdsa, Thomas. (Corky White Elm.) Bnd-srales downy-
ciliate, and somewhat pubescent, as arc the young branchlcts ; branches often icilh
corky ridi/es ; leaves nearly as in the last, but with veins more simple and straight ;
flowers racenied; fruit much as in the hist, but rather larger. — River-banks, W.
New England to Wisconsin and southward. April.

URTICACE^. (nettle FAMILY.) 443

4. U. alita, Michx. (Whaiioo or Winged Elm.) Bnd-sailcs atidhianrh-
lets nearly (jl all OHS ; bianchis corky-ii'inged, Sit least some of them; leaves downy
beneath, ovate-oblong- and oblong-lanceolate, acute, thiekish, small {\'-2h' lon^:) ;
calyx-lobes obovatc ; fruit downy on the face, at least when youn<i^. — Virginia
to Illinois, and southward. Rlarcii. — Wood tine-grained, valuable.

2. PLANERA, Gmelin. Planek-tree.

Flowers monaciously polygamous. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens 4 -5. Ovary
ovoid, 1 -celled, 1-ovuled, crowned with 2 spreading styles which arc stigmatose
dow'.i the inner side, in fruit becoming coriaceous and nut-like, not winged. Al-
bumen none : embryo straight. — Trees with small leaves, like those of Elms,
the flowers appearing with them, in small axillary clusters. (Named for J. J-
Planer, a German botanist.)

1. P. aquatica, Gmel. Nearly glabrous ; leaves ovate-oblong, small ; fruit
stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular rough projections. — Wet banks, Ken-
tucky (Mic/iuux) and southward. April.

3. CELTIS, Tourn. Nettle-tree. Hackberrt.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Calyx 5 - 6-parted, persistent. Stamens
5-6. Ovary 1-celIed, with a single suspended ovule: stigmas 2, long and
pointed, recurved. Fruit a globular drupe. Embryo curved, nearly enclosing
a little gelatinous albumen : cotyledons folded and crumpled. — Leaves pointed,
petioled. Stipules caducous. Flowers greenish, axillary, the fertile solitary or
in pairs, peduncled, appearing with the leaves; the lower usually staminate
only, in little fascicles, or racemose along the base of the branches of the season.
{An ancient Greek name for the Lotus ; the fruit of the European Nettle-tree
supposed to have been the food of the Lofopharji.)

1. C. OCeidentalis, L. (Slgarberry. Hackberrt.) Leaves reticu-
lated, ovate, cordate-ovate and ovate-lanceolate, taper-jjointed, usually conspicu-
ously and sharply so, more or less oblique at the base, sharply serrate, sometimes
sparingly so or only towards the apex, scabrous but mostly glabrous above,
usually soft-pubescent beneath, at least when young ; fruit reddish or yellowish,
turning dark purple at maturity, its peduncle once or twice the length of the
petiole. (Also C. Audibertiiina, 5/;ncA., &c.) — Woods and river-banks, New-
England to Wisconsin and southward. April, May. — A small or middle-sized
tree, with the aspect of an Elm, bearing sweet and edible fruits as large as bird-
cherries, at first obovate, ripe in autumn ; the flesh thin. — Var. pumila. Low
and straggling (4° -10° high); leaves thin when mature, and smooth, slightly
acuminate. (C. pumila, Purs/i.) River-banks, on rocks, from Maryland south-
ward. — Var. crassif6lia. A tall or low tree ; leaves thicker, usually serrate
all round, and with a long tapering point, dull above, pale beneath. (C. cras-
sifolia, Lam.) — Common southward and wcstwia'd.

2. C. Mississippiensis, Bosc. Leaves entire, very long taper-pointed,
rounded at the base, mostly oblique, thin, and smooth; fruit small. (C. integri-
folia, Nutt.) — W. Kentucky, Illiuois? and southwestward. — Even this proba-
bly runs into the last.

444 URTICACE^. (nettle family.)

4 . M 6 R U S , Tourn. Mclberrt.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious ; the two kinds in separate axillary and
catkin-like spikes. Calyx 4-parted ; lobes ovate. Stamens 4 : filaments elastical-
ly expanding. Ovary 2-eelled, one of the cells smaller and disappearing^ : styles 2,
tlircad-form, sti{i:matie down the inside. Aeheniiun ovate, compressed, covered
by the succulent berry-like calyx, the whole fertile spike thus becoming a thick-
ened oblong and juicy (edible) aggregate fruit. — Trees with milky juice and
rounded leaves : sterile sjiikes rather slender. (Mopta, the ancient naine.j

1. M. rtlbra, L. (Red Mulberry.) Leaves heart-ovate, serrate, routjh
al)ore, downy underneath, pointed (on young shoots often lobed) ;. flowers frequently
dioecious ; /)«i< dark purple, long. — Rich woods, New England to Illinois and
southward. May. — Small tree, ripening its blackberry-like iruit in July.

2. M. Alba, L. (White Mulberry.) Leaves obliquely heart-ovate,
acute, serrate, sometimes lobcd, smooth and shining ; fruit whitish. — Spontaneous
near houses : introduced for feeding silk-worms. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. URTICA, Tourn. Nettle.

Flowers monoecious, or rarely dia-cious ; clustered, the clusters mostly in ra-
cemes, spikes, or loose heads. Ster. Ft. Sepals 4. Stamens 4, inserted around
the cup-shaped rudiment of a pistil. Fert. Fl. Sepals 4, in pairs ; the 2 outer
smaller and spreading ; the 2 inner flat or concave, in fruit membranaceous and
enclosing the straight and erect ovate flattened aeheniura. Stigma sessile, cap-
itate and pencil-tufted. — Herbs armed with stinging hairs. Leaves opposite:
stipules in our species distinct. Flowers greenish ; in summer. (The classical
Latin name; from uro, to burn.)

* Perennials: flower-clusters in hranching panicled spikes, often dicecious.

1. U. gracilis, Ait, Sparingly hristlu, ^\cm\cr (2° -(,°\\v^h); leaves ovate-
lanceolaie, pointed, serrate, 3 - 5-nerved from the rounded or scarcely hcart-shnped
base, almost glabions, the elongated slender petioles sparingly bristly ; spikes slender
and loosely panicled. (U. prbcera, Willd.) — Fence-rows and moist ground:
common. Stings few.

2. U. DioicA, L. Very bristly and stinging {2° -3° high); leaves ovate, heart-
shaped, pointed, very deeply serrate, downy underneath as well as the upper part of
the stem ; spdes much branched. — Waste places and roadsides, chiefly eastward.
(Nat. from Eu.)

» * Annuals : flower-clusters chiefly axillary and shorter than the petiole, androgynous.

3. TJ. URESS, L. Leaves elliptical or ovate, very coarsely and deeply serrate
with long spreading teeth, the terminal not longer than the lateral ones ; flower-
clusters 2 in each aril, small and loose. — Waste groimds, near dwellings, east-
ward: scarce. Plant 8'- 12' high, with sparse stings. (Nat. from Eu.)

4. TJ. Chamsedryoldes, Pursh. Leaves ovate and mostly heart-shaped, the
upper ovate-lanceolate, coarsely serrate-toothed ; flower-clusters globular, 1 - 2 in
each axil, and spiked at the summit. (U. gracilis & U. verna, liaf. U. purjni-
rasccns, Nntt.) — Alluvial shaded soil, Kentucky and southward. — Slender,
6' -30' high, sparsely beset with stings.

URTICACEJE. (nettle FAMILY.) 445

6. LAPORTEA, Gaudichaud. Wood-Nettle.

Flowers mona-cious or dioecious, clustered, in loose cymes ; the upper widely
spreading and cliicHy or entirely fertile ; the lower mostly sterile. Stcr. Fl..
Sepals and stamens 5, with a rudiment of an ovary. Fert. Fl. Calyx of 4
sepals, the two outer or one of tliem usually minute, and the two inner much
larger. Stigma elongated awl-shaped, hairy down o!ie side, persistent. Achc-
nium ovate, flat, extremely oblique, reflcxed on the winged or margined pedicel,
nearly naked. — Perennial herbs, with stinging hairs, large alternate serrate
leaves, and axillary stipules. (Named for M. LaiMile.)

1. L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. Leaves ovate, pointed, strongly feather-
veined (3' -7' long), long-petioled ; fertile cymes divergent; stipule single,
2-ck'ft. (U. Canadensis and U. divaricata, L.) — Moist rich woods. July-
Sept. — Stem 2° -3° high.

7. PI LEA, Lindl. Richweed. Clearweed.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. Ster. Fl. Sepals and stamens 3-4. Fert.
Fl. Sepals 3, oblong, more or less unequal : a rudiment of a stamen commonly
before each in the form of a hooded scale. Stigma sessile, pencil-tufted. Ache-
nium ovate, compressed, erect, partly or nearly naked. — Stingless, mostly gla-
brous and low herbs, with opposite leaves and united stipules ; the staminate
flowers often mixed with the fertile. (Named from the shape of the larger sepal
of the fertile flower in the origin.il species, like the pileus, or felt cap, of the
Eomans, which partly covers the achenium. In our solitary species the thi'ee
sepals are nearly equal, small, and not hooded. )

1. P. piimila, Gray. (Richweed. Clearweed.) Low (3'- 18' high) ;
stems smooth and siiining, pellucid ; leaves ovate, coarsely toothed, pointed ,
3-ribbed and veiny ; flower-clusters much shorter than the petioles ; sepals of the
fertile flowers lanceolate, .scarcely unequal. (Urtica pumila, L. Dubrueilia
pumila, Gaudichaud. Ad'icc pumila, Raf.) — Cool and moist shaded places.
July - Sept.

8. BCEHMERIA, Jacq. False Nettle.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious, clustered ; the sterile much as in Urtica ; the
fertile with a tubular or urn-shaped entire or 2-4-toothed calyx enclosing the
ovary. Style elongated awl-shaped, stigmatic and papillose down one side.
Achenium elliptical, closely invested by the dry and persistent compres.sed
calyx. — No stings. (Named after G. R. Bohmer, Professor at Wittenberg in
the last century.)

1. B. cylindrica, Willd. Perennial, smoothish; stem (l°-3° high)
simple ; leaves chiefly opposite, oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, ser-
rate, 3-nerved, long-petioled; stipules distinct; flowers dio-cious, or the two
kinds intermixed, the small clusters densely aggregated in simple and elongated
axillary spikes, the sterile internqjted, the fertile often continuous. — A state
with alternate leaves is B. lateriflora, Mu/il. — Moist or shady ground: very
common throughout.

446 uRTiCACE^. (nettle familt.)

9. PAKIETARIA, Toum. Pelutory.

Flowers monceciously polygamous ; the staniinatc, pistillate, and perfect in-
termixed in the same involucrate-bracted cvmose axillary clusters ; the sterile
mueh us in the last ; the fertile with a tubular or bell-shaped 4-lobed and nerved
calyx, enclosing the ovary and the ovoid aehenium. Style slender or none :
stigma pencil-tufted. — Homely, diffuse or tufted herbs, not stinging, with alter-
nate entire .3-ril)bed leaves, and no stipules. (The ancient Latin name, because
growing on old walls.)

1 . P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Low, annual, simple or sparingly branched,
minutely downy ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, thin, veiny, rougbish with opaque
dots ; tiowers shorter than the leaves of the involucre ; stigma sessile. — Shaded
rocky banks, Vermont to Wisconsin and southward. June -Aug.

10. CANNABIS, Tourn. Hemp.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in axillary compound racemes or panicles, with
5 sepals and 5 drooping stamens. Fertile flowers sjjikcd-clustcrcd, 1-bracted:
the calyx of a single sepal enlarging at the base and folded round the ovary.
Embryo simply curved. — A tall roughish annual, with digitate leaves of 5-7
linear-lanceolate coarsely toothed leaflets, the upper alternate ; the inner bark
of very tough fibres. (The ancient name, of obscure etymology.)

1. C. SATiVA, L. (Hemp.) — Waste and cultivated ground. (Adv. from
Eu.)

11. HIJMULUS, L.-- Hop.

Flowers dioecious ; the sterile in loose axillary panicles, with 5 sepals and .5
erect stamens. Fertile flowers in short axillary and solitary spikes or catkins :
bracts foliaceous, imbricated, each 2-flowered, in fruit forming a sort of mem-
branaceous strobile. Calyx of a single sepal, embracing the ovary. Achenia
invested with the enlarged scale-like calyx. Embryo coiled in a flat spiral. —
Twining rough perennials, with stems almost prickly downwards, mostly oppo-
site heart-shaped and palmately 3 - 7-lobed leaves, with persistent ovate stipules
between the petioles. (Name thought to be a diminutive of humus, moist earth,
from the alluvial soil where the Hop spontaneously grows.)

1. H. Ltipulus, L. (Common Hop.) Leaves mostly 3-5-lobed, and
commonly longer than the petioles; bracts, &c., smoothish ; the fruiting calyx,
aehenium, &c.. sprinkled with yellow resinous grains, giving the bitterness and
aroma of the hop. — Alluvial banks: common northward and westward, where
it is clearly indigenous, July. (Eu.)

Ordeu 100. PLATANACE.*:. (rLAXE-xuEE Family.)

Trees, icifh watery Juice, alternate palmately-Iobed leaves, sheathing stip-
ules, and monacious flowers in separate and naked spherical heads, destitute
of calyx or corolla : the fruit merely club-shaped 1-seeded nutlets, furnished
with briitly doion along the base : consists only of the Ibllowing genus (of
uncertain relationship).

JUGLANDACE^E. (WALNL'T P'AMILY.) 447

1. PLATANUS, L. Plane-tree. Bdttonwood.

Sterile flowers of numcioiis stamens, --.vith club-shapeil little scales intermixed :
filaments very short. Fertile flowers in separate catkins, consistnig of inversely
pyramidal ovaries mixed with little scales. Style i-ather lateral, awl-shaped or
thread-like, simple. Nutlets coriaceous, small, tawny-hairy below, containing
a single orthotropous pendulous seed. Embryo in the axis of thin albumen.
(The ancient name, from ir^arvs, broad.)

1. P. OCCidentalis, L. (American Plane or Sycamore.) Leaves
mostly truncate at base, angularly sinuate-lobcd or toothed, the short lobes
sharp-pointed; fertile heads solitary, hanging on a long peduncle. — Alluvial
banks : very common, especially westward. May. — A very large and well-
known tree, with a white bark, sejjarating early in tliin brittle plates.

Okder 101. JUGLA^DACE^. (Walnut Family.)

Treca, tcilh alternate pinnate leaves, and no stipules ; Jlowers monaciou.t,
the sterile in catkins (amenis) icith an irre(jidar calyx adnate to the bract;
the fertile solitary or in a small cluster or spike, with a regular 3 - 5-lobed
calyx adherent to the incompletely 2 - A-celled but only 1-ovuled ovary. Fruit
a kind of dry drupe, with a crustaceans or bony nut-shell, containing a large
4-lobed orthotropous seed. Albumen none. Cotyledons fleshy and oily,
sinuous or corrugated, 2-lobed : radicle short, superior. Petals sometimes
present in the fertile flo\vt<-s. — A small family of important trees, consist-
ing chiefly of the two following genera.

1. JtlGLANS, L. Walnut.

Sterile flowers in long and simple lateral catkins from the wood of the preced-
ing year; the calyx adherent to tlie entire bracts or scales, unequally 3-6-cleft.
Stamens 12-40: filaments free, very short. Fertile flowers solitary or several
together on a peduncle at the end of the branches, with a 4-toothed calyx, bear-
ing 4 small petals at the sinuses. Styles 2, very short : stigmas 2, somewhat
club-shaped and fringed. Fruit with a fibrous-fleshy indehiscent epicarp, and a
mostly rough irregularly furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. — Trees, with strong-
scented or rc>inous-aromatic bai-k, few-scaled or almost naked buds (3 or 4 su-
perposed, and the uppermost for above the axil), odd-pinnate leaves of many
serrate leaflets ; and the embryo sweet and edible. Pith in plates. (Name con-
tracted from Jovis (jlcuts, the nut of Jupiter.)

1. J. eindrea, L. (Butternut.) Leaflets oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
rounded at the base, downy, cspecudly underneath, the petioles and Immchlets
doicny ivilh clammy hairs ; fruit ohlomj, clammy, pointed, the nut deeply sculptured
and rough with ragged ridges, 2-celled at the base. — Rich woods: common.
May: fruit ripe in Sept. — Tree 30° -50° high, with gray bark and widely
spreading branches ; wood lighter brown than in the next

2. J. nigra, L. (Black Walnut.) Leaves ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
somewhat heart-shaped or unequal at the base, smooth above, the lower surfaca

448 JUGLANDACK.E. (WALXIT FAMILY.)

and the petioles mtnuteli/ downif ; fruit xphcriccd, rouj^Iily dotted, the nut corrugated,
4-ccllcd at top and bottom. — riith wooils ; rare in llic Eastern, very common
in the Western States. Alay : the iruit ripe in Oct. — A larjjc and handsom*
tree, with brown bark, and valuable purplish-brown wood turning blackish
with age. Seed less oily than the butternut, more so than in the European
Walnut (J. kkgia).

2. GARY A, Nutt. Hickory.

Sterile flowers in slender lateral and clustered catkins : calyx naked, adherent
to the bract, unequally 2-3-parted. Stamens 3-10: filaments short or none,
free. Fertile flowers 2-.') in a cluster or short spike, on a j)etluncle terminating
the shoot of the season : caly.x 4-toothod : petals none. Stigmas sessile, 2 or 4,
large, papillose, persistent. Fruit with a 4-valved, firm and at length dry
cxocarp, falling away from the smooth and crustaceous or bony endocarp or
nut-shell, which is incompletely 2-celled, and at the base mostly 4-cclled. — Fine
timber-trees, with hard and very tough wood, and scaly buds, from which in
spring are put forth usually both kinds of flowers, the sterile below and the fer-
tile above the leaves. Nuts ripen and fall in October. (Ku/jua, an ancient
name of the Walnut.)

§ 1. Sterile catkins fuscichd (no common peduncle or sometimes a very short one) from
separate lateral scaly buds near the summit i>f sliools.of the prectdiny year: bud-
scales few: fruit elonyated-ohlony : the thin-shtlled nut 2-celled below: seed sw'tet :
leajfets short-slalked, numeious.

1. C. olivseformis, Nutt. (Pecan-nut.) Minutely downy, becoming
nearly smooth ; leaflets 13 - 15, oblong-lanceolate, tapering gradually to a slen-
der point, falcate, serrate ; nut olive-shaped. — River bottoms, from Illinois
southward. — A large tree; its delicious nuts well-known.

§ 2. Sterile catkins in threes {or rarefy more) on a common peduncle from the aril of
the inner scales of the common hud, therefore at the base of the shoot of the
season, which, then beariny S or 4 leaves, is terminated by the fertile flowers :
fruit (/lobular or oral : nut 4-celled at base : leaflets sessile or nearly so.

* Bud-scales ntniwrous, almut 10, successively enivrappiny ; the inner ones accrescent,
becominy thin and membranaceous and rather tardily deciduous: husk of the fruit
splittiny promptly into 4 thick (but variable in this respect) and when dry hard
or uoody valves : seed sweet and delicious. ( The hickory nuts of the market. )

2. C. ^Iba, Nutt. (Shell-bahk or Shag-bark Hickory.) Bark of
trunk shaggy, exfoliating in rough strips or plates ; inner bud-scales becoming
large and conspicuous, persistent till the flowers are fully developed ; leaflets .5,
when young minutely downy beneath, finely serrate, the three upper obovntc-
lanccolate, the loicer pair much smaller and oblong-lanceolate, all taper-pointed ;
fruit globular or depressed; nut white, flattish-globnlar, barely mucronate, the
shell thinnish. — Large and handsome tree, furnishing most valuable wood and
the principal hickory nuts of the market.

3. C. microc^rpa, Nntt. (Smai,l-fri;ited Hickory.) Nut as in the
preceding, but smaller (7" -9" long), and the husk much thinner; while the
foliage resembles that of No. 6 ; the leaflets .5 - 7, oblong -lanceolate glandular under-

CDPDLincuji, (oak family.) 449

nonth, and the bark of the trunk is said to be close : an uncertain species. — New
I'ork to Penn. and southwestward.

4. C. sulcata, Nutt. (Whstkkn Shkll-bark IIickouv.) Bark, &c. as
in No. 1 ; leajiets 7-9, more downy beneatli ; /nut oval or omtc, 4-ribbed above
the middle, the husk very thick; nut lanjc (li'-2' long) and usually angular,
dull white or i/elloirlsh, thick-walled, usually stroin/li/ po'inttd at both ends. — Pennsyl-
vania to Wisconsin and southward. — Seed as sweet as in No. 1. Ilcart-wood
light colored.

5. C. toment6sa, Nutt. (Mocker-nut. White-heart Hkkory)
Bark close, rough, but not shaggy and exfoliating on old trunks ; catkins,
shoots, and lower surface of the leaves tomenlose when young, resinous-scented,
leaflets 7-9, lance-obovate or the lower oblong-lanceolate, pointed ; fruit globular
or ocoid, with a very thick and hard husk ; nut globular, not compressed, 4-ridgcd
towards the slirjhthj pointed summit, biownish, very thick-shelled, 1' in diameter or
smaller, — Dry woods. New England to Virginia, Kentucky and southward. —
Wood, &c. as in the lasf seed more oily. — A var. mAxima, of Nuttall bears
" fruit as large as an apple," the husk exceedingly thick.

* * Bud-scales numerous or Jew ; husk ofthefruil thin and rather friable at maturiti/,
A-valved only to the middle or tardily to near the base: seed more or less bitter :
bark of old tnmk not exfoliating.

6. C. poreina, Nutt. (Pig-nut or Broom H.) Bud-scales nearly as in
No. .5, but smaller, caducous; shoots, catkins, and leaves glabrous or nearly so;
leaflets .5 - 7, oblong- or obovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, serrate : fruit
pear-shaped, oblong, or oval ; nut oblong or oval (\^' to nearly 2' long), with a
thick bony shell ; the oily seed nt first sweet in taste, then bitterish. (C. glabra,
Torr. & Ed. 2. Juglans glabra, Wang., Muhl., &c., is much the oldest name,
but not quite clear in application. The ordinary forms of the present species
arc J. ovata and J. obcordata, Wang.) — Woodlands: common. — Wood very
tough : heart-wood reddish or dark-colored : bark of trunk rough.

7. C. amkra, Nutt. (Bitter-nut or Swamp H.) Scales of the small
yellowish buds about 6, valvate in pairs, caducous in leafing; catkins and
young herbage more or less pul)escenf, soon becoming almost glabrous ; leaflets
7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate; fruit globular, narrow!}' 6-ridged ; nut
globular, short-pointed, -white (barely 1' long), thin-walled; seed at first sweet-
tasted, soon extremely bitter. — Moist soil: common. — Wood less valued,
liusk and iiut-shcU thinner and less hard than in other species: bark of trunk
close and smooth.

Order 102. CUPULIFEBtK. (Oak Family.)

Trees or shrubs, icitk alternate and simple straight-veined leaves, very
deciduous stipules, ami mona;cious flowers ; the sterile in calkiiis (laments')
(or capitate-clustered in the B*!ech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered or spiked,
furnished trith an involucre ivhich forms a cup or covering to the l-celled
and l-seeded nut. Ovary more or less 2- 7-celle(l, with 1 or 2 pendulous
anatropous ovules in 'each cell; but all the cells and ovules excejit one
L & M— 39

450 CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.)

<lisapj)oaring in the fruit. Calyx adlierent to the ovary, the minute teeth
crowning its summit. Seed with no albumen, filled with the embryo:
cotyledons thick and fleshy, in many edib'e : radicle short, superior. Stip-
ules forming the bud-scales. Leaves usually conduplicate in the bud.

Tribe I. Q,rKRCIIVEj^. Sterile flowers with a distinct 4-7-lobed cnlyx, including
3-20 stamens : filaments slender, free, exserted : anthers '2-eelled. Fertile flowers one or
few enclosed in a cupule consisting of bracts variously consolidated. Ovary imperfectly
3-7-celled, crowned with 3-8 (mostly 6) calyx-teeth, forming a nut {gland), in fruit
surrounded or euclo.^ed by the indurated scaly or prickly cupule.
• Sterile flowers in slender catkins.

1. Quercus. Cupule l-flowered, scaly, and entire: nut hard and terete.

2. Cnstanea. Cupule 2 - 4-flowcrcd, forming a prickly hard bur, 2 -4-valved when ripe.

« * Sterile flowers in a small head.

3. Fagiis. Cupule 2-8owered, 4-valved, containing 2 sharply triangular nuts.

Tribe II. CARPIJVEiE. Sterile flowers destitute of true calyx, consisting of several
stamens included under and more or less adnate to a bract : filaments short : anthers 1-
celled. Fertile flowers in a short spike, catkin, or head, two together under each fertile
bract, each with one or more br.actlets, wliich form a foliaceous or membranaceous invo-
lucre to the nut. Ovary imperfectly 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Seed-coat single.

* Bract of staminate flower furnished with a pair of braetlets inside.

4. Corylus. Involucre enclosing the large bony nut, leafy -coriaceous.

» * Bract of staminate flower simple : nut small, achenium-like.

5. Ostrya. Each ovary and nut included in a bladdery and closed bag.
C. CarpiDUS. Each nut subtended by an enlarged leafy bractlet.

1. QUERCXJS, L. Oaiv.

Sterile flowers in slender and naked catkins: bracts caducous: calyx 2-8-
parted or lobed : stamens 3 - 12 : anthers 2-ccllcd. Fertile flowers scattered or
somewhat clustered, consisting of a nearly 3-cellcd and 6-ovulcd ovary, with a
3-lol)ed stigma, enclosed by a scaly bud-like involucre which becomes an indu-
rated cup (cupule) around the base of the rounded nut or acorn. Cotyledons
remaining underground in germination : radicle very short, included. — Flowers
greenish or yellowish. Sterile catkins single or often several from tlic same
lateral scaly bud, filiform and hanging in all our sjiccies. (The classical Latin
name.) All flower in spring, and shed their nuts in Oct(jber.
§ 1. AxxuAL-FRCiTED ; i. c. acoms perfected in the autumn of the Jlist year, home
tlarefore on the icood of the season, muallij in the axil of the leaves, and often
ruisid on a peduncle; the kernel commonljj sweet-tasted: lubes or teeth of the
leiivtsifanijnothriMle-pointed: abortive ovules persistent under the seed : sterile
flowers mostly 4 - 6-parted and 8-<indrous.

* AViiiTii O.VKS. Leaves li/rafe or sinuate-pinnatijid, }>ale beneath.
1. Q. alba, L. (White Oak.) Mature leaves smooth, pale or </laucous
underneath, hriyht green above, obovate-oblong, obliquely cut into 3-9 oblong or
linear and obtuse mostly entire lobes ; cup hen»s]thei'ical-sai(cer-shaped, rough or
tuhercUd at maturity, tuihd, much shorter than the ovoid or oblong acorn. — Tiich
woods : common. — A valuable large tree. Lobes of the leaves short and broad
3 - 5, or 5 - 9 deep and narrow. Acorn about 1 ' long ; kernel edible.

CUPULIFER^. (oak FAMILY.) 451

2. Q. obtusiloba, Michx. (Post-Oak. Rough or Box White-Oak.)

Leaves grayish or i/dlowlsli-dowiiy wulerneatk, pale and rouffh aboee, tliiddslt, sinu-
ately cut into 5-7 rounded divergent lobes, the upper ones much huger and
often 1 - 3-notched ; cup deep saucers/taped, naked, one third or half the length of the
ovoid acorn. (Q. stellata, Wilkl.) — Sandy or sterile soil : common, especially
southward. — A small tree, with very durable wood. Acorn 6" -9" long.

3. Q. macroc^rpa, Michx. (Buu-O.vk. Over-cup or Mossy-cup
Whitk-Oak.) Lmvcs obovate or oblong, Ijratclij-piniiatijid or dtejily sinuale-
lobcd, or nearly parted, irregular, downy or pale beneath ; the lobes sparingly
and obtusely toothed, or the smaller ones entire ; cup deep, thick and woody,
conspicuously imbricated with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones awned,
so as usually to make a mossy-fringed border; acorn broadly ovoid (I'-l^'
long), half immerstd in or entirely enclosed by the cup. — Rich soil, W. New Eng-
land to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southwestward. — A handsome, middle-sized
tree. Cup very variable, especially in size, from 9" to 2' across.

Var. olivseformis (Q. olivajformis, Michx.) is apparently a mere state of
this (figured by Michaux with unripe or imperfect fruit), with narrower and
more deeply lobed leaves, and oblong acorns and cups.

* * Chestnut-Oaks. Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed, hut not lobed, except slightly
in No. 4, whitish and more or less downy beneath : cup hoary, hemispherical or a
little depressed, about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn.

4. Q. bieolor, Willd. (Swamp White Oak.) Leaves obovate or ob-
long-obovate, iccdf/e-sha/ied at base, coarsely sinuate-creiiate and often rather pin-
natifd than toothed, soft-doivny and ivhite-hoary underneath, the main primary
veins 6-8 pairs, lax and little prominent ; fruiting pedimcle much longer than the
getiole; upper scales of the cup awn-])ointcd, sometimes forming a mossy-fringed
margin; acorn scarcely 1' long. (Q. Prinus, var. tomentosa, iV/V^a:. Q. Prinus,
discolor, Michx. f &, Ed. 2.) — Low ground : common. A tall tree.

5. Q. Prinus, L. (Chestnut-Oak.) Zfnivs varying, obovate or oblong,
icith nn obtuse or acute base, undulately crenate-toothed, minutely downy beneath, the
main primary ribs 10-16 pairs, straight, prominent beneath; fruiting pedun-
cles shorter than the petioles, often I'pry short; cup thick (r,"-l2" wide), mostly
tuberculate with hard nnd stout scales ; acorn 1' or less in length.- — Dry or moist
ground: common southward, scarce northward : a middle-sized or small tree.

"Var. monticola, Michx. (Rock Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. montana, Willd.)
Connects with the next variety, but has large acorns ; the cup is figured and de-
scribed as top-shaped : but I have not seen the like when the acorn is well grown.
— From Vermont southwa^-d along the upper country. A small tree.

Var. acuminata, Michx. (Yellow Chestnut-Oak.) (Q. Castanca,
Muhl. & Ed. 2.) Leaves slcnder-petioled, often oblong or even lanceolate, usu-
ally acute or pointed, mostly 'obtuse or roundish at the base, almost equably and
rather sharply toothed ; cup hemispherical, thin, of small appressed scales, 5''-
7" broad; acorn 7" -9" long. — Rich soil, W. New England to Wisconsin:
common in the Middle States. — Leaves more like those of Chestnut than any
other ; the primary veins very straight, impressed above, prominent beneath. A
middle-sized tree.

^2 CUPULIFER^.. (oak FAMILY.)

Var. hiimilis, Marsh. (Dwakk Chestnut- or Cuinquapin-Oak.)

(Q. pumila, Mic/i.r. Q. Tiinus, var. Chincapin, Mkh.r. /., A. DC. Q. pri-
noides, ]['H/d. & Ed. 2.) Foliage as in one other of the preceding Ibrnis ;
acorns and cups simihir, but mostly smaller (abundant, sessile or nearly so) ;
but is a shrub, only 20-4° high; seemingly therefore a distinct species, but
MO good character is found. — Poor .«oil, sandy barrens, &c., S. New England
ind New York to Wisconsin and southward. {See p. 681.)
* * * Live Oak.s. Leaves coriaceous, evergreen, entire or rareljj spiny-toothed.
C. Q. virens, Ait. (Live Oak.) Leaves small, oblong or elliptical,
hoary beneath as well as the branchlets; peduncle usually conspicuous, 1-3-
fruited; cup top-shaped ; acorn oblong ; cotyledons completely united into one
mass. — Coast of Virginia and southward. Farther south becoming a large
tree : timber invaluable.

§ 2. Biennial-fruited; i. e. acorns perfected in the autumn of the second year,
ther<fure on old wood below the leaves of the season : peduncles short and thick or
none: kernel bitter ; the abortive ovules at the apex of the seed : calyx of sterile
floweis 2 - 5-parled: stamens 3-5.
*. Leaves entire or with a few teeth, or somewhat '3-5-lobed at the summit, coriartous,
inclined to be persistent southward, but none of them really everynen at the north,
the tips or lobes commonly bristle-pointed : acorns (/lobular, small, at most only 6"
long. (Intermediate forms, in certain cases probably hybrids, occur between all
these species and some of the next section.)

■5- Leaves not dilated upwards, generally entire: acorn globose.

7. Q. cin^rea, Michx. (Upland Willow-Oak.) Hoariness and shape
of the leaves as in No. 6, but commonly more lance oblong or lanceolate, and
rather more downy beneath, and the shallow cups and globular acorns as in the
next. — Dry pine-barrens, from E. Virginia southward.

8. Q. Phellos, L. (Willow-Oak.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed to
both ends, soon glabrous, light green (3' -4' long); cup saucer-shaped. — Sandy
low woods. Long Island and New Jersey to Kentucky and southward. — Tree
30° -50° high, remarkable for the willow-like leaves.

9. Q. imbricaria, Michx. (Laurel or Shingle Oak.) Leaves lan-
ceolate-ohlonrj, thickish, smooth and shining above, doivny underneath, the down
commonly persistent ; cup between saucer-shaped and top-shaped. — Barrens and
open woodlands. New Jersey to Wisconsin and southward. — Tree 30° -50°
high ; the wood used for shingles in the Western States, whence the specific
name.

+ • -t- Leaves thick, ivide'ning or often much dilated upwards, when they are more or less
sinuate or someichat 3 - 5-lobed : acorns globular-ovoid.

10. Q. aquatica, "Catesby. (Water-Oak.) Leaves glabrous and shining,
oborate-spattilate or narrowly icedge-form, with a long tapering base, and an often ob-
scurely 3-lobcd summit, varying to oblanceolate ; cup saucer-shaped or hemi-
spherical.— Wet grounds, around ponds, &c., Maryland to Virginia and south-
ward. — Tree 30° - 40° high ; running into many varieties, especially southward ;
the leaves on seedlings and strong shoots often incised or sinuate-piunatifid ;
then mostly bristle-pointed.

CUPULIFKR-iE. (OAK FAMILY.) 453

11. Q. nigra, L. (Black-Jack or Barren Oak.) Leaves brondJy wedge-
sha/ied, but .soiuutiiiies louiRled or obscurely cordate at tlic base, wkltli/ dilated
and somewhat 3-Iobed (rarely 5-lol)ed) at the siiininit, occasionally with one or
two lateral conspicuously bristle-tipped lobes or teeth, rusty -jjubescent beneath,
s^iining above, large (4' -9' lonsj;) ; ch/) top-s/ut/ied, coarse-scaly; acorn short-
ovoid. (Q. ferruginea, Mic/ix.) — Dry sandy barrens, New York to Illinois, and
southward. — Tree 8° - 25° high.

•t- -(- -I- Anomalous or occusioinil, /irolmhli/ some or all of them Iiijlirid forms, derived
u'holli/ or ill part from the Jbrei/oinij species.

Q. tridentXta, Eiigelni., arranged by DC. as a var. of Q. nigra, is
just intermediate between it and Q. imbricaria. — Near St. Louis, Engelmana.

Q. QUiNQUELOBA, Engelm., is intermediate between, and probably de-
rived from Q. nigra, and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria. — St. Louis, Enyelmann.

Q. L^ANA, Nutt. (Lea's Oak), by its characters and by the foliage of
the second generation, communicated by Mr. David Christy, is pretty clearly a
hybrid between Q. imbricaria and Q. coccinea, var. tinctoiia. — S. Ohio and
Illinois: two or three trees known.

Q, HETKROPHYLLA, Michx. (Bartram's Oak), lately rediscovered in
Delaware and New Jersey, by T. Mecliaii, C. E. Smith, &c. — has laciniate leaves
like those of vigorous young shoots of Q. aquatica, to which De Candolle refers
it as a variety. It is as likely to be a state of Q. Phellos, with dilated and
toothed or cut leaves.
* * Black and Red Oaks. Leaves pinnatifid or lohed, and slender-petioled, not

coriaceous, the tips of the lobes or teeth conspicuously bristle-pointed.

H- Mature leaves soft-downy beneath: cup saucer-shaped with a soineivhat top-shaped

base, about half the length of the fully developed small acorn.

12. Q. ilieifdlia, Wang. (Bear or Black Scrub-Oak.) Dwarf {5°^
8° high), straggling ; leaves obovale, wedge-shaped at base, angularly about 5- (3-7-)
lobed, white-downy beneath ; acorn ovoid, globular, .5" - 6" long. — Sandy barrens
and rocky hills. New England to Ohio and Kentucky. (Q. Banisteri, Michx.) —
Leaves 2' -4' long, thickish, with short and triangular spreading lobes.

13. Q. falcata, Michx. (Spanish Oak.) Lenvis grayish-doivny or fulvous
underneath, obtuse or rounded at the base, 3 - 5-lobed above ; the lobes prohuqed,
mostly narrow and more or less scythe-shaped, especially the terminal one, entire or
sparingly cut-toothed; acorn globose, 4" -5" long. — Dry or sandy soil, New
Jersey to Illinois and southward. — A small or large tree, extremely variable in
foliage; bark excellent for tanning. (Q. triloba, Michx., seems to be a confu-
sion of this and Q. nigra.)

t- t- Mature leaves glabrous on both sid'S or nearly so ; oval, ohlong or somewhat obo-
vate in outline, all except some of No. 14 varying from moderately sinuate-pin-
natifid to deeply pinnatifid, turning various shades of red or crimson in late
autumn : large trees ; the wood reddish, course-grained. (Apjiarently these species
all naturally intercross.)

14. Q. coccinea, Wang. (Scarlet Oak.) Cup top-shaped, or hemispher-
ical vnth a conical scaly base ("" - 9" broad ), coarsely scaly, covering half or more
of the broadly or globular-ovoid acorn. — Leaves in the ordinary forms, at least on

454 CUPULIFERiE. (oak FAMILY.)

full-grown trees, bright grocn, shining above, turning red in autumn, dcei)ly
])innatilid, the lobes divergent and s])ariugly cut-toothed; acorns G"-9'' long,
the kernel and the scar in the cup whitish or yellowish ; bark of the trunk gray,
the interior reddish. — Moist or dry soil : common.

Var. tinctdl'ia. (Qlkkcitro.v, Yellow-b-vukki), or Bl.vck Oak. (Q.
tinctoria, B(ti1nim.) Leaves, especially on young trees, often less deeply pinnat-
itid, sometimes barely sinuate, more menibianaceous, commonly retaining some
pubescence on the lower surface, turning brownish, orange, or dull red in au-
tumn ; bark of trunk darker-colored and rougher on the surface, thicker, and
internally orange, much more valuable for the tanner and dyer; cup sometimes
less top-shaped, rather hemispherical with a conical base, the scar inside orange-
colored, the kernel yellowish. But the shape of the acorn-cup and the charac-
ter of the bark do not always coincide : and in the figure of the younger Mi-
chaux, and in one of the two by the elder, the cup is just that of true coecinea.
The foliage, in general, approaches that of Q. rubra. — Rich and poor soil.

Var. ambigua. (Viiiw 0.\k.) (Q. ambigua, or borealis, Miclix. f.)
Found along our northeastern borders to Lake Champlain and nortlnvaid, fig-
ured and briefly characterized as with the foliage of Q. rubra and the fruit of
Q. coecinea. The acorn in rising more out of the cup, also approaches the
former. The Oak of Lake Superior, with " wood better than that Of Q. rubra "
(Dr. lioWitis) has cup and acorn still more like this last.

A hybrid Q. coccinea-ilicifolia is found by Dr. Robhins at Northbridge,
S. Massachusetts.

15. Q. rvibra, L. (Red Oak.) Cup saucer-sluiped or flat, with a narrow
raised border (9"- 12" in diameter), of rather fine closely appressed scales, sessile
or on a very short and abrupt narrow stalk or neck, veri/ much shorter than the
obloiifj-oroid or tHipaoidal. acorn, which is 1' or less in length; leaves rather thin,
moderately (rarely very deeply) pinnatitid, turning dark red after frost; bark
of trunk dark gray, smuothisli. — Common both in rich and poor soil. — Tim
ber coarse and poor. In Illinois and southward occurs a form with a deeper cup,
more or less conical at ba.sc.

Var. runcinkta, Engelm. Leaves with less deep and more ascending
lobes; fruit nearly half smaller; acorn 7" -9" long by 6" broad; cup with a
convex or obscurely top-shiiped base : approaches the next therefore in fruit,
but not in foliage. St. Louis, in company with Q. rubra, palustiis and imbri-
caria ; ])rol)aI)ly a hybrid.

16. Q. pallistris, I)u Roi. (Swamp Spanish, or Pin Oak.) Ciipjl'it-
saucer-shnprd, sometimes contracted into a short scaly base or stalk ; fine-.scaled
(5"-7"l)road), fci-i/ viuch shorter than the ovokl-f/lobose acorn, which is .'j"-7"
long; leaves deeply pinnatifid with divergent lobes and broad rounded sinuses.
— Low grounds : rather common. — A middle-sized tree : timber accounted
better than of the last.

2. CASTANEA, Tourn. Chestnut.

Sterile flowers interruiitcdly clustered in long and naked cylindrical catkins :
calyx mostly 6-parted : stamens 8-20: filaments slender: anthers 2-celled.

cupuLiPER^. (oak family.) 455

Fertile flowers few, usually 3 together m an ovoid scaly prickly involucre : calyx
with a 6-]obc(l l)order crowning the 3-7-celled G-14-ovuled ovary: abortive
stamens 5 - 12 : stijrmas bristle-shaped, as many as the cells of the ovary. Nuts
coriaceous, ovoid, enclosed 2-3 together or solitary in the hard and thick
very prickly 4-valved involucre. Cotyledons very thick, somewhat phiited, co-
hering together, remaining underground in germination. — Leaves strongly
straight-veined. Flowers appearing Liter than the (undivided straight- veined)
leaves ; the catkins axillary near the end of the branches, cream-color ; the fer-
tile flowers at the base of the ui)per ones. (The classical name, from that of a
town in Thessaly.)

1. C. vesca, L. (Chestnut.) Ltavesoblong-lanccolaie, pointed, sevratc with
coarse pointed teeth, when mature smooth and (jreen both sides; nuts 2 or 3 in
each involucre, therefore flattened on one or both sides : in the American tree,
var. AmeiucXna, Michx., leaves acute at the base, nuts smaller and sweeter. —
Kocky or hilly woods, Maine to Michigan and Kentucky and southwards, espe-
cially along the Alleghanies. June, July. — A large tree, with light coarse-
grained wood. (En.)

2. C. pumila, Michx. (Ciiinquapin.) Lraves oblong, acide, serrate with.
pointed teeth, whitened doivnij underneath: nut solitary, not flattened. — Sandy
woods, from (Long Island?) S. Penn. and Ohio, southward, where it abounds.
June. — Shrub or tree 6° - 20° high. Involucres small, often spiked ; the ovoid
pointed nut scarcely half as large as a common chestnut, very sweet.

3. FA GITS, Tourn. Beech.

Sterile flowers in small heads on droojiing peduncles, with deciduous scale-like
bracts : calyx bell-shaped, 5 - 7-clcft : stamens 8 - 16 : filaments slender : anthers
2-cellcd. Fertile flowers usually in pairs at the apex of a short peduncle, in-
vested by numei-ous awl-shaped bractlcts, the itmer grown together at their bases
to form the 4-lobcd involucre : calyx-lobes 6, awl-shaped : ovary 3-celled with 2
ovules in each cell : styles 3, thread-like, stigmatic along the inner side. Nuts
sharply 3-sided, usually 2 in each urn-shaped and soft-prickly coriaceous involu-
cre, which divides to below the middle into 4 valves. Cotyledons thick, folded
and somewhat united; but rising and expanding in germination. Trees, with
a close and smooth ash-gray bark, a light horizontal spray, and undivided
strongly straight- veined leaves, which are open and convex in the tapering l)ud,
and plaited on the veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves, the yellowish
staminate flowers from the lower, the pistillate from the upper axils of the
leaves of the season. (The classical Latin name, from (pdyco, to lat, in allusion
to the esculent nnts.)

1. F. ferruginea, Ait. (American Beech.) Leaves oblong-ovate,
taper-pointed, distinctly and often coarsely toothed ; petioles and midrib soon
nearly naked; prickles of the fruit mostly recurved or spreading. (F. ferru-
ginea and F. sylvestris, il//c/(T. /.) — Woods: common, especially northward,
and along the Alleghanies southward. May. — Leaves longer, thinner, and
less shining than in the European Beech, most of the silky hairs usually early
deciduous ; the very straight veins all running into the salient teeth.

45G ruptTi,iF!-.R.i:. (oak family.)

4. CORYLUS, Tmnn. IIazi:l-nct. Filbert.

Sterile llowers in drooiiitii,^ eyliiub-ical catkins eonsistinj,^ of 8 (lialt-) stamens
with l-ceiled antlier.s, their siiort lilanients anil jiair of sealy i)raetlets eolicrin,<^
more or less witli tlic inner face of the braet or scale of tlie catkin. Fertile
flowers several in a scaly bnd or ovoid catkin, each a single ovary in the axil of
a scale or bract, and accompanied l)y a pair of lateral braetlcts ; the ovary
tipped with a sliort limb of the adherent calyx, incompletely 2-celled, with 2
pendnlous ovules, one of them sterile: style short: stigmas 2, elongated and
slender. Nut ovoid or oblong, bony, each enclosed in a leafy or partly coria-
ceous cup or involucre, consisting of the two braetlcts enlarged and often grown
together, lacerated at the border. Cotyledons very thick (but raised to the sur-
face of the soil in germination), edible; the short radicle included. — Shrubs oi
small trees, with thinnish doubly-toothed leaves, folded lengtliwise in the l)n(l,
flowering in early spring : sterile catkins single or fascicled from scaly buds of
the axils of the jjrcccding year, the fertile terminating early leafyishoots. (The
classical name, jjrobably from Kopvs, n hcJmet, from the involucre.)

1. C. Americana, Walt. (Wild Hazel mt.) Lcnrts round ish-hmrt-
shaped, pointed ; hivoliureojirn above down to the globose nut, of 2 broudjbliuceoua
cut-tootJied c^inost distinct bracts, their base coriaceous and downy, or with glantlular
bristles intermixed. — Thickets : common. — Twigs and petioles often glandular-
bristly. Nut smaller and thicker-shcllod than the European Hazel-nut.

2. C. rOStr^ta, Ait. (Beaked H.\zel-nut.) Leaves orate or orolfi-n'i'onrj,
somcw/iat /i(art-s/iitpi(l, pointed ; involucre of united bracts, much jnvlowjed above the
ovoid nut into a narrow tubular beak, densely bristly. — Common northward and
along the Alleghanies. — Shrub 2° -5° high, with slender and mostly smooth
branches.

6. OSTRYA, Micheli. Hop-Hornbeam. Iron-wood.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of each bract: filaments short, often forked, or irregularly united,
bearing 1-cclled (half-) anthers; their tips hairy. Fertile flowers in short cat-
kins ; a pair under each deciduous bract, each of an incompletely 2-celled 2-
ovulcd ovary, crowned with the short bearded border of the adherent calyx,
tipped with 2 long-linear stigmas, and enclosed in a tubular bractlet, which in
fruit becomes a closed bladdery oblong bag, very much larger than the small
and smooth nut ; these inflated involucres loosely imbricated to form a sort of
strobile, in appearance like that of the Hop. — Slender trees, with very hard
wood, brownish furrowed bark, and foliage resembling that of Birch : leaves
open and concave in the bud, more or less plaited on the straight veins. Flow-
ers in spring, appearing with the leaves; the sterile catkins 1 -3 together from
scaly buds at the tip of the branches of the preceding year; the fertile Single,
terminating short leafy shoots of the season. (The classical name.)

1. O. Virginica, Willd. (American Hoi'-Hornbeam. Lever-wood.)
Leaves oblong-ovate, ta])er-pointed, very sharply doubly .serrate, downy beneath,
with 11-1.') jirineipal veins; buds acute; involucral sacs bristly-hairy at the
base. — Rich woods: common. Hop-like fruit full grown in Aug.

MYRICACEiE. (SWKKT-GALE FAMILY.) 457

6. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam. Iro-x-wood.

Sterile flowers in drooping cylindrical catkins, consisting of several stamens
in the axil of a simple and entire scale-like bract : filaments very short, mostly
2-forked, the forks bearing 1-eelled (half-) anthers with hairy tips. Fertile flow-
ers several, spiked in a sort of loose terminal catkin, with small deciduous bracts,
each subtending- a jiair of flowers, as in Ostrya; but the involucre-like bractlets
are open, enlarged in fruiting and foliaceous, merely subtending the small ovate
several-nerved nut. — Trees, or tall shrubs, with a smooth and close gray bark,
in this and in the slender buds and straight-veined leaves resembling tlie Beech;
the leaf-buds and liie inflorescence as in Ostrya. (The ancient Latin name.)

1. C. Americana, Michx. (American Hornbeam. Blue or Water
Beech.) Leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, sharply doubly serrate, soon nearly
smooth ; bractlets 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, sparingly cut-toothed on one side,
acute. — Along streams: common. — Tree or shrub 10° - 20° high, with a
ridged trunk, and very hard whitish wood; also called Iko.n-woud.

Order 103. MYKICACE.i:. (Sweet-Gale Family.)

Monoecious or dioecious shrubs, with loth kinds of Jiowers in short scaly
calkins, and resinous-dolled often fragrant leaves, — differing from the
Birch Family chiefly by the 1-celled ovary with a single erect orthotropous
ovule, and the drupe-like nut. Involucre none. — Consists chiefly of the
typical genus, from which our Sweet-Fern is not sufliciently distinct.

1. MYRICA, L. Bayberrv. Wax-Mvrtle.

Flowers chiefly dioecious : the sterile in oblong or cylindrical, the fertile in
ovoid catkins, from axillary scaly buds ; both destitute of calyx and corolla,
solitary under a scale-like bract and with a pair of bractlets. Stamens 2 - 8 :
filaments somewhat united below: anthers 2-celled. Ovary with 2-4 scales
at its base, and 2 thread-like stigmas. Fruit a sm;ill globular nut, or dry drupe,
coated with resinous grains or wax. (MvpiKT], the ancient name of the Tama-
risk or some other shrub ; perhaps from fiupifco, In ])erfnme.)

\. M. Gale, L. (Sweet Gale.) Loti'ps ?tvc((/e-/a7!Cfo,'«te, serrate towards
the apex; pule, later than the floicers ; sterile catkins closely clustered; nuts in im-
bricated heads, 2-winged by the two thick ovate scales which coalesce with its
base. —Wet borders of ponds, New England to "Virginia in the mountains,
Penn. to Wisconsin, and northward. April. — Shrub .3° - 5° high. (Eu.)

2. M. cerifera, L. (Bavberry. Wax-Myrtle.) Leaves ohloivj-lanceo-
late, narrowed at the base, entire or wavy-toothed towards the apex, shininy and
resineits-dotted both sides, somewhat prtcediny the fuwers ; sterile catkins scattered,
oblong; scales wedge-shaped at the base ; nuts scattered and naked, bony, and
incrusted with white wax. — Sandy soil on and near the sea-shore : also on
Lake Erie. May. — Shrub 3° -8° high, with fragrant leaves : the catkins ses-
sile along the last year's branches ; the fruits sometimes persistent for 2 or 3
years.

GM 20

458 BETULACE^. (bIRCII FAMILY.)"

2. COMPTONIA, Solander. Sweet-Fern.

Flowers frequently inona'cious ; the sterile in cylindrical catkins, with kidney-
heart-shaped jjointed scale-like bracts, and 3-6 stamens ; the fertile in globular
catkins, bur-like : ovary surrounded by 8 long linear-awl-shaped scales, persistent
around the ovoid-oblong smooth nut : otherwise as in Myrica. — Leaves linear-
lanceolate, piiHiatifid with many rounded lobes, thin, appearing rather later than
the flowers. Stipules half heart-shaped. (Named after Uenry Conijilon, Bishop
of London a century ago, a cultivator and patron of botany.)

1. C. asplenifolia, Ait. (Myrica Comptonia, CDC.) — Sterile hills,
New England to V'irgiuia, Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. — Shrub
l°-2° high, with sweet-scented fern-like leaves.

Okder 104. BETULACEJE. (Biucn Family.)

Monoecious trees or shrubs, with alternate fiinjdr. mostly slraifiht-veined
leaves, both kinds of Jlowers in scaly catkins, 2 or 3 under each bract, and
no involucre to the naked \-celled and 1-seeded often winged small nut,
which results from a 2-celled and 2-oculed ovary. Stipules often early
deciduous. Stigmas 2, thread-like. Seed anatropous, suspended : no
albumen. Cotyledons flattish, oblong, foliaceous in germination. — Com-
prises the two genera, Birch and Alder.

1. BE TULA, Tourn. BiRcn.

Sterile flowers 3, and bractlets 2, under each shield-shaped scale or bract of
the catkins, consisting each of a calyx of one scale bearing 4 short filaments
with 1-celled anthers, or strictly of 2 two-parted filaments, each division bear-
ing an anther-cell. Fertile flowers 2 or 3 under each 3-lobed bract, without
bractlets or calyx, each of a naked ovary, becoming a broadly Avingcd and scale-
like nutlet or small samara crowned with the two spreading stigmas. — Outer
bark usually separable in sheets, that of the branchlets dotted. Twigs and
leaves often spicy-aromatic. Foliage mostly thin and light. Buds sessile,
scaly. Sterile catkins long and drooping, terminal and lateral, formed in sum-
mer, remaining naked through the succeeding winter, and expanding their
golden flowers in early spring, with or preceding the leaves : fertile catkins ob-
long or cylindrical, usually terminating very short 2-leaved early lateral branches
of the season. (The ancient Latin name.)

* Trees, with brown or yellow-r/ray bark on the trunk, swect-aromalic as well as the
twigs, memhranareous and slraight-veincd Jloriibcain-like haves with a heart-
shaped or rounded Ijase, on short petioles, and sessile very thick fruiting aiikinS:
their about equally 3-cl<'f scales rather persistant : icing of fruit on each side not
broader tlian the seed-bearing body.
1. B. l^nta, L. (Cherky-B. Sweet or Black Birch.) Zjuc^ of trunk
dark brown, close (outer layers scarcely laminate), very sweet-aromatic; leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate from a more or less heart-shaped base, acuminate, shai-ply

BETULACK.T':. (niUOn FAAIILY.) 4')9

and finely doubly serrate all round, wlicn mature shinini;- or hri^lit green above
and glabrous except on the veins beneath ; fiuitimj calkins oli/oiif/ci/liiidiicul
(I'- l\' long), the scales with short and divergent lobes. (IJ. carpinifolia, Ehr/i.,
Htlichx.) — Moist woods, &e. : common northward from New England to Illinois,
and along the Alleghany region southward. — Rather large tree, reddish-bronzc-
eolored on the spray, nuich as in the Garden (Mierry : timber rose-colored, fine-
grained, valuable for cabinet-work.

2. B. lutea, j\Iichx. f (Yellow or Gray Birch.) Bark of trunk yel-
hvcisli- or silvery-graij, ddiiclung in very thin Jilniy hii/cis, within and the twigs
much less aromatic; leaves slightly or not at all heart-shaped and often nar-
rowish towards the base, duller-green al)ove and usually more downy on the
veins beneath; fruiting catkins oblong-ocoid (I' or less in length, G"-9" thick),
the thinner scales (5" -6'' long) twice as large as in No. 1, and with narrower
b'lreli/ spreading lobes. (B. cxcelsa, Amer. authors, but not of Ait., Kegel, &c.
The latter unaccountal)ly fails to distinguish the present froni the preceding
species.) — Moist woods, New England to L. Superior and northward. — Wood
whiter and less valuable: tree not higher than No. 1. Leaves 3' -5' long.

* * Trees, with ckalkif-ichite bark of the Iriinlc separable in thin sheets, ovate or tri-

angular leaves of ^firmer texture, on long and ."slender petioles : fruiting catLins
cylindrical, usually hanging on rather slender peduncles ; their sc(des glabrous,
with short diverging lobes, separating freely from the axis : wing of the fruit
much broader than its body.

3. B. alba, var. populifdlia, Spach. (American White Birch.)
Leaves triangular (deltoid), very taper-pointed, truncate or nearly so at the broad
base, smooth and shining both sides, except the resinous glands when young. (B.
populifolia. Ait.) — Common on poor soils, Pcun. to Maine, near the coast.

A small" and slender graceful tree (15° -25° high), with bark much less separa-
ble into sheets than the next; the mostly very long-pointed leaves on petioles
of fully half their length, tremulous as those of an Aspen. (Eu.)

4. B. papyr^cea, Ait. (Paper or Canoe Birch.) Daves ovate, taper-
pointed, heart-shaped cr abrupt (of rarely wedge-shaped) at the base, smooth
above, dull underneath. — Woods, New England to Pcnn. and Wisconsin, almost
entirely northward, and extending far northwest. — A large tree, with fine-
grained wood, and very tough durable bark splitting freely into paper-like
layers. Leaves dark-green above, pale, glandular-dotted, and a little hairy on
the veins undern?ath, sharply and unequally doubly serrate, 3-4 times the
length of the petiole. — Var. minor, Tuckerman, in the alpine region of White
Mountains, is a dwarf form, ajipronebing the var. occidentalis of N. W. Amer,
and B. Da\uriea. In- this country no transitions are seen between our White
and the Paper Birch. (The original B. cxcelsa, Ait., and of Kegel, seems likely
to belong here, or to have been mixed up with the next.)

* * * Tree, with greenish-brown bark, somewhnt livninnti-, and reddish twiqs, ovate

li'ures u-hiti.-ih bent-alh, and sofi-downy pediin<-l<d fruiting catkins.

5. B. nigra, L. (River or Ri:d Birch.) Leaves rhombic-ovate, acut-
ifih at both ends, irregularly doiildy serrate, whitish and (until old) downy un-
derneath; petioles and peduncle of nearly the same length (3" -7") and with

4G0 BKTULACEvE. (iJIRCIl FAMILY.)

the oblong catkin tomentosc; the hnu'ts with oblong-linear nearly equal lobes;
fruit broadly winged. (15. rul)ra, Miilix. f.) — Low river-banks, E. Massachu-
setts to Illinois and southward. — A rather large tree, with light-colored wood,
and somewhat Alder-like leaves.
* # * * Shrubs, ivith brownish bark, loinnhd or ivKh/p-shnped crenrite and niost/i/

small leiires of tluckish or coriaanns texture, and obUnuj or ci/lindrical ijlahrons

and mostly erect catkins, on short judiineles.

6. B. ptimila, L. (Low Biucii.) Steins (2° -8° high) erect or ascend-
ing, ?io/ y/((Hrf((/ar; young branches and lower face of young leaves mostly so/?-
domui ; leaves obovate, roundish, or orbicular (6" - 1 6" long), pale beneath, veinUts
on bo(h faces finel ij reticulated ; wing of the fruit mostly narrower than the body. —
Bogs, Conn. (Canaan, W. H. Le(ifietl) to N. Jersey and northward. — Leaves in
one form resiniferous or glandular-dotted, usually not at all .so. — B. Grayii,
Kegel, recently characterized on specimens of a shrub introduced from ('entral
Ohio into the Cambridge Botanic Garden, since lost, appears to be only a marked
variety or luxnriant form of the present species, with shoots and young leaves
beneath more tomentosc, and wings of fruit (which are as wide as body in one
Michigan specimen of B. pumila) here alniosl twice us wide!

7. B. glandulosa, Michx. (1)\v.\kf Birch.) Stems erect or mostly
spreading (l°-4° high), or when alpine procumbent; brawhlels e/htbrous, conspic-
uously dolled with resinous wart-like (/lands ; leaves roundish wcdge-obovate or
sometimes orbicular (6" -9" long), green both sides, less reticulated; fruiting
catkins mostly shorter and oblong or oval ; wing of the fruit narrower than or
.sometimes equalling the body. (B. nana, Eil. 2, not of L. A round-leaved
alpine form is B. rotundifolia, S/xirh., and B. Littclliana, Turkerman.) — High
mountains, Northern New England and New York, and shore of Lake Superior
and northward. — The resinous-glandular branches chiefly distinguish some of
the larger forms from B. pumila, and the small' alpine ones from B. nana, L.
of Europe : probably they run together.

2. ALNUS, Tonrn. Ai.r.ER.

Sterile catkins elongated and drooping, with 4 or 5 bractlcts and 3 (rarely 6)
flowers under each short-stalked shield-shaped scale ; each flower usually with
a 3 - 5-parted calyx aiid as many stamens : filaments short and simple : anthers
2-celled. Fertile catkins ovoid or oblong ; the fleshy scales each 2-3-flowcred,
with a calyx of four little scales adherent to the scales or bracts of the catkin,
which are thick and woody in fruit, wedgc-obovate, truncate, or 3-5-lobed, and
persistent. — Shrubs or small trees, with few-scaled leaf-buds, and solitary or
often racctuose-clustered catkins, terminating leafless branchlets or peduncles.
(The ancient Latin name.)

§ \. Flowers developed in spring ivith the leaves; the sterile from catkins which hare
remained naked over winter ; while the. fertile have been enclosed in a scaly bud:
fruit with a conspicuous thin winc), as in Birch.

1. A. viridis, DC. (Green or Mountain Alder.) Leaves round-
oval, ovate, or slightly heart-.shaped, glutinous and smooth or .softly downy
underneath, serrate with very sharp and closely set teeth, on young shoots often

salicackjE. (willow family.) 461

triit-toothed ; fertile catkins slender-stalked, clustered, ovoid. (A. undiilata,
]Vil/d. Bctula crispa, Mkhx.) — On mountains and along streams descending
f;-om them, N. New England and New York, shore of L. Superior, and north-
ward. Also in the Alleghanies southward. Shrub 3° - 8° high. (Eu.)
§ 2. Flowers decpJoped in earliest spring, before the leaves, from mostly clustered
calkins which (if both sorts) were formed thefongoing summer and have remained
naktd over winter ,• fruit wingless or with a narrow coriaceous margin.
2 A. inckna, Willd. (Speckled orlloARY A.) Leaves broadly oral or
ovate, rounded at the base, sharply serrate, often coarsely toothed, whitened and
mostly downy underneath ; stipules oblong-lanceolate ; fruit orbicular. (A. glauca,
Michx.) — Shrub or small tree 8° -20° high, forming thickets along streams:
the common Alder northward. — Var. glauca has the leaves pale, but when
old quite smooth, beneath. (Eu.) *

3. A. serrulata, Ait. (Smooth A.) Leaves obovate, acute at the base,
sharply serrate with minute teeth, thickish, .9reen both sides, smooth or often
downy beneath; stipules oval; fruit ovate. — Shrub 6° -12° high: the com-
mon Alder from S. New England to Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward.

§ 3. Flowers in autumn {Sept.) from catkins of the season ; the fertile mostly solitary
in the arils of the leaves, ripening the fuit a year later : fruit ivingless.

4. A. maritima, Muhl., Nutt. Sylv. t. lO. (Sea-side A.) Glabrous;
leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate with a -wedge-shaped base, slcnder-pctioled,
sharply serrulate, bright green, or rather rusty beneath ; fruiting catkins large,
ovoid or oblong (9" -12" long, 6" thick). (A. oblongata, Begel, not of Willd.
A. Japdnica, Siebold ^' Znccarini, according to Kegel.) — Along streams, Dela-
ware and E. Maryland, Dr. Pickering, W. M. Canby, &c. Also, what is thought
to be the same species in Japan ! — Tree 20° high.

Order 105. SAI^ICACE^E. (Willow Family.)*

Dioecious trees or .■shrubs, with both kinds of flowers in catkins, one nnde?
each bract, entirely destitiUe of floral envelopes (unless one or two gland-like
bodies represent the calyx) ; the fruit a 1-celled and 2-valved pod, with 2
parietal or basal placentce, bearing numerous seeds furnished with a long
silky down. — Style short or none: stigmas 2, often 2-lobed. Seeds as-
cending, anatropous, without albumen. Cotyledons flattened. — Leaves
alternate, undivided, with scale-like and deciduous, or else leaf-like and
persistent, stipules. Wood soft and light : bark bitter.

1. SALIX, Tourn. Willow. Osier.

Bracts (.-a/As) of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of 3-10, mostly 2,
distinct or united stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers
also with a small flat gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side : stig-

♦ This order was elaborated for the first edition by John Caret, Esq. ; whose account ia
essentially preserved, pending? the publication of Professor Audersson's mouograph in tbo
furthcoming volume of DeCandolle's Prodrouius.

4G2 SALTCACK.E. (aVILI.OW FAMILY.)

mas short. — Trees or shrubs, generally growing along streams, with terete and
lithe branches. Leaves mostly long and pointed, entire or glandularly toothed.
Buds covered by a single scale, with an inner adherent membrane (separating
in § 2). Catkins appearing before or with the leaves. (The classical name,
said to be derived from the Celtic sal, near, and lis, water.)

§ 1. Culkins lateral and sessile, apjvarinq Itrfore the leaves in April or May : stamens

2 : scales dark red or brown becoming black, more or less hairy, persistent.

* Ovary stalked, doicny, hairy, or woolly.

■^ Catkins oroid or cylindrical : leaves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed, hairy or iroolty,

with pnwiini'nt veins and more or less recoliite maryins. Shrtibs.

1. S. Candida, Willd. (Hoarv Wii,i,ow.) Leaves narrowly lanceolate,
tapcr-])ointed, or the lowest obtuse, the upper surface and younrj branches covered
with a thin tveb-like wool more white and dense beneath ; stipulei small, lanceolate,
toolh-d, about the lenyth of the petioles ; catkins cylindrical, closely flowered ; the
fertile 1^' -2' long at maturity; ovary densely woolly; style distinct; stigmas
2 -cleft; scales oblong, obtuse (S. inckna, Michr., not of Schrank.) — New-
York and New Jersey to Wisconsin and northward ; in bogs. — Stems 2° - .5°
high : reddish twigs smooth and shining at maturity. The whole shrub very
white in exposed situations, greener in shade.

2. S. tl'istis, Ait. (I)w.\KF Gray AV. ) Leaves almost sessile, wedye-lanreo-
late, pointed, or the lower obtuse, grayish-woolly on botli sides, the upper side
becoming nearly smooth at nuiturity ; stipules minute, hairy, very early deciduous ;
catkins small and very short, globular when young, loosely fowered ; ovary with a long
tapering beak, clothed with silvery hairs; style short; stigmas 2-/oW. — Bogs:
common. — Shrub l°-lj° high, much branched: leaves thick, I.V long. Stip-
ules seldom seen, often reduced to a mere gland. — Var. mickopiiylla has very
small and rigid contorted leaves.

3. S. humilis, Marshall. (Prairie W.) Leaves petioled, lanceolate or
obovate-lancL'olate, acute or obtuse with an abrupt point, slightly downy above,
more thickly so or sometimes grayish-woolly beneath ; stipules small, semiorate
and entire, or larger and lunate with 2-4 teeth, shorter than the petioles; catkins
ovoid or oblong, small, often recurved; ovary hairy ; style distinct; stigmas 2-
clejl. (8. Muhlenbergiana, Bairatt. S. conifera, Muhl.) — Dry plains and bar-
rens : common. — Shrub 3° -8° high, varying much; the small forms some-
times scarcely distinguishable from No. 2 ; but leaves longer, thinner, and
generally stipulate : the larger forms, with leaves 3' -5' long and ?,'- 1' Inoad,
resemble those of the next species, but retain more or less down beneath at
maturity. — The species of this and the following section often bear cones on
the ends of the branches, formed of closely imbricated leaves, probably occa-
eioned by the puncture of insects.

-t- -*- Catkins cylindrical, large, clothed icilh very long glossy hairs: leaves more or
less serrate, smooth and shining above, glaucous icncaih and at length smooth.
Shrubs or small trees.

4. S. discolor, Muhl. (Glaucol-s W.) Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceo-
late, or oblong, acute, irregularly toothed on the sides , entire at the base and
apex; stipules lunate, toothed; catkins erect; .vales very hairy, oblanceolatc ;

SALICACEiE. (willow FAMILY.) 4 G3

ovari) densely silky. — Low meadows and river-banks : common. — A large shrub
or small tree, 8° -15° high. Young leaves commonly obtuse and pubescent,
at length becoming smooth and whitish-glaucous beneath. Stipules on vigor-
ous shoots equalling the petiole, often inconsi)icuous. Young catkins 1 1' long,
glossy, blackish with the conspicuous scales, elongating in fruit to 2^'. — S. eri-
ocephala, Michx.. admitted in former editions, is of this species.
« * Oi:ar)j stalked, silky-hoarij and shining : catkins with a few small leaf-like bracts
at their base: leaves Jinelij and evenly serrate, silky-graij or (jiuueoas beneath,
drying dark : sliptdes varying from linear to semilunar, toothed, very deciduous.
Shrubs, 30-10° high.

5. S. sericea, Marshall. (Silky W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed, downy
ahovc, grayish underneath with short silky hairs ; sterile catkins small, globular ;
the fertile cylindrical, closely flowered ; scales obtuse, round-obovatc, as long as the
stalk of the densely sUky ovoid ovary ; stigma sessile. (S. gr'isea, Willd.) — Sandy
river-banks : common. Fertile catkins, at length 1' long; the pods not spread-
ing or elongating in fruit, thus appearing sessile.

6. S. petiolaris, Smith. (Petioled W.) Leaves lanceolate, pointed,
smooth above, slightly silky beneath ivhen young, at length smooth and glaucous ; fer-
tile catkins ovoid-cylindrical; scales acute, very hairy, scarcely as long as the stalk
of the silky tapering ovary ; style distinct; stigma 2-clff. (S. rosmarinifolia, and
S. fuscata, Pursh.?) — Same situations as the last, which this resembles; but
the mature leaves arc not silky beneath, nor so blackish in drying ; the scales
not so dark, and clothed with longer white hair; fertile catkins shorter and
broader ; the pods spreading and showing the stalks.

* * * Ovary sessile or almost so : downy : catkins bracted at the base. Small trees.
+- Filaments and often the reddish anthers united, so as to appear as one.

7. S. PL'RPUREA, L. (Purple W.) Leaves oblanceolatc, pointed, smooth,
minutely and sparingly toothed ; catkins cylindrical ; scales round and concave,
very black ; stigmas nearly sessile ; ovary sessile. (S. Lambcrtiana, Pursh.) —
Low grounds. — Twigs olive-colored or reddish. (Adv. from Eu.)

H- -!- Filaments separate.

8. S. VIMINA.LIS, L. (Basket Osier.) Leaves linear-lanceolate, very long,
(3' -6'), taper-pointed, entire or obscurely crenate, lustrous white and satiny be-
neath ; sterile catkins oblong, the fertile cylindrical, silky-hairy ; style elongated ;
stigmas linear, mostly entire. — Wet meadows. — Considered the best species
for basket-work. — S. Smithiana, IViHd: (thought to be a hybrid of this with
some other species), differing principally in the somewhat broader leaves, is
also occasionally met with. (Adv. from Eu.)

§ 2. Catkins latend, with ^-b leafy bracts at the base, appearing ivith or before the
leaves in May or June : inner membrane of the scales of flowering buds separating

from the cartilaginous exterior, sometimes raised on the apex of the bursting cat-
kins : ovary slender-stalked, smooth {under a lens granular, ivith occasionally a

few short hairs at the base) : stamens 2 : scales dark or black, hairy, persistent.

9. S. cordita, Muhl. (Heart-le.wed AV.) Leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, heart-shaped, truncate, or even acute at base, taper-pointed, shaqrly

464 SALICACEiE. (WILLOW FAMILY.)

toothed, smooth, paler and with vcinlcts reticulated beneath ; stipules kidney-
shaped or ovate, toothed, often large and conspicuous, of the length of the
(when young downy) petiole, or sometimes small and almost entire; catkins
appearing with the leaves, leafy at base, cylindrical, the fertile elongating in
fruit; ovary lanceolate, tapering to the summit. — Var. ufciDA has the leaves
large and rigid, with coarser teeth, of which the lowest are somewhat elongated.
(S. rigida, Mu/d. S. Torrcyima, Barrati, which has leaves of a deeper green
beneath, appears to belong here.) — Var. mykicoidks has narrower leaves,
neither heart-shaped nor truncate at the base. (S. myricoidcs, J/uA/.) — Var.
anglstXta has lanceolate tapering finely serrate leaves, acute at the base, and
a more slender style. (S. angustata, Pi(rs/i, & Ed. 2.) — Low or inundated
places : common. — Shrub or small tree, with leaves 2i' - 6' long.
§ 3. Catkins lateral, with a jew leafy bracts at the base, nppeuriuy with the leaves in
May or June : ovary stalked, silky-hnary ; stamens 2 : scales persistent,

10. S. livida, Wahl., var. OCCidentalis. (Livid W.) Leaves oblong
or obovatc-lanccolate, acute, obscurely toothed, downy above, prominently veini/,
softly liairy and glaucous beneath; stipules semilunar, toothed ; catkins cylindrical,
the fertile becoming loose in fruit; ovary almost linear; style scarcely any;
pods slender, tapering from near the base, thtir very slender stalk longer than the nar-
row scale. (S. rostrata, Bichardson, & I"]d. 2. S. vagans, cincrascens, var. occi-
dentalis, Andt-rs.) — Moist or dry ground. New England to Penn., Illinois, and
northward : common. — Shrub 3° - 15° high. A transformation of the anthers
into imperfect ovaries is frequently observable in this species.

11. S. chlorophylla, Anders. (Grekn W.) Glabrous, excerpt the cat-
kins ; leaves ohlung-laiiccolate or oblong, mostly entire, obtuse or acutish at
both ends (1'- 2' long), shining above, pale or glaucous beneath; fertile cat-
kins dense, short-cylindrical; ovary ovoid-conical; pod silky, very short-stalked ;
style slender; scale dark colored, villous. (S. phylicifolia, Ed. 2, not of Z.) —
Moist ravines, on the alpine summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire
{Oiikcs, Tuckerman), and northward. — A low spreading shrub, with leaves of a
coriaceous texture when old.

§ 4. Catkins pedunclcd {long and loose), home on the summit of lateral leafy branches
of the season, appearing in May and June : scales greenish-yellow, more or less
hairy, fall inq before the prxls are ripe : filaments hairy below. Shrubs and trees,
with the bra)iches very brittle at the base.

* Stamens 3-6 or sometimes more : ovary stalked, glabrous.

12. S. ItlCida, Muhl. (SiiixixG W.) Leaves ovate-olilong or lanceolate
and narroiv, usiudly ivilh a long tapering point, smooth and shining on both sides,
serrate; stipules oblong and toothed; stamens commonly 5, rarely 7-10; jmds
tapering. — Along streams: rather common. — A beautil'ul species, .sometimes
flowering at the height of 3°, sometimes becoming a small bushy tree of 12°-
15°. Probably the same as S. pcntandra, L., of Eu.

13. S. nigra, IMarsh. (Black W.) I^eaves narrowly lanceolate, pointed
and tapering at each end, serrate, smooth (except on the petioles and midrib)
and green on both sides ; stipules small, deciduous ; scales short and rounded,
woolly ; glands large, of the sterile flowers cleft, of tlie sterile kidney -shaf>ed ;

SALICACE^. (aVILLOW FAMILY.) 4G5

Btamcns 3-6; pods mostly sitort-ovate. {S. amhigiisi, Piirs/i.) — Var. falcXta
lias tlic Icares clomjiitcd, sri/t he-shaped, antl the stipules lar<;e, broadly lunate, re-
flexed. (S. falcata, PHcs/i. S. Purshlana, 5/)?e«r/. S. ii'^uatrma, Micfix.f.) —
Tree I5°- 25° high, with a rough black bark : frequent along streams, especially
southward.

* * Stamens mostly 2 : ovary very short-sfalhd or nearly sessile, ghihrous,

14. S. FKAGiMS, L. (Brittle W.) Leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed, smooth,
(jlaucous beneath (slightly silky when young), serrate with inflexed teeth ; stipules
half-heart-shaped; pods tapering-conical. — Var. DEcfpiENS has dark brown
buds, and the lowest leaves on the branches broadly obovate, very obtuse.
(S. decipiens, Z/fj^w.) — Var. Rcsselliana has the leaves long and bright,
strongly and very sharply serrate ; the younger ones and upper branches of
the annual shoots silky-downy towards autumn ; stipules large and taper
pointed. (S. Russelliana, Smith.) — Var. vfuiDis, has long and acute flcxuous
erect catkins, tough pendulous branchlets, and firmer bright-green leaves. (S.
viridis, /^r/f-s.) — A tall and handsome tree, with smooth polished branches^
cultivated for basket-work. (Adv. from Eu.)

15. S. Alba, L. (White W.) Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
pointed, toothed, clothed more or less with white and silky hairs, especially beneath;
stipules lanceolate ; stigmas nearly sessile, thick and recurved. — Var. vitellina
has yellow branches ; leaves shorter and broader. (S. vitellina, Smith Sp Borrer.)
— Var. c^rulea has the leaves nearly smooth at maturity, greenish or brown-
ish, and greatly resembles the preceding species. (S. axtmlQa, Smith.) — A
familiar tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 50° - 80°. (Adv. from Eu.)

16. S. Babylonica, Tourn. (Weeping AVillow), helongs to this section,
and is planted for ornament. Only the fertile plant is known in the United
States. — There is also a remarkable form of it with curled or annular leaves
(S. annularis, Forbes), well known in gardens as the Ring-leaved or Hoop
Willow.

* * -* Stamens 2 : ovary stalked, mostly silky or downy ; the scale narrow.

17. S. longifdlia, Muhl. (Long-leaved W.) Leaves linear-lanceolate,
very long, tapering at each end, nearly sessile, remotely denticulate with pro-
jecting teeth, clothed with gray hairs when young ; stipules small, lanceolate,
toothed; gland long, in the sterile flowers sometimes deeply 2-3-cleft; in the
fertile longer than the short stalk of the ovary ; stigmas very large, sessile. —
River-banks, rooting extensively in sand or gravel : common, especially west-
M-ard. Varying greatly, 2° - 20° high.

§ 5. Catkins peduncled, home on the lateral {or sometimes the terminal) leafy branches
of the season, appearing in .Tune: stipules deciduous or none: scales persistent. —
Small shrubs, mostly with underground spreading stems, sending up short erect or
prostrate branches.

■* Ujiright (1°-.3° high), not alpine: pod long-stalked : stamens 2.

18. S. myrtilloides, L. (]\Iyrtle W.) Very glabrous, except the
scales of the catkin; leaves elliptical, oblong, or linear-oblong, entire (l'-2'
long) reticulated, pale or glaucous beneath, somewhat coriaceous; catkins <jb-

466 SALiCAOK^.. (willow family.)

lonji;, the fertile loose in fruit ; stalk of the ovarj slender, longer than the green-

ish-yellow scale. (S. ])cdiecllaris, Pitrsk., more luxuriant than the Eurojiean

plant.) — Cold peat-bog.*, ^Ccw England to Wisconsin and northward. (Eu.)

* * Prostrate or spreadliuf and matted, alpine.

19. S. Clitleri, Tuckerman. (Cutler's W.) Leaves elliptical and
pointed, or obovate and obtuse, tapering at the base, slightly toothed, strongly
veiny, smooth and shining above, pale and rather glaucous beneath ; catkins mostly-
lateral, oblong-cylindrical ; ovary smooth, short-stalked ; style distinct; stamen sin-
gle; scales oblanceolate, entire, black, covered with long silky /tairs. (S. Uva-Ursi,
Pursh, in part, & Ed. 2.) Alpine summits of the high mountains of Maine,
New Hampshire, and New York.

20. S. argyroc^pa, Anders. (SiLviiUYFRCiTED W.) Leaves lanceo-
late, acute, or the earliest obovate and obtuse, irregularly rejiaini-crenate, smooth
and green abo\e, covered benenth when young ivith long and shining deciduous hairs, at
maturity smooth and glaucous ; catkins ovoid, short ; ovary densely silvfiry-silh/,
stalked; style distinct ; stamens 2 - 3 ; gland sometimes double; scales obovate,
obtuse, clothed with long hairs. (S. repens, Ed. 2, but is much nearer S.
arbuscula, L.) — Moist alpine ravines of the White Mountains, New Hamp-
shire.— Whole plant, when young, of a glossy satiny lustre; the leaves at
length becoming quite smooth, with a white and prominent midrib, and slightly
elevated veins.

21. S. herb^cea, L. (Herb-like W.) Leaves mundish-oml, hrnrl-sh<iprd,
notched at the apex, serrate, smooth and shining, with reticulated veins ; calkins
issuing from the terminal buds, small and few-flowered ; ovary sessile, smooth ; scales
smooth, ciliate. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains of New Hampshire,
and high northward. — A very small herb-like species, the stems seldom rising
above an inch or two from the ground. (En.)

2. POPULUS, Tuurn. Poplar. A.spev.

Bracts (scales) of the catkins irregularly cut-lobed at the apex. Flowers from
a cup-shaped disk which is obliquely lengthened in front. Stamens 8-30, or
more : filaments distinct. Stigmas elongated. — Trees, with broad and more
or less heart-shaped or ovate-toothed leaves, and mostly angular branches. Buds
scaly, covered with resinous varnish. Catkins long and drooping, appearing
before the leaves. (The ancient name, called Arbor PopuU, because it was used
to decorate the public walks, or on account of the constant agitation of the
leaves by every inipniso.)

1. P. tremuloides, Michx. (American Aspex.) leaves roundish-
heart-shaped, with a short sharp point, and small somewhat regular teeth, smooth
on both sides, with downy margins; scales cut into 3- A deep linear divisions,
fringed with long hairs. — Woods: common. — Tree 20° - 50° high, with
smooth greenish-white bark. Leaf-stalk long, slender, and laterally com-
pressed, which accounts for the continual agitation of the foliage by the slight-
est breeze.

2. P. grandident^ta, Michx. (Lakge-toothed Aspen.) Leaves
roundish-ovate, with large and irregular sinuate teeth, when young densely covered

SALiCACi;^, (willow family.) 467

with white silky wool, at length smooth both sides ; scales cut into 5-6 unequal
miall divisions, slightly fringed. — Woods : eomnion, espeeiuliy northward. —
A rather larger tree tiian the last, with a smoothish gray bark.

3. P. heteroph^lla, L. (Downy Poplar.) Branches round ; leaves
heart-shaped or roundish-ovate, obtuse, serrate, white-wonlly when young, at length
nearly smooth, except on the elevated veins beneath. — Swamps, W. New
England to Illinois and southward. — Tree 40°-C0° high, with large, usually
blunt leaves ; the sinus, when heart-shaped, closed by the overlapping lobes
which conceal the insertion of the nearly round leaf-stalk.

4. P, monilifera, Ait. (Cotton-wood. Necklace Poplar.) Young
brunches slightly angled, becoming round; leaves broadly deltoid, vjith sjireudiiig promi-
nent nerves, slightly heart-shaped or truncate at the base, taper-pointed, serrate with
cartilaginous and incurved slightly hairy teeth ; fertile catkins very long; sralei
lacerate-f ringed, not hairy ; stigmas nearly sessile, toothed, dilated and very large.
— Margins of lakes and streams, W. New England to Illinois and southward
especially westward. — A large tree, 80° high or upwards ; the vigorous bi anchc*
decidedly angled, bearing large leaves ; the more stunted round, with smaller
foliage. (P. Canadensis, Michx.f. P. lajvigata, WiUd.)

5. P. angulkta, Ait. (Angled Cotton-wood.) Branches acutely angu-
lar or winged ; leaves broadly deltoid or heart-ovate, smooth, crenate-serrate, or with
obtuse cartilaginous teeth. — Low grounds, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin and
southward. — Tree large as (and probably a mere variety of) the last, and lik
it bearing very large heart-shaped leaves (7'- 8' in length and breadth) on
3'oung plants and suckers : on full-grown trees only one fourth of that size, and
commonly without the sinus.

6. P. balsamifera, L. (Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.) Branches
round ; leaves ovate, gradually tapering and pointed, finely serrate, smooth on both
sides, whitish and reticulately veined beneath ; scales dilated, slightly hairy ; sta-
mens very numerous. — N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A
tall tree, growing on the borders of rivers and swamps : its large buds varnished
with copious fragrant resinous matter.

Var. candicans. (Balm of Gilead>) Leaves broader and more or less
heart-shaped, pointed, serrate, whitish and reticulate-veined beneath ; petiole
commonly hairy. (P. candicans, '^«<.) — N. New England to Lake Superior
and Kentucky : rare in a wild state, but common in cultivation.

P. NIGRA, L., was admitted by the elder Michaux into his Flora, without any
mention of its locality. It was afterwards published by his son, imder the niime
of P. Hudsdnica : he, however, found it " only on the banks of the Hudson River,
above Albany." Lastly, it was described as P. betulifblin by Pursh, who further
added as its station, "about Lake Ontario " It was probably introduced from
Europe, and was latterly so considered by the younger Michaux himself.

P. dilatXta, Ait., the well-known Lombardy Poplar (probably a form of
P. nigra) has been extensively introduced as an ornamcnt:il tree.

P. Alba, L., the Abele or White Poplar of the Old World, is occasionally
planted, when it spreads widely by the root, and becomes more common than is
desirable.

4G8 CONIFERS. (pine family.)

Subclass II. GYMXOSPER^LE.

Pistil represented by an open scale or leaf, or else entirely ^van^
inir; \\n' ovules and seeds therefore naked (without a pericarp), and
fertilized by the direct application of the pollen. Cotyledons often
more than two.

Ohdkr 100. COWIFER^. (Pine Family.)

Treen or shrubs, icith resinous Juice, mostly awl-shaped or needle-shaped
entire leaves, and monoecious or rarely dioecious Jlowers in calkins, destitute
of calyx or corolla. Ovules orthotropous. Embryo in the axis of the al-
bumen, nearly its length. (Wood destitute of duets, composed chiefly of
a homogeneous large woody fibre which is marked with circular disks on
two sides.) Composes the three following Suborders: —

SuRORDKii I. ABIETIWE.E. Pkopf.r Tine Family.
Fertile flowers in catkins, consisting of open imbricated carpels in the
form of scales in the axil of a bract; in fruit forming a strobile or cone.
Ovules 2, adherent to the base of each carpellary scale, their orifice turned
downward. Buds scaly.

* Cones maturing the year after flowering.

1. Piiius. Leaves 2-5 in a cluster from the axil of a scale-like primary leaf, persistent.

« * Cones maturing the same year.

2. Allies. Leaves all scattered on the branches and alike, persistent.

3- JLarix. Leaves many In a cluster, the primary ones similar to the others, deciduous.

Suborder II. CUPKESSIIVE.E. Cypress Family.
Fertile flowers consisting of few carpellary scales, without bracts, bear-
i:ig single or several erect ovules on tiiei'r base (the orifice upward), form-
ing a closed strobile or a sort of drupe in fruit. Buds naked.

* Flowers monoecious. f=trobile dry, opening at maturity.

4. THiija. Fruit of few imbricated oblong scales. Ovules 2. Leaves scale-like, closely Im-

bricated on the flattened branches.

5. Cujircssus. Fruit of several shield-form thick .scales united in a globular woody cone.

Seeds 2 or more on the stalk of each scale. Leaves scale-like or awl-shaped.

6. Taxodiuin. Fruit of several thick shield-shaped scales united in a globular woody

cone. Seeds 2 on the base of each scale. Leaves linear, 2-rauked, deciduous.
* * Flowers chiefly dioecious. Fruit berry-like, not opening.

7. Juuiperua. Fruit composed of 3-C coalesccnt 1 -3-ovuled scales, becoming fleshy.

Suborder III. TAXlNE.i:. Yeav Family.
Fertile flower solitary, consisting of a naked ovule, ripening into a nut-
like or drupe-like seed. Carpel or scale entirely wanting. Buds sealy.
y. Taxus. Ovule erect, encircled at the base by an annular disk, which in fruit furme a

berry -like cup around the nul-like seed.

CONIFKR^. (pine FAMILY.) 469

1. PINUS, Tourn. Pine.

Sterile catkins arranged in a spike at the base of the shoot of the same spring,
involucrate by a nearly definite number of scales, consisting of numerous sta-
mens spirally inserteil on the axis, with very short filaments and a scale-like
connective : anther-cells 2, opening lengthwise. Pollen of 3 united grains.
Fertile catkins solitary or aggregated inuncdiately below the terminal bud, or
lateral on the young shoot, consisting of imbricaied carpellary scales, each in
the a.xil of a persistent bract, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at the base.
Fruit a cone formed of the imbricated and woody carpellary scales, which are
thickened at the apex (except in White Pines), persistent, spreading when ripe
and dry ; the 2 nut-like seeds partly sunk in excavations at the base of the scale,
and in separating carrying away a part of its lining in the form of a thin and
fragile wing. Cotyledons 3- 12, linear. — Primary leaves of the shoots thin
and chaff-like, merely bud-scales ; from their axils immediately proceed the
secondary leaves, which make the foliage, in the form of fascicles of 2 to 5 needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, from slender buds, some thin scarious bud- scales sheath-
ing the base, of the cluster. When there, are only 2 leaves in the cluster they
are semicylindrical and when dry channelled or concave; when mor& than 2
triangular; their edges in our species serrulate. Blossoms developed in spring;
the cones maturing only in the autumn of the second year. (The classical
Latin name.)

The species here arranged and characterized from notes contributed by Dr.
Engelmann.

§ 1. Leaves 2 or 3 in a dose sheath: cones (except in No. 7) persistent after shedding

the seed ; their woody scales tliickened at tlie end, and iisuallt/ spiny-tipped.

* Fertile catkins and cones lateral : scales much thickened at the end : leaves riijid.

-1- Leaves in threes.

1. P. Tseda, L. (Loblolly or Old-fteld Pine.) Lcai-es loncj (6'- 10'),
with elongated sheaths, light green; cones elongated-oblong (3' -5' long) and
tajiering ; scales tipped with a stout incurved s/)ine. — Barren light soil, Delaware
( ]V. M. Canhjj), Virginia, and southward near tlie coast. — Tree 50°- 100° high.
Sterile catkins slender, 2' long, their involucre of 10-13 (rarely fewer) scales.
Seeds with 3 strong and rough ridges on the under side : cotyledons 5-8.

2. P. rigida, Miller. (Pitch Pine.) Leaves (3' -5' long) dark green,
from short sheaths; cones ovoid-conical or ovate (l'-3^' long), often in clusters;
the sc<des tipped with a short and stout recurved prickle. — Sandy or spare rocky
soil, Maine to W. New York and southward: common. — Tree 30° -70° high,
with very rough and dark bark, and hard resinous wood. Sterile catkins slen-
der (j'-li' long), with C-8 involucral scales. Seed with hardly any ridges:
cotyledons about 5.

■*- -1- Leaves in twos, or sonic of ihrni in threis in 3 ^- G.

3. P. pungens, Michx. (T.vr.r.i; 'Slovsrxis Pixe.) L<avfS stout, shoH
{\\'-'2h' long), crowded, bluish, the sheath short (very short on old foliage);
cones ovate ("^' long), the scales armed with a strong hooked spine ('/long). —
Alleghany Mountains, especially in the Blue Ilidgc, N.- Carolina and Virginia

470. CONIFERJE. (pine FAMILY.)

(near Charlottesville, .V. A. Curtis) to Penn., Prof. Porter, as far north as Port
Clinton near Heading {T. Mtehan). — Sterile catkins 6"- 9" long, ■with G -8 iu-
volueral scales. Seed with 2 or 3 sligiit ridges: cotyledons about 7.

4. P. inops, Ait. (Jeusey or Scituu Pixe.) .Leaves shurt (l^'-3' long);
cones oblong-conical, sometimes curved (2' -3' long), the scales tipped with a
straif/ht ur ncurvid oui-sltaped prickle. — Barrens and sterile hills, New Jersey to
Kentucky and southward. A straggling tree, 15° -40° high, with spreading
or drooi)ing hranclilets : young .shoots with a purplish glaucous bloom. Sterile
catkins liuear-obloiig, 5" -6" long, with about 8 involucral scales.

5. P. Banksi^na, Lambert. (GuAY or Noktiiekn Scrub Pixe.)
Leaves short (I'long), oblirjue, divergent; cones conical, oblong, usually curved
(1^' -2' long), smooth, the scales pointle^ss. (P. rupestris, J/(V./(x./) — Rocky
banks, N. Maine, N. Michigan and Wisconsin, and northward. — A straggling
shrub or low tree (5° -20° high) : the sterile catkins nearly as in No. 4. Seed
with 2 or 3 ridges on the inner side : cotyledons 4 or .5.

6. P. mitis, Michx. (Yellow Pixe.) Leaves in pairs or sometimes in
threes, y/'ow long shmths, slender (3' - 5' long) ; cones ovate- or oblong-conical
(barely 2' long) ; the scales tipped with a minute and weak prirlle. (P. variabilis,
Piirsh.) — Dry or sandy soil, W. New England ? and New Jersey to Wisconsin,
and common southward. — Tree 50° -60° high, straight, producing a durable,
fine-grained, moderately resinous timber, valuable for flooring, &c. Leaves
more soft and slender than in any of the preceding, dark green. The western
form has more rigid leaves, and more tuberculate and spiny cones. Sterile
catkins linear, 6" -9" long, with 9-12 involucral scales. Seed with 2 or 3
rough ridges : cotyledons 5-7.

* * Fertile catkins and cones terminal, the latter deciduous after shedding the s<ed:
their scales slightly thickened, pointless : leaves in twos, slender.

7. P. resindsa, Ait. (TIedPixe.) Leaves from long sheaths, elongated
(5' -6' long), dark green; cones ovate-conical, smooth (about 2' long) ; sterile
catkins oblong-linear (6"- 9" long), subtended by about 6 involucral scales
which are early deciduous by an articulation above their base ; seeds slightly
ridged on the lower surfoce ; cotyledons 6 or 7. (P. rubra, Michr.f.) — Dry
woods, Mass. to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. — Tree 50° -80° high, with
reddish and rather smooth bark, and compact, not very resinous wood. —
Wrongly called Norwajj Pine.

§ 2. Leaves 5 in a {loose-scaled entirelj diridnons) shalh : cones terminal, deciduous
after shedding the seed ; their scales slightlij if at all th'ckened at the end and
wholly destitute of prickle or point : bark smooth except on old trunks.

8. P. Str6bus, L. (White Pixe.) Leaves very slender, glaucous;
sterile catkins oval (4" -5" long), with 6 -8 involucral scales at. b;ise ; fertile
catkins long-stalked, cylindrical ; cones narrow, cylindrical, nodding, often
curved (4' -C long) ; seed smooth ; cotyledons 8-10. — Cool and damp woods;
common northward to the Mississippi, and southward in the Alleghanies. —
The White Pine (called in England Weymouth Pine) is our tallest tree, often
120° -160° in a straight column in primitive forests, and is invaluable fur its
soft and light white or yellowish wood, m large trunks nearly free from resin.

CONIFERS. (pine FAMILY.) 471

2. ABIES, Tourn. Spruce. Fir.

Sterile catkins scattered or somewhat clustered in the axils of leaves of the
preceding- year. Fertile catkins and cones lateral or terminal on hranchcs of
the preceding year : scales of the cone thin and even, not at all tliickened nor
prickly-tipped. Leaves all of one kind and foliaccous, scattered (not fascicled),
short, persistent for two or more years. Flowering in spring, and cones ma-
turing in autumn. Otherwise nearly as in Pinus. (The clas-nical Latin name.)
Of European species A. excelsa, the Norway Spruce is most commonly,
and A. pectinXta, the Silver Fir, occasionally planted.

§ I, Spruce. (Picea of Link, not of L. Abies, L. and others. These
ancient names much transposed by moderns.) Cones hanrjing from or near
the end of a branch ; the scales persistent on the axis : anthers tipped laith a
rounded recurved appendaffe, their cells distinct and opening lengthwise: pollen
nearly/ as in Pine : leaves needle-shaped and 4-sided, pointing every way.

1. A. nigra, Poir. (Black or Double Spruce.) Leaves short (6" -8"
long), eitiicr dark green or glaucous-whitish ; cones ovate or ovate-oblong (I'-I^'
long), mostly recurved, jtersistent, tlie i igid scales with a thin often eroded edge.
— Swamps and cold mountain woods. New England to Wisconsin and north-
ward, and southward along the mountains.

2. A. alba, Michx. (White Spruce.) Leaves pale or glaucous ; cones
nodding, cylindrical (about 2' long), pale, deciduous, the thinner scales with an
entire edge ; a handsomer tree than No. 1, in aspect more like a Balsam Fir. —
Northern New England and New York to Lake Superior, and northward.

§2. Hemlock-Spruce. (Tsuga, Endl.) Cones hanging on the end of declined
branches of the preceding year, persistent, small ; the scales persistent on the axis :
sterile calkins small, of a few capitate anthers, their sho7-t confluent cells opening
transversely : pollen-grains s'lmple: leaves flat, whitened beneath, petioled, spread-
ing in two directions so as to seem 2-ranbd.

3. A. Canadensis, Michx. (Hemlock Spruce.) Leaves short-linear,
obtuse (^' long) ; cones oval (6" -8" long), of few thin scales much longer
thiin the bracts. — Hilly or rocky woods ; very common northward, and rare
southward in the Allcghanies. — A large tree, when young the most graceful
of Spruces, with a light and spreading spray, and delicate foliage, bright greer
above, silvery underneath. Timber coarse-grained and poor.

§ 3. Fir. (Abies of Pliny. Picea, L., not oi Link.) Cones erect on the upper
side of spreading branches ; their scales and mostly exserted bracts deciduous from
the persistent axis at maturity : seeds atid bark of tree with balsam-bearing vesi^
cles : anthers tipped with a 1 - 2-pointed appendage, their cells opening by lacer-.
alion ; pollen nearly as in Pine : leaves fat, with midrib prom'inent on the whitened
lower face, mostly sessile, on horizontal branches more or less spreading hi two di'
reilions, sn as to seem '1-ranhd.

4. A. balsamea, Marshall. (Balsam Fir.) Leaves narrowly linear;
cones cylindrical, hirge (2' -4' long, V thick), violet-colored; the bracts obovate,
serrulate, tipped with an abrupt slender point, 'included or slightly projecting. —
Cfild damp woods and swamps. New England to Peun., Wisconsiu, and north-

472 coNiFKu^. (pine family.)

ward. — A slender tree, of no value as timber, when young very handsome,
but short-lived. Leaves G"-10"iu lengtii, narrower and lighter green above
than those of tiic European Silver Fir. Also called Balm-v/'-Gilcud Fir. Canada
balsam is drawn from blisters in the hark of this and the next species. — A sub-
alpine state on the Green Mountains, &e., has shorter or oblong, stunted cones,
and apipoaches the ne.\t. ^

5. A. Fraseri, Pursh. (Fuaskr's or SoiTiiKKN Balsam Fir.) Cones
small [V -2' \o\\\r,), oblu)i<j-oi;ate ; tiie bracts obloiicj-wcdije-shaped, the short-pointed
upper part much jirojectiiifji and rcjlexed. (A. balsamiTera, Mic/ix. Fl.) — Moun-
tains of Penn., Virginia, and southward on the highest Alleghanies. — Foliage,
&c. nearly as in the last.

3. LARIX, Tourn. Larch.

Catkins lateral, terminating short spurs on the branches of the preceding
year, short or globular, developed in early spring ; the sterile from leafless buds ;
the fertile mostly with leaves below. Aj|^her-c.ells opening transversely. I'ol-
len-grains simple, globular. Cones as in Spruce, the scales persistent. — Leaves
needle-shaped, soft, deciduous, all foliaceous, very many in a fascicle developed
in early spring from lateral scaly and globular buds, and scattered along the
developed shoots of the season. Fertile catkins crimson or red in flower. (The
ancient name. )

1. L. Americana, Michx. (American or Black Larch. Tamarack.
Hackmatack.) Leaves short; cones ovoid (6" -9" long), of few rounded
scales, arranged in | order. (Pinus pe'ndula, Ait. P. inieroc;irpa, Lambert.) —
Swamps, New England to Penn. and Wisconsin, and (chiefly) northward. — A
slender tree, with heavy, close-grauied wood, horizontal branches, and more
slender and usually shorter leaves than the European Larch ; — which is a
handsomer tree, and has the scales of its larger cones arranged in the order A.

4. THUJA, Tourn. Ardor Vit.i:.

Flowers mostly nioncceious on different branches, in very small terminal ovoid
catkins. Stamens with a scale-like filament or connective, bearing 4 anther-
cells. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bearing
2 erect ovules, dry and spreading at maturity. Cotyledons 2. — Small ever-
green trees, with very flat 2-ranked spray, on which the small and appres.sed
persistent leaves are closely imbricated : these are of two sorts, on different or
successive branehlets ; the one awl-shajied ; the other .scale-like, blunt, short, and
adnate to the branch. (0ui,u, Sra, or Qvda, the ancient name of some resin-
bearing evergreen.)

1. T. OCeidentklis, L. (American AnhoR Vit.ic.) Leaves a ppressed-
imbrieated in 4 rows on the 2edged branehlets ; scales of the cones pointless ;
seeds broadly winged all round. — Swamps and cool rocky banks : common
from Penn. northward, where it forms extensive "cedar-swamps," and is called
"White Cedar: rare southward along the Alleghanies. MayrJune. — Tree
20° -^ 50° high, yielding a pungent aromatic oil : wood light, l>ut very durable.

CONIFERJE. (pine FAMILY.) 473

5. CUPRESSUS, Tourn. Cvprlss.

Flowers mona'cious on different branches, in terminal small catkins. Sterile
catkins composed of shield-shaped scale-like filaments bearing 2-4 anther-cells
under the lower margin. Fertile catkins globular, of shield-shaped scales bear-
ing several erect bottle-shaped ovules. Cone globular, firmly closed, but open-
ing at maturity; the scales thicR, pointed or bossed in the middle ; thAew or
several seeds attached to their contracted base or stalk. C^otyledons 2 or 3. —
Strong-scented evergreen trees, with very small and scale-like or some awl-
shaped closely appressed-imbriciitcd leaves, and exceedingly dni'ablc wood
(The classical name.)

1. C. thyoides, L. (White Cedau.) Leaves minute, pale, ovate or
triangular-awl-shapcd, often with a small gland on the back, closely imbricated
in 4 rows ; anther-cells 2 under each scale ; cones small (3'' -5'' in diameter) ;
seeds slightly winged. — Swamps, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Tree 30° -70° high ; the wood and fibrous shreddy bark,
as well as the foliage, much as in Arbor Vitffi ; bat the spray more slender, the
leaves finer and glaucous-green.

6. TAXODIUM, Puchard. Bald Cypress.

Flowers monoecious, the two kinds on the same branches. Sterile catkins
spiked-panicled, of few stamens: filaments scale-like, shield-shaped, bearing 2-
5 anther-cells. Fertile catkins ovoid, in small clusters, scaly, with a pair of
ovules at the base of each scale. Cone globular, closed, composed of very thick
and angular somewhat shield-shaped scales, bearing 2 angled seeds at their base.
Cotyledons 6-9. — Trees, with narrow linear 2-ranked light and deciduous
leaves ; a part of the slender leafy branchlets of the season also deciduous in
autumn. (Name compounded of Ta^oy, the Yew, and etSos, resemhiance, the
leaves being Yew-like.

1. T. distic hum, Richard. (American Bald Cypress.) Leaves linear
and spreading ; also some awl-shaped and imbricated on flowering branchlets.
— Swamps, Delaware, to S. Illinois, and southward, where it is a very largo
and valuable tree. March, April.

7. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper.

Flowers dioecious, or occasionally mona?cious, in very small lateral catkins.
Anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of the shield-shaped scale. Fertile
catkins ovoid, of 3 - 6 fleshy coalescent scales, each one-ovulcd, in fruit forming
a sort of berry, which is scaly-braeted underneath, '....ick with white bloom.
Seeds 1-3, wingless, bony. Cotyledons 2. — Evergreen trees or shrubs, with
awl-sliapcd or scale-like rigid leases, often of two shapes in § 2. (The classical
name.)

§ 1. Leaves all in iclwrh and I inenr-airl -shaped, prickhj-pointcd, free, art'tculaitd witn
I he stem, ic'ith a midrib and riblike iinuyiiis.

1. J. coniinuais, L. (Common Juniper.) Leaves in threes, with slen-
der prickly point, spreading, bi'ight greeu except the glaucous-white upper face,
L & M— 40

474 CONIFERS. (PINF, FAMILY.)

6"-9"long; berries large. — Dry sterile hills: common. May, June. — Low
shrub, ascending or spreading on the ground. (Eu.)

Var. alpina, L. (J. nana, W'ilhl.}, is a prostrate state, with shorter and less
ta])ering, mostly ascendin;^ or incurved leaves. — Shores of upper Great Lakes,
Maine, and northward. (Lu.)

§ 2. £eavi-s small, mostly opposite, not iirlkulated but connate-decurrent on the stem
of two somewhat dijj'erent forms, i. e. awl-shaped and loose, and scale-shaped and
appressed-imhricattd, the latter flattened and ojlen with a rtsiniferous <jland on
the buck, and no distinct nerve or midrib.

2. J. Virginikna, L. (Red Cedar or Savin.) Scale-shaped leaves
acute or acutish ; fruit small, a'ect on the short supporting branchlet. — Dry,
mostly sterile or rocky soil : common. May. — Shrub, small tree, or westward
oi'ten a large tree, 60° -90° high ; with most durable, compact, reddish and odor-
ous wood.

3. J. Sabina, L., var. proevimbens, Pursh. Scale-shaped leaves ob-
tuse or acutish, strongly ai)j)resscd ; fntit linjer, nodding on the recurred pedunde-
likc branrltht ; stems procumbent or prostrate, sometimes extensively creeping.
(J. Yirginiana, var. hnmilis, Ed. 2.) — Rocky banks, borders of swamps, &c.,
Maine to Wisconsin along and near the Great Lakes, and northward. May,
June. (Eu.)

8. TAXUS, Tourn. Ykw.

Elowers mostly direcious, or sometimes monoecious, axillary from scaly buds ;
the sterile in small globtdar catkins formed of a few naked stamens : anther-
cells 3-8 imder a shield-like somewhat lobed connective. Fertile flowers
solitar}'^, scaly-bracted at the base, consisting merely of an erect sessile ovule ;
■with an annular disk, which becomes cup-shaped around its base, and at
length jniljiy and berry-like, globular and red, and nearly enclosing the nut-
like seed. Cotyledons 2. — Leaves evergreen, flat, niucronate, rigid, scattered,
2-ranked. (The classical name, probably from ru^ov, a how; the wood anciently
used for bows. )

1. T. baccata, L., var. Canadensis. (American Yew. Gr()im>
Hemlock.) Stems diffusely spreading; leaves linear, green both sides. (T.
Canadensis, Willd.) — Moist banks and hills, near streams, especially in the
shade of evergreens : common northward, extending southward mainly along
the Alleghanies. April. — Our Yew is a low and straggling or prostrate
bush, never forming £^n erect trunk like that of Europe and of Northwest
America. (Eu.)

ARACE^. (arum family.) 475

Class II. M ON 0 C 0 T YLE D ONOU S or EN-
OOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems with no manifest distinction into bark, wood, and
pith ; but the woody fibre and vessels in bundles or threads
which are irregularly imbedded in the cellular tissue: peren-
nial trunks destitute of annual layers. Leaves mostly paral-
lel-veined (nerved) and sheathing at the base, seldom sepa-
rating by an articulation, almost always alternate or scattered
and not toothed. Parts of the flower commonly in threes.
Embryo with a single cotyledon, and the leaves of the plu-
mule alternate.

Okdeu 107. ARACEiE. (Arum Family.)

Plants tcilh acrid or punyent juice, simple or compound often veiny leaves,
and Jlowers crowded on a spadix, which is usually surrounded by a spathe.
— Flonil envelopes none, or of 4 -G sepals. Fruit usually a berry. Seeds
with ilesliy albumen, or none but lilled with the large fleshy embryo in
Nos. 2, 4, and 5. A large family, chiefly tropical. Herbage abounding
ih slender rhaphides. — Tiie genuine Aracea; have no floral envelopes, and
are almost all moncEcious or dioecious : but the genera of the second section
with more highly developed flowers are not to be separated.

# Spathp surrounding or subtcndinR the spathe : flo^ver^ naked ; i. e. without perianth.

1. Arisa;nia. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, covering only the base of the spadiv.

2. Peltaiiilra. Flowers monoecious, covering the spadix ; an tliers above, ovaries below.

3. C'alln. Flowers perfect (at least the lower ones), covering the whole of tlie short spadix.

Spathe open and spreading.
• » Spathe surrounding the spadix in No. 4, none or imperfect in the rest : flowers witfi a
calyx or peri.anth and perfect, covering the whole spadix.

4. Syinplocarpus. Spadix globular, in a fleshy shell-shaped spathe. Stemless.

5. Orontiuin. Spadix narrow, naked, terminating the terete scape.

6. Acorus. Spadix cylindrical, borne on the side of a leaf-like scape.

1. ARIS-SlMA, Martins. Indian Turnip. Dragon-Arum.

Spathe convohite below and mostly arched above. Flowers monfcciuus or
by abortion dioecious, coverino; only the base of the spadix, which is elongated
and naked above. Floral envelopes none. Sterile flowers above tho fertile,
each of a cluster of almost sessile 2 - 4-celIed anthers, opening by pores or chinks
at the top. Fertile flowers consisting each of a l-<t»clled ovary, tipjicd with a
depressed stigma, and containing 5 or 6 orthotropous ovules erect from the base

476 ARACE^. (arum family.)

of the cell ; in fruit a 1 - few-seeded scarlet berry. Embryo in the .axis of albu-
men. — Low perennial herbs, with a tuberous rootstock or corm, sending up a
simple scape sheathed witii the petioles of the simple or compound veiny leaves,
as if eoalescent. (A play upon Arum, the ancient name; probably formed of
apov, Arum, and crrjfia, a si(/n or murk.)

1. A. triphyllum, Torr. (Indian Turxii' ) L'^avcs mosth/ 2, divided
into 3 e/lijjtiail urate jionded leajicls ; s/iudix mostly dioecious, club-sli<i/ied, obtuse,
much shorter than the spathc, which is flattened and incurved-hooded at the
summit. (Arum triphyllum, L.) — Rich woods: common. May. — Corm
turnip-shaped, wrinkled, farinaceous, with an intensely acrid juice. Spathc with
the petioles and sheaths green, or often variegated with dark purple and whitish
stripes or spots (Arum atrorubens, Ait.) ; the limb ovate-lanceolate, pointed.

2. A. Dracdntium, Sehott. (Ghekn Dragox. Dkago.n'-root.) Leaf
vsuallij solilari/, fmhilelij divided into 7-11 oblong-lanceolate pointed leaflets ;
spcidix o/len uiidro/;yiious, tapi:rin<j to a loiifj and slender point beyond the oblong
and convolute pointed spathe. (Arum Dracontium, L.) — Low grounds along
streams. June. — Corms clustered. Petiole l°-2° long, much longer than
the peduncle. Spathe greenish, rolled into a tube, with a short erect point.

2. PELTANDRA, Kaf. Arrow Arum.

Spatlie elongated, convolute throughout, wavy on tlie margin, curved at the
apex. Flowers monoecious, thickly covering the long and tapering spadi.x
throughout. Floral envelopes none. Anthers sessile, naked, covering all the
upper part of the spadix, each of 5 or 6 cells imbedded in the margin of a thick
and shield-shaped connective, opening by a terminal pore. Ovaries 1 -celled at
the base of the spadix, bearing several amphitropous or nearly orthotropous
ovules at the base : stigma almost sessile. Fruit a leathery or fleshy utricle,
1 - 3-seeded. Seed obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly, the base empty,
the upper part filled with a large and fleshy spherical embryo ; no albumen. —
A stemless herb, with arrow-shaped le<ives and simple scapes from the root of
thick tufted fibres. Upper part of the spathe and the sterile portion of the
spadix rotting away after flowering, leaving the fleshy base firmly enclosing the
globular cluster of fruit. (Name composed of niXTr], a target, and dvijp, for
stamen, from the shape of the latter.)

•L P. Virginiea, Raf. (P. undulata, /?«/". Arum Virginieum, Z. Le-
contia, Torr. Rensselreria, Beck.) — In shallow water: common. June. —
Leaves large, pointed ; nerves reticulated next the margin. (It seems to have
escaped attention that this plant has an exulbuminous corm-like embryo, nearly as
in Symplocarpus.)

3 . C A L L A , L. Water Arum.

Spathe open and spreading, ovate (abruptly pointed, the upper surface white),
persistent. Spadix oblong, entirely covered with flowers ; the lower perfect and
6-androus ; the upper often of stamens only. Floral envelopes none. Filaments
slender: anthers 2-celled, opening lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with 5-9 erect
auatropous ovules : stigma almost sessile. Berries (red) distiuct, few-seeded.

ARACEiE. (aUUII FAMILY.) 477

Seeds with a conspicuous rlmplic nnd an embryo nearly the length of the hard
albumen. — A low perennial lioil), yrowiii;; in cold boos, with a long creeping
rootstock, bearing heart-shajicd long-pi'tioicd leaves, and solitary scapes. (An
ancient name, of unknown meaning.)

I. C. pallistris, L. — Cold bogs. New England to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and
common northward. June. — Seeds surrounded with jelly. (Eu.)

