nn • '••• ' • ' Gray's School and Field Botany REVISED LESSONS o: S -D m m CD m a . - c t GRAY'S SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK OF BOTANY. CONSISTING OF "LESSONS IN BOTANY," AND "FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY," BOUND IN ONE VOLUME. BY ASA GRAY, USHER PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY FROM THE PRESS OP IVIBON, BLAKEMAN & COMPANY. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE TO GRAY'S SCHOOL AND FIELD BOOK OF BOTANY. THIS work consists of the "LESSONS IN BOTANY" and the " FIELD, FOREST AND GARDEN BOTANT," bound together in one complete volume, forming a most popular and comprehensive SCHOOL BOTANT, adapted to beginners and advanced classes, to Agri- cultural Colleges and Schools, as well as to all other grades in which the science is taught. It is also adapted for use as a hand-book to assist in analyzing plants and flowers in field study of botany, either by classes or individuals. The book is intended to furnish Botanical Classes and beginners with an easier introduction to the Plants of this country, and a much more comprehensive work, than is the MANUAL. Beginning with the first principles, it progresses by easy stages until the student, who is at all diligent, is enabled to master the intricacies of the science. It is a Grammar and Dictionary of Botany, and comprises the common Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, including the commonly cultivated, as well as the native species in fields, gardens, pkasure- gronndx, or house culture, and even the conservatory plants ordinarily met with. This work supplies a great desideratum to the Botanist and Botanical Teacher, then- being no similar class-book published in this country. (i KAY'S LESSONS IX BOTAXY REVISED EDITION TUP: ELEMENTS OF BOTANY FOR BEGINNERS AND FOR SCHOOLS BY ASA GRAY NEW YORK • : • CINCINNATI • : • CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY FROM THE PRESS OF IVISON, BLAKEMAN & COMPANY. Copyright, BT ASA GRA*. PREFACE. THIS volume takes the place of the author's LESSONS IN BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY, published over a quarter of a cen- tury ago. It is constructed on the same lines, and is a kind of new and much revised edition of that successful work. While in some respects more extended, it is also more concise and terse than its predecessor. This should the better fit it for its purpose now that competent teachers are common. They may in many cases develop paragraphs into lectures, and fully illustrate points which are barely, but it is hoped clearly, stated. Indeed, even for those without a teacher, it may be that a condensed is better than a diffuse exposition. The book is adapted to the higher schools, " How Plants Grow ajul Behave " being the " Botany for Young People and Common Schools." It is intended to ground beginners in Structural Botany and the principles of vegetable life, mainly as concerns Flowering or Phanerogamous plants, with which botanical instruction should always begin ; also to be a companion and interpreter to the Man- uals and Floras by which the student threads his flowery way to a clear knowledge of the surrounding vegetable creation. Such a book, like a grammar, must needs abound in technical words, which thus arrayed may seem formidable ; nevertheless, if rightly apprehended, this treatise should teach that the study of bot- any is not the learning of names and terms, but the acquisition of knowledge and ideas. No effort should be made to com- mit technical terms to memory. Any term used in describing a plant or explaining its structure can be looked up when it is wanted, and that should suffice. On the other hand, plans of iv PREFACE. structure, types, adaptations, and modifications, once understood, ;uv not readily i'n i jntteii ; and they give ni'-aning and interest to tin' technical term- u.-cil in explaining them. In these " Elements " naturally no mention lias been made of certain terms and names which recent eryptogamically-minded botanists, with lack of proportion and ju>t perspective, are en- deavoring to introduce into phanerogamous botany, and which are not needed nor appropriate, even in more advanced works, fur the adequate recognition of the ascertained analogies and homologies. As this volume will be the grammar and dictionary to more than one or two Manuals, Floras, etc., the particular directions for pro- cedure which were -iven in the, "First Lessons" are now relegat>- Floral Envelopes : Perianth, Calyx, Corolla 79 Essential Organs : Stamen, Pistil 80 Torus or Receptacle 81 § 3. PLAN OF THE FLOWER 81 When perfect, complete, regular, or symmetrical 81 Numerical Plan and Alternation of Organs 82 Flowers are altered branches 83 § 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE 85 Unisexual or diclinous 85 Incomplete, Irregular, and Unsym metrical 86 Flowers with Multiplication of Parts 88 Flowers with Union of Parts : Coalescence 88 Regular Forms, 89, Irregular Forms 90 Papilionaceous, 91, Labiate, 92, and Ligulate Corollas . ... 93 Adnation or Consolidation '.'I Position of Flower or of its Parts 96 § 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD 97 ^Estivation or Pnefloration, its kinds 97 SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR 98 Androccium, 98, Insertion, Relation, &c 99 Anther and Kilanu'iit. Pollen 101 SECTION X. PISTILS IX PARTICULAR 105 § 1. ANGIOSPEKMOUS OR ORDINARY GTN'l Mi>\ fim-iits in Flowers 153 Movements for capture ol Injects 154 \\'urk costs, U;-ini,r up Material ami Energy 155 SECTION XVII. ('UVl'TOdAMOUS OH FLO \VKK LESS PLANTS 156 Vascular Cryptogams, Pteridophytea 15(3 Horsetails (Equisetacese), Ferns 157 Club-Mosses (Lycopodium), &c 101 Quillworts (Isoetes), Pillworts (Marsilia) 101 Azolla. Cellular Cryptogams 1<>- J'iryopliytes. Mosses (Musci) 163 Liverworts (Hcpath-ze) lb'4 Tliallopliytes 1<;5 Cliaraceee 107 Alu:r, Si a \\ceils, &C 108 Liclienes or Liuhens 171 Fungi 172 SECTION XVIII. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE 175 § 1. KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP 175 Species, Varieties. Individuals 17'i Genera, Orders, Classes, &c 177 § 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS 178 Nomenclature of Genera, Species,. and Varieties IT'.i Nomenclature of Orders, Classes, &c. Terminology .... 180 § 3. SYSTEM 181 Artificial and Natural 1s- Synopsis of Series, Classes, &e 183 SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK 184 §1. COLLECTION ou HEIJBOKIZATION 1S1 § •_'. HERBARIUM ini $ '•}. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OK PLANTS . . . 187 §4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS 188 ABBREVIATIONS OF THE NAMES or ROTANISTS I'm GLOSSARY COMBINED WITH INDEX 103 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY, SECTION I. INTRODUCTORY. 1. BOTANY is the name of the science of the vegetable kingdom in general ; that is, of plants. 2. Plants may be studied as to their kinds and relationships. This study is SYSTEMATIC BOTANY. An enumeration of the kinds of vegetables, as far as known, classified according to their various degrees of resemblance or difference, constitutes a general System of plants. A similar account of the vegetables of any particular country or district is called a Flora. 3. Plants may be studied as to their structure and parts. This is STRUCTURAL BOTANY, or ORGANOGRAPHY. The study of the organs or parts of plants in regard to the different forms and different uses which the same kind of organ may assume, — the comparison, for instance, of a flower-leaf or a bud-scale with a common leaf, — is VEGETABLE MOR- PHOLOGY, or MORPHOLOGICAL BOTANY. The study of the minute structure of the parts, to learn by the microscope what they themselves are formed of, is VEGETABLE ANATOMY, or HISTOLOGY ; in other words, it is Micro- scopical Structural Botany. The study of the actions of plants or of their parts, of the ways in which a plant lives, grows, and acts, is the province of PHYSIOLOGICAL BOTANY, or VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 4. This book is to teach the outlines of Structural Botany and of the simpler parts of the physiology of plants, that it may be known how plants are constructed and adapted to their surroundings, and how they live, move, propagate, and have their being in an existence no less real, although more simple, than that of the animal creation which they support. Particularly, this book is to teach the principles of the structure and rela- tionships of plants, the nature and names of their parts and their modifica- tions, and so to prepare for the study of Systematic Botany ; in which the learner may ascertain the name and the place in the system of any or all of the ordinary plants within reach, whether wild or cultivated. And in ascertaining the name of any plant, the student, if rightly taught, will come, to know all about its general or particular structure, rank, and relationship lo other plants. 10 ELEMENTS OF BOTANY. [SECTION 1. 5 Tlir ' !e kingdom is so vast ;nid various, and tlic difference is BO will.- between ordinary trees, shrubs, and herbs on the one hand, and mosses, moulds, and such like on the other, that it is hardly possible to frame an intelligible ueeount of plants as a whole without contradictions <.r misstatements, or endless and troublesome fjinlilieations. If we say that plant> come from seeds, bear (lowers, and have roots, stems, and leaves, this is not true of the lower orders. It is best for the beginner, therefore, to treat of the higher orders of plants by themselves, without particular reference to the lower. 6. Let it be understood, accordingly, that there is a higher and a lower series of plants ; namely -. — PIIANEKOGAMOI s I'l . \NTs, which come from seed and bear JJowers, es- sentially stamens and pistils, through the co-operation of which seed is produced. For shortness, these are commonly called PHANEROGAMS, or Pheenof/iunx, or by the equivalent English name of FLU\VI-:RING PLANTS.1 CRTPTOGAMOUS PLANTS, or CRYPTOGAMS, come from minute bodies, which answer to seeds, but are of much simpler strueiure, and such plants have not stamens and pistils. Therefore they are called in English FLO \VKRLESS PLANTS. Such are Ferns, Mosses, Algae or Seaweeds, Fungi, etc. These sorts have each to be studied separately, for each class or order has a plan of its own. 7. But Phanerogamous, or Flowering, Plants arc all constructed on one plan, or type. That is, taking almost any ordinary herb, shrub, or tree for a pattern, it will exemplify the whole scries: the parts of one plant an>\\.-r to the parts of any other, with only certain dill'.-ivnecs in particulars. And the occupation and the delight of the scientilic botanist is in tracing out this common plan, in detecting the likenesses under all the diversities, and in noting the meaning of these manifold diversities. So the attentive study of any one plant, from its ^rowlli out of the seed to the flowering and fruiting slate and the production of seed like to that from which the plant- grew, would not only give a correct general idea of the structure, growth, and characteristics of Flowering Plants in general, but also serve as a pat- tern or standard of comparison. Some plants will ser\e this purpose of a pattern much better than others. A proper pattern will be one that is perfect in the sense of having all the principal parts of a phanerogamous plant, and simple ami regular in having these parts free from complications or disguises. The common Flax-plant, may \er\ well serve this purpo-e. I'.emg an annual, it has the advantage of being easily raised and carried in a short ti'ne through its circle of existence, from seedling to fruit and seed. ii,-iiiii- 1^ sniiirtiiiifs Phanerogamous, somrtiim-s Vlnrnor/amotts (Phanero- x, or PAanogams) , terms of tin- samr meaning etymologically ; the former of pirlVr.-ihli' form, but tin- latter shorter. The meaning of such terms is explained in the Glossary. SECTION 2.] A PATTERN PLANT. 11 SECTION II. FLAX AS A PATTERN PLANT. 8. Growth from the Seed. Phanerogamous plants grow from seed, and their flowers are destined to the production of seeds. A seed has a rudimentary plant ready formed in it, — sometimes with the two most essential parts, i. e. stem and leaf, plainly discernible ; sometimes with no obvious distinction of organs until germination begins. This incipient plant is called an EMBRYO. 9. In this section the Flax-plant is taken as a specimen, or type, and the development and history of common plants in general is illustrated by it. In flax-seed the embryo nearly fills the coats, but not quite. There is a small deposit of nourishment between the seed-coat and the embryo : this may for the present be left out of the account. This embryo consists of a pair of leaves, pressed together face to face, and attached to an ex- tremely short stem. (Fig. 2— i.) In this rudimentary condition the real nature of the parts is not at once apparent ; but when the seed grows they promptly reveal their character, — as the accompanying figures (Fig. 5-7) show. 10. Before the nature of these parts in the seed was altogether under- stood, technical names were given to them, which are still in use. These: initial leaves were named COTYLKDOXS. The initial stem on which they stand was called the RADICLE. That was because it gives rise to the first root; but, as it is really the beginning of the stem, and because it is the stem that produces the root and not the root that produces the stem, it is better to name it the CAULICLE. Recently it has been named Hypocofyle ; which signifies something below the cotyledons, without pronouncing what its nature is. FIG. 1. Pod of Flax. 2. Section lengthwise, showing two of the seeds; one whole, the other cut half away, bringing contained embryo into view. 3. Similar section of a flax-seed more magnified and divided flatwise; turned round, so that the stem-end (caulicle) of the embryo is below: the whole broad upper part is tli^e inner face of one of the cotyledons; the minute nick at its base is the plumule. 4. Similar section through a seed turned edgewise, showing the thickness of the cotyledons, and the minute plumule between them, i. e. the minute bud on the upper end of the caulicle. 12 A 1'ATTEKN PLANT. [SECTION -2. 11. Uu committing these seeds to moist aud warm soil they soon sin-out, i. e. yt'?iniiiri>. The most conspicuous and familiar buds are those of most shrubs and trees, bearing buds formed in summer or autumn, to grow the following I'l... 6. F.aih l'la\ aeedlillg ; stem (caulicle), root at lower cud, expanded seed- , (entylediins) at the other: minute bud (plumule) bet ween these. (i. Same later; the bud developed into econd pair of leaves, with hardly any stem-part Vie- low them; then into a third pair of leave-, rai-ed on a short joint of stem : and a fifth leaf also showiir:. 7. Same still older, with more leaves developed, hut. tie BI siu;.:l\ (one aft. r another), and with joints of stem between them. SECTION 2.] A PATTERN PLANT. spring. But every such point for new growth may equally bear the uame. When there is such a bud between the cotyledons in the seed or seedling it is called the PLUMULE. This is conspicuous enough in a bean (Fig. 29.), where the young leaf of the new growth looks like a little plume, whence the name, plumule. In flax-seed this is very minute indeed, but is discernible with a magnilier, and in the seedling it shows itself distinctly (Fig. 5, 6, 7). 13. As it grows it shapes itself into a second pair of leaves, which of course rests on a second joint of stem, although in this instance that remains too short to be well seen. Upon its summit appears the third pair of leaves, soon to be raised upon its proper joint of stem; the next leaf is single, and is carried up still further upon its supporting joint of stem ; and so on. The root, meanwhile, continues to grow underground, not joint after joint, but continuously, from its lower end ; and commonly it before long multiplies itself by branches, which lengthen by the same continuous growth. But steins are built up by a succession of leaf-bearing growths, such as are strongly marked in a reed or corn- stalk, and less so in such an herb as Flax. The word "joint " is ambigu- ous : it may mean either the portion between successive leaves, or their junction, where the leaves are at- tached. For precision, therefore, the place where the leaf or leaves are borne is called a NODE, and the naked interval between two nodes, an INTERNODE. 14. In this way a simple stem with its garniture of leaves is de- veloped from the seed. But besides this direct continuation, buds may form and develop into lateral stems, that is, into branches, from any node. The proper origin of branches is from the AXIL of a leaf, i. e. the angle between leaf and stem on the upper side ; and branches may again branch, so building up the herb, shrub, or tree. But sooner or later, and without long delay in an annual like Flax, instead of this continuance of mere vegetation, reproduction is prepared for by FIG. 8. Upper part of Flax-plant in blossom. 11 A PATTERN PLANT. [SECTION 2. 1."). Blossoming, in Flax the (lowers make their appearance at the end uf ili.' stem anil branches. The gro\\ th, \vhicli otherwise iniylit con- tinue tiirin farther or indefinitely, now takes the form of blossom, and is subservient to the production of .seed. 111. The Flower of Flax consists, lirst, of Ihi1 small given leaves, crowded mi" a circle : this is the CALYX, or flower-cup. "\Ylieu its sepa- rate Leaves are referred to they are called SEPALS, a name which distin- guishes them from foliage-leaves on the one band, and from petals on the other. Then come live delicate and colored leaves (in the Flax, blue). \\ liich form the COROLLA, and its leaves are PETALS; then a circle of organs, in 9 10 which all likeness to leaves is lost, consisting of slender stalks with a knob at summit, the STAMKNS; and lastly, in the centre, the rounded body, which becomes a pod, surmounted by live slender or stalk-like bodies. This, all together, is the PISTIL. The lower part of it, which is to contain the. seeds, is the OVARY; Hie .slender organs surmounting this are STYLES; the knob borne on the apex of each style is a STIGJI.V. Going back to the sta- mens, these are of two parts, viz. the stalk, called Fn, \\IKNT, and the body it bears, the ANTIIIK. Anthers arc filled with POLLEN, a powdery sub- stance made up of minute grains. 17- The pollen shed from the anthers when they open falls upon or is convened to the stigmas ; then the pollen-grains set up a kind of growth (to lie discerned only by aid of a go. Ml microscope), which penetrates the st\le : this gro\\th takes the form of a thread more delicate than the finest spider's web, and reaches the bodies which arc to become seeds (OvTJLES they an? called until this change occurs) ; these, touched by this influence, are in- cited t.o a new growth within, which becomes an embryo. So, as the ovary ripens into the seed-pod or capsule (Fig. 1, etc.) containing seeds, each seed enclosing a rudimentary new plantlet, the round of this vegetable existence is completed. FIG. S>. Flax t!'i\\vrs alunit natural si/t\ in. Section of a flower moderately ciilai-.'i'il, showing a |>.-irt i>f tli<- petals and stamens, all five styles, and a section of ovary r.itli t\\.. ovules m1 rudimentary seeds. SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 15 SECTION III. MORPHOLOGY OF SEEDLINGS. 18. Having obtained a general idea of the growth and parts of a pha- nerogamous plant from the common Flax of the field, the seeds and seed- lings of other familiar plants may be taken up, and their variations from the assumed pattern examined. 19. Germinating Maples are excellent to begin with, the parts being so much larger than in Flax that a common magnifying glass, although convenient, is hardly necessary. The only disadvantage is that fresh seeds are not readily to be had at all seasons. 20. The seeds of Sugar Maple ripen at the end of summer, and germi- nate in early spring. The em- bryo fills the whole seed, in which it is nicely packed ; and the nature of the parts is ob- vious even before growth begins. There is a stemlet (caulicle) and H pair of long and narrow seed- leaves (cotyledons), doubled up and coiled, green even in the seed, and in germination at once unfolding into the first pair of foliage-leaves, though of shape quite unlike those that follow. 21. Red Maple seeds are ripe and ready to germinate at the beginning of summer, and are therefore more convenient for study. The cotyledons are crumpled in the seed, and not easy to straighten out until they unfold them- selves in germination. The story of their development into the seedling is told by the accompanying Fig. 14-20 ; and that of Sugar Maple is closely similar. No plumule or bud appears in the embryo of these two Maples until the seed-leaves have nearly attained their full growth and are acting as foliage-leaves, and until a root is formed below. There is no great store of nourishment in these thin cotyledons; so further growth has to wait until the root and seed-leaves have collected and elaborated sufficient ma- terial for the formation of the second internode and its pair of leaves, which lending their help the third pair is more promptly produced, and so OH. 22. Some change in the plan comes with the Silver or Soft "White Maple. (Fig. 21-25). This blossoms in earliest spring, and it drops its large and ripened keys only a few weeks later. Its cotyledons have not at all the appeai-siice of leaves ; they are short and broad, and (as there is no room to be sated by folding) they are straight, except a small fold at the top, — a vestige of the habit of Maples in general. Their unusual thickness is due FIG. 11. Embryo of Sugar Maple, cut through lengthwise and taken out of the seed. 12, 13. Whole embryo of same just beginning to grow; a, the stemlet or caulicle, which in [3 has considerably lengthened. 16 SEEDLINGS. [SECTION 3. to the large store of nutritive matter they contain, and this prevents their d.-vrluping into actual leaves. Correspondingly, their caulicle does not lengthen to elevate them above the surface of the soil ; the growth below thc°cotylcdons is nearly all of root. It is the little plumule or bud between them which makes the upward growth, and which, being well fed by the cotvlcdons, rapidly develops the next pair of leaves and raises them upon ;i long iiiternode, and so on. The cotyledons all the while remain below, in the husk of the fruit and seed, and perish when they have yielded up the sture of food which they contained. 23. So, even in plant* so much alike as Maples, there is considerable difference in the amour-t of food stored up in the cotyledons by which the is to be wade ; and there arc corresponding differences in the ger- 1'ic. 1 <•. One if the pair of keys or winged fruits of Red Maple; the seed-hear- ing portion cut open to show the seed. 15. Seed enlarged, and divided to show ninii'led embryo which tills it. Hi. Embryo taken out and partly opened. 17. F.nili] yu whii-h lias unfolded in early stage of germination and begun to grow. 18. Smiling willi next joint of stem and leaves apparent; and 19 with these parts full-grown, and bnd at apex for further growth. 20. Seedling with another joint of stem and pair of leaves. SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 17 lil mination. The larger the supply to draw upon, the stronger the growth, and the quicker the formation of root below and of stem and leaves above. This deposit of food thickens the cotyledons, and renders them less and less leaf-like in proportion to its amount. 24. Examples of Embryos with thickened Cotyledons. In the Pumpkin and Squash (Fig. 26, 27), the cotyledons are \vell supplied with nourishing matter, as I heir sweet taste demonstrates. Still, they are flat and not very thick. Ill germination this store is promptly utilized in the devel- opment of the caulicle to twenty or thirty times its length in the seed, and to corresponding thickness, in the formation of a cluster of roots at its lower end, and the early pro- duction of the incipient plumule; also in their own growth into effi- cient green leaves. The case of our common Be'iii (Phaseoltis vul- garis, Tig. 28-30) is nearly the same, except that the cotyledons are much more gorged ; so that, although carried up into the air and light upon the lengthening caulicle, and there acquiring a green color, they never expand into useful leaves. Instead of this, they nourish into rapid growth the plumule, which is plainly visible in the seed, as a pair of incipient leaves; and these form the first actual foliage. 25. Very similar is the germination of the Beech (Fig. .'51-33), except that the caulicle lengthens less, hardly raising the cotyledons out of the ground. Nothing would be gained by elevating them, as they never grow out into efficient leaves; but the joint of stem belonging to the plumule lengthens well, carrying up its pair of real foliage-leaves. 26. It is nearly the same in the Bean of the Old World (Vicia Faba, here called Horse Bean and Windsor Bean) : the caulicle lengthens very little, does not undertake to elevate the heavy seed, which is left below or FIG. 21. Fruit (one key) of Silver Maple, Acer dasycarpum, of natural size, the seed-bearing portion divided to show the seed. 22. Embryo of the seed taken out. 23. Same opened out, to show the thick cotyledons and the little plumule or bud between them. 24. Germination of Silver Maple, natural size; merely the base of the fruit, containing the seed, is shown. 2o. Embryo of same, taken out of the husk ; upper part of growing stem cut off, for want of room. 2 24 18 SEEDLINGS. [SECTION 3. upon the surface of the soil, the flat but thick cotyledons remaining in it, and supplying food for tin- irmwlh of the root below and the plumule above. In its near relative, the Tea (Fig. o-i, oa), this use of cotyledons 29 for storage only is most completely carried out. For they are thickened to the utmost, even into hemispheres; the caulicle does not lengthen at all ; merely sends out roots from the lower end, and develops its strong plu- mule from the upper, the seed remaining unmoved underground. That is, in technical language, the germination is hypog&ous. 27- There is sufficient nourishment in the cotyledons of a pea to make a very considerable growth before any actual foliage is required. So it is the stem-portion of the plumule which is at first conspicuous and strong- growing. Here, as seen in 1'ig. 35, its lower nodes bear each a useless leaf-scale instead of an edieient leaf, and only the later ones bear leaves Hied fur foliage. Frc. ->'>. Embryo of Pumpkin-seed, partly opened. '27. Fonng seedling of same. Fie. ilu-yo of ('mnmnii IVan (I'hascolus vnl.^aris) : caulicle bent down y\vr c.l:,v nl' .'Mtyli'ilons. 2'J. Same grnnin.-itiiii: : caulicle well Irirjtlifiinl and root « :min£; thick cotyledons partly spreading; and plumule (pair of leaves) growing .tctwcon them. 30. Same, older, with plumule developed into internode and ,iair of SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 19 28. This hypogceous germination is exemplified on a larger scale by the Oak (Fig. 36, 37) and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 38, 39); but in these the downward growth is wholly a stout tap-root. It is not the caulicle ; for this lengthens hardly any. Indeed, the earliest growth which carries the very short caulicle out of the shell comes from the formation of foot- stalks to the cotyledons ; above these develops the strong plumule, below grows the stout root. The growth is at first entirely, for a long time FIG. 31. A Beech-nut, cut across. 32. Beginning germination of the Beech, showing the plumule growing before the cotyledons have opened or the root has scarcely formed. 33. The same, a little later, with the plumule-leaves developing, and elevated on a long internode. FIG. 34. Embryo of Pea, i. e. a pea with the coats removed; the short and thick caulicle presented to view. 35. Same in advanced germination : the plumule has developed four or five internodes, bearing single leaves ; but the first and sec- ond leaves are mere scales, the third begins to serve as foliage ; the next more so. L'U SEEDLINGS. mainly, nt the expense of the great store of food in tbe cotyledons. Tbesc, r serving their purpox-. decay and fall a\v;iy. 29. Such thick eoi\ledon> aever separate; indeed, they sometimes grow together by sumo part of their contiguous faces; so that the germination 3S seems to proceed from a solid bulb-like mass. This is the case in a Lorse-cLestnut. 30. Germinating Embryo supplied by its own Store of Nourishment, i. e. the store in the cotyledons. This is so in all the illustrations thus far, essentially so even in the Tlax. This nourishment was supplied by the mother plant to the ovule and seed, and thence taken into the embryo during its growth. Such embryos, filling the whole seed, arc comparatively large and strong, and vigorous in germination in proportion to the amount of their growth while connected with the parent plant. 31. Germinating Embryo supplied from a Deposit outside of It- self. This is as common as the other mode; and it occurs in all degrees. Fio. 3fi. Half of an n.-oni. '-tit IniL'tliwisr, tilled liy tin- very thick cotyledons, tin- K-isi- of which encloses thr minute canlicle. 37. Oak-swilling. Fio. 38. Half of a horse-chestnut, similarly cut ; the caulicle is curved down on tin- side of one of the thick cotyledons. 39. Horse-chestnut in germination ; foot- stalks are formed to tin- cotyledons, pushing out in their lengthening the growing parts, SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 21 Some seeds have very little of this deposit, but a comparatively large em- bryo, with its parts more or less developed and recognizable. In others this deposit forms the main bulk of the seed, and the embryo is small or minute, and comparatively rudimentary. The following illustration exem- plify these various grades. When an embryo in a seed is thus surrounded by a white substance, it was natural to liken the latter to the white of an egg, and the embryo or germ to the yolk. So the matter around or by the side of the embryo was called the Albumen, i. e. the white of the seed. The analogy is not very good ; and to avoid ambiguity some botan- ists call it the ENDOSPERM. As that means in English merely the inwards of a seed, the new name is little better than the old one ; and, since we do not change names iu botany except when it cannot be avoided, this name of albu- men is generally kept up. A seed with such a deposit is albuminous, one with none is e.r al- buminous. 32. The ALBUMEN forms the main bulk of the seed in wheat, maize, rice, buckwheat, and the like. It is the floury part of the seed. Also of the cocoa-nut, of coffee (where it is dense and hard), etc. ; while in peas, beans, almonds, and in most edible nuts, the store of food, al- though essentially the same in nature and in use, is in the embryo itself, and therefore is not counted as anything to be separately named. In both forms this concentrated food for the germinating plant is food also for man and for animals. 33. For an albuminous seed with a well-developed embryo, the com- mon Morning Glory (Ipomcea purpurea, Fig. 40-43) is a convenient exam- ple, being easy and prompt to grow, and having all the parts well apparent. The seeds (duly soaked for examination) and the germination should be compared with those of Sugar and Red Maple (19-21). The only essen- tial difference is that here the embryo is surrounded by and crumpled up in the albumen. This substance, which is pulpy or mucilaginous in fresh and young seeds, hardens as the seed ripens, but becomes again pulpy in germination ; and, as it liquifies, the thin cotyledons absorb it by their FIG. 40. Seed of Morning Glory divided, moderately magnified ; shows a longi- tudinal section through the centre of the embryo as it lies crumpled in the albu- men. 41. Embryo taken out whole and xmfolded; the broad and very thin cotyledons notched at summit ; the caulicle below. 42. Early state of germina- tion. 43. Same, more advanced ; caulicle or primary stem, cotyledons or seed- leaves, and below, the root, well developed. 22 HT.IiUNGS. [sKf'TION 3. whole surface. It supplements the nutritive mutter contained in the embryo. l>otli together form no large store, but sufficient for establishing the seedling, with tiny root, stem, and pair of leaves for initiating its independent growth; whieh in due time proceeds as in Fig. 41, 45. 34. Smaller embryos, less developed in the seed, are more dcpendeui upon the extraneous supply of food. The figures 46-53 illustrate fou» grades in this respect. The smallest, that of the Peony, is still large enough to be seen with a hand magnifying glass, and eveu. its cotyledons may be discerned by the aid of a simple stage microscope. 35. The broad cotyledons of j\lirabilis, or Four-o'clock (Fig. 52, 53), with the slender cauliclc almost encircle and enclose the floury albumen, instead of being enclosed iu it, as in the other illustrations. Evidently here the germinating embryo is principally fed by one of the leaf-like coty- ledons, the oilier being out of contact with the supply. In the embryo of Abronia (Fig. 54, 55), a near relative of Mirabilis, there is a singular modification; one cotyledon is almost wanting, being reduced to a rudi- ment, leaving it for the other to do the work. This leads to the question of the :'>i'i. Number of Cotyledons. In all the preceding illustrations, the rmbryu, however diH'erent in shape and degree of development, is evidently Fio. 44. Seedling of .Moi-min; Glory more advanced (root cut away); cotyledons \\rll di'\.-ln].rd into foli.i'v l.'avrs: suivirding; intiTiiode and li-.-if well developed, and tin- next forming. 45. Seedling more advanced; reduced to much below n:itnr:il size. SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 23 constructed upon one and the same plan, namely, that of two leaves on a caulicle or initial stem, — a plan which is obvious even when one cotyledon becomes very much smaller than the other, as in the rare instance of Abro- nia (Fig. 54, 55). In other words, the embryos so far examined are all 37. Dicotyledonous, that is, two-cotyledoued. Plants which are thus similar in the plan of the embryo agree likewise in the general structure of 48 50 62 their stems, leaves, and blossoms; and thus form a class, named from their embryo DICOTYLEDONES, or in English, DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. So long a name being inconvenient, it may be shortened into DICOTYLS. 38. Polycotyledonous is a name employed for the less usual case in which there are more than two cotyledons. The Pine is the most familiar case. This occurs in all Pines, the number of cotyledons varying from three to twelve ; in Fig. 56, 57 they are six. Note that they are all on the same level, that is, belong to the same node, so as to form a circle or whorl at the summit of the caulicle. When there are only three cotyledons, they divide the space equally, are one third of the circle apart. When only two they are 180° apart, that is, are opposite. 39. The case of three or more cotyledons, which is constant in Pines and in some of their relatives (but not in all of them), is occasional among Dicotyls. And the polycotyledonous is only a variation of the dicotyledonous type, — a difference in the number of leaves in the whorl ; for a pair is a whorl reduced to two members. Some suppose that there are really only FIG. 46. Section of a seed of a Peony, showing a very small embryo in the albumen, near one end. 47. This embryo detached, and more magnified. FIG. 48. Section of a seed of Barberry, showing the straight embryo in the middle of the albumen. 49. Its embryo detached. FIG. 50. Section of a Potato-seed, showing the embryo coiled in the albumen. 51. Its embryo detached. FIG. 52. Section of the seed of Mirabilis or Four-o'clock, showing the embryo coiled round the outside of the albumen. 53. Embryo detached; showing the very broad and leaf-like cotyledons, applied face to face, and the pair incurved. FIG. 54. Embryo of Abronia umbellata; one of the cotyledons very small 55. Same straightened out. 24 SEEDLINGS. [SECTION 3. ,' two cotyledons even in a Pine-embryo, but these divided or split up con- geuitally so as to imitute a greater number. But as leaves are often in whorls ou ordinary stems, they may be so at the very beginning. 40. Monocotyledonous (meaning with single cotyledon) is the name of the one-coty- 'ledoued sort of embryo. This goes along with peculiarities in stem, leaves, and flowers ; which all together associate such plants into a great class, called MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS, or, for shortness, MONOCOTYLS. It means merely that the leaves are alternate from the very first. 41. In Iris (Fig. 53, 59) the embryo in the seed is a small cylinder at one end of the mass of the albumen, with no apparent dis- tinction of parts. The end which almost touches the seed-coat is caulicle ; the other end belongs to the solitary cotyledon. In germination the whole lengthens (but mainly the cotyledon) only enough to push the proximate end fairly out of the seed : from this end the root is formed; and from a little higher the plumule later emerges. It would appear, therefore, that the cotyledon answers to a minute leaf rolled up, and that a chink through which the plumule grows out is a part of the inrolled edges. The embryo of Indian Corn shows these parts on a larger scale and in a more open state (Fig. 66- 68). Tin iv, in the seed, the cotyledon remains, imbibing nourishment from the softened albu- men, and transmitting it to the growing root below and new-forming leaves above. 42. The general plan is the same in the Onion (Fig. 00-05), but with a striking difference. The embryo is long, and coiled in the albumen of the seed. To ordinary examination it shows no distinction of parts. But germination plainly shows that all except, the lower end of it is cotyledon. For after it has lengthened into a long thread, the chink from which the Kit;. 56. Section of a Pine-seed, showing its polycotyledonous emhryo in the of the albumen; moderately magnified. f>7. Seedling of same, showing the freshly expanded six cotyledons in a whorl, and tin- ]>lnnmlt> just appearing. Fig. 58. Section of a sect] of the Iris, or Flower-de-Lnce, enlarged, showing its .small emhryo in the albumen, near the bottom. 59. A germinating seedling of the same, its plumule developed into the first four leaves (alternate), the first one rudimentary; the cotyledon remains in the seed. Fit;. 60. Section of an Onion-seed, showing the slender anil coiled embryo iu the albumen: moderately magnified. 61. Seed of same in early germination. SECTION 3.] SEEDLINGS. 25 plumule in time emerges is seen at the base, or near it; so the caulicle is 62 63 64 65 extremely short, and does not elongate, but sends out from its base a simple root, and afterwards others in a cluster. Not only does the cotyledon lengthen enormously in the seedling, but (un- like that of Iris, Indian Corn, and all FIG. 62. Germinating Onion, more advanced ; the chink at base of cotyledon opening for the protrusion of the plumule, consisting of a thread-shaped leaf. 63. Section of base of Fig. 62, showing plumule enclosed. 64. Section of same later ; plumule emerging. 65. Later stage of 62; upper part cut off. 66. A grain of Indian Com, flatwise, cut away a little, so as to show the embryo, lying on the albumen, which makes the principal bulk of the seed. 67. A grain cut through the middle in the opposite direction, dividing the embryo through its thick cotyle- don and its plumule, the latter consisting of two leaves, one enclosing the other. 68. The embryo, taken out whole: the thick mass is the cotyledon; the narrow body partly enclosed by it is the plumule ; the little projection at its base is the very short radicle enclosed in the sheathing base of the first leaf of the plumule. FIG. 69. Grain of Indian Corn in germination ; the ascending sprout is the first leaf of the plumule, enclosing the younger leaves within ; at its base the primary root has broken through. 70. The same, advanced; the second and third leaves developing, while the sheathing first leaf does not further develop. SEEDLINGS. [SECTION a the cereal grains) it raises the comparatively light seed into the air, th,. tip still remaining in the seed and feeding upon the albumen. "\Vlin\ this food is exhausted and the seedling is well cs tablislied in the soil, the upper end decays and ihn emptied husk of the seed falls a\\;i\. 43. In Maize or In- dian Corn (Fig. 60-70), tliu cmbrvo is more dc- v veloped in the seed, and its parts can be made out. It lies against the starchy albumen, but, is not enclosed therein. The larger part of it is the cotyledon, thickish, its edges involute, and its back in contact \vith the albumen ; partly enclosed by it is the well-devel- oped plumule or bud which is to grow. For the cotyledon remains in the seed to fulfil its office of imbibing nourishment from the softened albu- men, which it convey to the growing sprout ; the part of this sprout which is visible is the first leaf of the plumule rolled up into a sheath and enclosing the rudiments of the succeeding leaves, at the base enclosing even the minute caulicle. In germination the first leaf of the plumule develops only as a sort of sheath, protecting the tender parts within; the second and the third form the first foliage. The cauliele m \er lengthens: the first root, which is formed at its lower end, or from any part of it, has to break through the enclosing sheath ; and succeeding roots soon spring from all or any of the nodes of the plumule. II Simple-stemmed Plants are thus built up, by the continuous pro- duction of one Leaf-bearing portion of stem from the summit of the preced- ing one, beginning \\ilh the initial stem (or caulicle) in the embryo. Spine I)ic>.il\ls ami many Mmioeotvls develop only in this single line of growth (as to parts above ground) until the flowering stale is approached. For some examples, see ( 'yeas (Fig. 71, front, at the left); a tall Yucca or Spanish I'.ayouel, and two Cocoa-nut Palms behind; at the right, a group of Sugar- canes, and a Banana behind. Fu;. 71. reputation. SECTION 4.] BUDS. 27 SECTION IV. GROWTH FROM. BUDS : BRANCHING. 45. Most plants increase the amount of their vegetation by branching, that is, by producing lateral shoots. 46. Roots branch from any part and usually without definite order. Stems normally give rise to branches only at definite points, namely, at the nodes, and there only from the axils of leaves. 47. Buds (Fig. 72, 73). Every incipient shoot is a Bud (12). A stem continues its growth by its terminal bud ; it branches by the forma- tion and development of lateral buds. As normal lateral buds occupy the axils of leaves, they are called axillary buds. As leaves are symmetrically arranged on the stem, the buds in their axils and the branches into which axillary buds grow partake of this symmetry. The most conspicuous buds are the scaly winter- buds of most shrubs and trees of temperate and cold climates ; but the name belongs as well to the forming shoot or branch of any herb. 48. The Terminal Bud, in the most general sense, may be said to exist in the embryo, — as cotyledons, or the cotyledons and plumule, — and to crown each successive growth of the simple stem so long as the summit is capable of growth. The whole ascending growth of the Palm, Cy- cas, and the like (such as in Fig. 71) is from a terminal bud. Branches, being repetitions of the main stem and growing in the same way, are also lengthened by terminal buds. Those of Horse-chestnut, Hickory, Maples, and such trees, being the resting buds of winter, are conspicu- ous by their protective covering of scales. These bud-scales, as will hereafter be shown, are themselves a kind of leaves. 49. Axillary Buds were formed on these annual shoots early in the summer. Occasion- ally they grow the same season into branches ; at least, some of them are pretty sure to do so whenever the growing terminal bud at the end of the shoot is injured or destroyed. Otherwise they may lie dormant until the following spring. In many trees or shrubs these axillary buds do not show themselves until spring ; but if searched for, they may be detected, though of small size, hidden under the bark. Sometimes, although early FIG. 72. Shoot of Horse-chestnut, of one year's growth, taken in autumn after the leaves have fallen; showing the large terminal hud and smaller axillary buds- FIG. 73. Similar shoot of Shagbark Hickory, Carya alba. 73 28 BUDS. [SECTION 1. formed, they are concealed all summer long under the base of the leaf-stalk, which is then hollowed out into a sort of inverted cup, like a caiidle- extiiiguisher, lo cover ihcm ; as in the Locust, the Yclluw-woud, or more strikingly iu the Button-wood or Plane-tree (Fig. ?i). 50. The kaf-scars, so conspicuous in Fig. 72, 73, under each axillary bud, mark the place where the stalk of the subtending leaf was attached until it fell in autumn. 51. Scaly Buds, which are well represented in Fig. 72, 73, commonly belong to trees and shrubs of countries in which growth is suspended dur- ing winter. The scaly coverings protect the tender young parts beneath, not so much by keeping out the cold, which of course would (tenet rate the bud in time, as by shielding the interior from the effects of sudden changes. There are all gradations between these and .52. Naked Buds, in which these scales are inconspicuous or wanting, as in most herbs, at least above ground, and most tropical trees and shrubs. Hut nearly related plants of the same climate may dill'er widely in this re- spect. Rhododendrons have strong and scaly winter-buds ; while in Kalmia they are naked. One species of Viburnum, the Bobble-bush, has com- pletely naked buds, what would bo a pair of scales developing into the first leaves in spring; while another (the Snowball) lias eniispienoiis scaly buds. 53. Vigor of Vegetation from strong buds. Large and strong buds, like those of the Horse-chestnut, Hickory, and the like, contain several leaves, or pairs of leaves, ready funned, folded and packed away in small compass, just as the seed-leaves of a strong embryo arc packed away in the seed : they may even contain all the blossoms of the ensuing season, plainly visible as small buds. And the steins upon which these buds rest are iilled with abundant nourishment, which was deposited the summer before in the FIG. 71. An axillary Imd, concealed under the hollowed base of the leafstalk, in Buttoiiwood or I'Luiu-trec. SECTION 4.] BUDS. 29 wood or in the bark. Under the surface of the soil, or ou it covered with the fallen leaves of autumn, similar strong buds of our perennial herbs may be found; while beneath are thick roots, rootstocks, or tubers, chared with a great store of nourishment for their use. This explains how it is that vegetation from such buds shoots forth so vigorously in the spring of the year, and clothes the bare and lately frozen surface of the soil, as well as the naked boughs of trees, very promptly with a covering of fresh green, and often with brilliant blossoms. Everything was prepared, and even formed, beforehand : the short joints of stem in the bud have only to lengthen, and to separate the leaves from each other so that they may un- fold and grow. Only a small part of the vegetation of the season comes directly from the seed, and none of (he earliest vernal vegetation. This is all from buds which have lived through the winter. 54. The Arrangement of Branches, being that of axillary buds, answers to that of the leaves. Now leaves principally are either opposite or alternate. Leaves are opposite when there are two from the same joint of stem, as in Maples (Fig. 20), the two being on opposite sides of the stem ; and so the axillary buds and branches are opposite, as in Fig. 75. Leaves are alter- nate when there is only one from each joint of stem, as in the Oak, Lime- tree, Poplar, Button-wood (Fig. 74), Morning-Glory (Fig. 45, — not counting the seed-leaves, which of course are opposite, there being a pair of them) ; also in Indian Corn (Fig. 70), and Iris (Fig. 59). Consequently the axillary buds are also alternate, as in Hickory (Fig. 73) ; and the branches they form, alternate, — making a different kind of spray from the other mode, one branch shooting on one side of the stem and the next on some other. For in the alternate arrangement no leaf is on the same side of the stem as the one next above or next below it. 55. But the symmetry of branches (unlike that of the leaves) is rarely complete. This is due to several causes, and most commonly to the 56. Non-development of buds. It never happens that all the buds grow. If they did, there might be as many branches in any year as there were leaves the year before. And of those which do begin to grow, a large portion perish, sooner or later, for want of nourishment, or for want of light, or because those which first begin to grow have an advantage, which they are apt to keep, taking to themselves the nourishment of the stem, and starving the weaker buds. In the Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72), Hickory (Fig. 73), Magnolia, and most other trees with large scaly buds, the terminal bud is the strongest, and has the advantage in growth ; and next in strength are the upper axillary buds : while the former continues the shoot of the last year, some of the latter give rise to branches, and the rest fail to grow. In the Lilac also (Fig. 75), the uppermost axillary buds are stronger than the lower ; but the terminal bud rarely appears at all ; in its place the uppermost pair of axillary buds grow, and so each stem branches every year into two, — making a repeatedly two-forked ramification, as in Fig. 76. 30 BUDS. [SECTION 4. 57. Latent Buds. Axillary buds that do not grow at the proper season, and especially those which make no appearance externally, may long remain latent, aiid at length upon a favorable occasion start into growth, so form- ing branches apparently out of place as they are out of time. The new shoots seen springing directly out of large stems may sometimes orig- inate from such latent buds, which have preserved their life for years. But commonly these arise from 58. Adventitious Buds. These are buds which certain shrubs and trees produce anywhere on the sur- face of the wood, especially where it has been injured. They give rise to the slender twigs which often feather the sides of great branches of our American Elms. They some- times form on the root, which natu- rally is destitute of buds ; they are even found upon some leaves ; and they are sure to appear on the trunks and roots of Willows, Pop- lars, and Chestnuts, whrn these are wounded or mutilated. Indeed Osier-Willows are yW/,//vA'Y, or cut off, from time to time, by the culti- vator, for the purpose of produc- ing a crop of slender adventitious twigs, suitable for basket-work. Sueh branches, being altogether irregular, of course interfere with the natural symmetry of the tree. Another cause of irregularity, in certain trees and shrubs, is the formation of what are called 59. Accessory or Supernumerary Buds. There are cases where two, three, or more buds spring from the axil of a leaf, instead of the single one which is or- dinarily found there. Sometimes they are placed one over the other, as in the Aris- tolocliia or Pipe- Vine, and in the Tartarean Honeysuckle (Fig. 77) ; also in the IIoney-Loeust , and in Hie Walnut and Butternut (Fig. 78), where Fio. 75. Shoot of Lilac, with winter l>mls ; the two uppermost axillary ones itrong; the terminal not developed. 76. Forking ramification of Lilac; reduced Ji si/e. Flo. 77. Tartarean Honeysuckle, with three accessory buds in each axil. SECTION 4.J BUDS. 31 ihe upper supernumerary bud is a good way out of the axil and above the others. And this is here stronger than the others, and grows into a branch which is considerably out of the axil, while the lower aud smaller ones commonly do not grow at all. lu other cases three buds stand side by side in the axil, as in the Hawthorn, and the Red Maple (Fig. 79.) If these were all to grow into branches, they would stifle each other. But some of them are commonly flower-buds : in the Red Maple, only the middle one is a leaf-bud, and it does not grow until after those on each side of it have expanded the blossoms they contain. 60. Sorts of Buds. It may be useful to enumerate the kinds of buds which have been, described or men- tioned. They are Terminal, when they occupy the summit of (or ter- minate) a stem, Lateral, when they are borne on the side of a stem ; of which the regular kind is the Axillary, situated in the axil of a leaf. These are Accessory or Supernumerary, when they are in addition to the normal solitary bud ; and these are Collateral, when side by side ; Superposed, when one above another; Extra-axillary, when they appear above the axil, as some do when superposed, and as occasionally is the case when single. Naked buds ; those which have no protecting scales. Scaly buds; those which have protecting scales, vhich are altered leaves or bases of leaves. Leaf-buds, contain or give rise to leaves, and develop into a leafy shoot. Flower-buds, contain or consist of blossoms, and no leaves. Mixed buds, contain both leaves and blossoms. 61. Definite annual Growth from winter buds is marked in most of the shoots from strong buds, such as those of the Horse-chestnut and Hickory (Fig. 72, 73). Such a bud generally contains, already formed in miniature, all or a great part of the leaves and joints of stem it is to pro- duce, makes its whole growth in length in the course of a few weeks, or sometimes even in a few days, and then forms and ripens its buds for the next year's similar growth. 62. Indefinite annual Growth, on the other hand, is well marked in such trees or shrubs as the Honey-Locust, Sumac, a:id in sterile shoots of FIG. 78. Butternut branch, with accessory buds, the uppermost above the axil. FIG. 79. Red-Maple branch, with accessory buds placed side by side. The an- nular lines toward the base in this and in Fig. 72 are scars of the bud-scales, and indicate the place of the winter-bud of the preceding year. 7S 32 BUDS. [SECTION 4. the Hose, Blackberry, and Raspberry. That is, these shoots are apt to grow all .summer long, until slopped by the frosts of autumn or some other cause. Consr.\ the successive development of internodes (lo), one after another, each leal-bearing at its summit (or node); so that it is of the essen- tial nature 'of a stem to bear leaves. Roots bear no leaves, are not distinguishable into nodes and inter- ludes, but grow on continuously from the lower end. They commonly branch freely, but not from any fixed points nor in delinite order. 69. Although roots generally do not give ri>e to stems, and there- fore do not propagate the plant, exceptions are not uncommon. For as steins may produce ad- ventitious buds, so also may roots. The roots of the Sweet Potato among herbs, and of the Osagc Orange among trees freely produce adventi- tious buds, developing into leafy shoots ; and so these plants are propagated by root-cut- tings. of subterranean which pass for roots are forms of stems, the common Potato for example. 70. Roots of ordinary kinds and uses may be roughly classed vt&Q fibroma andy/W///. 71. Fibrous Roots, such as those of Indian Corn (Fig. 70), of most annuals, and of many perennials, serve only for absorption : these are slender or thread-like. Fine roots of this kind, and the fine branches which most roots send out are called ROOTLETS. 72. The whole surface of a root absorbs moisture from the soil while fresh and new ; and the newer roots and rootlets are, the more freely do they im- bibe. Accordingly, as long as the plant grows above ground, and expands fresh foliage, from which moisture largely escapes into the air, so long it continues to extend and multiply its roots in the soil beneath, renewing and increasing the fresh surface for absorbing moisture, in proportion to the demand from above. And when growth ceases above ground, and the leaves die and fall, or no longer act, then the roots generally stop growing, P>nt most growths origin FIQ. 83-85. Forms of tap-root. SECTION 5.] ROOTS. aud their soft and tender tips harden. From this period, therefore, until growth begins anew the next spring, is the best time for transplanting ; especially for trees and shrubs. 73. The absorbing surface of young roots is much increased by the for- mation, near their tips, of ROOT-HAIRS (Fig. 81, 82), which are delicate /I tubular outgrowths from the surface, through the delicate walls of which moisture is promptly imbibed. 74. Fleshy Roots are those in which the root becomes a storehouse of nourishment. Typical roots of this kind are those of such biennials as the turnip and carrot ; in which the food created in the first season's vege- tation is accumulated, to be expended the next season in a vigorous growl li and a rapid development of flowers, fruit, and seed. By the time the seed is matured the exhausted root dies, and with it the whole plant. 75. Fleshy roots may be single or multiple. The single root of the commoner biennials is the primary root, or tap-root, which begins to thicken in the seedling. Names are given to its shapes, such as Conical, when it thickens most at the crown, or where it joins the stem, and tapers regularly downwards to a point, as in the Parsnip and Carrot (Fig. 84) ; Turnip-shaped or napiform, when greatly thickened above, but abruptly becoming slender below; as the Turnip (Fig. 83) ; and FIG. 86. Sweet-Potato plant forming thickened roots. Some in the middle are just beginning to thicken; one at the left has grown more; one at the right is still larger. Fia. 87. Fascicled fusiform roots of a Dahlia : a, a, buds on base of stem. 36 HOOTS. [SECTION .">. Spindle-shaped, or l-'uxlform, when thickest iu the middle aiid tapering to both cuds; as the common Radish (Fig. S5). 70. These examplc.s arc of primary roots. It will be seen that turnips, carrots, and the like, are not pure root throughout ; for the caulicle, from the lower end of which tin' root grew, partakes of the thickening, perhaps also some joints of stem above : so the bud-bearing and growing top is stem. 77. A fine example of secondary roots (67), some of which, remain fibrous for absorption, while a few thicken and store up food for the next season's growth, is furnished by the Sweet Potato (Fig. SO). As stated above, these arc used for propagation by rut I ings; for any part will produce ad- ventitious buds and shoots. The Dahlia produces fascicled (i. e. clustered) fusiform roots of the same kind, at the base of the stem (Fig. 87) : but these, like most roots, do not, produce adventitious buds. The buds by which Dahlias are propagated belong to the surviving base of the stem above. 78. Anomalous Roots, as they may be called, are those which subserve other uses than absorption, food-storing, and fixing the plant to the soil. Aerial Roots, i. e. those that strike from steins iu the open air, are common iu moist and warm climates, as in the Mangrove ,*-sS- f •gjlMp ^\i which reaches the coast of ^^L ^ % !*^ ™ Florida, the Banyan, and, less >=?^Ad^>O^I fr\ . _-=^>^ L-^l () vrsA!/k>r7SV7^L; Pi ^\\\ strikingly, in some herbace- ous plants, such as Sugar Cane, ami even in Indian Corn. Such roots reach the ground at length, or tend to do so. Ai'i'inl Hnof/t'f* are ab.in- dautly produced by many climbing plants, such as the Ivy, 1'uison Ivy, Trumpet ( 'I'eepcr, etc., springing from the side of stems, which they fasten to trunks of trees, walls, or other supports. 'I'll !S6 are used by the plant for climliiii!^. 79. Epiphytes, or Air- Plants (Fiur. ^s), an; called by the former name because commonly growing IMC. 88. Epiphytes of Florida and Georgia, viz., EpMendrum conopsenm, a small Orcliid, nnd Tillandsia usm-oidi-N the so-called Long Moss or Kla< k Moss, which i; no moss, Imi, a flowering plant, also T. recurvata ; on a bough of Live Oak. SECTION 5.] HOOTS. 37 upon the trunks or limbs of other plants ; by the latter because, having no connection with tlie soil, they must derive their sustenance from the air only. They have aerial roots, which do not reach the ground, but are used to fix the plant to the surface upon which the plant grows : they also take a part in absorbing moisture from the air. 80. Parasitic Plants, of which there are various kinds, strike their roots, or what answer to roots, into the tissue of foster plants, or form at- tachments with their surface, so as to prey upon their juices. Of this sort is the Mistletoe, the seed of which germinates on the bough where it falls or is left by birds; and the forming root penetrates the bark and en- grafts itself into the wood, to which it becomes united as firmly as a natural branch to its parent stem; and indeed the parasite lives just as if it were a branch of the tree it grows and feeds on. A most common parasitic herb is the Dodder ; which abounds in low grounds in summer, and coils its long and slender, leafless, yellowish steins — resembling tangled threads of yarn — round and round the stalks of other plants ; wherever they touch piercing the bark with minute and very short rootlets in the form of suckers, which draw out the nourishing juices of the plants laid hold of. Other parasitic plants, like the Beech-drops and Pine-sap, fasten their roots under ground upon the roots of neighboring plants, and rob them of their juices. SI. Some plants are partly parasitic ; while most of their roots act in the ordinary way, others make suckers at their tips which grow fast to the roots of other plants and rob them of nourishment. Some of our species of Gerardiado this (Fig. 89). 82. There are phanerogamous plants, like Monotropa or Indian Pipe, the roots of which feed mainly on decaying vegetable matter in the soil. These are SAPROPHYTES, and they imitate Mushrooms and other Fungi in their mode of life. 83. Duration of Roots, etc. Roots are said to be either annual, bien- nial, or perennial. As respects the first and second, these terms may be applied either to the root or to the plant. 84. Annuals, as the name denotes, live for only one year, generally for FIG. 89. Roots of Yellow Gerardia, some attached to and feeding on the root oJ a Blueberry- bush. 38 STEMS. [SECTION G. only a part of I he year. They arc of course herbs ; they spring from the seed, blossom, mature I heir fruit and seed, and then die, root and all. An- nuals of our temperate climate* with severe winters start from the seed in spring, and perish at or before autumn. Where the winter is a moist and growing season and the summer is dry, wintef animals prevail; their seeds germinate under autumn or winter rains, grow more or less during winter, blossom, fructify, and perish in the following spring or summer. Annuals are fibrous-rooted. 85. Biennials, of which the Turnip, Beet, and Carrot are familiar ex- amples, grow the lirst season without blossoming, usually thicken their roots, laying up in them a stock of nourishment, are quiescent during the winter, but shoot vigorously, blossom, and seed the next spring or summer, mainly at the expense of the food stored up, and then die completely. Annuals and biennials flower only once ; hence they have been called Monocarpic (that is, once-fruiting) plants. 