4. SYMPLOCARPUS, Salisb. Skunk Cadbage.

Spathe hooded-shcll-form, pointed, very thick and fleshy, decaying in fruit.
Spadix globular, short-stalked, entirely covered with perfect flowers, which are
tliickly crowded and their (I-celled or abortively 2-celled) ovaries immersed in
the fleshy receptacle. Sc])als 4, hooded. Stamens 4, opposite the sepals, with
at length rather slender filaments : anthers extrorse, 2-celled, opening length-
wise. Style 4-angled and awi-shaped : stigma small. Ovule solitary, suspended,
anatropous. Fruit a globular or oval mass, composed of the enlarged and
spongy spadix, enclosing the spherical seeds just beneath the surl'ace, which is
roughened with the persistent and fleshy sepals and pyramidal styles. Seeds
filled by the large globular and fleshy corm-like embryo, which bears one or
several plumules at the end next tbe base of the ovary; albumen none. —
Perennial herb, with a strong odor like that of the skunk, and also somewhat
alliaceous ; a thick descending rootstock bearing a multitude of long and coarse
fibrous roots, and a cluster of very large and broad entire veiny leaves, preceded
in earliest spring by the nearly sessile spathes, which barely rise out of the
ground. (Name fiom (TVfnrXoKi], connection, and Kapnus, /mil, in allusion to
the coalescence of the ovaries into a compound fruit.)

1. S. fcetidus, Salisb. (Ictbdes, B^V/e/.) — Bogs and moist grounds : com-
mon. — Leaves ovate and heart-shaped, l°-2° long when grown, short-petioled.
— Spathe spotted and striped with purple and yellowish-green, ovate, incurved.
Fruit ripe in September, forming a roughened globular mass 2'- 3' in diameter,
in decay shedding the bulblet-like seeds, which are 4" - 6" in diameter, and filled
with the singular solid fleshy embryo.

5. ORONTIUM, L. Goldex-club.

Spathe incomplete and distant, merely a leaf-sheath investing the lower part
of the slender scape, and bearing a small and imperfect bract-like blade. Flow-
ers crowded all over the narrow spadix, perfect : the lower with 6 concavo
sepals and 6 stamens ; the upper ones with 4. Filaments flattened : anthers 2-
celled, opening obliquely lengthwise. Ovary 1 -celled, with an anatropous
ovule: stigriia sessile, entire. Fruit a green utricle. Seed without albumen.
Embryo thick and fleshy, "with a large concealed cavity at the summit, the
plumule curved in a groove on the outside." {Torr.) — An aquatic perennial,
with a deep rootstock, long-petiolcd and entire oblong and nerved floating
leaves, and the spadix terminating the elongated scape ; its rather club-shaped
emcrsed apex as thick as the sp^ulix. (Origin of the name obscure.)

1. O. aquaticum, L. — Ponds, Massachusetts to Virginia, near the coast,
and southward. May.

478 LEMNACK-E. (UUCKWEEI) FAMILY.)

6. ACORUS, L. Sweet Flag. Calami-s.

Spadix cylindrical, lateral, sessile, emerging from the side of a simple 2-edgC(3
scape which resembles the leaves, densely covered with perfect Howers. Sepals
6, concave. Stamens G : filaniciits linear • anthers kidney-shaped, 1-celled,
opening across. Uvary 2-.3-celled, with sevcr.il ])endnlous orthotropons ovules
in each cell: stigma minute. Frnit at length dry, gelatinous inside, 1- few-
seeded. Embryo in the axis of all)nmcn. — Pungent aromatic plants, especially
the thick creeping rootstocks {ailumus of the shops), which send up 2-edged
sword-like leaves, and scapes similar to them, bearing the spadix on one edge ;
the upper and more foliaceous prolongation sometimes considered as a kind of
open .-pathc. (The ancient name, from a privative, and Kuprj, the pupil of (he
eyf, having been used as a remedy for sore eyes.)

1. A. Calamus, L. Scape leaf-like and prolonged far beyond the (yel-
lowish-green) sjjadix. — Margin of rivulets, swamps, &c. Probably truly in-
digenous northward. June. (Eu.)

Order 108. L,EilIl>f.4CE.13. (Duckweed Family.)

Minute stemless plants, Jioalinr/ free on the icater, destitute of distinct stem
and foliage, being merely a frond, producing one or few monoecious flowers
from the edge or upper surface, and commonbj hanging roots from under-
■neath : ovules rising from the base of the cell. Fruit a \- 7-seeded utricle.
Seed large; the apex or radicular extremitji of the seed-coat separable as
an operculum or lid (as in Cabomba, &c.) Embryo straight, surrounded by
Jieshy or sometimes very scanty albumen — The simplest, and some of them
the smallest of flowering plants, j)ropagating by the proliferous growth of a
new individual from a cleft in the edge or base of the parent frond, remain-
ing connected for some time or separating, also by autumnal fronds in the
form of minute bulblets, which sink to the bottom of the water, but rise
and vegetate in spring; the flowers (in summer) and fruit scarce, in some
species hardly ever seen. Frond more or less cavernous ; the upper sur-
fjice furnished with stomata. — These plants may be regarded as a sort of
very simpli6ed Aracea;.

Arranged from notes contributed by C. F. Austin, Esq., who is pre-
paring a monograph of the American Lenmacete.

1. LEMNA, L. DucivWEED. Duck's-meat.

Flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the frond, usually three to-
gether surrounded by a spathe ; two of them staminate, consisting of a stamen
only; the other ])istiliate, of a simple pistil; the whole therefore imitating a
single diandrous flower. Ster. Fl. Filament slender : anther 2-celled, didy-
mous ; the cells dehiscent transversely ; iiollcn-grains large, spherical, muricate.
Fert. FL Ovary 1-celled : style and truncate or funnel-shaped stigma simple.
Ovules and, seeds 1-7. — Fronds producing rootlets underneath, proliferous

I.EMNACE^.. (dUCKAVEKD FAMILY.) 479

from a cleft in the marj^in towards the base, and at length stii)itatc; the tissue
abounding with bundles of acicular rhaphides, as in Araceic. (An old Greek
name, of uncertain meaning.)
§ 1. LEMNA, Schleiden. Root simjlc : omlc one, half-aiKilroponx or orlliotropoiis.

1. L. trisiilca, L. Fronds obloiuj-lanceolate from a sta/ktd base, thin, dentic-
ulate at the tip (.j'-.l' long), proliferous from one or both sides; seed half-ami-
troi)OH>i. — Ponds and springy places ; immersed and living through the winter,
usually several generations remaining connected. Flowers found, for the first
time in this country, by C. M. Booth, Rochester, New York. (Eu.)

2. L. Torreyi, Austin, n. sp. Fronds oblong or ohouute-obtomj, uaiiAWy some-
what falcate (l"-i.i" long), thin, faintly 1 -nerved, cavernous to the apex, pale
green both sides, commonly in groups of 4 - 8 ; utricle elongated-ovate, pointed by
the lonr/ stjjle, flattish, usually half the length of the frond ; seed olilon;/ and rather
abruptly expanded below the middle, unequally cordate at the base, orthotropous,
very obtuse, partly striate when dry ; testa fleshy, loosely adhering to the thick-
ish and solid inner coat; operculum distinctly apicalate ; albumen vert/ scanli/ (a sin-
gle layer of cells). — Pools, New Jersey (fertile) to Missouri and southward.

3. L. perpusilla, Torr. Fronds oborate or roundish-oliomte, oblique ( 1 " - 1.^"
long), obscurely 3-nerved, grouped in circular patches (of 4-8) ; utricle ovate
and at length obliqne, tipped with a ratiier lonrj eccentric sli/le; seed ovate or oval,
obtuse, oblique in the utricle, ortliotropous, delicately many-striate when dry ; testa
coriaceous, solid, firmly attached to the very thin inner coat ; operculum scarcely
apiculate ; albumen abundant. — New York to Wisconsin and soul h ward: often
fertile. — Var. trinervis, Austin. Fronds larger, distinctly Averred, thin ; utricle
ovate, pointed with a nitlier long style ; se<'d ovate, acutish, mostly straight,
unequally cordate. — New Yoik and Penn. (fertile) to Wisconsin.

4. L. minor, L. Fronds o':nn(te or elliplirni <ilo-nte, thickish (II' -2" ]ong),
often grouped and short-stalked, obscurely .3-nerved ; utricle short-urn-shaped and
tipped ivith a short style ; seed oval or ovate, half-nnatropous, horizontal, parallel with
the margin of the frond. — Stagnant waters : common : rare in flower. (Eu.)

Var. obseiira, Austin. Fronds obovate, convex on both surfaces, often
purple underneath. — New York to Virginia : sterile.

Var. orbioulkta, Austin. Fronds nearly orbicular, flat above, convex and
dark purple underneath, proliferous on very short included stalks. — New York
to Wisconsin and southward : sterile. — This and the preceding variety have been
taken for L. gibba by American authors.

§2. SPIRODELA, Schleiden. Pioots several in a cluster: ovules 2, anatro/wns.

5. L. polyi'rhiza, L. Fronds round-obovate (2" -4" long), thick, purple
and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately (mostly 7-) nerved. —
Very common in ponds and pools ; not found here in blossom. (Eu.)

§3. TELMAT(')PHACE, Schleiden. noots sim/le: ovules and seeds 2-7, ana-
tropous: albumen hardly any in the mature seid.

6. L. gibba, L. Fronds obovate or almost orbicular (U"-n" long),
nearly flat above, much thickened and cavernous-spongy underneath (almost
hemispherical), proliferous on short and very fragile stalks, therefore seldom

^^0 TYPHACEJE. (cat-tail FAMILY.)

moro than 2 or 3 in connection. — Occurs in Arizona anvl southward : but tha
true plant seems not to liave been detccled within our limits. (Eu.)

2. WOLFPIA, Horkel, Schlei.len.
Flowers central, bursting tlirougli the upper surface of the globular (or in some
foreign ones flat) and loosely cellular frond, only 2; one consisting of a single
stamen with a one celled 2-valved anther; the other of a globular ovary, tipped
with a very short style and a depressed stigma. Ovule orthotropous, rather
oblique in the cell. Utricle spherical. Albumen thin. — Fronds rootless, prolif-
erous from a cleft or funnel-shaped opening at the base, the offspring soon
detached : no rhaphides. — The simjjlest and smallest of flowcJring plants, from
k" -I" long (a new African and Cuban species much larger), floating as little grains
on the water. (Named for John Fred. Wolff, who wrote on Lemna in 1801.)

1. W. Columbiana, Karstcn. Globose or globular, J" -5" long, very
loosely cellular, light green all over, not dotted ; stomata 1 -6 ; the opening at
the base circular and with a thin border. — Floating rather beneath the surface
of stagnant waters, near Butcher's Bridge, Salisbury, Connecticut (Rohbins, 1829),
Orange Co., N. Y. (Austin), Lake Ontario (Pa'nie), Detroit (./. M. Diycluw), Illi-
nois (/s. Hall, Engehiiann, fertile), and Louisiana (Riddcll).

2. W. Brasiliensis, Weddell. 01>long, smaller and more densely cellular,
flattisii and deep gicen witli many stomata above, tumid and jjalc below, brown-
dotted all over, anterior edge sharp, opening at base circular. — Growing with
the last from Lake Ontario to Illinois, floating on the surface. (Char, of both
by G. Engil matin.)

OuDKii 109. TYPII.iCE^. (Cat-tail Family.)

Mar.'ih or (uiuatic herbs, toith nerved and linear .se.s.si7e leaves, and monoe-
cious Jloicers on a spadix or in heads, destitute of proper Jloral envelopes.
Ovary tapering into a style and (usually elongated) 1 -sided stigma.
Fruit nut-like when ripe, 1-seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Seed suspended,
anatropous : embryo straiglit in copious albumen. Root perennial.

1. TYPHA, Tonrn. C.vt-tail Fl.\g.

Flowers in a long and very dense cylindrical spike terminating the stem ; the
upper part consisting of stamens only, intermixed with long hairs, and inserted
directly on the axis ; the lower or fertile part consisting of ovaries, surrotinded
by club-shaped bristles, which form the copious down of the fruit. Nutlets
minute, very long-stalked. — Spathes merely deciduous bracts, or none. Iloot-
stoek.5 creeping. Leaves long, sheathing the base of the simple jointless stems,
erect, thicki.sh. Flowering in summer. (Name from rlcfios, a fen.)

1. T. Iatif61ia, L. (Common Cat-tail or Reed-macf..) Leaves flat:
staininate and pistillate parts of the spike a])proximato. Common. (Eu.)

2. T. angUStif6Iia, L. (Narrow-leaved or Saiai.l C.) Leares chan-
nrlled towards the Ixise, narroirlij linear : staminate and ]iistillatc parts of the sjjike
usually separated by an interval. A rarer and smaller jjlant. (Eu.)

TYPHACE^. (cat-tail FASIILY.) 481

2. SPARGANIUM, Tourn. Pur-keed.

Flowers collected in separate dense and spherical leafy-bracted heads, which
are scattered along the summit of the stem; the upper ones sterile, consistinj;
merely of stamens, with minute scales irregularly interposed ; the lower or fer-
tile larger, consisting of numerous sessile pistils, each surrounded by 3 -6 scales
much like a calyx. Fruit wedge-shaped or club-shaped. — Kootstocks creeping
and stolonifcrous : roots fibrous. Stems simple or branching, sheathed l)elow
by the base of the linear leaves. Flowering through the summer. ( Xame from
aniipyavov, aJiUet, from the ribbon-like leaves.) By Dr. G. Engelmann.

♦ Enct, with branched inflorescence of numerous heads: pistil as lonrjas the surround-

ing truncate scales, attenuated into a short style bearing one or ojlen two elongated
stigmas : nuts sessile, wedge-shaped, angular: leases for the greater part flat and
merely keeled, the base triangular with concave sides.

1. S. euryc&.rpum, Engelm. Fruit many-angled (3j"-4"long) when
fully ripe, with a broad and depressed or retuse summit (2^"-3|" wide) ab-
ruptly tipped in the centre ; fruit heads 1' wide. (S. ramosum, in part, of most
American botanists.) — Borders of ponds, lakes, and rivers, from New Kngland
and Pennsylvania northward and westward. — Stems stout, 2° - 4° high ; heads
2 to 6 or more : the largest species known.

(S. ram6sum, Hudson, of Europe, has not yet been found on this continent:
It is distinguished by smaller heads, and smaller, few-angled, usually 1 -seeded
fruit, with a conical and long-pointed summit.)

* * Erect or rarely floating, with simple (or rarely branched) inflorescence of numer-

ous heads ; the conspicuous style longer than the spatulate denticulate scales : stig-
mas always single, linear or oolong : nuts attenuated at both ends, and with a
stalked base, nearly terete : stems rather slender : leaves {unless floating) triangu-
lar with flat sides in the lower half.

2. S. simplex, Hudson, genuinum. Erect (9'- 15' high), slender; in-
florescence simple, the lower heads supra-axillary, sessile or commonly pedun-
cled (""-8" wide); stigma linear, equal to the style; fruit more or less con-
tracted in the middle. — New England and northward. (Eu.)

Var. Nuttallii. Like the last or type, but heads axillary ; stigma linear-
oblong, shorter than the style; fruitless contracted. (S. Americanum, A^u?/.)
— From Pennsylvania and New England northward and northwestward. — In-
florescence rarely branched ; heads 8" - 9" wide.

Var. androcladum. Stouter (l^°-3° high) ; inflorescence branched be-
low; branches bearing numerous sterile (rarely also 1 or even 2 fertile) heads;
stigma linear, as long as the style; fruit larger, not contracted, long-tapering
upwards and dcwnwards. (S. ramosum, in part, of American authors.) — From
New England southward and especially westward. — Heads 10"- 12" wide.

Var. fltiitans. Leaves floating ; inflorescence branched ; branches bearing
fertile heads below ; stigma oval, shorter than the style ; fruit somewhat con-
tracted and with a short stipe. (S. fluitans, Fries.) — Ponds at the base of the
White Mountains, Oakes. — Heads 6" -7" wide. (En.)

Var. augustifdlium. Leaves floating, longer and narrower than in the
GM 21

482 NAIADACE^.. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

last ; inflorescence simple ; lower fertile heads usually supra-axillary, sessile or
pedundctl ; stiiinia line:ir, about the length of the style; fruit smaller, short-
stipcd, contracted in the middle. (IS. anLjustii'olium, Mic/tx. S. affiiie, Schnitz-
lein ; said to be the true S. natans of Linna;us.) — Mountain lakes and slow
streams. New York, New Englaml, and northward. — Heads 5" -7" wide.
Dwarf states, growing nearly out of water, have shorter erect leaves. (Eu.)
• * * Usually flouting, with venj slender stems and delicate alwaj/sflat and narrow
leaves: inflortscence simple, of flto small heads: stifjma oval, about as long as
the short style, scared y surpassing the oval or olmvate denticulate scah s : nuts oval,
loith a very short stipe and short jwint.
3. S. minimum, Bauhin, Fries. Fertile heads solitary or usually 2, ax-
illary, sessile or the lower one pedunded, fruit heads 4" -5" in diameter; nuts
somewhat triangular, the lower third usually contracted ; stems when out of
water only 5'-6' high ; when submersed longer. (S. natans, of older authors,
but not of Linnieus, according to Fries. S. angustifolium, Ed. 2.) — Northern
New England to Wisconsin and iiortiiward. (Eu.)

OrDF.U 110. NAIADACE.I:. (PONDWEI^D FaMII.Y.)

Immersed aquatic plants, u-ilh Jointed stems and sheathing stipules within
' the petioles, or with sheathing bases to the leaves, inconspicuous flowers, tohich
are naked or with a free merely scale-like calyx: (he ovaries solitary or 2-4
and distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Seed -withGut albumen, filled by the large
embryo, often curved or hooked. Flowei-s usually bursting from a spatbe,
sometimes on a spadix.

* Flowers monoecious or dioecious, iixillary, naked, nionandrous.

1. Nnias. Pistils solitary and n.aked. Siigaias2or4

2. Zaiiiiichellia. Pistils about 4 from a cup-shaped involucre or sheath.

3. Zoslcro. Pistils and anthers alternately sessile in two rows on one side of a lincarspadis

enclo.sed in a leaf. Stigmas 2.

* # Flowers perfect, spiked or clustered.

4. Rnppia. Flowers naked (no perianth), each of 4 large anther-cells, and 4 ovaries.
6. Potamogetoii. Flowers with sepals, stamens, and sessile ovaries each 4.

1. NAIAS, L. Naiad.

Flowers dioecious or monoecious, axillary, solitary and sessile ; the sterile con-
tisting of a single stamen enclosed in a little membranous spathe : anther at
.first nearly sessile, the filament at length elongated. Fertile flowers consisting
of a single ovary tapering into a short style: stigmas 2-4, awl-shaped: ovule
erect, anatropous. Fruit a little seed-like nutlet, enclosed in a loose and sejjara-
blc membranous cpicarp. Embryo straight, the radicular end downwards. —
Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with o])j)osite and linear leaves,
somewhat crowded into whorls, spinulose-toothed, sessile and dilated at the base.
Flowers very small, solitary, but often clustered with the branch-leaves in the
axils; in summer. (Naids, water-nymph; au ill-chosca uame for these insig-
nificant water- weeds.)

NAIADACK^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 483

1. M". mkjOV, All. Leaves linear, rather broad, strongly rcpand-toothed,
the back as well a> the stern more or less beset with little spines, the sheathing
base entire or nearly so; flowers dioeeious ; antlur 4-cclled, 4-valved. — New
York, Onondaga Lake, G. ^F. Clinton ; Lake Ontario, near Roehester, C. M.
Booth: recent discoveries. (Eu.)

2. N. flexilis, liostk. Leaves very narrowly linear and minutely serrate,
as is their alniiiit rounded sheathing base ; flowers monoecious ? (N. Canadensis,
Michx. Cauliuia flcxilis, ]Villd.) — I'onds and slov.' streams : common. (Eu.)

2. ZANNICHELLIA, Micheli. Horned Pondweed.

Flowers monoecious, sessile, naked, usually both kinds from the same axil ;
the sterile consisting of a single stamen, with a slender filament bearing a 2-4-
cclled anther; the fertile of 2-.'j (usually 4) sessile pistils in the same cup-
shaped involucre, forming obliquely oblong nutlets in fruit, beaded wuh a short
style, which is tipped by an obliquely disk-shaped or somewhat 2-lobed stigma.
Seed oithotropous, suspended, straight. Cotyledon taper, bent r--id coiled up.
— Slender branching herbs, growing under water, with opposit-^ or alternate
long and linear thread form entire leaves, and. sheathing memU-anous stipules-
(Named in honor o? Zanniclie/li, a Venetian botanist.)

1. Z. paltistris, L. Style at least half as long as the fn-it, which is flat-
tish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally more or less top*hed on the back
(not wing-margined in our plant), nearly sessile ; or, in var. PEruvcuLXxA, both
the cluster and the separate fruits evidently pedunclcd. — -.Vuds and slow
streams: rather rare. July. (Eu.)

3. ZOSTERA, L. Gr.\ss-avkack. EEr crass.

Flowers monoecious ; the two kinds naked and sessile and alternately aiTanged
in two rows on the midrib of one side of a linear leaf-like spadix, which is hid-
den in a long and sheath-like base of a leaf (spatiie) ; the sterile flowers consist-
ing of single ovate or oval 1-celled sessile anthers, as large a? the ovaries, and
containing a tuft of threads in place of ordinary jrollen ; the fertile of single
ovate-oblong ovaries attached near their apex, tapering upward into an awl-
shaped style, and containing a pendulous orthotropous ovule : r>tigmas 2, long
and bristle-form, deciduous. Utricle bursting irregularly, enclcsing an oblong
longitudinally ribbed seed (or nutlet). Embryo short and thick (proper cotyle-
don almost obsolete), with an open chink or cleft its whole length, from which
protrudes a doubly curved slender plumule. — Grass-like marine herbs, growing
wholly under water, from a jointed creeping stem or rootstock, sheathed by the
bases of the very long and linear, obtuse, entire, grass-like, ribbon-shaped 'eaves
(whence the name, from ^coarijp, a hiind).

1. Z. marina, L. Leaves obscurely 3-5-nerved. — Common :r. htys
along the coast, in water of 5° -15° deep. Aug. (Eu.)

4. RIJPPIA, L. Ditch-grass.

Flowers perfect, 2 or more apjiroximated on a slender spadix, which 'S at first
enclosed in the sheathing spathe-like base of a leaf, entirely destitute <>f flu/^h

484 NAIADACE^. (PONDWEED FAMILY.)

envelopes, consisting of 2 sessile stamens, each with 2 large and separate an-
ther-cells and 4 small sessile ovaries, with a single campylotropous suspended
ovule : stigma sessile, depressed. Fruit of little obliquely-ovate pointed drupes,
each raised on a slender stalk which appears after tlowcring; the spadix itself
also then raised on an elongated thread-form peduncle. Embryo ovoid, with a
short and pointed plumule from the ui)pcr end, by the side of the short cotyle-
don.— Marine herbs, growing under water, with long and thiead-like forking
stems, and slender almost capillary alternate leaves, sheathing at the base.
Flowers rising to the surface at the time of expansion. (Dedicated to //. D.
liu/i/iins, a German botanical author of the early part of the 1 8th century,)

1. R. maritima, L. Leaves linear-capillary ; nut ovate, obliquely erect;
fruiting peduncles capillary (|^' - 1 ' long). — Shallow bays, along the whole coast :
also Onondaga Lake (near salt springs). New York, J. A. Pdine. Chiefly a
narrowly leaved variety with strongly pointed fruit, approaching K. rostcllata,
Koch. June -Sept. (Eu.)

5. POTAMOGETON, Tourn. Fondweed.

Flowci's perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, valvate in the bud. Stamens 4, oppo-
site the sepals : anthers nearly sessile, 2-cellcd. Ovaries 4 (rarely only one),
with an ascending campylotropous ovule : stigma sessile or on a short style.
Fruit drupe-like when fresh, more or less compressed : endocarp {nutlet) crns-
taeeous. Embryo hooked, annular, or cochleatc, the radicular end pointing
downwards. — Herbs of fresh, or one in brackish, ponds and streams, with jointed
mostly rooting stems, and 2-rankcd leaves, which are usually alternate or im-
perfectly opposite ; the submersed ones. pellucid, the floating ones often dilated,
and of a firmer texture. Stipules membranous, more or less united and sheath-
ing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, mostly raised on a peduncle to
the surface of the water. (An ancient name, composed of 7rora/Aoj, a river, and
yeiTcov, (I ml(ihbor, from their place of growth.)

The following account of the genus is contributed by Dr. J. W. Robbins, of
Uxbridge, Mass. — By fruit, the full-grown fresh or macerated fruit is intended ;
by nutlet, that with the fleshy outer portion or epicarp removed. All except
No. 15 flower in summer: the month mentioned indicates the season of the
maturation of the fruit, which, especially, should be collected.
§ I. DiVERSiFOLii. Leaves of tico sorts ; the flocitinrj ones coriaceous, and different

in form from the more delicate submersed ones.
* Submersed leaves mostli/ loilh no distinction of blade and petiole, being in fact blade-

hss more or less flattened /letioies, or phi/llodia, sessile, grass-like, narrowljj linear,

or so attenuated as to become flii form or capillar j/.
•*- Stems rather stout : stipules free from the leaves : .spikes all cmersed, cijlindriral and

denselji fruitfd : fruits fle^hij and turnid, oUUqnclj ohovate : enihri/o coiled into less

or saircelfi more than one turn.

1. P. nutans, L. Stem simi>le or fparinglg branched ; floating leaves all

long-petioled, elliptical or ovate, somewhat cordate at base, obtuse but with a

blunt point, 21 -29ncrved ; upper submersed leaves lanceolate, early perishing,

the lower (later in the season) very slender (3' -7' long, barely a line wide);

NAIADACE^. (rONDWEED FAMILY.) 485

tipper stipules venj long, acute; peduncle about the thichiess of the stem ; spikes 1' -2'
long ; sides of the turgid nutlet with a small deep impression in the middle ; embryo
coiled into an incomplete elliptical ring. — Var. PROLfxus, Koch. More slen-
der ; upper leaves lanceolate, frequently submersed, acute; stem (6° -12°),
suiimcvscd leaves (sometimes 21') and stipules very lon;^-. — Common in ponds
and ditches : the var. in deep flowing water. Aug. (Eu.)

2. P. OakesianuS, Robbins, n. sp. Stem more slender, ?«Hr/i branched;
floating leaves smaller (1'- Ij' long), ovate- or obloug-clliptical, obtuse, fewcr-
(17-23-) nerved; lowest submersed ones almost capillary (only ^"-5" wide),
continuing through the flowering season; spikes shorter H'-l' long), on pe-
duncles much thicker than the stem ; fruit smaller and more acute ; sides of the tur-
cjid nutlet not at cdl impressed ; curvature of the embryo nearly circular, its apex
directed to a point above its base. — Ponds, and especially pools and stagnant
ditches, not rare in E. Massachusetts. Aug.

3. P. Claytbnii, Tuckcrman. Stemx compressed, often simple from the
creeping rootstocks ; floating leaves chiefly opposite (1'- Ij' long), 11-17-
nerved, oblong, tapering into a short petiole, the lower gradually narrowing and
passing into the submersed ones, which are very numerous and approximate,
2-riuiked, linear (2'-5' long, and l"-2.i" wide), 5-nervcd, the lateral nerves
slender and nearly marginal, the space within the inner nerves coarsely cellular-
reticulated ; stipules very obtuse; spikes numerous, about the length of the thick-
ened peduncle ; _//•«/< ?-ou/iof-o6ofafe, flattish, 3-keeled when dry; nutlet distinctly
impressed on the sides ; curvature of the embryo transversely oval. (P. Nuttallii,
Chamisso?) — Still or flowing water, and even in small streams: common. —
Perfectly distinct, and peculiar in the reticulation of the centre of the delicate
grass-like submersed leaves. July, Aug.

H- -1- Characters of the preceding section, but all the parts small, slender and delicate
as in the next, or as in No. 20 (and like it propagated by autumn buds), but with
coriaceous floating leaves.

4. P. V^seyi, Robbins, n. sp. Very delicate ; stem almost capillary ;
floating leaves obovate (3" -5" long) and about the length of their filiform
petioles, with 5 nerves deeply impressed beneath, cross-veins distinct ; sub-
mersed leaves filiform-linear, very attenuate (l'-2' long, l"-^" wide) and
acute ; stipules not adnate, scarious ; spikes all emersed and similar, few, inter-
rupted-oblong, 3 - .5-flowered, on a thiekish peduncle ; fruit oblique round-
obovate (§" long) compressed, slightly sharp-margined, tipped with a distinct
recui-ved style, the sides impressed and face acute ; upper portion of the embryo
circularly incurved, its apex transverse to the fruit. — Illinois, near Ringwood,
McHenry Co., Dr. G. Vasi'y. Apparently also in Quinsigamond Lake, Mass.
■I- -t- -t- Stems slender or fliform and much branched: floating leaves sonutlmes

wanting : stipules adnate to the base of the leaf: spikes of two kinds : one emersed,
cylindrical and viauy-flowered, on a clnb-shtped peduncle ; the ollur submei'sid,
globular and few-flowered : fruit fat, cochleate, with thin or scurcily any flesh,
and a thin nutlet: emliryo spiral.

5. P. Spirillus, Tuckerman. Floating leaves varying from oval to
lance-oblong and lanceolate (the largest 10" long and 4" wide), usually obtusei

486 NAIADACIi^E. (I'ONDWKKD FAMILY.)

about equalling the rather dilaled petioles, with 5 - many nerves beneath deeply
impressed ; upper submersed leaves either witli or without a lanee-oblong or
broad-linear prui)er blade; the numerous lower ones narrow-linear, tapering
towards the obtuse apex ('i' - 1^' long, i"-'i' wide) ; stipules early laeeratc ;
suimtrsid Jhiicers tistudli/ solitary on verif sliorl ertct peduncles; sliell-slmpedfrtdt with
the back either a-imjed and with 4-5 distinct letth or wiiajless and entire; embryo
coiled \[ turns. — Uivers, and even far up snuill streams, in company witli the
Ko. 3, or rarely with the following, Maine (J. Blake) to Lake Superior and
Virginia. June -Aug. — Stem less slender than the next.

6. P. hybl'idus, Miehx. Floating leaves varying from oval to lance-
oblong ; (the largest 10" long and 6" wide), often acute, longer than the JH iforni
\)etioles, with about 5-7 nerves beneath deeply impressed ; submersed leaves very
numerous, alniost setaceous, (l'-3' long, very rarely ^" wide) ; stipules oljtuse;
mbmersed spikes 1 -4-Ho\vered, their fieduncles (of their own langth) Jie(jueiitli/
recurved ; J'ruit minute, about 8-louthed on the margin; embryo coiled l^ turns. (P.
diversifolius, Barton. P. setaceus, Pursli.) — Shallow stagnant waters. June -
Aug. — Emersed spikes 4" to (in var. spicatus, Enijdm.) 7" long.

* * Submersed leaves lanceolate, rarely oral or linear, membranaceous.

7. P. rufescens, Schrader. Stem simple, floating leaves (often wanting,
p. obrutus, Wood) rather thin, wedge-oblunceolute, narrowed into a .short petiole, 1 1 -
17-ncrved; submersed leaves almost sessi'fe, lanceolate and lance-oblong, smooth
on the margin, fewer-nerved ; stipules broad, hyaline, obtuse, ui)])cr ones
acuminate; fruit obovate, lenticular, pitted when immature, with an acute
margin and pointed with the rather long style ; embryo incompletely annular.
— Rivers and streams, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois, and especially
northward. — Aug. - Sept. — Spike often somewhat compound ! (Eu.)

8. P. lonchites, Tuckerman. Stem often branching below ; ^floating
leaves thiimish, lance-oblong or long-elliptical, often acute, loiig-petiuled, 17-2-3-
nerved; submersed leav&i very long (.3' -12', by 2"- 12" wide), lanceolate and
lanre-linear, 7-15-nerved, coarsely reticulated ; peduncles somewhat thickened
upwards ; fruit obliquely obovate, obscurely 3-keeled when fresh and distinctly
so when dry, the middle one winged above and sometimes with 3-5 shallow
indentations; the rounded slightly curved face surmounted by the short style;
nutlet with the sides scarcely impressed ; upper part of the embryo circulirly
incurved. (P. Americanus, Chamisso?) — Rivers and ponds, New England to
Illinois. Aug., Sept. — More slender than the very similar P. fliiitaus of
Europe, its leaves longer petioled, the floating ones more abrupt at the base ;
stipules not bicarinate. Cham i.sso's name of this and Xo. 3 merely provisional.

9. P. pulcher, Tuckerman. Stem simple, black-spotted ; leaves of three
kinds; floating ones becoming very large (4^' by 3h') roundish-ovate and cordate
or ovate-oblong, 2!i- 37 -nerved; idl alternate; upper submersrd ones (3-5) usually
lanceolate, acute at the base and very long-acuminate, 10- 15-ncrvc(l, very thin,
cellular each side of the midril), undulate, short-jietioled ; lowest (2-4 near the
base of the stem) thicker, jilane, oval or oblong with a rounded base, or spatulate-
oblong, on longer petioles; stipules rather short and obtuse; peduncles thicker
than the stem ; fruit with a rounded back and angular face, pointed with the

NAIADACE^. (rONDWEKD FAMILY.) 487

Style, distinctly 3-keelcd when fresh, sharply so when dry ; nutlet marked on
the back by two deep furrows and in front by a sinus below the angle; sides
flat; upper portion of the embryo circularly much incurved. — Ponds; found as
yet only in ICastern Massachusetts and " in ponds on hills north of St. Louis,"
Missoui'i, Eiif/Jiiiann : also Georgia, Le Conte. — July, Aug.

10. P. amplif61ius, Tuckerman. Stems simple, of very variable length ;
flodtlii'i leaves (sometimes wanting) large, oUoiig or lance-utnile, sometimes slightly
cordate at base, abruptly acutish, 30 - 50-nerved, on rather lonrj petioles; sub-
mersed leaves often very large (reaching 7' by 2'), lanceolate or oval, acute at
each end, usually much recurved, undulate, mostly on short petioles ; stipules
verij long and tapering to a point, soon becoming loose ; peduncles thickened up-
ward, in deep water much elongated ; fruit rather obliquely obovate, the back
rounded and bluntly keeled; nutlet slightly impressed on the sides; upper
portion of the embryo incurved into a ring. — Ponds and large rivers : not rare.
■ — Aug., Sept. — In very shallow water sometimes without membi-anaceous
leaves, and in deep water it may have those only. — (Leaves on a radical
shoot in one specimen with adnate stipules !)

11. P. gramineus, L. Stem slender, verg branching hc\o\v; duating leaves
mostly thin, variable, but with a short blunt point, 9-I5-nerved; submersed
ones usually lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate or cuspidate, narrowed
towards the base, about 7-nerved on the stem and 3-nerved on the branches ;
upper ones petioled, lower sessile; stipules obtuse, loose; peduncles somewhat
thickened upwards; fruit small, roundish, compressed, scarcely keeled; upper
portion of the embryo annular, (P. heterophyllus, Schreber.) — Still or flowing-
water : common. — Varies exceedingly in its submersed leaves, peduncles, and
otherwise. The ordinary forms are: — Var. gkaminif6|||^, Fries. Sub-
mersed leaves lance-linear, attenuate at each end, flaccid, sometimes more
than 4' long by 3" wide ; stem elongated. — Var. hetkropiiy'llu.s, Fries.
Lower leaves shorter, lanceolate, more rigid : the commonest form. The follow-
ing are doubtfully referred to this species. (Eu.)

Var.? Spathul3ef6rmis. (P. spathaeformis, 7'»r/v?7?)f7)),in herb.) Branches
scattered ; floating leaves obovate or oblong, with a larger point ; subinersed
ones spatulate-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, sometimes recurved ; spikes large and
densely flowered. — Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman. The fruit is lacking
to prove its rank.

Var. 1 myrioph^llus. Sending up from running rootstocks many short
repeatedly dichotomous and densely leafy stems ; fertile stems very slender ;
floating leaves small, delicate, lance-oblong, on long filiform petioles ; sub-
mersed stem-leaves larger, early perishing ; those of the branches (deep green)
linear-oblanceolate, very small (|'-l'long), acute, sometimes minutely serru-
late ; spike slender, loosely-flowered, much shorter than the thickened peduncle.
— Apponaug Pond, Rhode Island, without fruit.

§ 2. CoNFORMiFOLii. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostlg sestile, memhntna-
ceous and dilated, lanceolate, oblong, or oval. (Stipules obtuse, becoming loo<e.]

12. P, Iticens, L. Stem thick, branching, sometimes very large; leaves
more or less puiulcd, oval or lanceolate, mucronate, often rough-serrulate, //-cguen/Zj/

488, naiadacejE. (pondwef.d familt.)

ffiinhitj ; fruit ro\m(\hh and compressed, «v7A ohtusr margins, sliuhilji heelid; em-
bryo eirciilarly incurviMl aKovc — Ponds -. not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

Var. minor, Xoltc. Smaller; upper leaves distinctly petioled am\ sometimes
emersed, the otlicrs siil)sessile, all usually numerous, undulate and sliinivg.

Var. ? Connecticutensis. Stem flexuous ; Itaves all submersed, nearly
sessile, laiieeulale, acumindte, crisped, not shininrj ; fruit larr/rr, diatiiictli/ keeled;
nutlet thiek and hard. — Saltonstall's pond, East Haven, Conneeticut, 18.50.

13. P. pi*8el6ngUS, Wulfen. Stem very long, brandling, flexuous ; haves
lanee-oblong or laneeolate (sometimes 7' long), hdlfclasjiinfj, obtuse with a boat-
s'iii/>ed cavil ij lit the extremity, thenec splitting on pressure; stipules searious,
very obtuse; sj)ikes rather loose-flowered; peduncles very Ion;/ (sometimes reach-
ing 20') ; fruit obliquely obovate, compressed, sliarjilij keeled when dry ; style ter-
minating the nearly straight iace ; curve of tbc embryo oval and longitudinal. —
Ponds and large rivers, E. New England, and along the Great Lakes to Lake
Superior. Sept., Oct. — Stem wbite : foliage brigbt green. (Eu.)

14. P. pei'foliatUS, L. Stem i)ranehing; leaves orbicular, ovate or lanceo-
late from a cordute-claspiiifj base, usually obtuse and often minutely serrulate;
peduncles short, cylindrical ; fruit irregularly obovate, obtusely manjintd; embryo
incurved in an oval. — Ponds and slow streams : common. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

Var. laneeolatus. Larger; leaves long-lanceolate from a cordate-elnsping
base and acuminate, wavy, 3' to sometimes 4.^' long ; peduncles thickevcd upivurds.
— Along the Great Lakes. — This form seems peculiarly American.

15. P. crispus, L. Stem compressed; leaves linear-oblong, half-clasping, ob-
tuse, serrulate, crisped-wavij , 3-neived ; fruit long-beaked ; upper portion of the em-
bryo incurved in. a large circle. — Flowing and stagnant waters, Delaware,
Penn., and IsevsH^sey, Tatnall, Porter, Meehan. June, July. (Eu.)

§ 3. Angl'STIFOHI. Leaves all submersed and similar, mostly membranaceous and
sessile, linear or sfitareous. (xVo. 16, 17, and 20 are of en gemmiparous, propa-
gating by narrow terminal buds detached in autumn.)

* Slifiiiles free from the sheathing base of the leaf.

16. P. COmpressus, L. (ex Fries.) Stem branching, wiug-flatlened ; leaves
linear and grass-like (commonly 4' by l.j'), abruptly pointed, with many fne and
5 larger nerves; stipules (seen young) oblong, very obtuse ; sjtikes cylindrical, 12-
1.5-flowered, 7iot half as long as the peduncle; fruit obliquely obovate, somewhat
keeled and with slight teeth on the back, the sides not impressed, the face arch-
ing and terminated by the short style ; summit of the large embryo lying transverse
to the fruit. (P. zosterrefolius, Schumacher.) — Still and slow-flowing waters.
New England to Penn. and Wisconsin : not common. Aug., Sept. (Eu.)

17. P. obtusifdlius, Mertens & Koch. Stem flattened, very branching,
leaves linear, tapering towards the base, obtuse and mucronate or very acute, 3-
(rarely h-) nerved; stipules elongated, very obtuse; spike orate, continuous, 5-8-
flowcred, oLout the length of the peduncle ; fruit oval, apiculate with the style, not
keeled when fresh, upper portion of embryo coiled inward and lying transverse to
the fruit. — Slow streams and ponds: very rare : Dillerville swamp, near Lan-
caster, Penn., Prof. Porter. Swamp of Beaver pond, near Central mine, and
floating in Gratiot Lake, N. Michigan. Sept., Oct. (Eu.)

NAIADACK.E. (PONDWEED FAMILY.) 489

18. P. Niagarensis, Tuckerman. Stem flattened, t>en/ branchirifj ; leaves
linear, very acute, iiiiicronatc and much attenuate at the nearlij scusilc base,. 3 -5-
nerved, scarcely veiny ( li' -3' long and at most 1" wide) ; midrib below dilated;
stipules acutisk (sometimes 8" lon;.^), the numerous nerves early becominr/ bristles;
peduncles short, club-shaped, comj)resscd ; spikes few, capitate, 8 - l2-flowered ;
fnut roundish, compressed, tcith a winc/ed and toothed keel and anrjkd flu:e ; " seed
convolute-uncinate." — Ilapids above Niagara Falls, Tuckerman. Aug.

19. P. paueiflbrus, I'ursh. Stem Jiliform, flaltish and verij branching;
leaves narrow linear (I' -i' long and seldom ^" wide), acute, t>6>c(«-e/^ 3-nervcd ;
stipules obtuse ; spikes capitate, 1 -4- usually 2-flowered, on short club-shaped pedun-
cles ; fruit roundish-lenticular ; the back more or less crested; upjier portion of the
embryo incurved in a circle. — Still or stagnant waters : common. Aug.,
Sept. — Its largest forms arc approached by the preceding.

20. P. pusillus, L. Stem slender, flattish or nearly cylindrical, branching ;
leaves narroio- or setaceous-linear, obtuse or acute, furnished with translucent (/lands
on each side at the base ; stipules at first obtuse; spikes interrupted or capitate,
2 - 8-flowcred, on rather long peduncles ; J'ruit obliquely elliptical, scarcely keeled ;
apex of embryo incurved and directed obliquely downwards. — Pools and ditches:
rather common, especially southward. — The principal forms are

Var. major, I'ries. Stem less branching; leaves broader (almost 1" wide),
often 5-nerved ; spikes interrupted. (P. mucronatus, Schmder.) — This hardly
passes into the following forms : rather rare. July. (Eu.)

Var. vulgaris, Fries. Slender, very branching ; leaves 3-nerved, often ob-
tuse ; spikes cylindrical and interrupted, or capitate and then but 1 -3-flowered.
— A rare form (E. Mass.) has sometimes lanceolate floating leaves of the length
of the petioles, with 5 nerves impressed beneath, as in P. hybridus. A Swedish
specimen in Fries. Herb. Norm, exhibits the same in the following variety, though
in a slighter degree. July, Aug. (Eu.)

Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch. Stem very slender and much
branched; leaves almost setaceous, acute or cus\)'niat(i, obsoletely 3-nerved; spikes
interrupted or capitate. — New England and New York : rather rare. July,
Aug. — All three are rather sparingly furnished with reproductive buds : also
the last two fruit freely, — the reverse of the fact in the following.

Var. 1 gemmiparus. Stem filiform and very branching, leaves thicker,
perfectly setaceous and usually exceedingly attenuate to the finest point, scarcely
with a proper midrib; stipules long (j'-T), obtuse; spikes very few, always
interrupted, 3 - 6-flowered, long-ped uncled , propagating buds very numerous; fruit
wanting. (P. gemnn'parus, Robbins in herb.) — Pools and slow-flowing waters:
outlet of Mystic Pond, near Boston, Tuckerman ; valley of the Blackstone from
Worcester to Providence. — This plant is annual, propagated exclusively hy its
gemmffi, the fruit tiot maturing.

21. P. Tuekerm^ni, Robbins. Vtry slender and delicate i\-om a crcQ-pm^
rootstock, of a fine light green ; stem filiform with several short and repeatedly
dichotomous Icat-bearing branches ; leaves thin and flat, but setaceous and taper-
ing to near the fineness of a hair (I' -4' long and ^" extreme width), obscurely 1 -
3-nerved, with a few coarse reticulations ; stipules rather persistent below, J'
long, obtuse; peduncle solitary, very long, rather thickening upward; spike 4-8-

490 ALISJIACliiE. (\VATi:U-l'LANTAIX FAMILY).

Jlowercd, in fruit continuous, oblonr/ ; fruit lltick-leiilicular, obseui-cl}- G-kcclcd ; nutlet
slii/filJj im/ircssid on l/ie sides; shell thick and hard ; I'lnbryo nearly iiniuihir. —
Cold jjonds, White Mountains, New Hampshire, to I'cnn. Juul', July.
* * Stipules united icith the sheuthimj base of the leaf.

22. P. pectinatUS, L. Stem f I form, repeatedly dichotonious ; leaves se-
taceous, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved witii a tow transverse veins; spikes inter-
rupted, on long filiform peduncles; fruit obliquely broad-obovate, compressed,
bluntly keeled; shell of nutlet very thick; embryo nearly annular. — Lake
Champlain to Lake Superior, and along the coast, both in fresh and salt water.
Aug. -Oct. (Eu.)

23. P. Robbinsii, Oakcs. Stem ascending from a creeping base, rifpd, very
branching, invested bt/ the basen of the leaves and stipules ; leaves crowded in two ranks,
recur ved-spreadinff, narrow-lanceolate or linear (.i'-S' long and 2" -3" wide),
acuminate, ciliute-serrulate with translucent teeth, many-nerved ; stipules obtuse
when young, their nerves soon becoming bristles ; spikes numerous, luoseli/ f-.w-
flowered, on short peduncles. A single, rather immature fruit in I'rolcssor
Tuckerman's herbarium, from Prof Eaton, is obliquely obovate, acutish at the
base, 3-keeled on the back, the middle keel winged, much arched on the thinner
face, compressed and impressed on the sides, and apiculate with the rather long
style ; superior portion of the large embryo circularly incurved and pointing
obliquely downwards. — Oozy bottoms of ponds and slow streams: common in
Kcw England : also in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Elowcring in June
and July. Mature fruit not yet seen.

(P. DENSUS, L. The plant upon which Schweinitz introduced this
European species into the U. S. flora proves to be Anacharis Canadensis.)

Order HI. ALISMACE.'E. (Water-Plantain Family.)

Marsh herbs, with scape-like flowering stems, and perfect or vwnmcious
flowers, not on a spadix, furnished with both calyx and corolla : sepals and
petals each 3, distinct. Ovaries 3 -many, distinct or partly so, or if united
separating at maturity, forming as many 1 - 2-seeded pods or achenia. Seed
ascending or erect. Embryo without albumen. Stamens hypogynous,
from 6 to many : anthers e.xtrorse, 2-celled. Leaves sheathing at the base.
— Coiupi-ises two very distinct suborders, viz. : —

Suborder L JUl^CAOIWEiE. Arrow-grass Family.
Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Carpels more or less
united. Seed anatropons, with a straight embryo. Leaves petiole-like,
■without a blade. (Flowers perfect.)

1. Triglochiii. Ov.iries 3-6, unifed to the appx into ox\o. but scparatin<: in fruit.

2. ISclieucltzeria. Ovarips 3, !ilmo>-t distinct, forming diverging pods in fruit.

Suborder IL AL.ISMEJE. Water-Plantaix Family.
Calyx green and persistent. Corolla white, deciduous. Ovaries nu-
inerous, distinct. Seed campylotropous : embryo bent double or hook-

ALISMACli.E. (WATEU-PLANTAIN FAMILY.) 491

shaped. Leaves or some of tliem commonly furnished with a blade,
(Flowers perfect, monoecious, or sometimes dioecious.)

3. Alisnia. Flowers perfect, with definite, mostly 6 stamens. Carpels flattened, whorled.
4 l!}cliinocloriis. Flowers perfect, with G - many stamens. Carpels capitate, ribbed.
0. Saf;»ltni"«n- Flowers monoecious, rartly dioecious, with indefinite, rarely few stamens.
Carpels capitate, flattened, winged.

1. TRIGLOCHIN, L. Arrow gkass.

Sepals and petals much alike (grecnishj, ovate, concave, deciduous. Stamens
3-6: andiers oval, on very short filaments. Pistils united into a 3 - 6-ccllcd
compound ovary : stigmas sessile : ovules solitary. Pod splitting when ripe
into 3-6 carpels, which separate from a persistent central axis. — Perennials,
with rush-like, fleshy leaves, helovv sheathing the base of the wand-like naked
and jointless scape. Flowers small, in a spiked raceme, bractless. (Name
composed of rpels, three, and y\oi))(iv, point, from the three points of the ripe
fruit in No. 1 when dehiscent.)

1. T. pallistre, L. Scape (6'- 18' high) a/irf leavs shmler ; fruit linear-
cluh-s/iaped ; the 3 carpels when ripe separating from below upwunls leaving a
triangular axis, awl-pointed at the base. — Marshes, both fresh and brackish. New
York to Illinois, and northward. Aug. (Eu.)

2. T. maritimum, L. Scape (12' -20' high) ajid leaves thickish, fleshy,
fruit oimte or oblong, aciitish, ofG or rareli/ 5 carpels which are rounded at the base
and sll(;htli/ grooved on the back; the edges acute. — Salt marshes along the coast,
also salt springs in the interior, shore of the Great Lakes, and northward. —
Var. elXtum (T. datum, Nutt.) grows in cold and fresh bogs, from W. New
York to Wisconsin, often 2^° high, and has the angles of the carpels sharper,
or almost winged. (Eu.)

2. SCHEUCHZERIA, L. Scheuchzeria.

Sepals and petals oblong, spreading, nearly alike (greenish -yellow), but the
latter narrower, persistent. Stamens 6 : anthers linear. Ovaries 3, globular,
slightly united at the base, 2-3ovided, bearing flat sessile stigmas, in fruit
forming 3 diverging and inflated 1 -2-seedcd pods, opening along the inside. —
A low bog-herb, with a creeping jointed rootstock, tapering into the ascending
simple stem, which is zigzag, partly sheathed by the bases of the grass-like cou-
duplicate leaves, and terminated by a loose raceme of a few flowers, with sheath-
ing bracts. (Named for John and John Jacob Scheuchzer, d'latinguMiQd Swiss
botanists early in the 18th century.)

1. S. palustris, L.— Peat-bogs, New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois,
and northward. June, July. (Eu.)

3. ALISMA, L. Water-Plantain.

Flowers perfect. Petals iiivulute in the bud. Stamens definite, mostly 6.
Ovaries many in a simple circle on a flattened receptacle, forming flattened cori-
aceous achenia, which are diluted and 2-3-keeled on the back. — Roots fibrous.

492 ALISMACi:^. (WATEU-PLANTAIN FAMILY.)

Leaves all from the root, several-ribbed, with eonneeted veinlets. Scape with
whorled panicled branches. Flowers small, wiiite or pule rose-color. (The
Greek name ; of uncertain derivation.)

1. A. Plant^gO, L., var. Araericknum. Koot perennial ; leaves lon;>-
petioled, ovate, ol)lon^^ or lanceolate, pointed, mostly rounded or heart-shaped
at the base, 3 - 9-ncrvcd ; panicle loose, compound, many-flowered (l°-2°
lonji:) ; carpels obliquely obovatc, forming an obtusely triangular whorl in fruit
(A. trivialis and parviflora, Pursh.) — Shallow water. July- Sept. (Eu.)

4. ECHINODORUS, Kichard, Engclmann.

Flowers perfect. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens 6-21 or more
Ovaries several or many, imbricated in a liead, forminj; thick and ribbed
achenia in fruit, often beaked with a projecting persistent style. — Habit inter-
mediate between the preceding genus and the following. Fl. summer and
autumn. (Name from ()(iva)8rjs, pric/c/i/, or from f)(lvos, and 8op6s, a leathern
bottle, applied to tlie ovary, which is in most species armed with the persistent
style, so as to form a sort of prickly head of fruit.)

Genus elaborated for this work by Dr. Engelmaxn.

1 . E. parvulus, Engclm. Lpuvcs lanceolate or spafulate, acute (^' - 1 i' long,
including the jtctiole) ; shoots often creeping and proliferous; scapes (l'-3'
high) bearing a 2-8-flowered umbel; pedicels reflexed in fruit; stametis 9;
styles much shorter than the ovari/ ; achmin hrakless, many ribbed ; root aimual. —
In mud, Cambridge, Mass. James, and Michigan to 111. &c. — Flower 3" broad.

2. E. rOStr^tUS, Engelm. Leares broddli/ heart-shaped, olitiise, nerved {l--
3' long, excluding the petiole) ; scape erect, longer than the leaves, bearing a
branched panicle of ])i:oliferous umbels ; stamens 12 ; styles lonejer than the ovary ;
achenia beaked, many-ribbed ; root annual. (Alisma rostrata, Niitt.) — Swamps
and ditches, Illinois and southward. — Plant from 3' to 2° high. Flower 5"
wide. Head of fruit ovoid, 3" wide.

3. E. radicans, Engclm. Leaves somewhat truncatelj' broadly heart-
shaped, obtuse, nerved (3' -8' broad, long-petioled) ; stems or scapes prostrate,
creeping (2° -4° long), proliferous, bearing many whorls of flowers; stamens
about -l ; styles shorter than the ovary ; achenia short -beaked, the keeled back
denticulate. (Ali.sma radicans, Xutt.) — Swamps, Illinois and southward. —
Flowers G"-9" in diameter.

5. SAGITTARIA, L. Akrow-iie.vd.

Flowers monwcious, or often dicecious in Xo. 2, and polygamous in No. 3.
Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens indelinitc, rarely lew. Ovaries many,
crowded in a spherical or somewhat tri.ingular depressed head on a globular
receptacle, in fruit forming flat membranaceous winged achenia. — Marsh or
aquatic, perennial, stolonifcrous herbs, with milky juice and fibrous roots; the
scapes sheathed at the base by the bases of the long cellular ijctioles, of which
the primary ones, and sometimes all of them, arc flattened, nerved, and desti-
tute of any proper blade (i. e. are phyllodia) : when present the blade is arrow-
shaped or lanceolate, nerved and with cross veinlets as in Alisma. Flowers

ALISMACE^. (water-plantain FAMILY.) 493

produced all summer, mostly whorlcd in threes, with membranous bracts ;
the sterile above. (Name from sayitta, an arrow, from the prevalent form of
the leaves.)

Genus newly elaborated for this edition by Du. Engelm.\nn.
* Filaments narrow, an lony as the liiitar-ob/ung anthers: scape simple or branched.

1. S. lancifdlia, L. Scape 2°- 5° hiyh, with several of the lower whorls
fertile ; bracts ovate, acute or acuminate ; pedicels slender, the fertile scarcely
shorter than the sterile ones; filaments pubescent; achenia obovate-falcate,
pointed with an incurved beak ; leaves lanceolate or lancc-oblong, rarely Hnear,
all with a tapering base, thick or coriaceous (6'- 18' long and on a long and
stout petiole, never sagittate), the nerves mostly arising from the very thick
midrib. (S. faleata, Pursh, and Ed. 2.) — Swamps, Virginia and southward to
the West Indies.

2. S. variabilis, Engelm. Scape (|°- 4° high) angled, with one or more
of the lower whorls fertile ; bracts mostly pointed ; pedicels of the fertile flowers
about half the length of the sterile ones; petals with white claws; filaments
glabrous, nearly twice the length of the anthers ; achenia broadly obovate, with
a long and curved beak j - J its length ; leaves very various, almost always
sagittate. (S. sagitti folia Anier. auth. etc. — The European species has the
fertile pedicels only J or 4 the length of the sterile; claws of the petals purple-
tinged ; filaments not longer than the anthers ; achenia almost orbicular, very
broadly winged and with a short and straight beak.) — In water or wet places :
very common. — Excessively variable in size and foliage : the following are the
leading forms. — Var. obtusa (S. obtusa, Willd.) is large and dioecious; the
broadly sagittate leaves obtuse, 6' -12' long.— Var. latif6lia (S. latifolia,
Willd.) is large, mona-cious, with broad and acute sagittate leaves. — Var.
h.4stXta is the ordinary form, with narrow halberd-shaped or sagittate leaves
(including S. hastata, Pursh). — Var. diveusif^lia, with some leaves lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, others more or less sagittate. — Var. angustif6lia
has the narrow leaves with long and linear diverging lobes. — Var. gracilis
(S. gracilis, Pursh) is the most slender form, with nearly linear leaves and
lobes. — Var. pubescens (S. pubeseens, Muhl.) : upper part of petiole and of
scape and especially the orbicular ovate obtuse bracts and sepals pubescent or
woolly; leaves obtuse or acute; beak of fruit (as also sometimes in some of the
other forms) horizontal, so that the fruit-head appears compact and smoothish,
while usually it has a squarrose surfiice, from the protruding and recurved beak,
New Jersey and southward.— A state with double flowers has been found in
Pennsylvania and Delaware.

3. S. calyeina, Engelm. Scape weak (.3' -9' high), at length mostly
procumbent ; usually only the lowest whorl fertile, with pedicels as lortg as
those of the sterile flowers, recurved in fruit; bracts orbicular, obtuse or rarely
pointed ; calijx oppressed to the fruit-head and partl/j corerivtj it ; filaments slightly
rough, as long as the anthers; achenia obovate with a short horizontal style;
leaves broadly halberd-shaped, obtuse or acutish, Avith wide spreading lobes,
often wider than long, or lanceolate or sometimes reduced to linear phyllodia.
— IMaine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and southward. — Var. spoxgi6sa, with a
loose or spongy texture and linear bladeless leaves submersed, occurs eastward ;

494 HYDROCHARIDACE^. (fROG'S-BIT FAMILY.)

Var. FLtiTAXS, with lancc-lincar floating leaves, has been found in Missouri and
westward; and Var. gk.4xi>is, with leaves 9'- 12' wide and 'J' long, branched
scape, and fruit-heads 9" diameter, grows farther south. — This species shows
9-12 stamens in the fertile, and some sterile jiistiis in the sterile tiowers; and
thus connects with Echiuodorus.
* * Filaments i\rij short, tcilh enlarged moslljj glandular base: scape more, simple.

4. S. heterophylla, Pur.-h. Scape weak (3' -2° high), at length pro-
cumbent; bracts roundish, obtuse ; flowers of the lowest whorl fertile and al-
most sessile; the sterile on long pedicels ; filaments glandular-pubescent; ache-
nia narrowly obovate with a long erect beak ; leaves lanceolate or lance-oval,
entire, or with one or two narrow basal sagittate appendages. — Rather common,
at least southward. — Var. elliptica has broad leaves (sometimes 6' long
and .")' wide), either obtuse or cordate at the base, or sagittate. — Var. nfciDA
(S. rigida, PursJi, on the Niagara and along the Great Lakes), the tallest ibrm,
has stout petioles and rigid narrowly lanceolate blades, acute at both ends. —
Var. ANGUSTiFOLiA has nearly linear leaves.

5. S. graminea, Michx. Scape very slender, erect (3' -2'' high); the
lower whorls fertile ; bracts rather obtuse and usually connate ; pedicels all
slender, the sterile and fertile of equal length; filaments glandular-pubescent;
acbenia small, narrowly obovate, almost beakless ; leaves varying from ovate-
lanceolate to linear or reduced to broad and acute phyllodia (when it is S.
acutifolia, P(/rs/)) ; scarcely ever sagittate. (S. simplex of Amcr. authors ; not
of Pursh, whose plant of this name is a dioecious form of S. variabilis.) — Rather
common, especially southward. — Flowers and fruit-heads smaller than in any
of the foregoing; except in the var. platvphylla, which is found farther
south, and has leaves 6' -9' long and 3' -4' v.idc ; flowers 1' wide, on pedi-
cels 1.^'- 2' long.

6. S. pusilla, Nutt. Scape (l'-3' high) weak, reclining in fruit; bract
single, clasping ; one or two whorls onl^', of which but a single flower is fertile,
recurved in fruit ; stamens about 7, with glabrous filaments; achenia obovate,
with an erect beak and three notched dorsal ridges. (Alisma sultulata, Pursh.)
— Inundated shores, from Eastern New Jersey (C. F. Austin) and riiiladeljjhia
southward near the coast.

S. nXtaxs, Michx., closely allied to the last, is only foxmd farther south;
i^s a larger plant with long phyllodia, or oval floating leaves, glabrous fila-
ments, and obovate short-beaked achenia, with 5-9 crenate angles, — by which
structure it is nearly connected with Echinodorus.

Order 112. IIYDROCHARIDACE.E. (Frog's-bit Family.)

Aquatic herbs, with (liwcioii.t or poli/gamous regidar flowers on scape-like
peduncles from a spathe, and simple or double floral envelopes, which in the
fertile flowers are united into a tube and coherent tvith the 1 — 3-celled ovary.
Stamens 3- 12, distinct or monadelphous : anthers 2-celled. Stigmas 3
or 6. Fruit ripening under water, indehisccnt, many-seeded. Seeds as-
cending, without albumen : embryo straight.

hydrochauidacejE. (frog's-bit family.) 495

Tribe I. STRATIOTIDE^E. Ov,ar.v 6 - O-celled : sti^'mas 6 - 9.

1. Lininobiuin. Fihiments 6-12, unequally united in the sterile flowers : anthers linear.
Tribe II. VALliISIVERIEiE. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae: stigmas 3.

2. A iiai'Iinris. Stem leafy. Tube of the perianth of the fertile flowers thread-form.

3. Valllsueria. Stemless. Tube of the perianth not proloujted beyond tlie ovary.

1. LIMNOBIUM, Richard. Americax Frog's-bit.

Flowers dioecious, (or monoecious?) froin sessile or somewhat peduncled
spnthes; the sterile spathe 1-leaved, producing about 3 long-pedicelled fiowers;
tlic fertile 2-lcaved, with a single short-pedicelled flower. Calyx 3-parted or
cleft ; sepals oblong-oval. Petals 3, oblong-linear. Filaments entirely united
in a central solid column, bearing 6-12 linear anthers at unequal heights : there
are 3-6 awl-shaped rudiments of stamens in the fertile flowers. Ovary 6-9-
cclled, with as many placentaj in the axis, forming an ovoid many-seeded berry
in fruit : stigmas as many as the cells, but 2-parted, awl-shaped (ovules ortho-
tropous, Ton-.). — A stemless perennial herb, floating in stagnant water, pro-
literous by runners, with long-pctioled and round-heart-shaped leaves, which
are spongy-reticulated and purplish underneath ; rootlets slender, hairy. Ster-
ile flowers rather small ; the fertile larger ; peduncle nodding in fruit. Petals
white ? (Name from Xt/^ro^tos, lic'uvj in pooh.)

1. L. Sp6ngia, Richard. (Hydn)charis Spongia, Bosc. II. cordifolia,
Natt.) — Lake Ontario {Dr. Brad/ei/, Dr. Sartwetl), Illinois, Dr. Vasfi/, and in
the Southern States. Aug. — Leaves 1'- 2' long, f\iintly 5-nerved. Peduncle
of the sterile flower about 3' long, thread-like; of the fertile, only 1', stout.

2. ANACHARIS (and Elod^.v), Richard. Water-weed.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile from a sessile and tubular 2-
cleft axillary spathe. Sterile flowers small or minute ; with 3 sepals, barely
united at the base, and usually 3 similar or narrower petals : filaments short .ind
monadelphous at the base, or none; anthers 3-9, oval. Fertile flowers either
pistillate or apparently peifect: perianth extended into an extremely long and
capillary tube; the limb 6-parted ; the small lobes (sepals and petals) obovate,
spreading. Stamens 3-9, sometimes merely short sterile filaments, without
anthers, or with imperfect ones, sometimes with oblong anthers Ovary 1-celled,
with 3 parietal placenta, each bearing a few orthotropous ovules ; the capillary
style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas .3, large, 2-lobed or notched,
exserted. Fruit oblong, coriaceous, few-seeded. — Perennial slender herbs, grow-
ing under water, with elongated branching stems, thickly beset with pdlucid
and veinless, 1-nerved, sessile, whorled or opposite leaves. The staminate flow-
ers (which arc rarely seen) commonly break off", np in Vallisncria, and float on
the surface, where they expand and shed their pollen around the stigmas of the
fertile flowers, which are raised to the surface by the excessively prolonged calyx-
tube, varying in length according to the depth of the water. (Name formed of
dp, throu'/hoiit, and ("xapis, v/ilhout charms, being rather homely water-weeds.)

1. A. Canadensis, Planchon. Leaves in threes or fours, or the lower
opposite, varying from lineal- to oval-oblong, minutely serrulate ; stamens 9 in

49G BDRMANNIACE^. (bURMANNIA FAMILY.)

the sterile flowers, 3 or G almost sessile anthers in the perfect flowers. (Elodea
Canadensis, Miclix., and E. latil'olia, Cuapiirij, who has recently well illustrated
this and the two related genera; all perlwps to be reduced to one, Ilydrilla.
Udora Canadensis, Null. Anacharis Alsiniistruni (BubiiKjton), Nuttaliii, and
Canadensis, also Apalanthe Schwcim'tzii, Plaiichon.) — Slow streams and ponds :
common. July. — Nat. in England, where it is very troublesome by its rapid
increase, filling navigable waters ; but no inconvenience of the sort is complained
of here in its native country.

3. VALLISNERIA, Michcli. Tape-grass. Eel-grass.

Flowers strictly dioecious : the sterile numerous and crowded in a head on a
conical receptacle, enclosed in an ovate at length 3-valved spathe which is borne
on a very short scape : stamens mostly 3. Fertile flowers solitary and sessile in
a tubular spathe which is borne on an exceedingly long scape. Perianth (caly.x)
3-parted in the sterile flowers ; in the fertile with a linear tube coherent with the
1-celled ovary, but not extended beyond it, 3-lobed (the lobes obovate) ; also 3
linear small petals. Stigmas 3, large, nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Ovules very nu-
merous, scattered over the walls, ortliotropous Fruit elongated, cylindrical,
berry-like. — Stemless plants, with long and linear grass-like leaves, growing
entirely under water. The stansinate clusters being confined to the bottom of
the water by the shortness of the scape, the flower-buds themselves spontaneously
break away from their short pedicels and float on the surface, where they
expand and shed their pollen around the fertile flowers, which are raised
to the surface at this time: afterwards the thread-form fertile scapes (2-4 feet
long, according to the depth of the water) coil up spirally, drawing the fruit
under water to ripen. (Named for Ant. Vullisneri, an early Italian botanist.)

1. V. spiralis, L. Leaveslinear, thin, long and ril)bon-like (l°-2<^ long),
obscurely serrulate, obtuse, somewhat nerved and netted-veiued. — Common in
slow waters. Aug. (Eu.)

Order 113. BURITIAWIVIACE.^. (Burmanxia Family.)

Small annual lierhx, often with minute and scale-like leavex, orthoae of the
root gra^s-like; the flowers perfect, with a Q-clefl corolla-like pciianth, the
tube of lohich adheres to the 1-celled or 3-celled ovarii ; stamens 3 and dis-
tinct, opposite the inner divisions of the perianth : pod many-seeded, the seeds
very minute. — A small, chiefly tropical family, of which only one species is
found within our borders.

1. BURMAWNIA, L. (Tripterei.la, Mirhx.)

Ovary 3-ccl!ed, with the thick placenta; in the axis. Filaments' 3, very short.
Style slender : stigma capitate-'Mobcd. Pod often 3-winged. (Named for
J. Biirmann, an early Dutch botanist.)

1. B. bifl6ra, L. Stem low and slender (2'-4' high), 2-flowered at the
sumniit, or soon several-flowered ; perianth (2"-3"long) bright blue, 3-winged.
(Tripterella ca;rulea, Mic/is.) — Peaty bogs, Virginia and southward.

ORCHlDACli^E. (ORCHIS FAMILY.) 497.

Ordeh 114. ORCIIIDACE.E. (Orchis Family.)

Herbs, clearly tlistinyuished htj their perfect irrefjular flowers, tnitli G-merous
perianth adiiate to the 1-celled ovari/, with innumerable ovules on 3 parietal
placentcE, and with either one or two gynandrous stamens, the pollen cohering
in masses. Fruit a 1-celled 3-valved pod, with innumerable minute seeds,
appearing like fine saw-dust. Perianth ofG divisions in 2 sets ; the 3 outer
(sepals) mostly of the same petal-like texture and appearance as the 3
inner (petals). One of the inner set differs more or less in figure, direc-
tion, ike. from the rest, and is called the labellum or lip : only the other
two taking the name of petals in the following descriptions. The lip is
really the upper or posterior petal, i. e. the one next to the axis, but by a
twist of the ovary of half a turn it more commonly is directed forward, as
if anterior, i. e. is next the bract. Before the lip, in the axis of the flower,
is the column; composed of a single stamen, or in Cypripedium of two sta-
mens and a sterile rudiment of a third, variously coherent with or borne
on the style or thick fleshy stigma ; the anther 2-celled ; each cell con-
taining one or more masses of pollen (pollinia or pollen-masses). Stigma a
broad glutinous surface, except in Cypripedium. — Pei'ennials, often tuber-
bearing or tuberous-rooted ; some epiphytes. Leaves parallel-nerved, all
alternate. Flowers often showy, commonly singular in shape, solitary,
racemed, or spiked, each subtended by a bract, — in all arranged for
fertilization by the aid of insects, very few capable of unaided self-fertili-
zation. (See articles on Fertilization of Orchidsj in Sill. Jour. 18G2,
1863, &c.) — A vast family, but few in the United States.
I. Anther only one. (The 2 cells should not be mistaken for anthers ! )

Tribe I. OPHRVDE^. Anther (of 2 separate cells) borne on and entirely adnate to
the face of the stigma, erect or reclined. Pollen ,cpJi«iing into a great number of coarse
grains, which are all fastened by elastic and cobwebby tis-ue into one large mass, and to
a stalk that connects it with a gland or disk which was originally a part of the stigma.
Flower in our species ringent, the lip with a spur beneath Kone distinct gland to each
pollen-mass.

1. Orcltis. The two glands or viscid disks enclosed in a common pouch.

2. Habeiiaria. The two glands or disks naked (without any pouch or covering), either

approximate or widely separated.
Tribe II. NEOTTIEjE. Anther dorsal and erect or inclined, attached by its base

our genera loosely cohering (mostly by some delicate elastic threads) iu 2 or 4 soft masses,
and soon attached directly to a viscous gland on Ihe beak of the stigma.

3. Gooclyera. Lip entire, free from the column, without callosities at the base.

4. Spii-aiilhes. Lip ascending and embracing the column below, 2 callo.sities at the base.
•5. L-istera. Lip fiat, spreading or pendulous, 2-lobed at the ape.\.

Tribe III. ARETIIVSE*:, MALAXIDEjE, &c. Anther terminal and in-
Terted (except in No 12 like a lid over the stigma, deciduous.

* Pollen powdery or pulpy, in 2 or 4 delicate masses : no gland.

6. Arethiisa. Lip bearded, its base adherent to the linear column. Pollen-masses 4.

7. Pogouia, Lip more or le.ss crested, free from the club-shaped column. PoUea-masses 2

L& M— 41

.V

498 ORCIIIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.)

8. Calopogou. Lip bearded, stalked, free: column winged at the apex. PoUen-raa^ses 4

• • Pollen in 4 -8 smooth waxy masses,
■^ Without sUilks, uttacheil dinctly to a large gland.

9. Calypso. Lip inflated and sac-like. Column winged and petal-like. Stem 1-flowered.

<- <- With stiilk.s to the 2 or 4 pollen-masses, counectiug them with a gland.

10. Tlpularia. Lip short, flat, loug-spurred beneatli. Raceme many-ttowered.

1-. 1- H- With sulks to the 8 pollen-masses, but no gland.

11. Bletia. Lip hooded, crested, spurless. Scape several-flowered.

4- ^- +- <_ Without either stalks or glands to the 4 pollen-masses.
++ Plants green and with ordinary leaves. Sepals spreading.

12. Microstylis. Column minute, rdund : anther erect.

13. Liiparis. Column elongated, margined at the apex : anther lid-like.

«• ++ Plants tawny or purplish, leafless, or with a root-leaf only.

14. Corallorliiza. Perianth gibbous at base, or with a spur adherent to the ovary.

15. Aplectrum. Perianth not gibbous nor spurred at base. A green autumnal leaf.

II. Anthers two, or very rarely three.
Tribe IV. CYPRIPEDIEiE. The stamen which bears the anther in the rest oi
the order here usually forms a petal-like sterile appendage to the column. Pollen not in
masses : no stalks nor gland.

16. Cyprlpedtuni. Lip an inflated sac. Anthers 2, one each side of the column

1. ORCHIS, L. Orchis.

Flower ringent; the sepals and petals nearly equal, all of them (in out
species) eonverging upwards and arching over the column. Lip turned down-
wards, coalescing with the base of the column, bearing a nectariferous spur at
the base underneath. ;\nther-cells contiguous and parallel. Pollen cohering
in numerous coarse waxy grains, which Tire collected on a cobwel)-like elastic
tissue into 2 large masses (one filling each anther-cell) borne on a slender stalk,
the base of which is attached to a gland or sticky disk of the stigma, the two
glands contained in a common little pouch or hooded fold, phu-ed just above the
orifice of the spur or nectary. Flowers showy, in a spike. — These glands stick
fast to the proboscis of a butterfly or some such insect introduced into the
nectar-bearing spur : when it flies to another flower, it drags out of the anther
and carries with it the pollen-masses, and applius them to the stigma of the
second or of several succeeding flowers, thus effecting cross-fertilization
("Opyty, the ancient name.)

1. O. spectabilis, L. (Showy Ononis.) Root of tbick fleshy fibres,
producing 2 oblong-obovate shining leaves (."3' -5' long), and a few-flowered 4-
angled scape (4' -7' high); bracts leaf-like, lanceolate; sepals and petals all
lightly unitpcl to form the vaulted galea or upper lip, pink-purple, the ovate un-
divided lip 'vhite. — Rich woods, New England to Kentucky and (especially)
northward. May.

2. HABENARIA, Willd., R. Br. Rein-Orchis.

Glands or viscid disks (to which the pollen-masses are attached) naked and
exposed, separate, sometimes widely separated (becoming attached, some to the
proboscis, others to the face or head of insects feeding upon tiie nectar of the

ORCHIDACK^. (orchis FAMILY.) 499

spur, the pollen thus carried from one blossom to another) : otherwise nearly a3
in true Orchis: the lateral sei)al.s, however, mostly spreadinj^. (Name from
hahena, a thong or rein, in allusion to the shai)o of the lip or spur of some
species.) — Platantiikka, named primarily for the species with the glands
and bases of the anther-cells widely divergent, and Gymnadkxia, where
tliese are approximate, arc found to afford no wholly fi.xcd or clear jjractic'al
distinctions. Accordingly, in this edition, our species arc restored to the
older genus.

§ 1. GYMNADENIA, R. Br. Cells of the anther parallel and approximate,
their (jlands therefore contif/uous. {Appendages of tlie stigma in our species two
or three and much developed, obloiifj or club-shaped.)

1. H. tridentata, Hook.. Stem slender (C'-12' high), with a single
oblong or oblanceolate obtuse leaf below, and 2 or 3 small ones like bracts
above ; spike 6- 12-flowered, oblong; flowers greenish or whitish, very small; lip
wedge-oblong, truncate and with 3 short teeth at the apex; the slender and slightly
club-shaped spur curved upwards, longer than the ovary. (Orchis tridentata,
Muhl. Gymnadenia tridentata, Lindl.) — Wet woods : common northward and
along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Root of few fleshy fibres. Appendages
of the stigma (sterile stamens?) three, oblong-elub-shaped, one outside each
orbicular gland and one between them, rising as high as the anther-cell, their
cellular viscid summits receiving pollen in the unopened flower, and penetrated
by pollen-tubes !

2. H. Integra, Sprcng. Stem several-leaved (1.5' high), the 1 or 2 lower
leaves elongated, oblong-lanceolate, acute; the others becoming smaller and
bract-like ; spike densely many-flowered, oblong-cylindrical ; flowers orange-yel-
low, small ; lip ovate, entire or slightly crenulate or wavy, shorter than the awl-
shaped descending spur. (Orchis Integra & flava, Nutt. H. Elliottii, Beck.
Gymnadenia flava, Lindl.) — Wet pine barrens of New Jersey, Virginia, and
southward. July. — Root of very fleshy fibres, one or two of them tuber-like.
Appendages of the stigma two, lateral, oblong, fleshy : rostellum or middle
appendage narrow.

§ 2. PERULARIA, Lindl. Cells of the anther nearly parallel, separated by a
broadish connective, narrowed towards the base, the margins of which are ex-
tended so as to form the sides of a deep oblong groove or cavity (piore than semi-
circular in cross-section), ivhich is lined by the dilated orbicular and incurvd gland.
(Flowers small, greenish, slender-spurred.)

3. H. vireseens, Spreng. Leaves ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate ;
the uppermost linear-lanceolate and pointed, passing into the bracts of the
elongated raceme ; petals ovate ; flowers dull green ; lip furnished with a tooth
on each side and a strong nasal protuberance in the middle of the base, oblong,
truncate-obtuse, about the length of the sepals, half the length of the slen-
der club-shaped spur. (Orchis flava, Z/. .'but the flowers are not yellow. O.
vireseens, Mnhl., Willd. O. fusce'scens, Pursh., not of L. O. herbiola, Pursh.
O. bidentata, Ell. O. scutellata, Nutt. H. herbiola, R. Br, H. flava, Gray.
Platanthera flava, Gray. ) — Wet places : common. June, July. — Stem 10' - 20'
high ; the spike at first dense, with the bracts loaigev than the flowers, at length

500 ORCHIDACEiE. (ORCHIS FAMILY.)

elongated and often loose, the upper bracts shorter than the flowers; which

are (juitc small, and with scarcely a tinge of yellow, drying brownish. — The

Siberian II. (renilaria) fuscescens is clearly distinct.

§ 3. PLATANTH^RA, Richard. Cells of the anther sometimes parallel, morerom-
monlji (liverrjent, so that their tapering bases and the exposed f/lunds are more or
less distant. (Root a duster of Jleshij fibres, or tuberous-thickened.)

* Flowers greenish or tchitc, small, numerous in a close spike: spur not longer than the

entire or mcrehj notched narrow lip : anther-cells almost parallel , wholly adnute ;
stem leafy.
t- Spur short and sac-like : the 3 sepals and 2 narroiu petals erect : glands small,
rather widely separated. (PEnfsTYLUS, Lindl.)

4. H. viridis, R- Br., var. braeteata, Reichenbach. Lower leaves obo-
vatc, the nj)])er oblong and gradually reduced to lanceolate acute bracts 2-4
times the length of the green flowers; spike 10-30-flowered ; lip oblong-linear
or slightly spatulate, truncate and 2-3-toothed or lobcd at the tip, more than
twice the length of the spur. (H, braeteata, R. Br.) — Stem 6' -12' high.
According to Mr. Darwin, in the common European H. viridis each gland is
protected by a minute pouch : this is not yet verified in ours. — Damp woods,
especially northward. (Eu.)

•<- H- Spur slender, incurved, about as long as the entire lip : lateral sepals spreading.

5. H. hyperbdrea, R. Br. Stem very leafy (G'-2° high) leaves lanceo-
late, erect; spike dense (2' -15' long) ; lower bracts lanceolate, long'er than the
{greenish) flowers; lip and petals lanceolate, somewhat equal, the latter spreading
from the base; anther somewhat overhanging the transversely dilated stigma;
glands orbicular ; stalk of the pollen-masses very slender and weak. (P. hyper-
borea, Huronensis, &c., Lindl.) — Peat-bogs and wet cold woods : common north-
ward. June, July. (Eu.)

6. H. dilat^ta, Gray. (That of Hook, Exot. Fl. is the preceding.) Re-
sembles No. 5, but usually more slender, with narrower commonly linear leaves;
flowers white; lip lanceolate from a rhomboidid-dilated base, entire, its base with the
bases of other petals and sepals erect-connivent, above spreading; anther-cells
almost parallel ; glands approximate, laige and strap-shaped, x-erticat, nearly as long
as the pollen mass and its short flat stalk together; stigma narrow; a trowel-
shaped conspicuous beak (rostellum) between the bases of the anther-cells.
(Orchis dilatata, Pursh.) — Cold bogs : common northward. June, July.

* * Flowers greenish or white and purple, few or several (5-15) in a loose spike,

rather larqe for the size of the plant: scape or stem naked above, l-teaved at the
io.s« (5' -9' high) : .ipur not longer than the lip: anther-cells wholly adnate.

7. H. rotundifblia, Richardson. Leaf varying from almost orbicular to
oblong (lV-3' long) ; flowers rose-purple ; or the lip white and spotted with pur-
ple, S-lobed, and the larger middle lobe dilated and 2-lob(d or strongly notched at the
summit (4" -6" long), exceeding the ovate-oblong petals and sepals, and the
slender depending sjjur; anther-cells contiguous iir.d parallel. (O. rotundifolia,
Pursh.) — Damp woods and bogs, N. Maine, Mr. Goodrich; Warren, Herkimer
Co., New York, .7. A. Paine; shore of L. Michigan in Wisconsin, Lewis Fuote,
and northward. June.

ORCniDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 501

8. H. obtUS^ta, Richardson. Leaf obovate or apatulate-ohlong; ^^''^f'^rs
grc'iiis/i-ir/u'te ; upper sepal very broad and rounded, the others and the petals
lance-oblonj,' ; ///) entire, linear or lanceolate, deflexed (3" lonji), about the len;>th
of the tai)erin<j and curvin;^ spur ; inither-ct//s arcuate and wide/// sc/ia rated. (O.
obtnsata, Pfos/i.) — Cold peat-bogs, &c., northeastern coast of Maine, and on
mountains of New England and N. New York to Lake Superior (ciiiefly sub-
alpine), and nortliward. June. (Eu.)

* * * Flowers white or greenish, numerous in a loose spike, on a naked scape, 2-kaved
at the base: spur lonc/er than the narrow entire lip: anther-cells wideli/ diverging,
their narrowed heak-like bases projecting forwards : base of the stalk of the pollen-
mass lateralhj affixed hg a short intermediate body to the back of the orbicular
gland, the viscous face of which looks oblifjiielg inward {the space between the two
broad enough to receive the head of a butterflg).

9. H. Hookeri, Torn Leaves orbicular, spreading (3' -4' broad) ; scape
mostly nalvcd (j°-l° high), bearing 10-20 upright sessile yellowish-green flow-
era in a strict spike; sepals ovate-lanceolate; lip lanceolate, pointed, incurved,
longer than the lance-awl-shnped petals ; spur slender, acute, about the length of the
ovary (nearly 1 ' long). (H. orbicuiata. Hook. ) — Woods, Rhode Island to Pcnn.,
Wisconsin and northward. June. — Var. oblongif6lia, J. A. Paine. Leaves
oblong (3' -5' by U'-2'). Little Falls, New York, J. A. Fame.

10. H. orbicuiata, Torr. Leaves very large (4' -8' wide), orbicular,
spreading flat on the ground ; scape bractcd, bearing many spreading 7rfl«?/.s/i-
white flowers in a loose raceme; upper sepal orbicular, the lateral ovate; ///) nar-
rowly linear and slightly spatulnle, obtuse, drooping, nearly thrice the length of the
oblong-lanceoiatc and falcate obtuse petals ; .ymr curved, slender (about 1 4' long),
gradually thickened towards the blunt apex, tivice the length of the ovary ; anther-
cells strongly projecting at the free beak-like base (the glands nearly \' apart).
(H. macrophylla. Hook. Orchis orbicuiata, Fursh.) — Rich woods, especially
of Conifers, Maine to Pennsylvania and Lake Superior, and southward along
the AUeghanies. July. — Leaves very smooth, shining above, silvery under-
neath. Scape 1°- 2° high.

» * * * (Fringed Orchis.) Flowers several or many in an open spike, un'tk
mostly folidccous bracts: stem {rather tall) leafy: spur thread-shaped or scarcely
club-shcprd, longer than the fringed, clefl, or dissected lip: anther-cells wideJij sep-
arated and usually diverging, their narrow beak-like bases, supported bi/ the arms
of the stigma, strongly projecting forwards or partly upwards : base of the stalk of
the pollen-mass mostly affixed more or less laterally to the gland.

■*- Lip pectinately fringed but undivided: flowers golden yellow or irhitc: anther-cells
widely divergent and beak-pointed, the orbicular glands as if raised on a tentacle
much projf cting forwards or slightly inwards: ovary long, tapering to the summit.

11. H. erist^ta, R.Br. Lower leaves lanceolate, elongated; the uppef
gradually reduced to sharp-pointed bracts, nearly the length of the crowded {yellow)
flowers; spike oblong or cylindrical; petals rounded, crenate; lip ovate, with a
laceralefringed margin, scarcely shorter than the slender obtuse incurved spur, which
is not half the length of the ovary. — (O. cristata, Michx.) — Bogs, Pcnn.
{Fursh) to Virginia and southward. July. — Flowers only a quarter as large
as in the next.

502 ORcniDACE.E. (orchis family.)

12. H. ciliaris, K. Br. (Yellow riuxGED-ORcms.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate ; the upper passing into pointed binds, which arc shorter t/um the oi:a-
ries; spike oblong, rather closely muny-tiowcrcd ; Jiuwers bn'i/ht oraiKjt-ijtllow ;
lateral sepal rounded, rcHe.xed; jietals linear, cut-fringed at the apex; li/ioUongj
almit hii[f'tlic h'iii;lh of the. .sjiui\Juiiiishtd with ii veri/ Uhkj and copious at /nl/uri/ fringe.
(U. ciliari.s, L.) — Wet sandy places, ^'ew England to Michigan, and especially
southward : rare north of New Jersey. July - Sept. — Our handsonjcst species,
li° - 2° high, with a short spike of very sliowy flowers ; the lip i' long, the con-
spicuous fringe fully Y long on each side.

13. H. blephai'iglottis, Hook. (White Fiuxged Oncms.) Leaves,
&c. as in the last; Jhwers white; j^etals spatulate, slightly cut or toothed at the
apex; lip ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, with the irregular capillary fringe of
the margins usually shorter than its disk, one third the length of tiie spur. —
Var. noLOPETALA (Platanthera holopctala, Lindl.) has narrower petals with
the toothing obsolete, and the lip less fringed. — Peat-bogs and borders of
ponds, with the preceding, commonly taking its place in the northward. July.
— A foot high, the flowers beautiful, but rather smaller than in the last.

-t- 1- (Grkenish Frixged-Orchis.) Li/t3-parlcdahore the stalk-like Ixisr, the
divisions cat into capillary fringes : ^flowers greenish- or yellowish-white : anther-
cells not very divergent, the beaked bases, supported on the upper edge of the broad
arms of the stigma, projecting forwards ; the large glands oval or lanceolate, trans-
verse, nearly facing each other: ovary short-tapering at the summit : the long spurs
gradually thickened doivnward.

14. H. leueophEea. Leaves oblong-lanceolate ; the bracts similar, rather
shorter than the (lar^c) flowers; spike commonly elongated, loose; petals obo-
cate, minntely ciil-toothal ; divisions of the lip broadly wedge-shaped or fun-shaped,
many-clef to the middle into a copious thread-like fringe ; spur longer than the ovary
(l'-l|' long); glands transversely oval. (Orchis leucophiX'a, iV^^/.) — Moist
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. July. — Stem 2° -4° high.
Lip 7" -10" long.

15. H. lacera, R.Br. (Bagged Fringed-Orchis.) Leaves oblong or
lanceolate ; raceme loosely many-flowered ; petids oblong-linear, entire ; divisions
of the lip narrow, deeply parted into a few long nearly capillary lobes ; spur about the
length of the ovary; glands lanceolate, as long as the stalk of the pollen-mass.
(0. psycodes, Mvhl., &.C., not of Z. Platanthera psychodes, LIndl. 0. lacera,
Michx.) — Bogs and moist thickets : common. July.

-t- -1- -f- (Purple Frixgkd-Orciiis. ) Lij> fan-shaped, S-parted above the stalk-
like base, the dlintxd divisions ero-^ely fringed : fowers pyurple : anther-cells widely
separated, but little divergent, their tapering bases {supported as in the ]>recedlng)
strongly projecting, the orbicular glands looking obliquely forwards and downwards :
ovary contracted only at the summit : the long curving spur somewhat thickened
downward.
IC. H. psyc6des, Cray. Leaves oblong or lanceolate, the uppermost
passing into linear-lanceolate bracts; raceme cylindrical, densely many-fluwend ;
lower sejxds round-oval, obtuse; petals wedge-obovate or spatulate, denticulate above : di-
visions of the spreading lip broadly wedge-shaped, many-cleft into a short fringe.

ORCHIDACEJi:. (orchis FAMILY.) 503

(O. psycodes, L. ! O. fimbriata, Pursh, Bigelow. 0. incisa and O. fissa, Mnhl.
in Willd. Platanthcra fimbriata, Zi'no?/.) — Wet meadows and bojis: common.
July, Aug. — Flowers short-pedicelled, crowded in a spike of 4'- 10' in length,
small, but very handsome, fragrant; lip short-stalked, barely ^' broad and not
so long ; the middle lobe broadest and more closely fringed, but not so deeply
cleft as the lateral ones.

17. H. fimbriata, R. Br. Lower leaves oval or oblong, the npper few,
passing into lanceolate bracts; spike or raceme oblorn/, loose! //-Jlowered ; lower sep-
als orate, acute; petals oblon;/, toothed down the sides; divisions of the pendent
large lip fan-shaped, more fringed. (0. fimbriata. Ait., Willd., Hook. Exot.
Fl. &c. 0. grandiflora, Bigelow.) — Wet meadows, New England to Pcnn.
and (chiefly) northeastward. June. — Flowers fewer, paler (or lilac-purple),
and 3 or 4 times larger than those of the preceding; the more ample dilated
lip 5' to 1' broad, with a deeper and almost capillary crowded fringe, different-
shaped petals, &c.

18. H. peramoena, Gray. Lower leaves oblong-ovate, the upper lanceo-
late; spike oblong or cyliudrical, densely flowered ; lower sepals round-ovate;
petals rounded-obovate, raised on a claw ; divisions of the large lip very broadli/
wedge-shaped, irregularis/ erodid-tootJud at the broadly dilated summit, the lateral
ones truncate, the middle one2-lohed. (Platanthcra peramoena, Ed. 2. P. fissa,
Lindl. O. fissa, Pursh, not of Muhl.) — Moist meadows and banks, Penn. to
Illinois, and southward along the AUeghanies. Aug. — Flowers large and
showy, violet-purple; the lip paler and very ample, 8"- 10" long: its divisions
minutely and variably toothed, or sparingly cut along the terminal edge, but
not fringed.

3. GOODYERA, R.Br. Rattlesnake-Plantain.

Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire, and without callosities at the base. Otherwise
as Spiranthes. — Rootof tJiick fibres, from a somewhat fleshy creeping rootstock,
bearing a tuft of thickish petioled leaves, usually reticulated with white veining.
Scape, spike, and the greenish-white small flowers usually glandular-downy.
(Dedicated to John Goodger, an early English botanist.)
§ 1. Lip strongly saccate-inflated and with a short spreading or recurved tip: anther

short, borne on a distinct fllament attached to the back of the short column, blunt:

gland-bearing tip or beak of the stigma very short.

1. G. ripens, R. Br. Small (5' -8' high) and slender; leaves ovate,
more or less white-reticulated (about 1' long) ; flowers several, in a loose 1-sidcd
spike ; lij) with an ovate recurved tip ; sepals ovate. — Woods, under evergreens :
common northward and through the AUeghanies. Aug. (Eu.)

2. G. pubescens, R. Br. Larger; leaves strongly white-rcticulated ;
scape G'-12' high; the numerous crowdid flowers not one-sided; tip of the globular
lip very short: otherwise like the preceding, and too near it. — Rich woods, cast-
ward and southward. July, Aug.

§ 2. Lip barely saccate below, tapering and its sid(S involute above: anther ovate and
long-pointed, borne on the base of the very short proper column, which is continued
above the stigma into a conspicuous long tapering awl-shaped gland-bearing beak.

504 ORCHIDACE^. (ORCniS FAMILY.)

Aapect o/" Good vera : structure of the flower near/y o/" Spirantlics, hut the lip

jritliont cal/usities.
3. G. Menzidsii, Limll. Leaves ovate-ol)lonLr, acute (2' -3' lonrr), less
wliitcreticiilateil than tlic procetlinjr, some not at all so; scape 9' - 12' liiyh ;
flowers rather numerous in a looser often 1 -sided spike; Hovver-buds less pubes-
cent, elonjratcd-ovate and pointed; lip with the saecate-eonduplieatc lower por-
tion gradually tapering into the narrow barely spreading summit. (Spiran-
thes deei'piens, Hook:) — Woods, Western New York to Michigan (confounded
■witli G. pubescens), Lake Superior, and far westward. July.

4. SPIRANTHES, Richard. Ladies' Tresses.

Flower somewhat ringent, oblique on the ovary ; the .sepals and petals all
narrow, mostly erect or connivcnt, the tiiree upper pieces sticking together more
or less, the two lower covering the base of the lip. Lip oblong, short-stalked or
sessile, the lower part involute around the column, and with a callous protuber-
ance on each side of the base ; the somewhat dilated summit spreading or re-
curved, crisped, wavy, or rarely toothed or lobed. Column short, oblique,
bearing the ovate stigma on the front, and the sessile or short-stalked (mostly
acute or pointed) 2-cclled erect anther on the back. Pollen-masses 2 (one in
each cell), ovate, each 2-parted from the base (or even again divided) into thin
and tender plates of granular pollen united by elastic threads, their summits
together soon adhering to the narrow boat-shaped viscid gland of the stigma,
which is set in the slender or tapering thin process or beak terminating the
column, and is carried away on the proboscis of insects visiting the flower,
with the pollen, to be deposited upon the stigma of another flower. After the
removal of the gland, the beak is left as a 2-toothcd or 2-forkcd tip. — Roots
clustcred-tuberous : stem more or less naked above, leaf-bearing lielow or at the
base. Flowers small (ours all white or greenish-white), bent horizontally, 1 -3-
ranked in a spike, which is commonly more or less spirally twisted (whence the
name, from a-mlpa, a coil or curl, and tiv6os, floiver.)

* Flowers in 3 ranks, crowded in a close spike. (Leaves at the root and 6ase ofthii
stem jiresent at the flowering season.)

1. S. Iatif61ia, Torn Low; naked stem or scape 4' -9' high, smooth;
leaves all next the liase, oblom; or lance-oblong ( 1 ' - 3' long, 6" - 8" wide), 3 - 5-nerved,
contracted into a sheathing base ; spike narrow (1' - 2' long), flowers small ; lip
quadrate-oblong, thin, wavy-crisped at the very obtuse or truncate apex, the
small callosities at the base ohlong, marginal and adnate for their whole length ;
gland and beak of the stigma short. (S. plantaginea, Torr. in N. Y. Fl., not
of Li ndl. S. astivalis, Oakes, Cot.) — Moist biinks, A^ermont and N. New York
to Michigan, Penn. (near Lancaster, Prof. Porter), and Delaware, W. M. Canhy.
June. — Perianth 2" -3" long; lip yellowish on the face, not contracted in the
middle nor the margins involute.

2. S. Romanzovikna, Chamj.sso. Stem le'ifij heloiv, and kafi/-l)rarted
a/x>re (.')'- 15' high); leaves varying from oblong-lanceolate to grassy-linear;
spike dense, oblong or cylindrical (1'- 4' long) ; perianth curved and the sum-
mit maniflstlji ringent, the sepals and petals all connivcnt in the upper portion or

ORCniDACE^. (ORCniS FAMILY.) 50i5

galea; the Up ovate-oblong, contracted bihw the rounded wavy-crenulite much re-
curved sumwit, otherwise entii'C, tlie callosities at base globular and smooth ;
gland oblong-linear and the 2-liorned beak of the sli<jma short. (S. geniinipara,
Liiidl. (Xeottia, Smith.) S. eerniia, in part, Hook. & Ed. 2.) — High and cool
bogs, New York, from Herkimer and Otsego Co., to Lake Suj)erior, and north-
westward. July, Aug. — Perianth about 4" long, pure white, smooth or
smoothish. (Eu. Bantry Bay, Ireland, only.)

3. S. cernua, Richard. Stem leafy belotv and leafy bract ed above (G'-20'
high) ; leaves linear-lanceolate, the lowest elongated (4' -12' long, 2" -4" wide);
spike cylindrical, rather dense (2' -5' long) and with the flowers either pubes-
cent or nearly smooth ; perianth horizontal or recurving, the lower sepals not
upturned or connivcnt with the upjjcr ; lip oblong and very obtuse when out-
spread, but condiiplicate or the margins much incurved, wavy-crisped above the
middle, especially at the flattish and recurved-spreading apex, the callosities at
the base prominent, nipple-shaped, somewhat hairy ; gland of the stigma linear,
in a long and very slender beak. — Common in wet places, especially eastward
and southward. Sept., Oct. — Very variable in size, foliage, &c. : the commoner
form, with pure white sweet-scented flowers, often nearly losing its roof-leaves
at flowering-time : a variety in dry ground has greenish-cream colored stronger-
scented flowers, and retains its root-leaves. Perianth 4" -5" long.

* * Flowers in one straight or spirally twisted 7-anl:.

■t- Stem bearing towards and at the base elongated leaves, whivh mostly persist during

the flowering season.

4. S. graminea, Lindl., Var. Walteri. Stem 9'- 2° high; loAver and
root-loaves linear or lance-linear (3' -8' long, 2" -4" wide) gradually tapering
to the base, the upper reduced to sheathing bracts ; spike linear, dense (2' -5'
long), usually much twisted, the axis, ovaries, &c. downy-pubescent; bracts
ovate and gradually, or rhombic-ovate and abruptly taper-pointed, surpassing
the ovary, the margins broadly hyaline ; lip ovate-oblong when outspread, with
rather small callosities at base, crisped at the rounded apex ; anther and beak
of the stigma very acute. (Liraodbrum praecox, Walt. Nedttia tortilis, Pursh,
Barton, Fl., &c. S. tortilis, Chapm.) — Wet, grassy places, S. New England to
Virginia, and southward. July, Aug., at the north. —Koot of fleshy or some-
what tuberous thickened fibres. Perianth 3" long. — The original. West Indian
S. tortilis (Swartz), Richard, has a smoother much less twisted spike, smaller
bracts, and more leafless scape, the root-leaves seldom present at flowering-time :
it is very like S. brevifolia, Chapm. (S. longilabris, Lindl. ?). Our plant has a
more acute tip to the anther and stigma than the Mexican.

H- 1- Scape vei-y slender, merely bracted ; the leaves with a blade all in a cluster
at the ground, orate or oblong, abruptly contracted into a petiole, commonly wither-
ing away at or before flowering .-flowers small, and ivhole plant gabrous or nearly
so : bracts small, sharp-pointed, not longer than the pod.

5. S. gracilis, Bigelow. Roots clustered, tiiberous-thietened ; scape 8' -18'
high, bearing a slender many-flowered one-sided or twisted spike ; lip oval when
outspread, nan'owly oblong in natural form, thickish and green above with thin
white margins, the recurved obtuse or acutish ajiex wavy-crisped, the callosities

GM 33

506 ouciiiDACE^. (orchis family.)

at the h;i<c nipple-sliiipcd. (Also S. Reckii, Lindl., at least as to the Northern
])lant.) — Hilly woods and sandy plains: common. July -Oct. — Perianth
barely li"-:i" long-.

G. S. simplex, n. sjj. Koot a soli/orij ob/on</ or spiinlli:-sliai>e(l tiilirr ; nc
leaves at lloweriny time; scape .5' -9' hi<;li, bcariiij; a small narrow (rarely 1-
sided) spike of very sliort Jiowera (perianth 1"- li" lon<;) ; lip thin, white, oliornte-
oblomj, the apex eroded and crisped, the callosities at the base slender. — Dry,
sandy soil, E. Mass. (Nantucket, Dr. Rohhins), New Jersey (C. F. Austin, ^c),
and Delaware, Win. M. Caidnj. Aug., Sept. — Spike l'-3' long.

5. LISTERA, R.Brown. Twaybi.ade.

Sepals and petals nearly alike, spreading or reflexed. Lip niostlj- drooping,
longer than the scpnls, 2-lobcd or 2-cleft. Column wingless: stigma with a
rounded beak. Anther borne on the back of the column at the summit, erect,
ovate: pollen powdery, in 2 masses, joined to a minute glatid. — Roots fibrous.
Stem bearing a pair of ojiposito sessile leaves in the middle, and a spike or ra-
ceme of greenish or brownish-purple small flowers. (Dedicated to Martin Lister,
an early and celebrated British naturalist.)

* Column very sliort. ( Sepals ovate, rejlexed : plants delicate, 4' - 8' high.)

1. L. COrd^ta, R. Brown. Leaves round-ovate, somewhat heart-shaped
(^'-1' long) ; raceme smooth; flowers minute, crowded, on pedicels not longci- than
the ovary ; Up linear, twice the length of the sepals, 1 -toothed on each side at the
base, 2-cle/}. — Damp cold woods ; from Penn. northward. June, July. (Eu.)

2. L. australis, Lindl. Leaves ovate ; raceme loose and slender ; floweis
very small, on minutely (jiandular-pnhescent f>edicels twice the length of the ovary ; lip
linear, 3-4 tiines the length of the sepals, 2-parttd, the divisions linear-setaceous.
— Damp thickets, New Jersey to E. "Virginia and southward. June.

* * Column longer, arching or straightish.

3. L. eonvallarioides, Hook. Leaves oval or roundish, and sometimes
a little heart-siiaped (I'-lj' long) ; raceme loose, pubescent; flowers on slen-
der pedicels ; lip wedge-oblong, 2-lobed at the dilated apex, and 1-toothed on
each side at the base, nearly twice the length of the narrowly lanceolate spread-
ing sepals, purplish, y long. (Epipactis eonvallarioides, Swarts.) — Damp
mossy woods, along the whole Alleghany Mountains, to Penn., also Maine to
Lake Superior, and northward. — Plant 4' -9' high.

6. ARETHUSA, Gronov. Aretiiusa.

Flower ringcnt ; the lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, united at the
base, ascending and arching over the column. Lip dilated and recurved spread-
ing towards the summit. Column adherent to the lip below, petal-like, dilated
at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal, of 2 approximate cells : pollen-masses
powdery-granular, 2 in each cell. — Beautiful low herbs, consisting of a sheathed
scape from a globular solid bulb, terminated usually by a single large rose-pur-
])le flower. Leaf solitary, linear, nerved, hidden in the sheaths of the scape,
protruding after flowering. (Dedicated to the Nymph Arethusa.)

OUCHIDACE^. (ORCUIS FAMILY.) 507

1. A. bulbosa, L. Flower single, erect, with an entire lip recurved at the
apex and bearded-crested down tlie face. — Bogs, Virginia to Maine, N. Wis-
consin, and northward : rather scarce or local. May. — Flower 1 ' - 2' long, very
handsome, bright rose-purple ; very rarely a pair of flowers.

7. POGONIA, Juss. rouosiA.

Flower irregular, the sepals and petals separate. Lip crested or 3-lobed.
Column free, elongated, club-shaped, wingless. Anther terminal and lid-like,
stalked: pollen-masses 2 (one in each cell), powdery-granular, (llcoywz/i'as,
bearded, from the lip of some of the original species.)

§ 1. S''i)als and petals nearli/ equal and alike, }iak rox-color, somdimL'S white.

1. P. ophioglOSSOldeS, Nutt. Root of thick fibres ; stem (6'-<J'high)
bearing a single oval or lance-oblong leaf near the middle and a smaller one or
bract near the terminal flower, rarely one or two others with a flower iu their
a\il; lip spatulate below, apprcssed to the column, beard-crested and 'ringed. —
In bogs. June, July. — Flower 1' long, sweet-scented. — An interesting mon-
ster of this, with two additional lips, and some other petaloid parts, wa^ found iu
Herkimer Co., ]S'ew York, by J. A. Paine.

2. P. pendula, Lindl. Stem (3' - 8' high) from oblong tubers, bearing 3
to 7 alternate ovate-clasping very small (3" -6") leaves, the upper 1-4 with
drooping flowers in their a.xils on slender pedicels ; lip spatulate, somewhut .3-
lobed, roughish or crisj)ed above, crestless. (Triphora pendula, Nutt.) — Damp
woods : rather scarce. Aug. — I'erianth ^' long, narrow.

§ 2. Sepals linear, dingy or brownish, lunger and much narroiue.r than the erect or ron-
nicent petals : lip 3-lubed at tiie ap^x, crested down the middle, beardless : Jlowtrs
solitary (or rarely a pair), terminal : root a cluster of fibres.

3. P. divaricita, R. Br. Stem ( 1 ° - 2° high ) bearing a lanceolate leaf in the
middle, and a leafy bract next the flower, which is recurved on the ovary ; but the
sepals ascending or diverging, spatulate-linear, longer than the lanceolate-spat-
ulate pointed and flesh-colored petals, these about I'-U' long. — Wet pine-
barrens, Quaker Bridge, New Jeisey ( IF. //. Leijjett), Virginia, and southward.
June, July.

4. P. verticillata, Nutt. Stem (6' -12' high), naked, except some sni;<.ll
scales at the base, and a whorl of mostly .') obovute or obovate-oblong sessile leares at
the summit; flower dusky purplish, on a, peduncle longer than the orary and pod ;
sepals more than twice the length of the petals, narrowly linear, spreading from a
mostly erect base (l^'-2' long) ; lip with a narrow crest down the middle. —
Low woods: rather rare, especially eastward. May, June. — Glaucous when
young. Stalk of pod al)0ut 1^' long, more than half the length of the leaves.

5. P. afifinis, C. F. Austin, n. sp. Somewhat smaller than the preceding ;
leaves paler and rather narrower; flowers (not rarely in pairs) yellowish or
greenish; peduncle much shorter than the ovary and pod ; sepals not twice the length
of the petals, tapering to the base ; lip crested over the whole face and on tlie
middle of the lobes. — With the last, which it nearly resembles, but is much
rarer. Southern New York and Northern New Jersey, C. F. Austin ; and
Connecticut, near New Haven, Edward Dana.

508 ORCIIIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.)

8 . C A L O P 6 G O N , R. Br. Calopogon.

Flower with the ovary or stalk not twisting, therefore presenting its lip on tht
upper or inner side. Sepals and petals nearly alike, lance-ovate, spreading, dis-
tinct. Lip spreading, distant from the column, raised on a narrowed base or
stalk, dilated at the summit, strongly bearded along the upper side. Colunm
free, slender, winged at the ape.x. Anther terminal and lid-like, sessile : pollen-
masses 4 (two in each cell), of soft powdery grains, lightly connected by delicate
threads. — Scape from a small soliil bulb, sheathed below by the base of the
grass-like leaf, naked above, bearing several flowers. Bracts minute. (Name
composed of kuXos, haiillful, and Trwycoi/, heard, from the bearded lip.)

1. C. pulehelius, K. Br. Leaf linear; scape about 1° high, 2-6-flow-
ered; lip as if hinged at the insertion, beautifully bearded towards the dilated
summit with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. — Bogs: common.
June, July. — Flowers I' broad, i)ink-purplc.

9. CALYPSO, Salisb. Calypso.

Sepals and petals nearly similar, ascending, spreading, lanceolate, pointed.
Lij) larger than the rest of the flower, sac-shaped, inflated {9" long), 2-pointcd
underneath the ape.x. Column broadly winged and petal-like, ovate, bearing
the lid-like anther just below the apex : pollen masses waxy, 2, each 2-partcd,
all sessile on a square gland. — A little bog-herb; the solid bulbs producing a
single ovate or slightly heart-shaped thin leaf, as in A plectrum, and a short
(3' -5' high) scape, sheathed below, bearing a large and showy (variegated
purple, pink, and yellow) flower. (Name from the goddess Cah/pso.)

1. C. borealis, Salisb. — Cold bogs and wet woods, the bulbs resting in
moss, Northern New England to Michigan, and northward. May. — Avery
local and beautiful plant. Lip somewhat resembling that of a Lady's Slipper,
woolly-hairy inside. (Eu.)

10. TIPULARIA, Nutt. Crane fly Orchis.

Sepals and petals spreading, oblong ; the latter rather narrower. Lip pro-
longed underneath into a thread-like ascending spur twice or thrice the length
of the flower (9"- 12" long), .^-lobed ; the middle lobe linear, a little wavy, as
long as the petals, the side lobes short and triangular.- Column narrow and
wingless. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 2, waxy, each 2-parted, con-
nected by a linear stalk with the transverse small gland. — Herb with large
solid bulbs connected horizontally, on a distinct petiole, producing in antumn
a single ovate nerved and plaited leaf on a slender petiole, tinged with purple
beneath ; and in summer a long and naked slender scape (10'- 18' high), with
1 or 2 sheaths at the base, bearing a many-flowered raceme of small greenish
flowers tinged with purple. (Name from a fancied resemblance of the flowers
to insects of the frenus Tipiila.)

1. T. discolor, Nutt. Lip blunt at the tip (which distinguishes it from
a recently discovered Himalayan species). — Sandy woods, Massachusetts to
Michigan and southward : very scarce. July.

ORCHIDACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 509

11. BLETIA, Ruiz & Pavon. Bletia.

Sepals spreading, equal, rather exceeding the petals. Lip hooded, hinged as
it were with the eolunin, crested along the upper face, often 3-lobed. (,"ol-
umn half-cylindrical ; the fleshy anther forming a lid at its apex. PolJen-niasscs
8, in pairs, with a stalk to each pair, waxy, becoming powdery. — Scape many-
flowered from solid tubers. (Named for Loais Diet, a Spanish botanist.)

I. B. aph^lla, Nutt. Leafless; scape (l"-2° high) beset with purplish
scales, the lower ones sheathing; flowers raecmcd, brownish-purple; lip not
saccate. Rich woods, Kentucky and southward.

12. MICROSTYLIS, Nutt. Adder's-Mouth.

Sepals spreading. Petals thread-like or linear, spreading. Lip auricled or
ovate at the base, not tubercled, entire or nearly so. Column very small, terete,
with 2 teeth or auricles at the summit and the erect anther between them. Pol-
len-masses 4, in one row (2 in each cell), cohering by pairs at the apex, waxy,
without any stalks, threads, or gland. — Little herbs, from solid bulbs, produ-
cing simple stems or scapes, which bear in our species a single leaf, and a raceme
of minute greenish flowers. (Name composed oi' fiiKpos, Utile, and arvXis, a
column or sfi/le. )

1. M. monophyllos, Lindl. Slender (4' -6' high); leaf sheathing the
base of the stem, ovate-elliptical; raceme spi/.id, loncj and slender; pedicels not
longer ihan the fowc'rs ; lip long-pointed. — Cold wet swamps, N. New England
to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. July. (Eu.)

2. M. ophioglossoldes, Nutt. Leaf near the middle of the stem, ovate,
clasping; raceme shoit and obtuse; pedicels much longer than the Jloiuers ; lip 3-
toothed at the summit. — Damp woods : more common southward. July.

13. LIPARIS, Richard. Twayblade.

Sepals and petals nearly equal, linear, or the latter thread-like, spreading.
Lip flat, entire, often bearing 2 tubercles above the base. Column elongated,
incurved, margined at the apex. Anther lid-like, terminal : pollen-masses 4, in
one row (2 to each cell), slightly united in pairs, without stalk, threads, or
gland. — Small, low herbs, with solid bulbs, producing 2 root-leaves and a Ioav
scape, which bears a raceme of few purplish or greenish flowers. (Name from
\nTap6i, fat or shining, in allusion to the smooth or unctuous leaves.)

1. L. Iiliif61ia, Richard. Leaves ovate; petals tliread-like, reflexed ; tip
large (^' long) wi'dge-ohovate, abruptli/ short-pointed, hroivn-purptish. (Malaxis lilii-
Mia., Suartz.) — Moist woodlands : commonest in the Middle States. June.

2. L. LcBs61ii, Richard. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, keeled ;
lip obomite or oblong (2" long), mncronate, ydlowiah-green, shorter than the linear
unequal petals and s'pals. (Malaxis Correana, Barton.) — Bogs, New England
to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. (Eu.)

14. CORALLORHIZA, Haller. Cokal-root.

Perianth somewhat ringcnt, oblique and gil)bous or obscurely spurred at the
base ; the oblong or lanceolate sepals and petals nearly alike, the upper aiching ;

510 ORCHIDACE^. (OUCHIS FAMILY.)

the lateral sepals ascending, their bases with that of the lip forming the gibbos-
ity or short spur which is mostly adnatc to the summit of the ovary : lip slightly
adherent to the base of the 2-edged straightish column, bearing a pair of pro-
jecting ridges on the face below, spreading or recurved at the apex. Anther
terminal, lid-like. Pollen-masses 4, obliquely incumbent, soft-waxy, free.
Brownish or yellowish herbs, destitute of green foliage, with much-branched
and toothed coral-Iikc root-stocks (probably root-parasitical), sending up a sim-
ple scape, with sheaths in place of leaves, and bearing small and dull-colored
flowers in a spiked raceme. (Name composed of KopuWiof, coral, and f>i(a,
root.)

§ 1. Small spur or sac adnate to the sutnmit of the ovary: flowers small : lip whitish
or purplish, often mottled with crimson.

1. C. inn§,ta, R. Brown. Plant slender, light brownish or yellowish (3'-
9' high), 5 - 12-(lowered ; pedicels very short ; lip somewhat hastately 3-lolied aboce
the base, the lamella; thick and rather short ; spur a very small piotuberance ;
pod oval or elliptical (.3" -4'" long). (C. vcrna, Nittt.) — Swamps and damp
woods. May, June. — Perianth only 2' or 2^'' long. (Ku.)