86. Perennials live and blossom year after year. A perennial herb, in a temperate; or cooler climate, usually dies down to the ground at the end of the season's growth. But subterranean portions of stem, charged with buds, survive to renew the development. Shrubs and trees are of course perennial ; even the steins and branches above ground live on and grow year after year. 87. There are all gradations between annuals and biennials, and between these and perennials, as also between herbs and shrubs; and the distinc- tion between shrubs and trees is quite arbitrary. There are perennial herbs and even shrubs of warm climates which are annuals when raised in a cli- mate which has a winter, — being destroyed by frost. The Castor-oil plant is an example. There arc perennial herbs of which only small portions survive, as off-shoots, or, in the Potato, as tubers, etc. SECTION VI. STEMS. 88. The Stem is the axis of the plant, the part which bears all the other organs. Branches arc secondary stems, that is, stems growing out of stems. The stem at the very beginning produces roots, in most plants a silide root from the base of the embryo-stem, or cauliele. As this root becomes a descenilimi ,/./•/*. so the stem, which grows in the opposite direc- tion is called the (ix,;;i,li,i,j ti.ri*. Rising out of the soil, the stem bears leaves; and leaf-bearing is t he particular characteristic of the stem. But there are forms of stems that remain underground, or make a part of their growth there. These do not bear leaves, in the common sense; yet they bear rudiments of leaves, or what answers to leaves, although not in the form of foliage. The so-called stemless or acaulesccnt plants are those which bear no obvious stem (caul!*) above ground, but only flower-stalks, and the like. SECTION 6.] STEMS. 39 89. Stems above ground, through differences in durat «r, texture, and size, form herbs, shrubs, trees, etc., or in other terms are Herbaceous, dying down to the ground every year, or after blossoming. Suffrutescent, slightly woody below, there surviving from year to year. Sujfruticose or Frutescent, when low stems are decidedly woody below, but herbaceous above. Fruticose or Shrubby, woody, living from year to year, and of considerable size, — not, however, more than three or four times the height of a man. Arborescent, when tree-like in appearance or mode of growth, or ap- proaching a tree in size. Arboreous, when forming a proper tree-trunk. 90. As to direction taken in growing, stems may, instead of growing upright or erect, be Diffuse, that is, loosely spreading in all directions. Declined, when turned or bending over to one side. Decumbent, reclining on the ground, as if too weak to stand. Assurgent or Ascending, rising obliquely upwards. Procumbent or Prostrate, lying flat on the ground from the first. Creeping or Repent, prostrate on or just beneath the ground, and striking root, as does the White Clover, the Partridge-berry, etc. Climbing or Scandent, ascending by clinging to other objects for support, whether by tendrils, as do the Pea, Grape- Vine, and Passion-flower and Virginia Creeper (Fig. 92, 93) ; by their twisting leaf-stalks, as the Virgin's Bower; or by rootlets, like the Ivy, Poison Ivy, and Trumpet Creeper. Twining or Voluble, when coiling spirally around other stems or supports ; like the Morning- Glory (Fig. 90) and the Hop. 91. Certain kinds of stems or branches, appropriated to spt- cial uses, have re- ceived distinct substantive names ; such as the following : 92. A Culm, or straw-stem, such as that of Grasses and Sedges. 93. A Caudex is the old name for such a peculiar trunk as a Palm-stem ; it is also used for an upright and thick rootstock. 94. A Sucker is a branch rising from stems under ground. Such are produced abundantly by the Rose, Raspberry, and other plants said to multiply "by the root." If we uncover them, we see at once the great difference between these subterranean branches and real 90 roots. They are only creeping brandies under ground. Remarking how the upright shoots from these branches become separate FIG. 90. Twining or voluble stem of Morning-Glory. 40 STEMS. [SECTION G. plants, simply by the dying off of the connecting under-ground stems, the gardener expedites the result by cutting them through with his spade. That is, he propagates the plant "by division." 95. A Stolon is a branch from above ground, which reclines or becomes prostrate and strikes root (usually from the nodes) wherever it rests on the soil. Thence it may send up a vigorous shoot, which has roots of its own, and becomes an independent plant when the connecting part dies, as it does after a while. The Currant and the Gooseberry naturally multiply in this way, as well as by suckers (which are the same thing, only the connect- ing part is concealed under ground). Stolons must have suggested the operation of layering by bending down ami covering with soil branches which do not naturally make stolons; and after they have taken root, as they almost always will, the gardener cuts through the connecting stem, and so converts a rooting branch into a separate plant. 96. An Offset is a short stolon, or sucker, with a crown of leaves at the end, as in the Houseleek (Fig. . 91), which propagates abundantly ^ , r V'\t in this way. 97. A Runner, of which the Strawberry presents the most fa- miliar and characteristic example, i i i j i -i vi is a long and slender, tendril-like stolon, or branch from next the ground, destitute of conspicuous lea\es. Each runner of the Straw- berry, after having grown to its full length, strikes root from the tip, which fixes it to the ground, then forms a bud there, which develops into a tuft of leaves, and so gives rise to a new plant, which sends out new runners to act in the same way. In this manner a single Strawberry plant, will spread over a large space, or produce a great number of plants, in the course of the summer, all connected at first by the slender runners ; but these die in the following winter, if not before, and leave the plants as so many separate individuals. 9S. Tendrils are branches of a very slender sort, like runners, not destined like them for propagation, and therefore always destitute of buds or leaves, being intended only for climbing. Simple tendrils are such as those of I'as.sion-llowers (Fig. 92). Compound or branching tendrils arc borne by the Cucumber and Pumpkin, by the Grape-Vine, Virginia Creeper, etc. 99. A tendril commonly grows straight and outstretched until it reaches some neighboring support, such as a stem, when its apex hooks around it to secure a hold; then the whole tendril shortens itself by coiling up spirally, and so draws the shoot of the growing plant nearer to the sup- porting object. But the tendrils of the Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis, Fig. FIG. 91. IIouM.-li'i'k (Srnipc'rvivuin), with ofl'M-ts SECTION 6.] STEMS. 41 93), as also the shorter ones of the Japanese species, effect the object differ- eiitly, namely, by expanding the tips of the tendrils into a flat disk, with an adhesive face. This is applied to the supporting object, and il adheres firmly ; then a shortening of the tendril and its branches by coiling brings up the growing shoot close to the support. This is an adapta- tion for climbing mural rocks or walls, or the trunks of trees, to which ordinary tendrils are unable to cling. The Ivy and Poison Ivy attain the same result by means of aerial rootlets (78). 100. Some tendrils are leaves or parts of leaves, as those of the Pea (Fig. 35). The na- ture of the tendril is known by its position. A tendril from the axil of a leaf, like that of Pas- sion-flowers (Fig. 92) is of course a stem, i. e. a branch. So is one which terminates a stem, as in the Grape-Vine. 101. Spines or Thorns (Fig. 95, 96) are commonly stunted and hardened branches or tips of stems or branches, as are those of Hawthorn, Honey-Locust, etc. In the Pear and Sloe all gradations occur between spines and spine-like (spinescent) branches. Spines may be reduced and indurated leaves ; as in the Barberry, where theit nature is revealed by their situation, underneath an axillary bud. But FIG. 92. A small Passion-flower (Passiflora si<-n»iil< '.-•), showing the tendrils. FIG. 93. Piece of the stem of Virginia Creeper, hearing a leaf and a tendril. 94. Tips of a tendril, about the natural size, showing the disks by which they hold fast to walls, etc. 42 STEMS. [SECTION 6. prickles, such as those of Blackberry aud Roses, are only excrescences of the bark, and nut branches. 102. Equally s\ I'inns of stems are charaetrrislie of the Cactus family (Fig. 111). These may be better understood by com- parison with 103. Subterranean Stems and Branches. Tin1 so are very numerous and various; but they arc commonly overlooked, or else are confounded with roots. From their situation they are out of or- dinary sight; but they will well repay examination. For the veg- etation that is carried on under ground is hardly less varied or important than that above ground. All their forms may be referred to four principal kinds : namely, the Rhizomii (R//i:o»if) or Rtxt<><-h\ the Tuber, the Corm or solid bulb, and l.lie true Bulb. ]<)*. The Rootstock, or Rhi- zoma, in its simpler form, is merely a creeping stem or branch growing beneath the surface of the soil, or partly covered by it. Of this kind are the so-called creeping, running, or scaly roots, such as those by which the Mint (Fig. 97), the Couch-grass, or Quirk -grass, and manr other plants, spread so rapidly and widely, — " by (lie root,'' as it is said. That these arc really stems, and not roots, is evident fnun the way in which Fio. 95. A brandling thorn of Honey Locust, Wins a" indurated leafless branch developed from an accessory bud far above the axil : at the cut portion below, three other buds (a) are concealed under the petiole. Fio. 96. Spine of Cockspur Thorn, developed from an axillary bud, as the leaf- scar below witnesses: an accessory leaf-bud is seen at its base. Fia. 97. Rootstocks, or creeping subterranean branches, of the Peppermint. SECTION G.] STEMS. 43 they grow; from their consisting of a succession of joints; and from the (eaves which they bear on each node, in the form of small scales, just like the lowest ones on the upright stem next the ground. They also pro- duce buds in the axils of these scales, showing the scales to be leaves; whereas real roots bear neither leaves nor axillary bnds. Placed as they are in the damp and dark soil, such stems naturally produce roots, just as the creeping stem does where it lies on. the surface of the ground. 105. It is easy to see why plants with these running rootstocks take such rapid and wide possession of the soil, and why they are so hard to get rid of. They are always perennials ; the subterranean shoots live over the first winter, if not longer, and are provided with vigorous buds at every joint. Some of these buds grow in spring into upright stems, bearing foliage, to elaborate nourishment, aud at. length produce blossoms for re. production by seed ; while many others, fed by nour- ishment supplied from above, form a new generation of subterranean shoots ; and this is repeated over and over in the course of the season or in succeeding years. Meanwhile, as the subterranean shoots in- crease in number, the older ones, connecting the suc- cessive growths, die off year by year, liberating the already rooted side-branches as so many separate plants; and so on indefi- nitely. Cutting these running rootstocks into pieces, therefore, by the hoe or the plough, far from destroying the plant, only accelerates the propaga- tion ; it converts one many-branched plant into a great number of separate individuals. Cutting into pieces only multiplies the pest; for each piece (Fig. 98) is already a plantlet, with its roots and with a bud in the axil of its scale-like leaf (either latent or apparent), and with prepared nourishment enough to develop this bud into a leafy stem ; aud so a single plant is all the more speedily converted into a multitude. Whereas, when the subterra- nean parts are only roots, cutting away the stem completely destroys the plant, except in the rather rare cases where the root freely produces adventitious buds. 10G. Rootstocks are more commonly thickened by the storing up of considerable nourishing matter in their tissue. The common species of Iris (Fig. 164) in the gardens have stout rootstocks, which are only partly covered by the soil, and which bear foliage-leaves instead of mere scales, closely covering the upper part, while the lower produces roots. As the leaves die, year by year, and decay, a scar left in the form of a ring marks the place where each leaf was attached, that is, marks so many nodes, separated by very short internodes. 107. Some rootstocks are marked with large round scars of a different FIG. 98. A piece of the running rootstock of the Peppermint, with its node 01 joint, and an axillary bud ready to grow. STEMS. [SECTION G. sort, likr those of the Solomon's Sesil (Fig. 90), which gave this name to the plant, from their looking somewhat like the impression of a seal upon \v:tx. Here the root-lock sends Up every spring an herbaceous stalk or stem, which bears the foliage and flowers, and dies in autumn. The seal is the circular scar left by the death and separation of the base of the stout stalk from the living rootstock. As but one of these is formed eacli year, they mark Hie limits of a year's growth. The bud at the end of the rootstock iu the figure (which was taken in summer) will grow the next spring into the stalk of the season, which, dying in autumn, will leave a similar soar, while another bud will be formed farther on, crowning the ever-advancing summit or growing end of the stem. 108. A? each year's growth of stem makes its own roots, it soon becomes independent of the older parts. And after a certain age, a portion annually dies off behind, about as fast as it increases at the growing end, death following life with equal and cer- tain step, with only a narrow interval. In vigorous plants of Solomon's Seal or Iris, the living rootstock is several inches or a foot in length; while in the short, rootstock of Trillium or Birthroot (Fig. 100) life is reduced to a narrower span. 109. An upright or short rootstock, like this of Trillium, is commonly called a CAUDEX (93) ; or when more shortened and thickened it would become a conn. 110. A Tuber may be understood to be a portion of a rootstock thick- ened, and with buds (eyes) on the sides. Of course, there are all grada- tions between a tuber and a roi«l>lock. Ilelianthns tubemsus, the so-called Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101), and the common Potato, are typical and familiar examples of the tuber. The stalks by which the tubers are at- tached to the parent , stem are at once seen to be dil!eivnl, from the roots, both in appearance and manner of growth. The scales on the tubers are the rudiments of leaves ; the eyes are the buds in their axils. The Potato-plant Fio. 99. Rootstock of Solomon's Senl, with the bottom of the stalk of the sea- son, and the. bud for the next year's growth. Fio. 100. The very short rootstock and strong terminal bud of a Trillium or Birthroot. SECTION G.] STEMS. 45 has three forms of branches : 1. Those that bear ordinary leaves expanded in the air, to digest what they gather from it and what the roots gather from the soil, and convert it into nourishment. 2. After a while a second set of branches at the summit of the plant bear flowers, which form fruit and seed out of a portion of the nour- ishment which the leaves have pre- pared. 3. But a larger part of this nourishment, while in a liquid state, is carried down the stein, into a third sort of branches under ground, and accumulated in the form of starch at their extremities, which become tu- bers, or deposito- ries of prepared solid food, — just as in the Turnip, Carrot, and Dah- lia (Fig. 83-37), it is deposited in the root. The use of the store of food is obvious enough. In the autumn the whole plant dies, except the seeds (if it formed them) and the tubers ; and the latter are left disconnected in the ground. Just as that small portion of nourishing matter which is deposited in the seed feeds the embryo when it germinates, so the much larger portion deposited in the tuber nourishes its buds, or eyes, when they likewise grow, the next spring, into new plants. And the great supply enables them to shoot with a greater vigor at the beginning, and to produce a greater amount of vegetation than the seedling plant could do in the same space of time ; which vegetation in turn may prepare and store up, in the course of a few weeks or months, the largest quantity of solid nourishing material, in a form most available for food. Taking advantage of this, man has transported the Potato from the cool Andes of Chili to other cool climates, and makes it yield him a copious supply of food, especially important in countries where the season is too short, or the summer's heat too little, for profitably cultivating the principal grain-plants. 111. The Corm or Solid Bulb, like that of Cyclamen (Fig. 103), and of Indian Turuip (Fig. 104), is a very short and thick fleshy subterranean stem, often broader than high. It sends off roots from its lower end, or rat her face, leaves and stalks from its upper. The corm of Cyclamen goes on to enlarge and to produce a succession of flowers and leaves year after year. FIG. 101. Tubers of Heliantlms tuberosus, called " artichokes." FIG. 102. Bulblet-like tubers, such as are occasionally formed on tie stem of a Potato-plant above ground. 46 STEMS. [SECTION G. That of Indian Turnip is formed one year and is consumed the next. Fig. JO I represents it iu early summer, having below the corm of last year, from which the roots have fallen. It is partly consumed by the growth of the stem for the season, and the corm of the year is forming at base of the stem above the line of roots. 112. The corm of Crocus (Fig. 105, 106), like that of its relative Gladiolus, is also reproduced annually, the new ones forming upon the summit and sides of the old. Suoli a conn is like a tuber in bud- dim: from the sides, i. e. from the axils of leaves; but these leaves, instead of being small scales, are the sheathing bases of fo- liage-leaves which covered the surface. It resem- bles a true bulb in having these sheaths or broad scales ; but in the corm or solid bulb, this solid part or stem makes up the principal bulk. 113. The Bulb, strictly so-called, is a stem like a reduced corm as to its solid part (or plate) ; while the main body consists of thickened scales, which are leaves or leaf-bases. These are like bud- scales ; so that in fact a bulb is a bud with fleshy scales on an exceedingly short stem. Compare a "White Lily bulb (Fig. 107) with the strong scaly buds of the Hickory and Horse-chestnut (Fig. 72 and 73), and the resemblance will appear. In corms, as in tubers and rootstocks, the store of food for future growth is deposited in the stem ; while in the bulb, the greater part is deposited iu the bases of the leaves, changing them into thick scales, which closely overlap or enclose one another. 114. A Scaly Bulb (like that of the Lily, Fig. 107, 108) is one in which the scales are thick but comparatively narrow. 115. A Tunicated or Coated Bulb is one in which the scales enwrap each other, forming concentric coats or layers, as in Hyacinth and Onion. FIG. 103. Corm of Cyclamen, much reduced in size : roots from lower face, leaf- stalks ami flower-stalks from the upper. Fi<:. Ml. Corm of Indian Turnip (Aristrma). FIG. 105 Corm of a Crocus, the investing sheaths or dead Iraf-Kises stripped off. The faint cross-lines represent thf scars, where the leaves wen- attached, i. e. the nodes : the spaces between are the internodes. The exhausted corm of the previous year is underneath ; forming ones for next vear on the summit and sides. ic;. 106. Section of the same. SECTION G.] STEMS. 47 116. Bulblets are very small bulbs growing out of larger ones ; or small bulbs produced above ground ou some plants, as in the axils of the leaves of the bulbiferous Lilies of the gardens (Fig. 110), and often hi the flower-clusters of the Leek and Onion. They are plainly buds with thickened scales. They never grow into branches, but detach themselves when full grown, fall to the ground, and take root there to form new plants. 117. Consolidated Vegetation. An ordinary herb, shrub, or tree is evidently constructed on the plan developing an extensive surface. In fleshy rootstocks, \\ tubers, conns, and bulbs, the more enduring portion of the plant is con- centrated, and reduced for the time of struggle (as against drought, heat, or cold) to a small amount of exposed surface, and this mostly sheltered in the soil. There are many similar consolidated forms which are not subterranean. Thus plants like the Houseleek (Fig. 91) imitate a bulb. Among Cactuses the columnar species of Cereus (Fig. Ill, b), may be lik- ened to rootstocks. A green rind serves the purpose of foliage ; but the surface is as nothing compared with an ordinary leafy plant of the same bulk. Compare, for instance, the largest Cactus known, the Giant Cereus of the Gila River (Fig. Ill, in the background), which rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a common leafy tree of the same height, such as that in Fig. 89, and estimate how vastly greater, even without the foli- age, the surface of the latter is than that of the former. Compare, in the FIG. 107. Bulb of a wild Lily. 108. The same divided lengthwise, showing two forming buds of the next generation. FIG. 109. A ground leaf of White Lily, its base (cut across) thickened into a bulb-scale. This plainly shows that bulb-scales are leaves. FIG. 110. Bulblets in the axils of leaves of a Tiger Lily. 48 STEMS. [SECTION G. same view, an Opuntia or Prickly-Pear Cactus, its stem and branches formed of a succession of thick ami flattened joints (Fig. Ill, a), which may be likened to tubers, or an Epipbyllum ('/), having short and flat joints, -with an ordinary leafy shrub or herb of equal size. And finally, in Melon-Cactuses, Echiuocactus (c), or other globose forms (which may be likened to permanent conns), with their globular or bulb-like sh we have plants in the compactest shape ; their spherical figure being such as to expose the least possible amount of substance to the air. These are adaptations to climates which are very dry, either throughout or for a ]>art of the year. Sinrlarly, bulbous and conn-bearing plants, and the like, are examples of a form of vegetation which in the growing season may expand a large surface to the air and light, while during the period of rest the living AI •( table is reduced to a globe, or solid form of the least possible surface; and this protected by its outer coats of dead and dry scales, as well as by its situation under ground. Such are also adapted to a season of drought. They largely belong to countries which have a long hot season of little or no rain, when, their stalks and foliage above and their roots beneath early perishing, the plants rest securely in their compact bulbs, filled with nourishment and retaining their moisture with great tenacity, until the rainy season comes round. Then they shoot forth leaves and flowers with wonderful rapidity, and what was perhaps a desert of arid saud becomes green with foliage and gay with blossoms, almost in a day. 6 t SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 49 SECTION VII. LEAVES. 118. STEMS bear leaves, at definite points (nodes, 13) ; and these are produced in a great variety of forms, and subserve various uses. The commonest kind of leaf, which therefore may be taken as the type or pattern, is an expanded green body, by means of which the plant exposes to the air and light the matters which it imbibes, exhales certain portions, and assimilates the residue into vegetable matter for its nourishment and growth. 119. But the fact is already familiar (10-30) that leaves occur under other forms and serve for other uses, — for the storage of food already assimilated, as in thickened seed-leaves and bulb-scales ; for covering, as in bud-scales ; and still other uses are to be pointed out. Indeed, sometimes they are of no service to the plant, being reduced to mere scales or rudi- ments, such as those on the rootstocks of Peppermint (Fig. 97) or the tubers of Jerusalem Artichoke (Fig. 101). These may be said to be of service only to the botanist, in explaining to him the plan upon which a plant is constructed. 120. Accordingly, just as a rootstock, or a tuber, or a tendril is a kind of stem, so a bud-scale, or a bulb-scale, or a cotyledon, or a petal of a flower, is a kind of leaf. Even in respect to ordinary leaves, it is natural to use the word either in a wider or in a narrower sense ; as when in one sense we say that a leaf consists of blade and petiole or leaf-stalk, and in another sense say that a leaf is petioled, or that the leaf of Hepatica is three-lobed. The connection should make it plain whether by leaf we mean leaf-blade only, or the blade with any other parts it may have. And the student will readily understand that by leaf in its largest or morphological sense, the botanist means the organ which occupies the place of a leaf, whatever be its form or its function. § 1. LEAVES AS FOLIAGE. 121. This is tautological; for foliage is simply leaves: but it is very convenient to speak of typical leaves, or those which serve the plant for assimilation, as foliage-leaves, or ordinary leaves. These may first be considered. 122. The Parts of a Leaf. The ordinary leaf, complete in its parts, consists of blade, foot-stalk, or petiole, and a pair of stipules. 123. First the BLADE or LAMINA, which is the essential part of ordinary leaves, that is, of such as serve the purpose of foliage. In structure it con- sists of a softer part, the green pulp, called parenchyma, which is traversed and supported by a fibrous frame, the parts of which are called ribs or veins, on account of a certain likeness in arrangement to the veins of animals. 50 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. The whole surface is covered by a transparent skin, the Epidermis, not unlike that which covers the surface of all fresh shoots. 12 i. Note that the leaf-blade expands horizontally, — that is, normally presents its faces one to the sky, the other to the ground, or when the leaf is erect the upper face looks toward the stem that bears it, the lower face away from it. Whenever this is not the case there is something to be explained. 125. The framework consists of wood, — a flbrous and tough material which runs from the stein through the leaf-stalk, when there is one, in the form of parallel threads or bundles of fibres ; and in the blade these spread out in a hori- zontal direction, to form the ribs and ceins of the leaf. The stout main branches of the framework are called the Ribs. When there is only one, as in Fig. 112, 114, or a middle one decidedly larger than the rest, it is called the Midrib. The smaller divi- sions are termed Veins ; and their still smaller subdivisions, Vemlets. The latter subdivide again and again, until they be- come so fine that they are invisible to the naked eye. The fibres of which they are composed are hollow ; forming tubes by which the sap is brought into the leaves and carried to every part. 126. Venation is the name of the mode of veiuing, that is, of the way in which the veins are distributed in the blade. This is of two principal kinds ; namely, the parallel-veined, and the ndted-veined. 127. In Netted-veined (also called Reticulated} leaves, the veins branch off from the main rib or ribs, divide into finer and finer veinlets, and the branches unite with each other to form meshes of network. That is, they anastomose, as anatomists say of the veins and arteries of the body. The Quince-leaf, in Fig. 112, shows this kind of vcining in a leaf with a single rib. The Maple, Basswood, Plane or Buttonwood (Fig. 74) show it in leaves of several ribs. 128. In parallel-veined leaves, the whole framework consists of slender ribs or veins, which run parallel with each other, or nearly so, from the base to the point of the leaf, — not dividing and subdividing, nor forming meshes, except by minute cross-veinlets. The leaf of any grass, or that of the Lily of the Valley (Fig. 113) will furnish a good illustration. Such parallel veins Linnaeus called Nerves, and parallel-veined leaves are still commonly called nerved leaves, while those of the other kind are said to be Fio. 112. Leaf of the Quince: b, blade; p, petiole; st, stipules. SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 51 veined, — terms which it is convenient to use, although these " nerves " and " veins " are all the same thing, and have no likeness to the nerves and little to the veins of animals. 129. Netted-veined leaves belong to plants which have a pair of seed- leaves or cotyledons, such as the Maple (Fig. 20, 24,), Beech (Fig. 33), and the like ; while parallel-veined or nerved leaves belong to plants with one cotyledon or true seed-leaf; such as the Iris (Fig. 59), and Indian Corn (Fig. 70). So that a mere glance at the leaves generally tells what, (he structure of the embryo is, and refers the plant to one or the other of these two grand classes, — which is a great convenience. For when plants differ from each other in some one important respect, they usually differ corres- pondingly in other respects also. 130. Parallel-veined leaves are of two sorts, — one kind, and the com- monest, having the ribs or nerves all running from the base to the point of the leaf, as in the examples already given ; while in another kind they run from a midrib to the margin, as in the common Pickerel-weed of our ponds, in the Banana, in Calla (Fig. 114), and many similar plants of warm climates. 131. Netted-veined leaves are also of two sorts, as in the examples al- ready referred to. In one case the veins all rise from a single rib (the midrib), as in Fig. 112, 116-127. Such leaves are called Feather-veined or Penni-veined, i. e. P innately -veined; both terms meaning the same thing, namely, that the veins are arranged on the sides of the rib like the plume of a feather on each side of the shaft. FIG. 113. A (parallel- veined) leaf of the Lily of the Valley. 114. One of the Calla Lily. r,o LEAVKS. [SECTION 7. 132. In the other case (as in Fig. 74, 129-132), the veins branch of! from three, five, seven, or nine ribs, which spread from the top of the leaf- stalk, and run through the blade like the toes of a web-footed bird. Ilence these are said to be Palmately or Digilately veined, or (since the ribs di- verge like rays from a centrej Radiate-veined. 133. Since the general outline of leaves accords with the frame-work or skeleton, it is plain that feather-veined (or penni-vcine leaves will incline to elongated shapes, or at least to be longer than broad ; while in radiate- veined leaves more rounded forms are to be expected. A glance at the following figures shows this. 131. Forms of Leaves as to 'General Outline. It is necessary to give names to the principal shapes, and to define them rather precisely, since they afford easy marks for distinguishing species. The same terms are used 115 116 117 li"8 119 120 for all other flattened parts as well, such as petals; so that they make up a great part of the descriptive language of Botany. It will be a good exer- cise for young students to look up leaves answering to these names and definitions. Beginning with the narrower and proceeding to the broadest forms, a leaf is said to be Linear (Fig. 115), when narrow, several times longer than wide, and of the same breadth throughout. Lanceolate, or Lance-sJutped, when conspicuously longer than wide, and tnpering upwards (Fig. 116), or both upwards and downwards. Ohlnng (Fig. 117), when nearly twice or thrice as long as broad. Elliptical (Fig. 118) is oblong with a flowing outline, the two ends alike in width. Oval is the same as broadly elliptical, or elliptical with the breadth con- siderably more than half the length. Ovate (Fig. 119), when the outline is like a section of a hen's egg lengthwise, the broader end downward. Orliiculnr, or Rotund (Fig. 132), circular in outline, or nearly so. 135. A leaf which tapers toward the base instead of toward the apex may be Ohliinceolatf (Fig. 121) when of the lance-shaped form, only more tapering toward I he base than in the opposite direction. Spaliilutc (Fit,'. 122) when more rounded above, but tapering thence to a narrow base, like an old-fashioned spalula. FIG. 115-120. A series of shapes of feather-veined leaves. SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 53 Obovate (Fig. 123) or inversely ovate, that is, ovate with, the narrower end down. Cuneate or Cuneiform, that is, Wedge-shaped (Fig. 124), broad above and tapering by nearly straight lines to an acute angle at the base. 136. As to the Base, its shape characterizes several forms, such as Cordate or Heart-shaped (Fig. 120, 129), when a leaf of an ovate form, or something like it, has the out- line of its rounded base turned iu (forming a notch or sinus) where the stalk is attached. Ratiforw, or Kidney- skaped (Fig. 131), like the last, only founder and broader than long. Auriculate, or Eared, having a pair of small 125 126 127 and blunt projections, or ears, at the base, as in one species of Magnolia (Fig. 126). Sagittate, or arrow -shaped, where such ears are acute and turned downwards, while the main body of the blade tapers upwards to a point, as in the common Sagittaria or Arrow-head, and in the Arrow-leaved Polygonum (Fig. 125). Hastate, or Halberd-shaped, when such lobes at the base point outwards, giving the shape of the halberd of the olden time, as in another Polygonum (Fig. 127). Peltate, or Shield-shaped (Fig. 132), is the name applied to a curious modification of the leaf, commonly of a rounded form, where the footstalk is attached to the lower surface, instead of the base, and therefore is natu- FIG. 121 , oblanceolate ; 122, spatulate ; 123, obovate ; and 124, wedge-shaped^ feather-veined, leaves. FIG. 125, sagittate ; 126, auriculate ; and 127, halberd-shaped or hastate leaves. FIG. 128-132. Various forms of radiate-veined leaves. LEAVES. [SECTION 7. rally likened to a shield borue by the outstretched arm. The common Watershield, the Nelumbium, and the White Water-lily, and also the Man- drake, exhibit this sort of leaf. On comparing the shield-shaped leaf of the common Marsh Pennywort (Fig. 132) with that of another common species (Fig. 130), it is at once seen that a shield-shaped leaf is like a kidney-shaped (Fig. 130, 131) or other rounded leaf, with the margins at the base brought together and united. 137. As to the Apex, the following terms express the principal varia- tions : — Acuminate, Pointed, or Taper-pointed, when the summit is more or less prolonged into a narrowed or tapering point; as in Fig. 133. Acute, ending in an acute angle or not prolonged point ; Fig. 134. Obtuse, with a blunt or rounded apex ; as in Fig. 135, etc. Truncate, with the end as if cut off square ; as in Fig. 136. Reluse, with rounded summit slightly indented, forming a very shallow notch, as in Fig. 137. Emarginate, or Notched, indented at the end more decidedly; as in Fig. 138. Obcordate, that is, inversely heart-shaped, where an obovate leaf is more deeply notched at the end (Fig. 139), as in White Clover and Wood-sorrel ; so as to resemble a cordate leaf inverted. Cuspidate, tipped with a sharp and rigid point ; as in Fig. 1-1-0. Mucronate, abruptly tipped with a small and short point, like a mere projection of the midrib ; as in Fig. 141. Arixtatc, Awn-pointed, and Bristle-pointed, are terms used when this mucronate point is extended into a longer bristle-form or slender appen- dage. The first six of these terms can be applied to the lower as well as to the upper end of a leaf or other organ. The others belong to the apex only. 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 1 .'5s. As to degree and nature of Division, there is first of all the dif- ference between Simple Leaves, those in which the blade is of one piece, however much it may be cut up, and Compound Jji'ttrra, those in which the blade consists of two or more sep- arate pieces, upon a common leaf-stalk or support. Yet between these tv, o kinds every intermediate gradation is to be met with. 139. As to Particular Outlines of Simple Leaves (and the same applies to their separate parts), they are Fu;. 133-141. Forms of the apex of leaves. SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 55 147 Entire, when their general outline is completely filled out, so that the margin is an even line, without teeth or notches. Serrate, or Saw-toothed, when the margin only is cut into sharp teeth, like those of a saw, and pointing forwards : as in Fig. 142. Dentate, or Toothed, when such teeth point outwards, instead of forwards ; as in Fig. 143. Crenatc, or Scal- loped, when the teeth are broad and round- j ed ; as in Fig. 144. Repand, Undulate, or Wavy, when the \ margin of the leaf \\H,IJ| forms a wavy line, bending slightly in- wards and outwards in succession; as in Fig. 145. Sinuate, when the margin is more strongly sinuous or turned inwards and outwards ; as in Fig. 146. Incised, Cut, or Jagged, when the margin is cut into sharp, deep, and irregular teeth or incisions ; as in Fig. 147. Lobed, when deeply cut. Then the pieces are in a general way called LOBES. The number of the lobes is briefly expressed by the phrase two- lobed, three-lobed,Jive-lobed, many -lobed, etc., as the case may be. 140. When the depth and character of the lobiug needs to be more par- ticularly specified, the following terms are employed, viz. : — Lobed, in a special sense, when the incisions do not extend deeper than about half-way between the margin and the centre of the blade, if so far, and are more or less rounded ; as in the leaves of the Post-Oak, Fig. 148, and the Hepatica, Fig. 152. Cleft, when the incisions extend half way down or more, and especially when they are sharp; as in Fig. 149, 153. And the phrases two-cleft, or, in the Latin form, bifid, three-cleft or trifid, four-cleft or quadrijid, Jive- cleft or quinqiiejid, etc., or many-cleft, in the Latin form, multifid, — express the number of fhe Segments, or portions. Parted, when the incisions are still deeper, but yet do not quite reach to the midrib or the base of the blade; as in Fig. 150, 154. And the terms two-parted, three-parted, etc., express the number of such divisions. Divided, when the incisions extend quite to the midrib, as in the lower part of Fig. 151, or to the leaf-stalk, as in Fig. 155 ; which really makes the FIG. 142-147. Kinds of margin of leaves. 56 LEAVIiS. [SECTION 7 leaf compound. Here, using the Latin form, the leaf is said to be bisected, trisected (Fig. 155), etc., according to the number of the divisions. 141. The Mode of Lobing or Division corresponds to that of the veining, whether pinnatefy rnm:d or palmately veined. In the former the notches or incisions, or sinuses, coining between the principal veins or ribs are directed toward the midrib : in the latter they are directed toward the apex of the petiole ; as the figures show. 142. So degree and mode of division may be tersely expressed in brief phrases. Thus, in the four upper figures of pinnately veined loaves, the first is said to be pi /mutely /<>^eiii nut >'li/ i/lrided, or pinnatisected. 143. Correspondingly in the lower row, of palinatcly veined leaves, the first is palmately lobe/1, the second palmntehf clfft, the third palmulelif parted, the fourth pal /a at el// divided. Or, in other language of the same meaning (but now less commonly employed), they are said to be digitately lobcd, cleft, parted, or divided. 144. The number of the divisions or lobes may come into the phrase. Thus in the four last named figures the leaves are respectively palmately in (hrr<>-ll>.-d; 149, pinnately cleft; 150, pinnately parted; 151, pilmately divided, leaves. Fi'i. 152, palinati-ly tlnvc-loln-d ; I'.ri, jialmati-ly three-cleft; 1">4, jialmately tlirc-r pai-lnl; l.'o, ]ialinatrly tlircc ilivi.lcd cir dlstrti-d, K-aves. SECTION 7.] ORDINARY LEAVES. 57 etc., up to many-lobed, many-cleft or multifid, etc. The same mode of ex- pression may be used for piimately lobcd leaves, as pinnately 1 -lobed, -cleft, -parted, etc. 145. The divisions, lobes, etc., may themselves be entire (without teeth or notches), or serrate, or otherwise toothed or incised; or lobed, cleft, parted, etc. : in the latter cases making twice pinnatifid, twice palma lely or pinnately lobcd, parted, or divided leaves, etc. From these illustrations one will perceive how the botanist, in two or three words, may describe any one of the almost endlessly diversified shapes of leaves, so as to give a clear and definite idea of it. 146. Compound Leaves. A compound leaf is one which, has its blade in entirely separate parts, each usually with a stalklet of its own; and the stalklct is often jointed (or articulated} with the main leaf-stalk, just as this 158 is jointed with the stem. Wheu. this is the case, there is no doubt that the leaf is compound. But when the pieces have no stalklets, and are not jointed with the main leaf-stalk, it may be considered either as a divided simple leaf, or a compound leaf, according to the circumstances. This is a matter of names where all intermediate forms may be expected. 147. While the pieces or projecting parts of a simple leaf-blade are called Lobes, or in deeply cut leaves, etc., Segments, or Divisions, the sep- arate pieces or blades of a compound leaf are called LEAFLETS. 148. Compound leaves are of two principal kinds, namely, the Pinnate and ft&Palmate; answering to the two modes of veining in reticulated leaves, and to the two sorts of lobed or divided leaves (111). 149. Pinnate leaves are those in which the leaflets are arranged on the sides of a main leaf-stalk; as in Fig. 15G-15S. They answer to the FIG. 156-158. Pinnate leaves, the first with an odd leaflet (n,7t?-ptn>i«(i-); the second with a tendril in place of uppermost leaflets ; the third abruptly pinnate, or of even pairs. LEAVES. [SECTION feath>-f-r<-i,ied (i. e. j>itiiin/rfi/-veitted) simple leaf; as will be seen at once on comparing the forms. The leaflet* of llic former answer to the lobes or .lirixionii of the latter; and tin: continuation of the petiole, along which the i, a, Ids arc arranged, answers to the midrib of the simple leaf. 150. Three sorts of pinnate leaves are here given. Fig. 15G is pinnate trith cm odd or end l-djlet, as in the Common Locust and the Ash. Pig. 157 is pinnate with a tendril at the end, in place of the odd leaflet, as in [he Vetches and the Pea. Tig. 158 is evenly or abruptly pinnate, as in the Honey-Locust. 151. Palmate (also named Digitate) leaves are those in which the leaf- lets are all borne on the tip of the leaf- stalk, as in the Lupine, the Common Clover, the Virginia Creeper (Fig. 93), and the Horse-chestnut and Buckeye (Fig. 159). They evidently answer to the radiate-veined or palmately-veined simple leaf. That is, the Clover-leaf of three leaflets is the same as a palmately three-ribbed leaf nit into three separate leaflets. And such a simple fivc-lobed leaf as that of the Sugar-Maple, if more cut, so as to separate the parts, would produce a palmate leaf of five leaflets, like that of the Horse-chestnut or Buckeye. 152. Either sort of compound leaf may have any number of lenflets ; yet palmate leaves cannot well have a great many, since they are all crowded together on the end of the main leaf-stalk. Some Lupines have nine or eleven; the Horse-chestnut has seven, the Sweet Buckeye more commonly five, the Clover three. A pinnate leaf often has only seven or live leaflets, or only three, as in Beans of the genus Phascolus, etc. ; in some rarer cases only two; in the Orange and Lemon and also in the common I'.arbcrry there is only one! The joint at the place where the leaflet is united with the petiole distinguishes this last case from a simple leaf. In other species of Ihcse genera the lateral leaflets also are present. 1.-,:$. The leaflets of a compound leaf may be either entire (as in Fig. 1-V.-128), w serrate, or lobed, cleft, parted, etc.; in fact, may present all the variations of simple leaves, and the same terms equally apply to them. 154. When the division is carried so far as to separate what would be one leaflet iulo two, three, or several, the leaf becomes ipin»afe, or tines pinnate, as in l"i- K,0. When these leaflets are again divided in the same way, the leaf Fiu. 159. I'ulmair (,,r digitate) 1-al' <•!' live l.MiMs, »f Hie Swcrt Buckeye. SECTION 7.J ORDINARY LEAVES. 50 becomes thrice pinnate, or tripinnate, as iu many Acacias. Tlie Qrst divi- sions are called Pinna;; the others, Pinnules; and the last, or little blades themselves, Leaflets. 155. So the palmate leaf, if again compounded in the same way, be- comes twice palmate, or, as we say when the divisions are in threes, twice ternate (in Latin form biter- nate) ; if a third time compounded, thrice ternate or triternate. But if the division goes still further, ^. or if the degree is variable, we simply say that the leaf is decom- pound ; either palmately or piu- nately decompound, as the case may be. Thus, Fig. 161 repre- sents a four times ternately com- pound (in other words a ternately decompound) leaf of a common Meadow Rue. 156. When the botanist, in de- scribing leaves, wishes to express the number of the leaflets, he may use terms like these : — Unifoliolate, for a compound leaf of a single leaflet ; from the Lathi unum, one, and foliolum, ICO leaflet. Bifoliolate, of two leaflets, from the Latin bis, twice, and foliolum, leaflet. Trifoliolate (or ternats), of three leaf- lets, as the Clover ; and so on. Pal-mutely bifoliolate, trifoliolate, quadrifoliate, plurifoliolate (of several leaflets), etc. : or else Pinnately hi-, tri-, quadri-, or pluri- foliolate (that is, of two, three, four, five, or several leaflets), as the case may be : these are terse ways of de- noting in single phrases both the num- ber of leaflets and the kind of com- pounding. 157. Of foliage-leaves having certain peculiarities in structure, the following may be noted : — FIG. 160. A twice-pinnate (uliruptly) leaf of the Honey-Locust. FIG. 161. Ternately decompound leaf of Meadow Rue. GO LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 15S. Perfoliate Leaves. In these the stem that bears them seems to run through the blade of the leaf, more or less above its base. A coinmou Bellwort (Uvularia perfoliata, Fie 162) is a familiar illustration. The lower and earlier leaves show it distinctly. Later, the plant is apt to produce some leaves merely clasping the stem by the sessile and heart-shaped base, and the latest may be merely sessile. So the series explains the peculiarity : in the formation of the leaf the bases, meeting amnnd the stem, grow together there. 1.")'.). Connate-perfoliate. Such are tlie upper leaves of true Honey- suckles. Here (Fig. 163) of the opposite and sessile leaves, some pairs, especially the uppermost, in the course of their formation unite around the stem, which thus seems to run through the disk formed by their union. K)0. Equitant Leaves. While ordinary leaves spread horizontally, and present one face to the .sky and the. other to the earth, there are some that present their tip to the sky, and their faces ri^lit and left to the horizon. Among these an: the fquifniit leaves of the Iris or FIower-de-Luce. In- sp.-etioii sho\vs that, eaeh leaf \\as formed as if fnhleil lop-flier lei/ Vic.. \('>'2. A summer branch of Uvulavia perfoliata; lower leaves perfoliate, upper foril.'dc i-l;i^i'in;,', ii|>i>tTmnst simply scssilo. Pitt !>'> '• r.:-:iuch of a Hoi)i'\siii'kl.-, \vitli comintc-porfoliate leaves. Fie,. K, |. l;,,otst.>ck rind i-ipiitant leaves of Iris. 165. A section across the cluster of lynxes at the l>ulti'iii, .sliowiiiL; thu equitation. SECTION 7.J ORDINARY LEAVES. 61 so that what would be the upper surface is within, and all grown together, except next the bottom, where each leaf covers the next younger one. It was from their straddling over each other, like a man on horseback (as is seen in the cross-section, Fig. 165), that Linnaeus, with his lively fancy, called these Equitaiit leaves. 161. Leaves -with no distinction of Petiole and Blade. The leaves of Iris just mentioned show one form of this. The flat but narrow leaves of Jonquils, Daffodils, and the cylindrical leaf of Onions are other instances. Needle-shaped leaves, like those of the Pine, Larch, and Spruce, and the awl-shaped as well as the scale-shaped leaves of Junipers, Red Cedar, and Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 1GG), are examples. 162. Phyllodia. Sometimes an expanded petiole takes the place of the blade ; as in numerous New Holland Acacias, some of which are now common in greenhouses. Such counterfeit blades are called phyllodia, — meaning leaf-like bodies. They may be known from true blades by their standing edgewise, their margins being directed upwards and downwards ; while in true blades the faces look upwards and downwards ; excepting in equitant leaves, as already explained. 163. Falsely Vertical Leaves. These are apparent exceptions to the rule, the blade standing edgewise in- stead of flatwise to the stem ; but this position comes by a twist of the stalk or the base of the blade. Such leaves present the two faces about equally to the light. The Compass-plant (Silphium laciniatum) is an example. So also the leaves of Bolto- nia, of Wild Lettuce, and of a vast num- ber of Australian Myrtaceous shrubs and trees, which much resemble the phyllodia of the Acacias of the same country. They are familiar in Calliste-; mon, the Bottle-brush Flower, and in Eucalyptus. But in the latter the leaves of the young tree have the nor- mal structure and position. IG-i. Cladophylla, meaning branch- leaves. The foliage of Ruseus (the Butcher's Broom of Europe) and of Myrsiphyllum of South Africa (cultivated for decoration under the false FIG. 166. Branch of Arbor-Vitae, •with awl-shaped and scale-shaped leaves. FIG. 167. The ambiguous leaf? (cladophyllum) of Myrsiphyllum. FIG. 168. Same of Ruseus, or Butcher's Broom. 167 168 62 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. name of Smilax) is peculiar and puzzling. If these blades (Fig. 167, 168) are really leaves, they are most anomalous iu occupying the axil of another Ira!', reduced to a little scale. Yet they have an upper and lower face, as s should, although they soon twist, so as to stand more or less edge- wise. It thev arc branches which have assumed exactly the form and office of leaves, they arc equally extraordinary in iiot making any further development. But in Ruscus, flowers are borne on one face, in the axil of a little scale : and this would seem to settle that they are branches. In Asparagus just the same things as to position are thread-shaped and branch-like. § 2. LEAVES OF SPECIAL CONFORMATION AND USE. 165. Leaves for Storage. A leaf may at the same time serve both ordinary and special uses. Thus in those leaves of Lilies, such as the common White Lily, which spring from the bulb, the upper and green part v serves for foliage and elaborates nourishment, while the thickened por- tion or bud-scale beneath serves for the storage of this nourishment. The thread-shaped leaf of the Onion ful- fils the same office, and the nourishing matter it prepares is deposited in its sheathing base, forming one of the concentric layers of the onion. "\Vhen these layers, so thick and succulent, have given up their store to the grow- ing parts -within, they are left as thin amt dry husks. In a Ilouscleek, an Aloe or an Agave, the green color of the surface of the fleshy leaf indi- cates that it- is doing tin; work of foliage; the deeper-seated white por- tion within is the storehouse of the nourishment which the green surface lias elaborated. So, also, the seed-leaves or cotyledons are commonly used for storage. Sonic, as in one of the Maples, the Pea, Horse-chestnut, Oak, etc., arc for nothing else. Others, as in Beech and in our common FIG. 169. A yomr,' A;_':ivu Aiiirru'ana. <>r Century-plant; SECTION 7.] SPECIAL LEAVES. G3 Beans, give faint indications of service as foliage also, chiefly in vain. Still others, as in the Pumpkin and Flax, having served for storage, develop into the first efficient foliage. Compare 11, 22-30, and the accompanying figures. \ 166. Leaves as Bud-Scales serve to protect the forming parts within. Hav- ing fulfilled this purpose they commonly fall off when the shoot develops and foliage-leaves appear. Occasionally, as in Fig. 170, there is a transition of bud- scales to leaves, which reveals the nature of the former. The Lilac also shows a gradation from bud-scale to simple leaf. In Cornus florida (the Flowering Dog- wood), the four bud-scales which through the winter protect the head of forming flowers remain until blossoming, and then the base of each grows out into FIG. 170. Series of bud-scales and foliage-leaves from a developing bud of the Low Sweet Buckeye (/Esculus parviflora), showing nearly complete gradation, from A scale to a compound leaf of five leaflets; and that the scales answer to reduced petioles. J^G. 171. Shoot of common Barberry, showing transition of foliage-leaves to opines. G4 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. a large and very showy petal-like leaf ; the original dry scale is apparent in the notch at, the apex. 107. Leaves as Spines occur in several plants. A familiar instance is that of the common Barberry (Fig. 171). In almost any summer shoot, most, of the gradations may be seen between the ordinary leaves, with sharp bristly teeth, and leaves which are reduced to a branching spine or thorn. The fact that the spines of the Barberry produce a leaf-bud in their axil also proves them to be leaves. 168. Leaves for Climbing are various in adaptation. True foliage- leaves serve this purpose ; as ia Gloriosa, where the attenuated tip of a sim- ple leaf (othcrwi.se like that of a Lily) hooks around a supporting object; or in Solanum jasminoides of the gardens (Fig. 172), and in Maurandia, etc., where the leaf-stalk coils round and clings to a support ; or in the compound leaves of Clematis and of Adlumia, in which both the leaflets and their stalks hook or coil around the support. IG'J. Or in a compound leaf, as in the Pea and most Vetches, and in Cobfea, while the lower leaflets serve for foliage, some oHhc uppermost arc developed as tendrils for climbing (Fig. 167). In the common Pea this is so with all but one or two pairs of leaflets. 170. In one European Vetch, (he leaflels arc wanting and the whole petiole is a tendril, while the stipules become the only foliage (Fig. 173). 171. Leaves as Pitchers, or hollow tubes, arc familiar in the common Pitcher-plant or Side-saddle Flower (Sarraccnia, Fig. 174) of our bogs. These pitchers arc generally half full of waier, in which (lies and other in- sects are drowned, often in such numbers as to make a rich manure for the plant. More curious an- sonic of the southern species of Sarraeenia, which seem to be specially adapted to the capture and destruction of flies and other insects. I'n.. 17'J. Leaves of Sohmuni jasminoides, the petiole adapted for climliini:. Flu. 173. Leaf of Lalhyrus Apliaca, consisting of a pair of stipules and a tendril. SECTION 7.] SPECIAL LEAVES. 65 172. The leaf of Nepenthes (Fig. 175) combines three structures and uses. The expanded part below is foliage : this tapers into a tendril for 174 175 climbing ; and this bears a pitcher with a lid. Insects are caught, and per- haps digested, in the pitcher. 173. Leaves as Fly-traps. Insects are caught in another way, and more expertly, by the most extraordinary of all the plants of this country, the Diouaea or Venus's Fly- trap, which grows in the sandy bogs around Wilmington, North Carolina. Here (Fig. 176") each leaf bears at-its summit an appen- dage which opens and shuts, in shape some- thing like a steel-trap, and operating much like one. For when open, no sooner does a fly alight on its surface, and brush against any one of the two or three bristles that grow there, than the trap suddenly closes, captur- ing the intruder. If the fly escapes, the trap soon slowly opens, and is ready for another capture. When retained, the insect is after a time moistened by a secretion from mi- nute glands of the inner surface, and is digested. In the various species of Drosera or Sundew, insects are caught Fin. 174. Leaf of Sarracenia purpurea, entire, and another with the upper part off. FIG. 175. Leaf of Nepenthes; foliage, tendril, and pitcher combined. FIG. 176. Leaves of Dionaea; the trap in one of them open, in the others closed. LEAVES. [SECTION 7. by sticking fast to very viscid glands at the tip of strong bristles, aided by adjacent gland-tipped bristles which bend slowly toward the captive. The use of such adaptations aud operations may be explained in another place. §3. STIPULES. 174. A leaf complete in its parts consists of blade, leaf-stalk or petiole, and a pair of stipules. But most leaves have either fugacious or minute stipules or none at all; many have no petiole (the blade being sessile or stalkless) ; some have no clear distinction of blade and petiole ; and many of these, such as those of the Onion aud all phyllodia (1 66), consist of petiole only, 175. The base of the petiole is apt to be broadened and flattened, sometimes into thin margins, sometimes into a sheath which embraces the stem at the point of '} attachment. 178 180 170. Stipules are such appendages, cither wholly or partly separated from the, petiole. When quite separate they arc said to be free, as in Fiur- 1 1 2. AVhen attached to the base of the petiole, as in the Rose and in Fiu. 1 77. Leaf of Red Clover: st, stipules, adhering to the base of p, the petiole; b, lilade of three leaflets. KM;. 17*. Part of stein and leaf of Frince's-Feather (Polygonum orii-ntaK') with the united sheathing stipules forming a sheath or ocrca. Flo. 179. Terminal winter hud of Magnolia Umbrella, natural size. 180. Outer- most bud-scale (pair of stipules) detached. SECTION 7.] THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 67 Clover (Fig. 177), they are adnate. When the two stipules unite and shoiithe the stem above the insertion, as in Polygonum (Fig. 178), this sheath is called an Ocrca, from its likeness to a greave or leggin. 177. In Grasses, when the sheathing base of the leaf may answer to petiole, the summit of the sheath commonly projects as a thin and short membrane, like an ocrea : this is called a LIGULA or LIGULE. 178. When stipules are green and leaf-like they act as so much foliage. In the Pea they make up no small part of the actual foliage. In a related plant (Lathyrus Aphaca, Fig. 173), they make the whole of it, the remainder of the leaf being tendril. 179. In many trees the stipules are the bud-scales, as in the Beech, and very conspicuously in the Fig-tree, Tulip-tree, and Magnolia (Fig. 179). These fall off as the leaves unfold. ISO. The stipules are spines or prickles in Locust and several other Leguminous trees and shrubs ; they are tendrils in Smilax or Greeubrier. § 4. THE ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES. 181. Phyllotaxy, meaning leaf-arrangement, is the study of the position of leaves, or parts answering to leaves, upon the stem. 182. The technical name for the attachment of leaves to the stem is 181 182 the insertion,. Leaves (as already noticed, 54) are inserted in three modes. They are Alternate (Fig. 181), that is, one after another, or in other words, with only a single leaf to each node ; FIG. 181. Alternate leaves, in Linden, Lime-tree, or Basswood. FIG. 182. Opposite leaves, in Red Maple. 68 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. The so- Opposite (Fig. 182), when there is a pair to each node, the two leaves in this case being always mi opposite sides of the stein ; Wkorled or Vertic.illate (Fig. 183) when there are more than two Ic- on a node, in which case they divide the circle equally between them, tunning a Verticvl or whorl. When there are three Kav, s in the whorl, the leaves are one third of the circumference apart : when four, one quarter, and so on. So the plan of opposite leaves, which is very common, is men 1 y that of whorled leaves, with the fewest leaves to the whorl, namely, two. 183. In both modes and in all their modifica- tions, the arrangement is such as to distribute the leaves systematically and in a way to give them a gocd exposure to the light. 184. No two or more leaves ever grow from the same point, called Fascicled or Clustered leaves are the leaves of a branch the nodes of which are very close, just as they are in the bud, so keeping the leaves in a cluster. This is evident in the Larch (Fig. 184), in which examination shows each cluster to be made up of nume- rous leaves crowded on a spur or short axis. In spring there are only such clusters ; but in summer some of them lengthen into ordinary shoots with scat- tered alternate leaves. So, likewise, each cluster of two or three needle- shaped leaves in Pilch 1'iues (as in Fig. 185), or of five leaves in White Pine, answers to a similar extremely short branch, springing from the axil of a thin and slender scale, which represents a leaf of the main shoot. For Pines produce two kinds of leaves, — 1. primary, the proper leaves of the shoots, not as foliage, but in the shape of delicate scales in spring, which soon fall away; and 2. secondary, the f,t*nd,;1 leaves, from buds in the axils of the former, and these form the actual foliage. l85 Fig. 183. Whorli-d l<-a\vs of Galinni. Fio. 184. A piece of stem of Larch with two clusters (fascicles) of numerous leaves. Fio. 185. Piece of a branch of Pitch Pin.\ with three leaves in a fascicle or 1 die, in the axil of a thin scale which answers 1o a primary h-af. The bundle is sur- roonded at the base by a short sheath, formed of the delicate scales of the axillary bud. SECTION 7.] THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 69 185. Phyllotaxy of Alternate Leaves. Alternate leaves are distrib- uted along the stem in an order which is uniform for each species. The arrangement in all its modifications is said to be spiral, because, if we diuiw a line from the insertion (i. e. the point of attachment) of one leaf to that of the next, and so on, this line will wind spirally around the stem as it rises, and in the same species will always bear the same number of leaves for each turn round the stem. That is, any two successive leaves will always be separated from each other by an equal portion of the circum- ference of the stem. The distance in height between any two leaves may vary greatly, even on the same shoot, for that depends upon the length of the internodes, or spaces between the leaves ; but the distance as measured around the circumference (in other words, the Angular Divergence, or angle formed by any two successive leaves) is uniformly the same. 186. Two-ranked. The greatest possible di- vergence is, of course, where the second leaf stands on exactly the opposite side of the stem from the first, the third on the side opposite the second, and therefore over the first, and the fourlh over the second. This brings all the leaves into two ranks, one on one side of the stem and one on the other, and is therefore called the Two-ranked arrangement. It occurs in all Grasses, — in Indian Corn, for in- stance ; also, in the Basswood (Fig. 181). This is the simplest of all arrangements, and the one which most widely distributes successive leaves, but •which therefore gives the fewest vertical ranks. Next is the 187. Three-ranked arrangement, — that of all Sedges, and of White Hellebore. Here the second leaf is placed one third of the way round (lie stem, the third leaf two thirds of the way round, t he fourth leaf accordingly directly over the first, the fifth over the second, and so on. That is, three leaves occur in each turn round the stem, and they are separated from each other by one third of the circumference. (Fig. 186, 187.) 188. Five-ranked is the next in the series, and the most common. It is seen in the Apple (Fig. 188), Cherry, Poplar, and the greater number of trees and shrubs. In this case the line traced from leaf to leaf will pass twice round the stem before it reaches a leaf FIG. 186. S^-ranked arrangement, shown in a piece of the stalk of a Sedge, with the leaves cut off above their bases ; the leaves are numbered in order, from 1 to 6. 187. Diagram or cross-section of the same, in one plane; the leaves simi- larly numbered ; showing two cycles of three. 70 LEAVES. [SECTION 7. 189 •^— • X situated directly over any below (Fig. 189). Here the sixth leaf is over the first; the leaves stand in five perpendicular ranks, with equal angular distance from each other; aud this distance between any two successive leaves is just two fifths of the circumference of the stem. 189. The five-ranked arrangement is expressed by the fraction £. This fraction denotes the divergence of the successive leaves, i. e. the an- gle tln'\ form v, il li c;ich other : the I ^"7* numerator also expresses the num- ber of turns made round the stem by the spiral line in completing one cycle or set of leaves, namely, < ( two; and the denominator gives the number of leaves in each cy- cle, or the number of perpendic- ular ranks, namely, five. In the same way the fraction ^ stands for the two-ranked mode, aud J for the three-ranked : and so these different sorts are expressed by the series of fractions \, \, \. Other cases follow in the same numerical progression, the next being the 190. Eight-ranked arrangement. In this the ninth leaf stands over the first, and three turns are made around the stem to reach it ; so it is expressed by the fraction •$. This is seen in the Holly, and in the common Plantain. Then comes the 191. Thirteen-ranked arrangement, in which the fourteenth leaf is over the first, after five turns around the stem. The common Houscleek (Fig. 191) is a good example. 192. The series so far, then, is \, \, |, |, -fa; the numerator and the denominator of each fraction being those of the two next preceding ones added together. At this rate the next higher should be ^r, then \\, and so on: and in fact just such cases arc met with, and (commonly) no others. These higher sorts are found in the Pine Family, both in the leaves and the cones and in many other plants with small and crowded leaves. But in those the number of the ranks, or of leaves in each cycle, can only rarely FIG. 188. Shoot with its leaves 5-ranked, the sixth leaf over the first; as in the Apple-tree. Fia. 189. Diagram of this arrangement, with a spiral line drawn from the attach, ment of one leaf to the next, aud so on ; the parts on the side turned from the eye are fainter. FIG. 190. A ground-plan of the same; the section of the leaves similarly num- bered ; a dotted line drawn from the edge of one leaf to that of the next marks out the spir.il. SECTION 7.] THEIR ARRANGEMENT. 71 be made out by direct inspection. They may be indirectly ascertained, how- ever, by studying the secondary spirals, as they are called, which usually become conspicuous, at least two series of them, one turning to the right and one to the left, as shown in Fig. 191. For an account of the way in which the character of the phyllotaxy may be deduced from the secondary spirals, see Structural Botany, Chapter IV. 193. Phyllotaxy of Opposite and whorled Leaves. This is simple and comparatively uniform. The leaves of each pair or whorl are placed over the intervals between those of the preceding, and therefore under the intervals of the pair or whorl next above. The whorls or pairs alternate or cross each other, usually at right angles, that is, they decussate. Opposite leaves, that is, whorls of two leaves only, are far com- moner than whorls of three or four or more members. This arrangement in successive decussating pairs gives an advantageous distribution on the stem in four verti- cal ranks. Whorls of three give six vertical ranks, and so on. Note that in descriptive botany leaves in whorls of two are simply called opposite leaves ; and that the term verticillate or whorled, is employed only for cases of more than two, unless the latter number is specified. 194. Vernation or Praefoliation, the disposition :* the leaf-blades in the bud, comprises two things ; 1st, the way in which each separate leaf is folded, coiled, or packed up in the bud; and 2d, the arrangement of the leaves in the bud with respect to one another. The latter of course depends very much upon the phyllotaxy, i. e. the position and order of the leaves upon the stem. The same terms are used for it as for the arrangement of the leaves of the flower in the flower-bud. See, therefore, " ^Estivation, or Preefloration." 195. As to each leaf separately, it is sometimes straight and open in vernation, but more commonly it is either bent, folded, or rolled up. When the upper part is bent down upon the lower, as the young blade in the Tulip-tree is bent upon the leafstalk, it is said to be Liflexed or Reclined in vernation. WThen folded by the midrib so that the two halves are placed face to face, it is Conduplicate (Fig. 193), as in the Magnolia, the Cherry, and the Oak. When folded back and forth like the plaits of a fan, it is FIG. 191. A young plant of the Houseleek, with the leaves (not yet expanded) numbered, and exhibiting the 13-ranked arrangement; and showing secondary spirals. FIG. 192. Opposite leaves of Euonymus, or Spindle-tree, showing the successive pairs crossing each other at right angles. 72 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. Plicate or Plaited (Fig. 194), as in the Maple aud Currant. If rolled, it may be so either from the tip downwards, as in Ferns and the Sundew (Fig. 197), when in unroll- 193 194 196 ing it resembles the head >^_ A A ^— . ^^ of a crosier, aud is said to ^^r /' * fm ^^^^\ ke drdnate ; or it may be ^Jj I/)/) OV| vC^/7 rolled up parallel with the "«^W^I ^^m*^ axis, either from one edge into a coil, when it is Con- volute (Fig. 195), as in the Apricot and Plum ; or rolled from both edges towards the midrib, — sometimes inwards, when it is Invo- lute (Fig. 193), as in the Violet and Water - Lily ; sometimes outwards, when it is Revolute (Fig. 196), in the Rosemary and Azalea. The figures are diagrams, representing sections through the leaf, in the way they were represented by Linnaeus. 196 198 SECTION VIII. FLOWERS. 196. Flowers are for the production of seed (10). Stems and branches, which for a time put forth leaves for vegetation, may at length put forth (lowers for reproduction. § 1. POSITION AND ARRANGEMENT OF FLOWERS, OR INFLOR- ESCENCE. 197. Flower-buds appear just where leaf-buds appear; that is, they are either terminal or axillary (47-49). Morphologically, flowers answer to shoots or branches, and their parts to leaves. 198. In the same species the flowers are usually from axillary buds only, or from terminal buds only, but in some they are both axillary and terminal. 199. Inflorescence, which is the name used by Linnaeus to signify mode of flower-arrangement, is accordingly of three classes : namely, Indeterminate, when the flowers are in the axils of leaves, that is, are from axillary buds; Determinate, when they are from terminal buds, and so terminate a stem or branch ; and Mixed, when these two are combined. 200. Indeterminate Inflorescence (likewise, and for the same reason, called iinli'jlnite inflorescence} is so named because, as the flowers all come from axillary buds, the terminal bud may keep on growing and prolong the stem indefinitely. This is so in Moneywort (Fig. 199). SECTION 8.] INFLORESCENCE. 73 201. When flowers thus arise singly from the axils of ordinary leaves, they are axillary and solitary, not collected into flower-clusters. 202. But when several or many flowers are produced near each other, the accompanying leaves are apt to be of smaller size, or of different shape or character : then they are called BRACTS, and the flowers thus brought together form a cluster. The kinds of llower-clnsters of the indeterminate class have re- ceived distinct names, according to their form and disposition. They are principally Raceme, Corymb, Umbel, Spike, Head, Spadix, Catkin, arid Panicle. 203. In defining these it will be necessary to use some of the following terms of descriptive botany which relate to inflorescence. If a flower is stalkless, i. e. sits directly in the axil or other support, it is said to be sessile. If raised on a naked stalk of its own (as in Fig. 199) it is pedun- culate, and the stalk is a PEDUNCLE. 204. A peduncle on which a flower-cluster is raised is a Common peduncle. That which supports each separate flower of the cluster is a Partial peduncle., and is generally called a PEDICEL. The portion of the general stalk along which flowers are disposed is called the Axis of inforesccnce, or, when covered with sessile flowers, the Rhachis (hack-bone), and sometimes the Receptacle. The leaves of a flower-cluster generally are termed BRACTS. But when bracts of different orders are to be distinguished, those on the common pedun- cle or axis, and which have a flower in their axil, keep the name of bracts ; and those on the pedicels or partial flower- stalks, if any, that of BRACTLETS or Bracteoles. The for- mer is the preferable English name. 205. A Raceme (Fig. 200) is that form of flower-cluster in which the flowers, each on their own foot-stalk or pedicel, are arranged along the sides of a common stalk or axis of inflorescence; as in the Lily of the Valley, Currant, Bar- berry, one section of Cherry, etc. Each flower comes from the axil of a small leaf, or bract, which, however, is often so small that it might escape notice, and even sometimes (as m the Mustard Family) disappears altogether. The lowest blossoms of a FIG. 199. Piece of a flowering-stem of Moneywort (Lysimachia immmularia,) with single flowers successively produced in the axils of the leaves, from below upwards, as the stem grows on. FIG. 200. A raceme, with a general peduncle (p), pedicels (p1), bracts (i), and bractlets (b'). Plainly the bracts here answer to the leaves iu Fig. 199. FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. raceme are of course the oldest, and therefore open first, and the order of blossoming is ascending from the bottom to the top. The summit, never being stopped by ;i terminal flower, nriy go on to grow, and often dms so (as in the common Shepherd's Purse), producing lateral llowcrs one after another for many weeks. 206. A Corymb (Fig. 202) is the same as a raceme, except that it is flat and broad, cither convex, or level-topped. That is, a raceme becomes a corymb by lengthening the lower pedicels while the uppermost remain 202 203 shorter. The axis of a corymb is short in proportion to the lower pedicels. By extreme shortening of the axis the corymb may be converted into 207. An Umbel (Fig. 203) as iu the Milkweed, a sort of flower-cluster where the pedicels all spring apparently from the same point, from the top of the peduncle, so as to resemble, when spreading, the rays of an umbrella ; whence the name. Here the pedicels are sometimes called the Rays of the umbel. And the bracts, when brought in this way into a cluster or circle, form what is called an INVOLUCRE. 208. The corymb and the umbel being more or less level- topped, bringing the flowers into a horizontal plane or a eon- vex form, the ascending order of development appears as Cen- ffi/tefal. That is, the flowering proceeds from the margin or circumference regularly towards the cent re; the lower flowers of (lie former answering to the outer ones of the latter. 200. Iu these three kinds of flower-clusters, the flowers are raised on conspicuous />,'t/t,-rts (20i) or stalks of their own. The shortening of these pedicels, so as to render the flowers sessile or nearly so, converts a raceme into a Spike, and a corymb or an umbel jiito a Head. 210. A Spike is a flower-cluster with a more or less length- ened axis, along which the flowers arc sessile or nearly so; as in the Plantain (Fiir. 201.). A Head (Ciipi/iilHiii) is a round or roundish cluster of flowers, Fio. 201. A raceme. 202. A corymb. 203. An umbel. FIG. 204. Spike of the common Plantain or Ribwort. SECTION 8.] INFLORESCENCE. 75 which are sessile on a very short axis or receptacle, as in the Button-ball, Button-bush (Fig. 205), aud Red Clover. It is just what a spike would were all become if its axis were shortened ; or an umbel, if its pedicels shortened until the flowers became sessile. The head of the Button-bush is naked ; but that of the Thistle, of the Dandelion, and the like, is surrounded by empty bracts, which form an Involucre. Two particular forms of the spike aud the head have received particular names, namely, the Spadix and the Catkin. 212. A Spadix is a fleshy spike or head, with small and often imperfect flowers, as in the Calla, Indian Turnip, (Fig. 206), Sweet Flag, etc. It is commonly surrounded or embraced by a peculiar enveloping leaf, called a SPATHE. 213. A Catkin, or Ament, is the name given to the scaly sort of spike of the Birch (Fig. 207) and Alder, the Willow and Poplar, and one sort of flower-clusters of the Oak, Hickory, and the like, — the so-called Amen- taceous trees. 214. Compound flower-clusters of these kinds are not uncommon. When the stalks which in the sim- ple umbel are the pedicels of single flowers themselves branch into an umbel, a Compound Umbel is formed. FIG. 205. Head of the Button-bush (Cephalanthus). FIG. 206. Spadix and spathe of the Indian Turnip; the latter cut through below. FIG. 207. Catkin, or Ament, of Birch. 70 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. This is the inflorescence of Caraway (Fiir. 208), Parsnip, and almost all of the great family of Umbelliferous (umbel-bearing) plants. 215. The second- ary or partial umbels of a compound um- bel are UMBELLETS. \\ lien the unibellets arc subtended by an in \olucre, this sec- ondary involucre is called an IN VOLUCI i.. 216. A Compound raceme is a cluster of racemes racemosely arranged, as in Smilacina racemosa. A compound corymb is a corymb some branches of which branch again in the same way, as in Mountain Ash. A compound spike is a spicately disposed cluster of spikes. 217. A Famcle, such as that of Oats and many Grasses, is a compound flower-cluster of a more or less open sort which branches with apparent irregularity, neither into corymbs nor racemes. Fig. 209 repre- sents the simplest panicle. It is, as it were, a raceme of which some of the pedicels have branched so as to bear a few flowers on pedicels of their own, while others remain simple. A compound panicle is oi:e that 209 branches in this vay again and again. 218. Determinate Inflorescence is that in which the flowers are from terminal buds. The simplest case is that of a solitary terminal flower, as c 6 c n r 6 o 211 212 in Fig. 210. This stops the growth of the stem; for its terminal bud, be- coming a blossom, can no more lengthen in the manner of a leaf-bud. Any FIG. 208. Compound Umbel of < 'a run-ay. FIG. 209. Diii.LT.'iiii <>f a simple panicle. FIG. 210. Diagram of an oppositc-lcavi-d plant, with a single terminal flower. 5211. Same, with a cyme of three flowers ; a, the first flower, of the main axis: 6 6. those of branches. 212. Same, with flowers also of the third order, c c. SECTION 8.] INFLORESCENCE. 77 further growth must be from axillary buds developing into brauches. If such branches are leafy shoots, at length terminated by single blossoms, the inflorescence still consists of solitary flowers at the summit of stem and branches. But if the flowering branches bear only bracts in place of ordi- nary leaves, the result is the kind of flower-cluster called 219. A Cyme. This is commonly a flat-topped or convex flower-cluster, like a corymb, only the blossoms are from terminal buds. Fig. 211 illustrates the simplest cyme in a plant with oppo- site leaves, namely, -with three flowers. The middle flower, a, terminates the stem ; the two others, b b, terminate branches, one from the axil of each of the uppermost leaves ; and being later than the middle one, the flowering proceeds from the centre outwards, or is Centrifugal. This is the opposite of the indeterminate mode, or that where all the flower-buds are axillary. If flowering branches appear from the axils below, the lower ones are the later, so that the order of blossoming continues centrifugal or, which is the same thing, descending, as in Fig. 213, making a sort of reversed raceme or false ra- ceme,— a kind of cluster which is to the true raceme just what the flat cyme is to the corymb. 220. Wherever there are bracts or leaves, buds may be produced from their axils and appear as flowers. Fig. 212 represents the case where the branches, b b, of Fig. 211, each with a pair of small leaves or bracts about their middle, have branched again, and produced the brauchlets and flowers c c, on each side. It is the continued repetition of this which forms the full or compound cyme, such as that of the Laures- tinus, Hobble-bush, Dogwood, and Hydrangea (Fig. 214). 221. A Fascicle (meaning a bundle), like that of the Sweet William and Lychnis of the gardens, is only a cyme with the flowers much crowded. 222. A Glomerule is a cyme still more compacted, so as to imitate a head. It may be known from a true head by the flowers not expanding ceutripetally, that is, not from the circumference towards the centre. 223. The illustrations of determinate or cymose inflorescence have been taken from plants with opposite leaves, which give rise to the most regular cymes. But the Rose, Cinquefoil, Buttercup, etc., with alternate leaves, furnish also good examples of cymose inflorescence. 22f sepals, petals, and stamens of White Water-Lily, showing Uic transitions. VIG. 229. A Cactus blossom. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. § 4. MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 248. The Deviations, as they may be called, from the assumed type or pattern of flower are most various and extensive. The differences between one species and another of the same genus are comparatively insignificant ; those between dilFerent genera are more striking ; those between different families and classes of plants more and more profound. They represent different adaptations to conditions or modes of life, some of which have obvious or probable utilities, although others are beyond particular expla- nation. The principal modifications may be conveniently classified. First those which iii place of perfect (otherwise called hermaphrodite or bisexual) flowers, give origin to 2i9. Unisexual, or Separated, or Diclinous Flowers, imperfect flow- ers, as they have been called in contradistinction to perfect flowers ; but that term is too ambiguous. In these some flowers want the stamens, while others want the pistils. Taking hermaphrodite flowers as the pattern, it is natural to say that the missing organs are suppressed. This expression is justified by the very numerous cases in which the missing parts are abortive, that is, are represented by rudiments or vestiges, which serve to exemplify the plan, although useless as to office. Unisexual flowers are Monoecious (or Monoicous, i. e. of one household), when flowers of both sorts or sexes are produced by the same individual plant, as in the Ricinus or Castor-oil Plant, Fig. 230. Dioecious (or Dioicous, i. e. of separate households), when the two kinds are borne on different plants ; as in Willows, Poplars, Hemp, and Moon- seed, Fig. 231, 232. Polygamous, when the flowers are some of them perfect, and some stain mate or pistillate only. FIG. 230. Unisexual flowers of Castor-oil plant : s, staminate flower ; p, pistillate flower. FIG. 231, staminate, and 232, pistillate flower of Moonseed. 8G FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. 250. A blossom having stamens and no pistil is a Staminute or Male flower. Sometimes it is called a Sterile flower, not appropriately, for other flowers may equally be sterile. One having pistil but no stamens is a Pistillate or Fi-iiiale flower. 251. Incomplete Flowers are so named in contradistinction to complete : they want either one or both of the floral envelopes. Those of Fig. 230 are incomplete, having ca- lyx but no corolla. So is the flower of Anem- one (Fig. 233), although its calyx is colored like a corolla. The flowers of SaururusorLizard's-tail, although perfect, have neither calyx nor corolla (Fig. 234). Incomplete flowers, accordingly, are Silked or Achlamydeous, destitute of both floral en- velopes, as in Fig. 234, or Apetalous, when wanting only the corolla. The case of corolla present and calyx wholly wanting is extremely rare, although there are seeming instances. In fact, a single or simple perianth is taken to be a calyx, unless the absence or abortion of a calyx can be made evident. 252. In contradistinction to regular and symmetrical, very many flowers are Iffcyular, that is, with the members of some or all of the floral circles unequal or dissim- ilar, and Unsymmetrical, that is, when the circles of the flower or some of them differ in the num- ber of their members. (Sym- metrical and nusymmetrieal are used in a different sense in some recent books, but the older use should be adhered to.) "Want of numerical symmetry and irregularity commonly go to- gether; and both are common. Indeed, few flowers are entirely FIG. 233. Flower of Anemone Pemisylvaniea; apctalmis, hermaphrodite. FIG. 234. Flower of Saururus or Lizard's-tail; naked, Imt hermaphrodite. FIG. 235. Flower of Mustard. 23r>. Its stamens and pistil separate and enlarged. FlG. 237. Flower of a Violet. 238. Its calyx and corolla displayed: the five smaller parts are the sepals; the five intervening larger ones are the petals. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 87 symmetrical beyond calyx, corolla, and perhaps stamens ; and probably no irregular blossoms are quite symmetrical. 253. Irregular and Unsymmetrical Flowers may therefore be illus- •2-11 trated together, beginning with cases which are comparatively free from other complications. The blossom of Mustard, and of all the very natural family which it represents (Fig. 235, 236), is regular but unsymmetrical in the stamens. There are four equal sepals, four equal petals ; but six stamens, and only two members in the pistil, which for the present may FIG. 239. Flower of a Larkspur. 240. Its calyx and corolla displayed ; the five i/arger parts are the sepals; the four smaller, of two shapes, are the petals; the place of the fifth petal is vacant. 241. Diagram of the same ; the place for the missing petal marked by a dotted line. FIG. 242. Flower of a Monkshood. 243. Its parts displayed; five sepals, the up- per forming the hood; the two lateral alike, broad and flat; the two lower small. The two pieces under the hood represent the corolla, reduced to two odd-shaped petals; in centre the numerous stamens and three pistils. 244. Diagram of the calyx and corolla ; the three dotted lines in the place of missing petals. 88 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. be left out of view. The want of symmetry is in the stamens. These are in two circles, an outer and an inner. The outer circle consists of two stamens only; the inner has its proper number of four. The flower of A^iolet, which is on the plan of five, is symmetrical in calyx, corolla, and stamens, inas- much as each of these circles consists of five members ; but it is conspicu- ously irregular in the corolla, one of the petals being very different from the rest. 254. The flowers of Larkspur, and of Monkshood or Aconite, which are nearly related, are both strikingly irregular in calyx and corolla, and con- siderably unsyrnmetrical. In Larkspur (Fig. 239-241) the irregular calyx consists of live sepals, one of which, larger tliau the rest, is prolonged be- hind into a large sac or spur; but the corolla is of only four petals (of two shapes), — the fifth, needed to complete the symmetry, being left out. And the Monkshood (Fig. 242-244) has five very dissimilar sepals, and a corolla of only two very small and curiously-shaped petals, — the three needed to make up the symmetry being left out. The stamens in both are out of symmetry with the ground-plan, being numerous. So are the pistils, which are usually diminished to three, sometimes to two or to one. 255. Flowers with Multiplication of Parts are very common. The stamens are indefinitely numerous in Larkspur and in Monkshood (Fig. 242, 243), while the pistils are fewer than the ground-plan suggests. Most Cactus-flowers have all the organs much in- creased in number (Fig. 229), and so of the Water-Lily. In Anemone (Fig. 233) the stamens 245 and pistils are multiplied while the petals are left out. In Buttercups or Crowfoot, while the sepals and petals conform to the ground-plan of five, both stamens and pistils are indefi- nitely multiplied (Fig. 215). 256. Flowers modified by Union of Parts, so that these parts more or less lose the appearance of separate leaves or other organs growing out of the end of the stem or receptacle, arc extremely common. There are two kinds of such union, namely : - Coalescence of parts of the same circle by their contiguous margins; and Adnation, or the union of adjacent circles or unlike parts. 257. Coalescence is not rare in leaves, as in the upper pairs of Honey- suckles, Fig. 16o. It may all the more be expected in the crowded circles or whorls of flower-leaves. Datura or Stramonium (Fig. 246) shows this coalescence both in ralyx and corolla, the five sepals and the five petals be- iiiLT thus united to near their tips, each into a tube or long and narrow cup. These unions make needful the following terms : - FIG. 245. Flower of Uaiumculus bulbosut-, or Buttercup, iu section. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 89 Gamopetalous, said of a corolla the petals of which are thus coalescent into one body, whether only at base or higher. The union may extend to the very summit, as in Morning Glory and the like (Fig. 247), so that the number of petals in it may not be apparent. The old name for this was Monopetalous, but that means " oue-petalled ; " while gamopetalous means " petals united," and therefore is the proper term. Polypetalous is the counterpart term, to denote a corolla of distinct, that is, separate petals. As it means " many petalled," it is not the best possible name, but it is the old one and in almost universal use. Gamosepalous applies to the calyx when the sepals are in this way uuited. Polysepalous, to the calyx when of sepa- rate sepals or calyx-leaves. 25S. Degree of union or of separation in descriptive botany is expressed in the same way as is the lobing of leaves (139). See "Fig. 249-253, and the explanations. 259. A corolla when gamopetalous com- monly shows a distinction (well marked in Fig. 249-251) between a contracted tubular portion below, the TUBE, and the spread- ing part above, the BORDER or LIMB. The junction between tube and limb, or a more or less enlarged upper portion of the tube between the two, is the THROAT. The same is true of the calyx. 260. Some names are given to partic- ular forms of the gamopetalous corolla, applicable also to a gamosepalous calyx, such as Wheel-shaped, or Rotate; when spread- ing out at once, without a tube or with a very short one, something in the shape of a wheel or of its diverging spokes, Fig. 252, 253. Salver-shaped, or Salver-form ; when a flat-spreading border is raised on FIG. 240. Flower of DatMra Stramonium ; gamosepalous and gamopetalous. FIG. 247. Funnelfonn corolla of a common Morning Glory, detached from it* polysepalous calyx. 90 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. 9 narrow tube, from which it diverges at right angles, like the salver rq>- 251 resented in old pictures, with a slender handle beneath, Fig. 249-251, 255. Bell-shaped, or Campanulate ; where a short and broad tube widens upward, in the shape of a bell, as in Fig. 254. Funnel-shaped, or Funnel-form; grad- 252 ually spreading at the summit of a tube which is narrow below, in tho 254 255 256 257 25S shape of ;i funnel or tunnel, as in the corolla of the common Morning (Jlnrv (Fig. 247) and of the Stramonium (Fig. 246). FIQ. 248. Polypetalous corolla of Soapwort, of five petals with long claw? or stalk -like bases. FIG. 249. Flower of Standing Cypress (Gilia coronopifolia); gamopetalous: the tube answering to the long claws in 248, except that they are coalescent: the limb or bonlrr (the spreading part above) is fin--}>i-irtt'7, of Snapdragon, with labiate person- ate corolla; 258, of Toad-Flax, with a similar corolla spurred at the base. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 91 Tubular ; when prolonged into a tube, with little or no spreading at the border, as in the corolla of the Trumpet Honeysuckle, the calyx of Stra- monium (Fig. 246), etc. 261. Although sepals and petals are usually all blade or lamina (123), like a sessile leaf, yet they may have a coutracled and stalk-like base, an- swering to petiole. This is called its CLAW, in Latin Unyuis. Unguicu- late petals are universal and strongly marked in the Pink tribe, as in Soapwort (Fig. 248). 262. Such petals, and, various others, may have nn outgrowth of the in- ner face into an appendage or fringe, as in Soapwort, and iu Sileue (Fig. 259), where it is at the junction of claw aud blade. This is called a CROWN, or Corona. In Passion- flowers (Fig. 260) the crown consists of numerous threads on the base of each petal. 263. Irregular Flowers may be polypetalous, or nearly so, as in the papilionaceous corolla; but most of them are irregular through coales- cence, which often much disguises the numerical symmetry also. As affecting the corolla the following forms have received particular names : 264. Papilionaceous Corolla, Fig. 261, 262. This is polypetalous, except that two of the petals cohere, usually but slightly. It belongs only to the Leguminous or Pulse family. The name means butterfly-like ; but the likeness is hardly obvious. The names of the five petals of the papilionaceous corolla are curiously incongruous. They are, FIG. 259. Ungniculate (clawed) petal of a Silene; with a two-parted crown. FIG. 260. A small Passion-flower, with crown of slender threads. FIG. 261. Front view of a papilionaceous corolla. 262. The parts of the same, displayed : s, Standard, or Vexillum ; w, Wings, or Alse ; k, Keel, or Carina. 92 FLOWERS. [SECTION The STAND \Ki) or Banner (/>./•///,//,/), tlic large upper petal which is external in tlir hud and wrapped around tho others. The \ViM.s (.//->•), i he pair of side petals, of quite different shape from the standard. The Ki i.i, (< ',i,-i,ia), the two lower aiid usually smallest petals ; these are lightly coalesceut into a body which bears some likeness, not to the keel, but to the prow of a boat; and this encloses the stamens and pistil. A Pea-blossom is a typical example ; the present illustration is from a species of Locust, Robinia hispida. 265. Labiate Corolla (Fig. 256-25S), which would more properly have been called Bilabiate, that is, two-lipped. This is a common form of gamopetalons co- rolla ; and the calyx is often bilabiate also. These flowers are all on the plan of five ; and the irregularity in the corolla is owing to unequal union of the petals as well as to diversity of form. The two petals of the upper or posterior side of the flower unite with each other higher up than with the lateral petals (in Fig. 256, quite to the top), forming the Upper lip : the lateral and the lower similarly unite to form the Lower lip. The single notch which is generally found at the summit of the upper lip, and the two notches of the lower lip, or in other words the two lobes of the upper and the three of the lower lip, reveal the real composition. So also docs the alternation of these five parts with those of the calyx outside. When the calyx is also bilabiate, as in the Sage, this alternation gives three lobes or sepals to the upper and two to the lower lip. Two forms of the labiate corolla have been desig- nated, vi/. : — Ringeni or Gaping, when the orifice is wide open, as in Fig. 256. Perxuitufc or Muxla-il, when a protube- rance or intrusion of the base of the lower lip (called a Palate) projects over or closes the orifice, as in Snapdragon and Toad-Flax, Fig. 257. 258. Fi<:. 263. C.>n.lla of a purple Gerardia laid open, showing the four stamens; the cross shows where the fifth stamen would lie, if present. I'n:. 264. Corolla, laid open, and .stamens of Pentstemon grandifiorus, with a sterile filament in the place of the fifth stamen, and representing it. FIG. 265. Corolla of Catalpa laid open, displaying two good stamens and three abortive ones or vestiges. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 93 206. There are all gradations between labiate and regular corollas. In those of Gerardia, of some species of Peutstemon, and of Catalpa (Fig. 263-265), the labiate character is slight, but is manifest on close inspection. In almost all such flowers the plan of five, which is obvious or ascertain- able in the calyx and corolla, is obscured in the stamens by the abortion or suppression of one or three of their number. 267. Ligulate Corolla. The ligulate or Strap-shaped corolla mainly belongs to the fernily of Composite, in which numerous small flowers are 266 gathered into a head, within an involucre that imitates a calyx. It is best exemplified in the Dandelion and in Chiccory (Fig- 266). Each one of these straps or Ligules, looking like so many petals, is the corolla of a dis- tinct flower : the base is a short tube, which opens out into the ligule : the five minute teeth at the end indicate the number of constituent petals. So this is a kind of graraopetalous corolla, which is open along one side nearly FIG. 266. Two flower-heads of Chiccory. FIG. 267. One of them half cut away, better showing some of the flowers. 'J4 FLOWEKS. [SECTION 8. to the base, and outspread. The nature of such a corolla (and of the sta- mrns also, to he explained in the next section) is illustrated by the flower of a Lobelia, Fit:. ^f>. 268. In Asters, Daisies, Sunflower, Coreopsis (Fig. 268), and the like. only the marginal (or Ray) corollas are ligulate ; the rest (those of the Disk) ar« regularly gamopetalous, tubular, aud u've-lobed at summit ; but they are small and individually inconspicuous, only the ray-Jtuicers making a show. In fact, those of Coreopsis and of Sunflower are simply for show, these ray-flowers being not only sterile, but neutral, that is, having neither stamens nor pistil. But in Asters, Daisies, Golden-rods, aud the like, these ray-flowers are pistillate and fertile, serving therefore for seed-bearing as well as for show. Let it not be supposed that the show is useless. See Section XIII. 260. Adnation, or Consolidation, is the union of the members of parts belonging to dim-rent circles of the flower (256). It is of course under- stood that in this (as likewise in coalescence) the parts are not formed and then conjoined, bat are produced in union. They are born united, as the term adnate implies. To illustrate this kind of union, take the accompany- ing series of flowers (Fig. 270-274), shown in vertical section. In the first, Fig. 270, Flax-flower, there is no adnation ; sepals, petals, and sta- mens, are free as well as distinct, being separately borne on the receptacle, one circle within or above the next ; only the five pistils have their ovaries coalescent. In Fig. 271, a Cherry flower, the petals aud stamens are borne on the throat of the calyx-tube ; that is, the sepals are coalescent into a cup, and the petals and stamens are adnate to the inner face of this; in other FIG. 2GS. Head of flowers of a Coreopsis, divided lengthwise. FIG. 269. A slice of the preceding more enlarged, with one tubular perfect flower (a) left standing on the receptacle, with its bractlet or chaff (i), one ligulate, and neutral ray-flower (cc), and part of another; dd, section of bracts or leaves of the involucre. SECTION 8.] MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE. 95 270 words, the sepals, petals, and stamens are all consolidated up to a certain height. In Fig. 272, a Purslane-flower, the same parts are adnate to or consolidated with the ovary up to its middle. In Fig. 273, a Haw- thorn-flower, the consolidation has extended over the whole ovary ; and petals and stamens are adnate to the calyx still further. In Fig. 274, a Cranberry-blossom, it is the same except that all the parts are free at the same height; all seem to arise from the top of the ovary. 270. In botanical description, to express tersely such differences in the relation of these organs to the pistil, they are said to be Hypogynuus (i. e. under the pis- til) when they are aRfree, that is, not adnate to pistil nor connate with each other, as in Fig. 270. Perigynous (around the pistil) when connate with each other, that is, when petals and stamens are inserted or borne on the calyx, whether as in Cherry -flowers (Fig. 271) they are free from the pistil, or as in Purslane and Hawthorn (Fig. 272, 273) they are also ad- iiate below to the ovary. Epigynous (on the ovary) when so aduate that all these parts ap- pear to arise from the very summit of the ovary, as in Fig. 274. The last two terms are not very definitely distinguished. 271. Another and a simpler form of expression is to describe parts of the flower as being Free, when not united with or inserted upon other parts. Distinct, when parts of the same kind are not united. This term is the counterpart of coalescent, as free is the counterpart of adnate. Many writers use the term " free " indiscriminately for both ; but it is better to distinguish them. FIG. 270 Flax-flower in section; the parts all free, — hypogyuous. FIG. 271. Cherry-flower in section ; petals and stamens adnate to tube of calyx, — perigynous. FIG. 272. Purslane-flower in section; calyx, petals, stamens, all adnate to lower half of ovary, — perigynous. 96 FLOWERS. [SECTION 8. Connate is a terra common for either not free or not distinct, that is, fox parts united congenitally, whether of same or of different kinds. Adnate, as properly used, relates to the union of dissimilar parts. 272. In still another form of ex- pression, the terms superior and inferior have been much used in the sense of above and below. Superior is said of the ovary of Flax-flower, Cherry, etc., because above the other parts; it is equiv- alent to "ovary free." Or it is said of the calyx, etc., when above the ovary, as in Fig. 273-275. Inferior, when applied to the ovary, means tlie same as " calyx acluate ; " when applied to the !l<>- ral envelopes, it means that they are free. 273. Position of Flower or of its Parts. The terms superior and inferior, or upper and lower, are also used to indicate the relative position of the parts of a flower in reference to the axis of infloros- '\tf\B 274 cence. An axillary flower stands between the bract or leaf which sub- tends it and the axis or stem which bears this bract or leaf. This is represented in sectional diagrams (as in Fig. 275, 270) by a transverse line for the bract, and a small circle for the axis of inflorescence. Now the side of the blossom which faces the bract is the ^interior, or Inferior, or Lower side ; while the side next the axis is the Posterior, or Superior, or Upper side of the flower. 271. So, in the labiate corolla (Fig. 250-258), the lip which is composed of three of the five petals is the (tntrrior, or inferior, or loicer lip; the other is the posterior, or superior, or upper lip. Flo. '2~'''>. Hawthorn-blossom in sect ion; parts agnate to whole face of ovary, ami with each other lirynml; another jrrade of prrL'ynous. Fio. 274. Cranberry-blossom in section ; parts episrynous. Fio. 275. Diagram of papilionaceous flower (Robinia, Fig. 261), with bract be- low; axis of inflorescence above. Fio. 276. Diagram of Violet-flower; showing the relation of parts to bract and it7o a MS. SECTION 8.] ARRANGEMENTS IN THE BUD. 97 275. In Violets (Fig. 238, 276), the odd sepal is posterior (next the axis) ; the odd petal is therefore anterior, or next the subtending leaf. In the papilionaceous flower (Fig. 261, and diagram, Fig. 275), the odd sepal is anterior, and so two sepals are posterior; consequently, by the alternation, the odd petal (the standard) is posterior or upper, and the two petals form- in": the keel are anterior or lower. § 5. ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN THE BUD. 276. Estivation was the fanciful name given by Linnaeus to denote the disposition of the parts, especially the leaves of the flower, before An- thesis, i. e. before the blossom opens. Pr&floration, a better term, is some- times used. This is of importance in distinguishing different families or genera of plants, being generally uniform in each. The aestivation is best seen by making a slice across the flower-bud ; and it may be expressed in diagrams, as in the accompanying figures. 277. The pieces of the calyx or the corolla either overlap each other in the bud, or they do not. When they do not overlap, the aestivation is Falcate, when the pieces meet each other by their abrupt edges, without any infolding or overlapping ; as the calyx of the Linden or Basswood (Fig. 277). Jnduplicate. which is valvate with the margins of each piece projecting inwards, as in the calyx of a common Virgin's-bower, Fig. 278, or Involute, which is the same but the margins rolled inward, as in most of the large-flowered species of Clematis, Fig. 279. Reduplicate, a rarer modification of valvate, is similar but with, margins projecting outward. Open, the parts not touching in the bud, as the calyx of Mignonette. 278. When the pieces overlap in the bud, it is in one of two ways ; either every piece has one edge in and one edge out, or some pieces are wholly outside and others wholly inside. In the first case the aestivation is Convolute, also named Contorted or Twisted, as in Fig. 280, a cross-sec- tion of a corolla very strongly thus convolute or rolled up together, and in the corolla of a Flax-flower (Fig. 281), where the petals only moderately overlap in this way. Here one edge of every petal covers the next before FIG. 277. Diagram of a flower of Linden, showing the calyx valvate and corolla imbricate in the hud, etc. FIG. 278. Valvate-indnplicate scstivation of calyx of common Virgin's-bower. FIG. 279. Valvate-involute aestivation of same in Vine-bower, Clematis Vitialla. 7 98 STAMENS. [SECTION 9. it, while its other edge is covered by the next behind it. The other mode is the Lubricate or Imbricated, in which the outer parts cover or overlap the inner so as to "break joints," like tiles or shingles on a roof; whence the name. When the parts are three, the first or /I outermost is wholly external, the third wholly internal, the second has one margin covered by the first while the other overlaps the third or innermost piece: this is the arrangement of alternate three- ranked leaves (187). When there are five pieces, as in the corolla of Fig. 225, and calyx of Fig. 281, as also of Fig. 241, 276, two are external, two are internal, and one (the third in the spiral) has one edge covered by the outermost, while its other edge covers the in- nermost; which is just the five-ranked arrangement of alternate leaves (188). When the pieces are four, two are outer and two are inner ; which answers to the ar- rangement of opposite leaves. 279. The imbricate and the convolute modes some- times vary one into the other, especially in the corolla. 280. In a gamopetalous corolla or gamosepalous calyx, the shape of the tube in the bud may sometimes be notice- able. It may be Plicate or Plaited, that is, folded lengthwise ; and the plaits may either be turned outwards, forming projecting ridges, as in the corolla of Campanula; or turned in- wards, as in that of Gentian Belladonna ; or Supervolute, when the plaits are convolutely wrapped round each other, as in the corolla of Morning Glory and of Stramonium, Fig. 282. ^^^ 282 SECTION IX. STAMENS IN PARTICULAR. 281. Androecium is a technical name for the stamiuate system of a flower (that is, for the stamens taken together), which it is sometimes con- venient to use. The preceding section has dealt with modifications of the flower pertaining mainly to calyx and corolla. Those relating to the sta- mens are now to be indicated. First as to FIG. 280. Convolute aestivation, as in the corolla-lobes of Oleander. Fio. 281. Diagram of a Flax-flower ; calyx imbricated and corolla convolute in the bud. FIG. 282. Upper part of corolla of Datura Stramonium in the bud ; and bulow a section showing the convolution of the plaits. SECTION 9.] STAMENS. 99 282. Insertion, or place of attachment. The stamens usually go with the petals. Not rarely they are at base Spipetaloits, that is, inserted on (or adnate to) the corolla, as in Fig. 283. When free from the corolla, they may be Hypogynous, inserted on the receptacle under the pistil or gynceciuin. Perigynous, inserted on the calyx, that is, with the lower part of filament aduate to the calyx-tube. 283 Epigynous, borne apparently on the top of the ovary; all which is ex- plained in Tig. 270-274. Gynandrous is another term relating to insertion of rarer occurrence, that is, where the stamens are inserted on (in other words, adnate to) the style, as in Lady's Slipper (Fig. 284), and 8, in the Orchis family generally. 283. In Relation to each 0 Other, stamens are more com- monly Distinct, that is, without any union with each other. But when united, the following 284 technical terms of long use 285 indicate their modes of mutual connection : — Monadelphous (from two Greek words, meaning "in one brotherhood "), when united by their filaments into one set, usually into a ring or cup below, or into a tube, as in the Mallow Family (Fig. 286), the Passion- flower (Fig. 260), the Lupine (Fig. 287), and in Lobelia (Fig. 285). Diadelphous (meaning in two brotherhoods), when united by the fila- ments into two sets, as in the Pea and most of its near relatives (Fig. 288), usually nine in one set, and one in the other. Triadelphous (three brotherhoods), when the filaments are united in three sets or clusters, as in most species of Hypericum. FIG. 283. Corolla of Morning Glory laid open, to show the five stamens inserted on it, near the base. FIG. 284. Style of a Lady's Slipper (Cypripedium), and stamens united with it ; a, a, the anthers of the two good stamens ; st, an abortive stamen, what should be its anther changed into a petal-like body ; stig, the stigma. FIG. 285. Flower of Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower; corolla making approach to the ligulate form; filaments (st) mouadelphous, and anthers (a) syngeiiesious. 100 STAMKNS. SECTION 9. Pentadelphvus (five brotherhoods), when in five sets, as in some species of Hypericum and in American Linden (Fig. 277, 289). Polyadelphous (many or several brotherhoods) is tlie term generally employed when these sets are several, or even mure than two, and the par- ticular number is left unspecilied. These terms all relate to the lila- ments. Synyencsious is the term to denote r~v j\ \ that stamens kave their anthers united, LJ| v^J coalescent into a ring or tube ; as in Lobelia (Fig. 285), in Violets, and in all of the great family of Composite. 284. Their Number iii a flower is commonly expressed directly, but sometimes adjective! y, by a scries of terms which were the name of classes in the Liunaean artificial system, of which the following names, as also the preceding, arc a survival : — Monandrous, i. c. solitary-stameiied, when the flower has only one stamen, Diandroits, when it has two stamens only, Tfiandrous, when it has three stamens, Tetrandrous, when it has four stamens, Pentaiirlrous, when it has live stamens, Hefandrotm, when with six stamens, and so on to Poli/ftH/lro'is, when it has many stamens, or more than a dozen. 285. For whioh terms, see the Glossary. Tlioy are all Greek numerals prefixed to -andria (from the Greek), which Linnaeus used for andnrrhim, and are made into an English adjective, -androns. Two other terms, of same origin, designate particular cases of number (four or six) in con- nect ion with unequal length. Namely, the stamens are Dith/iititiHiits, when, being only four, they form two pairs, one pair longer than the other, as in the Trumpet Creeper, in Gorardia (Fig. 263), etc. FIG. 286. Flower of a Mallow, with calyx and corolla cut away ; showing mona- ilcl]ilimis stuniens. Fio. 287. Monadelphous stamens of Lupine. 288. Diaflelphous stamens (9 and 1) of a Pca-lilnssoiii. FIG. 289. On- ..f tlir five stamen-clusters of the flower of American Linden, with .•i. i MiiipanyiiiL,' scale. The five clusters are shown in section in the diagram of this flower, Fi^. '277. Fio. 290. Five syngenesious stamens of a Coreopsis. 291. Same, with tube laid open and displayed. 201 SECTION 9.] ANTHERS. 101 Teiradytiamous, when, being only six, four of them surpass the other two, as in the Mustard-flower arid all the Cruciferous family, Fig. 235. 286. The Filament is a kiud of stalk to the aiither, commonly slender or thread-like : it is to the anther nearly what the petiole is to the blade of a leaf. Therefore it is not an essential part. As a leaf may be without a stalk, so the anther may be Sessite, or without a filament. 287. The Anther is the essential part of the stamen. It is a sort of case, filled with a fine powder, the Pollen, which serves to fertilize the pis- til, so that it may perfect seeds. • The anther is said to be Innate (as in Fig. 292), when it is attached by its base to the very apex of the filament, turning neither inward nor outward ; Adnate (as in Fig. 293), when attached as it were by one face, usually for its whole length, to the side of a continuation of the filament ; and Versatile (as in Fig. 294), when fixed by or near its middle only to the very point of the filament, so as to swing loosely, as in the Lily, in Grasses, etc. Versatile or ad- nate anthers are Introrse, or Incumbent, when facing in- ward, that is, toward the centre of the flow- er, as in Magnolia, Water-Lily, etc. Eztrorse, when facing outwardly, as in the Tulip-tree. 288. Rarely does a stamen bear any resemblance to a leaf, or even to a petal or flower-leaf. Nevertheless, the botanist's idea of a stamen is that it answers to a leaf developed in a peculiar form and for a special purpose. In the filament he sees the stalk of the leaf; in the anther, the blade. The blade of a leaf consists of two similar sides ; so the anther consists of two LOBES or CELLS, one answering to the left, the other to the right, side of the blade. The two lobes are often connected by a prolongation of the filament, which answers to the midrib of a leaf ; this is called the CONNECTIVE. This is conspicuous in Fig. 292, where the connective is so broad that it separates the two cells of the anther to some distance. 289. A simple conception of the morphological relation of an anther to a leaf is given in Fig. 295, an ideal figure, the lower part rep- resenting a stamen with the top of its anther cut away; the upper, the corresponding upper part of a leaf. FIG. 292. Stamen of Isopyrum, with innate anther. 293. Of Tulip-tree, with adnate (and extrorse) anther. 294. Of Evening Primrose, with versatile anther. FIG. 295. Diagram of the lower part of an anther, cut across above, and the upper part of a leaf, to show how the one answers to the other; the filament to petiole, the connective to midrib; the two cells to the right and left halves of the blade. 102 STAMENS. [SECTION 9. 290. So anthers are generally two-celled. But as the pollen begins to form in two parts of each cell (the anterior and the posterior), sometimes these two strata are not confluent, and the anther even at maturity may be four-celled, as in Moonseed (Fig. 296) ; or rather, in that case (the word cell being used for each lateral half of the organ), it is two-celled, but the cells bilocel- late. 291. But anthers may become one-celled, and that either by confluence or by suppres- sion. 292. By confluence, when the two cells run together into one, as they nearly do in most species of Pentstemou (Fig. 297), more so in Monarda (Fig. 300), and completely in the Mallow (Fig. 298) and all the Mallow family. 302 303 304 305 FIG. 296. Stamen of Moonseed, with author cut across; this 4-celled, or rather 4- locellate. Fio. 297. Stamen of Pentstemon pubescens ; the two anther-cells diverging, and almost conflneut. Fio. 298. Stamen of Mallow ; the anther supposed to answer to that of Fig. 297, but the cells completely confluent into one. Fio. 299. Stamen of Globe Amaranth ; very short filament bearing a single anther-cell; it is open from top to bottom, showing the pollen within. FIG. 300-305. Stamens of several plants of the Labiate or Mint Family. FIG. 300. Of a Monarda : the two anther-cells with bases divergent so that they are transverse to the filament, and their contiguous tips confluent, so as to form one cell opening by a continuous line. FIG. 301. Of a Calamintha: the broad connec- tive separating the two cells. Fio. 302. Of a Sage (Salvia Texana ; with long and slender connective resembling forks of the filament, one bearing a good anther-cell; the other an abortive or poor one. FIG. 303. Another Sage (S. coccinea), with connective longer and more thread-shaped, the lower fork having its anther-cell wholly wanting. Fio. 304. Of a White Sage, Audibertia grandiflora; the lower fork of connective a mere vestige. FIG. 305. Of another White Sage (A. stacby- oides), the lower fork of connective suppressed. SECTION 9.] POLLEN. 103 293. By suppression in certain cases the anther may be reduced to one cell or halved. In Globe Amaranth (Fig. 299) there is a single cell without vestige of any other. Different species of Sage and of the White Sages of California show various grades of abortion of one of the anther-cells, along with a singular lengthening of the connective (Fig. 302-305). 294. The splitting open of an anther for the discharge of its pollen is termed its Dehiscence. 295. As the figures show, this is commonly by a line along the whole length of each cell, either lateral or, when the anthers are extrorse, often along the outer face, and when introrse, along the inner face of each cell. Some- times the opening is only by a chink, hole, or pore at the top, as in the Azalea, Py- rola (Fig. 307), etc. ; sometimes a part of the face separates as a sort of trap-door (or valve), hinged at the top, and open- ing to allow the escape of the pollen, as in the Sassafras, Spice-bush, and Barberry (Fig. 308). 296. Pollen. This is the powdery matter, commonly of a yellow color, which fills the cells of the anther, and is discharged during blossoming, 308 309 310 311 312 313 after which the stamens generally fall or wither away. Under the micro- scope it is found to consist of grains, usually round or oval, and all alike in the same species, but very different iu different plants. So that the 314 316 316 317 318 plant may sometimes be recognized from the pollen alone. Several forms are shown in the accompanying figures. FIG. 306. Stamen with the usual dehiscence of anther down the side of each cell. FIG. 307. Stamen of Pyrola; cells opening by a terminal hole. FIG. 308. Stamen of Barberry ; cells of anther each opening by an uplifted valve. FIG. 309. Magnified pollen of a Lily, smooth and oval ; 310, of Echinocystis, grooved lengthwise; 311, of Sicyos, with bristly points and smooth bands; 312, of Musk Plant (Mimulus), with spiral grooves; 313, of Succory, twelve-sided and dotted. FIG. 314. Magnified pollen of Hibiscus and other Mallow-plants, beset with prickly projections ; 315, of Circaea, with angles bearing little lobes; 31G, of Fven- 104 STAMENS. [SECTION 9. 297. An ordinary pollen-gram has two coats ; the outer coat thickish, but weak, ami frequently adorned with lines or bauds, or studded with points ; the inner coat is extremely thin and delicate, but extensible, and its cavity when fresh contains a thickish protoplasmic tluid, often rendered turbid by an immense number of minute particles that float in it. As the pollen matures this fluid usually dries up, but the protoplasm does not lose its vitality. When the grain is wetted it absorbs water, swells up, and is apt to burst, discharging the contents. But when weak syrup is used it absorbs this slowly, and the tough in- ner coat will sometimes break through the outer and begin a kind of growth, like that which takes place when the pollen is placed upon the stigma. 298. Some pollen - grains are, as it •were, lobed (as in Fig. 315, 316), or formed of four grains united (as in the Heath family, Fig. 317) : that of Pine (Fig. 318) has a large; rounded and empty bladder-like expansion upon each side. This renders such pollen very buoyant, and capable of being trans- ported to a great distance by the wind. 299. In species of Acacia simple grains lightly cohere into globular pellets. In Milkweeds and in most Orchids all the pollen of an anther-cell is compacted or coherent into one mass, called a Pollen-mass, or POLLINIUM, plural POLLINIA. (Fig. 319-322.) ing Primrose, the three lobes as large as the central body; 317, of Kalmia, four grains united, as in most of the Heath family; 318, of Pine, as it were of three grains or cells united; the lateral empty and light. FIG. 319. Pollen, a pair of pollinia of a Milkweed, Asclepias, attached by stalks to a gland; moderately magnified. FIG. 320. Pollinium of an Orchis (Habenaria), with its stalk attached to a sticky gland; magnified. 321. Some of the packets or partial pollinia, of which Fig. 320 is made up, more magnified. FIG. 322. One of the partial pollinia, torn up at top to show the grains (which are each composed of four), and highly magnified. SECTION 10.] PISTILS. 105 SECTION X. PISTILS IN PARTICULAR. § 1. ANGIOSPERMOUS OR ORDINARY GYNCECIUM. 300. Gynoecium. is the technical name for the pistil or pistils of a flower takeu collectively, or for whatever stands in place of these. The various modifications of the gynoecium aud the terms which relate to them require particular attention. 301. THE PISTIL, when only one, occupies the centre of the flower; wheu there are two pistils, they stand facing each other in the centre of the flower ; when several, they commonly form a ring or circle ; aud when vary numerous, they are generally crowded in rows or spirals on the sur- face of a more or less enlarged or elongated receptacle. Their number gives rise to certain terms, the counterpart of those used for stamens (284), which are survivals of the names of orders in the Linnasan artificial system. The names were coined by prefixing Greek numerals to -gynia used for gyncecium, and changed into adjectives in the form of -gyno/ts. That is, a flower is Monogynous, when it has a single pistil, whether that be simple or com- pound ; Dig t/nous, when it has only two pistils ; Trigynous, when with three ; Tetragynous, with four; Pentagynous, with five; Hexagynous, with six; and so on to Polyr/ynoiis, with many pistils. 302. The Parts of a Complete Pistil, as already twice explained (16, 236), are the OVARY, the STYLE, and the STIGMA. The ovary is one es- sential part: it contains the rudiments of seeds, called OVULES. The stigma at the summit is also essential : it receives the pollen, which fer- tilizes the ovules in order that they may become seeds. But the style, commonly a tapering or slender column borne on the summit of the ovary, and bearing the stigma on its apex or its side, is no more necessary to a ' pistil than the filament is to the stamen. Accordingly, there is no style in many pistils : in these the stigma is sessile, that is, rests directly on the ovary (as in Fig. 326). The stigma is very various in shape and appear- ance, being sometimes a little knob (as in the Cherry, Fig. 271), sometimes a point or small surface of bare tissue (as in Fig. 327-330), and sometimes a longitudinal crest or line (as in Fig. 324, 341-343), or it may occupy the whole length of the style, as in Fig. 331. 303. The word Pistil (Latin, Pint ilium) means a pestle. It came into use in the first place for such flowers as those of Crown Imperial, or Lily, in which the pistil in the centre was likened to the pestle, and the perianth around it to the mortar, of the apothecary. 304. A pistil is either simple or compound. It is simple when it answers to a single flower-leaf, compound when it answers to two or three, or a fuller circle of such leaves conjoined. 10G SIMPLE PISTILS. [SECTION 10. 305. Carpels. It is convenient to have a name for each flower-leaf of the gynoecium; so it is called a Carpel, in Latin Carpellum or Cari>'ututm. A simple pistil is a carpel. Each component flower-leaf of a compound pistil is likewise a carpel. When a flower lias two or more pistils, these of course are simple pistils, that is, separate carpels or pistil-leaves. There may be only a single simple pistil to the flower, as in a Pea or Cherry blossom (Fig. 271) ; there may be two such, as in many Saxifrages ; or many, as in the Strawberry. More commonly the single pistil in the centre of a blossom is a compound one. Then there is seldom much difficulty in ascertaining the number of carpels or pistil-leaves that com- pose it. 306. The Simple Pistil, viewed morphologically, answers to a leaf- blade with margins incurved and united where they meet, so forming a closed case or pod (the ovary), and bearing ovules at the suture or junction of these margins : a tapering upper portion with margins similarly iurolled, is supposed to form the style ; and these same margins, exposed at the tip or for a portion of the length, become the stigma. Compare, under this view, the three accompanying figures. 307. So a simple pistil should have a one-celled ovary, only one line of attachment for the ovules, a single style, and a single stigma. Certain variations from this normal condition which some- times occur do not invalidate this mor- phological conception. For instance, the stigma may become two-lobed or two- ridged, because it consists of two leaf- margins, as Fig. 324 shows; it may brcome 2-locellate by the turning or grow- ing inward of one of the sutures, so as to divide the cavity. 308. There are two or three terms which primarily relate to the parts of a simple pistil or carpel, and are thence carried on to the compound pistil, viz. : — VENTRAL SUTURE, the line which answers to the united margins of the carpel-loaf, therefore naturally called a suture or seam, and the ventral or inner one, because in the circle of carpel-leaves it looks inward or to the centre of the flower. DORSAL SUTURE is the line down the back of the carpel, answering to FIG. 323. An inrolled small leaf, such as in double-flowered Cherry blossoms is often seen to occupy the place of a pistil. FIG. 324. A simple pistil (of Isopyrum), with ovary cut across ; the inner (ven- tral) face turned toward the eye: the ovules seem to be borne on the ventral suture, answering to leaf-margins : the stigma above seen also to answer to leaf-margins. Fio. 325. Pod or simple pistil of Caltha or Marsh-Marigold, which has opened, and shed its seeds. 323 SECTION 10.] PISTILS. 