2. C odontorhiza, Nutt. Piant light brown or purplish ; stem rather
slender, bulbous-thickened at the base (6'- 16' high), 6 - 20-flowered ; pedicels
rather slender ; liji entire, or merely denticulate, thin, broadly ovate or obovate,
abruptly contracted into a claw-like base, the lamella? a pair of short projections;
the spur represented by a small cavity wholly adnate to -the summit of the
ovary; pod at first very acute at the base, at length short-oval (4" long). (C.
Wistariana, Conrad.) — Rich woods, New York to Michigan, and especially
southward : rare northward. May, July. — Perianth about 3" long.

3. C. raultiflbra, Nutt. Plant purplish, rather stout (9' -18' high), 10-
30-flowered ; ///) dee/i/i/ 3-lobed, with a short narrowed base and with prominent
lamellai; spur manifest and protuberant; pod oblong (6'' -9" long), sliort-ped-
ieelled- — Dry woods : common. July - Sept. — Perianth 2^" - 4'' long.

§ 2. Spttr none: the broad/i/ gibbons somewhat saccate base of the perianth irhoJli] frc-e
from the ovarij : flowers large for the genus, purple, unspotlpd, more expanding.

4. C. Macrsei, Gray. Plant purplish, stout (6-16' high), bearing 1.5-
2.') large flowers in a crowded spike, on very short pedicels ; lip oval or obovate,
perfectly entire, concave, barely narrowed at the base, where it bears 1-3 short
lamellaj ; all the parts of the perianth marked with 3 darker nerves ; pod oblong
(9" long). — Woods, from near Lake Eric (Caledonia Springs, Canada, W. F.
Macrae), Mackinaw, C. G. Loring, Jr., Prof Whitney, and westward to the
Pacific. July. — Sepals, petals, and lip 6" or 7" long. — This is the Aplectrum
aphyllum, Nutt. in herb.; and from the range and the size of the flowers it can
hardly be other than C. striata, Lindl., but it does not at all agree with the
character as to the lij) and spur.

15. APLECTRUM, Nutt. Putty-root. Adam-and-Evk.

Perianth neither gibbous, nor with any trace of a spur or sac at the base.
Lip free, the palate 3-ridged. Otherwise the flowers and the scape (invested
below with 3 greenish sheaths) as in Corallorhiza. But, instead of a coral-like

k

ORCHID ACE^. (orchis FAMILY.) 511

root, a slender naked rootstock produces each year a thick, globular, solid bulb
or corni, often I' in diameter (tilled with exeeediny:ly glutinous matter), which
sends up late in summer a large, oval, many-nerved and plaited, pctioled, green
leaf, lasting through the winter, and early in the succeeding summer its scape,
a foot or more high, is terminated by a loose raceme of dingy ratiicr large flowers.
(Genus too near the last. The name composed of a privative and nXrjKTpov,
a spur, from the total want of the latter.)

1. A. hyemale, Nutt. — Woods, in rich mould: rather rare or local. —
Each corm lasts 2 or 3 years before it shrivels, so that 3 or 4 are found horizon-
tally connected. Perianth greenish-brown, or the lip whitish, and somewhat
?peckled with purple, 5" - 6" long.

16. CYPRIPEDIUM, L. Lady's Slippek. Moccason-flow'er.

Sepals spreading ; all three distinct, or in most cases two of them united into
one under the lip. Petals spreading, resembling the sepals but usually nar-
rower. Lip a large infldted sac. Column declined ; on each side a fertile sta-
men, with its short filament bearing a 2-celled anther; the pollen loose and
pulpy or powdery-granular ; on the upper side a dilated-triangular, petal-like
but thickish body, which answers to the fertile stamen of other Orchids, and
covers the summit of the style ; stigma terminal, broad, obscurely 3-lobed,
moist and roughish (not smooth and viscid as in the rest of the order). Pollen
in most of our species, especially in No. 6, exposed by the conversion of the face
of the anther into a viscid", varnish-like film, which adheres to whatever touches
it, carrying away .«ome of the pollen. — Root of many tufted fibres. Leaves
large, many-nerved and plaited, sheathing at the base. Flowers solitary or
few, large and showy. (Name composed of Kvnpis, Venus, and ttoSioi', a sock
or buskin, i. c. Venus' s Slipper.)

§ I. T/ie three sepals sppnrate. [Stem leaf ij, single- flowered.)

1. C. arietinum, K. Brown. (Ram's-head L.) Upper sepal ovate-
lanceolate, pointed ; the 2 lower and the yietals linear and nearly alike (green-
ish-brown), rather longer than the red and whitish veiny lip, which is prolonged
at the apex into a short conical deflexed point ; leaves 3 or 4, elliptical-lanceo-
late, nenrly smooth. (Cryosanthes, Raf. Arietmnm, Be(l.) — CoU\ swamjjs
and damp woods, Maine to New York, Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June.
— The smallest species : stem slender, 6'- 10' high : lip only 6' long.

§ 2. Two of the sepals united into one piece under the lip.

* Stem leafu to the top, 1 -S-foircred: lip sUpper-sliaped or roundish, much isiflatrd,

horizontal, and with a rounded open orifire.

t- Sepals and linear Wiiri/-/wisted petals brou^nish, pointed, lonqer than the Up.

2. C. candidum, Muhl. (Small White Lady's Slipper.) Sepals
ovate-lanceolate ; liji white, flatfish laterallj', convex above ; sterile stamen lanceo-
late; leaves lance-oblong, acute. — Bogs, Central and W. New Yuik (rare)
to Kentucky and Wisconsin. May, June. — Little larger than the foregoing
species, slightly pubescent, 1-flowered : petals and sepals greenish, not much
exceeding the lip, which is less than 1.' long.

512 AMARYLLIDACE^. (aMAUTLLIS FAMtl^T.)

3. C. parviflbrum, Salisb. (Smallek Yellow L.) Sepals ovate or
orate-hinceolate ; Up Jhittish fioin al)ore, bii(//it r/fllow ( I' or less long) ; sterile sta-
men trian>^ular ; leaves oval, pointed. — Bogs and low woods; rather eoninion.
May, June. — Stem I °- 2° high. Flower fragrant: sepals and petals more
brown-purple thr.n in the next, into which, however, it seems to pass.

4. C. pubeseens, WiUd. (Larger Yellow L.) Sepals t longnted-lancco-
late; lip Jiattcmd lattrallij, very convex and gibbous above (1^' -2' long, scent-
less, )iale. ydlow. — Bogs and low woods : common northward and westward,
and southward in the Alleghanics. May, June. — Stem 2° high, pubescent, as
are the broadly oval acute leaves.

■^ •»- Sepals and petals plane, rounded, uldte, not longer than the lip.

.5. C. spectS,bile, Swartz. (Showy L.) Sepals round-ovate or orbicu-
lar, rather longer than the oblong petals ; lip much inflated, ichite, pink purple in
front (Ij' long) ; sterile stamen heart-ovate. — Peat-bogs, Maine and W. New
England to Illinois, and southward along the Alleghanics. July. — The most
beautiful of the genus, downy, 2'^ high. Leaves ovate, pi'nted.
* * Scape naked, 2-leav(d at the base, \ flowered ; sepals and petals greenish, shorter
than the drooping lip, which has a closed flssure down its whole length in front.

6. C. acatlle, Ait. (Stemless L.) Sepals oblong-lanceolate, pointed,
nearly as long as the linear petals ; lip obovoid or oblong, rose-purple (rarely
white), nearly 2' long, veiny; sterile stamen rhomboid; leaves oblong. (C.
humile, Sulisb.) — Dry or moist woods, under evergreens : common, especially
northward. May, June. — Plant downy : the scape 8'- 12' high, with a green
bract at the top.

Order 115. AMARYLLIDACE.*:. (Amaryllis Family.)

Chiefly bulbous and scape-bearing herbs, not scur/g or icoolly, icilh linear-
flat root-leaves, and regular {or nearly so) and perfect G-androus fluicers,
the tube of the corolline 6-parted perianth coherent loith the 3-celled ovary; the
lobes imbricated in the bud. — Anthers introi-se. Style single. Pod 3-celled,
several - many-seeded. Seeds anatropous or nearly so, with a straight
embryo in the axis of flesliy albumen. — An order represented in our gar-
dens by the Narcissus (N. POETICUS), Jonquil (N. Jonquilla), and Daf-
fodil (N. Pseudo-Narcissus), the Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis)
and the Snowflake (Leuco.jum veknum), &e., but with very few indige-
nous representatives in this country. Bulbs acrid. Dirters from Liliaceae
chiefly in the inferior ovary.

« Pod 3-Talvcd, loculiciJal : anthers versatile : perianth funnel-shaped.

1. Amnryllis. Flower naked in the tliroat ; the tube short or none. Bulbs coated.

2. Fanci-ailuin. Flower with a slender tube and narrow recurved lobes; a cup-sbapej

crown connecting the stamens. IJulbs ( o:ited.

3. Agave. Flower equally 6 cleft, persi.-teut •, no crown. Fleshy-leaved, not bulbous.

* * Pod iiidehiscent ; anthers sagittate.
i. Hypoxys. Perianth G-pnrted nearly dowu tu the ovary. Bulb solid.

AMARYLLTDACE^. (AMARYLLIS FAMILY.) 513

1. AMARYLLIS, L. § ZEPHYRANTHES, Herb. Amaryllis.

Perianth funnel-form, from a tubular base ; the 6 divisions petal-like and
similar, spreading above-; the G stamens inserted in its naked throat : anthers
versatile. Pod membranaceous, o-lobcd. — Leaves and scape from a coated
bulb. Flowers 1 or 2, from a 1 -2-leaved spathe. (A poetical name.)

1. A. Atamasco, L. (Atamasco Lily.) Spathe 2-cleft at the apex;
perianth white and pink ; stamens and style declined. — Penn. (Muhl.) Virginia,
and southward. June. — Elower 3' long, on a scape 6' high.

2. PANCRATIUM, L. Pancratium.

Perianth with a long and slender tube, and an equal 6-parted limb ; the lobes
long and narrow, recurved ; the throat bearing a tubular or cup-shaped coroUine
delicate crown, which connects the bases of the 6 exserted stamens. Anthers
linear, versatile. Pod thin, 2 - 3-lobed, with a few fleshy seeds, often like bulb-
lets. — Scapes and leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers large and showy in an
umbel-like head or cluster, leafy-bracted. (Name composed of -nav, all, and
KpaTvs, powerful, from fancied medicinal properties.)

1. P. rotatum, Ker. Leaves ascending, strap-shaped (\° - 2° long);
scape few-flowered ; the handsome (white and fragrant) flower with a spreading
large 12-toothed crown, the alternate teeth bearing the filaments. (Hymeno-
callis rotata, Herbert.) — Marshy banks of streams, Kentucky, Virginia, and
southward. May. — Flowers opening at night or in cloudy weather.

3. AGAVE, L. American Aloe.

Perianth tubuhir-funnel-form, persistent, 6-parted ; the divisions nearly equal,
narrow. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, versatile. Pod coriaceous, many-seeded.
Seeds flattened. — Leaves thick and fleshy, often with cartilaginous or spiny
teeth, clustered at the base of the many-flowered scape, from a thick fibrous-
rooted crown. (Named altered from dyai/os, wonderful, not inappropriate as
applied to A. AxMericana, the Century-plant.)

L A. Virginica, L. (False Aloe.) Herbaceous; leaves entire or den-
ticulate ; scape 3° -6° high ; flowers scattered in a loose wand-like spike, greenish-
yellow, fragrant. — Dry or rocky banks, Penn.? Virginia to Illinois (Mr. Luni'
mis), and southward. Sept.

4. HYPOXYS, L. Star-grass.

Perianth persistent, 6-parted, spreading ; the 3 outer divisions a little herba-
ceous outside. Stamens 6 : anthers sagittate, erect. Pod crowned with the
withered or closed perianth, not opening by valves. Seeds globular, with a
crustaceous coat, ascending, imperfectly anatropous, the rhaphe not adherent
quite down to the micropyle, the persistent seed-stalk thus forming a sort of
lateral beak. Radicle inferior ! — Stcmless small herbs, with grassy and hairy
linear leaves and slender f^'w-flowci-ed scapes, from a solid bulb. (Name com-
posed of uTTo, beneath, and o|uf, sharp, it is thought because the pod is acuto
at the bas2.)

33

614 n^MODORACE^. (blood WORT FAMILY.)

1. H. er6eta, L. Leaves linear, grass-like, longer than the umbellately
1 - 4-Ho\vefcd scape ; divisions of the perianth hairy and greenish outside, yel-
low within. — Meadows and open woods : common. June- Aug.

OunEU IIG. lI.EillODOKACE.E. (Bi.ooinvouT Family.)

Herbs, icithjibrous roots, usually equitant leaves, and perfect S-ii-androus
regular jloicers, which are tcoolbj or scurfy outside ; the lube of the ii-lobed
perianth coherent with the whole surface, or with merely the lower part, of the
3-cclled ovary. — Anthers introrse. Style single, sometimes 3-partible ;
the 3 stigmas alternate with the cells of the ovary. Pod crowned or en-
closed by the persistent perianth, 3-celied, loculicidal, 3 - many-seeded.
Embryo small, in hard or fleshy albumen. A small family ; chiefly of the
Southern hemisphere.

# Ovary wholly adherent to the calyx-tube : style filiform : seeds peltate, ampbitropous.

1. liuvltuaittUes. Stameas 3, exserted anthers Tcr.satiie. Leaves equitant.

* * Ovary free except at the biise : style 3-partible : seeds anatropous.

2. liophiola. Stamens 6, on the base of the woolly G cleft perianth. Leaves equitant.

3. Aletris. Stamens G, in the throat of the warty-roughened and tubular 6 toothed

perianth. Leaves flat.

1. LACHNANTHES, L. Ri^d root.

Pcriitnth woolly outside, 6-partcd down to the adherent ovary. Stamens 3,
opposite the 3 larger or inner divisions : filaments long, exserted : anthers linear,
fixed by the middle. Style thread-like, exserted, declined. Pod globular.
Seeds few on each fleshy placenta, flat and rounded, fixed by the middle. —
Herb, with a red fibrous perennial root, equitant sword-shaped leaves, clustered
at the base and scattered on the stem, which is hairy at the top, and terminated
by a dense comjiound cyme of dingy yellow and loosely woolly flowers (whence
the name, from \ii)(vri, irool, and liudos, h/ossom).

1. L. tinct6ria, Ell. — Sandy swamps, from Rhode Island and New Jersey
southward, near the coast. July - Sept.

2. LOPHiOLA, Ker. LornioLA.

Perianth densely woolly, deeply 6-cleft ; the divisions nearly equal, spreading,
longer than the 6 stamens, which are inserted at their base. Anthers fixed by
the base. Pod ovate, free from the ])erianth except at the base, pointed with
the awl-shaped style, which finally sjdits into 3 divisions, one terminating each
valve. Seeds numerous, oblong, ribbed, anatropous. — A slender perennial
herb, with creeping rootstocks and fibrous roots, linear and nearly smooth equi-
tant leaves ; the stem leafless and whitened with soft matted wool towards the
summit, as also the crowded or paniclcd cyme. Perianth dingy yellow in-
side ; the lobes naked only towards the tip, each clothed with a woolly tuft
towards the iiasc (wbcncc the name from Xoc^tioi/, n small cirsl.)

1. L. aurea, Ker. ( Comisty lis Americana, A<r.s/i.) — Boggy pine barrens.
New Jersey to Virginia, and touthward. June- Aug.

IRIDACE^. (lUlS FAMILY.) 515

3. ALETRIS, L. Colic-koot. Star-grass.

Perianth cylindrical, not woolly, but wrinklccf and roughened outside by
thickly-set points, which look like scurfy mealiness, the tube cohering below
with the base only of the ovary, 6-clet't at the summit. Stamens C, inserted at
the base of the lobes: filaments and anthers short, included. Style awl-shaped,
3-eleft at the apex : stigmas minutely 2-lobed. Pod ovate, enclosed in the
roughened perianth ; the dehiscence, seeds, &c. nearly as in Lophiola. — Peren-
nial and smooth stemless herbs, very bitter, with fibrous roots, and a spreading
cluster of thin and flat lanceolate leaves ; the small flowers in a wand-like spiked
raceme, terminating a naked slender scape (2°-3° high). Bracts awl-shaped,
minute. ('AXerpiy, a female slave who grinds corn ; the name applied to these
plants in allusion to the apparent mealiness dusted over the blossoms.)

1. A. farinosa, L. Flowers oblong-tubular, white; lobes lanceolate-ob-
long. — Grassy or sandy woods : not rare. July, Aug.

2 A. aiirea, Walt. Plowersbell-shaped, yellow (fewer and shorter); lobes
short-ovate. — Barrens, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

Order 117. BROMEHACEiE. (Pine- Apple Family.)

Herbs (or scarcely/ woodi/ plants, nearly all tropical), the cjreater part epi-
phytes, loith persistent dry or fleshy and channelled crowded leaves, sheath-
ing at the base, usually covered with scurf: G-androus ; the 6-cleft perianth
adherent to the ovary in the Pine-apple, &c , or free from it in

1. TILLANDSIA, L. Long Moss.

Perianth plainly double, 6-parted ; the 3 outer divisions (sepals) membrana-
ceous; the 3 inner (petals) colored; all convolute below into a tube, spreading
above, lanceolate. Stamens 6, hypogynous ! or the alternate ones cohering with
the base of the petals : anthers introrse. Ovary free : style thread-shaped : stig-
mas 3. Pod cartilaginous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves splitting
into an inner and an outer layer. Seeds .several or many in each cell, anatro-
pous, club-shaped, pointed, raised on a long hairy-tufted stalk, like a coma.
Embryo small, at the base of copious albumen. — Scurfy-leaved epiphytes.
(Named for Prof. Tillands of Abo.)

1. T. usneoides, L. (Common Long Moss or Black Moss.) Stems
thread-shaped, branching, pendulous; leaves thread-shaped; peduncle short, I-
flowered. — Dismal Swamp, Virginia, and southward; growing on the branches
of trees, forming long hanging tufts. A characteristic plant of the Southern
States, and barely coming within the limits of this work.

Order 118. IRIDACE^. (Iris Family.)

Herbs, with equitant 2-ranled leaves, and refjular or irregular perfect
flowers; the divisions of the G-clefl petal-like perianth convolute in the bud
in 2 sets, the tube coherent with the 3-cetled ovary, and 3 distinct or mona-
delphous stmnens, alternate with the inner divisions of the perianth and

516 IRIDACJE^. (iris family.)

opposite the stifjtuns, loilh eitrorse anthrrx. — Flowers from a spathe of 2
or more leaves or bracts, usually showy. Style single : stigmas 3, opposite
the cells of the ovary. Pod 3-celled, lociilicidal, many-seeded. Seeds
anatropous: embryo straight in (leshy albumen. Rootstocks, tubers, or
conns mostly acrid. — Reprerented in gardens by Crocu.s, Glaimolus,
TiGRiDi.A. or TiGKR-FLOWKU, and by three genera in the wild state.

1. Iris. Outer Jivisions of the perianth recurved ; the inner erect : stigmas petal-like.

2. Partlniillliis. Perianth eciually spreading: filaments nearly distinct : stigmas dilated,

3. SiHyriiichiiiin. Perianth regular and equally spreadiog : filaments luonaUelpbous lo

the top : stigmas thread-like.

1. IRIS, L. Flower-de-Luce.

Perianth 6-clcft; the tube more or less ])rolongcd beyond the ovary; the 3
outer divisions spreading or reflexed ; the ."5 inner smaller and erect. Stamens
distinct ; the oblong or linear anthers sheltered under the overarching petal-like
stigmas (or rather branches of the style, bearing the true stigma in the form of
a thin lip or plate under their apex) : most of the style connate with the tube
of the perianth. Pod 3-6-angled, coriaceous. Seeds depressed-flattened. —
Perennials, with sword-shaped or grassy leaves, and large showy flowers; ours
nil with creeping and more or less tuberous rootstocks. ('iptJ, the rainbow
deified, anciently applied to this genus on account of the bright and varied
colors of the blossoms.)

* Steins leaf If and rather tall ( 1 ° - 3° high ) , from thickened rootxtochs, often branching :

tube of the perianth shorter than the divisions, tvhich are beardless and a'esfless,
the erect inner ones (petals) much smaller than the outer.
-1- Flowers violet-blue, variegated with greenish, yellowish or ichite, and purple-veined.

1. I. versicolor, L. (Larger Blue Flag.) Stem stout, angled on
one side ; leaves sword-shaped (|' wide) ; ovary obtusely triangular with the sides
flat; flowers (2^' -3' long) short-peduncled, the funnel-form tube shorter than
the ovary; pod oblong, turgid, with rounded angles. — Wet places: common.
May, June.

2. I. Virglnica, L. (Slender Blue Flag.) Stem very slender, terete ;
leaves narrowly linear (2" -3" Avide) ; flowers slender-peduncled (H'-2' long),
the tube extremely short; ovary 3-angled, tach side 2-grooved ; pod sharply
triangular. (I. prismatica, Pursh. I. gracilis, Bigel.) — Marshes, Maine to
Virginia and southward, near the coast. June.

1- H- Flowers yellowish or dull reddish-brown.

3. I. cuprea, Pursh. Stem and leaves as No. 1 ; tube of the perinnth
cylindrical, as long as the G-angled ovary; petal-like branches of the style
narrow. — Swamps near Cairo, S. Illinois (Dr. Tosf>y), and southward. May.

* * Stems low (.3' — 6' high), from tnfedand creeping slender (or here and there tuber-

ous-thic.ke.nexl) rootstocks, I -3-flowered: tul)e of the peridnth long and slender ;
the viuhf-lilue divitions nearly equal.

4. I. verna, L. (Dwarf Iris.) Leaves linear, grass-like, rather glau-
cous ; the thread-like tube of the iKuianth about the length of the divisions, which

IRIDACE^. (mis FAMILY.) • 517

nre olilong-obovate and on slender claics, the outer ones slightly hairy down
the orange-yellow base, c)a.V/ess ; pod obtusely triangular. — Wooded hillsides,
A'irgiuia, Kentucky, and southward., April.

5. I. erist^ta, Ait. (Crested Dwarf Iris.) Leaves lanceolate (3' -5'
long when grown) ; those of the spathc oa'tte^anceolate, shorter than the thiead-
Uke Inbc of the perianth; which is 2' long and much lonfjer than the light blue
obovate short-clawed dn-isions, the outer ones cresteil but beardless ; pod sharply
triangular. — Mountains of Virginia, Kentucky, and southward. ' Mav. —
Creeping rootstocks pungently acrid.

6. I. laCTistriS, Nutt. (L.\ke Dwarf Iris.) Tube of the perianth rather
shorter than the dinisions (yellowish, ^'-|' long), dilated upwards, not exceeding
the spathe : otherwise as in the last, and too near it. — Gravelly shores of Lakes
Huron and Michigan. May.

2. PARDANTHUS, Kcr. Blackberry-Lily.
Perianth 6-parted almost to the ovary; the divisions widely and equally
spreading, all nearly alike, oblong with a narrowed base, naked. Stamens mona-
delphous only at the base : anthers oblong. Style club-shaped, 3-cleft, the nar-
row divisions tipped with a small dilated stjgma. Pod pear-sliaped ; the valves
at length falling away, leaving the central column covered with the globose
black and fleshy-coated seeds, imitating a blackberry (whence the popular name).

— Perennial, with rootstocks, foliage, &c. of an Iris ; the branching stems
(3° -4° high) loosely many-flowered ; the orange-yellow perianth mottled above
with crimson purple spots (whence the name from napBos, a leopafd, and avdos,
a flower).

1. P. Chinexsis, Ker. (Ixia Chinensis, Z.) —Sparingly escaped from
gardens into waste places. July- Sept. (Adv. from China, &c.)

3. SISYRINCHIUM, L. Blue-eyed Gr.^ss.

Perianth G-parted ; the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens monadelphous to
the top. Stigmas thread-like. • Pod globular, 3-angled. Seeds globular. — Low
slender perennials, with fibrous roots, grassy or lanceolate leaves, mostly branch-
ing 2-edged or winged .stems, and fugacious umbelledclustcrod small flowers
from a 2-leaved spathe. (Name composed of oris, a hog, and pvyxos, snout, from
a foncy that the hogs arc fond of rooting it up )

1. S. Bex'mudi^na, L. Stem winged, naked, or 1 -2-leavcd; leaves nar-
row and grass-like; divisions of the perianth obovate, more or less notched at
the end, and bristle-pointed from the notch. (Leaves of the spathe almost equal,
shorter than the flowers.) — Var. Anceps (S. anceps, Cav.) has a broadly winged
scape, and the outer leaf of the very unequal spathe longer than the flowers. —
Var. mucron.\tum (S. mucronatum, Michx.) has a slender and narrowly winged
scape, very narrow leaves, those of the spathe shar))-pornted and unequal, one of
them usually longer than the flowers. But there are various intermediate forms.

— Moist meadows, &c , among grass; common everywhere. June -Aug. — ■
Flowers small, delicate blue, changing to purplish, rarely whitish ; or, in var.
Ilbidusi (S. albidura, liaf.) pure white : Illinois, Kentucky, and westward.

518 SMILACE.E. (^SMILAX FAMILY).

Order 119. DIOSCOREACE^. (Yam Family!)

Plants wilh twining stems from large tuberous roots or knotted rootstocks,
and ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves, small dioecious 6-androus and
regular Jiowcrs, icith the fi-cleft cali/x-like perianth adherent in the fertile
plant to the '3-ctlled ovary. Styles 3, distinct. — Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
anatropous. Fruit usually a membranaceous 3-angled or winged pod.
Seeds with a minute embryo in hard albumen. — Represented chiefly by
the genus

1. .DIOSCOREA, riumier. Yam.

Flowers very small, in axillary panicles or racemes. Stamens 6, at the base
of the divisions of the 6-parted perianth. Pod 3-celled, S-winged, lociilicidally
3-valved by splitting through the winged angles. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, flat,
with a membranaceous wing. (Dedicated to the Greek naturalist, Dioscoridcs.)

1. D. Villdsa, L. (Wild Yam-root.) Herbaceous; leaves mostly alter-
nate, sometimes nearly opposite or in fours, more or less downy underneath,
heart-shaped, conspicuously pointed, 9- 11-ribbcd; flowers pale greenish-yellow,
the sterile in drooping panicles, the fertile in drooping simple raccmcS. — Thick-
ets, New England to Wisconsin, and common southward. July. — Stems
slender, from knotty and matted rootstocks, twining over bushes. Pods 8"- 10"
long. — A bad name, for the jjlant is never villous, and often nearly smooth.

Order 120. SI»IILACE.E. (Smilax Family.)

Shrrdiby or rarely herbaceous plants, climbing or supported by a pair of
tendrils on the petiole of the ribbed and netted-veined simple leaves; tcith
dioecious small flowers ; regular perianth of 6 (rarely more) similar greenish
deciduous sepals, free from the ovary ; as many stamens as sepals, with in-
trorse l-celled anthers : ovary with 3 (rarely 1 or 4-6) cells and as many
elongated spreading sessile stigmas. Ovules one or a pair in each cell,
suspended, orthotropous. Fruit a small berry. Seed-coat close, firmly
adherent to the hard horny albumen : embryo minute. — Order, as here
limited, represented almost solely by the genus

1. SMILAX, Tourn. Gkeexbuilr. Cathuier.

Character as above. — Flowers in umbels on axillary peduncles, greenish or
yellowish. Ster. Fl. Stamens inserted on the very base of the sepals : filaments
linear : anthers linear or oblong, fi.xcd by the base, 2-loccllate. Fert. Fl. Fila-
ments, if ])rescnt, sterile. Stigmas thick and s])reading, almost sessile. (The
ancient Greek name, of obscure meaning.)

§1. Steins icood ji , often pr Ickl ij : ovules solitary. [Ours all (fahrous.)

* Leaves ovale or roundish, <Jt., most of them rounded or heart-shaped at the base,

and 5 -^-nerved, the three middle nerves or ribs stronger and more conspicuous.

SMILACEiE. (SMILAX FAMILY.) 519

-•- Peduncles shorter or scarcely longer than the petioles, Jlultrmd ; leaves thickish,
incUniiKj to be eveiyreen, ut least southward, green loth sides.

1. S. Walter!, Pursh. Stem low, somewhat angled, prickly near tlic
base or unarmed ; leaves ovate and sumeichut hiurt-sliufied (3' -4' long); berries
eoralrtd. (S. China, WuU.) — New Jersey, and southward. July.

2. S. rotundifblia, L. (Common Greenbrier.) Stem armed with
scattered prickles, as well as the terete branches ; branchlets more or less 4-
angular; leaves uvate or round-orate, often broader than long, slightly heart-
shaped, abruptly short-pointed (2' -3' long); berries blue-black, with a bloom.
(S. caduca, L., is only a more deciduous and thin-leaved form.) — Moist thick-
ets : common, especially southward. June, July. — Plant yellowish-green, often
high-climbing. — Passes into var. quadrangularis, with the branches, and
especially the branchlets, 4-angular, often square. (S. quadrangularis, Muld.) —
Penn. to Illinois, and southward.

■<- •*- Peduncles longer than, but seldom twice the length of the petiole, flattened : leaves
tardily deciduous or partli/ persistent : berries black, with a bloom.

3. S. glavica, Walt. Terete branches and somewhat 4-anguIar branchlets
armed with scattered stout prickles, or naked ; leaves ovate, rarely subcordate,
glaucous beneath and sometimes also above, as well as the branchlets when young
(about 2' long), abruptly mucronate, the edges smooth and naked. (S. Sarsa-
parilla, L., in part, but not as to the syn. of Bauhin, whence the name was taken.
(S. eatluca, Willd. S. spinulosa, Smith ? Torr.fl.) — Dry thickets, S. New York
to Kentucky and southward. July.

4. S. tamnoides, L. Branches and the angular (often square) branch-
lets sparsely armed with short rigid prickles; leaves varying from round-heart-
shaped and slightly contracted above the dilated base to fiddle-shaped and hal-
berd-shaped or 3-lobe(i, green and shining both sides, cuspidate-pointed, the margina
often somewhat bristly-eiliate or spinulose. (S. Bona-nox, L., S. hastata Willd.,
S. pandurata, Pursh, &c , arc all forms of this.) — Thickets, New Jersey to
Illinois, and (chiefly) southward. July.

■<- -^ -<- Peduncles 2-4 times the length of the petiole: leaves ample {^' -5' long),
thin ur thinnish, green both sides : berries black : stem terete and branchlets warli/ so.

5. S. hlspida, Muhl. Rootstock cylindrical, elongated ; stem (climbing
high) below densely beset with long and weak blackish bristly prickles, the flowering
branchlets mostly naked ; leaves ovate and the larger heart-shaped, pointed,
slightly rough-margined, membranacfous and deciduous. — Moist thickets, Penn.
and W. New York to Michigan. June. — Peduncles l^'-2' long. Sepals lan^
ceolate, almost 3" long.

G. S. Pseudo-China, L. Rootstock tuba-ous ,- stews and branches unarmed,
or with very few weak jirickles ; leaves ovate-heart-shaped, or on the branchlets
ovate-oblong, cus])idate-pointed, often rough-ciliate, becoming firm in texture;
peduncles flat (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky, and
southward. July.

* * Leaves varyi)ig from oblong-lanceolate to linear, narrowed at the base into a short
petiole, 3 - b-ticrvid, shining above, paler or glaucous bentuth, many of them

520 LiLiACE-«. (lily family.)

without tendrils: peduticles short, seldom exceeding tiie pedicels, terete j the umbels
soimiljiKS paiiic/id : branches tcrtle, iiitanned.

7. S. lauceol^ta, L. Leaves thiiinish, ratlicr deciduous, ovate-lanccohite
or lancL'-ol)long ; slujinus 3 ; berrits dull ral. — Southcustcru Virginia and south-
ward. Juno.

8. S. laurifdlia, L. Tjeaces thick and coriaceous, evergreen, varying from
oblong-lanecolatu to linear (:?^'-5' long) ; stigma solitarj ; berries black when ripe,
1-secded. — Tine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. July, Aug,

§ 2. COPKOSMANTHUS, Torr. Stem herbaceous, nevei- prickhj : Jloioers
carrion-sccnttd : ovuUs mostly in pairs in each ctll: leaves long-petiulid, mem-
braiiuceous, mucronute-tipptd: berries bluish-black with a bloom.

9. S. herb^oea, L. (Carrion-Flower.) Stem erect and recurving,
or climbing ; leaves ocatc-obloivj or rounded, iitoslly heart-shaped, 7 - 9-nerved,
smooth; tendrils sometimes wanting; peduncles elongated (3' -4' long, or
sometimes even 6' -8', and much longer than the leaves), 20-40-flowered. —
Var. iHLVERULENTA (S. pulvcruicnta, Michr. &. S. peduncularis, Mahl.) has
the leaves more or less soft-downy underneath. A shorter-peduncled state
of this appears to be S. lasioueuron, Ilouk. — Moist meadows and river-banks :
common. June. — Very variable, l°-3°, or even 6° -8° high: petioles I' -3'
long. Seeds 6.

10. S. tamnif61ia, Michx. Stem upright or climbing ; leaves htart-hulberd-
shaped, 5-nervtd, smooth; peduncles longer than the petioles. (S. tamnoides,
Pursh, not of Z.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey to Virginia and southward. —
Leaves abruptly narrowed above the dilated heart-shaped base, tapering to the
apex. Berry 2-3-seeded.

Order 121. LILIACE^. (Lily Family.)

Herbs, or rarely woody plants, with regular and symmetrical almost always
C-androus /lowers ; the perianth not glumaceous, free from the chiefly 3-
celled ovary ; the stamens one before each of its divisions or lobes (i. e. 6, in
one instance 4), icilh 2-celled anthers ; fruit a few -many-seeded pod or
berry ; the small embryo enclosed in copious albumen. Seeds anatropous or
ampliitropous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Allium ; the outer
and inner ranks of the perianth colored alike (or nearly so) and generally
similar, except in Trillium. — A large fiimily, as here extended, the prin-
cipal divisions commonly received as orders, but not well limited. For
the present purpose they are best regarded as tribes.

Tribe I. TRIIjL.1DEjE. Styles or se=sile stigmas 3, sep.irate down to the ovary.
Fruit a sevenl -many -seeded berry. Divisicms or leaves of the perianth distinct, the 3
outer often folinccous. Simple stem from a rootstock, naked below ; leaves all in one or
two whorls above, broad, more or less conspicuously nettod-veined!

1. Trillium. Perianth of two sorts, 3 folinceous persistent sepals and 3 colored pctils.

Anthers adnate, introrse. Leaves (3) in a single whorl. Flower single.

2. Metleola. Teriauth of 6 similar colored divisions, deciduous. Anthers fixed by thu

middle, «:itrorse. Leaves la two whorls. Ftowers.several. -

LILIACE^. (lily family.) 521

Tribe II. MELAKTHIEiE. Styles or sessile stigmas 3. separate down to the ovary.
Fruit a several -many-seeded pod. Seeds with a soft; or loose coat. Anthers extrorse,
e.xcept in No. 11. I'erianth withering-persistent. Leaves parallel-veiued and alternate.
Flowers often poly gamous, sometimes dioecious.
# Anthers heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, confluently 1-celled, .shield-shaped after openiLg:
pod 3-horned, and .•^epticiJal : seeds Hat, membrauaceous-margiued.
1- Sepals with one or two glands or spots on the upper face near the base.

3. Meluiithiuia. Flowers polygamous. Sepals entirely free froui the ovary, their long

claws bearing the stamens.

4. Zysmleiius. Flowers perfect or polygamous. Sepals nearly free from the base of

the ovary : stamens free.

t- *- Sepals destitute of glands, and not raised on claws.

5. Steiiaiitliium. Perianth below coherent with the base of the ovary ; the sepals lanceo-

late, pointed, longer than the stamens. Kacemes compound-panicled.

6. Veratruin. Perianth entirely free ; the obovate or oblong sepals longer than the

stamens. Flowers panicled, polygamous.

7. AiniaMtliium. Perianth entirely free, the oval or obovate sepals shorter than the

stamens. Flowers racemed, perfect.
* * Anthers 2-celled, extrorse^Dod loculicidal. Flowers racemed or spiked.

8. Xeropliylluin, Flowers perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod 2-seeded. Leaves

very slender. Seeds 2 in each cell.

9. Hclonias. Flowers ^perfect. Cells of the globose-3-lobed pod many-seeded. Leaves

lanceolate. Scape naked. Seeds numerous.

10. Cliauiccliriiiiu. Flowers dioecious. Pod oblong, many-seeded. Stem leafy.

* * * Anthers 2-oelled, innate or introrse : pod septicidal, many-seeded.

11. Toiieldia. Flowers perfect, spiked or racemed. Leaves equitant.

Tribe III. UVULiARIEjE. Style Sparted ; i. e. styles 3 united into one only at the
base. Fruit a few-seeded pod. Seed-coat soft or loose. Anthers more or less e\ tror.se.
Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. Stems from a rootstock or fibrous roots, leafy. Leaves
alternate, broad, parallel-veined.

12. Vvularia. Pod 3-angular or 3-lobed. Anthers linear, adnate, on short filaments.

Tribe IV. ASPARAGINE^. Style 1. undivided (i.e. the 3 or rarely 2 styles united
to the summit into one). Fruit a few-seeded berr. . Seeds with a close coat and horny
albumen. Stems from a rootstock. Leaves parallel-veined, chiefly alternate. Pedicels
often articulated with the flower or in the middle.

* Plants with true leaves. Coat of the hard >eed thin and membranous,
•t- Anthers extrorsely attached to the filament. Stamens hypogvnous. Sepals distinct,

13. Prosartes. Anthers linear-oblong, pointless. Flowers terminating the forked branches,

on straight jointless pedicels.

14. Streptopiis. Anthers arrow-shaped, pointed. Flowers lateral along the forked branches :

pedicels bent about the middle.

15. Clintonia. Anthers oblong, pointless. Flowers terniiniitins a naked scape.

•I- -I- Anthers introrse. Filaments attached to the perianth. Stem simple

16. Convallaria. Perianth bell -shaped, 6-lobed, bearing the stamens. Leaves all at the

base of the naked scape, which bears the flowers in a simple raceme.

17. Sinilaciiin. Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, the stamens borne at the base. Stem

le.afy. Flowers in a simple or compound terminal raceme.

18. Poly^oiiatiim. Perianth tubular, 6-cleft, bearing the stamens above the middle

Stem leafy to the top. Flowers axillary.
• « Plants with branching stems, their true leaves reduced to scales : leaf-like branchlets
serving for foliage. Seed-coat hard and black.

19. Asparagus. Perianth 6 parted. The apparent leaves very narrow or threal-like-

L & M-42

522 ULiACE^. (mly family.)

Tribe V. LILIEi'E. Stvle 1, undiTidcJ (i. e. the three united throughout into one),
or rarely a sessile stigma. Fruit u loculiiidal pod. Seeds with a fleshy albumen. An-
thers iutrorse or extrorse. Sti-m commonly from u coated or scaly bulb.
* Leafy -stem med from a sraly bulb.

20. Lilllum. Perianth 6-leaved, deciduous. I'od obloug, many -seeded : seeds horizontal, flat.
• » Scape nailed or nearly so, from a coated or rarely scaly bulb. Seeds mostly globular.

^- Perianth of 6 separate or nearly separate divisions or sepals.

21. Erythroiiiiiin. Flower single. St> le club-shaped. Pod obovate.

22. Oriiiiliosuluin. Flowers corymbed, never blue or reddish. Style 3-sidcd.
'23. Scllla. Flowers racemed, purple or blue. Style thread-like.

24. Allium. Flowers umbelled, from a spathe. Sepals 1-nerved.

^- ■>- Perianth globular or ovoid, C-toothed.

25. Muscari. Flowers in a dense raceme, numerous, small, mostly blue.

* * * No bulb. Stem or scape several-flowered. Pod many-seeded.
26 llemerocallis. Perianth large, funnel-shaped; the sepals united in a narrow tub©
below. Stamens and long st> le declined. Seeds globular, black.

27. Yucca. Perianth large, of 6 .separate broad divisions. Stigmas sessile. Stem woody

and persistent: leaves persistent. Seeds flat, horizontal. Flowers paniclcd.

28. Ufartlieciuin. Perianth G-parted, the divisions narrow, yellowish. Filaments woolly.

Style slender. Flowers in a raceme. Leaves ccjuituut. Seeds small, long-tailed at both
ends. (Transition to Juncaceae.)

1. TRILLIUM, L. TiiREE-LEAVED Nightshade.

Sepals 3, lanceolate, spreading, herbaceous, persistent. Petals .3, larger,
withering in age. Stamens 6 : anthers linear, on short filaments, adnate, in-
trorse ; the cells opening down the margins. Styles (or ratlier stigmas) awl-
shaped or slender, spreading or recurved above, persistent, stigmatic down the
inner side. Ovary 3 - 6-angIed. Berry ovate, 3-celled (purple or red). Seeds
horizontal, several in each cell. — Low perennial herbs, with a stout and sim-
ple stem rising from a short and prasmorsc tuber-like rootstock, naked, bearing
at the summit a whorl of 3 ample, commonly broadly ovate, more or less ribbed
but netted-veined leaves, and a terminal large flower; in spring. (Name from
tiiUx, triple; all the parts being in threes.) — Monstrosities arc not rare with
the calyx and sometimes the petals changed to leaves, or with the parts of the
flower increased in number.
§ 1 . Flower sessile in the bosom of the leares, erect : petals i^arijing from spatulate

to lanceolate, l'-2' lonrj, little exceeding the sepals, witherimj-persistent (stems

A>-V1' hi.jh).

1. T. sessile, L. Leaves sessile, orate or rhomboidal, acute, often l)]otchcd
or spotted ; sessile petals erect-spreudiiKj (dark and dull purple, Aarying to green-
ish).— Moist woods, Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.

2. T. recurvktum, Beck. Leaces contracted at the base into a petiole^ ovate,
obJonrj, or obomie : sfpals reflexed, pet.<ds pointed, the base narrowed into a claw,
dark purple. — Indiana to Wisconsin, and southward.

§ 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: pdnis loithering away after blossoming.

» Peduncle slender, erect or inclined: leaves rhombic-ovate, ubrajitljj taper-pointed,

sessile or nearlij .so bg a ivedge-sh'ijied or acute base: petals plane.

3. T. grandiflorum, Salisb. (Lauge White T. or Wake Ronix.)
Leaves rhomboid-obovate, longer than broad, barely sessile ; petals obovate.

LiLiACE^. (lily family.) 523

spreading from an erect base, much larger than the sepals (2' -2^' long), ivhile,
chuii(/ii>(j wall (t(je to rose-colur. — Kicli woods, Vermont to 8. Tcnn., Kentucky,
Wisconsin, and northward. June. —Flower erect, on a peduncle 2' -3' long,
very handsome.

4. T. ereetum, L. (Purple T. or Birthroot.) Leaves dilated-rhom-
boidal, nearly as broad as long ; petals ovate, ucutish, dark dull purple, spreading,
little longer than the sepals (I'-l^' long). (T. rhomboideum, var. atropur-
pureum, Michx.) — Rich woods : common, especially northward. May. —
Fcduncle 1'- 3' long, usually rather inclined than erect.

Var. album, Tursh. Petals greenish-white, or rarely yellowish ; ovary
mostly dull-purple. (T. pe'ndulum. Ait., &c.) — With the purple-flowered form,
especially from New York westward.

Var. deelin^tum. Peduncle (fully half the length of the leaves) horizontal,
or soon becoming so, or in fruit almost deflexed ; petals white, rarely pink. —
Ohio to L. Superior (where it is the principal Trillium, Dr. Robbins), and
northward. — Sometimes confounded with the next, if not passing into it.

* * Peduncle from the. first recurved under the short-pet I oled or almost sessile leaves,
scarctli/ if at all longer than tlie wavy recur ved-sp reading petals.

5. T. cernuum, L. (Nodding T. or Wake-Robin.) Leaves broadly
rhomboid, abruptly pointed ; petals white, oblong-ovate, acute, rather longer thaa
the sepals (6" -9" long) ; styles distinct. — Moist woods, esj)ecially eastward.

6. T. Styldsum, Nutt. Leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, more dis-
tinctly ribbed ; petals tinged with rose-color, oblong, much longer and broader thaa
the sepals ; styles united below the middle. — Virginia 1 and southward.

« * * Peduncle erect or nearly so: leaves distinctly pet ioled from a rounded base:
petals merely spreading, longer than the seprds.

7. T. nivale, Riddell. (Dwarf White T.) Small (2' -4' high) ; /eni^es
oval or ovate, obtuse ; petals oblong, obtuse, ichite, scarcely wavy, spreading from an
erect base (as in No. 3), equalling the peduncle ; styles long and slender. — Rich
Avoods, Ohio to Wisconsin. April. — Leaves l'-2', and petals 1' long.

8. T. ei'ythroearpum, Michx. (Painted T.) Leaves ovate, taper-
pointed ; jietdls orate or oval-lanceolate, pointed, ivavy, widely spreading, white,
painted with purple stripes at the Irnse, shorter than the peduncle. (T. pictum,
P/o-aA.) — Cold damp woods and bogs, New England and Penn. to L. Superior
and northward, and southward in the higher AUeghanies. May, June.

2. MEDEOLA, Gronov. Indian Cucumber-root.

Perianth recurved, the 3 sepals and 3 petals oblong and alike (pale greenish-
yellow), deciduous. Stamens 6 : anthers shorter than the slender filaments,
oblong, extrorsely attached above the base, but the line of dehiscence of the
closely contiguous parallel cells lateritf or slightly introrse. Stigmas, or styles
stigmatic down the upper side, recurvcd-diverging from the globose ovary, long
and thread-form, deciduous. Berry globose (dark purple), 3-eelled, few-seeded.
— A perennial herb, with a simple slender stem (l°-3° high, clothed with
flocculent and deciduous wool), rising from a horizontal and tuberous whit*

524 LiLiACE^. (lily family.)

rootstock (which has the tiiste of cucumber), bearin" near the middle n whprl
of 5-9 obuvatc-lauceohite and j.ointcd, sessile, ii^-htly parallel-ribbed and
netted-veiny, thin leaves; also another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate
ones at the toj), subtending a sessile umbel of small recurved flowers. (Named
after the sorceress Mtdea, from the wholly imaginary notion that it possesses
great medicinal virtues.)

1. M. Virginica, L. (Gyromia, xVi<«.)—Kich damp woods. June.

3. MELANTHIUM, Gronov., L. Melantiiium.

Flowers monoeciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 separate and free widely
spreading somewhat heart-shaped or oblong and halberd-shaped sepals, raised
on slender claws, cream-colored, the base marked with 2 approximate or conflu-
ent glands, turning greenish-brown and persistent. Filaments shorter than the
sepals, adhering to their claws often to near their summit, persistent. Anthers
heart-shaped or kidney -shajjcd, confluently 1-celled, shield-shaped after opening,
extrorse. Styles 3, awl-shaped, diverging, tijjjjcd with simple stigmas. Pod
ovoid-conical, 3-lobed, of 3 inflated membranaceous carjjcls united in the axis,
separating when ripe, and splitting down the inner edge, several-seeded. Seeds
flat, broadly winged. — Stem simple (3° -5° high), from a somewhat bulbous
base, roughish-downy above, as well as the open and ample pyramidal ])anicle
(composed chiefly of simple racemes), the terminal part mostly fertile. Leaves
lanceolate or linear, grass-like, those from the root broader. (Name composed of
fifXas, black, and av6os,Jlower, from the darker color which the persistent peri-
anth assumes after blossoming; but the name is hardly warranted.)

1. M. Vil'ginicum, L. (Buxch-flowkr.) (M. Virginicum & race-
niosum, Michx. Lcimantliium Virginicum, WUId. L. Virginicum & hybridum,
Roi'm. ^- Sc/ui/t., Grai/, Mtlunth.) — Wet meadows, from Southern New York to
Illinois, and common southward. July.

4. ZYGADENUS, Michx. Zygadene.

Flowers perfect or polygamous. Perianth withering-persistent, spreading;
the petal-like oblong or ovate sepals 1 - 2-glandular next the more or less nar-
rowed, but not unguiculate base, which is either free, or united and coherent
with the base of the ovary. Stamens free from the sepals and about their length.
Anthers, styles, and pod nearly as in Melanthium. Seeds margined or slightly
winged. — Very smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials, with simple stems
from creeping rootstocks or coated bulbs, linear leaves, and pretty large panicled
greenish-white flowers; in summer. (Name composed of fvyof, a yoke, and
abr)v, a gland, the glands being in pairs.)

* Glands on the perianth conspknous.

1. Z. glab6rrimus, Michx. Stems l°- 3'^ hli^h from a. creeping rootstorr.;
leaves (pass-like, chumulled, conspicnously nerved, elongated, tapering to a ])oint;
■patiicte pyramidal, many-flowered; perianth nearly free; the scftals (^' long)
ovate, becoming lance-ovate, with a jiair of orbicular i/lands tihore the •ihorl claw-like
base. — Grassy low grounds, Virginia [Purah) and southward.

LTLIACEvE. (lily FAMILY.) 525

2. Z. glatlCUS, Nutt. Stem l°-3° high from a coated bulb; leaves flat;
panicle rather simiile. and few-flowerod ; base of the perianth coherent witli tlic base
of the ovary, the thin ovate or ohovate sepals marked with a hn-gc obcordate
(/land. (Anticlea ghuica, /!«»//(.) —Along the St. Lawrence and Great Lakes
(Bergen Swamp, Gcnnesec Co., New York, G. T. Fish) to N. Illinois: rare.

* * Glands of the perianth obscure. (Here also Amianthium Nuttallii, Grui/.)

3. Z. leimanthoides. Stem l°-4° high from a somewhat bulbous base,
slender; lea\es narrowly linear; flowers small (4" in diameter) and numerous,
in a few crowded panielcd racemes ; only a yellowish spot on the contracted base
of the divisions of the free perianth. (Amianthium leimanthoides, Grai/.) —
Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey (Durand, Kni,skern) and southward.

5. STENANTHIUM, Gray (under Veratrum).
Flowers polygamous. Perianth spreading; the sepals narrowly lanceolate,

tapering to a point from the broader base, where they are united and coherent
■with the base of the ovary, not gland-bearing, persistent, much longer than the
short stamens. Anthers, pods, &c. nearly as in Nos. 4 and 6. Seeds nearly
wingless. — Smooth, with a wand-like leafy stem from a somewhat bulbous base,
long and grass-like conduplicate-kceled leaves, and numerous small flowers in
compound racemes, forming a long terminal panicle ; in summer. (Name com-
posed of orfi/o's, narrow, and uvdos, flower, from the slender sepals and panicles.)
1. S. angUStifdlium, Gray. Leaves linear, elongated ; flowers (:^' long),
white, very short-pedicellcd, in slender racemes ; the prolonged terminal one,
and often some of the lateral, fertile. (Veratrum angustifolium, Ptirsh. He-
lonias graminea, Bot. Ma(j.) — Low prairies and meadows, Penn. to Illinois and
southward towards the mountains. — Stem slender, 2° -6° high.

6. VERATRUM, Tourn. False Hellebore.

Flowers monccciously polygamous. Perianth of 6 spreading and separate
obovate-oblong (greenish or brownish) sepals, more or less contracted at the
base, entirely free from the ovary, not gland-bearing. Filaments free from the
sepals and shorter than they, recurving. Anthers, pistils, fruit, &c. nearly as
in Mclanthium. — Somewhat pubescent perennials, with simple stems from a
thickened base jiroducing coarse fibrous roots (very poisonous), .3-ranked leaves,
and racemcd-panicled dull or dingy flowers ; in summer. (Name formed of
vere, truly, and ater, black.)

1. V. viride, Ait. (American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.)
Stfm stout, vrri/ l&fi/ to the top (2° -4° high); Icares broadly oval, pointed,
sheath clasjiinrj, siromjiij phiitcd; panicle jiyramidal, the dense s/iil-e-like racemes
spreading; pcri.anth yellowish-green, moderately spreading. — Swamps and low
grounds: common. (Much too near V. album of Europe.)

2. V. parvi36rum, Michx. Stem slender (2° -5° high), spnrlnfjii/ leafi/
below, nahd ahore: leaves scarceli/ p'nited, glabrous, contracted into sfnathinfj jteti-
oies, varying from oval to lanceolate ; jjanicle very long and loose, the terminal
raceme wand-like, the lateral slender and spreading ; pedicels as long as the flow-

526 LiLiACE^. (lily family.)

«rs ; sepals dingy -green, oblanccolate or spatulatc (2" -3' long), those of the
sterile llower.-i on claws, witlely spreading. (Melanihiinn nionoicuin, Walt.
Leiniantliiuiu inonoiciuu, Grui).) — Mountains of Virginia and southward.

3. V. Woodii, Hobbins. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; pedicels
( 1 ^" - 3" long) sli.jid r than the jiuinrs, the oblaneeolate spreading seimU (3" - 4^"
long) dingy green turning MdVi/.sA /mqile witltin : otherwise much as iii tlie last,
of which it may be a variety ; but tiie Howers are mostly double the size, and
the i)aniele stouter. (Plant 3° -6° high.) — Woods and hilly barrens, Green
Co., Indiana, W'ooil. Augusta, Illinois, Mead.

7. AMIaNTHIUM, Gray. Fly-Poisox.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading; the distinct and free petal-like
(white) sepals oval or obovate, without claws or glands, persistent. Filaments
capillary, equalling or exceeding the perianth. Anthers, pods, &c., nearly as in
Melanthiuni. Styles thread-like. Seeds wingless, oblong or linear, with a loose
coat, 1-4 in each cell. — Glabrous, with simple stems from a bulbous base or
coated bulb, scape-like, few-leaved, terminated by a simple dense raceme of hand-
some flowers, turning greenish with age. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like.
(From a/uiaiToy. unapotted, and ai/^os, Jluwei' ; a name formed with more regard
to euphony than to good construction, alluding to the glandless perianth.)

1. A. mUSCSetOXicum, Gray. (Flv-Poisox.) Lcaces bruadly linear ,
elongated, obtuse (^'-1' wide); raceme simple; pod abruptly 3-horned; seeds
oblong, with a fleshy red coat. (Ilelonias erythrospe'rma, Mlchx.) — Open
woods, New Jersey and Penn. to Kentucky and southward. June, July.

8. XEROPHYLLUM, Michx. Xekophyllu.m.

Flowers perfect. Perianth widely spreading ; sepals petal-like (white), oval,
distinct, without glands or claws, at length withering, about the length of the
awl-shaped filaments. Anthers 2celled, short, cxtrorsc. Styles thread-like,
stigmatic down the inner side. Pod globular, 3-lobed, obtuse (small), loculiei-
dal ; the valves bearing the partitions. Seeds 2 in each cell, collateral, 3-an-
glcd, not margined. — Herb with the aspect of an Asphodel ; the stem simple,
10-4° high, from a bulbous base, bearing a simple compact raceme of showy
white flowers, thickly beset with needle-shaped leaves, the ujiper ones reduced
to bristle-like bracts ; those from the root very many in a dense tuft, reclined, a
foot or more long, 1' wide below, rough on the margin, remarkably dry and rigid
(whence the name IVoin ^rjpos, mid, and (f)u\\ov, leaf).

1. X. asphodeloides, Nutt. (X. tcnax, Nntt. X. .setifolium, Micluc.
Helonias asphodelioides, />.) — Pine barrens, New Jersey and southward: also
far westward. June.

9. HELONIAS, L. Helonias.

Flowers perfect. Perianth of 6 spatulate-oblong ])urple sepals, persistent,
turning green, shorter than the thread-like filaments. Anthers 2-celled, round-
ish-oval, blue, extrorse. Styles revolute, stigmatic down the inner side. Pod

LILIACEiE. (lily FAMILY.) 527

obcordiitely 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved ; the valves divergently 2-lobed,
Seeds many in each cell, linear, with a tapering appendage at l)oth ends. — A
smooth perennial, with many oblong-spatulatc or oblanccolate evergreen flat
leaves, from a tuberous rootsiock, jiroducing in early spring a hollow naked
scape (l°-2° high;, sheathed with broad bracts at the base, and terminated by
a simple and short dense raceme. Bracts obsolete: pedicels shorter than the
flowers. (Name probably from eAoy, a swamp, the place of growth.)

1. H. buUata, L. (II. latifbliu, Micltx.)—Wet places, New Jersey and
reiiusylvaiiia to Virginia : rare and local.

10. CHAM^LIRIUM, WiUd Devil's-Bit.

Flowers dioecious. Perianth of 6 spatulate-lincar (white) spreading sepals,
withering-persistent. Filaments and (yellow) anthers as in Helonias : fertile
flowers with rudimentary stamens. Styles linear-club-shaped, stigmatic along
the inner side. Pod ovoid-oblong, not lobed, of a thin texture, loculicidally
3-valved from the apex, many-.«eeded. Seeds linear-oblong, winged at each
end. — Smooth herb, with a wand-like stem from a (bitter) thick and abrupt
tuberous rootstock, terminated by a long wand-like spiked raceme (4' -9' long)
of small bractless flowers ; fertile plant more leafy than the staminate. Leaves
flat, lanceolate, the lowest spatulatc, tapering into a petiole. (Name formed of
;(a|Liat', on t/ie piviiiid, and Xfipiof, li/i/ ; of no obvious application.)

1. C. Iviteum. (Bl.\zing-Stak.) (C. Carolinianum, Willd. Veratrnm
luteum, L. Helonias lutea. Ait. H. dioica, Pursh.) — Low grounds, W. New
England to Illinois and southward. June.

11. TOFIELDIA, Hudson. False Asphodel.

Flowers perfect, usually with a little 3-bracted involucre underneath. Peri-
anth more or less spreading; the sepals (white or greenish) concave, oblong or
obovate, without claws. Filaments awl-shaped : anthers short, innate or some-
what introrse, 2-cellcd. Styles awl-shaped : stigmas terminal. Pod 3-angular,
3-partible or septicidal ; cells many-seeded. Seeds oblong. — Slender perennials,
mostly tufted, with fibrous roots, and simple stems leafy only at the ba.se, bear-
ing small flowers in a close raceme or spike. Leaves 2-ranked, equitant, linear,
grass-like. (Named for Mr. Tojidd, an English botanist of the last century.)
§ \. Floioers in a simple spike-like raceme or head: anthers introrse: seeds not
ap/pend(i(jed : plant smooth and r/lahroiis.

1. T. palustris, Hudson. Scape leafless or nearly so (3' -6' high), slen-
der, bearing a globular or oblong head or short raceme of whitish flowers ;
leaves tufted, I'long. — IsleRoyale, &c.. Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)
§ 2. Flowers racemose, hut devel opine/ from above downwards : short pedicels in threes

from a little im-olncre of as manji bracts: anthers innate: seeds tuil-jmntal at
both ends {<is in nianjj species o/" Juncus.)

2. T, glutin6sa, Willd. Stem(6'-1G' high) and pedicels vciy r//H//noMs
with dark glands ; leaves broadly linear, short. — Moist grounds, Maine, Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, and northward : also southward in the AUeghanies. June.

528 LTLIACK.E. (lily FAMILY.)

3. T. ptlbens, Ait. Stem (l°-2° high) and pedicels rourjhencd with
mimtte ijlands ; leaves longer and n:irro\ver. — Pine barrens, New Jersey to
Virginia and southward. July.

12. UVULARIA, L. Bellwort.

Perianth nearly hell-shapcd, lily-like ; the 6 distinct sepals s])atulate-lanceolatc,
with a honey-bciiring groove or pit iit the erect contracted base, much longer
thiin the stamens, which barely adhere to their base, deciduous. Anthers linear,
much longer than the filaments, adnatc and extrorse, but the long and narrow
ceils opening nearly along the margin. Style deeply 3-cleft ; the divisions stig-
niatic along the inner side. Pod triangular or 3-lobcd, loculicidally 3-valvcd
from the top. Seeds few in each cell, obovoid, with a tumid or fungous rhaphe.

— Stems rather low, from a rootstock, naked or scaly at the base, forking
above, bearing oblong sessile or clasping flat and membranaceous leaves, and
yellowish drooping flowers, in spring, solitary or rarely in pairs, on terminal
])e(luncles which become lateral by the growth of the branches. (Name " from
tiic flowers hanging like the uvula, or palate.")

* Leaves claspinc]-jKr foliate : sepals pointed: fiod truncate, 3-lohed : rootstock short.

1. U. grandiflora, Smith. Stems l°-2° high; flower U' long, pale
greenisli-i/'lloiv, tlie si-pnis lu-arljj smooth ivtliin; anthers bluut-poiuted. — Kich
woods, Vermont tt> Wisconsin and soutliwcstward.

2. XT. perfoliata, L. Smaller; sepals ipanular-roiighened within; anthers
sharper tipped ; otlR-rwise as No. I. — Common eastward and southward.

3. U. flava, Smith. Flotvi-r bright yellow, \ long; sepals nearly smooth with-
in; anthers short-pointed. — New .Jersey to Virginia: rare.

* * fjenves sessile : jmd trianijular : stems low (6'- 12'): rootstork creeping.

4. U. SeSSilifdlia, L. Leai-es lanre-ohlong, pale, glaucous beneath, sessile or
partly clasping by a narrow b.asc ; sepals blunt (9" long); anthers pointless;
the ovoid and sharply triangular / o / siipitate. — Low woods : common. May.

5. IT. puberula, Michx. S]i>^ht\y pubemlent ; leaves bright green both sides
and shining, oval, with rough edges ; styles separate to near the base, not ex-
ceeding the short-pointed anthers ; jiod ovate, not stipitate; otherwise like the last.

— ^Mountains, Virginia, and southward.

13. PROSARTES, Don. Pro.sartes.

Perianth bell-shaped, the 6 sepals lanceolate (n- linear, deciduous. Filaments
thread-like, much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers, which are llxed
by a point above the base, and extrorse. Ovary with 2 ovules suspended from
the summit of each cell : style one : stigmas short, recurved-sprcading, or some-
times united into one! Berry ovoid or oblong, pointed, 3- C-seeded, red. —
Downy low herbs, divergently branched above, with closely sessile ovate and
membranaceous leaves, and greenish-yellow drooping flowers, on slender termi-
nal peduncles, solitary or few in an umbel. (Name from npoaapTaoi, to hang
from, in allusion to the jiciident ovules or flowers.)

1. P. Ianugin6sa, Don. Leaves ovate-oblong, tapcr-])ointed, rounded
or slightly heart-shaped at the base, closely sessile, downy underneath ; flowers

LILIACEiE. (lilt FAMILY.) 529

solitary or in pairs ; sepals lincar-lanccolatc, taper-pointed (J' long), soon spread-
ing, twice the length of the stamens, greenish; style smooth ; stigmas 3. (Strep-
topus lanuginosus, Michx.) — Kich woods, Western New York to Virginia,
Kentucky, and soutliward along tlie Alleghanies. May.

14. STREPTOPUS, Michx. TwisTiiD-SxALK.

Perianth recurvcd-spreading from a bell-shaped base ; the 6 distinct sepals
lanceolate, acute, tiic 3 inner keeled, deciduous. Anthers arrow-siuiped, ex-
trorse, lixed near the base to tlie short flattened filaments, tajjcring above to a
slender entire or 2cleft point. Ovary with many ovules in each cell: style
and sometimes the stigmas one. Berry red, roundish-ovoid, many-seeded. —
Herbs, with rather stout stems, forking and divergent branches, ovate and taper-
pointed rounded-clasping membranaceous leaves, and small (extra-) axillary
flowers, either solitary or in pairs, on slender thread-like peduncles, which are
abruptly bent or contorted near the middle (whence the name, from (TrptnTos,
twisted, and novs, foot or stalL)

1. S. amplexifblius, DC. Leaven vm/ smooth, (/la ucous wider tmitJi,strong\y
clasping ; Jloirer ijreenish-w/iite on a long peduncle abruptly bent above the mid-
dle ; anthers tapering to a slender entire point; sthjma entire, truncate. (S. dis-
tdrtus, Mirhx. Uvularia amplexifolia, L.) — Cold and moist woods, from Penn.
northward. June. — Stem 2° -3° high, rough at the base, otherwise very
smooth. Sepals ^' long. — In this, as in the next, the peduncles arc opposite
tlie leaves, rather than truly axillary, and arc bent round the clasping base under-
neath them : they are rarely 2-flowered. (En.)

2. S. r6seus, Michx. Leaves green both sides, finely cilinte, and the branches
sparingly beset with short bristly hairs •, flower rose-purple, more than half the
length of the slightly bent peduncle; anthers 2-horned ; stigma 3-cleJl. — Cold
damp woods, northward, and in the Alleghanies southward. May.

15. CLINTONIA, Raf. Clintonia.

Perianth of G separate sepals, bell-sha])cd, lily-like, deciduous ; the 6 stamens
inserted at their base. Filaments long and thread-like : anthers linear or ol)-
long, extrorsely fixed by a point above the base, the cells opening down the
margins. Ovary ovoid-oblong, 2-3-ccllcd: style long : stigmas 2 or 3, or in
ours united into one. Berry ovoid, blue, few -many-seeded. — Stemless peren-
nials, with slender creeping rootstocks, producing a naked scape sheathed at
the base by the stalks of 2-4 large oblong or oval ciliatc leaves. Flowers
rather large, umbelled, rarely single. (Dedicated to De Witt Clinton.)

1. C. bore^lis, Raf. Umbel few- (2-7-) flowered; ovules 20 or more.
(Dracaena borealis, Ait.) — Cold moist woods, Massachusetts to Wisconsin and
northward, and southward along the Alleghanies. June. — Scape and leaves
5' -8' long. Perianth over V long, grecnish-j-ellow, somewhat downy outside.

2. C. umbellata, Torr. Umbel mamj-flowered ; owiXcs 2 in cax:\\ cqW. (C.
multiflora, Deck. Convallaria umbellulata, Michx.) — Rich woods, S. W. New
York, and soutlnvard along the Alleghanies. June, July. — Flowers half the
size of the last, white, speckled with green or purplish dots.

GM 2o

530 LiLiACE^. (lily family.)

16. CONVALLARIA, L. (in part). Lilv of the Valley. *

rerianth bell shaped (white), 6-Iobcd, deciduous; the lobes recui-vcd. Sta-
mens 6, included, inserted on the base of the perianth : anthers introrse. Ovary
3-celled, tapeririy into a stout style: stipma triangular. Ovules 4-6 in each
cell. Berry (ew-seeded (red). — A low perennial herb, glabrous, stemless, with
blender running rootstocks, sending up from a scaly-sheathing bud 2 obloqg
leaves, with their long sheathing petioles enrolled one within the other so as to
appear like a stalk, and an angled scape bearing a one-sided raceme of pretty
and sweet-scented nodding flowers. (Altered from Liliiim convalJium, the pop-
ular name.)

1. C. majalis, L. — High Allcghanics of Virginia, and southward. May.
— Same as the European Lily of tul Valley of the gardens. (Eu.)

17. SMILACINA, Desf. False Solomon's Seal.

Perianth 4-6-parted, spreading, deciduous (white), with as many stamens
inserted at the base of the divisions. Filaments slender : anthers short, introrse.
Ovary 2 - 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell : style short and thick : stigma
obscurely 2-3-lobed. Berry globular, 1-2-sceded. — Perennial herbs, with
simple stems from creeping or thickish rootstocks, alternate nerved leaves, and
■white, sometimes fragrant flowers in a terminal and simple or compound raceme.
(Name a diminutive oi Smilax, to which, however, these plants liear little re-
semblance.)

§ 1. SMILACINA proper. Divisions of the perianth {oblonfj-ianccolate) and sta-
mens 6, the latter longer: ovary 3-celled: ovules collateral: racemes crowded in
a compound raceme or close panicle : roof stock stont , Jleshjj .

1. S. racembsa, Desf. (False Spikenard.) Minutely downy (2° high) ;
leaves numerous, oblong or oval-lanceolate, taper pointed, ciliate, abruptly some-
what pctiolcd. — Moist copses: common. June. — Berries pale red, speckled
with purple, aromatic. (S. ciliata, Desf., is a dwarf state of this.)
§2. ASTERANTHEMUM, Kunth. Dimsions of the perianth 6, ohlonrj-lance-

olate, lonrjer than the stamens: ovary 2~3-cellcd: ovules one above the othei- :
raceme siiirjle, .'3 - 20 flowered : rootstock rather slender.

2. S. Stell^ta, Desf. Nearly glabrous, or the 7-12 olilonf/-!anreolate leaves
minutely downy beneath when young, slightly clasping ; beirics blackish. — Moist
banks: common nortliward. May, June. — Plant 1°- 2° high. (Eu.)

3. S. trif61ia, Desf. Glabrous, dwarf (3' -6' high); leaves 3 (sometimes
2 or 4), oblong, tajtcring to a sheathing base; berries red. — Cold bogs, New Eng-
land to Pcnn., Wisconsin, and northward. May.
§3. MAIANTHEMUM, Desf. Divisions qftherefexed-spreadinrj perianth (oval)

and the stamen)s 4, of equal length: ovnrij 2-celled : ovules collateral: raceme
single, manji- flowered : creeping rootstocks slender.

4. S. bif61ia, Ker. Glabrous, or .somewhat pubescent, low (3'- .5' high);
leaves mostly 2 (sometimes 3), heart-shaped, pctiolcd, or in our plant (the var.
Canadensis) one or both often sessile or nearly so and clasping. — Moist woods :
very common, especially northward. May. (Eu.)

i.iLiACE^.. (lily family.) 531

18. POLYGONATUM. Tourn. Solomon's Seal.

Perianth cj-Iindrical, G-lobc(l at the siiniiuit; the 6 stamens inserted on or
above the middle of the tube, included : anthers introrsc. Ovary S-cclled, with
2-6 ovules in each cell : style slender, deciduous by a joint: stiynia obtuse or
capitate, obscurely 3-lobed. Berry globular, black or blue ; the cells 1 - 2-seeded.
^ Perennial herbs, with simple erect or curving stems, rising from creeping
thick and knotted rootstocks, naked below, above bearing nearly sessile or half-
clasping nerved leaves, and axillary nodding greenish flowers : pedicels jointed
with the flower. (The ancicTit name, coujposedof ttoXlis, man//, and yovv, knee,
alluding to the numerous joints of the rootstocks and sterns.)^ Ours are all al-
ternate-leaved species, and with the stem terete or scarcely angled when fresh.

1. P. bifl6rum, Ell. (Smaller Solomon's Seal.) Glabrous, except
the ovate-obiong or lance-oblong tieur/ij sessile leaves, which are commonly
mhudely pubescent, at least on the veins (but sometimes smooth), as well as pale
or glaucous widernealh; stem slender (l°-3° high); peduncles 1-3- but mostly
2^nwered; Jilaments papillose-rougliened, inserted towards the summit of the
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria biflora, Walt. C. pubescens, Willd.
Polygonatum pubescens, angustifolium, & multiflorum, Pursh.) — Wooded
banks; common. — Perianth j' long, greenish.

2. P. giganteum, Dietrich. (Great S.) Glabrous throuyhoul; stem
stout and mostly tall, terete; leaves ovate, partly claspini/ (■5'-8' long), or the
upper oblong and nearly sessile, many-nerved ; peduncles several- {-2 -9-) flowered;
jilanient'i smooth and nuked, or nearly so, inserted on the middle of the tube of the
cylindrical-oblong perianth. (Convallaria canaliculata, Willd. Polygonatum
canaliculatum, Pursh. P. commutktuni, Dietrich.) — River-banks, in alluvial
soil, 5° - 8° high ; in dry or less fertile soil 2° - 4°. June. ( The stem not being
at all channelled in the living plant, it is better to discard the earlier name of
canaliculatum.) — Pedicels 4" -15" long: perianth 9" long. — Perhaps pas.ses
into the preceding.

3. P. Iatif61ium, Desf. Upper part of the sfem (2°-3° high), the 1 - 5-
flowered peduncles, pcdicJs, and lower surface of the ovate or oblong mostly peti-
oled leaves more or less pubescent ; jUaments (jiubrous. (P. hirtura, Pursh. Conval-
laria hirta, Poir. ) — Pennsylvania, 3Iuhlenberq !

(P. MULTIFLORUM, with hirsute filaments, I have never seen in this country.)

19. ASPARAGUS, L. Asparagus.

Perianth G-parted, spreading above: the 6 stamens on its base: anthers
Introrsc. Style short : stigma 3-lobed. Berry spherical, 3-celled ; the cells
2-seeded. — Perennials, with much-branched stems from thick and matted
rootstocks, and small greenish-yellow axillary flowers on jointed pedicels.
The narrow, commonly thread-like, so-called leaves are really branehlcts, act-
ing as leaves, clustered in the axil of a little scale which is the true leaf. (The
ancient Greek name.)

1. A. officinXlis, L. (Garden Asparagus.) Herbaceous, till, bushy-
branched ; leaves thread-like. — Sparingly escaped from gardens into waste
places on the coast. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

532 LILIACE.E. (lily FAMILY.)

20. LILIUM, L. Lily.

Perianth fiinnol-form or l)ell-^liui)i.'cl, colored, of 6 distinct sepals, spreading of
recurved above, witii a honey-bearing furrow at the base, deciduous ; tiic 6 sta-
mens soniewliat adhering to their bases. Antliers linear, extrorsely inserted
towards tlie middle to the tapering apex of the long Hlanient, which is at fi^
included, at length versatile; the cells dehiscent by a lateral or slightly introrsc
line. Style elongated, somewhat club-shaped : stigma 3-lobed. Pod oblong,
containing numerous flat and horizontal (depressed) soft-coated seeds densely
packed in 2 rows in each cell. — Bulbs scaly, producing simple stems, with
numerous alternate-scattered or whorled short and sessile leaves, and from one
to several large and showy flowers; in summer. (The classical Latin name,
from the Greek Xei'/jtoj'.)

* Flowers erect, hcU-shapKl, the sepals narrowed heloiu into claivs.

1. L. Philadelphicum, L. (Wild Okange-keu Lily.) Lcnres lin-
ear-lanceolule ; t/ie upper cldijlij in w/iorls of 5 to 8; flowers I -3, open-bell-shapeti,
reddish-oraiif/e spotted with pur|)Iish inside ; the lanceolate sepals not recurved
at the summit. — Dry or sandy ground: common. — Stem 2° -3° high: the
flower 2V long.

2. L. Catesbaei, Walt. (Solthern Rkd Lily.) Leaves linear-lanceo-
late, scutturcd ; flower solitary, open-bell-shaped, the long-clawed sepals wavy on
the margin and recurved at the summit, scarlet, spotted with dark purple and
yellow inside. — Low sandy soil, Pennsylvania? to Kentucky and southward.

* * Flowers noddinij, bell-shaped, the sessile sepals revoliite.

3. L. Canadense, L. (Wild Yellow Lily.) Leai-es remotely whorled,
lanceolate, strongly 3-nerved, the margins and nerves rough, flowers few, long-
peduncled, oblong-bell-shapcd, the sepals recur ved-sprendim] above the middle,
orange-spotted inside with brown. — Moist meadows and bogs, especially
northward. — Stem 2° -5° high. Flower 2' -3' long.

4. L. sup6rbum, L. (Thrk's-cap Lily.) Loiver leaves ivhorlcd, lan-
ceolate, pointed, 3-nerved, smooth ; flowers often many (3 - 20 or 40) in a pyram-
idal raceme ; sepals slronfjli/ revolnte, bright orange, with numerous dark purple
spots inside. — Hich low grounds. — Stem 3° -7° high: sepuls 3' long. L.
("aroliniannm, Mlchr., apparently belongs to this species, which also probably
passes into the preceding.

21. ERYTHRONIUM, L Dog's tooth Violet.

Perianth lilj-likc, of G distinct liinccolate sepals, recurved or spreading above,
deciduous, the 3 inner usually with a callous tooth on each side of the erect base,
and a groove in the middle. Filaments 6, awl-shaped : anthers oblong-linear, con-
tinuing erect. Style elongated. Pod obovate, contracted at the base, 3-valved,
loculicidal. Seeds rather numerous, ovoid, with a loose, mcmhranaeeons tip. —
Nearly stemless herbs, with two smooth and shining flat leaves tapering into
petioles and sheathing the base of the commonly one-flowered scape, rising
from a deep solid-scaly bulb. Flowers rather large, nodding, in spring. (Name
from fpvOpik, red, which is inappropriate as respects the American species.)

LILIACE.^E. (lily FAMILY.) 533

1. E. Americknum, Smith. (Yellow Adder's-tongue.) Leaves
elliptical-laiu'coliUc, pale green, mottled and commonly dotted with purplish
and whitish ; perianth ll(/ht yellow, often spotted near the base ; style club-shaped ;
sti(i mas united into one. — Low copses: common. May. — Scape 6' -9' high:
flower 1' or more long. — E. bracte.\tum, Boott, from the Camel's Rump

fountain, Vermont, is probably only an accidental state, with a bract, such as
c Western E. grandiflorum often has.

2. E. albidum, Nutt. (White Dog's-tooth Violet.) Leaves ellip-
tical-lanceolate, less or not at all spotted, not dotted ; perianth bluish-white; inner
divisions toothless ; style more slender except at the apex, bearing 3 spreading
stigmas. — Low thickets, New York (near Albany), and S. Pcnn. to Wisconsin
and Illinois. — At Lake Superior, Dr. Bobbins finds a plant hke this hnti/cllow-
Jiowercd, a transition towards E. granditlorum.

22. ORNITHOGALUM, Tonrn. Star-of-Bethlehem.

Perianth of 6 colored (white) spreading 3-7-nervcd sepals. Filaments 6,
flattencd-awl-shaped. Style 3-sided : stigma 3-angled. Pod membranous,
roundish-angular, with few dark and roundish seeds in each cell, loculicidal. —
Scape and linear channelled leaves from a coated bulb. Flowers corymbed,
braetcd. (An ancient whimsical name from opvts, <i bird, and ydXa, milL\)

1. O. umbell.\tum, L. Flowers 5-8, on long and spreading pedicels;
sepals green in the middle on the outside. — Escaped from gardens into moist
meadows, eastward. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

23. SCILLA, L. Squill.

Perianth of 6 colored (blue or purple) spreading sepals, mostly deciduous;
the 6 awl-shaped filaments at their base. Style thread-like. Pod 3-ang1ed, loc-
ulicidal, 3-valved, with several black roundish see^ls in each cell. — Scape and
linear leaves from a coated bulb : the flowers in a simple raceme, mostly braetcd.
(The ancient name.)

]. S. Frkseri. (Eastern Quamash. Wild Hyacinth.) Leaves long
and linear, keeled ; raceme elongated ; bracts solitary, longer than the pedicels ;
stigma minutely 3-cleft ; pod triangular, several-seeded. (Phahingium cscule'n-
tiim, Nutt. Scilla esculenta, A'ec. Camassia Fraseri, To/r.) — Moist ])rairies
and river-banks, Ohio to Wisconsin and southwestward. May. — Bulb onion-
like, eaten by the Indians. Scape 1° high. Sepals widely spreading, pale
blue, 3-nerved, 6" long.

24. ALLIUM, L. Onion. Garlic.

Perianth of 6 entirely colored sepals, which are distinct, or united at the
very base, 1,-nerved, often becoming dry and scarious and more or less persistent :
the 6 filaments awl-shaped or dilated at their base. Style jiersistent, thread-
like : stigma simple. Pod lobed, loculicidal, 3-valve(l, with 1 or few ovoid-
kidney-sha(ied aniphitropous or eanipylotropous black seeds in each cell. —
Strong-scented and pungent stcmless herbs; the leaves and scape from a

•534 LiLiACE^. (lily family.)

coatcil bulb flowers in a simple umbel, some of them frequently changed to
bulblcts ; spatlie 1 - 2-valved. (The ancient Latin name of the Garlic.)
» Ovules and seeds stnyle in each cell: leaves broad and flat, appearing in cirli/
spring, and dying befl}re die flowers are developed.

1. A. tricOGCUm, Ait. (Wild Lkek.) Scape naked (9' high from
clustered j)ointcd bulbs, 2' long), bearing an erect many-flowered umbel ; ]ca\^
lance-oblong (.5'-9' long, l'-2' wide); sepals oblong (white), equalling tne
simple filaments; pod strongly 3-lobcd. — Kich woods, W. New England to
Wisconsin, Kentucky, and southward in the Alleghanies. July.

* * Orults mostly 2 in each cell: orarg crested with 6 teeth: leaves long and narrow.

■t- Umhel bearing onlg flmvers and ripening jiods.

2. A. c6rnuum, Roth. (Wild O.vio.n.) Scape naked, angular (I°-2°
high), often nodding at the apex, bearing a loose or drooping mani/-flowered umbel;
leaves linear, sharplij keeled (1° long); sepals oblong-ovate, acute (rose-color),
shorter than the simj)le slender filaments. — Steep banks, Western New York
to Wisconsin and southward. July, Aug.

■3. A. Stellatum, Nutt. 5c«/je /«•«>/&, slender, bearing an er^cOonW,- leaves
flat; sepals equalling the stamens: otherwise resembling the last, but usually
not so tall ; the pod more crested. Aug. — Eocky sl«pcs, Illinois (Engthnann),
and nortlnvestward.

4. A. Schoenoprasum, L. (Chives.) Scape naked or leafy at the
base (6' - 12' high) bearing a globular capitate umbel of many rose-purple flowers ;
sepals lanceolate, pointed, longer than the simple downwardly dilated filaments ;
leaves awl-shaped, hollow. Var. with recurved tips to the sepals (A. Sibiricum,
L.) — Shore of Lakes Huron, Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

-(- -I- Umbel often densely bulb-bearing, with or ivitliout flowers.

5. A. vine.Vle, L. (Field Garlic.) Scape slender, clothed with the
sheathing bases of the leaves below the middle (l°-3° high); leaves terete and
hollow, slender, channelled above; filaments much dilated, the alternate ones 3-cle/l,
the middle division anther-bearing. — Moist meadows and fields: a vile weed
eastward. June. — Flowers rose-color and green. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. A. Canadense, Kalm. (Wild Garlic.) Scape leafy only at the
base (1° hi.yli); leai-x-s narroivly linear, flutti.sh ; umbel fcAV-flowered ; ^/iVawp/z^s
simple, dilated below. — Moist meadows. May, June. — Flowers pale rose-color,
pedicclled ; or a head of bulbs in their place.

* * * Ovules several in each ceJl : leaves long and linear. (Nothdscordum, A'i<»?/(.)

7. A. striatum, Jacq. Leaves narrowly linear, often convolute, striate on
the back, about the length of the obscurely 3-angled naked scape (6' - 12' long) ;
filaments dilated below, shorter than the narrowly oblong sepals (which are
white with a reddish keel) ; ovules 4 - 7 in each cell. — Prairies and open woods,
Virginia to Illinois and southward. May.

25. MUSCARI, Tourn. Grape-Hyacixth.

Perianth globular or ovoid, minutely 6-toothcd (blue). Stamens 6, included :
^inthcrs short, introrse- Style short. Pod loculicidal, with 2 black angular

liliagejE. (lily family.) 535

seeds in each cell. — Leaves and scape (in early spring) from a coated bulb : the
small flowers in a dense raceme, sometimes musk-scented (whence the naine).

1. M. BOTRYOiDKS, Mill. Lcavcs linear ; flowers globulur ( 1 j" - 2" long),
deep blue, appearing like minute grapes; whence the popular name. — Escaped
from gardens into copses and fence-rows, E. Penn., &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

26. HEMEROCALLIS, L. Day-Lilv.

Perianth funnel-form, lily-like ; the short tube enclosing the ovary, the spread-
ing limb G-parted ; the 6 stamens inserted on its throat. Anthers as in Lily,
more or less extrorse. Filaments and style long and thread-like, declined and
ascending : stigma simple. Pod (at first rather fleshy) 3-angled, loculicidally
3-valved, with several black spherical seeds in each cell. — Showy pei'ennials,
with fleshy-fibrous roots ; the long and linear keeled leaves 2-ranked at the base
of the tall scapes, which bear at the summit sevei'al bractcd and large yellow
flowers: these collapse and decay after expanding for a single day (whence
the name, from rjixfpa, a day, and /cdXXos, btautij).

1. H. Fi'iLVA, L. (Common Day-Lily.) Liner divisions (petals) of the
tawny orange perianth wavy and obtuse. — Roadsides, escaped from gardens,
where it is common (as is also the bright yellow-flowered H. fl.ava). July.
(Adv. Irom Eu.)

27. YUCCA, L. Bear-Grass. Spanish Bayoxkt.

Perianth of 6 petal-like (white) oval or oblong and acute flat sepals, wither-
ing-persistent, tiie 3 inner broader, longer than the 6 stamens. Stigmas 3,
sessile. Pod oblong, somewhat 6-sidcd, 3-celled, or imperfectly 6-celled by a
partition from the back, fleshy, at length loculicidally 3-valvcd fi-om the apex.
Seeds very many in each cell, depressed. — Stems woody, either very short, or
rising into thick and colunmar palm-like trunks, bearing persistent rigid linear
or s word-shaped leaves, and terminated by an ample compound panicle of showy
(often polygamous) flowers. (An aboriginal name.)

1. Y. filamentbsa, L. (Adam's Needle.) Trunk (from a running
rootstock) rising for a foot or less above the earth, covered with the lanceolate
iinaritied coriaceous leaves (l°-2'^ long), which heai\/iliime)ils on their margins;
scape-like flower-stem 6° -8° high, erect. — Sandy soil, E. Virginia and south-
ward. July.

28. NARTHECIUM, Mochring. Bog-Aspiiodel.

Sepals 6, linear-lanceolate, yellowish, persistent. Filaments G, woolly: an-
thers linear, introrse. Pod cylindrical-oblong, pointed witli the undivided style
and single stigma, loculicidal, many-seeded. Seeds appcndaged at each end
with a long bristle-form tail, as in many species of Juncus. — Rootstock creep-
ing, bearing linear equitant leaves (as in Tofieldia), and a simple stem or
scape, terminated by a simple dense raceme. (Name from vap6l]<iov, a rod, or
a box for fraijrntit ointments, of obscure application.)

1. N. OSSifragum, Huds. — Herb with scape about a foot high, longer
than the leaves: pedicels mostly bracteolate. (Eu.)

53G JUNCACE^. (rush family.)

Var. Americ^num. (N. Amcricanum, Ker.) Flowers rather smaller
(scarcely 3" lonjj) ajid leaves narrower than the European plant, which is lim-
ited to the Atlantic-side of that continent, as is ours here: viz. in sandv ho<j;s,
on this side, where it is very local, in the pine barrens of New Jersey only.
June, July.

Order 122. JUNClCEiE. (Rusn Family.)

Grass-like or sedge-like herbs, with small Jlowers, a regular and hypogynous
persistent perianth of 6 similar glumaceous sepals, 6 or rarely 3 stamens with
2-celled anthers, a single short style, SJili/orm hairy stigrnas, and an ovary
either 3-cclled or l-celled tcith 3 parietal placenta;, forming a loculicidal
3-valved pod. Seeds anatropous, with a minute embryo enclosed at the
base of the fleshy ajbumen. — Rushes, with the flowe s liliaceous in struc-
ture, but sedge-like in aspect and texture, mainly represented by only
two genera.

1. LITZULA, DC. Wood-Rush.

Pod l-celled, 3-seeded, one seed to each parietal placenta. — Perennials, often
hairy, usually in dry ground, with flat and soft usually hairy leaves, and spiked-
crowded or umbelled flowers. (Name said to be altered from the Italian luciola,
a glow-woiin. )

* Flowers loosely long-peduncled, umbelled or corymhed.

1. L. pil6sa, Willd. Leaves lance-linear, hairy ; umbel mostly simple;
sepals pointed, shorter than the obtuse pod ; seeds with a curved appendage. —
Woods and banks : common northward. May. — Plant 6' - 9' high. (Eu.)

2. L. parvifldra, Desv., var. melanocarpa. Nearly smooth (l°-3°
high) ; leaves broadly linear; corymb deronijiound, loose; prdicels droopiny ; sepals
pointed, straw-color, about the length of the minutely pointed and brown pod.
(L. melanocarjia, Desv.) — Mountains, Maine to Northern New York, and north-
ward. July. (Eu.)

* * Flowers crowded in spikes or close clusters. {Plants G'- 12' liigli.)

3. L. eamp6stris, DC. Leaves fat, linear ; s/iilces 4-12, somewhat umbelled,
ovoid, straw-color, some of them long-peduncled, others nearly sessile; sepals
bristle-pointed, longer than the obtuse pods ; seeds with a conical appendage at
the base. — Dry fields and woods ; common. May. (Eu.)

4. L. areu^ta, Meyer. Leaves channelled, linear; spikes 3-5, on unequal
oflen recurved peduncles, ovoid, chestnut-brown ; bracts ciliate-fringed ; sepals
taper-pointed, longer than the obtuse pod; seeds not appendaged. — Alpine
summits of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (Eu.)

5. L. spicita, Desvaux. I^enves channelled, narrowly linear ; y?o(«/s in
sessile clusters, furminy a noddiny interrupttd spiked panicle, brown ; sepals bristle-
pointed, scarcely as long as the abruptly short-j)ointed ))od; seeds merely witli
a roundish projection at the base. (Our plant is L. raeemosa, Desv.l according
to Godet.) With the last, and more common. (Eu.)

JUNCACE^. (r.USII FAMILY.) 537

2. JUNCUS, L. Rush. Bog-TIush.

Pod many-seeded, 3-cellcd, or 1-ccllcd by the placentixj not rcaehing the axis.
Stamens when 3 ojjposite the 3 outer sepals. — Chietiy perennials, and in wet
soil or water, with 2)ithy or hollow and simple (rarely branching) stems, and
paniclcd or clustered small (greenish or brownish) flowers, chiefly in summer.
Plant never hairy. (The classical name, from jungo, to join, alluding to the
use of the stems for bands.)

Contributed for this edition by Dr. Engelm.vnn, who has recently published
a monograph of the North American species in the Transactions of the St.
Louis Academy of Science.

§ I. True Junci ; with naked and simple scapes from matted rimninfi root stocks,
vuinij of them barren, furnished at base with short leafless or rarehf Imfbcaritig
sheaths: leaves, if any, terete, knotless and similar to the scape: flowers single
or rarely clustered on the pedicels, in sessile panicles, produced apparently from
the side of the scape, the exterior sheath or involucral leaf being similar to and
continuing the scape. Flowering in early summer.
* Flowers single on the pedicels or ultimate rumif cations of the panicle.
■1- Sheaths at base of the stem leafless.
++ Stamens 3.

1. J. effusus, L. (Common or Soft Rush.) Scape soft and pliant
(2°-4°]iigh) ; inner sheaths awncd ; panicle dift'usely much branched, many-
flowered; flowers numerous, small (1|" long), greenish ; sepals lanceolate, very-
acute, as long as the triangular-obovate retuse and pointless greenish-brown
pod ; antbers as long as filaments ; style very short ; seeds small (about \" long)'
with short pale points, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Var. conglomeratus
(J. conglomeratus, L.) has the scape more distinctly striate, the panicle closely
crowded, and the pod short-pointed. — Marshy grounds : very common ; the var.
in sphagnous swamps. (Eu.)

t-f ++ Stamens 6.

2. J. filiformis, L. Scape very slender (l°-2° high), pliant; panicle
few-flowered, almost simple; flowers (1^" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner a
little shorter and less acute, longer than the broadly ovate obtuse but short-
pointed greenish pod ; anthers shorter than the filaments ; style very short ; seed
(less than J" long) short-pointed at both ends, indistinctly reticulated. — N.
New England and New York to Michigan and northward. (Eu.)

3. J. Smithii, Engelm. Scape rather slender (2° -3° high) ; panicle few-
flowered, nearly simple; flowers brown (IJ" long) ; outer sepals lanceolate and
acute, inner a little shorter, obtiisish, shorter than the broadly ovate rather tri-
angular acute and pointed deep chestnut-brown pod; anthers as long as fila-
ments ; style short, seeds large (J" or more long) obtuse, with short a])pcndages
at both ends, many-ribbed and reticubited. — Sphagnous swamps, on Broad
Mountain, Pennsylvania, C. /i. Smith.

4. J. Baltieus, Dethard. Scape rigid (2° -3° high); panicle loose;
flowers larger (2" long), chestnut-brown with green; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
the outer sharp-pointed, the inner obtusish, as long as the elliptical rather
triangular obtuse and pointed deep brown pod ; anthers much longer than the

k

638 JDNCACE^. (rush family.)

broad filaments; style about the length of the ovary ; seeds rather large (J" or
more long), nearly obtuse, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Sandy shores of
New England, the Great Lakes, and westward ; also in swamps, Lancaster Co.,
Pcnn., Prof. Porter. (Eu.)

-t- •)- Jnnermost sheaths leiif-hidrim] : stanipus 6.

5. J, set^ceus, Uostkovius. Scape slender (I°- 3° high) ; panicle loose,
rather fcw-fiowcrcd ; flowers grcenisii (2" long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp- pointed,
especially the 3 shining exterior ones, spreading in fruit, as long as the nearly
globose beak-pointed greenish or light-brown pod ; anthers as long as filaments;
style conspicuous; seeds (^" long) almost globose, ribbed and cross-lined. —
Pennsylvania (/?os</tWMs), Virginia? and North Carolina, southward near the
coast. — Doubtful if in our district.

* * F/oinrs in clusters, Q-androiis : innermost sheaths at base of stem leaf-bearing.

6. J. Roemerianus, Scheele. Scape stout and rigid (2° -3° high), its
apex as well as the leaves pungent; panicle compound ; 3-6 greenish or light-
brown flowers (1^" long) in a cluster; outer sepals lanceolate, sharp-])ointed,
longer than the obtusish inner ones, as long as the elliptical rather triangular
obtuse short-pointed brown pod ; anthers much longer than the broad filaments ;
styles shorter than the ovary ; seeds (J" long) oval, obtuse, very delicately ribbed.
(J. mari'timus of Amer. authors.) — Brackish marshes. New Jersey (Pursh),
Virginia and southward.

§ 2. Grassy-leaved Junci ; ivith simple or rarelij branched stems, leafij at base
or throughout : leaves fat, or somewhat terete or setaceous and channelled, never
knotted : ■panicle terminal.

* Flowers crowded in heads {produced in late summer).

1- Leaver thread-like, hollow : sierns simple : heads single or few : seeds large, the

loose seed-coat produced into conspicuous tails : stamens 6.

7. J. St^gius, L. Stems slender (6' -16' high) from slender brfinching
rootstocks, 1-3-leaved below, naked above; heads 1 or rarely 2, of 3-4-flowcrs,
about the length of the sheathing scarious awl-pointed bract ; flowers pale and
reddish (2|-"-3" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the inner obtusish, | the length of
the oblong acuminate pod, as long as the slender stamens ; fibimcnts many
times longer than the oblong anthers ; recurved stigmas shorter than the style ;
seeds oblong, with a very loose slightly striated coat prolonged at both ends
(1|" long). — Peat-bogs bordering Perch Lake, JefiFerson County, New York.
N. Maine, G. L. Goodale. (New Brunswick, ^^r. Fowler. North shore of Lake
Sujjcrior, Mr. Wheeler.) — Flowers larger and ]i()d more abiuiilly j;oiiuc(l tlian in
the European plant. (Eu.)

8. J. trifldus, L. Stems densely tnftcil from matted creeping rootstocks,
erect (5'- 10' high), sheathed and mostly leafless at the base, 2-3-leaved at
the summit, the upper thread-like leaves subtending the sessile head of 1-4
brown ( 1 i" - 2" long) flowers ; sepiils ovate-lanceolate, acute, equalling or rather
shorter than the ovate bcak-)iointed deep l>rown pod; anthers much longer than
the filaments; seed-: few, oMong, angled (1" long), faintly striate, short-tailed.
— Alpine summits of the mountains of New England, and N. New- York, and
high northward. (Eu.)

JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 539

-I- -t- Leaves Jlat and open, f/rass-like : stamens 3.

9. J. marginatUS, Rostkovius. Stem erect, from a bulbous and stolo-
niferous base (1°- 3° liigli), flattened, leafy ; leaves long-linear; heads 3-8-
flowcred, pauicled ; flowers purplish with green (1^'' long) ; sepals oblong, the
3 outer acute and slightly awned, the inner longer and mostly obtuse and point-
less, as lung as the almost globular scarcely jiointed pod ; stamens exceeding
the outer sepals ; purple anthers shorter than flhunents ; style very short ; seeds
(*"~ 4" long) slender, pointed at both ends and strongly ribbed. (J. aristulatus,
Michx. ) — Moist sandy places, S. New England to Illinois and southward. —
Var. PAUCiCAPiTATUS has smaller and less flattened stems, narrower leaves, and
few large 8- 15-flowered heads. Sandy coast of New Jersey and elsewhere. —
Var. bifl6rus has numerous and small 2-3-flowcred heads, in much-branched
panicles. (J. biflorus, Ell.) New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

10. J. rdpens, Michx. Stems flattened, ascending (4' -6' high) from a
fibrous annual root, at length creeping or floating ; leaves short, linear, those of
the stem nearly opposite and fascicled ; heads few in a loose leafy panicle, 3-12-
flowered ; flowers green (3" long) ; sepals rigid, lance-subulate, slender-pointed,
the 3 outer as long as the linear triangular obtuse pod, the inner ones much
longer; stamens as long as the outer sepals ; filaments many times longer than
the oblong anther; seeds small (\" long), obovate, slightly pointed, very deli-
cately ribbed and cross-lined. ( Ccphalu'.\.ys flabellata, Z>esi;.) — Miry banks,
Maryland ( W. M. Canby) and southward.

* * Flowers single on the ultimate peduncles : sta}nens 6.
■I- Stem branched: root annual.

11. J. bufdnius, L. Stems low and slender (3'- 9' high) from a fibrous
root, leafy, often branched from the base ; panicle spreading, mostly with one-
sided dichotomous branches; flowers remote, greenish (2" -3^" long); sepals
linear-lanceolate, awl-pointed, 3 outer ones much longer than the inner and
than the oblong obtuse pod ; stamens short ; filaments scarcely longer than
anthers ; seeds elliptical, obtuse (-^'"i" I'J'ig). ■^'C'T delicately ribbed and cross-
lined. — Low grounds by roadsides: common, but not everywhere. June-
Sept. — Var. fasciculXtus, with flowers crowded at the end of the branchlcts,
i-i a southern form, which has been introduced about the Philadelphia Navy
Yard. (Eu.)

■*- -1- Stems slender, simple, tujled, Ifafi/ beloic; root perennial (Jl. early in summer).

12. J. Ger^rdi, Loisel. (Black-Grass.) Stems scarcely flattened, rigid
(l°-2° high) ; panicle contracted, usually longer than the bracteal leaf; flow-
ers chestnut-brown with green (1^" long) ; sepals oval-oblong, obtuse, incurved,
as long as the oval obtuse and niucronate pod ; anthers much longer than the
short filaments ; style as long as the ovary; seeds (nearly J" long) obovate,
short pointed at both ends, delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Salt marshes:
common along the coast, especially northward; also in saline marshes
of W. New York: rare along the Great Lakes. (Eu.) — The closely allied
J. bulbosus, L. (to which this was referred in a lormcr edition) has not yet
been found in this country.

54:0 JUNCACE^. (rush family.)

13. J. tenuis, Willd. Stem wiry (9' -18' high); leaves flat or channelled ;
panicle shorter than the iiivulucral leaves, loose, or rarely crowded ; flowers green
(2'' or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, very acnte, s])reading in fruit, longer tlian
the ovoid i-etusc scarcely pointed green pod ; anthers nearly equal to the flla-
mcnt; style very short; seeds small (about i" long), white-pointed at both ends,
delicately ribbed and cross-lined. — Low grounds, flelds, and roadsides. (Eu.)
— Var. SECUNDiTs is a smaller plant, with smaller one-sided flowers on the
forked branches of the panicle. New England to Pennsylvania.

14. J. dichotomus, Ell. Stems rigid (l^°-2° high) from a tumid
base; leaves fililorm, nearly terete, slightly grooved on the inner side; panicle
loose, often with 1-sided tbrked branches, mostly longer than tiie involucral leaf;
flowers greenish (2" or more long) ; sepals lanceolate, sharp-pointed, spreading
in fruit, as long as the globular beaked light mahogany-colored pod; anthers
nearly as long as filaments ; style short ; seeds small (\"-i" long), white-pointed
at both ends, coarsely cross-lined. — Low sandy grounds, New Jersey (C F.
Paikf-r), Delaware [Prof. Lf.idy, Mr. Commons), and southward.

15. J. Gre6nii, Oakes & Tuckerm. Stems rigid (l°-2° high); leaves
nearly terete, very deeply channelled (almost involute) on the inner side; pan-
icle usually much shorter than the principal erect involucral leaf, dense; the
numerous crowded flowers often one-sided (li|" long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute,
light grccnisii-brown, apprcssed, shorter than the ovoid-oblong obtuse greenish-
brown pod; anthers as long as filaments; style very short; seeds ovoid, tail-
pointed (J" - f " long), ribbed and delicately cross-lined. — Sandy coast of New
England, and on the Great Lakes near Detroit {Uolzer, J. M. Biijelow).

16. J. Vaseyi, Engelm. Stems rigid (1°- 2^° high) ; leaves nearly terete,
very slightly channelled on the inner side ; panicle longer than the involucral
leaf, loose; flowers few, often one-sided, greenish or light brown (2" or more
long) ; sepals lanceolate, acute, appresscd, shorter than the oblong and retnse
green-brown pod; anthers as long as the filaments; style very short; seeds
slender, conspicuously tailed at both ends {h" -V long), closely ribbed. —
Michigan, with the last (near Detroit, llulzer, Bit/r/ow) to N. Illinois ( Va.'^eij),
and westward. June.

§.3. Knottv-leaved Jun'CI ; stems leaf}/, simplfi. or hranchinq : leaves terete
or sometimes Idterallij compressed, knotted In/ inttrnal cross-part itiuns : panicle
terminul, loith flowers c/iiefli/ in heads.

* Seeds barely pointed, without tails.
•t- Heads composed of 2 or sometimes onhj simjle G-androus flowers.

17. J. pelocarpus, E. Meyer. Stems slender and erect from a slende^
running rootstock (6'- 18' high), bearing few thread-like slightly knotted leaves,
branching above into a compound spreading panicle, bearing in the forks and
along one side of the branches single flowers or 2-flowercd heads ; often with the
flowers or in place ot them arc tufts of leaves ; flowers small (1'- 1 i' long), green-
ish with red ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the 3 inner ones longer, but shorter than the
oblong tajjer-beakcd l-ccllcd pod ; anthers much longer than the filaments ; style
slender; seeds (J" long) obovate, short-pointed, delicately ribbed-rcticidatcd.
(J. viviparus, Conrad. J. Conrkdi, Tuckerm.) — Sandy, wet or swampy places

JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 541

Canada to "Wisconsin, and from New England southward near the coast.
July, Aug. — The proliferous plants are usually sterile and much larger than
the fertile ones, with larger and more diffuse panicles. — Var. slbtilis (J. flui-
tans, Michx.), from Canada, is a small and creeping or floating form, mostly
with single 2-flo\vcred heads at the ends of the short stems.
H- H- Heads numerous, o/3- \'2 flowers (rurelij more in No. 21), in earlj summer.
++ Stamens 6.

18. J. articul^tus, L. Stems ascending or erect (9'- 15' high), tufted
from a short crcej)ing rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle short,
spreading; the crowded heads 3-8-Howered; flowers brown, rarely pale (1|"-
li" long) ; sepals lance-oblong, acute or mucronate, or the 3 inner obtuse and a
little longer, shorter than the ovate-oblong acute or abruptly mucronate-pointed
incompletely 3-celled commonly deep chestnut-brown shining pod ; anthers as
long as filaments; ovary attenuated into a short style; seeds (less than ^" long)
obovate, attenuate below, abruptly pointed above, ribbed-reticulated. (J. 1am-
poca'rpus, Ehrh.) — Wet grounds, New England to Western New York and
Delaware. (Eu.) — Var. obtusXtus. Panicle crowded, level-topped ; heads
5-flowcred, green; sepals obtuse, of equal length, the outer mucronate; pod
obtuse, mucronate. — Pctty's Island, near Philadelphia, J/r. DiJl'mbinigh, Mr.
BarJce.

19. J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. Stems erect (9 - 18' high)
from a creej)ing rootstock, with 1 or 2 slender leaves ; panicle meagre, with erect
branches bearing distant greenish or light-brown heads, each of 3 - 6 flowers
(^i"-!?" long) ; sepals oblong, obtuse, the outer- mucronate or cuspidate and
usually longer than the rounded inner ones, as long or shorter than the obtuse
short-pointed incompletely 3-celled light-brown pod; anthers as long as fila-
ments; style short; seeds (\" or more in length) spindle-shaped, ribbed-reticu-
lated. (J. pelocarpus, Ed. 1. J. articulatus, var. pelocarpus, ^(/. 2.) — Wet
sandy banks, from Lake Champlain {Robhiiis, Macrae,) and along the Great
Lakes northward and westward. (Eu.)

20. J. militaris, Bigel. Stem stout (2° -4° high) from a thick creeping
rootstock, bearing a solitary stout erect leaf (^'^-3^° long) below the middle
which overtops the crowded and rather contracted panicle; heads numerous,
5-12- (rarely 25-) flowered ; flowers brownish (1^" long) ; sepals lanceolate, the
outer ones awl-pointcd, as long as the ovate-oblong triangular taper-beaked 1-
celled pod ; anthers longer than filaments ; ovary attenuated into a slcndc r style ,
seeds (i"- J" long) globose-obovate, obtuse, abruptly pointed, ribbed-reticulated.
— In bogs and streams, Maine to Maryland. — Dr. Robbins finds that in flow-
ing water, at Uxbridgc, Mass., this bears numberless capillary submersed leaves,
2° -3° long, from the rootstock.

++ +-1- Stamens 3.

21. J. acuminatus, Michx. Stems tufted, erect, bearing about 2 leaves
and a loose spreading panicle ; heads few -many-flowered, greenish, at length
straw-colored or darker; sepals lance-awl-shaped, sharp-pointed, equ:il, as long
as or shorter than the triangular-prismatic short-pointed 1-celled pod; anthers
a little shorter than the filaments ; style almost none ; seeds small (■^" - ^" long),

542 JUNCACE^.. (rush family.)

acute at both ends, ribbcd-rcticulatcd. (J. pallcscens, E. ^feyer, as to the N.
American plant.) — Earlier than other species which arc likely to be con-
founded with it: May, June. — A very variable plant, the following forms of
which have the appearance of distinct species, but are connected by various
intermediate states.

Var. d6bilis. Stems slender (9'- 18' hi^^h) ; heads green, 3 - 6-flowered in a
loose panicle ; flowers smaller ( 1.1"- 1^" long) ; pod longer than the sepals. (J.
debilis, Grai/, in former editions.) —Wet sandy soil, New Jersey to Kentucky
and southward. — Stems sometimes decumbent and rooting.

Var. roblistUS. Stems stout, tall, (20-4° high), bearing numerous 5-8-
flowered light-brown lieads in a large much-branched panicle; flowers small
(1"-H" lo"?) ; ovoid pod scarcely longer than the sepals. — Deep swamps in
the Mississippi Valley, from Illinois southward.

Var. legitimus. Stems slender {1° -2° long), bearing fewer and larger
heads in a very loose spreading panicle; flowers 5-12 and often more in a
head (H"-2" long); sepals as long as the straw-colored or light-brown pod.
(J. acumniatus, Michx. J. paradoxus, E. Meyer. J. fratcrnus, Kunt/i. J. siib-
verticillatus, Muhl. J. Pondii, Wood.) — Conunon in wet places from S. New
England southward and westward. — Heads often proliferous in the autumn.
■(-■!--•- Heads Jew, crowded, of numerous Jlowers.
■>-* Stamens 6.

22. J. nodosus, L. Stem erect (6' -15' high), slender from a creeping
thread-like and tuber-bearing rootstock, mostly -with 2 or 3 slender leaves;
heads few or several, rarely single, 8-20-flowered (3|^"-4" wide), overtopped
by the involucral leaf; flowers brown (l^"-2" long) ; sepals liincc-lincar, awl-
pointed (the 3 outer mostly a little shorter), nearly as long as the slender trian-
gular taper-pointed 1-cclled pod ; anthers oblong, shorter than the filament ; style
very short; seeds (about -4" long) obovate, abruptly mucronate. (J. Rostkovii,
E. Meyer.) — Swamps and gravelly banks, fi-om New England and Pennsylvania
north and northwestward. July, Aug. — A very tail form (2° high) occurs on
the islands above Niagara, G. W. Clinton.

Var. megacephalus, Torr. Stem stout (l°-3° high), with thick leaves;
heads few and large (6"- 8" wide) 30 - 80-flowercd ; flowers pale green (2,',"-
2^" long) ; outer sepals longer than the inner ones ; anthers linear, shorter than
the filaments. — From Western New York west and southwestward. Aug. —
An intermediate form, with numerous green heads in a compound panicle, occurs
in Michigan and Northern Illinois.

•*-+ ++ Stamens 3.

23. J, brachycarpus, Engelm. Stem erect (l°-2i° high), rigid from
a thick white horizontal rootstock, bearing about 2 leaves and 2-10 densely
flowered spherical heads (4" - 5" wide) in a slightly spreading crowded panicle
much exceeding the involucral leaf; flowers pale green (2" long) ; sepals lance-
linear, awl-pointed, the 3 outer much longer, and the ovoid pointed 1 -celled pod
rather shorter, than the inner sepals; anthers much shorter than filaments;
style very short; seeds (\" long) abru])tly apicidate, ribbed-rctieulated. — Moist
places in open woods and prairies, Ohio to Michigan, Illinois and southward
May, June.

JUNCACE^. (rush family.) 543

24. J. seirpoides, Lam. Stem erect (l°-3° liijrh). rigid, from a thick
white iiorizontal root-tock, bearing about 2 leaves with wide and open sheaths,
and a panicle of few or many densely -flowered pale-green spherical heads much
longer than the involucral leaf; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and (especially the
outer) bristly pointed, at length pungent, nearly equalling the oblong-triangular
taper-pointed 1-celled pod; seeds ovoid, abruptly pointed at each end, ribbed-
reticulated. (J polyccplialus, Mivlix.) — The following forms belong here.

Var. macrostemon. Rather slender; leaves terete; branches of the
panicle erect and often elongated; heads smaller (3^"-4" wide), 15-40-flow-
ered; (lowers \\'' - 1 j" long; outer sepals mostly longer than the inner, as long
as the stamens ; anthers very small ; seeds i" long. (J. echinatus, Midd. J.
macrostemon, Gaij.) — Wet sandy soil, from Statcn Island ( C. F. xiustin) south-
ward near the coast.

Var. echinatus. Stouter ; leaves terete ; branches of the compact panicle
short; heads larger (5"-6" wide), 40 - 80-flowered ; flowers (l3"-2" long);
sepals narrower and more sharply pointed, the outer a little longer than the
inner ones ; stamens shorter and anthers longer than in the preceding, and
seeds rather smaller and more slender. (J. echinatus,. £//.) — From Maryland
southward.

Var. polycephalus. Much stouter; leaves laterally flattened (-3" -6"
wide) ; panicle spreading, branched, bearing many distant heads as large as
tnose of the foregoing form ; flowers 2" - 2k" long ; the 3 outer sepals the longer;
anthei-s about as long as the filaments; seeds larger (J" long). (J. poly-
cephalus. Ell., Chapm.) — From North Carolina southward; and may be
looked for in Southern Virginia.

* * Seeds tailed.
H- Stamens 3.

25. J. Canadensis, J. Gay. Tufted stems erect, terete, smooth, bearing
2-3 leaves ; heads few- or many-flowered, paniculate ; sepals lanceolate, the 3
outer shorter than the inner ones, not much longer than the stamens, equal to
or shorter than the triangular prismatic almost 1-celled usually short-pointed
pod; style mostly short; seeds more or less distinctly tail-pointed, delicately
many-ribbed. — Common in most districts. Aug., Sept. — One of the latest
flowering species, and thus easily distinguished, even when quite immature,
from the similar but early J. acuminatus. This very variable species comprises
the following forms.

Var. longieaudatUS. Stem stout and rigid (l^°-30 high), bearing in a
decompound somewhat spreading panicle the numerous 5 - 50-flowered heads ;
flowers greenish or light brown (li"-2" long); sepals awl-pointed mostly
shorter than the abruptly short-pointed pod ; seeds slender (-j"-!" long), con-
spicuously tail-pointed. (.J. paradoxus, Ed. 1 & 2, Chapman, ^~c.) — From
S. New England southward along the coast, and westward to Wisconsin and
Northern Illinois.

Var. SUbcaudktUS. Stem slender, often dccumbjnt (1°- 2° high), bear-
ing in simpler spreading panicles fewer 8 - 20-flowcred heads; flowers greenish,
as large as last ; sepals awl-shaped, but not so rigid ; pod mostly tapering ; seeds

544 PONTEDERIACE^. (PICKEUEL-WEED FAMILY.)

large (i"-i" long), with sliort white membninaeeous appenchigcs. — From S.
New Enghind houthward, especially in New Jersey. — Often eoiifouniled with
forms of No. 21, from wiiieh it is readily distinguished by the hirge, delicately
ribbed and not reticulated, ajipendaged seeds, and by the proportion of the inner
and outer sepals.

Var. brachyc6phalus. Stem slender (1^°- 2^° high), hearing numer-
ous small and 3- 5-tio\vered heads in a large and spreading panicle; flowers
greenish or light brown (1^"- l^" long) ; sepals mostly obtuse, shorter than
the brown abruptly short-pointed pod; style longer than in other forms ; seeds
smaller (i''- 4" long), slender, with rather short appendages. — From Penn-
sylvania northwestward to Illinois and Wisconsin. — Sometimes confounded
with No. 18, and with small-Howe red lorms of No. 21.