107 the midrib of the leaf, — not a seam therefore ; but at maturity many fruits, such as pea-pods, open by this dorsal as well as by the ventral line. PLACENTA, a name given to the surface, whatever it be, which bears the ovules and seeds. The name may be needless when the ovules grow directly on the ventral suture, or from its top or bottom ; but when there are many ovules there is usually some expansion of an ovule-bearing or seed-bearing surface; as is seen in our Mandrake or Podophyllum, Fig. 326. 309. A Compound Pistil is a combination of two, three, or a greater number of pistil-leaves or carpels in a circle, united into one body, at least 326 327 328 329 330 by their ovaries. The annexed figures should make it clear. A series of Saxifrages might be selected the gyiicecium of which would show every gradation between two simple pistils, or separate carpels, and their com- plete coalescence into one compound and two-celled ovary. Even when the constituent styles and stigmas are completely coalescent into one, the nature of the combination is usually revealed by some external lines or grooves, or (as in Fig. 328-330) by the internal partitions, or the number of the placentae. The simplest case of compound pistil is that 310. With two or more Cells and Axile Placentae, namely, with as many cells as there are carpels, that "have united to compose the organ. FIG. 326. Simple pistil of Podophyllum, cut across, showing ovules borne on placenta. FIG. 327. Pistil of a Saxifrage, of two simple carpels or pistil-leaves, united at the base only, cut across both above and below. FIG. 328. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of common St. John's-wort, cut across : the three styles separate. FIG. 329. The same of shrubby St. John's-wort ; the three styles as well as ovaries here united into one. FIG. 330. Compound 3-carpellary pistil of Tradescantia or Spiderwort ; the three stigmas as well as styles and ovary completely coalescent into one. 108 COMPOUND PISTILS. [SECTION 10. Such a pistil is just what would be formed if the simple pistils (two, three, or five in a circle, as the case may be), like those of a Paeoiiy or Stonecrop (Fig. 221, 225), pressed together in the centre of the flower, were to cohere by their contiguous parts. In such a case the placentae are naturally axile, or all brought together in the axis or centre ; and the ovary has as many DISSEPIMENTS, or internal Partitions, as there are carpels in its composition. For these are the contiguous and coalescent walls or sides of the component carpels. When such pistils ripen into pods, they often separate along these lines into their elementary carpels. 311. One-celled, with free Central Placenta. The commoner case is that of Purslane (Fig. 272) and of the Pink and Chickweed families (Fig. 331, 332). This is ex- plained by supposing that the partitions (such as those of Fig. 329j have early vanished or have been suppressed. In- deed, traces of them may often be detected in Pinks. On the other hand, it is equally supposable that in the Primula family the free central is de- rived from parietal placentation by the carpels bearing ovules only at base, and forming a consolidated common placenta in the axis. Mitella and Dionrca help out this conception. 312. One-celled, with Parietal Placentae. In this not uncommon case it is conceived that the two or three or more carpel-leaves of such a compound pistil coalesce by their adjacent edges, just as sepal-leaves do to form a gamo- sepalous calyx, or petals to form a gamopetalous corolla, and as is shown in the d iagram, Fig. 333, and in an actual cross-sec- tion, Fig. 334. Here each carpel is an open leaf, or with some introflexion, bearing ovules along its margins ; and each placenta consists of the con- 334 335 335 Fio. 331, 332. Pistil of a Sandwort, with vertical and transverse section of the ovary : free central placenta. Fio. 333. Plan of a one-celled ovary of three carpel -leaves, with parietal pla- centa;, cut across below, where it is complete; the upper part showing the top of the three leaves it is composed of, approaching, but not united. FIG. 334. Cross section of the ovary of Frost- weed (Helianthemum), with three parietal placentae, lii'ririnp; ovules. Fio. 335. Cross section of an ovary of Hypericnm graveolens, the three large pla- centa: meeting in the centre, so as to form a three-celled ovary. 336. Same in fruit, the placentas now separate and rounded. SECTION 10.J PISTILS. 109 tiguous margius of two pistil-leaves grown together. There is every grada- tion between this and the three-celled ovary with the placentae in the axis, even in the same genus, sometimes even in different stages in the same pistil (Fig. 335, 336). § 2. GYMNOSPERMOUS GYNCECIUM. 313. The ordinary pistil has a closed ovary, and accordingly the pollen can act upon the contained ovules only indirectly, through the stigma. This is expressed in a term of Greek derivation, viz. : — Angiospermous, meaning that the seeds are borne in a sac or closed vessel. The counterpart term is Gymnospermous, meaning naked-seeded. This kind of pistil, or gynoe- cium, the simplest of all, yet the most peculiar, characterizes the Pine family and its relatives. 314. While the ordinary simple pistil is conceived by the botanist te be a leaf rolled together into a closed pod (306), those of the Pine, Larch (Fig. 337), Cedar, and Arbor- Vitse (Fig. 338, 339) are open leaves, in the form of scales, each bearing two or more ovules on the inner face, next the base. At the time of blossoming, these pistil-leaves of the young cone diverge, and the pollen, so abundantly shed from the stam- inate blossoms, falls directly upon the exposed ovules. Afterward the scales close over each other until the seeds are ripe. Then they sepa- rate that the seeds may be shed. As the pollen acts directly on the ovules, such pistil (or organ acting as pistil) has no stigma. 315. In the Yew, and in Torreya and Gingko, the gynoecium is reduced to extremest simplicity, that is, to a naked ovule, without any visible carpel. 316. In Cycas the large naked ovules are borne on the margins or lobes of an obvious open leaf. All GYMNOSPERMOUS plants have other peculiarities, also distinguishing them, as a class, from ANGIOSPERMOUS plants. FIG. 337. A pistil, that is, a scale of the cone, of a Larch, at the time of flower- ing; inside view, showing its pair of naked ovules. FIG. 338. Branchlet of the American Arbor- Vitse, considerably larger than in nature, terminated by its pistillate flowers, each consisting of a single scale (an open pistil), together forming a small cone. FIG. 339. One of the scales or carpels of the last, removed and more enlarged, the inside exposed to view, showing a pair of ovules on its base. 110 OVULES. [SECTION 11. SECTION XL OVULES. 317. Ovule (from the Latin, meaning a little egg) is the technical name of that which in the flower answers to and becomes the seed. 318. Ovules are naked in gymuospcrmous plants (as just described) ; in all others they are enclosed in the ovary. They may be produced along the whole length of the cell or cells of the ovary, and then they are apt to be numerous; or only from some part of it, generally the top or the bottom. In this case they are usually few or single (solitary, as in Fig. 341-343). They may be sessile, i. e. without stulk, or they may be attached by a distinct stalk, 340 the FUNICLE or FUNICULUS (Fig. 340). 319. Considered as to their position and direction in the ovary, they are Horizontal, when they are neither turned upward iior downward, as in Podophyllnm (Fig. 326) ; Ascending, when rising obliquely upwards, usually from the side of the cell, not from its very base, as in the But- tercup (Fig. 341), and the Purslane (Fig. 272); Erect, when rising upright from the very base of the cell, as in the Buck- wheat (Fig. 342) ; Pendulous, when hanging from the 341 side or from near the top, as in the Flax (Fig. 270) ; and Suspended, when hanging perpendicularly from the very summit of the cell, as in the Anemone (Fig. 343). All these terms equally apply to seeds. 320. In structure an ovule is a pulpy mass of tissue, usually with one or two coats or coverings. The following parts are to be noted ; viz : — KERNEL or NUCLEUS, the body of the ovule. In the Mistletoe and some related plants, there is only this nucleus, the coats being wanting. TEGUMENTS, or coats, sometimes only one, more commonly two. When two, one has been called PIUMINE, the other SECUNDINE. It will serve all purposes to call them simply outer and inner ovule-coats. ORIFICE, or FORAMEN, an opening through the coats at the organic apex of the ovule. In the seed it is Micropyle. CHALAZA, the place where the coats and the kernel of the ovule blend. HILUM, the place of junction of the funiculus with the body of the ovule. Fio. 340. A cluster of ovules, jirmlulous on tlu'ir funicles. Fio. 341. Section of the ovary of a Buttercup, lengthwise, showing its ascending ovule. Fid. 342. Section of the ovary of Buckwheat, showing the erect ovule. FIG. 343. Section of the ovary of Anemone, showing its Misconduct ovule. SECTION 11.] OVULES. Ill 321. The Kinds of Ovules. The ovules in their growth develop in three or four different ways, and thereby arc distinguished into Orthotropous or Straight, those which develop without curving or turn- 346 ing, as in Fig. 344. The chalaza is at the insertion or base ; the foramen or orifice is at the apex. This is the simplest, but the least common kind of ovule. Campylotropous or Incurved, in which, by the greater growth of one side, 350 354 the ovule curves into a kidney-shaped outline, so bringing the orifice down close to the base or chalaza; as in Fig. 345. Amphitropous or Half-Inverted, Fig. 346. Here the forming ovule, instead of curving perceptibly, keeps its axis nearly straight, and, as it grows, turns round upon its base so far as to become transverse to its funiculus, and adnate to its upper part for some distance. Therefore in this case the attachment of the fuuiculus or stalk is about the middle, the chal- aza is at one end, the orifice at the other. Anatropous or Inverted, as in Fig. 347, the com- monest kind, so called because in its growth it has as it were turned over upon its stalk, to which it has continued adnate. The organic base, or chalaza, thus becomes the apparent summit, and the Fio. 344. Orthotropous ovule of Buckwheat : c, hilum and chalaza; /, orifice. FIG. 345. Campylotropous ovule of a Chickweed : c, hilum and chalaza ; f, orifice. FIG. 346. Amphitropous ovule of Mallow:/, orifice; h, hilum; r, rhaphe; c, chalaza. FIG. 347. Anatropous ovule of a Violet; the parts lettered as in the last. FIG. 348-350. Three early stages in the growth of ovule of a Magnolia, showing the forming outer and inner coats, which, even in the later figure have not yet completely enclosed the nucleus ; 351, further advanced, and 352, completely aiia- tropous ovule. FIG. 353. Longitudinal section, and 354, transverse section of 352. FIG. 355. Same as 353, enlarged, showing the parts in section : a, outer coat ; b, inner coat; c, nucleus; d, rhaphe. 112 THE RECEPTACLE. [SECTION 12. orifice is at the base, by the side of the hilum or place of attachment. The adnate portion of the t'uuiculus, which appears as a ridge or cord extending from the hilum to the chalaza, and which distinguishes this kind of ovule, is called the KH.UMIK. The amphitropoos ovule (Fig. 316) has a short or incomplete rhaphc. 322. Fig. 318-352 show the stages through which an. ovule becomes analropous in the course of its growth. The annexed two figures are sec- tions of such an ovule at maturity ; and Fig. 355 is Fig. 353 enlarged, with the parts lettered. SECTION XII. MODIFICATIONS OF THE RECEPTACLE. 323. The Torus or Receptacle of the flower (237, Fig. 223) is the por- tion which belongs to the stem or axis. In all preceding illustrations it is small and short. But it sometimes lengthens, sometimes thickens or vari- ously enlarges, and takes on various forms. Some of these have received special names, very few of which are in common use. A lengthened por- tion of the receptacle is called A STIPE. This name, which means simply a trunk or stalk, is used iu 357 botany for various stalks, even for the leaf-stalk in Ferns. It is also applied In I he stalk or petiole of a carpel, in the rare cases when there is any, as in FIG. 356. Longitudinal section of flower of Silene Pennsylvania, showing stipe between calyx ami corolla. FIG. 357. Flower of a Cleome of the section Gynandropsis, showing broadened receptacle to bear petals, lengthened stipe below the stamens, and another between these and pistil. Fio. 358. Pistil of Genuiium or Cranesbill. FIG. 359. The same, ripe, with the five carpels splitting away from the long beak (carpophore), and hanging from its top by their recurving styles. SECTION 12.] THE RECEPTACLE. 113 Goldthread. Then it is technically distinguished as a THECAPIIORE. "When there is a stalk, or lengthened interuode of receptacle, directly under a compound pistil, as in Stanleya and some other Cruciferae, it is called a GYNOPIIORE. When the stalk is developed below the stamens, as in most species of Sileiie (Fig. 356), it has been called an ANTHOPIIORE or GONO- PHORE. In Fig. 357 the torus is dilated above the calyx where it bears the petals, theu there is a long interuode (gouophore) between it and the stamens ; then a shorter one (gyuophore) between these and the pistil. 324. A Carpophore is a prolongation of receptacle or axis between the carpels and bearing them. Umbelliferous plants and Geranium (Fig. 358, 359) afford characteristic examples. 325. Flowers with very numerous simple pistils generally have the re- ceptacle enlarged so as to give them room ; sometimes becoming broad and 9.at, as in the Flowering Raspberry, sometimes elongated, as in the Black- 361 362 berry, the Magnolia, etc. It is the receptacle in the Strawberry (Fig. 3GO), much enlarged and pulpy when ripe, which forms the eatable part of the fruit, and bears the small seed-like pistils on its surface. In the Rose (Fig. 361), instead of being convex or conical, the receptacle is deeply concave, or urn-shaped. Indeed, a Rose-hip may be likened to a straw- berry turned inside out, like the finger of a glove reversed, and the whole covered by the adherent tube of the calyx. The calyx remains beneath in the strawberry. 326. In Nelumbium, of the Water-Lily family, the singu- lar and greatly enlarged receptacle is shaped like a top, and bears the small pistils immersed in separate cavities of its flat upper surface (Fig. 362). 327. A Disk is au enlarged low receptacle or an out- growth from it, hypogynous when underneath the pistil, as in Rue and the Orange (Fig. 363), and perigynous when aduate to calyx-tube (as in Buckthorn, Fig. 364, 365), and Cherry (Fig. 271), or FIG. 360. Longitudinal section of a young strawberry, enlarged. FIG. 361. Similar section of a young Rose-hip. FIG. 362. Enlarged and top-shaped receptacle of Nelumbium, at maturity. FIG. 363. Hypogynous disk in Orange. 8 114 FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13. to both calyx-tube and ovary, as in Hawthorn (Fig. 273). A flattened hypngynoub disk, underlying the ovary or ovaries, and from which they fall away at maturity, is sometimes called a GYNOBASE, as in the Rue family. In some Borragineous flowers, sucli as Houndstongue, the gynobase runs up in the centre between the carpels into a carpophore. The so-called epigynous disk (or STYLOPODIUM) crowning the summit of the ovary in flowers of Umbelliferse, etc., cannot be said to belong to the receptacle. SECTION XIII. FERTILIZATION. 328. The end of the flower is attained when the ovules become seeds. A flower remains for a certain time (longer or shorter according to the species) in anthesis, that is, in the proper state for the fulfilment of this end. During anthesis, the ovules have to be fertilized by the pollen ; or at Ibast some pollen has to reach the stigma, or in gymnospenny the ovule itself, and to set up the peculiar growth upon its moist and permeable tis- sue, which has for result the production of an embryo in the ovules. By this the ovules are said to be fertilized. The first step is pollination, or, so to say, the sowing of the proper pollen upon the stigma, where it is to germinate. § 1. ADAPTATIONS FOR POLLINATION OF THE STIGMA. 329. These various and ever-interesting adaptations and processes are illustrated in the "Botanical Text Book, Structural Botany," chap. VI. sect, iv., also in a brief and simple way in " Botany for Young People, How Plants Behave." So mere outlines only are given here. 330. Sometimes the application of pollen to the stigma is left to chance, as in dioecious wind-fertilized flowers; sometimes it is rendered very sure, as in flowers that arc fertilized in the bud ; sometimes the pollen is prevented from reaching the stigma of the same flower, although placed very near to it, but then there are always arrangements for its transference to the stigma of some other blossom of the kind. It is among these last that the most exquisite adaptations are met with. 331. Accordingly, some flowers are particularly adapted to close or self- fertilization ; others to cross fertilization; some for cither, according to circumstances. FIG. 364. Flower of a Buckthorn showing a conspicuous perigynous disk. Fio. 365. Vertical section of same flower. SECTION 13.] FERTILIZATION. 115 Close Fertilization occurs when the pollen readies and acts upon a stigma of the very same llower (tins is also called self-fertilization), or, less closely, upon other blossoms of the same cluster or the same individual plant. Cross Fertilization occurs wheu ovules are fertilized by pollen of other individuals' of the same species. Hybridization occurs when ovules are fertilized by pollen of some other (necessarily some nearly related) species. 332. Close Fertilization would seem to be the natural result in ordi- nary hermaphrodite flowers; but it is by no means so in all of them. More commonly the arrangements are such that it takes place only after some opportunity for cross fertilization has been afforded. But close fertiliza- tion is inevitable in what are called Cleistogamous Flowers, that is, in those which are fertilized in the flower-, bud, while still unopened. Most flowers of this kind, indeed, never open at all ; but the closed floral coverings are forced off by the growth of the precociously fertilized pistil. Common examples of this are found in the earlier blossoms of Speculuria perfoliata, in the later ones of most Violets, es- pecially the stemless species, in our wild Jewel weeds or Impatieus, in the subterranean shoots of Amphicarpsea. Every plant which produces these cleistogamous or bud-fertilized flowers bears also more conspicuous and open flowers, usually of bright colors. The latter very commonly fail to set seed, but the former are prolific. 333. Cross Fertilization is naturally provided for in dioecious plants (249), is much favored in monoecious plants (249), and hardly less so in dichogamous and in heterogonous flowers (338). Cross fertilization depends upon the transportation of pollen ; and the two principal agents of convey- ance are winds and insects. Most flowers are in their whole structure adapted either to the one or to the other. 334. Wind-fertilizable or Anemophilous flowers are more commonly dioecious or monoecious, as in Pines and all coniferous trees, Oaks, and Birches, and Sedges ; yet sometimes hermaphrodite, as in Plantains and most Grasses ; they produce a superabundance of very light pollen, adapted to be wind-borne ; and they offer neither nectar to feed winged insects, nor fragrance nor bright colors to attract them. 335. Insect-fertilizable or Entomophilous flowers are those which are sought by insects, for pollen or for nectar, or for both. Through their visits pollen is conveyed from one flower and from one plant to another. Insects are attracted to such blossoms by their bright colors, or their fra- grance, or by the nectar (the material of honey) there provided for them. While supplying their own needs, they carry pollen from anthers to stigmas and from plant to plant, thus bringing about a certain amount of cross fer- tilization. Willows and some other dioecious flowers are so fertilized, chiefly by bees. But most insect-visited flowers have the stamens and pis- tils associated either in the same or in contiguous blossoms. Even wheu in the same blossom, anthers and stigmas are very commonly so situated 11G FERTILIZATION. [SECTION 13. that under insect-visitation, some pollen is more likely to be deposited upon other than upon own stigmas, so giving a chance for cross as well as for close fertilization. On the other hand, numerous flowers, of very various kinds, have their parts so arranged that they must almost necessarily be cross- fertilized or be barren, and are therefore dependent upon the aid' of insects. This aid is secured by different exquisite adaptations and contrivances, which would need a volume for full illustration. Indeed, there is a good number of volumes devoted to this subject.1 336. Some of the adaptations which favor or ensure cross fertilization are peculiar to the particular kind of blossom. Orchids, Milkweeds, Kal- mia, Iris, and papilionaceous flowers each have their own special contriv- ances, quite different fur each. 337. Irregular flowers (253) and especially irregular corollas are usu- ally adaptations to insect-visitation. So are all Nectaries, whether hollow spurs, sacs, or other concavities in which nectar is secreted, and all nectar- iferous glands. 338. Moreover, there are two arrangements for cross fertilization com- mon to hermaphrodite flowers in various different families of plants, which have received special names, Dichogamy and Heterogony. 339. Dichogamy is the commoner case. Flowers are dichogamous when the anthers discharge their pollen cither before or after the stigmas of that flower are in a condition to receive it. Such flowers are Proterandrous, when the anthers are earlier than the stigmas, as in Gen- tians, Campanula, Epilobium, etc. Proterogynous, when the stigmas are mature and moistened for the re- ception of pollen, before the anthers of that blossom are ready to supply it, and are withered before that pollen can be supplied. Plantains or Kibworts (mostly wind-fertilized) are strikingly proterogynous : so is Amor- pha, our Papaws, Scrophularia, and in a less degree the blossom of Pears, Hawthorns, and Horse-chestnut. 340. In Sabbatia, the large-flowered species of Epilobium, and strikingly in Clcrodcndron, the dichogamy is supplemented and perfected by move- ments of the stamens and style, one or both, adjusted to make sure of cross fertilization. * 341 . Heterogony. This is the case in which hermaphrodite and fer- tile flowers of two sorts arc produced on different individuals of the same species ; one sort having higher anthers and lower stigmas, the other hav- ing higher stigmas and lower anthers. Thus reciprocally disposed, a visit ing insect carries pollen from the high anthers of (ho one to the. high sliirn.a of the other, and from the low anthers of the one to the low stigma of the other. These plants are practically as if dirreious, with the advantage that 1 Beginning with one by C. C. Sprengel in IT'.'S. and again in our day with Darwin, " On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects," und in succeeding works. SECTION 14.] FRUIT. 117 both kinds are fruitful. Houstonia and Mitchella, or Partridge-berry, are excellent and familiar examples. These are cases of Heterogone Dimorphism, the relative lengths being only short and long reciprocally. Heterogone Trimorphism, in which there is a mid-length as well as a long and a short set of stamens and style ; occurs in Ly thrum Salicaria and some species of Oxalis. 342. There must be some essential advantage in cross fertilization or cross breeding. Otherwise all these various, elaborate, and exquisitely adjusted adaptations would be aimless. Doubtless the advantage is the same as that which is realized in all the higher animals by the distiuctiou of sexes. § 2. ACTION OF POLLEN, AND FORMATION OF THE EMBRYO. 343. Pollen-growth. A grain of pollen may be justly likened to one of the simple bodies (spores) which answer for seeds in Cryptogamous plants. Like one of these, it is capable of germination. When deposited upon the moist surface of the stigma (or in some cases even when at a certain dis- tance) it grows from some point, its living inner coat breaking through the inert outer coat, and protruding in the form of a delicate tube. This as it lengthens penetrates the loose tissue of the stigma and of a loose conduct- ing tissue in the style, feeds upon the nourishing liquid matter there pro- vided, reaches the cavity of the ovary, enters the orifice of an ovule, and attaches its extremity to a sac, or the lining of a definite cavity, in the ovule, called the Embryo-Sac. 344. Origination of the Embryo. A globule of living matter in the embryo-sac is formed, and is in some way placed in close proximity to the apex of the pollen tube ; it probably absorbs the contents of the latter ; it then sets up a special growth, and the Embryo (8-10) or rudimentary plautlet in the seed is the result. SECTION XIV. THE FRUIT. 345. Its Nature. The ovary matures into the Fruit. In the strictest sense the fruit is the seed-vessel, technically named the PERICARP. But practically it may include other parts organically connected with the peri- carp. Especially the calyx, or a part of it, is often incorporated with the ovary, so as to be undistinguishably a portion of the pericarp, and it even forms along with the receptacle the whole bulk of such edible fruits as apples and pears. The receptacle is an obvious part in blackberries, and is the whole edible portion in the strawberry. 346. Also a cluster of distinct carpels may, in ripening, be consolidated or compacted, so as practically to be taken for one fruit. Such are raspber- 118 FRUIT. [SECTION 14. ries, blackberries, the Magnolia fruit, etc. Moreover, the ripened product of many flowers may be compacted or grown together so as to form a single compound fruit. 347. Its kinds have therefore to be distinguished. Also various names of common use in descriptive botany have to be mentioned and defined. 348. In respect to composition, accordingly, fruits may be classified into Simple, those which result from the ripening of a single pistil, and con- sist only of the matured ovary, either by itself, as in a cherry, or with calyx-tube completely incorporated with it, as in a gooseberry or cranberry. Aggregate, when a cluster of carpels of the same flower are crowded into a mass ; as in raspberries and blackberries. Accessory or Anthocarpous, when the surroundings or supports of the pistil make up a part of the mass ; as docs the loose calyx changed into a fleshy and berry-like envelope of our Wintergreen (Gaultheria, Fig. 366, 367) and Buffalo- berry, which are otherwise simple fruits. In an aggregate fruit such as the straw- 367 berry the great mass is receptacle (Fig. 360, 36S) ; and in the blackberry (Fig. 369) the juicy receptacle forms the central part of the savory mass. Multiple or Collective, when formed from several flowers consolidated into one mass, of which the common receptacle or axis of inflorescence, the floral envelopes, and even the bracts, etc., make a part. A mul- berry (Fig. 408, which superficially much resembles a blackberry) is of this multiple sort. A pine- apple is another ex- ample. 349. In respect to texture or consist- 368 369 370 eiice, fruit* may be distinguished into three kinds, viz. : — Fleshy Fruits, those which are more or less soft and juicy throughout; FIG. 366. Forming fruit (capsule) of Gaultheria, with calyx thickening around its base. 367. Section of same mature, the berry-like calyx nearly enclosing the capsule. FIG. 368. Section of a part of a strawberry. Compare with Fig. 360. FIG. 369. Similar section of part of a blackberry. 370. One of its component simple fruits (drupe) in section, showing |,he pulp, stone, and contained se«U, woro enlarged. Compare with Fig. 375. SECTION 14.] FKUIT. 119 Stone Fruits, or Drupaceous, the outer part fleshy like a berry, the inner hard or stony, like a nut ; and Dry Fruits, those which have no flesh or pulp. 350. In reference to the way of disseminating the contained seed, fruils are said to be Indehiscent when they do not open at maturity. Fleshy fruits and stone fruits are of course indehiscent. The seed becomes free only through decay or by being fed upon by animals. Those which escape digestion are thus disseminated by the latter. Of dry fruits many are indehiscent; and these are variously arranged to be transported by animals. Some burst irregularly ; many are Dehiscent, that is, they split open regularly along certain lines, and discharge the seeds. A dehiscent fruit almost always contains many or several seeds, or at least more thau one seed. 371 372 373 374 351. The principal kinds of fruit which have received substantive names and are of common use in descriptive botany are the following. Of fleshy fruits the leading kind is 352. The Berry, such as the gooseberry and currant, the blueberry and cranberry (Fig. 371), the tomato, and the grape. Here the whole flesh is soft throughout. The orange is a berry with a leathery rind. 353. The Pepo, or Gourd-fruit, is a hard-rinded berry, belonging to the Gourd family, such as the pumpkin, squash, cucumber, and melon, Fig. 372, 373. 354. The Pome is a name applied to the apple, pear (Fig. 374), and quince ; fleshy fruits, like a berry, but the principal thickness is calyx, only FIG. 371. Leafy shoot and berry (cut across) of the larger Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon. FIG. 372. Pepo of Gourd, in section. 373. One carpel of same in diagram. FIG. 374. Longitudinal and transverse sections of a pear (pome). FRUIT. [SECTION 14. the papery pods arranged like a star in the core really belonging to the carpels. The fruit of the Hawthorn is a drupaeeous pome, something be- tween pome and drupe. 355. Of fruits which are externally fleshy and internally hard the lead- ing kind is 356. The Drupe, or Stone-fruit ; of which the cherry, plum, and peach (Fig. 375) are familiar examples. In this the outer part of the thickness of the pericarp be- comes fleshy, or softens like a berry, while the inner hardens, like a nut. From the way in which the pistil is constructed, it is evident that the fleshy part here answers to the lower, and the stone to the upper face of the component leaf. The layers or concentric portions of a drupe, or of any pericarp which is thus separable, ar? named, when thus distinguishable into three portions, — Epicarp, the external layer, often the mere skin of the fruit, Mesocarp, the middle layer, which is commonly the fleshy part, and Endocarp, the innermost layer, the stone. But more commonly only two portions of a drupe are distinguished, and arc named, the outer one Sarcocarp or Exocnrp, for the flesh, the first name referring to the fleshy character, the second to its being an external layer; and Putamen or Endocarp, the Stone, within. 357. The typical or true drupe is of a single carpel. But, not to multiply technical names, this name is extended to all such fruits when f fleshy without and stony within, although of compound pistil, — even to those having several or separable stones, such as the fruit of Holly. These stones in such drupes, or drupaceous fruits, are called Pyrenee, or Nucules, or simply Nutlets of the drupe. 353. Of Dry fruits, there is a greater diversity of kinds hav- ing distinct names. The indthis- cent sorts are commonly n in- seeded. 359. The Akene or Ache- nium is a small, dry and indehis- ccnt one-seeded fruit, often, so seed-like in appearance that it is popularly taken for a naked seed. The fruit of the Butter cup or Crowfoot is a good example, Fig. 370, 377- Its nature, as a ripened pistil (in this Fio. 375. Longitudinal section of a peach, showing flesh, stone, and seed. Fro. 376. Akene of a Buttercup. 377. The same, divided lengthwise, to show the contained seed. Fro. 378. Akene of Virgin's-bower, retaining the feathered style, which aids in ilis;i>minntion. SECTION 14.] FRUIT. 121 case a simple carpel), is apparent by its bearing the remains of a style or sti;;-ina, or a scar from which this lias fallen. It may retain the style and use it in various ways for dissemination (Fig. 378). 360. The fruit of Composite (though not, of a single carpel) is also an akene. In this case the pericarp is invested by an adherent calyx-tube ; the limb of which, when it has any, is called the PAPPUS. This name was first given to the down like that of the Thistle, but is applied to all forms under which the limb of the calyx of the " compound flower" appears. In Lettuce, Dandelion (Kit;. LA, 384), and the like, the achenium as it matures tapers upwards into a slender beak, like a stalk to the pappus. 361. A Cremocarp (Fig. 385), a name given to the fruit of Umbelli- ferae, consists as it were of a pair of akenes united com- pletely in the blossom, but splitting apart when ripe into the two closed carpels. Each of these is a Men- carp or llt'inicurp, names seldom used. 362. A Utricle is the same as an akene, but with a thin and bladdery loose pericarp ; like that of the Goosefoot or Pigweed (Fig. 3SG). When ripe it may burst open irregularly to discharge the seed ; or it may open by a circular line all round, the upper part fall- ing off like a lid; as in the Amaranth (Fig. 387). 363. A Caryopsis, or Grain, is like an akeue with the seed adhering to the thin pericarp throughout, so that fruit and seed are incorporated into one body ; as in wheat, Indian corn, and other kinds of grain. 364. A Nut is a dry and indehiscent fruit, commonly one-celled and one- FlG. 379. Akene of Mayweed (no pappus). 380. That of Succory (its pappus a shallow cup). 381. Of Sunflower (pappus of two deciduous scales). 382. Of Sneezeweed (Heleniuni), with its pappus of five scales. 383. Of Sow-Thistle, with its pappus of delicate downy hairs. 384. Of the Dandelion, its pappus raised on a long beak. FIG. 385. Fruit (cremocarp) of Osmorrhiza; the two akene-like ripe carpels sep- arating at maturity from a slender axis or carpophorse. FIG. 386. Utricle of the common Pigweed (Chenopodium album). FIG. 387. Utricle (pyxis) of Amaranth, opening all round (circumscissile). 122 FRUIT. [SECTION 14. seeded, \vith a hard, crustaceous, or bony wall, such as the coeoanut, hazel- nut, chestnut, and the acorn (Fig. 37, 3bS.) Here the involucre, iii the form of a cup at the base, is called the CUPULE. In the Chestnut the cupule forms the bur ; in the Hazel, a leafy husk. 1305. A Samara, or Key- fruit, is either a nut or an akeiie, or any other iudebiscent fruit, furnished with a wing, like that of Ash (Fig. 389), and Elm (Fig. 390). The Maple-fruit is a pair of keys (Fig. 391). 306. Dehiscent Fruits, or Pods, are of two classes, viz., those of a simple pistil or carpel, and those of a compound pistil. Two common sorts of the first are named as follows : — 3G7. The Follicle is a fruit of a simple carpel, which dehisces down one side only, i. e. by the inner or ventral suture. The fruits of Marsh Marigold (Fig. 392), Pseony, Larkspur, and Milkweed are of this kind. 3G8. The Legume or true Pod, such as the peapod (Fig. 393), and the fruit of the Leguminous or Pulse family generally, is one which opens along the dorsal as well as the ventral suture. The two pieces 394 into which it splits are called VALVES. A LOMENT is a legume which is constricted between the seeds, and at length breaks up crosswise into dis- tinct joints, as in Fig. 394. 369. The pods or dehiscent fruits belonging to a compound ovary have several technical names : but they all may be regarded as kinds of 370. The Capsule, the dry and dehiscent fruit of any compound pistil. The capsule may discharge its seeds through chinks or pores, as in the FIG. 388. Nut (acorn) of the Oak, with its cup or cupule. FIG. 389. Samara or key of the White Ash, winged at end. 390. Samara of the American Klin, winged, all round. FIG. 391. Pair of samaras of Sugar Mnjilo. FIG. 392. Follicle of M:irsh Marigold (Caltha palustris). Fio. 393. Legume of a Sweet Pea, opened. FIG. 394. Louieut or jointed legume of a Tick-Trefoil (Desmodium). SECTION 14.] FRUIT. 123 Poppy, or burst irregularly in some part, as in Lobelia and the Snapdragon ; but commonly it splits open (or is dehiscent) lengthwise into regular pieces, called VALVES. 371- Regular Dehiscence in a capsule takes place in two ways, which are best illustrated iu pods of two or three cells. It is either Loculicidal, or, splitting directly into the locitli or cells, that is, dowu the back (or the dorsal suture) of each cell or carpel, as in Iris (Fig. 395) ; or Septicidal, that is, splitting through the partitions or septa, as in St. John's-wort (Fig. 396), Rhododendron, etc. This divides the capsule into its compo- nent carpels, which then open by their ventral suture. 372. In loculicidal dehiscence the valves nat- urally bear the partitions on their middle ; in the septicidal, half the thickness of a partition is borne on the margin of each valve. See the annexed diagrams. A variation of either mode occurs when the valves break away from the partitions, these remaining attached iu the axis of the fruit. This is called Sepifragal dehisceuce. One form is seen in the Morniug-Glory (Fig. 400). 373. The capsules of Rue, Spurge, and some others, are both locul* cidal and septicidal, and so split into halt'-carpellary valves or pieces. 374. The Silique (Fig. 401) is the technical name of the peculiar pod of the Mustard family ; which is two-celled by a false partition stretched across between two pa- rietal placentae. It generally opens by two valves from below up- ward, and the placentae with the partition are left behind when the valves fall off. 375 . A Silicle or Pouch is only a short and broad silique, like that of the Shepherd's Purse, Fig. 402, 403. 396 395 400 FIG. 395. Capsule of Iris, with loculicidal dehisceuce; below, cut across. FIG. 396. Pod of a Marsh St. John's-wort, with septicidal dehiscence. FIG. 397, 398. Diagrams of the two modes. FIG. 399. Diagram of septifragal dehisceuce of the loculicidal type. 400. Same of the septicidal or marginicidal type. 124 FRUIT. [SECTION 14. 376. upper 401 axis or minute The Pyxis is a pod which opens by a circular horizontal line, the part forming a lid, as in l'm>lane (1'iir. 40-i), tin: Plantain, Hen- bane, etc. In these the dehiscence extends all round, or is cir- ciinixi-ixxile. So it does in Amaranth (Fig. o^7), forming a one- seeded utricular pyxis. In Jeffersouia, the line does not separate quite round, but leaves a portion for a hinge to the lid. 377. Of Multiple or Collective Fruits, which are properly masses of fruits aggregated into one body (as is seen in the .Mulberry i fig. IDS), Pine- apple, etc.), there are t\vo kinds with special names and of pe- culiar structure. 378. The Syconium or Fig- 403 402 404 fruit (Fig. 10.1, lOfi) is a flesh y summit of stem, hollowed out, and lined within by a multitude of flowers, the whole becoming pulpy, and in the common fig, luscious. 406 405 403 379. The Strobile or Cone ("Fig. 411), is the peculiar multiple fruit of Pines, Cypresses, and the like; hence named ftw//>,w, vi/,. cone-bearing FIG. 401. Silique of a Cadamine or Spring ("'n^s. FIG. 402. Silicic of Shepherd's Purse. 403. Same, with one valve removed. FIG. 401. Pyxis of Purslane, the lid detaching. Flo. 40;5. A fig-fruit when young. 406. Same in section. 407. Magnified por- tion, a slice, showing some of the llowers. FIG. 408. A nmllierry. 409. One of the grains younger, enlarged; seen to be a pistillate flower with calyx becoming fleshy. 410. Same, with fleshy calyx cut across. SECTION 15.] SEEDS. 125 plants. As already shown (313), these cones are open pistils, mostly in the form of flat scales, regularly overlying each other, and pressed together in a spike or head. Each scale bears one or two naked seeds on its inner face. When ripe and dry, the scales turn back or diverge, and in the Pine the seed peels off and falls, generally carrying with it a wing, a part of the liiung of the scale, which facilitates the disper- sion of the seeds by the wind (Fig. 412, 413). In Arbor- Vita?, the scales of the small cone are few, and not very unlike the leaves. In Cy- press they are very thick at the top and narrow at the base, so as to make a peculiar sort of closed cone. In Juniper and Red Cedar, the few scales of the very small cone become fleshy, and ripen into a fruit which closely resembles a berry. 412 SECTION XV. THE SEED. 380. Seeds are the final product of the flower, to which all its parts and offices are subservient. Like the ovule from which it originates, a seed consists of coats and kernel. 381. The Seed-coats are commonly two (320), the outer and the inner. Fig. 414 shows the two, in a seed cut through lengthwise. The outer coat is often hard or crustaceous, whence it is called the Testa, or shell of the seed ; the inner is almost al- ways thin and delicate. 382. The shape and the markings, so various in different seeds, depend mostly on the outer coat. Sometimes this fits the kernel closely ; sometimes it is expanded into a wing, as in the Trum- pet-Creeper (Fig. 415), and occasionally this wing is cut up into shreds or tufts, as in the Catalpa (Fig. 416) ; or instead of a wing it may bear a Coma, or tuft of long and soft hairs, as in the Milkweed or Silkweed (Fig. 417). The use of wings, or downy tufts is to render the seeds buoyant FIG. 411. Cone of a common Pitch Pine. 412. Inside view of a separated scale or open carpel ; one seed in place : 413, the other seed. FIG. 414. Seed of a Linden or Basswood cut through lengthwise, and magnified, the parts lettered: a, the hilum or scar; b, the outer coat; c, the inner; d, the albumen; e, the emliryo. 126 SEEDS. [SECTION 15. lor dispersion by the winds. This is clear, not only from their evident adaptation to this purpose, hut also from the fact that winged and tufted seeds are found only in fruits that split open at maturity, never in those that remain closed. The coat of some seeds is beset with long hairs or wool. Cotton, one of the most important vege- table products, since it forms the principal clothing of the larger part of the human race, consists of the long and woolly hairs which thickly cover the whole surface of the seed. There are also crests or other appendages of various sorts on certain seeds. A few seeds have an additional, but more or less incomplete covering, out- side of the real seed-coats called an 383. Aril, or Arillus. The loose and transparent bag which encloses the seed of the White Water-Lily (Fig. 418) is of this kind. So is the mace of the nutmeg ; and also the scarlet pulp around the seeds of the Waxwork (Celastrus) and Strawberry-bush (Euonymus). The aril is a growth from the ex- tremity of the seed-stalk, or from the placenta when there is no seed-stalk. 384. A short and thickish appendage at or close to the bilum in certain seeds is called a CARUNCLE or STROPHIOLE (Fig. 419). 385. The various terms which define the position or direc- tion of the ovule (erect, ascending, etc.) apply equally to the seed : so also the terms anatropous, orthotropous, campylotro- pous, etc., as already defined (320, 321), and such terms as HILUM, or Scar left where the seed-stalk or funiculus falls away, or where the seed was attached directly to the placenta when there is no seed-stalk. RIIAPIIE, the line or ridge which runs from the hilum to the chalaza in anatropous and amphitropous seeds. CHALAZA, the place where the seed-coats and the kernel or nucleus are organically connected, — at the hilum in orthotropous and campylotropous seeds, at the extremity of (lie rliaphe or tip of the seed in other kinds. MICROPYLE, answering to the Foramen or orifice of tho ovule. Compare the accompanying figures and those of the ovules, Fig. 3U-355. Fro. 415. A winged seed of the Trumpr!-! Y< -rprr. Fia. 416. One of Catalpa, the kernel cut to show the embryo. Fro. 417. Seed of Milkweed, with a Coma or tuft of long silky hairs at one end. Fio. 418. Seed of White Water-Lily, enclosed in its aril. Fia 419. Seed of Ricinus or Castor-oil plant, with caruncle. SECTION 15.] EMBRYO. 127 422 386. The Kernel, or Nucleus, is the whole body of the seed within the coats. Iu many seeds the ker- nel is all Embryo ; in others a large part of it is the Al- bumen. For example, in Fig. 423, it is wholly embryo; in Fig. 422, all but the small 420 423 421 speck (y) is albumen. 387. The Albumen or Endosperm of the seed is sufficiently charac- terized and its office explained in Sect. III., 31-35. 388. The Embryo or Germ, which is the rudimentary plantlet and the final result of blossoming, and its development in germination have been extensively illustrated in Sections II. and III. Its essential parts are the Radicle and the Cotyledons. 389. Its Radicle or Caulicle (the former is the terra long and gener- ally used in botanical descriptions, but the latter is the more correct one, for it is the initial stem, which merely gives origin to the root), as to its position in the seed, always points to and lies near the micropyle. In re- lation to the pericarp it is Superior, when it points to the apex of the fruit or cell, aud Inferior, when it points to its base, or downward. 390. The Cotyledons have already been illustrated as re- spects their number, — giving the important distinction of Dicoty- ledonous, Polycotyledonous and Monocotyledonous embryos (36-43), — also as regards their thickness, whether foliaceous or fleshy ; and some of the very various shapes and adaptations to the seed have been figured. They may be straight, or folded, or rolled up. In the latter case the cotyledons may be rolled up as it were from one margin, as in Calycauthus (Fig. 424), or from apex to base in a flat spiral, or they may be both folded (plicate) and rolled up (convolute), as in Sugar Maple (Fig. 11.) In one very natural family, the Cruciferse, two \Jf 425 ^-^ are brought round against the radicle. In one series 426 they are FIG. 420. FIG. 421. FIG. 422. seed-coat; e, FIG. 423. is embryo. FIG. 424. cotyledons. FIG. 425. cotyledons. Seed of a Violet (anatropous) : a, hilmn; ft, rhaphe; c, clialaza. Seed of a Larkspur (also anatropous); the parts lettered as in the last. The same, cut through lengthwise: a, the hilum; c, chalaza; d, outer inner seed-coat; /, the albumen ; g, the minute embryo. Seed of a St. John's-wort, divided lengthwise; here the whole kernel Embryo of Calycanthus ; upper part cut away, to show the convolute Seed of Bitter Cress, Barbarea, cut across to show the accumbent 426. Embryo of same, whole. 128 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. 428 Accwnlent, that is, the edges of the flat cotyledons lie against the radicle, as in Fig. 425, 426. In another they are Incumbent, or with the plane of the cotyledons brought up in the opposite direction, so that the baek of one of them lies against the radicle, as shown in Fig. 427, 428. 391. As to the situation of the embryo with respect to the albumen of the seed, when this is present in any quantity, the embryo may be Axile, that is occupying the axis or centre, either for most of its length, as in Violet (Fig. 42fJ), Barberry y continued multiplication build up an embryo. Fie. 437. Magnified view of some of a simple fresh water Alga, the Tetraspora lubrica, each .sphere of which may answer to an individual plant Q SECTION 10.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 131 solid matters and in age mostly air — naturally came to be named a CELL. Bat the name was suggested by, and first used only for, ceils in combination or built up into a fabric, much as a wall is built of bricks, that is, into a 401. Cellular Structure or Tissue. Suppose numerous cells like those of Fig. 437 to be heaped up like a pile of cannon-balls, and as they grew, to be compacted together while soft and yielding; they would flatten where they touched, and each sphere, being touched by twelve surrounding ones would become twelve-sided. Fig. 438 would represent one of them. Suppose the contiguous faces to be united into one wall or partition be- tween adjacent cavities, and a cellular structure would be formed, like that shown in Fig. 439. Roots, stems, leaves, and the whole of phan- erogamous plants are a fabric of countless num- bers of such cells. No such exact regularity in size and shape is ever actually found ; but a nearly truthful magnified view of a small portion of a slice of the flower-stalk of a Calla Lily (Fig. 440) shows a fairly corres- ponding structure ; except that, owing to the great air-spaces of the interior, the fabric may be likened rather to a stack of chimneys than to a solid fabric. In young and partly transparent parts one may discern the cel- lular structure by looking down directly on the surface, as of a form- ing root. (Fig. 82, 441, 442). 402. The substance of which cell-walls are mainly composed is called CELLULOSE. It is essentially the same in the stem of a delicate leaf or petal and in the wood of an Oak, except that in the latter the walls are FIG. 438. Diagram of a vegetable cell, such as it would be if when spherical it were equally pressed by similar surrounding cells in a heap. FIG. 439. Ideal construction of cellular tissue so formed, in section. FIG. 440. Magnified view of a portion of a transverse slice of stem of Calla Lily. The great spaces are tubular air-channels built up by the cells. VEGKT.M'.LK LIKI: AND \VOI;K. [SECTION 16. 442 much tliicicened and the calibre small. The protoplasm of each living cell appears to be completely shut up and isolated in its shell of cellulose ; but microscopic investigation has brought to view, in many cases, minute threads of protoplasm which here and there traverse the cell-wall through minute pores, thus connecting the living portion of one cell with that of adjacent cells. (See Fig. 447, &c.) 403. The hairs of plants are cells formed on the surface; either elongated single cells (like the root-hairs of Fig. 441, 442), or a row of shorter cells. Cotton fibres are long and simple cells grow- ing from the surface of the seed. 404. The size of the cells of which common plants are made up varies from about the thirtieth to the thou- sandth of an inch in diameter. An ordinary size of short or roundish cells is from ^^ to -g-J-^ of an inch ; so that there may generally be from 27 to 125 millions of cells in the compass of a cubic inch ! 403. Some parts are built up as a compact structure ; in others cells are arranged so as to build up regular air- channels, as in (he stems of aquatic and other wafer-loving plants (Fig. 440), or to leave irregular spaces, as in the lower part of most leaves, where the cells only luvc and there come into close contact (Fig. 443). 400. All such soft cellular tissue, like this of leaves, that of pith, and of the green bark, is called PARENCHYMA, while fibrous and woody parls are composed of PROSEN- CIIYV \, that is, of peculiarly transformed 4n7. Strengthening Cells. Common cellular tissue, which makes up the whole structure of all very young plants, and the whole of Mosses and other vegetables of the lowest grade, even when full grown, is too tender or too brittle to give needful strength and toughness for plants which are to rise to any considerable height and support themselves. In these needful strength is imparted, and the conveyance of sap through the plant is facilitated, by the change, as they are formed, of some cells info thicker-walled and tougher tubes, and by the running together of some of Fio. 441. Much magmTn-d small portion of young root of a seedling Maple (such as of Fig. 8'2); and -t TJ, a tV\v cells of same more magnified. The prolonga- tions from the back of some of the cells are root-hairs. Flo. 443. Magiiilifd scrtioii through the thickness of a. leaf of Florida Star- Anise. SECTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 133 these, or the prolongation of others, into hollow fibres or tubes of various size. Two sorts of such transformed cells go together, and essentially form the 408. Wood. This is found in all common herbs, as well as in shrubs and trees, but the former have much less of it in proportion to the softer cellular tissue. It is formed very early in the growth of the root, stem, and leaves, — traces of it appearing in large embryos even while yet in the seed. Those cells that lengthen, and at the same time thicken their walls form the proper WOODY FIBRE or WOOD-CELLS ; those of larger size and thinner walls, which arc thickened only in certain parts so as to have peculiar markings, and which often are seen 444 to be made up of a row of cylindrical cells, with the partitions between absorbed or bro- ken away, are called DUCTS, or sometimes VESSELS. There are all gradations between wood-cells and ducts, and between both these and common cells. But in most plants the three kinds are fairly distinct. 409. The proper cellular tissue, or paren- chyma, is the ground-work of root, stem, and leaves; this is traversed, chiefly lengthwise, by the strengthening and conducting tissue, wood-cells and duct-cells, in the form of bundles or threads, which, in the stems and stalks of herbs are fewer and comparatively scattered, but in shrubs and trees so numer- rous and crowded that in the stems and all permanent parts they make a solid mass of wood. They extend into and ramify in the leaves, spreading out in a horizontal plane, as the framework of ribs and veins, which supports the softer cellular portion or parenchyma. 410. Wood-Cells, or Woody Fibres, consist of tubes, commonly between one and two thousandths, but in Pine-wood sometimes two or three hundredths, of an inch in diameter. Those from the tough bark of the Basswood, FIG. 444. Magnified wood-cells of the l>ark (bast-cells) of Basswood, one and part of another. 445. Some wood-cells from the wood (and below part of a duct); and 446, a detached wood-cell of the same ; equally magnified. FIG. 447. Some wood-cells from Buttomvood, Platanus, highly magnified, a whole cell and lower end of another on the left ; a cell cut half away lengthwise, and half of another on the right ; some pores or pits (n) seen on the left; while b b mark sections through these on the cut surface. When living and young the protoplasm extends into these and by minuter perforations connects across them. In age the pits become open passages, facilitating the passage of sap and air 134 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. shown in Fig. 1 14, are only the fifteen-hundredth of an inch wide. Those of Buttouwood (Fig. 417) are larger, and are here highly magnified besides. The figures show the way wood-cells are commonly put together, namely, with their tapering ends overlapping each other, — spliced together, as it were, — thus giving more strength and toughness. In hard woods, such as Hickory and Oak, the walls of these tubes are very thick, as well as dense; while in soft woods, such as White-Pine and Basswood, they are thinner. 411. Wood-cells in the bark are generally longer, finer, and tougher than those of the proper wood, and appear more like fibres. For example, Fig. 44G represents a cell of the wood of Basswood of average length, and Fig. 444 one (and part of another) of the fibrous bark, both drawn to the same scale. As these long cells form the principal part of fibrous bark, or bast, they are named Bast-cells or Bast-fibres. These give the great tough- ness and flexibility to the inner bark of Basswood (i. e. Bast-wood) and of Leather-wood ; and they furnish the invaluable fibres of llax and hemp; the proper wood of their stems being tender, brittle, and de- stroyed by the processes which separate for use the tough ana slender bast-cells. In Leather- wood (L)irca) the bast-cells are remarkably slender. A view of one, it' magnified on the scale of Fig. 444, would be a foot and a half long. 412. The wood-cells of Pines, and more or less of all other Coniferous trees, have on two of their sides very peculiar disk-shaped markings (Fig. 448-450) by which that kind of wood is recognizable. 413. Ducts, also called VESSELS, are mostly larger than wood-cells : indeed, some of them, as in Red Oak, have calibre large enough to be discerned on a cross section by the naked eye. They make the visible porosity of" such kinds of wood. This is particularly the ease with Doffed ducts (Fig. 451, 452), the surface of which appears as if riddled with round or oval pores. Such duets are commonly made up of a row of large cells more or less confluent into a tube. Scalariform ducts (Fig. 458, 459), common in Ferns, ami generally angled bj mutual pressure in the bundles, 451 452 FIG. 448. Magnified bit of a pine-shaving, taken parallel with the silver grain. 449. Separate whole wood-cell, more magnified. -l.r>o. Same, still more magnified; both sections represented : a, disks in section, b, in face. FIG. 451, 452. A large and a smaller dotted duct from Grape-Vine. 448 449 gin SECTION 16.] ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. 135 have transversely elongated thin places, parallel with each other, giving a ladder-like appearance, whence the name. Annular ducts (Fig. 457) are marked witli cross lines or rings, which are thickened portions of the cell-wall. 453 454 456 458 459 Spiral ducts or vessels (Fig. 453-455) have thin walls, strengthened by a spiral fibre adherent within. This is as delicate and as strong as spider- web : when uncoiled by pulling apart, it tears up and annihilates the cell- wall. The uncoiled threads are seen by gently pulling apart many leaves, such as those of Amaryllis, or the stalk of a Strawberry leaflet. Laticiferous ducts, Vessels of the Latex, or Milk-vessels are peculiar branching tubes which hold latex or milky juice in certain plants. It is very difficult to see them, and more so to make out their nature. They are peculiar in branching and inosculating, so as to make a net-work of tubes, running in among the cellular tissue; and they are very small, except when gorged and old (Fig. 460, 461). FIG. 453, 454. Spiral ducts which uncoil into a single thread. 455. Spiral duct which tears up as a band. 456. An annular duct, with variations above. 457- Loose spiral duct passing into annular. 458. Scalariform ducts of a Fern; part of a bundle, prismatic by pressure. 459. One torn into a band. FIG. 460. Milk Vessels of Dandelion, with cells of the common cellular tissue. 461. Others from the same older and gorged with niilky juice. All highly mag- nified. 136 VEGETABLE LIFE AND GROWTH. [SECTION 10. § 2. CELL-CONTENTS. 414. The living contents of young and active cells arc mainly protoplasm with water or watery sap which this has imbibed. Old and effete cells are often empty of solid matter, containing ouly water with whatever may be dissolved in it, or air, according to the time and circumstances. All the \arious products which plants hi general elaborate, or which particular plants specially elaborate, out of the common food which they derive from the soil and the air, are contained in the cells, and in the cells they are produced. 415. Sap is a general name for the principal liquid contents, — Crude sap, for that which the plant takes in, Elaborated sap for what it has digested or assimilated. They must be undistinguisluibly mixed in the cells. 416'. Among the solid matters into which cells convert some of their elaborated sap two are general and most important. These are Chlorophyll and Starch. 417. Chlorophyll (meaning leaf-green) is what gives the green color to herbage. It consists of soft grains of rather complex nature, partly wax- like, partly protoplasmic. These abound in the cells of all common leaves and the green rind of plants, wherever exposed to the light. The green color is seen through the transparent skin of the leaf and the walls of the containing cells. Chlorophyll is essential to ordinary assimilation in plants : by its means, under the influence of sunlight, the plant converts crude sap into vegetable matter. 418. Far the largest part of all vegetable matter produced is that which gurs to build up the plant's fabric or cellular structure, either directly or indirectly. There is no one good name for this most important product of vegetation. In its final state of cell-walls, the permanent fabric of herb and shrub and tree, it is called Cellulose (40^) : in its most soluble form it is Sugar of one or another kind ; in a less soluble form it is Df.rfrhie, a kind of liquefied starch : in the form of solid grains stored up in the cells it is Starch. By a scries of slight chemical changes (mainly a variation in the water entering into the composition), one of these forms is converted into another. 419. Starch (Fi/rimr or /vvv/A/) is the form in which this common plant material is, as it were, laid by for future use. It consists of solid grains, somewhat different in form in different plants, in size varying from -j^g- to ffeb of an inch, partly translucent when wet, and of a pearly lustre. From the concentric, lines, which commonly appear under the microscope, the grains seem to be made up of layer over layer. When loose they are com- monly oval, as in potato-starch (Fig- 4C>;>) : when much compacted the grains may become angular (Fig. 4M). 420. The starch in a potato was produced in the foliage. In the soluble form of dextrine, or that of sugar, it was conveyed through the cells of the herbage and stalks to a subterranean shoot, and there stored up in the SECTION 10.] CELL-CONTENTS. 137 tuber. When the potato sprouts, tlie starch in the vicinity of developing buds or eyes is changed back again, first into mucilaginous dextrine, then into sugar, dissolved ,,» in the sap, and in this *« en, the ujiper in the closed stut< •. SECTION 16.] MOVEMENTS. 153 473. Leaf-stalks and tendrils are adapted to their uses in climbing by a similar sensitiveness. The coiling of the leaf-stalk is in response to a kind of irritation produced by contact with the supporting body. This may be shown by gentle rubbing or prolonged pressure upon the upper face of the leaf-stalk, which is soon followed by a curvature. Ten- drils are still more sensitive to contact or light friction. This causes the free end of the tendril to coil round the support, aud the sensitiveness, propagated downward along the tendril, causes that side of it to become less turgescent or the opposite side more so, thus throwing the tendril into coils. This shortening draws the plant up to the support. Tendrils which have not laid hold will at length commonly coil spontaneously, in a simple coil, from the free apex downward. In Sicyos, Echinocystis, aud the ah >ve mentioned Passion-flowers (471), the tendril is so sensitive, under a high summer temperature, that it will curve and coil prompt- ly after one or two light strokes by the hand. 474. Among spontaneous move- ments the most singular are those of Desmodium gyrans of India, sometimes called Telegraph-plant, which is cultivated on account of this action. Of its three leaflets, the larger (terminal) one moves only by drooping at nightfall and rising with the dawn. But its two small lateral leaflets, when in a congenial high temperature, by day and by night move upward and downward in a succession of jerks, stopping occasionally, as if to re- cover from exhaustion. In most plant-movements some obviously useful purpose is subserved : this of Desmodium gyrans is a riddle. 475. Movements in Flowers are very various. The most remarkable are in some way connected with fertilization (Sect. 