Var. coai'CtatUS. Stem slender, shorter ('J' - 18' high), bearing fewer deep-
brown 3 - .'j-tlowered heads in a somewhat erect contracted panicle ; flowers as
large as in the last ; sepals acute, or rarely obtusish, much shorter than the
prismatic abruptly pointed deep-brown pod ; seeds as in the la-it, (J. acuminatus,
Ed. 2, and of most American authors, but not of Michaux). — New England
to Wisconsin and northward, southward to the mountains of Pennsylvania.

-1- H- Stamens 6.
26. J. asper, Engclm. Stems tufted, erect (2° -3° high), terete, stout,
rigid, and with the rigid leaves rough ; panicle with rigid slightly spreading
branches, bearing scattered few- (2-6-) flowered heads; flowers greenish with
brown (2^" long) ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, awl-pointed, rigid and strongly
nerved, the outer much shorter than inner ones, these a little shorter than the
triangular-ovoid beaked incompletely 3-celled brown pod ; ovary tapering into
a conspicuous style; seeds large, oblong, delicately many-ribbed, with white
or often reddish appendages (1 4" long). — Sphagnous swamps, New Jersey,
Picktring, C. E. iSiudh. August.

OuDEn 123. POlVTEDERlACE.i:. (Pickerel-weed Family.)

Aquatic herbs, with perfect more or lesn irregular flowers from a spathe ;
the petal-like G-meroux perianth free from the ^-celled ovary ; the 3 or 6
moxtli/ unequal or dissimilar starnens inserted in its throat. — Perianth with
the 6 divisions colored alike, imbricated in 2 rows in the bud, the whole
together sometimes revolute-coiled after flowering, then withering away,
or the base thickencd-persistent and enclosing the fruit. Anthers introrse.
Ovules anatropous. Style 1 : stigma 3-lobed or 6-toothed. Fruit a per-
fectly or incompletely 3-celled niany-see<Ied pod, or a 1-celled 1 -seeded
utricle. Embryo slender, in floury albumen.

1. Pontrderia. Perianth 2 lipped, its BusIiy persistent base enclosing the l-seedeJ utricle.

St.imens 6. Spike many-flowered.

2. Hctt-rnittliera. Peri.inth salver-shaped, withering-fugacious. Pod many-seeded.

Stamens 3, unequ.^1, of 2 forms. Ppathe 1- few-flowered.

3. Schollcra. Perianth salver-shaped, regular. SUmens 3, alike. Spatlie 1-flowerod.

rONTEDEKIACK^. (PICKKUEL-WEED FAMILY.) r)45

1. PONTEDERIA, L. riCICEREL-WEED.

Perianth funnel-form, 2-lipped ; the 3 upper divisions united to form the 3-
lobcd upper lip ; the 3 lower sprea(^ill^^ and their claws, which form the lower
part of the curving tube, more or less separate or separable down to the base :
after flowering the tube is revolute-coiled from the apex downwards, and its
fleshy-thickened persistent base encloses the irnit. Stamens 6 ; the 3 anterior
exserted on elongated filaments ; the 3 posterior (often sterile or imperfect) with
very short filaments, unequally inserted lower down : anthers oval, blue. Ovary
3-celled ; two of the cells empty, the other with a single suspended ovule. Utri-
cle 1-cellcd, filled with the single seed. — Stout herbs, growing in shallow water,
with thick creeping rootstocks, producing erect long-petioled mostly heart-
shaped leaves, and a 1 -leaved stem or scape, terminated by a spike of violet-
blue ephemeral flowers. Root-leaves with a sheathing stipule within the petiole.
(Dedicated to Pontcdera, Professor at Padua at the beginning of the last century.)

1. P. cordata, L. Leaves arrow-heart-shaped, blunt ; spike dense, from
a spathe-likc bract. — Var. angl'STif6lta (P. angustifblia, Pursh) has triangu-
lar-elongated and tapering leaves scarcely heart-shaped at the base. — Common.
July -Sept. — Calyx-tube in fruit crested with 6 toothed ridges. Upper lobe
of the perianth marked with a pair of small yellow spots.

2. HETERANTHERA, Ruiz & Pav. Mud-Plantain.

Perianth salver-form with a slender tube ; the limb somewhat equally 6-parted,
ephemeral, soon withering or decaying. Stamens 3 ; the 2 posterior filaments
thickened in the middle and bearing ovate (yellow) anthers ; the other longer,
bearing a larger oblong or arrow-shaped (greenish) anther. Pod incompletely
3-ceIled, many-seeded. — Creeping or floating low herbs, in mud or shallow
water, with chiefly rounded long-petioled leaves, and a 1 - few-flowered spathe
bursting from the sheathing side or base of a petiole. Flowers blue or white,
in summer. (Name from ire pa, different, and dvdrjpd, anther.)

1. H. reniformis, Ruiz & Pav. Leaves round-kidney-shaped ; spathe 3-5-
flowercd ; flowers white. — Connecticut to Illinois, and southward.

2. H. limbsa, Vahl. Zcaws oWo»9 or lance-oblong, obtuse at both ends ;
spathe 1 -flowered ; flowers blue. (Leptanthus ovalis, Michx.) — W. Virginia to
Illinois, and southward.

3. SCHOLLERA, Schreber (1789). Water SxAUonASs.

Perianth salver-form, with 6 nearly equal lancc-lincar divisions on a very long
thread-like tube. Stamens 3, with similar oblong-arrow-shaped anthers (or
rarely a fourth which is abortive) : filaments nearly equal, awl-shaped. Pod
oblong, invested by the withered perianth, l-celled with 3 projecting parietal
placentae, many-seeded. — A grass like herb, like a Pondweed, growing wholly
under water, only the (small pale-yellow) flowers reaching the surface ; the
slender branching stems clothed with linear translucent sessile leaves, and
bearing a terminal 1 -flowered spathe : in summer. (Named after one Scholler,
a German botanist.)

1. S. graminea, WiUd. (Leptanthus, Mivhx.)— In streams: common.
L & M— 43

546 COM-MELYNACEiE. (SPIDERWORT FAMILY.)

Order 124. COI»I]IIEL.YIVACE^. (Spiderwort Family.)

Herbs, icith Jibrowt or somelimes thickened roots, Jointed and often branch-
inr/ leafy stems, and c/iiefli/ perfect ant! G-androus, of en irrecjular flowers,
with the perianth free from the 2 - 3-celled ovary, and having a distinct calyx
and corolla, viz. : Sepals 3, persistent, commonly herbaceous. Petals 3,
ephemeral, decaying or deciduous. Stamens hypogynous, some of them
v)ften sterile : anthers with 2 separated cells. Style 1 : stigma undivided.
Pod 2 - 3-celled, 2 - 3-valved, loculicidal, 3 - several-seeded. Seeds ortho-
fropous. Embryo small, pulley -shaped, partly sunk in a shallow depression
at the apex of the albumen. Leaves ovate, lanceolate or linear, j)arallel-
veined, flat, sheathed at the base ; the uppermost often dissimilar and
forming a kind of spathe. — A chietly tropical family, not aquatic, here
represented only by two genera.

1. COMMELYNA, Dill. D.vy-flower.

Flowers irregular. Sepals sonifwliut colored, uneijual ; the 2 lateral partly
united by tlieir contig:uous margins. Two lateral petals rounded or kidney-
shaped, on long claws, the odd one smaller. Stamens unequal, 3 of tliein fer-
tile, one of which is bent inward: 3 of them sterile and smaller, with imperfect
cross-shaped anthers : filaments naked. Pod 3-cclled, two of the cells 2-seedcd,
the other 1 -seeded or abortive. — Stems branching, often procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Leaves contracted at the base into shcathin<.f petioles; the
floral one heart-shaped and clasping, folded together or hooded, fornnng a spathe
enclosing the flowers, which expand for a single morning and are recurved
on their pedicel before and afterwards. Petals blue. Flowering all summer.
Ours all with perennial roots, or propagating by striking root from the joints.
(Dedicated to the early Dutch botainsts ./. and G. Commehjn.)

1. C. ereeta, L. Stem erect, rather stout (2° -4° high); leaves large
(3' -7' long, l'-2' wide), oblongdanceolate, the upper surface and margins
rough backwards, sheaths fringed with rusty bristles; sputhes crowded and nearly
sessile, hoodtd, lop-shaped in fruit ; odd petal like the others but smaller, round-
ovate raised on a claw; pod 3cellcd. (C. Virginica, Ed. 1. A hairy form is
C. hirtella, Vaht.) — Alluvial and shaded river-banks, Penn. to Illinois and
southwai'd. — Our largest species, and the only one with a top-shaped spathe.

2 C. Virginica, L. Stems slender, erect, or reclined and rooting towards
the base; leaves oblong- or linear-lanceolate; spatlies mostly solitary or scattered,
Ijeduriclcd, cimduplicate, round-heart -shaped when expanded, pointed, in fruit some-
what hooddike ; odd petal usually inconspicuous and nearly sessile ; pod 2-celled.
(C. Virginica, L., as to syn. Pluk., which gave the name: Linnieus's detailed
description apparently pertains to No. i, which however must bear the name
which he took from Dillenius, the authority for the species. C. angustifolia.
Mickx., is a narrow-leaved form.) — Damp rich woods and banks, S. New York
to Michigan, Illinois, and southward.

3. C. Cayenn^nsis, Kidiard. Stems creeping, glabrous; leaves ovate-
ciblong or lance-oUony, ohtuie, small (r'-2' long); sputhes heart-ovate when ex-

XTRIDACE^. (yELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.) 547

paneled, pedmdcd, condtiplicate, the base not contracted in fruit, 3-4-flo\vcrcd ; the
odd petal roiiiul-ovate, nearly sessile. ( C. agvaria, Kiinth.) — Alluvial banks,
Illinois and soutinvard. — The snuillcst-leaved and smallest-flowered species.

2. TRADESCANTIA, L. Spidekwort.

Flowers regular. Sepals herbaceous. Petals all alike, ovate, sessile. Sta«
mens all fertile: filaments bearded. Pod 2-3-celled, the cells 1-2-seeded. —
Perennials. Stems mucilaginous, mostly upright, nearly simple, leafy. Leaves
keeled. Flowers ephemeral, in umbelled clusters, axillary and terminal, pro-
duced through the summer: floral leaves nearly like the others. (Named for
the elder Tiade^cant, gardener to Charles the First.)

* Umbels sessile, clustered, usually involucrafe by 2 leaves.

1. T. Virginica, L. (Common Spidekwort.) Leaves lance-linear,
elonyuttd, tapering from the sheathing base to the point, ciliate, more or less
open; umbels terminal, many-flowered. — Moist woods, from W. New York to
Wisconsin, and southward : also commonly cultivated. — Plant cither smooth or
hairy ; the large flowers blue, in gardens often purple or white.

2. T. piI6sa, Lehm. Leaves broadly lanceolate from a narrowed base,
pointed, downy-hairy both sides, minutely ciliate; umbels many-flowered, in
very dense terminal and axillary clusters ; pedicels and calyx glandular-hairy.
(T. flexuosa, /?«/) — Ohio, Illinois, Kentucky, and southward. — Stem stout,
smooth below, 2° -3° high, often branched, zigzag above, forming a close clus-
ter of small (8" -9" broad) lilac-blue flowers in all the upper axils.

* * Umbels lony-ptduncled, naked.

3. T. rdsea, Vent. Small, slender (6'- lO' high), smooth ; leaves linear,
grass-like, ciliate at the base; umbel simple, or a pair; flowers (6" wide) rose-
color. — Sandy woods, Pennsylvania (^ to Kentucky, and southward.

Order 125. XYRIDACE^. (Yellow-eyed-guass Family.)

Rush-like herhs, with et/iiilant leaves slicathinr] the base of a naked scape,
which is terminated by a head of perfect 5-androus flowers, with extrorse an-
thers, glumaceous calyx, and a reyular colored corolla ; the 3-valved mostly
1-celled pod containing several or many orlhotropous seed.'i with a minute
embryo at the apex of fleshy albumen: — represented by Xyris. — But the
anomalous genus Mayaca, consisting of a few moss-like aquatic plants,
intermediate in character between this family and the last, may be intro-
duced here.

1. MAYACA, Aublet. (Syena, ^c/^-e&er.)

Flowers single, terminating a n.aked peduncle. Perianth persistent, of 3 her-
baceous lanceolate sepals, and 3 obovate petals. Stamens 3, alternate with the
petals. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal fcw-ovuled placentae : style filiform :
stigma simple. Pod 3-valved, several-seeded. — Moss-like low herbs, crce])ing
or floating in shallow water, densely leafy ; the leaves narrowly linear, sessile

548 XTRIDACE.E. (YKLLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY).

1-ncrvcd, pcUnciil, entire, notched at the npex : the peduncle solitary, sheathed
at the base. (An aboriginal name.)

1. M. Michauxii, Sehott & Endl. Peduncles not much exceeding tin
leaves, nodding in fruit ; petals white. (Sycna tluviiitilis, Pursh.) — S. E. Yir
ginia, and southward. July.

2. XYRIS, L. Yellow-eyed Grass.

Flowers single in the axils of coriaceous scale-like bracts, which arc densely
imbricated in a head. Sepals 3 ; the 2 lateral ghime-like, boat-shaped or keeled
and persistent ; the anterior one larger and membranaceous, enwrapping the
corolla in the bud and deciduous witli it. Petals 3, with claws, which cohere
more or less. Fertile stamens 3, with linear anthers, in.serted on the claws of
the petals, alternating with 3 sterile filaments, which arc cleft and in our species
plumose or bearded at their apex. Style 3-cleft. Pod oblong, free, 1 -celled,
with 3 parietal more or less projecting placentae, 3-valved, niany-secdcd. — Flow-
ers yellow, produced all summer. Ours apparently all perennials. (Svpls, an
ancient name of some plant with 2-edged leaves, from ^vpuv, u razor.)

1 . X. flexudsa, Muhl., Chapm. Scape slender ( 10' - 16' high), barely flat-
tened at the summit, often from a bulbous base, very smooth, much longer than
the narrowly linear leaves, both commonly twisted with age; head roundish-
ovoid (3'' -4" long); lateral sepals oUoiv^Aanceohite, ^fiiidij ciliale-scariotis on the
narrow wingless keel, and usually with a minute bearded tuft at the very apex,
shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, Michx. in part. X. Indica, Pursh. X.
bullK)sa, Kunth, & Ed. 2.) — Sandy or peaty bogs, from E. Massachusetts south-
ward near the coast; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michigan.

Var. pusilla. Small and very slender, seldom twisted, 2' -9' high, the
base not bulbous. (X. brevifolia, Mnhl.,'m part, &c., not oi' Mickx.) — From
New Jersey and Pennsylvania northward to the base of the White Mountains
and Lake Superior. — Head 2" -3" long.

2. X. t6rta, Smith. Scape terete, with one sharp edge, slender, 9' - 20' high,
from a bulbous base, and with the lineiir-Jiliform rigid leaves becoming spirally
twisted; head ovoid becoming spindle-shaped and acute (5"- 9'' long) ; sepals
exceeding the bi-act ; lateral sepals winged on the keel and fringed above the ndddle.
— Pine barrens of New Jersey (near Batsto, D. C. Eaton) and in the Southern
States : in dry sand.

3. X. Carolini^na, Walt. Scape flattish, 1 -angled below, 2-edged at the
summit, smooth, 1°- 2° high, the base hardly bulbous; leaves linear-sword-slioped,
flat; head globular-ovoid (5"- 7" long); lateral sepals obscurely hicenite-fringed
above on the winged keel, rather shorter than the bract. (X. Jupacai, partly,
Michx. X. anceps, Muhl.) — Sandy swamps, &c., Khodc Island to Virginia and
southward, near the coast.

4. X. flmbriata, Ell. Scape somewhat angled, 2-edgcd above, rough
(2° high), rather longer than the linear-sword-shaj)ed or strap-shaped leaves,
the base not bullous ; head oblong (G"- 10" long); lateral sepals lanceolate-lin-
ear, nearly twice the length of the bract, above the middle conspicuously fringed on the
wing-margined keel, and even plumose ul the summit. — Pine barrens of New Jersey
to Virginia, and southward.

ERTOCAUI.ONACE^. (PU'EWOUT FAMILY.) 549

Ordkr 126. EBIOCAULOXACE^. (riPKwouT Family.)

Aquatic or marsh herbs, stemless or shorl-stemmed, loiih a tufl of Jibroua
roots, a cluster of linear and often loosely cellular grass-like leaces, and
naked scapes sheathed at the base, bearing dense heads of rnoncKcious or
rarely dicecious small 2 - Z-merous flowers, each in the axil of a scarious
bract; the perianth double or rarely simple, chaffy; anthers introrse; the
fruit a '2-3-celled 2-3-seeded pod: the ovules, seeds, embryo, &c. as in
the preceding order. — Chiefly tropical plants, a few in northern temper-
ate regions.

1. Eriocaul on. Perianth double, the inner (corolla) tubular-funnel-fonn in the staminate

flowers ; the stamens twice as many as its lobes (4 or 6). Anthers 2-celled.

2. Peepalaiitliu.s. Perianth as in the last: the stamens only as many as the lobes of the

inner series, or corolla (3). Anthers 2-celleJ.

3. Laelinncaulon. Perianth simple, of 3 sepals. Stamens 3, monadelphous below. An-

thers 1-celled.

1. ERIOCAULON, L. Pipewort.

Flowers moncEcious and androgynous, i. e. both kinds in the same head, either
intermixed, or the central ones sterile and the exterior fertile, rarely dioecious.
Ster. Ft. Calyx of 2^ or 3 keeled or boat-shaped sepals, usually spatulate or
dilated upwards. Corolla tubular, 2 -3-lobed, each of the lobes bearinj^ a black
gland or spot. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, one inserted
at the base of each lobe and one in each sinus: anthers 2-celied. Pistils rudi-
mentary. Fert. FL Calyx as in the sterile flowers, often remote from tbe rest
of the flower (therefore perhaps to be viewed as a pair of bractlets). Corolla
of 2 or 3 separate narrow petals. Stamens none. Ovary often stalked, 2-3-
lobed, 2-3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell: style 1 : stigmas 2 or 3,
slender. Pod membranaceous, loculicidal. — Leaves mostly smooth,, loosely cel-
lular and pellucid, flat or concave above. Scapes or peduncles terminated by a
single head, which is involucrate by some outer empty uracts. Flowers, also
the tips of the bracts, &c., usually white-bearded or woolly. (Na,nie compounded
of epLov, wool, and Kav\6s, a stalk, from the wool at the base of the scape and
leaves of the original species. Excepting this and the flowers, our species are
wliolly glabrous.) — The North American species are all stemless, with a
depressed head, and have the parts of the flowers in twos, the stamens 4.

1. E. deoangul^re, L. {syn. Pink. &c.) Leaves obtuse, varying from
linear-lanceolate to Hnear-awl-shapcd, rather rigid ; scapes 10-12-«-ibbed (1°-
3° high; head hemispherical, becoming globular (2" -7" wide); scales of the
involucre actitish, straw-color or light brown; c/;f/j7"( bracts amotig the flowers)
pointed. (E. senJtinum, Walt.) — Pine-barren swamps (New Jersey ?) Virginia,
and southward. July - Sept.

2. E. gnaphalodes, Michx. Leaves spreading (2' -5' long), grassy-nwl-
shaped, rigid, or when submersed thin and pellucid, tapering gradually to a
sharp point, mostly shorter than the sheath of the \0-ribbed scape; scales of the
involucre very obtuse, turning lead-color ; chaff obtuse. (E. decangulare, L., in

550 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

part, viz. as to pi Clai/t. E. conipressum, Lam.) — Pinc-barrcn swamps, New
Jersey to Vi/ginia, and soutlnvanl. Juiie-Aii;^.

3. E. septaugul^re, Witlierini;. Lmas short (I' -3' \on<^), awl-sli(iped,
pelliiciil, soft anil very cellular; saipe 1 -striate, slender, 2' -6' high, or when
suliincrscd beioiiiiii;^ l°-6° long, aeeording to the depth of the water; chuff
aailish. (E. peHuciiluni, Michx.) — In ponds or along their borders, from New
Jersey and Penn. to Michigan, and northward. Aug. — Head 2" -3" broad;
the bracts, chaff, &c. lead-color, except the white coarse beard. (Eu. Coast of
Ireland, &c. only.)

2. PiEPALANTHUS, Mart. (Sp. of Eriocaulox of authors.)

Stamens as many as the (often involute) lobes of the funnel-form corolla of
the sterile flowers, and opposite them, commonly 3, and the flower ternary
throughout. Otherwise nearly as in Eriocaulon. (Name from iramakr), dust
or flonr, and av6os, ftoiver, from the meal-like down or scurf of the heads and
flowers of many South American species.)

I. P. flavidus, Kunth. Tufted, stemless ; leaves bristlc-awl-shapcd
(1' long); scapes very slender, simple, minutely pubescent (6' -12' high), 5-
angled ; bracts of the involucre oblong, pale straw-color, those among the flow-
ers mostly obsolete ; perianth glabrous ; sepals and petals of the fertile flowers
linear-lanceolate, scarious-white. (Eriocaulon flavidum, Midix.) — Low pine
barrens, S. Virginia and southward.

3. LACHNOCAULON, Kunth. Hairy Pipewort.

Flowers monoecious, &c., as in Eriocaulon. Calyx of 3 sepals. Corolla none !
Ster. Fl. Stamens 3 : filaments below coalcscent into a club-shaped tube around
the rudiments of a pistil, above separate and elongated : anthers 1-celled ! Fert.
Fl. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 3 tufts of hairs (in place of a corolla). Stig-
mas 3, two-cleft. — Leaves linear-sword-shaped, tufted. Scape slender, simple,
bearing a single head, 2-3-angled, hairy (whence the name from "Kdxvos^ wool,
and *:avXo9, stalk).

1. L. Michauxii, Kunth. (Eriocaulon villosum, Michx.) — Low pino
barrens, Virginia (Pursh), and southward.

Order 127. CYPERACE^. (Sedge Family.)

Grass-like or rush-lit/; hrrJis, irilh fihrous roots, mostbj solid .'ttons (culms),
closed sheaths, and spiked chiejli/ 3-nndrous flowers, one in the axil of each
of the glume-like imbricated brads (.scales, glumes), destitute of ani/ perianth,
or u-ilh hjipofiynous hrbttles or scales in its place ; the 1-celled ovarii irilh a
sinf/le erect anatropous ovule, in fruit forming an achenium. Style 2-(;left
■when the fruit is flattened or lenticular, or 3-cleil when it is 3-an<iul:ir.
Embryo minute at the base of the somewhat floury alhmnen. Stem-li-aves
when present 3-rank.ed. — A larj^e, widely dlflused family. (See Plates
1-6.)

I

CYPEKACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 551

Tribe I. SCIRPINE^. Flowers normally perfect and alike, rarely some of them with

stamens or pistil abortive : spikes all of one sort.
Snbti-ibe 1. Cyperese. Scales of the spike strictly 2-rankRd, conduplicate and keeled

(in all our species). Spikes usually aggregated into clusters, heads, umbels, spikes, &c.

# Flower destitute of any bristles, also of any beak to the achenium.

1. Cy penis. Spikes few- many -tlowercd, usually elongated or slender.

2. Ky lliiigia. Spi.ves 1-ttowered (but ot 3 or 4 scales), glomerate in a Eessile head.

* Flower furnished with bristles : achenium beaked by the persistent base of the style.

3. Duychiutn. Spikes 6 - 10-flowered, slender, clustered on an axillary peduncle.

Subtrlbe 3. Scirpese. Scales of the spike or head imbricated all round, convex or
open, all or nearly all of them with a perfect Uower in the axil.

* Flower with one or more inner scales (either bractlets or perianth).

4. Fuirena. Scales of the spike awned below the apex. Flower surrounded by 3 stalked

petal-like scales alternating with 3 bristles.
6. JLiipocar pha. Flower enclosed by 2 inner scales, one next the axis and the other next
the awnless .<cale of the spike. No bristles.

6. Heinicarpba. Flower with a single very minute inner and thin scale next the axis

of the spike: no bristles.

* * Flower without inner scales, either wholly naked or with some bristles (perianth).

■I- Bristles generally pre.«ent.

7. Eleocliaris. Achenium with a tubercle jointed on its apex, consisting of the bulbous

persistent base of the style, t'pike solitary, terminating the leafless and bractless culm.

8. Scirpiis. Achenium naked at the apex, or pointed with the continuous simple base of

the style. Culms often leafy at the base or apex. Spikes one or more.

9. Eriuphoriiiit. Achenium, &c., as in Stirpus. Bristles after flowering exceedingly

lengthened into cottony hairs.

f- ■<- Bristles always none.
6. Hemicnrpha will be looked for here when the minute inner scale is overlooked.

10. Fiiiibrlslylis. Style bulbous at the base, or constricted at the junction, deciduous

from the achenium (with or rarely without the jointed bulb). Culms leafy at the base,
and bracted at the summit, bearing usually several jspikes.

Subtrlbe 3. Rhyncbosporeae. Scales of the spike or head imbricated in few or
several ranks, some of the lower commonly empty, and of the upper subtending abortive
or staminate flowers. No inner .scales.

11. Dicbroineiia. Spikes crowded into a leafy -involucrate head, laterally flattened, the

scales more or less conduplicate and keeled. Achenium crowned with a beak or tubercle
formed of the enlarged persistent base of the style. No bristles.

12. Rbyiicbospora. Spikes terete or flattish, the scales convex, and either loosely

enwrapping or regularly imbricated. Achenium crowned with a persistent tubercle
or beak, and at the base commonly surrounded by bristles.

13. Cladiuin. Spikes terete, few-flowered, the scales, &c. as in the preceding. Achenium

destitute of tubercle. No bristles.

Tribe H. SCI.iERI]VE.^i Flowers monoecious; the staminate and pistillate in the
same or in different clustered spikes. Achenium naked, bony or crustaceous, supported
on a hardened disk.

14. Scleria. Spikes few -flowered: lower scales empty. No bristles, &c.

Tribe HI. CARICINE.^. Flowers niona-cious in the same (androgynous) or in sepa-
rate spikes, or sometimes ditecious. Achenium enclosed in a sac {pi7ii;i/)tiuiu), which
answers to a single or a pair of inner scales or bractlets.

15. Carex. No bristle-form hooked appendage projecting from the sac which encloses the

achenium.

•'•>2 CYPKRACK.^C. (SKDGE FAMILY.)

1. CYPiJRUS, L. Galingai.e. (PI. 1.)

Spikes niany-fcw-flowcivil, hiomIv flat, variously anan^'cd, mostly in clusters
or Iieails, wiiieli arc eoininoiily disposed iTi a siinj)lc or eompound terminal
undiel. Scales 2-ranked, condiiplicate and keeled (tlieir decurrent base below
often forniinij margins or winj^s to the hollow of the joint of the axis next
below), deciduous when old. Stamens 1 -3. No bristles or inner scales. St^le
2-3-cleft, deciduous. Aehenium lenticular or trian<Tular, naked at the
apex. — (Tnlms mostly triangular, .simple, leafy at the base, and with^one or
more leaves at the summit, forming an involucre to the umbel. I'eduncles
uneijual, sheathed at the base. All flowering in late summer or autumn.
(KvTTetpos, the ancient name.)

§ 1. PYCKEUS, Beauv. Sif/le 2-rlp/l: aehenium flaWnrd : spikes Jlat, innuy-flow-
erid: vnly the lowest scale empli/. (Ours all ainiuals.)

1. C. flavescens, I>. Stiimp)is 3; spikes becoming linear, obtuse, clus-
tered on the 2-4 very short rays (peduncles); scales obtuse, sircnc-i/i-liow ;
aehenium shiniiiff, orbicular. — Low grounds, mostly near the coast. — Culms
4'- 10' high; spikes 5" -8" long. Involucre .3-leaved, very unequal. (Ku.)

2. C. diandrus, Torr. Stamens 2, or som' times 3 ; spikes lance-oblong,
scattered or clustered on the 2 - .3 very short or unequal rays ; scales rather obtuse,
jnirple-brouii on the margins or nearly all over; aehenium dull, oblompobomte :
otherwise much like the last. — Var. castXneus, Torr. (C. castaneus, ZJ/yt/.)
is only a form with browner scales. — Low grounds : common.

3. C. Nuttallii, Torr. Slmiiens 2 ; s])ikes lance-linear, acute and very
flat (i'- 1' long), crowded on the i'l^w very short (or some of them distinct) rays;
scaiis oblorii], yeltoicish-brown, rather loose ; aehenium obhnfj-obonute, very blunt, dull.
— Saltor brackish marshes, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward. — Culms
4' -12' high. — C. minimus? Nutt. (C. Cleaveri, Torr.) is a depauperate form
of this, with. a 1 -leaved involucre, and only one or two spikes!

4. C. flavieomus, Michx. Stamens 3; spikes linear (4'' -9" long),
spiked and crowded on the whole length of the branches of the several-rayed
umliel, spreading ; scales oral, very obtuse, yellowish and brownish, broadly scarious-
(whitish-) margined; aehenium obovale, muc.ronate, blackish; culm stout (l°-3°
high); leaves of the involucre 3-5, very long. — Low grounds, Virginia and
southward.

§2. PAPYRUS, Thouars. Style S-clefl: aehenium triangular: stamens 3:
spikes many-flowered : the scarious lomged margins of the joints of the axis
eaily separating down to the base in the form of a pair of free scales, tvhich
are persistent afer the proper scale falls away : otherwise us in § 3. ( Oars
annual.)

5. C. erythrorhizos, Muhl. Culm obtusely triangular (3'-3° high);
umbel compound, many-rayed; involucre 4-.^-leavcd, very long; involucels
bristle-form ; spikes very numerous, crowded in oblong or cylindrical nearly
sessile heads or spikes, spreading horizontidly, linear, flatfish (3"-6"long),
bright chestnut-colored ; scales lanceolate, mucronulate. — Alluvial banks, Penn.
to Wisconsin ? Illinois, and common southward. — Koot fibrous, red.

CTPKRACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 553

§3. CYPERUS proper. Style 3-c/e/l: achenium triamjnlar : spilcei* many-flow-
e)-(d,Jiat or aliuusL terete; only the lowest scale empty ; the joints oj' the axis wing-
margined or naked.

* Stamen only one: spilces short and small (2''-3", or becoming 4"- 5" long), col-

lected in globular heads, ovate or linear-oblong, compactly many-Jiowertd : the
scales merely ascending on the naked marginless axis.

■\- Low annuals : involucre 2 - 3-li avcd : heads few : scales pointed.

6. C. infl6xus, Muhl. Dwiirf (l'-5' high) ; spikes oblong becoming linear,
7-13-flowered, in 1-5 ovate heads (either sessile and clustered or short-pedun-
cled) ; scales nerved, tapering into a long recurved point ; achenium obovate, obtuse.
— Sandy wet sliores : common. — Sweet-scented in drying.

7. C. acuminatUS, Torr. Slender (3' -12' high); spikes ovate, becoming
oblong, 16 - SO-fiuwered, pule; scales obscurely S-nerved, short-tlpptd ; achenium
oblong, pointed at both ends. — Low ground, Illinois and southwestward.

•4- -t- Tall perennial (l°- 4° high) : heads many, greenish: scales pointless.

8. C. virens, Michx. Culm either sharply or obtusely triangular; leaves
and involucre very long, keeled ; umbel compound, many-rayed; spikes ovate
or oblong; achenium oblong or linear ; scales acutish, obscurely 3-nerved. (C.
ve'getus, Torr.) — Wet places, Virginia and southward.

* * Stamens 3 : spikes 3-10 in a cluster at the summit of the culm or of each ray of

an umbel, flat, oblong or linear, the crowded scales ascending, strongly keeled,
ovate, with abruptly sharp-pointed slightly-spreading lips: achenium broadly
obovate, sharply triangular.

9. C. COmpressus, L. Low annual (3' -9' high), with a single sessile or
a few umbellate clusters of linear green spikes (of 6"- 10" long, 15-30-flowered),
the axis naked. — Sterile fields, Somerset Co., Maryland, W. M. Canby (also
adventivc near Philadelphia Navy Yard), and southward.

10. C. dentatUS, Torr. Perennial, witli'running rootstocks (6' - 12' high) ;
clusters several or many in a simple or twice or thrice compound umbel ; spikes
ovate-oblong and rather few-flowered, or when well-developed linear and 15-30-
flowered (3" -5" long); the scales reddish-brown with green back; joints of the
axis wing-margined. — Sandy swamps, Massachusetts to Northern New York
(./. A. Paine), and southward. ^ Spikes often abortive and changed into leafy
tufts as in Juncus.

* * * Stamens 3 : spikes narrowly linear, flat, scattered along the upper part of the

rays of an open simple or somewhat vompound umbel : scales appressed, pointless:
joints of the spike icing -mar g i ned : perennial by slender running rootstocks, which
bear small nut-like tubeis, by which the plants multiply pestiferously in cultivated
grounds.

11. C. rotlindus, L., var. H^rdra. (Nut-Grass.) Culm slender
(^°~H° li'ti"'0> longer than the leaves; umbel simple or slightly compound,
about equalling the involucre ; the few rays each bearing 4-9 dark chestnut-purple
12-40-flowercd acxtie spikes (5"-9" long) ; sc(des ovate, closely appressed, nervele.'is
except on the keel. ( C. Hydra, Michx. ) — Sandy fields, Virginia and southward :
and adventive near Philadelphia, C. F. Parker. (Eu.)

G M 24

554 CTPEHACE^. (SKDGE FAMILY.)

12. C. phymatddes, IMulil. Culm (l°-2^° high) cqunllinfr the leaves;
umlwl often (oiiipound, 4 - 7-rayc(l, much shorter than tlic long involucre ; spikes
numerous, li(/Jil chestnut or stniwculw, ucutish, 12 - 30-tlo\vered (4"- 7" long) ; scales
dilong, nurrowlj/ scnrious-marf/iufd, nerved, the acutish tips rather loose; achcnium
oblong. (C. repcns, Ell) — Low grounds, along rivers, &c., Vermont to
Wisconsin, and common southward.

* « * * Stamens 3 : spikes mirrowhj linear or slender-awl-shapcd, numerous and

dmseli/ crowded or spiked on the summit of the rays of the open simple or xomi times
com/iound umbel, spicadinej or sometimes refleied: scales erect-appnsscd, condu-
plicate or kethd, pointhss: joints of the axis of the spike with scali/-wih(jed mar-
gins partly embracing the acheniiim : involucre of 3 to several long leaves : annuals
with fibrous roots, or sometimes ajiparentli/ nwre or less perennial from a tuberous
or bullions thickened base : no running rootstocks.
•*- S{>ikesfiiit, becoming straw-color (^'- 1' long) ; the scales strongli/ conduplicate.

13. C. Stl'igbsus, L. Culm mostly stout (l°-3<^ high) ; most of the rays
of the umbel elongated ( 1 ' - 5'), their sheaths 2-bristled ; spikes 10 - 25-flowcrcd,
scales oblong-lanccolatc, several-nerved, much longer than the oblong-lineai
achenium. — Damp or fertile soil: very common, especially southward. (C,
stenolepis, Torr., is of this group and nearly related.)

••- ■*- Spikes slender and rather awl-shaped, almost terete, at least when mature ; th;
scabs less conduplicate and more appressed to the axis.

14. C. Michauxianus, Schultcs. Culm stout, mostly low (.5' -20' high) -,
rays of the umbel mostly all short and crowded ; spikes 10 - 20-flowered, gelluivish-
brown at maturity (3'' -7" long), the short joints of its axis winged with very
broad scaly margins which embrace the ovate tr'iangular acJunium ; the scales ovate,
ohtusish, imbriculeig overlapping. — Low grounds and sandy banks : common. —
lioot truly annual : stem seldom bulbous-thickened at the base.

15. C. Engelmanni, Stcud. Resembles the foregoing; but the spikes
more slender and terete, somewhat remotely 5- \bflowered, the zigzag joints of the
axis slender and narrowly winged, and the oblong or oval broadly scarious scales
propo'tionally shorter, so as to expose a part of the axis of each joint, the siwces-
sive sailes not reaching the base of the one above on the same side ; achenium oblong-
linear, very small. (C. tenuior, Engelm.) — Low grounds and sandy banks,
Virginia to Wisconsin and southward : also adventive at the Philadelphia Navy
Yard.

* « * * Jie Stamens 3: spikes loosely or somewhat remotely %-\2-flowercd, flattish

and greenish, several crowded together ?n one sessile or in a few peduncled heads
or dense clusters; their scales ovate, convex on the back, many-nerved, applitd
to and little longer than the ovate or obovate and sharply triangular achenium :
perennials, jn-opagating from the hard clustered corms or bulb-like tubers at the
base of the culms.

16. C. Sehweinitzii, Torr. Culm rough on the angles {l°-2° high);
leaves linear ; umbel simple, 4 - 8-rayed ; s/iikes crowded along the U])pcr part of the
mostly elongated rays, erect, loose (4"-G" long) ; scales awl-pointed ; joints of
the axis narrowly winged. — Dry sandy shores and ridges, from Lake Ontario
to Ohio, Illinois, and northwestward. — Flowers rather large.

CTPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 555

17. C. Gr^yii, Ton-. Culm threadronu, wiry (6'- 12' higli';; leaves
almost bristle-slut [xd, clmiuielled ; uinhd sinijik, •l-d-raijed ; spikes 5-10 in a loose
head, spreadimj ; joints of the axis winged; scales rather obtuse, greenisli-chestimt-
colur. — Barren sands, Plyniouth, Mass., to New Jersey, near the coast.

18. C. filiculmis, Valil. Culm slender, wiry, often reclined (8' -15'
hi<>!i); leiires liiirar ( 1 " -2" wide); spikes numerous and clustered in one sessile
dense head, or in 1-7 additional looser heads on spreading rai/s of an irregular
umbel; Joints of the axis naked; scales blunt, greenish. (C. mariscoides, Eil.) —
Dry sterile soil : common, especially southward.

§4. MARtSCUS, Vahl. Sti/le 3-cleJl: the uchenium triangular: stamens 3:
spikes 1 -few-flowered, narrow or awl-shaped, with 2 lower scales short and
eniptg, and inclined to persist on the common axis when the rest of the spike dis-
articulates and falls, crowded in dense heads : otherwise nearly as in the penvJ-
timate division o/" § ■3. ( Perennials with clustered small tubers at base of the culms,
as- in the preceding division : spikes green, merelg tawny with age. )

19. C. Laneastriensis, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Culm (l°-2° high) trian-
gular ; leaves rather broadly linear; nmbcl of 6 - 9 mostly elongated rays ; spikes
veiy numerous in short-oblong or globular dense heads, soon reflexed, 3-6-
flowered, linear-awlshaped ; the joints of the axis broadly winged ; scales oblong,
obtuse, twice the length of the linear-oblong achenium. — Rich soil, banks of the
Susquehanna near Lancaster, Penn., Prof Porter. — Most like the Southern
C. Baldwinii, Torr. ; but twice the size; the more numerous spikes 4" -5" long,
more linear, less pointed, on a setaceous-bractcd axis of 6" or 7" in length,
with longer scales and achenium, &c.

20. C. OVUlai'is, Torr. Culm sharply triangular (6'- 12' high); umbel
1 -6-rayod; spikes (50-100) in a globular Ver^^ dense head, 2 -4-flowered, oblong,
blunt (li-"-2" long); joints of the axis winged; scales ovate, obtuse, a little
longer than the obovate-oblong achenium. — Sandy dry soil, S. New York to
Illinois and southward.

21. C. retrofractus, Torr. Culm and leaves usually minutely downy
and rough on the obtusish angles (l°-3° high); umbel many-rayed; spikes
slender-awl-shaped, very numerous in obovate or oblong heads terminating the
elongated rays, soon reflexed, \-2-flowered in the middle (3" -5" long); scales
usually 4 or 5, the two lowest ovate and empty, the fertile lanceolate and pointed,
the uppermost involute-awl-shaped ; achenium linear. (Scirpus retrofractus, L.)
— Sandy fields, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

2. KYLLIWGIA, Rottbiill. Kyllixgia. (PI. 1.)

Spikes of 3 or 4 two-ranked scales, 1 - l-i-flowcrcd ; the 2 lower scales rhinute
and empty, as in Cypcrus, § 4, but style ofrencr 2-cleft, and achenium lenticular :
the spikes densely aggregated in solitary or triple sessile heads. Involucre
3-ljavcd. (Named after Peter Kylling, a Danish botanist of the 17th century.)

1. K. ptimila, Michx. Head globular or 3-lobed, whitish-green (about
4" broad) ; spikes strictly 1-flowered; upper scales ovate, pointed, rough on the
keel; stamens and styles 2; leaves linear. — Low grounds, Ohio to Illinois
and southward. Aug. — Culms 2' -9' high : root annual.

556 CYPERACKyF,. (sedge FAMILY.)

3. DULICHIUM, Kichard. Duliciuum. (PI. 1.)

Sj)ikos iiiiiiiy- (t) - 1(1-) (l()\\ci((l, liiu'ar, flattened, sessile in 2 ranks on axillary
solitary jieduueles emeriti ti<;- from tiie .sheaths of tlic leaves: scales 2-raiiked,
lanceolate, decurrent, forming Hat wing-like margins on the joint below. PerU
:.nth of G-9 downwardly barbed bristles. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft above. — ■
Achenium flattened, linear-oblong, beaked with the long persistent style. — A
perennial herb, with a terete simple culm (l°-2° high), jointed and leafy to the
summit; the leaves short and flat, linear, 3-ranked. (The name of a Greek
island ; its singular application to an American plant unexplained.)

1. D. spathkeeum, Pers. — liordcrs of ponds : common. July- Sept.

4. FUIRENA, Kottbull. Umbkella-Gk.vss. (PI. 2.)

Sj)ikes many-flowered, terete, clustered or solitary, axillary and terminal.
Scales imbricated in many ranks, awned below the apex, all floriferous. Peri-
anth of 3 ovate or heart-shaped petaloid scales, mostly on claws, and usually
with as many alternating small bristles. Stamens 3. Style 3-cleft. Achenium
triangular, ])ointcd with the persistent base of the style. Culms from a peren-
nial root, obtusely triangular. (Named for G. Fuin-n, a Danish botanist.)

1. F. squarrdsa, Michx. Stem (l°-2°high) leafy; leaves and sheaths
hairy; spikes ovoid-oblong (ti ' long), clustered in heads, bristly with the spread-
ing awns of the scales; perianth-scales ovate and awn-pointed, the interposed
bristles minute. — Var. pumila, Torr., is a dwarf form, l'-6' high, with
2-6 spikes; perianth-scales ovate-lanceolate and oblanceolate. — Sandy wet
places, Massachusetts to Virginia, and southward ; also Michigan : northward
mostly the small variety. Aug.

5. LI PO CARP HA, R. Br. Lipocarpiia. (PI. 2.)

Spikes terete, mnny-flow(>ii'd, in a terminal close cluster, which is involucrate
by leafy bracts. Scales spatulatc, regularly imbricated all round in many ranks,
awnless, deciduous, a few of the lowest empty. Inner scales (bractlets) 2 to
each flower, thin, one between the scale of the spike and the flower, one between
the latter and the axis of the spike. Bristles or other perianth none. Stamens
I or 2. Style 2 -3-cleft. Achenium flattish or triangular, naked at the tip. —
Culms leafy at the base. (Name formed of 'Klnoi, fut, and Kcipfpos, chaff, from
the thickne.ss of the inner scales of some species.)

1. L. maculkta, Torr. Annual; culm (4' -8' high) much longer than
the linear concave leaves; spikes (1"- 2'' long) green and dark-.spotted ; inner
scales ■delicate ; stamen one ; achenium oblong with a contracted base. — Petty's
Island, Philadelphia, Prof. Leidy, ^c. Probably adventive from S. States.

6. HEMICARPHA, Nees. IIemicaupiia. (PI. 2.)

Spike, flowers, &c. just as in Scirpus, except that there is a minute trans,
lucent scale (readily overlooked) between the flower and the axis of the spike.
Stamen only one. Style 2-clcft. Bristles or other iK'rinnth none. (Name from
rifj.1, half, and K(ip<pos. sham or c/iaJJ', in allusion to the single inner scalelct.)

I

CYPERACE.E. (SEDGK FAMILY.) 557

1. H. SUbsquarrdsa, Nccs. Dwarf or minute annual (l'-5' high);
invohicre l-lcavud, as if a continuation of tiie bristle-like cuhn, and usually with
another n)inute leaf; spikes 2-3 (barely 2" long) ; scales brown, tip])ed with a
short recurved point. (Scirpus subsquarrosus, Muhl.) — Sandy borders of
ponds and rivers; often growing with Cyperus inflexus. July-Sc])t. — Var.
Drummondii (H. Drummondii, Nees.) is a form with single and paler or green-
ish heads : Illinois and southward.

7. ELEOCHARIS, R.Br. SpiKii-Rusii. (PI. 3.)

Spike single, terminating the naked culm, many -several-flowered. Scales
imbricated all round in many (rarely in 2 or 3) ranks. Perianth of 3 - 12 (com-
monly 6) bristles, usually rough or barbed downwards, rarely obsolete. Sta-
mens 3. Style 2-3-cleft, its bulbous base persistent as a tubercle, which is
jointed with the apex of the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Leafless,
chiefly perennial, with tufted culms sheathed at the base, from matted or creep-
ing rootstocks : flowering in summer. (Name from eXos, a marsh, and x^'P"'
to de/iglit in; being marsh plants.)

§ 1. Spike terete, hirdhj if at all thicker than the spongi/-cel!u!ar culm ; the scales
Jirmltf jiersistent : sti/le mostly 3-(J(ft : bristles of the perianth 6 [rarehj l),Jinn
or rigid, mostly bailed downwardly, and equalling or surpassing the triangular or
double convex achenium.

* Spike linear or lanceolate-aid-siiaped, few-Jlower<d ; the scales {only 3 - 9) few-

ranked, convolute-clasjiing the long flattened joints of the axis, lanceolate, herba-
ceous (green) and several-nerved on the back, and with thin scniioits margins.

1. E. Robbinsii, Oakes. Flower-bearing culms exactly triangular, rather
stout, erect (8'- 2° high), also producing tufts of capillary abortive stems or
fine leaves, which float in the water; sheath obliquely truncate; achenium ob-
long-obovate, triangular, minutely reticulated, about half the length of the
bristles, tipped with a flattened awl-shaped tubercle. — Shallow water; from
Pondicherry Pond, New Hampshire (Bobbins), to New Jersey (C. E. Smith,
^~c.), and southward. — Spike varying from 4" to 10'" long, by scarcely over a
line wide ; the long scales rather remote and sheath-like.

# * Spike cylindrical and many-flowe>-ed, 1 ' - 2' long ; the scales regulai-ly imbricated

in several ranks, flrm-coriaceous with a narrow scarlous margin and no midrib,
pale, nerveless or faintly striate : culms large and stout (2° - 4° high) : sheat/is at
the base of en leaf-bearing. (Limnochloa, Nees.)

2. E. equisetoldes, Torr. Culm terete, knotted as if jointed by many cross
partitions; achenium smooth, with a conical-beaked tubercle. — Shallow water,
Rhode Island (OIney), Michigan (Houghton). Delaware, and southward.

3. E. quadrangulata, R. Br. Culm continuous and sharply 4-angUd ;
achenium flnely reticulated, with a conical flattened distinct tubercle. — Shallow
water, New York (outlet of Oneida Lake, A. II. Curtiss) to Michigan and
southward : rare.

§ 2. Spike terete and turgid-ovate, very much thicker than the slender culm ; the scalet
thiri-coriaceous or firm-membranaceous and persistent, ovale: style 3-clefl : bristles

558 CTPERACE.-E. (SF.DGE FAMILY.)

of the perianth stont, downumvdlii harlifd, as long as the striated and pitted-rctic-
itldtcd triiinfjular aclienium arid its tubercle; culms tufted from fibrous roots,
about 1° hitjh.

4. E. tuberculbsa, Ti. Br. Culms flattish, striate; spike 3" -6" long,
many-llowcivd ; tubcrdv Jhtttishatp-sh<ifi<d, as large as the bodi/ of the aclienium.
■ — Wet sandy soil, Mass. along the coast to Virginia and southward.

5. E. simplex, Torr. Culms sharplt/ triangular, capiilari/, twisting when
dry; s])ike 2" -3" long, fcw-flowercd ; conicul-beakcd tubercle much smal'er tJ.an
the achenium. (E. ttJrtilis, Schultcs.) — Eastern shore of Maryland (W. M.
Ca)ibi/), and southward.

§3. Spike terete, much thicker than the culm, mnnij-fowrrcd ; the scales imbricated
in many or more than three ranks, tliin-membranactous or scarious in texture, with
a thicker midrib, usually brownish or purplish, sometimes deciduous at maturity.
(Eleogenus, Kees.)

* Achenium smooth and lentictihir, and style 2-clef, or in No. G inore commonly
3-cli-/l : culms slender or thread form, terete or compressed.

6. E. Obtusa, Schnltes. Culms nearly terete, tufted (8'- 14' high) from
fibrous roots ; spike globose-ovoid and with age oblung, obtuse, rarely becoming acute
(dull brown); the scales very obtuse and numerous (80- \30), densely crowded in
many ranks; style 3- (rarely 2-) clef; achenium bbovate, .shining, tumid- mar-
gined, about half the length of the 6-8 bristles, crowned with a short and very
broad fattened tubercle. — Muddy places : most common.

7. E. Olivasea, Torr. Culms flattish, grooved, diffusely tufted on slender
matted rootstocks (2' -4' high) ; spike ovate, acutish, 20-30-fo>.cered ; scales ovale,
obtuse, rather loosely imbricated (puri)le with a green midrib and slightly scari-
ous margins) ; achenium obovate, dull, abruptly beaked with a narrow tubercle,
shorter than the 6-8 bristles. — Wet sandy soil, Mass. to New Jersey near the
coast, and soiitlnvard : also shore of Lake Ontario, J. A. Paine.

8. E. pallistris, R. Br. Culms nearly terete, striate (l°-2° high), from
running rootstocks ; spike oblong-lanceolate, jyointed, many-flowered ; scales ovate-
oblong, loosely imbricated in several ranks, reddish-brown with a broad and
translucent whitish margin and a greenish keel, the upper acutish, the lowest
rounded and often enlarged; achenium obovate, somewhat shining, crowned
with a short ovate or ovate-triangular flattened tubercle, shorter than the usually
4 bristles. — Var. glatcescens (S. glauccscens, Willd. !) : culms slender or fili-
form ; tubercle narrower and acute, beak-like, sometimes half the length of the
achenium. — Var. c.Ilva (E. calva. Ton:): bristles wanting; tubercle short,
nearly as in the true E. palustris, but rather narrower (Watertown, New York,
Dr. Crawe). — Very common, either in water, when it is pretty stont and tall;
or in wet grassy grounds, when it is slender and lower. (Ku.)

9. E. COmpressa, Sullivant. dims fit, striate, erect (l°-2° high);
sjnke orate-obhmg, or at length lanceolate, 20- .'50;/7o)rrm/ (4" -7" long) ; scales
lanceolate-ovate, acute, dark pnr])le with broad white pellucid margins and sum-
mit ; achenium olMvate -pear- shaped, compressed, crowned tvlth a small conical and
pointed tubercle; bristles I -4, very slender, fragile, shorter than or equalling the
achenium, sometimes none or a single rudiment.) — Wet places, N. New York

ctpekacejE. (skdge family.) 553

to Ohio and Illinois. — Culms tufted on running rootstocks, strikingly flat,
often spirally twisted in drying.

* * Achenlum triangular or turcjid : sti//e S-chp.
t- Bristles cqttalliuj or sur/)ussiii(j thi smooth ucheniiim, doivnivurd ij barbed, persistent.

10. E. rostellata, Torr. Cidms flattened and striatt-grooucd, wiry, erect
(l°-2|^-° liigli), lite sterile ones reclining, rootini; and jiroiiferoiis from the apex
(l'^-'2° high), the sheath transversely truncate; spike s/iindle-shaped, 12-20-
flowcrcd ; scales ovate, obtuse (light-brown); achenium obovate-triangular,
narrowed into the confluent pyramidal tubercle, which is overtopped by the
4-6 bristles. —Marshes, Ehode Island [OIney), E. Massachusetts ( W. Boott),
and Vermont {Tnrb-nnan) to New Jersey (Dr. Allen), Alexandria, Virginia (A.
IT. Cnrtiss), Michigan and southward.

11. E. intermedia, Sclmltes. Culms capillary, iviry, striate-grooved,
densely tufted from fibrous roots, diffusely spreading or reclining (6' -12' long) ;
spike oblong-ovate, aciitish, loosely \0 - 20-floivered (2" -3" long); scales oblong,
obtuse, green-keeled, the sides purplish-brown ; achenium obovoid with a nar-
rowed base, beaked with a slender conical-awl-shaped distinct tubercle, which
nearly equals the 6 bristles. (E. reclinata, Kuntli.!) — Wet slopes: conmion
from New York and Penn. to Illinois and northward.

12. E. mieroearpa, Torr., var. filiculmis, Torr. Like the preceding,
but more capillary ami heads smaller (lj"-2" \o\\g), sometimes proliferous, the
one or more short new culms from the axil of its lowest scale, which persists
as an herbaceous bract ; achenium very much smaller, witli sharper angles and a
short conical tubercle, which is hardly equalled by the 3-6 slender bristles. —
Wet pine barrens, New Jersey and southward.

-t- -1- Bristlea 2-4, slwrter than the achenium, slender and fragile, or none.

13. E. tenuis, Sclmltes. Culms almost capillary, erect from running root-
stocks, 4-angular and tlattish (1° high), the sides concave; spilce elliptical, acut-
ish, 20- 30-flowered {3" long) ; scales ovate, oi/ifsf, chestnut-purple with a broad
scarious margin and green keel ; achenium oborate, roughish-wrinkled, crowned with
a small depressed tubercle, persistent after the fall of the scales; bristles half the
length of the achenium, or wanting. (E. elliptiea, Kunth.!) — Wet meadows
and bogs: common, early-flowering; June.

14. E. melanocarpa, Torr. Culms flattened, grooved, wiry, erect (9'-
18' high); spike rylindrical-oroid or oblong, thick, obtuse, densely many-flowered
(■3" -6" long) ; scales closely many-ranked, roundish-ovate, very obtuse, brown-
ish with broad scarious margins ; achenium smooth, ohovate-top-shaped, obtusely
triangular, the broad .lumna't entirely covered like a lid by the flat depressed tubercle,
which is raised in the centre into a short abrupt triangular point ; bristles shorter
than the (soon blackish) achenium, often obsolete. — Wet sand, Plymouth,
Massacbusctrs, to Virginia, and southward along the const.

1.5. E. tricOStata, Torr. Culms flatfish (10-2° liij;h) ; spike soo:i cyfin-
driral, densely many-flowered (6" -9" long, thickish ; scales ovate, very obtuse,
rusty brown, witii broad scarious margins; achenium oborate. ivith 3 promi-nent
thickened (tngUs, minnttly rom/h-wrinkled, cronmeA with a short -conical acuti' tubercle;
bristles none. — Quaker Bridge, New Jersey (Knieskern), and southward.

5G0 CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

§ i. Spike more or less flattmfd , thicker than the slende-r or cnpiljanj culm,fem-many-
Jlowered ; the thin memhranaceotis scales somewhiit 2 ~3-raii/ced : stifle S-chft:
bristles of the perianth 3 - G,fiar/ilc or fuijacious. Sntull or dulicate species, dif-
fering from the lust subdiciaion chiijlij in ihejlaltish spikes. (CH.ETOCYi'iiRL'S,
Nees.)

* Acheniitm tumid, obscurely triangular, many-ribbed on the sides.

16. E. acicularis, R. Br. Culms finely capillary (2'- 8' long), more or
less 4-anj,'ular ; spike 3 - 9-flowered ; scales ovate-oblong, rather obtuse (greenish
with purple sides); achenium obovatc-oblong, with 3-ribbed angles and 2-3
times as many smaller intermediate ribs, also transversely striate, longer than
the 3-4 very fugacious bristles; tubercle conical-triangular. (S. trichodes,
Mulil., &c.) — Muddy shores : common. (Eu.)

* * Achenium triangular, with smooth and even sides.

17. E. pygmsea, Torr. Culms bristle-like, flattened and grooved (1'- 2'
high) ; spike oc/ite, 3 - S-flowred; scales ovate (greenish), the upper rather acute ;
achenium ovoid, acutely triangular, smooth and shining, ti[)ped with a minute
tubercle ; bristles mostly longer than the fruit, sometimes wanting. (S. pusillus,
Vuhl?) —Brackish marshes and brackish river-banks.

8. SCIRPUS, L. Bulrush or Club-Rush. (PI. 3.)

Spikes several - many-flowered, solitary or in a terminal cluster which (except
in No. 1) is subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre (this when simple often
appearing like a continuation of the culm), terete, the scales being regularly
imbricated all round in many or several ranks, or rarely somewhat compressed,
the fewer scales inclining to be 2-ranked. Flowers under all the scales, or all
but one or two of the lowest, all perfect. Perianth of 3-6 (straight or rarely
tortuous) bristles, or sometimes wanting. Stamens mostly 3. Style 2-3-cleft,
simple, not bulbous at the base, wholly deciduous, or sometimes leaving a tip or
point to the lenticular or triangular achenium. — Culms sheathed at the base;
the sheaths usually leaf-bearing. Perennials, except No. 8-9; flowering in
summer. (The Latin name of the Bulrush.)

§ 1. SCIRPUS proper (including Isolepis, which simply wants the bristles).
Bristles when present rigid, not elongated and contorted or exserled after flowering,
mostly barbed downivards.
* Spike solitary, few-flowered, small, oflen flatfish: achenium triangular, smooth.
*- No involucral leaf or bract and no leaves below : base of style indurated and persist-
ent, but continuous with the achenium. ( Transition to Eleocharis and Blysmus. )
1. S. paueifldrus, Lightfoot. Culms striate-angled, very slender
(3' -9' high), scarcely tufted, on slender running rootstocks, at the base with a
short truncate sheath ; scales of the ovate spike evidently 2-ranked, chestnut-
brown, pointless, all flower-bearing, the two lower Larger ; bristles 3-6, down-
wardly barbed, about the length of the conspicuously beak-pointed triangular
achenium. (S. Tixothryon, Ehrh. Blysmus pauciflorus, Corar/. ) — Very wet
places. New York (Jefferson Co., Dr. Crnwe, & Herkimer Co., ./. A Paine) to
N. Illinois 'D Vaspy), Michigan, and northwestward. (Eu.)

i

CYPEltACK.li. (SEUGE FAMILY.) 5tl

•<- ■*- Involucre a short aid-sltaped hrnct : culms tufted (3'- 12' hi(jk) , Jil [form.

2. S. csespitdsus, L. Culms tcntc, wiry, densely slieathed at the base, in
compact turfy tufts ; the upper sheath bearing a vei*y short awl-shaped leaf; spike
ovoid, rusty-color ; involucral bract a rigid-pointed scale, resembling the lowest
proper scale of the spike and scarcely surpassing it ; bristlis G, smooth, longer
than the abruptly short-pointed achenium. — Alpine tops of the mountains of
Maine, New Hampshire, and N. New York. On Roan Mountain, N. Carolina.
Also, away from mountains, Bergen Swamp, Genesee Co., New York, G. W.
Clinton, J. A. Paine. N. Illinois, Dr. Vasei/. (Eu.)

3. S. Clintdnii, Gray. Culms acutely triangular, almost bristle-like ;
sheaths at the base bearing a very slender almost bristle-shaped leaf shorter (usu-
ally very much shorter) than the culm; involucral bract awl-shaped, mostly
shorter than the chestnut-colored ovate spike, which has pointless scales : other-
wise as the next. (S. planifolius, var. brevifolius, Torr.) — Rather dry plains.
New York, Jefferson Co., Dr. Crawe; near Buffalo, G. W. Clinton. June.

4. S. planif61ius, Muhl. Culms triangular, leafy at the base ; the leaves
linear, flit, as long as the culm, and like it rough-edged ; involucral bract a bristle-
tipped scale usually overtopping the ovate or ol>long chestnut-colored spike, the
green midrib of the scales extended into sharp points; bristles of the perianth up--
icardly hairy, as long as the pointless achenium. — Dry or moist ground. New
England to W. New York (G. W. Clinton), Penn., and Delaware. June.

-t- 1- -I- One-leaved involucre more conspicuous, and as if continuing the culm.

5. S. SUbterminalis, Torr. Aquatic- culms (l°-3° long, thickish-fili-
form) partly and the shorter filiform leaves wholly submersed, cellular ; the
filiform green bract 6" - 12" long, much surpassing the oblong spike ; scales some-
what pointed ; bristles 6, bearded downwards, rather shorter than the abruptly-
pointed achenium. — Slow streams and ponds, New Jersey and New England
to Michigan and westward. — Var. tereestris, Paine, Cat. Less tall; stem
and leaves firmer; fully-fruiting spike more turgid : growing chiefly emersed, in
a quaking morass, Litchfield, Herkimer Co., New York, ./. A. Paine.

» * Spikes clustered (rarely only one), appearing lateral from the one-leaved involucre,
which 7-esembles the naked culm, seeming to be a continuation of it.

+- Culm sharply triangular, stout, chief y from running rootsloiks : spikes many-flow-
ered, rusty brown, closely sessile in one cluster : sheaths at base more or less leaf-
bearing. ( Very rarely a second and smaller vnvlucral leaf)

6. S. piingens, Vahl. Running rootstocks long and stout; culm sharply
3-angled throughout (l°-4° high) with concave sides; leaves 1-3, elongated
(4'- 10' long), keeled and channelled ; spikes 1 -6, capitate, ovoid, usually long
overtopped by the pointed involucral leaf; scales ovate, sparingly eiliate, 2-cleft
at the apex and awl-pointed from between the acute lobes ; anthers tipped ivith an
aivl-shapid minutely fringed appendage; style 2-c.left (rarely 3-clcft) ; bristles 2-6,
shorter than the obovate plano-convex and mucronate smooth achenium. (S.
triqueter, MicJix., not of Z. S. Americanus, Pers.) — Borders of salt and fresh
ponds and streams : very common. (Eu.)

7. S. Olneyi, Gray. Calm S-wing-angled, luith deeply excavated sides, stout
(2° - 7° high), the upper sheath bearing a short Inangulur leaf or none; spikes 6 - 12,

5G2 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

closely capitate, ovoid, obtuse, overtopjtcd by tbc short involucral leaf; scales
orbicular, smooth, the inconsiiicuous nuicTonatc point shorter than the scarious
apex; aiilheis with a crrij t,lwrt and bluut jiiiiiiitcli/ luanlHl tij) ; style i-dcjl; bristles
6, scarcely equalling the obovate i)lano-convcx anil nmcronate acheniuwi. —
Salt marshes, Martha's Vineyard (Oa/as), and llhodc Island (OIncy), to Dela-
ware, and common southward. — Cross-section of the stem stronyly 3-raycd,
with the sides parallel. — Much nearer than the last to the European S.
TRiQci;TER, which has similar anthers, and an abbreviated or almost abortive
leaf; but its culm is wingless:, and the cluster of spikes compound, some of
them umbellate-stalked.

8. S. T6rreyi, Olney. Eootstocks slender if any (so tliat the jilant is
readily pulled up from the mud) ; culm 'S-aiu/lcd, with concave sides, rather slen-
der (2° -4° high), Icajjj at the base; learfs 2 or 3, more than half the leiiyth of the
Ci//«(, triangular-channelled, slender; spilccs 1-4, oblony or spindle-shapcil, acuip,
disliiid, ])ale chestnut-color, long overtopped by the slender erect involucral leaf;
scales ovate, smooth, entire, barely mueronatc; style 3-cli-fl ; bristles longer than
the unequally triaiu/ular ol>ovate very smooth and long-pointed achenium. (S. mucro-
natus, Pursh?, Torr. Fl. N. Y.) — Borders of ponds, both brackish and fresh,
New England to Penn. and Michigan.

1- •>- Culm triangular, tall and stout, from slender running rootslocks : spil-es many-
flour red loo'idy umbellate or corymbed, involurellate-braded.

9. S. Canbyi, Gray. Culm (3° -5° high) 3angled, usually sharply so
above, obtusely below, the sheath at the base extended into a long and slender
triangular and channelled leaf ; the involucral leaf similar, continuing the
culm; spikes oblong (4' -6' long), single or sometimes proliferously 2 or 3
together, nodding on the apex of the 5-9 long filiform and flattened peduncles
or rays of the dichotomous umbel-like corymb, or the central one nearly sessile ;
scales of the spike loosely imbricated, oblong-ovate, acute, pale, thin and scari-
ous, with a greenish nerved back ; bristles of the perianth 6, firm, furnished
above with spreading hairs rather than barbs, equalling the slender abrupt beak
of the obovate-triangular shining achenium. — In a mill-pond, near Salisbury,
Maryland, A. Commons, W. M. Canby. — A remarkal)le species: leaf 2° -4°
long: involucral leaf 4' -8' long: rays or peduncles l^'-3' long, each sub-
tended by a single involucellate leaf or bract, the lowest like that of the involucre
but short, the uppermost reduced to scale-like bracts. Achenium (Ij", and its
beak ^" long.

•t- H- -1— Culm terete, very fall and stout, from a deep runninn rnntstnfl\ naked ; the
sheaths at the base bearing a short and imperfect leaf or none : spi/ces numerous
and clustered in a one-sided compound umbel-like panicle, the principal 7-ays of
which mostly surpass the involucral kaf: involucellate brarts small, scale-lilce and
rusty-scarious : scales of the spike rusty or chestnut-brown, scarious, icith a sah'ent
midrib extended into a mucronnte jioinf.

10. ^. validus, Vahl. (Great Bulrush.) Culm 30-9° high, ^'-1'
thick at base; s])ikcs ovate-oblong (3" -4" long); scales mostly a little downy
on the back and ciliate ; style 2-clcft ; achenium pale and dull, obovate with a 7)ar-
rowed base, plano-convex, mueronate-pointed, usually overtopped by the 4 -H slender

CYPERACKVE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 563

dowmmrdly barbed bristles. (S. aciitus, MitJil. R. laciistris, of Amcr. authors and
in former editions.) — C'onimon cverywiierc in still fresh water. — Aeheninm
(§" long, half the size of that of the European S. lacustris, also narrower, pale,
not shining. — A slender variety with narrower heads, very smooth scales,
and shorter or fragile bristles, was sparingly collected by liav. J. W. CItkkerinq
at Havan<v, New York.

11. S. riparius, I'resl., which largely takes the place of the preceding
southwestward, probably within our limits, is known by the 2-4 rather shorter
imd linear }ili(muse scales, 7-ather than bnslles,of the perianth.

-^ -^ I- •*- Culms slender from an annual root, terete, plano-convex or obtusely trian-
gular, naked; the sheaths at the base rarely extended into a short leaf: s/iikes
few or several, sometimes solitary, in a sessile cluster, much overtopped by the
involucral leif: bristles of the pmanlh often few or wanting.

12. S. d6bilis, Pursh. Culms obtusely triangular, with somewhat hol-
lowed sides, l°-2° high, yellowish-green; spikes 3-12, capitate, ovate-oblong,
obtuse (3" -4" long), chestnut-brown; involucral leaf often horizontal at matu-
rity ; scales roundish ; stamens 3 ; style 2-3-cleft ; bristles 6, stout, downwardly
barbed, equalling or two surpassing the obovate turgidly plano-convex (or
bluntly 3-sided) abruptly mucronate-pointed smoothish achenium. (S. juncoi-
des, Roxburgh.) — Swamps, Mass. to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

13. S. Smithii, n. sp. Culms terete, slender, 3'- 12' high, often leaf-bear-
ing from the upper sheath, dull green as arc the 1-3 oblong-ovate acute spikes ;
involucral leaf always erect; scales oblong-oval; style 2-cIeft; bristles 1 or 2
minute rudiments or none; achenium somewhat lenticular, smooth, deciduous
with the scales. (S. debilis, Gray, Gram <f- Cyp. 135.) — Wet shores, Lake On-
tario to Illinois and Delaware Bay (in tidal mud). July. — Named for C. E.
Smith, who indicated and insisted on its distinctions.

14. S. SUpinuS, L., var. Hallii. Culms filiform, 5'- 12' high; upper
sheath rarely distinctly leaf-bearing ; spikes 1 - 7 in a sessile or sometimes gem-
inately proliferous cluster, ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, greenish ; .scales
ovate, strongly keeled, mucronate-pointed; stamens 2; style 2-cleft; brislbs
none ; achenium obovate-orbicular, mucronate, plano-convex, strongly wrinkled
transversely. (S. Hallii, Gray, addend, ed. 2.) — Wet shores, Illinois, E. Hall,
&c., and southwestward. — In Texas occurs the normal S. supinus, with 3-cleft
etyle and triangular achenium, as in Europe, where it sometimes has short
brisiles, as in No. 13. (Eu.)

•s * * Spikes clustered in simple or mostly compound umbellate or cymose-panicled
clusters, many-floirered, terete : inrnhtrre of mostly severed obvious and fat leaves :
culm tall, from tufted or running rootstocks; triangular, lenfy, sedge-like: style
mostly 3-cleft.

•*- Spikes large, G"- 15" loiiq: midrib of tht, scales extended beyond the mostly lacerate
or two-cleft apex into a distinct awn.

15. S. maritimus, L. (Sea Chib-Rusii.) Leaves flat, linear, as long
as the stout culm (l°-3° high), those of the involucre 1 -4, very unequal;
spikes few- several in a sessile cluster, and often also with 1 -4 unequal nays
bearing 1-7 ovate or oblong-cylindrical (rusty-brown) spikes; awns of the

5G4 CYPERACi:.E. (sedge family.)

scales soon recurved ; achenium obovateorhicular, comprPssrd,Jlat on one side, con-
vex or obtuse-o lit/led on the other, miniiltli/ poniled, shiiiinp, longer than the 1 -6 un-
equal and deciduous (sometimes obsolete) bristles. — Var. macuostacuyos,
Miclix. (S. robustus, Pursli) is a larger form, with very thick oblong-eylindri-
cal heads, becoming I'-H' long, and the longer leaf of the involucre often
1° long. — Salt marshes: common on the coast, and near salt springs in the
interior (W. New York, &c.). (Eu.)

16. S. fluviatilis, Gray. (River C.) Leaves flat, broadly linear (^' or
more wide), tapering gradually to a point, the upper and those of the very long
involucre very much exceeding the com/iouitd iimhel ; rays 5-9, elongated, recurved-
spreading, each bearing 1-5 ovate or oblong-cylindrical acute heads ; achenium
obovate, sharply and exactly triangular, conspicuously pointed, opaque, scarcely equal-
ling the 6 rigid bristles. (S. maritimus var.? fluviatilis, Torn, excl. syn.) —
Borders of lakes and large streams, W. Vermont to Penn., Wisconsin and
Illinois. — Culm very stout, sharply triangular, 3° -5° high. Leaves roughish
on the margin, like the last; those of the umbel 3-7, the largest 1° - 2° long.
Principal rays of the umbel 3' -4' long, sheathed at the base. Heads paler
and duller than in the preceding ; the scales less lacerate, and their awns less
recurved , the fruit larger and very different.

■•- •*- Spikes very numerous, small, l'-3' long; their scales mucronate-pointed or
blunt : umbel-like cymose panicle irregular, compound or decompound : culm
2° -5* high, unusually leafy ; leaves broadly linear, green and rather soft, rough
on the edi/es : bristles of the perianth very slender, o/len more or less tortuous and
naked below: — transition to § Trichophorum.

17. S. sylvaticUS, L. S/n'kes lead-colored, clustered 3-10 together at the
end of the mus/ly slender ultimate divisions of the open decompound panicle, ovoid
or lance-ovate, 2" long ; scales bluntish ; bristles 6, downwardly barbed through-
out, rather exceeding the trianguhir short-pointed achenium; style 3-cIeft. —
Along brooks, E. Mass., W. Booit, to Albany, N. Y., C. II. Peck. (Eu.)

18. S. microcarpus, Presl. Like No. 17, but earlier, and with rather
smaller heads, blunter scales, 2 stamens, a 2-cleft style, 4 bristles, and obovate-
lentieular achenium. (S. lenticularis, Torr.) — Near Boston, W. Boutt, to New
Hampshire, Oukes, ^-c, and N. W.

19. S. atrdvirens, Muhl. Leaves somewhat more rigid ; spikes dull
yreiiiish-hrown, densely conglomerate (10-30 together) into close heads, these also
usually densely clustered in a less compound panicle; scales pointed; bristles
sparsely and strongly downwardly barbed above the middle, naked below, nearly
straight, as long as the conspicuously pointed and obovate-oblong triangular
achenium. (S. sylvaticus, var. atrovirens, Ed. 2., — Wet meadows and bogs,
New England to Kentucky and northward : common.

20. S. polyph;^llus, Vahl. Culm usually more leafy ; .<!p?7fs ;/e//o?t)-ftroit7n,
ovate, becoming cylindrical, clusterui3-S together in small heads on the short
ultimate divisions of the open decompound umbel; scales mucronate; bristles 6,
usually twice bent, soft-barbed towards the summit only, about twice the length of
the achenium. (S. c\a\ta.tiis, Pursh. S. briinneus, Muhl.) — Swamps and
shady borders of ponds, W. New England to Illinois, and common southward

CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 565

§ 2. TEICH6PH0RUM, Richard. Bristles capillary, naked, not bailed, elm-
gatincj, hecomim/ tortuous and entangled, much longer than the triangular arheniunt,
when old mostlij projecting beyond the rusti/-colored scales : cuhn, leaves, ^-c. as in
the preceding subdivision; umbel -like cymose panicle decom/iound.

21. S. line^tUS, Michx. Culm triangular, leafy (l°-3° high); leaves
linear, flat, rather broad, ruugh on the margins ; umbels terminal and some-
times axillary, loose, drooping, the terminal with a 1-3-leaved involucre much
shorter than the long and slender rays ; spikes oblong, becoming cylindrical
(2" -4" long), on thread-like drooping pedicels ; bristles at maturity scarcely
exceeding the ovate green-keeled and pointed scales; achenium sharp-pointed.

— Low grounds, W. New England to Wisconsin, and common southward.

22, S. Eriophorum, Michx. (Wool-Grass.) Culm nearly terete, very
leafy (2° -5° high) ; leaves narrowly linear, long, rigid, those of the involucre
3-5, longer than the decompound cymose-panicled umbel, the rays at length droop-
ing; spikes exceedingly numerous, ovate, clustered, or the lateral ones pedi-
celled, woolly at maturity (l^"-3" long) ; the rusty-colored bristles much longer
than the pointless scales; achenium short-pointed. (EricJphorum cyperinum, L.)

— Var. CYPERiNUS (S. cyperinus, Kunth) is the form with nearly all tlie spikes
conglomerate in small heads. — Var. laxus (S. Eriophorum, A'«''<'^) has the
heads scattered, the lateral ones long-pedicelled. Various intermediate forms
occur ; and the umbel varies greatly m size. — Wet meadows and swamps :
common northward and southward.

9. ERIOPHORUM, L. Cotton Grass. (PI. 3.)

Spikes, scales, achenium, &c. as in Scirpus. Bristles of the perianth of
numerous (in one species few) flat and delicate capillary bristles, which lengtiien
greatly after flowering, much exceeding the scales, and forming of the capitate
spike a (white or reddish) conspicuous cotton-like tuft in fruit. Stamens 1 -3.
Style 3-cleft. Perennials. (Name composed of tpiov, wool or cotton, and (l>opa,
hearing.)

* Bristles of the flower only 6, crisped, ivhite ; spike single : small, involucre none.

1. E. alpinum, L. Culms slender, many in a row from a running root-
stock 6' -10' high), scabrous, naked; sheaths at the base awl-tipped. — Cold
bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin, and northward. June. (Eu.)

* * Bristles very numerous, not crisped, forming dense cottony heads in fruit.
■*- Culm bearing a single spike : involucre none.

2. E. vaginatum, L. Culms in close tufts (1° high), leafy only at the
base, above with 2 inflated leafless sheaths ; root-leaves long and thread-form,
triangular-ciiannelled ; scales of the ovate spike long-pointed, lead-color at
maturity. — Cold and high peat-bogs, New England to mountains of Penn.
(Prof. T. Green), Wisconsin, and northward; rare. May, June. (Eu.)

(E. RUSstoLUM, Fries, with copper-colored wool, found in New Brunswick
by Bev. J. Fowler, may be expected in N. E. Maine.)

•<- -1- Cidin leafy, bearing several umbellate-clustered heads, invohicrate.

3. E. Virginieum, L. Culm rigid (2°-4°high); leaves very narrowly
linear, elongated, flat; spikes nearly sessile, crowded in a dense cluster or head;

5G6 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

wool rustj/ or coppcr<oior, only thrice the length of the scale; stamen 1. — Bogs
and low meadows : common. July, Aug.

Var. Album, with the wool white. — Oswego and Jefferson Counties, New
York, Dr. Cmwf, A. II. Cii,!iss.

4. E. polystachyon, h. Culm rigid (1°- 2° high), obscurely triangu-
lar; Ifdrcn limiir,Jiat, orlidn/i/ chuiinellal bdow, triangular at the point ; iinohicre
2 - 3-k(iced ; spikes several (4-12), on nodding peduncles, some of them elon-
gated in fruit; acheninm ohovate; irool a7i(/e, very str.dght (1' long or more).

— Var. angustifOlium (E. angustifulium, /?o//i, and of European botanists,
not of American, and the original E. polystachyon of A.) has smooth pcduiules.

— Var. LATiFOLiUM (E. latifolium, Ilujipe, & E. polystachyon, Toir.,) has
rough peduncles, and sometimes broader and flatter leaves. — Both are common
in bogs, northward ; often with the peduncles obscurely scabrous, indicating
that the species should be left as Linnaius founded it. June, July. (Eu.)

5. E. gracile, Koch. Culm slender (l°-2° high), rather triangular;
leaves slender, diannelled-triantjidar, rough on the angles ; involucre short uud scale-
like, innsllij \4mced ; peduncles rough or roughish-pubescent; achcnium ellipti-
cal-linear. (E. triijuetrum, Iloppe. E. angustifolium, Torr.) — Cold bogs,
New England to Illinois, and northward. June -Aug. — Spikes 3-7, small,
when mature the copious white wool 6" -9" long. Scales brownish, several-
nerved; or in our plant, var. rAUCiXERVicM, Engelm., mostly light chestnut-
color, and about 3-nerved. (Eu.)

10. FIMBRISTYLIS, Vahl. (PI. 3.)

Spikes several - many-flowered, terete ; the scales all florifcrous, regularly im-
bricated in several ranks. Perianth (bristles, ie ) none. Stamens 1-3. Style
2-3-cleft, often with a dilated or tumid base, which is deciduous (except in No.
4) from the apex of the naked lenticular or triangular achenium. Otherwise as
in Scirpus. — Culms leafy at the base. Spikes in our species umbelled, and the
involucre 2-3-leaved. (Name compounded of Jimbria, a fringe, and sti/lus, tho
style, which is fringed with hairs in the genuine species.)
§ 1. FIMBRISTYLIS proper. Siijle 2-cleft,Jlat and ciliate, falling awmj, base

and all, from the lenticular achenium ; scalis of the mani/Jtoivered spike closely

imbricated.

1. P. spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea. Culms (10-2^° high) tufted

from a perennial root, riipd, as are the threudform convohite-channdled leaves,
smooth ; spikes ovate-oblong becoming cylindrical, dark chestnut-color (2"
thick) ; stamens 2 or 3 ; achenium veri/ minuteli/ striate and obscureli/ reticulated.
(F. castanea, cylindrica, &c., Vahl.) — Salt marshes along the coast, New York
to Virginia, and southward. July -Sept. — Spikes less dark-colored and scales
mostly thinner thiin in the original Jamaica plant.

2. P. laxa, Vahl. Culms slender (2'- 12' high) from an ('»»!(«/ ^■oo^ H-ertt,
grooved and flatfish ; leaves linear, fat, ciliate-dcnticulate, yhiiicous, sometimes
hairy ; spikes ovate, acute (3'' long) ; stamen 1 ; achenium co:iSi>icuously 6 - S-ribbed
on each side, and with finer cross lines. (F. Haldwiniana, Ton-. F. brizo~ides,
Nees, &,c.) — Low, mostly clayey soil, Penn. to Illinois and southward. July-
Sept. — Scales broader and less pointed than in F. annua.

CYPEKACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 567

§ 2. TRICHELOSTYLIS, Lestib. Style ^-clejl and the achenium triangular:
otiiciwise nrarlij us in § 1 : the spikes siiudl and fewer-Jli>wered.

3. F. autumnalis, Koem. & Sclmlt. Annual (3'- 16' liijih), in tufts;
culms Hilt, .'^kndor, diffuse or irect ; leaves flat, acute ; umbel compound ; spikes
oblonj,^ acute (\"-2" long), single or 2-3 in a cluster; tbe scales ovate-l.ineeo-
latc, mucronatc ; stamens 1-3. (Scirpus autumnalis, Zy.) — Low grounds,
Maine to Illinois, and southward. Aug. - Oct.

§ 3. ONCOSTYLIS, Martins. Stijle S-chfl, slender, its thichish base mom tardi/ij
deciduous from the a/)ex of (he triawjular achenium.

4. F. capillaris, Gray. Low annual, densely tufted (3' -9' high) ; culm
and loaves nearly capillary, the latter short; umbel compound or panicled ;
spikes (2" long) ovoid-oblong; stamens 2 ; achenium minutely wrinkled, very
obtuse. (Scirpus capillaris, L.) — Sandy fields : common. Aug., Sept.

(F. co.vGESTA, Torr., a diminutive Southern species, with the 2-cleft style
not ciliate, has been detected in ballast-sand at Camden, New Jersey, opposite
Philadelphia, by C. F. Parker: probably only a waif.)

11. DICHROMENA, Richard. Diciirojie.na. (PI. 4.)

Spikes aggregated in a terminal leafy-involucrate head, more or less com-
pressed, few-flowered, all but 3 or 4 of the flowers usually imperfect or abortive.
Scales imbricated somewhat in 2 ranks, more or less conduplicate or boat-
shaped, keeled, white or whitish. Stamens 3. Style 2-cleft. Perianth, bristles,
&c., none. Achenium lenticular, wrinkled transversely, crowned with the per-
sistent and broad tuberclcd base of the style. — Culms leafy, from creeping
perennial rootstocks ; the leaves of the involucre mostly Avhite at the base
(whence the name, from his, double, and ^(^pwfia, color). — Differs (too little)
from the ne.xt genus in tlic involucrate bracts and flattened spikes.

1. D. leMCOCephala, Miehx. Culm triangular (l°-2° high); leaves
narrow; those of the involucre 4-7; achenium truncate, not margined. —
Damp pine barrens of New Jersey to Virginia and southward. Aug., Sept.

2. D. Jatifolia, Baldwin. Culm stouter, nearly terete; leaves broadly
linear, those of the involucre 8-9, tapering from base to apex; achenium
round-olx'vate, laintly wrinkled, the tubercle decurrent on its edges. — S. Vir-
ginia ? and southward.

12. ^HYNCHOSPORA, Vahl. Beak-Rcsh. (PI. 4.)

Spikes panicled or variously clustered, ovate, globular, or spindle-shaped,
terete, or sometimes flattish ; but the scales open or barely concave (not boat-
shaped nor keeled) ; the lower ones commonly loosely imbricated and empty,
the uppermost often subtending imfierfect flowers. Perianth in the form of
(mostly 6) bristles, or occasionally wanting. Achenium lenticular, globular,
or flat, crowned with a conspicuous tubercle or beak consisting of the persistent
and indurated base or even of the greater part of the style. — Chiefly peren-
nials, with more or less triangular and leafy culms ; the si)ikes in terminal and
axillary clusters : flowering in summer. (Name composed oi pvyxos, a snout,
and anopa, a seed, from the beaked achenium.)

568 CYPEKACK^. (SKDGK FAMILY.)

§ 1. PSILOCARYA, Torr. S/nles ovate, lerrle, the 7iwi,erons scales all alike
and regularly imhricuted; a perfect Jlower under each : stumcns mostly 2: style
2-cleJl ; its Ixise or the ynater jxirt of it entargin;/ and luirdetiin;/ to form the liealc
of the lenticular or tumid more or less cross-unnkl(d aclienium: bristles wholly
wanting (wlicnce the name).

1. R. SCirpoldes. Annual, 4' -10' high; leaves flat; spikes in broad
and open cvnios, 20- 30-flowcrcd ; seales ohlong-ovate, acute, chestnut-colored;
aclienium obscurely wrinkled, beaked with the sword-shaped almost wholly per-
sistent style, and somewhat margined. (Psilocarya scirpoides, Torr. & Ed. 2.)
— Inundated places, Khode Island and Plymouth, Massachusetts.

(R. NiTENS (Scirpus nitons, Vahl. Psilocarya rhynchosporo'ides, 7o/T.),like
this, but with a more wrinkled and short-beaked aclienium, takes its place in
Southern States.)

§2. EUHHYNCHOSPORA. Spikes terete or biconvex, few- many-fliHcered;
some of the lower scales almost always empty : stamens mostly 3 : style conspicu-
ously 2-clefl, its base only forming tlw. tubercle or Ixak of the mostly lenticular
aclienium : bristles of the perianth usually present, and merely rough or barbed-
denticulate {not plumose).
* Achenium transversely wrinkled: bristles mostly 6, upwardly denticulate.

2. R. eym6sa, Nutt. Culm triangular; leaves linear (^' wide) ; cymes
corymbose; the spdces crowded and clustered; achenium round-obovate, twice the
length ot the bristles, four times the length of the depressed-conical tubercle. —
Low grounds, Penn and New Jer-sey to Virginia, and southward.

3. E.. Torreyaaa, Gray. Culm nearly terete, slender : leaves bristleform ;
cymes paniclcd, somewhat loose, the spikes mostly pedicellfd ; achenium oblong-
oborale, longer than the bristles, thrice the length of the broad compressed-
conical tubercle. — Swamps; pine barrens of New Jersey, and southward.

4. R. inexpansa, Vahl. Culm triangular, slexuhr ; leaves narroioly linear ;
spikes spind.'e-shii/ied, mosflif pedicelled, in drooping panicles ; achenium d)long, half
the length of the slender bristles, twice the length of the triangular-subulate
tubercle. — Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

* * Achenium smooth and even.
-1- Bristles of the perianth 6, long and conspicuous, upwardly denticulate.

5. R. flisca, RoMn. & Schultes. Leaves bristleform, channelled; spikes
ovate-olilong, few, clustered in 1 -3 loose heads (dark chestnut-color) ; achenium
oliovate, half the length of the bristles, equalling the triangular-sword-shaped acute
tubercle, which is roiigh-sernilate on the i^argins. — Low grounds, New Jersey
to Maine and Lake Superior: rare. — Culm 6'- 12' high. (En.)

6. R. gracilenta, Gray. Leaves narrowly linear : spikes ovoid, in 2 - 4
email clusters, the lateral long-pcd uncled ; achenium ovoid, rather shorter than the
bristles, about the length of the flat awl-shaped tubercle. — Low grounds, S.
New York, New Jersey, and southward. — Culm very slender, l°-2° high.

•*- -I- Bristles none or 1—3 and minute : spikes pale, \-flow red.

7. R. pallida, M. A. Curtis. Culm (l°-2° high) acutely triangular;
leaves and spikes as in the next species, but only a terminal dense cluster,
which is less white or turns pale reddish-tawny ; achenium obovatc-lenticular,

\

CYl'KRACK.iS. (SEDGK FAMILY.) 'OdO

tipi)ed with a minute depressed and apiculate tubercle , the delicate bristles four
or five times shorter or obsolete. — Boys in pine barrens of New Jcfrscy ( W. M.
Cauhij, C. F. Parker), and in N. Carolina.

H- t- -t- Bristles long, denticulate downwardly, or both icai/s in No. 12.

++ S/)ikes white or whitish, becoming tuwntj icith aye, perftctiiKj onlij a single Jlower :

stamens usualli/ 2 : bristles 9-12, or even 20

8. R. ^Iba, Vahl. Culm slender (1° -2° high), triangular above ; leaves
narrowly linear or almost bristle-fonn ; spikes lanceolate, densely crowded in a
head-like terminal corymb and usually one or two lateral ones ; achenium ob-
long-obovate with a narrowed ba^e, sciU-eeiy longer than the flattencd-awl-
shaped tubercle, shorter than the bristles. — Bogs, especially eastward. (Eu.)
*+ ■>-<■ Spikes clustnitt-colortd or darker in No. 11 and 12, few - several -Jlow{: red:

stamens 3 : bristles usually 6.

9. R. capillacea, Torr. Leaves bristle-form; spikes 3-6 in a terminal
cluster, and comniouly 1 or 2 on a remote axillary peduncle, oblong -lanceolate
(pale chestnut-color, 3" long) ; achenium oblong-ovoid, stipitate, very obscurely
wrinkled, about half the length of the (6, rarely 12) stout bristles, and twice the
length of the hiuceolatc-bcaked tubercle. — Bogs and rocky river-banks, Penn.
to N. Vermont, New York, and Michigan. — Culm 6' -9' high, slender.

10. R. Knieskernii, Carey. Leaves narrowly linear, short; spikes numer-
ous, crowded in 4-6 distant clusters, oblong-ovate (scarcely 1" long); achenium
obovate, narrowed at the base, equalling the bristles, twice the length of the trian-
gular flattened tubercle. — Pine barrens of New Jersey, on bog iron ore exclu-
sively {Knieskern), and southward: rare. — Culms 6'- 18' high, slender.

11. R. glomerata, Vahl. leaves linear, flat ; .ipikes nutnerous in distant
clustei-s or heads (which are often in pairs from the same sheath), ovoid -oblong ;
achenium obovate, margined, n.irrowed at the base, as long as the lance-awl-
shaped flattened tubercle, which equals the (always) downwardly barbed bristles.
— Low grounds : common, especially eastward. — Culm 1° -3° high. — A state
with small panicled clusters is K. paniculata, Gray.

12. R. cephalantha, Torr. I^eaves narrowly linear, fat, keeled; spikes
very numerous, crowded in 2 or 3 or more dense globular heads which arc distant
(and often in pairs), oblong-lanceolate, dark brown; achenium orbicular-obovate,
margined, narrowed at the base, about as long as the awl-shaped beak, hnlf the
length of the stout bristles, which are barbed downwards and sometimes also up-
wards.— Sandy swamps, Long Island to New Jersey, and southward. - Culin
stout, 2° -3° high: the iruit larger than in the last, of which it may be only
a marked variety.

§ 3. CERATOSCIKENUS, Nces. Spikes spindle-shaped or lanceolate, acumi-
nate, infntitfatrish, large, cymose-panicled, producing only one perfect and 1 to 4
staminate flowers ; their scales few, the lower mostly empty : stamens 3 : bristles of
the perianth rigid, either short or slender, minutely scabrous npivard : style simple
or barely 2-toothed at the apex, flUfbrm and gradually thickened downwards, in
fruit almost all of it persistent as a very long, exserted, slender-awl-shaped,
upwardly roughened beak, several times longer than the smooth and flat obovate
achenium: coarse jierennials: spikes in flower 4", in fruit including the pro-
L&M— 44

570 CTPERACE.E. (SKDGE FAMILY.)

jecting bealc or sfi/h ahout V hnj. (This long beak gives the name, fron»
Kipas, a horn, anil (t-j^o'ivos, a rush.)

13. R. eorniculkta, (imy. (IIohnkd lUisn.) Ci/i)ies decompound, dif-
fuse; brisilen aivl-s/uifH'xl, stout, nnequul, shorter than the achenium. — Wet plares,
Penn. to Illinois, antl southward. — Culni 3°-6° high. Leaves about 6" wide.

14. R. macrostichya, Toir. Ci/mes dec-ompouiul, or in tlie northern
form somcuhut Kim/>l>'. and smaller, and the spikes usually more flustered ; hn'sllo
capillari/, twice the length of the oc/ien/ww. — Borders of ponds, Massachusetts,
Khode Island, New Jersey, and southward: rare. — Perhaps it runs into the
preceding.

13. C LABIUM, P. Browne. Twig-Rush. (Plate 5.)
Spikes ovoid or oblong, of several loosely imbricated scales ; the lower ones
empty, one or two above bearing a staminate or innperfect flower ; the terminal
flower perfect and fertile. Perianth none. Stamens 2. Style 2-3-cleft, deeid-
uoua. Achenium ovoid or globular, somewhat corky at the summit, or pointed,
without any tubercle, in which it differs from Khynchospora. (Name from
KKaboi, a twig or branch, perhaps on accoutit of the twice branching styles of
some species.)

1- C. mariscoides, Tom Perennial; culm obscnreiy triangular
(10_20 high); leaves narrow, channelled, scarcely rouiih-mar^ined ; cymes
small; the spikes clustered in heads 3-8 together on 2 to 4 peduncles; style
once 3<'left. — Bogs, New England to Delaware, Illinois, and northward. July,

14. SCLERIA, L. Nt;T-Rrsn. (PI. 5.)
Flowers moncecious ; the fertile spikes 1-flowered, usually intermixed with
clusters of few-flowered staminate spikes. Scales loosely imbricated, the lower
ones empty. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-clefr. Achenium globular, stony, liony,
or enamel-like in texture. Bristles, &c. none. I'crennials, Avith triangular
leafy culms, mostly from creeping rootstocks : flowering in summer: all in low
ground or swamps. (Name (T<\r]pla, hardness, from the indurated fruit.)

1. S. triglomerata, Michx. Culm (2°-3° high) and broadly linear
leaves rougliish ; fascicle*^ of spikes few, terminal and axillary, in triple clusters,
the lowermost pedunded : nfomens 3 ; achenium smooth and polished, on an obscure
crustaceous ring or disk. — Vermont to Wisconsin, and common southward.

2. S. reticularis, Midix. Culms slender (l°high); leaves narrowly
linear; clusters loose, axillary and terminal, sessile or the lower on short slen-
der peduncles ; stamens 2 ; achenium globular, regularli/ pitted-reticulated, not hairy,
resting on a double disk, each of three greenish appressed superposed calyx-like
lobes, the inner larger. — Eastern Massachusetts to Virginia and southward:
rare northward.

3. S. laxa, Torr. Culms slender and weak (l°-2° high); leaves linear ;
clusters loose, the lower mostly lonLC-p''dnncled and drooping; achenium globular,
irregularli/ pilttd-reticulutid or pilted-rugosp, towards the base minuteli/ hairy on the
somewhat spiral wrinkles : otherwise as in the foregoing. — E. Massachusetts to
New Jersev, Pennsvlvania, and southward.

CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 571

4. S. paucifl6ra, Muhl. Somewhat downy or smoothish , culms slender
(9'- 18' lii^li) ; Iciivcs narrowly linear ; clusters few-flowered, the lower lateral
ones when present pedunclcd ; bracts clliate ; stamens 3 ; arhenuim (/lohoae, papil-
lose-row/Iwned, white : the disk a narrow ring bearing 3 pairs of minute tubercles.
— S. New En'^'laiiil to W. New York (rare), am! more common southward.

5. S. vertieill^ta, Mulil. Smooth; culms simple, slender (4'- 12' high),
terminnted by an interrupted spike of 4-6 rather distant sessile and small
clusters ; bracts minute ; leaves linear ; st.imens 1 or 2 ; acheniuiii roiif/h-wrinkkd
ivith short elevated ridges, globular-triangular ; the disk obsolete. — W. New
York and Penn. to Michigan and southward: rare. — Flant faintly sweet-
scented ; achenium small, 'i" long.

15. CAREX, L. Sedge. (PI. 5, 6.)

Staminate and pistillate flowers separated {monoecious), either borne together
m the same spike landrdipjnous), or in separate spikes on the same stem, very
rarely on distinct plants (dinecions) . Scales of the spikes equally imbricated
around the axis, eacii subtending a single staminate or pistillate flower. Sta-
mens 3, rarely 2. Ovary enclosed in an iiiflateil sac (composed of either one or
two inner scales (bractlets) united by their margins), forming a rounded or an-
gular bladdery sac {ppricji/niuin), whicli encloses the lenticular, plano-convex, or
triangular achenium, .tipped with more or less of the persistent (rarely jointed)
base of the style. Sticrmas 2 or 3, long, projecting from the narrow orifice of
the perigynium. — Perennial herbs, chiefly flowing in spring and maturing in
summer, frequently trrowing in wet places, often in dense tufts. Culms trian-
gular, bearing the spikes in the axils of green and leaf-like or scale-like bract.s,
and terminal ; commonly with sheaths at the base which enclose more or less of
the stalks of the spikes. Leaves grassy, usually ronsh on the margins and keel.
.(A classical name, of obscure signification ; derived by some from rareo, to
want, the upper s|)ikes being mostly sterile ; and Iiy others from Kfipco, to cut, on
account of the sharp leaves.)

Contributed for the first edition of this work, ami revised for the second, by
Joiix C.U5EY, Esq.; with some present additions, from recent discoveries, and
a few alterations, chiefly from the subsequent investigations of the late Dr.
Fraxcis Boott, pu!)l-i!ied in his magnificent Illustrations of the genus Carex,
and from notes furnisHd by Wisi Boott, Esq.

.^ -iRIDGED SYNOPSIS OF THE SECTIONS.

A. Spike solitary and terminal, simple, dioecious or androgynous : bracts small, colored and

scale-like. — (This division, retained fnr the convenience of students, is merely artificial,
and combines species having no real natural affinity.) PSYLLOPIIOR.E, Loiseleur.
§ 1. Spike dioecious, or with a f^'W staminate flowers ut its base. No. 1-2.
2 Spike anf!ro;;ynous, staminate at th'3 summit. No. 3-0.

Spike androgynous, staminate at the base. No. CG and 13S may bo sought here.

B. Spike solitary, single, androgynous, staminate at the summit : bracts and scales of the fer-

tile flowers green and leaf-like. Stigmas 3. PIIYLLOSTACHYS, Torr. & Gr. No. 7-9.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (occasionally dioecious in No. 11 and 33), sessilcs

forming compact or mors or less interrupted, sometimes paniculate, compound or decon^
pound spikes. Stigmas 2 VIQNEA, Beauv.

572 CYPEKACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

i 1. Spikes approximate, with staminate and iiistillate flowers variously situated. No. 10-12.

2. Spikes pistillate below, stamiiiate at the suniinit. No. 13 -2S.

3. Spikes pistillule above, stauiia.ite ai the base. No. 'Jd-46.

D« Stainiuate and pistillate flowers borne in separate (commonly more or less stalked) simple
spikes on tlie same uuhn ; the one or more stamiuate (sterile) spikes constantly upper-
most, having; occasioniilly more or less fertile flowers at base or apex; the lower spikes
all jiistilliite (fertile), or sometimes with staminate fljwei"s at the base or apex. Siigmas
3 (or only 2 in No. 40, 53, 05, 150, &i;.). CAUK.K proper.

* Pcrigynia with merely a mioute or short point, scarcely ever prolonged into a beak.

i 1. Perijrynia not inflated (sli;:;htly so in No. 55, bo), snD.Hh, nerved or nerveless, with a
minute straiffht point, trlaucous-j?reen, becmiiuj,' whiiish, or more or less spotted or
tinged with purple. Scales blackish-purple or brown. Staminate spikes 1-3, or the ter-
minal spike androgynous and staminate at the b.ise, the rest all fertile. No. 46-64.

2. Perigynia slightly inflated, smooth, nerved, obtuse and pointless, or with a straight or
oblique pi.int. Scales brown, becoming tawny or while. Staminate spike solitary (ex-
cept sometimes in No. 71) or andr.)gyuous and pistillate above, the rest all fertile. No.
65-81.

3. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy (in No. 83 smooth at maturity), nerved, with a minute
straiglit point. Terminal spike androgynous, pistillate at the ape.x, the rest all fertile.
No. 82. 83.

4. Perigynia not inflated, smooth, regularly striate, with a short, entire, obliqualy bent or
recurv-ed point, remaining green at maturity. Staminate spike solitary. Bracts green
and leaf-like (e.xcept in No. 84). No. 84 - 91.

6. Perigynia not inflated, smooth or downy, not striate, with a minute, obliquely bent,
white and membranaceous point, reddish brown or olive-colored at maturity. Terminal
spike all staminate or with 2-3 fertile flowi rs at the base ; the rest all fertile, or with a
few sterile flowers at the apex. Bracts reduced to colored deaths, or with a short green
prolongation. No. 92, 93.

♦ * Perigynia with a distinct beak, either short and abrupt, or more or less prolonaed.

6. Perigynia not inflated, hairy, with a rather abrupt beak, terminating in a membrana-
ceous notched or 2-toothed orifice. Bracts shi)rt : culms mostly low and slender ; leaves
all radical, hmg and narrow. Staminate «pike solitary. No. 94-101.

7. Perigynia slightly inflated, hairy or smooth, with a short beak terminating in an entire
or slightly notched orifice. Bracts long and leaf-like : culms tall and leafy. Staminate
spike solitary (in No. 102 pistillate at the summit): fertile spikes erect (except in No.
102). No. 102, 103.

8. Perigynia slightly inflat?d, smooth and shining, green, f"W-nerved or n^rvelpss. with a
straisht tapering beak terminating in 2 sm.ill membranaceous teeth. Staminate spike
solitary (often androgynous in No. 107) : ft-rtile spikes all on slender and pedulous
stalks. No. 104-110.

9. Perigynia slightly inflnted. smioth, nerved, with a tapering somewhat serrulate beak,
terminating in 2 distinct mem'iranacenu^ teeth ; becoming tawny or yellow at maturity.
Staminate spike solitary. No. Ill- 115.

10. Perigynia slightly inflated, rouirh or pubescent, ranly smooth, with an abrupt straight
bi^ak. Staminate spikes usually two or more. No. llG-119.

11. Perigynia moderately inflated, smooth or pubescent, conspicuously many-nerved, ^with
a straight beak terminating in 2 rigid more or less spreading teeth. Stajninate spikes
1-5. No. 120-127.

12. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, conspicuously many-nerved, with a long tappring 2-
toothed beak. Staminate spike solitary No. 12? -130.

13. Pcrigynia much infliited, obovoil or obconic, smooth, few-nerved, with an extremely ab-
rupt, very long, 2-tonthed b?ak, tawny or straw-colored at maturity, horizontally spread-
ing or defl -xed. Terminal spike staminate, or androgynous and fertile at the apex.
No. 137-133.

14. Perigynia much inflated, smooth, shining and straw-colored at maturity, with a taper,
ing and more or less elongated 2-tootheU beak. Staminate spikes 2-5. No. 139 - 151.

CYPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 573

A. Spike solilari/, simple ; ?7s scales or bracts small and scar ions or colored (never
(jrrcn orfoliacnoiis). Psyllopwora, Loiseleur.
§ 1. Spil,-e'd,'acioiis, or the fertile merehj with a few sfaminatejlowers at the base.

1. C. gynocrates, Yv'"ormskiokl. Culm and bristle-form radical leaves
smootli, or ininutely rough at the top; sterile spike linear; fertile spike ovoid,
looiuly flowered ; perigynia oblong, short-beaked, with a white membranaceous
obtusely 2-toothed apex, narrowed at the base, nerved throughout, smooth,
spreading horizontally at maturity, longer than the acute or acutish scale ; stig-
mas 2. — Swamps, Wayne and Genesee Co., Kew York (Sartwell, &.C.), Michi-
gan, and northward. (Eu.)

2. C. SCirpoidea, Michx. Leaves flat; spike narrowly cylindrical ; peri-
gynia ovoid, with a minute point, densely hairy, dark purple at maturity, about
the length of the pointed ciliate scale ; stigmas 3. (C. Wormskioldiana, Ilornem.
C. Michaiixii, Schw.) — Alpine summits of the mountains of Maine and New
Hampshire, Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood), Drummond's Island,
Michigan, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. Spike amlrogtjnous, stnminate at the summit.
* Sli(/mas 2 : leaves hri>yllr-form.

3. C. eapit^ta, L. Spike small, roundish-ovoid; perigynia broadly ellip-
tical with a notched membranaceous point, compressed, smooth, spreading,
longer than the rather obtuse scale. — Alpine summits of the White Mountains,
Kew Hampshire, Bobbins, Oakes. (Eu.)

* * Stiijmas 3 : leaves very narrow, shorter than the culm.

4. C. pauoiflbra, Lightfoot. Spike few-flowered ; sterile flowers 1 or 2 ;
perigynia awl-shaped, reflexed; scales deciduous. (C. leucoglochin, £"/(/•/(.) —
Peat-bogs, from New England and W. New York northward. (Eu.)

5. C. polytrichoides, Muhl. Culm capillary ; spike very small, few-
iiowcred ; perigynia erect, alternate, oblong, compressed-triangular, obtuse,
slightly nerved, entire at the apex, green, twice the length of the ovate scale.
(C. leptalea, WuU. C. microstachya, Michx.) — Low grounds and bogs:
very common.

* * * Stigmas 3 : leaves very [about 1') broad, longer than the naked culm.
G. C. Fraseriana, Sims. Pale or glaucous and glabrous ; leaves without
a liiidrib, many-nerved, smooth, with minutely crisped cartilaginous margins
(9' - 18' long), convolute below around the base of the scape-like culm: spike
oI)long, the fertile part becoming globular ; perigynia ovoid, inflated, nuicro-
nately tipped with a minute entire point, longer than the scarious oblong obtuse
scale ; often enclosing a short appendage at the base of the achenium. — Rich
woods, mount;iins of Pennsylvania ? Virginia, and southward : rare, and a most
remarkable plant.

B. Spike solitary, simple, androgynous, staminatc at the summit: bracts and
scales of the piatillnte flowers g'tcn, leif-like, tajjering from a broad base, the lowest
much longer than the spike, the uppermost equalling the slightly inflated peri-
gynia : style jointed at the base : stigmas 3. (Leaves long and grassy, much
•xceeding the short almost radical culms.) Phyllostachys, Terr. & Gr.

574 cyPKiiACii.E. (sEUGn family.)

7. C. Willden6vii, Schk. Slerile Jloioent 4-8, c]ose\y imbricated ; pm-
rjy^iia C-9, soiniwhat alternate, oIi!o»(), rouih on the. anrjies and tapering hcuk;
aelicnium oblong, triangular, iinely dotted ; slit/mas downy. — Copses, Mass. to
N. Virginia and westwaiil.

8. C. £:teud61ii, Kuntli. Si rrilc flowers \0-\:^,x:it\\Qv loosely imbricated
into a linear (a])]Mrciitly distinct) spike; peritjynia 2 -.3, ruundis/i-ofiocoid, smooth,
with a lonij and ahrnpl row/h lieuJc : acbcnium roundish, obscurely triangular, very
minutely dotted; sti;/nias downy. (C. Jamesii, Schw.) — Woody hillsides, N
Kew Vork to Illinois and Kentucky.

9. C. Baekii, Boott. Sterik flmrers .3, inronspinions ; pn'ifjynin 2-4, loose,
(floliosc-ovoid, with a rouiciil l>'(i/c, smooth througliout : achenium glohosc-pyriform,
scarcely dotted; stigmas smooth. — Eock}- hillL;, W. Massachusetts (Mount Tom,
Prof. Whitiif-y), and N. Kew York to Ohio, Lake Su])crior, and northward. —
Culms generally shorter, and the leafy scales broader and more conspicuous,
than in the last two.

C. Spikes several or numerous, androgynous (rarely dioecious), sessile, forming a
compact or more or less interru])ted sometimes paniculate-compound inflores-
cence : stigmas 2 : arhenium lenticular. YiG'shx, Beauv.

§ I. Spikes approximated, the staminale and pistillate flowers variously situated:
pcrigynia plano-convex, nerved, with a rough slightly toothed beak: bracts
light brown, resembling the scales, or with a prolonged point, shorter than
the (at maturity) brown and chaffy spikes. — Sicc.Vt.e.

10. C. bromoides, Sehk. Sjiihs 4- G, alternate, olilong-lanceoJate, some of
the central ones wholly fertile : perigynia erect, narrow-hmceolate with a tapering
point, solid and spongy at the base, longer than the lanceolate scale ; style jointed
at the base. — Swamj)* : common. — Slender, occasionally diax-.ious.

11. C. Siceata, Dew. Spites 4-8, ellipsoid, the uppermost and commonly
1-3 of the lowest fertile below, the intermediate ones fre<pieutly alt staminate ; peri-
gynia ovate-lanceolate, compressed, with a long rather abrupt beak, about the
length of the scale ; style minutely hairy. (C. pallida, C. A. Meyer.) — Sandy
plains, New England to Illinois, and northwestward.

12. C. disticha, Iluds. Spikes numerous, short and oroid, the upper or mid-
dle ones frequently almost all staminate, the loiver principally or entirely frtile: peri-
gynia ovatc-laneeolate, the margins not united to the top, leaving a deep cleft
on the outer side; scale ovate, pointed, nearly the length of the perigynium.
(C. interml'dia, Good. C. Sartwe'llii, Dew., and former editions.) — Seneca Co.,
New York (SurtwiH) to Illinois, Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

§ 2. .9;;//,' s pistillate below, staminate at the s'lmmit.
* Perigynia of a thick and corky te.rture, with a short 2-tootlK'd rouuhly margined
beak, nerved tow.irds the base, dark cht-stnut-broum and polihrd at maturity:
spikes decompound, ))aniculate: scales lijiht brown, with white membrana-
ceous margins ; the br.icts at the base resembling them, and with a short
bristly prolongation. — 1'ani(.i:l\t.t;.

13. C. teretiliscula. Good. Spikes with short apprcsscd branches,
crowded in a slen<ler spiked jianicle ; perigynia ovate, unequally biconvex, short-
stalked, with 3-5 short nereis on the outer side near the broad somewhat heart-shaped

CTPEUACE^. (sedge family.) 575

base; scale acute, rather shorter than the pcrigyniutn ; acheninm olMvoid-pi/rtform,
obtusf'li/ tiiavguhtr. ( C. paniculata, var. teretiuscuhx, Wuld.) — Swamps, especially
nortlnvard. (Km.)

Var. major, Koch. S])ikes more ]>;iiiicli'd ; jjcri-ynia rather nnrrower.
(C. Ehrhai'tiinia, I/oppp. C. jjrairiea, Za«'.) — bugs and low grounds, New
England to Wisconsin, and northward. (Kn.)

14. C. decomposita, Mulil. Panicle large, with very numerous densely-
crowded spikes on the rather short spreading branches ; })cri(/i/nia ohomte, ttn-
cf/iKil/// biconvex, sessile, with a short veri/ uhrujit hettk, conspicuoiishf nerved on each
side, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. (C. paniculata, var. decom-
posita. Dew.) — Swamps, W. New York (Sartwell) to Pennsylvania, Illinois,
and southwestward.

* * Perifji/iiia small, compressed, 2-3-ncrvcd, membranaceous, with a short

2-toothed rough beak, yellow or brown at maturity : s/nLrs decompound, with
numerous small very deuselij-Jiowered heads: scales of the fertile spikes tawny,
with the green keel prolonged into a rough jioint : bracts sliort and resem-
bling them at the base, or often beconn'ng gi-een and bristle-sliapcd, and
much exceeding the culm. — Multifi.6rje.

15. C. VUlpinoidea, Michx. Spike oblong and dense, or more or less
interrupted (lj'-2^' long), of 8- 10 crowded clusters; perigynia ovate from a
broad base, with a more or less abrupt beak, diverging at maturity. (C. multi-
flora, Muhl. C. bractebsa and C. polymdrpha, Schw. C. microsjie'rma, IVuhl.)
— Varies with the perigynium narrower, and the beak tapering and more
strongly serrulate. (C. setiicea, Dew.) — Low meadows : everywhere common.

* * * Perigipna on short stalks, plano-convex, without a margin, membranaceous,

with a thick and sjioiKjy base and a long tapering 2-tootiied rough beak, dis-
tinctly nerved (only obscurely so in No. 19 and 20), widely spreading and
yellow at maturity : spikes dense, more or less aggregated, sometimes decom-
pound : scales of the fertile spikes tawny, with a sharp point: bracts bristle-
shaped, shorter than tlic thick and triangular culms. — Vulpine.

16. C. erus-eorvi, Shuttleworth. Spike very large, decompound, the
lower branches long and distinct, the upper shorter and aggregated ; bracts oJ).en
2-toothed at the base ; perif^ynia. attenuated from an ovate dilated and truncate Ixisc into
a very long slightly-winged beak, much exceeding the scale ; style tumid at the base.
(C. sica;fbrmis, Boott. C. Halei, Dew.) — Swamps, Oliio to Wisconsin, and
southwestward. — A conspicuous, very large species, with spikes 4' -9' long,
often somewhat paniculate, and glaucous Itavcs 6" wide.

17. C. Stipata, Muhl. Spikes 10-15, aggregated, or the lower mostly
distinct and sometimes compound ; perigynia lanceolate, with a loug beak tapering
from a truncate baf^e, many-nerved, mwh errc(diiig the scale; style slightly tumid at
the base. (C. vulpinoidea, Torr., Cyp., not of Michx.) — Low grounds: com-
mon. — Culm flaccid : spikes pale.

18. C. eonjuncta, Boott. Resembles the preceding; but the spikes
(6-12) more sim]j]e ; perigynia ovate from a snbiordale flat (not coiky-tuinid)
base, short-beaked, fewer-nerved, longer and broader than tiie jjointcd scale ;
style bulbous at the base. (C. vulpina of former editions; — from which it

076 CYPERACIwK. (sedge FAMIL'*.-)

differs in its flaccid culm, transversely wrinkled slieaths, orbicular aGhcnium,
&c.) — Oliio to Illinois and Kentucky.