'XIII.). Some occur under irritation : the stamens of Barberry start forward when touched at the base inside : those of many polyandrous flowers (of Sparmannia very strikingly) spread outwardly when lightly brushed : the two lips or lobes FIG. 491. Portion of stem and leaves of Telegraph-plant (Desmodium gyrans), almost of natural size. 154 VEGETABLE LIFE AND WORK. [SECTION 16. of the stigma in Mimulus close after a touch. Some are automatic and are connected with dichogamy CW.I) -. the style of Subbatia and of large- llowered species of Epilubium bends over strongly to one side or turns down- ward when the blossom opens, but slowly erects itself a day or two later. 476. Extraordinary Movements connected -with Capture of In- sects. TLe most striking cases arc those of Drosera and Dionsea; for an account of which see "How Plants Behave," and Goodale's "Physiological Botany." 477. The upper face of the leaves of the common species of Drosera, or Sundew, is beset with stout bristles, having a glandular tip. This tip secretes a drop of a clear but very viscid liquid, which glistens like a dew- drop in the sun ; whence the popular name. When a fly or other small insect, attracted by the liquid, alights upon the leaf, the viscid drops are so tenacious that they hold it fast. In struggling it only becomes more com- pletely entangled. Now the neighboring bris- tles, which have not been touched, slowly bend inward from all sides toward the captured in- sect, and bring their sticky apex against its body, thus increasing the number of bonds. Moreover, the blade of the leaf commonly aids in the capture by becoming concave, its sides or edges turning inward, which brings still more of the gland-tipped bristles into contact with the captive's body. The insect per- ishes ; the clear liquid disappears, apparently by absorption into the tissue of the leaf. It is thought that the absorbed secretion takes with it some of the juices of the iusect or the products of its decompo- sition. 478. Dionaea muscipula, the most remarkable vegetable tly-trap (Fig. 176, 492), is related to the Sundews, and has a more special and active apparatus for fly- catching, formed of the summit of the leaf. The two halves of this rounded body move as if they were hinged upon the midrib; their edges are fringed with spiny but not glandular bristles, which interlock when the organ closes. Upon the face are two or three short and delicate bristles, which are sensitive. They do not themselves move when touched, but they propagate the sensitiveness to the organ itself, causing it to close with a quick movement. In a fresh Fia 492. Plant of Dioiuea imiscipula, or Vcnus's Fly-trap, re'lucetl in size. SECTION 16.J TRANSFORMING MATERIAL AND ENERGY. 155 and vigorous leaf, under a high summer temperature, and -when the trap lies widely open, a touch of any one of the minute bristles on the face, by the finger or any extraneous body, springs the trap (so to say), and it closes suddenly; but after an hour or so it opens again. When a fly or other small insect alights on the trap, it closes in the same manner, and so quickly that the intercrossing marginal bristles obstruct the egress of the insect, unless it be a small one and not worth taking. Afterwards and more slowly it completely closes, and presses down upon the prey ; then some hidden glands pour out a giairy liquid, which dissolves out the juices of the insect's body ; next all is re-absorbed into the plant, and the trap opens to repeat the operation. But the same leaf perhaps never captures more than two or three insects. It ages instead, becomes more rigid and motionless, or decays away. 479. That some few plants should thus take animal food will appear less surprising when it is considered that hosts of plants of the lower grade, known as Fungi, moulds, rusts, ferments, Bacteria, etc., live upon animal or other organized matter, either decaying or living. That plants should execute movements in order to accomplish the ends of their existence is less surprising now when it is known that the living substance of plants and animals is essentially the same ; that the beings of both kingdoms par- take of a common life, to which, as they rise in the scale, other and higher endowments are successively superadded. 480. Work uses up material and energy in plants as well as in ani- mals. The latter live and work by the consumption and decomposition of that which plants have assimilated into organizable matter through an energy derived from the sun, and which is, so to say, stored up in the as- similated products. la every internal action, as well as in every movement and exertion, some portion of this assimilated matter is transformed and of its stored energy expended. The steam-engine is an organism for con- verting the sun's radiant energy, stored up by plants in the fuel, into me- chanical work. An animal is an engine fed by vegetable fuel in the same or other forms, from the same source, by the decomposition of which it also does mechanical work. The plant is the producer of food and accumu- lator of solar energy or force. But the plant, like the animal, is a con- sumer whenever and by so much as it does any work except its great work of assimilation. Every internal change and movement, every transforma- tion, such as that of starch into sugar and of sugar into cell-walls, as well as every movement of parts which becomes externally visible, is done at the expense of a certain amount of its assimilated matter and of its stored energy ; that is, by the decomposition or combustion of sugar or some such product into carbonic acid and water, which is given back to the air, just as in the animal it is given back to the air in respiration. So the respira- tion of plants is as real and as essential as that of animals. But what plants consume or decompose in their life and action is of insignificant amount in comparison with what they compose. l.~)U ('KYPTOGAMOUS Oil FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. SECTION XVII. CRYPTOGAMOl'S OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. 481. Even the beginner in botany should have some general idea of what cryptogamous plants are, and what arc tlic obvious distinctions of the principal families. Although tin: lower grades are difficult, and need special books and good microscopes for their study, the higher orders, such as Ferns, may be determined almost as readily as phanerogamous plants. 482. Linnaeus gave to this lower grade of plants the name of Crypto- t/amia, thereby indicating that their organs answering lo stamens and pistils, if they had any, were recondite and unknown. There is no valid reason why this long-familiar name should not be kept up, along with the counterpart one of Phanerogamia (6), although organs analogous to stamens and pistil, or rather to pollen and ovule, have been discovered in all the higher and most of the lower grades of this series of plants. So also the English synonymous name of Flowerless Plants is both good and con- venient: for they have not flowers in the proper sense. The essentials of flowers are stamens and pistils, giving rise to seeds, and the essential of a seed is an embryo (8). Cryptogamous or Flowerless plants are propagated by SPORES ; and a spore is not an cmbryo-plantlet, but mostly a single plant-cell (390). 483. Vascular Cryptogams, which compose the higher orders of this series of plants, have stems and (usually) leaves, constructed upon the general plan of ordinary plants ; that is, they have wood (wood-cells and \essels, 408) in the stem and leaves, in the latter as a frame work of veins. I'.iii the lower grades, having only the more elementary cellular structure, arc called Cellular Cryptogams. Far the larger number of the former are Ferns: wherefore that class has been called 484. Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes in English form, meaning Fern- plants, — that is, Ferns and their relatives. They arc mainly Horsetails, Ferns, Club-Mosses, and various aquatics which have been called llydrop- es, i. e. U'ater-l'Ynis. Horsetails, Eqteisetacea, is the name of a family which consists only (aimmi,' now-living plants) of fyteixr/tt,,/, the botanical name of Ilors.-. tail and Scourini; Kush. They have hollow stems, with part it inns at the nodes; the leaves consist only of a \\liorl of scales at each node, these eoaleseent into a sheath : from the axils of these leaf-scales, in many species, branches grow out, which are, similar to the stem but on a much smaller scale, close-jointed, and with the tips of the leaves more apparent. At the apex of the stem appears the frm-iifn-tition, as it is called for lack of a better term, in the form of a short spike or head. This consists of a good num. ber of stalked shields, bearing ou their inner or under face several wedge- shaped spore-cases. The spore-cases when they ripen open down the inner 17.] PTERIDOPHYTES. 157 side and discharge a great number of green spores of a size large enough to be well seen by a hand-glass. The spores arc aided in their discharge 494 493 499 and dissemination by four club-shaped threads attached to one part of them. These are hygrometric : when moist they are rolled up over the spore ; when dry they straighten, and exhibit lively movements, closing over the spore when breathed upon, and unrolling promptly a moment after as they dry. (See Pig. 493-498.) 486. Ferns, or Filices, a most attractive family of plants, are very numerous and varied. In warm and equable climates some rise into forest-trees, with habit of Palms; but most of them are peren- nial herbs. The wood of a Fern-trunk is very dif- ferent, however, from that of a palm, or of any exogenous stem either. A section is represented in Fig. 500. The curved plates of wood each ter- FlG. 493. Upper part of a stem of a Horsetail, Eqnisetmn sylvatieum. 494. Part of the head or spike of spore-cases, with some of the latter taken off. 495. View (more enlarged) of under side of the shield-shaped body, bearing a circle of spore- cases. 496. One of the latter detached and more magnified. 497. A spore with the attached arms moistened. 498. Same when dry, the arms extended. FIG. 499. A Tree-Fern, Dicksonia arborescens, with a young one near its base. In front a common herbaceous Fern (Polypodium vulgare) with its creeping stem or rootstock. FIG. 500. A section of the trunk of a Tree-Fern. 158 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLE3S PLANTS. [SECTION 17. minate upward in a leaf-stalk. The subterranean trunk or stem of any strong-growing herbaceous Fern shows a similar structure. Most Ferns are circinate in the bud; that is, are rolled up in the manner shown in Fig. 197. Uncoiling as they grow, they have some likeness to a crosier. 487. The fructification of Ferns is borne on the back or under side of the leave" The early botanists thought this such a peculiarity that they 606 507 602 always called a Fern-leaf a FROND, and its petiole a STIPE. Usage con- tinues these terms, although they are superfluous. The fruit of Ten is consists of SPORE-CASKS, technically SPORANGIA, which grow out of the veins of the leaf. Sometimes these are distributed over the whole lower FIG. 501. The Walking-Fern, Camptosorus, reduced in size, showing its frtiit- on the veins approximated in pairs. 502. A small piece (pinnule) of a Shield-Fern: a row of fruit-dots on each side, of the midrib, eacli covered liy its kidney-shaped indusinm. 503. A spore-case from the latter, just bursting by the partial straightening of the incomplete ring; well magnified. 504. Three of the spores of 509, more niagnilied. 5uf>. Sehi/;ra pusilla, a very small ami simple- leaved Fern, drawn nearly of natural si/e. 506. One of the lobes of its fruit- bearing portion, inagnilied, bearing two rows of spore-cases. 507. Spore-case of the latter, detached, opening lengthwise, .".us. Adder-tongue, Ophioglossum: spore-cases in a kind of spike: ", a portion of the fruiting part, about natural si/e; showing two rows of the linn spore-cases, which open transversely into two valves. SECTION 17.] PTERIDOPHYTES. 150 surface of the leaf or frond, or over the whole surface when there arc no proper leaf-blades to the frond, but all is reduced to stalks. Commonly the spore-cases occupy only detached spots or lines, each of which is called a Sonus, or in English merely a Fruit-dot. In many Ferns these fruit-dots are naked ; in others they are produced under a scale-like bit of membrane, called an INDUSIUM. In Maidenhair-Ferns a little lobe of the leaf is folded back over each fruit-dot, to serve as its shield or iudusium. In the true Brake or Bracken (Pteris) the whole edge of the fruit-bearing part of the leaf is folded back over it like a hem. 488. The form and structure of the spore-cases can be made out with a common hand magnifying glass. The commonest kind (shown in Fig. 503) has a stalk formed of a row of jointed cells, and is itself composed of a layer of thin-walled cells, but is incompletely surrounded by a border of thicker-walled cells, forming the RING. This extends from the stalk up one side of the spore-case, round its summit, descends on the other side, but there gradually vanishes. In ripening and drying the shrinking of the cells of the ring on the outer side causes it to straighten ; in doing so it tears the spore-case open on the weaker side and discharges the minute spores that fill it, com- monly with a jerk which scatters them to the wind. Another kind of spore-case (Fig. 507) is stalkless, and has its ring-cells forming a kind of cap at the top : at ma- turity it splits from top to bottom by a regular dehiscence. A third kind is of firm texture and , opens across into two valves, like a clam-shell (Fig. 50S«) : this kind makes an approach to the next family. 489. The spores germi- nate on moistened ground. In a conservatory they may be found germinating on a damp wall or on the edges of a well- watered flower-pot. Instead of directly forming a fern-plantlet, the spore grows first into a body which FIG. 509. A young prothallus of a Maiden-hair, moderately enlarged, and an older one with the first fern-leaf developed from near the notch. 510. Middle por- tion of the young one, much magnified, showing below, partly among the rootlets, the antheridia or fertilizing organs, and above, near the notch, three to be fertilized. ICO CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. closely resembles a small Liverwort. This is named a PEOTUA.LLUS (Tig. 509) : from some point of this a bud appears to originate, which produces the first fern-leaf, soon followed by a second and third, and so the stem and leaves of the plant are set up. 490. Investigation of this prothallus under the microscope resulted in the discovary of a wholly unsuspected kind of fertilization, taking place at 617 this germinating stage of the plant. On the under side of the prothallus two kinds of organs appear (Fig. 510). One may be likened to an open and depressed ovule, with a single cell at bottom answering to nucleus ; the other, to an anther; but instead of pollen, it discharges corkscrew- Khapcd microscopic filaments, which bear some cilia of extreme tenuity, by the rapid vibration of which the filaments move freely over a wet surface. These filaments travel over the surface of the prothallus, and even to other prothalli (for there are natural hybrid Ferns), reach and enter the ovulc- FIG. 511. Lycopodium Carolinianum, of nearly natural size. 512. Inside view of one of the liraots and spore-case, magnified. FIG. 513. Open 4-valved spore-case of a Selnginella, and its four large spores (niaorospores), magnified. 514. Macrospores of another Selagiuella. 515. Same separated. Fro. 516. Plant of Isoetes. 517. Base of .1 loaf and contained sporocarp filled with Tiiirrospon-s cut across, magnified. 518. Same divided lengthwise, equally magnified ; some microapores seen at the left. 519. Section of a spore-case contain- ing nacrospores, equally magnified; at the right three macrospores more magnified. SECTION 17.] PTERIDOPHYTES. 1G1 like cavities, and fertilize the cell. This thereupon sets up a growth, forms a vegetable bud, and so develops the uew plant. 491. All essentially similar process of fertilization has been discovered in the preceding and the following families of Pteridophytes ; but it is mostly subterranean and very difficult to observe. 492. Club-Mosses or Lycopodiums. Some of the common kinds, called Ground Pine, are familiar, being largely used for Christmas wreaths and other decoration. They are low evergreens, some creeping, all with considerable wood in their stems: this thickly beset with small leaves. Iri the axils of some of these leaves, or more commonly, in the axils of pecu- liar leaves changed into bracts (as in Fig. 511, 512) spore-cases appear, as roundish or kidney-shaped bodies, of firm texture, opening round the top into two valves, and discharging a great quantity of a very fine yellow powder, the spores. 493. The Selaginellas have been separated from Lycopodium, which they much resemble, because they produce two kinds of spores, in sepa- rate spore-cases. One kind (MICROSPORES) is just that of Lycopodium ; the other consists of only four large spores (MACRO- SPORES), in a spore-case which usually breaks in pieces at maturity (Fig. 513-515). 494. The Quillworts, Isoetes (Fig. 516-519), are very unlike Club Mos- ses in aspect, but have been associated with them. They look more like Rushes, and live in water, or partly out of it. A very short stem, like a corm, bears a cluster of roots underneath ; above it is covered by the broad bases of a cluster of awl- shaped or thread-shaped leaves. The spore-cases are immersed in. the bases of the leaves. The outer leaf-bases contain numerous macrospores ; the inner are filled with innu- merable microspores. 495. The Pillworts (Marsilia and Pilidaria) are low aquatics, which FIG. 520. Plant of Marsilia quaclrifoliata, reduced in size ; at the right a pair of sporo-carps of about natural size. 11 102 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWE11LESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. betx globular or pill-shaped fruit (SPOROCARPS) on the lower part of their leaf-stalks or on their slender creeping stems. The leaves of ihc commoner species of Marsilia might be taken for four-leaved Clover. (See Fig. 520.) The sporocarps are usually raised on a short stalk. Within they are divided lengthwise by a partition, and then crosswise by several partitions. These partitions bear numerous delicate sacs or spore-cases of two kinds, intermixed. The larger ones contain each a large spore, or macrospore ; the smaller contain numerous microspores, immersed in mucilage. At maturity the fruit bursts or splits open at top, and the two kinds of spores are discharged. The large ones in germination produce a small prothallus ; upon which the contents of the microspores act in the same way as in Ferns, and with a similar result. 496. Azolla is a little floating plant, looking like a small Liverwort or Moss. Its branches are covered with minute and scale-shaped leaves. On the under side of the branches are found egg-shaped thin-walled sporo- carps of two kinds. The small ones open across and discharge micro- spores ; the larger burst irregularly, and bring to view globose spore-cases, attached to the bottom of the sporocarp by a slender stalk. These delicate spore-cases burst and set free about four macrospores, which are ferti- lized at germination, in the manner of the Pillworts and Quillworts. (See Fig. 521-526.) 522 521 497. Cellular Cryptogams (483) are so called because composed, even in their higher forms, of cellular tissue only, without proper wood- cells or vessels. Many of the lower kinds are mere plates, or ribbons, or simple rows of cells, or even single cells. But their highest orders follow the plan of Ferns and phanerogamous plants in having stem and leaves for their upward growth, and commonly roots, or at least rootlets, FIG. 521. Small plant of Azolla Caroliniaua. .v22. Portion magnified, showing the two kinds of sporocarp; the small ones contain mi.-rospores ; 523 represents one more m.-ignili.-.l. :VM. Tho larger sporocarp more n.^nili.-,!. W',. Same more magnified and l.urst open, showing stalked spore-cases. 526. Two of the Utter highly magnified ; one of them bursting shows four contained macrospor.-s; between°the two, three of these spores highly magnified. SECTION 17.] BRYOPHYTES. 1G3 to attach them to the soil, or to trunks, or to other bodies on which they grow. Plants of this grade are chiefly Mosses. So as a whole they take the name of 498. Bryophyta, Bryophytes in English form, Bryum being the Greek name of a Moss. These plants are of two principal kinds : true Mosses (Mttsci, which is their Latin name in the plural) ; and Hepatic Mosses, or Liverworts (Hepatica). 499. Mosses or Musci. The pale Peat-mosses (species of Sphagnum, the principal component of sphaguous bogs) and the strong-growing Hair- cap Moss (Polytrichum) are among the lar- ger and commoner representatives of this numerous family ; while Fountain Moss (Fon- tinalis) in running water sometimes attains the length of a yard or more. Ou the other hand, some are barely individually distinguishable to the naked eye. Fig. 527 represents a com- mon little Moss, enlarged to about twelve times its natural size ; and by its side is part of a leaf, much magnified, showing that it is composed of cellular tissue (parenchyma-cells) only. The leaves of Mosses are always sim- pie, distinct, and sessile on the stem. The fructification is an urn-shaped spore-case, in this as in most cases raised on a slender stalk. The spore-case loosely bears on its summit a thin and pointed cap, like a candle-extin- guisher, called a Calyptra. Detaching this, it is found that the spore-case is like a pyxis (37P>), that is, the top at maturity comes off as a lid (Operc.ulum~) ; and that the interior is filled with a green powder, the spores, which are discharged through the open mouth. In most Mosses there is a fringe of one or two rows of teeth or membrane around this mouth or orifice, the Peristome. When moist the peristome closes hygrometri- cally over the orifice more or less ; when drier the teeth or processes commonly bend outward or recurve ; and then the spores more readily es- cape. In Hair-cap Moss a membrane is stretched quite across the mouth, like a drum-head, retaining the spores until this wears away. See Figures 527-541 for details. 500. Fertilization in Mosses is by the analogues of stamens and pistils, which are hidden in the axils of leaves, or in the cluster of leaves at the FIG. 527. Single plant of Physcomitrium pyriforme, magnified. 528. Top of a leaf, cut across; it consists of a single layer of cells. 1G4 CUYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. end of the stem. The analogue of the anther (Antheridium) is a cellular sac, which iu bursting discharges innumerable delicate cells floating in a mucilaginous liquid; each of these bursts and sets free a vi bra tile self- 631 534 641 540 529 636 535 537 moving thread. These threads, one or more, reach the orifice of the pistil- shaped body, the Pistillidium, and act upon a particular cell at its base within. This cell in its growth develops into the spore-case and its stalk (when there is any), carrying on its summit the wall of the pistillidium, which becomes the calyptra. 501. Liverworts or Hepatic Mosses (Hepalicee) in some kinds re- semble true Mosses, having distinct stem and leaves, although their leaves occasionally run together ; while in others there is no distinction of stem and leaf, but the whole plant is a leaf-like body, which produces rootlets on the lower face and its fructification on the upper. Those of the moss-like kind (sometimes called Scale-Mosses) have their lender spore-cases splitting into four valves; aud with their spores arc intermixed some slender spiral FIG. WO. Mniuni cuspidatum, smaller than nature. 530. Its calyptra, detached, enlarged. 531. Its spore-c.ase, with top of stalk, magnified, the Mil (532) being detached, the outer peristome appears. 533. Part of a cellular ring (minulu^) which was under the lid, outside of tin- peristome, more magnified. 534. Some of the outer and of the inner peristome (consisting of jointed t«vth) unu-li inagni- fii'd. 535. Antheridia and a pist illidiiun (the so-called (lower) at end of a stem of same plant, the leaves torn away (j , antheridia. 9, pistillidium), magnified, 536. A bursting anthendiuni, and some of the accompanying jointed threads, highly magnified. 537. Summit of an open spore-case of a Moss, which has a peris-tome of 16 pairs of teeth. 538. The double peristome of a Hypnum. 539-541. Spore-case, detached calyptra, and top of more enlarged spore-case and detaehed lid, of Physcomitrium pyriforme (Fig. 5^7) : orilice shows that there is no peristome. SECTION 17.] BRYOPHYTES. 1G5 and very hygrometric threads (called Elaters) which are thought to aid in the dispersion of the spores, (i^ig. 542-541.) 502. Marchautia, the commonest arid largest of the true Liverworts, forms large green plates or fronds on damp and shady ground, aud sends up from some part of the upper face a stout stalk, ending in a several-lobed umbrella-shaped body, under the lobes of which hang several thin-walled spore-cases, which burst open aud discharge spores and elaters. Riccia natans (Fig. 545) consists of wedge-shaped or heart-shaped fronds, which float free in pools of still water. The under face bears copious rootlets ; in the substance of the upper face are the spore-cases, their pointed tips merely projecting: there they burst open, aud discharge their spores. These are comparatively few and large, and are in fours ; so they are very like the macrospores of Pill worts or Quill worts. 503. Thallophyta, or Thallophytes in English form. This is the name for the lower class of Cellular Cryptogams, — plants in which there is no marked distinction into root, stem, and leaves. Roots in any proper sense they never have, as organs for absorbing, although some of the larger Seaweeds (such as the Sea Colander, Fig. 553) have them as holdfasts. Instead of axis and foliage, there is a stratum of frond, in such plants commonly called a THALLUS (by a strained use of a Greek and Latin word which means a green shoot or bough), which may have any kind of form, leaf-like, stem-like, branchy, extended to a flat plate, or gathered into a sphere, or drawn out into threads, or reduced to a single row of cells, or even reduced to single cells. Indeed, Thallophytes are so multifarious, so numerous in kinds, so protean in their stages and transformations, so re- condite in their fructification, and many so microscopic in size, either of FIG. 542. Fructification of a Jungermannia, magnified; its cellular spore-stalk, surrounded at base by some of the leaves, at summit the 4-valved spore-case open- ing, discharging spores and elaters. 543. Two elaters and some spores from the same, highly magnified. FIG. 544. One of the frondose Liverworts, Steetzia, otherwise like a Junger mannia; the spore-case not yet protruded from its sheath. 1GG CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS FLAM'S. [SECTION 17. the plant itself or its essential organs, that they have to be elaborately described in separate books and made subjects of special study. 504. Nevertheless, it may be well to try to give some general idea of what Algee and Lichens and Fungi are. Linnaeus had them all under the orders of Algre and Fungi. Afterwards the Lichens were separated ; but 545 546 547 of late it has been made most probable that a Lichcu consists of an Alga and a Fungus conjoined. At least it must be so in some of the ambiguous forms. Botanists arc inlhe way of bringing out new classifications of the Thallophytes, as they come to understand their structure and relations better. Here, it need only be said that 505. Lichens live in the air, that is, on the ground, or on rocks, trunks, walls, and the like, and grow when moistened by rains. They assimilate air, water, and some earthy matter, just as do ordinary plants. Alga?, or Sea- 550 651 552 weeds, live in water, and live the same kind of life as do ordinary plants. Fungi, whatever medium they inhabit, live as animals do, upon organic mat- ter, — upon what other plants have assimilated, or upon the products of FIG. 545, 546. Two plants of Riccia natans, about natural size. 547. Magnified section of a part of the frond, showing two immersed spore-cases, and one emptied space. 548. Magnified section of a spore-case with some spores. 549. Magni- fied spore-case torn out, and spores; one figure of the spores united; the other of the four separated. Fro. 550. Branch of a Ohara, about natural size. 551. A fruiting portion, magnified, showing the structure; a sporocarp, and an antheridium. 552. Outlines of a portion of the stem in section, showing the central cell and the outer or cortical cells. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTES. ic; their decay. True as these general distinctions are, it is no less true lhat these orders run together in their lowest forms ; and that Algae and Fungi may be traced down into forms so low and simple that no clear line can be drawn between them ; and even into forms of which it is uncertain whether they shonld be called plants or animals. It is as well to say that they are not high enough in rank to be distinctively either the one or the other. On the other hand there is a peculiar group of plants, which in simplicity of composition resemble the simpler Algae, while in fructification and in the arrangements of their simple cells into stem and branches they seem to be of a higher order, viz. : — 506. Characeae. These are aquatic herbs, of considerable size, abound- ing in ponds. The simpler kinds (Nitella) have the stem formed of a single row of tubular cells, and at the nodes, or junction of the cells, a whorl of similar branches. Chara (Fig. 550-552) is the same, except that the cells which make up the stem and the principal branches are strength- ened by a coating of many smaller tubular cells, applied to the surface of the main or central cell. The fructifi- cation consists of a globular sporocarp of considerable size, which is spirally 554 enwrapped by tubular cells twisted around it: by the side of this is a smaller and globular antheridium. The latter breaks up into eight shield- FIG. 553. Agarum Turner!, Sea Colander (so called from the perforations with which the frond, as it grows, becomes riddled) ; very much reduced in size. FIG. 554. Upper end of a Rockweed, Fucus vesiculosus, reduced half or more, b, the fructification. 1G8 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17- shaped pieces, with an internal stalk, and bearing long and ribbon shaped filaments, which consist of a row of delicate cells, each of which dis- clnrges a free-moving microscopic thread (the analogue of the pollen or pollen-tube), nearly in the manner of Ferns and Mosses. One of these threads reaches and fertilizes a cell at the apex of the nucleus or solid body of the sporocarp. This subsequently germinates and forms a new individual. 507. Algae or Seaweeds. The proper Seaweeds may be studied by the aid of Professor Farlow's "Marine Algae of New England;" the fresh-water species, by Prof. H. C. Woods's "Fresh-water Algae of North America," a larger and less accessible volume. A few common forms are here very briefly mentioned and illustrated, to give an idea of the family. Hut they arc of almost endless diversity. 508. The common Rock weed (Fucus vesiculosus, Fig. 554, abounding between high and low water mark on the coast), the rarer Sea Colander (Agarutn Turner!, Fig. 55.'}), and Laminaria, of which the larger forms are called Devil's Aprons, arc good representatives of the olive green or brownish Seaweeds. They arc attached eitlie,- by a disk-like base or by root-like holdfasts to the rocks or stones on which they grow. 509. The hollow and inflated places in the Fucus vesiculosus or Rock- weed (Fig. 551) are air-bladders for buoyancy. The fructification forms in the substance of the tips of the frond : the rough dots mark the places where the conceptacles open. The spores and the fertilizing cells are in different plants. Sections of the two kinds of ooneeptaeles are given in Fig. 555 and 550. The contents of the conceptaclcs are discharged through FIG. 555. Magnified section through a fertile conceptacle of Rockweed, showing the large spores in the midst of threads of cells. 556. Similar section of a sterile ronceptacle, containing slender antheridia. From Farlow's "Marine Alga: of England." SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTES. 1G9 a small orifice which in each figure is at the margin of the page. The large spores are formed eight together in a mother-cell. The minute motile filaments of the antheridia fertilize the large spores after injection mto the water: and then the latter promptly acquire a cell- wall and germinate. 510. The Floridese or Rose-red series of marine Algse (which, however, are sometimes green or brownish) are the most attractive to amateurs. The delicate Porphyra orLaver is in some countries eaten as a delicacy, and the cartilaginous Choudrus crispus has been largely used for jelly. Besides their conceptacles, which contain true spores (Fig. 560), they mostly have a fructifi- cation in Tetraspores, that is, of spores originating in fours (Fig. 559). 659 511. The Grass-green Algse sometimes form broad membranous fronds, such as those of the common Ulva of the sea-shore, but most of them form 561 562 563 mere threads, either simple or branched. To this division belong almost FIG. 557. Small plant of Chondrus crispus, or Carrageen Moss, reduced in size, in fruit ; the spots represent the fructification, consisting of numerous tetra- spores in bunches in the substance of the plant. 558. Section through the thickness of one of the lobes, magnified, passing through two of the imbedded fruit-clusters. 559. Two of its tetraspores (spores in fours), highly magnified. FIG. 560. Section through a conceptacle of Delesseria Leprieurei, much magni- fied, showing the spores, which are single specialized cells, two or three in a row. FIG. 561. A piece of the rose-red Delesseria Lepreiurei, doxible natural size. 562. A piece cut out and much magnified, showing that it is composed of a layer of cells. 563. A few of the cells more highly magnified: the cells are gelatinous and thick-walled. 170 CKYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWKKLESS 1'LANTS. [.SECTION 17. all the Fresh-water Algae, such as those which constitute the silky threads or green slime of running streams or standing pools, aud which were all called Confervas before their immense divcr.Mtv \v;is known. Some are formed of a single row of cells, developed each from the end of another. Others branch, the top of one cell producing more than one new one (Fig. 504). Others, of a kind which is very common in fresh water, simple threads made of a line of cells, have the chlorophyll aud protoplasm of each cell ar- ranged in spiral lines or bands. They form spores in a peculiar way, which gives to this family the designation of conjugating Algae. 512. At a certain time two par- allel threads approach each other more closely ; contiguous parts of y / a cell of each thread bulge or grow out, and unite when they meet; the cell-wall partitions between them are absorbed so as to open a free commu- nication; the spiral band of green matter in both cells breaks up; the whole of that of one cell passes over into the other; and of the united contents a largo green spore is formed. Soon the old cells decay, and the spore FIG. 564. The growing end of a branching Conferva (Cladophora glomerata), much magnified; showing how, by a kind of budding growth, a new cell is formed by a crosg partition separating the newer tip from the older part below; also, how the branches arise. Fin. 505. Two magnified individuals of a Spirogvra, forming spores by con- jugation; a completed spore at base: above, successive stages of the conjugation are represented. Fio. 566. Closterimn aculnin, a cnnimon Desniid, moderately magnified. It is a single firm-walled ci-11, filled with green protoplasmic matter. Fio. 567. More magnified view of three stages of the conjugation of a pair of the same. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTES. 171 set free is ready to germinate. Fig. 565 represents several stages of the conjugating process, which, however, would never be found all together like this in one pair of threads. 513. Desmids and Diatomes, which are microscopic one-celled plants of the same class, conjugate in the same way, as is shown in a Closterium by Fig. 566, 567- Here the whole living contents of two individuals are in- corporated into one spore, for a fresh start. A reproduction which costs the life of two individuals to make a single new one would be fatal to the species if there were not a provision for multiplication by the prompt divi- sion of the new-formed individual into two, and these again into two, and so on in geometrical ratio. And the costly process would be meaningless if there were not some real advantage hi such a fresh start, that is, iri sexes. 574 514. There are other Algae of the grass-green series which consist of single cells, but which by continued growth form plants of considerable size. Three kinds of these are represented in Fig. 568-574. 515. Lichens, Latin Lichenes, are to be studied in the works of the late Professor Tuckermau, but a popular exposition is greatly needed. The subjoined illustrations (Fig. 575-580) may simply indicate what some of the commoner forms are like. The cup, or shield-shaped spot, or knob, which bears the fructification is named the Apothecium. This is mainly FIG. 568. Early stage of a species of Botrydium, a globose cell. 569,570. Stages of growth. 571. Full-grown plant, extended and ramified below in a root-like way. 572. A Vaucheria; single cell grown on into a much-branched thread; the end of some branches enlarging, and the green contents in one («) there condensed into a spore. 573. More magnified view of a, and the mature spore escaping. 574. Bryopsis plumosa; apex of a stem with its branchlete; all the extension of one cell. Variously magnified. 172 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. composed of slender sacs f^/.^/), having thread-shaped cells intermixed ; and each ascus contains few or several spores, which are commonly douM,; or treble. Most Lichens are flat expansions of grayish hue ; some of them foliaceous in texture, but never of bright green color; more are crusta- ceous; some arc wholly pulverulent and nearly formless. But in several the vegetation lengthens into an axis (as in Fig. 580), or imitates stem 680 and branches or threads, as in the Reindeer-Moss on the ground in our northern woods, and the Usnea hanging from the boughs of old trees overhead. 510. Fungi. For this immense and greatly diversilied class, it must here suffice to indicate the parts of a Mushroom, a Spliaria, and of one or two common Moulds. The true vegetation of common Fungi consists of .slender cells \\liieli form what is called a M',<'. -Hum. These filamentous Fio. 575. A stone on which various Lichens arc growing, such as (passing from left to right) a Parmelia, a Stieia. and mi the right, Leeidia .nengraphiea. so railed frmn its patches resembling tin- outline of islands or continents as depicted upon maps. 576. Piece of tliallus of I'armelia ronsprrsa, with section through an apotheeium. 577. Section of a smaller apothecium, enlarged. 578. Two asci of same, and contained spores, and a impanvini: lilaineiits; more magnified. 579. 1'ieee of thalhis of a Stieta, with section, showint; the immersed apotliecia; the small openings of these dot the surface. 580. Cladonia cocciiiea; the fructi- fication is in tlie scarlet knobs, which surround the cups. SECTION 17.] THALLOPHYTES. 173 cells lengthen and branch, growing by the absorption through their whole surface of the decaying, or organizable, or living matter which they feed upon. In a Mushroom (Agaricus), a knobby mass is at length formed, which develops into a stout stalk (Stipe), bearing the cap (Pilem) : the under side of the cap is covered by the Hymenium, in this genus consisting of radiating plates, the gills or Lamellce ; and these bear the powdery spores in immense numbers. Under the microscope, the gills are found to be studded with projecting cells, each of which, at the top, produces four stalked spores. These form the powder which collects on a sheet of paper upon which a mature Mushroom is allowed to rest for a day or two. (Fig. 581-586.) 517. The esculent Morel, also Sphseria (Fig. 585, 586), and many other Fungi bear their spores in sacs (asci) exactly iu the manner of Lichens (515). 583 588 518. Of the Moulds, one of the commoner is the Bread-Mould (Fig. 587). In fruiting it sends up a slender stalk, which bears a globular sac ; FIG. 581. Agaricus campestris, the common edible Mushroom. 582. Section of cap and stalk. 583. Minute portion of a section of a gill, showing some spore- bearing cells, much magnified. 584. One of these, with its four spores, more magnified. FIG. 585. Sphseria rosella. 586. Two of the asci and contained double spores, quite like those of a Lichen ; much magnified. 174 CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. [SECTION 17. this bursts at maturity and discharges innumerable spores. The blue Cheese-Mould (Fig. 588) bears a cluster of branches at top, each of which is a row of naked spores, like a string of beads, all breaking apart at maturity. Botrytis (Fig. 539), the fruit- ing stalk of which branches, and each branch is tipped with a spore, is one of the many moulds which live and feed upon the juices of other plants or of animals, and are 687 ^ ^ often very destructive. The extremely nume- rous kinds of smut, rust, mildew, the ferments, bacteria, and the like, many of them very destructive to other vegetable and to animal life, are also low forms of the class of Fungi.1 FIG. 587. Ascophora, the Breari>-\ \KIKTIES are those which spring from buds instead of seed. They are uncommon to any marked extent. They are sometimes called Sports, but this name is equally applied to variations among seedlings. CROSS-BREEDS, strictly so-called, are the variations -which come from cross-fertilizing one variety of a species with another. HYBRIDS are the varieties, if Ihey may be so called, which come from the crossing of species (Ml). Only nearly related species can be hybridized; and the resulting progeny is usually self-sterile, but not always. Hybrid plants, however, may often he fertili/ed and made prolific by the pollen of one or the other parent. This produces another kind of cross-breeds. 525. Species are the units in classification. Varieties, although of SECTION 18.] KINDS AND RELATIONSHIP. 177 utmost importance in cultivation and of considerable consequence in the flora of any country, are of less botanical significance. For they are apt to be indefinite and to shade off one form into another. But species, the botanist expects to be distinct. Indeed, the practical difference to the botanist between species and varieties is the definite limitation of the one and the indefmiteuess of the other. The botanist's determination is partly a matter of observation, partly of judgment. 526. In an enlarged view, varieties may be incipient species ; and nearly related species probably came from a common stock in earlier times. For there is every reason to believe that existing vegetation came from the more or less changed vegetation of a preceding geological era. However that may be, species are regarded as permanent and essentially unchanged in their succession of individuals through the actual ages. 527. There are, at nearly the lowest computation, as many as one hun- dred thousand species of phanerogamous plants, and the cryptogamous species are thought to be still more numerous. They are all connected by resemblances or relationships, near and remote, which show that they are all parts of one system, realizations in nature., as we may affirm, of the con- ception of One Mind. As we survey them, they do not form a single and connected chain, stretching from the lowest to the highest organized species, although there obviously are lower and higher grades. But the species throughout group themselves, as it were, into clusters or constel- lations, and these into still more comprehensive clusters, and so on, with gaps between. It is this clustering which is the ground of the recognition of kinds of species, that is, of groups of species of successive grades or degree of generality ; such as that of similar species into Genera, of genera into Families or Orders, of orders into Classes. In classification the se- quence, proceeding from higher or more general to lower or special, is always CLASS, ORDER, GENUS, SPECIES, VARIETY (if need be). 528. Genera (in the singular, Genus) are assemblages of closely related species, in which the essential parts are all constructed on the same partic- ular type or plan. White Oak, Red Oak, Scarlet Oak, Live Oak, etc., arc so many species of the Oak genus (Latin, Qptereus). The Chestnuts compose another genus; the Beeches another. The Apple, Pear, and Crab are species of one genus, the Quince represents another, the various species of Hawthorn a third. In the animal kingdom the common cat, the wild-cat, the panther, the tiger, the leopard, and the lion are species of the cat kind or genus ; while the dog, the jackal, the different species of wolf, and the foxes, compose another genus. Some genera are represented by a vast number of species, others by few, very many by only one known species. For the genus may be as perfectly represented in one species as in several, although, if this were the case throughout, genera and species would of course be identical. The Beech genus and the Chestnut genus would be just as distinct from the Oak genus even if but one Beech and one Chestnut were known; as indeed was once the case. 12 178 CLASSIFICATION. [SECTION 18. 529. Orders are groups of genera that resemble each other ; that is, they are to genera what genera are to species. As familiar illustrations, the Oak, Chestuut, and Beech genera, along with the Hazel genus and the Hornbeams, all belong to one order. The Birches and the Alders make another; the Poplars and Willows, another; the Walnuts (with the But- ternut) and the Hickories, still another. The Apple genus, the Quince and the Hawthorns, along with the Plums and Cherries and the Peach, the Raspberry with the Blackberry, the Strawberry, the Rose, beloug to a large order, which takes its name from the Rose. Most botanies use the names "Order" and "Family" synonymously; the latter more popularly, as "the Rose Family," the former more technically, as "Order Rosacea" 530. But when the two are distinguished, as is common in zoology, Family is of lower grade than Order. 531. Classes are still more comprehensive assemblages, or great groups. Thus, in modern botany, the Dicotyledonous plants compose one class, the Monocotyledouous plants another (36-40). 532. These four grades, Class, Order, Genus, Species, are of universal use. Variety comes in upon occasion. For, although a species may have no recognized varieties, a genus implies at least one species belonging to it ; every genus is of some order, and every order of some class. 533. But these grades by no means exhaust the resources of clas- sification, nor suffice for the elucidation of all the distinctions which botanists recognize. lu the first place, a higher grade than that of class is needful for the most comprehensive of divisions, that of all plants into the two Series of Phanerogamous and Cryptogamous (6) ; and in natu- ral history there are the two Kingdoms or Realms, the Vegetable and the Animal. 534. Moreover, the stages of the scaffolding have been variously ex- tended, as required, by the recognition of assemblages lower than class but higher than order, viz. Subclass and Cohort; or lower than order, a Sub- onlrr ; or between this and genus, a Tribe; or between this and tribe, a tiitbtribe ; or between genus and species, a Subgenus ; and by some a species has been divided into Subspecies, and a variety into Subvarieties. Last of all are Individuals. Suffice it to remember that the following are the principal grades in classification, with the proper sequence; also that only those here printed in small capitals are fundamental and universal in botany : — SERIES, CLA.SS, Subclass, Cohort, ORDER, or FAMILY, Suborder, Tribe, Subtribe, GENUS, Subgenus or Section, SPECIES, Variety. SECTION 18.J NOMENCLATURE. 170 § 2. NAMES, TERMS, AND CHARACTERS. 535. The name of a plant is the name of its genus followed by that of the species. The name of the genus answers to the surname (or family iiame) ; that of the species to the baptismal name of a person. Thus Quer- cus is the name of the Oak genus; Qitercus alba, that of the White Oak, Q. rubra, that of Red Oak, Q. nigra, that of the Black-Jack, etc. Botani- cal names being Lathi or Latinized, the adjective name of the species comes after that of the genus. 536. Names of Genera are of one word, a substantive. The older ones are mostly classical Latin, or Greek adopted into Latin; such as Quercus for the Oak genus, Fagus for the Beech, Corylus, the Hazel, and the like. But as more genera became known, botanists had new names to make or borrow. Many are named from some appearance or property of the flowers, leaves, or other parts of the plant. To take a few examples from the early pages of the " Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States," — the genus Hepatica comes from the shape of the leaf, resembling that of the liver. Myomrus means mouse-tail. Delphinium is from del- phiu, a dolphin, and alludes to the shape of the flower, which was thought to resemble the classical figures of the dolphin. Xanthorrhiza is from two Greek words meaning yellow-root, the common name of the plant. Ciiui- cifuga is formed of two Latin words meaning to drive away bugs, i. e. Bugbane, the Siberian species being used to keep away such vermin. Sangidnaria, the Bloodroot, is named from the blood-like color of its juice. Other genera are dedicated to distinguished botanists or promoters of science, and bear their names : such are Magnolia, which commemorates the early French botanist, Magnol ; and Jejfersonia, named after President Jefferson, who sent the first exploring expedition over the Rocky Moun- tains. Others bear the name of the discoverer of the plant; as, Sarra- cenia, dedicated to Dr. Sarrazin, of Quebec, who was one of the first to send the common Pitcher-plant to the botanists of Europe ; and Claytonia, first made known by the early Virginian botanist Clayton. 537. Names of Species. The name of a species is also a single word, appended to that of the genus. It is commonly an adjective, and therefore agrees with the generic name in case, gender, etc. Sometimes it relates to the country the species inhabits ; as, Claytonia Virginica, first made known from Virginia; Sanguinaria Canadeasis, from Canada, etc. More com- monly it denotes some obvious or characteristic trait of the species ; as, for example, in Sarracenia, our northern species is named purpurea, from the purple blossoms, while a more southern one is named fara, because its petals are yellow; the species of Jcffersonia is called diphylla, meaning two-leaved, because its leaf is divided into two leaflets. Some species are named after the discoverer, or in compliment to a botanist who has made them known ; as, Magnolia Fraseri, named after the botanist Fraser, one 180 NOMENCLATURE. [SECTION 18. • of the first to find this species ; and Sarracenia Drummondii, for a Pitchei- plant found by .\lr. Drummond iu Florida. Such personal specific names are of course written with a capital initial letter. Occasionally some old substantive name is used for the species ; as Magnolia Umhrvlla, the Um- brella tree, and Ranunculus /'/-////,///'/f\ from the (lowers being in umbels. 541. Names of Tribes, also of suborders, siibtribes, and the like, are plurals of the name of the typical genus, less prolonged, usually in eee, iiir,r, iiffff, etc. Thus the proper Buttercup tribe is Ritnunculece, of the Clematis tribe, Cli'malidrie. While the Rose family is Rosaceae, the special Rose tribe is Rt>*r,r. 542. Names of Classes, etc. For these see the following synopsis of the actual classification adopted, p. 183. SECTION 18.] TERMINOLOGY. 181 543. So a plant is named in two words, the generic and the specific names, to which may be added a third, that of the variety, upon occasion. The generic name is peculiar : obviously it must not be used twice over in botany. The specific name must not be used twice over in the same genus, but is free for any other genus. A Quercua alba, or White Oak, is no hindrance to Betti/a alba, or White Birch ; and so of other names. 541. Characters and Descriptions. Plants are characterized by a terse statement, in botanical terms, of their peculiarities or distinguishing marks. The character of the order should include nothing which is com- mon to the whole class it belongs to ; that of the genus, nothing which is common to the order; that of the species nothing which is shared with all other species of the genus; and so of other divisions. Descriptions may enter into complete details of the whole structure. 545. Terminology, also called Glossology, is nomenclature applied to organs or parts, and their forms or modifications. Each organ or special part has a substantive name of its own : shapes and other modifications of an organ or part are designated by adjective terms, or, when the forms are peculiar, substantive names are given to them. By the correct use of such botanical terms, and by proper subordination of the characters under the order, genus, species, etc., plants may be described and deter- mined with much precision. The classical language of botany is Latin. Wrhile modern languages have their own names and terms, these usually lack the precision of the Latin or Latinized botanical terminology. For- tunately, this Latinized terminology has been largely adopted and incor- porated into the English technical language of botany, thus securing pre- cision. And these terms are largely the basis of specific names of plants. 546. A glossary or vocabulary of the principal botanical terms used in phanerogamous and vascular cryptogamous botany is appended to this volume, to which the student may refer, as occasion arises. § 3. SYSTEM. 547. Two systems of classification used to be recognized in botany, — the artificial and the natural ; but only the latter is now thought to deserve the name of a system. 548. Artificial classifications have for object merely the ascertaining of the name and place of a plant. They do not attempt to express relation- ships, but serve as a kind of dictionary. They distribute the genera and species according to some one peculiarity or set of peculiarities (just as a dictionary distributes words according to their first letters), disregarding all other considerations. At present an artificial classification in botany is needed only as a key to the natural orders, — as an aid in referring an unknown plant to its proper family ; and such keys are still very needful, at least for the beginner. Formerly, when the orders themselves were not clearly made out, an artificial classification was required to lead the isii SYSTEM. [SECTION 18. student down to the genus. Two such classifications were long in vogue : First, tluit of Tournet'ort, founded mainly on the leaves of the flower, the calyx and corolla: this was the prevalent system throughout the first half of the eighteenth century ; but it has long since gone by. It was suc- ceeded by the well-known 549. Artificial System of Linnaeus, which was founded on the sta- mens and pistils. It consists of twenty-four classes, and of a variable number of orders; the classes founded mainly on the number and dispo- sition of the stamens ; the orders partly upon the number of styles or stig- mas, partly upon other considerations. Useful and popular as this system was down to a time within the memory of still surviving botanists, it is now completely obsolete. But the tradition of it survives in the names of its classes, Monandria, Diandria, Triandria, etc., which are familiar in terminology in the adjective terms monandrous, diaudrous, triandrous, etc. (284) ; also of the orders, Mouogyiiia, Digyuia, Trigynia, etc., preserved in the form of monogyuous, digyuous, trigyuous, etc. (301) ; and in ihe name Cryptogamia, that of the 2ith class, which is continued for the lower series in the natural classification. 550. Natural System. A genuine system of botany consists of the orders or families, duly arranged under their classes, and having the tribes, the genera, and the species arranged in them according to their relation- ships. This, when properly carried out, is the Natural System; because it is intended to express, as well as possible, the various degrees of relation- ship among plants, as presented in nature ; that is, to rank those species and those genera, etc., next to each other in the classification which are really most alike in all respects, or, in other words, which are constructed most nearly on the same particular plan. 551. There can be only one natural system of botany, if by this term is meant the plan according to which the vegetable creation was called into being, with all its grades and diversities among the species, as well of past as .of the present, time. But there may be many natural systems, if wo mean the attempts of men to interpret and express that plan, — systems which will vary with advancing knowledge, and with the judgment and skill of dillcrcnt botanists. These must all be very imperfect, bear the impress of individual minds, and lie shaped by the current philosophy of the age. I'mt the endeavor always is to make the classification answer to Nature, as far as any system ran which has to be expressed in a definite and serial arrangement. 552. So, although the classes, orders, genera, etc., are natural, or as natural as the systematist can make them, their grouping or order of arrangement in a book, must necessarily be in great measure artificial. Indeed, it is quite impossible to arrange the orders, or even the few classes, in a single scries, and yet have each group stand next to its nearest relatives on both sides. 553. Especially it should be understood that, although phanerogamous SECTION 18.] SYSTEM. 183 plunts are of higher grade than cryptogamous, and angiospermous or or- dinary phanerogamous higher than the gymuospermous, yet there is no culmination iu the vegetable kingdom, nor any highest or lowest order of phanerogamous plants. 554. The particular system most largely used at present in the classi- fication of the orders is essentially the following : — SERIES I. PH ANEROGAMIA : PHANEROGAMOUS OR FLOWERING PLANTS. CLASS I. D1COTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERMEJ1, called for shortness in English, DICOTYLEDONS or DICOTYLS. Ovules in a closed ovary. Embryo dicotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves reticulate-veined, Artificial Dirision I. POLYPETALE, with petals mostly present and distinct. Orders about 80 in number, Ranunculacete to Cornaceee. Artificial Division II. GAMOPETAL^E, with gamopetalous corolla. Orders about 45, Caprifoliaceee to Plantaginacece. Artificial Division III. APETALE or INCOMPLETE, with perianth, when present, of calyx only. Orders about 35 in number, from Kyctayinacece to Salicaceee. CLASS II. DICOTYLEDONES GYMNOSPERMEJG, in English GYM- NOSPERMS. No ovary or pericarp, but ovules and seeds naked, and no proper calyx nor corolla. Embryo dicotyledonous or polycotyledonous. Stem with exogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Consists of order Giif.tacete, which strictly connects with Augiospermous Dicotyls, of Coniferae, and of Cycadacetf. CLASS III. MONOCOTYLEDONES, in English MONOCOTYLEDONS or MONOCOTYLS. Augiospermous. Embryo mouocotyledouous. Stem with endogenous plan of growth. Leaves mostly parallel-veined. Dicision I. PETALOIDE J3. Perianth complete, having the equivalent of both calyx and corolla, and all the inner series corolliue. About 18 orders. Division II. CALYCIN.E. Perianth complete (in two series) but not corolline, mostly thickish or glumaceous. Chiefly two orders, Juncacece, the true Rushes, and Palmce, Palms. Dicision III. SPADICIFLOR/E or NUDIFLOR.E. Perianth none, or rudi- mentary and incomplete : inflorescence spadiceous. Of five orders, Typhacete and Aroidea the principal. Dirision IV. GLUMACEE. Perianth none, or very rudimentary : glumaceous bracts to the flowers. Orders mainly Cyperaceae and Graminea. SERIES II. CRYPTOGAMIA : CRYPTOGAMOUS OR FLOWERLESS PLANTS. CLASS I. PTERIDOPHYTA, PTERIDOPHYTES (484). CLASS II. BRYOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTES (498). CLASS III. THALLOPHYTA, TUALLOPIIYTES (503). 164- BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19. SECTION XIX. BOTANICAL WORK. 555. Some hints and brief instructions for the collection, examination, and preservation of specimens are added. They are especially intended fur the assistance of those who have not the advantage of a teacher. They apply to phanerogamous plants and Ferns only, and to systematic botany.1 § 1. COLLECTION, OR HERBORIZATION. 556. As much as possible, plants should be examined in the living state, or when freshly gathered. But dried specimens should be prepared for more leisurely examination and for comparison. To the working botanist good dried specimens are indispensable. 557. Botanical Specimens, to be complete, should have root or root- stock, stem, leaves, {lowers, both open and in bud, and fruit. Some- times these may all be obtained at one gathering ; more commonly two or three gatherings at different times are requisite, especially for trees and shrubs. 558. In Herborizing, a good knife and a narrow and strong trowel are needed ; but a very strong knife will serve instead of a trowel or small pick for digging out bulbs, tubers, and the like. To carry the specimens, either the tin box (casculuni) or a portfolio, or both are required. The tin box is best for the collection of specimens to be used fresh, as iu the class-room ; also for very thick or fleshy plants. The portfolio is indispensable for long expeditious, and is best for specimens which are to be preserved in the herbarium. 559. The Vasculum^ or Botanical Collecting-box, is made of tin, in shape like a candle-box, only flatter, or the smaller sizes like an English sandwich- case ; the lid opening for nearly the whole length of one side of the box. Any portable tin box of convenient size, and capable of holding specimens a foot or fifteen inches long, will answer the purpose. The box should shut close, so that the specimens may not wilt : then it will keep leafy branches and must flowers perfectly fresh for a day or two, especially if slightly moistened. They should not be wet. 560. The Portfolio is best made of two pieces of solid bindcr's-boanl, covered with enamel cloth, which also forms the back, and fastened by si raps and buckles. It maybe from a foot to twenty inches long, from nine to eleven or twelve inches wide. It should contain a needful quantity of smooth but strong and pliable paper (thin so-called Manilla paper is best), either fastened at the back as in a book, or loose in folded sheets when not very many specimens are required. As soon as gathered, the specimens should be separately laid between the leaves or iu the folded sheets, and kept under moderate pressure in the closed portfolio. i For fuller directions in many particulars, see " Structural Botauy," pp. 370- 374. SECTION 19.] HERBOKIZATION. 561. Of small herbs, especially annuals, the whole plant, root and all, should be taken i'or a specimen. Of larger ones branches will suffice, with some leaves from near the root. Enough of the root or subterranean part of the plant should be collected to show whether it is an annual, a biennial, or a perennial. Thick roots, bulbs, tubers, or branches of speci- mens Intended to be pressed should be thinned with a knife, or cut into slices. Keep the specimens within the length of fifteen or sixteen inches, by folding, or when that cannot be done, by cutting into lengths. 562. For Drying Specimens a good supply of soft and unsized paper is wanted; and some convenient means of applying considerable pressure. To make good dried botanical specimens, dry them as rapidly as possible between many thicknesses of sun-dried paper to absorb their moisture, under as much pressure as can be given without crushing the more delicate parts. This pressure may be had by a botanical press, of which various forms have been contrived; or by weights placed upon a board, — from forty to eighty or a hundred pounds, according to the quantity of specimens drying at the time. Tor use while travelling, a good portable press may be made of thick binders' boards for the sides, and the pressure may be applied by strong straps with buckles. Still better, on some accounts, are portable presses made of wire network, which allow the dampness to escape by evaporation between the meshes. For herborizatiou in a small way, a light wire-press may be taken into the field and made to serve also as a portfolio. 563. It is well to have two kinds of paper, namely, driers of bibulous paper, stitched into pads (or the pads may be of thick carpet-paper, cut to size) and thin smooth paper, folded once ; the specimens to be laid into the fold, either when gathered or on returning from the excursion. These sheets are to hold the specimens until they are quite dry. Every day, or at first even twice a day, the specimens, left undisturbed in their sheets, are to be shifted into fire-dried or sun-dried fresh driers, and the pressure renewed, while the moist sheets are spread out to dry, so as to take their turn again at the next shifting. This course must be continued until the specimens are no longer moist to the touch. Good and comely specimens are either made or spoiled within the first twenty-four or thirty-six hours. After that, when plenty of driers are used, it may not be necessary to change them so frequently. 564. Succulent plants, which long refuse to part with life and moisture, and Spruces and some other evergreens which are apt to cast off their leaves, may be plunged for a moment into boiling water, all but the flowers. Delicate flowers may be encased in thin tissue paper when put into the press. Thick parts, like the heads of Sun-flowers and Thistles, may be cut in two or into slices. 565. Dried specimens may be packed in bundles, either in folded paper or upon single half-sheets. It is better that such paper should not be bibulous. The packages should be well wrapped or kept in close cases. 186 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19. 566. Poisoning is necessary if specimens are to be permanently pre- served from the depredation of insects. The usual application is an almost saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in 95 per cent alcohol, freely ap- plied with a large and soft brush, or the specimens dipped into some of the solution poured into a large and Hat dish; the wetted specimens to be transferred for a short time to driers. § 2. HERBARIUM. 567. The botanist's collection of dried specimens, ticketed with their names, place, and time of collection, and systematically arranged under their genera, orders, etc., forms a Horlus Siccus or Herbarium. It com. prises not only the specimens which the proprietor has himself collected, but those which he acquires through friendly exchanges, or in other ways. The specimens of an herbarium may be kept in folded sheets of paper; or they may be fastened on half-sheets of thick and white paper, either by gummed slips, or by glue applied to the specimens themselves. The former is best for private and small herbaria; the latter for large ones which are much turned over. Each sheet should be appropriated to one species; two or more different plants should never be attached to the same sheet. The generic and specific name of the plant should be added to the lower right-hand corner, either written on the sheet, or on a ticket pasted down; and the time of collection, the locality, the color of the flowers, and any other information which the specimens themselves do not afford, should be duly recorded upon the sheet or the ticket. The sheets of the herbarium should all be of exactly the same dimensions. The herbarium of Linnaeus is on paper of the common foolscap size, about eleven inches long and seven wide. This is too small. Sixteen and three eighths inches by eleven and a half inches is an approved size. 568. The sheets containing the species of each genus are to be placed in genus-covers, made of a full sheet of thick paper (such as the strong- est, Manilla-hemp paper), to be when folded of the same dimensions as the species-sheet but slightly wider: the name of the genus is to be writ- ten on one of the lower corners. These are to be arranged under the orders to which they belong, and the whole kept in closed cases or cabi- nets, either laid flat in compartments, like "pigeon-holes," or else placed in thick portfolios, arranged like folio volumes. All should be kept, as much as practicable, in dust-proof and insect -proof cases or boxes. 569. Fruits, tubers, and other hard parts, too thick for the herbarium, maybe kept in pasteboard or light wooden boxes, in a collection apart. Small loose fruits, seeds, detached (lowers, and the like may be conven- iently preserved in paper capsules or envelopes, attached to the herbarium- she; ts. SECTION 19.] INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION. 187 § 3. INVESTIGATION AND DETERMINATION OF PLANTS. 5?0. The Implements required are a hand magnifying glass, a pocket leus of au iucli or two focus, or a glass of two lenses, one of the lower and the other of the higher power; and a sharp penknife for dissection. With these and reasonable perseverance the structure of the flowers and fructification of most phanerogamous plants and Ferns can be made out. But for ease and comfort, as well as for certainty and right training, the student should have some kind of simple stage microscope, and under this make all dissections of small parts. Without it the student will be apt to fall into the bad habit of guessing where he ought to ascertain. 571. The simple microscope may be reduced to a good lens or doublet,, of au inch focus, mounted over a glass scage, so that it can be moved up and down and also sidewise, and with (or without) a little mirror under- neath. A better one would have one or two additional lenses (say of half and of a quarter inch focus), a pretty large stage, on the glass of which several small objects can be placed and conveniently brought under the lens; and its height or that of the lens should be adjustable by a rack- work; also a swivel-mounted little mirror beneath, which is needed for minute objects to be viewed by transmitted light. 572. For dissecting and displaying small parts on the stage of the microscope, besides a thin-bladed knife, the only tools needed are a good stock of common needles of various sizes, mounted in handles, and one or more saddler's-needles, which, being triangular, may be ground to sharp edges convenient for dissection. Also a pair of delicate-pointed forceps ; those with curved points used by the dentist are most convenient. A cup of clean water is indispensable, with which to moisten or wet, or in which occasionally to float delicate parts. Small flowers, buds, fruits, and seeds of dried specimens can be dissected quite as well as fresh ones. Tney have only to be soaked in warm or boiling water. 573. The compound microscope is rarely necessary except in crypto- gamic botany and vegetable anatomy ; but it is very useful and convenient, especially for the examination of pollen. To the advanced botanist it is a necessity, to all students of botany an aid and delight. 57-i. Analysis. A few directions and hints may be given. The most important is this : In studying an unknown plant, make a complete ex- amination of all its parts, and form a clear idea of its floral structure and that of its fruit, from pericarp down to the embryo, or as far as the materials in hand allow, before taking a step toward finding out its name and relationship by means of the keys or other helps which the Manuals and Floras provide. If it is the name merely that is wanted, the shorter way is to ask some one who already knows it. To verify the points of structure one by one as they happen to occur in an artificial key, without any preparatory investigation, is a usual but is not the best nor the surest ib8 BOTANICAL WORK. [SECTION 19. way. It is well to make drawings or outline sketches of the smaller parts, aud especially diagrams of the plan of the flower, such as those of Fig. 225, 'I'll, 241, 2ii, 275-277. For these, cross sections of the flower-hud or flower are Lo be made : and longitudinal sections, such as Tig. 27U-27-A, are equally important. The dissection even of small seeds is not difficult after some practice. Commonly they need to he soaked or boiled. 575. The right, appreciation of characters and terms used iu description needs practice and calls for judgment. Plants do not grow exactly by ride and plummet, and measurements must be taken loosely. Difference of soil and situation are responded to by considerable variations, and other divergences occur which cannot be accounted for by the surroundings, nor l)e anticipated in general descriptions. Annuals maybe very depauperate in dry soils or seasons, or very large when particularly well nourished. Warm and arid situations promote, and wet ones are apt to diminish pubes- cence. Salt water causes increased succulence. The color of flowers is apt to be lighter in shade, and brighter in open and elevated situations. A color or hue not normal to the species now and then occurs, which nothing in the conditions will account for. A white -flowered variation of any other colored blossom may alir/ii/x he expected; this, though it may be notable, no more indicates a distinct variety of the species than an albino would a variety of the human species. The numerical plan is subject to variation in some flowers ; those on tlic plan of five may now and then vary to four or to six. Variat ions of the outline or lobing of leaves are so familiar that they do not much mislead. Only wider and longer observation suf- fices to prevent or correct mistakes in botanical study. But the weighing of evidence and tlie balancing of probabilities, no less than the use of the well-ordered and logical system of classification, give as excellent training to the judgment as the search for tlie fads themselves does to the observing powers. § 4. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. 57*5- For a full account of these, whether of former or actual use, see "Structural Bofany " of the " Botanical Text Book," pp. 367, 392, as also for the principles which govern the accentuation of names. It is needful here to explain only those used in the Manuals and Floras of this country, for which the present volume is an introduction and companion. They are not numerous. 577. In arranging the species, at least those of a lnr. pnidm-iiig two kinds of fruit. itun (plural, amjtin'yastria), a peculiar stipule-like leaf of Liverworts. i'/xnif, ovules or seeds, 111. , a piti-her-shaped orL'an. Aiii/>lii-tiint, emliracing. Amplezicmil (leaves), clasping the stem by the base. lnci niif. swelling out like a bolile or Madder (iiiii/nillii). f, A/ni/Uiiil, cinnposed of siaivh (amylum), or starch-like. without stamens. Anantherous, without anthers. Anantlums, destitute of flowers ; flowerless. Anastomosing, forming a net-work (anastomosis), as the vein.* of leaves, 50. Aii'iti-n/ioiis ovules or seeds, 111. Ancijnt'tl (unct'/if'), two-edged. Anilnecium, a name for the stamens taken together, 98. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 195 Andro-dioecious, flowers staminate on one plant, perfect on another. Androgynous, having both staminate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster. Androphore, a column of united stamens, as in a Mallow. Androus, or Ander, andra, andrum, Greek in compounds for male, or stamens. Anemophilous, wind-loving, said of wiud-fertilizable flowers, 113. Anfmctuose, bent hither and thither as the anthers of the Squash, &c. Angiospermce, Anyiospermous, with seeds formed in an ovary or pericarp, 109. Annular divergence of leaves, 69. Anisos, unequal. Anisomerous, parts unequal in number. Anisopetalous, with un- equal petals. Anisophyllow, the leaves unequal in the pairs. Annual (plant), flowering and fruiting the year it is raised from the seed, and then dying, 37. Annular, in the form of a ring, or forming a circle. Annulate, marked by rings ; or furnished with an Annulus, or ring, like that of the spore-case of most Ferns. In Mosses it is a ring of cells placed between the mouth of the spore-case and the lid in many species. Annotinous, yearly, or in yearly growths. Anterior, in the blossom, is the part next the bract, i. e. external; while the posterior side is that next the axis of inflorescence. Thus, in the Pea, &c., the keel is anterior, and the standard posterior, 96. Anlhela, an open paniculate cyme. Anther, the essential part of the stamen, which contains the pollen, 14, 80, 101. Antheridium (plural antheridia), the organ in Cryptogams which answers to the anther of Flowering Plants, 150. Antheriferous, anther-bearing. Aiithesis, the period or the act of the expansion of a flower. Anthocitrpus (fruits), 118. Anthophore, a stipe between calyx and corolln, 113. Anlhos, Greek for flower ; in composition, Monanthous, one-flowered, &c Anticous, same as anterior. Antrorse, directed upwards or forwards. Apetalous, destitute of petals, 86. Aphyllous, leafless. Apical, belonging to the apex or point. Apiculate, pointleted ; tipped with a small point. Apocarpous (pistils), when the several pistils of the same flower are separate. Apophysis, any irregular swelling ; the enlargement at the base of the spore-case of the Umbrella-Moss. Apothecium, the fructification of Lichens, 171. Appendage, any superadded part. Appendiculate, provided with appendages. Appressed, close pressed to the stem, &c. Apricus, growing in dry and sunny places. Apterous, wingless. Aquatic (Aquatilis), living or growing in water ; applied to plants whether growing under water, or with all but the base raised out of it. Arachnoid, Araneose, cobwebby; clothed with, or consisting of, soft downy fibres. Arboreous, Arborescent, tree-like, in size or form, 39. Arboretum, a collection of trees. Archegonium (plural archegonia), the organ in Mosses, &c., which is analogous to the pistil of Flowering Plants. Arcuate, bent or curved like a bow. Arenose (Arenarius), growing in sand. Areolate, marked out into little spaces or areolas. Aryenteous, or Argentate, silvery-Iike. Argillose, growing in clay. Argos, Greek for pure white ; Argoph yllous or Arnyr aphyllous, white-leaved, &c. Argutus, aeutely dentate. 196 GLOSS All V AND INDEX. Arillate (seeds) furnished with an aril. Arillifurm, aril-like. ..-•, or Aril, a Meshy growth from base of a seed, 126. Ari.-ttate, awned, i. e. furnished with an arista, like the beard of Barley, &c., 54. Aristulate, diminutive of the lust; short-awned. Arrect, brought into upright position. Arrow-shaped or Arrres, 134. Beakt'l, cndinu' in a prolonged narrow tip. £e,in/> it< «.«-, growing in turf-like patches or tufts. ' .'////'<>;•/«, cui->haped. Citulnm. a close rounded dense (luster or head of sessile flowers, 74. C'l/ii-tui >tt , hearing tendrils (from citfireolus, a tendril). C'i]i.«ilt , a dry dehi.s.vnt -.--ed-vessel of a compound pistil, 122. r, relating to, or like a capsule. uf insects, 154. Cm-inn, a lu-i 1 ; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous flower, 92. I'm inn/I', keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge or projection on the lower side. Citr/it/mi.*, or Caryopsis, the one seeded fruit or grain of Grasses, 121. Cnrneinis, tlesh rolored; ]iale red. Cunwse, tleshy in texture. ' < /. nr Ciir/>!'Hiim, a siin]'le jiistil or a pistil-leaf, l(»i. CarpeUary, jicrtaininu' t<> a car]>el. Ctirjxi/iit/i/, that depariinent of liotany whirh relates to fruits. Ciii-j><'/>lu>n\ th.' stalk c.r support of a pistil extending between its carpels, 113. Cur/ii.f, Crec-k for fruit. CrirlilntjiHinis. or Cui-tUnr/infoim, firm and tough in texture, like cartilage Caninrli\ an eXc-iVM-eiiee at the sear of xiine seeds, J26. Carvncvlnte, furnished with a caruncle. Carynphyllaceovt, pink-like: applied to a corolla of 5 long-clawed petals. Cassidt mix, helmet-shaped. Ciiffii.t, empty and sterile. ' >iatc, or Cut, nulati , end to end a. in a chain. ' in, see Ain^nt, 7">. Cnii'/iitf, tailed, or tail-pointed. Cuudcx, a sort of trunk, such as that of P&'ms; an upright rootstock, 39, 44. Caudlch', the stalk of a pollen-mass, &c. Caulescent, having an obvious stem, 36. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 199 Caulide, a little stem, or rudimentary stem (of a seedling), 11, 127. ('online, of or belonging to a stem, 36. Caulis, Latin name of stem. Caulocarpic, equivalent to perennial. Caulome, the cauline parts of a plant. Cell (diminutive, Cellule), the cavity of an anther, ovary, &c. ; one of the anatomi- cal elements, 131. Cellular Cryptogams, 162. Cellular tissue, 131. Cellulose, 131. Cell-walls, 130. Centrifugal (inflorescence), produced or expanding in succession from the centre outwards, 77. Centripetal, the opposite of centrifugal, 74. Cephala, Greek for head. In compounds, Monocephalous, with one head, Micro- cephalous, small-headed, &c. Cereal, belonging to corn, or corn-plants. Cernuous, nodding; the summit more or less inclining. Chcetn, Greek for bristle. Chaff, small membranous scales or bracts on the receptacle of Composite; the glumes, &c., of grasses. Chaffy, furnished with chaff, or of the texture of chaff. Chalaza, that part of the ovule where all the parts grow together, 110, 126. Channelled, hollowed out like a gutter; same as canaliculate. Character, a phrase expressing the essential marks of a species, genus, &c., 181. C/nirtaceous, of the texture of paper or parchment. Chloros, Greek for green, whence Chloranthous, green-flowered; Chlorocarpous , green-fruited, &c. Chlorophyll, leaf green, 136. Chlorosis, a condition in which naturally colored parts turn green. Choripetalous, same as polypetalous. Chorisis, separa ion of the normally united parts, or where two or more parts take the place of one. Chromule, coloring matter in plants, especially when not green, or when liquid. Chrysos, Greek for golden yellow, whence Chrysanthous, yellow-flowered, &c. Cicatrix, the scar left by the fall of a leaf or other organ. Cilinte, beset on the margin with a fringe of cilia, i. e. of hairs or bristles, like the eyelashes fringing the eyelids, whence the name. Cinereous, or Cineraceous, ash-grayish ; of the color of ashes. Circinate, rolled inwards from the top, 72. Circumscissile, or Circumcissile, divided by a circular line round the sides, as the pods of Purslane, Plantain, &c., 124. Circumscription, general outline. Cirrhiferous, or Cirrhose, furnished with a tendril (Latin, Cirrhns); as the Grape- vine. Cirrhose also means resembling or coiling like tendrils, as the leaf- stalks of Virgin's-bower. More properly Cirrus aud Cirrose. Citreous, lemon-yellow. Clmlos, Greek for branch. Cladophylla, 64. Class, 178. 183. Classification, 175, 183. ('In titrate, latticed; same as cancellate. Clavate, club-shaped; slender below and thickened upwards. Clnvellate, diminutive of clavate. Claviculate, having Claviculce, or little tendrils or hooks. Claw, the narrow or stalk-like base of some petals, as of Pinks, 91. Cleistogamous (Cleistogamy), fertilized in closed bud, 115. Cleft, cut into lobes, 55. Close fertilization, 115. Climbing, rising by clinging to other objects, 39, 151. Club-shaped, see clavate. Clustered, leaves, flowers, &c., aggregated or collected into a bunch. 200 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Clypeate, buckler-shaped. Coadunate, same as ximmtf, i. c. united. Coalescent, growing together. Coalescence, 88. <'iii:rrtnte, contracted or brought cloM' together. Coated, having an integument, or covered in layers. Coated bulb, 46. Cobwebby, same as arachnoid; bearing hairs like cobwebs or gossamer. Coccineoui, scarlet-red. Coccus (plural cocci), anciently a berry; now mostly used to denote the separable carpels or nutlets of a dry fruit. Cochleariform, spoon-shaped. Cochleate, coiled or shaped like a snail-shell. Calospermous, applied to those fruits of Umbelliferse which have the seed hollowed on the inner face, by incurving of top and bottom; as in Coriander. Coherent, usually the same as connate. Cohort, name sometimes used for groups between order and class, 178. Coleorhiza, a root-sheath. Collateral, side by side. Collective fruits, 118. Collum or Collar, the neck or junction of stem and root. Colored, parts of a plant which are other-colored than green. Columdln, the axis to which the carpels of a compound pistil are often attached, as in Geranium (112), or which is left when a pod opens, as in A/alea. Column, the united stamens, as in Mallow, or the stamens and pistils united into one body, as in the Orchis family. Columnar, shaped like a column or pillar. Coma, a tuft of any sort (literally, a head of hair), 125. Comose, tufted; bearing a tuft of hairs, as the seeds of Milkweed, 126. Commissure, the line of junction of two carpels, as in the fruit of Umbelliferac. Compliant < , llattened. Compvuntl leaf, 54, 57. Compound pistil, 107. Compound umbel, 75, &c. Complete (flower), 81. Complicate, folded upon itself. Compressed, flattened on opposite sides. Conctptacle, 168. Concinnouf, neat. Conculur, all of one color. Conch if <>r n>, shell- or half-shell- shaped. Conilii/i/ii-ult , fuldril upon itself lengthwise, 71. Cone, the fruit of the Tine family, 124. Coniferous, conc-bc-aring. ( '.>;//". rliif, much crowded. c,»if< rnmanatt , stuck together, as the cotyledons in ahorse-chestnut Confluent, blended together; or the same as iW/< r< nt. < 'onfornu iijit;/n, 170. ('minute, united or grown together from the first formation, 96. Conii'i/i-/" rfnli'il< . -uhen a pair of leaves are connate round a stem, 60. Ctnni«-tiri\ r,,nni<-t'irnin. the part of the anther connecting its two cells, 101. Connivi »/. converging, or brought close together. <'<>n*>lidnti,-tl,,rnt, , past the flowering state, as an anther after it has discharged its pollen. Dehiscence, the regular splitting open of capsule or anther, 103, ll'J. Dehiscent, opening by regular dehiscence, 119, 123. Deliquescent, brandling off so that the stem is lost in the branches, 32. Deltoid, of a triangular .-hape, like the Greek capital A. Demerged, growing bi low the surface of water. Dendroid, Dendritic, tree-like in form or appearance. Dendron, Greek for tree. Deni, ten together. Dens, Latin for tooth. Dent't/f, toothed, 55. Denticulate, furnished with denticulations, or little teeth. I)i'/tij>< ruti , impoverished or starved, and s» below the natural size. />< jinsscd, flattened or as if pressed clown from above. It, run, (ireek for skin. Descending, tending gradually downwards. Descending axis, the root. Jtmnios, Greek for things connected or hound together. Determinate Inflorescence, 72. Dextrorse, turned to the right hand. />!- />/.< (in (Jreek compound^) two. as I>;iii/t/j>!ii* (stamens), united by their filaments in two sets. Of). ni'ii/iin.t!.-!, a short distinguishing character or descriptive phrase. Dtalypetalous, same MS polypetalous. l>'i'iiii!rn;iccom (fruit), sjilitting into two cocci or closed carpels. I)!,; '/,/!*, -2-L Diroti/ledonous (embryo), having a pair of cotyledons, 23. Dicotyledonout Plants, 23. 182. Didymoiis, twin. Didi/n'iinous (stamens), having four stamens in two pairs, 100- Diffuse, spreading widely and irregularly. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 203 Digitate (fingered), where the leaflets of a compound leaf are all borne on the apex of the petiole, 58. Diyynous (flower), having two pistils or styles, 105. Dimerous, made up cf two parts, or its organs in twos. Dimidiate, halved; as where a leaf or leaflet has only one side developed. Dimorphism, 117. Dimorphous, Dimorphic, of two forms, 117. Dioecious, or Dioicous, with stamens and pistils on different plants, 85. Dipetalous, of two petals. Dipliyllous, two-leaved. Dipterous, two-winged. Diplo-, Greek for double, as Diplostemonous, with two sets of stamens. Discifiirm or Disk-shaped, flat and circular, like a disk or quoit. Discoidal, or Discoid, belonging to or like a disk. Discolor, of two different colors or hues. Discrete, separate, opposite of concrete. Difepalous, of two sepals. Disk, the face of any flat body; the central part of a head of flowers, like the Sun- flower, or Coreopsis, as opposed to the ray or margin ; a fleshy expansion of the receptacle of a flower, 113. Disk-flowers, those of the disk in Composite. Dissected, cut deeply into many lobes or divisions. D/.-mtplments, the partitions of a compound ovary or a fruit, 108. Dissilient, bursting in pieces. Distich ous, two-ran ked . Distinct, uncombined with each other, 95. Dithecous, of two thecas or anther-cells. Divaricate, straddling ; very widely divergent. Divided (leaves, &c.), cut into divisions down to the base or midrib, 55. Dodeca, Greek for twelve ; as Dodecagynous, with twelve pistils or styles, Dode- candrous, with twelve stamens. Dodrans, span-long. Dolabriform, axe-sbaped. Dorsal, pertaining to the back (dorsum) of an organ. Dorsal Suture, 106. Dotted Ducts, 148. Double Flowers, where the petals are multiplied unduly, 79. Downy, clothed with a coat of soft and short hairs. Drupaceous, like or pertaining to a drupe. Drupe, a stone-fruit, 120. Drupelet or Drupel, a little drupe. Ducts, the so-called vessels of plants, 134. Dumose, bushy, or relating to bushes. Duramen, the heart-wood, 142. Dwarf, remarkably low in stature. E-, as a prefix of Latin compound words, means destitute of; as ecostate, without a rib or midrib; exalbuminous, without albumen, &c. Eared, see auriculate, 53. Ebrncteate, destitute of bracts. Ebracfeolatc, destitute of bractlets. Eburneous, ivory-white. Echinate, armed with prickles (like a hedgehog). Echinulate, a diminutive of it. Edentate, toothless. f'jl'i'te, past bearing, &c.; said of anthers which have discharged their pollen. Effuse, very loosely branched and spreading. Eglandulose, destitute of glands. F.laters, threads mixed with the spores of Liverworts, 165. Ellipsoidal, approaching an elliptical figure. Elliptical, oval or oblong, with the ends regularly rounded, 52. Emaroinate, notched at the summit. 54. Embryo, the rudimentary plantlet in a seed, 11, 127. Embryonal, belonging or relating to the embryo. Embryo-sac, 117. 204 GLOSSARY AND IN'DKX. J-'.mcrsed, raised out of water. i. n-l< (•/-///;;,.//.<, with eleven pNtils or styles. Endecandroia, with eleven stamens. Eii'l, -iiiic, peculiar to the coniitrv geogrnphieallv. / //n'o.w/yj, the inner layer of a pericarp or fruit, 120. Endochrome, the coloring matter of Algae aud the like. Endogenous ,v. ///.-. i:;s. Endogenous plants, an old name for monocotyledons. Endoplt urtt, inin-r si . d-eoat. irlii^iil, radicle or root sheathed in germination. lnfjit rm, the albumen of a seed, 21. t; the orifice in the inner coat of an ovule. J./in. ii-, nine. / mi. :i:/ynis, borne on the petals or the corolla, 99. E/ii/ihyllous, borne on a leaf. J /"'/'''.'/'' , ;1 l'1;ui1 &'i:" in-r "" another plant, but not nourished by it, 36. ' or Epiphytal, relating to Epiphytes. .--, \vingi-i rm, tin.- skin or coat of a seed, especially the outer coat. E'i/itfii-«ti', not beaked. Erythros, Greek for red. Erythrocarpous, red-fruited, &c. Ess( ntinl Organs of the flower, 80. Estivation, see n >tii- 1 /ion. l, blanched by excluding the light, as the stalks of Celery. En, Greek pivlix, meaning very, or much. AVer///-! i n, holding the leaves over winter and until new mies ajipear, or longer. EJ:, Latin jirelix; ]irivative in place of "e" when next letter is a vowel. So E.r- alate, wingles>; l-:.ru.< (seed), without albumen, 21. EJ:CUI-I-I nt, running out, as when a midrib projects beyond the apex of a leaf, or a trunk is continued to the very top of a tree, 32. Enigwmu, puny. Emilia, lank or meagre. l-'-i-iniiuf. distinguished for size or beauty. frlnzal, radicle in gcnninr.tioii not sheathed. E.rofinme, the ori'lco in the outer coat of the ovule. E.i-fi!ii>i"l< , spread or llattened out. l-'.rf, rl< il, protruding out of, as the stamens out of the corolla. ExSlipulate, destitute of stipules. E.rt'uti , outer coat of a pollen-grain. l'j't'-ii-ii.riUnrii, said of a branch or hud somewhat out of the axil, 31. t , turned outwards ; tin' anther is extrorse when fastened to the filament on the side next the pistil, and opening on the outer side, 101. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 205 Falcate, scythe-shaped; a flat body curved, its edges parallel. False Racemes, 78. Family, in botany same as Order, 177. Farina, rneal or starchy matter, 136. Farinaceous, mealy in texture. Farinose, covered with a mealy powder. Fasciate, banded; also applied to monstrous stems which grow flat. Fascicle, a close cluster, 77. Fascicled, Fasciculated, growing in a bundle or tuft, as the leaves of Larch, 68, and roots of Peony, 35. Fastiyiate, close, parallel, and upright, as the branches of Lombardy Poplar. Faux (plural, fauces), the throat of a calyx, corolla, &c., 89. Fareolate, Favose, honeycombed ; same as alveolate. Feather-veined, with veins of a leaf all springing from the sides of a midrib, 51. Fecula or Facula, starch, 136. Female flower or plant, one bearing pistils only. Fenestrate, pierced with one or more large holes, like windows. Ferrugineous, or Ferruginous, resembling iron-rust; red-grayish. Fertile, fruit-bearing, or capable of it; also said of anthers producing good pollen. Fertilization, the process by which pollen causes the embryo to be formed, 114. Fibre (woodv), 133. Fibrous, containing much fibre, or composed of flbres. Fibrillose, formed of small fibres, or Fibrillce. Fibro-vascular bundle or tissue, formed of fibres and vessels. Fiddle-shaped, obovate with a deep recess on each side. Fidus, Latin suffix for cleft, as Bifid, two-cleft. Filament, the stalk of a stamen, 14, 80, 101; also any slender thread-shaped body. Filamentose, or Filamentous, bearing or formed of slender threads. Filiform, thread-shaped ; long, slender, and cylindrical. Fimbriate, fringed; furnished with fringes (Jimbrice). Fimbrillate, Fimbrilliferous, bearing small Jimbrice, i. e. jimbrilloe. Fissiparous, multiplying by division of one body into two. Fissus, Latin for split or divided. Fistular, or Fistulose, hollow and cylindrical, as the leaves of the Onion. Flabelliform, or Flabdlate, fan-shaped. Flagellate, or Flngelliform, long, narrow, and flexible, like the thong of a whip; or like the runners (jlaycllce) of the Strawberry. Fltn-escent, yellowish, or turning yellow. Flavus, Latin for yellow. Fleshy, composed of linn pulp or flesh. Flexuose, or Flexuous, bending in opposite directions, in a zigzag way. Floating, swimming on the surface of water. Floccose, composed of or bearing tufts of woolly or long and soft hairs. Flora (the goddess of flowers), the plants of a country or district, taken together, or a work systematically describing them, 9. Floral Envelopes, or Flower-leaves, 79. Floret, a diminutive flower, one of a mass or cluster. Floribund, abundantly floriferous. Florula, the flora of a small district. Flos, Jloris, Latin for flower. Flosculus, diminutive, same as floret. Flower, the whole organs of reproduction of Phrenogamous plants, 14, 72. Flotver-bud, an unopened flower. Flowering Plants, 10, 156. Flowerless Plants, 10, 156. Fly-trap leaves, f>5. Fluitans, Latin for floating. Fluviatile, belonging to a river or stream. Foliaceous, belonging to, or of the texture or nature of, a leaf (folium). Foliate, provided with leaves. Latin prefixes denote the number of leaves, as bifo- liate, trifoliate, &c. Foliose, leaf}1; abounding in leaves. Foliolate, relating to or bearing leaflets (fulivlit) ; trifoliate, with three leaflets, &c. 206 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Folium (plural, folia), Latin for leaf. /'..///'•/c, a simple pod, opening down the inner suture, 122. •/•. ii -.milling or belonging to a follicle. /-,..„/ of/'lunls, 144. k, either petiole or peduncle, 4!i. n, a hole or oriii'-e, a- that "I the- fivule, 110. i', J-'iiriiiii!iiiti':--i , pierced with holes. Forked, branched in two or ihree or more. Fomicah , hearing forniccs. Fiirnij-, little arched scales in the throat of some corollas, as of Comfrey. FoVi > , deeplv pitted. !'<•!•< 'ilntf, (liniiniitive of foi-entt. Free, not united with any other parts of a different sort, '.to. Fringed, tin- margin lieset with slender appendages, bristles, .See. Frond, what answers to leaves in Ferns \r., 107; or to the stem and leaves fused into niu , as in Liverwort. Frondescence, the bursting into leaf. Front.lo.~e, frond-bearing; like a frond, or sometimes used for leafy. /•'/•/irti /ir, i//il ovary and all it contains or is connected with, 117. Fruit-(l<>ts in Ferns; see >'";•«.-•. Fr list itl< i.t>i, the development of a plantlet from the seed, 12. <;< rontogteout, inhabiting the ( >ld \\'oi-ld. aililiniit, more tumid at one place or on one side than the other mil-nut, dirty reddish-yellow. •ate, becoming glabrous with age, or almost glabrou>. f, smooth, in the sense of having no hairs, bristles, or other pubescence. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 207 Gladiate, sword-shaped, as the leaves of Iris. Glands, small cellular organs which secrete oily or aromatic or other products ; the}' are sometimes sunk in the leaves or rind, as in the Orange, Prickly Ash, &c. ; sometimes on the surface as small projections; sometimes raised on hairs or bristles (ylandiilar linirf, <\-c.), as in the Sweetbrier and Sundew. The name is also given to any small swellings, &c., whether they secrete anything or not; so that the word is loosely used. Glandular, Glandultse, furnished with glands, or gland-like. Glans (Gland), the acorn or mast of Oak and similar fruits. Glareose, growing in gravel. Glaucesccnt, slightly glaucous, or bluish-gray. Glaucous, covered with a bloom, viz. with a tine white powder of wax that rubs off, like that on a fresh plum, or a cabbage-leaf. Globose, spherical in form, or nearly so. Globular, nearly globose. Glocliidinte, or Glochideous, (bristles) barbed; tipped with barbs, or with a double hooked point. Glomerate, closely aggregated into a dense cluster. Glomerule, a dense head-like cluster, 77. Glossology, the department of botany in which technical terms are explained. Glumaceovs, glume-like, or glume-bearing. Glume ; Glumes are the husks or floral coverings of Grasses, or, particularly, the outer husks or bracts of each spikelet. Glumelles, the inner husks of Grasses. Gonophore, a stipe below stamens, 113. Gossypine, cottony, flocculent. Grucilis, Latin for slender. Grain, see Caryopsis, 121. Gramineous, grass-like. Granulnr, composed of grains. G-ramde, a small grain. Graveolent, heavy-scented. Griseous, gray or bluish-gray. Grotrth, 129. G ruinous, or Grumose, formed of coarse clustered grains. (jitttate, spotted, as if l>y drops of something colored. Gymnos, Greek for naked, as Gymnocarjious, naked-fruited. Gymnospermous, naked-seeded, 109. Gymnospermous yyncecium, 10'J. Gymnospermce, or Gymnospermovs Plants, 183. Gijnandrous, with stamens borne on, i.e. united with, the pistil, 99. Gynoecium, a name for the pistils of a flower taken altogether, 105. Gynobase, a depressed receptacle or support of the pistil or carpels, 114. Gynophore, a stalk raising a pistil above the stamens, 113. Gynostegium, a sheath around pistils, of whatever nature. Gynostemium, name of the column in Orchids, &c., consisting of style and stigma with stamens combined. Gyrate, coiled or moving circularly. Gyrose, strongly bent to and fro. Hain't, the general aspect of a plant, or its mode of growth. Habitat, the situation or countrv in which a plant grows in a wild state. Hairs, hair-like growths on the surface of plants. Hairy, beset with hairs, especially longish ones. Halberd-shaped, see hastate, 53. Halved, when appearing as if one half of the body were cut away. Hamate, or Hamose, hooked; the end of a slender body bent round. Hamulose, bearing a small hook; a diminutive of the last. Haplo-, in Greek compounds, single; as Ilaplostemonous, having only one series of stamens. 208 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Hastate, or Unstile, shaped like a halberd; furnished with a spreading lobe on each side at the base, 53. /A 'itii>ns, of two or more shapes. Heterophyllous, with two sorts of leaves. 11:1: ri'ti-ii/iiiiiy (ovule), the same as ,nn]>Ii itropous, 123. Hexa- (in Greek compound!.), six; as U,j-'i;/,m or silkv. -, in Greek compounds, all alike or of one sort. running in one direction. Homor/haped; see cuculltile. ll«»h> if, .-aim- as hum Hunt, a sjnir or some similar appendage. Ilurny, of the texture of horn. Iltirti-nsif. pertaining to the garden. ll'irtiis iiici-H.t, an lierbarium, or collection of dried plants, 201. y/«iHi/M.<*', fittmwtrate, sjnvail over thu surface of the ground. Uumilis, low in stature. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 209 fjyaline, transparent, or partly so. Hybrid, a cross-breed between two allied species, 176. Hydrophytes, water-plants. Uyemal, see liiemal. Hymenium of a Mushroom, 172. Hypanthium, a hollow flower-receptacle, such as that of Rose. Hypo-, Greek prefix for under, or underneath. Hypocotyle, or ffypocotyl, part of stem below the cotyledons, 11. Hypocratenform, properly Hypocratenmorphous, salver-shaped. I/ypi>ghcd inwards. /«(•• i-M'l or fiircrtt-il, where the apex is in the direction opposite to that of the origan it is compared with. //»•"/ ucel, a partial or small involucre, 76. , furnished with an involucel. Inrolucrate, furnished with an involucre. a whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head, &c., 74, 75. Involute, in vernation, 72; rolled inwards from the edges, 97. Irregular Flowers, 86, 91. Jsos, Greek for equal in number, fsomerous, the same number in the successive cir- cles or sets. Jsostemonous, the stamens equal in number to the sepals or petals. Jointed, separate or separable at one or more places into pieces, 64, &c. Jugum (plural Jitfju). Latin for a pair, as of leaflets, — thus L'nijitgate, of a single pair: Bijugate, of two pairs, &c. Julaceus, like a catkin or Julus. Keel, a projecting ridge on a surface, like the keel of a boat; the two anterior petals of a papilionaceous corolla, 92. A", i /^il, furnished with a keel or sharp longitudinal ridge. Kermffine, Carmine-red. Kernel of the ovule and seed, 110. Key, or Ki-y-fmlt, a Samara, 122. l, resembling the outline of a kidney, 53. I.'i/nlltiii>, the odd petal in the Orchis Family. Liibiutf, same as liiln/iintc or two-lipped, 92. LnbiutijIiTiiiif, having flowers with liilaliiate corolla. Lab'tiim (plural, f.n/ii-i), Latin for lip. Lnccrnli', with margin appearing as f f torn. c, slashed; cut into deep narrow lobes or Lacinihcd. Latin, Ltzris, smooth, as opposed to rough. /.,•-,. nifuriii, goiird-fhapi'd. Lagapout, Latin, hare-footed: densely clothed with long soft hairs. or Luna llnt< , consisting "f tlat plates l.nnnllie. r, a jilate or Made, the Made of a leaf, &c., 49. I. mint,-, Lanose, \\oolly; clothed with long and soft entangled hairs. l.iiin-i i'/n/i . lani'e-.sha|ied, 52. Le; the opposite of crowded. Li if, 4!i. Lm/-/»i>ls. .".1. Leaflet, one of the divisions or blades of a compound leaf, 57. Leaf-like, same asfoliaceow. Leathery, of about the consistence of leather; coriaceous. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 211 Legume, a (Dimple pod which dehisces in two pieces, like that of the Pea, 122. Leguminous, belonging to legumes, or to the Leguminous Family. Lenticular, lens-shaped ; i. e. flattish and convex on both sides. Lappaceous, bur-like. Lasio, Greek for woolly or hairy, as Lasianthus, woolly-flowered. Lateritious, brick-colored. Latidferous, containing latex, 138. Latus, Latin for broad, as Latifolius, broad-leaved. Leaf-scar, Leafstalk, petiole. LenticeJs, lenticular dots on young bark. Lentiginose, as if freckled. Lepal, a made-up word for a staminode. Lepis, Greek for a scale, whence Lepidote, leprous ; covered with scurfy scales. Leptos, Greek for slender; so Leptophyllous, slender-leaved. Leukos, Greek for white; whence Leucanlhous, white-flowered, &c. Liber, the inner bark of Exogenous stems, 140. Lid, see operculum. Ligneous, or Lignose, woody in texture. Ligulate, furnished with a ligule, 93. Ligule, Ligula, the strap-shaped corolla in many Composite, 93; the membranous appendage at the summit of the leaf-sheaths of most Grasses, 57. Limb, the border of a corolla, £c., 89. Limbate, bordered (Latin, Limbus, a border). Line, the twelfth of an inch; or French lines, the tenth. Linear, narrow and flat, the margins parallel, 52. Lineate, marked with parallel lines. Lineolate, marked with minute lines. Lingulate, Linguiform, tongue-shaped. Lip, the principal lobes of a bilabiate corolla or calyx, 92. Literal or Littoral, belonging to the shore. Livid, pale lead-colored. Lobe, any projection or division (especially a rounded one) of a leaf, &c. Lobed or Lobate, cut into lobes, 55, 56; Lobulate, into small lobes. Locellate, having Locelli, i. e. compartments in a cell : thus an anther-cell is often bilocellate. Loculament, same as loculus. Lficular, relating to the cell or compartment (Loculus) of an ovary, &c. Loculicidal (dehiscence), splitting down through the back of each cell, 123. Locusta, a name for the spikelet of Grasses. Lodicule, one of the scales answering to perianth-leaves in Grass-flowers. Loment, a pod which separates transversely into joints, 122. Lomentaceous, pertaining to or resembling a loment. Lorate, thong-shaped. Lunate, crescent-shaped. Lunulate, diminutive of lunate. Lupuline, like hops. Lusus, Latin for a sport or abnormal variation. Luteolus, yellowish; diminutive of Lttteus, Latin for yellow. Lutescent, verging to yellow. L i/rate, lyre-shaped; a pinnatifid leaf of an obovate or spatulate outline, the end- lobe large and roundish, and the lower lobes small, as in fig. 149. Macros, Greek for long, sometimes also used for large; thus Macrophyllous, long' or large-leaved, &c. Macrospore, the large kind of spore, when there are two kinds, 100, 161. Maculate, spotted or blotched. Male (flowers or plants), having stamens but no pistil. Mammose, breast-shaped. Marcescent, withering without falling off. Marginal, belonging to margin. 212 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Maryinatt, margined with an edge different from the rest. Afarginicidal dt/tiscence, 123. Maritime, belonging to sea-coasts. M'irmorate, marbled. M :.<., M:*.T-.. Miijcultne, male. J/'i.s/.W, MV /lersonate. Mealy, KZKfarinaceout. Median, Medial, belonging to the middle. Mi '((fixed, attached by the middle. Medullary, belonging to, or of the nature of, pith (Medulla); pithy. Mi 'liilliiry /itnjx, the silver-grain of wood, 140, 141. .)/< sume. Moschat( , Musk-like in odor. .I/. 'I'! nil ///.-', Ml). Murronate, tipped with an abrupt short point (Mtu-m). 54. Mucromdate, tipped with a minute abrupt point; a diminutive of the last. Multi-, in composition, many: as Multiiii;lut[l'.«t, short branch,-- ue\t ih,. gro.ind \vliicli take root, 40. . termination, from tin- dn-rk. to denote likeness; so Dianthoides, Pink-like. Oleraceou.<, esculent, as a pot-In rb. .-!, Greek for few; thus Oliganthous, fcw-llowcred, &c. i~eous, olive-given. Oophoridiunt, a name for spore-case containing inacrospores. OpatjiH , applied t<> a surface, niaans dull, not shinm.;-. Operculate, furnished with a lid ( <>/n rail inn), as the spore-case of Mosses, 163. (Iji/infite. said of loaves and branches when on oppo-iie sides of tin- stem from eacli other (i. e. in pairs), 2'J. 08. Stamens are opposite the petals, &c., when they stand before them. Oppositifolius, situated opposite a leaf. Orbicular, 0/7/ /.-/<,' • //. , circular in outline. or nearly so, 52. Unltr, group below cla-s. 178. Ordinal names, 180. Organ, any member of the plant, as a leaf, a stamen, &c. Organogi-aphy, study of organs, 9. Oryn/ir>il, broadly elliptical, 52. Ovary, that part of the pistil containing the ovules or future seeds, 14, 80, 105. Orntr, shaped like an egg, with the broader end downwards; or, in plain surfaces, such as leave >. like the section of an egg lengthwise, 52. /, ovate or oval in a solid form. Ovule, the body which is destined to become a seed, 14. 80, 105, 110. Ovuliferous, ovule-bearing. i', a projection of the lower lip of a labiate corolla into the throat, as in Snap- dragon. ^c. Palea (plural /xiltiv), chaff; the inner husks of Grasses; the chaff or bracts on the receptacle- of many ( 'omposita>, as Coreopsis, and Suntlower. is, furnished with chaff, or chaffy in texture. t, having J'ulcuUe or palea; of a second order, or narrow paleae. 'l. Knglish term for palea. Palmate, when leallets or the divisions of a leaf all spread from the apex of the petiole, like the hand with the outspread fingers, ,r>7, 58. 1'iiliiMitely (veined, lohed. ^c.). in a palmate manner, 51, 50. I'dl/ii'itijid, -/<>//<'/, -.-'i (7, palmatfly cleft, or lobed. or divided. Paludvse, inhabiting marshes. 2'nluKtriin', saipe. l'iiiif about the coiiM-teiKv of lelli-r paper. fa/iiHti/i iceuus, biittertly-shaped ; applied to such a corolla as that of the Pea, 91. J'iijii/iii (|ilural /tajil^d'), linle nippK'-shaped protul)cranees. J'ili:i.«', covered with papilhc. J'njijiuf. thistle-down. The down crowning the achenium of the Thistle, Groundsel, \c , and whatever in Composite answers to calyx, whether hairs, teeth, or scales, 1JI . J^i/ii/rncftnif, like parchment in texture. Parallel-veined or mi-cul Cleaves), 50. GLOSSARY AND IND2X. 215 Parapnyses, jointed filaments mixed with the antheridia of Mosses. Parasitic, living as a parasite, i. e. on another plant or animal, 37. Parenchemylous, composed of parenchyma. Parenchyma, soft cellular tissue of plants, like the green pulp of leaves, 132. Parietal (placentae, &c.), attached to the walls (jmrietes) of the ovary. Pariplnnate, pinnate with an even number of leaflets. Parted, separated or cleft into parts almost to the base, 55. Parthenogenesis, producing seed without fertilization. Partial involucre, same as an involucel; partial petiole, a division of a main leaf- stalk or the stalk of a leaflet; partial peduncle, a branch ot a peduncle; par- tial umbel, an umbellet, 76. Partition, a segment of a parted leaf; or an internal wall in an ovary, anther, &c. Patelliform, disk-shaped, like the patella or kneenan. Patent, spreading, open. Patulous, moderately t,, .reading. Pauci-, in composition, few; as paucijiorous, few-flowered, &c. Pear-shaped, solid obovate, the shape of a pear. Pectinate, pinnatifid or pinnately divided into narrow and close divisions, like the teeth of a comb. Pedate, like a bird's foot; palmate or palmately cleft, with the side divisions again cleft, as in Viola pedata, &c. Pedicel, the stalk of each particular flower of a cluster, 73. Pedicellate, Pedicelled, borne on a pedicel. Pedalis, Latin for a foot high or long. Peduncle, a flower-stalk, whether of a single flower or of a flower-cluster, 73. Pedunded, Pedunculate, furnished with a peduncle. Peloria, an abnormal return to regularity and symmetry in an irregular flower; com- monest in Snapdragon. Peltate, shield-shaped; said of a leaf, whatever its shape, when the petiole is at- tached to the lower side, somewhere within the margin, 53. Pthiform, basin-shaped. Pendent, hanging. Pendulous, somewhat hanging or drooping. Penicillate, Penicilliform, tipped with a tuft of tine hairs, like a painter's pencil; as the stigmas of some Grasses. Pennate, same as pinnate. Penninerved and Penniveined, pinnate^' veined, 51. Penta- (in words of Greek composition), five; as Ptntadelphous, 99; Pentagynous, with rive pistils or styles; Pentamerous, with its parts in fives, or on the plan of five; Pentandrous, having five stamens, 112; Ptntastichous, in five ranks, £c. Pepo, a fruit like the Melon and Cucumber, 119. Perennial, lasting from year to year, 38. Perfect (flower), having both stamens and pistils, 31. Pei-fohaie, passing through the leaf, in appearance, GO. Perforate, pierced with holes, or with transparent dots resembling holes, as an Orange-leaf. Peri-, Greek for around ; from which are such terms as Perianth, the leaves of the flower collectively, 79. Pericarp, the ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit, 117. Pericarpic, belonging to the pericarp. Perigonium, Perigone, same as perianth. Perigynium, bodies around the pistil ; applied to the closed cup or bottle-shaped body (of bracts) which encloses the ovary of Sedges, and to the bristles, little scales, &c., of the flowers of some other Cyperaceae. Perigynous, the petals and stamens borne on the calyx, 95, 99. Peripherie, around the outside, or periphery, of any organ. Perispe.rm, a name for the albumen of a seed. Peristome, the fringe of teeth to the spore-case of Mosses, 163. Persistent, remaining beyond the period when such parts commonly fall, as th* leaves of evergreens, and the calyx of such flowers as persist during the growth of the fruit. 210 GLOSSARY AND INDKX. Personate, masked; a bilabiate corolla with njmlnle in the throat, 92. Perfuse, perforated with a hole or slit. ]'< ruliitf, having scales (Pi /•»',/ i. -nch as bud-scales. Pes, pedis, Latin for the foot or support, win-no- Lunyipes, long-stalked, &c. Petal, a leaf of the corolla, 14, T'.i. J'.tnlody, inetamorplioM> of Manieiis, \.-.. into petals. Pttlantle! above the cotyledons, 13. Plttri-. in composition, many or several; as Plurifuiiolut,', with several leaflets. Pod, speciallv a legume, 122; also may be applied to any sort of capsule. Podium, a footstalk or stipe, used only in Creek compounds, as (siith'xed) Lepto- podus, slender-stalked, or (prefixed) Podocephalus, with a stalked head, and in Podosperm, a seed stalk or funiculus. Pogon, Greek for beard, comes into various compounds. GLOSSARY AND TNDF.X. lM7 Pointless, destitute of any pointed tip, such as a mttcrn, awn, acuminntion, &c. Pollen, the fertilizing powder contained in the anther, 14, 80, 103. Pollen-yrowth, 117. Polleniferous, pollen-bearing. Pollen-mass, Pollinium, the united mass of pollen, 104, as in Milkweed and Orchis. PoUicaris, Latin for an inch long. Pollination, the application of pollen to the stigma, 114. Poly-, in compound words of Greek origin, same as multi- in those of Latin origin viz. many, a^ Polyadelphous, stamens united by their filaments into several bundles, 100. Polymd raus, with numerous stamens (inserted on the receptacle), 100. Pulycarpic, term used by DeCandolIe in the sense of perennial. Polycotyledonous, having man}- (more than two) cotyledons, as Pines, 23. Poly (/a/nous, having some perfect and some unisexual flowers, 85. Polygonal, many-angled. Polyyynous, with many pistils or st3'les, 105. Pulymerous, formed of many parts of each set. Polymorphous, of several or varying forms. Polypetitlous, when the petals are distinct or separate (whether few or many), 89. Polyphyllous, many-leaved; formed of several distinct pieces. Polysepalous, same as the last when applied to the calyx, 89. Polyspermous, many-seeded. Pome, the apple, pear, and similar fleshy fruits, 119. Pomiftroui, pome-bearing. Porrect, outstretched. Posterior side or portion of a flower (when axillary) is that toward the axis, 96. Pouch, the silicle or short pod, as of Shepherd's Purse, 123. Prcecocious (Latin, praecnx), unusually early in development. Prcefliiration, same as cestivation, 97. Prcefoliation, same as vernation, 71. Prcemorse, ending abruptly, as if bitten off. Pratensis, Latin for growing in meadows. Prickles, sharp elevations of the bark, coming off with it, as of the Rose. Prickly, bearing prickles, or sharp projections like them. Primine, the outer coat of the covering of the ovule, 110. Primordial, earliest formed; primordial leaves are the first after the cotyledons. Prismatic, prism-shaped; having three or more angles bounding flat sides. Procerous, tall, or tall and slim. Process, any projection from the surface or edge of a body. Procumbent, trailing on the ground, 39. Procurrent, running through but not projecting. Produced, extended or projecting; the upper sepal of a Larkspur is produced above into a spur, 87. Proliferous (literally, bearing offspring), where a new branch rises from an older one, or one head or cluster of flowers out of another. Propaculum or Propagulum, a shoot for propagation. Prosenchyma, a tissue of wood-cells. Prostrate, lying flat on the ground, 39. Protandrous or Proterandrous, the anthers first maturing, 116. Proteranthous, flowering before leafing. Proteroyynous or Protoyynous, the stigmas first to mature, 116. Prothallium or Prothallus, 100. Protoplasm, the soft nitrogenous lining or contents, or living. part, of cells, 129. Protos, Greek for first; in various compounds. Pruinose, Pruinate, frosted; covered with a powder like hoar-frost. Pseudo-, Greek for false. Pseudo-bulb, the aerial conns of epiphytic Orchids. &c. Psilos, Greek for bare or naked, used in many compounds. Pteridophyta, Pteridophytes, 150. Pteris, Greek for wing, and general name for Fern, enters into many compounds. 218 GLOSSARY ANT) INDEX. Puberulent, covered with fine and short or almost imperceptible down. Pubescent, hairy or downy, especially witli line and soft hairs or pubescence. Pulverulent or Pulveraceuus, as if dusted with line powder. Pulvinate, cushioned, or shaped like a cushion. Pumilus, low or little. Punctate, dotted, either with minute holes or what look as such. I'uncticulatr. minutely punctate. t 'tinge nt, prickly-tipped. Ftnicevus, carmine-red. Pvrpureiu, originally red or crimson, more used for duller or bluish-red. Pusillitf, weak and small, tiny. Put/nnen, the stone of a drupe, or the shell of a nut, 120. Pyymceus, Latin for dwarf. Pyramidal, shaped like a pyramid. Pyre.ne, Pyrena, a seed-like nutlet or stone of a small drupe. Pyrifoiyn, pear-shaped. J^i/xidaie, furnished with a lid. Pyxis, Pyxidium, a pod opening round horizontally by a lid, 124. $utctri-t in words of Latin origin, four; as Quadrangular, four-angled; QuaJrl- foliate, four-leaved; Quadrifid, four-cleft. Quaternate in fours. Qttinate, in fives. Quinque, five. Qtincuncial, in a quincunx; when the parts in aestivation are five, two of them outside, two inside, and one half out and half in. \2bintuple, five-fold. I'ace, a marked variety which may be perpetuated from seed, 170. tiaceme, a flower-cluster, with one-flowered pedicels arranged along the sides of a general peduncle, 73. fiacemose, bearing racemes, or raceme-like. Rachis, see rhrtchif. Radial, belonging to the ray. Radiate, or Radian/, furnished with ray-flowers, 94. Radiate-veined, 52. Radical, belonging to the root, or apparently coming from the root, Radicant, rooting, taking root on or above the ground. H'ti/ii-i'ls, little roots or rootlets. Radicle, the stem part of the embryo, the lower end of which forms the root, 11. 127. Rameal, belonging to a branch. Ramose, full of branches (mm/). Ramentaceous, beset with thin chaffy scales (Ramenta), as the stalks of many Ferns. Ramification, branching, '27. Ramulose, full of branchlets (ramuli), Ruphe, see rlm/ilte. Ray, parts diverging from a centre, the marginal flowers of a head (as of Coreopsis, 94), or cluster, as of Hydrangea (78), when different from the rest, especially when ligulatc and diverging (like rays or sunbeams); also the branches of an umbel, 74. R'iy-flou'ers, !)4. Receptacle, the axis or support of a flower, 81, 112; also the common axis or sup- port of a head of flowers, 73. Reclined, turned or curved downwards; nearly recumbent. Rectinerved, with straight nerves or veins. Recitn'tnl, curved outwards or backwards. Reduplicate (in activation), valvate with the margins turned outwards, 97. Rejlexed, bent outwards or backwards. Refracted, bent suddenly, so as to appear broken at the bend. Regular, all the parts similar in shape, 82. Renifurm, kidney-shaped, 53. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 219 Repaint, wavy-margined, 55. Repent, creeping, i. e. prostrate and rooting underneath. Replum, the frame of some pods (as of Prickly Poppy and Cress), persistent after the valves fall away. Replant, same as repent. Resupinate, inverted, or appearing as if upside down, or reversed. Reticulated, the veins forming network, 50. Retiform, in network. Retinerved, reticulate-veined. Retroftexed, bent backwards; same as reflexed. Retuse, blunted; the apex not only obtuse but somewhat indented, 54. Revolute, rolled backwards, as the margins of many leaves, 72. Rhachis (the backbone), the axis of a spike or other body, 73. Rhaphe, the continuation of the seed-stalk along the side of an anatropous ovule or seed, 112, 126. Rhaphides, crystals, especially needle-shaped ones, in the tissues of plants, 137. Rhizanthous, flowering from the root. Rhizoma, Rhizome, a rootstock, 42-44. Rhombic, in the shape of a rhomb. Rhomboidal, approaching that shape. Rib, the principal piece, or one of the principal pieces of the framework of a leaf, or any similar elevated line along a body, 49, 50. Rimose, having chinks or cracks. Ring, an elastic band on the spore-cases of Ferns, 159. Ringent, grinning; gaping open, 92. Riparious, on river-banks. Rivalis, Latin for growing along brooks; or Rirularis, in rivulets. Root, 33. Root-hairs, 35. Rootlets, small roots, or root-branches, 33. Rootstock, root-like trunks or portions of stems on or under ground, 42. Roridus, dewy. Rosaceous, arranged like the petals of a rose. Rostellate, bearing a small beak (Rostellum). Rostrate, bearing a beak (R(istrum) or a prolonged appendage. Rosulate, in a rosette or cluster of spreading leaves. Rotate, wheel-shaped, 89. Rotund, rounded or roundish in outline. Ruber, Latin for red in general. Rubescent, Rubicund, reddish or blushing. Rudimentary, imperfectly developed, or in an early state of development. Rufous, Rufescent, brownish-red or reddish-brown. Rugose, wrinkled; roughened with wrinkles. Ruminated (albumen), penetrated with irregular channels or portions, as a nutmeg, looking as if chewed. Runcinate, coarsely saw-toothed or cut, the pointed teeth turned towards the base of the leaf, as the leaf of a Dandelion. Runner, a slender and prostrate branch, rooting at the end, or at the joints, 40. Sabulose, growing in sand. Sac, any closed membrane, or a deep purse-shaped cavity. Saccate, sac-shaped. Sagittate, arrowhead-shaped, 53. Salsuginous, growing in brackish soil. Salver-shaped, or Salver-form, with a border spreading at right angles to a slender tube, 89. Samara, a wing-fruit, or key, 122. Samaroid, like a samara or key-fruit. Sap, the juices of plants generally, 136. Sapwood, 142. Saprophytes, 37. Sarcocarp, the fleshy part of a stone-fruit, 120. 220 GLOSSARY AND INDKX. Sarmentaceous, Sarmentose, bearing long and flexible twigs (Sarmenlf), either spreading or procumbent. ¥n //'-toothed, see serrate, 55. Scabrous, rough or har.-h to tlie touch. •/•if "i- m, with (Ti.^-l.aiiiK. n-, milling the steps of a ladder, 134. Scales, of l>mls, i!8 ; of bulbs. &<-., 4o. Scalloped, same as crenate, 55. Scaly, furnished with scales, or scale-like in texture. Scandail, climbing, :;'.). Scape, a peduncle rising from the ground or near it, as in many Violets. Scapifortn, scape-like. Scapigerous, scape-bearing. Scar of the seed, 120. Leaf-scars, 27, 23. Scarious or Scariose, thin, dry, and membranous. Scion, a shoot or slip used for grafting. Sclei-os, Greek for hard, hence Sclerocarpous, hard-fruited. Scobiform, resembling sawdust. Scorpioid or Scorpioidnl, curved or circinate at the end, 77. Scrobiculate, pitted; excavated into shallow pits. Scurf, Scurfness, minute scales on the surface of many leaves, as of Goosefoot. Scutate, Scutiform, buckler-shaped. Scute/late, or Scutellifurm, saucer-shaped or platter-shaped. Secund, cne-sided; i. e. where flowers, leaves, &c., are all turned to one side. Secundme, the inner coat of the ovule, 110. Seed, 125. Seed-leaves, see cotyledons. Seed-vessel, 127. Segment, a subdivision or lobe of any cleft body. Segregate, separated from each other. Semi-, in compound words of Latin origin, half; as Semi-adherent, as the calyx or ovary of Purslane; Semicnrdate, half-heart-shaped; Semilunar, like a half-moon; Semiovate, half-ovate, &c. Seminal, relating to the seed (Semen). Seminiferous, seed-bearing. Sempervirent, evergreen. Sensitiveness in plants, 149, 152. Senary, in sixes. Sepal, a leaf or division of the calyx, 14, 70. Sepaloid, sepal-like. Stpaline, relating to the sepals. Separated /•'/<•//-, rt, those having stamens or pistils only, 85. Septate, divided by partitions. Septenate, with parts in sevens. Septtcidal, where dehiscencc is through the partitions, 123. SeptifercitS, bearing the partition. Ni /, tif nihim (plural ff/iln), a partition or dissepiment. Si't-lal, or Seri'itf, in rows: a* fii. the last, but with tine teeth. Sessile, sitting', without any stalk. Sesqui-, Latin for one and a half; so Si m/ui/n ilnl/'it, a foot and a half long. Seta, a bristle, or a slender body or appendage resembling a bristle. Setaceous, bristle-like. »s'< ti/'n-m, bristle-shaped. >•. hearing bristles. .«/, provided with such. Sex, six. Sexanyular, six-angled. Stxfari/, marked with slender longitudinal grooves or stripes. Strict, close and narrow; straight and narrow. Mrii/illose, Strif/ose, beset with stout and appressed, stiff or rigid bristles. Strobilaceous, relating to or resembling a Strobile, a multiple fruit in the form of a cone or head, 124. Strombuliform, twisted, like a spiral shell. Striiphwle, same as c,irinn-Ic, l.'ii. Strophiolate, furnished with a strophiole. Strnina, a wen ; a swelling or protuberance of any organ. Strumose, bearing a struma. t< I a post, like tmv. c, a stalk between ovary and stigma, 14, 80, 105. US, £/;/iW, bearing styles or con-pienous ones. /H//i, an epigynous disk, or an enlargement at the base of the style. Sub-, as a prefix, about, nearly, somewhat; a- >V,r,.,-,/,, t, . slightly cordate; Subser- nitr, slightly serrate; Xit?>n.rillary, just beneath the axil, &c. Subclass, Subordi-r, i>n/>lril>e, 178. Suberose, corky or cork-like in texture. Rubulnte, awl-shaped: tajiering from a broadish or thickish base to a sharp point. Sucrise, as if cut off at lower end. Succuboits, when crowded leaves are each covered by base of next above. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 223 Suckers, shoots from subterranean branches, 39. Sit/rutescent, slightly shrubby or woody at the base only, 39. Suffruticose, rather more than suffrutescent, 37, 39. Silicate, grooved longituditially with deep furrows. Superior, above, 96; sometimes equivalent to posterior, 96. Supernumerary Buds, 30, 31. Supercolule, plaited and convolute in bud, 97. Supine, lying Hat, with face upward. Supra-axillary, borne above the axil, as some buds, 31. Supra-decompound, many times compounded or divided. Stirculose, producing suckers (Surcuii) or shoots resembling them. Suspended, hanging down. Suspended ovules or seeds hang from the very summit of the cell which contains them. Sutured, belonging or relating to a suture. Suture, the line of junction of contiguous parts grown together, 106. Sword-shaped, applied to narrow leaves, with acute parallel edges, tapering above. Syconium, the fig-fruit, 124. Sylves trine, growing in woods. Symmetrical Flower, similar in the number of parts of each set, 82. Sympettiluui, same as gamopetalous. Sympode, Sympodium, a stem composed of a series of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis, as in Grape-vine. Synantherous or Synijenesious, where stamens are united by their authers, 100. Syncarpous (fruit or pistil), composed of several carpels cousolidated into one. Synonym, an equivalent superseded name. Synsepalous, same as gamoscpalous. System (artificial and natural), 182, 183. Systematic Botany, the study of plants after their kinds, 9. Tabescent, wasting or shrivelling. Tall, any long and slender prolongation of an organ. Taper-pointed, same as acuminate, 54. Tap-root, a root with a stout tapering body. 32-35. Tawny, dull yellowish, with a tinge of brown. Taxonomy, the part of botany which treats of classification. Tegmen, a name for the inner seed-coat. Tendril, a thread-shaped organ used for climbing, 40. Terete, long and round; Fame as cylindrical, only it may taper. Terminal, borne at, or belonging to, the extremity or summit. Terminology treats of technical terms; same as Glossology, 181. Ternate, Ternately, in threes. Tessellate, in checker-work. Testa, the outer (and usually the harder) coat or shell of the seed, 125. Testaceous, the color of unglazed pottery. Tetra- (in words of Greek composition), four; as, Tetracoc.cous, of four cocci. Tetradynamous, where a flower has six stamens, two shorter than the four, 101. Tetragonal, four-angled. Tetrarjynous, with four pistils or styles. Tetramerotif, with its parts or sets in fours. Tetrandrous, with four stamens, 100. Tetraspore, a quadruple spore, 169. Thalamaflorous, with petals and stamens inserted on the torus or Thalamus. Tkallophyta, Thallophytes, 165. Th alias, a stratum, in place of stem and leaves, 165. Theca, a case; the cells or lobes of the anther. Thecapkore, the stipe of a carpel, 113. Thorn, an indurated pointed branch, 41, 42. Thread-shaped, slender and round or roundish, like a thread. Throat, the opening or gorge of a monopetalous corolla, &c., where the border and the tube join, and a little below. 89. 224 GLOSSARY AND INDEX. Thyrse or Thyrsus, a compact and pyramidal panicle of cj-mes or cj-mules, 79 Tomtnlose, clothed with matted woolly hairs (toimntum). Tongue-shaped, long and flat, but tliic.ki.-h and blunt. Toothed, furni.-hed with teeth or short projections of any sort on the margin; used especially when these are .-harp, like saw-teeth, and do not point forwards, u->. Top-shaped, shaped like a top, or a cone with apex downwards. Torulvse, knobby; where a cylindrical body is swollen at intervals. n, the receptacle of the llower, si, ll:i. Trurhea, a spiral duct. Trnchys, Greek for rough; used in compounds, as, Trachyspermous, rough-seeded. Tninsverse, across, standing right and left instead of fore and aft. Tri- (in composition), three; as, TrindeljjIiouK, stamens united by their filaments into three bundles, 99. Trinndrous, where the flower has three stamens, 112. Tribe, 178. Trichome, of the nature of hair or pubescence. Trir/mtniiious, three-forked. Tricoccous, of three cocci or roundish carpels. Tricolor, having three colors. Tricostute, having three ribs. Tricuspidate, three-pointed. Tridentate, three-toothed. Triennial, lasting for three years. Trifarious, in three vertical rows; looking three ways. YV///I/. three-cleft, 56. Trifiili'itt , three-leaved. TrifoKolate, of three leaflets. Trifurcate, three-forked. Tr!yi»n»is, three-angled, or triangular. Trir/]/n<"'t, with three pistils or styles, 116. Trijugate, ill three pairs (jug!). Trilobed or Trilobate, three-lobed, 55. Trilocular, three-celled, as the pistils or pods in fig. 328-330. Trimerous, with its parts in threes. Trimorjiltism, 117. Trimorphic or Trimor- phous, in three forms. Trinervate, three-nerved, or with three slender ribs. Triiecinus, where there arc three sorts of flowers on the same or different individ- uals, as in Red Maple. A form of Polygamous. Tripartible, separable into three pieces. Tripartite, three-parted, 55. Ti-ijn /'i!,»i.<, liaving three petals. Triphyllous, three-leaved; composed of three pieces. Trijilnnate, thrice pinnate, 59. Trij>!»nat(fi(/, thrice pinnately cleft, 57. Triple-ribbed, Triple-nerved, &c., where a midrib branches into three, near the base of the leaf. Triquetrous, sharply three-angled; and especially with the sides concave, like a bayonet. Triserial, or Triscrlnte, in three rows, under each other. Tristichous, in three longitudinal or perpendicular ranks. 'J'rifti't/niii/ic, or Trittnimntnse, having three stigmas. Tri'sitlm/i-, three gTOOl ''d. Triti-rnnte, three times tomato. 59. Tririnl Nome, the spocilic name. Troclilear, pu I ley- - 1 1 :i j i. •> 1 . Trumpet-shaped, tubular; enlarged at or toward- the summit Trniiniti', a- if cut off at the. top. Trunk, the main >tem or general body of a stem or tree. Tn!>,- (of corolla. &c.), 8:1. Tuber, a thickened portion of a subterranean stem or branch, provided with eyes (buds) on the sides, 44. TiiliiTi-n , a small excrescence. Titberclrd, or Tnb<'rcnlntf, bearing excrescences or pimples. Tubceform, t nun pet -shaped. Tiilxrons, resembling a tuber. Tuberifernus, bearing tubers. Tubular, hollow and of an elongated form: hollowed like a pipe, 91. GLOSSARY AND INDEX. 2L'.'i Tubuliflorous, bearing only tubular flowers. Tunicate, coated; invested with layers, as an onion, 46. Turbinate, top-shaped. Turio (plural turiones), strong young shoots or stickers springing out of the ground ; as Asparagus-shoots. T>ii-n!p-sliii/itt,l/y, clothed with long and entangled soft hairs. Work iujilnnts, 149, 155. Xanthos, Greek for yellow, used in compounds; as Xanthocarpus, yellow-fruited. Zygomorphous, said of a flower which can be bisected only in one plane into similar halves. FIELD, FOREST, AND GARDEN BOTANY. Jfultr, BOTANY, A SIMPLE INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMON PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, BOTH WILD AND CULTIVATED. BY ASA GRAY, FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY. NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAO" AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY FROM THE PRESS OF IVISON, I'.l-AKEMAN1 & COMPANY. javtrcS according to act of Congress, In the year 186S, by ASA G K A Y , In Uic Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts PREFACE. Tins book is intended to furnish botanical classes and beginners generally with an easier introduction to the plants of this country than is the Manual, and one which includes the common cultivated as well as the native species. It is made more concise and simple, 1. by the use of somewhat less technical language ; 2. by the omis- sion, as far as possible, of the more recondite and, for the present purpose, less essential characters ; and also of most of the obscure, insignificant, or rare plants which students will not be apt to meet with or to examine, or which are quite too difficult for beginners ; such as the Sedges, most Grasses, and the crowd of Golden Rods, Asters, Sunflowers, and the like, which require very critical study, On the other hand, this small volume is more comprehensive than the Manual, since it comprises the common herbs, shrubs, and trees of the Southern as well as the Northern and Middle States, and all which are commonly cultivated or planted, for ornament or use, in fields, gardens, pleasure-grounds, or in house-culture, including even the conservatory plants ordinarily met with. It is very desirable that students should be able to use exotic as well as indigenous plants in analysis ; and a scientific acquaintance with the plants and flowers most common around us in garden, field, and green-house, and which so largely contribute to our well-being and enjoyment, would seem to be no less important than in the case of our native plants. If it is worth while so largely to assemble around us ornamental and useful trees, plants, and flowers, it is cer- tainly well to know what they are and what they are like. To stu- dents in agricultural schools and colleges this kind of knowledge will be especially important. One of the main objects of this book is to provide cultivators, gardeners, and amateurs, and all who are fond of plants and flowers, with a simple guide to a knowledge of their botanical names and 10 PREFACE. structure. There is, I believe, no sufficient work of this kind in the English language, adapted to our needs, and available even to our botanists and botanical teachers, — for whom the only recourse is to a botanical library beyond the reach and means of most of tin-.-, and certainly quite beyond the reach of those whose needs I have here endeavored to supply, so far as I could, in this small volume. The great difficulties of the undertaking have been to keep the book within the proper compass, by a rigid exclusion of all extraneous and unnecessary matter, and to determine what plants, both native and exotic, are common enough to demand a place in it, or so uncommon that they may be omitted. It is very unlikely that I can have chosen wisely in all cases and for all parts of the country, and in view of the different requirements of botanical students on the one hand and of practical cultivators on the other, — the latter commonly earing more for made varieties, races, and crosses, than for species, which are the main objects of botanical study. But I have here brought together, within less than 350 pages, brief and plain botanical descriptions or notices of 2,650 species, belonging to 947 genera ; and have constructed keys to the natural families, and analyses of their contents, which I hope may enable students, who have well studied the First Lessons, to find out the name, main char- acters, *md. place of any of them which they will oatiently examine in blossom and, when practicable, in. fruit also. If the book an- swers ?ts purpose reasonably well, 5t<* shortcomings as regards culti- vated plants mav be made up hereafter, As to the native plants omitted, they are to be found, and may best be studied, in the Man- ual of 'he .Botany of the Northern United States, and in Chapman's Flora of the Southern United States. Tliis book is designed to be the companion of the First J^essons in Botany, which serves as irrammar and dictionary; and the two may be bound together into one compact volume, lorming a comprehen- sive School Botany. For the account of the Ferns and the allied families of Oyptoga- mons Plants I have to record my indebtedness to Professor D. C. Eaton of Y"ale College. These beautiful plants are now much cul- tivated "by amateurs ; and the means here so fully provided for studying (hem will doubtless be appreciated. HVRVARD UNIVERSITY HERBARIUM Cambridge, Massachusetts, August 99 PREFACE. 1 1 *V" Iii revising the sheets for the present impression, many small errors of the press, most of them relating to accentuation, have now been cor- rected. January, 1870. SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS. THE SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS employed in this work are few. The signs are : © for an annual plant. © " a biennial plant. y. " a perennial plant. The signs for degrees, minutes, and seconds are used for feet, inches, and lines, the latter twelve to the inch. Thus 1° means a foot in length or height, &c. ; 2', two inches; 3", three lines, or a quarter of an inch. The latter sign is seldom used in this work. The dash between two figures, as u 5-10," means from five to ten, &c. " Fl." stands for flowers or flowering. " Cult." " for cultivated. " Nat." " for naturalized. " N., E., S., W." for North, East, South, and West. 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' S ^ a" fcl ' £ o . 2 ' 0§^ fa 1 I ^* p. o ^ O.n ^o O c " c c '•• * /^ P^ ^ ,2 > -c Q ,5 "> .2 C1 c W g 8. '• J "S & ° ° z S 1 £ *- ~- c c ^ S tin _— . >T -, ** r/J • C3 O i> C r5 ^^ •*-> D b §• » I 2 • r^ ^r cs eft *- O fe ^ 2 if'ir e i;i g r-^ S *^ oj O rTl t * rhO^.St^jj ^S^; P-l k> '^ut.o00 ^ ^C^ p^ n .s s s « « . o 13 .a .§ M 1 -s -I ^ "S -c I 'i I ^ I ^- cc QJ c3* _r o c^ 2 to ,-- "ti *J" ^^-*^"Q^c3 rn1^ *~H ^ - - « ° * - - ^: -I 111 «*- '£ -a' -S* "o =E J2 & c o1 ^ ° /^, CT C3 *^ -— r/i 1*1 *— ' •» T3 o o R c3 os g c >d O Jn — c/j ^J — '-' I-H ^ "^ e3 ^ ^ ? 1 1 s ? 1 §§i '^ o ^ ^ ^ _c 14 ANALYTICAL K I Y. C Ci t- O4 V. 1 - -r CC -t C i* IS ^c t -ri cc g i- re rfj re CO in CC ^ W f •1 2 .3 Og . MALLOW FAMILY, MIMOSA F. . Citrus, RTF. F. ( AM F.I. LI A F. .MAGNOLIA F. . Nchimbimn, WATER-LILY F. le, ™ C r~ —- ^ ^" - _-: u .. hi" Cft o . Brasenia, WATER-LILY F MOONSF.Kl) F . Illicium, MAi.XOI.IA F . CUST.MJD-AITLF. F . CROWFOOT F MIGNONETTE F Xigclla. CKOWFonT F. . FIG-MARIGOLD F. 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"^ "S 5 ? i gf 0 * d5 1 - j: -= w c o ,U S ~ ?• J? * r£* Q * ^ T' "=' -? • 5 _^ 'r= - o *~* O ^" ?• """ o ^ ^~ h— I O o" J ^ "o V C) O S ^ ? i = i - 1 o S ^ '-_ /- £ "i b u 7 : •§| 2~ 2 • o ". ~. = - | .E( c ^ I u •-.- j 3 "rt y- 1 o PH 1 ^2 •" •/•. s ~ o .E 1 2 o '" •^ S 00 . o r" £•" ~ = •: CJ C3 £ C- •* . 1 ~ "- 5 g _~ r » * a O > o s ^ r^ .. E o •• "r - re — S T r/ M t— i M "^ *^~| ^^ *— i r3 _£ S f ^ c x H. -i ^ "" ~ -^ 3 -* — ~ ^ 1 "5 = c .2 « s rt £ •£ E. ~ 5 — ^ ^ ? ^ *>*i ^ ": IT ^ o _ ~ v; C '— tt •^ 'C — - r: _ — = ~ 7 1 rt "rt £ ^: u t. ^ fll "3 >- -•"•'- • rt o O .,. ~ ° £ '; —' B | H.§ o ' ^ l| ^ I I « '— - •- 2 5 — :T - i •L - o c i 1 r^ t- *"«-.* _ | C C COG fill 1 « c . £ 2 ^ ?• e/T tfl •2 S 0 O |.sf ~H- ~1 T L £ § .E = n 0 C c L '- •- c 7- = .£!• 7 '-' •3, fr 1 -r -r "3 "o •3 T 1 \\ ~- ! ? ^ — T : ~ -^ « £ c > > > S S S 1 * 1" 1* "J rs -= ~- — ^~- ^- — . Z. - ^ ^ O i. J L^ U i__^ 2 ^^ TI _~ rt rt •• * r" *r" = = "f « '~ U — ' Z C H^ ^ n — ~ cn o 5 = * , •»-> C >- r ~* Ti 7^ 03 !a ia fa E E ^ en en Q S _i •A V ^ ? _' X X ™ " *™ > ^ • ~™ * *"•_ • ~ 'J~! 00 c c O O Coo 1^ ''"" UQ _X ^H £j OQ S E E g M 1— i E '" 5 2 S y» <% cc ANALYTICAL Kl.V. 15 S in -t r— « CO CO S C CO co m 00 C-4 — m m S5 CO !-*• C". ^C ^" O lO •^ ir5 rh to o *•» PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH PH fa PH' PH' t. PL* PL; ^ ^ GO us, ROSE iRBERRY b 0 EH O 5° t/J W ~ ~ •** 0 P-i 0 PH CACTUS LOASA If rvi h*H H ^ >H <• a ^ ^. W Hi 5 ^ P£! •< r- ^ ^ ^ ^Ei ?. ^ S PH g JT ^ '^ H pi § g g g ^ Cfl § K 0 — C .2 DO — g < ^ 2 ^ PH 0 •£ c3 CJ . 0 . Hj ~ > o . i> . s £ 'o & ^ 'o • s H o:1 PH « . H S . g -§ ^ r^ r^4 • .2 P j * • r"* , • *•' • • , r3 p 0 OJ O &1 • "§ £ ' -7 2 • ^£ CJ • P^ • ' CJ • • • • .-i- G W3 K P ^ CJ • • X " " • ^ t/l • p CU) .S • m C r Q cT o £ CO 03 P-—" Q W • * * 4J ' CJ o CO • • • • • 1 • _o s P •• S • 5 P C CO CJ 4^ ' • • S * o «i 03 . :-3 -s CO ^ * • P H 5 -P O *p , * P S ^ B CJ 5" i.' £* ifi O o 'd £ tc CO CJ |"^ i— ' . , r cs O ^ > « & * Cj' £ 'So w ^ rr • *3 TZ * • •~ • CO _c > ," t^ ^"S o > *"•• -t^ C , "3 *Zj O ~ "53 -*^ i— • •— >* T F5 ' CJ CO •• -S ^g ' s § • i .>. ^f '"£ • . oT . ft CJ CJ CO • £ cr1 C c3 ll co O CJ T3 -4-> S • *aJ O! S cj 'o oj 1 'co O o" ' S =2 o £ _: ' 'I S o S £ -c • C1 c3 'K .- *Xj 1 * I § ' "P £ g « S ^ £ „• >, 2 , tft ^«. Xi O " '^ -5 Q? O S CO +a £ w. ^ O c .= o c ^_^ '5 •— a S T3 ,S S -^ « « - = "g : -s .s o V. 1: *c -f. o ^ t« t- « 3 Si 1 S 2 ^ cn c^ CJ *^ cj C3 C .. o c§ "ft o — o g ^ 3 -a g '5 ^— 1 ^ C^ i> "3 •• C V. 5 o" ^ CO CJ 5" 1 CJ o Ci ^ r^ Pi X' • •-* ^> * ft "? S i 5 'o .£ "" 'o c vT oT 2 "B F 5 CJ •^ X aT g ^ s 5 V -g s E -s || S ,2 S III 1 8.41 'S «" •- i3 *= 42 tr 2 21 14 c ^"0 ° B » 1 j_' o cj 3« =3 •> .2 ^ t- cn c2 c^ 1^ X ^* o 15 i I |1 !- 0 .S o b C3 t^ o 'o ft r* •w CJ 'S B in rf "5 *o 4-T CO* C S CJ O ^ r"~j If =r. ~ *3 fe | co ^5 V o 5C -- i y o "3 x; ft ^ ^3 "o "z; £ ^ o ^r £ >- a ^ ", S ^ S ° 8 S 1 8 a rf 5 « 15 cs ^ fc S i « c S S ° s — "2 K o CO ~ O .. <-< en S § > — c o O ^ f/? CJ g 1 CJ £ aves punctate aves not punc •~ 'c CJ CJ "« *Cj O O C j- tl o ^ "5 *" c; punctate with punctate \vitli punctate Avith not punctate i . £ -CJ " c a *T *-" .C g » P 0 E 1 1 S § 1 S llsMtl ^s Q^ J-, X JJ C3 3l| 2 | W "ft E ^ OJ •3 •§ •S 2 _g -o" O CJ Hi Hi M k. aj S S SCO 0 — — s c c c •< <5 • CJ CS CJ~ S cc OS PH ^ 'QJ HH S O 03 0 1 CJ O Hi Hi O CJ Hi Hi i O o C C i O O H 16 ANALYTICAL KEY. 1 J I | | | 1 &. 01 O C ~ M _c rt 0 | CAMELLIA F. 75 seeded STORAX F. 220 — *i 53 < ^ • in i 1 1 i 1 1 I 1 1 M ^0 r- 'Z^ CO O r ^ S -- — s, t • s o CV CJ> 1> ii w En •— < *v* X w a: O O H) • t» 0 1 1 i H t •s V, § •^ ^ 1 ^ 1 (Ctals, and few pistils. . . . MOONSEED F. 44 a head, in fruit scattered in a spike. M A ( '< N < > 1 . 1 A F. 42 fruits QUASSIA F. 83 dotted, strong-scented or aromatic. . . RUE F. 81 cr ORPINE F. 137 ROSE F. 115, & SAXlFKAliE F. i:U s opposite, compound. Staphylea, SOAl'HEUKY F. 88 CROWFOOT F. 33 BARBERRY F. 44 1 < | 1 \ \ f I I / I 1 i N N N 5( •^< —< ^. ^ g: ^ — < S - • • 1 I 1 1 1 ( ( 1 1 1 1 1 1 rimiKo PURSLANE F. 69 *cs 3 0 C. . 0 o 03 'C •5 73 1 I 1 « %-i 1 S" r|>l 1J. ' £„ ... ~ i- •- ^ & C ^' *-' « >• *» " ^, >® ^ 1 se of each .1 o o • g "Z^ O 0 CM o : O H o o 0 •»-» cr |§|fll "8 1 J SEeSi" .^.c=^ = .S &•§ V£.>,= ^ ^g ? goiss'g; d° §^~ • £ I =- • C3 1 C . • jcoming ternate, o ta / O o 1 0 B S atT S t 3 "3 S S * « fc § a «r * •Q 4 S .= « _ d o Er|f]l&«iif]i OT > V* ' - F-J ^/ •— » T-^ ~? -*-1 cj fe 8f P J g 2 a * ^a 1* 1 S,| I 1 o g^llj S^ £ 1^ > « S« 3^^ eu-S o ^ o OP=T3 I'Slill el13 -* = a| *fl.2B>ssu5i.O6ie>Sb!a S-2 ?±-t 5 5|'= = ° |^ =- 2^ = =— "— ^^S^'sE^, = = £ "~t 'i -.-tct^"2^ lengthwise. in CC ^ >-J en 9 i-^ •o" c jC o ~ t- o o X >*> Si - u ^. => 1| d P CS it £ •f tr H 0) X ,g ~ ~~T eo en en "7t , fct) c-^en'SSJs = CC§--gc z.~ T, c £ g (^ 4J • £js'?2.( 'SentntnWosS - u V AA s~.'l§*8®SSS^*& o ^* jj lg6glll^11111ll &" u1 7t 02 CC Sc-^-tSo^SaS^S /_ ^. ,£ •> '5 j: ~ ~ ~B 7. & & & <£ c J _k O 6 **>-BJSS'Cj;8*a ^» tn « &>,>£3O §>C = = ^^> c5 y ^ . E « « ,° a 2 o ^ s -f £ £ H H W i^cc ANALYTICAL KEY. 17 i°S5S r? E! 2?01 — to o> p- i- oo.oicoi^O'tco co o» t^oooo tooo o> •*? m in Tf coin *o^»otointoooto to *^« pH EH pH W PH PH P&t KH PH PH PH PH P>H pH PH pH PH PH PH PH pH •H P PS >H WPS E-H fc» bd S H fe- b-i P-ita M z g PS p co £ ps w PS OH W IcoB^SS PS" riro OPS j^ o <5Pjo \ * ' SS 5 « | | * "S ' s"§ -I , to « . t- i a, ii o „• B S .2 o o^S . & c^gm. o Bt/l 03 ^77 .tD'_T5 O3"PC O3 •5 S _j S to * •" • , *f • s g o 5 • s • •Co3^3 i — i 55 •• O "t^rrt ciP«O3;:5 _o • • 1 ?§ * "H>g 1 . §1 g ' -a-SJl! • S • • s 1. 1 I . JllflJl II 8 "^ • ' 1 ?- § I P 1^1 E? s- ^ a il •5o^ 0.oBco.gtoS^3 ^gtsgrtSos " -• • ^ -a ° Tc o3 - -B to" «> •• » -S " rt « - I, .|) g ^ ' •_£O ^ri r— O ^ L S2 rf 'S >O •• S SB 00 ® <> ^ P« " "O^-So' "waoSStS^t! -!*-S'SBncSS-2 co T* ,„ O O 03 o3 cs - SR c £ .£> •" O P-,^-" B "PL 03 *3 ij ° «JnS ® "te> "•* ?a * 03" 03 S-5' cj _ tjQsris "^3 a *> >^ 03 *" " S « fe S B 111? «Hi.I §g II ii = ^^-|ggg-S^-22&-sSSBS£S&SS & . „ . — ^i- ci-nCj'';^^'^; — ^*J »j L "•" c — - co •* — i— • cj S B ^^ ™ 2 ^ C3 C i^ JM jOUOCDCJ--! ^3 "" Ol « c s o ^-fe P,^"H.-^-x — s -« 73 .a ^-r-r-r'rS'C B i-^- 'feS^fcPrSoSa 7'-f5^Cia^^^<2>^^oB=so i cg-S--x--cs'g'rt^^.Eooggc»cocccc ^os^tN-t ii^s^^iiiiinigi mii ^£5c :03S-ia CC'^^ MrtiOC _o3.Sop.p^pH-^||S g g g a i T'S||§£H||2SSS^!^i2 ^x^^1^ bc§§obbb^^^^ ^^^ r* QJ pit >^> C^ -- — — 000^ S S §000 co rl fe £ g 5 5 & g 03 O3 O3 E C3 S &F— 19 18 ANALYTIC AT, KKT. c^ o o^ o o^ ^^ *f r-» ~* ""t CO -t oo 00 oo oo i-. o ao — 00 00 00 fa fa fa CS O PH .S I 1 SS O I o 8 <§ o cj to II - _CJ « 1 15 U) o I" * 5 - s 2 i it- x 'S is c3 oS WWW H fa 0 -ll oS . 0 8^-3 i- o o III § § § 1 a 02 'o '/. 'S § C 8 -A TO en | 3 § g CS cS C3 , ,_ •— tN O to CO ""• o .. •• tt a -a -5 c • I-c S - • IP M to J3 O 4-> i? CO S o CS o e ; ^ X2 I " >•> » •* "3 •• ^3 j3 en C C •a °» — ^S" fcfc CO =. S o o — ' fc « cs a. i 1 cs ec 3 g -2 =5 9 GERANIUM t£ P " "a •II III 1 | I '^ ^ ' 2 E « "? P ° R H d o £ ^ ^ * ° 5 ^1 O ,0 * ' •" « S •- X' « •5 "c « "^ II |§3 s ° -Sw'S g'S g . i § il - s c — - — • — « ~ '^ §.s T5 3 « C t£ ~£ « a _A ^ 1 £ !l to CO S J3 I1" O "3 *t3 *O - CC CC Cfi 03 > c 5 ^ P o P . *^ i W !*• i- a> 2 g 0 cS " ~ g S "5 2 §-i^ § t.1^1 °i! : fa :* « PS w n fU <3 c CO all I H" 2 S -g si 1 .* O g o > -3 • a> bD EK fa fa fa fa FLAX eav r3 !§• 'S -3 cS OLLY TREE l'Li: RRY . H STAFF- . SOAP-BE CS a. S 1 C3 1 a a CO o . « •E, S SCS T! -° s oppo •a o a. S o 9 T3 ^= 73 2 2 S e §•! CO ^ c "^ o - S ^ <*> £; c CC tf> +* I o o 1 .b J c. -g -1 If. J~ .. ill 0 o fa 11 - erbs a w ,s I 00 o o c s — — .§ .§ 'to en v; en cu o> > > a cs o s o 5 It I! >,-s •3 a -I -3 r3 s. c . 3 ey o ~ a. ^ I 'eo O SCO O S '- -: CU h5 ^ CO ANALYTICAL KKY. OO — I -H W P3 W C5 co pq — i PH * « fc •< P-i <1 « C5H ^— ' co g ' S - w 'S ~- co r~ -* co co O O -* -t 1- P3 PH pti Ps PR P=3 O O j4 i-5 P3 DQ t> ^ <1 SBll«? -l £ ^ 1^ 8 flo I'! .K1 8 t^ « o e ry, . onoeciou *i •»<. TJ3 K ^ JD S« U Oi ^^ •s 43 I CO a o § &D &C C 'S O CD O O ^3 *^3 1 1 £ £ , c c T3 CD S "3 S CO o 0 fcD I o .S CD ' § 2 s B -^ CD * ^ J^ •g 1 4= 43 CT 03 oj > c S S ^3 CD 'B a ? I § " a. t ^ s § 1 "O 5 - o CD s m ° «= i £ CD 'I CO CD 5 qj O M 0-2 so 13 "3 c • - S P. 42 b cj " ^ o § VI CO C £3 CD CD CD _o ••* co O CD C hi CO C CD 8-5 ^2 CO « -£ 1 03 CD 0^4£ I b^ O cj T3 CD S 2 a to .•B -a .S °15 co ^ 43 o "O co * g § ^ g, « • §"i I in o CO « *•*•*" J p m s fe' .. -- "= f M 2 a . o S 42 S ^ ° ^ ^ *3 03 flj t* fli ^ c o c .£f O o O « co co 2 fe o $ » fc fe q3 P- Q ,£f J o m . -. a § C C O c3 CO J2 'cO ro S "3 CO *_ CD CD O CN C CO CD CD - £ O CD n m m l I •• N CN CN CO CO CO CD CDCDCDCDCDCDCD CQ CO CO CO CO CO CO CO "3 oj •C CO IO 00 2? — • t- — i- •-= CO Tl o C-l C-l oo co I~ I - — — '•^ 1 •» 5 COMPOSITE FAMILY, PH C « p O 0 HH w O Hi orolla. CAM 1' AM 'I. A F la. WHORTLFHFKKY N. — — < I 2 if ""? *-> •— '/. > -: • c ^~ 1— H C . GESNFRIA F. monadelphous BTORAX F, '~ -~ ll ~ - u head. HONEYSUCKLE F ,led. . . TEASEL F. t/5 .£ •W '5 o 2 • _C 01 ' ,.3 W O I4 CJ f "O o •5 S •go • o O 0 "S • r fe • r- ^--3 p w fa o o :. e. superior, or ova; hers syngcnesious, . 2 cj p. • S O cc "S en 4£ C c5 c ^f -^ c- ^ 4 -1 u ^ •5 a £S I 5 - s ,. .i ed and 1 -seeded. . : fruit one-seeded. rf 3 ^ = to o — T. - .t: 3 ° leaves opposite or ' 1-sei'dL-d. " = o "j ^-i . u O ^~ > u i*^ 00 ^ S s 'r* ** " E > ~ z.4 oj c" 5 T: i— i g Ii o 'L. !. "72 en c*T . , ™ ^= "= • — « HI ~ >• § O t-i • J: '^ 5 '- i s f C • ^ 5 ^ >> a £ r— J - = ^ K™ H Q •s i •3 2 'S S - S - "e •« * 0 = • .-S • "B =' 1 2 p • ji> 0 ? 1' 7- £ " •" .ts u zn ~ a cC IS '~ C^ ^^ a 4_t •^ ; CS c 's o ^J u — ^ u 0 1 o •/, tc • c oa If - ~~ s o '5 ~ i = : / A '~a t, *7t '" — rt i ? ™ — ' ~ *~ ~ > w -~ '_ .=. z S. 03 VJ S "o • V c^ — ' = •/; |_ I ^^ ^^ ' 2 £ ^* r~-t *^~i •"3 •• — ^ - — ^ H •o ^ • "S l-> 4J ~ " >'. "^ ~ o > "^ r- E^ II. MONOPE a * -w '§ 1 O »-< | SI :l •— * c S 3 °-l ^ C •** t ' — *- r- cn — i) * — S -3 C S i> i\ r- alternate : flowers rs commonly jierfect, a Tr - i^ o ^ — « 'g %H r/] °. P =: £ u *•> p * herbs, with some milk shrubs, or evergreen a: tube of the corolla an, ar\- Mimctimes 3-celled, in .-horter : ovary 3-cell ii -f 'i ~ -. o = 1 1 : leave.-, alternate, tube of the corolla, jii: ' CO O p" .= ^ 1 " ~~ ° ^ 2 /| "5 ° -r •s •=• ~ > -i 5 — ^ •- L' "- '•: '- t J -: x 1 C. • ~ /' ^3 s 1 t£ °^ ' ' ^3 ""* w( 3 i _~ ^ H u :l. - | 3 : ~ — = 'f' "T U ,c .S ^ t tt •!- C i £ o i o o Ji _i ^ ~ f' i ;« C3 J-l •— -; C T '/ L L c ts > 3 o -B 3 | ? £ ~ — U5 j" S S .5 o ^ !' r; ^ p - _L -V _ ^ ^ O o o T3 o ^- f Q - o '•_ -p s J JO J2 •« y 5 3 c = = — 1 — *-- *-» § — >• Z* C -H IE = ^ ^ 5 |0h O ^ ps ? ? ^_ c3 ^_j rz3 C c3 rt 2 cj 'o s g ^- i; CO CO CO CO g S +j E •— J^, ^ 0 0 w —~ ^^ ^ \ O o ANALYTICAL KEY. 21 o -c -t -t m lO O o IN m l -t -* <~PH PH FH PH FH" PH' f=J PH FH FH F=l PH PH PM FH FH HEATH FAMII. . PULSE . POLYGALA . FUMITORY :hium, BORAGE NIGPITSIIADE &c., FIGWORT LADDERWORT BROOM-RAPE ^<-<-g COH^H M M •— • K B rv» >— ' h^- tf S3 fc S Ko^S P^OOS H^>S ^^^^ ^^^ co o O co 5 O n . H s 1-1 H *s >-H jr 5 pq H S U PH > "3 G 0 • • CO tH • . H C/T r-T n • g | ' ' • . S S . . •"CO • . , -° C3 wi ^ in .;; • T3 . • b 5 . ° _g fcD o -a o -^ CO ^H CO S_, " * P3 CJ O S o • — • lr iw o O • V "3 <* V • W^ J2 p „ • s c* g . £ ' '-*» ' — ' • - • • si i • 1 'O . ^cj ro 3 C" > CS 0 > Q r2 • . 8, « 0 . TJ • • >-. ° S cj 13 cj -2 • -Q 0 ,G ft K V -B * * _« P <-" oj S5 X •• O r3 a CO c-i S ^ « -M ' ?^ "5 • g g s £> O *- O PH CJ rt S 03 . cS £C w c -.,- o -§ 'S 0 = =3 •-, o ® £, O CJ G •3 • i—" c 'IS § 'I 8^ Cj C3 O " r- >J .1 S > 4J O » i- CS 4-) c« -^ • *« r§ '•§ .£ 2 « 1 CJ o 1 .« -2 t"" 'o aj -G ^ • o" a, o 11 _G 6C CJ 0 • _ cj CJ • .S g -5» g, c To >• -5; t< •« a . r- CJ ^CO P^ ^ ( . «S ^J •— • -- cS o « ~T; 'O vP 'S >> 0) • 0 >•> ? CO c ^ cs ^ 5 g u -0 J= .-C p PJ^* ^^ . „, CJ """p . . j_, 4^1 f OJ C fcj) "^ ^ . p ^ ^ * o ^ "o * «3 ° -o * t G ^ g s s ^ ? C3~ ^ TV c o =<3 o « . >-. %> •= ^5 - ^ S ri iH ^ ^ O •s •s 1 g-, y o *3 V i — i CO a ^ G 3 "o ° 3 to M A| •rj CJ 01 -— 01 •^ C r—, CJ a) O _CJ r/] s "§ p^ «1 O n > G :ij ' >i G es G . -^ GJ: S p 0 ° 13 '£, 2 P O So OT ^^ ^G CO > S3 * "I, S g .S 72 CO > "" -O Oco^ S 1 'S ii tc c •• 5 g • a>«S|-s d S - 2 cS "5 .. 6 d 5 ^ TJ 'C g H) c^Scu!-'!>^o a fco :; S'S 2 ^ | f r-" > O "cl o — ^ CJ _ o ' «3 .s ;§ i < * § ^ "3 « g • a I ,§ ^ _g « ° § cS .S 3 " — 1 ^-* 5 ^ cT 01 •2 "3 _£ c/1 | | x ? g" o 5 1 * c o "S "rH CJ c* ^2 G r~~> "-", ^ C2 1-^ ^ 3 CO ^ Tn S o "n ^ .; ." r^j o v.. .O d > . r j ^~" "~li rt 03 S ***~* ^~* ,r^ *•* ^ * "^ o ^ ^- CJ —X 03 t3 II 2 ^ S ^ K 3 .si Ii |1 | ^-' co .G -. § O g _C "3 -^ 3 l^'oS'SG^0^" % T • • O i fcf ^ :•" O h> Tl -0 S o ..- (» s- e ? P ^ CJD rjn ' -*-^ ' i^ .S CJ ' S o <° o in 'o" ** CH S-1 TC c3 (?I ^ ^ r= & •~ 0 1, m — G J~~~ 1 o' ?f ° ^ 4-> *— /• "l^ils^S?-^! -4— — • .2 o 1 \n ^^ ^ -5" «"! 13 -G ^^ = C3 J'l £ "v G m E ^ "3 _0 ^0 tn QQ 5 c- ^ ^ -r ^ ^" ^ § 1 ^ if sl31SI«|^{ % 'o* & s 3 ^ — • II &£• •5 V V ^CJggg^ ^I§H o o o" w oo to" '^ r^ b O O -£- b b CJ 09 CJ CJ t-> ^-. >-> CO CO r> r ' M n n *-• " a W t/D w aa m cj C3 CO Cv Cj Cj Ci Cj 1* C G C G ^ C ^ r* !* > > !> > O O 0 S S 1 1 1 o 6 CJ S 0 0 O O O O O a & $ —- *-* I ~ CO CO CO CO X' 8 o 0 22 ANALYTICAL Ki:Y. C5 I- O (M B O c* o pa — a So K ^ ~ < PH <3 Jz; •< h^ C Z CO • 2 C3 h cS 2 • & O ^ _0 1 -- :t u "cl •4^ — ^ o 0 H •4J CO O 0. - £ iH -? ~ S I g u, fc. C 11 fill2 I 8 •= s * '•*•> of o s •s.e.'s. „ •g _c _a _= _c - 2 a Q n r ^ — — ' •M — Pi O. u s*^ to m a •_^ o ^T — 0 01 - *j o 00 s lowers '« E ^ -; g 2 ^ "3 t- ." L 9 i '« s tf t_ « _5 4— r > O j 0 a I P4 S ~ 00 u t ~ _ :5 4^t i *-j 'i o frt 09 — • H L • — 1 i~* ' t- "5 — = = 5 * — w w «^" C > *-• 5 .•£ o o V £ ^ CO PH a CO ANALYTICAL KEY. 23 •* O CM CN O & K & ggg i— i » 0 S F3 . o O I « (M ,5 5 l 24 ANALYTICAL KET. a GS ffi ^-^ CO O> t£ *O tO ^O « d Cl (M ffl W -* -t fl t~ Ol C4 C4 Cl C>l 9« p^ pq p^ PH -^— ^J — ^^ ^— tab co Pn w p3 H CC 52; H H W P> < fi W 5 W <1 P r d w o > « cc 0 t-3 g H Q 0 H w l- PS U> ^ jz; OS > O K ^ S C -J ^g«^^o o 5 & -^ i— i *s r1 w >— i P^ 0 > g^ > ^0 • • • • • CO • . . b CD .s B • • • * • * &*> •73 QB • • 1 ' 0 ' 6 o A o . a . §c o 5s -1 oj ^3 co •» 2 -§ " * ' ,0 O T3 S • "S cfi O 03 o c3 o C .^4 CO ^ r-3 •— • rs • S .« f2* » Q? * K^. - 0 . g ^^ a£ •" •« 5 to -: — 1"3 O C3 ao • ^ CJ ^* ' w r*— • ij r— • Q flj • • _c _a s t>-» "" fl ^ a> •75 ' 5 w t. > -.-1 "^ w -w ^ i 1 4 .s 5 « C3 0 C5 g ^ d) 0 -. > ^ *» a d o ° o >, T « ^ ."Co o H a> v) p i i « s I * «2 ? S ^§2 i l| S Is V^ ^_4 k. rft _ s 1""1'I 2 •g S ^- rt 0 a ^ » £ 1 -G -2 Jj» ^ ^ « '« C K ° fc-t cj o aj a? o O "J3 o s 1 f-8 S -, " . — . -f. I S s 1 1 i ^ >, ° ^ s,^ >> . .S O ** "> !*:*!l So • ^- ^3 0 ^ § -3 pf g „ o ^Hj||| ^ g £:• i^ J ^ j p «S S 9 •" ™ IllS|sJ B fe fe 73 a a 5 S ^ ^ ^ 2 .g ja c — r r- r — ~ r1 •- o g ^ M •• ,2 "sj "^3 rti , V ^*, c^ o ?S S3 ( i >^ •t ^ 03 « "2s= i 3 a HH 7 8 v T -s •? S C3 FJ^J J^ 1 •] t2J ^666 ° *. °. S ° 2 2 s p i i u S H H H OQ CO ^ CO S 5 3 3 p4 P>H pt, ^ :_J :_ _^ H a a t^ a -a a « M ^ isg C' — • — jz fa a u< — — sj —t £ K ^ - H H EH c £ c H « B* s B O 3 » 00 '7 CO P, K ~ a 31 X g CC = 0X0 £ o s o .& o HH j; * _3 £ ^ •11 • ef u g" a- § H P a S . c! S 3 a os _> « - 73 co k; ef ,•;• 'So .41 25 H ' •* .2 C w b 0 •• C • c . o 0 § '- 2 " i . ^ 0 M CO o s C c • : °* * 1 ' 1— 1 .S • ^^ LJ 03 ~ ^ £ >-> • « 'rt w o s; o ^~ o •§ § s I 2* o I 3 ." *; i » *- s O B c « S u » 2 fcc ° .E ^ n 3 g - en - •- O o S o S -s •S x '£ "3 ^ ^ C m 2 -S o 1 1 c - u s ^> « s O ^3 — — O ;=! o — ; U o « V C cS O « E S £ J II £ | 'is c« O u o c -i " 2 C! O II '£ ? S| S, 2 . a> =•3 a •* 00 CO CM CM W O^ CO CM -H Cft 00 t^ CM -M OS CM OiOtO O«O— (Mr^-t-- C75 O C?i O O CTi C75 CO 00 (M CO CM CO 3 6 "5 OLEASTER i-^paCs P^SS PCH SdS S^^> o o <3 «*• HH« !5 . a , d JO • to . *- • CJ O * • • * o • .H • ^* . * S S ^ "3 ^ ^ •£• *^2 , ® • S ft £> • s CO 'S 'o . «5 . j*» ' «" • * o o * "3 ^< TO '^ *~ " rt S J3 * cS ^ -— "* . -9* 0 o • . , ,4-» 03 • ^ o ' 3 ' 5 ^5 2 ^3 — < co ^3 • a S^ • S x « 1 i * 5 o CO • 0 • >, 1- -3 J : s s 2 c O 03 rP.O g^^S C3« - B • *l CO ^1 • § c • c rS ^G r2 ' « «5 c PH » CO CD c3 c .« CO r-3 rH CC C4_, HJ Cg« r§pS, OFC3 £U > cn .S R ft •• . " c Cj * Q* *t -2 ^C - PH^ .0 > 0 „ ^ • » M •£ • S 4-3 a ^ ' > " 2 °>73 °C2'-:2 -SSf :-Lcs S « £ S " fe CO 13 2 • • 8 OS % . 1 t o • S = §^n c^o=> .g^H -5 fco-S - * « -g = Z. •~ C "rj ^H 00 o CO S .S £ J -5 •• -r -; c g to B3 • • o S *-*3 ^ " C ^ ji "^ ^* ^ 2 ^ ^ • • PH ^H ^ TO 3 • • g '£ ^ o ^£ 0 r-^ P-, P . FH ^°qa Mr-n°2^fc£|^ i-r «T 09 *3 Q • • E O •1 a^ CB en "S 4J U 1- C TO O • DO 3 ^ ^> o S CO O "^ O '* bJDcSO^^c'Sco ^eg00.s*'5'oci'StS'S Illllllllill rt 1 o CJ "fi £ 0) CO • Q -'I CS = i p 1 M 3 -5 1 o •/j 3 5. leafstalk ^»'PH TO OH o, p T i'S^rP 2 «C -s "oo S'o5*- ^gcpcu^Cog S'~>o 73"'OeCr;Oiii -r — r- g •• co ** S " & 'S "g -B : -3 S aX^^^rrT^y^^S^ r^S^" -S S^ 5 •• ^ V" immonly 0 • s «> 2 £ .. 3 o « t! ^ 2 Cvj 1 ° CO ^ ™ ;! ^ u 2 &' ''-' "ft^S^^^S-Sg-5 •^ — •' O . ^i — ' — s j> ™-' —2 */n " i — • * '/I CH f*^ Tl t-'j — ' -i-^ O "tl? C*1 S • s, c .2 ^ co- 2 | .2 ~ u ^ ffHr^3 o fl ^'Q'^'^ Pi^ 2 s c 03 CM ^ CO 3 "3 r; C3 CO w y ^5 I| —| .2~ 1 | 1 i § o := | S s 1 £ J s i* I^ •H aT1 S CO _- C3 >. 2 1 i S 8 S rt 'S 1 o'r3'3'e o-a tA>-s 5'5cP-Jt; •—• o '^^ S ""^ "S ^ : I - o CJ c l-i -73 PH PH 03 CO *-^ CM C <4_l fll ;•* o ^ a | o -S %-i ^i ^ o 1 s — -fc-t 3 g .— o ovaries on •/r _~ innate, aro innate, not CO CO =" £ £- PH-" "i^OcSp^^TTcn co S ' ** O d Ir^ t- t-i o O co'S'clrf^v'O oXo.E P- .2 .2 g S 6 ^ -s -3 ' •£ '^ "S s a 2 ^ >2 <= ,<= SgSSliHrt^P^ ^^ = £ o o 8 ^ o I. CO 0 0 « « " *" ^ CO o 'n M ° 0? *A GJ '•3 o" ^ S 'S 2 J S" " OJ CO QJ ^ X CO !- !- o o ,e ^2 -, C "3 ° lowers i lowers sr CO tH o PH O :~^ *"3 § § 3 CO OJ s 1 1 Hi h-5 Bj ea 03 wT crT ^ r» o b PH PH >. J-" r-- H 9 S 03 cs 03 6 £ 0 ANALYTICAL KEY. p-l co ANALYTICAL KET. 27 1 •«; r| .S 1 J "5 s: 1 trobile) Humulus, NETTLE F. 296 MISTLETOE F. 292 o> o CO PH a 1 t_ ta | cr? 0 4rf 'S. oo 1 DO | -S 0 i E 0 O) CM O HH • aves, and only sterile flowers in catkins. WALNUT F. 300 in 0 CC ,'-' H Hi -, o • tT O ft • g o CO 03 „ oi DO O V o ^ ' •* B*J [_1^ fj 3 .-^ I .a . "e £ . o r- 42 '•- t ' £ 43 tn c IS 1 . S 4J CO £ _C i o • C 0 I 1 CO ga * flj * — -. « CO - CD 00 on G o **^ B ^ n o ^ O 6 S * H3 o> o o as 43 *3 ~ 0 "?t 0 B QQ .s «§ "ro • § t: . I .t; £ C3 _s t: tr M 4n £ 03 o O o «£ ^ — r S C •5 - fi ^ ' — CJ •S > ID i t| O ^ CO 3 .0 ,s 0} 4£ CO 0 CO B or.' 1 * 42 o ". B B 43 o *^ o CO « O 43 CJ v> T. Q? •*"* ff v * 44 c -S e 43 *-- CO DO O J- 5 t>» 0 s B 03 • "rt CJ O> > 03 cu 43 •4-2 g O DQ 00 c 43 1 icecio "5 8 Q o — ;-, '?. O 4^ . f jf S r CD ht c CO o> 0 o "5 CJ CJ "c "^ CfT H g CD T^ ^C ^ 43 •s B O 1 ^ r> 0) ra T3 g CO 02 oT 0 0 C HI ^ strong-s 42 Z- £ 3 "rt 00 .s £> 0) 15 ±~> a o _= F^ 03 •- _-Z CJ •a -: o ft 03 ^ or com volucre. 8 o '5 H <0 O 00 owers owers ^ 5 co a 4-> aT o _5 3 o OQ tu" CJ '5 ••—a o> u •^-. o rr 0 q= o DO 00 0> E q= o T. T= <_ O m 1 *c ^ CJ 43 03 11 *£" "^ 3 co J^- 1 CO S 5 on CO _0 C 15 -= 12 o 4i 03 4*: 43 T3 e 44 -= •Z 1 fe 'a S S " 43 'a C3 c 0 y 0 o 0 'o 4-J O 43 n 43 ^ ^ K K P5 K n '-C ° t> r- ^ j^ :s| 00 l> OB ^ ^ "" ^ £ H GO W O o w CO P O H CO O O Ol Oi o o CO CO 02 P O <5 O O O tr s OS O> 2 & i i B fl B ;=: 'ft ^~ •g i Sz3 ^3 li 1 1 o g ^ aT ft a 03 C *> 1-3 O i3 ej ^ -? J 1 43 43 28 ANALYTICAL KEY. -- -- EC 00 f~ t-- eg gg CO 53 " CO i i i i o 1 "S. -o § S -3 1 3l ^ i ! • i i ^ - « ^ 1 *l ^ S1 « p ^ is C - P \ j — ^ r; u - |3 - < / 5 1 * -a B • CO fc H 1 CO • • • . • O d . . , * 0 t« p . Q -a1 ^ [3 H S . . . 1 to O s ^0 fl Sz; r3 B . en .S o 1 a > HH CO o CO *£ • ;: -- • •3 ^ o B d r: . y\ d _v »2 HH 0 CO P 1 9 1 i- O 'Z. ^ — 3 O .S aj S 9 S : •a 'B — 5 — • — S ^ S aj 5 ~ *s s H 1 7. « CJ H r. eg in c-r c? •N CO DC CO CO -1 CO X rt IDEOUS DIVISION OF ENDOGENS. S oS en *5 O — 13 2 O •3 cj CO a eS en •3 0. i o CUD CO o .2 — o en 03 CJ WATER-PLANTAIN F, '•— "r O < — i ~ a en i n > s = > 1 o" — - — 03 I 03 - / -r — * H i— i 7 co b o o 4-1 en CJ 0 X^ S 0 en | ,£J EC — — — ^ O 3 ^i CJ * d Ti en O -_ S> 4-* o .— 1 s — P=5 BJ - O K — o c i - be CJ •~~ •— u o ! — — "55 CJ 71 '^ 1 '5 c 4— 0 b. H 0 Z -- ~z M ^ _CJ — u 0) V O o . o _o L 0 PETAL 2 2 a o en oT 3 en — ' — T superior, i. i' '^ 0! - il |S — cS 3 CT1 03 V) 3 O o = o C o 1 tc o SS 1 HH s -,• 'C.' -/> >> . "s CJ c >, •3 I 2 £ 03 o - i en 1 lH 0 o o § - o ^ ' ^N CJ ~' s — _ _g 0 c o og O k, c3 |i, s s c« ^ s ',"" w o ^_J en PH OH ANALYTICAL KEY. 00 CN CO 71 M n CO CO en CO CO CO CO r. • -. co CO CO CO CO — n CO In in CO co ^E ^E 0 1 £H X • • PINE-APPLE F, >rous roots, or rootstocks. AMARYLLIS F Tillandsia, PINE-APPLE F or both. . . . PICKEREL- WEED F, netted-veined. . . Trillium, LILY F . SPIDERWORT F 3 CO X >1 cc • PH w M 0 M • • • • ous ARROW-GRASS F, •g o. Ji 3 o. YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. 3-cclled, 2-3-seeded. . . PIPE WORT F. •»— ' , • -^^ * CO .^ J-j 2 y g i mewha a D ~a _0. QtT • amens, CD ^ o 1 g cj y ' ~. y ^ t_, .0 . y OH y . 1 o ' y •3 ^ y jj *** o --> CN O Oi o CO 14 y | o i a 0 a • a o ~ BH O CO 1 S 3 • 3 .id "S a 0 . -2 g* . •2 2 a CD •~ -1 ~ CO O . -3 V PH O • some f jerian 3 ^- p 4-a O • 1 _2 '-— ^3 . a S 1 CO ceous. OH S s-8 jd '5 "rt s- -jri O O • ^ CO D EB cp 03 | "S, | O I* y | 1 -^ a co" -o £H a U a bO .ts | V "* S. y "£ •r* co I! o "S y ^^ i •^ -a "3 3 S a CO bO ^ S S 3 4-> S O 3 S | y IH .2 ° -a a 9 CO 3 y CO a y 3 •_ 3 o r y y "En S ?f o o 3 • .§ ^ a "On o ^4 ~ = -*-» • • CJ CJ o S3 3 CO a 2 i § J a "3- i2 CD P "S 5 y " S -5 "o. 2 ^ CO y a CO O . CO •• S a ;£ *3 0 •+j ci _2 M "* 2 "B r;J o _-. y CO _co 3 C3 1 § . •c" * aoortive filamei led outwards : fi a '3 ,2 a 5 £3 CO _= 5 "3 fl 3 1 3 i >• 1 u ^1 -_ 1 sometimes woo "3 -r '/•' y" CO c^ co" 1 _bp *CQ 1, a o 7J y 3 - £ "S. y "CD _y i "s O y CO y — 1 a 3^ y CO ie or raceme : fl ly-bracted head 3 CD jn *j _5 "3 aj .. "S -S ? 3 a £ 1 S •o § _y -a § ^o_ «j w |f o o 'a _5 3 CO CO •d ^ " ^ Y O CN 2 £ | D OH ^J^ £J va oa -^ .-j V j- >n co" o" |, | " •3 VJ -f 3 ~0 •0 y 2 'S y y S •5 3, "3* a 5 .2 £ LH £ SH 3 3 jj -£ ~ "?, ^. -5 a a o r! — s '^ y :J ^ ^ _2 W H CO — ; "s 5 c/i 71 S -> '*— /j J> & CO , ~ fi — ^-. -~ gj u .-4 _-; _QH c u |- CD y a d w ^ H '5 P4 ANALYTICAL KEY. rISION OF ENDOGENS. 4 CO w 02 rt •S| ' 1 "1 s-i - 03 a) "S 3 • g5 8 03 S ' « "S) ' £ CJ ' i- *^ O i •* 0 % •ii 1" •s § CJ L— tn ^ i •S CN CO m 10 CO CO f^ f4 W CO 0 CQ 0 $ w S 02 O * • • • » • . • 0 c3 to • .3 09 a 3 . "to CJ 4-» • . g TO S 1 •«§ ^ 1 00 • 03 TOGAMOUS PLANTS. eth that form a sheath or ring at each joint : . HORSETAIL F. 359 1 bearing the minute spore-cases, klv set on the leafy stems : spore-cases in the CLUB-MOSS F. 372 K* CO CJ 3 CJ PH •S w .% ACEOUS D] becoming a pod, o a CJ o J2 • O _3 0) s H • 'cs p< CJ d 1 H PS 0 CO p 0 X '^ .0 tn " cC C c3 K CJ g 13 g C E o ° d T3 V 0 ^^ ;lumaceous div: S ^ ^ o _CJ C • 1 Ti ' 7 m O I P, .9 cn s 2 00 d "o "T* i _= '/; 7 I CJ 1 o s > p2 CJ II 5i - o J^ OT ^C ^ DJU •_ V « X D 1— 1 I d i : ^~ :/. • a* 03 •""• *r^ 1 t b rt 3 3 6 1 p- P* i^ h^ L^ O 0 t~ P IS ANALYTICAL KEY. 31 l-H HH CO to «D CO •* O3 co m (—1 r— 1 0 ^ 01 CN m 04 CO Gn t—t Cl 00 C7J -t o CO (M ^-H •M -I o o> — o .2 O •c t, . 1 2 03 ^ • £1 . 1 >> ^ OS a <1 • . ^ . 8 PH . 3 -^ 1, s . . to O d £5 • '^ I . 0> • co T3 a 03 • S '-3 CO • r* O & « • _i 45 • o 0 .H CO 3 " S 03 a — • a 2 CO S-i CO O • £ > M 1 CO ^* o3 a H! >-> to . . ?i rr a - _o j>^ . o •• 73" Cj '-0 P-I o g • X * q t. §• _o o .-S * .. CO * • "B «*-. 11 lopetalous : tyles separal .eaves slende s 73 o> 1 — u CP CO 1 : ovary 1-cel ne-ovuled. QJ • ~ s numerous, is 8 or 10. • ind scarious 73 § . b 73 5C ' _B QJ to o "" p , 0 c "3 o 5 oa a a 73 0 a VI Uj G a 2 03 £ H i O TS" ^1 73 O S' K I « C3 — • O •^ 1 ' CO ^ cj 1 3 o a fl fe A 0) to ? O "• i-H tn o S >. b O Zl §/§ CD S « o a O § -2 0 J3 CO 1 >-. S >^ O ^ i ^" ol g § « •* 8 § '3 4J P\ ^» cT | bC '£ ^ 03 S j ^ ^ S ° a •• a m a "3 || | - .2 'B a" 15, a 73 a 0 .. PH , CO O C *0 O ^ 1 o ? a o 's "3 to 5^ OJ 1 8 1 CO ra 3 si- ll IH^ s s •if C3 ^ nerous : 1> i— < P >% S3 ^^ -t^ Is * S ^ CO ^ I-H p^; b"s S , a o ^. 'B « ' ' r* "71 O 8 <» *- 2 2 "" i^ ~- fe « O 2 'S o, 1 i 2 a || ll 5 r-1 *~* w p " ° 1 •5 o V 2 "v CO — u r3* i^ 3 s 21 42 "o L-. PH °3 0 .. -i C — co CO § to ?3 O a g of 1 I 4 ~Z t- a 5 CO CO to to o o» CO * i _a 7^ 4-^ ' ^ S ^ rt 1 s ^ o -i- "^ M i- t" ^* £1 g to to 0 % S g 1 § w « o fe" H " ^ !0 CO o ^ ^ o in "t » 0? 'a ^ PH 43 £ s 2 Q /. "> 5 " " ^> jj« S 2 CO co a .a c; cs C a C *"* •f 7 co to 0 - to ' CD - > CP sT o> X 3 « M r-O :O CO 0 0 •I" s I O ** •5 CO C CJ 03 o o CO O O O *3 CO CO — ^ ^ 72 PH PH PH O. f^ PH ... aj •7. CC -H- » ^i c« . b « CO t^ <£) CO CO c. > M y - <5 w 2 d s,. I—I I— \ > -a C3 S » 1 M ' ' O '"' £T* EH ^ O PR P3 w H 03 O o M ffi Pq O I i ^5 >> ^ u *— to •-3 T3 i 8 "o '5 C3 O. § S o ^ § ^ ?' no •;• o ^ C 02 H ^ O2 CS -3 & S J 8 S ^ - o 0 •g | eg •- '•=. | •^ u ^_ u - — . -— ^* Q JJ 'E. CO i O H ^, H •"5 X < H H CO / Ui ~: p I ~- 0 U _O : ' in s 5 SERIES I. FLOWERING OR PELENOGAMOUS PLANTS: THOSE which fructify by means of stamens and pistils, and produce true seeds. CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONOUS OR EXOGENOUS PLANTS : Distinguished by having the wood or woody matter of the stem all in a circle between pith and bark, and in yearly layers when the stem is more than one year old : also the embryo with a pair of cotyledons or seed leaves (or several in Pines, &c.). Generally known at once by having netted-veined leaves. Parts of the flower seldom in threes, most commonly in fives or fours. See Lessons, p. 139. This class includes all our ordinary trees and shrubs, and the greater part of our herbs. SUBCLASS I. ANGIOSPERMOUS : including all of the class which have their seeds in a pericarp, or their ovules in a closed ovary, i. e. all except the Pine and Cycas families. I. POLYPETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the families which have, at least in some species, both calyx and corolla, the latter with their petals separate, i. e. not at all united into one body. Yet some plants of almost all these families have apetalous flowers. 1. RANUNCULACE^I, CROWFOOT FAMILY. Not perfectly distinguished by any one or two particular marks, but may be known, on the whole, by having an acrid watery juice (not milky or colored), numerous stamens, and usually more than one pistil, all the parts of the flower separate from each other, and inserted on the receptacle. The bulk of the seed is albumen, the embryo being very small. The plants are herbs, or a few barely shrubby. Many are cultivated for ornament. The following are the common genera, with their chief distinctions. § 1. Sepals valvale_ or -icith their edges turned inward in the bud. Petals none or minute. Pistils many, \-seeded, becoming akenes. Leaves opposite : the plants mostly climbing by their leaf-stalks. 1. CLEMATIS. Sepals commonly 4, sometimes several, petal-like. Akenes tipped with the persistent style or a part of it. 3 34 CROWFOOT FAMILY. $ 2. Sepals imbricated in the bud. Not climbing, nor woofly except in 8 and one of 20. » Pistils and akenes several or many in a head, l-seeded. -t- Petals none : sepals petal-like. 2. HEPATICA. Involucre close to the flower, exactly imitating a 3-leaved calyx. Sepals 6 or more, oblong, resembling petals. Pistils 12-20. Stemless low perennials, with rounded 3-lobed leaves and 1-flowered scapes. 3. ANEMONE. Involucre of 2 or more opposite or whorled green leaves much below the flower. Sepals 4-20. Pistils very many in a close head (or fewer in one species), forming pointed or tailed akenes. 4. THALICTBUM. Involucre none, and stem-leaves all alternate, except in ono species intermediate between this genus and Anemone. Sepals 4 or more. Pistils 4-15, forming several-angled or grooved akenes. Perennials, with small flowers in panicles or umbels, most of them dioecious, and with teraately compound or decompound leaves. -t- •+- Petals and sepals both conspicuous, 5 or more. Akenes naked, short-pointed. 6. ADONIS. Petals and sepals naked, no pit or appendage at the base. Akenes in a head or short spike. 6. M YOSURUS. Sepals with a spur at the base underneath. Petals on a slender claw, which is hollow at its apex. Akenes in a long tail-shaped spike. 7. RANUNCULUS. Sepals naked. Petals with a little pit or a scale ou the short claw. Akenes in a head. * * Pistils several, 2-ovuled, becoming l-2-seeded pods or berries. 8. ZANTHORHIZA. Sepals 5, deciduous after flowering. Petals 5, small, 2-lobed, on a claw. Stamens 6 - 10. Little pods l-seeded. Undershrub, with yellow wood and roots. 9. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, falling when the flower opens. Petals none. Fruit berry-like. Low perennial. * * * Pistils several, few, or one, forming several-seeded pods or rarely berries. •i- Sepals (4 or 5 ) falling when the fimoer oprns, petal-like. Petals minute, and with claws, or none. Stamens numerous, white. Leaves ternately decompound. 10. ACTjEA. Pistil only one, becoming a berry. Flowers in a short and thick raceme or cluster. 11. CIMICIFUGA. Pistils 1-8, becoming pods in fruit. Flowers in long racemes. •«- •«- Sepals not falling when the flower opens, in 15 and 20 persistent even till the fruit matures, in all me others petal-like and deciduous. •*-» Petals none at all: Jlowers regular. 12. CALTHA. Sepals 5-9. Pods several. Leaves simple and undivided, rounded. •«-* +* Petals 6 or more inconspicuous nectar-bearing bodies, very much smaller than tlie sepals: Jlawer regular. 13. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 -many. Petals with a little hollow near the base. I'culs senile. Leaves palmately purled and lobed. 14. COPTIS. Sepals 5-7. Petals club-shaped and tubular at the top. Pod» nised on slender stalks! Leaves with 3 leaflets. 15. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, persistent, enlarging and turning green after flow- ering! Petals hollow and 2-lipped. Leaves palmately or pedately divided. 16. NIGELLA. Sepals 5. 1'ctals 2-lobed. Pods 3-6 or more united below into one! Annuals, with finely dissected leaves. .«. +H. -w Petals large hollow spurs projecting between the sepals : flower regular. 17. AQUILEGIA. Sepals 5. Pistils about 5, with slender styles, and forming narrow puds. Perennials, with ternately compound or decompound leaves. .w -M. +* +-f P^tiils 2 or 4, much smaller than the 5 unequal sepals : i. e. the flower irregular and unsymmelrical. leaves palmately labed or parted. Pods 1-5. 18. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal spurred; the spur enclosing the spurs of the upper pair of petals: lower pair of petals spurless or wanting. 19. ACONITUM. Upper sepals in the form of a hood or helmet, covering the two very long-clawed and peculiar little petals. *+*+*++-!.+* Petals large and flat, of ordinary shape. Sepals herbaceous and persistent ! Flowers large, regular. 20. PjEONIA. A fleshy disk surrounds the base of the 2 or more pistils, which form leathery pods in fruit. Seeds large, rather fleshy-coated. Perennials, with compound or decompound leaves: one species shrubby. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 35 1. CLEMATIS, VIRGIN'S-BOWER. (Ancient Greek name.) U Orna- mental climbers, the stalks of their leaves or leaflets clasping the support, and with somewhat woody stems, or a few are erect herbs. § 1. Flowers (in sprint)} very large and widely open (3' -6' nrross), with usually many small petals or petal-like altered stamens : lea/lets in threes. C. fl(5rida, GREAT-FL. C. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. ; the flower 3' - 4' across, its 6 or more sepals broad-ovate and overkpping each other, white, purplish, or with a purple centre of transformed stamens (var. SIEBOLDII) ; leaves often twice compound. C. patens, (also called C. cosRfjLEA, GRANDiFL6uA, and various names for varieties.) Cult, from Japan, hardy. Flower 5' -7' across, with 6-9 or more oblong or lance-shaped sepals, blue, purple, &c. ; leaflets simply in threes. C. verticillaris (or ATRA.GENE AMERICANA), with flowers about 3' across, of 4 bluish-purple sepals, is rather scarce in rocky woods or ravines N. and in mountainous parts. § 2. Flowers (in summer) pretty large, of only 4 sepals, and no petals whatever, not white, solitary on the naked peduncle as in § 1. # Leaves (except the uppermost) pinnate or of 3 or more leaflets: climbers. C. Viticella, VINE-BOWER C. Cult, from Eu. ; a hardy climber, with flower 2' -3' across; the widely spreading sepals obovate, thin, either purple or blue ; akenes with short naked points. C. graveolens. HEAVY-SCENTED C. Cult, from Thibet, recently intro- duced, very hardy ; with open yellow flowers 1^' across, long and feathery tails to the akenes, and sharp-pointed leaflets. C. Viorna, LEATHER-FLOWERED C. Wild from Penn. and Ohio S., in moist soil ; flower of very thick leathery sepals, purple or purplish, 1 ' long or more, erect, and with the narrow tips only spreading or recurved ; akenes with very feathery tails. * * Leaves simple, entire, sessile : low erect herbs : tails feathery. C. integrif61ia, ENTIRE-LEAVED C. Cult, from Eu., sparingly. Stem simple ; leaves oval or oblong; flower blue, 1' long. C. ochroleuca, PALE C. Wild from Staten Island S., but scarce, has ovate silky leaves and a dull silky flower. § 3. Flowers (in summer] small, white, panicled, succeeded by feathery-tailed akenes. C. rdcta, UPRIGHT VIRGIN'S-BOWER. Cult, from Eu. Nearly erect herb, 30.40 hi,rh, with large panicles of white flowers, in early summer; leaves pin- nate ; leaflets ovate or slightly heart-shaped, pointed, entire. C. Flammula, SWEET-SCENTED V. Cult, from Eu. Climbing freely, with copious sweet-scented flowers at midsummer; leaflets 3-5 or more, of various shapes, often lobed or cut. C. Virginiana, COMMON WILD V. Climbing high, with dioecious flow- ers late in summer ; leaflets 3, cut-toothed or lobed. 2. HEPATIC A, LIVER-LEAF, HEPATIC A. (Shape of the 3-lobed leaves likened to that of the liver.) Among the earliest spring flowers. y. The involucre is so close to the flower and of such size and shape that it is most likely to be mistaken for a calyx, and the colored sepals for petals. H. triloba, ROOND-LOBED H. Leaves with 3 broad and rounded lobes, appearing later than the flowers, and lasting over the winter ; stalks hairy ; flowers blue, purple, or almost white. Woods, common E. Full double- flowered varieties, blue and purple, are cult, from Eu. H. acutiloba, SHARP-LOBED H. Wild from Vermont W. ; has pointed lobes to the leaves, sometimes 5 of them, and paler flowers. 3. ANEMONE, ANEMONY, WIND-FLOWER, (Fancifully so named by the Greeks, because growing in windy places, or blossoming at the windy season, it is doubtful which.) 1J. Erect herbs, with all the stem-leaves above and opposite or whorled, forming the involucre or involucels. Peduncles 1 -flowered. 36 CROWFOOT FAMILY. § 1. fs>»(/ hairy styles form fi->i/li,n/ tails l<> the. akencs, like those of Virgin' 9- Bowtr: Jl. large, purple, in early s/irim/. Tin KN AXI:MONIES, of all col- ors, red in the wild state, — not fully hardy, treated like bulbs. * * Wild species, smaller -jiovoered. •«- Pistils very many, forming a dense woolly head in fruit: /raves of the in mint-re long-petioled , compound : flowers of 5 small greenish-white sepals, silky beneath : stem 2° -3° high. A. cylindrica, LONG-FRUITED A. Involucre several-leaved surrounding several long naked peduncles; fl- late in spring (in dry soil N. & W.), followed by a cylindrical head of fruit. A. Virginiana, VIRGINIAN A. Involucre 3-leavcd; peduncles formed in siiceession all summer, the middle or first one naked, the others liearinic - leaves (involucel) at the middle, from which proceed two more peduncles, and so on : head of fruit oval or oblong. Common in woods and meadows. •(- -i- Pistils fewer, not woolly in fruit : flower 1' or more broad. A. Pennsylvanica, PICXNSYLVANIAN A. Stem 1° high, bearing an invo- lucre of 3 wedge-shajxid 3-elel't and cur sessile leaves, and a naked peduncle, then 2 or 3 peduncles with a pair of smaller leaves at their middle, and so on ; fl. white, in summer. (Lessons, tig. 233.) Alluvial ground, X. >.<.- \V. A. nemorbsa, W«»>i> A. Stem4'-10' high, bearinir an involucre of 3 Ionic peiioled leaves of 3 or :"> leallets, and a single short-pedunelcd flower ; sepals white, or purple outside. Woodlands, early spring. 4. THALICTRTJM, MEADOW-RUE. (Old name, of obscure deriva- tion.) The following are the common wild species, in \\oodlands and low grounds. § 1. /VOHV ;•.< p< ifn mmif : m-jntl* 5-10. T. anemonoides, RUK-AM;MONI;. A \ery smooilj and delicate little plant, growing with Wood Anemone, which it resembles in ha\ing no stcm- ieaves except those that form an involucre around the umbel of white (rarelv pinkish) fliiwers, appearing in early spring; leallets roundish, .'f-lnbed at the t'lul, long-stalked ; ovaries many-grooved, and with a flat-topped sessile stigma : otherwise it would rank as an Anemone. § 2. I-lnirrrs mostiv dinrioits and nut handsome, small, in loose compound panicles ; the 4 or 5 sepals falling early : stii/iim* xlmdir: id-nut several-grooved nnnii//n/ an involucre, T. dioicum, EAKLV MKAKOW-UI-K. Herb glaucous, l°-2°liigli; flow ers greenish, in early spring ; the yellowish linear anthers of the sterile plant hanging on long capillary filaments : leaves all on general petioles. Rocky Woods. T. purpurascens, PUKPLISU M. Later, often a little downy, 2° -4° CROWFOOT FAMILY. 37 high ; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole ; flowers greenish and pur- plish; anthers short-linear, drooping on capillary and upwardly rather thickened filaments. T. Cornuti, TALL M. Herb 4° -8° high; stem-leaves not raised on a general petiole; flowers white, in summer; anthers oblong, not drooping; the white filaments thickened upwards. Low or wet ground. 5. ADONIS. (The red-flowered species fabled to spring from the blood of Adonis, killed by a wild boar.) Stems leafy ; leaves finely much cut into very narrow divisions. Cult, from Europe for ornament A. autumnalis, PHEASANT'S-EYE A. ® Stems near 1° high, it or the branches terminated by a small flower, of 5-8 scarlet or crimson petals, com- monly dark at their base. Has run wild in Tennessee. A. vernalis, SPRING A. It Stems about 6' high, bearing a large showy flower, of 10-20 lanceolate light-yellow petals, iu early spring. 6. MYOSURUS, MOUSETAIL (which the name means in Greek). ® M. minimus. An insignificant little plant, wild or run wild along streams from Illinois S., with a tuft of narrow entire root-leaves, and scapes 1' -3' high, bearing an obscure yellow flower, followed by tail-like spike of fruit of l'-2' long, in spring and summer. 7. RANUNCULUS, CROWFOOT, BUTTERCUP. (Latin name for a little frog, and for the Water Crowfoots, living with the frogs.) A lar<_ro genus of wild plants, except the double-flowered varieties of three species cult in gardens for ornament. (Lessons, p. 88, fig. 245, and p. 120, fig. 376, 377.) § I. Aquatic; the leaves all or mostly under water, and repeatedly dissected into many capillary divisions : flowering all summer. R. aquatilis, WHITE WATER-CROWFOOT. Capillary leaves collapsing into a tuft when drawn out of the water ; petals small, white, or only yellow at the base, where they bear a spot or little pit, but no scale : akenes wrinkled crosswise. R. divaricatus, STIFF W. Like the last, but less common ; the leaves stiff and rigid enough to keep their shape (spreading in a circular outline) when drawn out of water. R. multifidus, YELLOW W. Leaves under water much as those of the White Water Crowfoot^, or rather larger ; but the bright yellow petals as large as those of Common Buttercups, and, like them, with a little scale at the base. (Formerly named R. PURSHII, &c.) § 2. Terrestrial, many in wet places, but naturally growing with the foliage out of water : petals with the little scale at the base, yellow in all the wild species. * Akenes not prickly nor bristly nor stnate on the sides. 1J. •+• SPEARWORT CROWFOOTS ; growing in very wet places, with mostly entire and narrow leaves : fl. all summer. R. alismsefolius. Stems ascending, 1° - 2° high ; leaves lanceolate or the lowest oblong ,• flower fully |' in diameter ; akenes beaked with a straight and slendtr stvle. R. Flammula. Smaller than the last, and akenes short-pointed ; rare N., but very common along borders of ponds and rivers is the Var. r^ptans, or CREEPING S., with slender stems creeping a few inches in length; leaves linear or spatulate, seldom 1' long ; flower only 4' broad. -i- -<- SMALL-FLOWERED CROWFOOTS ; in wet or moist places, with upper leaves 3-parted or divided, and very small flowers, the petals shorter or not longer than the calyx : fl. spring and summer. R. abortlVUS, SMALL-FLOWERED C. Very smooth and slender, 6' -2° high ; root-leaves rounded, crenate ; akenes in a globular head. Shady places, along watei'courscs. R. sceleratus, CURSED C. So called because the juice is very acrid and blistering; stonier than the last and thicker-leaved, equally smooth, even the 38 CROWFOOT FAMILY. root-leaves lobed or cnt ; akcnes in an oblong or cylindrical head. In water or very wet places. R. reCUrvatUS, H<>OK-STVM:D 0. Hairy, l°-2° hijrh ; leaves all 3-eleft and long-petioled, with broad wed-e^baped 2-3-lobed divisions; akenes in a globular bead, with long recurved .-.tyles. Woods. B. Pennsylvanicus, BBISTLT C. Bristly hairy, coarse and stout, 2°- 3° high ; leaves all 3-divided ; the divisions stalked, again 3-cleft, sharply cut and toothed ; akenes in an oblong head, tipped with a short straight style. Along streams. +- 4- +- BUTTERCUPS OR COMMON CROWFOOTS, with bn/jfit yellow corolla, about 1 ' in diameter, much lart/er than the calyx ; leares all once and often twice 3 - ^-divided or clef), usually hairy ; head of akenes globular. ** Natives of the country, low or spreading. R. fascicularis, EARLY B. Low, about 6' high, without runners, on rocky hills in early spring ; root-leaves much divided, somewhat pinnate ; petals rather narrow and distant ; akenes scarcely edged, slender-beaked. R. ripens, CREEPING B. Everywhere common in very wet or moist places, flowering in spring and summer; immensely variable; stem soon as- cending, sending out some prostrate stems or runners in summer ; leaves more coarsely divided and cleft than those of the last ; petals obovate ; akenes sharp- edged and stout-beaked. -M- -t-t- Introduced weeds from Europe, common in fields, r y< l/mc and rout.) Only one .-pccics, Z. apiif61ia. A shrubby plant, l°-2° high, with deep yellow wood and roots (used by the Indians for dyeing), pinnate leaves of about 5 cut-toothed or lobed leallcN, and drooping compound racemes of small dark or dull-purple flowers, in early spring, lolloped by little 1 -seeded pods: grows in damp, shady places along the Alleghanics. 9. HYDRASTIS, OKAXGK-ROOT, YELLOW PUCCOON. (Name from the Greek, probably meaning that the root or juice of the plant is dras- tic.) 1J. A single species, H. Canad6nsiS. Low, sending up in early spring a rounded 5 - 7-lobcd root-leal, and a stem near 1° high, bearing one or two alternate smaller leaves :d>o\e,just below the single small (lower. The 3 greenish sepals fall from the \>uil, leaving tlie many white stamens and little head of pistils ; the latter grow pulpv and produce a crimson fruit resembling a raspberry. Rich woods, from New York, W. & S. CROWFOOT FAMILY. 39 10. ACTJEA, BANEBERRY. (The old Greek name of the Elder, from some likeness in the leaves.) 1J. Fl. in spring, ripening the berries late in summer : growing in rich woods. Leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves ovate, sharply cleft, and cut-toothed. A. spicata, var. rilbra, RED BANEBERRY. Flowers in a very short ovate raceme or cluster, on slender pedicels ; berries red. A. alba, WHITE BANEBERRY. Taller than the other, smoother, and flowering a week or two later, with an oblong raceme ; pedicels in fruit very thick, turning red, the berries white. 11. CIMICIFUGA, BUGBANE. (Latin name, meaning to drive away bugs.) 1J. Like Baneberry, but tall, with very long racemes (1° -3°), and dry pods instead of berries ; fl. in summer. C. racemdsa, TALL B. or BLACK SNAKEROOT. Stem with the long raceme 4°- 8° high ; pistil mostly single, with a flat-topped stigma; short pod holding 2 rows of horizontally flattened seeds. Rich woods. C. Americana, AMERICAN B. More slender, only 2° -4° high; pis- tils 5, with slender style and minute stigma ; pods raised from the receptacle on slender stalks, flattish, containing few scaly-coated seeds. Alleghanies from Penn. S. ; fl. late summer. 12. CALTHA, MARSH-MARIGOLD. (Old name, from a word mean- ing goblet, of no obvious application.) 1J. One common species, — C. pallistris, MARSH-MARIGOLD, wrongly called COWSLIPS in the country. Stem l°-2° high, bearing one or more rounded or somewhat kid- ney-shaped entire or crenate leaves, and a few flowers with showy yellow calyx, about 1^' across; followed by a cluster of many-seeded pods. Marshes, in spring ; young plant boiled for " greens." 13. TROLLIUS, GLOBE-FLOWER. (Name of obscure meaning.) Flower large, like that of Caltha, but sepals not spreading except in our wild species ; a row of small nectary-like petals around the stamens, and the leaves deeply palmately cleft or parted, ij. Fl. spring. T. laxus, WILD G. Sepals only 5 or 6, spreading wide open, yellowish or dull greenish-white ; petals very small, seeming like abortive stamens. Swamps, N. &_ W. T. Europseus, TRUE or EUROPEAN G. Sepals bright yellow (10-20) broad and converging into a kind of globe, the flower appearing as if semi- double. Cult, from Eu. T. Asiaticus, ASIATIC G. Like the last, but flower rather more open and deep orange yellow. Cult, from Siberia. 14. COPTIS, GOLDTHREAD. (From Greek word to cut, from the divided leaves.) 1J. The only common species is, — C. trif61ia, THREE-LEAVED G. A delicate little plant, in bogs and damp cold woods N., sending up early in spring single white flowers (smaller than those of Wood Anemony) on slender scapes, followed by slender-stalked leaves of three wedge-shaped leaflets ; these become bright-shining in summer, and last over winter. The roots or underground shoots are of long and slender yellow fibres, used as a popular medicine. 15. HELLEBORUS, HELLEBORE. (Old Greek name, alludes to the poisonous properties.) 1J. European plants, with pedato leaves and pretty large flowers, in early spring. H. viridis, GREEN H., has stems near 1° high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves and 2 or 3 pale yellowish-green flowers : run wild in a few places E. H. niger, BLACK H., the flower called CHRISTMAS ROSE (because flow- ering in warmer parts of England in winter), has single large flowers (2' -3' across, white, turning pinkish, then green), on scapes shorter than the shining evergreen leaves, in earliest spring. Rare in gardens. 40 CROWFOOT FAMILY. 16. NIGELLA, FENNEL-FLOWER. (Name from the black seeds.) ® Garden plants t'rom Eu. and Orient; with leafy stems, the leaves finely di- vided, like Fennel; known by having the f> o\aries united below into one :Vstyled pod. Seeds large, blackish, spi<-y ; have heeii used as a substitute for spice or pepper. N. Damascdna, COMMON- F. or RAGGED-LADY. Flower bluish, rather , sun-minded and overtopped by a finely-divided leafy involucre, like tin- other leaves; succeeded by a smooth inflated 5-celled pod, in which the lining of the cells separates from the outer part. N. sativa, NI:TMK<;-FL<»\VI:K. Cult, in some old gardens; has coarser leaves, and smaller rough pods. 17. AQUILEGIA, COLUMBINE. (From lujuila, an eagle, the spurs of the petals fancied to resemble talons.) y. Well-known, large-flowered ornamental plants : flowers in spring and early summer, usually nodding, so that the spurs ascend. * North A mtricut^ species, with long straight spurn to the corolla. A. Canadensis, WILD C. Flowers about 2' long, scarlet and orange, or light yellaw inside, the petals with a very short lip or blade, and stamens projecting. Common on rocks. A. Skinneri, MEXICAN C., is taller, later, and considerably larger-flow- ered than the last, the narrower acute sepals usually tinged greenish ; otherwise very similar. Cult. A. CSerillea, LONG-SPURRED C., native of the Rocky Mountains, lately introduced to gardens, and worthy of special attention ; has blue and white flowers, the ovate sepals often l£', the very slender spurs 2' long, the blade of the petals (white) half the length of the (mostly blue) sepals., spreading. * * Old World species, with hooked or incurved spurs to the corolla. A. vulgaris, COMMON- GARDEN C. Cult, in all gardens, l°-3° high, main -tlouercd ; spurs rather longer than the blade or rest of the petal ; pods pubescent. Flowers varying from blue to purple, white, &c., greatly changed by culture, often full double, with spur within spur, sometimes all changed into a rosette of plane petals or sepals. A. glandulosa, ULANDI-LAR C. A more choice species, 6'-l° high, with fewer very showy deep blue flowers, the blade of the petals white or white- tipped and twice the length of the short spurs ; pods and .summit of the plant glandular-pubescent. A. Sibirica, SIBERIAN C. Equally choice with the last, and like it ; but the spurs longer than the mostly white-tipped short blade, as well as the pods, &c. smooth. 18. DELPHINIUM, LAnKSl'UII. (From the Latin name of the dol- phin, alluding to the shape of the flower.) The familiar and well-marked flower of this genus is illustrated in Lessons, p. 87, fig. 239-litl. * Ci'iinli'ii annuals from A'"., »•//// only the "2 upper petals, nm'tnl into one body, one pistil, they enlarge; the .3 inner Mnall. 1'istils few in tin- centre of tin- ^lol.iilar h''.id of anthers, making one or mure large, oblong, pulpy fruits, sweet and eatable when over-ri]ie in autumn. Flowers in early spring preceding the leaves. A. triloba, COMMOV l'\i'\w (wholly different from the true T'apaw of W. Ind.), is a shrnh or small tree, wild W. ,v: S. ;md sonietimes planted, with obo- vate-laneeolate leaves, and banana-shaped fruit :V-4' lon<_r. A. parviflora is a -mall-flowered, and A. grandiflbra a large-flowered species of S. !•',. States, h<»'.h -mall-fruited, and A. pygmaea is a dwarf one with nearly evergreen leaves far South. 4. MENISPERMACE^J, MOOXSEED FAMILY. AVoody or partly woody twiners, with small dioecious flowers; their sepals and petals much alike, and one before the other (usu- ally 6 petals before as many sepals) ; as many or 2-3 times as many stamens; and 2- G pistils, ripening into 1 -seeded little stone- fruits or drupes ; the stone curved, commonly into a wrinkled 01 ridged ring ; the embryo curved with the stone. Leaves palmate or peltate : no stipules. Anthers commonly 4-lobed. 