19. C. alopeeoidea, Tuckcmian. Head of 8-12 aggregated spikes,
oblong, dense ; jierii/ijuia com/inssf-d, uerrcli'ss or nry dmcunJi) mrvetl, ovate, from
a broad truncate or somewliat heartshajied base, a little longer than the scale ;
achfiiiiiim pi/ri/orm ; base of the. style not tumid. (C. cephalophora, var. maxinui,
Drtu.) — Woods, W. New York to Penn., Michigan, &c. — Kcscmbles the last,
but smaller, with shorter and more compact spikes; easily distinguished by the
murlji nerveless per'iijynla, and the difl^"crcnt achenium and style.

20. C. muricata, L. Spikes 4-6, ovoid, approximate but distinct, the
lowermost sometimes a little remote; pcrirji/nia ovate-lancwkUe, somawhat com-
pressed, iitrveltss, or very obscurely nerved lotvurds the base, rather longer than the
scale; achenium ovate; base of the style not tumid. — Fields, Massachusetts
(introduced ?), Ohio, and Kentucky : rare. — Spikes mostly looser than in the
last, the perigynia narrower, with a longer and more tapering beak. (Eu.)

* * ^ * Purij/yiiia sessile, plano-convex, compressed, more or less margined, mem-
branaceous, with a rather short and rough (or wholly smooth in No. 26)
2-toothcd beak, spreading and yreen at maturity: scales of the fertile spikes
tawny or white : bracts bristle-shaped, commonly shorter than the culm. —
MuiilenbergiXn-e.

21. C. SparganioldeS, Muhl. Spikes &-l2, ovoid; the upper ones a fjcjre-
gated, the lower distinct and more or less distant; perigynia broadly-ovate, nerveless,
rough on the narrow margin, about twice the length of the ovate-pointed scale;
achenium roundish-ovate ; style short, merely tumid at the base. — Var. JIINOR,
Boott, is merely a reduced form. (C. cephalophora, var. Torr. C. muricata,
var. ccphaloidca, Deiv. C. cejjhaloidea, Dew. in part. ) — Low rich grounds. —
A robust species, with rather wide pale-grceu leaves; sometimes with 1-2 short
branches of a few spikes each at the base of the compound spike (probably C.
divulsa, Pursh, not of Goodenougli).

22. C. cephaloidea, Dew. (in part), Boott. Spikes 5 or 6, contiguous;
the broadly ovate pirigynia icing-margined, spongy at the base, shorter beaked,
equalling or shorter than the cuspidate-tipped scale; style bulbous at the base. —
New York? Illinois ( Vasey), — Much resembles and has been confounded with
the small form of the foregoing.

23. C. cephalophora, Muhl. Spikes .5-6, small, and densely aggregated
in a short ovoid head ; perigynia broadly ovate, with 3-4 indistinct nerves on the outer
side, scarcely longer than the ovate roughly-pointed scale ; achenium and style
as in the last. (C. cephaloidea. Dew. (in part.) — Var. angustifAlia, Boott,
is a narrow-leaved, smaller form. (C. Leavcnworthii, /)(-«?.) — Woods and
fields : common.

24. C. Muhlenbdrgii, Schk. Spikes 3-9, closely approximate, forming
an oblong head ; jieriijijiitti orbit ular-ovate, with a very short beak, prominently many-
yiervedon both sides, about the length of the ovate roughly-pointed scale; ache-
uium orbicular, with a very short buUmts style. — Fields: rather common, especially
southward. — Culms 12' -18' high, and with the leaves pale and rigid: com-
monly with a bract to each spike.

i

CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 577

• Var. eil6rvis, Boott. Scales sometimes pointless ; prrifjynin nenrhf or wholly
nerveliss; sj)ii<cs often bnvctless. — Hudson lliver, New Yorii, ./. A. Ritisell. —
Distingnislied Ironi C. cepiuiloiUea by its rigid culm, narrower leaves, and
firmer perijiynium, spongy at the base.

25. C l*6sea., Sclik. Sj>ikcs 4-8, the 2 uppermost fipprn.rinialc, the others <tll
distinct, (tiid the loirest ojlen leinote ; perigijiiia ohlun<j (about 8-10 in eaeli spike),
narrow at the base, widely diverging- at maturity, twice us Ion;/ as the Lioadly
orate obtuse scale. — Var. biixor, Buott, has tiie 4-6 sj)ikes smaller and more
separated, the scales less obtuse and with a rough mucronate point ; perigynia
more erect; "leaves narrower. — Var. radiAta, Dew, is still more slender,
almost capillary, and has only 3 or 4 remote and 3-4-flowered spikes. (C.
negle'eta, Tnckenn.) — Moist woods and meadows: common.

26. C. retroflexa, Midil. Spikes 3-6, «// approximate, the 1-2 lowest dis-
tinct but not remote; peric/ynia (about 5 - 7 in each spike) ovale, or ovate-lanceo-
late, smooth on the mairjin and beak, not much exceeding the ovate-lanceolate painted
sc<de, widely spreading or reflexcd at maturity. (C. rosea, var. retroflexa, Torr.,
Ci/p.) — Copses and moist meadows : less common than the last, from which it
is distinguished by the smaller approximate spikes, longer and sharper scales,
and especially, from every species in this subsection, by the smooth perigynium.
***** Perigynia plano-convex, without a beak, of a thick and leathery texture,

prominently nerved, smooth (except on the angles), with a minute and entire
or slightly notched white membranaceous point : achcnium conformed to the peri-
gynium, crowned with the short thick style: bracts like the scales (brown),
the lowest with a prolonged point : rootstock creeping. — Chordokhiz^.

27. C. chordorlliza, Ehrh. Culms branching from the long creeping root-
stock (4' - 9' high), smooth and naked above, clothed at the base with short ap-
pressed leaves ; spikes in an ovoid head ; perigynia ovate, a little longer than the
scale. — Cold bogs. New York to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

28. C. tenella, Schk. Spikes 2-6, very small, rather remote, or the upper
approximate, with 2 or 3, rarely A, fertile flowers; perigynia ovate, twice as long
as the scale. (C. loliacea, Schk. suppl., not of L. C. dispe'rma, Dew. C. gra-
cilis, Ed. 1, not of Ehrh.) — Cold swamps. New Enghtnd to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. — A slender species, 6'- 12' high, with long grassy leaves,
growing in loose tufts. (Eu.)

§ 3. Spikes pistillate above, staminate at the base.

* Spikes roundish-ovoid, rather small, more or less distant on the zigzng axis (closely

aggregated in No. 30) : perigynia plano-convex, smooth, pale greeti, becoming
ichitish or silvery : scales white and membranaceous; the bracts resembling
them, or prolonged and bristle-shaped. — Cankscentes.
1- Perigynia mostly somewhat thickened and leathery, distinctly nerved, and with a
smooth or minntdij serrulnte short point, entire or sli't/htly notched at the apex.

29. C..trisp6rma, Dew. Sjiikes 2-3, very sni'ill, ivith about ti frtile flow
ers, remote, the lowest with a long bract : perigynia oblong, with numerous slender
nerves, longer than the scale. — Cold swamps and woods, especially on moun-
tains. New England to Fenn., Michigan, and northward. — Resembling the last,
but larger spikes and fruit, and weak spreading culms, l°-2° long.

OM 2.~)

578 CTnciiACE^. (sedge family.)

30. C. tenuifibra, AVahl. Spikes 3, few-Jfoirered, closely approximated ;
pfrifji/niu orate-ohluny, al)Out the length of tlie hroadly ovate scale. — Cold
swamps, N. New Eiiylaiul to Wisconsin, and northward. (Eu.)

31. C. candscens, L. (in part). Tale or f/hucous ; sjiitcs 5-7 (almtt
\2-'20Ji(ju:eie(I}, (he iiji/m- (ip/iroxiiiuiled, the rest distinct, the lowermost remote;
p<ri(/i/iiia orate, equalling- tlie pointed scale. (C. curta, Good. C. Kichardi,
Mahx.) — Marshes and wet meadows, common, especially northward. (Ku.)

Var. vitilis is a more slender and weak form, not glaucous, with smaller
and roundish 6- l.'i-flowered spikes, the more pointed perigynia spreading (and
often tawny) at maturity: perhaps a good species. (Var. alpi'cola and var.
sphairostachya, AW. 1. C. tenella, .EA/7i. C. Tersoonii, 5/e6er. C. vitilis, /'nes.
C. Gebhardi, Hoppe. C. sphterostachya and C. Buckleyi, Dew.) — On moun-
tains, and high northward. (Eu.)

32. C. Norv^gica, Schk. Pale; stem 1° or less high, angled; spikes
2-5, rather approximate, oblong, short-bracted, with a lew staniinate (lowers
below the numerous fertile ones, or the terminal one all staniinate; perigynia
oval or oblong, lenticular, many-nerved, with a short entire beak, equalling the
obtuse scale. — Salt marsh. Wells, Maine, Rec. J. Biake. (Eu.)

t- t- Peiirpjiiia tliin, .tponf/i/tliickencd at the base, scarceli/ nerved, 2-toothed.

33. C. Dewey^na, Schw. Spikes about 4; the 2 uppermost approximate,
the others distinct, the lowest long-bracted ; perigynia oblong-lanceolate, taper-
ing into a rough serrate-margined beak, rather longer than the sharply pointed
or awncd scale. — Copses, New England and New York to AVisconsin, and
northward.

* * S}iikes ovoid or ohovoid, more or less clustered ; periffynia concave-conver, com-
pressed, man/iiied or iviiiged, nerved, with a rough 2-toothcd beak, often
tawny at maturity : scales tawn}- or white, awnless : bracts bristlc-shapcd,
usually falling before the maturity of the spikes.
■*- Spikes small: perigynia usually (but not always) becoming spongy-thickened at the
base, the margins rigid. — STELLUL.\T.aE.
++ Spikes completely or incompletely dicccious.

34. C exllis, Dew. Spike commonly solitary and cylindrical, dioecious or
androgynous (staniinate) and contracted below, often with 1-6 small atlditional
fertile spikes contiguous to the terminal larger one ; perigynia orate.-lanceolate,
plano-convex, with a few fine nerves only on the convex side, spreading, turning
brownish., longer than ovate acute or obtuse scale; leaves involute-filiform. —
Swamps, E. New England to New Jersey, near the coast: also borders of
mountain likes, Es.scx County, New York.

35. C. St6rilis, Wilkl. 6';)//.vs 4-6, all staminate and rarely all pistillate
on some plants, many androgynous, especially the lower spikes, all oblong or the
fertile roundish ; perigynia ovale from a broad somewhat heart-shaptd sharply mar-
gined base, flat, diverging or the lower recurved, very acutely 2-toothed at the
apex, about equalling the acute or pointed scale; leaves narrow^, involute, pale.
(C. stellulata, var. sterilis, of former ed.) — Swamps and wet meadows: com-
mon, especially northward.

CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 579

++ *-*• Spikes androgynous.

36. C. Stellul^ta, L. Spikes 3 - 5, the uppermost much contracted at the
base by the numerous staminate flowers; perigynia ovate or slightly heart-
sliaped at the base, which has thickish or obtuse margins, the apex more mi-
nutuly tootiied; scales rather blunt and considerably shorter; leaves flatter and
pale : otherwise nearly as in the last. — Like Superior and northward. (Eu.)

Var: seil'poideS. Culms slender and weak (9' -20') ; leaves very narrow;
spikes contiguous, smaller ;.perig-ynia with a rounded or truncate base, plano-
convex, almost twice the length of the obtuse scale. (C. scirpoides, Sc/ik.) —
Wet places : common.

Var. angUStata, is remarkable for the narrow lanceolate perigynia more
than twice the length of the blunt scale and oblong achcnium; otherwise as in
var. scirpoides. — Fairfield, New York.

-t- t- Splices rather large: perlgijnla tldclccned and spongi/ on the angles, with a more
or less dilated metnbranac.bous margin or wing. — Ovales.

37. C. sychnocepliala, Carey. Spikes denselji clustered, forming a short
compound spiked head, subtended bi/ 3 verij long and unequal persistent lerify brads ;
perlgjpila tapering from an abruptly contracted ovate base into a long slender beak,
somewhat exceeding the lanceolate abruptly mucronate scale. (C. cyperoidas,
Dew., not of Z.) — JeflFcrson County ( Vasey & Knleskern) and Little Falls, New
York, Vasey. — Different in habit from the rest of this section; recognized at
once by the ovoid compound spike, subtended by long leaty bracts, by which
the lower spikes ai-e partly concealed.

38. C. ai'ida, Schw. & Torr. ASy^'te 8 - 10, approximate (3' long), oWo»(/-
cyllndrlcal, contracted at each end; perigynia narrowly lanceolate (4-5 Ihies In
length), tapering into a long beak more than twice the length of the ovate-lanceolate
scale ; achenium sessile, narrowly oblong. (C. Muskingumensis, Schw.) — Wet
meadows, Ohio to Wisconsin and Kentucky. — In characters scarcely distin-
guished from the next, but strikingly different in appearance ; much larger, with
long, dry, and chafly-looking spikes.

39. C. seoparia, Schk. jSyj/te 5 - 8, c/u6-s/(«/>ec/, at length ovate, more or
less approximate, sometimes forming a dense head : perigynia ell Ipllcal-lanceolate,
tapering into a long slender beak, longer than the lanceolate pointed scale; achenium
distinctly stalked, exactly oval. — Low meadows : everywhere common. — Spikes
brownish or straw-colored when ripe. — Var. minor, Boott. Spikes more rusty,
smaller, contiguous; perigynia narrowly lanceolate. — Base of Wiiite ^Nloun-
tains, New Hampshire, and northward.

40. C. lagopodioides, Schk. Spikes 10-15 or more, approximate, or
tlij lower more separated; perigynia lanceolate, nearly twice the length of the ovate-
oblong ralhir pointed scale; achenium narrowly oval, on a short stalk ; leaves very
tapering to the apex ; their sheaths loose, enlarging upwards, sharp-edged. —
Moist, rather shady places : common.

4L C. cristata, Schw. Spikes sma//e/-, 8-12 closely aggregated, globular,
greenish; perigynia oblong or ovate, recurved at maturity; scules olitnse ; otherwise
as in the last, of which in former editions it was taken for a variety. — AVet or
moist ground : common.

580 CTPERACK^. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

Var. mirabilis, Boott, has hroctdly ovate pn-iiji/nia with a shorter beak,
longer than the acute scale. (C. festiicaeea, var. niiraltilis of Ibriner ctlitioiis.
C. inirabiiis, Ikw.) — Ma.ss. to Ohio, &c.

42. C. adUSta, Boott (not of former cd.). Sjiifces 4-10, pa'e or brown,
gMndar, o\- thti, u\)\KV tlub-sliaped, the lower rtinote and sometimes com]iuiuKl;
jKriiji/iiia oval, ovate, or roundish, gradually tapering to a beak, many-nerved, with
the narrow wing wider above the middle, turgid at maturity, equalling the scale
in length and breadth; achenium large, orbicular, sessile. (C. argynintha,
'J\wkeriii., is a very delicate form of this, found in rocky woods.) — Moist copses,
ii,e., from Rhode Island (OIney) and New Jersey ( A'/ie/sAre/H), nortiiward and
westward : rare.

43. C. foenea, Willd. Sjjihcs 3-8, /w/e or silvery fjreen, finally straw-col-
ored, mostly approximate, ovoid, generally acute, the uppermost contracted or
club-shaped at the sterile base ; jinigynia oval, orbicular or vbovatf, short-beaked,
broadly winged, appressed, transversely wrinkled, a little longer tiian the ovate
or lanceolate white scale; achenium on a short stalk, oval. — Sandy and mostly
salt or brackish marshes, &c., along the coast, from New England southward.

Var.? ferruginea, referred liere by Dr. Boott, with rusty-colored acute
spikes, and longer-beaked perigynia, generally acutish at base and exceeding
the acute or mucronate scale {Ohio, Sullicant), connects this with C. straminea.

Var.? sabuldnum, also reierred here by Dr. Boott, has 2-10 drooping
rather remote spikes, more or less obovatc or club-shaped, contracted at base,
pale green turning straw-color; perigynia broadly winged at base, slightly ex-
ceeding the pointed scale : it is C. adiista of former editions, not of Boott. —
Sands of the sea-shore from Maine southward. — Leaves narrow, often involute.

44. C. Stl'aminea, Sciik. S/iilce3 2-\2, ])ale or tawny, \arying from obo-
vate-globular to club-sha]x'd, contiguous or rather remote ; jierir/ynia orbicular-
ovate or oval, often heart-shaped at base, very fid, abruptly contracted into a short
or tapering into a longer beak, winged, much wider and commonly longer than
the usually acute or pointed scale; achenium nearly sessile, oval. — Open
grounds and borders of woods : common, and very variable. The following arc
the varieties designated by Dr. Boott. — Var. typica, with 3-6 roundish spikes ;
perigynia sjjreading, broadly winged, ratiier longer and mueli broader than tho
scale. — Var. te.nera, more slender and delicate, with 3-6 smaller oval or ob'
ovate spikes, more tawny ; perigynia with a short and broad beak, rather longet
and broader than the scale. (C. tenera. Dew. C. festueacea, var. tenera, oi
former cd., in part.) — Var. apekta. Spikes 4-8, tawny, tapering at base,
drooping; perigynia long-beaked, thrice the length of the very sharp-])ointed
scale, loosely spreading in the spike. — Var. festucXcea. Spikes .5-8, club-
shaped, tawny or greenish ; perigynia abruptly short-beaked and mostly nar-
rowly winged, longer than the acute or mucronate scale ; plant tall and rather
rigid. (C. festueacea, Sehk., and former ed.) — Var. hyalixa, a chiefly West-
ern form, approaching the next species, with larger and thick pale spikes, usu-
ally 6, all tapering at base; perigynia greenish, with a wide spongy wjng, and
a long beak, about twice the length of the brown pointless scale ; rather tall and
stout, with broad leaves. (C. straminea, var. Crawei, Boott; but probably by
dome mistake said to be collected in Michigan by the late Dr. Crawe. C. hya-

CTPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 581

Una, Boott, is a small Texan form of it.) — Var. MeXdii (Illinois, Dr. Mead),
resembles the last, luit has ratlier smaller and i-oiinder sjjikes, thinner wings to
the perigynia, and long-tapeiin;;- or rough awn-pointed scales.

45. C. alata, Turr. Sjiih s 'i - U), jKile, turgkl-ocokl, conXv^wows, moslhj laifje
(6"-lU" long); piiiffjiiia dildted orbicidar or obovute, broadii/ icin(/<d, abruptly
short-beaked, either heart shaped or wedge-shaped at the base, longer and thrice
broader than the lanceolate or ovate acute or rough awn-pointed scale ; Hchenia
stipitate. — W. New York (.'^arlwcll) to Virginia and southward. — All these,
from No. 38 to the present, run together variously.

D. Staminate and fHstillale flowers borne in separate {commonhj more or less stalked)
simple spikes on the same culm; the one or more staminate (sterile) spikes con-
stantly uppermost, having occasionally more or less fertile flowers intermi.xcd;
the lower spikes all pistillate (fertile), or sometimes with staminate flowers at
their base or apex : sfir/mas 3 : achenium sharpljj trimvpdar (only usually 2 stigmas
and the achenium lenticular in No. 46 -.56, 6.5, 149, 150). Carkx proper.
§ 1. Perirjijnia without a beak, or scaralj/ any, smooth, not inflated (sligiitly in No.
55, 56), terniinatimj in a minute, straight, entire or notched point, glancons-'^rcen
when young, becoming whitish, often spotted or tinged with pur|)lc, or
occasionally nearly black at maturity: jiislillate scales lilarkish-pnrjile (liarcly
brown in No. 55, 56, 61), (jiring a dark appearance to the spikes.
* Sterile spikes 1-3, stalked, often with more or less fertile flowers: pistillate
spikes 3 - 5, frequent! 11 with sterile flowers at the apex : bract of the lowest spike
leaf-like, mostly with dark-colored expansions (auricles) at the base, and
very minute sheaths or none. {-Culm and leaves more or less glaucous.)
•*- Stigmas 2 {in No. 46 and 47* sometimes 3) : perigynia. lenticular. — AcisTM,
*+ Alpine, saxatile: pistillate scales pointless: leaves flat.
■M- Scales awuless, mostly olituse.

46. C. rigida, Good. Sterile spike solitary ; the Jertile 2-4, cylindrical, erect,
rather loosel// flowered, the lower on short peduncles ; lowest bract about the
length of the culm, witli rounded auricles ; stigmas 2 - 3 ; perigynia elliptical, with
an entire scarcely pointed apex, nerveless, about as long as the obtuse scale ; culm
rigid, nearly smooth except towards the top, about the length of the firm erect
leaves. (C. saxatilis, Fl. Dan., partly of L.) (Eu.) — Our plant is the

Var.? Bigeldvii (C. Blgelovii, Torr. C. Washingtonia, Dew), with 3-5
longer and laxer fertile spikes, the lowest long-stalked, spreading, and sometimes
remote; the sterile or terminal one often fertile at the top; perigynia more or
less nerved : perhaps a distinct species. — Alpine summits of the mountains of
New England, New York, and high northward.

++ ++ ]Vot alpine, pahidose: pistillate .<icales awnless, single-nerved.
a. Leaves with involule margins when dry ; their sheaths not flbrillo<e.

47. C. vulgaris, Fries. Sterile spike 1 -3 ; the fertile 2- 4, appro.rimated,
oblong, erect, densely flowered, occasionally staminate at the apex, the lowest on
a very short stalk ; lowest bract barely the length of the culm, with small
blackish rounded auricles; perigynia ovate-ellipti<(d, stalked, nerved especially to-
wards the base, with a very short abrupt entire or minutely notched jwint,
langer than the obtuse oppressed black acale; culm slender, sharply triangular.

582 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

nearly smooth, except at tlic top. (C. acuta, var. vulgaris, Z. C. caispitbsa,
of authors.) — "Wet banks, &c. Xew England to Wisconsin anil northward. —
Grows in small patches (not in dense tufts like No. .")0), and varies in height
from 3' to 18', witli narrow leaves shorter than tiie cuhn. (ICu.) The follow-
ing may be appended.

47". C. limula, Fries ? Fertile spikes less approximate or rather remote ;
their bracts stiriKissiiiij the culm (at least the lowest) and with rougher margins;
leaves longer and more numerous at the base of the rougher cuhn ; ixritjijiiia
nerveless; stirjiuas often 3: otherwise like C. vulgaris. — E. New England, near
Boston, TT'. JJoutt, who rather doubtfully identifies it with the Lapland plant.
The specimens in Herb. Succ. Norm, differ iu their flat leaves, and narrower,
longer, and even pointed scales. (Eu.)

48. C. aquatilis, Waid. Sterile spikes commonly 2-3; the frtilc 3-'i,
cylindrical, inclining to club-shaped, erect, densehj-Jlowered, sessile, or the lower on
very short stalks ; bracts hmj, 1-2 lowest exceeding the. cidm ; periyijnia ohovate-
ellipticul, stalked, nerveless, with a very short entire point al)Out the length of the
lanceolate scale ; culm smooth, not much exceeding the pale-green glaucous
leaves. — Margins of lakes and rivers. New England to Wisconsin, and north-
ward.—Robust, 2°-3° high ; the thick fertile spikes l'-3' long. (Eu.)

b. Leaves with more or less revolule manjius when drij ; sheaths at length JihriUose,
i. e. iclien old splitting up or resolved more or less into slaukr parallel or loosely
reticulated fibres.

49. C. torta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 -2, commonly l,/('/-^7e 3-4, p/on9«^t'rf,
nariowlg-rijlindrical or slightly cltih-sha/ied, loosely few-flowered at the base, occasion-
ally more or less staminate at the apex, the lower on smooth slender stalks,
spreading or droeiping; bracts with oblong auricles, or very slightly sheathing, the
lowest about tlie length of the culm, the rest bristle-sh.iped, shorter tlian their
rcsjjcctivc spikes ; perigynia elliptical, short-stalked, tujieriiig to a distinct point,
■with a minutely notched or jagged membranaceous orifice, very smooth, nerve-
less, the empty ti/is spreading or olilirjuely rceurveel at maturity, scarcely exceeding
the narrow obtuse scale; aclieniuin broadly obovatc, much shorter than the
perigynium ; culm very smooth, leaves siiort, slightly rough on the margin only.
(C. acuta, var. sparsiflora. Dew. ?} — Kills and wet banks, N. New England, New
York, &e., and along the mountains from Pcnn. southward. — Well marked by
"Is smooth flaccid culm (12' -18' high), soft and short grassy leaves, and the
tortuous empty apex of the perigynium.

50. C. aperta, Boott. Sterile spikes 1 - 2, oblong-cylindrical, acute ; /cr-
<ile 2-4, oliloug, erect, the uppermost approriwnte anel sessile; the lower distant and
sliort stalked, staminate at the apex, or often entirely fertile ; lowest bract about
the length of the culm, with oblong brown anricles, or very slightly shcatliing,
the upper bristle-shaped, shorter than the spikes ; perigynia roundish-ovate, stalked,
without nerves, covered with very minute transparent dots, and sometimes very
slightly rough at the apex, ivith an abrupt very short notched orifice, broader and
much shorter than the lanceejl ate pointed brown seede ; culm shar])ly triangular, smooth
below, exceeding the rough shar])-pointed leaves. — Wi^ t meadows, Khode Lsland
and Mass, to Illinois and far westward. — ^ Culm 1°- 2° high, with commonly

CYPERACK^. (sedge FAMILY.) 583

2 fertile spikes 9"- 18" in length, appearing somewhat bristly from the long and
spreading scale. Differs from the next chiefly in the rounder perigyniuni and
nearly smooth culm, and should perhaps bo referred to it.

51. C. Stricta, Lam. (not of Good.) Sterile spikes 1-3; the fertile 2 -4,
ajlindrical, slender, usitalli/ barren ot the summit, sessile, or the lower on a short
stalk; lower bract with rounded or ohlong brown auricles, seldom exceeding
the culm ; perigynia ovate-acuminate or elliptical, nerceless, or very obscurely few-
nerved, often minutdy rowjh on the short, entire, or sVkjIuIij votrheJ point, usually
shorter and broader than the narrow reddish-brown scale ; culm slender, sharpli/
triamjular, rough, longer than the narrow and rigid rough and glaucous leaves ;
their older sheaths with conspicuous reticulated fibres. (C. acuta, il/u/t/., &c.,
not of L. C. Vii-giniana, Smith in Rees, Cijcl. C. acuta, var. erecta, Dew.
C. angustata, Boott.) — Var. STRfcTiOR has shorter and more dcnsel}- flowered
fertile spikes, and perigynia equalling or somewhat exceeding the scale. (G.
stn'ctior, Dew.) — Wet meadow^s and swamps : very common. — Grows in large
and very compact tufts: culms 2°-2j° high. Scales of the fertile spikes very
variable ; the lower commonly acute, the upper narrower and obtuse. (C. xero-
carpa, .S". //. Wright, in Dew. Cat., seems to be a mere state of C. stricta.)

52. C. lentieulai'is, Miehx. Stn-ile spike single and mostii/ fertile at the
top; the fertile 2-5, erect, cylindrical (G"- 12'' long), sessile, or the lower short-
peduncled, densely-flowered; bracts exceeding the cn\m ; periggnia orate-oral,
sessile, more or less nerred, abruptly short-pointed, the point entire, slightly ex-
ceeding the oblong and very obtuse scale; culm (6' -20' high) and leaves smooth
or nearly so, pale. — Wet gravelly banks and shores, X. Maine (./. Blake, C.
E. Smith), N. New York {Torreg, Knieskern, J. A. Paine), Upper Michigan
{Prof. Porter, (Jr.), and northward.

*+ ++ 4-H- Paludose or maritime: pistillate scales owned or pointed from the broad and
strong more or less triple-nerved centre or midrib.

53. C. salina, Wahl. Sterile spikes 2 - S ; the fertile 2-4, cglindrical, erect,
often sterile at the apex, on more or less included stalks ; bracts long, with
rounded auricles, the two lowest commonly exceeding the cuhn ; periggnia ocate-
'elliptlcal, with a minute entire point, nerveless, rather shorter than the -roughlg-awned
dark-brown scale; culm (l°-2° high) rough at the top, rather exceeding the
leaves. — Salt nuirshes, Massachusetts (Greene, W. Boott), Maine [G. L. Good-
ale), and far northward. (Eu.)

54. C. maritima, Vahl. Sterile and fertile spikes each 2-4 (the latter
rarely 5 or 6) (l'-2' long), spreading or drooping on shnder peduncles : periggnia
uearlg orbicular, with a short entire ])oint, much shorter than the long-awned green-
ish scale; culm (l°-2° high) and the broad flat hares smooth. (C. paleacea,

Wahl.) — Salt marshes, Cambridge and Medford, Mass. {Greene, W. Boott),
Wells, Maine, (./. Bloke) and northward: rare. (Eu.)

55. C. orinlta, Lam. Sterile spikes 1-2, often with fertile flowers vari-
ously intermixed; the fertile 3-5, long-cglindric<il (2' -3' long), densely JJoioered,
often staminatc at the apex, on e.rserted nodding stalks ; bracts very long, exceed-
ing the culm ; periggnia roundish-oborute, sUffhtlg inflated, obscurely nerved, with
a short entire point, shorter than thu oblong mostly notcJied roughly-serrate awned

584 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

h'l/ht'broini scnJc. ; rwm (2°-4° liigh) rough and shnrpli/ angkd nho\e, leafy below;
tlic pale loaves (3" -4" wide), roii^h on the edges, their surface and the s/unt/is
smooth. — Varies in size (hut usually tall) ; and with the lower fertile scales often
very long-awned, the fruit imperfect and deformed (var. morbida, Carci/ in
Sill. Jour. C. paleacea of authors). — Wet grounds by streams : common.

!)G. C. gynandra, Schw., Boott. Shmt/is rourjk with minute hairiness;
fertile spikes rather thicker and looser, and oftcner staminatc at the apex ; peri-
gyuia iTioro ovate or ohiong and elliptical ; the scales longer and less sjjrcading
but mostly shorter-awncd : otherwise as in the jircccding, — to which it is very
nenrly related. — In similar situations, but less common, from New England to
Penn. and Michigan.

•*- -^ Sti^mns 3 : perigynium obtusely triangular, indistinctly few-nerved, more
or less compressed : pistillate spikes on filiform drooping sialics. — LiM6siE.

57. C. Barr^ttii, Schw. & Torr. Sterile spike mostly single, sometimes 2 or
even 3, dark purple ; fertile mostly 2 or 3, cijlindrical, commonlij sluminate at the lop;
lower bract usually shorter than the culm ; sheaths obsolete or minute ; pfiti-
gynia oval or ocnl-lnnreolate, obliquely divergent, scarcely notched at the point,
about the length of the ovate and blunt black-purple scale; culm (l°-2° high)
sharply triangular, nearly smooth, longer than the glaucous flat leaves;, the old
sheaths at base splitting into threads. (C. flacca, of former ed., and probably a
mere geographical variety of that European species.) — Marshes, New Jersey
near the coast, Co'lins, Knieskern ; and Townscnd, Delaware, IF. .1/. Cttnhy.

58. C. limbsa, L. Staminatc spike soWtary ; fertile \ -2, uhlong, 10-20-
flowered, occasionally with staminatc flowers at the ape.x ; bracts very narrow, the
lowest shorter than the culm; perigynia ovate, with a minute entire point, about
equal to the ovate mucronale dull or purplish-brown scale. — Peat-bogs, New Eng-
land to Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and northward. — Culm 6'- 12' high, erect,
sharply triangular, longer than the acute and rigid keeled leaves. (Eu.)

59. C. rariflbra, Smith. Resembles the last (of which it was thought to
be a variety), but smaller, 4' -9' high; culm obtuse-angled; leaves flatter and
rather broader; pistillate spikes wirh only 5-10 less crowded flowers; pcri-
gynia very short-pointed or bluntish, rather shorter than and involved in the
broadly-ovate black-purple scale. — Mt. Katahdin, Maine (G. L. Goodale), and
northward. (Eu.)

60. C. irrigua, Smith. Staminatc spike solitary; //(e/;-/-///e 2-4, orojrf or
oblong, occasionally staminatc at the apex, or with a few sterile flowers at the
base ; loiu'sl bract as wide as the leaves, longer than the culm ; perigynia roundish-
ovate or diovnte, with an entire oriflce, much shorter than the tapering and slender-
pointed dark purple scale. (C. Magellanica, Lam., according to Bootl. C. limosa,
var. irrigua, Widil. C. paupe'renla, Mirhr. ) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Tallcrjhan No. 58, growing in loose clumps, with
weaker and nodding stems, often exceeded by the leaves. (Eu.)

♦ * Uppermost spike club-fihnped, pislillnte above and staminatc at th" base; the rest
all fertile or with a few sterile flowirs below : lowest bract leaf-like, scarcely
equalling the culm, with minute light-brown auricles and no sheaths : culm
and leaves of a pale glaucous-green. — Atr\t.e.

CTPKRACE^. (SKDGK FAMILY.) 585

■t- Scales of lite spike deep-colored, purple or dark hrown.

61. C. Buxbailmii, Walil. Spikes 3-4,obovoid or oblonij, (he uppprmost
short-stalked (rarely altogetlicr staminatc), tlte others ueurli/ sessile, the lowest
somewhat remote ; perigynia elliptical, obtusely triaiiji;ular, compressed, ob-
scurely nerved, with a distinctly notched orifice, scarcely equalling the ovate
sh.irp-pointed or short-awned (brown-purple) scale. (C. caue'scens, L., in part.)
— Pc.at-bo<;s : not rare. (Eu.)

62. C. air^ta, L. Sjiikes ^ -a, ohhng-ovoid, approximate, all on short Jiliform
stalks, at lengtli droopinrj ; |ierigynia ovoid, with a short notched point, about the
length of the ovate acute or dark brown-purple scale. — Alpine summits of the
White Mountains, New Hampshire. — About 12'- 15' high, with rather rigid
leaves, nearly equalling the culm. Fruit at first pale straw-color, often becom-
ing dark purple or nearly black. Stigmas sometimes 2. (Eu.)

63. C. alplna, Swartz. Spikes 3-4, swall, oral or ylohidar, croivded into a
head at the summit of the slender naked culm, nearly sessile, mostly overtopped
by a foliaccous bract ; periijipiia orbicular or obovate, pointed ivith a small short
biak, minutely notched at the orifice, roughish, longer than the ovate bluntish
black-purple scale. (C. Vahlii, Schk.) Tsie Royale, &c., Lake Superior, Prof.
Whitnci/, C. G. Loring, Jr., and northward. — Culms in ours l°-2° high, the
leaves all at the base: spikes 2" -4" long. (Eu.)

-1- H— Scales and spikes greenish turning straw-color.

64. C. Shorticina, Dew. Spikes 3-5, cylindrical, erect, more or less dis-
tant (V-li' long), and the lowest rather remote, «// androgynous and densely
jluweral ; the terminal one about half staminate, the rest with only a few barren
flowers at the base, the lower on short stalks ; perigynia broadly obovate, abruptly
contracted at the base into a short stalk, with an extremely minute entire jjoint, little
longer than the short-pointed somewhat obovate scale. — Marshes, S. Pennsyl-
vania to Illinois and southward. — Plant l°-.3° high : leaves flat, 3" wide.

§2. Perigynia without a beak (except in 'No. G7, &c.), smooth, slightly inflated,
bluntly triangular, nerved, with an obtuse and pointless nriflce, or a short (and
straight or ol)lique) entire or notched point : bracts leaf-like, sheathing: stami-
nate .spike solitary (except sometimes in No. 71), or androgynous and pistillate
above ; the rest all fertile.

* Staminate spike on an elevated stalk (rarely short-stalked or sessile, or with 1-2
small ones at its base) : pistillate spikes 1 -6, erect, the upper on very short,
the lower on more*or less elongated cxseited stalks (short and incliuled in
No. 73) : bracts shorter than the culm (except in No. 65 and 72) : perigynia
with an entire and slmight or obliquely bent point, glaucous-green when young,
becoming c xim-colored or yt-lluw at iiniturity, sometimes spotted with purple ;
pistillate scales dark-brown Avith white margins, fading to tawny. (Leaves
mostly radical, more or less glaucous.) — Pan/ce^.

-r- Stigmas mosdy 2 : perigynium icholly pointless, turgid-obovnte.

65. C. atirea, Nutt. Fertile spikes. 3-4, oblong, loosely flowered, the
lowest often Acry remote; perigynia pcai^aped, obtuse, longer than the ovate
acute scale ; achenium lenticular. (C. pyrifirmis, Srhiv.) — Wet grassy bank.s,
vspecially on limestone, W. New England to Wisconsin, and northward. — A

586 CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

slender delicate species, 4' -8' high, with long grassy- leaves, and bracts exceed-
ing the culm. Sterile spike often witli some fertile flowers at the apex.
1- t- Sli(/mas 3 : perifji/nium somewhat pointed and 3-sidcd.
■w- Stainiiiate spike (or the cluster in Xo. 71) loiKj-stnlhid.

66. C. livida, Wilkl. Fertile spikes 1 -2, rarely with a tliinl near the base
of the culm, \0 - Xh-floicered ; peri(/i/nin ovoid-oblonfj , ivith faint pellucid nerves,
tipped witli a straight obtuse point, rather longer than the ovate scale. (C.
limosa, var. livida, Wuhl. C. Grayana, Dew.) — Peat-bogs and wet pine bar-
rens, New Jersey, Oneida Co., New York, and high northward. — Rarely with
a single (sterile) spike, or with an additional fertile one on an erect stalk 4' -9'
long, from the base of the culm. Plant very glaucous, the leaves rigid and
finely tapering. (Eu.)

67. C. vaginata, Tausch. Sterile spike with its stalk commonly bent to a
ri(jht angle with the culm at flowering time, afterwards erect; fertile 2 or 3,
remote, erect, slendcr-ped uncled, loosely flowered ; bracts foliaccous, short, with
dilated sheaths ; perigynia short-ovate when mature and witli a distinct terete
beak orbeuk-like oUif/ue point, cmarginate at the orifice, exceeding the ovate acute
scale; culm slender (lo-2° long), weak and reclining, naked, stoloniferous ; the
long-creeping sterile shoots bearing tufts of flat green leaves (2"-3" wide)
almost equalling the fertile culms. (C. sparsiflora. Fries. C. pha;ostachya,
Smith.) — Moist banks, Bergen swamp, Genesee Co., New York (J. A. Paine),
Lake Sui)crior (Robhins and Porter), and northward. (Eu.)

68. C. panicea, L. Sterilespikealwayserect; fertile l -3, mostly 2, erect,
remote, oblong or short-cylindrical, rather loosely flowered, only the lower slen-
der-peduncled ; sheaths of the short foliaceous bracts shorter and narrower;
perifjipna turgid-ovate at maturity, obscurely nen'ed, tipped with a short bent
entire point (mostly straw-colored), longer than the ovate blunt scale. — Moist
grounds, Massachusetts to Delaware ( W. M. Canbij) : rare. (Eu.)

69. C. Me^dii, Dew. Differs from the last only in the denser fertile spikes,
the sterile one sometimes longer; and the periggnia more triangular, less turgid,
paler, less indistinctly nerved, the scales pointed; culms more rigid and rough-
ish : the more slender forms closeh' approach the next. (C. panicea, chiefly of
former ed.) — Wet prairies, &c., Ohio to Illinois and Wisconsin.

70. C. tetanica, Schk. Fertile spikes 1-3, commonig 2, oblong-cglindricaC,
looselg floii-ered, especially at the tapering liase, remote ; periggnia when young
pointed at each end, at mnturitij obovoid, scarcely inflated, with a slightly bent point,
longer than the ovate obtuse and often abruptly mucronate or awn-pointed scale.
(C. oonoidea, Gray, Gram. ^ Cgp., not of Schk. C. Woodii, Dew.) — Margins
of lakes and rivers, AV. Mass. to Penn., Michigan, and southward.

71. C. Crawei, Dew. Sterile spikes often 1 or 2 small ones at the base
of the terminal, wjiicii is occasionally fertile at the apex ; fertile spikes 3-6, re-
mote, and the lowest mar the root, oblong or cylindrical, densely floicered, and some-
times slightly compound at the buse; their short peduncles included, or the
lowest cxserted ; perigynia oroid-ablong, obscurely nerved, with a very small straight
or slightly recurred jioint, longer than the ovate obtuse or acute or short-pointed
scale. (C. heterostachva, Torr.) — Wet places, S. Herkimer and Jefferson

CTPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.) 687

Counties, New York, to Illinois, Michi<;an, and northwestward. ^ Viiriablc,
4'- 12' high; tlic taller forms resembling the next; but the perigynium is less
round and with fewer and more indistinct nerves, the bracts do not exceed the
culm, and the staminate spike is long-peduneled.

++ ++ Staminate ^pike nearhj sessile: peri(/i/inuin turgid, man jj -nerved, greenish.

72. C. granularis, Muhl. Sterile spike mostly shorter than the approx-
imate uppermost of the 3 oi' 4 fertile ; these ci/lindricul, dense, tlie lowest remote and
slender fiedttncted, sometimes from near tlie root; pcrigynia globular-ovoid, con-
tracted into a short often slightly bent point, longer than the pointed scale ;
plant pale, glabrous; bracts long, exceeding the culm. — Wet meadows : common.

73. C. Torreyi, Tuckerman. Sterile spike overtopping the 2 or 3 ovoid
contiguous nearly sessile fertile spikes ; perigynia obovate, strongly nerved, the very
obtu.se or retuse summit abruptly tipped with a very short cylindraceous beak-
like point, longer than the ovate mostly acute or pointed scale; culm, leaves,
and short sheathless bracts downy. (C. abbreviata, Schw., Boott.) — Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, Schweinitz, New York ? and high northward. — Probably over-
looked from its close external resemblance to the next; but it is very distinct.

* * Staminate spike sessile, or short-stalked (except in No. 75) : pistillate spikes
2-5, erect, all on more or less exserted stalks; bracts longer than the cuhn
(except in No. 75) : periggnia very obtuse, with an abru])t and minute or
almost obsolete point, gr-een and somewhat pellucid at maturitij : pistillate
scales tawny, fading to white. — Pallescentes.

74. C. pallescens, L. Fertile spikes 2 -S, ovoid, densely floivered. approxi-
mate; perigynia oboroid-ohlong, obscurely nerved, about the length of the scale. —
Var. undulXta is a mere state with the lower bract at the base transversely
wavy-lined. (C. undulata, Kunze.) — Meadows, New England to Penn. and
northward. — Plant 8'- 18' high : culm and leaves slightly pubescent. (Eu.)

75. C. COnoidea, Sehk. Staminate spike on a long stalk; fertile 2 -3, oblong,
closely flowered, the lower distant ; perigynia oblong-conical, with impressed nerves,
slightly oblique at the summit, rather longer (or sometimes shorter) than the
sharply pointed or awned scale; bracts not exceeding the culm. (C. tetanica,
Schw. ^ Torr., not of Schk.) — Moist meadows : rather common.

76. C. grisea, Wahl. Fertile spikes 3-6, oblong, rather loosely flowered, re-
mote, or the 2 upper contiguous and the lowest distant; pei-igynia oblong, rather
longer than the broadly ovate ahrapUy strongly awned scale (the awn rough-
hispid ; style bulbous-thickened; leaves light green, flat, rather broad. (C. laxi-
flora, Schk., not of Lam.) — Moist grounds : rather common.

77. C. flaccosperma, Dew. Diiiers from the preceding in having the
flaccid leaves paler or glaucous: spikes longer, cylindriad (about 1' long), with
more numerous flowers, usually more distant, their bracts shorter; perigynia
larger (2" -3" long), laxer, turning brownish, twice or thrice the length of the
short-pointed or short-awn-pointed scale; style not thickened. (C. grisea, var.
miitica, of former cd. Prof. Dewey now proposes to change the name to xan-
thosperma, because flaccosperma is a hybrid word and "yellow-fruited" was
meant. But the fiuit is not yellow, and the original name has been adopted
by Boott and Steudel) — Low grounds, Penn. and New Jersey, AT// /es/ter/i (a
dubious form), and common southward.

588 CTPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

• * * Uppermost spike firtife-Jlowered at the apex (rarely all staminatc) : pistillate
spihs 3-5, oblong or cylimlriciil, loosely flowered, distant, on exserted jUi-
fonn stalks : bracts equalling or often exceeding the eulni : perigynia oblong,
with a short and abrupt notched point (obsolete in No. 80), green and mem-
branaceous at maturity : pistillate scales tawny or white. — GnAcfLLiJiJi.
t- Fertile npi/ces noddinq or pendulous.

78. C. Davisii, Schw. & Torr. Fertile spikes oblong-rijlindiiral, rather thick ;
perigtpiid somewhat contracted at each end, scarcely longer than the conspicuous/ij
owned scale. (C. aristata, Z>e«;., not of R. Br. C. Torreyana, Dew.) — Wet
meadows, Massachusetts to Wisconsin, and southward. — Larger than the next
(1°- 2° high), and with stouter and longer sjjikes.

79. C. form6sa, Dew. Fertile spikes oblong, short, all commonly with 2 or
3 barren flowers or empty scales at the base ; perigijnia somewhat contracted at
each end, nearli/ twice »s long as the pointed or cuspidate scale. — Wet meadows,
Massaciiusetts to W. New York.

80. C. gracillima, Schw. Fertile .spikes linear, slender; perlggnia obtuse
and slightlif oblique at the orijice, longer than the oblong awned or awnless scale.
(C. digitalis, Schw. <^ Torr., not of Willd.) — Wet meadows, New England to
Kentucky, Wisconsin, and northward. — When the uppermost spike is alto-
gether staminate this resembles C. arctata ; but is distinguished by the obtuse
and sessile perigynium.

t- -1- Fertile spikes marlg erect, all but the lowest short-pednucled or nearlg sessile.

81. C. sestivalis, M. A. Curtis. Spikes slender, loosely flowered; peri-
gynia acutish at both ends, twice the length of the ovate obtuse or mucronate scale;
aciieniuiu somewhat stifjitate; sheaths of the lower leaves pubescent: otherwise
nearly as the last, but smaller (1°-1^° high). — Saddle Mountain, W. Massa-
chusetts (Dcwi-y), mountains of Penn., Virginia, and southward.

§ 3. Periggnia wilhont a beak, luiiry (in No. 83 becoming smooth at maturity),
slightly injluted, bluntly 3-angled, obtuse, conspicuously nerved, with a mi-
nute abrupt straight point : bracts narrow, with very short or obsolete
sheaths, the lowest exceeding the culm ; pistillate scales tawny or white ;
spikes 2-4, e7-ect, the uppermost androgynous, fertile-flowered at the apex and
club-shaped: the rest all fertile. — Virescextes.

82. C. vil'6scens, Muhl. Spikes oblong or cylindrical, on short stalks ; peri-
gyniu ovoid, nearly entire at the orifice, rather longer than the ovate awned scale ;
leaves and sheaths hairy. (C. costata, Schw.) — Rocky woods and hillsides, New
England to Michigan, and southward. — Culms rough, slender, l°-2°high:
fei-tile sjjikes G"-12" long.

83. C. triceps, Michx. Spikrs ovoid, nearly sessile, closely approximate;
perigynia broadly obovoid, entire at the orifice, downy when young, smooth at
ma?i»-/'^, rather longer than the pointed scale; sheaths very hairy; leaves more
or less so. (C. hirsuta, Willd. C. virulula, Schw. t^- Torr., not of Michr.) —
Varies with the spikes rather longer and on stalks, and leaves nearly smooth.
(C. hirsuta, var. pednnculata, Schw. <f- Torr.) — Woods and meadows: the
smoother form southward. — Culm 12'- 18' high. Spikes 6'' - 9" long.

CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 589

§ 4. Perigynia without a beak, smooth, not inflated, 3-angled, regularly striate, termi-
natiiK/ in a short, entire, ruther obli(/uely bent or recurved }>oint, remaining green at
maturity: pistillate scales ineinbranaceous, mostly tipped with a rough point
or awn, brown or spotted, fading- to while : staminute spike solitary : pisii/late
spikes 2-5, more or less remote, the lowest often near the base of the culm.

« Sterile spike club-shaped : yi'rt//e s/i/te (erect, the uppermost commonly near
the base of the sterile) all on stalks principally included within sheatliiiig bracts,
except sometimes the lo\vest, and shorter than t/ie spikes or not much exceeiling
them: perigynia ovoid-triquetrous, narrowed at each end: culms numerous,
diffuse and in fruit becoming prostrate : leaves all radical, very braid, finely
and closely nerved throughout, with 3 distinct ribs. — PLAXTAGfi\E.ffi.

84. C plantaginea, Lam. Fertde spikes commonly 4, oblong, about 5 - 8-
flowered ; bracts very short, dark purple, ov the lowest greenish. (C. latifolia,
Schk.) — Shady woods, mostly on hillsides in rich soil, New England to Penn.,
Wisconsin, and northward ; and southward through the Allcghanies.

85. C. Carey ^na, Torr. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid or oblong, about 3-5-
flowered; bracts green, the upper equal to the spikes, the lower somewhat
exceeding them; perigynia large (2" -2^" in length); leaves dark green. — In
similar situations witli the last, N. New York to Penn. and Ohio : rare.

86. C. platyph^lla, Carey. Fertile spikes 3, flliform, loosely 3- 4flowered;
bracts as in the last; jierigynia small, culms slender; leaves pale or whitish-green.
— In similar situations with No. 84 ; and commoner southward.

* * Sterile spike short, club-shaped, pedunculate: fertile spikes 2-4, all on flh-

form exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resembling the leaves; the upper-
most, as well as the leaves, exceeding the slender and at length prostrate
culms : perigynia as in the last subsection. — DigitXles.

87. C. retrociirva. Dew. Fertile spikes ovoid w oblong, compactly 3-8-
flowered, on lung druopiitg stalks, frequently with one or two staminate flowers at
their base ; leaves glaucous, 3-4 lines wide, with 3 prominent nerves. — Copses and
hillsides. New England to W. New York, Virginia, and southward. — Closely
approaching the next; perhaps only a variety of it.

88. C. digitalis, Willd. Fertile spikes linear-oblong, loosely 6 - 'i flowered, on
long stalks, the lowest sometimes drooping ; leaves and bracts narrow, dark green ;
perigynia smaller than in the last. (C. oligocarpa, Schw. ^- Torr., not of Schk.
C. Vanvleckii, Schw.) — Copses and hillsides : not rare. — Slender, C - 12' high,
growing in tufts, with numerous culms and long grassy leaves.

# * * Sterile spike linear, either conspicuously peduncled or smaller and nearly

sessile in the same speiiics : fertile spikes 2-6, erect; the 1-2 uppermost
commonly near the base of the sterile, on an included stalk.; the re.st on
exserted stalks, with long sheathing bracts resentbling the leaves; the uiSpermost
exceeding the erect culm : perigynia with obtuse angles, about the length of
the scale. — OligocArp.e.
+- Perigynia distinctly nerved, and with a hyaline oriflce : style nearly even : scales
of the pistillate spikes awnless or barely awn-/ioint.ed.

89. C. laxiflora, Lam. Fertile spikes slender and loosely several -many-
flowered on a zigzag rliacliis, cyliudrical, or sometimes rather dense and oblong;

590 CYPERACE.E. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

perifrynia ovjil-triangular, narrowed to each end, the point either strongly or
sometimes siiglitly recurved. — A most polymorphous sjiecies ; very eommon
in ()i)en woods, cojjses, &e. The leading tbrms were collated by Dr. Boott as
follows. — The typical form taken by him (C. striiitula, Mkhr.) has the leaves
long and narrow (2"-4" wide), spikes ahout 1' long and loosely flowered ; peri-
gynia with a slightly recurved or almost straight point, their scale c,\ee])t the
lowest nearly pointless ; sterile spike mostly conspicuous and long-pcdundcd.

— Var. STVLOKLE.XA, Boott. (C. stylofle.xa, Dew. C. fusiformis, C/ia/nwm.)
Slender, the weak filiform culms l°-2^° long; fertile spikes 2-4, short, 5-10-
Howered, the lowest on a long setaceous peduncle ; bracts mostly shorter than
the culm ; pcrigynia more tapering or triangular-fusiform, the point commonly
recurved. New Jersey {C. F. Austin), renn. (Piqf. Por(fr), and southward.

— Var. PLANTAGfNEA, Boott (var. patulifolia of former edition. C. planta-
ginea, Scfik:), has the root-leaves 5"- 7" broad, otherwise as in the typical form.

— Var. iNTEUMKDiA, Boott (C. anceps, Willd., Schk:), includes various slender,
narrow-leaved forms, with loosely-flowered spikes, but otherwise as the next.
— Var. BLA.NDA (C. blanda, Z>eu;. C. laxiflora, var. striatula, Ed. 2), includes
narrow-leaved forms, 6' -18' high, with the sterile spike usually short or
club-shaped and nearly sessile ; the fertile oblong and dense, the uppermost
approximate ; bracts much surpassing the culm ; pcrigynia obovate with a short
abruptly bent point; scale usually awn-pointed. — Var. latifolia, Boott, has
a broadly and very sharp-angled culm, and very broad leaves and bracts
(8" -15" wide), inconspicuous sterile spike, the fertile ones cylindrical and
loosely flowered, but the broad perigynium much longer than the truncate or
abruptly short-pointed scale.

•t- -t- Pen'(ji/ni(i denselij striate, or as if finely wrinkled rather t/inn nerved, of a firm
texture, obscurely triangular, with a callous orifice : style thickened ahore the base :
scale ivUh the soiwwhat H-nemed keel extended into a stout roufjh uwn or point,

90. C. oligoearpa, Schk. Fertile spikes small, 3 - 8-flowered ; the
point of the perigynium straight or slightly oblique, not recurved ; leaves
rough only on the edge; sheaths smooth. (C. Sartwelliana, Guy.) — Woods,
W. New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culm slender, 6'- 12' long.

91. C. Hitehcockiana, Dew. Fertile spikes .very loosely 3- 5-flowered ;
apex of the pciigynium recurved ; sheaths and upper side of the Imres roughly
pubescent. — Woods, New England to Illinois and Kentucky. — Culml°-2°
high, stouter, and fruit larger than m the last.

§ .5. Pirigyniuin vu'lhout a beak, smooth or downy, not inflated, obovoid-triquetrons,
with a minute obliquely bent white and membranaceous point, reddish-brown
or olive-colored at maturity : bracts reduced to colored sliealhs, or with a short
green prolongation : leaves all radical, narrow or bristle-shaped. — DigitXt.i;.

92. C. eblirnea, Boott. Sterile spike solitary ; tha fertile 3-4, erect, about
b-floinrfd, (ij)pro.riiiialid and elevated on long stalks aliove the staminale spike : the
lowest sometimes a little remote; pcrigynia obscurely nerved, smooth and shin-
ing, rather longer than the broad and obtuse membranaceous whitish scale.
(C. alba, var. sctifolia, Dew.) — Limestone rocks. N. New England to Kentucky,
aiid northward. — A delicate species, with very slender culms, 4'- 10 high, and

CYPEUACEiE. (sedge FAMILY.) 591

bristle-shaped leaves, forming dense tufts. The fertile spikes 2" -3" in length,
about 1" broad.

93. C. pedunculita, Muhl. S\>ikes3-^,commonlij4,the uppermost sterile
with 2-Sfvriilefloivers at the. hase, the rest fertile loith a few staminate flowers at the
apex, (ill on ton;; stal/cs, remote, 1 - 2 of the lowest near tiie base of the culm ;
sheaths with green tips much shorter than the stalks ; perif/ynia ivith a long
attenuated hase and a minuttlii notched orifice, someuhat down//, especially on the
angles, about the length of the broadly obovate abruptly awned or pomted
dark-purple scale. — Dry woods and hillsides, E. New England to Pcnn.,
Wisconsin, and northward. — Culms 4'- 10' high, prostrate at maturity, in
tufts, partly concealed by the very long and narrow grassy leaves.

§ 6. Perii/ynia with a strni(jht or sliijhtly bent more or less abrupt beak, hairy, not in-
flated, terminating in a membranaceous notched or 2-toothed orifice : bracts
short, either green and slightly sheathing oraurieulate at the base, or small
and resembling the scales : scales dark brown or purple with white margins,
fading lighter or sometimes turning nearly white : staminate spike solitary ;
the fertile 2-3, nearly sessile and erect, or the lower on a long radical
peduncle. ( Culms mostly low and slender : leaves all rudital, long and narrow.)
— Mont.Vn.e.

94. C. umbellata, Schk. C«//?ts ?>e?_ys/io?-f (l' -3', rarely 6' high), in close
tufts ; staminate spike sometimes with a few pistillate flowers ; /trt/Ze spikes A- ft,
ovoid, few-flowered ; the uppermost commonly close to the sterile spike and sessile, the
rest on stalks arising from the base of the stem and of about equal height, nearly
concealed by the long gras;sy leaves ; perigynia ovoid, 3-angled, with a rather
long abrupt beak, about the length of the ovate pointed scale. — Kocky hill-
sides, New England to Illinois, and northward,

95. C. Novse-Anglise, Schw. Sterile sp'ike sessile, short and usually in-
conspicuous ; fertile 2-4, greenish-purple, 3 - 8-flowered, contiguous and sessile,
or the lowest rather distant (sometimes even radical) and more or less pe-
dunclcd ; the lower or all the leafy bracts exceeding the culm ; perigynia globular-
pear-shaped with a much attenuated base and a short conical 2-tootlied beak, mi-
nutely hairy, longer and broader than the ovate mucronate-pointed purple scale
(with green midrib and hyaline margins); achenium apiculate with the very
short persistent base of the style; culms very slender (4'- 10' long), weak,
soon reclined or procumbent. — Saddle Mountain, Massachusetts, Adirondack
Mountains, New York, and high northward. — Too near C. pilulifera, L., of
Europe and the following.

96. C. £j]Iini6nsii, Dew. Paler, and the spikes greenish, not purple, usu-
ally more crowded than in the foregoing, often a long-peduncled one from the
base; bracts short, rarely equalling the culm; jierigynia oval and more 3-s'ided,
hairy, and with a tongrr cylindrical beak; base of the style deciduous by an
articulation. (C. Novaa-Anglia;, vai*. Emmonsii, Ed. 1. C. Davisii, Dew., &c.)
— Dry woody hills: not rare.

it7. C. Pennsylvanica, Lam. SUrMe sp'ike commonly on a short stalk;
fertile 1 -3, usually '2, approximatt, nearly sessile, ovoid, i-Q-flowered, the lowest
commonly with a colored scale-like long-aivned bract; perigynia roundish-ovoid, with

592 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

a short aud abrupt minutely-toothed beak about the length of the ovate pointed
chestnut-colored scale. (C. niarginata, Maid.) — Dry woods and liills : common,
especially northward.

98. C. viria, Muhl. Sterile spiLe sessile ; fertile 2-3, mostly 3, distinct, on
very short stalks, ovoid, 6 - lO-Jiouered ; the lowest and sometimes the 2 lower
with fjreen leaf -I dee bracts; pen<jyiiia obocold, with an abrupt distinctly toothed beak,
about the lenj^th of the ovate pointed liyht-brown scale. (C. Peimsylvanica, var.
Muhlenbcrgii, Gray, Gram. <j- Cyp.) — Dry wooded hills: common, especially
northward. Closely rescmljlcs the last; but has wider, shorter, and more rigi.l
glaucous leaves; also taller (1°-1.^°) and more erect than No. 96, broader-
leaved, and the spikes scattered. All these seem to run together.

99. C. PRECOX, Jacq. Sterile spike club-shaped : fertile 2-3, oblong-ovoid,
a(/fjre(/nt! d near the base of the sterile spike, sessile, or the lowest sometimes on a
very short «talk, with a leaf-like bract scarcely exceeding the spike ; perujynia
ovoid-trinnijulur, attenuutid at the base, with a short beak and nearly entire orifice,
about equal to the ovate pointed dark-brown scale; achcnium obovoid, with ii
prominent ring at the apex surrounding the base of the style ; culm 3' -6' high ;
leaves short, ratlier rigid. (C. verna, Vdlurs, Dew., not of Schk.) — Rocky hills,
Salem and Ipswich, Massachusetts. (Nat. from Eu.)

100. C. Eichards6nii, 11. Br. Sterile spile pedunded, cylindrical; frtite
1 or 2, sessile or short-stalked, approximate, oblorxj, longer than the scale-like
brownish and mostly short-pointed bracts ; perigynia obovoid-triangiilar, tvith a
t(iperh)fj base, obtuse, nearly biukless, the short point with an almost entire orijice,
rather shorter than the ovate acutish brown or chestnut-colored scale; culm
(5'-y' high) and rigid leaves rough. — Dry ground, near Rochester, New York
(Deu-ry); prairies of Illinois {Mead); Wisconsin {Sart well), and northward. —
A well-marked species, in aspect most like No. 97.

101. C. pubescens, Muhl. Sterile spike usually sessile ; /er?//e 3-4, o6-
lon;/ or cylindrical, loosely fiowered, somewhat approximated, or the lowest a little
remote, on a short stalk, with a narrow leaf-like bract about the height of the
culm ; fruit ocoid and sharply triangular, downy, attenuated at the base, tvith an
abrupt slender beak nearly entire at the orijice, a little longer than the ovate abrupt-
ly-pointed white Scale ; culm and flaccid flat leaves soft downy. — Moist woods and
meadows. New England to Wisconsin and Kentucky. Differs from the other
species of this section in its greater size and in aspect, and especially in the
sharply angled perigynium.

§ 7. Perigynia slightly inflated, with a short beak, terminating in an entire or slajlilly
notched oriflce; staminate spike solitary, stalked (in No. 102 usually pistil-
late at the summit) : culms tall and leafy. (Two quite unlike species, arti-
ficially combined merely for convenience.) — Anomaly.

102. C. mili^eea, Muhl. Staminale spike commonly fertile at the sum-
mit; fertile, sp'ikes 3, cylindrical, ratlier slcauler, loosely flowered at the base, on
fliiform noddiiiq stidts; bracts exceeding the culm, with short or nearly obsolete
sheaths; peritjipiid ovoid-triangular, very smooth aiul thm, with an entire or \iiy\f
minutely notched orifice, longer than the ovate short-awjied white scale. (C.
prasiua, Wald.) — Hills aud wet meadows.- rather common.

CYl'ERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) ' 5do

103. C. scabrata, Schw. Fertile sjiikes 4 - 5, cylindrical, erect, rather
distant, dense! y flowered, the lower on loni,^ stalks ; bracts without sheaths, exceed-
ing the culm ; jierigyida ovuid, contracted at the base, ]jrumini-iil/y few-nerved,
rowjh, spreading at maturity, with an ol)liqnely notched beak, longer than the
ovate slightly ciliate brown scale; culm leaves and bracts vt-ry roiir/h. — Wet
meadows and swamps, E. New England to Penn., Michigan, and northward.

§ 8. Peri;/ynia slljjhtly inflated, 3-an(jled, snwotic and shhiinej (minutely pubescent
in No. 104 and one form of 108), green, with a straight tuperiiiij beali (short-
pointed in No. 107), terminating mostly in 2 small membranaceous teeth:
lower bracts green and sheathing: pistillate scales tawny or white ; stami-
nate spike solitary, stalked : pistillate spikes 3-4, loosely flowered, all (except
in No. 104) on filiform noddhirj stalks.

* Fertile spikes mostly slender, remote; perigyma somewhat nerved: bracts equalling

or exceeding the culm. — Debilks.

-t- Leaves and sheaths more or less soft -pubescent : fertile snikes nearly erect.

104. C. Sullivantii, Boott. Fertile spikes 3 -.5, commonly 4, narrowly
cylindrical, erect, rather dense, the upper approximate, the lowest often lemote,
tapering towards the base and slightly compound, all on rough peduncles;
bracts sheathing, not exceeding the culm; perigynia elliptical, hairy, slightly
stalked, very obscurely nerved, with an entire or notched orifice, rather longer
than the ovate ciliate rough-awned or merely mucronate white scale. — Woods,
Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant.

10.5. C. Knieskernii, Dew. Less pubescent; fertile spikes 2 or 3, on
longer and somewhat spreading peduncles ; perigynia glabrous, more evidently
nerved: otherwise like the preceding: too little known. — Copses, Oneida Co.,
New York, Dr. Knieskern, Dr. Vasry.

-1- -t- Glabrous or nearly so : fcrtde spikes mostly nodding or sprcadim/, loose.

106. C. aretata, Boott. Fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, narrowed to-
wards the base; perigynia ovate, short-stalked from a blunt base, short-beaked,
longer than the pointed scale. (C. sylvatica. Dew., not of Hudson.) — Woods
and meadows. New England to Pennsylvania, and northward.

107. C glabra, Boott. Fertile spikes oblong or short-cylindrical, rather
dense and the terminal one oftener partly fertile ; perigynia elliptical-oblong,
not stalked, somewhat contracted at the base, and short-pointed at the apex, but
nearly beakless, minutely and sharply 2-toothed at the orifice, prominently
nerved, almost twice the length of the blunt brownish-margined scale. — Oneida
Co., New York, Dr. Knieskern. Near Philadelphia, C. E. Smith. Probably
not rare, but confounded with the next: also resembling C. formosa.

108. C. debilis, Michx. Staminate spike occasionally fertile at the apex j
fertile spikes slender-cylindrical, with loose alternate flowers on a somewhat
zigzag rhachis ; perigynia S])indle-shaped or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a
slender beak with a hyaline 2-lobed tip, twice as long as the obtuse and pointless
scale. (C. te'nuis, Rudtje. C. flexuosa, Aluhl.) — Moist meadows: rather com-
mon, esi)ecially southward. — Perigynium often rusty-dotted : — in var. ptBERA
minutely pubescent and ])assing to C. vcnusta, Dew. of the Southern States.
Bear Meadows, Centre Co., Penn., Prof. Porter.

L & M— 4.5

594 CTPEKACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

» » Fertile spikes short : perigynia nerveless : bracts short. — Flexiles.
109. C. capill^riS, L. Fertile splices commonly 3, minute, tvith about 6 alter-
nate Jloivers ; perigynia oblong-ovoid, contracted at the base, tapering into a long slightly
serrulate beak, with an obliiiue nearly entire orifice, lonj;er than tlie ovate scale.

— Point de Tour, Lake Michiican ; alpine summits of the White Mountains,
New Hampshire; and hijiii northward. — An extremely delicate species, 4' -6'
hiyh, with spikes .3"- 6'' long, ami a line or less in width. (Eu.)

HO. C. flexilis, Rud<;e. iiieril,^ spike short and club-shaped : fertile spikes
oblong or soinctimes with a few stamiuate flowers at the base and becoming
club-shaped; the upper bracts short and scale-like, the lower bristle-shaped,
very slightly sheathing ; perigynia ovoid, obscurely nerved, tapering into a
beak about the length of the ovate hairy -fringed scale; leaves pale green and
glaucous, and with the bracts soft-hairy. (C. bicphaniphora. Gray.) — Moist
and sliady places, Connecticut (near Salisbury), Central and Northern New
York, Lake Superior, and Newfoundland : rare.

§ 9. Perigynia slightly inflated, obtusely ^-angled, nerved, smooth, tapering into a benk,
■with two mostly distinct teeth, becoming taiuny or yellow at maturity : achenium
obovate-triquetrous, contracted at the base ; staminate spike usually soli-
tary. — Flav^.

* Perigynia erect, slender-beaked: spikes remote; the staminate one usually long-

stalked. • bracts not exceeding the culm, and with long sheaths.

111. C. laevigata, Smith. Fertile spikes 3, cylindrical, on exserted nodding
stalks; perigynia ovoid, tapering into a 2-cleft beak, rather longer than the light-
brown or purplish pointed and aicned scale; culm smooth. (C. Greeniana, Dew.)

— Massacliusetts (Tcwksbary ? jB. Z). Greene). Introduced? (Eu.)

112. C. flilva, Good. Fertile spikes 2 -3, obloiiq or ovo'id, erect, the lowest on
an exserted stalk ; perigynia ovoid, not much exceeding the dark-brown scarcely
pointed awnless scale ; culm rough. (C. bine'rvis. Dew., not of Smith.) — Pond at
Tewksbury, Massachusetts, B. D. Greene: not since found. (Eu.)

* * Perigynia ascending, short-beaked : .ipikes approximate or the lower remote ; the

staminate one sessile or nearly so ; bracts much surpass'mg the culm; the upper
nearlij without sheaths.

113. C. extensa, Good. Fertile s]iikc's2-4, oblong, brown-green, very
dense (5"- 10" long), the ui)]K'r nearly sessile, the lowest on a short included
stalk; perigynia ovate, the short conical beak sharply 2 toothed, longer than
the ovate pointed purple scale; leaves and bracts long and narrow, involute,
erect, rigid ; culms tufted, 8' - 20' high. — Border of salt-marshes, coast of Long
Island, New York, Dr. T. F. Allen. (Eu.)

* * Piriippiia spreading or rijli'xid, lonqer than the scale: spikrs mostly approxi-

mate or crowded ; the slaiiiinale mostly sessile or .'ihorl-slaUccd, open Jerliln nt the
apex or middle ; the fertile (2-4) enct all or all but the lowest short-stalked or
sessile: bracts much exceeding the smooth culm, their sheaths very short.

114. C. fl^va, L. -Ferti/e s/^/te 2, )0K(/c?*67t-0i.o«/, dense, the upper approxi-
mated, the lowest often remote on a short exserted stalk ; brads spreading or re-
flexed ; perigynia tapering horn an o^oid contracted hiisc into a, slender i-ecurved

CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 595

beak, widely spreading or reflcxed at maturity. — Wet meadows, especially
northward. — Wiiole plant of a yellowish hue, 6'- 15' high, with spikes about
6" in length. (Eu.)

115. C. OEdei'i, Ehrh. Fi^nile spikes obloiif/-ocoid, closely ai/fjregated, or t\vi
lowest rather remote, on very ^hort stalks, densely flowered, sometimes stami-
natc at the ape.\ ; leaves and biacts luirrvw, r/qid/j/ ei-ect ; pcii(/ijiua oroid, with a
short and rather abrupt ininutdij notched beak, scarcely recurved at maturity. (C.
viridula, Miclix., not of Schw. ^- Torr. C. irregularis, Schiv.) — Wet rocks and
hluffs, coast of New England to Illinois, Lake Superior, and northward. —
Resembles the last; but the fertile spikes and perigynia are much smaller, and
the beak more abrupt, shorter, and straight. (Eu.)

§ 10. Perigynia slightly inflated, ovoid or obtusely 3-angled, with an abrupt
straight beak, nerved, densely pubescent or rough-puberulent, the pubescence
nearly concealing the nerves, except in No. 119 : bracts leaf-like, with short
sheaths : scales dark-purple or brown.

* Perigynia. densely pubescent of a thick or somewhat leathery texture, ovoid, with 2

short and diverging membranaceous teeth : bracts much exceeding the nearly smooth
culm : staminatc spikes 2 or 3, the uppermost stalked, the lower short and
sessilQ : fertile spikes 1-4, usually 2, erect, remote, sessile or on very short
stalks. — Laxugin6s.e.

116. C. filifbrmis, L. Fertile spikes oblong or ovoid; perigynia very
short-beaked and with 2 sharp teeth ; leaves and bracts narrow and involute; culm
very slender (l^°-3° high). — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., Wisconsin,
and northward. (En.)

117. C. lanugindsa, Michx. Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical ; peri-
gynia more hispidly pubescent; leaves and brads flat, broader and shorter; culm
stouter (l°-2° high) ; staminate spikes usually shorter. (C. pellita, Aluhl.) —
Swamps and wet meadows. New England to Kentucky and northward.

* * Ferigyn'ia thin, downy like the last or roughly granulate, or even smooth, ovoid,

the beak terminating in a thin and scariom oblique orifice, either entire or slightly
notched; bracts rigidly erect, shorter than the sharply triangular roug4a
culm. — Sc.\Ri6sjE.

118. C. vestita, Willd. Sterile .spikes 1-2, the uppermost cylindrical,
short-stalked; fertile 1-2, approximate, sessile, ovoid or oblong, sometimes
staminate at the apex ; perigi/nia densely pubescent, with a short thick beak, a little
longer than the ovate pointed scale; leaves flat, shorter than the stout and rigid
culm. — Sandy soils, growing in tufts. New England to Penn. and southward.
— Resembling the last in external appearance, but readily distinguished by the
membranaceous beak of the fruit, which is reddish at the base and white and
transparent at the oritice ; and the style is twisted within the perigyninm,

119. C. polymorpha, Muhl. (in part.) Sterile spikes 1-4, the upper-
most on a long stalk ; the lower short, often with a few fertile flowers at the
base ; fi-rfik spike solitary or rarely 2, remote, cylindrical, sometimes staminate at
the ai)ex, erect, on partly exserted stalks; perigynia fl^w- (5 -10-) nerved, very
minutely roughened with granular dots^ or smooth, abruptly contracted into a, slender

596 CYPERACEiE. (SEDGE FAMILY.)

cyUndricnl usually purplish beak, with a whitish hyaline entire orifice, longer than

the ovate hlunt pnrpHsh scale. (C. Ilalseyana, Deic. ^ Ed. 1. C. striata, Torr.

N. Y. FL, not of Michx.) — • Varies considerably ; in one form with the fertile

spikes filiform, and the flowers alternate and very distant on the rhaehis. —

Upland meadows, Rhode Island and Mass. to Pennsylvania.

§ 1 1. Pcriijynia moderately inflated, conxpicuously many-nerved, smooth or puheseent,

u-ilh a slrai(;IU beak terminating in 2 riyid more or less spreadir.q teelh : bracts

leaf like, with very short sheathing bases, equalling or exceeding the cu'ni :

stamlnate spikes 1 - 5.

* Perigynia with a short and thick beak, and short teeth. — Lacijstres.
+- Perigynia hairy, .sometimes glahrute, turgid-ovate.

120. C. striata, Michx. (not of Ed. 1). Sterile spikes .3, the uppermost
«lender-stalked ; fertile spikes 1-2, oblong, erect, remote, sessile or on short
stalks (or the lower rarely on a slender stalk) ; perigynia minutely hairy or
smoothish, or rarely smooth, rather thin, longer than the blunt or pointed scale,
the teeth usually scariously lobed at the base ; leaves and bracts long and nar-
row, rather rigid, involute, with slender or setaceous rough extremities. (C.
polymoipha, Ed. I.) — Wet places. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

121. C. Houghtbnii, Torr. Sterile spikes mostly 2 ; fertile 2-3, oblong
or cylindraceous, thicker and less distant, olive-colored; perigynia hairy, thick-
walled, longer than the pointed or short-awn-tipped scale; the teeth at the
orifice narrow and entire; leaves and bracts flat, shorter and broader, and culm
lower (9' - 1.5') than in the foregoing. — Wisconsin (Lake La Biclie), Dr.
Ilouqhton ; shore of Lake Ontario. Prof. Whitney ; Mcdford above Bangor,
Maine, J. Blake ; and northwestward.

■1- -t- Perigynia very smooth, very finely many-nerved.
122 C. riparia, Curtis. Sterile spikes 2-5, the uppernio>t stalked; fer-
tile spikes 2-3, oblong-cylindrical, erect, remote, nearly sessile, or the lowest
on a short stalk, large and thick (2' - 3' long. 4" - 6'' wide), olive-colored ; peri-
gynia lanceolate-conical, coriaceous, tipped with rather slender short teeth,
longer than the lance-ovate awned scale. (C. lacustris, Wilkl. and former cd.)
— Borders of streams, ponds, and swamps: common. — Very robust, 3° -5°
high : leaves 3" -5" wide, and sheaths nodose-reticulated. (Eu.)

123. C. paludbsa, Good. More slender, with spikes smaller, leaves nar-
rower, perigynia ovate, flattened, and more strongly nerved than the preceding,
the orifice merely notched, and hardly exceeding the awned scale. — Border of
a salt marsh at Dorchester, Mass., W. Bootl. (Nat. from Eu. ?)

* * Perigynia iv'ith an elongated tapering beak and with long and setaceous or awn-
like spreading or divergent teeth. — AristXt^.

•*- Stamlnate spikes 2-5 {rarely w'lth some fertile flowers) : fertile spikes remote,
erect, rather loose, the uppermost almost sessile, without sheaths, the lowest often
on an exsorted sometimes spreading peduncle : perigynia ascending.

124. C. arist^ta, R. Br. Fertile spikes 2 -4, cylindrical; perigynia ovate-
lanceolate, smooth, tapering into a slender beak ti])ped with very slender at
length diverging awn-like teeth, longer than the ovate-lanceolate awned and
above hispid-ciliate scale ; culm smooth ; sheaths and under surface of the leaves

CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.) 597

hairy. (C. atherbdes, Sprenfj. C. mirlita, Dnr.) — Lake sliorcs and rivrr-banks,
N. New York to JMicliigaii, and iiortliwestward. — Culm 2° - 0° liiyli : leans
2" -3" wide. Fertile spikes 2'-o' long, often loosely flowered towards the base.
(En. C. orth(jstacliys.)

125. C. trichoeai'pa, ]\[iihl. More .slender; le.aves and bracts rongh,
but not hairy; fertile spikes 2 or .3, fewer-flowered; pcrigynia more ovate and
with shorter and stouter teeth, do\vny-j)ul)escent, the scale short-awned or awn-
less. (C. striata, Ed. 1, not of Michx.) — lii water or wet ground: eonunon,
especially northward.

Var. imberbis. Perigynia glabrous ; sheaths rather rough. Penn-Yan,
New York, Sartwell. Illinois, Me(td, E. Hall, and northwestward.
•I- -t- Staminate spikes solitary, loith a filiform bract ; fertile 3-5, cylindrical, densely-
flowered, on lontj exserted and at len<)t/i drooping stalks, mostly approximate :
perigynia widely spreading, reflexed at maturity.

126. C. COmbsa, Boott. Fertile spikes thick (l'-3' long, and 6" -7"
wide), the lowest sometimes very remote; perigynia tapering from a stalked ovoid-
triangular base into a long deeply 2 forked beak, the sharp elongated teeth widely spread-
ing or somewhat recurved ; scales lancetjlate, with a long bristle-shaped awn
shorter than the mature fruit ; culm rough and triquetrous. (C. furcata, ^//.,
not of Lapeyr. C. Pseudo-Cyperus, Schw. ij' Torr., Dew., Sfc, in part, not of Z^.)

— Wet places : common. — A robust species 2° - 3° high, formerly confounded
with the next, which it greatly resembles ; but it differs especially in the larger
fertile spikes, longer beak of the fruit, and the longer, smooth and widely
spreading teeth, giving to the spikes a comose or bristly appearance.

127. C, Pseudo-Cyp6rus, L. Fertile spikes narrower and sometimes
slightly compound at the i)ase ; perigijnia as in the last, but with a shorter beak
and shorter less spreading teeth ; scale about the length of the mature fruit. — Bor-
der of lakes and in bogs. New England to Pennsylvania, and northward. (Eu.)
§ 12. Perigynia much inflated, conspicuously many-nerved, smooth, ivith a long tajyer-

ing 2-toothed beak : bracts leaf-like, much exceeding the culm : scales tawny
or white : staminate spike stalked, always solitary. — Lupulin.e.
* Bracts with very short or obsolete sheaths.

128. C. hystrieina, Willd. Sterile spike often bearing a few fertile flow-
ers at the base or apex; fertile sjnkes 2-4, oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered,
the u])permost on a very short stalk, the others on long stalks and at length nod-
ding, the lowest often very remote ; perigynia spreading, tapering from an ovoid
base into a long slender /^-a/i; with sharp smooth teeth, longer than the awncd scale.

— A variety with shorter ovoid spikes, the lowest very remote on a filiform stitlk,
4' -6' long, with rather smaller perigynia not much longer than the awn, is
C. Cooleyi, Diw. — Wet meadows : common. — Plant pale or yellowish green,
with fertile spikes 9'' to 1^'long. Distinguished from the preceding by the
more inflated less diverging fruit, its beak longer and teeth shorter ; and from
the following by the smaller nodding spikes and many-nerved periginium,
with longer and smooth teeth.

129. C. tentaeulkta, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-3, ovoid, oblong, or cylindri-
cal, densely flowered, approximate and diverging horizontally, the uppermost ses-

598 CYPERACE^. (sedge FAMILY.)

silc, the Imi-cr on short rrscrted stnHc.t ; pcrigyni.i spreading, tapering from an ovoid
few- (about 10-) nerved ba^c into a long slender Itcuk with oblique orifice or short
minutcf If serrulate teeth, mueh longer than the lanceolate awned scale; aehenium
papiiio^e-roiv^hencd. (C. rostraa, Mulil., not of Mirhx.) — Wet meadows : very
comnioji. — Var. cuXcilis, Boott, is a slender form with 2 mueh smaller fertile
spikes (4"- 12" long, 3"-4" broad). — Var. Altiok, Boott, is tall (2° high),
with more scattered large fertile sjiikes, and the more tapering beak of perigy-
nium with longer teeth, perhaps a hybrid with C. lupul'ina. Penn-Yan, New
York, Surticill, and Anilierst, iNIass., TiwI.eriiKin.

130. C. intumescens, Rmlge. Fertile s/iikcs l -3. ovoid, looselif few- (5-8-)
flowered, closehj a/i/irorimuted, sessile, or the lower on a veiy short cxserted
peduncle ; iJerif/'/nia ereil-spreadiuij, tapering from an ovoid J 5 - 20-ncrved base
into a long sometimes rour/h beak. (C. folliculata, Sclik., Michx., not ofZ-.) — Wet
meadows and swamps : very common. — Culm slender, about 18' high: fertile
spikes usually contiguous; perigynia 6" -7" long, very ventricose.

131. C. Grayii, Carey. /"e/7<7e s/ul-es 2 (sometimes single), c/Wwse, c?f;!se/y
(15-30-)y?Gi;re/W, separate, on short exserttd peduncles ; peri(/i/nia (8" long) spreail-
vKj and dejiixed, tapering from an ovoid 25-30-ncrved base into a long smooth
and shininy beuk. — River bottoms, Oneida Co., New York, to Ohio and Illinois :
rather rare. — Culm robust, 3° high ; leaves broader; and flowers in July, a
month later than the last.

* * Bracts all or all but the uppermost conspicuouslif sheathinrj.
■*- Fertile spikes approximate, or only the lowest one distant, erect, very large and
turgid, many-flowered: pcrifjynia ascending, long-beaked from an ovate-venlricosa
base : sterile spikes rarely 2.

132. C. lupulina, Muhl. Fertile spikes 2-4, cylindraceous or oblong
fl'-2' long, 1' thick), the lower on e.xserted stalks; perigynia (6^" -7" long)
often rnised on a short stalk-like base, smooth or with the beak rough above,
much longer than the lanceolate rough awn-pointed scale; stem (2°-3°) and
long broadly linear leaves and bracts smooth, the latter with rough margins
(3'' - 4" wide). (C. liirida, Wahl.) — Wet grounds, common. — C. Canade'nsis,
and C. Bellavilla, Dew., appear to be depauperate and attenuated states of this,
with more distant lax, and fewer-flowered spikes.

133. C. lupuliformis, Sanwell. Fertile spikes 4 -.5, cylindrical (2' -3'
long), less approximate; perigynia sessile (7"-8" long); aehenium broader,
with mamillated angles; scale more awned ; otherwise as in the foregoing, of
which it is probably a mere variety. (C. lupurma, var. polystaehya, Schw. ^
Torr.) — Swamps, New York to Delaware, &c.

t- -r- Firtile spikes distant, fliw - several -flowered : perigynia lanceolate, ovate-lanceO'
late or spindle-shaped, loose or widili/ spreading at maturity : staminate spike small,
short-sta'kfd : obiusely angular culms and grassy soft leaves smooth.

134. C. folliculata, L. Fertile spikes 3 -4, remote, 12 -20-flowerfid, aW or
the lowest on cxserted peduncles, turning yellowish at maturity; perigynia taper-
tng ovate-lanceolate from a broadish base, short-beaked, at length widely spread-
ing, rather exceeding the ovate white rough-awned scale. (C. xanthoph5sa,
Wahl.) — Peat-bogs, New England to Penn., and northward, and in one form

CYPERACIwE. (sedge FAMILY.) 599

iouthward. — Plant 2° -4° high, of yellowish appearance, with long foliaccous
bracts, and leaves 4" wide.

135. C. rostr^ta, Michx. More slender and smaller than the last (10'-
15' high), strictl}' erect, rather rigid; leaves narrow; fertile spikes 1-3, com-
monly 2 ; peritpjnia sccvn-ly spreadui(j at maturity, lanceolate, ohtuselij friamjtilar,
slender-lwdkeil, about t^\'icc the length of the brownish blunt scute. — Cold bogs,
mountains of N. New York, New Kngland, and northward.

136. C. SUbul^ta, Michx. Fertile spi/ces 3-5, rerij remote, on included
peduncles loosely few- (4-S-Jlouvrtd, commonly with a few staminatc flowers at
the apex ; p<ri<ji/nia awl-shaped, rejicxed at maturiti/ ; the long slender beak deeply
cleft or grooved down one side, tipped with 2 awn-like and at length rigidhj de-
flexed teeth. ( C. Collinsii, Niitt. C. Michauxii, Dew. ) — Cedar swamps, Canada
(Midtaux) to Rhode Island {Ohiei/}, and New Jersey near the coast: rare.

§ 13. Perigijnm much inflated, ohovoid or ohconic, rather few-nerved, smooth, with a long
and slender 2-toofhed beak abruptly produced from the obtuse or at maturiti/ ecen
refuse summit, tawny-brown or straw-colored at niaturity, spreading horizon-
tally, or the lower detlcxed, very densely aggregated in thic/c spilces: these,
1 — 7 in number, are either all androrpjnons, staminate at base, or the terminal
wholly staminate, the others sometimes wholly pistillate : leaves and bracts flat,
the latter much longer than the culm. — Squakk6s^.

137. C. squarrdsa, L. Spikes of en only one, commonly 2-5, globular, ovoid,
or cylindraceous (G''-7" thick), the terminal one with a slender-contracted base
from the numerous staminate flowers, the others almost wholly fertile, on short
slender peduncles, their bracts scarcely sheathing; perigynia sparingly nerved,
longer than and concealing the blunt or short-pointed scales. (C. typluna, Michx.)
— Low grounds, E. New England to Illinois and southward. — Itemarkablc for
its dense, short and thick spikes, about 1' long, to which the spreading beaks of
the perigynia give a bristly appearance.

138. C. Stenolepis, Torr. Spikes 5-7, the terminal one wholly staminate,
or sometimes fertile at the top or throughout ; the others irilh a few staminate
flowers at the base or sometimes none, cylindrical (I' or more long), the upper
approximated, nearly sessile on the zigzag stem, the lower remote on exserted
stalks, their bracts sheathing ; perigynia shorter than the long awn-like rough
scales. (C. Frankii, Kuuth. C Shortii, Steud., not of Torr.) — Marshes, Penn-
sylvania (Prof Porter) and Virginia to Illinois, and southwestward. — Somewhat
resetnbling the last ; but the spikes are narrower and more numerous, and of a
still more bristly appearance from the projecting points of the scales.

§ 14. Perlgijnia much infljtted, smooth and shining, becoming straw-colored at maturity,
with a tapering more or less elongated 2-toothed beak: bracts leaf-like, with very
short or obsolete sheaths (conspicuously sheathing only in No. 139) ; scales
brown or tawny: staminate spikes 2-5, rarely 1, stalked. — Vesic.Vri.e.
* Perigynia conspicuous! y nerved : bracts ns'ial/y much exceeding the culm.
•f- Fertile spikes oblong or cylindrical, many-flowered.

139. C. retrorsa, Schw. Sterile s])ikes 1 -.S, the uppermost occasionally
with a few fertile flowers, the rest more or less pistillate at the base; fertile spikes
4-5, oblong-cylindrical, erect, the upper approximate and clustered on short or in-

coo CYPERACKiE. (sedge FAMILY.)

eluded stalks, the. loiirst remote on a long cxsertcd stalk, and (with one or more
of the others) often bearing: I -2 short branehcs at the base; i)erii;i/iiia ciowded,
spretidim/ uiid at length rejiixed, sUoiv^ly Jliv-iierued, tapering from an ovoid eon-
traetcd base into a conspicnoush) toothed beak, much loii<ier than the hiiiceohiie sndc.
(C. reversa, Spreiirj.) — Marshy borders of streams, New EngUind to Penn., Wis-
eonsin, and northwestward. — Culm nearly smooth (1^°-2.|° high) : leaves and
bracts 3" -4" wide, miieh exceeding the tiiiek spikes, whifh are I'-l^' long. —
Van IIAuTii (C. Hartii, Dea:} is a slender state, with fertile spikes distant, the
lower long pediineled. — Yates Co., New York, Dr. Hurt \Vri<//it.

140. C. gigantea, Hudge. Sterile spikes 1-5; sometimes with a few
fertile Howers ; _/ert//e spikes S-^, vjjilndricul, someidiat erect, or spreading on
exscrted peduncles, distant or the upper contiguous, all or most of them stximimite
at the apex ; peri gi/nia ascending, at length horizontal, mang-nerved, al)ruptly tapering
from a broadly or globular-ovate ventricosc base into a long and slender sharply
2-toothed beak, much longer than the ovate-lanceolate mostly awn-pointed scale ;
achenium broader than high, strongly triquetrous, with concave faces. — Swam])S,
Delaware ( IF. M. Canhg), Kentucky (.SVfwO, and southward. — Allied to the
preceding and to No. l.'3.3. Culm 2° -3° high : perigynia about G" long.

141. C. Schweinitzii, Dew. Sterile spikes commonly 2, the lower often
pistillate at the base;yert//e sjii/ces 3-4, cylindiical, somctrhat drooping, densclg
flowered, ofhn staminate at the apex, and occasionally the lower rather compound
at the base, on smooth nearly included stalks; perigynia ascending, oblong-(noid,
rather lightly few-nerved, tapering into a smooth short-toothed beak, a little longer
than the lanctohite roughlg long-awned scale. — Wet swamps. New England, New
Jersey, W. New York, and northward: not common. — Culm 10'- 15' high,
smooth : bracts and leaves 2'' -3" wide, smooth except the margins, much ex-
ceeding the culm : fertile spikes (2' -3' long, rather narrow) and ihe whole jjlant
turning straw-color. Perigynia 2i"-3" long, thin.

142. C. Utriculkta, Boott. Sterile spikes 3~i; fertile spikes 2-5, com-
monlg 3, rather distant, sessile, or the lowest (sometimes loose and attenuated at
the base), peduncled, cylindrical (l^'-4' long) thick, and densely very many-

floicered; perigynia ovate, either vcntricose and abruptly or inclining to elliptical
and more gradually contracted into a cylindrical smooth beak, longer than the
lanceolate very acute or awn-pointed scale : culm stout and thick, obtusely angular,
spongy at base (2°-3° high); leaves flat (3' -4'' broad), pale, nodose-reticu-
lated. (C. ampullacea, var. utrieulata of former ed.) Swamps, New England
to Penn., Michigan, and common northward. — Fruit sometimes almost that
of C. vesicaria, sometimes that of C. ami)ullaeea, into which it merges north-
ward : the rough mostly awn-like points of the scale usually distinguish it from
both European species.

143. C. Vaseyi, Dew. Differs from the Inst in the shndrr culm n-ith acute
rouqh angles; fertile spikes (2 or 3) looser and fewer-flowered; perigynia more
tapering into the lieak, and scales less pointed ; from C. vesicaria, L. of Europe
(of which it is the nearest representative) in the more pointed scales and fewer-
nerved perigynia tapering gradually into a longer beak ; from the next (into
which it probably passes) by the \:\r<::Qr elongaled-orate perigynia tapering into a
slender beak (the roughness of wliieh, indicated by Dr. Boott, is rarely obvious,

CTPERACE^. (sedge FAMILl.^ 601

the teeth, however, rough-scrrulatc). (C. monile. Dew. in 1845, not of Tnckerm.
C. vcsicaria, var. cyliudracea, Dew.) — Swamps, Yates Co., New York, Saiiwdl,
to Illinois ■?

144. C. monile, Tuckerman. Sterile spikes 3, rarely 2 or 4 ; /r77//e s/</ies
mostlij 2, rarely 3 or solitary, ci/Undraceous or ci/bndrka/. (l'-2^ long), mostly
slender, slightly or the lower when remote longer-peduneled ; perii/i/iuu (jlohidnr-
ovate, very vcntricose, shining, ubrupllj contracted into a ahort smooth beak, longer
than the ovate-laneeolate acute or scarcely pointed scale; culm slender il°-30
hi"h), sharply triangular, rough on the angles ; leaves narrow (l)arely 2" wide),

— Wet places, common, especially northward. — Perigynui 2"-2^'' long,
(C. vcsicaria, var. alpi'gena. Fries, of N. Eu. appears to be a form of this.)

145. C. Olneyi, Boott. Resembles the two preceding and C. vcsicaria ;
the fertile Sjides denstr und thicker, short-cylindrical (1-1^' long); periyynia
(2i"-3"long) tunjid-ocutc, with the short beak rough-serrate at the apex and on
the awlshaped teeth ; the scales acute or bluntish ; leaves ( 1" - 2'' broad) rough.

— Wet ground, Providence, Rhode Island, OIniij.

146. C. Tuckermani, Boott. Sterik spikes about 2 ;/«V«/e spikes 2-3,
commonly 3, oblonij or cyLindr'icul , stout, somewhat approximate, on roiujh stalks,
tlie lowest often nodding ; peric/ynia shin'inij, thin and delicate, much inflated, ovate,
ascending, tapering into a rather abrupt slender and cylindrical smooth beak,
much longer than the ovate or lanceolate acute or short-pointed scale ; the very
long narrow bracts and leaves rough, much surpassing the rough-angled culm.
(C. bullata of authors, not of Schk. C. cylindrica of former ed. ; but the cylin-
drica of Schweinitz belongs mainly to the next or to some others, and is too
much confused for preservation.) — Swamps, W. New England to Penn., Illi-
nois, and northward. — Differs from the next in the more numerous and longer
fertile spikes (8'' -2' long), and the larger, more inflated and membranaceous
fruit (4" -5" long), with a smooth beak.

147. C. bullkta, Schk. Sterile spikes 2 -ti; fertile spikes most frequently
only one, sometimes 2, approximated, oblong or cylindrical, stout, sessile or on short
smooth stalks ; perigynm spreading, shining, turgid-ovate, tapering into a long cylin-
drical ro^f//; 6erfA', much longer than the lanceolate pointless scale; bracts and
leaves narrow, about the length of the smooth or roughish culm. (C. cylindrica,
Schw., at least in part, Tuckerni.,&c.) — W(ii swamps. New England to Penn.
and southward, chiefly eastward.

-t- -i- Fertile spikes globular or oblong, few flowered.

148. C. oligOSpdrma, Michx. Sterile spikes 1 -2, slender; fertile spikes
1 -2, densely 6- 18-flowered, the lower on a very short stalk ; perigynia turgid
ovate (2^" long), tapering into a short minutely toothed beak, not much longer
than the ovate awnlcss scale; culm Aery slender ; leaves and bracts involute.
(C. Oakesiiina, Dew.) —Wet borders of ponds, &c., E. Mass. to Pennsylvania.
Wisconsin, and northward, chiefly in cold or mountainous regions.

* * Pengynia nerveless or nearly so bracts mostly .<<horter than the. culm.
■*- Perigynia pointed with a very short smooth beak, minutely ^-toothed at the apex:
stigmas either 2 or 3 : fertile spikes 2 or .sometimes one, dense, short, mually
brown-purple or. purplish, the upper almost sessile, the lower short-peduncled : ster^
G M 36

Cf)5 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

He spilrs I or 2, often soUturij. (The two following are very much alike ; and
one or the other is doubtless C. miliaris, Michx. The first is regarded by
Andersson as an extreme form of C. ampullacea, the second of C. vesicaria.)

149. C. rotund^ta, Wahl. ? Leaves and bmcls involute, smoot\\\^]\ ; fertile
spikes oblong or cylindraceoiis, or the U|ipcr ovate or globular ; perigynia short-
ovate, aliout the length of the broiidly ovate (obtuse, or in our specimens acute
or pointed) scale. — Gravel-bars at the outlet of Moosehead Lake, N. Maine,
C. E. & A. 11. Smith. — The si)ecinicus are a foot high, with one leaf on the
obtusely angidar culm, and otdy the lowest spike leafy-bractcd : sterile spiko
single- the fruit not fully formed. (Eu.)

150. C. piilla, Good.'; Leaves and bracts flat, with a slender triangular
apex, rough-margined ; culm rather sharply triangular ; perigynia inflated-
ovate, mostly longer than the ovate scale. (C. saxatilis, L., but that was in
part C. ngiaa: the name is ap])r(ipriatc for that hut not for this species, and is
better discarded altogether.) (Eu.) — Var. ? mili.\ris. Culm more slender,
1° or more high ; fertile spikes paler (1-3), ovoid or oblong, in our specimens
staminate at the apex, each with a very rough leafy bnict, the lowest often sur-
passing the culm. (C. miliaris, Miclix.) — Outlet of Moosehead Lake, with or
near the preceding, July 29, C. E. & A. H. Smith; and far northward.

t- -t- Perif/i/nia ahniptJij rontracted into a verij lonrj and 2-tootlied htak.

151. C. longirdstris, Torr. Sterile spikes usually 3, at the summit of
a long slender stalk ; the lower often bearing some fertile flowers ; fertile spikes
2-4, cylindrical, more or less distant, on long filiform at length droojjing stalks,
loosely flowered ; perigynia globose-ovoid, smooth and shining, abruptly con-
tracted into a slender cylindrical beak, which is longer than the body, rough on
the margin, and 2-cleft at the membranaceous orifice, a little longer than the
lanceolate light-colored or white scale. (C. Sprcngelii, Z>ei<;.) — Shady rocks,
N. New England to Wisconsin, and northward.

Okder 128. GRAMINEiE. (Grass Family.)

(Jroft.ses, with, usually hollow stems (culms) closed al the Joints, alternate 2-
ranked leaves, their sheaths split or open on the side opposite the blade ; the
hi//)0(/i/nnus jloirers md^ncated rcith 2-rnid:ed glumes or brads: the outer
pair (glumes proper) subtending the spikelet of one or several flowers;
the inner pair {palcm or palels) enclosing each particular flower, which is
usually furnished with 2 or 3 minute hypogynous scales (sqnamuUc, Juss.,
lodiculcE, Beauv.). Stamens 1-6, commonly 3 : anthers versatile, 2-celle(l,
the cells distinct. Stylos mostly 2 or 2-parted : stigmas hairy or feathery.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, forming a seed-like grain (car)/opsi.'<) in fruit.
Embryo small, on the outside and at the base of the floury albumen. —
Roots fibrous. Sheath of the leaves usually more or less extended above
the base of the blade into a scarious appendage (ligule). Spikelets parri^
cled or spiked. Inner (upper) palet usually 2-nerved or 2-keeled, enclosed
Or partly covered by the outer (lower) palet. Grain sojlietimes ^ce from,

GUAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 603'

sometimes permanently adherent to, the palets. — A vast and most impor-
tant family, as it furnishes the cereal grains, and the principal food of cat-
tle, &c. (See Plates 7-14.)

Tribe I. POACEjE. U.Br. Spikelefsl -many-flowered, when more than oiie-flowere*
centripetal in development; the lowest flowers first developing, upptrmost, if any. imper-
fect or abortive, the re.st all alike in the .>-pikelet (perfect, or occasionally nionoecioua or dioe-
cious) ; only in a few exceptional cases with the lowest of the several flowers less perfect
than the uppor ("viz. staminate only in Arrheuatherum and Phragmites, neutral iu Uniola,
Ctenium, &c.).

Subtribe 1. Oryzese. Spikelets l-flowered, in panicles, the flowers often monoecious.
Glumes abortive or wanting ! Inner palese 3-nerved ! Stamens 1-6.

1. Licersia. Flowers perfect, strongly flattened contrary to the awnless conduplicate palets.

2. Zizaiiia. Flowers monoecious. Palets convex ; the lower one awned in the fertile flowers.

Subtribe 3. Agrnstidi-fe. Spikelets l-flowered, perfect, and occasionally with the
ruiliuient or abortive pedicel of a second flower above, panicled, or clustered, sometimes so
contracted as to form a sort of spike, but the spikelets are not directly borne on the
common axis. Stamens 1-3.

* niLEOIDE.E. Glumes equal, strongly keeled, laterally flattened, boat-shaped, somewhat

herbaceous, as well as the paleae. Inflorescence densely spiked '.

3. Alnpeciiriis. Glumes united at the base. Lower palet bearing an awn on the back :

the upper p:ilet wanting.

4. Phlenm. Glumes distinct, sharp-pointed, much larger than the two thin and truncate

awnless palets

5. Crj-psis. Glumes distinct, not longer than the palets ; both awnless and pointless.

* * AG1!0STIDE.E proper. Glumes and palets both'membranaceous, or the latter sometimes

very tliin and delicate. Inflorescence panifled or glomerate, sometimes rather .spike-like,
but not contracted into a uniform cylindrical spike. Palets not surrounded by a tuft of
hairs, or only with some very minute ones at the base.

4- Flower perfectly sessile in the glumes : lower palet 1-nerved : awns none.

6. Vllfa. Fruit a caryopsis (.seed adherent to the pericarp, as in most grasses). Panicle

spiked or contracted.

7. Sporobolus. Fruit an utricle (seed loose in the thin pericarp). Panicle open or close.
■t- ■— Flower slightly raised in the glumes on a short sometimes stalk-like base (rallus) : lower

palet 3-5-nerved ; and this or the glumes awned or pointed, except in some species of No. 8.

8. Agrostls. Glumes equal, or the lower one rather longer, pointless, exceeding the very

thin blunt palets. Lower palet pointless, often awned on the back ; the upper sometimes
wanting. Panicle open.

9. Polyposon. Glumes nearly equal, long-awned, much longer than the palets, the lower

of which is often short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Panicle contracted.

10. Ciniin. Glumes acute, the lower about equalling and the upper slightly exceeding the

similar palets. Stamen 1. Flowers raised on a distinct naked stalk, beardless : lower
palet short-awned or bristle-pointed just below the tip ; the upper l-nerved.

11. Muhleiibergin. Lower glume mostly smaller Palets chiefly hairy-bearded at the

base, the tip of the lower one mucronate-poinied or awned. Stansens 3.

12. Brachy ely ti'iim. Lower glume almost obsolete, and the upper minute. Lower palet

long-awued from the tip ; the upper grooved on the back and bearing a long and slender
naked pedicel of an .-ibnrtive second flower. Stamens 2.

* * • CALAM.\GROSTIDE.li;. Flower with a copious tuft of hairs at the base of the palets :

otherwise as in the foregoing subdivision.
12. Caloniagrostis. Lower palet mostly awned ou the back, shorter than the glumes.

G04 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

• » * » STIPK.E. Paleae coriaceous, or indurated in fniit.commonl.v shorter than the mem-
hranaieous glumes, usually on a rijjid Ij'i-'-e or nUliis ; the lower involute, terete, closely
enclosing the upper and the grain, mostly 1 -3-a\vned at the apex. Inflorescence racemose
or p micleJ ; spirielets usually large, the flower deci Iuouk from the persistent glumes.

14. Oryzopsis. Awn simple, straight, deciduous from the palet or sometimes wanting.

15. Mipii. Awn simple, twisted below. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base.

10. Atisticla. Awn triple. Upper palet small. Callus conspicuous, pointed at the base.

« • • « * Palets coriaceous or cartilaginous, awnless. Here the following would be sought by
the student who overlooked the p;iir of rudimentary flowers in No. 50, and was not ac-
quainted with the recondite theoretical structure of No. 57 and 5b.

56. Plialnris. Spikelets laterally flattened. A rudiment at the base of each palet.

57- Milium. Spikelets dorsally flattish, not jointed with the l>edii«ls : flowers all alike.

58. A m phicarpiiin. Spikelets of two sorts, the fertile subterranean, those of the panicle
separating by a joint without ripening grain.

Subtribe 3. Cliioridese. Spikelets rarely l-flowered, usually 2 -several-flowered, with
one or more of the upper flowers imperfect, dispo.sed in one-sided spikes 1 Clames persist-
ent, the upper one looking outward. lUiachis (axis) jointless. Spikes usually several and
racemed or digitate. Stamens 2 or 3.

* Spikelets strictly 1-flowered.

50. Pnspaliim mishtbe looked for liure, having to all appearance merely 1-flowered spikelets.

17. Spariiua. Spikelets much flattened contrary to the glumes, imbricated in 2 ranks on

the triangular rhachis of the straight spike.
« « Spikelets with one perfect and two or more imperfect or neutral flowers :
*- The perfect flower intermediate.

18. Ctenitim. Spikelets closely imbricated on one side of the axis of a single curved spl .a.

4-H- The perfect flower below the one or more neutral or rudimentary ones.

19. Boiitelona. Lower palet Scleft and pointed or 3-awned at the apex. Spikes dense.

20. Gyiiliiopo'jon. I^ower palet and the rudiment 1-awned. Spikes filiform, raceme^.

21. Cyiiodoii. Flower and the rudiment awnless. Spikes slender, digitate.,

» * * Spikelets several flowered ; more than one of the lower flowers perfect and fertile.
■f- Spikes digitate at the summit of the culm, den.se.

22. Dactylocleniiini. Glumes compressed-keeled ; outer one awued : lower palet pointed.

23. Elcusilie. Glumes and palets both awnless and blunt.

■I- ■>- Spikes r.acemed, slender.

24. Leptocliloa. Spikelets loosely s|)ikid. L:-wer palet pointless or awned at the tip.

Subtribe 4. Fesfiicinere. Spikelets several- (few-many) flowered, panirled ; the
uppermost flower often imperfect or abortive. Palets pointle.ss, or the lower sometimes
tipped with a straight (not t-.visted nor deeply dorsal) awn or bristle. Stamens 1-3. Culms
sometimes reed-like, but not woody.

* Lowest flowers of the spikclet perfect and fertile.

-1- Gr.iin free from iKe palets.

■H- .Joints of the rhachis of the spikelet at the insertion of each flower, or the whole rhachis,

bearded. Glumes and convex palets membranaceous.

25. Tricuspts. Spikelets 3- many -flowered. Lower paleae hairy fringed on the 3 nerves,

one or all of which project into awns or mucronate tips, mostly from notches or clefts.
2G. Graphephoruni. Spikelets 2 -few-flowered. Glumes and palets awnless or pointless.
++ ++ Rhachis of the spikelet and ba^ie of the flower not bearded.
a. Lower palet 1-poiuted, awned or acute, the nerves when present running into the point.
37. Diarrhena. Glumes (short) and the rigid-pointed lower 3-nerved palet coriaceous,
convox-boat-shaped. Stamens 2 I'ericarp cartilaginous, large. Panicle loosely
few-flowered.

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 60^

28. Dactylls. Glumes (rather long) and lower palet awn-pointed, herbacaous, compressed-

keeled. Pauicle contracted in one-sided clusters.

29. Koeleria. Glumes (nearly as long as the spikelet) and lower palet membranaceous,

keeled, acute or niucronate, or rather blunt. Panicle contracted, spike-like.
37. Festuca, with grain sometimes free, may be looked for here.

b. Lower palet awnless and pointles.s, blunt (except one Glyoeria), the nerves parallel.
1. Glumes extremely disfiniilar. Ij -3-iiowered.

30. Eatoitia. Lower glume linear ; the upper broadly obovate and folded round the flowers.

2. Glumes similar in shape, but often unequal in .«ize.

31. MellcB. Lower palet fluttish-convex, many-nerved, membranaceous at the top, harden-

ing on the loose grain. Fertile flowers 1-3, the upper enwrapjiing deformed sterile ones.

32. Glycerla. Lower p;ilet convex or rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, scarioiis at the

tip. Spikelets ma.iy-fiowered ; the flowers deiiduous at maturity by the breaking up of
the rhachis into joints.

33. Brizopyi-tiin. Lower palet laterally much compressed and often keeled, acute, rigid,

rather coriaceous, smooth, faintly many -nerved. Spikelets flat, spiked-clustered.
37. Festuca. Lower palet slightly if at all laterally compres.sed, not keeled, only 1 - 5-nerved,

not cobwebby, and nearly without scarious margins, acutish : otherwise as in I'oa.
31. Poa. Lower palet laterally compressed and mostly keeled, 5-nerved, membranaceous,

scarious-margined, the margins or nerves below often cobwebby or pubescent : the upper

palet not remaining after the lower falls. Spikelets flattened.

35. Eragrostis. Lower palet 3-nerved, keeled, deciduous, leaving the upper persistent on

the rhachis. Spikelets flat.

+- +^ Grain adherent to the upper palet.

36. Briza. Lower palea rounded, very obtuse, pointless, many-nerved, flattened parallel to

the glumes, soon ventricose, scarious-margined. Spikelets somewhat heart-shaped.

37. Festuca. Lower palet convex on the back, acute, pointed, or awned at the tip, few-nerved.

Spikelets terete or flattish. Styles terminal.

38. Bt-fiiniis. Lower palet convex or keeled on the back, mostly awned or bristle-bearing

below the 2-cleft tip, 5-9-nerved. Stales scarcely terminal.

* * Lowest flower of the spikelct neutral or staminate.

39. Uniola. Spikelets very flat ; the one or more lowest flowers neutral, of a single empty

palet. Flowers strongly compressed-keeled, crowded, coriaceous.

40. Phraginites. Spikelets strongly silky-bearded on the rhachis, loosely-flowered, the

lowest flower stamiuate or neutral. Palets membranaceous.

Subtribe 5. Bnmbnsese. Culms woody and commonly arborescent. Spikelets and
flowers nearly as in the preceding i?ubtribe, awnless.

41. Aruiitiiiiaria. Spikelets flattened, loosely 5- 14-flowered, in depauperate panicles.

Subtribe G. Horcleinese. Spikelets 1 -several-flowered, sessile on opposite sides of a
zigzag jointed rhachis (which is excavated or channelled on one side of each joint), forming
a spike. Glumes sometimes abortive or wanting. Otherwise as in Subtribe 4.
* Spikelets single at each joint of the rhachis.

42. Lepturns. Spikelets almost imtnersed in the excavations of the very slender rhachis,

1-flowered. The filiform spikes usually several.

43. liolinin . Spikelets many-flowered, placed edgewise on the rhachis of the solitary spike :

glume only one, external.

44. Triticuin. Spikelets 3- several flowered, placed flatwise on the rhachis of the solitary

spike: both glumes present, transverse (right and left).

* * Spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rhachis : spike solitary.
-I- Glumes anterior, forming a sort of involucre for the cluster of spikelets.

45. Ilordeuni. Spikelets 1-flowered, 3 at each joint, but the two lateral usually sterile.
16 Elynius. Spikelets 1- several-flowered, all perfect and similar.

600 GRAMINE.^. (grass FAMILY.)

— ■<- Glumes none or 1-2 awn-like rudiments in their place.
4". Gymnosticituiu. Spikelets few-flowered, somewhat pedicelled, 1 - 3 at each joint.

Subtribe 7. Aveiirte. Spikelets 2 - several-flowered, panicled ; the rhachis or base of
the flowers often villous-bearded. Glumes mostly equalling or exceeding tUe flowers
Lower palet bearing a twisted, bent, or straight awn on its back or below its apex ; the
upper palet 2-nerTed. Stamens 3.

» Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost rudimentary.
48. Danlhonln. Spikelets ."ieveral-Hott'ered. Lower palet firm and rigi.l. rounded on the
back, scvenilnerved. the 3 middle nerves running into the flattish twisted awn wliich
proceeds from the cleft at the apex.
40. Aveiia. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palet roundish on the back, and of firmer
texture than the glumes, several-nerved, .sharply 2-tootlied or 2-cleft at tbe tip, the bent
or twisted awn rising only from tlie midnerve at or below the cleft.
60. Trlsetum. Spikelets 2 -several-flowered. Lower palet laterally compressed and keeled,
sharply 2-toothed or 2-pointed at the apex, the slender awn rising at or near the cleft,
from the midnerve only.
51 Alrn. Spikelets small, 2-fiowered, with or without the rudiment of a third flower. Palets
thin or scarious, the lower awned from towards the base.

* * One of the flowers staminate only.

52. A rrbeiiatlierum. Lower flower staminate ; tbe perfect one commonly awnless ; the

upiJennost a rudiment : otherwise as in Avena.

53. Ilolfus. Lower flower perfect, awnless; the upper staminate and awned: rudiment

none : otherwise resembling Aira.

Tribe II. PHALARIDEiE, Trin. (not of Kunth). Spikelets 3-nowered ; the upper-
most or niiildlo (terminal) flower perfect : the two lower (one on each side) imperfect,
either staminate, neutral, or reduced to an inconspfcuous rudiment.

Subtribe 1. AnthoxanlliesB. Lateral flowers mostly awned, staminate or neutral,
of 1 or 2 palets ; the upper one awnless and diandrous. Upper palet 1-nerved.

54. Hierochloa. Lateral flowers staminate and triandrous, of 2 palets.

55. Anthoxantbuin. Lateral flowers neutral, each of a single awned and hairy palet.

Subtribe 3. Plialaridese proper. Lateral flowers reduced to a small neutral rudiment

or abortive pedicel on each side ol tiie fertile one ; which is awnless and triandrous.
66. Plialaris. Glumes boat shaped, keeled, enclo.-:iug the coriaceous fertile flower

Tribe III. PANICEiE. Spikelets 2-flowered ; the lower flower always imperfect, either
stJiminate or neutral; in the latter case usually reduced tu a single empty palet (placed
next the lower glume, if that be present) ; the upper (rermiual) flower (placed next the
upper or inner glume) only fertile. Embryo and groove (when present) on the out<'r .side
of the grain! (next the lower palet of the fertile flower). (Flowers polygamous, or hemi-
gamous (when the lower flower is neutral), or sometimes seemingly simple and perfect,
from the suppression both of the lower glume and of the upper palet of the neutral flower,
sometimes monoecious, or rarely dioecious. Rarely both glumes are wanting.)

Subtribe 1. Paspaleee, Griseb. Glumes and sterile palets herbaceous or membrana-
ceous : palets of the fertile flower of firmer texture, coriaceous or chartaceous, awuless, not
keeled, more or less flattened parallel with the glumes.

» Spikelets appearing a,s if simply l-flowered, from the supprc'^sion of the lower glume, the
.■iingle neutral palet ot the sterile flower apparently occupying its place, (.\wnless.)

57. Milium. Spikelets not jointed with their pedicels, all alike in a terminal open panicle.

58. Amphicarpuin. .^pikelets jointed with their pedicels, of 2 sorts; one in a terminal

panicle ; the other .subterranean, on radical peduncles.

59. Paspaluin. Sjiikelets jointed with their short pedicels, all alike,, plano-convex, in one-

sided .spikes or spiked racemes.

GRAMINE^.. (grass FAMILY.) 607

« * Spikelets manifestly 1 J - 2-flowered (polygamous, the lower flower (itAtninate or often

neutral, of one or both palets), the lower glume being present.
60. Panlcniii. Spikeiets not involucrate, nor the peduncles biistle-beiiriug. Lower glume

usually small or minute. Sterile flower either staminate or neutral.
CL Setaria. Spikelets spiked or dcnse-panicled, the peduncles continued into naked solitary

bristles or awns : otherwise as in I'anicuni.

62. Ceiiclirus. Spikelets enclosed 1-5 together in a hard and spiny or bristly and globular

bur-like involucre.

Subtribe 'i, SaccUai-e;«. Fertile palets membr.anaceous or scarious, .always of thinner
and more delicate texture than the (often indurated) glumes, freijueutly awned from the
tip. Spikelets usually in pairs or threes, panicled or spiked, some of them entirely sterile
or rudimentary.

* Spikelets monoecious, imbedded in the separable joints of the spike.

63. Tripsacuni. Staminate spikelets above, in pairs at each joint: pistillate spikelets sin-

gle iu each joint : glumes indurated.
# * Fertile spikelets with one perfect and one sterile (staminate or mostly neutral) flower:
Idwer palet of the perfect flower awned.

64. Erianthiis. fioth spikelets at each joint of the rhachis alike fertile, and iovolucrate

with a silky tuft : otherwise as in the next.

65. Aiicli-o|ios[«u». Spikelets a pair at each joint of the plumose-hairy spikes, one of them

sessile and fertile ; the other pedicelled and sterile or rudimentary.

66. Sorglium. Spikelets in open panicles, 2-3 together, the lateral ones sterile or some-

times reduced to mere pedicels.

1. LEERSIA, Solandcr. White Grass. (PI. 7.)

Flowers crowded in one-sided panicled spikes or racemes, perfect, but tliosc in
the open panicles usually sterile by the abortion of the ovary, those enclosed in
the sheaths of the leaves close-fertilized in the bud and prolific. Spikelets
1 -flowered, flat, more or less imbricated over each other, jointed with the short
pedicels. Glumes wanting. Palets chartaceous, strongly flattened laterally
or conduplicate, awnless, bristly-ciliate on the keels, closed, nearly equal in
length, but the lower much broader, enclosing the flat grain. Stamens I - 6.
Stigmas feathery, the hairs branching. — Perennial marsh grasses: the flat
leaves, sheaths, &c., rough upwards, being clothed with very minute hooked
prickles. (Named after John Daniel Leers, a German botanist.)
* Spikclds nnrroii'/i/ ohlonrj, rather loosfli/ crntvded.

1. L. Virginica, Willd. (White Gr.\ss.) Panicle simple; the spikehts
cloaehi tipnressfd on the slender branches, around whii-h they are partly cur\e(l
(1^" long) ; stamens 2 (a third imperfect or wanting) ; palets sparingly ciliate
(greenish-white). — Wet woods. Aug., Sept.

2. L. oryzoides, Swartz. (Rice Cut-grass.) Panicle dijfnseli/ branched ;
spik-eletsjidt, rather sprmdinq (2^" -3" long) ; stamens 3; palets strongly bristly-
ciliate (whitish). — Very wet places : common. Aug. (Eu.)

* « SpiMets broadly oval, imhricately coverimj each otlur (2i"-3" long).

3. L. lenticuliris, Mich.x. (Fly-catch Grass.) Smoothish ; panicle
simple; ])alets very flat, strongly bristly ciliate (said to close and catch flies) ;
stamens 2: otherwise like the preceding. — Low grounds, Virginia, Illinois,
«nd southward. ...

G08 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

2. ZIZANIA, Gronov. Water or Indian Rice. (PI. 7.)

Flowers monoecious; tlie staminate and pistillate both in 1-flowcrcd spikclcts
in the same panicle. Glumes isanting, or rudimentary and forming a little
cup. Palets herbaceo-membranaccous, convex, awnless in the sterile, the lower
one tipped with a straight awn in the fertile spikelets. Stamens 6. Stigmas
pencil-form. — Large, often reed-like water-grasses. Spikelets jointed with the
club-shaped pedicels, very deciduous. -(Adojjted from Zi^aviov, the ancient
name of some wild grain.)

1. Z. aquatica, L. (Indian Rice. Wateii Oats.) Annual; lower
brunches of the ample pyramidal panicle stamimUe, spreadimj ; the up/ier end, pis-
tilhite; pedicels strongly club-shaped ; lower palet lontj-awni d, row^h; styles dis-
tinct; grain linear, slender. (Z. clavulusa, Michx.) — Swampy borders of
streams and in shallow water : common, especially northwestward. Aug. — ■
Culms 3° - 9° high. Leaves flat, 2" - 3° long, linear-lanceolate. Grain 6" long ;
largely gatheicd for food by the Northwestern Indians.

2. Z. miliaeea, Michx. Perennial ; panicle diffuse, amjjle, the slamivdte
' and jiistil late flowers intermixed; awns short ;■ styles united; grain ovate. Penn. 7

Ohio, and southward. Aug. — Leaves involute.

3. ALOPECtTRUS, L. Foxtail Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1 -flowered. Glumes boat-shaped, strongly compressed and keeled,
nearly equal, united at the base, equalling or exceeding the lower palct, which
is awned on the back below the middle: upper palet wanting! Stamens 3.
Styles mostly united. Stigmas long and feathered. — Clusters contracted into
a cylindrical and soft dense spike. Root perennial. (Name from aXwnrj^^fox,
and ovpd, tail, the popular appellation, from the shape of the spike.)

1. A. PRATENSis, L. (Meadow Foxtail.) Culm upright, smooth (2°
high) ; palet eqnallimj the acute (jlinnes; awn exserted more than half its length,
twisted; the upper leaf much shorter than its inflated sheath. — Meadows and
pastures, eastward. May. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. A. GExicuL.lTtis, L. (Floating F.) Culm ascending, bent at the
lower joints ; palet rather shorter than the obtuse glumes, the awn from near its base
and projecting half its U-ngfh beyond it: anthers linear ; the upper leaf as long as
its sheath. — Moist meadows, eastward. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

3. A. aristuIktUS, Michx. (Wild F.) Glaucous; culm decumbent
below, at length bent and ascending; peilet rather longer than the obtuse glumes,
scarcely exceeded by the awn which rises from just below its middle; anthers
oblong. (A. subaristatus, Pers.) — In water and wet places : common. June-
Aug. Spike more slender and paler than in the last. (Eu.)

4. PHLEUM, L. Cat's-tail Grass. (PI. 7.)

Palets both present, shorter than the mucronate or awned glumes ; the lower
one truncate, usually awnless. Styles distinct. Otherwise much as in Alope-
curus. — Perennials. Spike very dense, harsh. (An ancient Greek name.)

I. P. pratense, L. (Timothy. Herd's-Grass in New England and
New York.) Tall; spike cylindrical, elongated; glumes ciliate on the back,

GIIAMINE^E. (grass FAMILY.) G09

tipped with a short bristle. — Meadows, commonly cultivated for har. (Nat
from Ell.)

2. P. alpinuin, L. Low; spike ovate-oblong ; glumes stron,2:ly ciliatc on
the back, tipped with a rough men about their own leixjth. — Alpine tops of tli»
White jMonntains, New Hampshire, and high northward. (En.)

5. CRYPSIS, Ait. Crypsis. (PI. 7.)

Spikclets 1 -flowered, in clusters which are crowded in a dense head or short
spike bracted by the uppermost leaves. Glumes, palets, «&.c. as in the next
genus, or rather thinner. — Low and spreading tufted annuals, natives of the
East ; with short leaves, the sheaths of the upper spathaceous. (Name, Kpvyjris,
concealment, the spikes at first partly hidden by the subtending sheaths.)

1. C. sciicENOiDES, Lam. Leaves rather rigid, tapering to a sharp point;
heads or spikes oblong, 7'' -20" long, thick. (C. Virginica, Nutt., excl. syn.)

— Waste places, streets of Philadelphia and vicinity, also of Wilmington, Dela-
ware: becoming very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

6. VILFA, Adans., Bcauv. Rush-Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in a contracted or spiked panicle. Glumes 1-ncrved or
nerveless, not awned or pointed, the lower smaller. Flower nearly sessile in
the glumes. Palets 2, much alike, of the same textui'e as the glumes (mem-
branaeeo-chartaceous) and usually longer than they, naked, awnless and mostly
pointless; the lower 1-nerved (rarely somewhat .3-nerved). Stamens chiefly 3.
Stigmas simply feathery. Grain (caryopsis) oblong or cylindrical, deciduous.

— Culms wiry or rigid. Leaves involute, usually bearded at the throat; their
sheaths often enclosing the panicles. (Name unexplained.)

1. V. aspera, Beauv. Root perennial ; culms tufted (2° -4° high) ; lowest
leaves very long, rigid, rough on the edges, tapering to a long involute and
thread like point ; the upper short, involute ; sheaths partly or at first wholly
enclosing the contracted panicle ; palets much lonr/er than the unequal glumes ;
grain oval or oblong. (Agrostis aspera, Michx. A. clandestma & A. involiita,
Mnhl. A. longifolia, Torr.) — Sandy fields and dry hills, especially southward.
Sept. — Spikelets 2" - .3" long. Palets rough above, smooth or hairy below, of
greatly varying proportions ; the uj)per one tajjcring upwards, acute, and one
half to twice longer than the lower, or else obtuse and equalled or even con-
siderably exceeded by the lower !

2. V. vaginaefldra, Torr. Root annual; culms slender (6' -12' high),
ascending; leaves involute-awl-shaped (I' -4' long); panicles simple and
spiked, the lateral and often the terminal concealed in the sheaths ; palets some-
what equal, acute, about the length of the nearly equal glumes ; only one third longer
than the linear grain. (Agrostis Virginica, Muhl , not of L.) — Barren and
sandy dry fields : common, especially southward. Sept.

3. V. CUSpidata, Torr. Root perennial ; culms and leaves more slender
than in the preceding ; panicle exserted, very simple and narrow ; spikelets
smaller, tlie glumes verg acute, and the loiver palet cuspidate. — Borders of Maiud
(on the St. Joini's River, G. L. Goodale), and northwestward.

.39

CIO GRAMINE.E. (gRASS FAMILY.)

4. V. "Virginica, Bcanv. Root per-rnnial ; ctthiis tufted, slender (5'- 12'
long), often prociunbcnt, branched; loaves convolute, rigid ; palcts rather shorter
tlian the nearly equal acute glumes. (Agrostis Virginica, Z.) — Sandy sea-
shore, Virginia (Ciai/Zoii) and southward. — Siiikelets much smaller and more
numerous than in the others.

7. SPOROBOLUS, R. Br. Dkop-seed Guass. (PI. 7.)

Spikelets 1- (rarely 2-) flowered, in a contracted or open panicle. Flowers
ncarlv as in Vilfa ; the palets longer than the unequal glumes. Stamens 2-3.
Grain a globular utricle (hyaline or rarely coriaceous), containing a loose seed,
deciduous (whence the name, from (rnopd, seed, and /SaXXw, to cast forth).

* Glumes very unequal : panicle pyramidal, open : ours perennials, except No. 3.

1. S. jlinceus, Kunth. Leaves involute, narrow, rigid, the lowest elon-
gated ; culm (l°-2° high) naked above, bearing a narrow loose panicle; glumes
ovate, rather obtuse, the lower one half as long as, the upper etjuallint/, the nearly
equal pdlets. (Agrostis juncea, jl//c7i.r. Vilfa juncea, Trin.) — Dry soil, Penn-
sylvania to Wisconsin, and (chiefly) southwai-d. Aug. — Spikelets l"-2" long,
shining.

2. S. h.eter61epis, Gray. Leaves involute-thread-Jbrm, rigid, the lowest as
long as the culm ( 1° - 2°) which is naked above ; panicle very loose ; (flumes very
unequal; the lower awl-shnped (or bristle-pointed from a broad base) and some-
what shorter, the upper ovate-oblong and taper-pointed and longer, than the equal
palets. (Vilfa heterolepis, Gray.) — Dry soil, Connecticut, and New York to
Illinois and Wisconsin! Aug. — Plant exhaling an unpleasant scent (Sidlicant),
stouter than the last, the spikelets thrice larger. Utricle spherical (1" in diam-
eter), shining, thick and coriaceous !

3. C. cryptandrus, Gray. Leaves flat, pale (2" wide) ; the pyramidal
panicle bursting from the upper sheath which usually encloses its base, its spreading
branches hairy in the axils ; upper glume lanceolate, rather acute, twice the length of
the lower one, as long as the nearly equal palets ; sheaths strongly bearded at the
throat ; root annual ? (Agr. & Vilfa cryptandra, Torr.) — Sandy shores, coast
of New England, and of the Great Lakes. Aug., Sept. — Culm 2° - 3° high
Panicle lead-color: spikelets 1" long.

* * Glumes almost equal, short rr than the broad palets : panicle racemose-elongated,
open, the pidirels capillary : shiatlis nabd at the throat : spikelets not iinfequently
tuoflorci red : root perennial. (CoLPODlUM ?)

4. S. COmpr6ssus, Kunth. Very smooth, /w/vy to the top: culms tufied,
stout, very flat: sheaths flattened, much longer than the internodes; leaves erect,
narrow, conduplicate-channelled ; glumes acutish, about one third shorter than
the obtuse palets. (Agrostis comprcssa, Torr. Vilfo, Trin.) — Bogs in the
pine-l)arrcns of New Jersey. S?pt. — Forming strong tussocks, l°-2° high.
Panicle 8'- 12' long: spikelets 1" long, purplish.

.5. S. serdtinUS, Gray. Smooth \ odms i^ry slender, flattish(^' -\'j'h\(rM),
few-leaved ; leaves very slender, channelled ; panicle soon much crserted, the diffuse
capillary branches scattered ; glumes ovate, obtuse, about half the length of the

GK amines:, (grass family.) 61 f

palcts. ( Agr. & Vilfa scrotina, 7brr. V. tenera, Trin. Poa ? tmiflofa, Muld.
P. niodesta, TucJcprm.) — Sandy wet places, Maine to New Jersey and Michigan.
Sept. — A very delicate grass ; the spikelcts half a line long.

8. AGROSTIS, L. Bent-Grass. (PI. 7.)

Spikclets 1 -flowered, in !in open jianiele. Glumes somewhat equal, or the
lower rather longer, usually longer than the palets, jiointless. Palcts very thin,
pointless, naked; the lower 3 - 5-nerved, frequently awncd on the back; the.
upper often minute or none. Stamens chiefl_v .3. Grain (caryopsis) free. —
Culms usually tufted, slender; root commonly iicrcnnial. (Name from ayitus,
a Jitld, the place of growth.)

§ 1. TRICHODIUM, Michx. — Upper palet nhoii ice, minute, or none

1. A. el^ta, Trin. Culms firm or sfoM< (2° -3° high) ; leaves flat (1"- 2"
wide) ; upper ligules elongated (2" -3" long) ; xpikehts aoicdtd on the branches
of the spread'nui panicle above the middle (1^" long) ; lower palct awnless, slightly
shorter than the rather unequal glumes ; the npjK'r wanting. (A. Seliweinitzii,
Trin.? A. altissima, Tiickerm., excl. var. laxa. Trich. elatiim, Pursh.) —
Swamps, New Jersey and soutliAvard. October.

2. A. perennans, Tuekerm. (Tiux-Gkass.) C((/;hs s/e«rfo-, erect from
a decumbent base (l°-2° high) ; leaves flat (the upper 4'- C long, l"-2''wide) ;
panicle at length diffiisoti/ sprt-ading, pale green ; the branches short, divided and
fiower-bearing from or hfloLV the middle; lower palet awnless (rarely short-awned),
shorter than the unequal glumes ; the upper minute or obsolete. (Cornucopite
perennans, Walt. Trich. perennans. Ell. T. decumbens, Michx. T. scabrum,
Midd. Agr. andmala, Willd.) — Damp shaded places. July, Aug. — Spikelcts,
&c. as in No. 3, into which it seems to vary.

3. A. Scabra, Willd. (IIair-Guass.) Culms very slender, erect (l°-2°
high) ; leaves short and narrow, tlic lower soon involute (the upper l'-3' long,
less than 1" wide) ; panicle i-cri/ loose and divergent, purplish, the long capdlary
branches fiower-bearing at and near the apex; lower palet awnless or occasionally
short-awned on the back, shorter than the rather unequal very acute glumes ; the
upper minute or obsolete ; root biennial ? (A. laxiflora, i?/c//arrf. A. Michauxii,
Trin. partly. Trich. laxiflorum, Michx. T. montanum, Torr.) — Exsiccated
places : common. June- Aug. — Remarkable for the long and divergent capil-
lary branches of the extremely loose panicle ; these are whorled, rough with
very minute bristles (under a lens), as also the keel of the glumes. Spikelcts
1 ' long. ^ A variety ? from about the White Mountains, &c. (var. montana,
Tuekerm.), has a more or less exserted awn, thus differing from the T. monta-
num, Torr. (A. ore(5phila, Trin.}, which is a dwarfed form, growing in tufts in
hollows of rocks, &c.

4. A. canina, L. (Browv Bext-Grass.) Culms 8'- 2° high; root-
leaves involute-bristle-form, those of the culm flat and broader ; panicle loose ;
glumes slightly unequal, ovate-lanceolate, very acute ; prdet ersertlg awncd on
the back at or below the middle ; spikelcts brownish or purplisli, rarely pale or
greenish (1"-!^" long). — Meadows, sparingly naturalized eastward. A
mountain form with shorter and more spreading panicle (A. Pickeringii

G12 GRAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.)

& A. connnna, Tuclerm., A. canina, var. alpina, Oales, & Ed. 2., and csscn
tially A. rubra, L. ex WuliL, and A. borcalis, Hartm.), is indij^cnous on
mountain-tops, Maine to New York ; also, an ampler form in the AIJe<rhanic3
of Tennsylvania (./. R. Lowrie), and southward (A. rupestris, C/aipman, &c.).
July -Aug. (Eu.)

§ 2. AGROSTIS proper. Upper palet manifest, but shorter than the lower.

5. A. vulgaris, With. (Red-top. Hkkd's-Grass of Penn, &c.) Root-
stocks creeping ; culm mostly. uprigiit (l°-2° high) ; panicle oblong, with spread-
ing slightly rough short branches {purple) ; leaves linear, flat ; lirjule very short,
truncate ; lower palet nearly equalling the glumes, chiefly awnless, 3-nerved ;
the upper about one half its length. (A. polymtJrpha, Huds., partly. — Varies
with a rougher panicle (A. hispida, WilUi), and rarely with the flower short-
awncd. — Low meadows; naturalized from Eu.^ and apparently also native
northward. (Eu.)

6. A. alba, L. (Fiokin or White Bent-Grass.) Rootstocks more
stoloniferous, and culms often decumbent at the base, ascending; ligule elon-
gated, oblong or linear; panide contracted after flowering, cither greenish, pur-
plish or brownish ; otherwise as in the preceding, and equally variable ; rarely
with the lower palet short-awned, or even slender-awned below the tip. (A.
stolom'fera, L., |>artly.) — Meadows and fields, a valuable grass : nat, from Eu. :
also indigenous on river-banks, N. New York and northward. (Eu.)

9. POLYPOGON, Desf. Be.\kd-Gra8S. (V\. 8.)

Sjiikelcts 1 -flowered, in a contracted, mostly spike-like panicle. Glumes nearly
equal, long-awned, much longer than the membranaceous palets, the lower of
which is commonly short-awned below the apex. Stamens 3. Grain free.
(Name composed of ttoXu, much, and Trcoycoi/, beurd ; from the awns.)

1. P. MoxsPKLiEXSis, Dcsf Panicle interrupted ; glumes oblong, the awn
i'roni a notch at the summit ; lower palet awned ; root annual. nani])ton Beach,
New Hampshire {Nubbins), Virginia ? and southward. (Nat. from Eu.)

10. CINNA, L. Wood Reed-Grass. (PI. 8.)

Spikelcts 1 -flowered, much flattened, crowded in an open flaccid panicle.
Glumes lanceolate, acute, strongly keeled, rough-serrulate on the keel ; the
lower rather smaller, the upper a little exceeding the p.alets. Flower manifestly
stalked in the glumes, smooth and naked ; the palets much like the glumes ;
the lower longer than the upper, short-awned or mucronate on the back below
the pointless apex. Stamen one, opposite the 1-nerved upper palet! Grain
linear-oblong, fiec. — A perennial, rather sweet-scented grass, with simple and
upright somewhat reed-like culms (2°-7° high), bearing an ample compound
terminal panicle, its branches in fours or fives ; the broadly linear-lanceolate
flat leaves (4'' -6" wide) with conspicuous ligules. Spikelets green, often pur-
plish-tinged. (Name unexplained.)

1. C. arundin^eea, L. — Moist woods and .shaded swamps : rather comr
mon. July, Aug. — Panicle 6' - 15' long, rather dense ; the branches and pcdi-

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 613

«els spreading in flower, afterwards erect. Spikclets 2^"-3" long. Awn of
the palet either obsolete or nianifost.

Var. p6ndula, Gray. Panicle loose and more slender, the branches nearly
capillary and drooping in flower; pedicels very rough ; glumes and palets thin-
ner, the former less unequal ; spikclets 1^"- 2" long ; upper palet obtuse. (C.
pendula, Trin. C. latifoiia, Grisel>. C. expansa, Link. Blyttia suaveolens,
Fries.) — Deep damp woods, N. New England to Lake Superior and northward,
and on mountains southward.' — A slender variety of the last, as is shown by
intermediate si)ecimens, always monandrous. (Eu.)

11. MUHLENBERGIA, Schreber. Drop-seed G. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, in contracted or rarely in open panicles. Glumes mostly
acute or bristle-pointed, persistent ; the lower rather smaller or minute. Flower
very short-stalked or sessile in the glumes ; the palets usually minutely bearded
at the base, herbaceous, deciduous with the enclosed grain, often equal ; the
lower 3-nerved, mucronate or awned at the apex. Stamens 3. (Dedicated to
the Rev. Dr. Ilmmj Muhlenberg, a distinguished American botanist of the early
part of this century. )

§ 1. MUHLENBERGIA proper. Panicles contracted or fjlomcrate, terminal
and axillary : perennials {in our species) with branchirirj rirjid culms, from scu/ij
creefiing rootstocks : leaves short and narroiv.
* Lower paid bartljj mucronate or sharp-poinled. (Sp. of Cinna, Knnth, Trin.)

1. M. SObolifera, Trin. Culms ascending (l°-2° high), rarely branching;
the simple contracted jianicle very slender or filiform ; glumes barely pointed, almost
equal, one third shorter titan the equal palets ; lower ])alet abruptly short-mucronate.
(Agrostis sobolifera, il/«/(/. ) — Open rocky woods, Mass. to Michigan, Illinois,
and southward. Aug. — Spikelets less than 1" long.

2. M. glomerkta, Trin. Culms upright (1° -3° high), sparingly branched
or simple ; panicle oblong-linear, contracted into an interrupted glomerate spike, long-
peduncled, the branches sessile ; glumes awned, nearly equal, and (with the
bristle-like awn) about twice the length of the imequal very acute palets. (Agr.
racemosa, Michx. A. setosa, Muhl. Polypogon racemosus, Nutt.) — Bogs:
common, especially northward. Aug. — Panicle 2' -3' long.

3. M. Mexic^na, Trin. Culms ascending, much branched (2° -3° high);
panicles lateral and terminal, often included at the base, contracted, the branches
densely spiked-clustered, linear (green and purplish); glumes awnless, sharp-pointed,
unequal, the upper about the length of the very acute lower palet. (Agr.
Mexicana, L. A. lateriflora, Michx.) — Varies with more slender panicles (A.
filif(5rmis, j1/((A/.) — Low grounds : common. Aug.

* * Lower paid bristle-awned from the tip : flowers short-pedicelled.

4. M. Sylv^tiea, Torr. & Gr. Culms ascending, much branched and
diff"usely spreading (2° -4° long); contracted panicles densely manyflmvered;
glumes almost equal, brisllc-pointed, nearly as long as the Iowa- palet, which bears an
awn twice or thrice the length of the spikelet. (Agr. difl["usa, Muhl.) — Low or
rocky woods : common. Aug., Sept. — In aspect between No. 3 and No. 5.

G14 GRAMINEJS. (grass FAMILY.)

5. M. Willdendvii, Trin. Culms upright (3° higli), slender, simple oi
sparingly branched; contracted panicle ^lender, loosdij flowered ; (/liiinas sUt/hdjj
unequal, short-pointed, half the length of the lower paid, wiiich bears an awn 3-4
limes the length of the sj)ikelet. (Agrostis tenuiHora, Willd.) — Kucky woods:
rather common. Aug.

6. M. diffusa, Sehrehcr. (Drop-seed. Nimble Will.) Culms dif-
fusely much branched (8'- 18' higii) ; contracted jumiile^ slender, rather loosely
many-Howered, terminal and lateral; (jlumes ertremeli/ minute, the lower obsolete,
the upper truncate; awn once or twice longer than the palet. (Dilep5'rum
minutiHorum, Micli.r.) — Dry hills and woods, from S. New England to Michi-
gan, Illinois, and southward. Aug., Sept. — Spikelcts only 1" long.

§ 2. TRICH6CHL0A, DC Panicle veri/ loose and open, the long branches and
pedicels capillarij : leaves nairow, often convolute-bristleform.

7. M. capillaris, Kunth. (IIair-Grass.) Culm simple, upright (2° high)
from a fibrous root ; panicle capillary, expanding (G'-20' long, purple) ; glumes
unequal, one third or half the length of the long-awned palets, the lower mostly
pointless, the upper more or less bristle-pointed. — Sandy soil, W. New Eng-
land to New Jersey, Kentucky, and southward. Sept. — Pedicels l'-2' long,
scarcely thicker than the awns, which are about 1' long.

12. BEACHYELYTBUM, Beauv. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowered, with a consiiicuous filiform pedicel of an abortive second
flower about half its length, nearly terete, few, in a simple appressed raccmed
panicle. Glumes unequal, persistent, usually minute, or the lower one almost
obsolete. Palets chartaceo-herbaeeous, involute, enclosing the linear-oblong
grain, somewhat equal, rough with scattered short bristles ; tlic lower .5-nervcd,
extended into a long straight awn; the upper 2-poin ted ; the awn-like sterile
pedicel partly lodged in the groove on its back. Stamens 2 : anthers and stig-
mas very long. — Perennial, with simple culms (lO-S*' high) from creej)ing
rootstoeks, downy sheaths, broad and flat lanceolate pointed leaves, and spike-
lets i' long without the awn. (Name composed of ^paxvs, short, and eXvTpof,
husk, from the minute glumes.)

1. B. aristatum, Bcauv. (Muhlenbcrgia erecta, Sclmb. Dilepyrum
aristbsum, Mich.c.) — Rocky woods : common. June. — Var. ExgelmAnni,
is a Western form, with the upper glume awn-pointed, nearly half the length of
the palet.

13. CALAMAGROSTIS, Adan,s. Eeed Bent-G. (PI. 8.)

Spikelcts 1 -flowered, and often with a pedicel or rudiment of a second abor-
tive flower (rarely 2-flowered), in an open or spiked panicle. Glumes keeled or
boat-shaped, often acute, commonly nearly equal, and exceeding the flower,
which bears at the base copious white bristly hairs. Palets thin ; the lower
bearing a slender awn on the back or below the tip, or sometimes awnless ; the
upper mostly shorter. Stamens 3. Grain free. — Perennials, with running
rootstoeks, and mostly tall and simple rigid culms. (Name compounded of
KuXap.os, a reed, and dypuaris, a grass.)

GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.) .61v>

§ 1. DEYEUXIA, Kunth. RndinmH of a second flower present in the form of a
plumuse or hairy small pedicel behind the upper jialel ( Vfrij rureli/ more developed
and hacimj jialcts or eoen stamens) : (jltimes and pulels mcmhrunoceous, or the lat-
ter thin and delicate as in Aj;rostis ; the lower 3 - ft-nerad and uwn-hearincj.

* Panicle loose and open, even ajhrflowerint; : the mostlji purple-timjtd or had-colored

striffose-scahrous ylunies not closinr/ in fruit: copious hairs surrounding the flower
about equallinij the hyaline lower pultt, not surpassed by those of the rudiment :
awn delicate, straight.

1. C. Canadensis, Beauv. (Blue Joint-Grass.) Culm tall (3° -5°
high); leaves flat when fresh, glaucous; panicle oblong; f/lumes ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 14"- U" long ; awn from near the middle of the palet, not exceeding and
scarcely stouter than the hairs around the flower. (Arundo Canadensis, Michx.
C. Mexicana, iV((//.) — Wet grounds : common northward. July.

2. C. Langsdorffli, Trin. Spikelcts larger, 2^" -3" long; /y/wmes /awcco-
late or oblong -lanceolate and gradually taper-pointed; awn stouter: otherwise like
the preceding. — White Mountains, New Hampshire, and northward. (Eu.)

* * Panicle strict, its short branches oppressed or erect afler flowering, and the glumes

mostly closed: lower palet less delicate, rouyhish, sometimes of us firm texture as
the glumes : awn stouter.

•t- Leaves narrow, inclined to be involute: awn straight.

3. C Strieta, Trin. Panicle glomerate and lobed, strict ; glumes 1|"- 2"
long, ovatc-ohlong, not acuminate ; hairs scarcely or little shorter than the
flower, and as long as those of the rudiment ; awn from the middle of the thin
palea or lower, and barely exceeding it. — Ledges at Willoughby Lake, Vermont
( IF. Boolt), Lake Superior, and northward. (Eu.)

•f- •*- Leaves' broader, flat: awn stouter, bent, divergent, or twisted when dry,

4. C. COnfinis, Nutt. Panicle elongated, its rather slender branches spread-
ing at flowering-lime, afterwards appressed ; glumes lance-oblong, very acute,
2" long, pale; hairs of the flower copious, ecjiuil, slightly or one thiixl shorter than
the thin lower palet and than those of the rudiment ; awn borne much below the
middle of the palet, somewhat surpassing it ; grain glabrous. (Arundo confinis,

Wilkl.l C. inexpansa, Gray.) — Swamps, N. and W. New York (especially
Penn Van, SartwcU) and Pennsylvania. July. — Culm tall.

5. C. Nuttalliana, Steud. Culm stout (30-5° high); panicle contracted
and spilce-like; glumes lanceolate and tapering into slender awl-shaped tips,
3" long ; luiirs on the lower side scanty and barely half the length of the firm and
keeled lower palet, on the other side longer and equalling the copious tuft on the
summit of the rudiment ; awn borne half-way between the middle and the taper-
ing tip of the palet, stout, not twisted ; grain bearded at the top. (C. Canade'n-
sis, Nutt. C. coarctata, Torr., and of former ed.) — Moist grounds, E. New
England to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and southward. Aug.

6. C. Poi'teri, Gray. Culm slender (2° -4° high) ; a woolly-bearded ring
at the junction of the broadly linear leaves with the sheath; panicle long and
narrow, with the branches appressed ; glumes lanceolate, acute, pale, 2" to 2^ '
long; hairs of the flower and of the short rudiment uranfy, and both reaching about
to the middle of the flower behind the upper palet, but very short or none at the

616 aRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

base of the Jirm-memhranaceous lower palet, wliich bears near its base a twisted awn
of its own length. — Dry woods, Pulpit Kocks and vieinity, Huntingdon Co.,
Pennsylvania, Prof. T. V. Purler.

7. C. PiekeX'ingii, Gray. Culm l°-l^ohigh; leaces short ; panicle pi/-
ramidal, jjurpiisli ; glumes ovate-oblong, bluntisU or bluntly pointed (l^"-2"
long) ; hairs both of tliejluwer and of the rudiment virij short ami scanty, one lourtli
or fifth the Icngtii of the flower, none behind the obtuse lower palet, which
bears between its middle and biise a short and stout (straight or bent, not twisted)
awn. — White Mountnins, New Hampshire, in the al})ine region of Alt. Wash-
ington (Dr. Pirkeriiuj, &e.) ; and a more luxuriant form with smaller spikelets
at Echo Lake, Franconia, W. Buott. Sept.

§2. CiVLAMOViLFA. Glumes and equal palets rather chartaceous, compressed-
keeled ; the. lower yUime shorter than the upper and shorter than the palets, of which
the lower is l-iierved and entirely awnless: the upper strongly '2-lceeUd : rudiment
of second fower wantiny : panicle open and loose.

8. C. brevipilis, Gray. Branches of the diffuse pyramidal panicle capil-
lary (purplish); glumes ovate, mueronate; the upper slightly, the lower nearly
one half shorter than the palets, which are above twice the length of the hairs and
bristly-bearded along the hels. (Arundo brevipilis, Torr.) — Sandy swamps, pine-
barrens of New Jersey : rare. Sept. — Culm 3° -4° high : leaves nearly flat.

9. C. longif61ia, Hook. Culm (l°-4° high) stout, from thick running
rootstocks ; leaves rigid, elongated, involute above and tapering into a long tln-ead-
like point; branches of the pyramidal panicle smooth; glumes lanceolate, the up-
per as long as the similar palets, the lower one fourth shorter ; the ro/>ious hairs
viore than half the length of the naked pnlels. — Sands, along the upper Great Lakes,
from Illinois and Michigan northwestward. Aug. — Spikelets 2^" long.
Sheaths clothed with deciduous wool.

§3. AMM6PHILA, Host. Rudiment nf second flmoer present and pi umo>ten1m'e:
glumes nearly equal and rather longer than the equal similar palets, scarious-char-
aceous, lanceolate, compressed-keeled: lovw palet 5-nerved, slightly mueronate or
obscurely au-ned near the tip ; the uppei- 2-kepled : squamulrv Innreohite, much longer
than the ovary : panicle spiked-contracted : spikelets large (^' long).

10. C. aren^ria, Roth. (Sea Sand-Rekd) Culm stout and rigid
(2° -.3° high) from firm running rootstocks ; leaves long, soon involute; panicle
contracted into a dense cylindrical spike (.5' -9' long) ; hairs only one third of
the length of the palet. (Arnndo, L. Psamma, Beanv.) — Sandy beaches.
New Jersey to Maine, and northward, and on the Great Lakes. Aug. (Eu.l

14. ORYZbPSIS, Michx. Mountaix Rice. (PI. 8.)

Spikelets 1-flowcrcd, nearly terete. Glumes herbaceous or thin-memhrana-
ceous, several-nerved, nearly equal, commonly rather longer than the oblong
flower, which is deciduous at maturity, and with a \cry short obtuse callus or
scar-like base Lower palet coriaceous, at Irngth involute so as closely to enclose
the upper (of the same length) and the oblong grain; a simple untwisted and
deciduous awn jointed on its aj)cx. Stamens 3. SquamulsB "J or 3, conspicuous.
Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with rigid leaves and a Uiirrow raceme or

GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 617

panicle. Spikelets greenish, ratlier large. (Name comjjoscd of opv^a, rice, and
oylns, likeness, Ironi a fancied rcscniblance to that grain )

* Styles distinct, short: culm leafy to the summit: leaves broad andjlat.

1. O. melanoearpa, Mulil. Leaves lanceokte, taper-])ointed ; sheaths
bearded in tlic tlirout; panicle simple or sparingly branched; awn thrice the
lenyth of the blackish paltts (nearly 1' long). (Milium racemosum, Smith. Pip-
tatherum nigrum, 7wr.) — Rocky woods. Aug. — Culm 2° -3° high.

* * Styles united below, slender: culms tufted , naked : leaves concave or involute.

2. O. asperif61ia*, Michx. Culms (9'- 18' high) with sheaths bearing a
mere rudimentary blade, overtopped by the long and rigid linear leaf from the base ;
very simple panicle or raceme few-flowered ; awn 2-3 times the length of the rather
hairy whitish palets. (Unichre, Trin.) — Hillsides, &c., in rich woods: common
northward. May. — Leaves without keels, rough-edged, pale beneath, lasting
through the winter. SquamulaB lanceolate, almost as long as the inner palet!

3. O. Canadensis, Toir. Culms slender (6' - 15' high), the lowest
sheaths leaf-bearing; leaves involule-lhread-shaped; panicle contracted (l'-2'
long), the branches usually in pairs; palets pubescent, whitish ; awn short and
very deciduous, or wanting. (O. parviflora, A^u/^ Stipa juncea, il//c/ir. S. Can-
adensis, Po(V. Milium pungens, Torr. Urachne brevicaudata, Trin.) — Rocky
hills and dry plains, W. New England to mountains of Penn., Wisconsin, and
northward: rare. May. — Glumes l"-2" long, sometimes purplish.

15. STIPA, L. FE.iTlIER-GRASS. (PI. 8.)

Spikejcts 1 -flowered, terete; the flower falling away at maturity (with tne
conspicuous obconical bearded and often sharp-pointed callus) from the mem-
branaceous glumes. Lower palet coriaceous, cylindrical-involute and closely
embracing the smaller upper one and the cylindrical grain, having a long
and twisted or tortuous simple awn jointed with its apex. Stamens mostly 3.
Stigmas plumose. — Perennials, with narrow involute leaves and a loose
panicle. (Name from (TTvnr)-, tow, in allusion to the flaxen appearance of the
feathery awns of the original species. In our species the awn is naked.)
* Callus or base of the flower short and blunt : glumes pointless.

1. S. Richardsbnii, Link. Culm (l^°-2° high) and leaves slender;
panicle loose (4' -.5' long), with slender few-flowered branches; glumes nearly
equal, oblong, acutish (2^" long), about equalling the pubescent linear-oblong
lower palet, which i)ears a tortuous awn 6" -8" long. — Pleasant Mountain,
near Sebago Lake, Maine, C. J. Sprague, and northwestward. (Flowers rather
smaller than in Richard^son's plant, as described.)

* * Callus or base of the flower pungenti y pointed, at maturity villous-bearded : lower
jiaUt slender and minutely bem-ded at the tip : glumes taper-pointed.

2. S. aven^cea, L. (Black 0.a.t-Grass.) Culm slender (1°- 2° high) ;
leaves almost bristle-form ; panicle open ; palets blackish, nearly as long as ilw glnmrs
(about 4" long) ; the awn bent above, twisted below (2'-3' long). — Dry or sandy
woods, S. New England to Wisconsin, and southward. July.

3. S. spartea, Trin., not of Hook. (Pokcux'ink Gkass.) Culm rathe.

L & M— 46

618 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

Stout (UO-3° hijrh) ; panicle contracted; pakis linear, 5'-l' lon;^ (including the
long callus), pubescent below, shorter than the lanceolate slender subulate-pointed
greenish y/u/Hf-s; the twisted strong awn (3^' -7' long, pubescent below, rough
above. (S. juncea, Pursh ?) — Plains and prairies, from Illinois and N. Michi-
gan northwestward. May -July.

16. ARiSTIDA, L. Tkiple-awxed Gkas.s. (PI. 8.)

Glumes unequal, often brittle-pointed. Lower palct tipped with three awns;
the upper much smaller. Otherwise much as in Stip.1. — Culms branching:
leaves narrow, often involute. 8j)ikelets in simple or paniclcd racemes or spikes.
Grain linear. (Name from arista, a beard or awn.) All grow in sterile, dry
soil, and all ours have the awns naked and persistent, and flower late.

* Aw/is separate to the base, not jointed ivith the palet.
••- Axvns very uncf/iiid ; the much shorter or minute lateral ones erect; the elonqated
middle one horizontal or turned dowmvards : rjluines equal or the upper one longer:
low (5'- 18' hiffh) and branchinr/, mostli/ tufled annuals.

■*-*■ Sj'Ikcltts few in hose simple spilccs or racemrs: (/liimes S-H-neri'ed.

1. A. ramosissima, Engelm. mss. Culms diffusely much branched;
glumes (9" -10" long) rather shorter than the flower; middle awn 1' long,
soon abruptly hooked-recurved, the lateral ones hardly 2" long ; ligule truncate,
bearded. — Dry prairies of Illinois {Enf/elmann, Vasei/) and Kentucky (Michaux).
— Var. UNIARI8TATA, Avith lateral awns wanting. Odin, S. Illinois, Vasey.

■M. ++ Spikehts more numerous : rjlumes (.3"-4" long) carinately l-nerved.

2. A. dichotoma, Michx. (Poverty Gkas.s.) Culms low, much
branched throughout, ascending; spikelets in short narrow clusters; glumes
nearly equal, longer than the flower, fully equalling its minute lateral awns, the
soon reflexfd middle awn about the length of the })alet. — Dry, sandy or gravelly
fields: common, especially southward.

3. A. gracilis, Ell. Culms slender, erect (6'- is' high), naked above and
terminating in a shmder raceme- or spike-like virgate panicle ; glumes about
the length of the flower, the exserted lateral awns i-arying from one third to fully
half the length of the horizontally bent middle one; or in var. ijepaupek.\ta, from
one fifth to one third its length. — Sandy soil, coast of Mass. and from Illi-
nois southward. — Middle awn 6" -9" long, in the ordinary forms. In the var.
which abounds on micaceous hills near Philadelphia (C E. Smith), the flowers
are much smaller, and awns shorter; but it passes into the larger form.

H- -1- Awns all divei-ging and alike, or the lateral ones moderately shorter.
++ Glumes equal or the upp^r one longer.

4. A. Strieta, Michx. Culms (2° -3° high) densely tufted from a /lerennmi
root, bearing a (1°) long spiked panicle ; leaves involutc-thread-form, long, rigid,
sometimes downy: awns about the length of the flower (0") or the lateral one
third shorter. — Virginia and southward.

5. A. oligantha, Michx. Culms (G"- 20" high) tufted from an annual?
root, bearing a loosely few flowered raceme ; leaves short, somewhat involute when
dry; lower glume 3-.5-nQi-ved (nearly 1' long); awns capillary, l^'-3' long,
much exceeding the slender flower. — Virginia to Illinois, and common south-
westward.

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 619

•w- -w- Upper (jhimp shorter than the lower: perennials, simple-stemmed, 2° -4" hiffh.

6. A. purpurascens, Toir. Glabrous; leaves rather involute; flowers
in a (10'- 18') long spiked panicle; oivns much lomjer than the flower, the middle
one about I' long. (A. raceinbsa, MM. A. Geyeriana, Steucl.) — Massachu-
setts to Michiyan, Illinois, and southward: common.

7. A. lan^ta, Poir. Tall and stout; leaves tardily involute, ?-ow//( on the
upper side, rigid ; sheaths woolly ; panicle (P-2° long) spike-like or more com-
pound and open; middle awn (I'long) longer than tiie flower. — Salisbury,
Maryland, ]V. M. Canhij, and southward.

* * Awns united below into one, jointed with the apex of ihe.palet : root annual.

8. A. tuberculdsa, Nutt. Culm branched below (6'- 18' high), tumid
at the joints; panicles rigid, loose; the branches in pairs, one of them short and
about 2-flowered, the other elongated and several-flowered; glumes (I'long, in-
cluding their slender-awned tips longer than the palet; which is tipped with
the common stalk (about its own length) of the 3 equal divergently-bent awns
(l^'-2' long) twisting together at the base. — Sandy soil, E. Massachusetts to
New Jersey ; also Wisconsin, Illinois, and southward.

17. SPARTINA, Schreber. Cord or Marsh Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 1 -flowered, without a rudiment, very much flattened laterally, spiked
in 2 ranks on the outer side of a triangular rhachis. Glumes strongly compressed-
keeled, acute, or bristle-pointed, mostly rough-bristly on the keel ; the upper one
much larger and exceeding the pointless and awnless palets, of which the upper
is longest. Squamulas none. Stamens 3. Styles long, more or less united. —
Perennials, with simple and rigid reed-like culms, from extensively creeping
scaly rootstocks, racemed spikes, very smooth sheaths, and long and tough
leaves (whence the name, from anapTLvr], a cord, such as was made from the
bark of the Spai-iium or Broom.)

* Spikelets compaclli/ imbricated, veil/ rough-hispid on the heels: spikes (2' -4' long)
more or less peduncted : culm and elongated leaves rigid.

1. S. cynosuroides, Willd. (Fresh-water Cord-Grass.) Ctdm rather
slender (2° -6° high) ; leaves narrow (2° -4° long, ^' or less wide below), taper-
ing to a very slender point, keeled, flat, but quickly involute in drying, smooth
except the margins; spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading ; 'rhachis rough on the
margins ; glumes awn-pointed, especially the upper, the loioer eqwdling the lower
palet, whose strong rough-hispid midrib abruptly terminates below the membra-
nous apex. (Trachynotia cynosuroides, Michx. Liinnetis, Pers.) — Banks of
rivers and lakes, especially northward. Aug. — Glumes strongly serrulate-hispid
on the keel ; the awn of the upper one about 4' long. Palets somewhat unequal.
— Certainly distinct from the next, to which, in strictness, the Linna;an name
belongs.

2. S. polyst^chya, Willd., Muhl. (Salt Eeep-Grass.j Culm tall and
stout (4° -9° high, often 1' in diameter near the base) ; leaves: bivad (}' to I'),
roughish underneath, as well as the margins; spikes 20- 50, Jbnning a dense oblong
raceme (purplish) ; glumes harelif mucronate, the lower half the length oj^ the equal
palets, of which the rough-hispid midrib of the lower oac reaches to the apex.

620 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY).

(Trachynotia polystacliya, ^fichx. Dactylis cynosuroides, L..' in part, excl.
var.) — Salt or hiiukisli marshes, within tide-water, especially southward.

3. S. jlincea, Willd. (Uusii Salt-Grass.) Culms low (1° -2° hii;h) and
slender; leaves nuirow and rush-Uke, stronrjii/ involnte, verij smooth ; spikes 1 -5, on
very short peduncles ; the rhachis sinooth ; yluines acute, the lower scarcely half
the len},'th of the upper, not half the length of the lower palet. (Dactylis pa-
tens, .4 iV.) — Salt uiarshcs and sea-beaches. Aug. (Eu.)

» * Spikelcts looseli/ hnbriratr-d, or somewhat remote, and alternate, the keels onli/ sliqhlli/
hairy or lonrjliish under a lens: spikes sessile and erect, sojl: leaves, rhachis, ^c.
very smooth : ciilm_ rathei' succulent.

4. S. Striata, Roth. (Salt Marsh-Grass.) Culm l°-4° high, leafy
to the top ; leaves soon convolute, narrow ; spikes few (2-4), the rhachis slightly
projecting at the summit beyond the crowded or imbricated spikelets : glumes
acute, very unetjual, the larger 1 -nerved, a little longer than the palcts. — Salt
marshes, Pennsylvania, &c. {Muhl ) — Odor strong and rancid. (Eu.)

Var. glabra. (S. glabra, ^l/w///., partly.) Culm and leaves longer ; spikes
5- 12 (2' -3' long) ; spikelets imbricale-crowded. — Common on the coast.

Var. alternifldra. (S. alterniHora, Loisel. Dactylis cynosuroides, var.,
L.) Spikes more slender (3' -5' long), and the spikelets remotish, barely over-
lapping, the rhachis continued into a more conspicuous bract-like appendage:
larger glume indistinctly 5-ncrved (not so evidently as in the European and
Tropical American plant) : otherwise as in the preceding form, into which it
passes. — Common with the last: also Onondaga Lake, J. A. Paine.

18. CTENIUM, Panzer. Tootiiachi;-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets densely imbricated in two rows on one side of the flat curved rhachis
of the solitary terminal spike. Glumes persistent : the lower one (interior) much
smaller; the other concave below, bearing a stout recurved awn, like a horn, on
the middle of the back. Flowers 4-6, all but one neutral ; the one or two lower
consisting of empty awned palets : the one or two uppermost of empty awnless
palets : the perfect flower intermediate in position ; its palets membranaceous,
the lower awned or mncronate below the apex and densely ciliate towards the
base, 3-nerved. Squamulae 2. Stamens 3. Stigmas plumose. (Name Krepioif,
a small ronih, from the pectinate appearance of the spike.)

1. C. Americanum, Spreng. Culm (3° -4° high from a perennial root)
simple, pubescent or roughish ; larger glume warty-glandular outside and con-
spicuously awned. (Mon<5cera aromatica. Ell.) — Wet pine barrens, S. Virginia
and southward. — Taste very pungent.

19. BOUTELOITA, Lagasca (1805). MtisicfT-GRASS. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets crowded and closely sessile in 2 rows on one side of a flattened
rhachis, comprising one pcri'ect flower below and one or more sterile (mostly
neutral) or rudimentary flowers. Glumes convex-keeled, the lower one shorter.
Perfect flower with the 3-nerved lower palet 3-toothed or cleft at the apex, the
2-nervcd upper palet 2-tootlicd ; the teeth, at least of the former, pointed or sub-

GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 621

ulate-awned. Stamens 3 : anthers orange-colored or red. Rudimentary flowers
mostly 1 -Sawned. Spikes solitary, raceined or spiked ; the rhacliis somewhat
extended beyond the spikelets. (Named for Claudius Boutdou, a Spanish writer
upon floriculture and agriculture.)

§ I. CHONDROSIUM, Dcsv. Spites pectinate, of very mam/ spikelets, oblong
or linear, verij dense, solitari/ mid terminal or few in a raceme : sterile Jiowers
\ -3 ana slinrt pnlicel, neutral, consisting of 1-3 scales and awns.

1. B. oligost^ehya, Torr. Glabrous, perennial (6' -12' high); leaves
very narrow ; spikes 1 - .5, the rhachis glabrous ; glumes and lower fertile pali-t
sparingly sofl-liairy ; the lobes awl-pointed ; sterile flower copiously oillous-tufted
at the summit of the naked pedicel, its 3 awns equalling the larger glume.
(Atberopogon, NuU.) — 'S. W. Wisconsin and westward. — Glumes obscurely
if at all papillose along the keel. Middle lobe of the lower palet 2-cleft at the
tip Sterile flowers often 2, the second mostly a large awnless scale, becoming
liood-like and coriaceous. (Near B. gracilis : perhaps B. juncifolia, Fjk].)

2. B. hirstlta, Lagasca. Tufted, annual.' (8'- 20' high); leaves flat,
lance-linear, papillose-hairy or glabrous; spikes 1-4; upper glume hispid with
strong bristles from dark ivurtif glands ; lower palet pubescent, 3clcft into awl-
pointed lobes ; stei-ile flower and its pedicel glabrous, the 3 awns longer than the
glumes and fertile flower. (Atheropogon papillosus, Engchn. Chondrosium
hirtum, H. D. K.) — Sandy plains, Wisconsin, Illinois, and southwestward.

§ 2. ATHEROPOGON, Muhl. Spikes short, numerous in a long and virgate
one-sided spike or raceme, spreading or rcflexed, each of few (4-12) spikelets:
sterile flowers neutral, rudimentary.

3. B. curtipendula, Gray. Culms tufted from perennial rootstocks
(l°-3° high) ; sheaths often haii'y ; leaves narrow; spikes ^' or less in length,
nearjy sessile, 30 to 60 in number in a loose general spike (8' - 1 5' long) ; flowers
scabrous ; the lower palet of the fertile with 3 short awl-pointed teeth ; sterile
flower reduced to a single small awn, or mostly to 3 aAvns shorter than the fer-
tile flower, and I or 2 small or minute scales. (B. racemosa, Lagasca. Chloris
curtipendula, Michx. Atheropogon apludioides, Muhl. Eutriana curtipendula,
Trin.) — Dry hills and plains, S. New York to Wisconsin, and southward.
July -Sept. — Passes by transitions into, Var. akistosa, with spikes shorter;
sterile flower of a large saccate lower palet, awned at the 2-eleft tip and from the
lateral nerves, the middle awn exserted, and with a rudiment of an inner palet
(Eutriana affinis, ./. D. Hook.) — Illinois (Gcyer), and .southward.

20. GYMNOPOGON, Beauv. Naked-beakd Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets of one perfect flower, and the rudiment of a second (consisting of
an awn-like pedicel mostly bearing a naked bristle), sessile .ind remotely alter-
nate on long and ttliform rays or s])ikes, which form a crowded naked raceme.
Glumes lance-awl-.>ihaped, keeled, almost equal, rather longer than the some-
what equal membranaceous palcts ; of which the lower is cylindrical-involute,
with the midrib produced from just below the 2-cleft apex into a straight and
slender bristle-like awn ; the ujjpcr with the abortive rudiment at its base.

622 GRAMINEJS. (grass FAMILY.)

Stamens 3. Rtijrmas pcnfil-fonn, purple. — Root perennial. Leaves short and
flat, thickish, l'-3' lonJ,^ (Xamc toniposcd of yvfju/us, naked, and Troiycoi/, a
beard, alluding lo the reduction of the uliortivc flower to a bare awn.)

1. G. racembsUS, Beauv. Culms clustered from a short rootstock
(1° high), wiry, leafy; leaves ohlong-lanceolate ; sjiikes Jtoiver-lieariii;/ to the Ixise
(.')'- 8' long), soon divergent; awn of the abortive flower shorter than its stalk,
equalling the jKiinted (/luincs, not more than lialf the length of the awn of the
fertile flower. (A'nthopogon lepturoidcs, iVu/^) — Sandy pine-barrens, New
Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

2. G. brevifbliUS, Trin. Filiform S])ikes long-pcdunded, i. e. flower-bfar-
ing only above the middle ; lower palct ciliate near the base, short-awned ; aicn
of the aliortivejlower obsolete or minute ; gluitieji acute. ( Anthojwgon brevifolius &
filifonnis, Nutt.) — Sussex County, Delaware, and southward.

21. CYNODON, Richard. Bermuda or Scutch-Gr.vss. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with a mere naked short-pedicclled rudiment of a second
flower, imbricatc-spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis , the spikes usually
digitate at the naked summit of the flowering culms. Glumes keeled, pointless,
rather unequal. Talets pointless and awnless ; the lower larger, boat-shaped.
Stamens 3. — Low difiusely-branched and extensively creeping perennials, with
short flattish leaves. (Name composed of kuwc, a dog, and 68ovs, a tooth.)

1. C. D.icTYLON, Pers. Spikes 3 -.") ; palets smooth, longer than the blunt
rudiment. — Penn. and southward ; troublesome in light soil. (Nat. from Eu.)

22. DACTYLOCTENIUM, Willd. Egyptian Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets several-flowei-ed, with the uppermost flower imperfect, crowded on
o'<" side of a flattened rhachis, forming dense pectinate spikes, 2-5 in number,
digitate at the summit of the culm. Glumes compressed laterally and keeled,
membranaceous, the upper (exterior) one awn-pointed. Lower palet strongly
keeled and boat-shaped, pointed. Stamens 3. Pericarp a thin utricle, con-
taining a loose globular and rough-wrinkled seed. — Root annual. Culms dif-
fu.se, often creeping at the base. (Name compounded of baKTvKos, Jlmjer, and
KTfviov.1 a little comb, alluding to the digitate and pectinate spikes.)

1. D. ^EGYPTiAtTM, Willd. Spikes 4 -.5; leaves ciliate at the base,
(Chloris mucronktii, J//'7/.r.) — Cultivated fields and yards, Virginia, Illinoi.Sv
and southward. (Adv. from Afr. !)

23. ELEUSINE, Gartn. Crab-Grass. Yard-Grass. (PI. 9.)

Spikelets 2-6-flowered, with a terminal naked rudiment, closely imbricatc-
spiked on one side of a flattish rhachis ; the spikes digitate. GliimCs membra-
naceous, pointless, shorter than the flowers. Palets awnless and pointless ; the
lower ovate, keeled, larger than the upper. Stamens 3. Pericarp (utricle)
containing a loose oval and wrinkled seed. — Low annuals, with flat leaves,
and (lowers much as in I'oa. (Name from 'EXtvaiv, the town where Ceres, the
goddess of harvests, was worshijjped.)

GRAMINE^. (GKASS FAMILY.) 623

1. E. Indica, 'Grertn. (Dog's-tail or Wire Grass.) Culms ascending,
flattened; spikes 2-5 (about 2' long, greenish). — Yards, &c., chiefly soutli-
ward. (Nat. from Ind. ?)

24. LEPTOCHLOA, Beauv. (Oxydkxi.v, Nuti.) (PI. 9.)

Spikelcts 3 - many-flowered (the uppermost flower imperfect), loosely spiked
on one side of a long filiform riiachis : the s])ikes racemed. Glumes membra-
naceous, keeled, often awl-jjointed, the upper one somewhat larger. Lower
palet 3-nervcd, with the lateral nerves next the ciliate or hairy margins awn-
less, or bristle-awned at the entire or 2-toothed tip, larger than the ujipcr.
Stamens 2 or 3. Seed sometimes loose in the pericarp. — Ours annuals.
Leaves flat. (Name composed of Aenrds, slender, and x^"''' .'/''«sn, from the
long attenuated spikes.)

§1. LEPTOCHLOA proper. Lower palet awnless or simply awned.

1. L. mueronata, Kuuth. Sheaths hairy; spikes numerous (20-40,
2' -4' in length), in a long panicle-like raceme ; spikelcts small ; glumes more
or less mucronate, nearly equalling or exceeding the 3-4 awnless flowers. —
Fields, Virginia to Illinois, and southward. August.

§2. DIPLACHNE, Beauv. Lower palet hrislle-nioiud frotii the 2-tootlicd apex ;
the marfp'iial nerves often excurrent into lateral teeth or fwints.

2. L. fascicularis, Gray. Smooth ; leaves longer than the geniculate-
decumbent and branching culms, the upper sheathing the base of the crowded
panicle-like raceme, which is composed of many strict spikes (3'- 5' long) ; spike-
lets slightly pcdicelled, 7 - II -flowered, much longer than the lanceolate glumes;
palets hairy-margined towards the base ; the lower one with 2 small lateral
teeth and a short awn in the cleft of the apex. (Festuca fa.scicularis. Lam.
F. polystachya, Michx. Diplachne fa.scicularis, Beauv., Torr.) — Brackish
meadows, from Rhode Island southward along the coast, and from Illinois
southward on the Mississippi. Aug. -Sept. — Makes a direct transition to the
next genus.

25. TRICtrSPIS, Beauv. (PI. 10.)

Spikelcts 3- 12-flowcred, somewhat terete; the terminal flower abortive.
Glumes unequal. Rhachis of the spikelct bearded below each flower. Palets
membranaceous or somewhat chartaccous ; the lower much larger than the 2-
toothed upper one, convex, 2-3-toothcd or cleft at the apex, conspicuously
hairy-bearded or villous on the 3 strong nerves, of which the lateral are mar-
ginal or nearly so and usually excurrent, as is the mid nerve especially, into a
short cusj) or awn. Stamens 3. Stigmas dark purple, plumose. Grain ob-
long, nearly gibbous. — Leaves taper-pointed: sheaths bearded at the throat
Panicle simple or compound ; the spikelcts often racemose, purplish. (Name
from the Latin tricuspis, three-pointed, alluding to the lower palet.)
§ 1. TRICLTSPIS proper. (Windsoria, iV««.) Glumes shorter than the crowded
flowers : lower pnlet S-cuspidate bi/ the projection of the nerves, and usually with
intamediaie membranaceous teeth ; the. upper palet naked.

G24 GRAMINE^. (GRASS FA.MILY.)

1. T. seslerioides, Torr. (Tai.l Red-top.) Pcrcnniul ; cxilm upright
(3°-5°Iii<;h), very smooth, as are the flat loaves ; panicle large and compound,
the rigid capillary branches spreading, naked below ; spikelets very numerous,
5 - 7-flowercd, shining, purple (4" Ion-); tbc llowcrs hairy toward the base.
(Poa flava, Zy. .' V. se.slerioides, .il//r// r. V. iniin([iietida, /'mslt. Windsoria,
poaiformis, Nittt. Uralcpis cUprea, Kmii/i.) — Dry or sandy fields, S. Kew York
to Illinois and .southward. Aug. — A showy grass, with the spreading panicle
sometimes 1° wide. I'oiiits of the lower palet almost equal, scarcely e.xceedmg
the intermediate teeth, thus appearing 5-toothed.

§2. TRIPLASIS, Beauv. (Diploeea, Rif. Uniiepis, Niitt.) Glumes much
shorter than the. somewhat remote flowers : loth palet s stronc/lij frinr/c-heardcd ; the
lower 2-cleft at the summit, its mid-nerve produced into an awn between the trun-
cate or awn-poinled divisions.

2. T. purpurea, Gray. (Sand-Grass.) Culms many in a tuft from the
same annual root, ascending (6' -12' high), with numerous bearded joints;
leaves involute-awl-shaped, mostly short; panicles very simple, bearing few 2-
5-flowered spikelets, the terminal one usually cxserted, the axillary ones included
in the commonly hairy sheaths; ciioii much shorter than the palet, seldom ercced-
imj its eroded-truncate or obtuse hitei-al lobes. (Aira purpurea, W<dt. Di])locea
harhata, 7?ri/! Uralcpis pnrjnirea and U. aristulata, iV(/«. ) — In sand, Massa-
chusetts to Virginia along the coast, and southward : also Lake Erie, near
Bulfldo, G. W. Clinton. Aug., Sept. ^ Plant acid to the taste.

(T. CORNUTA (Uralepis cornuta. Ell., and Triplasis Americana, Beauv.!)
may perhaps extend north to the borders of Virginia.)

26. GRAPHEPHORUM, Desv. <Dup6ntia, R. Br.) (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 2 - 5-fiowered, rather terete. Glumes membranaceous, mostly nearly
equalling the remote flowers. A cluster of villous hairs at the base of each
flower. Palets thin and membranaceous or scarious ; the lower one convex,
scarcely keeled, faintly nerved, entire, pointless and awnless. Stamens 3. Stig-
mas plumose. Ovary glabrous. — Perennial and northern or arctic gras.ses,
with linear flat leaves, their sheaths closed at the base, the spikelets in a loose
panicle. (Genus allied to the Avcneaj, but awnless ; natncd from ypacfils, a pen-
cil, and (pepco, to bear, from the tufts of hair at the base of the flowers.)

1. G. melieoides, Beauv. Culm 1°- 2° high; leaves roughish ; panicle
open ; glumes unequal, lanceolate, their midrib and the pedicels rough ; joints
of the rhachis unilaterally bearded between the 2-4 flowers. Grand Detour,
Upper Michigan, Prof. Porter, Shore of Moosehead Lake, Maine, C. E. Smith,
and northward : rare. — Var. m.\jor, Gray (Dupontia Cooleyi, of former ed.),
is a luxuriant form, 2° -3° iiigh, with ampler panicle; found on the borders
of a swamp, Washington, Macomb County, Michigan, by Dr. Conleip Aug.

27. DIARRHENA, Raf Diakuuena. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, smooth and shining, one or two of the uppermost
flowers sterile. Glumes ovate, much shorter than the flowers, coriaceous ; the
lower one much smaller. Lower" palet ovate, convex on the back, rigidly cori-

GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 625

aceous, its 3 nerves terminating in a strong and abrupt cuspidate or awl-shaped
tip. Siniamulaj ovate, ciliate. Stamens 2. Grain very large, obliquely ovoid,
ol)tusely pointed, rather longer than the palets, the cartilaginous shining peri-
carp not adherent to the seed. — A nearly smooth perennial, with running root-
stocks, producing simple culms (-20-3° high) with long linear-lanceolate flat
leaves towards the base, naked above, bearing a few short-pedicelled spikelets
(2" -3" long) in a very simple panicle. (Name composed of 8is, two, and
appr)v, man, from the two stamens.)

1. D. Americana, Beauv. (Festuca diandra, Michx.) — Shaded river-
banks and woods, Ohio to Illinois and southward. Aug.

28. DACTYLIS, L. Orchard Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets several-flowered, crowded in one-sided clusters, forming a branching
r<ense panicle. Glumes and lower palet herbaceous, keeled, awn-pointed, rough-
/iliatc on the keel ; the 5 nerves of the latter converging into the awn-like point ;
the upper glume commonly smaller and thinner. Stamens 3. Grain lance-
oblong, acute, free. — Perennials: leaves keeled. (Name haKTvKls, a Jimjvr's
'irmdlh, apparently in allusion to the size of the clusters.)

1. D. glomerXta, L. Rough, rather glaucous (3° high) ; leaves broadly
linear; branches of the panicle naked at the base; spikelets 3-4-flowered. —
Fields and yards, especially in shade. A variety with downy spikelets, Med-
ford, Mass., W. Boott. June. — Good for hay. (Nat. from Eu.)

29. KCELERIA, Pcrs. Kosleria. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded in a dense and narrow spike-like panicle.
Glumes and lower palet membranaceous, compi'essed-keeled, obscurely 3-ner\'ed,
barely acute, or the latter often mucronate or bristle-pointed ; the former mod-
erately unequal, nearly as long as the spikelet. Stamens 3. Grain free. —
Tufted Grasses (allied to Dactylis and Poa), with simple upright culms; the
sheaths often downy. (Named for Prof. G. L. Kiihler, or Koeler, an early writer
on Grasses.)

1. K. crist^ta, Pers. Panicle narrowly spiked, interrupted or lobed at
the base; spikelets 2- 4-flowered ; lower palet acute or mucronate; leaves flat,
the lower sparingly hairy or ciliate. — Var. grAcilis, with a long and narrow
spike, the flowers usually barely acute. (K. ni'tida, Nutt.) — Dry hills, Penn.
to ininois, thence northward and westward. (Eu.)

30. EATONIA, Raf. (Reboulea, A't/nf/!.) (PI. 10.)

Spikelets usually 2-flowercd, and with an abortive rudiment or pedicel,
numerous, in a contracted or slender panicle, very smooth. Glumes somewhat
equal in length, but very dissimilar, a little shorter than the flowers ; the lower
narrowly linear, keeled, 1-ncrved; the upper broadly obovate, folded round the
flowers, 3-nerved on the back, not keeled, scarious-margined. Lower palet ob-
long, obtuse, compressed-boat-shaped, naked, chartaceous ; the upper very thin
and hyaline. Stamens 3. Grain linear-oblong, not grooved. — Perennial, slen-
GM 27

626 GRAMINEJE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

der {grasses, with simple iukI tufto<l culms, and often sparsely downy sheaths,
flat lower leaves, and .small greenish (or rarely purplish-tinged) spikclets.
(Named for Prof. Amos Juiloii, author of a popular Manual of the Botany of the
United States, wliieh wiui for a long time the only general work available for
students in this country, and of other popular treatises.)

1. E. obtUS^ta, Gray. Panicle dense and contacted, somewhat intcrriif)ted,
rarely slender ; the spikelets crowded on the short erect branches ; upper ylume
rounded-ohotate, truncate-oUuse, longh on the back ; flowers lance-oblong. (Aira
obtusata, Mklix. A. truncata, Muhl. Koelcria truncata, Torr. K. paniculata,
Nutt. Reboulea gracilis, yv»«</i, in part. 11. obtusata, AW. 1. Eatonia purpu-
niscens, Raf.?) — Dry soil, N. reunsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward.
June, July.

2. E. Pennsylv^nica, Gray. Panicle Ion(/ and slender, hose, the rnccmosc
branches somewliat elongated ; upper (/lume obtuse or bluntly somewhat pointed ;
the 2 (rarely 3) flowers lanceolate. ( Kalcria Pennsylvanlca, Z>C Aira mollis,
Muld. Reboulea Tennsylvanica, Ed. 1.) — Varies, with a fuller panicle, 6'- 8'
long, with the aspect of Cinna (var. major, Torr.) ; and, rarely, with the lower
palet minutely mucronatc-pointcd ! — IMoist woods and meadows : common.

31. MELICA, L. Melic-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikclets 2 - 5-flowercd ; the 1 - 3 upper flowers imperfect and dissimilar, con-
volute around each other, and enwrapped by the upper fertile flower. Glumes
usually large, scarious-niargined, convex, obtuse ; the upper 7 - 9-nerved. Palets
papery-membranaceous, dry and sometimes indurating with age ; the lower
rounded or flattish on the back, 7 - many-nerved, scarious at the entire blunt
summit. Stamens 3. Stigmas branchcd-plumose. — Perennials with soft and
flat leaves. Panicle simple or sparingly branched ; the rather large spikelets
racemose-one sided. (An old name, from /xe'Xi, honey.)

1. M. mtltica, Walt. Panicle simple or branched ; glumes unequal, the
larger almost equalling the spikelet ; fertile flowers 2 ; lower palet naked,
glabrous minutely scabrous on the nerves. (M. glabra, M/c/i.t. M. speciosa,
Muhi.) — Var. gi.Xbra (M. glabra, Pursh) has the jjanicle often few-flowered
and rather simple, the lower palet very blunt. — Var. diffusa (M. difi'usa,
Pursh) is taller, 2i°-4° high, with a more compound and many-flowered pani-
cle ; the lower palet commonly more scabrous and its tip narrower. — Rich soil,
S. E. Pennsylvania to Wisconsin, and southward. June.

32. GLYCERIA, R. Br., Trin. Manna-Grass. (P1. 10.)

Spikelets terete or flattish, several - many-flowered ; the flowers mostly early
deciduous by the breaking up of the rhachis into joints, leaving the short and
uneijual 1 -3-nervcd membranaceous glumes behind. Palets naked, of a rather
firm texture, nearly equal ; the lower rounded on the back, scarious (and some-
times obscurely toothed) at the blunt or rarely acute summit, glabrous. 5 - 7-
nerved, the nerves parallel and separate. Stamens 3, or in the first section
commonly 2. Stigmas plumose, mostly conipouiul. Ovary smooth. Grain
oblong, free. — Perennial, smooth marsh-grasses, mostly with creeping bases or

GRAMINEJ2. ( GRASS FAMILY.) 627

rootstocks ; the spikclcts paniclcd. (Name from yXvKfpus, sweet, in allusion to
the taste of the grain.)

§ 1. GLYCERIA proper. Tjower palet conspicuously nerved: styles present:
plumes of the stlcjma branched or toothed: grain grooved on the inner side:
Itavesflut, the sheaths nearly entire.

* Spilcelets ovate, oblong, or linear-olilong, 1" -.3" in length,
-t- At length nodding in an open panicle, JiuUish laterally but turgid.

1. G. Canadensis, Trin. (Rattlesnake-Gka.s.s. ) Panicle ohlong-
pyraniidal, at length (lroo])ing ; spikelets ovate, at length very broad and tu-
mid, Briza-like, 2" long, pale, with purplish glumes ; lower palet acute or blunt-
pointed, firm, with not very prominent nerves, longer than the rounded upper
one; culm stout, 2° -3° high; leaves long, roughish. (Briza Canadensis,
il7/t7(x,)— Bogs and wet places : common from Penn. northward. July.

H- ■^ Erect in a narrow contracted panicle, somewhat flattened and turgid.

2. G. Obtusa, Trin. Panicle narrowly oblong, dense ; (3' -5' long); spike-
lets 6- 7-flowered ; 2" -3' long; lower palet obtuse; culm stout, l°-2°high,
very leafy; leaves long, smooth. (Poa obtusa, Muhl.) — Bogs, E. New Eng-
land to Pcnn., near the coast.

3. G. elongata, Trin. Panicle narrowly racemose, elongated (1° long),
recurving ; the branches and 3 - 4-tiowered spikelets appressed ; lower palet ob-
tuse ; leaves very long (1° or more), rough. (Poa elongata, Ton:) — Wet
woods. New England to Michigan, and northward. July -Aug.

1- t- 1- Dijl'itse: lower palet truncate-obtuse, prominently 7 -nerved ; upper 2-toothed.

4. G. nervata, Trin. (Fowl-Mkadow Grass, in part.) Branches of
the loose panicle capillary, at length drooping, the very numerous small spikelets
ovate-ohlong, S-7-tiowcred; leaves rather long. (Poa nervata, Willd. P. stri-
ata, Michx. P. parviflbra, Pursh.) — Moist meadows : very common. June.

— Culm erect, l°-3° high. Spikelets l"-2" long, commonly purplish.

^. G. pallida, Trin. Branches of the rather simple panicle slender, erect-
spreading, rough ; the spikelets usually few, somewhat appressed, oblong-linear, 5-9-
flowered (pale, 2'' -3" long) ; lower palet minutely 5-toothed ; the upper lanceolate,
conspicuously 2-toothcd ; leaves short, sharp-pointed, pale. (Windsbria pallida
& Poa dentiita, 7'orr.) — Shallow water : common, especially northward. July.

— Culms slender, l°-3° long, ascending from a creeping base.

6. G. aquatica, Smith. (Reed Meadow-Grass.) Panicle much branched,
ample (8'- 1.5' long) ; the numerous branches ascending, spreading with age: spikelets
oblong or linear-oblong, .5 - 9-floweretr (usually purpli-h, 2" -3" long) ; lower i ml et
entire; leaves large (l°-2° long, J' to ^'wide. — Wet grounds : common north-
ward. July. — Culm stout, upright, 3° -5° high. (Eu.)

* * Spikelets linear (^'-l' long), pale, appressed on the branches of the long and
narrow racemose panicle, terete except during anthesis: palets minutely roughish,
the upper 2 loot lird : squamuUe unilateral or united : ligule long: culm flattened
(1°-.')° high), ascending from a rooting base. (Glyceria, R. Br.)

7. G. fltlitans, R.Br. Sjjikclets 7- 13-flowered ; lower paid oblong, obtuse,
or the scarious tip acutish, entire or obscurely 3 lobed, usually rather longer

628 GRAMlNEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

than the I)lunt upper one. (G. plicata, Fries.) — Shallow water ; common.
June- Aug. — Leaves sliort and ratlicr broad, very sniootii. I'ankle 1° long:
the simple branches appresscd, finally spreading below. (Va\.)

8. G. aeutifl6ra, Torr. Spikclets 5 - 12-flowercd, few and scattered;
lower pellet ulilumj-lanviolate, acute, shorter than the. low/ tapering jioint of the Ujiper
one. — Wet places, Penn. to Maine : rather rare. June. — Resembles the last ;
but the erect leaves smaller, the separate flowers twice the length (4" long), and
less nerved.

§2. HKLEOCHLOA, Fries. (Sdcrwhloa, ^c/. 1.) Loicer jmlrt inconspicu-
ously or olisoletely b-nerv<d : stigmas nearly sessile and simply plumose : grain
hardly grooved : saline species: panicle contracted with age.

9. G. maritima, Wahl. (Sii.\ Spear-Grass.) Sterile shoots procumbent,
runner-like ; flowering culms erect ( 1° - 1^° liigh) ; branches of the panicle solitary
or in /xiirs; spikekts oblong or linear, 4-8-flowered; lower palet rounded at the
summit, slightly pubescent towards the base; leaves somewhat involute; ligulc
elongated. (Poa maritima, //«t/s.) — Sea coast : not rare. (Eu.)

10. G. distans, Wahl. Culms geniculate at the base, ascending, destitute
of running shoots; brunches of the /lanicle .3 - .5 in a half whorl, spreading ; spike-
lets 3 -6-flowcred ; lower palet truncate-obtuse ; leaves mostly flat ; ligule short.
(P. fasciculata, Torr.) — Salt marshes along the coast. — Too like the last. (Eu.)

32. BRIZOPYRUM, Link. Spike-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelcts and numerous flowers compressed, crowded in a densely spiked or
capitate panicle. Glumes herbaceous or membranaceous ; the lower faintly
many-nerved. Lower palet rather coriaceous, laterally much flattened, indis-
tinctly many-nerved, acute. Ovary stalked. — Flowers dioecious, pretty large.
Leaves crowded on the culms, involute, commonly rigid. (Name compounded
of Briza, the Qiuiking Grass, and nvpos, wluat.)

1. B. spieatum, Hook. Culms tufted from creeping rootstocks (9'- 18'
high) ; spike oblong, flattened (1' long) ; spikelets ovate or oblong, .5 - 10-flow-
ered ; flowers smooth and naked; grain pointed. (Uniola spicata, Z^. Poa
Michauxii, Kunth.) — Salt marshes and shores. Aug. — Pistillate flowers more
rigid and almost keeled, with very long plumose stigmas ; the sterile smaller
and somewhat rounded on the back.

34. POA, L. Meadow-Grass. Spear-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikelets ovate or lance-ovate, laterally compressed, several- (2 - 10-) flowered,
in an open panicle. Glumes mostly shorter than the flowers ; the lower smaller.
Lower ])alct mcnibranaceo-herbaceous, with a delicate scarious jnargin, com-
pressed-keeled, pointless, ."i-ncrvcd (the intermediate nerves more obscure or
obsolete), the principal nerves commonly clothed at and towards the base with
soft hairs : upper palet membranaceous, 2-toothed : base of the flower often
cobwebby. Stamens 2 or .3. Stigmas simply plumose. Grain oblong, free. —
Culms tufted, from perennial roots, except No. 1. Leaves smooth, usually flat
and soft. (Iloa, an ancient Greek name for grass or fodder.)

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 629

* Low and spreading (^' -&' hicih) from an annual or biennial root , flaccid : branches

of the short panicle single or in pairs.

1. P. annua, L. (Low Spkar-Grass.) Culms flattened ; panicle often
1-sided; spikelcts crowded, very short-pedicellcd, 3-7-flo\vercd. — Cultivated
and waste grounds, everywhere : but doubtful if indigenous. April - Oct. ( Eu. )

* * Low; the culms (6' -20' long) geniculate-ascending from a running rootstoik,

rigid, verg much flattened : panicle simple and ronlrnctid.

2. P. compressa, L. (Wike-Grass.) Pale, as if glaucous; leaves
short; panicle dense and narrow, somewhat one-sided (l'-3' long), the sliort
branches mostly in pairs; spikelets almost sessile, 3- 10-Howered, flat. — Dry,
mostly sterile soil, in waste places ; rarely in woods : probably introduced with
other and more valuable grasses: apparently indigenous northward. (Eu.)

* * * Low alpine or alpestrine species, erect, in perennial tufls.

■»- Soft and flaccid, smooth or nearlg so, even to the branches of the panicle: leaves

short and flat, short-pointed ; ligule elongated.

3. P. alpiua, L. Culms rather stout (8'- 14' high) ; leaves broadly linear,
especially those of the culm (1^'- 2' long, 1^" -3" wide); panicle short and
broad; spikelets broadly ovate, 3 - 9-flowcred (about 3" long); lower palet vil-
lous on the midrib and margins. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, C. G. Loring,
Jr., Prof. Porter,^. Mtxinc'i and northward. (Eu.)

4. P. l^xa, HiBuke. Culms slender (4'- 9' high); leaves narrow ; panicle
somewhat raceme-like, ))an-ow, often one-sided and nodding; spikelets 2-4-flow-
ered, one half smaller. — Alpine mountain-tops of Maine, New Hampshire, and
N. New York, and high northward. (Eu.)

■1- ■*- More strict and rigid, roughish, especially the panicle: ligule short.

5. P. csesia, Smith. Culms 6' -20° high; leaves narrow, short, soon in-
volute ; branches of the panicle 2-5 together, very scabrous ; spikelets purplish
(or sometimes pale), 2-5-flowered; glumes ovate-lanceolate and taner-pniuted ;
flowers lanceolate, somewhat webby at the base; the lower palet villous on the
keel and margins below the middle, its nerves obscure. (P. aspera, d'audin.)
— N. Wisconsin, /. A. Lapham; a form with loose open panicle (P. nemoriilis,
Ed. 2). — Var. STRfcxiOR, is 6' -12' high, with a contracted grayish-purple
panicle, of smaller flowers. N. shore of Lake Superior, C. G. Loring, Jr., es-
pecially Isle Koyale, Prof. Whitney, &c., and northward. (En.)

* * * * Taller (l°-3°), meadow or woodland grasses : panicle open.
-t- Spikelets mostly very numerous and crowded on the rather short rough branches
(usually in fives) of the oblong or jiyramidal panicle, green, or sometimes violet-
tinged: flowers acute, crowded, more or less webbed at base.

6. P. serotina, Ehrhart. (Falsk K ED top. Fowl Meadow-Grass.)
Culms tufted without running rootstocks ; leaves narrowly linear, soft and
smooth; ligules elongated; spikelets 2 - 4- (rarely 5-) flowered (l"-2" long), a//
short-pedicelted in an elongated panicle, often tinged with dull purple; flowers
and glumes narrow; lower palet very obscurely nerved. (P. nemorklis, Pursh.
P. crocata, Michx.) — Wet meadows and low banks of streams: common, csi>e-
cially northward. July, Aug. — A good grass for moist meadows. (Eu.J

630 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

7. P. prat6nsis, L. (Green or Common Meadow-Grass. Kentuckt
Blue-Guass.) Culms sending oft" copious running roolstorks from the base, and
tlie slu'utlis smooth ; ligide short and limit ; panicle short-pviivmidal ; spikeltts 3 - 5-
flowered, crowdid, and most of tliem atiuost aesslli: on the branches, ovate lanceo-
late or ovate ; loiter pulet 5-nerred, lunry along the margins as well as the keel. —
Common in dry soil: imported for pastures and meadows. Indigenous in
mountain regions from X. Penn. northward. May -July. (Eu.)

8. P. trivi.VliS; L. (lloLGHisii Meadow-Gkass.) Culms erect from a
somewhat decumbent base, but no distinct running rootstocks ; sheaths andlences
more or less rough; lignle oblong, acute; panicle longer or with the branches more
distant ; spikelets mostly 3-flowered, broader upwards ; lower palet prominentti/
b-nerved, naked at the margins: otherwise nearly as in the preceding. — Moist
meadows, &c., July. (Nat. from Eu.)

-t- •»- Spikelets fewer and more scattered, on slender pedicels: plants soft and smooth,

flowering early. (No running rontstocks, except in No. 13.)
■*^ Spikelets small (l"-2" long), pale green, rather loosely 2 - A-floiccrcd : flowers

oblong, obtuse : lower palet scarcely scariuus-tipped : culm-leaves lunce-lincar, acute,

1' -3' long.

9. P. sylvdstris, Gray. Culm flatfish, erect ; branches of the oblong-pyram-
idal panicle short, numerous, in fives or more ; lower palet villous on the keelflir
its whole length, and on the margins below the middle, sparingly webbed at the base.
— Rocky woods and meadows, W. New York, Penn. and Virginia to Wisconsin,
Kentucky, and southward. June.

10. P. d^bilis, Torr. Culms terete, weak ; branches of the small panicle
few and slender (the lower H'-2' long to the few spikelets), in pairs and threes;
flowers very obtuse, smo -th and glabrous, except a sparing web at their base. —
Rocky woodlands, Rhode Island and N. New York to Wisconsin. May.

ft- ++ Spikelets 2" long, light green: oblong-lanceolate flowers and both glumes acute.

11. P. alsbdes, Gray. Leaves rather narrowly linear, acute, the upper-
most ('2|'-4' long) often sheathing the base of the narrow and loose panicle, the
capillary branches of which are appressed when young, and mostly in threes or
fours ; lower palet very obscurely nerved, villous on the keel below, and with a
narrow cobwebby tuft at its base, otherwise glabrous. (P. ncmoralis, Torr. ^
Ed. 1 : but wholly different from the European species of that name.) — Woods,
on hillsides. New England to Penn. and Wisconsin. May, June.

++++++ Spdcclets larger [y - 4" long) , pale green, rarely purple-tingrd, flw and
scattered at the extremity of the long and capillary branches (mostly in pairs or
threes) of the very diffuse panicle: flowers 3-6, loose, oblong and obtuse, us is
the larger glume: lower pabt couspicnnusly sctirious at the ape.r, villous beloiv the
middle on the keel and margins: culms flatlish, smooth.

12. P. flexuosa, Muhl. (not of Wahl.) Culms l°-S° high, tufted; its
leaves all linear (2' -5' long) and gradually taper-pointed; panicle very effuse (its
branches 2' -4' long to the 4-6-flowered spikelets or first ramification); lower
palet promin/nily nerved, no web at the base. (P. autumnalis, Muhl. in Ell. P.
campyle, Schult.) — Dry woods, Virginia, Kentucky, and .southward. Feb. -
May. — Wrongly confounded with the last, but near it. P. autumnalis is an

GRAMINE^. (GRASS FAMILY.) 63.1

inappropriate name, and there is now no obstacle to restoring to this species
tlic earlier and unobjcctionahlc (but not descriptive) name of P. flcxtiosa.

13. P. brevifblia, Muhl. Culms 1°-1^° liigh from runnimj rootsiocks,
2 - 3-leaved, the upper leaocs very short (i' - 2' long), lanceolate, all abrupt! ij cuspidale-
tipptd; branches of the short panicle mostly in pairs ; spikclcts 3 - 4-llowered ;
lower pal et rather obscurely nerved, cobwebby at the base. (P. piingens, Nutt., excl.
syn. Ell. P. cuspidata, Barton. The older and more appropriate name is lierc
restored.) — Rocky or hill}- woodlands, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and sparingly
westward. April, May. — Culm scai-eely surpassing the long root-leaves.

35. ERAGROSTIS, Bcauv. Eragrostis. (PI. 10.)

Spikclets 2-70-flowered, nearly as in Poa, except that the lower palet is but
3- (rarely 1-) nerved, not webby -haired at the base, and deciduous; and the up-
per one persistent on the rhachis after the rest of the flower has fallen. — Culms
often branching. Leaves linear, frequently involute, and the ligule or throat
of the sheath bearded with long villous hairs. Panicle various. (An early
name, pi'obably from tpa. earth, and Aijroslis, in allusion to the procumbent
habit of the original species.)

* Prostrate and creeping, much-branched: root annual: spikelets flat, imperfectly

dioecious, clustered, almost sessile, in the more fertile plant almost capitate.

1. E. r^ptans, Nees. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, 10-30-flowered; flow-
ers lance-ovate, acute; leaves short, almost awl-shaped. (Poa reptans, Michx.)

— Gravelly river-borders: common. Aug. — Flower-branches 2' -5' high.

* * Diffusely spreading, or the flowering culms ascending, low (6'- 1.5' high) : spike-

lets large, denselyflowered, flat, forming a narrow crowded panicle.

2. E. POyKoiDES, Bcauv. Lowcr sheaths often hairy ; leaves flat, smooth ;
spikelets short-pcdicelled, lance-linear or oblong-linear, 8-20-flowered, lead-col-
ond (2" -.5" long); flowers ovate, obtuse, the lateral nerves evident. (Poa
Eragrostis,//.) Sandy waste places, eastward : scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. megastAchya. Sheaths mostly glabrous; spikelets larger (3'' -10"
long), becoming linear, whitish when old, 10- 50-flowered. (E. megastachya.
Link. Briza Eragrostis, L.) — Similar situations, and more common. Aug.

— Emits a sharp, unpleasant odor. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * * Erect, or in No. 3-5 diffusely spreading avd ascending: panicle open, its

branches cnjiiUary ; the spikelets proportionally small, sometimes minute. (Num-
ber of flowers in the spikeht very varittble, according to age, ^-c. )
•f- Culms slender, branching and dfcumbent or spreading at the base, from an annual
root: leaves narrow, flat, sofl : branches of the narrow panicle rather short and
thicklyfloioered, not bearded in the axils, except sometimes the lowest sparingly.

3. E. PII.6SA, Beauv. Panicle elongated-oblong, with rather erect branches
(except at flowering-time) ; spikelets 5- 12-flowered (2"-4" long, purplish-lead-
color), becoming linear, about equalling their pedicels; glumes (small) and lower
palet obtuse, the latter broadly ovate, \-nerved (lateral nerves obsolete). (P. pilo-
sa, L. P. Linkii, Kunth.) — Randy or gravelly waste places, S. New England
to Illinois, and southward. A ig —Plant G'- 12' high. (Nat. from Eu.)

G32 GK AMINES. (gKASS FAMILY.)

4. E. Frankii, Meyer. Much branched, diffuse (3' -8' high) ; panicle
ovate-oblong, rather dense, spreading; siii/cclets 2 - ^-/lowered (l"-l.i" long),
on slender pedicels; glumes very acute; loicer palet ovate, acute, rather obscurely
3-nerved. (E. crythrugona, Nees, from the joints of the culm being mostly
reddish.) — Low or sandy ground, S. Pennsylvania to Illinois, and south-
westwurd. Aug.

5. E. Purshii, (Bcrnh. ?) Schrader. Sparingly branched at the decumbent
base, then erect (i°-2°-high) ; panicle elongated, the branches widely spread-
ing, very loose ; spikelets 5 - 1 S-Jlowered, oblong-lanceolate, at length linear
(2"-4^" long), mostlij much shorter than their capillurij pedicels ; ylumes and lower
palet ovate and acute, or the latter acutish, 3-nerved. ( I'oa tenella 1 Pursh. P.
Caroliniana, Sprenrj. P. pectinacca of authors, not of Michx.) — Sandy or
sterile open grounds, New Jersey to Virginia, and southward.

-t- t- Culms simple or branching only at the very base, firm, erect from an annual or
perennial root, mostly forming thick tufls : leaves very long : panicle very large,
compound, often longer than the culm, with tlongnted and loDsely-fiowered branches,
their axils often bearded. (Doubtful perennials, or No. 7 annual.)

6. E. tenuis, Gray. Pajiiclevirgately elongated (l°- 2^° long), \cry \oose,
the spreading branches bearded in some of the lower axils, their remote divisions
and long diverging pedicels capillary ; spiliclets 2-6- (sometimes 7 - 12 ) flowered,
pale or greenish ; glumes lanceolate or awl-shaped, very acute (l^"-2" long), mem-
branaceous, as are the oblong-lanceolate acute flowers ; lower palet distinctly 3-nerved ;
the upper ciliate-scabrous. ( Poa tenuis. Ell. P. capillaris, Michx. P. trichbdes,
Nutt. E. Geyeri, Steud.) — Sandy soil, Illinois, Virginia? and southward.
Aug. -Oct. — Leaves rather rigid, 1^-2° long, glabrous or sparingly hairy:
the sheaths hairy or glabrous ; the throat strongly bearded. Flowers much
larger than in the next, fully 1|" long.

7. E. capillaris, Nees. Panicle widely expanding, usually much longer
than the culm, its spreading branches (mostly naked in the axils) and long di-
verging pedicels capillary; spikelets rather terete, very small, 2-4-flowcrcd, green-
ish or purplish; glumes and flowers ovate, acute (less than 1" long) ; lower palet
obscurely 3-nerved, scarcely keeled; the upper rough-ciliate. (Poa capillaris, L.
P. hirsuta, Michx.) — Sandy dry soil and fields : common, especially southward.
Aug., Sept. — Leaves and sheaths very hairy, or nearly glabrous ; the former
about 1° long, not rigid. Panicle l°-2° long, soon diffuse.

8. E. pectinkcea. Gray. Panicle widely diffuse, its rigid divergent main
branches beaidtd in the axils ; the capillary pedicels more or less oppressed on the
secondary branches; spikelets flat, 5- 1.5-flowcrcd, becoming linear, purple or
purplish ; glumes and flowers ovate or oblong-ovate, acutish ; lower ;)o/d strongly
3-nervcd; the upper hirsute-ciliate. (Poa pectinacca, Michx., ex char. P. hirsuta,
of Amer. authors. E. Unionis & cogniita Steud. ?) —Leaves long, rigid, mostly
hairy, the sheaths especially so. — Var. spkctAbilis. Leaves and sheaths mostly
glabrous; branches of the panicle (the lower reflexed with age) and pedicels
shorter ; si)ikelets rather larger. (E. spectabilis, Ed. 1 . Poa spectabilis, Pursh.)
— Sandy dry ground, from E. Mass. near the coast, and from Ohio and Illinois
southward. Aug.- Oct. —Plant 1° -3° high. Spikelets 2" - 3" long, 1" wide,
closely flowered.

graminkjE. (grass family.) 633

36. BRIZA, L. QuAKixG Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikclcts nifiny-flowcrcd, ovate or heart-shaped, flattish-tumid ; the flowers
closely imbricated. Glumes roundish, unequal (purple). Lower palet round-
ish and entire, flattened parallel with the glumes, vcntricosc on the back, heart-
shaped at the base, papery-mcmbranaceous and becoming dry, scarious-mar-
gined, obscurely many-nerved ; the upper palet much smaller, ovate, flat. Sta-
mens 3. Stigmas branched-plumose. Grain flattened parallel with the palets,
adhering to the upper one. — Leaves flat. Panicle loose, diff'usc, with the large
and showy spikclcts often drooping on delicate pedicels (whence the name, an
ancient Greek appellation for some kind of grain, from /S/ai^a), to shinibcr (Linn.),
or ^pi6a>, to brnd downwards.)

1. B. Mi;DiA, L. Panicle erect, the branches spreading; spikclcts 5-9-
flowered (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the lower flowers; root perennial. —
Pastures: sparingly eastward. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

37. FESTUCA, L. Fescue-Grass. (PI. 10.)

Spikclcts 3-many-flowcrcd, paniclcd or racemose; the flowers not wcbby at
the base. Glumes unequal, mostly keeled. Palets chartaccous or almost coria-
ceous, roundish (not keeled) on the back, more or less 3-5-nerved, acute,
pointed, or often bristle-awncd from the tip, rarely blunt; the upper mostly ad-
hering at maturity to the enclosed grain. Stamens 1 -3. — Flowers, and often
the leaves, rather dry and harsh. (An ancient Latin name.)

* Flowers awl-shaped, bristle-pointed or aicned from the tip : jiunicle contracted.
■f- Annuals or biennials, slender, 5'- 18' ]ii()h : leaves convo'ute-briistle-furm.

1. P. Myijrus, L. Panicle spike-like, one-sided ; spikelets about 5-flowered ;
glumes very unequal ; nwn much longer than the palet, fully G" in length ; stamen I.
— Dry fields, New Jersey, S. Penn., and southward. July. (Nat. from Eu.)

2. P. tenella, Wilkl. Panicle spike-like, one-sided, or more compound
and open ; spikelets 7- 13-flowered ; aivn l"-3" loncj, shorter than or equalling the
palet : stamens 2. — Dry, sterile soil, especially southward. June, July.

-1- -4- Perennial, tufted, 6' - 24' high : stamens 3.

3. P. ovina, L. (Sheep's Fescue.) Panicle somewhat one-sided, short,
usually more or less compound, open in flowering ; spikelets 3 - 8-flowered ; awn
not more than half the length of the flower, often much shorter or almost want-
ing.— Indigenous in Northern New England, Lake Superior, and northward:
naturalized fartlier south as a pasture grass. June. — Varies greatly. — Var.
vivfpARA (which with us has running rootstocks), a state with the spikelets
partially converted into leafy shoots, is found on the alpine summits of the
White Mountains of New Hampshire, and high northward. — Var. duriuscula,
(F. duriuscula, />. ) is a tall form, with spikelets rather larger, usually in a more
compound panicle ; culm-leaves often flat or less convolute, and the lower with
their sheaths either smooth or hairy. New England to Virginia; nat., and in-
digenous northward. — Var. KfjimA (F. rubra, L.) has running rootstocks and
forms looser tufts ; the leaves often reddish and pubescent above. Naturalized
eastward: wild. Lake Superior, Dr. Rubbins, and northward. (Eu.)

G34 GRAMINE^. (GIJ.VSS FAMILY.)

» * Flowers oblong or lanceolate, awnless or nearly so (iA."-4" lonrj) : ffrain ofccn
free! (Root perennial : culms mostlij tall : leaves Jlat.)

4. P. el.\tior, L. (Talleu or Meadow Fescue.) Panicle narrow,
contracted before and after (lowering, erect, with short branches ; spikelcts ci-owded,
5 - 10-flowcrcd ; the /lowers rather remote, obloarj-lanceolate ; lower palct 5-ncrved,
scarious-maryincd, blunt, acute, or rarely with a distinct but very short awn. —
The type id large, 3° -4° high ; sj)ikelcts about C" long, in an ample and com-
pound panicle. Rich grass-land. — Yar. I'Katexsis (F. pratensis, /7'/f/.s-.) is
lower (l°-3° high), with a simpler or close panicle, of smaller or narrower
spikelcts; and abounds in grass-lands. June -Aug. (Nat. from Eu.)

T). P. nutans, Willd. Pattide of several long and slendir spreading'ln-anches,
mostly in ])airs, drooping when old, rough, naked below, bearing near their ex-
tremity a few ovate 3 -5-flowered spikelcts (3" long) on pretty long pedicels;
Jlowers ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, close together, coriaceous, smooth, very obscurely
5-nervcd. — Rocky woods and copses. July. — Culm 2° - 4° high, naked above :
leaves broadly linear, taper-pointed, dark green, often rather hairy.

38. BROMUS, L. Brome-Grass. (PI. lo.)

Spikelcts 5 - many-flowcrcd, paniclcd. Glumes unequal, membranaceous ; the
lower I - 5-, the upper 3 - 9-nerved. Lower palet either convex on the back or
comprcsscd-kceled, 5 - 9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed from below the mostly
2-ck'ft tip : upper palet at length adhering to the groove of the oblong or linear
grain. Stamens 3. Styles attached below the apex of the ovary. — Coarse
Grasses, with large spikelcts, at length drooping, on pedicels thickened at the
apex. (An ancient name for the Oat, from ^p6fxos,/ood.)
§ 1. Lower palet convex on the back ; the Jlowers imbricated over one another before

expansion : lower glume 3 - 5-nerved, the upper 5 - 9-nerved.

* Annuals or biennials, weeds of cultivation, introduced into grain-fields, or rarehj in

waste grounds, probably all derived from the European B. arvensis, L.

1. B. secAlinus, L. (Cheat or Chess.) Panicle spreading, even in fruit,
the drooping peduncles little branched ; spikelcts oblong-ovate, turgid, smooth, of
8- 10 rather distant flowers; lower palet rather longer than the up])er, short-
awned or awnless; sheaths nearly glabrous. — Too common in wheat-fields.
June, July. (Adv. from Eu.)

2. B. eacem6sus, L. (Upright Chess.) Panicle erect, simple, rather
narrow, contracted in fruit ; flowers closer, more imbricated ; lower palet decidedly
exceeding the upper, bearing an awn of its own lengtli ; culm more slender ; sheatlis
sometimes hairy : otherwise nearly as in the last, for which it is often mistaken
in this country. (Adv. from Eu.) •

3. B. MOLLIS, L. (Soft Chess.) Panicle erect, closely confrrtcled in fruit ;
spikelets conical-ovate, somewhat flattened ; the flowers closely imbricated, downy
(as also the leaves, &c.) ; lower palet acute, long-awned. — Wheat-fields, New York
to Virginia : scarce. June. (Adv. from Eu.)

« * Perennial: indigenous, (fjowcr glume strongly ^-nerved, the upper b-nerved.

4. B. K^lmii, Gray. (Wild Chess.) Panicle simple, small (3' -4' long) ;
spikelets drooping on capillary peduncles, closely 7 - 12-flowered, densely silky

GRAMIXK^. (grass FAMILY.) 635

all over ; awn only one tliinl the lcn<rth of the lance-oblong flower ; lower palet
7 - 9-ncrvccl, much longer and Iar;^cr than the nppcr; culm slender (15° -3°
hi,^■h) ; leaves and sheaths conspicuously ov sparingly liairy. (B. ciliiitus, Muhl.
B. piirgans, Toir. Fl. N. Y.) — Dry ground: common northward. June, Jidy.
• — This is in the herbarium of Linnasus under the name of B. ciliatns, but is
not the plant he described ; lliencc has arisen much confusion.

§ 2. SCHED6N0RUS, Beauv., Tries. Lower palet somewhat com-ex, hut keeled
on the back and laterally more or less compressed, at least above: JJowers soon
separalinf] from each other: lower c/lume \-nervcd, the upper 3-nerred, or with an
obscure additional pair.

* Perennial, lull (.3° -.5° hi'/h) : Jlowers oblong or lanceolate.

5. B. eiliatus, L. Panicle compound, very loose, the elongated branches
at length divergent, drooping ; spikelets 7 - 12-flowered ; lower palet tipped with
an awn half to three fourths its length, silky with apprcssed hairs near the
margins, at least below (or rarely naked), smooth or smoothish on the back
(B. Canadensis, Michx. B. jndiesccns, Muhl.); — or, in var. ruEGANS (B.
purgans, Z. .'), clothed all over with short and fine apprcssed hairs. — Rivcf-
banks and moist woodlands : common. July, Aug. — Culm and large leaves
(.j''-G'' wide) smooth or somewhat hairy; the sheaths in the larger forms often
liairy or densely downy near the top. Variable, comprising several forms, in-
cluding both the Linna:an species ; for which the present name is preferable to
the inapplicable purgans, taken from Feuille'c's South American species.

6. B. ASPEK, L. Culm slender and panicle smaller ; spikelets 5 - 9-flowered ;
lower palet linear-lanceolate, scarcely keeled, hairy near the margins, rather
longer than the awn ; sheaths and lower leaves hairy or downy. — Bethel,
Maine, in fields along the river-bank, W. Boott. (Nat. from Eu.)

* * Annual or biennial (10' -30' high) : flowers slender.

7. B. STEEiLis, L. Panicle open; spikelets of 5-9 rather distant and 7-
nerved ronghish linear-awl-shaped long-awned flowers (awn 1' long); leaves
rather downy. — Waste places and river-banks, E. Massachusetts, New York,
and Pennsylvania : rare. June. (Nat. from Eu.)

39. UNIOLA, L. Spike-Grass. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets closely many-flowered, very flat and 2-edged ; one or more of the
lowest flowers sterile (neutral) and consisting of a single palet. Glumes lance-
olate, compressed-keeled. Lower palet coriaceo-membranaceous, strongly lat-
erally compressed and keeled, striate-nerved, usually acute or pointed, entire,
enclosing the much smaller compressed 2-keeled upper one and the free laterally
flattened smooth grain. Stamen 1 (or in U. paniculata 3). — Upright smooth
perennials, growing in tufts from strong creeping rootstocks, with broad /taves
and large spikelets in an open or spiked panicle. (Ancient name of some plant,
a diminutive of unio, unity.)

* Spikelets large (i'-2' long), ovate or ohlong, 9 - 30- flowered : panicle open.

1. TJ. paniculata, L. Zeacts )Knro(r, when dry convolute; spikelets: ovate,
alurt-pedicelled ; flowers glabrous, bluntish, several of the lower sterile; the fer-

C36 GUAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

tile with .3 Ptamcns; culm and panicle elongated (4°-8° liigh). — Sand-hills
on the sca-sliore, S. Virginia and southward.

2. U. latifdlia, Miciix. Liana hroad and flat (nearly I'widc); spikeUts
at \(;n<zth oliloiiff, huii</iiif/ on lonrj jxdicels ; flowers acute, ciliatc on the keel, all
but the lowest pcrf.^'ct and monandrous. — Shaded rich hillsides, S. Pennsylvania
to Illinois and southward. Aug. — Culm 2° -4° high: panicle loose.

* * Spiheltts small : panicle contracted and wand-like: perfect Jiowers lonrj-pointed.

3. U. gracilis, Michx. Spikvbts shorl-pcdicellcd (2"-3" long), broadly
wedge-shaped, acute at the base, 4 - 8-Jlowered ; the flowers ovate and diver-
gently beaked, long, the lowest one neutral. — Sandy soil, from Long Island to
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug. — Culm 3° high, slender.

40. PHRAGMITES, Trin. Reed. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 3-7-flowered; the flowers rather distant, silky- villous at their base,
and witli a conspicuous silky-bearded rhachis, all perfect and 3-androus, except
>he lowest, which is cither neutral or with 1-3 stamens, and naked. Glumes
membranaceous, shorter than the flowers, lanceolate, keeled, sharp-pointed, very
imequal. Palets membranaceous, slender ; the lower narrowly awl-shaped,
thrice the length of the upper. Squamula? 2, large. Styles long. Grain free.
— Tall and stout perennials, with numerous broad leaves, and a large terminal
panicle. ((^/juy/xtVfr, (jrowinrj in hedges, which this aquatic Grass does nqt.)

1. P. communis, Trin. Panicle loose, nodding; spikelets 3-5-flow-
ered; flowers equalling the wool. (Arundo, L.) — Edges of ponds. Sept. —
Looks like Broom-Corn at a distance, 5°- 12° high : leaves 2' wide. (Eu.)

41. ARUNDINARIA, Michx. Cane. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets flattened, 5 - 14-flowered; the flowers somewhat separated on the
jointed rhachis. Glumes very small, membranaceous, the upper one larger.
Palets herbaceous or somewhat membranaceous ; the lower convex on the back,
many-nerved, tapering into a mucronate point or bristle. Squamula; 3, longer
than the ovary. Stamens 3. Grain ot)long, free. — Arborescent or shrubby
Grasses, simple or with fascicled branches, and with large spikelets in panicles
or racemes ; the flowers polygamous. (Name from arundo, a reed.)

1. A. macrosperma, Michx. (Large Cane ) Culms arborescent,
10° -20° high, rigid, simple the first year, branching the second, afterwards at
indefinite periods fruiting, and soon after decaying ; leaves lanceolate ( I ' - 2'
wide), smoothish; panicle lateral, composed of few simple racemes; spikelets
purple, erect; lower palet lance-ovate, pubescent, fringed (8" long). Chapman,
under A. gigantea. — Ri^er-banks, S. Virginia? Kentucky? and southward,
forming cancbrakes.

2. A. tecta, Muhl. (Small Cane.) Culms slender, 2°- 10° high, branch-
ing ; leaves linear-lanceolate (9"- 1' wide), roughish, the sheaths bearded at the
throat ; spikelets solitary or in a simple raceme at the summit of the branches,
or frequently on leafless radical culms; lower palet (6" long) ovate-lanceolate,
smooth, fringed on the margins. Chapman. (Arundo tecta, Walt.) — Swamps
and moist soil, Virginia, Illinois, and southward. April.

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 637

42. LEPTURUS, R. Br. Lepturus. (n. 11.)

Spikclets solitary on each joint of the filiform rhachis, and partly immersed
in the excavation, 1 -2-flowcred. Glumes \-'2, including the 2 thin pointless
palcts. Stamens 3. Grain free, oblong-linear, cylindrical. — Low and branch-
ing, often procumbent Grasses, chiefly annuals, with narrow leaves and slender
spikes (whence the name, from Xenros, slender, and ovpd, tail.)

1. L. paniculktus, Nutt. Stem slender (6' -20' long), naked and
curved above, bearing 3-9 racemosely disposed thread-like and triangular
spikes; glumes 2, transverse. — Open grounds and salt licks, Illinois (.l/caJ),
jind westward. Aug.

43. LOLIUM, L. Darnel. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets many-flowered, solitary on each joint of the continuous rhachis,
placed edgewise; the glume, except in the terminal spikelet, only one (the up-
per) and external: — otherwise nearly as in Triticum. (Ancient Latin name.)

1. L. PERENNE, L. (Common Darnel, Rat- or Rye-Grass.) Root peren-
nial, (jlume shorter than the spikelet ; flowers 8-15, awnless or sometimes short-
awned. — Fields and lots : eastward! June. — A pretty good pasture-grass.
(Nat. from Eu.)

2. L. TEMULENTUM, L. (Bearded Darnel.) Root annual ; culm taller,
glume fuUij equalling the .5 - 7-flowered spikelet ; awn lonyer than the flower (^' long).
— Grain-fields: rare. — Grain noxious; almost the only instance of the kind
among Grasses. (Adv. from Eu.)

44. TRITICUM, L. Wheat. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 3 -several-flowered, single at each joint, and placed with the side
against the rhachis. Glumes transverse (i. e. right and left), nearly equal and
opposite, herbaceous, nerved. Lower i)alet very like the glumes, convex on the
back, pointed or awned from the tip: the upper flattened, bristly-ciliate on the
nerves, free, or adherent to the groove of the grain. Stamens 3. (The classical
name, probably from tritus, beaten, because the grain is threshed out of tho
spikes.) — The true species are annuals, with the glumes ovate-oblong, turgid
and boat-shaped, as in common Wheat (T. vulgXre). Others are perennial,
with nearly lanceolate glumes, and 2-ninked spikes, never furnishing bread-corn
(§ Agropyron, Ga^rtn.) ; to which the following belong. Flowering in summer.
* Multiplying by long running rootstocks : awn shorter than the flower or none.

1. T. r6pens, L. (Couch-, Quitch, or Quick-Grass.) Spikelets 4-8-
flowered, glabrous or nearly so ; glumes 5 - 7-nerved ; rhachis glabrous, but rough
on the edges ; awns when present straight ; leaves flat and often roughish or
pubescent above. — Nat. in cultivated grounds, fields, &c., and very troublesome;
indigenous northwestward. — Varies greatly. A tall form, rather bright green
(Var. nemorXle, Andersson) bears awns nearly as long as the palct. A lower
form is glaucous and mostly awnless or nearly so. A maritime form (nearly
Var. intermedium. Fries, and approaching T. laxum. Fries, and T. aeutum,
DC), collected by Prof. Tuckerman on the coast of Maine, is glaucous, rigid, with

638 GRAMINEiE. (GRASS FAMILY.)

at length jomcwhat involute leaves, crowded spikclcts, blunt an<l riyid glumc.s,
and pointless or mucronate-tipped palets ; the rhaehis not disarticulating- as in
T. junccum, L. (Eu.)

2. T. dasyst^2hyum, Gray. Perhaps a remarkable variety of the last,
but the glaucous leaves are narrow and often involute, and the 5 - 9-flowcred
spihelets dinselij (lowriij-hairi/ all over. (T. rejiens, var. dasystachyuni, Hook.) —
Sandy shores of Lakes Huron and Sujjerior, and northward. Aug.

» * iS'o obvious running rootstocks, glabrous, or the flat and roughish leaves soinetimes
Jtairi/ above: glumes as well as flowers moslty owned or aun-pointed .

3. T. violaceum, Horncmann. Spike dense, strict and rigid, usually tinged
with violet or jiurple, ; spikelets .3 - 5-flo\vered ; glumes conspicitotisli/ ^-nerved;
mens straight, varying from half to nearly twice the length of the palet. (T.
Richardsbnii, Schrader. T. pauciflorum, Sr.hweinitz.) — Mountains of Penn.
{Porter) ; in the alpine region of the "White Mountains (Tuekemmn), Wiscon-
sin (Dipliain), and northward. — Intennediaie in character between tlie last and
the next. (Eu.)

4. T. caninum, L. (Awned Wiieat-Gr.a.ss.) , Spike usually more or less
nodding, at least in fruit, rather dense (.y-C long); spikelets 3-5-flowcred;
glumes S-H-nerved ; awns mostli/ somtwhul bent or sprmding, fully twice the length of
the palet. — Sparingly naturalized in cult, ground and meadows. Indigenous
along our northern borders, in a slender form, which approaches the northwest-
ern T. divergens, Necs, or T. wgilopoides, Turczaninow, which has narrow and
convolute leaves, S-T-nerved glumes, and widely diverging awns. (Eu.)

45. HORDEUM, L. B.vrley. (D. U.)

Spikelets 1 -flowered, with an awl-shaped rudiment on the inner side, three at
each joint of the rhaehis ; but the lateral ones usually imperfect or abortive, and
short-stalked. Glumes side by side in front of the spikelets, 6 in number, form-
ing a kind of involucre, slender and awn-pointed or bristle-form. Palets herba-
ceous, the lower (anterior) convex, long-awned from the apex. Stamens 3.
Grain oblong, commonly adhering to the palets. Si)ike often separating into
joints. Ours are annuals or biennials, or scarcely perennial. (The ancient
Latin name.)

1. H. jub^tum, L. (SQriRREL-T.\.iL Grass.) Low; lateral flowers
abortive, on a short pedicel, short-awned ; the perfect flower bearing a capillary
awn (2' long) about the length of the similar capillary glumes, all spreading. —
Sandy sea-shore, upper Great Lakes, and westward. June.

2. H. pratense, Huds. Low (6'- 18' high) ; lateral flowers imperfect or
neutral, awnlcss or merely pointed ; perfect flower with awn as long as tliose of
the glumes (3"- 6") ; spike linear, l'-2' long. (IL pnsillum, Xult. and former
ed.) — Plains, especially in saline soil, Ohio to Illinois and westward : also spar-
ingly introduced, Virginia and southward along the coast. 'May, June. (Eu.)

46. ELYMUS, L. Ly.me-Grass. Wild Rve. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 2-4 at each joint of the rhaehis, all fertile and alike, sessile, each
1 - "-flowered. Glumes conspicuous, nearly side by side in front of the spikelets.

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 639

2 for each spikclet, forming an involucre to the cluster. Palets coriaceous; the
lower rounded on the back, acute or awncd at the apex. Grain adherent to the
involving- jialets (whence the name, an ancient one for some grain, from eXuca,
to roll tip).

* Glumes and flowers ^/irm or rujid, both or only the latter awned: spikelets 1-5-

Jlowered: perennials, luith slender culms and rather harsh and broad Jlat leaves.

■*- Sfiilce lanje and stout.

1. E. Virginicus, L. Sjiike riijidty Hj)rii;ht, dense (2' -3' long, 6" thick),
on a sliort peduncle muidhj included in tite sluath ; spikelets 2-3 together, 2-3-
flowered, smooth, ratlicr short-awned, about the length of the thickened strongly-
nerved and bristle-pointed lanceolate glumes. — River-banks: common. Aug.—'
Culm stout, 2° -3° high.

2. E. Canadensis, L. Spike soon nodding (5' -9' long), on an cxserted
peduncle; spikelets mostly in pairs, of 3 -.5 long-awned rough or rough-hairy
flowers ; the awl-shapid glumes tipped with shorter awns. (E. Philadelphicus, L. .')
— Var. GLAUCiF(')Lius (E. glaucifolius, Muhl.) is pale or glaucous throughout,
the flowers with more spreading awns (1^' long). — River-banks : common.

H- Sptihe more slender, as also the culm.

3. E. SibiricUS, L. Glabrous; spike ivand-like (2'- G' long, about 3" thick) .
often somewhat nodding ; spikelets in pairs, 3 - 6-flowercd ; glumes linear-lanceo-
late, 3 - 5-nervcd, short-awned, shorter than the flowers, which arc rather short-awnod.

■ — South shore of Lake Superior (Porter), and northwestward. (Eu.)

4. E. StriatuS, Willd. More or less pubescent; spike dense and thickisk
(2' - 4' long), upright or sligiitly nodding^ spilvclets mostly in pairs, 1 -2- (or
rarely 3-) flowered, minutely bristly-hairy; glumes awl-shaped, bristle-awned, 1-3-
nerved, about thrice the length of the flowers exclusive of the capillary awn (which
is I' long). — Var. villusus (E. villosus, Mnhl.!) has very hairy flowers and
glumes, and villous sheaths. — Rocky woods and banks. July, Aug. — Palets
only 3" long.

* * Glumes and palets awnless and sofl in texture: reed-like perennials.

5. E. mollis, Trin. (not of R. Br.) Culm (3° high) velvety at top ; spike
thick, erect (8' long) ; spikelets 2 or 3 at each joint, 5-8-flowered; the lanceo-
late pointed 5-7-nerved glumes (1' long) and the pointed ])alets soft-villous ;
rhachis of the spikelets separating into joints. — Shore of the Great Lakes,
Maine, and northward. (Near E. arenarius.)

47. GYMNOSTICHUM, Schrcb. Bottlk-brdsh Gkass. (PI. 11.)

Spikelets 2-3 or sometimes solitary on each joint of the rhachis, raised on a
very short callous pedicel, loosely 2 -4-flowercd (when solitary flatwise on the
rhachis.) Glumes none! or small, awn-like, and deciduous (whence the name,
from yvfivos, nuked, and arixos, 7'ank). Otherwise nearly as in Elymus.

1. G. Hystrix, Sehrel), Spike loose (3' -6' long); the spreading spike-
lets 2-3 together, early deciduous; flowers smoothish or often rough-hairy,
tipped with an awn thrice their length (1' long) ; leaves and sheaths smoothish;
culm 3° -4° high; root perennial. (Elymus Ilystrix, Z.) — iloist woodlands.
July, Aug.

640 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

48. DANTHONIA, DC. Wild Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Lower palct (oblong or ovate, roundcd-cylindraccous, 7-9-nen'ed) hearing
between the sharp-pointed or awn-like teeth of tlie tij) an awn composed of the
3 middle nerves, which is flattish and spirally twisting at the base : otherwise
nearly as in Avena. Glumes longer than the imbricated flowers. Ours peren-
nials, l°--J° high, with narrow and soon involute leaves, hairy sheaths bearded
at the throat, and a small simple panicle or raceme of about 7-flowcred spikelets.
(Named for Dnnlhuine, a French botanist.)

1. D. spicata, Beauv. Culms tufted, low; leaves short, very narrow;
spikelets few, 3" -5" long ; lower jicdet loosili/ hniri/, its teeth short and pointless. —
Dry ami sterile or rocky soil. June -Aug.

2. D. serieea, Nuit. Taller and not tufted (1°- 3° high); leaves larger ;
spikelets more numerous and i)anicled, 6" -9" long; lower palet very sUky-viilous,
tipped with slender awn-pointed teeth. — Dry or moist sandy soil, Southern Massa-
chusetts {Dr. liobbins), New Jersey {C. E. Smith, C. F. Parker), and southward:
rare. June.

49. AVENA, L. O.vx. (n. 12.)

Spikelets 2 - many-flowered, panicled ; the flowers herbaceo-ehartaceons, o^
becoming harder, of firmer texture than the large and mostly unequal glumes;
the uppermost impei-feet. Lower palet rounded on the back, mostly 5-11-
nerved, bearing a long usually bent or twisted awn on the back or below the
acutely 2-cleft tip proceeding from the midnervc only. Stamens 3. Grain ob-
long-linear, grooved on one side, usually hairy at least at the top, free, but in-
vested by the upper palet. (The classical Latin name.) — The Common' Oat
(A. SATiVA, L.) represents the large-flowered annual species of the Old World.
The following arc smaller-flowered, indigenous perennials.

L A. striata, Michx. Glubrous and smooth throughout, slender (\^-2°
high); leaves narrow; ligulc short, truncate; panicle simple, loose; spikelets
(6" long) on capillary pedicels, 3-6-flowered, much exceeding the searious-
margined purple acute glumes; the loiccr ylnme 1-, uppir ^-nerved; rhaehis
smooth ; Jlowirs short-hmrded at the hose; lower palet 7-nerved, much longer than
the ciliate-fringed upper one (4" long), mostly shorter than its soon bent or
divergent awn, which rises just below the tapering very sharply cuspidate
2-cleft tip. (Trisetum purpuraseens. Ton:) — Rocky, shaded hills, N. New
England, New York, and northwestward. June.

2. A. Smithii, T. C. Porter, n. sp. Taller (21°- 4^° high), rather stout ;
leaves broadly linear (.T'-G" wide) and taper-pointed, flat, and with the sheaths
and culm rdrorseli/ scuhroiis; ligule elongated, acute; panicle larger (C'-12'
long), the few branches at length .spreading; glumes slightly ptirplish, scabrous
on the nerres, of which there are 3 in the lower and 5 in the upper; rhachis :ni-
nutely his])id; flowers (3 -.5) not luiiri/-tiifled at the base; awn one third or half
the length of the 7-nerved palet, straight. — Isle lloyalc, Keweenaw Point, Lake
Sujierior, Lol>bins. Woods near Sault Ste. Marie, C. E. Smith, for whom the
species is named. April, May. — To be compared with the Siberian A. eallosa,
Turczaninow, which was referred to A. striata bv Trinius.

GUAMINK^. (GKASS FAMILY.) G41

50. TRISETUM, Persoon. Trisetum. (PI. 12.)

Spikclets 2-sevcral-flowcrcd, often in a contracted panicle; the lower palet
compressed-keeled, of about the same membranaceous texture as the glumes,
bearing a bent or flexuous (rarely twisted) awn below the sharply 2-toothed or
2-pointed apex (whence the name, from tris, three, and sda, a bristle) : other-
wise nearly as in Avena. Ours are perennials.

1. T. SUbspic^tum, Beauv., var. moUe. MinuU'lj) sofl-dowmj ; panicle
ch'iuie, muck conlrartKl, ob\on<r or linear (2' -3' long); glumes about the length
of the 2-3 smooth flowers ; awn diverging, much cxsertcd. (Avena mollis,
Mic/ix.) — Mountains and rocky river-banks, N. New England to Wisconsin,
and northward. July. — About 1° high: leaves flat, short. (Eu.)

2. T. palustre, Torr. Smooth; ^)«n/c/e rather long and narrow (5' long),
IcMse, the branches capillary; spikcleta Jiat (3" long) ; glumes shorter than the
two smooth lanceolate flowers, of which the upper is on a slightly naked joint of
the rhachis, and bears a slender spreading or bent awn next the short 2-pointcd
tip, while the luioer one is cominonlij aivnless or only mncronate-pointed. (Avena
palustris, Michx. Aira pallens, Muhl.) — Low grounds, Southern New York to
Illinois, and southward. June. — Culm slender, 2° - 3° high : leaves flat, short.
Spikelcts yellowish-white, tinged with green.

51. AIRA, L. Hair-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Spikclets small, in an open diffuse panicle, of 2 perfect flowers and often with
the pedicel or rudiment of a third, all usually shorter than the nicmbraiuiccons
keeled glumes, and hairy at the base ; the upper remotish. Lower palet thin
and scarious, 2-cleft or else truncate and mostly denticulate or eroded at the
summit, bearing a slender bent or straight awn on its back, commonly near
its base. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base. Ovary glabrous. Grain
oblong. (An ancient Greek name for Darnel.)

§ 1. DESCHAMPSIA, Beauv. Lower palet dtUcalehj 3-5-nervfd, eroded or
toothnl at the truncate summit ; the awn at.tachtd mostlij a little uhove the base:
grain not grooved, free: glumes about equalling the flowers: root jxrcnnial.

1. A. flexuosa, L. (Commox ILvir-Grass.) Culms slender, nearly
naked (l°-2° high) above the small tufts of involute brislle-form rool-leav(S (]'-
6' long) ; branches of the small spreading panicle capillary ; au}n longer than the
palet, at length bent and twisted. — Dry places : common. June. (Eu.)

2. A. CSespitdsa, L. Culm tufted (2° -4° high); leaves flat. Urn or;
panicle pyramidal or oblong (6' long); awn straight, harelg eqtialling the jxilit.
— Shores of lakes and streams : common northward. June, July. (Eu.)

§2. AIROPSIS, Desv. Spikelets very small, of 2 closdg approximate flowers, and
with no rudiment of a third: lower palet offlrmer texture, obscurely nerved, acutely
2-clefl at the apex: grain qroovcd, adnate : low annuals, with short and setaceous
leaves.

3. A. PR^KCOX, L. Culms tufted, 3' -4' high; branches of the small and
dense panicle appressed ; awn from below the middle of the flower. (Avena
prtecox, BeauB.) — Sandy flelds. New Jersey to Virginia : rare. (Nat. from Eu.)

L & M— 47

642 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILV).

4. A. CARYOPH VLLEA, L. Culms 5'- 10' liiyli, bearing; a reri; dijfitsp panicle
of purplish and at Icn^tli si/ven/ srurious spikekts. — Dry lickls, >;aiuiickit : also
Kewcabtle, Delaware, IF. ^1/. Caiiby. (Nut. from Eu.)

§3. VAIILODEA, Fries. Glumes boal-shuped, longer than the ^flowers: lower
paltt almost coriaceous, nerveless, its triinratt-obtuse tip mostly entire ; the awn
borne (it or aliore till- mulillf : (/niin r;ii/ui('(l,jhtllinh,/ne: alpine perennial.

5. A. atropurptirea, Wnhl. ('iilms 8'-15' high, weak; leaves flat,
lather wide; paiiielc of lew spreading hranelies ; awn stout, twice the length of
the palet. — Alpine tops of the White Mountains, and those of Northern New
York. Aug. (Eu.)

52. ARRHENATHERUM, Bcauv. Oat-Grass. (PI. 12.)

Spikelets opcn-paniclcd, aflowercd, witli the rudiment of a third flower; the
middle flower perfect, it.s lower palet harely bristle-pointed from near the tip;
the lowest flower staminatc only, bearing a long bent awn below the midillc of
the back (whence the name, irom (ipprjv, mnsciiline, and adi)j), awn) : — otlur-
•wise as in Avcna, of which it is only a peculiar modification.

1. A. avenXceum, Beauv. Root perennial; euhn 2° -4° high: leaves
broad, flat; panicle elongated; glumes scarious, very unequal. (Avenaelatior,
L.) — Meadows and lots: absurdly called Grass of the Andes. May -July.
(Xat. from Eu.)

53. HOLCUS, L. (partly). Meadow Sokt-Grass. (PI. 1.3.)

Spikelets crowded in an ojicn panicle, 2-flowered, jointed with the pedicels',
the boat-shaped membranaceous glumes enclosing and much exceeding the rc-
motish flowers. Lower flower perfect, its papery or thin-coriaceous lower palet
awnless and ])ointless; the ujjpcr (lower staminatc, otherwise similar, but bear-
ing a stout bent awn below the apex. Stamens 3. Styles plumose to the base.
Grain free. (An ancient name, from 6\k6s, atiractire, of obscure application.)

1. H. lan.Vtis, L. (Velvet-Grass.) Perennial, soft-downy and ].alc;
panicle oblong; uppci" glume mucronate-awned under the apc.\ ; awn of the
staminatc flower curved. — ]\Ioist meadows. June. (Xat. from lui.)

54. HIEROCHLOA, Gmdiu. IIolv C;ua.ss. (PL l.-,.)

Spikelets 3-flowered, opcn-paniclcd ; the flowers all with 2 ])alcts ; the two
lower (lateral) flowers stauiinatc only, .3-androus, sessile, often awncd on the
middle of the liack or ucar tlictij); llic ujjijcnnost (middle) one perfect, sliort-
pedicclled, .scarcely as long as the others, 2-androus, awnless. Glumes ccjualling
or exceeding the spikclet, scarious : ])alets chartaceous. — Perennials : leaves
flat. (Name com]>osed of upoi, samd, and X'^<'"> fj''""" •' these sweet-scented
Grasses being strcM'u before the clnirch-doors on saintti' days, in the Xor'.h of
Europe.)

1. H. borealis, Tlocm. & Schultcs. (Vami.i.a or Sexeca Grass.) Pan-
icle somewhat one-sided, pyramidal (i'-."/ long) ; ))C(luncles smooth ; stauiiuate
flowers with the lower jjalet nuicrouate or bristle-pointed at or near the tip;

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 643

rootstock creeping. (Holcus odoratus, L.) — Moist meadows, chiefly northward
near the coast and along the Great Lakes. May. — Culm l°-2° high, with
short, lanceolate leaves. Spikelets chestnut-color ; the staminate flowers strongly
hairy-fringed on the margins, and the tortile one at the tip. (Ku.)

2. H. alpina, Kocm. & Scluiltes. Panicle contracted (l'-2' long); one
of the staininatc flowers barely pointed or short-awned near the tip, the othei
long-awned from below the middle ; lowest leaves very narrow. — Alpine moun-
tain-tops. New England, New York, and northward. July. (Eu.)

55. ANTHOXANTHUM, L. Sweet Veunal-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelcts spiked-panicled, really 3-flowercd ; but the lateral flowers neutral,
consisting merely of one palet which is hairy on the outside and awned on the
back : the central (terminal) flower perfect, small, of 2 awnless chartaceous
palets, 2-androus. Glumes very thin, acute, keeled ; the upper about as long
as the flowers, twice the length of the lower. Squamula; none. Grain ovate,
adherent. (Name compounded oi "ivBos, flower, and livdcov, offloweis. L.)

1. A. odorXtu.m, L. Spikelcts (brownish or tinged with green) spreading
at flowering-time ; one of the neutral flowers bearing a bent awn from near its
base, the other short-awned below the tip. — Meadows, pastures, &c. Perennial :
very sweet-scented in drying. May -July. (Nat. from Eu.)

56. PHALARIS, L. Canary-Grass. (PL 13.)

Spikelcts crowded in a clustered or spiked panicle, with 2 neutral mere rudi-
ments (a scale or a pedicel) in place of lateral flowers, one on each side, at the
base of the perfect one, which is flattish, awnless, of 2 shining palets, shorter
than the equal boat-shaped and keeled glumes, finally coriaceous or cartilagi-
nous, and closely enclosing the flattened free and smooth grain. — Stamens 3. —
Leaves broad, mostly flat. (The ancient name, from (f>a\6s, shinbvj, alluding
either to the palets or the grain.)

§ 1. PHALARIS proper. Panicle i-ery dense, spikc-lilc: glumes icing-keeled.

1. P. Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.) Annual, l°-2° high; spike
oval; rudimentary flower a small lanceolate scale. — "Waste places and road-
sides, IMassachusctts to Pennsylvania : rare. July- Sept. (Adv. from Eu.)
§2. DiGRAPIIIS, Trill. Panicle hmncJud, the daslers ojirn in cnthesis : f/luincs

not icinged on the back.

2. P. arundinkcea, L. '(Keed C.) Perennial, 2° -4° high; Ic.-xves flat
(3" -5" wide; glumes open at flowering, 3-ncrved, thrice the length of the fertile
flower; rudimentary flowers reduced to a minute hairy scale or pedicel. — AVet
grounds : common, especially northward. June, July. — Var. rfcxA, the leaves
striped with white, is tlio familiar PiIIU!0\-Grass of llie gardens. (Eu.)

57 MILIUM, !iriLLKT-GuAss. (PI. 13.)

Spikelcts diil'usely panickd, nut jointed with their jK'dicels, apparently con-
sisting of 2 equal membranaceous convex and awnless glumes, including a single
s.oriaceous awnless flower: but theoretically the lower glume U wanting, while

644 GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

an empty sinp:le palct of the lower (neutral) flower, resembling the upper glume,
fulfils its orticc, and stands o])posite the narrow upper palet of the terete fertile
flower. Stamens 3. Stigmas branehed-iilumose. Grain not grooved, enclosed
in the palets, all deciduous together. (The ancient Latin name of the Millet
(which however belongs to a different genus), probably from mille, a thousand,
because of its fertility.) ^

1. M. effiisum, L. Smooth perennial, 3°-G° high; leaves broad and
flat, thin; panicle spreading (6' -9' long); flower ovoid-oblong. — Cold and
damp woods. New England to Illinois and northward. June. (Eu.)

58. AMPHICARPUM, Kimth. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets jointed with the apex of the pedicels, apparently 1 -flowered, of two
kinds; one kind in a terminal panicle, like tiiosc of Milium, except that the
rudiment of the lowest glume is ordinarily discernible, and deciduous from the
joint without ripening fruit, although the flower is perfect : the other kind soli-
tary at the extremity of slender runner-like radical peduncles (which are more
or less sheathed towards the base), much larger than the others, perfect and
fertile, subterranean, fertilized in the bud ; the enwrapping glume and similar
empty palet many-nerved. Flower oblong or ovoid, pointed. Stamens 3 (small
in the radical flowers). Stigmas plumose, deep purple. Grain not grooved, in
the radical flowers very large, the embryo next the lower palet. Neutral pakt
somewhat exceeding the glume and the fertile flower. (Name from aficjiiKupiros,
douhlj frult-hear'nKj. )

1. A. Purshii, Kunth. Annual or biennial? erect, l°-4° liigh ; leaves
lanceolate, copious on the lower part of the culm, hispid, especially on the
sheaths; panicle strict, naked ;■ grain ovoid or oblong (2" -3" long), terete.
(Milium amphicarpon, Purslt.) — Moist sandy pine-barrens, New Jersey, and
in the Southern States. Sept.

59. PASPALUM, L. Paspalum. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets spiked or somewhat racemed in 2-4 rows on one side of a flattened
or filiform continuous rhachis, jointed with their very short pedicels, plano-
convex, awnless, apparently only one-flowered, as in Milium ; but, on the other
liand, differing from Panicum merely in the want of the lower glume ; which,
however, is occasionally present in some species, as a small scale. Glume and
empty palet few-nerved. Flower coriaceous, ipostly orbicular or ovate, flat on
the inner side, convex on the outer. Stamens 3. (Said to have been a Greek
name for Millet.)
* Spikes with a (1") Iroad and thin membranaceous or folinceous and keeled rhachis,

the incurved viargins partJij enclosing the small tuo-roived spikelets. (Smooth,

aquatic, or nearhj so, decumbent or Jloating .)
1. P. fillitans, Kunth. Annual; haves lanceolate, Jlat (3"- 8") broad;
spikes numerous in a raceme.; the rhachis somewhat projecting beyond the minute
and slightly pubescent spikelets into a taperitig point, scabrous on the back.
(Ccresia fluitaus, Ell.) — Kivcr-swamps, Virginia, S. Ohio, Illinois, and south-
ward. Sept., Oct.

GRAMINKyE. (GRASS FAMILY.) 645

2. P. 'Walterianum, Schultes. Perennial ; leaves linear, short ; spikes
3-7, the lowest i)artl}- ineliuled in the sheath of the uppermost leaf, the rhaciiis
blunt; spikclets glabrous. (1'. vaginktuni, ^//.) — Low or wet grounds, New
Jersey (Cape May, Auttall), Delaware (Tatnall, Canby), and southward.

* * Sjiikes with n narrow loiiKjIess rhnehls : perennials, or moslli/ so.
■<- Spikc/cis verij obtuse, orbicuLtr : s/>i/ces one terminal and often 1-5 lateial.

3. P. set^eeum, Michx. Culm ascending- or decumbent (1°- 2° long),
slender; leaves (2" wide, flat) and sheaths clothed with soft spreading hairs;
spikes lerji slender (2' -4' long), smooth, mostli/ solitunj on a long peduncle, and
usnnllij one from the sheaths of each of the upper Icanes on short peduncles or included;
spikelels (i" wide) narrowly 2-rowed. (Also P. debile and P. ciliatifolium, Michx.)
— Sandy fields : common from E. Mass. to Illinois, southward. Aug.

4. P. Iseve, Michx. Culm upright, rather stout (l°-5o high) ; the pretty
large and long leaves with their flattened sheaths smooth or somewhat hairy;
spikes 2-6, the lateral ones somewhat approximated near the summit of an elon-
gated naked peduncle, STpreading (2' -4' long), smooth, except a bearded tuft at
their base; spikelets broadly 2-rowed (over 1" wide). — Moist soil, S. New Eng-
land to Kentucky, and southward. Aug. — Either glabrous or sometimes th«
lower sheaths, &c. very hairy. As here received this perhaps comprises two or
more species.

-I- -1- Spikelets acute: spikes always a pair at the summit of the naked peduncle.

5. P. distichum, L. (Joint-Gisass.) Nearly glabrous, rather glaucous ;
culms ascending (about 1° high) from a long creeping base; leaves linear-lan-
ceolate (2' -3' long); spikes short and closely-flowered (9" -2' long), one short-
peduncled, the other sessile ; rhaciiis flat on the back ; spikelets orate, slightly pointed
(barely I ^" long). — Wet fields, Virginia and southward. July- Sept.

6. P. Digitaria, Poir. Culms ascending ( 1 ° - 2|-° high ) from a creeping
base; leaves lanceolate (3'- 6' long, 4" -6" wide) ; sp/fos s/e«f/er, rather sparsely
flowered (l'-4' long), both sessile at the apex of the slender peduncle; spikelets
ovate-lanceolate (2" long). (Milium paspalbdes, Ell.) — Virginia and southward.

60. PANICUM, L. Panic-Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets panicled, racemed, or sometimes spiked, not involucrate, 1 J- 2-flow-
ered. Glumes 2, but the lower one usually short or minute (rarely even want-
ing), membranaceo-herbaceous ; the upper as long as the fertile flower. Lower
flower either neutral or staminatc, of one palct which closely resembles the upper
glume, and sometimes with a second thin one. Upper flower perfect, closed,
coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattish parallel with the glumes, awnless
(except in §3), enclosing the free and grooveless grain. Stamens 3. Stigmas
plumose, usually purple. (An ancient Latin name of the Italian Millet, P.
Italicum (now Setaria Italicn), thought to come from panis, bread; some species
furnishing a kind of bread-corn.)

§ 1. DIGIT AEIA, Scop. Spikelits crowded 2-3 together in simple nnd mostly
\-sidid clustered spikes or spike-like racemes, ivholly aionless and pointless: lowp.t
flower neutral, of a single palet : loivei- glume minute, sometimes obsolete ot jc*nt-
ing: root annual: plant often purplish.

64G GRAMINE.E. (GRASS FAMILY.)

* Spikes erect : the rharliis Jiliform and nearly terete.

1. P. fillfdrme, L. Culms very slender (lo-2° hiyli), upright; lower
sheaths liuiry ; sjiiLxs -2 - 8, alternate, approximated, filiform; spikelets oblong,
acute (^" long) ; lower glume almost wanting. — Dry sandy soil, Massachusetts
to New Jersey along the coast, Illinois, and southward. Aug.

* * Sjiike.i spreadiii;/ ; the rhachis Jlut and thin.

2. P. Gi-\niaiM, Gaudin. Culms spreading, prostrate, or sometimes erect
(5'- 12' long), gl;ibrous; sj>i/ces 2-6, ividelij divenjing, ne.irly digitate; spikelets
ovoid (about I'' long) ; upper r/lume equalling thejloiver, the lower one almost want-
ing. — Cultivated grounds and waste places : common, especially southward : in
some places appearing as if indigenous. Aug., Sept. (Nat. from En.)

3. P. s.vnguinXle, L. (Common Crab- or Finger-Gr.\ss.) Culms erect
or spreading (1° - 2° high) ; leaves and sheaths glabrous or hairy ; spi/as 4 - 15,
spreading, digitate ; spikelets oblong ( 1 h" long) ; upper glume lialfthe length of the
flowtr, the lower one small. — Cultivated and waste grounds. Aug. - Oct. (Nat.
from Eu.)

§ 2. PANICUM proper. Sj)ikelets scattered, in panicks, awnless.
* Panicle elongated and racemose, wand-like or pyramidal ; the numerous and usually

pointed spilcclets short-pedicelled, excepting No. 7 and 8.

•«- Sterile ^flower neutral and of 2 pal ets, fully twice the length of the lower glume:

spikelets small (1" or H" long) : root perennial.

4. P. aneeps, Michx. Culms fat, upright (2° -4° high); leaves rather
broadly linear (l°-2 long, 4'' -.5" wide), smooth ; panicle contracted-pyramidal ;
spikelets ovat^-lanceolate, pointed, a little curved ; upper glume .5 - 7 -nerved; neutral
flower one third longer than the perfect one. — Wet sandy soil, New Jersey and
Penn. to Virginia, and southward. Aug. — Too near the next : spikelets and
branches of the panicle longer. *

.5. P. agrostoides, Spreng. Culms flattened, upright (2° high) ; leaves
long, and with tlic sheaths smooth ; panicles terminal and often lateral, pyram-
idal (4' -8' long) ; the spikelets racemose, crowded and one-sided on the spread-
ing branches, ovate-oblong, acute (purplish) ; upper glume b-nerved, longer than the
neutral flower which exceeds the perfect one ; perfect flower bearded at the apex.
(P. agrostidiforme, Lam. ? P. niultiflorum, Potr.) — Wet meadows and shores,
E. Massachusetts and New York (Oneida Lake, ^1. //. Curtiss) to Illinois, and
common southward. Aug.

-t- •<- Sterile flower neutad and <f a single ]>aJef, much lunger than the lower glume;
spikelets ^"-1|" long; annuals crept No. 8: leaves flat; shea' Its flattened.

++ Gliilirons and smooth throughout; spikelets croud- d, appressed, short -pedicelled.

6. P. proliierum, Lam. Culms usually thickish and rather succulent,
branched, geniculate and ascending from a procumbent base ; sheaths flattened ;
ligulc ciliate ; panicles terminal and lateral, compound, pyramidal, the slender
primary branches at length spreading ; spikelets p:ile green, rarely purplish ;
lower glume broad, J to \ the length of the upper ; neutral flower little longer
than the perfect one. —Marshy river-banks and shores, especially when brack-
ish, but also in the interior, from jNIass. and Illinois southward. Aug.

GRAMINE^E. (GRASS FAMILY.) 647

*+ ** Hispid or hairy on the sheaths, at least the lower : spil:?rkts mostly scattered on
slender or cn/tillari/ pedicels in an ample, loose, at length very effuse panicle:
culms mostly hninctud from the base, erect or ascendiruj (10' - 20' high).

7. P. eapillare, L. (OLD-wixcit Grass.) All the sheaths and usually
the leaves copiously hairy or hispid ; panicle mostly very compound, the branches
divaricate when old ; spikelcts varying from ovoid to narrowly oblong, pointed ;
lower (flume half the length of the neutral pukt wlnah is longer than the elliptical
obtuse perfect fower. — Sandy soil and cultivated fields everywhere. Aug. - Oct.
— Varies extremely in size and appearance : in depauperate forms the spikelcts
only i|", in the larger forms I5" in length.

8. P. autumnale, Bosc ! Root perennial ? lower sheaths and margins
of the small narrow leaves more or less hairy, otherwise glabrous, except some
bristly hairs in the main axils of the very effuse capillary panicle, its much elongated
divisions sparingly branched, or even simple and terminated with solitary spindle-
shaped spikelets; lower glume minute; perfect flower lanceolate-oblong and pointed,
nearly equalling the lance-oblong obtusish upper glume and the neutral palet.
(P. nudum, Wall. ? P. dichotomiflorum, Michx. P. divergens, Muhl., not of
H.B.K. P. fragile, A'i(w^/i. ) — Sand-hills, Mason County, Illinois (Mead, E.
Hall), and soutliAvard.

H- 1- 1- Sterile flower slaminate, of 2 palets : low^r glume more lh(in half the length
of the upper : spikelets large (2" - 2^" long), ovate, pointed, as are the glumes, ^-c. :
perennials, glabrous, icith tall or stout and rigid upright culms.

9. P. virgatum, L. Tall (3° -5° high); leaves very long, flat ; ligule
silky-bearded; branches of the compound loose and large panicle (9' -2° long) at
length spreading or drooping ; sj)ikelets scattered^ usuall}' purplish. — Moist sandy
soil : common, especially southward. Aug.

10. P. am^l'Um, Ell. Culms (1^° high) sheathed to the top; leaves in-
volute, glaucous, coriaceous, the uppermost exceeding the contracted panicle, the simple
racemose branches of which are appressed ; spikelets pale. — Sandy shores, Con-
necticut {Barratt, Bobbins), Virginia, and southward. Aug., Sept.

* * Panicle loosely spreading or diffuse, short or small: perennials.

-«- Lower (sterile) flower neutral, or in No. \.\,and sometimes in No. 14, staminate,

formed of 2 palets, the tipper one scarious and sometimes small and inconspicuous.

++ Culm-leaves broadly lanceolate or wider, with 9- \ 5 principal nerves.

11. P. latifblium, L. Culm (l°-2° high) smooth; the joints and the
orifice of the throat or margins of the otherwise smooth sheaths often bearded icith
sofl woolly hairs; leaves broadly oblong-lanceolate from a heart-clasping base (often 1'
wide), taper-pointed, 11 -l.i-nerved, smooth, or sparingly downy-hairy; panicle
more or less exserted (2' -3' long), usually long-peduncled, the branches spread-
ing ; spikelets obovate, \^" long, downy; lower glume ovate, not half the length
of the many-nerved upper one; sterile flower often (not always) with 3 stamens.
(P. Walteri, Po;V.) — Moist thickets : common. June -Aug.

12. P. clandestinum, L. Culm rigid (l°-3° high), very leafy to the
top, at Icngtli producing appressed branches, the joints naked; sheaths rough
with papilUe bearing very sllfl'and spreading bristly hairs; leaves ol)lpng-lanceolate
from a heart-clasping base, very taper-pointed ; lateral and usually also the ter-

648 GKAMINK^. (grass FAMILY.)

minal panicle more or less encJosfd in the sheaths, or with the terminal one at length
long-pcdiirclcd (P. pedimciilatnm, Torr.) : — otherwise resemblin<,' No. 11 ; l>ut
the sinkdfts more oroid, often smooth ; the lower flower (always ?) neutral. — Low
thitkets ami river-hanks: common. June - Se])t.

13. P. microearpon, Muhl. Culm and sheaths as in No. 11 ; the hroadly
lanceolate leaves nearly similar, hut lonf^er in proportion and less pointed, not
dilated at the rounded hristly-eiliate base, very roufj^h-margined, the u])per sur-
face rou<;hish ; panicle soon exserted on a slender peduncle, very many-flowered,
narrowly ohlonj^ (3' -7' lonjj) ; spikclets only ahout ^" long, ovoid, smooth or
smoothish ; lower glume orbicular and very small. (P. multiflorum. Ell. ? not
of P<iir.) — Dry or moist thickets, Pennsylvania and Michigan to Illinois, and
southward. July -Sept.

14. P. xanthophysum, Gray. Culmsimple, or at length branched near
the base (9' -15' high) ; ahcaths hairij ; leaves lanceolate, ueri/ acute (4' -C long by
^' wide), 7int dilated at the ciliate-hearded claspinej base, smooth except the margins,
stromjlji 9-\l-nerred: panicle lonej-ped uncled, rej-ij simple, the appressed branches
hearing a few ronndish-olmmte spilcelets (about Ij" long); lower glume ovate,
acutish, one tl)ird or half the length of the 9-ncrved upper one. — Dry sandy
soil, Maine to Wisconsin, and northward : rare. June. — Plant yellowish-green :
spikelets minutely doAvny : sterile flower sometimes staminate.

\^. P. viscidum, Ell. Culms upright or ascending, at length much
branched, leafy to the top, denseli/ velvet y-downy all over, as also the sheaths, Avith
reflexed soft and often clammy hairs, except a ring below each joint; leaves
likewise velvety, lanceolate (|' wide), 1 1 - 13-nervcd; panicle spreading, the lat-
eral ones included; spikelets ohovate 1 " or 1 j" /on^, downj- ; the roundish lower
glume scarcely one fourth the length of the 7-nerved upper one. — Damp soil.
New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. Aug.

16. P. paueifldrum, Ell.l Cm/7«s upright, at length much branched and
reclining (\°-2°\on^),rou(]hish; leaves lanceolate (^' -h' long by ^'-i'widc),
rather faintly 9-nerved, hairy or smooth, frinr/ed on the whole margin or next tlie
hase with long and stiff spreading hairs, the sheaths bristly throughout with similar
hairs ; panicle open, nearly simple, bearing few tumid-obovatc hairy or smoothish
spikelets about 1^" long ; lower glume roundish, ahout half or a quarter of the
length of the upper one. — Wet meadows and copses, E. Massachusetts to Wis-
consin, and southward. June, July. — Distinguished by its much larger spike-
lets, more nerved leaves, and coarser aspect, from any form of the next. It has
probably been described under several names, some of them earlier than Elliott's.

++ ++ J^enves linear or lavceolnle, with few or indistinct jirimary nrrres.

17. P. dich6tOinum, L. ! Culms (8'- 20' high) at iirst mostly simple,
hearing a more or less exserted spreading compound panicle (I' -3' long), and
lanceolate flat leaves (those tufted at the root usually ovate-lanceolate and very
short, thickish) ; hut commonly branching later in the season, the branches often
clustered, and hearing nearly simple and included small panicles ; spikelets ^'' to
about 1" long; oblong-obovate, downy or smooth; lower glume roundish, one third
or a quarter th^ length of the 5 - 1 -nerved upper one. — Founded on an autumnal
state of the species, much forked and with densely clustered lateral branchlets

GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.) 649

and panicles. (P. nodiflorum, Lam.) — Exhibits an interminable diversity of
forms ; of which a shaggy-hairy and larger-flowered variety is P. pubescens,
Lam. ; and one with smaller spikclcts is P. laxiflorum, 7>/m. ; while the varied
smooth or smoothish states with shining leaves are P. nitidum, Lam., and (the
more slender forms) P. barbulatiim and P. ramiilosum, Michx.. tfr. Some of
these may be good species. — Dry or low grounds: common. June- Aug.

18. P. depauper^tum, Muhl. Culms simple or branched from the
base, forming close tufts (6'- 12' high), terminated by a simple and fciv-flowered
contracted panicle, ofhn much overlopptd by the narrowly linear and elonr/ated (4' - 7')
tipper leaves ; s/>ik-eJ£ts 3 '' - 1 j" Ion;/, oval-obovate, commonly pointed when young ;
the ovate lower (/liime one third the length of the 7 - 9-nerved upper one. (P. strictum,
Pursh. P. rectum, liaw. <j- Schiilt.) — Varies, with the leaves involute, at least
when dry (P. invollitum, Torr.), and with the sheaths either beset with long
hairs or nearly smooth : the panicle either partly included, or on a long and
slender peduncle. — Dry woods and hills: rather common. June.

-i- •<- Lower sterile Jlower of a sinyte palet, and neutral. _

19. P. verrucdsum, Muhl. Smooth; culms branching and spreading,
rery slender (I°-2° long), naked above; leaves linear-lanceolate (2" -3" wide),
shining ; branches of the diffuse panicle capillary, few-flowered ; spikelets warty-
rouf]hened (dark green), oval, acute, %" long; the lower glume one fourth the
length of the obscurely nerved upper one. — Sandy swamps. New England to
Virginia, near the coast, and southward. Aug.

§ 3. ECHIN6CHL0A, Bcauv. Spikelets imhricated-spiked on the branches of
the simple or compound raceme or panicky usually rough with apprexsed stiff hairs :
lower palet of the sterile flower awl-pointed or owned.

20. p. Crls-gAlli, L. (Barnyard-Grass.) Root annual ; culms stout,
branching from the base (l°-4° high); leaves lanceolate (V or more wide),
rough-margined, otherwise with the sheaths smooth; spikes alternate (l'-3'
long), crowded in a dense panicle; glumes ovate, abruptly pointed ; lower palet
of the neutral flower bearing a rough awn of variable length. — Varies greatly ;
sometimes awnless or nearly so ; sometimes lomj-awned, especially so in the var.
iifsPiDUM (P. hispidum, Muhl., P. longisetum, Torr.), a very large and coarse
form of the species with the sheaths of the leaves very bristly. — Moist, chiefly
manured soil : the variety in ditches, especially of brackish water; possibly in-
digenous. Aug. -Oct. (Nat. from Eu.)

61. SETAE.IA, Beauv. Bristly Fox-tail Grass. (PI. 13.)

Spikelets altogether as in Panicum proper, and awnless, but with the short
peduncles produced beyond them into solitary or clustered bristles resembling
awns (but not forming an involucre). Inflorescence a dense spiked panicle, or
apparently a cylindrical spike. — Annuals, in cultivated or manured grounds,
with linear or lanceolate flat leaves : properly to be regarded as merely a sub-
genus of Panicum. (Name from seta, a bristle.)

* Bristles single or in pairs, roughened or barbed downwards.

1. S. verticillXta, Beauv. Spike cylindrical (2' -3' long, pale green),
composed of apparently whorlcd short clusters ; bristles short, adhesive. (Pan-
icum verticillatum, L.) — Near dwellings. (Adv. from Eu.)

GM 28

650 GRAMINE^. (grass FAMILY.)

* * Bristtes in clusters, roughened or barbed upwards.

2. S. GLAt'CA, Bcaiiv. (Foxtail.) Si>ike ci/lindn'cal, dense, tarniij yellow
(2' - 4' long) ; bristles 6-11 in a cluster, much longer than the spikelets ; perfect
Jlower transi-erselji wrinllcd. — Very common, in stubble, &c. (Adv. from Eu.)

3. S. vfRinis, Bcauv. (Green- Foxtail. Bottle-Grass.) Spike nearly
cylindriiul, more or less coiii]>ound, rjiren ; brisths fir, longer than the spikelets ;
perfect lluw<r striate leitf/l/iwise and dotted. — Cultivated grounds. (Adv. from Imi. )

4. S. ItAmcv, Kunth. SpiLe compound, interrupted at the base, thick, nod-
ding {G' -9' \ong, j/ellowish or purplish) ; bristles'! or 3 in a cluster, ohhcr much
longer or else shorter than the spikelets. (S. Gcrmanica, Beauv.) — Sometimes
cultivated under the name of Millet, or Bengal Grass : rarely spontaneous.
(Adv. from Eu.)

62. CENCHRUS, L. Hedgehog- or Bur-Grass. (PI. 14.)

Sj)ikelets as in Panicum, awnless, but enclosed 1 to 5 together in a globular
and bristly x>r spiny involucre, ■which becomes coriaceous and forms a deciduous
hard and rigid bur : the involucres sessile in a terminal spike. Stylcsunited
below. (An ancient Greek name of Setaria Italica.)

1. C. tribuloides, L. Culmsbranched and ascending (1°- 2° high) from
an annual root; leaves flat; spike oblong, of 8-20 spherical heads; involucre
prickly all over with sjireading and barbed .short spines, more or less downy,
enclosing 2 or 3 spikelets. — Sandy soil, on the coast, the Great Lakes, and the
larger rivers. Aug. — A vile weed.

63. TRIPSACUM, L. Gama-Grass. Sesame-Gkass. (PI. 14.)

Spikelets monoicious, in jointed spikes, which arc staminate above and fertile
below. Staminate spikelets 2, sessile at each triangular joint of the narrow
rhachis, forming a 1-sidcd and 2-ranked spike longer than the joints, both alike,
2-flowored : glumes coriaceous, the lower (outer) one nerved, the inner one boat-
shaped : palcts very thin and membranaceous, awnless : anthers (turning orange
or reddi.sh-brown) opening by 2 pores at the apex. Pistillate spikelets single
and deeply imbedded in each oblong joint of the cartilaginous thickened rhachis,
occupying a boat-shaped recess which is closed by the polished and cartilaginous
ovate outer glume, the inner glume much thinner and pointed, 2-flowered ; the
lower flower neutral, palets very thin and scarious, pointless. Styles united :
stigmas very long (purple), hispid. Grain ovoid, free. Culms stout and tall,
solid, from very thick creeping rootstocks. Leaves broad and flat. Spikes-ax-
illary and terminal, separating spontaneously into joints at maturity. (Name
from rpt/3co, to rub, perhaps in allusion to the polished fertile spike.)

1. T. dactyloldes, L. Spikes (4' -8' long) 2-3 together at the summit
(when their contiguous sides are more or less flattened), and al.so solitary i'rom
Bomc of the upper sheaths (when the fertile part is cylindrical) ; sometimes, var.
MOxosT.VciiYUM, the terminal spike also solitary. — Moist soil, from Connecti-
cut to Pennsylvania, near the coast, and from Illinois southward. Aug. — Culm
4° -7° high : the leaves like those of Indian Corn. — This is one of our largest
and most remarkable Grasses : .sometimes used for fodder at the South, where
better is not to i>c had.

GKAJIINE.E. (grass FAMILY.) 651

64. ERIAISTTHUS, Michx. Woolly Beard-Grass. (PI. U.)

Spikelets spiked in ]iuirs uiioii each juiiit of the slender rliaehis ; one of them
sessile, the other pedieelled ; otherwise lioth alike ; with the lower flower neutral,
of one menibranaeeous palet; the upper perfeet, of 2 hyaline palets, whieh are
thinner and shorter than tlie nearly ecjual membranaceous glumes, the lower
palet awncd from the tip. Stamens I - 3. Grain free. — Tall and stout reetl-like
perennials, with the spikes crowded in a panicle, and clothed with long silky
hairs, especially in a tuft around the base of each spikelet (whence the name,
from epiov, wool, and nvdosijloicer).

1. E. alopecuroides, Kll. Culm (4°-G0 high) woolly-bearded at the
joints; punide contmciid ; the ailkij Iiniis loiiytr than the sj)iL-ckts, shorter than the
awn ; stamens 2. — Wet pine barrens, from New Jersey and Illinois southward :
rare. Sept., Oct.

2. E. brevibarbis, Michx. Culm (2° -5° high), somewhat bearded at
the uj>per joints ; punic/e rather open; silky hairs shorter than the spikelets. —
Low grounds, Virginia and southward.

65. ANDROPOGON, L. Beard-Grass. (PI. U.)

Spikelets in p;iirs upon each j(jiut of the slender rhachis, spiked or racemcd;
one of them pedieelled and sterile, often a mere vestige; the other sessile, with
the lower flower neutral and of a single palet ; the upper perfect and fertile, of 2
thin and hyaline palets shorter than the herbaceous or chartaceous glumes, the
lower awned from the tip. Stamens 1-3. Grain free. — Coarse, mostly rigid
perennials, mostly in sterile or sandy soil ; with lateral or terminal spikes com-
monly-clustered or digitate; the rhachis hairy or plumose-bearded, and often
the sterile or staminate flowers also (whence the name, composed of di'ijp, av8pos,
man, and TTcoywi/, Ixard).
* Sjiikcs diijitate, thick-inh, short -bearded, the sterile spikelet staminate: stamens 3.

1. A. furcatUS, Muhl. Tall, 3° -4° high, rigid, the naked summit of the
culm (and usually some lateral branches) terminated by 2 - 5 rigid spikes ; spike-
lets approximated, apprcssed ; hairs at the base of the fertile spikelet, on the
rhachis and on the stout pedicel of the awnless staminate spikelet short and
rather sparse; awn of fertile flower long and bent; leaves flat, roughish, the
lower ones long. — Common in dry sterile soil. Aug. - Oct.

* * Spikes with slender often zigzag rhachis, silki/-riUoHS,

■*- Single and scattered along the. branches, with the silhg hairs shorter than thefiowirs :

sterile spikelet conspicuous but most!// neutral; thefirtile triandrous.

2. A. seoparius, Michx. Culms slender (l°-3° high), with numerous
paniculate blanches; lower sheaths and narrow leaves hairy; spikes slender,
scattered, mostly peduncled (l'-2' long), very loose, often purplish, silky with
lax dull-white hairs ; sterile S])ikelet awn-pointed or awnless ; the fertile about
half the length of its twisted or bent awn. — Dry ground. July - Sept.

•*- -1- In pairs or clustered ; the coju'ous sofi-siikg hairs much longer than the flowers:
sterile spikelet a small neutral rudiment (in No. 3), or altogether leant ing on the
summit of the veri/ plunmse-hairi/ jxdicel : fertile, flower monandrous, its awn
capilluri/ : leaves narrow, the. lower or their sheaths often rather hairj.

652 GRAMINE^, (gKASS FAMILY.)

3. A. argenteus, Ell. Culms rather slender (l°-.3° high) ; spikes in
pairs (rarely in fours) on short mostly exserted and loosehj paniculate peduncles,
densely Jlowered (I' -2' long), very sil/ci/ ii-ilh Ion;/ brif/ht whilehairs. (A. argyrii'iis,
Scluilles. A. Elli(ittii, Cliapm.) — Delaware ( W. M. Caubij), Virginia, near the
coast, and southward. Sept., Get.

4. A. Virgiuicus, L. Culm fiattish helow, slender (2°-3° high), .s/wr-
inglij shoii-branr/icil ulmrc, sheaths smooth ; siilkis 2 or 3 toyttlur in distant oppressed
clusters, shortir than their sfieat/iin;/ bracts, weak (1' long), the spikclets loose on the
iiliCorm rhachis, the soft hairs dull while. (A. vaginatus, Ell., a form with larger
and inflated sheaths.) — Sandy soil, E. Massaehusetts to Virginia, Illinois, and
southward. Sept., Oct.

5. A. macrourus, Michx. Culm stout (2° -3° high), Imshij-hram-hcd al
tlie summit, loaded with very numerous spikes forming thick leafy clusters; sheaths
rough, the uppermost hairy; flowers nearly as in the preceding; the sterile
spikelet of each pair wholly wanting, its pedicel slender and very plumose. —
Low and sandy grounds. New York to Virginia, near the coast, and southward.
Sept., Oct.

66. SORGHUM, Pcrs. Croo.m Corn. (PI. 14.)

Spikclets 2-3 together on the ramifications of an open ])aniclc, the lateral
ones sterile or often reduced merely to their jjcdicels ; only the middle or ter-
minal one fertile, its glumes coriaceous or indurated, sometimes awnless : other
wise nearly as in Andropogon. Stamens 3. (The Asiatic name of S. vulgare
the Indian Millet, to which species belongs Guixea-Corx, Broom-Corn
the Sweet Sorghum, and other cultivated races.)

1. S. ntltans, Gray. (Indian Grass. Wood-Grass.) Root perennial
culm simple (3° -5° high), terete; leaves linear-lanceolate, glaucous; sheaths
smooth ; panicle narrowly oblong, crowded or loose (C - 12' long) ; the perfect
spikclets at length drooping (yellowish or russet-hrown and shining), clothed,
especially towards the base, with fawn-colored hairs, lanceolate, shorter than the
twisted awn ; the sterile spikclets small and imperfect, deciduous, or reduced to
a mere plumose-hairy pedicel. (Andropogon nutans, Z.) — Dry soil : common,
especially southward, wlicre it runs into several marked varieties or perhaps
species (S. avenaccnm, nutans, and secundum, Chapman). Aug. -Oct.

EQUISETACKiE. (HORSETAIL FAMILY.) 653

SERIES II.

CRYPTOGAMOUS or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Vegetables destitute of proper flowers (i. e. no stam'ens
and pistils), producing, in place of seeds, minute bodies of
homogeneous structure (called spores'), iu which there is
no embryo, or plantlet anterior to germination.

Class III. ACROGENS.

Cryptogamous plants with a distinct axis (stem and
branches), growing from the apex only, containing woody
fibre and vessels (especially ducts), and usually with some
kind of foliage.

Order 129. EQUISETACE.E. (Horsetail Family.)

Leafless plants, willi rush-like hollow and jointed stems, arising from run-
ning roolstocks, terminated by the fructification in the form of n cone or spike,
■which is composed of shield-shaped stalked scales bearing the spore-cases
underneath. — Comprises solely the genus

1. EQITISETUM, L. Horsetail. Scouring Rush. (PI. 15.)

Spore-cases (sporangia, theca) 6 or 7, adhering to the under side of the angled
shield-shaped scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side and dis-
charging the numerons loose spores. To the hase of each spore are attached 4
thread-like and club-shaped elastic filaments, which roll up closely around the
spore when moist, and uncoil when dry. — Stems mostly from running root-
stocks, striate-groovcd (in many the hard cuticle abounding in silex), hollow, and
also with an outer circle of smaller air-cavities corresponding witli the grooves;
the joints closed and solid, each bearing instead of leaves a sheath, which sur-
rounds the hase of the intemode above, and is split into teeth corresponding in
number and position with the principal ridges of the stem : the stomata in the
grooves. Branches, when present, in whorls from the base of the sheath, like
the stem, but without the central air-cavity. (The ancient name, from cquus,
horse, and seta, bristle. )

654 EQCISETACE^. (hOKSETAIL FAMILY.)

§ 1. Annual-stemmed, not surviving the winter. (Stomata sc.itti-.red.)

* Fruiting in spring from sojl and rather succulent /lule or brownish fertile stems, the

sterile stems or branches appearing later, herbaceous and v<rij dijfercnt.
■*- Fertile stems remaining simple, soon perishing ; the sterile pioducing copious branches.

1. E. Telmatdia, Ehrh. (Great Horsetail.) Stems stout (as thick
as the (iiiyer) ; the she-aths of the fertile ones (I'-l^' lon>^) enlarging upwards,
(k'ii)ly 20 - 30-tootiicd ; sterile stem white, 20 - 30-furrowed ; its branches simple,
rou<i:h, usually 4-anglcd and again grooved on the angles. (E. ehiirneum, Roih.,
Schreber, and Ed. 2. E. fluvia'tile, Smith.) — Shore of the upper Great Lakes,
and northwestward: rare. April, May. — Fertile stems 10'- 15', the sterile
2° -5° high. (Eu.)

2. E. arvense, L (Co.-mmo\ II.) Fertile stems (4'- 10' high) with
loo.sc and usually distant about 8-12toothed sheaths; the sterile slender (at
length l°-2° high), 10- l4-furrowcd, producing long and simple or sparingly
branched 4-angular branches ; their teeth 4, herbaceous, lanceolate. — Moist,
especially gravelly soil : very common. March - May. — Uootstocks occasionally
bearing copious little tubers like small peas (Illinois, S. A. Collier). — The var.
SEROTiNUM, Meyer, an accidental state, in which the sterile plant produces a
spike of fruit fi-om its summit, is found in New Jersey by C. F. Austin.

•1- •♦- Fertile stems when older producing herbaceous 3-sided branches, and lasting
through the summer, except the naked top which perishes after fruclijication.

3. E. pratense, Ehrh. Sterile and finally also the fertile stems producing
simple straight branches; sheaths of the stem with ovate-lanceolate short teeth,
those of the branches 3-toothed : stems more slender and the branches shorter
than in the last. (E. urabro.sum, Willd. E. Drummdndii, //ooA.) — Michigan
[Cuoleij, <jr.), Wisconsin, and northward. April, May. (Eu.)

4. E. sylv^ticum, L. Sterile and fertile stems (about 12-furrowed) pro-
ducing com/JOKHC? racc/Herf /jrancAcs; sheaths loose, with 8-14 rather blunt teeth,
those of the branches bearing 4 or .=>, of the branchlcts 3, lance-pointed divergent
teeth. — Wet shady places : common northward. M.ay. (Eu.)

* * Fruiting in summer ; the stems all of one kind, or the fertile contemporaneous with

and like the sterile, equally herbaceous, producing mostig simple branches, or some-
times nenrlg naked.

5. E. palustl'e, L. Stems (lO'-lS'high) slender, i'er//£/ee/)///.'J-9-<7raoiW,
the grooves separated by nari'ow wing-like ridges, roughish, the lance-awl-shaped
teeth whitish-margined ; branches rather few in a whorl. — Wet places, Niagara
River (C IF. C//"ton), Wisconsin (C. F. yl«s//;0, and northward. June. (Eu.)

6. E. Iim6sum, L. Stems (2° -3° high) sliglitlg many -furrowed, smooth,
usually producing u])right branches after fructification; sheaths appressed, with
10-22 (commonly about 18) dark-brown and acute rigid short teeth. (E. uli-
ginbsum, Mnhl.) — In shallow water : rather common. — Air-cavities none under
the grooves, but small ones under the ridges. June, July. (Eu.)

(E. littou.Vle, Kiihlewein, a species of N. Europe which stands between
No. 5 and No. 6, is said by Milde to grow in Canada, on the authority of a
•pecimen in l»erb. Hook., and may be looked for northward.)

FiLiCES. (ferns.) 655

§ 2. Evergreen or perennial-stemmed, surviving the winter, mostli/ roitfjk {the ciifide
aboimdimj in silex] : fruiting in summer : spike tipped with a rigid litilc jxjiid.
(Stoiniita in rcqnlar rows, in our species I -rowed on aiich side oftlie groure.)

* Stems tall and stout (1^° -4° or even 6° high), simple or casu(d/i/ bramhed, evenly
Viang- (15-40-) groorcd : sheatlis appressed. [Probabig all forms of the Com-
mon Scoiiriui^ Rush.)

7. E. Isevigatum, Brimn. Stems H°-4° liij^li, sometimes with numer-
ous branches ; the ridges convex, obtuse, smooth or minutelg rougldsh with minute
tubercles ; sheaths elongated, with a narrow bUxciv limb and about 22 linHir-uwl-
shaptd caducous tuth, \ -keeled below. — Dryisii chiy soil, Illinois and southward.

8. E. robustum, Braun. Stems 3° - 6° high; the ridgen narrow, rough
with one line of tubercles: sheaths sitort, with a black girdle ahove the base, rarely
with a black limb, and about 40 deciduous ^-keeled teeth with ocate-awl -shaped
points. — River-banks, Ohio to Illinois, and southward. — Passes by var. affine,
Engclm. (smaller, with 20-25 awl-pointed more persistent teeth) into the next.

9. E. hyemale, L. (Scouring-Rush. Shave-Grass.) Stems I^°-4°
high; the ndgcs roughened by 2 more or less distinct lines of tubercles; sheaths
elongated, with a black girdle above the base and a black limb, of about 20 (17-
26) narrowlg linear teeth, l-keeled utthe base and with awl-shaped deciduous points. —
"Wet banks : common northward. Used for scouring. (Eu.)

* * Stems slender, in tufts, 5- \0-grooved: sheaths looser.

10. E. variegatum, Schleicher. Stems ascending {G' - \8' long), usually
simple from a branched base, 5 - lO-groovcd ; sheaths green variegated with
black above ; the 5 - 10-teeth tipped with a deciduous bristle. — Shores or river-
banks. New Hampshire (Bellows Falls, Careg) and Niagara to Wisconsin and'
northward: rare. (Eu.)

11. E. SCirpoides, Michx. Stems verg numerous in a tuf, filiform (3'- 6'
high), flexuous and curving, mostlg tjgrooved, with acute ridges; the sheaths
^-toothed, the bristle-jjointed teeth more persistent ; central air-cavity wanting. —
Wooded hillsides. New England to Pennsylvania, Michigan, and northward.
(Eu.)

Ordkr 1.30. riLICES. (Feun-s.)

Leafg plants, with the leaves (fronds) usuallg raised on a sicdk or petiole
(stipe), rising from a root, or mostlg from a prostrate or assurgent or even
erect I'oolstock, separatelg rolled up (circinate) in the hud (except in Sub-
order IV.) and bearing on the under .surface, commonly on the veins or along
the margins, the simple fructification, -which con.sist.^i. of 1-celled spore-cases
(sporangia), opening in various ways, and discharging the numerous mi-
nute spores. (Antherldia and pistillidia formed and fertilization efFected
on the seeding plantlet !) — Of the eight well-marked Suborders, into
which the Ferns are divided, four are represented in the Northern United
States.

The whole order has been elaborated for this edition by Prof. D.a.niel
C. Eaton, of Yale Colleo;e.

656 FiLicEs. (fi:rns.)

Suborder I. POLYPODIACE.E. The True Ferns.

Sporangia collected in dots, lines or variously shaped clusters (^.sori or
frnit-(lots) on the back or margins of" tlie frond or its divisions, stalked,
cellular-reticulated, tlie stalk running into a vertical incomplete many-
jointed ring, wiiich by straightening at maturity ruptures tlie sporangium
transversely on the inner side, discharging the spores. Fruit-dots often
covered (at least when young) by a membrane called the indusium (or less
properly the involucre), growing either from the back or the margin of the
frond. (Plates 15-18.)

Tribe I. POLYPODIEiE. Fructification on the back of the frond, in roundish or
elongated fruit-dots (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, vvitliout indusium
of any kind. Stipes articulated to the rootstoek, leaving a distinct scar when separated.
Veins free (not reticulated) in our fpecies.

1. Pulypuiliuin. Sori round, in one or more rows each side of the midrib or of the seg-

uieuts of the frond.

Tribe H. PTERIDE.*]. Fructification marginal or intramarginal, provided with a,
general indusium formed of the (either altered or unchanged) margin of the frond. Stipes
not articulated lo the rootstoek. Veins free in all our species.
* Sporangia at the ends of the veins, borne on a reflexed portion of the margin of the frond.

2. Adiantum. Midrib of the pinnules near the lower margin or none. Stipe black and

polished.

* « Sporangia borne on a continuous marginal vein-like receptacle, which connects the apices

of the veins, and is covered by a delicate whitish indusium formed of the reflexed margin
of the pinnule.
'3. Pitris. Midrib of the pinnules central. Stipe light-colored.

• ♦ * Sporangia at or near the ends of the unconnected veins, borne on the under surface of

the frond : indusium various.

4. Cbeilaiilhes. Sori mitmte, at the ends of the veins, indusium continuous or interrupted.

Fronds mostly chaffy, woolly or pulverulent.

5. Pell tea. Sori on the upper part of the veins, distinct, or mostly forming a confluent sub-

marginal band of sporangia. Indusium membranaceous, continuous, rarely altogether
wanting. Sterile and fertile fronds not very unlike : stipes dark-colored : fronds smooth.

6. Allosorus. Sori roundish or elongated and extending far down the free veins, at first

covered by the reflexed herbaceous margin of the segment, at length exposed and conflu-
ent. Sterile and fertile fronds very different : stipes light-colored : fronds smooth.

Tribe III. ASPLENIEjE. Sori more or less elongated, occupying one or both sides
(but not the back) of the veins, covered by a special indusium which is attached by one
fide to the fertile vein, and is free on the other. Stipes not articulated.

* Sort linear or oblong, borne on cross veins parallel to the midrib.

7. Woort wardia. Sori forming a chain-like row each side of the midrib or central vein.

Veins reticulated.

* * Sori linear or oblong, borne on veins oblique to the midrib.

8. Asplenium. Sori on the upper side of the fertile veinlet, rarely on both sides of a vein-

let. A'eins free in all our species.

9. ScoIopeii(Irliiin. Sori linear, confluent in pairs, each pair appearing like a single sorus

with a double indusium opening down the middle. Veins free.
• • Sori borne partly on veins parallel to the midrib, partly on veins oblique to the midrib.

10. Camptoaorns. Sori oblong or linear, the outer ones oft<iu approximating in pairs.

Veins reticulated.

FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 657

Tribe IV. ASPIDIE.^. Sori round or roundish, on the back or rarely at the apex of
the fertile vein, provided with a special iudusiuiu, rarely naked. Stipes not articulated to
the rootstock.

* Indusium obsolete or none.

11. Pliegoi>terl8. Sori round, rather small. A'eins free in our species.

* # Indusium evident, round or roundish, covering the sporangia, at least when young. Sterile

and fertile fronds not very unlike. Veins free in our species.

12. Aspidiuni. Indu.<ium flat, orbicular or round-reniform, fixed by the centre, opening all

round the niiirgin.

13. Cystoptei-is. Indu.'^ium convex, fixed by a broad base partly under the sorus, com-

monly retlexed as the sporangia ripen.

* * * Indusium obscure, irregularly semicircular. Fertile fronds much contracted and very

unlike the sterile ones.

14. Striitliiopteris. Fertile frond simply pinnate. Sterile frond with free veins.

15. Oiioclea. Fertile frond twice pinnate. Sterile frond with reticulated veins.

* * * * Indusium roundish or stellate, placed beneath the sporangia, sometimes enclosing them

and then bursting open from the top.

16. AVooflsia. Indusium very delicate, cleft into irregular lobes, or divided into a ciliate

fringe. Veins free.

Tribe V. DAVAIiLIE.^^^. Sori roundish or transversely elongated, borne at the ends
of the veins or on marginal cross-veinlets, with an indusium attached at the base or base
and sides and opening towards the margin f f the segment.

17. Dicksoiiln. Sori marginal, very small, the indusium cup-shaped, .somewhat 2-Talved,

the under portion confluent with a lobule of the frond. A'eins free.

Suborder II. SCHIZiEACE^.

Sporangia ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse articulated ring
at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. (PI. 1 9.)

18. Schizsca. Sporangia naked, fixed in a double row to the midrib of the narrow fertile

segments. Sterile fronds rigid, simple or dichotomously branched.

19. Lygodium. Sporangia borne in a double row on narrow fertile segments, each spo-

rangium seated on a separate veinlet, and provided with a special scale-like indusium.
Fronds leafy, climbing.

Suborder III. OSITIUNDACE^.

Sporangia naked, globose, mostly pcdicelled, reticulated, with no ring or
mere traces of one around the apex, opening into two valves by a longitudinal
slit. (PI. 19.)

£0. Osmuixla. Fertile pinnte or fronds very much contracted, bearing the abundant and
larjie sporangia upon the margins of the very narrow segments. Veins free.

Suborder IV. OPIHOGLOSSACE.^.

Sporangia spiked, destitute of a ring, naked, coriaceous and opaque,,
not reticulated, opening by a transverse slit into two valves, discharging
very copious powdery spores. Fronds straight, never rolled up in the
bud! (n. 10.)

21. Botrycbium. Sporangia in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Veins free.

22. Ophloglossum. Sporangia cohering in a simple spike. Veins reticulated.

42

658 FiLiCEs. (ferns.)

1. POLYPODIUM, L. PoLYroDY. (PI. 15 )

Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond in one or more
rows each side of tlie midrih or central vein, or irrejiularly scattered, each hornc
in our species on the end of a free veinlet. Hootstoeks creeping, hranclicd, often
covered witli ehafty scales, bearing scattered roundish knobs, to which tiic stipes
arc attached by a distinct articulation. (Name fruni ttoXu, many, and novs, /hot,
alluding to the branching rootstoek.)

1 . P. VUlgare, L. Fronds evergreen, oblong, smooth both sides, 4' - 10' high,
simply and deeply pinnatifid ; the divisions linear-oblong, obtuse or somewhat
acute, remotely and obscurely toothed; veins once or twice forked ;/r«(7-(/o^s
lunje, midwaij Itcttcecu the midrib and ihe man/in. — Rocks: common. July. (Eu.)

2. P. inc^num, Swartz. Fronds evergreen and coriaceous, oblong, 2' -
6' high, f/rai/ish and very scurfy underneath with peltate scales, simply pinnatifid ;
the divisions oblong-linear, obtuse ; fruit-dots rather small, near the num/in ; veins
forking, free in the N. American plant ! — Rocks and trunks of trees, Virginia
and Ohio to Illinois, and southward. Aug.

2. ADIANTUM, L. Maidenhair. (PI. 16.)

Fruit-dots marginal, sliort ; borne on the under side of a transversely oblong,
crescent-shaped or roundish, more or less altered margin or summit of a lobe or
tooth of the frond reflexed to form an indusium : the sporangia attached to the
approximated tips of the free forking veins. — Main rib (costa) of the pinnules
none, or at the lower margin. Stipes black and polished. (The ancient name,
from a privative and diaiu<o, meaning unwetted, the smooth foliage repelling
rain-drops. )

1. A. ped^tum, L. Frond forked at the summit of the upright slender
stalk (9'- 15' high), the recurved branches bearing on one side several slender
spreading divisions, which bear numerous triangular-oblong and oblique sliort-
stalked pinnules ; these are as if halved, being entire on the lower margin, fiom
which the veins all proceed, and cleft and fruit-bearing on the other. — Rich,
moist woods. July. — A delicate and most graceful Fern.

3. PTERIS, L. Brake or Bracken. (PI. 1G.)

Sporangia in a continuous slender line of fructification, occnp3'ing the entire
margins of the fertile frond, and covered by its rcfle.>ced narrow edge, which
forms a continuous membranaceous indusium, attached to an uninterrupted
transverse vein-like receptacle which connects the tips of the-forked and free
veins. — Fronds once to thrice pinnate or decompound. (The ancient Greek
name of Ferns, from Trrtpov, a wing, on account of the prevalent pinnate or
feathery fronds.)

1. P. aquilina, L. (Commov Brake.) Frond dull green (2° -3° wide),
tcrnate at the summit of an erect stout stalk (l°-2° hi,:;h), the widely spreading
branches twice jjinnate ; pinnules oblong-lanceolate ; the upper undivided ; the
lower more or less pinnatifid, with oblong obtuse lobes, margined all round with
the indusium. — Thickets and hills ; common. Aug. (Eu.)

FiLTCEs. (ferns.) 659

4. CHEILANTHES, Swartz. Lip-Fern. (PI. 16.)

Sporangia borne on tho tliickcnuU ends of free vcink'ts, forming small and
roundish distinct or nearly contiguous marginal fruit-dots, covered by a mostly
whitisli and membranaceous, sometimes herbaceous, common indusium, formed
of the reflexed margin of separate lobes or of the whole pinnule. — Low, mostly
with 2-3-pinnatc and hairy or chatty fronds, the sterile and fertile nearly alike,
the divisions not halved, the principal vein central. Some species with con-
tinuous indusium connect this genus very closely with the next. (Name com-
posed of ;(fiXor, a Up, and tivOoi, flower, from the shape of the involucre.)

1. C. vestita, Swartz. Fronds (6' - 15' high), lanceolate-oblong, hirsute,
as are the brown and shining stipes, with straiylitiali jiroininent/i/ articulated rusti/
hairs, twice pinnate; pinnae rather distant, triangular-ovate; pinnules oblong,
crowded (2" -4" long), more or less incised, the ends of the roundish or ohlontjlohs
refli-xed and formin<j separate herbaceous involucres, which are pushed back by the .
ripened sporangia. (Nephrbdium lanbsum, Michx. !) — Clefts of rocks. Island
of New York ( W. W. Denslow), and New Jersey to Illinois, and southward.

2. C. tomentosa, Link. Fronds (12' - 20' high) lanceolate-oblong, densely
tomentose with slender and entamjled ichitish ohscunlij articulated hairs, thrice pin-
nate ; primary and secondary pinnas oblong or ovate-oblong ; pinnules distinct,
minute (^"-1" long), roundish-obovatc, sessile or adnate-decurrent, the upper
surface less wooll)', the. reflexed narrow margin fi)rmin(j a continuous somewhat mem-
branaceous involucre. — Mountains of Virginia 7 and Kentucky ; thence westward
and southward. — Stipe and rhachis rather stout, brown, covered with narrow
chaffy scales and whitish hairs.

3. C, lanugin6sa, Nutt. (in herb. Hook. & Sp. Fil. 1851). Stipes slen-
der, at lirst hairy, black or brown, shining ; fronds (3' -6' high) ovate-lanceolate,
woolly with soft ichitish distlnctli/ articulated flattened haiis, becoming smoother
above, twice or thrice pinnate; pinnaj (5"- 6" long) ovate, the lowest distant,
the others contiguous; pinnules en natelij pinnatifld, or mostly divided into minute
and roundish densely crowded segments (i"-!" long), the herbaceous niarfln re-
curved flyrming an almost continuous involucre. ( C. vestita, Hook. C. lanosa, Eaton,
Moore, excl. syn. C- gracilis, Mettenins, 1859. Myridpteris gracilis. Fe'e. ) — In
dense tufts, on dry rocks and cliffs, Wisconsin (7". J. Hale], Iowa ( Vasey), Mis-
souri (Nuttull, Engelmann), thence westward and southward.

5. PELLJEA, Link. Clifi-Bk.vkk. (PI. 15.)

Sporangia in roundish or elongated clusters on the upper part of the free
veins, distinct or confluent laterally so as to imitate the marginal continuous
line of fructification of Ptcris, commonly covered by a broad membranaceous and
continuous (rarely interrupted) general indusium, wliicii consists of the reflexed
and altered margin of the fertile pinnule or division. Small Ferns, with 1 -
3-pinnate fronds, the fertile ones with narrower divisions than the sterile, but
otherwise similar. Stipes generally dark-colored, smooth and shining. (Name
from TreXXdf, dnskfi, alluding to the stipe.)

1. P. gracilis, Hook. Fronds smooth (3'-6' high), f/e//c«^e/y membrana-
ceous and slender, of few pinnas, the lower ones once "or twice pinnately parted

660 FiLiCKs. (ferns.)

into 3-5 (Iccurrcnt divisions, tliosc of the fertile frond oblong or lincar-oldon.L:,
entire or sparinj^ly ineised ; of tlie sterile ovate or ohovate, ercnatc or incised ;
veins of the fertile fronds mostly only once forked. (Pteris gracilis, Michr.
Allosorus gracilis, Prcsl, and former ed. — Shaded calcareons roeks, Vermont
and Northern and Central New York, to Wisconsin and northward : rare.
July. — Rootstock very slender, creeping : sti^3s polished, brownish, darker and
sparingly eluitTv at the base.

2. P. atropurpurea, Link. Smooth, except some bristly-chaffy hairs on
the midribs and especially on the darlc-purple and polished stalk and rhachis, C-
1 5' high ] frond coriaceous, pale, once or below twice pinnate ; the divisions broadly
linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-
shaped or else truncate at the stalked base; veins about twice forked. (Pteris
atropurpurea, L. Allosorus atropurpureus, Kunzp, and former ed.) — Dry cal-
careous rocks : not common, but of wide range. July. — Kootstoek short and
'stout: stipes clustered.

6. ALLOSORUS, Bemhardi, Link. Rock-Buake.

Fruit-dots roundish or elongated and extending far down on the free forking
veins. True involucre or indusium none, the herbaceous margins of the fertile
segments at first reflexed and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat
and exposing the confluent sporangia. — Low, with smooth, 2 - 3-pinnate fronds,
the fertile ones taller than the sterile, and with much narrower divisions. (Name
from (iXKoSi various, and (rcojios, a luap.)

1 . A. acrostichoides, Sprengcl. Stipes densely tufted, straw-colored ;
fronds 2 -.3-pinnate (G'-IO' Iiigh) ; fertile segments stalked, linear or linear-
oblong (3" -5" long), the sporangia in lines extending down the veins almost
to the midrib, confluent when ripe and covering the under surface of the now
fully opened segments; sterile fronds on nuich shorter stipes, with ovate or
obovate decurrent and crcnately toothed or incised segments. ( Cryptogriinmio
acrostichoides, R. Br.) — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, thence westward and
northward. — Very near A. crispns of Eu.

7. WOODWARDIA, Smith. CuAiN-FEnN. (PI. 16.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, arranged in one or more chain-like rows on trans-
verse anastomosing veinlets parallel and near to the midrib. Indusium fixed by
its outer margin to the fruitful veinlet, free and opening on the side next the
midrib. Veins more or less reticulated, free towards the margin of the frond.
— Large Ferns, with pinnatifid or pinnate fronds. (Named for Thomas J.
IVoodivard, an English botanist.)

§ 1. ANCHISTEA, Presl. Sterile and fcrlile fronds alike: i-eins forming onlj one
roiv of meshes (areoles).
1. W. Virginioa, Smith. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate, with numerous
lanceolate pinnatifid pinnae; segments oblong ; veins forming a row of narrow
areoles along the midrib both of the pinna; and of the lobes, the outer veinlets
free ; fruit-dots oblong, one to each areole, confluent when ripe. — Wet swamps,
Maine to Virginia, and southward. July.

riLiCKS. (ferns.) GGl

§ 2. LOPtlXSEEIA, Prcsl. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike. : veins of the sterile
fronds forming many rows ofwcshes.
2. W. angUStifdlia, Smith. Fronds pinnatifid; sterile ones (12'- 18'
higli) with hmccohitc sernihitc divisions united Ity a broad wing; fertile fronds
taller, with narrowly linear almost disconneetcd divisions, the areolcs and fruit-
dots (4"-5"lon^^) in a single row each side of the secondary niidrihs. (W.
onocleoules, Wiild. W. arcolhta, Moore.) — Bogs, Massachusetts, near the
coast, to Virginia, and southward : rare. Aug., Sept.

8. ASPLENIUM, L. Spleenwort. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; the straight, or rarely ci-.rvcd,
indusiuni fixed lengthwise by one edge to the upper (inner) side of the fertile
vein: — in some species a part of the fruit-dots are double; the fertile vein
bearing two indusia placed back to back. Veins free in all our species. (Xamcd,
from a privative and a-rr\j]v, the spleen, for supposed remedial properties.)

§ 1. ASPLENIUM proper. Indusiuni straight or sliijhtli/ curved, attached to the

upper side of the vein, rurelij douhle.

* Indusiuni flat, orflattish, thin. (Fronds evergreen.)

•f- Fronds pinnutely lohd or parted, or simphj pinnate.

1. A. pinnatifidum, Nutt. F;o«rfs (3'- C long) lanceolate, p/nna^^r/, or
pinnate bilow, tapering above into a slender prolongation, " the apex sometimes root-
ing " ; lolies roundish-ovate, obtuse, or the lowest pair long-acuminate ; fruit-dots ii'reg-
ular, those next the midrib often double, even the slender prolongation fertile.
— Cliffs on the Schuylkill and Wissahickon, near Philadelphia, and southward
along the Alleghanies ; also sparingly westward : rare. July. — Resembles the
Walking-Leaf (Camptosorus), but the veins are free. Stipes brownish, becoming
green higher up, and so passing into the broad pale-gn en midrib.

2. A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Fronds (4' -9' long) broadly lanceolate,
pinnatifld, below pinnate, the apex prolonged and slender ; divisions lanceolate from a
broad base, the lower ones shorter, often jirolifero.us, as is the apex of the frond ;
fruit-dots much as in the last; stipes black and polished, as is the lower part of the
midrib, esperiallg beneath. — Limestone cliffs on the Schuylkill, near Philadelphia,
Jt. R. Scott, F. Bourguin, Sfc. : very scarce, growing with Camptosorus and As-
plenium ebcneum, of which Rev. M. G. Berkeley ( Journ Royal llorticult. Soc.
July, 1866) considers it a probable hybrid.

3. A. Trichomanes, L. Fronds (3' - 8' long) in dense spreading tufts,
linear in outline, pinnate ; pinnce numerous, roundish-oblong or oval (3" -4" long),
unequal-sided, obliquely wedge-truncate at the base, attached by a narrow point,
the midvein forking and evanescent ; the thread-like stipe and rhachis purple-
brown and shining. (A. melanocaulon, Willd.) — Shaded cliffs: common.
July. (Eu.) A. viride, Iluds., occurs m Canada, perhaps in N. New England.

4. A. ebcneum, Ait. Fronds upright (8' - 16' high) pinnate, hince-lincar in
outline; pinnte (V- 1' long) many, lanceolate, or the lower oblong, slightly scythe-
shaped, finely serrate, sessile, the dilated ba.se auricled on the upper or botli sides ;
fruit-dots numerous on both sides of the elongated midvein; stipe and rhachi.s
blackish-purple and shining. — Rocky, open woods : rather common.

6G2 FTLicics. (fkrxs.)

■<- *- Fronds nnre. or i trier plnnalr : plunoi indeed.

5. A. montanum, WilUl. Fromh (2' -5' hv^h), orate-lanccolate, pinnate;
the ovate piniHV n-l-p<irt,d (or the \\\i\k\- hardy cleft) and cut-toolhxl ; fruit-dots
very short, tlie hasal ones sometimes doiihle. — Cliffs in the Alleghanies, Penn-
sylvania (Mr. Lid, Prof. Porter), to Virginia and southward. July. — Khaehis
green, hroail and flat : stijie hrown at the hasc.

6. A. Ruta-mur^ria, L. Fnmds (-2' - A' \ow<^) ovate in outline, 2-3-])in-
nate bf/oiv, sinijilj pinnate (d'ove ; the few dii:isio7is 7-homliic-wtd^;c-sha/tLd, toothed or
ihcised at the apex: veins forking, diverging from the hasc; fruit-dots few, elon-
gated, soon confluent, — Limestone cliffs, Vermont to Michigan, Virginia, and
southward along the mountains : scarce. July. (Eu.)

* * Indusiian sli(jhthj curved, stron(jIi/ convex, thickish : fruit-dots vcrij numerous and

crowded. (Fronds tall, simply pinnate, decaijini) in autumn.)

7. A. angUStifdlium, Miehx. Fronds (2° -:i°h\Q\\)ihm, si mph/ pinnate;
pln/ifn numerous, short-stalked, lincar-hmceolate, acuminate, entire or crenulatc
(.•J' -4' long), those (f the fertile frond narrower, ■ fruit-dots linear, 20-40 each side
the midvcin. — Rich woods, W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward
along the mountains. Sept.

* * * Lower fruit-dots sint/le, those ton-ards the ends rf jiinme double : indusium
straiijlit, slii/htl/j convex, thinniish. (Fronds tall and ample, de.c<iijing in autumn.)

8. A. thelypteroides, Miehx. Fronds (2° -3° high) pinnate; pinntB
deeply pinnatijid, linear-lanceolate (.T-5' long); the lobes oblong, obtuse, mi-
nutely toothed, crowded, each bearing 3-G paiis of ohlony fruit-dots. — Rich
woods: not rare. July- Sept.

§2. ATIIYRIUM, Roth. Indusium ch Urate, curved, of en crossing the vein, and
attached to both sides of it, thus beeowint/ reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe.

9. A. Filix-fosmina, Bernh. Fronds (l°-3° high) ovate-oblong or
broadly lanceolate, twice pinnate; pinnre lanceolate, numerous ; pinnules con-
fluent on the secondary rhachis by a narrow margin, oblong and doubly serrate,
or elongated and pinnatcly incised with cut-toothed segments; fruit-dots short,
variously curved, at length confluent. (Aspidium Filix-fo-Mnina & A. asplcni-
o'ldes, Swaiiz.) — A narrow form is Aspidum angiistum, Willd. — Moist
woods: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.)

9. SCOLOPENDRIUM, Smith. Hart's-Toxgue. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots linear, elongated, almost at right angles to the midrib, contiguous
by twos, one on the upper side of one veinlet, and the next on the lower side of
the next sujK'rior veinlet, thus appearing to have a double indusium opening
along the middle. (The ancient Greek mime, so called because the numerous
parallel lines of fruit resemble the feet of the centipede, or Srolopcndra.)

1. S. vulgare, Smith. Frond oblong-lanceolate from an auricled-heart-
shajjcd base, entire or wavy-margiucd (7'- 18' long, l'-2' wide), bright green.
(S. oflicinaruin. Swart;, a later 'lanic.) — Shaded ravines and under limestone
cliffs, Chittenango Falls, and near Jamesville, &c., Onondaga Co., New York,
Pursh, \V. Cooper, Lewis Foote, J. A. Paine: also in Canada West. (For a full
account of stations, see Silliman's Journal for May and September, 1866. (Eu.)

FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 663

10. CAMPTOSORUS, Link. Walking-Leaf. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-clots oblong or linear, as in Aspleniuni, but irregularly scattered on
either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, those next the midrib single,
the outer ones inclined to approximate in pairs (so that their two indusia open face
to fivee), or to become continent at their ends, thus forming crooked lines (whence
tlie name, from Kafxnros, bent, and (rcopor, {or fruit-dot.)

1. C. rhizophyllus, Link. (Asplenium rhizopliyllum, L. Antigram-
nia, ./. Smith, Turr. Also C. rumicifulins, Link.) — Siiadcd calcareous rocks,
W. New England to Wisconsin, and southward : rare or local. July. — Fronds
evergreen, growing in tufts, spreading or procumbent (4' -9' long), lanceolate
from an anricled-hcart-shaped or often hastate base, tapering above into a slender
prolongation like a runner, which often roots at the apex and gives rise to new
fronds, and these in turn to others ; hence the popular name. — A singular form
is found at Mount Joy, Pcnn., by Mr. Staujj'er, having roundish fruit-dots and
inconspicuous veins.

11. PHEGOPTERIS, Fee. (Sp. of Polypodium, L.) Beech-Ferx.

Fruit-dots small, round, naked (no indusium), borne on the back of the veins
below the apex. Stipe continuous with the rootstock. — Our species have free
veins and bright-green membranaceous fronds, decaying in early autumn.
(Name composed of cprjyof, an oak or beech, and wrt pis, fern.)

* Froiuh tiuicp. pinnaf.ijid: pinna: all sessile, adnate to the wincjed rliachis.

1. P. polypodioides, Fc'e. Fronds triangulaf, /oh/zc/- than broad (4' -9'
long), hairy on the veins, especially beneath; pinnae linear-lanceolate, the lowest
pair deftexed and standincj forwards ; their divisions oblong, obtuse, entire, the
basal ones decurrent and adnate to the main rhachis ; fruit-dots all near the
margin. (Ph. vulgaris, Mtttenius. Polypodium Phegopteris, L., and iormer
ed. P. conne'ctile, Michx.) — Damp woods: common northward. July. —
Kootstock slender, creeping, bearing a few distant slender stalks, rather longer
than the fronds. (En.)

2. P. hexagonoptera, Fee. Fronds triangular, usnalli/ broader than long
(7'- 12' broad), slightly pubescent and often finely glandular beneath; pinnce
lanceolate; upper segments oblong, obtuse, toothed or entire, those of the veri/
large lowest pinnce elongated and pinnatelij lolicd, basal ones very much decurrent
and forming a continuous many-angled wing along the main rhachis ; fruit-dots
near the margin ; some also between the sinus and the midrib. (Polypodium
hexagonopterum, Michx. ) — Rather open woods : common, especially southward.
July. — Larger and broader than the last, which it often closely resembles.

* * Fronds ternate, the three divisions pet iolid : rhachis loingless.

3. P. Dryopteris, Fc'e. Fronds smooth, broadly triangular (4' - 6' wide) ;
the 3 triangular ])rimary divisions widely spreading, 1 -2-pinnate; segments ob-
long, obtuse, entire or toothed ; fruit-dots near the margin. (Polypodium Dry-
optei-is, Z.) — Pocky woods : common northward. July. (Eu.) (P. c'alcare.\,
which is more rigid, and minutely glandular-mealy, especially on the rliachis
and midrib, is to be bought for northward.)

6G4 FiLiCES. (ferns.)

12. ASPIDIUM, Swartz. Shield-Fkun. Wood-Fern. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the liack or ranly at tlic apex of the veins. Indu-
slum loverinj^ the .sporauiu^ia, flat or tiattish, scarious, orbieuhir and peltate at
the centre, or round-kidney-shaped and fixed either centrally or by the sinus,
oj)eninf; all round the margin. Stipe continuous (not articulated) with the
rootstock. — Our species Inivc free veins, and 1-3-pinnate fronds. (Name,
danidiof, a small shield, from the shape of the indusium.)

§ 1. DRY6PTERIS, Adanson. (Nephrodium, Z?!c/i., in part, 7/ooi. Lastrea,
Bory.) Indusium round-kidnnj-shapeil, or orbicular with a narrow sinus.

* Veins simple or simply forked and straiyht : fronds annual, dtcaying in autumn, Vie

stalks and slender creeping rootstocks nearly naked. ( Thelypteris, Schort. )

1. A. Th£l;^pteris, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline; pin-
luc lioiizoiital or sliy;ht]y recurved, linear-lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lowest
paira scarcely smaller ; lobes oblong, entire, obtuse or appearing acute when in
fruit from the strongly nvolute margins ; veins mostly forked, bearing the (soon
confluent) fruit dots near their middle; indusium minute, smooth and naked.
(rolyi)odium 'I'lielypteris, L.) — Marshes: common. Aug. — Stalk 1° long
or more, usually longer than the frond, which is of thicker texture than the
next, and slightly downy. (Eu.)

2. A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Fronds pinnate, lanceolate in outline,
tapering both ways from the middle ; pinnae lanceolate, the lowest 2 or more jiairs
gradually shorter and difexed ; lobes flat, oblong, basal ones often enlarged and
incised ; veins simple, or forked in the basal lobes ; fruit-dots distinct, near the
margin; indusium minute, the margin glandulifcrous. (Polypodium Nov-
eboracense, L. A. thelypterokles, Swaiiz.) — Swamps and moist thickets:
common. July. — Frond pale-green, delicate and membranaceous, hairy be-
neath along the midribs and veins.

* * Veins, at least the lowest ones, more than once forked or somewhat pinnatily

branching; the fruit-bearing veinlets of en obscure or vanishing above the fruit-
dot: fronds, at least the sterile ones, ojlen remaining green through the winter:
stalks and apex of the thickened rootstock scaly or chaffy, and often the main
rhachis also.
•*- Fronds small, pinnate: pinna- pinnatifid : indusia very large, persistent.

3. A. fragrans, Swartz. Fronds (4' -12' high) glandular and aromatic,
narrowly lanceolate, with linear-oblong pinnately-partcd pinnrc ; their crowded
divisions (2" long) oblong, obtuse, toothed or nearly entire, nearly covered be-
neath with th2 very large thin iinbricatcfl indusia, which are orbicular with a
narrow sinus, the margin sparingly glandulifcrous and often ragged. — Falls of
the St. Croix, Wisconsin, Dr. Parry : Wisconsin River, iMpliam, Berlin Falls,
N. Hampshire, //. Willey, Mt. Kineo, Maine, C. E. Smith, and northward. —
Rootstock stout, nearly erect, densely chaffy, as are the crowded stipes and rhachis.
-t- !»- Large (l°-2i° high), the fronds mostly twice pinnate with variously toothed

and incised pliinnlis : indusia rather small, shrivelled in age, or deciduous.

4. A. spinulbsum, Swartz. Stipes with a few /)a/e-/»ow/!(/ec/(/«(;i(.v.sa;/M,-
frond ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate ; pinme oblique to the rhachis, elongated-Irian-

FiLiCEs. (ferns.) GG5

gular^ the lower pairs broadly triangular; pinnules set obliquely on the midribs,
eoiinected by a vei'v narrow wing-, oblong, acute, ineisely serrate or jjinnatilid
with s])inulosely-toothed lobes ; iinlusium smooth and without iiiarijiual (jknids.
(A. spiuulosum, genuinum, Milde. Lastrea spinulosa, PresL, Moore.) — In damp
woods, Penu Yan, New York, Sarlwtll ; Vermont, Frost; and probably north-
ward. July. — The eouiniou European type, rare in North Amcriea. (Eu.)

Var. intermedium. S-ales of the stipe few, brown with a darker centre;
frond broadly oblony-ovate, twice or often thrice pinnate ; pinnK spreading, ob-
long-lanceolate, the lower ones uncijually triangular-ovate ; pinnules crowded,
ovate-oblong, spreading, pinnately divided ; the oblong lobes spinulosc-toothed
at the apex ; margin of the indusiuin denticulate and besit with niiim'.e stalkeil g/ondx.
(A. intermedium, WUld. Dryopteris intermedia, £(/. I.) — Woods, everywhere.

Var. dilatatum. Scales of the stipe large, brown with a dark centre ; frond
broader, ovule or triaiigidar-ocate in outline, oftenest thrice pinnate ; pinnules lance-
oblong, the lowest ones often much elongated; indusium (in the North American
plant) smooth and naked. (A. dilatatum, Swarlz. A. campyldptcrum, /viwre.)

— A dwarf state, fruiting when only 5' - 8' high, answers to var. dumetorum. —
N. New England to Wisconsin, chiefly in mountain woods, and northward. (Eu.)

Var. Boottii. Scales of the stipe pale-brown ; fond elungaled-oblong or elun-
gated-lanceolate in outline; ])in)iulcs broadly oblong, very obtuse, the lower pin-
iiatifid, the upper and smaller merely serrate; indusium minuleli/ glandular.
(A. Boottii, 7'uckerm. Dryopteris rigida, Ed. 1; not A. rigidum, Swartz.) —
E. Massachusetts and Connecticut to New York, and northward. — The least
dissected form, identical with A. cristatum, var. uliginosum, of Milde, and inter-
mediate in appearance between A. spinulosura and A. cristatum, but passing
into the former.
H- •!-■»- Large (2° -4° high) : fronds once pinnate, and the jnnna' deeply pinnntijjd,

or nearig twice pinnate: fruit-dots not verg near the margin; the indusia large,

thinni.^h and fat, persistent.
.5. A. cristatum, Swartz. Frond linear-oblong or lanceolate in outline (1°-
2° long) ; pinnce short (2' -3' long), triangular-oblong, or the lowest nearly trian-
gular-ovate, from a somewhat heart-shaped base, acute, deeply pinnatifid ; the
divisions (6-10 pairs) oblong, very obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, the lowest
jiinnatifid-lobed ;//•«/< -(/o/s as near the midvein as the margin ; indusium round-reni-
forni, the sinus mostly shallow, smooth and naked. (A. Lancastrie'nse, Spreng.)

— Swamps, &c. : common. July. — Stipes and the stout creeping rootJstock
bearing broad and deciduous chaffy scales. (Eu.)

Var. Clintonianura. Frond in everg wag much larger (2|^°-4° long) ;
pbnm oblong-lanceolate, broadest at base (4' -6' long, 1' -2' broad), deeply pin-
natifid ; the divisions (8-lG pairs) crowded or distant, Unear-ohlong, obtuse,
obscurely serrate or cut-toothed, the basal ones sometimes jjinnately lobed ;
veins pinnately forking, the lowest anterior veinlets bearing the fruit-dots near the
midvein ; indusium orbicular with a shallow sinus, smooth and naked. — Swampy
woods, New England to New Jersey, New York ( G. W. Clinton, &c.), and west-
ward. July. — Rootstock stout, creeping, chaffy (like the stipes) with large
bright-brown scales. A showy Fern, unlike any European form of A. crista-
tum, and often mistaken for A. Goldianum.
L & M— 48

CG6 riLiCES. (kkrxs.)

fi. A. Goldi^um, Hook. Frond In-omlli/ uvatr, or the krtWc ovatc-oWong
in outline (2° ~ :i° long) ; pitnue (C'-9'lony) olilong-lanccolatc, broadest in the
vtiddir, jiinnately parted ; the divisions (about 20 pairs) olilonr/-liiiear, sl.i(/litlij sci/the-
s/ia/ted (9" - 1 f)" lonj^), serrate with appressed teeth ; veins ])innately forking and
hcarin<^ thafruit-dots veri/ mar the midrcin ; inthisiiim very lar<;c, oibieuhir with
a deep narrow sinus, smooth and without marginal ghmds. — Rieh and moist
woods, from Connecticut to Kentucky, and northward. July. — A stately Fern,
often 4° high, the fronds growing in a circle from a stout ascending chaffy root-
stock, and decaying in autumn. Indusium with the sides of the sinus often
overlapping, thus appearing to be round and entire as in Polystiehum.

■»-•<- -1- -I- Large (l°-3° high) : stipes very chajjy at the base : fronds twice pinnate,
but the vpper pinnules confluent, some of the lower pinnatifid-toolhed : fruit-dots
rather large: the indusium convex, without inarginal glands, persistent.

7. A. Filix-mas, Swartz. Frond lanceolate in outline (l°-3° high);
pinna; linear-lanceolate, tapering from base to apex; pinnules oblong, very ob-
tuse, serrate at the apex, and obscurely so at the sides, the basal ones inciac'y
lobed, distinct, the upper confluent; fruit-dots nearer the midvein than the
margin, and usually confined to the lower half of each fertile pinnule. — Rocky
Avoods, Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Sui)erior, Dr. Rohhins, and westward. —
Frond thickish but not surviving the winter. (Eu.)

8. A. marginale, Swartz. Frond evergreen, smooth, thickish and almost
coriaceous, ovate-oblong in outline (l°-2° long); pinna; lanceolate, broadest
above the base ; pinnules oblong or oblong-scythe-shaped, crowded, obtuse, en-
tire or crenately-toothcd ; fruit-dots close to the margin. — Rocky hillsides in
rich woods : common, especially northward. Aug.

§ 2. POLYSTICHUM, Roth. (Aspidium, Hook.) Indusium orbicular and
entire, peltate, fxed bij the ileprcssed centre : fronds rigid and coriaceous, evergreen,
very chaffy on the rhachis, tj-c. ; pinnte or pinnules auricled at the base on the
upper side, crowded, the teeth or lobes bristle-tipped.
* Fronds simply pinnate.

9. A. acrostiehoides, Swaitz. Frond lanceolate ( 1° - 2l° high), stalked,-
jn'nme linear-lanceolate, somewhat scythe-shaped, half-halberd-shaped at the
slightly stalked base, serrulate with appressed bristly teeth ; the fertile (nitpur)
ones contracted and smaller, bearing contiguous fruit-dots near the midrib, which
are confluent with age, covering the surface. (Xephrodium acrostiehoides,
Michx.) — Var. ixcisuM (A. Schweinitzii, Beck) is a state with cut-lobed pinna;,
a not unfrequent case in the sterile fronds ; sometimes the tips of almost all of
them fertile more or less. — Hillsides and ravines in woods : common north-
ward, and soutliward along the Allcghanics. July.

10. A. Lonehitis, Swart/,. Frond lincnr-lanccolate (9' -20' liigh), sram'/;/
stalked, very rigid ; pinme broadly lanceolate-scythe-shaped, or the lowest triangular,
strongly auricled on the ui)per side and wedge-truncate on the lower, densely
spinulosc-toothed (1' or less in l?ngth), copiou.sIy fruit-bearing; fruit-dots con-
tiguous and near tlie margins. — Woods, southern shore of Lake Superior,
and northward. (Ku.)

FiLiCEs. (fkrns.) GG7

* Fronds hipiunatc
11. A. acule^tum, Swartz, var. Braunii, Koch. Frond spreadimj
(li°-2° long), oblong-lanccolatc in outline, with a tapering Itasc, tiic lower of
the many pairs of oblong-lanceolate pinnix; gradually reduced in size and obtuse ;
])innules ovate or oblong, obtuse, trunctitc and almost ix'ctangular at the base,
short-stalked, or the upper confluent, sharply toothed, beset with long and soft
as well as chaffy hairs. (A. Urimnu, Spenner.) — Deep woods, mountains of
New Hampshire, Vermont, X. New York, and northward. (Eu.)

13. CYSTOPTERIS, Bcrnhardi. Bladder-Feun. (PI. 18.)

Truit-dots roundish, borne on the back of a straight fork of the free veins ;
the delicate indusium hood-like or arched, attached by a broad base on the inner
side (towards the midrib) partly imder the fruit-dot, early opening free at the
other side, which looks toward the apex of the lobe, and is somewhat jagged,
soon thrown back or withering awaj-. — Tufted Ferns with slender and delicate
twice or thrice pinnate fronds ; the lobes cut-toothed. (Name composed of kvcttis,
a bladder, ami Trre/jt'y, /c?-n, from the inflated indusium.)

1. C. bulbifera, Bernh. Frond Inncfolate, eJonrjattd (l°-2° long),
2-pinnate; the pinnaB lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal (l'-2'long); the
rhachis and pinna often bearim/ hulblcis underneath, ivinr/less ; pinnules crowded,
oblong, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium short, truncate on the free side.
(Aspidium bulbifcrum, Sivai-tz. A. atomlirium. Maid.!) — Shaded ravines,
&c. : common. July.

2. C. fragilis, Bernh. Frond ohlong-lanceolatc (4' -8' long, besides the
stalk which is fully as long), 2 -3-pinnatc ; the pinna; and pinnules ovate or lan-
ceolate in outline, irregularly pinnatifid or cut-toothed, mostly acute, decurrcnt
on (he margined or winged rliachis ; indusium tapering or acute at the free end. —
Var. dent.Vta, Hook., is narrower and less divided, barely twice pinnate, with
ovate obtuse and bluntly-toothed pinnules. (Aspidium te'nue, Swartz.) — Shaded
cliffs: common, and very variable. July. (Eu.)

14. STRUTHIOPTERIS, Willd. Ostkich-Fekn. (PL 1.5.)

Fruit-dots round, on the pinnns of a separate contracted and rigid frond, the
margins of which are rolled backward so as to form a somewhat necklace-shaped
or continuous hollow body enclosing the fruit : there arc 3-5 pinnate free veinlcts
from each primary vein, each bearing a fruit-dot on its middle : fruit-dots crowded
and confluent ; the sporangia borne on an elevated receptacle which is half-encir-
cled at its base by a very delicate semicircular and ragged evanescent indusium.
— Sterile fronds large, very much exceeding the fertile, pinnate, the pinnae
pinnatifid, all growing in a close circular tuft from thick and scaly matted
rootstocks. Stipes stout, angular. Pinnate veins free and simple. (Name
compounded of arpovdik, an ostrich, and UTepli, a Jem, from the plume-like
arrangement of the divisions of the fertile frond.)

1. S. Germanica, Willd. Sterile fronds smooth, broadly lanceolate, the
lowest pinnas gradually much smaller; pin niu very numerous, narrowly lance-
olate, deeply pinnatifid ; the lobes oblong, obtuse : fertile frond with somewhat

GG8 FiLiCES. (ferns.)

Jiv'cklacc-sliapcd pinna?, tlic lowest ones much smaller. (S. Pcnnsylvanica,
Wi/hl. Onoclea Stnitiiioptcris, L., Ilook.) — Alluvial soil : not rare northward.

— Fronds intermediate between the sterile and fertile eondition (bearing a few
fruit-dots on eontracted, but still herbaceous pinna;) are sometimes found; a
condition analojjous to the var. obtusiloba of Onoclea sensibilis. (Eu.)

15. ONOCLEA, L. Sensitive Fern. (PI. 18.)

Fertile frond twice pinnate, much eontracted ; the pinnules short and revolute,
usually so rolled up as to be converted into berry-shaped closed involucres, filled
with sporangia, and forming a one-sided spike or raccmj. Fruit-dots one on
the middle of each strong and simple ])rimary vein (with or without sterile cross-
veins), round, soon all confluent. Indusium very thin, hood-like, lateral, fixed
hy its lower side, free on the upper (towards the apex of the pinnule). — Sterile
fronds ri.sing separately from the naked extensively creeping rootstock, long-
stalked, broadly triangular in outline, deeply pinnatifid into lance-obloug pinnae,
■\vhich arc entire or wavy-toothed, or the lowest pair sinuate-pinnatifid (decaying
in autumn) ; veins reticulated with line meshes. (Name apparently from wos,
a vessel, and (cXfio), to close, from the singularly rolled up fructification.)

1. O. sensibilis, L. — Moist or wet places, along streams: common.
July. — A rare abnormal state, in which the pinna; of some of the sterile fronds,
becoming again pinnatifid and more or less contracted, bear some fruit-dots
without being much revolute or losing their foliaceous character, is the var.
OBTUSiLOiiXxA, Torr., N. Y. Slate Fl. (Connecticut, New York, &.c.) This
explains the long-lost 0. obtusilobata, Schkuhr (from Pennsylvania), which, as
figured, has the sterile fronds thus 2-pinnately divided. (Ragiopteris, PrcsL, is
founded on a young fertile frond of this species with the sterile frond of some
Aspidium.)

16. WOODSIA, R. r>rown. Woodsia. (PI. 18.)

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back of simply-forked free veins ; the very thin
and often evanescent indusium attached by its base all around the receptacle,
under the sporangia, either small and open, or else early bursting at the top into
irregular pieces or lobes. — RnuvU and tufted pinnatcly-divided Ferns. (Dedi-
cated to Joseph Woods, an English botanist.)

§ 1. HYPOPELTIS, Torr. Indusium consplcnous, at Jirst enclosing the sjm-angia,
but early opening at the top. and splitting into several spreading jugged lobes.

1. W. obtusa, Torr. Frond broadly lanceolate, minutely glandular-hairy
(C'-12' high), pinnate, or nearly twice-pinnate; pinna; rather remote, triangu-
lar-ovate or oblong (l'-2' long), bluntish, pinnately parted; segments oblong,
obtuse, crcnately toothed, the lower ones pinnatifid with toothed lobes ; veins
forked, and bearing the fruit-dots on or below the minutely toothed lobes.
W. Perriniana, Hook, c^- Grcv. Aspidium obtusum, Wtbcr <j- Mohr., Willd.)

— Rocky banks and clifis : common, especially westward. July.

§2. WOODSIA proper. Indusium minute or evanescent, open and flat from an
early stage, and concealed under thefruit-dot, its margin cle/l into slender hairs or
cilia-

FiLiCES. (ferns.) 6G9

* Stipes ohscurehj jointed near the base ; the withered fronds falling away at the joint :

cilia of the indiisium lorn/ and in flexed over the sporangia.

2. W. IlvensiS, R. Brown. Frond ohlomj-lanaolale (2' -6' long by 1 ' wiile),
smoothish and green above, thickly clothed underneath as well as the stal/c with
rusty bristle-like clinff, pinnate ; the pinnai crowded, oblong, obtuse, sessile, piri-
natcly parted, tite numerous crowdtd sH/menIs oblony, obtuse, obscurely crenate,
almost coriaceous; the fruit-dots near the margin, somewhat conlluent when
old. (Ncphrodiuni rufidulum, Michx.) — Exposed rocks : common, especially
northward, and southward in the Alleghanies. June. (Eu.)

3. W. glabella, R. Brown. Smooth and naked throiiyhout ; frond linear
(2' -5' high), pinnate; pinnce roundish or ovate, the lower ones rather remote,
(2" -4" long), cut into 3-7 rounded or somewhat wedge-shaped lobes. — Rocks,
Little Falls, New York ( Vasey) ; Willoughby Mountain, Vermont ( Wood, C.
C. Frost) ; and high northward. (Eu.)

* * Stipes not jontcd : cilia of the indusium very short and hidden by the sporangia.

4. W. Oregana, D. C. Eaton. Smooth; with fronds (2'-8' high, 8''-
12" wide) elliptical-lanceolate, pinnate, the fertile ones tallest; pinnae triangular-
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid ; segments oblong or ovate, obtuse, finely toothed,
and in larger fronds incised ; fruit-dots near the margin ; indusium very small,
divided almost to the centre into a few nccklace-like-jointcd cilia. — Crevices of
rocks, south shore of Lake Superior {Bobbins), and westward.

17. DICKSONIA, L'Her. Dicksonia. (PI. 17.)

Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each placed on the apex of a free vein
or fork ; the sporangia borne on an elevated globular receptacle, enclosed in a
membranaceous cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top, and on the outer
side partly adherent to a reflexed toothlet of the frond. (Named for James
Dickson, an English Cryptogamic botanist.)

1. D. punctilobula, Kunze. Minutely glandular and hairy (2° -3°
high) ; fronds ovate-lanceolate and pointed in outline, pale green, very thin, with
strong chaffless stalks rising from slender extensively creeping naked rootstocks,
mostly bipinnate ; primary pinnai lanceolate, pointed, the secondary pinnatifid
into oblong and obtuse cut-toothed lobes ; fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved
toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. (D. pilosiiiscula, Willd.
Nephrodium punctilobulum, Michx. Dennstcedtia, Moore. Sitolubium, ./. Smith.)
— Moist, rather shady places : very common : pleasantly odorous. July.

18. SCELIZMA, Smith. Scuiz.ea. (PI. 10.)

Sporangia large, ovoid, striate-rayed at the apex, opening by a longitudinal
cleft, naked, vertically sessile in a double row along the single vein of the nar-
row divisions of the pinnate (or radiate) fertile appendages to the slender and
simply linear, or (in foreign species) fan-shaped or dichotomously many-cleft
fronds (whence the name, from a-^l^<x>, to split).

1. S. pusilla, Pursh. Sterile fronds linear, very slender, flattened and
tortuous ; the fertile ones etjually slender {\" wide), but taller (."' - 4' high), and
bearing at the top the fertile appendage, consisting of about 5 paii's of crowded

670 FiLicES. (ferns.)

pinnoE (each 1"-1^" long). — Low grounds, pine barrens of New Jersey: Tcry
local. Sept.

19. LYGODIUM, Swartz. Climbing Fern. (PI. 19.)

Fronds twining or cliinliing, bearing stalked und variously lobcd (or com-
pound) divisions in pairs, with mostly free veins; the fructification on sci)aratc
contracted divisions or spike-like lobes, one side of which is covered with a
double row of imbricated hooded scale-like indusia, fixed by a broad base to
short oblique veinlets. Sporangia much as in Schizaea, but oblique, fixed to the
veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each indu-
sium. (Name from Xvyabrjs. Jlixible.)

1. L. palmatum, Swartz. Very smootli ; stalks slender, flexile and twin-
ing (l°-3° long), from slender running rootstocks ; the short alternate branches
or petioles 2-forked ; each fork bearing a round-heart-shaped i)almately 4 - 7-lobed
frondlet ; fertile frondlcts above, contracted and several times forked, forming a
terminal panicle. (Hydroglossum, Willd.) — Shaded or moist grassy places,
Massachusetts to "Virginia, Kentucky, and sparingly southward : rare. Sept.

20. OSMUNDA, L. Flowering Fern. (PI. 19.)

Fertile fronds or fertile portions of the frond very much contracted, and bear-
ing on the margins of the narrow rhachis-like divisions short-pedicclled and
naked sporangia : these are globular, thin and reticulated. Large, opening by a
longitudinal cleft into two valves, and bearing near the apex a few parallel strije,
the rudiment of a transverse ring. — Fronds tall and upright, from thickened
rootstocks, once or twice pinnate ; veins forking and free. Spores green. ( Os-
mundir, a Saxon name of the Celtic divinity, Thor.)

* Fronds twice jnnnate, fertile al the top.

1. O. regklis, L. (Flowering Fern.) Very smooth, pale green (2° v.
5° high); sterile pinnules 13-25, varying from oblong-oval to lance-oblong,
finely serrulate, especially towards the apex, otherwise entire, or crenately lobed
towards the rounded, oblique and truncate, or even cordate and semi-auriculate
base, sessile or short-stalked (l'-2' long) ; the fertile racemose-panicled at the
summit of the frond. (0. spectabilis, Willd. O. glauce'scens, Link, i\rettcnius.)
— Swamps and wet woods : common. The cordate pinnules arc commoner in
Europe, but are sometimes foinid here. May, June. (Eu.)

* * Sterile fronds once pinnate : pinnve deeplij pinnutijid ; the lobes entire.

2. O. Claytoniana, L. Clothed with loose wool when unfolding, soon
perfectly smootli (2° -3° high); pinme ohlomj-lanaolale, with oblong obtuse
divisions; some (2 -.5 pairs) of the middle pinnce fertile, these entirely pinnate ;
sporangia greenish turning brown. (0. intcrriipta, Michr., i^-c.) — Low
grounds: common. M:iy. — Fruiting as it unfolds. — This, being Cl.ayton's
plant (as ascertained in 1839, both from the Claytonian andLinnasan herbaria),
must bear the original Linnrean name, though wrongly described from young
specimens in wliicli the fructification was thought to be terminal.

3. O. cinnain6raea, L. (Cinnamon-Fern.) Clothed with rusty wool
•when young ; sterile fronds smooth when full grown, the lanceolate pinnte pin-

FiLiCEs. (ferns.) 671

natifid into broadly obloiij^ obtuse divisions ; fertile fronds separate, from the
same rootstoclv, contracted, twice pinnate, covered witli the cinnamon-colored
sporangia. — Var. fuondusa is a rare occasional state, in which some of the
fronds are sterile below and more sparsely fertile at their summit. (O. Clay-
toniana, Conrad, not of//.) — Rarely such fronds are fertile in the middle. —
Swamps and low copses, everywhere. May. — Growing in large bunches ; the
fertile fronds in the centre, perfecting fruit as they unfold, 1° -2° long, decay-
ing before the sterile fronds (at length 4° -5° high) get their growth.

21. BOTRYCHIUM, Swartz. Moonwort. (PI. 19.)
Rootstock very short, erect, with clustered fleshy roots (which are full of
starch, in very minute, irregular granules!) ; the base of the naked stalk con-
taining the bud for the next year's frond : i'rond with an anterior fertile and
a posterior sterile segment; the foi-mer mostly 1 -3-pinnate, the contracted
divisions bearing a double row of sessile naked sporangia; these are distinct,
rather coriaceous, not reticulated, globular, without a ring, and open transverse-
ly into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond ternatel}' or pinnately divided
or compound; veins all free. Spores copious, sulphur-color. (Name a dimin-
utive of /Sorpus, a cluster ofrjrapes, from the appearance of the fructification.)
* Sterile portion of the frond sessile or nearly so on the upper part of the common stalk.

1. B. Lun^ria, Swartz. Sterile segment nearly sessile, borne near the mid-
dle of the common stalk, oblong, simpli/ pinnate with 5-15 lunate or fun-shaped
very obtuse crenate, incised or nearly entire, _^esAy divisions, more or less excised
at the base on the lower or on both sides, the veins radiating from the base and
repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, 2 -3-pinnate. — Lake Superior
(Lesquereux) , and sparingly northward. — Plant 4' -10' high, very fleshy
throughout. (Eu.)

2. B. simplex, Hitchcock. Fronds small (2' -4', rarely 5' -6' high), the
sterile segment short-petioled from the middle or upper part of the common stalk, thick-
ish and fleshy, simple and roundish, or pinnately 3-7-lobed; the lobes roundish-
obovate, nearly entire, decurrent on the broad and flat indeterminate vhachis ;
the veins all forking from the base ; fertile segment simjile or 1 - 2-pinnatb. — Maine
to New York, and northward : rare. (Eu.)

3. B. lanceolatum, Angstrrem. Fronds small (3' -8' high); the sterile
segment closi'ly sessile near the top of the long and slender common stalk, somewhat
fleshy, in the smallest ones 3-loI)C(l, in larger ones broadly triangular, tcriiatily
twice pinnatifjd ; the divisions lanceolate, incised or toothed ; veins forking from a
midcein; fertile part 2 -3-pinnate. (B. simplex of former cd.) — New England
and New Jersey (C. F.Austin) to Ohio and Lake Superior (//. (Jdlman). Julv.
(Eu.)

4. B. Virginicum, Swartz. Fronds tidl and ample; sterile segment sessile
above the midlife cf the nmmon stalk, broadly triangular, thin and membranaceous,
tt male ; the sliort-stalked primary dieisions onre or tnn're pinnate, and then once or
twice jiinnatifid ; the oblong lobes cut-toothed towards the apex ; reins forking
from a niidrehi; fertile part 2 - 3-pinnate. — Plant l°-2° high, or often reduced
to a few inches, when it is B. gracile, f'ursh. — Rich woods : common. June,
July. (Eu.)

CT2 LYCOI'ODIACK^. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

* * Sterile poiiion of the fmnd long-pet iolcci J rmn near the base oj" the common .italic.

5. B. lunarioides, Swartz. StL-rile ])ortioii of tlic frond pctioled from
near the l)aso, 2 -S-turuato, or tin- ultimate divisions often pinnate or pinnately
parted, broadly triangular in ficneral outline ; the lobes or divisions obovatc,
somewhat kitlncy-shajjed, roundish or oblonjr, somewhat crenatc; fertile stalk
3' -6' hijjjh ; the fertile ])art mostly 2-i)innate. (IJtJtrypns lunario'idcs, J//c/(r.
Botrychium fumarioules, Willd.) — Dry and rich woods, especially southward.
July. — A state from Ilinj^ham, Massachusetts ( C. .7. S/irarpie), has the two
lateral primary divisions of the sterile scj^mcnt chanj^ed into long-stalked
fertile fronds.

Var. obliquum (B. obliquum, ^fllhl.) is mostly larger (C- 17' high) ; the
fructification mure compound; the sterile segment with oblong or lanceolate
divisions, citiier obtuse or oblique at the base, nearly entire, toothed, or irregu-
larly pinnatitid. — New England to Wisconsin, and southward: rather scarce.

Var. dissectum (B. disscctum, Muhl.) has the divisions of the sterile
segment compoundly and laciniatcly cut into narrow small lobes and teeth :
otherwise as the last, into which it i)asses, and with which it grows.

22. OPHIOGLOSSUM, L. Adder's-Tonguk. (Bl. 19.)

Mode of growth much as in Botrychium ; but the coriaceous sporangia con-
nate and coherent in two ranks on the edges of a simple spike, which in our
species is single and placed on a stalk rising from the base of the simjile and
reticulated- veined sterile segment. Spores cojjious, sulphur-color. (Name
compounded ofocpis, a serpent, and yXclxrcra, tonr/iu.)

1. O. VUlgatum, L. Sterile segment ovate or ciliptieal-oblong (2' -3'
long) rather fleshy, obtuse, narrowed at the base, and sessile near the middle
of the stalk of the fertile spike. — Bogs and meadows: not common. July. —
Stalk 6'- 12' high, rising from a short oblique rootstock, the bud not enclosed
in the base of the stalk. (Eu.)

Order 131. I^YCOPODIACE^. (Club-Moss Faahly.)

Low plants, usually of Moss-like aspect ; loith pretty larije spore-case&
(sporangia or sporocarps) sessile in the axil of .simple and sessile, persi.^tent,
mosdy aid-shaped or lanceolate leaves: — of three genera, including tlie
aquatic and peculiar Isoiitcs.

* Terrestrial, with erect or creeping steins : spore-cases free in the axils of the leaves.

1. LycopOfliiiin. Spore-cases all of one sort, coriaceous, mostly kidney-shaped, 2-valved,

filled with innumerable minute spores.

2. Selaginella. Spore-ca.<!es of two sorts; one very small, oblong or globular, 2-viilveil,

filled with innumerable minute spores ; the other larger, 3 -4-ralved, contaiuing 3 or 4
large spores.

* # Aquatic, with a corm in place of stem, covered above with the dilated bases of the tufted
long and rush-like leaves, to which the f pore-cases adhere.

3. Isoetes. Spore-cases of two sorts ; one containing numerous large, the other numerous

small spores.

LYCOPODIACE^E. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.) G73

1. LYCOPODITJM, L., Spring. Club-Moss. (PI. 20.)

Spore-cases all of one kind (much like those of Ophioglossum, only larger),
coriaceous, flatteuccl, usually kidney-shaped, 1-celIcd, 2-vaIv-ed, mostly liy a
transverse line round the margin, discharging the subtile spores in the form of a
copious sulphur-colored inflammable powder. — Perennials, witli evergreen onc-
nervcd leaves, imbricated or crowded in 4-16 ranks. (Name compounded of
XuKO?, a wolf, and Troxis,Jbot, from no obvious resemblance.)

§ 1 . Spore-cases in the axils of the ordinary and uniform {d<ir'k--green and shining,
riijid, lanceolate, spreadimj, about 8-ranked) leaivs.

1. L. lueidulum, Michx. Stems thick, 2 or 3 times forked, the branches
ascending (G' - 1 2' high) ; leaves widely spreading or reflexed, acute, viinuteli/ toothed.
— Cold, damp woods : common northward. Aug. — Little bulblets form in the
axils of the leaves of young shoots [Austin, Tiolhrock).

2. L. SelagO, L. Stems thick and rigid, erect, fork-branched, forming a
level topped cluster (3' -6' high) : leaves pointed, entire. — Tops of high moun-
tains, Maine to New York, on the Allcghanies southward, shore of Lake Supe-
rior, and northward : rare : both the variety with more erect, and that with
widely spreading leaves. (Eu.)

§ 2. Spore-cases only in the arils of the upper (hracteaJ) leaves, thus forming a spike.

* Leaves of the creeping sterile and of the upright fertile stems or branches, and those

of the simple spike all alike, many-ranked (sporangia opening near the base).

3. L. inundatum, L. Dwarf; creeping sterile stems forking, flaccid;
the fertile solitary (l'-4' high), bearing a short thick spike; leaves lanceolate or
lance-awl-shaped, acute, soft, spreading, naked, or sometimes bearing a few minute
spiny teeth. — Leaves (curving upwards on the prostrate shoots) narrower in the
American than in the European plant (perhaps a distinct species), and passing
into the var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm., which has fertile stems 5'-"' high, its
leaves more awl-shaped and pointed, sparser and more upright, often somewhat
teeth-bearing. (L. Carolinianum, Bigel.., not of L. ) — Sandy bogs, northward :
rare: the var. E. New England to New Jersey and southward. Aug. (Eu.)

4. L. alopecuroldes, L. Stems stout, very densely leafy throughout;
the sterile branches rccurved-procumbcnt and creeping; the fertile of the same
thickness, G'-20' high; leaves narrowli/ linear-awl-shaped, s/iinulose-pointed, spread-
ing, conspicuously brisde-toothed below the middle ; those of the cylindrical spike with
long setaceous tips. — Pine-barren swamps. New Jersey to Virginia, and south-
ward. Aug., Sept. — Stems, including the dense leaves, |' thick ; the comose
spike, with its longer spreading leaves, ij' to 1' thick.

* * Leaves (bracts) of the catkin-like spike scnie-like, imbricated, yllowish, ovate or

heart-shaped, very (liferent from tho'ie of the sterile stems and branches.
-I- Spikes sessile (i. e. branches equally leafy to the top), single.

5. L. annotinum, L. Much branched; sterns prostrate and creeping (\° -
4° long) ; the ascending branches similar (h' - 8' high), sparingly forked, the sterile
ones making yearly growths from the summit ; leaves equal, spreading, in about
5 ranks, rigid, lanceolate, pointed, minutely serrulate (pale green); spike soli-

GM 29

C74 LYCorODiACK.*:. (club-moss kamilt.)

tarv, ohlong-oylindrk-al, thick. — Var. ruNOEXS, Spring', is a rctlnccd sub-alpine
or mountain form, with shorter and more rijjid-pointcd crcctish leaves. (Var.
montanum, Titrkerm.) — Wood-f : common northward: the var. on the White
Jlountains, with intermediate forms around the base. July. (Eu.)

6. L. dendroideum, Mielix. (Grouxd-Pine.) Stems upri(jhl (6'-9'
high) from a subterranean creeping rootstock, simple below, and clothed with
homogeneous lanceolate-linear acute entire leaves appressed-ereet in 4-G rows,
lmsh;i-hranchc.d at the summit ; the crowded branches spreadinrj, fan-like, witli the
lower row of leaves shorter and the lateral spreading : — in var. onsctRU.M ap-
pearing flat, from the leaves of the upper side being also shorter and appresscd.
{ L. obscurum, L.) — Moist woods. Aug. — Remarkable for its tree-like growth.
S])ike cylindrical, 4-10 on each plant.

■<- -I- Spikes peditncled : i. e. the leaves minute on the fertile branches.
■*-*■ Li (iirs homof/eneous and equal, manij-ranked ; stems terete.

7. L. claVcltum, L. (Commox Club-Mos.s.) Stems creeping exten-
sively, with similar ascending short and very leafy branches ; the fertile termi-
nated by a slender peduncle (4'-C' long), bearing about 2-3 (rarely 1 or 4)
linear-cylindrical spikes; leaves linear-awl-shaped, incurvcd-spreading (light
green), tipped, as also the bracts, with a fine bristle. — Dry woods : common,
especially northward. July. (Eu.)

*+ •*-'■ Leaves of two forms, fcw-ranlced : stems -or branches flattened.

8. L. Carolinianum, L. Sterile stems and their few short branches
entirely creeping (leafless and rooting on the under side), thickly clothed with
broadly lanceolate acute and somewhat oblique 1-nei-ved lateral haves widely
spreading in 2 ranis, and a shorter intermediate row appresscd on the upper side ;
also sending up a slender simple peduncle (2' -4' liigh, clothed merely with small
bract-like and appresscd awl-sliapcd leaves), 6ea?-m/7 a single cylindrical spike. —
Wet pine-barrens. New Jersey to Virginia, and southward. July.

9. L. COmplanktum, L. Stems extensively creeping (often subterra-
nean), the erect or ascending branches several times forked al.ove ; bushy branchlcts
croivded, flattened, all clothed with minute imbricated-appressed awl-shaped leaves in 4
ranlcs, with decurrent-united bases, the lateral rows with somewhat spreading
tooth-like tips, those of the upper and under rows smaller, narrower, wholly
appresscd; peduncle slender, bearing 2-4 cylindrical spikes. — Woods and thick-
ets : common : the typical form with spreading fan-like branches, abundant south-
ward ; — while northward, es])ecial!y far northward, it passes gradually into var.
sabix^ef6lium (L. sabina;folium, Willd. L. Chamaecypaiissus, Bruun), with
more erect and fascicled branches. (Eu.)

2. SELAGINELLA, Bcauv., Spring. (PI. 20.)

Fructification of two kinds, namely, of spore-cases like those of Lycopodium,
but minute and oblong or globular, containing reddish or orange-colored pow-
dery spores; and of3-4-valved tumid larger ones, filled by 3 or 4 (rarely 1 -
6) much larger globose-angular spores (oophoridlu) ; the latter cither intermixed
with the former in the same axils, or solitary (and larger) in the lower axils of
the leafy 4-ranked sessile spike. (Name a diminutive of Selago, an ancient name
of a Lycopodium, from which this genus is separated.)

LTCOPOCIACE^. (cm B-.AIOSS FAMILY.) f)75

* Leaves all alike and uniformly imbricated; those of the spike similar.

1. S. selaginoides, Link. Ste7-ile stems prostrate or creepinj^, small and
slender; the fertile thicker, ascending, simple {I' -3' high); leaves lunceolnte, acute,
spreadinfj, sparseh/ spinulose-ciliate. (S. spinosa, Bemiv. S. S])inulusa, Braiin.)

— Wet places, New Hampshire (Pursh), Michigan, Lake Superior, and north-
ward : rare. — Leaves larger on the fertile stems, yellowish-green. (Eii.)

2. S. rupestris, Spring. Much linmched in dose tnfs {l' -3' \u'^\\) ; leaves
densely appressed-imbricated, linear-lanceolnte, convex and with a grooved keel,
minutely cilinte, bristle-tipped; those of the strongly quad-angular spike rather
broader ; the two sorts of fructification in the same axils. (Lycopodium rupcs-
tre, L.) — Dry and exposed rocks: very common. — Grayish-green in aspect,
resembling a rigid Moss.

* * Leaves shorter above and below, resemhlinfj stipules: the lateral lan/er, i-rauled.

3. S. ^pus, Spring. Stems tufted and prostrate, creeping, much branched,
flaccid ; leaves pellucid-membranaceous ; the larger spreading horizontally, ovate,
oblique, mostly obtuse; the smaller appressed, taper-pointed; those of the short
spikes nearly similar; larger spore-cases copious at the lower part of the spike.
(Lycopodium apodum, L.) — Low, shady places : not rare, especially southward.

— A delicate little plant, resembling a Moss or Jungcrmannia.

3. ISOETES, L. QuiLLwoRT. (PI. 20.)

Stem or trunk a fleshy more or less depressed eorm, rooting just above its 2-
lobed (or in many foreign species 3-lobed) base, above covered with the dilated
and imbricated bases of the awl-shaped or linear somewhat quadrangular leaves,
which include 4 air-tubes, intercepted by cross partitions. Sporangia, or sporo-
carps, pretty large, orbicular or ovoid, plano-convex, very thin, sessile in the
axils of the leaves, and united at the back with their excavated bases (the thin
edges of the excavation foldmg round partly cover them, forming the velum),
traversed internally by transverse threads ; those of the outer leaves filled with
large spherical spores (macrospores), their whitish crustaceous integument marked
by one circular, and on the upper surface by 3 radiating elevated lines (circum-
sciibing a lower hemisphere, and three upper segments which open valve-like in
germination): those of the inner leaves filled with very minute and powdery
grayish spores (microspores) ; these are always obliquely oblong and triangular.

— Mostly small aquatics, grass-like or rush-like in aspect, some always sub-
merged, otiicrs amphibious, a few living in merely moist soil, maturing their
fruit in late summer and early autumn, except No. 7, and some forms of No. 6.

Genus much investigated of late by Prof. Durien and the late J. Gay of
France, and by Prof. Braun of Berlin, newly elaborated for this edition by Dr.
George Engelmann.

* Growing under water, only acridentnlly or in very dry seasons out of water : leaves

tvithout stonmta (except in some forms of No. 3), and ivithout peripheriml bast-
bundles.
1. I. laeiistris, L. Leaves (10-25 in number, 2' -6' long) dark green,
rigid ; sporocarps ovoid or circular, the ujjper third or less covered by the
velum, free part pale and unspotted ; both kind of spores the largest of our spe-

676 LYCOrODIACEyE. (CLUB-MOSS FAMILY.)

cics; macrosporcs (0''.32-0".38 Avi(k') covered with short and twisted crested
ridges, which often aiiiistoinose ; microspores (()".()! 7 -()". 020 long) smooth. —
Mountain hikes, Penn., New Yoik, and .New Knghmd to Lake Superior, and
northward often witli No. 3. (lOu.) — The American is distinguished from the
European j)Iant hy the hirger macrosporcs, tiicrcforc I. macnjspora, Dtiricu.

2. I. Tuekerm&,ni, Braun, n. sp. Lcav<;s (10-30, 2' -3' long) very
slender, awl-siiapid, olive-green, the outer ones recurved; sporocarps ovoid or
circular, the ujjper third covered hy the velum, the free part sometimes hrownish-
spotted; macrosporcs (0".22 -0''.28 wide) on the upper segments covered with
parallel and anastoniosizing ridges, the lower half reticulated ; niicro>j)ores
(0".013-0''.015 long) smooth or very delicately pa[)illose. — Mystic and other
ponds near Boston, together with the next, Tucker mini, W. Boott.

3. I. echinospora, Durieu. Leaves slender, awl-shaped ; sporocarps
ovoid or circular; macrosporcs (0".20-0".25 wide) beset all over with small
entire and olitusc or slightly forked spimiles. (Eu. ) — In the Euroi)ean form,
which has not yet been found in America, the leaves are very slenderly attenu-
ated (3' -4' long), the upper margin of tiie s])orocarp only is covered with the
narrow velum, the free part is unspotted, and the slightly papillose microspores
are larger (0". 015-0". OIG long). The following are the American forms of
this species.

Var. Braunii. Leaves (l.")-30 in number, 3' -6' long) dark and often
olive-green, straight or commonly recurved, half or two thirds of the sporocarp
covered by the velum, the free part often with light brown spots; macrosporcs
as in the species ; microspores smaller (0".013-0".014 long), smooth (L Braunii,
Durieu.) — Ponds and lakes. New England to New York, Penn., and north-
ward, often with the two preceding. — Often with a few stomata, especially in
Niagara specimens.

Var. rauric^ta. Leaves (1.5-30, G'-lO'lang) straight or flaccid, bright
green ; about one half of the almost circular sporocarp covered by the velum,
unspotted ; macrosporcs (0".22-0".27 wide) with shorter and blunter spinules ;
microspores as in the last variety, or rarely spinulose. (I. muricata, Durieu.) —
In some ponds north of Boston, IF. Boott.

Var. Boottii. Leaves (12-20, 4' -5' high) awl-shaped, stiffly erect, bright
green, with stomata; sporocarp as in last; macrosporcs as in the species, but a
little smaller and with very slender spinules. (I. Boottii, Braun, in litt.) — Pond
in VV'oburn, near Boston, partly out of water, IT. Boott.

* * (hmnnfj parti ij out of ivater, either hi/ the pond dri/infj up, or hi/ the receding of
the ehh tide; leaves with stomata, and in 6 and 7 with Jour or more peri/iherical
hast-hnndles.

4. I. sacchar^ta, Engelm., n. sp. Leaves (10- 1.5, 2'-3' long) slender,
olive-green, curved ; sporocarps small, ovoid, only the upjier edge covered by the
velum; nearly unspotted; macrosporcs (0".20-0''.22 wide) minutely tubcrcu-
late; micros])ores (0".012 long) papillose. — On Wicomico Hiver, eastern shore
of Maryland, between high and low tide, W. M. (.'finlii/.

5. I. ripkria, Engelm. Leaves (15-30, 4' - 8' long) slender, deep green,
erect ; sporocarps mostly oblong, upper margin to one third covered by the

HYDROPTERIDF.S. (mARSILIACE^.) C77

velum, the free part spotted; macrosporcs very variable in s-izc (0".22-0"."0
wide), the upper segments covered by short crested ridges, which on the lower
hemisphere run together forming a network ; microspores larger than in any
other species except No. 1 (U".013-0".01G long), mostly somewhat tubcrcu-
lated. — Gravelly banks of the Delaware, from above Philadcli)hia to Y\'il-
mington, between flood and ebb tide; margins of ponds, Xew England {Rohhivs,
&e.), and northward. — Distinguished from the nearly allied I. lacustris by the
stomata of the leaves, the spotted sporocarp, the smaller size of the spores and
tlieir reticulation on the lower half.

6. I. Engelmanni, Eraun. Leaves long (25-100, 9' -20' long), light
green, erect or at last prostrate, Hat on the upper side ; sporocarps niostly ob-
long, unspotted, the velum very narrow; macrospores (0". 19-0". 24 wide) cov-
ered all over with a coarse honey-comb-liko network; microspores (0".012-
0".014 long) mostly smooth. — Shallow ponds and ditches, from Massachusetts
(near Boston, IF. Boott, II. Mann) to Pennsylvania and Delaware and (prob-
ably through the Middle States) to Missouri. — By far the largest of our species,
often mature in July.

Var. gracilis. Leaves few (8-12 only, 9' -12' long) and very slender;
both kinds of spores nearly as in the species. — Southern Kew England, ap-
parently in deep water.

Var. valida. Trunk large and stout (often l'-2' wide); leaves (50-100,
even 200, 18'- 25' long) with an elevated ridge on the upper side; sporocarps
oblong or linear-oblong (4"- 9" long), one third or one half or more covered by
the velum; both kinds of spores very small, macrospores 0".16-0".22 wide,
microspores 0".011 -0".013 long, spinulose. — Delaware ( IF. M. Cunhy), and
Pennsylvania (Prof. Porter). Sept.

7. I. melanopoda, J. Gay. Leaves (15-50, 6'- 10' long) very slender,
keeled on the back, straight, bright green, usually with dark brown or black
shining bases ; sporocarps mostly oblong, with a very narrow velum, brown or
spotteil; macrospores very small (0".14-0".18 wide), smoothish, or with faint
tubercles or ridges; microspores (0''.010-0".012 long) spinulose — Shallow
ponds, and wet prairies and fields. Central and Northern Illinois (E. Hall,
T'ase^), and westward. June, and sometimes again in November. — Trunk
more spherical and more deeply 2-lobed, and both kind of spores smaller than
in any other of our species ; leaves disappearing during the summer heat.
Closely approaching the completely terrestrial species of the Mediterranean
region.

Jwo other species, I. flAccida, Shuttleworth, and I. Chapm\ni, Engelm.,
are found in Florida; and three more, I. Nuttallii, Braun, I. Calivounu a,
Engelm., and I ptom/ea, Engelm., in the Pacific States.

Order 132. IIYDROPTEKIDES. (MarsiliacevE, R. Br.)

Aquatic cryptor/nmoux plant.<<, of d'werse habit, loith the fniclificadon borne
on suhmerfjed branches, couKiMing of two sorts of orffunn, contained in irrey-
vhirly bursting incolucres (sporocarps): — here represented by only two
genera.

678 HYDROPTEKIDKS. (mARSILIACE^..)

1. MARSIlIA, L. Marsilia.

Submersed or emcrscd aquatic plants, with slender creeping rootstocks, send-
ing up elongated petioles, which bear at their a|)ex a whorl of 4 nervose-veined
leaflets, and at or near tlieir base, or sometimes on tiic rootstock, one or more
globular but somewhat eccentric sporocarps. These sj)orocarps or fruit arc 2-
cclled vertically, and with many transverse partitions, and split or bur>t into 2
lobes at maturity. On the partitions arc inserted numerous short-stalked spo-
rangia, of two sorts intermixed ; the larger ones containing a single oval or ob.
long spore, the smaller containing many very minute spores. (Named for
Aloijsius Marsili, an early Italian naturalist, — therefore to be written IMarsilia,
not Marsilea.)

1. M. quadrifblia, L. Leaflets broadly obovate-cuncate, glabrous ; spo-
rocarps usually 2 or 3 on a short peduncle from near the base of the petioles,
pcdicelled, glabrous or somewhat hairy. — In water, the leaflets commonly float-
ing on the surface ; Bantam Lake, Litchfield, Connecticut, Dr. T. F. Allen.
The only known habitat in America. (Eu.)

2. M. uncinata, Braun., with luiiry leaflets, and villous short-stalked or
sessile sporocarps, solitary at the base of each petiole, will doubtless be Ibund
in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. It has been confounded with the very
similar M. vcstita. Hook and Grcv., of the Southwest.

*2. AZOLLA, Lam. Azoll.v. (PI. 20.)

Plant floating free, pinnately branched, clothed with minute imbricated leaves,
appearing like a small Jungermannia ; fructification sessile on the under side
of the branches, of 2 sorts. Sporocarps covered at first with an indusium of a
single diaphanous membrane, ovoid : the smaller kind opening transversely all
round, containing several roundish aniheridia? pelt^itely attached to the sides of
a central erect column : the large or fertile kind bursting irregularly, filled with
numerous spherical sporangia rising from the base on slender stalks, each con-
taining a few globular spores. (Name said to come from a^u), to dry, and oAXo),
to kill, being destroyed by dryness.)

1. A. Carolini^na, Willd. Leaves ovate-obloiig, obtuse, sjireading, red-
dish underneath, beset with a few bristles. — Still water. New York to Illinois
and southward. Plant forming little mats on the water, G"-12" broad.

SALvfNiA n.Vtans, L., Said by Pursh to grow floating on the surface of small
lakes in Western New York, has not been found by any other person, and
probably does not occur in this country. It is therefore omitted.

ADDENDA

Januaky, 1868.

To page 110.
Uinx GRAviiOLENS, L., Garden Rue, is naturalized on rocky roadsides,
Bedford Co., Virginia, according to A. II. Curtiss.

To page 112, 113.

2. VitiS Sestivalis, Michx. Original of the Clinton, Norton's Virginia
Seedlinr/, and some other wine gra])e.s.

Var. ? cin^rea, Engelm. " Branchlets and both sides of the almost entire
leaves cancscent, even when mature ; berries very small, l)]ack and shining, very
acid until after frost. — Rich bottom lands in the Mississippi Valley, Illinois,
and southward." Engelmann.

3. V. COrdifolia, Michx., according to Engclmann, " has the small berries
black without bloom, tlic small seeds rounded above and with a prominent
rhaphe. Unfit for cultivation."

3*. V. riparia, Michx., Dr. Engclmann concludes should be restored as a
species, with the following character. "Leaves larger, usually inciscly 3-lobed,
the lobes long-pointed ; panicles small, rather simple; berries larger and mostly
with bloom ; seeds larger, obtuse or somewhat obcordatc and with an inconsjjic-
uous rh iphe. — May, earlier than V. cordifolia. Thickets and river-banks,
from Vermont to Michigan and Illinois. Several varieties in cultivation : the
most esteemed white one is the Taijlor-Didlit Grape. The celebrated claret-col-
ored Delaware Grape seems also to belong here." Engelmann.

To page 126, after Genista.
Cytisus (or Sarotiiamxus) scopXrius, Scotch Broom, of Europe,
which is often planted for ornament, has become naturalized extensively in Vir-
ginia near Washington and southwai'd, according to A. H. Curtiss, so as to
deserve a place in this work. May, June.

To page 130.

4. Petalostemon folibsus, Gray, in Proceed. Amer. Acad. 7, p. 336.
Smooth, very leafy ; leaflets lG-29, linear-oblong, mucronate, the glands few
and small ; spikes cylindrical, short-pcduiicled ; bracts slcnder-awncd from a
lanceolate base, exceeding the rose-])nr])le flowers ; calyx also glabrous, the
teeth about half the length of the cylindraceous tube. — Banks of Fox River,
Kane Co., Illinois, ^^r. Burgess Truesdell. Also Nashville, Tenu., Mr. Ilatck.
" Like the other species jjlcasantly fragrant." Aug.

G80

ADDKNDA.

To pii.izc 143.

6. Baptisia Villbsa, Kll. Sonu-times soft-linirv, usually niinutplv ]!n-
bcsccnt M-hcn youn^, erect, 2° -3° lii;fh, with divertient hranclics ; leaves almost
sessile ; leaflets wcdjrc-lanceolate or obovate ; lower stipules lanceolate and per-
sistent, those of the bi-auehlets often small and subulate ; racemes many-llow-
cred ; pedicels equalling oi longer than the calyx and the subulate mostly de-
ciduous bracts; corolla yellow; |)ods ovoid-oblong and taper-pointed, minutely
pubescent. — Franklin, S. Virginia, IT. J/. Canby, and southward. May.

To page 150, at bottom.
2. PoTfeniUM SANGUisonnA, L. Garden Burnet. Stamens 12 or more
in the lower flowers of the globular greenish head, with drooping capillary fila-
ments, the u])per flowers pistillate only ; stems about 1° high ; leaflets numerous,
small, ovate, deeply cut. — Fields and rocks, near Baltimore, P. V. Leroij. July.
(Adv. from En.)

To page 159.

7. Rosa canina, L. Dog Kose. Resembles Swect-Brier (No. .5), but
more bushy, glabrous or nearly so, and nearly without glands, none on the
lower surface of the leaflets, which are therefore inodorous. — Pennsylvania,
abundant near Easton, Professors Green and Porter. (Xat. from Eu.)

To page 244.
27». SolidagO tortif61ia, Ell. Stem slender, erect, 2° -3° high, sca-
brous-pubcrulent above, thickly leafy to crowded panicle of racemes ; leaves
(often twisted at the base) linear, small (j'- 2' long), sharply serrate Avith a
few scattered small teeth, rough on the margins and midrib beneath, the veins
very inconspicuous ; heads small ; the small rays and the disk-flowers each .3 - .'>.
— Northampton Co., E. shore of Virginia, and southward, W M. t'aiihij.
Heads like those of small forms of S. Canadensis : the leaves peculiar.

To page 266, line 2.
Var. TUBCLiFLi^RUM, S. Tenney, in Amer. Nat. : an abnormal state of the
White-weed, with the rays transformed into large and jialmately or bilabiately
5-lobed (rarely 3 -4-Iobcd) tubular corollas. — Fields, Poughkeejjsie, New York,
Prof. Tenney.

To page 292, before Chiogenes.
I.T. Vaccinium ten611um, Ait. Between No. 14 and No. 11, taller
than the latter (l°-3° high), with firmer and obscurely serrulate leaves, and
narrower cylindraceous corolla. — Pine-barren swamps, Franklin, S. Virginia,
W. J/. Canhy, and common southward. April, May.

To page 323, before Phelipa3a.

0Ron.4NCHE MINOR, L., Lesser Bkoom-rate, is parasitic on Clover in

the vicinity of Washington (F. Peek), and has been met with in New Jersey

( W. M. Canby) ; but it may not long abide. The genus is known from Phc-

lipaea by its calyx of two sepals (either entire or 2-cleft) and no bractlots, the

At)Dt:NDA. G81

style persistent. This species is from G' to 15' high, liglit yellowish-l)rowii,
witli sonic bluish-purple in the flowers, tlicse in a loose spike from .T to !)' lonj^.
(Adv., from Eu.)

To pnqo 410.
.3. vVtriplkx rosk.v, L. More hoary-mealy than A. ])atula ; leaves short-
petioled or the upper sessile, rhombic-ovate or oblong -with a wcdg-c-sliajjcd base,
foarsely sinuate-toothed; fertile flowers mostly clustered in the axils; fruiting
bracts broad, cut-toothed and warty, united to the middle. — Albanv, New York,
in streets and waste places, Sept., C. 11. Peck, G. \V. Clinton. ( Atlv. from Eu.J

To page 452.
5\ Quercus prinoides, Willd. (Q. Trinus, var. humilis. Marsh.), the
Dwarf Chkstnct or Chixquapin-Oak, is probably a quite distinct species.
^Vs noted by Mr. Emerson in Trees of Mass., some of the scales of the cup are

a])t to proiluce abortive little acorns in their axils.

To page 479.
S". Lemna paucicostata, Hegelmaier, in litt. " Fronds obliquely ob-
ovatc (1"- l^" long), thin, mostly grouped 3-.'J together ; fruit and style as in
L. pcrpusilla; seed marked with 12- 14 prominent (instead of 30-40 delicate)
ribs, between them (in both species) transversely striate. — Ponds, about St. Louis
and southward into the tropics : frequently fertile, Aug. - Oct." Emjelmann.

To page 483.
3. Naiae Indioa, var. graeillima, Braun, Mss. "Branches alternate;
leaves very narrowly linear, nearly caj)illary, straight, serrate (with 20-40 teeth
consisting of 3 cells each), the rounded lobes of the sheathmg base spinulose-
ciliate; fruit linear, brown, impressed-dottcd between the numerous (about 24)
ribs. — In ponds, Albany, New York, C. H. Peck, Woburn, Massachusetts,
\Vm. Boott; 1867, Missouri, Engelmann. — N. minor, not yet found in America,
is dichotomous, with recurved leaves, few and stout spikes, and seeds trans-
versely i-eticulatcd. — N. flcxilis has the leaves minutely serrate with teeth of
single cells, their abrupt and rounded sheathing base toothed, the yellowish-
brown seeds lance-oval, smooth and shining, &c." Engelmann.

To page 491.
3. Triglochin triandrum, Michx. Scape and leaves slender (6' -12'
high) ; flowers very small, with only 3 sepals and 3 stamens (instead of G as in
the others) ; fruit globose-triangular, or when dry 3-lobed. — Sea-shore of Mary-
land and Virginia, W. M. Canbij, and southward. Aug. - Oct.

To page 499.
2". Habenaria nivea, Sjircng. Stem slender, l°-Uo high, many-
leaved, the 1 or 2 lower leaves lance-linear and 4' -8' long, the others small and
bract-like ; spike cylindrical, loosely many-flowered ; flowers white, small ; ))et-
als and entire lip linear-oblong ; sj)ur thread-shaped, ascending, as long as the
white ovary. — Pine-barren swamps, S. Delaware, W. M. Ciuiln/, and south-
ward. Aug. Ovary not twisted : spur thercl'ore looking towards the axis.

G82 ADDENDA.

To page 584.
57'. Carex glaucescens, Ell. Sterile spike sinplo, long-pcdnnclcd ; fertile
spikes 3 - 10, cylindrical ( 1' - 2' long), on slender droopin<^ peduncles, most of
them staminatc at the summit ; lowest bract usually exceeding the culm, the
others shorter and bristle-like ; perigynia ovate, comi)ressed-3-anglcd, abruptly
pointed with a short nearly entire beak, nerveless except at the angles, glaucous,
longer than the chestnut-colored rough-awned scale ; culms 2° - 4° high, above
rough on the sharp angles ; leaves glaucous, rigid, nearly equalling the culms,
tapering gradually into a slender bristle-like apex. — Pinc-barrcn ponds, from
Portsmouth, Virginia ( \V. M. Canbi/) southward.

To page 591.
96'. C. nigro-margin^ta, Schw. Culms some very short among the
bases of tlie leaves, some 8' - 10' high ; spikes 3, rarely 4 or .5, dark purple, the
terminal sterile one sometimes inconsjjicuous among the fertile, which are crowded
into a head, or the lowest occasionally remote and pcdunclcd ; bracts scale-like
and pointed, or the lowest rarely leafy and ctiualling or barely exceeding the
culm ; perigynia nerveless, pubescent, stipitate, oval and unequally 3-sided,
pointed with an obliquely notched beak ; scales ovate, obtuse, cuspidate, the
lowest somewhat lanceolate, deep purple with greenish centre, scarcely equalling
the perigynium. — Dry hillsides. New Jersey (and Pennsylvania ?), C. F. Aicstin,
C. F. Parker, Prof. Porter, C. E. Smith, and southward. Grows in close tufts,
and has remarkably rigid long and curved leaves.

To page 615, after line 25. *

3'. Calamagrostis Lapponica, Trin. Culm and rootstocks stouter

than in C. strictu; the narrow ])anicle less deftse, and purplish spikclcts larger;

glumes fully 2"' long, tapering to a point ; awn from much below the middle of

tlic palet, stout. — Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Prof. T. C. Porta: Aug. (Eu.)

To page 650, after No. 63.
G3\ ROTTBa:LI.IA, L.

Spikelets in pairs at each joint of a terete slender sjiikc, awnless ; one impcr-
feet or rudimentary on a short and thick ai)])rcsscd pedicel ; the other sessile
and imbedded in an excavation of the joint of the rhachis, 2-flowered. Exterior
glume hard and cartilaginous, with a hinge-like transverse depression next the
base, the mner one boat-shaped and membranaceous. Palets thin and delicate,
one for the lower and staminatc or neutral flower, two for the u|)per and perfect
flower. Stamens 3. Styles 2. — Tall, or coarse perennials, with rigid stems,
and single cartilaginous sj)ikes terminating the stem and axillary branches,
chiefly subtn)])ical. (Named for Prof. C. F. Rutthixll, an excellent Danish
botanist, who wrote much ujion Gramineae, Cyi)eracere, &c.)

1. R. rugbsa, Nutt. Culm flattish, 2° -4° high; leaves linear; spikes
l'-2' long, the lateral ones on short clustered branches in the axils, often
partly included in the sheaths of the leaves ; sterile flower neutral ; lower glume
transversely rugose. — Low pine-barrens, from S. Delaware ( W. M. Cuithij)
•outhward near the coast. Sept. - Oct.

INDEX.

\* The names of thj Classes, Subclasses, and the Latin names of Orders, are in full capitals ;
of the Suborders, Tribes, &c., in small capitals ; of the Genera, &c., as well as popular names
and synonymes, in common type.

Ahele-tree

467

Alkanet

363

ANPnOMEDEyK

287

Abies

471

Alligator Pear

422

Androp.igon

651

Abiktine>c;

468

Allium

633

And rosace

314

Abutilon

101

Allosurus

660

Anemone

36

Acacia

131, 145

Allspice, Wild

423

Angelica

192

Acalypha

436

Almond Family

146

Angelica-tree

199

Acanthus Family

338

AInus

460

Angelico

194

ACANTIIACE^

338

Alo.-

513

ANGIOSI'ERM.5;

33

Acvr

118

Alo])ecurus

60S

Anise Hyssop

353

Ac-rates

397

Aliiine Azalea

301

Anisopbylluni

431

ACEKIXE-E

117

Alpine Bistort

415

ANONACE^

50

AchiUfa

266

Alsine

91

Aiitennaria

269

Aciiida

413

Alsine^

87

Antiiemide-*:

220

Acoiiitum (Aconite)

46

Alum-root

169

Anthemis

265

Acorus

478

Altbasa

99

Anthoxaxthe^

606

ACKOGENS

653

Alvssine^

63

AXTHUXANTIIUM

643

Acta'a

47

Alyssum

72

Anti gramma

663

Actinella

263

Amaranth

411

Antiuriiixk.k

324

Acliuomeris

258

Amaranth Family

411

Antikkiiixide.e

324

Adam-and-Eve

510

Amarantus

411

Antirrhinum

326

Adam's Needle

535

AMARANTACE^

411

Anychia

96

Adder's-raouth

50:)

Amarelloides

387

Apalanthe

496

Addt-r's-tongue

633, 672

AMARVLLIDACE^

612

Aphyllon

323

Adelia

402

Amaryllis

513

Ai)etalou3 Exogenous PI.

403

Adenocaulon

227

Amaryllis Family

512

Api,.s

140

Adenorhauhis

161

Ambriiia

407

Apleotrum

610

Adiantura

658

Ambrosia

250

AfOCYNACE.'E

392

Adice

445

Anielanehier

162

Apocynum

393

Adlumia

60

American Alne

513

Apple

161

Adonis

48

American Centaury

384

Ar>|.le of Peru

3S2

jEschynommene

134

American Columbo

386

AQUIFOLIACE^

305

^sculus

117

Americin Cowsli))

314

Aquif.>lium

308

j^iihusa

193

American Frug's-bit

495

Aquilegia

45

Agathophyton

408

American Ipecac

150

ARAIilDR.B

63

Agave

513

American Ivy

113

Arabis

67

Agriinonia

151

Amianthium

525

AUACK.K

475

Ajrrimony

151

Ammadenia

92

Aralia

19S

Afrropyron

637

Ammannia

182

AKXLIACKM

198

Agrostemma

90

Ammnphila

616

Arbor Viuu

472

AOmi-STIDE/E

603

Anu)ri)ha

130

AuillTE.K

287

Agni)-ti3

611

Aini)elopsis

113

ArlMitus

292

Ailanthus

no

AnipliicarpiJEa

141

Arl)utus (Trailli.^^

293

Aira

641

Aniphicarpura

644

Arcliiiiig<-lica

193

Airopsis

641

Anisonia

393

Archimora

192

A.Ii:ii01DE/E

342

Amycdalk^

146

Arctostaphylos

292

Alder

460

Ar.acharis

495

Arenaria

90

AMer-Buckthom

115

ANACAllDIACEiE

111

Arethusa

506

AlchcmiUa

151

ANAfiALI.IDE.B

313

Aki:thi:se>k

497

Aletris

515

Anagallis

316

Argemone

59

Alisma

491

Anantherix

398

Arisiema

475

ALISMACE^

4^0

Anchistea

660

Aristi.la

618

ALliME.t

490

Aadromeda

295

Aristolochia

404

C84

INDEX.

ARTSTOLOCniACE^

403

Basswood

103

Bladdfrwort Family

317

Aiimria

312

I'.nstard I'ennyjmyal

344

Bla/.ing-Star

223, 527

Arnica

271

Bastanl Toad-llax

42b

lUephilia

352

Aromatic Wintergreen

2.13

Itatixifiulrou

290

Llossed Thistle

2T2

Aiihciiaiillierum

642

Batrachium

40

Bktia

51)9

Allow Arum

4Tt5

Bat,schia

3(13

Llitum (Blite)

408

Anow-Giass

4J1

Hayberry

4o7

l;loo.l-roo|

60

Anuw-Grass Family

4^0

Ikach I'ea

l.-.i)

i;ic)o,hvoit Family

514

Ario«-li,aa

4;.2

H^ak-Kush

5! 17

V,h\f licich

457

Air..vv-wo.,a

21).;

li.-au

110

r.luebcrry

2S9

Arliiiiisia

2i;6

Bcarberry

2.12

Blu.-boitle

272

AmocMivEX

441

Beard Grass

612, C51

Blue Cohosh

53

Aruncus

150

Bear-Grass

535

Blue Curls

343

Aruiiiliiiaria

636

Beard-toii<;ue

327

Jilue Flag

516

Aiuiulo

636

Beaver-l'oisou

196

Blue-Hearts

333

Asaruin

403

Beech

455

Bluets

213

Asiirabacca

403

B.ech-drnp3

322

Blue-eyed Grass

617

ASCLEl'IADACE^

3-J4

Beech-Fcru

663

Blue Grass

600

ASILEPUDE^

394

Beet

405

Blue Joint-Grass

615

Asclopias

394

Bedstraw

20S

Blue L.'ttuce

281

Ascjruin

83

Beggar's Lice

366

Blue Tangle

289

Ash

401

Beggar-ticks

261

Blue-weed

361

Ash-leaved Maple

119

Helinuwer

285

BIysmus

560

Asimiiia

50

Bel lis

2:i9

BIyttia

613

AspakaginejE

521

BclUvort

528

BcL'hmeria

445

Asiiaragus

5ol

Bengal Grass

650

Bog-Asphodel

535

Aspen

46(i

Benjamin-bush

423

Bog-Kush

637

ASPIDIK.B

657

Beni-Grasd

611

Boltonia

2^38

Aspidiutn

664

Benzoin

4-2:i

Bonamia

376

ASPLKSIE.B

656

BERBl-.KIDACE^

52

Boneset

226

Aspleuium

661

Berberis

52

BuRRAGB.f:

360

Asier

228

Berchemia

114

Borrage Family

360

Asteranthemum

630

Bergamot

351

BORRAGINACEiE

360

ASTERINB.15

218

Bermuda Grass

622

Borrichia

253

Asteroid E.E

218

Berula

196

Bottlebrush -Grass

639

Astilbe

167

Betoiiica (Betony)

358

Bottle-Grass

650

ASTRAGALE*

124

Betony (Wooil)

337

Botrychium

671

Astragalus

132

Betula

458

Botryois

407

Atamasco Lily

513

BETULACE^

458

Bouncing Bet

88

Atluropogou

621

Bidens

261

Bouteloua

620

Alt..vrium

662

Bigelovia

245

Bowman's root

150

Atrasene

35

Bignonia

321

Boxberry

293

Atriplex

409

BIGNONIACE.E

320

Box-Elder

119

AurautiacesB

110

Bignonia Family

320

Box Family

430

Avena

640

Bilberry

289

Boykinia

169

AVENE.B

C06

Bilsted

174

Brachychffita

239

Avens

151

Biu.lweed

375

Brachyelytrura

614

Avicularia

417

Biotia

228

Bracted Bindweed

375

Awhvort

73

Birch Family

458

Brake, Bracken

658

Awiied Wheat-Grass

618

liirthroot

623

Bramble

156

Azalea

299

Birthwort

404

Brasenia

65

Amelia

677

Biithwort Family

403

Brasiletto Family

125

Bishop's-Cap

170

Brassica

70

BAOrnARIDE^

219

Bistorta

415

Brassice.e

63

Baccharis

247

Bitter-Cress

^6

Bread-fruit Family

441

Bald Cypress

473

Bittersweet '^

116, 380

Rristly Foxtail-Grass

649

Baldwiuia

264

Biiter-weed

251

Briza

633

B:.!lota

359

Black Alder

307

Brizopyrum

628

Balm

S50

Blackberry

157

Brome- Grass

634

Balm i.fOilead

467

Black b. rry- Lily

617

BROMELIACE.^

615

Balmony

327

Black Bindweed

418

Brooklime

332

Balsam

108

Black-Gum-tree

201

Brook -weed

317

BaUam Family

106

Black -Grass

539

Broom-Corn

652

BALSAMIFLLMi

173

Black Haw

206

Broom-Crowberry

440

Bai.samise.k

106

Black lloreliound

360

Broom-rape

323

Bamdise.u

605

Black-.) ack

453

Bronm-rape Family

322

Baueberry

47

Black Moss

515

Bromus

634

Baptisia

142

Black-Mustard

71

Brunella

355

Barbarea

69

Black Oat-Grass

617

Brunnichia

422

Barberry

52

Black Snakeroot

190

Buchnera

33:;

Barb, rry Family

52

Black Thorn

148, 160

Udchsere-e

3-25

Barley

63S

Bladder- Kern

667

Buckbr-an

390

Baniyard-Grass

649

Bla.ld r K.tmia

102

Buckthorn

114

Barri'ii Strawberry

153

Bla.ld.r-nut

117

Buckthorn Family

113

Bartoiiia 184, 3«9

Bladd.r-iuit Family

117

Buckeye

117

Basil 346, 349

Blad.kr-pod

73

Buckwheat

419

Basil Thyme

349

Bladderwort

318

Buckwheat Family

414

G85

Buffrilo-beiTy

liuffalo-uut

Baj;U-«'eed

Uu^-seed

iJulrush

Uuinelia

Bunch-berry

JJuiicli-fliiwer

Bupleurum

Burdock

Bur-Grass

Burmaniiia

BURMANNIACE^

Bur-Marigold

Burnet

Buruing-bush

Bur-reed

Bush-clover

Bu8h-Honeysuckle

Butter-aud-eggs

Buttercup

Butterfly- I'ea

Buttertly-iveed

Butternut

Butl.-r-weed

Butterwort

Buttciii-bush

Button Suakeroot

Butoii-weed

Buttouwoud

Cabomba

Cauombe^

Cacalia

CACTACE^E

Cactus

Cactus Family

Cienotus

C/KSAl.PlNIE^

Cakile

CAKILINEiE
CAI.AMACJROSTIDEiB

Caluuia<;rostis

Calainiiitha

Calauiiiith

Cah.movilfa

Calamus

Calico-bush

Calla

Calliastrum

Ciillicarpa

Callinliuj

CALLITIIICIIACE^

Calliti-iche

Calluua

Ciilomelissa

Calopogon

Caltha

CALYCANTHACEiE

Calycanthus

Calycauthus Family

Calycocarpum

Calypso

Calystegia

Caniassia

Camelina

Camklixk^

Cani'.llia

CAMKLLIACE/E

Cauii.aoula

CAMPANUI.ACE.*:

Cainpatiula Family

Campion

Caniptosorus

Canai-y-tirass

Cancer-root

Cane

CaNNAISINEjE

Cannabis

Capir Family

CAPI'AIUUACE^

C'apraria

CAI'RIFOLIACE^

Caprit'olium

Capsclla

195 I Csirex
275 Cardamine
650 Cardinal Flower
496 Carduus

490 CARlCINK/fi

2B1 Carnation

150 Carolina Allspice

116 Carpet-weeil

4S1 Caupink^

137 Carpinus

205 Carrion Flower

326 Carrot

40 Carya

141 CAliVOPIIYLLACE^
397 I Caryophyllata
447 Cashew Family
271 ! Cassandra
320 Cassena
211 Cassia
191, 223 , Cassiope
210 Castaiiea
447 Castilleia
Catalpa

55 Catbrier

54 Catchfly
270 Catgut

154 Cat-mint

155 Catni|)

184 I Cat-tail Family
2a6 Cat-tail Flag
125 Cat's-tail Grass

75 Caulinia

64 I Caulophyllum
603 I Ceanothus
614 I Cedar
349 Cedronella
349 Celandine
616 Celandine Poppy
473 CELASTKACEiE
298 Celastrus
476 ' Celtis
22;) Cenchrus
341 Centaurea
laurella
.ury
428 Centrosema
297 CentUMCulus
349 Century-plant
50S I Cephalanthus

44 I Cephaloxys
162 i Cerastium
162 I Cerasus
162 ■ CeratophyllacesB

52 ' Ceratoschoenus
508 Cercis
375 ChsErophyllum
533 Chietocyperus

73 Chaffs.ed

63 Chamveed
103 Chain-Fern
103 Chamailirium
285 Ch-.\niomile
285 Charlock
285 Cheat-Grass

89 Checkerherry
663 j Cheilanthes
043 Cbelidoaium

100 'T^k^iu
427 ^i^u

Chelone

Vhkloskjk

i:HKNOi'ODIACE.E

Chenopuilina

Chenopodium

Cherry

Chervil

Chess

Chestnut

CllICIIOllACE^ 221

Chickweed

Chickweed-WiDtergreen

Chimaphila

ClIIN( IIOMC.E

Cliin(|Uai)iu
Cliiogenes
Chionanthus
Chives

Cni.OKIDEjE

Choke-berry

Chondrilla

Clionilrusium

Chrysantlamum

Chrysaslrum

Chrysogonum

Chrysopsis

Chryscjsjilenium

CllllOKACEjE

Cichorium
Cichory
Cicuta
CiiTiicifuga

ClNCHO.\E.E

Cinna

Cinnamon-Fern

Cinque-foil

Circaja

Cirsium

Cissus

CISTACE^

CitruUus

Cladium

Cladrastis

Claytonia

Clearweed

Cleavers

Cle.matide^

Clematis

Clethra

Clitr-brake 659

Climbing Fern

Climbing Fumitory

Climbing Hemp-weed

Clinopodium

Clintonia

Clit.,ria

Clotbur

Cloud-berry

Clover

Club-Moss

Club-Moss Family

Club-Rush

Cnicus

Cnidoscolus

Cocculus

Cockle

Cocklebur

Coffee

Cohosh

Colic-root

Collinsia

Colliusonia

Coli)oilium

Coltsfoot

Columbine

Columbo

Comaudra

G86

Coinnropsls

153

' Ctenium

620

Dichronema

66>

Comarum

165

Cuckoo-aower

66

Dicksonia

669

Coml'roy

301

Cucunilier

im

DICOTVLEDONOUS PL

. 33

Commtlvna

646

Cucumber-tree

49

Diclaninus

110

COM.MLLYNACEJE

546

Cucuiiiis

186

Lielytra

61

Compiiss I'laiit

24J

Cucurbita

186

Diervilla

205

COMl'OSIT.ii

216

CLCLUblTACEJE

1S6

Digitaria

645

Composite Family

215

Cudweed

263

Digruphis

643

Com|itonia

45S

Culver's Physic

332

Diiepyrum

614

Coi.e-(l..«er

254

Culvcr's-root

332

Idodia

210

CONIFERJE

403

Cunila

346

Dionaja

83

Couioseljiium

1J3

Cuphea

134

Dioscorea

51S

Conium

l'J7

Cup-plant

249

DIOSCOREACE^

518

Conobea

22)

ClPUESSINE^

468

Diospyros

303

C(raocllnium

227

Cupressus

473

Diphylleia

53

Conopholis

32J

Cupseed

52

Diplacline

623

Coiiostjiis

614

CUPULIFER^

449

Diplocea

624

Convallaria

530

Currant

164

Diplopappus

238

CONVOIAILACE^

374

Cuscuta

377

DI I'SACE.E

215

CONVOI.VII.K.S

374

ClSCt:TIXF,.E

374

Dipsacus

215

Convolvulus

375

Custard- Apple Family

50

Dipteracanthus

339

Convolvulus Fiimily

374

Cyanococcus

2.n

l.irca

4-24

Coprosmauthus

520

Cycloloma

406

Discopleura

195

Ooptis

45

Cysaukm

221

Ditch-Grass

483

Onral-bcrry

203

Cynodon

622

Ditch Stone-crop

171

C..iall;.ihiza

50i>

Cynogliissum

365

Dittany

346

Coral-vaot

5oa

Cynthia

276

Duck,

419

C.rd Grass

619

CVPERACEiE

550

Duck mack ie

207

Corenia

440

Cypkre^

551

Dodder

377

Coreopsis

258

Cyperus

552

Dodecatheon

314

Conspeimura

40'J

Cypress

473

Dogbane

393

COKNACK^

199

Cypress Family

463

Dogljane Family

392

C.irn-cockle

90

Cypress-Vine

374

Dog's-tail Grass

623

Cornel

200

Cypripkdikj:

498

D.ig's-toolli Violet

532

Corn Salad

214

Cypripedium

511

Dogwood

200

Cornus

200

Cystopteris

607

Dogwood Family

199

Corpse-Plant

304

Door-weed

417

Corydalis

61

Dactylis

625

Double-bristled Aster

233

Corylus

450

Dactvloctenium

622

Draba

71

Cosmanthus

369

Daffodil

512

Dracocephalum

353

Colton-Grass

565

Daisy

239

Dragon-Arum

475

Cotto:i-Unse

269

Dalea

12J

Dragon-head

353

Cott.n-Thistle

274

Dalibarda 153, 156

Dragon-root

476

CottDII- K)0d

467

Daiiddion

280

Dr.-p-seed Grass 610, 613

Cucli-Grass

637

Dan^leberry

289

Droscra

82

Cowhane

192

Danthonia

039

DROSERACE^

82

CowlK-rry

290

Daphne

424

Dkyade^

147

Cow-Herb

88

Darnel

637

Dryas

151

Cow- Parsnip

191

Dasystnma

335

Dryopteris

664

Cowslip

313

Date Plum

308

Dubrueilia

445

Cowslips

44

Datura

383

Duok's-meat

478

Cow-wheat

338

Daucus

191

Duckweed

478

Crab-Apple

161

DAVALLIEiE

657

Duckweed Family

478

Crab-Grass 632, 648

Day-flower

640

Dulichiuni

556

Cranberry

289

Day-Lily

535

Dupontia

624

Cranberry-tree

207

Dead-Nettie

359

Dutchman's Breeches

61

Crane-fly Orchis

508

Decodon

183

Dutchman's Pipe

404

Cranesbill

107

Deerberry

290

Dwarf Dandelion

275

Crantzia

190

Deer Grass

181

Dyer's Green-weed

126

CRASSULACE-E

171

Delphinium

45

Dyer's Rocket

76

CratiERUs

159

Dennstaidtia

669

Dyer's Weed or Weld

76

Creeping Snowberry

292

Dentaria

65

Dysodia

262

Crocus

616

Deschampsia

641

Crossopetalum

387

Desmauthus

145

Eatonia

625

Crotalaria

126

D-'smodium

134

KBKNACE^

307

Croton

437

Dewberry

157

Ebony Family

307

Crotonopsis

439

DevilV-bit

527

Kchinacea

253

Crowberry

440

Devil-wood

401

Echinochloa

649

Crowberry Family

440

D-yeuxia

615

Erhinocystis

186

Crowfoot

40

Diatithera

338

Kchinodorus

492

Crowf .ot Family

34

llianthus

83

Echinospermum

365

Crownbearl

262

Diapensia

373

Echium

361

CRLCIFER^

62

DlAPK.N-SIE^

370

Eelipta

252

Ci-ypsis

609

Diarrhena

624

E-l-grass 483

,496

CRYI'TOOAMOUS PL.

653

Dicentra

01

Egg-plant

3S0

Cryptogramme

660

Dichondra

377

Egyptian Grass

622

CryptotsEuia

197,

DlCHONDRE^

374

EL^ASNACE^

42*

INDEX.

68/

Elan-nus

426

FafTUS

455

FcTrtail Grass

608, 649

tLATINACK^E

b6

Fall Uandelion

276

Fragaria

153

J.1..LH10

St)

Falsi' Acacia

lol

FrauKula

115

tl.Kr

2U5

False Asphodel

527

Frasera

386

Llecampaue

tiW

False lieecli-<li-ops

305

FUAXINK.E

400

tleoduiris

557

False liu-hane

39

Fraxiiiella

110

lilenKonus

568

False DaiKklion

2H0

Fraxiims

401

Llci.!i;ii,t..i)us

222

False Diagon-head

304

French Marigold

262

l.k|.li;iiit's-foot

222

Kalse Fl ix

7:i

French Mulberry

341

El.isia

368

False Foxglove

335

Fringed Polygala

122

i-lm

442

False Goatsbeanl

167

Fringe-tree

401

i-liii Family

441

False GoUleii-rod

239

FruL-lichia

414

lilmkii 86, 495

False Gn.mwell

362

Frog'sbii Family

494

la.Mlis

86

False Hellebore

525

Frost-weed

80

Ek-usii.e

622

False Honeysuckle

299

Fuirena

556

tlynius

639

False ludigo 130, 142

Fumaria

62

E:>ll>hTRACE.E

440

False Lettuce

2S1

FUMARIACE.E

00

Empeu-um

440

False Loosestrife

ISO

Fumitory

62

ENDUGExNOUS PLANTS 475

False Mallow

100

Fumitory i'amily

60

Encliauter's N i^'htsliaile

176

False Mermaid

108

EnemioD

44

False Mistletoe

426

GALACINE^

305

Engtlmaimia

438

False Mitre-wort

170

Galactia

142

Euslenia

398

False Nettle

445

Galanthus

512

Epigaea

293

False Pimpernel

330

Galax

305

Eijil.)bium

177

False Red-top

629

Galax Family

305

Epipactis

606

False Solomon's Seal

530

Galege.b

124

EpipliL'sjus

322

False Spikenaril

530

Galeopsis

357

EQUISETACEiE

653

False VVater-Dropwort

192

Galii.gale

552

Equisetum

653

Farkle-berry

290

Giilinsoga

264

Eiagrostis

631

Featlierfoil

317

Gall-ot-the-Earth

278

Erclithitea

269

Feather Geranium

407

Galium

208

Eiiauthud

651

Feather Grass

617

Gama-Grass

650

ElUCACE^

286

Fedia

214

Garden Nasturtium

105

EMCf.JE

287

Ferns

655

Garget

405

EUICINK^

287

Fescue-Grass

633

Garlic

533

Erigeiii;i

198

Festuca

633

Gaultheria

293

Erigeridinm

237

FeSTICIN'EJ!

604

Gaura

176

Erigeron

236

Fetiil llorehound

359

Gaylussacia

288

ElilOCONEjB

414

Fetid Marigold

262

Geiseleria

438

Eiiocaulon

549

Fever-bush

423

Gelsemium

391

ERIOCAULONACE^

549

Feverfew

266

Genista

126

Eiiophoium

565

Fever-wort

205

Gbniste^

123

Erotlium

103

Fig Family

441

Gentian

387

Erophila

72

Figwort

326

Gentiaiia

387

Ervum

139

Figwort Family

324

GENTIANACE^

384

EiryiiRiura

19U

Filago

269

Gentiane^

384

Eryngo

190

Filbert

456

Gentian Family

384

Eiytliraa

385

FILICES

655

GERANIACE^

105

Erytliionium

532

Fimbristylis

566

Geranik^

105

Erysiuam w

69

Finger-Grass

646

Geranium

107

ESCALLOXIE^

163

Florin Grass

612

Geranium Family

105

EuiHitrys

294

Fir

471

Gerard ia

334

Euloplms

19S

Fire-Pink

89

Gekardib^

325

Euoiiymus

116

Fireweed

Germander

343

ElPATORIACE^

217

Five-finger

153

Geum

151

EfPATORlE^

218

Flax

104

Giant Hyssop

352

Uupatorium

224

Flax Family

104

Gill

353

Euphorbia

430

Fleabane

236

Gillenia

150

EUl'IIORBIACEiE

430

Floating Heart

390

Ginseng

198, 199

Euphrasia

336

Fluerkea

108

Ginseng Family

198

ECPIIBASIK.B

325

Flower-de-Luce

516

Girasole

253

Euphrosyiie

250

Flowering Fern

670

Glade Mallow-

100

Eurliyncliospora

56:5

FLOWERING PLANTS

33

Gladiolus

516

Euthiimia

245

Flowering Wintergreen

122

Glasswort

409

Eutoca

369

FLOWERLESS PLANTS 653

Glaucium

60

Euti-iana

621

Flycatch Grass

607

Glaux

316

Euvaccinium

290

Fly-poison

526

Glechoma

353

Euxolus

412

FoiiKs- Parsley

193

Gleditschia

145

Evening- I'l-imrose

178

Forestiera

402

Globe-flower

44

Evt-niif; I'limi-ose Family 176

FoKESTIEItF.^

400

Glyceria

626

Ev.rlMstin^' 268

.269

Forget-me-not

364

Glycyrrhiza

133

Everlat^tiMh' Pea

139

Forked Chickweed

96

Gnapiiai.ine*

220

Evnlvuhis

376

Forsteronia

393

Gnaphalium

268

EXOGENOUS PLANTS

33

Fothergilla

173

Goat's-Beard

150

Eyebri-ht

336

Four-o'clock Family

404

Goat's Kue

131

Fowl-meadow Grass 627

,629

Golden Aster

246

I^gopyrum

419

Foxglove

335

GoldAn-club

471

G88

INDEX.

GoMen rod

239

Hedge Bindweed

375

Horse-Mint

351

Goiilfii Saxifrage

170

Hedgehog-Grass

650

Horse-Nettle

381

Oiilil-thri-wl

45

IKMlge-Hy..sop

32J

Horseradish

65

GoN.iLOBB^

394

Hrdge-Mustaid

70

Horse-Su-ar

310

UuiKilulms

399

Hedgt-Nettle

358

HorsetaU

653

Gond-Kiiig-IIenry

408

Hkdvsakk.b

124

Horsetail Family

653

Goodjera

60:j

Heilysarum

134

Hottonia

317

Goo8ibirry

1(54

IlELKNIliX

220

HOTTONIE.*

313

Goosefoot

401)

Hleniuni

263

Hound's-Tongue

365

G.M)Sefoot Family

405

llcleochloa

628

Houstooia

212

G..ose-Gras3

208,41-

Hh;LIA.STHF..B

219

Huckleberry

288

Gonloiiia

104

llelianlluinum

80

Hudsonia

81

Gourd

180

Il.'liantlms

255

IlumUlus

446

Gounl Family

180

IIKLIOI'IIVTIM

366

Huntsman's Cup

58

GRAMINE.K

602

Ileliopsis

253

Hydrangi a

165

Grape

112

IlKI.I(,TKOI.E.«

361

IlYDRANlilE^

163

Grapi-IIyaciMth

534

lleliotropium (Heliotrope) 366

Hydrastis

47

Graphephonuii

624

Hellebore

45

HVUROCHARIDACEiE

494

Grass of Parnassus

166

Helleborus

45

llydrocharis

495

Grass of the Andes

642

Helouias

526

Hydrocotyle

189

Grass-wrack

483

Htlosciadium

196

Ilydrolea

370

Gratiola

329

Hemerocallis

535

HVDUOLK*

367

Gbatiole*

324

Heniianthus

330

Hydropeltis

55

Great Laurel

300

Hemicari.ha

556

HVUROI'HYLLACE^

367

Greek Valeriau

371

Hemlock

196, 197

Hyduopiiylle^

367

Greenbrier

518

Hemlock-Parsley

193

Hydix.plivllum

367

Green Dragon

426

Hemlock Spruce

471

HVDROI'TKRIDES

676

Green Milkweed

398

Hemp

446

llyineiiop;ippus

262

Green Violet

76

Hemp Family

442

Ilyoscj'.mus

383

Gi-omwell

362

Hemp- Nettle

357

HVPERICACE^

83

Grossularia

164

Henbane

383

Hypericum

84

GROSSULAItlEi!

163

Hepalica

38

Hypobrychia

182

Ground Cherry

381

Heracleura

191

Hypopeltis

668

Ground Hemlock

474

Herb-Robert

107

Hypopitys

304

Ground Ivy

353

H<,rcules's Club

199

Hypoxis

5/3

Ground Laurel

293

Herd's Grass

608, 512

Hyssop

346

Ground-nut

140, 199

Herpestis

329

Hyssopus *

346

Ground Pine

674

Hesperis

6S

Ground Pink

373

Heteranthera

545

Ictodes

477

Ground Plum

132

Hcuchera

• 169

Hex

305

Groundsel

270

HlBISCEJE

i)9

Illkcebre^

87

Groundsel-Tree

247

Hibiscus

102

Ilysantbes

330

Guinea-Corn

652

Hickory

448

Impatiens

108

Gymnandeiiia

499

Hieraeium

277

lukberrv

307

Gymnocladus

144

Highwater-shrub

250

Indian Bean

321

Gymnopogon

Hierocliloa

642

Indian Chickweed

97

GYMNOS PERMED

468

HlPPOCASTANK.fi

117

Indian Cucumber-root

523

Gymnoslichum

639

Hippuris

175

Indian Currant

208

Gynamblosis

438

Hoary Pea

131

Indian Fig

185

Gyromia

523

Hobble-bush

207

Indian-Grass

652

Hog Pea-nut

141

Indian Heliotrope

366

Ilabenaria

498

Hog-weed

251

Indian Hemp

393

Hackberry

443

Ilolcus

642

In.lian Mallow

101

Hackmatack

472

Holly

305

Indian Millet

652

H.EMOUORACE.^

514

Holly Family

305

Indian Physic

150

Hair-Grass 611

614, 041

llolosteum

93

Indian Pipe

304

Halenia

380

Holy Grass

642

Indian-pipe Family

288

Halesia

310

Honey-Locust

145

Indian Plantain

270

HALORAGE.E

174

Honeysuckle

203

Indian Poke

525

HAMAMELACE^

173

Honeysuckle Family

202

Indian Rice

608

Ha.mamei.e.i;

173

Hone wort

197

Indian Tobacco

283

ILimamclis

173

Honkenya

92

Indian Turnip

475

Hamiltonia

426

Hop

446

Itmla

246

Harbinger-of-Spring

198

Hopea

310

IsILKjE

218

Hardback

149

Hop-Hornbeam

456

lodanthus

68

Har.-bell

285

Ih.p-tree

110

Ipomcjea

375

Harl's-tongue

662

ll.)r<leum

638

Iresioe

413

Hawkbit

276

lloKDEINE.E

005

IRIDACE^

515

Hawk weed

277

Horebound

357

Iris

616

Hawthorn

159

Hornbeam

457

Iris Family

515

Hazel-nut

456

Horned Pondweed

483

Iron -weed

222

Heal-all

355

Horned Rush

570

Iron-wood 456

,457

Heart's Ease

79

Horn I'oppy

00

Isanthua

344

Hc-athcr

at7

H.iriiw..rt

427

Isoetes

675

Heath Family

28(;

llnrsr-lialin

350

Isolepis

560

HchiomtL

350

lloi-s.-clii-stn\it,

117

Isopyrura

44

Hadvra

1«9

Horse-Geutiau

205

Itsa

135

INDKX.

6S9

In

250

Leathcrwood

424 1 Lo;;ania Family

391

Ivy

19J

Lcaveuworthia

65

Loiseleui-ia

801

Ixia

617

Lech.a

81

Lolium

637

Lecoutia

470

LoMliNTACE,«

64

Jacob's T,n<liler

371

Ledum

3U0

Long Jloss

515

Jagged Cliickweed

9;5

Leek

534

Lonicera

203

Jaiutstowu-wecd

383

Leersia

007

LONICEHE-E

202

Jasmiimin

400

li;gum[nose.e

123

Loosestrife

183, 315

Jatropha

435

Leiophyllum

301

Looselrifo Family

182

Jefftrsouia

03

Lemna

478

Lophauthus

352

Jfi-usalem Artichoke

208

LEMNACE,E

478

Liphiola

014

Jerusalem Oak

407

LENTIBULACEiE

317

Lopseed

341

Jerusalem Sage

360

Leontodou

276

LUKANTIIACE^

426

Jessamine

400

Leonurus

359

Lorinseria

661

Jewel-weed

108

Lepachys

255

Louse wort

337

Joe-Pye Weed

225

Lepidine.e

63

Lovage

194

Jointed Charlock

75

Lepidium '

74

Lucerne

128

Joint-Grass

C45

Li'pidauche

379

Ludwigia

180

Joint-weed

417

Lepigonum

95

Lungwort

364

Jonquil

512

Leptaudra

332

Lupine

126

J udas-tree

143

Leptanthus

545

Lupinus

126

Jugl.ms

447

Leptochloa

623

Luzula

536

JUGLANDACE^

447

Leptopoila

263

Lychnis

90

JUNCACK.E

530

Lepturus

637

Lycium

382

JCSCAGINE^

490

Lespedeza

137

Lyco|iersicum

380

Juncus

537

Lettuce

280

LYCOl'ODIACE^

672

Jvjne-lierry

162

Leucanthemum

265

Lycopodium

673

Juniper

474

Leucojum

512

Lycopsis

361

Juniperua

473

Leucolhoe

294

Lycopus

345

Jussiasa

179

Lever-wood

456

Lygodtsmia

279

Liatris

223

Lygodium

670

Kalmia

297

LlCiULIFLOR^

221, 275

Lyonia

296

KentUL-ky Blue-Grass

630

Ligusiicum

194

Lvsimachia

315

KentucUy Coffee-tree

144

Ligustrum

400

LVTIIUACE^

182

Kidney Beau

140

Lilac

400

Lythrum

183

Kinnikinnik

200

LILIACE.E

520

Knaps\»ed

272

LlLIK-E

522

Madder Family

208

Kuawel

96

Lilium (Lily)

532

Macrotys

48

Knotgrass

417

Lily of the Valley

030

Magnolia

49

Kuotweed

414

LlMNANTHE^

106

MAGNULIACE^

48

Koeltria

625

liimuauthes Family

106

Magnolia Family

48

Kosteletzkya

102

Limuanthemum

390

Maianthemum

530

Krigia

275

Limnetis

619

Maidenhair

658

Kuhnia

224

Limnobium

495

Malaxide^

497

Kyllingia

555

Liranochloa

557

Mallow

99

Limosella

331

Mallow Family

LABIAT.E

341

LIN ACE JE

104

Mains

161

Labrador Tea

300

Linaria

326

Malva

99

Lachnanthes

514

Linden

103

MALVACEAE

98

Lachnocaulon

550

Linden Family

103

Malvastrum

100

Lactuca

280

Lindera

423

Malvej.

99

Lady's Mantle

151

Liudernia

330

Mandrake

54

Laily's Slipper

511

Linna;a

202

Manna-Grass

626

La<ly's Thumb

416

Huum

104

Man-of-the-Earth

375

Ladies-Tresses

504

Lion's-foot

278

Maple

118

Lagenaria

186

Liparis

509

Maple Family

117

Lambkill

298

Lip-Fern

659

Mare's Tail

175

Lamb- Lettuce

214

Lipocarpha

556

Mariscus

455

Lamium

359

Lippia

340

Marrubium

357

Lampsana

275

Liquidambar

174

Marshallia

204

Lapithea

385

Liquorice

133

Marsh Elder

250

Laportea

445

Liriodendron

00

Marsh-Fleabane

247

Lappa

275

Listcra

506

Marsh Grass

619

Larch

472

Lithospermum

362

Marsh-Mallow

99

Larix

472

Live-for-ever

172

Mai-sh-Marigold

44

Larkspur

45

Liver-leaf

38

Marsh- Rose may

312

Lastrea

664

Lizard's-tail

427

Marsh St. John's-wort

86

L;ithyrus

139

Lizard's-tail Family

427

Marsilia

677

LAUKACEiE

422

LOASACE.E

184

Marsiliaceaj

676

Laurel

297

Loasa Family

184

Martynia

321

Laurel Family

422

Lobadium

112

Jlaruta

264

Laures^tinus

206 Lobelia

282

Marvel of Peru '

404

Leail- Plant

130 LOBELIACE.E

282

Masterwort

191

Leadwort Family

312 Lol>elia Family

282

Matricaria

266

Leaf-Cup

247 Loblolly Bay

104

Matrimony-Vine

382

Leather-Flower

36 Locust-tree

130

Mayaca

547

Leather-leaf

294 LOGANIACE^

391

May- Apple

54

-L&M-4

9

690

i.NDt:x.

Mayflower

293

Monocera

620

Ncttle-trce

442

Maypojjs

1S6

MO.NOCOTYLEDONOrS

New Jersey Tea

116

Jlay-wced

2dl

I'LANTo

475

Nicandra

032

JK'aaow-Ueauty

lil

MouuiKtalous Exogenous

N icotiana

333

Meu.luw-Uia.s

6J3

I'lauls

202

Niillia

149

Jlcaaow-Pai-iuip

iJi

Mouolropa

301

Nii-ella

48

JlLatU-w-Hu.'

aj

MO.NOTUOPK*

2i8

Nightsliaile

■ 3S0

Mead .w buM-Orass

CiZ

Monte; ia

413

Nigl.tshi.d.' Family

SSO

Skadow-bweet

liJ

Moonsced

01

Nimblo Will

014

Mudeola

bSi

Moouseud Family

51

Ninc-Uark

149

Mfdicago (Medick)

liS

Moonwurt

671

NippL-Wv;rt

275

Melampodisk^

21U

Mooscwood

424

Nonesuch

123

Melampyium

3o3

Moose-wood

IIJ

Nondo

1J4

MELAxNTIUE^

bll

MOKE.K

441

Nuthoscordum

534

Melantliium

524

Morninp-Glory

375

Nujdiar

56

MELASTOMACK^

lal

Morocai'iius

408

Nut-Grass

553

Melastoma family

181

Morus

444

Nut-Uush

5i0

Melica

6-2G

Moss Campion

90

NVCTAGINACE.E

404

Melic Grass

626

Moss Pink

373

Nymplia.'a

56

Melilolus (Melilot)
Melissa

128

Motherwort

359

NVMfllE.ECE.E

54

850

Mountain Ash

161

Nyssa

201

Melotliria

167

Mouutun Hnlly

307

MENISI'EKMACE^

51

Moui^ain .Mint

346

Oak

450

Miuispermuiu

51

Mountain Uico

616

Oakesia

440

Meutlia

3W

Mountain Surrel

41'J

Oak Family

449

Meiitztlia

184

Mouse-ear

364

Oat

640

Meiiynntlies

390

Mous,-ear Chickweed

93

Oat-Grass

643

Menyanthe^

384

Mouse-ear Cress

70

Obeliscaria

255

Meiiziesia

298

Mouse-tail

44

Obolaria

389

Menuaid-weed

175

Wud-Plautoin

545

(Enothera

178

Meneiisia

303

Mudwort

331

Oil-nut

428

Mexican I'oppy

Mugwort

267

Old Witch Grass

647

Mexican Tea

408

Wulilenbergia

613

OldenJandia

211

Mezereura Family

424

Mulberry

444

Olea

401

Micrdiuheuium

330

Mulgcdium

281

OLEACEJE

400

Microstylis

509

Mullein

325

Oleander

392

Mignonette

76

Mullein-Foxglove

334

Oleaster Family

424

Mifjuoiiette Family

76

MuUugo

97

Oleixe^

400

Mikania

226

Muscari

534

Olive

401

Milfoil

265

Muskit Grass

620

Olive Family

400

Milium

643

Muskmelon

186

ONAGKACE^

176

Milk-1'ea

142

Musk-l'laut

329

Oncostjlis

567

Milkweed

394

\Mu^^n;ash-Root

196

Onion

533

Milkweed Family

394

Mustard

62

Onoclea

668

Milkwort

120

Mustard Family

62

Onopordon

274

Milkwort Family

120

Myositis

364

Onosmodium

362

Milk-Vetch

132

Myosurus

44

Ophioglossace^

657

Millet-Grass

643

Myrica

457

Ophioglossum

672

Mimosa Family

125

MYRICACE^

457

Opuryde-e

497

MlMOSE^

125

Myriophyllum

174

Oplotheca

414

Mimulus

32S

Opuntia

185

Mint

344

Nabalus

278

Orache

409

Mint Family

341

naiauace.t;

482

Orange Family

110

Mirabilis

404

Naias (Na.ad)

482

Orange-Grass

86

Mist-llower

227

Naked-beard Grass

621

Orange-root

47

Mistletoe

426

Naked Broom-rape

3-23

Orchard Grass

625

Mistletoe Family

426

Nap»a

100

ORCIIIDACEiE

497

Mitchella

211

Narcissus

512

Orchis

498

Mitella

169

Nardosmia

227

Orchis Family

497

Mithri.iate Mustard

74

Narthecium

535

Origanum

348

Milreola

392

Nasturtium

64

Oritrophium

235

Mitre wort

Naumburgia

315

Ornithogalum

533

Mitre-wort (False)

170

Neck weed

333

OROBANCIIACE^

322

Mocasson Flower

5U

Ncfrundo

119

Orobanche

323

Mock Bishop-weed

195

Nelumbium

55

Orontium

477

Mocker-nut

449

Nelumho

55

Orpine

172

Mock -Orange

166

Neluinho Family

55

Orpine Family

171

Modiola

101

Nei.i:mb()nb.-e

55

Orthoroeris

235

Moehringia

91

Nemojianthes

307

Orvze.*:

603

Mujnchia

94

N.^nophila

3t)S

Orvzopsis

616

Moi.LUCINEyfi

88

Neottie^

497

Osier

461

Monarda

351

Nepeta

353

Osmorrhiza

197

MONAKDEyK

342

Nepktk.b

342

OsMLSDACE-e

657

Bloiieses

303

Nephro<lium

664

Osmunda

670

Moneywort

316

Nesiea

183

Ostrich-Fern

667

Monkey- flower

328

Nettle

444

Ostrva

456

Momuhgoa

46

Nettle Family

440

Osweijo Xea

S»l

Otophylla

335

Ox A LID K^

lOtj

0.\alM

109

Ox-eye

253

Ox-ryo Caisy

205

Oxil)ai>Iiua

404

0\ycoccu3

283

0:>yclfml.-um

2J8

Oxydeuia

C-.'3

Oxyiia

419

Oxytripolium

2;JG

Oxytropis

133

Pachysandra

439

Padu3

148

Pa^onia

43

Pajpalantlius

550

Piiiuted Cup

336

Panax

199

Paucratium

513

PANICEiE

606

Panic-Grass

645

Panicum

645

Papaver

5S

PAPAVEEACEiE

58

Pa paw

50

Papilionace.e

123

Pappoose-root

53

Papyrus

552

Pardanthus

517

Parietaria

446

Paruassia

166

Paronychia

96

Parslty Family

187

Parsley Pitrt

151

Parsnip

191

Parthenium

249

Partridse-berry 211, 2a3

Partridge Pea

144

Paspale^

606

Paspalum

644

Pasque-flower

36

Passiflora

185

PASSIFLORACE^

185

Passion Flower

185

Passion-Flower Family

185

Pastinaca

191

Pavia

118

Pea

139

Pear

161

Pear Family

147

Pearlwort

91

Pecan-nut

448

Pedicularis

337

Pelartronium

106

Peltea

659

Pellitory

446

Peltandra

476

Pencil-Flnwe*

138

Pennycress

73

Pennyroyal

350

Pentalophus

363

Penthorum

171

Pentstemon

327

Peplis

182

Pepiierbush

296

Pepperf;rass

74

Pepperidtie

201

Peppermint

344

Pepper-root

65

Pepperwort

74

Periploca

400

Periplock^

394

Peristvlus

500

Periwinkle

392

Persea

422

Persicaria

415

IXDKX.

G91

Persimmon

308

Plumclcss Thistle

274

Perularia

493

Pneumonanlhe

387

Peruv'ian Bark

Poa

628

Pctaluma

433

POACE^

603

IVtalostcraon

130

Pudalykie^

125

Pliac.Iia

369

Podciijliyirum

54

I'll.T.NOOAMOrS PL,

33

Podostcmaceai

429

I'lialacroloma

237

Podusttmon

429

I'lIALAUlBE-li

COO

Pogonia

507

Plialaris

C43

Poiusettia

^ 433

Pliarbitis

375

Poison Dogwood

111

PlIASEOLE^

125

I»oison Hemlock

197

Pliaseolus

140

Poison l\y

lU

PlieKopttris

663

Poison Oak

111

I'lielipxa

323

Poison Sumach

111

I'hiladelphus

166

Pokeweed

405

Phleoideje

603

Pokeweed Family

405

Phleum

603

Polanisia

75

Phlomis

S60

POLEMONIACEiE

370

Phlox

371

POLEMO.\I1.-JJ

370

Phuradendron

426

Polemonium

371

Phragmitea

636

Pulemonium Family

370

Phryma

S4I

Pulypala

120

PlIItYME^

339

POLYGALACE^K

120

Phyllanthus

439

POLYGON ACE Ji

414

Pliyllodoce

297

Polygonatuoi

631

Phyllostachys

573

Polygonum

414

Physalis

S81

Polymuia

247

Physocarpos

149

Polypetaldus Exogenous PI. 34

Physostegia

354

POLVPODIACI;^

656

Pliytolacca

405

Polypodies

656

PIIYTOLACCACE^

405

Poljpodium

658

Picea

471

P-lypofly

658

Pickerel-weed

545

Polypogon

612

Pickerel-iv-eed Family

544

Poliprtmum

391

Picrococcus

290

Polystichum

666

Pieris

295

Polytaenia

191

Pigeon-Berry

405

P0MEJ3

147

Pig-nut

449

Pomme Blanche '

129

Pigweed

406

Pomnie de Prairie

129

Pilea

445

Pond Spice

423

Pilinophytum

438

Pond weed

484

Pimpernel

SIG

Pondweed Family

482

Pine

469

Pontederia

545

Pine-Apple Family

515

PONTEDERIACE.E

544

Pine-drops

303

Pool- Man's Weather-glass 316

Pine Family

468

Poplar

50, 466

Pine-sap

304

Poppy

58

Pine-weed

86

Poppy Family

53

Pinguicula

320

Populus

466

Pink

88

Porcupine Grass

617

Pink Family

bi

Portulaca

97

Pink-root

392

PORTULACACEiE

97

Pinus

469

Portuna

295

Pinweed

81

Potaraogetoa

484

Pinxter-flower

299

Potato

380

Pipe-Vine

494

Potentilla

153

Pipewort

549

PoTERIEiB

147

Pipewort Family

549

Poterium

160

Pipsissewa

303

Poverty-Grass

618

Piptatherum

617

Prairie Clover

130

Pitcher-Plants

57

Prairie Dock

249

Planera

443

Pri.'kly Pear

185

Planer-tree

443

Prickly-Poppy

59

Plane-tree

447

Prim

400

Plane-tree Family

446

Primrose

313

PLANTAGINACE^

310

Primrose Family

313

Plantago

310

Primula

313

Plantain

310

PRIMULACE7E

313

Pla-.tain Family

310

Pklmilk.b

313

PLATAN ACEiE

446

Prince's Feather

412, 415

Platanthera

500

Prince's Pine

303

Piatanus

447

I'rinoides

306

Pleurisy-root

397

Prinos

305, 307

Pluchea

247

Privet

400

Plum

147

Prosartcs

528

PLUMBAGINACE.*

312

Proserpinaca

17i

G02

Prunus

147

' RurNANTIIIDE*

3-24

Sand-Myrtle

301

PseuJo-Polygonella

417

Khinanthus

337

Saiid-Spurrey

95

Psilocarya

6(>S

Uh..,lo,l,naron

299

San<lw..rt

90

Psoralea

lis

Kh.Klura

300

Sanguinaria

60

ViORXUEJB

1J4

KiitiixmKX

287

Sauguisurba

150

Ps3ilu)>hura

!>r-i

Kliubarb

414

S.iiiicle

190

Ptelea

110

Klius

111

Saiiicula

190

Ptkkide*

650

Kliyncliasia

142

SANTALACE.E

426

Pteris

Co8

llliynch .spc.ra

5(>7

SAl'lNDACE.E

116, 117

Pterospora

303

KHYNCUOSrOBE^

551

Sapoi.aria

88

Puccoon

363

Uilxs

11)4

SAl>OTACE.E

308

Pulmonaria

364

Kiljesia

105

Sappudilla Family

303

Pulsatilla

36

Kibgrass

310

Sarothra

86

Pulse Family

123

Rice Cut-Grass

607

Sarracenia

57

Pumpkin

186

Rich-weed 350, 445

SARHACENIACEiE

57

Purple Cone-flower

253

Rippleprass

311

Sarsaparilla

198, 199

Purslane

97

River-weed

423

Sassafras

433

Purslane Family

97

River-weed Family

429

Satureia

349

Putty-root

510

Kobinia

130

SATtUEIE.t:

342

Pyciiantbcmum

•M6

Rock Cress

67

SAURUKACE^

427

Pycreus

562

Rock -Rose

80

Saururus

427

Pyrola

301

Kock-Rnse Family

80

Savin

473

PvROLE^ (Pyrola Family) 2S8

Roman Wormwood

251

Savory

349

Pyrrhopappua

280

Rosa (Rose;

158

Saxifraga

167

Pyrularia

426

RO:>B;f;

147

SA.KIFRAGACE^

163

Pyrus

161

R0SACE.T5

146

Saxifrage

167

Pyxidanthera

373

Hose-Acacia

131

Saxikrages

163

Ko3"-Bay

299

Saxifrage Family

1U3

Quaking-Grass

633

Rose Family

146

Scabious

215

yua.iiash

5:33

Rose-Mallow

102

Schedonorus

635

yuamoclit

374

Kosur.iot

172

Scheuchzeria

491

Queen of the Prairie

149

Kosin-Plant

248

Schizaja

669

QUKRCINE^

450

Rosiii-weed

249

SCIIIZ.'EACE.E

657

Quercitron

454

Koubieva

408

Schullera

546

Que reus

450

Rowan Tree

1G2

Schrankia

145

Queria

96

UrBKj.

147

Schwalbea

336

Quick- or Quitch-Gras3

637

RUBIACE.E

208

Schweinit2Ja

304

Quillwort

675

Uubus

156

Scilla

533

Rudbeckia

254

SCIRPE^

551

Radish

75

Rue

110

SCIRPINE^

551

Ragiopteris

66S

Kue-Anemone

38

Scirpus

560

Ra-weed

250

Ruellia

339

Scleranthus

96

Ragwort

271

Rumex

419

Scleria

570

Rara's-head

511

Ruppia

483

SCLERINE.E

551

Ramsted

326

Hush

537

Scleruchloa

628

RANUNCULACE^

34

Hush Family

536

Sclcrolepis

222

Ranuncdlk^

34

Rush-Grass

609

Scoke

405

Ranunculus

40

Ruta

110

Scolopendrium

662

Raphaneje

64

RutabaKa

71

Scorpion-grass

364

Uaphanus

75

RUTACE^

109

Scotch Thistle

274

RaspVierry

156

Hye-Grass

637

Scouring Rush

653

}lattle-box

126

Scrophularia

326

Rattlesnake-Grass

627

Sabbatia

384

SCROfllULARIACE^ 324

Rattlesnake's-Master

191

Sacchare.s

607

Scutch-Grass

622

Rattlesnake- l>lantaia

503

Sacred Bean

55

Scutellaria

355

Rattlesnake-root

278

Sage

350

Sea Blite

410

Rattlesnake-weed

277

Sagina

94

Sea Lavender

312

Kay-Grass

637

Sagittaria

492

Sea Milkwort

316

Ray less Golden-rod

245

St. Andrew's Cross

83

Sia Ox-eye

253

Rebnulea

625

St. John's- wort

84

Sea Purslane

97

Re<l Bay

422

St. .lohn's-wort Family

83

Sea Rocket

75

Re.l-bud

143

St. Peter's-wort

83

Sea Sand-Reed

616

Red Osier

200

SALICACE.E

461

Sea Spear-Grass

628

Red-root 115

,514

Salicornia

409

Sedge

571

Red-top

612

Salix

461

Sedge Family

550

Reed

636

S:,lsola

410

Sedum

172

Reed Bent-Grass

614

Saltmarsh-Grass

620

Seed-box

180

Reed-mace

480

Saltwort

410

Selaginella

674

Reed Meadow-Grass

627

Silvia

3.50

S"lf-heal

355

Rein-Orchis

4'JS

SiUvinia

677

74

Rensselajria

476

S\MDL-CE.B

202

Seneca Grass

642

Reseda

76

Sambucus

205

Seneca Snakeroot

122

RKSEDACE.H

76

S\MnLF..B

313

Senecio

270

RIIAMNACE^

113

Samolus

317

Se.vecione.e

221

Rhamnus

114

Samphire

409

Sexecio.nidb^

219

Rheumatism-root

54

Sandal wofxl Family

425

Senna

144

Uhexia

181

Sand-Grass

624

Sensitive Brier

145

INDEX.

698

Sensitive Fern

668

Southern Buckthorn

308

Stratiotide^

49S

Sensitive Joint- Vetch

134

Sow Thistle

282

Strawberry

155

Sericocarpus

228

Spanish-Bayonet

635

Strawberry Blite

408

Service-berry

162

Spanish-Needles

262

Strawberry Bush

116

Sesame-Grass

650

Spurgauium

481

Strawberry Tomato

382

Sesuvium

97

Spartina

619

Streptopus

529

Setaria

649

Spalter-Dock

66

Striped Dogwood

119

Seyiueria

334

Spear-Grass

628

Struthiopteris

667

Sliail-l)ush

162

S|)earmint

344

Stuartia

104

Shave-Urass

655

Spearwort

41

Siylipus

152

Sheep-berry

206

Specularia

2S6

Stylisma

376

Shellflower

327

SpeedweU

332

S.ylophorum

59

Shepiier.lia

424

Spergula

96

Stylosanthes

133

Shepherd's Purse

73

Sl>ergularia

95

STVKACACE^

309

SliielJ-Fern

664

Spermacoce

210

STVRACK.E

309

Shin-leaf

SOI

Spice-bush

423

Styrax

309

Shooting-Star

314

Spiderwort

547

Suaida

410

Shrubby Althaea

102

Spiderwoi-t Family

546

Subularia

73

Shrubby Bitter-sweet

116

Spigelia

392

Succory

275

Shrubby Trefoil

110

Spike-Grass

628, 635

Sugarberry

443

Shrub Yellow-root

47

Spikenard

199

SuUivantia

169

Sibbaldia

153

Spike-Rush

557

Sumach

111

SlBTHURPIE^

324

Spindle-tree

116

Summer Haw^

160

Sickle-pod

68

Splriija

140

Summer Savory

349

Sicyos

186

Spui^sa;

146

Sundew

82

Sida

101

Spiranthes

504

Sundew Family

82

Sidj-saddle Flower

67

Spirodela

479

Sundrops

179

Sieversia

153

Spleenwort

661

Sunflower

255

Silene

83

Spoonwood

298

Supple-jack

114

SlLBNEX

87

Sporobolus

610

Swauip Honeysuckle

299

SiLICULOSi

63

Spotted CdWbane

190

Swamp LoosesU-ife

183

SlLIQUOS^

63

Spotted VVintergreen

303

Sweet Bay

49

Silkweed

394

Spring-Beauty

98

Sweet-Brier

159

Silphium

248

Spruce

471

Sweet Cicely

197

Silver-hell Tree

310

Spurge

430

Sweet Clover

128

Silver-Berry

425

Si)urge Family

430

Sweet Coltsfoot

227

Silver-Weed

155

Spurge-Nettle

436

Sweet-Fern

458

Simarubaceae

111

Spurred Butterfly-Pea

141

Sweet Flag

478

Sinapis

70

Spurred Gentian

386

Sweet-Gale Family

457

SlSYJlBRIE.E

63

Spurrey

96

Sweet-Gum Tree

174

Sisymbrium

70

Squash

186

Sweet-leaf

310

Sisyrinchium

517

Squaw-root

323

Sweet Pepperbush

296

Sitolobium

669

Squaw-weed

271

Sweet Pine-sap

304

Slum

196

Squill

533

Sweet-Scented Shrub

162

Skullcap

355

Squirrel Corn

61

Sweet Vernal-Grass

643

Skunk Cabbage

477

Squirrel-tail Grass

638

Sweet- William

371

Sloe

148

StaciivdevE

343

Swine-Cress

74

Smartweed

416

Stachys

358

Sycamore

447

SMILACEJ?

518

Stagger-bush

296

Syena

647

Smilacina

530

Staff-tree

116

Symphoricarpus

203

Smilax

518

Staff-tree Family

115

Symphytum

361

Srailax Family

518

Staphylea

117

Symplocarpus

477

Snake-head

327

Staphylkace^e

117

Symplocineje

309

Snalce.-root 190,

191, 223,

Statice

313

Symplocos

310

228, 404

Star-Cucumber

186

Synandra

354

Snapdragon

326

Star Flower

314

Syndesmon

38

Sneeze-weed

263

Star grass

513, 515

Synthyris

331

Sneezewort

265

Star-of-Bethlehem

533

Syriiiga

166, 400

Snowberry

203

Star-Thistle

272

Snowdrdp

310, 512

Starwort

92, 223

Tacamahac

467

Snowflake

512

Steeple-Bush

149

Tienidia

195

SoHi)berry Family

116

Steironema

315

Tagetes

262

Siiapwort

Stellaria

92

Tagetinejb

220

SOLAN ACE^

380

StELLATvF.

208

Talinura

93

Solanum

380

Stonactis

237

Tall Red-top

624

Sol"a

76

Stenanthium

525

Tamarack

473

Solidago

209

Stickseed

365

Tanacetum

. 266

Solomon's Seal

531

Stillingia

436

Tansy

266

Sonchus

282

Stipa

617

Tansy-Mustard

70

SOPHORE^

125

Stipr^.

601

Tape-grass

496

Sorbus

161

Stitchwort

92

Taraxacum

280

Sorghum

652

Stone-cn.p

172

TARf-nONANTHt:^

219

Sorrel

419

Stone-root

350

Tare

138

Sorrel Family

106

Storax

309

Taxing.*;

463

Sorrel-tree

296

Storax Family

309

Taxodiura

473

Sour-Gumtree

20t

Storksbill

lOS

Taxus

474

8oiir-wood

296

Stramonium

383

Tea-berry

293

()'J4

IXDEX.

Tea-PIiint

103

Trifoliura

126

Vemonia

222

Tear- thumb

418

Triglochin

491

VliRSOMACEiE

217

Teasol

215

Tkii.lii>e.e

520

Veronica

332

Teasel-Kamily

•215

Trillium

522

Vbroxice.k

324

XfCi.uia

321

Tri.Mlallus

286

Vervain

339

Tc-liiiatophuce

479

Triosteum

205

Vervain Family

339

Teplirosia

i;ii

Triplasis

624

Vesicaria

73

TKi-mtosi.*:

l-.'.4

Triple-awned Grass

618

Vetch

138

T.'.RNSTIUEMIACEJE

103

Trlpsacum

650

Velcliling

139

T.tiMgoiiotliuca

•252

Triptirdla

496

Viburnum

206'

T.traMtlicra

4-23

Trisetum

640

Vicia

138

T.iurium

343

Trilicum

637

\WIKM

124

Tli.ilk-trum

38

Trollius

44

Vignea

574

Tlia!<i>ium

194

Tropajolum

105

Villa

609

'riiermopsis

679

Troximon

276

Viiicetoxicum

399

Tliimblel)erry

157

Trumpet-Creeper

321

Vine Family

112

Thill-Grass

611

Trumi)ct-flower

321

Viola

77

Thislltt

273

Trum|)ets

58

VIOLACE.E (Violet Fam.) 76

Thlaspi

73

Trumpet-weed

225

Violet

77

TllLASI'IDE.B

6;3

Tsuga

471

Viper's Bugloss

361

Thurii

159

TUBILIFLOR.E

216

Virgaurea

'240

Tlioru-Apple

383

Tuckermainiia

440

Virgilia

143

Thoroufih-wax

195

Tulip-tree

50

Virginian Cowslip

364

Thoroughwort

224

Tupelo

201

Virgmian Creeper

113

Three-leaved Nightshade

522

TlSSILAGINE*

218

Virginia Snakeroot

404

Three-seeded Mercury

436

Tussilago

227

Virgiu's-Bower

35

Three-thorued Acacia

145

Turnip

71

Viscum

426

Thrift

312

Tuvritia

68

VITACEJE

112

Thuja

472

Turtle-head

327

Vitis

112

Thunbergia

338

Twayblade

506, 509

Vitis-Idsea

290

TIIYMELEACEiE

424

Twig-Rush

570

Thymus (Thyme)

348

Twin-flower

202

Waahoo

116

Tiurella

1-0

Twin-leaf

63

AVake-Robin 522, 523

Tickseed

258

Twisted Stalk

529

AValdsteinia

153

Tickseed Sunflower

260

Typha

480

Walking-leaf

663

Tick-Tref.iil

134

TYPIIACE.E

480

Walnut

447

Tiedemanuia

192

Walnut Family

447

Tijter-flower

616

Udora

490

Water Arum

476

Tigridia

516

ULMACE.E

441

Water Beech

457

Tilia

103

Ulmaria

149

Water Chinquepia

55

TIUACE^

103

Llmus

442

Wart-Cress

64,74

Tillsa

171

UMBELLIFER.'E

187

Water-IIemlock

196

Tillandsia

515

Imbrella-Gr.iss

656

Water-Hemp

413

Timothy

6ns

Umbrella-leaf

53

Mater 11. rebound

345

Tiniaria

413

Umbrella-tree

49

Waterleaf

367

Tipuhiria

508

I'nicorn-plant

321

Waterleaf Family

367

Tithymalopsis

433

Uniola

635

Water-Li ly

66

Tithymalus

433

Uralepis

624

AVatcr-Lily Family

54,55

Toad-Flax

326

Vrtica

444

Watcr-Lncust

145

Tobacco

383

URTICACEiE

440

Watermelon

186

Tofieldia

527

Urtice^

441

Watei-Nilfuil

174

Tomato

380

Utricularia

318

Water-Nilfoil Family

174

Toothache-Grass

620

Uvularia

528

Water-Nynil)h

56

Toothache-tree

110

UVULABIE^

521

Water-Parsnip

. 196

Tooth sviirt

65

Water- Pennywort

189

Touch-me-not

108

Vaccaria

88

Water-pepper

416

Tovaria

417

A'accixie^e

287

Water-Pimpernel

317

Tower-Mustard

Vaccinium

289, 679

Water-Plantain

491

Toxicodendron

111

Vahlodea

641

Water-Plantain Family

490

Trachynotia

619

Valeriana (Valerian)

213

Water- Purslane

181

Tradescantia

547

VALERIANACEwE

213

Water-Rice

608

Tragia

437

Valerianella

214

Water-Shield Family

64

Trailing Arbutus

293

Valerian Family

213

Water SUr-grass

545

Trautvetteria

39

Vallisneria

496

Water-Starworts

427

Treacle Mustard

Vallisserie*

495

Water-Violet

317

Tread-softly

436

Vanilla Grass

642

Water-weed

495

Tree of Heaven

110

Vanilla-plant

224

AVater-Willow

338

Trefoil

126

Velvet-leaf

101

Water-wort

86

Trichelostylia

567

Venus's Fly-trap

83

Water-wort Family

86

Trichochloa

614

Venus's Looking-glass 2S6

Wax-Myrtle

457

Trichodium

611

Veratrum

525

Wax-work

116

Trichophorum

565

Vkrbasce^

324

Wayfaring-tree

207

Trichostema

343

Verbascum

325

Western Wall-flower

69

Tricuspis

623

Verbena

339

Whahoo

443

Tridynia

315

VERBENACE^

339

Wheat

637

Trientalia

314

Verbene.'E

339

Whin

126

TaiFOLIEiB

123

Verbesina

262

White Alder

296

INDEX.

G95

White Cedar

472, 473

Windsoria

623

Xanthium

251

Wliite Daisy

2t)5

Winged Pigweed

406

Xerupliyllura

626

■White Gi-iiss

607

WiiiterbL-rry

307

Xjlusteum

204

Wliite Lettuce

278

Winter-Cress

69

XVUIUACE^

547

AVIiite Siiulieroot

226

WiiiU^rgreen

293, 301

Xyris

548

AVliite Tli.im

lo'J

Wirc-Giiiss

623, 629

Wliite-tdpiped Aster

22S

Wistaria

131

Yam

518

\Vhite-w'e,l

205

Wiich-Haztl

173

Yam Family

618

Wliitluw Grass

71

Wittih-llazel Family

173

Yard-Grass

622

AVIiitlow-wort

9ii

Willie-roil

2U6

Yari'iiw

265

Wlioitleberiy Family

287

Woail- Waxen

12(>

Yaupoii

306

AVicoi.y

424

Wullbeny

203

Yeliow-eved Grass

548

Wil.l Allspice

42.J

WoKtia

480

Yellow-e'yeil Grass Family 547

Villi Balsam-apple

186

Wolfsbane

46

Yellow (False) Jessamine 391

Willi Bean

140

Wood Betony

337, 35S

Yellow I'ond-Lily

66

Wild Bergamot

351

Woodbine

113, 20:i

Yellow Puccoon

47

Willi Chamomile

266

Wood- Fern

664

Yellow- Rattle

337

Willi Comfi-ey

366

Wood-Grass

652

Yellow Rocket

69

Willi Kltler

19a

Wood-Nettle

445

Yellow-wood

143

Willi Ginger

40!

Wooil Keed-Grass

612

Yew

474

Willi Hyacinth

532

Wooil-Kush

536

Yew Family

408

AVilil Liquorice

209, 210

Wood-Sage

343

Yucca

535

Willi Marjoram

34S

Wooilsia

668

Willi Oat-Grass

639

Wood-Sorrel

109

Zannichellia

483

Willi Pink

89

Wood ward ia

660

Zanthorhiza

47

Wild Potato-Vine

375

Wool-Grass

565

Zantho.xylum

110

AVild Sarsaparilla

198

Woolly Beard-Grass

651

Zapania

340

Willi Sensitive-Plant

144

Worm-grass

392

Zephyranthes

513

Willow

461

Wormseed

408

Ziz-ania

608

Willow Family

461

Worm-seed Mustard

Zizia

195

Willow-herb

177

Wormwood

266

Zostera

483

Wiud-flowsr

a

Woundwort

358

Zygadenus (Zygadene)

5:M

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Genera of Cyperacese or Sedges.

Tab. I.

CYPERUS. — Small plant of C. diandriis (1); a spike mafjnifiecl (2); a piece of the
rhachis with one scale enclosing its flower (3); a separate flower more mag-
nified (4). C. erythrorhizos, a spike magnified, the lower scales and flowers
have fallen, showing the little internal scales of the section Papyrus (5),
formed of the winged margins of the joints of the rhachis detached; a sepa-
rate one more enlarged (6); a flower (7); an acheiiium (8), cut in two.
C. dentatus, a piece of the rhachis of a spike with lower part of one scale,
showing how it is decurrent on the joint beneath (cut across) to form scale-
like wings (9).

DULICHIUM. — Upper part of a plant (1); part of a spike somewhat enlarged (2);
piece of rhachis and one scale decurrent on the joint beneath (3); magnified
flower (4).

KYLLINGIA. — Plant of K. pumila (1); one-flowered spike on a piece of the rha-
chis, enlarged (2); the same more enlarged and open (3); achenium (4), and
section of same magnified (5).

Tab. n.

HEmCARPHA. — Plant (1), natural size; a spike enlarged, with its bract (2);
magnified scale of the same (3); a flower (5), with its single stamen and
minute internal scale, magnified; achenium (6), magnified.

LIPOCARPHA. — Upper part of plants with spikes (1); diagram of a flower, viz. of
ovary between the two internal scales, and single stamen, scale of the spike on
one side, axis of the spike on the other (2); scale of spike detaclied (3); a
flower with its two inner scales (4); achenium magnified (5).

FUIRENA. — Upper portion of plants (1); scale of spike enclosing a flower (2);
open scale of same (3); flower (4); one of the scales and one of the bristles
of the flower (5), achenium (6), and section of same (7).

Tab. m.

ELEOCHARIS.— Small pltint of E. olivacea (1); the spike enlarged (2); detached

scale (3); flower (4); achenium and bristles (5). E. quadraiigulata, spike (C);

a scale (7); flower (8); achenium and bristles (9). E. tuberculosa; the

achenium with its great tubercle, and bristles (10).
SCIRPUS. — Summit of plant of small S. debilis (1); a spike (2); a scale of the

same (3), and flower (4); achenium with its bristles (5). S. (Trichophorum)

GM 80

C98 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Eriophornm ; a small portion of the inflorescence (6); a flower (7); a spike in
fruit (8); achenium from the same, with the tortuous bristles much length-
ened (0); section of the achenium (10).

ERIOP no RUM. — Small plant of K. nlpinum, in flower (1); spike (2); a scale (3),
and (4) a flower from the same; the spike in fruit, the bristles forming a
cottony tuft (5); achenium and its bristles (6).

FIMBUISTYMS. — Summit of a small flowerinfc stem of F. laxa (1); a spike of
tlie same (2); a det;iched scale (3), and (4) a flower of the same; achenium
(■>). F. ( Trichelostylis) autumnaiis; a spike, enlarged (6); flower (7); acheni-
um (S), and (0) section of the same.

Tab. IV.

DICIIROMENA. — Head and Involucre of D. latifolia (1); a scale from one of the

spikes (2), and the same cut across (3); a flower (4); achenium with its

tubercle (u).
RHYXCIIOSPORA.— Upper part of flowering stem of R. Torreyana (1); a spike

(2); detached flower (3); aclieiiium (4) with short bristles at its base; one

of these bristles more magnified (3).
R. (§ PSILOCARYA): — Part of phmt (1). enlarged spike (2), detached scale (3),

flower (4), and achenium with its beak ('>) of R. (Psilocarya) scirpoides.
R. (^ CRRATOSCIKENUS):— Upper part of fruiting plant (1), detached spike (2),

flower (3), and beaked achenium with its bristles (4) of R. (Ceratoschocnus)

macrostachya.

Tab. V.

CLADIUM. — Summit of a plant of C. mariscoides (1); detached spike (2); same,
open, showing a staminate and a perfect flower (3); the nut-like achenium
(4), and the longitudinal section of the same (5).

SCLERIA. — Summit of a flowering stem of S. reticularis (6); three spikelets from
a cluster, the middle one pistillate, the lateral ones staminate (7); staminate
spikelet displaying four male flowers, the filaments of two of them have lost
their anthers (8); pistillate spikelet displaying a single pistillate flower (9);
achenium with the 3-lobed double cup underneath (10).

CAREX. — Plant of C pauciflora (11); a staminate flower with its scale (12); scale
(13), and mature pistillate flower, in its perigynium (14); cross section of
perigynium and of tlie C(mtained achenium (lo); achenium on its stalk, style
and stigmas (16). C. Steudelii, upper part of flowering plant (17); the spike
enlarged (18); a staminate flower and its scale (10); pistillate flower in its
perigynium (20); the same with half the perigynium cut away to show the
contained achenium and style (21).

Tab. VL

CAREX. — C. trisperma, upper part of a stem in fruit (1); enlarged spike displayed,
with three staminate and two pistillate flowers (2); a sc;ile (3) and a ripe peri-
gynium (i), of the latter; with a section of the perigynium near the base, and
of the contained perigynium (5). C. straminea, summit of a fruiting plant (6) ;
a spike enlarged (7); scale of a pistillate flower (8) ; the winged perigynium
and the contained achenium cut across (9); detached achenium with persist-
ent style and stigmas (10). C. umbellatn, whole plant (11); a perigynium
and its scale (12); cross-section towards the bnse of perigynium and its
contained achenium (13); detached achenium with its persistent style and
Btigmas (14). C. bullata; upper part of plant in fruit, with one pistillate and
two staminate spikes (IS); one of its staminate flowers with the scale (16); a
pistillate scale (17) and mature perigynium (18); longitudinal section of
the latter, showing the achenium and its stylo (19), and cross section of
the same (20).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 699

Genera of Gramineae or Grasses.

Tab. VII.

LEERSTA. — Panicle of L. oryzoides, reduced in size (1); a branchlet of the snme
witli its spikelets, of tlie natural size (2); and an open spilieiet in Hower, en-
larged (3).

ZIZANIA. — A staminate (1) and a pistillate (2) flower or spiiielet of Z. aquatica;
a magnified pistil with a pair of squanuike or liypogynous pcales (3); a grain
(4); and amagnifietl longitudinal section of the lower |)art of the same, show-
ing the embryo at the outside of the base of the albumen.

ALOPECURUS. — Part of a plant of A. geniculatus, in flower (1); a few spii^elets
from the spike-lil^e inflorescence, moderately magnified (2); an open spikelet
in flower, more magnified (3), and the single lower palet detached (4).

PHLEU.M. — A detached spikelet of P. pratense, having the flower with its palets
raised above the glumes, magnified.

CRYPSIS. — Inflorescence (1) of C. schoenoides; a separate enlarged spikelet (2);
and the same open, in flower (3).

VILFA. — An enlarged spik«let of V. vaginseflora (1); and the same displayed (2).

SPOROBOLUS. — A spikelet of S. cryptandrus, magnified (1); the same with the
flower open, the palets raised above the glumes (2); and the fruit (3), more
magnified, showing the seed loose in the pericarp (utricle).

AGROSTIS. — Panicle of A. vulgaris (1); with an enlarged open spikelet of the
same: also (3) the rough pedicel and glumes of A. scabra, with the flower
separated, the latter having no upper palet.

Tab. VIII.

POLYPOGON. — Spike-like contracted panicle of P. Monspeliensis (1); an enlarged
detached spikelet, showing the long awns to the glumes (2); the same open
ill flower (3); and a separate flower without the glumes (4).

CINNA. — A magnified spikelet of C. arundinacea (1); and the same open, display-
ing the palets, the single stamen, and the pistil (2).

MUHLENBERGIA. — A magnified closed spikelet of M. sj'lvatica (1); the same
with the open flower raised out of the glumes (2). A' magnified spikelet of
51. diffusa (3); its minute and unequal glumes more magnified (4); and an
open spikelet of the saiiie (5).

BRACHYELYTRUM. — A spikelet of B. aristatum enlarged (1); the same dis-
played (2).

CAL AM AGROSTIS.— An open spikelet of C. Canadensis, enlarged, displaying all
the parts (1); the same with the flower raised out of the glumes, showing the
hairy rudiment behind the upper palet (2).

ORYZOPSIS.— An open magnified spikelet of 0. asperifolia (1); and the flower of
the same removed from the glumes (2). Notice the remarkably long squa-
muliB or hypogynous scales, which here nearly equal the palets in length.

STIPA. — Glumes and flower (a little separated) of S. avenacea, enlarged.

ARISTIDA. — A spikelet of A. purpurascens, enlarged.

Tab. IX.

SPARTINA. — Portion of the inflorescence of S. stricta, of the natural size (1); a

spikelet enlarged (2); and the same displayed, the flower raised above the

glumes (3).
GTENIUM. — Spike of C. Americanum (1); a single spikelet magnified (2); and the

same displayed, the glumes separated (3).
BOUTELOUA. — A portion of the compound spike, of the natural size (1); and a

spikelet displayed and magnified (2), the flowers raised out of the glumes.

700 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

GYMNOPOGOX. — Inflorescence of G. racemosus, reduced in size (1); and a mag-
nified spikelet with the parts disphiyed (2).

CYNODON. — Inflorescence, of digitate spiives (1); a spikelet magnified and dis-
played, showing a perfect flower and a nidinient (2).

DACTYLOCTENIUM.— Inflorescence of I), ^jxyptiacum, of digitate spikes (1);
one of the spikelets magnified (2) ; the fruit magnified (3), showing tiie seed
loose in the thin pericarp (utricle); and (4) the wrinkled seed more magnified.

ELEUSINE. — One of the spikes from the digitate inflorescence of E. Indicu(l);
a magnified spikelet (2); the same witli the flowers more displayed (3); a
flower from the last showing its parts (4); the fruit magnified, showing the
seed loose in the utricle (5); and the wrinkled seed detached (G).

LEPTOCHLOA. — Small portion of the inflorescence of L. fascicularis (1); one of
its spikelets displayed and magnified (2) ; au open flower of the same (3).

Tab. X.

TRICUSPIS. — Magnified spikelet of T. seslerioides (1); the same displayed and
the lowest flower open (2); back view of the lower palets spread out (3).

GRAPHEPHORUM. — A magnified spikelet of G. melicoides, displayed (1); a part
of the hairy rhachis and one flower of the same (2).

DIARRHENA. — A spikelet of D. Americana, enlarged (1); the grain and palets (2).

DACTYLIS. — A spikelet of D. glomerata magnified and displayed.

KOELERIA. — A magnified spikelet of K. cristata, expanded, showing the glumes,
the three flowers, and a rudiment (1); lower half of a lower palet| partly
spread open (2); it is much more folded and keeled in its natural condition.

EATONIA. — A magnified spikelet of E. obtusata, expanded, showing the glumes^
the two flowers, and a rudiment.

MELIC A. — A magnified spikelet of M. mutica, expanded, showing the glumes, two

perfect flowers, and an abortive one.
GLYCERIA.— A magnified spikelet of G. nervata (1); a separate flower with one

joint of the rhachis (2); and (3) the lower half of a lower palet, showing it&

form (rounded on the back, not keeled.)
BRIZOPYRUM. — A pistillate spikelet of B spicatum, enlarged (1); a flower from

the same (2); and a flower from a staminate spikelet (3).
PDA. — Panicle of P. compressa, reduced in size (1); a magnified spikelet (2); a

separate flower more magnified (3) ; a lower palet cut across and somewhat

outspread (4).
ERAGROSTIS. — A spikelet of E. pilosa, enlarged (1); the same, from which

the glumes and all of six lower flowers except the upper palet have fallen

away (2); a magnified flower, open (3); the lower palet of the same out-
spread (4).
BRIZA. — A spikelet of B. media, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2).
FESTUCA. — A spikelet of F. elatior, enlarged (1); a separate flower (2); lower

part of a lower palet, outspread (3).
BROMUS. — A spikelet of B. secallnus, or Chess (1); and a separate flower,

enlarged (2).

Tab. XI.

UNIOLA. — A spikelet of U. latifolia, of about the natural size (1); a flower, en-
larged (2) ; empty lower palet of the lowest (sterile) flower (3).

PHRAGMITES.— A spikelet of P. communis, enlarged (1); one of the perfect
flowers, enlarged (2); and the lowest flower (3), wiiich has stamens only.

ARUNDINARIA. — A spikelet of A. macrosperma (1); and a separate flower, mag-
nified (2).

LEPTURUS. — Portion of the spike of L. paniculatus, enlarged (1); and a flower
magnified (2).

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 701

LOLIUM. — Portion of tlie spike of L. teraulentum (1); and a separate flower, mag-
nified (2).

TRrnCUM.— Portion of the spike of T. repens, or Couch-Grass, of about the
iiaturiil size (1); a flower, magnified (2).

HORDKUM. — The three one-flowered spikelets from one joint of the spike of
H. jubiitum, witli tlieir awn-like glumes, the lateral flowers abortive and
neutral tlie middle one alone ])erfect (1); this perfect flower (with an awn-like
rudiment) open and enlarged (2).

ELYMUS. — The two spikelets of one joint of the spike of E. Virginicus, about the
natural size (1); the glumes and the flowers of one spikelet, enlarged and
displayed (2); and an open flower,- more magnified (3).

GYMNOSTICHUM. — A spikelet of G. Hystrix (1), and au expanded flower, mag-
nified (2).

Tab. XII.

AIRA. — Panicle of A. flexuosa (1); a spikelet, magnified, the parts displayed (2);

and one of the flowers detached and open (3).
DANTUOXIA. — Panicle of D. spicata (1); a spikelet enlarged (2); and a separate

flower from the same (3).
TRISETUM. — A spikelet of T. subspicatum, var. moUe, expanded and magni-
fied (1); and a separate open flower (2).
AVENA. — A spikelet of A. striata displayed and magnified (1); and a separate

flower (2).
ARRENATHERUM. — A spikelet of A. avenaceum, displayed and magnified:

1, the glumes; 2, the flowers, the lower one staminate only, the next one

perfect, and the third a rudiment.
HOLCUS. — A spikelet of H. lanatus magnified (1); the same displayed to show

the two flowers, the lower one perfect and awnless, the upper staminate and

awued (2).

Tab. XIIL

HIEROCHLOA. — A spikelet of H. borealis, enlarged (1): the same displayed, the
flowers separated from the glumes, the two lateral ones with three stamens
and no pistil; the middle or terminal one with a pistil and only two stam-
ens (2).

ANTHOXANTHUM.— The spike-like inflorescence of A. odoratum (1); a spikelet
magnified (2); another with the parts displayed, the flowers raised from the
glumes, the lateral ones neutral, each of a single and awned palet, the middle
one perfect and diandrous (3).

PHALARIS. — A spikelet of P. arundinacea enlarged (1); the glumes, and the per-
fect flower with a hairy rudiment on each side of it (2).

MILIUM. — Portion of the panicle of M. eff"usum (1); a closed spikelet magni-
fied (2); and the same displayed (3).

AMPHICARPUM. — A spikelet from the panicle of A. Purshii, magnified (1); the
same with the parts displayed (2); and a radical (fertile) spikelet, en-
larged (3).

P ASP ALUM — Inflorescence of P. Ijsve(l); a closed spikelet, enlarged (2); the
same with the parts displayed (3).

PANICUJL — Part of a spike of P. (Digitaria) sanguinale (1); one of its spikelets
magnified (2) : the same with the parts displayed (3): in this the lower flower
is neutral and of a single palet. A spikelet of P. capillare, mngnified (4), and
the same displayed (5): the lower flower a single palet. A spikelet of P.
clandestinutn, magnified (6), and the same displayed (7): the lower neutral,
of two |)alets. A spikelet of P. virgatum, magnified (S); the same displayed
(9): the lower flower of two palets and staminate.

SET ARIA. — A magnified spikelet of S. glauca, with the accompanying cluster of
. bristles (1); the spikelet displayed, showing the neutral lower flower of two
palets and the perfect flower (2).

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INDIANA

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