1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each C. 2. MKNISPFUMUM. Sepals and petals G or 8. Stamens in sterile flowers 12 - 20. 1. COCCULUS. (Name means a little berry.) Only one species in V. S. C. CarolinUS, CAROLINA C. Somewhat downy ; leaves ovate or heart shaped, entire or sinnate-lohed ; flowers v,Teenish, in summer; fruits red, as c as peas. From Virginia S. «>c W. 2. MENISPERMUM, MOONSKKD. (Name from the shape of the stone of the fruit. ) < >nly one species, M. Canad6nse, CANADIAN MOON-SEED. Almost smooth ; leaves peltate near the edge; tlowers white, in late summer; fruits black, looking like small grapes. 5. BERBERIDACE.S3, BARBERRY FAMILY. Known generally by the perfect flowers, having a petal before each sepal, "and a stamen before each petal, with anthers opening by a pair of valves like trap-doors, hinged at the top (Lessons, p. 103, fig. 30K), and a single simple pistil. But No. 6 has nu- merous stamens, 5 and G have more petals than sepals, and the anthers of 2 and G open lengthwise, in the ordinary way. There are commonly bracts or outer sepals behind the true ones. All blos- som in spring, or the true Barberries in early summer. * Shrubs in- shrubby: stamens 6 : berry few-seedtd. 1. HF.HBKIHS. Flowers yellow, in racemes : petals with two deep-colored spots at the base. Leaves simple, or simply pinnate. Wood ami inner bark yellow. Loaves with sharp bristly or spiny teeth. 2. NAMilNA. Fluwtrs white, in panicles : anthers opening lengthwise. Leaves twice or thrice pinnate. * * Perennial herbs. -*- H7//I one to three twice or thrice ternately compound leaves. 8- El'IMF.DH'M. Stamens 4. Petals 4 hollow spurs or hoods. Pod sereral seeded. Leaflets with bristly teeth. BARBERRY FAMILY. 45 4. CAULOPHYLLUM. Stamens 6. Petals 6 broad and thickish bodies much shorter than the sepals. Ovary bursting or disappearing early, leaving the two ovules to develop into naked berry-like, or rather drupe-like, spherical seeds on thick stalks. *- *- With simply 2 - ^-parted leavts, and solitary white, flowers : sepals fulling when the iilossum opens. Seeds numerous, parietal. Pistils rarely mure than one ! 5. JEFFERSONIA. Flower on a scape, rather preceding the 2-parted root-leaves. Petals (oblong) and stamens mostly 8. Fruit an ovate pod, opening by a cross-line half-way round, the top forming a conical lid. Seeds with an aril on one side. 6. PODOPHYLLUM. Flower in the fork between the two peltate 6 - 9-parted leaves : root-leaf single and peltate in the middle, umbrella-like. Petals 6-9, large and broad. Stamens usually 12-18. Fruit an oval, large and sweet, eatable berry ; the seeds imbedded in the pulp of the large parietal placenta. 1. BERBERIS, BARBERRY. (Old Arabic name.) The two sorts or sections have sometimes been regarded as distinct genera. § 1. TRUE BARBERRY ; with simple leaves, clustered in the axil of compound spines. B. VUlgaris, COMMON B. of Eu. Planted, and run wild in thickets and by roadsides ; has drooping many-flowered racemes, and oblong red and sour berries ; leaves obovate:oblong, fringed with closely-set bristly teeth, with a joint in the very short petiole (like that in an orange-leaf), flustered in the axils of triple or multiple spines, which answer to leaves of the shoot of the previous season (see Lessons, p. 63, fig. 171). B. Canadensis, WILD B. In the Alleghanies from Virginia S., and rarely cult., a low bush, with few-flowered racemes, oval red berries, and less bristly or toothed leaves. § 2. MAHONIA ; with jiinnate and evergreen leaves, spiny-toothed leaflets, and clustered racemes of early spring flowers : berries blue or bla<-k with a bloom. Planted for ornament. B. Aquifolium, HOLLY B. or MAHONIA, from Oregon, &c., rises to 3° -4° high ; leaflets 5-9, shining, finely reticulated. B. repens, CREEPING or Low M., from Rocky Mountains, is more hardy, rises only 1° or less, and has rounder, usually fewer, pale or glaucous leaflets." B. nervbsa, also called OLUM\CEA, from the husk-like long and pointed bud-scales at the end of the stems, which rise only a few inches above the ground ; leaflets 11-21, along the strongly-jointed stalk, lance-ovate, several-ribbed from the base. Also from Oregon. B. Japonica, JAPAN M., tall, rising fully 6° high, the rigid leaflets with only 3 or 4 strong spiny teeth on each side, is coming into ornamental grounds. 2. NANDINA. (The native Japanese name.) A single species, viz. N. domestica. Cult, in cool greenhouse, &c., from Japan : very com- pound large leaves : the berries more ornamental than the blossoms. 3. EPIMEDIUM, BARREN-WORT. (Old Greek name, of uncertain meaning.) Low herbs, with neat foliage : cult, for ornament. E. Alpinum, of European Alps, has a panicle of odd-looking small flowers ; the yellow petals not larger than the reddish sepals. E. macranthum, LARGE-FLOWERED E. of Japan, with similar foliage, has large white flowers with very long-spurred petals. 4. CAULOPHYLLUM, COHOSII. The only species of the genus is C. thalictroides, BLUE COHOSII. Wild in woods, with usually only one stem-leaf and that close to the top of the naked stem (whence the name of the genus, meaning stem-leaf), and thrice ternate, but, having no common petiole, it looks like three leaves ; and there is a larger and more compound radical leaf, with a long petiole. The leaves are glaucous and resemble those of Thalictrum (as the specific name indicates), but the leaflets are larger. Seeds very hard, with a thin blue pulp. 46 WATER-LILY FAMILY. 5. JEFFERSbNIA, TWIN-LEAF. (Named for Thomas Jefferson.) J. diphylla, sometimes called RHEUMATISM-BOOT. Wild in rich woods, W. & S., sunn-time-; cult.; tin- pretty white Hower and the leaves both long- Stalked, from the ground, appearing in early spring 6. PODOPHYLLUM, MA Y-AI'1'LK, or MANDRAKE. (Name means foot-leaf, the 5 - 7-parted leaf likened to a webbed-foot.) P. pelt&tum. Wild in rich soil : the long running rootstocks (which are poisonous and medicinal) semi up in spring some .stout .-talks terminated hv A targe, 7 - !i-lohed, regular, umbrella-shaped leaf (i. e. peltate in the middle), and ?ome u Inch liear twu one-sided leaves (peltate near their inner edge), with a large white tlower nodding- in the fork. The .-\veet pulpy fruit as large as a pullet's egg, ripe in summer : rarely 2 or more to one flower. 6. NYMPH^ACE^l, WATER-LILY FAMILY. Aquatic perenuial herbs, with the leaves which float on the surface' of the water or rise above it mostly peltate or roundish- he.-irt-.-huped, their margins inrolled in the but), long-petioled ; axil- lary l-flo\vered peduncles; sepals and petals hardly ever 5, the latter usually numerous and imbricated in many rows. The genera differ so widely in their botanical characters that they must be described separately. One of them is the famous Amazon Water- Lily, VICTORIA HKGIA, with floating leaves 3 feet or more in diam- eter, and the ma^uiliceiit flowers almost in proportion; while the dull flowers of Water-shield are only half an inch long. 1. BKASHNIA. Sepals and petals each 3 or 4, narrow, and much alike, dull pur- ple. Stamens 12 -18: filaments slender. Pistils 4 - 18, forming indehiscent 1 - 3-seedcd pods. All the parts separate and persistent. Ovules commonly on the dorsal suture! Hmbrvo, &c. a., in \Vater-Lilv. 2. NELUMB1UM. Sepals ami petals many and passim: gradually into each other, deciduous. Stamens very many, on the receptacle, the up'per part of which is enlarged into a top-shaped body, bearing a dozen or more ovaries, each tipped with a Hat stigma and separately immersed in as many hollows. (Les- sons,-p. 1 l-'l, fig. 3ti2.) In fruit these form 1-seeded nut-, resembling small acorns. The whole kernel of the seed is embryo, a pair of Meshy and farina- ceous cotyledons enclosing a plumule of 2 or a rudimentary green leaves. 8. N\ Ml'lI.LA. Sepals 4, green ouiside. Petals numerous, many time-- 4, pass- ing somewhat gradually into the numerous stamens (Lessons, p. !S4. fig. 228): lioth organs grow attached to the globular many-celled ovary, the former to its sides which they cover, the latter borne on its depressed summit. Around a little knob at the top of the ovary the numerous stigmas radiate as in a poppy-head, ending in long and narrow incurved lobes. Fruit like the ovary enlarged, .-till covered by the decaying per-i-tent l>a-es uf the petals : numerous seeds rover the partitions. Kipe seeds each in an arillus or bag open at the top. (Lessons, p. 126, fig. 418.) Kmbryo, like that of Neluml.ium on a very small scale, but enclosed in a bag, and at the end of the kernel, the rest of which is mealy albumen. 4. NUl'lIAR. Sepals usually li or 5, partly green outside. Petals many small and thickish bodies inserted under the ovary along with the very numerous short stamens. Ovary naked, truncate at the top, which is many-rayed by stigmas, Heshy in fruit: the internal structure as in Nyniphuia, only there is no arillus to the seed-. 1. BRASENIA, WATKK-S1IIKLI). (Namo unexplained.) One species, B. pdt&ta. In still, rather deep water: stem- rising to the surface, slen- der, coated with clear jelly, bearing floating oval centrally-peltate leaves (2' -3' long), and purplish small (lowers, produced all summer. ' 2. NELUMBIUM, XELUMBO. (Ccylonesc name.) Rootstocks inter- rupted ami tuberous, sending up, usually out of water, very long petioles and PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. 47 peduncles, bearing very large (l°-2° wide) and more or less dish-shaped or cup-shaped centrally-peltate entire leaves, and great flowers (5' -10' broad), in summer. Seeds, also the tubers, eatable. N. luteum, YELLOW N. or WATER CHINQUEPIN. Common W. & S. : introduced, by Indians perhaps, at Sodus Bay, N. Y., Lyme, Conn., and below Philadelphia. Flower pale dull yellow : anther hook-tipped. N. speeiosum, SHOWY N., LOTUS or SACRED BEAN of India, with pinkish flowers and blunter anthers : cult, in choice conservatories. 3. NYMPELSJA, WATER-LILY, POND-LILY. (Dedicated to the Water- Nymphs.) Long prostrate rootstocks, often as thick as one's arm, send up floating leaves (rounded and with a narrow cleft nearly or quite to the petiole) and large handsome flowers, produced all summer: these close in the afternoon : the fruit ripens under water. N. odorata, SWEET-SCENTED WHITE W. Common in still or slow water, especially E. Flower richly sweet-scented, white, or sometimes pinkish, rarely pink-red, variable in size, as are the leaves ; seeds oblong. N. tuberbsa, TUBER-BEARING W. Common through the Great Lakes, and W. & S. Flower nearly scentless (its faint odor like that of apples), pure white, usually larger (4' -9' in diameter), as are also the leaves (8' -15' wide); petals broader and blunter; seeds almost globular; rootstock bearing copious tubers like " artichokes," attached by a narrow neck and spontaneously separating. N. C8Brulea, BLUE W., of Egypt, &c., cult, in aquaria ; a tender species, with eremite-toothed leaves, and blue or bluish sweet-scented flowers, the petals fewer and acute. 4. NTJPHAR, YELLOW POND-LILY, or SPATTER-DOCK. (Old Greek name. ) Rootstock, &c. as in Nympluea : leaves often rising out of water : flowers by no means showy, yellow, sometimes purplish-tinged, pro- duced all summer : fruit ripening above water. N. advena is the common species, everywhere ; has 6 unequal sepals or sometimes more ; petals, or what answer to them, truncate, shorter than the stamens and resembling them ; the thickish leaves rounded or ovate-oblong. N. luteum, rare N. ; has smaller flowers, with 5 sepals, petals dilated upwards and more conspicuous, and a globular fruit with a narrow neck : the var. pumilum, a small variety, has flowers only 1', and leaves l'-5' in diameter ; rather common N. N. sagittiiblia, ARROW-LEAVED N., from North Carolina S. ; has sagit- tate leaves (1° by 2'), and 6 sepals. This and the last produce their earlier leaves under water and very thin. 7. SARRACENIACE^l, PITCHER-PLANT FAMILY. Consists of one South American plant, of the curious DARLING- TONIA CALIFORNICA in the mountains of California, and of the following : — 1. SARRACENIA. (Named for Dr. Sarrasin of Quebec.) SIDESADDLB- FLOWER, a most unmeaning popular name. Leaves all radical from a per- ennial root, and in the form of hollow tubes or pitchers, winged down the inner side, open at the top, where there is a sort of arching blade or hood. The whole foliage yellowish green or purplish. Scape tall, naked, bearing a single large nodding flower, in early summer. Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, fiddle-shaped, incurved over the pel- tate and umbrella-shaped 5-angled petal-like great top to the style. Stamens very numerous. Ovary 5-celled. Pod many-seeded, rough-warty. S. purpurea, PURPLE S. or PITCHER-PLANT of the North, where it is common in bogs. Leaves pitcher-shaped, open, with an erect round-heart- shaped hood and a broad side-wing, purple-veiny ; flower deep purple. 48 POPPY FAMILY. S. rilbra, RED-FLOWERED TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States-, sometimes cult. in greenhouses. Leaves trumpet-shaped, slender, a foot long, with a narrow win;,' uii'l an erect ovate pointed hood ; flower crimson-purple. S. Drummondii, GKEAT TIM-MPET-LKAF of Florida: sometimes cult. Leaves intich like the last, hut 2° or 3° long, upper part of the hi he and the roundish erect hood variegated and purple- veiny ; and the deep-purple flower very lar_ S. psittacina, PARROT PiTCHKR-I'i. \\T of S. States, and rarely cult. Leaves short and spreadiiii:, with a narrow tube, abroad wing, and an inflated globular hi" id, which is incurved over the mouth of the tube, :-potted with white; flower purple. S. variolaris, SPOTTED TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States. Leaves erect, 'trumpet-shaped, white-spotted above, longer than the scape, with a broad wing, and an ovate hood arching over the orifice ; flower yellow. S. flava, YELLOW TRUMPET-LEAF of S. States : cult, more commonly than the rest, as a curiosity, and almost hardy N. Leaves trumpet-shaped, 2° long, erect, yellowish or purple-veiny, with a narrow wing, and an erect round- ish but pointed hood, a tall scape, and yellow flower. 8. PAP AVERAGES, POPPY FAMILY. Herbs witii milky or colored juice, regular flowers, a calyx mostly of 2 sepals which fall when the blossom opens, petals twice or 3 -5 times as many, numerous stamens on the receptacle, and a com- pound 1-celled ovary, with 2 or more parietal placentic. Fruit a pod, many-seeded. Juice narcotic, as in Poppy (opium), or acrid. No. 5 has watery juice, with the odor of muriatic acid, and the calyx like a cap or lid ; No. 7 lias no petals and few seeds. * Petals crumpled in the Jtmcer-bud, which droops on its peduncle before opening. 1. PAP AVER. Stigmas united into a many-rayed circular bodv which is closely sessile on the ovary. Pod globular or oblong, imperfectly many-celled by the projecting placenta: which are covered with numberless seeds, opening only by pores or chinks at the top. Juice white. 2. STYLOPHOKUM. Stigma 8 - 4-lobed, raised on a style. Pod ovoid, bristly, opening from the top into 3 or 4 valves, leaving the thread-like placentas be- tween them. Juice j'ellow. 3. CHEUDONH.'M. Stigma 2-lobed, almost sessile. Pod linear, with 2 placentae, splitting from below into 2 valves. Juice orange. * * Petals more or less crumplvd in the bud, which is erect before opening. 4. ARGEMONE. Stigma 3-G-lobed. almost sessile. Sepals and oblong pod prickly ; the latter opening by valves from the top, leaving the thread-like placenta1 between. Juice yellnw. 6. F-SCHSCHOLTZIA, Sepals united into a pointed cap which falls off entire. Receptacle or end of the flower-stalk dilated into a top-shaped body, often with a spreading rim. Stigma- 4-6, spreading, unequal ; but the placentae only 2. Pod long and slender, grooved. Juice color;1 * * # Petals not <•;• ,'///// 7, ,//« tin Inn/, irhn/i does not droop. «. SAN<;riN.\i:l.\. Sepals 2 •. but the petals 8-12. Stigma 2-lobed, on a short style. Pod oblong, with 2 placcntre. Juice orange-red. * * » * I'etals none. Flowers inpnnii-h-s, drtmftinr/ in the bud. 1. BOCOONIA. Sepals 2, colored. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod few-seeded. Juice reddish. 1. PAP AVER, POPPY. (Ancient name.) We have no truly wild spe- cies : [lie following are from the Old World. * Annuals, flowering in siimini-r : ru!t. P. Rhdeas, CORN POPPY of Eu. Low, bristly, with almost pinnate leaves, and deep red or scarlet flowers with a dark eye, or, when double, of various colors ; pod obovate. P. dllbium, LONG-HEADED P. Leaves with their divisions more cut tlum the last ; flowers smaller and lighter red, and pod oblong-clavate : run wild in fields in Penn. * * Perennial : cult, for ornament : flowering in late spring. P. orientale, ORIENTAL P. Rough-hairy, with tall flower-stalks, almost pinnate leaves, and a very large deep-red flower, under which are usual lv some leafy persistent bracts. Var. BRACTE\TUM, has these bracts larger, petals still larger and deeper red, with a dark spot at the base. 2. STYLOPHORUM, CELANDINE POPPY. (Name means style- bearer, expressing a difference between it and Poppy and Celandine.) 1J S. diphyllum. From Penn. W. in open woods ; resembling Celandine, but low, and with for larger (yellow) flowers, in spring. 3. CHELIDONIUM, CELANDINE. (From the Greek word for the Swallow. ) (5) !{. C. inajus, the only species, in all gardens and moist waste places ; 1° -4° high, branching, with pinnate or twice pinnatifld leaves, and small yellow flowers in a sort of umbel, all summer ; the pods long and slender. 4. ARGEMONE, PRICKLY POPPY. (Meaning of name uncertain.) ® A. Mexicana, MEXICAN P. Waste places and gardens. Prickly, l°-2° high ; leaves sinuate-lobcd, blotched with white ; flowers yellow or yellowish, pretty large, in summer. Var. ALBiFLdRA has the flower larger, sometimes very large, white ; cult, for ornament. 5. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. (Named for one of the discoverers, Eschscholtz, the name easier pronounced than written.) ® E. Californica, Californian annual, now common in gardens ; with pale dissected leaves, and long-peduncled large flowers, remarkable for the top- shaped dilatation at the base of the flower, on which the extinguisher-shaped calyx rests: this is forced off whole by the opening petals. The latter are bright orange-yellow, and the top of the receptacle is broad-rimmed. Var. DouGLA.su wants this rim, and its petals are pure yellow, or sometimes white; but the sorts are much mixed in the gardens ; and there are smaller varieties under different names. 6. SANGUINARIA, BLOOD-ROOT. (Name from the color of the juice.) y. S. Canadensis, the common and only species ; wild in rich woods, hand- some in cultivation. The thick red rootstock in early spring sends up a rounded- reniform and palmate-lobed veiny leaf, wrapped around a flower-bud : as the leaf comes out of ground and opens, the scape lengthens, and carries up the hand- some, white, many-petalled flower. 7. BOCCONIA. (Named in honor of an Italian botanist, Boeconi.) U B. cor data, CORDATE B., from China, the only hardy species ; a strong root sending up very tall leafy stems, with round-cordate lobed leaves, which are veiny and glaucous, and large panicles of small white or pale rose-colored flow- ers, late in summer. 9. FUMARIACE.3E, FUMITORY FAMILY. Like the Poppy Family in the plan of the flowers; but the 4- petalled corolla much larger than the 2 scale-like sepals, al.^o irreg- ular and closed, the two inner and smaller petals united by their 50 FUMITORY FAMILY. spoon-shaped tips, which enclose the anthers of the 6 stamens in two sets alouir with the stigma : the middle anther of each set is 2-celled, the lateral ours 1 -relied. Delicate or tender and very smooth herbs with colorless and inert juice, and much dissected or compound leaves * Corolla heart-shaped or 2-spttrred at base : pod several-seeded. 1. DICENTRA. Petals slightly cohering with each other. Seeds crested. 2. ADLUMIA. Petals all permanently united into .me -liuhily heart-haped body, which encloses the small pod. Seeds erestless. Climbing by the very compound leave*. * * Corolla with only one petal spurred at base. 3. CORYDALIS. Ovary and pod slender, several-seeded. Seeds crested. 4. FUMARIA. Ovary and small closed fruit globular, 1-seeded. 1. DICENTRA (meaning two-sparred in Greek). Commonly but wrongly named DHT.YTRA or l)i i:i.v i i; v. 1| Fl. in spring. * Wild species, low, viih 4. FUMARIA, FfMITORY. (Xame from fumm, smoke.) ® Lovr, leafy-Stemmed, with finely cut compound leaves. F. Officinalis, COMMON F. Common in old gardens, waste places, and dung-heaps ; a delicate small weed, with a close spike of small pinkish crimson- tipped flowers, in summer. MUSTARD FAMILY. 51 10. CRUCIFER^I, MUSTARD FAMILY. Herbs, with watery juice, of a pungent taste (as exemplified in Horseradish, Mustard, Water-Cress, &c.), at once distinguished by the cruciferous flower (of 4 sepals, 4 petals, their upper part gen- erally spreading above the calyx in the form of a cross), the tetra- dynamous stamens (i. e. 6, two of them shorter than the other four) ; and the single 2-celled pistil with two parietal placentae, forming the kind of pod called a silique, or when short a silicle. (See Lessons, p. 86, fig. 23o, 236, for the flower, and p. 124, fig. 401, for the fruit.) The embryo fills the whole seed, and has the radicle bent up against the colyledons. Flowers in racemes, which are at first short, like simple corymbs, but lengthen in fruiting: no bracts below the pedi- cels. The blossoms are all nearly alike throughout the family ; so that the genera are mainly known by the fruit and seed, which are usually to be had before all the flowers have passed. § 1. Fruit a true pod, opening lengthwise by two valres. width fall away and leave lite thin persistent partition when ripe. # Seeds or ovules more than two in each cell. •t- Pod beaked or pointed beyond the summit of the valves, or the style witii a conical base. Sttds spherical, the cotyledons wrapped around the radicle. 1. BRASS1CA. Flowers yellow. Pods oblong or linear. -i- •»— Pod not beaked or conspicuously pointed, •*-*• Neither flattened nor 4-sided, but the cross-section nearly circular. 2. SISYMBRIUM. Pods in the common species shortish, lance-awl-shaped, close- pres:-ed to tlin stem. Seeds oval, marginless. Flowers small, yellowish. 3. NASTURTIUM. Pods shortish or short ( from oblong-linear to almost spherical). Seeds in 2 rows in each cell, globular, marginless. Flowers yellow or white. 4. HESPER1S. Pods long and slender, with a single row of marginless seeds in each cell (as broad as the partition); the radicle laid against the back of one of the cotyledons. Flowers rather large, pink-purple. Stigma of 2 erect blunt lobes. 5. MALCOLMIA. Pods somewhat thickened at the base. Stigma of 2 pointed lobes. Otherwise as No. 4. 6. MATTHIOLA. Pods long and narrow : seeds one-rowed in each cell (as broad as the partition), flat, wing-margined; the radicle laid against one edge of the broad cotyledons. Flowers pink-purple, reddish, or varying to white, large and showy. *+•«• Pod long and slender, linear, 4-sided (the cross section square or rhombic), or if flattened having a strong salient midrib to the vtilvts. Seeds marginless, mostly single-rowed in each cell. Flowers yellow or orange, never while. a. Lateral sepals sac-shaped at the base. 7. CHEIRANTHUS. Seeds flat; the radicle laid against the edge of the broad cotyledons. Flowers showy. Leaves entire. b. Sepals nearly equal and alike at the base. 8. ERYSIMUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the narrow cotyledons. Leaves simple. 9. BARB AREA. Seeds oval; the radi.-le laid against the edge of the broad cotyledons. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. 2. SISYMBBIUM. Seeds oblong; the radicle laid against the back of one of the cotyledons. Flowers small. Leaves twice pinnatifid. ++ •«• -w- Pod flattened parallel to the partition : the rain fjlut or tlattish : so are Ui« seeds: radicle against the edge of the cotyledons. Flowers white or purple. 10. ARABIS. Pod long and narrow-linear, not opening elastically ; the valves with a midrib. Seeds often winged or margined. 11. CARDAMINE. Pods linear or lanceolate; the valves with no or hardly i midrib, opening elastically from the base upwards. Seeds marginless and slender-stalked, one-rowed in each cell. No scaly-toothed rootstock. 52 MUSTARD FAMILY. 12. DENTARIA. Pods, &c. as in the preceding. Seed-stalks broad and flat Stem 2-3-leaved in the middle, i >vr, springing from a horizontal 1 or irregular lle-hy r»(,t-tu<-k. 13. LUNARIA. Pods oval or oblmi;.', large ;ind very fiat, stalked above the calyx. Seeds winded, 2-rowed in cadi cell. Flowers pretty large, purple. li. I>KAl'iA. pcid< round-oval, !at. Seeds wingless, 2-rowed in each cell. Flowers small, white in the common species. -w. *-+ +* +* Pod thort, jlattith parallel to the brnml jmr/ition. Flowers yellow,, small. 15. CAMELINA. Pods turgid, obovate or pcur->hapeil. ++++++ ++ ++ Pod short, very much 'flattened inntmrif to the narrow partition ; the calces thtrcj'on r : eult. as a biennial, the rounded, thick, and llr.-hy, strongly veined leaves mllect into a heail the lir.-t year upon the summit of' a short and .-tout stem. — Var. IJiioccoi.i is a state in which the stem divi.lo into >liort llohy branches, lieariiiLT clu-ter> of abortive flower-buds. — Var. I'M i.i I I.OWKU ha> the nour- i-hiii"; matter mainly concentrated in short imperfect (lower-branches, collected into a tlat head. — Var. Kom.uusi has the nourishing matter accumulated ir. (he stem, which forms a turnip-like enlargement above ground, beneath the cluster of leaves. — KALE is more nearly the natural slate of the species, the Meshy leaves not forming :i head. B. camp^Stris, of the < >ld World ; like (lie last, but with briirhter flowers ; the lower leaves pinnatilid or divided and rou^h with stiff hairs, and the upper aurieled at the base, is reproentcd in cultivation by the Var. ('MI /. \ or HATK, \\ ith small annual root, cult, for the oil of the seed. — \'ar. Trnxir ( B. N MM < ) ; cult, as a biennial, for the nourishment accumulated in the napiform white root. — Var. K i i \ r. \<;\ or Swi. DISH TTKNI r, has a longer and vellowi-h root. B. Sinipastrum, <>r Sinapis arvensis, CHMM.MCK. A troublcsoine weed of cultivation in prainlielils. annual. \\'ith the snmcwliat rotiLrh leaves barelv toothed or little lobed, and nearly smooth pods spreading in a lixise raceme, thu seed-bearing ],art lonucr than the conical (usually empty) beak. B. (or Sinapis) alba, \Vmrr, MISIMID. Cult, and in waste places, an- nual ; the leaves all pinnatilid ami rou^h-hairy ; pods spreading in the raceme. MUSTAh.1/ FAMILY. 53 bristly, the lower and turgid few-seeded portion shorter than the 1 -seeded stout and flattened beak ; seeds large, pale brown. B. (or Sinapis) nigra, BLACK MUSTARD. Cult, and in waste places; leaves less hairy and le>s ilivided than the last ; pods erect in the raceme or spike, .smooth, "short, 4-sided (the valves having a strong midrib), and tipped with the short empty conical base of a slender style; seeds dark brown, smaller, and more pungent than in the last. 2. SISYMBRIUM, HEDGE MUSTARD. (The ancient Greek name.) S. officinale, COMMON H. ® Coarse weed in waste places, with branch- ing stems, runcinate leaves, and very small pale yellow flowers, followed by Q.\ 1-shaped obscurely 6-sided pods close pressed to the axis of the narrow spike. S. canescens, HOARY H. or TANSY-MUSTARD. ® Commonly only S. & W., hoary, with iinely cut twice-pinnatifid leaves, minute yellowish flow- ers, and oblong-club-shaped 4-sided pods on slender horizontal pedicels. 3. NASTURTIUM, WATER-CRESS, HORSERADISH, &c. (Name from nasns tort us, convulsed nose, from the pungent qualities.) Here are combined a variety of plants, widely different in appearance : the following are the commonest. * Nat. from En. : thi white petals twice the length of the calyx. 1). N. officinale, WATER-CRESS. Planted or run wild in streamlets, spread- ing and rooting, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 3- 11 roundish or oblong leaf- lets ; fl. all summer ; pods broadly linear, slightly curved upwards on their spreading pedicels. Young plants eaten. W. Arinoracia, HORSERADISH. Planted or run wild in moist soil ; with very large oblong or lanceolate leaves, chiefly from the ground, crenate, rarely cut or pmnatirid ; pods globular, but seldom seen. The long deep root is a familiar condiment. * * Indigenous species, in wet places : petals yellow or yellowish. N. palustre, MARSH-CRESS. A very common homely weed, erect, l°-3° high, with pinnatifkl or lyrate leaves of several oblong cut-toothed leaflets, small yellowish flowers, and small oblong or ovoid pods. N. sessilifl6rum, like the last, but with less lobed leaves, very minute sessile flowers, and longer oblong pods, is common from Illinois S. And there are 2 or 3 more in some parts, especially S. 4. HESPERIS, ROCKET. (Greek for evening, the flowers being then fragrant.) 1J. H. matronalis, COMMON or DAME R. Tall and rather coarse plant in country gardens, from En., inclined to run wild in rich shady soil ; with oblong or lanceolate toothed leaves, and rather large purple flowers, in summer, fol- lowed by (2' -4') long and slender pods. 5. MALCOLMIA. (Named for W. Malcolm, an English gardener.) M. maritima, MAIION STOCK, called VIRGINIA STOCK in England, but comes from the shores of the Mediterranean : a garden annual, not much cult., a span high, with pale green oblong or spatulate nearly entire leaves, and pretty pink-red flowers changing to violet-purple, also a white var. (much smaller than those of true Stock) ; pods long and slender. 6. MATTHIOLA, STOCK or GILLIFLOWER, (Named for the early naturalist, Maithinli.) Cult, garden or house plants, from Eu., hoary -leaved, much prized for their handsome and fragrant, pretty large, pink, reddish, or white flowers, of which there are very double and showy varieties. M. incana, COMMON STOCK. 1J. Stout stem becoming almost woody • not hardv at the N. M. annua, TEN-WEEK STOCK. ® Probably only an herbaceous variety of the last ; flowers usually not double. 54 Ml'STARI) FAMILY. 7. CHEIRANTHUS, WALLFOWER. (Cheiri is the Arabic name-j Like Stocks, hut slightly it' at all hoary, and the flowers orange, hrown-red di.-di, or yellow. 1J. C. Cheiri, COMMON WAI M-I.OWI:K. Cult, from S. Eu., not hardy N.. a much-prized house-plant ; Mem woody, crowded with the narrow and pointed entire leave-. 8. ERYSIMUM. (Name from Greek, and meaning to draw blisters, from the acridity.) E. aspcrum, WI>TI.I;N \\'M i i I.OWKK. Wild from Ohio W. & S. ; like the wild Mate ()f the Wallflower, with bright yellow or orange (lowers, but the seeds are diiVerent, ami the long )>"ds finite square in the cross-section; the leaves somewhat toothed anil hoarv. (& U E. cheiranthoides, TKEACLB-MUSTARD or WORMSEED MUSTARD. A rather insignificant annual, wild or run wild in waste moi.-t places, with slen- der brandies, lanceolate almost entire leaves, and small yellow flowers, followed by shorti>h and obscurely 4-sided pods on slender spreading pedicels. 9. BARBAREA, WINTER-CRESS. (The Herb of Santa Barbara.) Different from the last geins in the seeds, divided leaves, and in the general aspect. Leaves used by some as winter salad, but bitterish. ® U B. VUlgaris, COMMON W. or VIOLLOW ROCKET. Smooth, common in old gardens and other rich soil, with green lyrate leave-, and bright yellow flowers, in spring and summer ; pods erect, crowded in a dense raceme, much thicker than their pedicels. B. prjecox, EARLY W. or SCUKVY-GKASS. Cult, from 1'enn. f salad, beginning to run wild, probably a variety of the last, with more numerous and narrower divisions to the leaves ; the less erect pods scarcely thicker than their pedicels. 10. ARABIS, ROCK-CRESS. (Name from Arabic.) Fl. spring and summer. Leaves mostly simple and undivided. * ]('//'/ s/irrirs, on rocks, $~c. : .//•«"•• ra n-hitf »r ir/iitisli, not xhoiri/. (|) A. lyrata, Low R. A delicate, low. nearly smooth plant, with a cluster of Ivrat'e root-leaves ; stem-leaves few and narrow ; bri-hi white petals rather Conspicuous ; pods slender, spreading. A. hirsuta, H.VIKY R, Strictly erect, l°-2° high; stem-leaves many and sagittate ; small greenish-white tlowers and narrow pods erect. A. fgevigata, SMOOTH K. Erect, l°-2° high, glaucous; upper leaves sagittate ; (lowers rather small ; pods .3' long, very narrow and not very Hat, recurving : seeds winded. A. Canad6nsis, CANADIAN or Sn-Ki.i.roD K. Tall, growing in ravines stem-leaves pointed at both ends, pubescent: petals whitish, narrow; pods 3' long, scythe-shaped, very llat, hanging; seeds broadly winged. # # Wild, m river banfy : Jfottts jrink-pwrple, rather showy. ® U A. hesperidoides, KO 1'. A common weed byroad-ides, with petals, and ti-uallv only i' stamen- : tin- little pods orbicular and scarcely margined a«, the notched top ; seeds tl.it, tin1 radicle against tin1 edge of the cotyledons. L. rudcrale, introduced from Eurii|if, i- much less common, motx, branched. \viih mi petal-, smaller scarcely notched pod.-, ami turgid seeds, th« radicle against tin- hack of one of the cotyledons. L. sativum, GAKDI-;X 1'. Cult, as a cress, has petals, and the larger ovnte pods are winged and -lightly notched at the top. 19. ALYSSUM, MAD WORT. ( Name refers to being a fancied remedy for canine niadiie--. ) Cult, for ornament ; from En. A. maritimum, SWI.I.T AI.YSSI-M. A s]ireading little plant, from Eu- rope, fl. all >iiiiinier in gardens, or in the greenliouM1 in winter, green or slightly hoary, with lanceolate or linear entire leaves tapering at the !>ase, and small white honey-scented (lowers, in at length elongated racemes, the round little pods with a single seed in each cell. A variety much used 1'ur borders has paler and white-edged leaves. A. saxatile, ROCK A. Low, hoary -leaved, with abundant bright yellow flowers, in spring ; cult, from Europe. 11 20. ISATIS, WO AD. (Name of obscure derivation.) to become necklace-form. 11. CAPPARIDACE.S1, CAPER FAMILY. In our region these arc In-His, rcsombliiifj Orucfferee, hut with stamens not tetradynamous and often more than f>, no partition in the pod (which is tlii'ivt'iiiv 1-cellcd with two parietal placenta1), and kidney-shaped seeds, the embryo rolled up instead of folded to- gether: the. leaves commonly palmately compound, and the herbage hitter and nauseous instead of pungent. But in warm regions the Cress-like pungvnry sometimes appears, as in capers, the pickled llower-huds of CAITAKIS SPINOSA, of the Levant. This and its near relatives are trees or shrubs. PJTTOSPORUM FAMILY. 57 1. CLEOME. Calyx 4-cleft. Petals 4. Stamens 6, on a short thickened recep- tacle. Ovary and many-seeded pod in ours raised above the receptacle on a long stalk. Style very short or none. Usually an appendage on one side of the receptacle. 2. GYNANDROPS1S. Sepals 4. Stamens borne on the long stalk of the ovary far above the petals. Otherwise as in No. 1. 3. POLANISIA. Sepals 4. Stamens 8-32. Ovary and pod sessile or short- stalked on the receptacle. Style present. Otherwise nearly as No. 1. 1. CLEOME. (From a Greek word meaning closed, the application not obvious.) ^j C. pungens. Tall (2° -4° high), clammy-pubescent, with little spines or prickly points (whence the name) in place of stipules, about 7 broadly lanceolate leaflets, but the bracts simple and ovate or heart-shaped, and a raceme of large and handsome flowers, with long-clawed pink or purple petals and declined sta- mens. Cult, from S. America, for ornament, and ran wild S. C. integrifblia, much smaller, very smooth, with 3 leaflets and the pink petals without claws, is wild in Nebraska, &c., and lately introduced to gardens. 2. GYNANDROPSIS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the stamens appear to be on the pistil.) (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 357.) G. pentaphylla. Nat. from Carolina S. from West Indies, is a clammy- pubescent weed, with 5 leaflets to the leaves and 3 to the bracts ; the white petals on claws. 3. POLANISIA. (Greek-made name, meaning many-unequal, referring to the stamens.) P. grav^olens. A heavy-scented (as the name denotes), rather clammy, * ow herb, with 3 oblong leaflets, and small flowers with short white petals, about 1 1 scarcely longer purplish stamens, and a short style ; fl. summer. Wild on gravelly shores, from Conn. W. 12. RESEDACE^I, MIGNONETTE FAMILY. Herb?, with inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes ; rep- resented by the main genus, 1. RESEDA, MIGNONETTE, &c. (From a Latin word, to assuage, from supposed medical properties.) Calyx 4-7-parted, never closed even in the bud. Petals 4-7, unequal, cleft or notched, those of one side of the flower appendagecl within. Stamens 10-40, borne on a sort of disk dilated on one side of the flower. Ovary and pod composed of 3 - 6 carpels united not quite to the top into a 3 - 6-lobed or 3 - 6-horned 1 -celled pistil which opens at the top long before the seeds are ripe. The seeds are numerous, kidney- shaped, on 3 - 6 parietal placentae. Leaves alternate. R. Odorata, COMMON MIGNONETTE. Cult, (from N. Africa) as an an- nual, for the delicious scent of the greenish-white flowers ; the anthers orange ; petals 6, the posterior ones cut into several fine lobes ; stems low ; some leaves entire and oblong, others 3-lobcd. R. Lut&qla, DYER'S M. or WELD. Nat. along roadsides, tall, with lanceolate entire leaves, and a long spike of yellowish flowers ; petals 4. 13. PITTOSPORACEJE, PITTOSPORUM FAMILY. A small family of shrubs and trees, belonging mostly to the south- ern hemisphere, in common cultivation represented only by one house-plant, a species of 1. PITTOSPORUM. (Name means pitchy seed in Greek, the seeds being generally covered with a sticky exudation.) Flowers regular, of 5 sepals. 58 VIOLET FAMILY. 5 petals, and 5 stamens ; the claws of the petals sometimes slightly united . ovary one-celled with three parietal placenta;, a single style and stigma. Fruit a globular woody pod, many-seeded. P. Tobira, COMMON P. A low tree, cultivated as a house-plant (from Japan), with obovate and refuse evergreen leaves crow-led at the end ot the branches, which an; terminated by a small sessile umbel of white fragrant flowers, produced in winter. 14. VIOL ACE JE, VIOLET FAMILY. Commonly known only by the principal genus of the order, viz. JL. VIOLA, VIOLET. (Ancient Latin name.) Sepals 5, persistent. Pet- als 5, more or less unequal, the lower one with a sac or spur at the base. (Lessons, p. 86, fig. 237, 238.) Stamens 5, short: the very broad flat fila- ments conniving and slightly cohering around the pistil, which they cover, all but the end of the style and the (usually one-sided) stigma, bearing the anthers on their inner face, two of these spurred at the base. Ovarv and pod 1-celled, with •'? parietal placenta;, containing several rather large seeds. — Herbs, with stipules to the alternate leaves, and I -flowered peduncles. * STEMLESS VIOLETS, with leaves and peduncles all from creeping or suh. terranean rootstocks, there being no proper ascending stems : all flowering in sprint/, a/so producing inconspicuous flowers and most of the fruitful pods, all summer, concealed tock; tnc leaves all cut into linear divisions or lobes ; the (lower large, beardless, usually light violet-color : sometimes the two upper petals deep dark violet, like a pansy. V. delphinif61ia, L\KKSIMK-LI:\VEI> V., takes the place of the preced- ing in prairies, &<•. \V. and is like it, hut has the lateral petals bearded. ** «-«• Floinrs (xniirlt) ii'hitc, tin- loin r p,t«l purplish-veined. V. blanda, SWEET WHITE V. Very common, with faintly sweet-scented flowers, all the petal- beardless; leaves rounded heart-shaped or "kidnev-shaped. V. primulsefdlia, PUIMKOSI-.-I.EAVKP V. Common S., between the last and next, has oblong or ovate leaves. V. lanceolata, I.AS< K-LEAVEP V. Commonest S., has lanceolate leave* tapering into long petioles, and beardless petals. SUNDEW FAMILY. 59 •4-t-.iH.-w- Flowers yellow. V. rotundif61ia, ROUND-LEAVED V. Only in cold woods N. ; the roundish heart-shaped leaves flat on the ground, becoming large and shining in summer ; spreads by runners ; flower small. * * LEAFY-STEMMED VIOLETS, wild, perennial: flowering in .iprinn and summer. •+- Flowers yellow, short-spurred : stem 2 - ^-leaved above, naked below. V. pubescens, DOWNY YELLOW V. Common in rich woods ; soft- downy, also a rather smooth variety ; leaves broadly heart-shaped. V. hastata, HALBERD-LEAVED V. Scarce \V. & 8. ; smoother; leaves oblong-heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or 3-lobed ; flower small. i- •<- Flowers not yellow : stem branched, leaf// below : /caves rounded heart-shaped V. Striata, PALE V. Not rare N. & W, low; flowers creamy-white, with lower petal purple-lined ; spur short ; stipules large in proportion, strongly fringe- toothed. V. canina, DOG V., the Amer. variety : common in low grounds ; low, with creeping branches or short runners, fringe-toothed stipules, and spur half the length of the violet flower. V. rostrata, LONG-SPURRED V. Shady hills N. & W. ; 6' high, with fringe-toothed stipules, and slender spur longer than the pale violet petals. V. Canadensis, CANADA V. Common in rich woods N. & W., taller than the others, l°-2° high, larger-leaved, with entire stipules; flowers all summer, the petals white or purplish above, the upper ones violet-purple under- neath ; spur very short and blunt. * * * PANSY VIOLETS, from Europe, with leaf// and branrhhuj stems, and large leaf-like stipules : flowering through the xpriix/ and summer. V. tricolor, PANSY or HEART'S-EASE. Cult, or running wild in gardens, low, with roundish leaves, or the upper oval find lowest heart-shaped ; stipules lyrate-pinnatifid ; petals of various colors, and often variegated, and under culti- vation often very large and showy, the spur short and blunt. — Var. ARVENSIS, is a field variety, slender and small-flowered, thoroughly naturalized in some places. (7) (I) Jl V. COrnilta, HORNED V. From the Pyrenees, cult, in borders of late ; has stipules merely toothed, and light violet-purple flowers with a very long and slender spur. y. 15. DROSERACEJE, SUNDEW FAMILY. Bog-herbs, with regular flowers, on scapes ; leaves in a tuft at the root, glandular-bristly or bristly-fringed, and rolled up from the apex in the bud, in the manner of Ferns ; the persistent sepals and withering-persistent petals each 5; stamens 5-15 with their anthers turned outward ; and a 1-celied many-seeded pod. Represented by two genera. 1. DROSKRA. Stamens 5. Style s 3 -5, but 2-parted so a« to seem like 6-10 Ovarv with 3 parietal placentae. Reddish-colored and sticky-glandular. 2. DION.EA. Stamens 15. Style 1: stigma lobed and fringed. Ovules and seeds all at the broad base of the ovary and pod. Leaves terminated by a bristly-bordered fly-trap. 1. DROSERA, SUNDEW. (Name means in Greek driri/, or Iwsft. trith dew-drops, the gland surmounting the bristles of the leaves producing a clear and dew-like drop of liquid, which is glutinous, and serves to catch small flics.) Flowers small, in a 1 -sided spike or raceme, each opening only once, in sun- shine, in summer. 2/ * Flowers small, white: Iciir/s irith a blade. D. rotundif61ia, ROUND-LEAVED S. The commonest species in peat- bogs, white round leaves on long petioles spreading in a tuft. When a small fly or other insect is caught by the sticky glands on the upper face of the leaf, 60 ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. the bristles of the outer rows very slowly turn inwards, so that their glanoo help to luilil the ]irev ! D. longifolia, LON<;I;K-I.I.AVI.I. S. In very wet bogs or shallow -water, with spatnlate-ohloiig leaves, .-omc of them erect, cm Ion-- petioles. D. brevifdlia, SHORT-LEAVED S. In wet >and, only at the S. ; small; scape only 2' - 5' high, few-flowered ; leave- >hort, wedge-shaped. # * F/oiri'fft nisi -/nir/ili' : nn It/tide to the leaf. D. fllif61ia, TIIRKAL-LKAVI i. S. In wet sandy soil near the coast, from Plymouth, Mass., to Florida; leaves erect, thread-shaped; scape 6'- 12' high, from a Imlb-likc base ; flowers handsome, £' or more broad. 2. DION-3EA, VKNUS'S FLY-TRAP. (Named for the mother of Venus. J 2/ Only one species, D. muscipula. Grows only in sandy bogs near Wilmington, N. Car., Ynit kept in conservatories as a great eurioMty. (See Lessons, p. 65, fig. 176, for the leaves, and the way they catch insects !) Flowers white, borne in an umbel-like cyme on a scape 1° high, in spring. 16. CISTACE.S], ROCK-ROSE FAMILY. Shrubby or low herbaceous plants, with regular flowers ; a per- sistent calyx of 5 sepals, two of them exterior and resembling bracts; the petals and stamens on the receptacle ; the style single or none ; ovary 1 -celled with 3 or 5 parietal placenta- (Lessons, fig. 334), bearing orthotropous ovules. Represented in greenhouses by one showy species, CISTDS LADAXII Kitrs of Europe (not common), and in sandy woods and fields by the following wild plants. 1. HF.LIAXTllKMrM. Petals 5, crumpled in the bud, fugacious (falling nt the close of the lir-t day). Stamens and ovules many in the complete flower: placentae 3. Style none or short. 2. HUDSONIA. Petals as in the last. Calyx narrow. Stamens 9-30. Style slender. Ovules few. 3. LECHKA. Petals 3, persistent, not longer than the calyx. Stamens 3-12. Style none. Pod partly 3-celled, 6-seeded. 1. HELIANTHEMUM, FROSTWEKD. (Name from Greek words for ami and //.»<>;•, the blossoms opening only in sunshine. Popular name, from crystals of ice shooting from the cracked bark at the rout late in the autumn.) Low, yellow-flowered, in sandy or gravelly soil. ^ H. Canadense, r.w\m\\ or COMMON F. Common, and the only one N. ; has lance-oblong leaves lioarv beneath; (lowers produced all summer, some with showy corolla 1' broad and many stamens ; others small and clus- tered aloir_r the stem, with incon-picuuits corolla and 3- 10 stamens,; the latter produce Mnall Few-seeded pods. H. COrymb6sum, only along the coast S., is downy all over, with smallei flowers clustered at the top of the stem, and larger ones long-pcdnnclcd. H. Carolinianum, grows only S., is hairy, with ^recn leaves, the lower obovate and eln.-tered ; flowers all largc-petalled and scattered, in spring. 2. HUDSONIA. (For an Kn-li.-h botanist, \\'il/i,im Ifmlson.) Heath-like little shrubs, ('/- 1:2' high, nearly conlined to >andy shores of the ocean and (ireat Lakes, with minute downy leaves c!n-il\ covering the branches, and small yellow flowers, opening in -nnshine, in spring and summer. H. ericoides, UKATII-I.IKK II. Greenish; leaves awl-shaped; flowers pcdiineled. From New ,)er>cy N. H. tomentbsa, DOWNY II. Hoary with soft down ; leaves oblong or oval and close pressed; peduncles short or hardly any. From New Jersey to Maine and Lake Superior. ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. 61 3. LECHEA, PINWEED. (For Leche, a Swedish botanist.) Small, homely herbs, with inconspicuous greenish or purplish flowers, and pods about the size of a pin's head, whence the popular frame : common in sterile soil; fl. summer and autumn. 2/ L. major, LARGER P. Stem upright, hairy, l°-2° high; leaves ellipti- cal, mucronate ; flowers densely clustered. Borders of sterile woodlands. L. minor, SMALLER P. Stems low, 6'- 18' high, often straggling, minutely hairy ; leaves linear ; flowers loosely racemed on the branches. Open sterile ground. 17. HYPERICACE.S1, ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY. Distinguished from all other of our plants by the opposite and entire simple and chiefly sessile leaves, punctate with tran.-lucent and commonly some blackish dots, perfect flowers with the stamens (usually many and more or less in 3 or 5 clusters) inserted on the receptacle, and a pod either 1 -eel led with parietal placentae or 3-5- celled (see Lessons, p. 108, fig. 333, 335, 3oG), tilled with many small seeds. Juice resinous and acrid. All here described are wild plants of the country. * No ylands between the stamens. Petals convolute in the bud. 1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4; the outer pair very broad, the inner small and narrow. Petals 4, yellow. Stamens many. Ovary 1-celled. 2. HYPEEICUM. Sepals and (yellow) petals 5. Stamens many, rarely few. * * Large yland between each of the 3 sets of stamens Petals imbricated in the bud. 3. ELUDES. Sepals and erect flesh-colored. Petals 5. Stamens 9 to 12, united in 3 sets. Ovary 3-celled. Flowers axillary. 1. ASCYRUM, ST. PETER'S-WORT. (Greek name means without roughness, being smooth plants.) Leafy-stemmed, woody at the base, with 2-edged branches ; wild in pine barrens, &c., chiefly S. Fl. summer. 1}. * A pair ofbractlets on the pedicel : styles short. A. Crux-Andrese, ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. From New Jersey to Illinois & S. ; stems spreading ; leaves thinnish, narrow-oblong and tapering to the base ; flowers rather small, with narrow pale yellow petals and only 2 styles. A. Stans, COMMON ST. PETER'S-WORT. From New Jersey S. ; stems 2° - 3° high ; leaves thickish, closely sessile, oval .or oblong ; flowers larger, with obovate petals and 3 or 4 styles. * * No bracelets on the pedicel : styles longer than ovary. A. amplexicatlle, CLASPING-LEAVED S. Only found S., with erect stems many times forking above, and closely sessile heart-shaped leaves ; styles 3. 2. HYPERICUM, ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Ancient name, of uncertain derivation.) Fl. in summer, in all ours yellow. * Shrubs or perennial herbs : stamens very many. •»— Sti/les 5 (rarely more) united below into one . pod 5-celled. H. pyramidatum, GREAT-FL. S. Herb, 2° -4° high, with ovate-oblong partly-clasping leaves, and large flowers, the petals rather na/row, 1' long, and 5 clusters of stamens. River-banks N & W. H. Kalmianum, KAL.M'S S. Low shrub, with glaucous oblanceolato leaves and rather large flowers. N. W. : rare, except at Niagara Falls. •*- -i- Styles 3 part/i/ united, or at first wholly umlu/ In the lop into one (see Lessons, p. 107, fig. 329) : sepals It'iifi/, spnwling. ** Shrubby, deciduous-leaved, both Northern and Southern. H. proliflcum, SHRUBBY S. Like the last, but leaves scarcely glaucous, lance-oblong or linear ; pod 3-celled. 62 ST. JOBN'8-WOBT FAMILY. *-* ** S/iritlii'i/. in nil-' in or nearly so, only Southern, H. fasciculatum, Iv\-< i< u.i> S. Leaves narrow-linear and small, nnrl with shorter ones clustered in the axils : pod narrow. Wet pine barren-. H. ruyrtifblium, MVKTI.I. I.I.AX KD S. Leaves heart-shaped ami partly clasping, thie1;. •chuu-ous ; pod conical. Wet pine barrens. H. aUl\;u~~t, GOLUE.N S. L'-uve.- oblong with a narrow l>a>c, glaucous beneath; thick; ilnwcrs mo-tly single, very large ('2' broad), orange-yellow; prd ovate. Kivcr-i..i!iks towards the mountains. H. nudifl6rum, XAKKI>-< 1.1 srhuhi> S. Shrubby and evergreen S., less s > in Virginia, 6cc., has 4-an^lcd branehe-, oblong pale leaves, and a pednnelcd naked cyme of rather smal' (lowers ; pods conical. ** *-<• ++ Hirltaceoiis, simple-stemmed, A'< //•///«/•;/ ,\- Wixtini. H. SphserocarpOU, SI-HKKK Ai.-ruriTKD S. Ahont 2° high; leaves diverging, oblong-linear ('!' long), obtuse ; flowers numerous, small, in a naked flat cvinc ; sepals ovate; pod .^lolmlar, l -celled. Rocky banks, W. Hi adpressum, L"rKK;iiT-i.i;AVKi) S. A toot high.; leaves ascending, lanceolate, often acute ; flowers few and rather small ; sepals narrow ; pod oblong, partly 3-celled. Low grounds, Peiiii>ylvania to Hhode Island. Hrellipticura, ELLIPTICAI^LEAVED S. Barely 1° high ; leaves spread- ing, oblong, thin ; flowers rather few in a nearly naked cyme, pale ; the pod purple, oblong-oval, obtuse, 1-celled. Wet soil, N. -i- H- -»- Styles 3 ivhnlly separate (sue Lessons, fig. 328) : herbs. -•-<• Ovary and pud 3-rW/W : JH/H/S l>hicL-il,iti il : styles mostly dinnjing. H. perforatum, COMMON S. The only one not indigenous, nat. from Kn., a troulilesome weed in tields, &c. ; spreads by runners from the ba-e ; upright stems branching; leaves oblong or linear-oblong, with pellucid clots; flowers rather large' in open leafy cymes ; the deep yellow petals twice the length of the lanceolate acute sepals. The juice is very acrid. H. corymbbsum, COIJYMBICU S. Common N. in moist ground ; stem 2° high, sparingly branched ; leaves oblonir. -lightly ela-pinu', having black as well as pellucid dots ; (lowers rather small, crowded ; petals light yellow and black-lined as well as dotted ; sepals oblong ; >t\les not longer than the pod. H. maculatum, SPOTTI.U S. Common S. ha- somewhat heart-shaped or more cla-ping leaves, lanceolate sepals, and very long and slender styles : otherwise like, the last. 4-v *+ Qranj l-cc/l<-d : stem strict: leaves ascending, iiniti-, rlnsely sessile, short. H. angul6sura, ANULKD S. Wet pine-barrens from New Jersey S. Stem sharply 4-angled (l°-2° high), smooth; leaves ovate or lance-oblong ; (lowers scattered along the ascending branches of the cyme, small, eopper- vellow ; styles slender. H. pil6sum, H.UUY S. Wet pine-barrens S. Stem terete, and witli the lance-ovate leaves nmghish-downy ; styles short. * * Annual, Inn- and sleiidrr, siitd/l-tloivered herbs : stuinois 5- 12 : orary and lir»trii-jiiir)ili' i»'M>'S S. In dry barrens, W. Illinois and S., with linear-awl-shaped leaves, sliort-pedieelled (lowers, and pods not longer than the ealvx. H. Sardthra, OHAHOB-ORABS or PINB-WBBD. Common in dry sterile soil, with minute awl-shaped appresscd scales for leaves, flowers sessile on the wiry branches, and slender pods much excelling the calyx. PINK FAMILY. 63 3. ELODES, MARSH ST. JOHN'S-WORT. (Greek for manly.) In water or wet bogs, with pale often purple-veined oblong or ovate leaves, and close clusters of small flowers in their axils, produced all summer. Petals pale purple or flesh-color, equal-sided, erect. 2/ E. Virginica, the commonest, has the roundish or broadly oblong leaves clasping by a broad base. E. petiolata, commoner S., has the leaves tapering into a short petiole. 18. ELATINACEJE, WATER-WORT FAMILY. Little marsh annuals, resembling Chick weeds, but with mem- branaceous stipules between the opposite leaves, and seeds as in preceding family. Represented by 1. ELATINE, WATER-WORT. -(Greek name of some herb.) Sepals, petals, stamens and cells of the ovary and stigmas or styles of the same num- ber, each 2, 3, or 4, all separate on the receptacle. Seeds "straightish or curved. Flowers minute in the axils of the leaves. E. Americana. Creeping and spreading on muddy shores of ponds, &c., about 1 ' high, not very common ; leaves obovate ; parts of the flower 2, rarely 3 ; pod very thin. 19. TAMARISCINE^, TAMARISK FAMILY. Shrubs or small trees of the Old World, represented in orna mental grounds by 1. TAMARIX, TAMARISK. (Named for the Tamarisci, or the rivei Tainan's, on which these people lived.) Sepals and petals 4 or 5, persistent, or the latter withering, and stamens as many or twice as many, all on the receptacle. Ovary pointed, 1-celled, bearing many ovules on three parietal placentae next the base : styles 3. Seeds with a plume of hairs at the apex. Shrubs or small trees of peculiar aspect, with minute and scale-shaped or awl-shaped alternate leaves appresscd on the slender branches, and small white or purplish flowers in spikes or racemes. The only one planted is T. Gallica, FRENCH T. Barely hardy N., often killed to the ground, a picturesque, delicate shrub, rather Cypress-like in aspect, glaucous-whitish, the minute leaves clasping the branches, nearly evergreen where the climate permits. 20. CARYOPHYLLACE^I, PINK FAMILY. Bland herbs, with opposite entire leaves, regular flowers with not over 10 stamens, a commonly 1-celled ovary with the ovules rising from the bottom of the cell or on a central column, and with 2 — 5 styles or sessile stigmas, mostly separate to the base. (See Les- sons, p. 108, fig. 331, 332.) Seeds with a slender embryo on the outside of a mealy albumen, and usually curved into a ring around it. Calyx persistent.. Petals sometimes minute or wanting. Divides into two great divisions or suborders, viz. the true PINK FAMILY, and the CHICKWEEP FAMILY, to the latter of which many plants like them, but mostly single-seeded and without petals, are appended. I. PINK FAMILY PROPER. Sepals (5) united below into a tube or cup. Petals with slender claws which are enclosed in the calyx-tube, and commonly raised within it, with the 10 stamens, on a sort of stalk, often with a cleft scale or crown at the junction of the blade and claw. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 248.) Pod mostly open- ing at the top, many-seeded. 64 I'INK FAMILY. * Calyx arith a scaly cup or set of bracts at its base : styles 2. 1. DIAN THUS. Oalyx cylindrical, faintly many-striate. Petals without a crown. Seeds attached \jy the face: embryo in the 'albumen and nearly straight! » * Calyx naktd fit base : seeds attachedly the edge: embryo curved. 2. LYCHNIS. Styles 5, rare! v 4. Calvx not angled, but mostly 10-nerved. 3. SII.KXK. Styl.-s 3. Calyx not angled, mostly 10-nerved. 4. VACCARIA. Styles 2. Calyx pyramidal, becoming 5-wing-angled. 5. SAPONARIA. Styles 2. Calyx "cylindrical or oblong, not angled, 5-toothed. I'M 4-vnlved at the top. 6. GYPSOPHILA. Styles 2. Calyx hell-Imped, 5-cleft, or thin and delicate below the sinuses. Pod 4-valved. Flowers small and panicled, resembling those of Sand wort, &c. II. CHICKWEED FAMILY, &c. Petals spreading, without claws, occasionally wanting. Sepals (4 or 5) separate or united only at ba>e, or rarely higher up. Flowers small, compared with the Pink Family, and the plants usually low and spreading or tufted. * Witlwut stipules, generally with petals : pod several-seeded. 7. SAGINA. Styles and valves of the pod as many as the sepals and alternate with them (4 or 5). Petals entire or none. Small plants. 8. CERASTIUM. Styles as many as the sepals and opposite them (6). Petals notched at the cud or 2-cleft, rarely none. Pod mostly elongated, opening at the top by 10 teeth. 9. STELLARIA. Styles fewer than the sepals (3 or sometimes 4) and opposite as many of them. Petals 2-deft, or sometime* none. Pod globular or ovoid, splitting into twice as many valves as there are styles. 10. ARENARIA. Styles (commonly only 3) fewer thaii the sepals and opposite as many of them. Petals entire, rarely none. Pod globular or oblong, splitting into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles. * * \\'dh scanous stipules between the leaves, conspicuous and entire petals, and a many-seeded 3 - 5-valvedpod. 11. SPKRGt'LARIA. Styles usually 3. Leaves opposite. 12. SPKRGl'LA. Styles 5, as many as the sepals and alternate with them- Leaves in whorls. * * * Without petals : the fruit (utricle) 1-seeded and indehiscent. 13. ANYCHIA. Sepals 5, nearly distinct. Stamens 2-5. Stigmas 2, sessile. Stipules and lluwers minute. 14. SCLERANTHUS. Sepals (5) united below into an indurated cup, narrowed at the throat where it bears 5 or 10 stamens, enclosing the small utricle. Styles 2. Stipules none. « « * * Without petals, but the 5 sepals white and petal-like, inside : stipules obscure if iiny : fruit a 3-celled muny-setded jnni 15. MOLLUGO. Stamens generally 3, on the receptacle. Stigmas 3. Pod 8-valved, the partitions breaking away from the seed-bearing axis and ad- hering to the middle of the valves. 1. DIANTHUS, I'INK. (Greek name, meaning Jove's own flower.) All but the first species cultivated for ornament : (1. summer. * Flowers sessile and muni/ in a closv. cluster, iritli /<»m/ and narrow-pointed brac'.s UUil i lit, ,;i/i/.r, ,.,-••< j,t in ill,' last. D. Armdria, PEPTFOUD I'INK of Knnipe, has got introduced into fields in a lew places ; a rather insignificant plant, somewhat liairv, narrow-leaved, with very small scentless flowers ; petals rose-color with whitish dots. © D. barbatus, SWI.KI \Vn.i. IAM or Hi-Ncn I'INK, of Europe, with thin- nish oblong-lanceolate green lea\es, and a verv Hat-topped cluster of various- colored flowers, the petal.s sharply toothed, abounds in all country gardens; the many double-flowered varictio are more choice. 2/ D. Carthusianbrum, < IARTHDSJ VNS' I'INK, from Eu., has linear leaves, Slender stems, :md ;l dense cluster of small flowers; hraets ,,\ate or oblong, abruptly awn-tipped, In-own, shorter than the calyx ; petals merely toothed, short, usually dark purple or crimson : now nuhcr 'scarce in gardens. 2/ PINK FAMILY. G.I * * Flowers single at the ends of the branches: leaves narrow and often grass-like, rattier rigid, glabrous and yta acotts, usual/// without any evident vr.iu.-i. D. Chinensis, CHINA or INDIAN PINK, lias lanceolate leaves, less rigid and greener than any of the following, and linear acute scales or bracts as long as the calyx ; the large petals tool lied or cut, of various colors, red, purple, violet, &c. The garden var. HEDDEWIGII is a more glaucous and large-flowered form, lately introduced, n D. Caryophyllus, CLOVE PINK, the parent of all the sorts of CAKN \- TION, &c., has the stems almost woody below, very glaucous long-linear leaves; the scales under the calyx very short and broad ; petals merely toothed, of various colors. Scarcely hardy N. 2/ D. plumarius, PHEASANT'S-EYK or PLUMED PINK. A low, hardy spe- cies, making broad tufts, with small very glaucous leaves, sending up flower- Stems in early summer, the white or pink or variegated petals cut into a fringe of slender lobes. ^/ D. superbus, is taller, less tufted, and later-flowered ; the large petals entirely dissected into delicate almost capillary divisions. 2/ 2. LYCHNIS. (Greek name for lump, the down of the Mullein Lychnis having been used for wicking.) All from the Old World : fl. summer. § 1 . Culyr with lony leaf-lilce Mies : petals naked. (T) L. GlthagO, COUN-COCKLE. A weed in gram-fields, hairy, with long linear leaves, and long-pedunelcd showy red-purple flowers ; in fruit the calyx- lobes falling off ; the black seeds injurious to the grain. § 2. Cali/r without torn/ leaf -I ike lobt-x : petals cruicned with u 2-cA /? little scale or pair of teeth on the liase of the blade or at the top of 1 lie claw. 2/ L. COronaria, MULLEIN-LYCHNIS or MULLEIN PINK Cult, in gar- dens; the flower crimson and like that of CoRN-CocKLi-; ; but teeth of the calyx short and slender ; plant white-cottony ; leaves oval or oblong. @ ^ L. Flos-J6vis, JUPITER'S L. Less common in gardens, downy-hairy or cottony and whitish; leaves lance-oblong; flowers many and smaller, in a head-like long-pedimcled cluster, reddish-purple ; petals obcordate. L. Chalcedonica, MALTESE-CROSS or SCARLET L. Very common in country -gardens ; tall, rather hairy and coarse, with lance-ovate partly clasping green leaves, and a very dense flat-topped cluster of many smallish flowers ; the bright scarlet or brick-red petals deeply 2-lobed. L. grandiflora, LARGE-FLOWERED L. Cult from China; smooth, with oblong green leaves tapering to both ends, and the branches bearing single or scattered short-pednncled flowers, which are 2' or 3' across ; the red or scarlet petals fringe-toothed at the end. L. Viscaria, VISCID L. Rather scarce in gardens ; smooth, but the slen- der stem glutinous towards the top ; leaves linear ; flowers many in a narrow raceme-like cluster, rather small ; calyx tubular or club-shaped ; petals pink- red, slightly notched . also a double-flowered variety. L. Flos-CUCuli, CUCKOO L. RAGGED ROBIN is the double-flowered variety, in gardens ; slightly downy and glutinous, with lanceolate leaves, and an open panicle of pink-red petals, these cleft into 4 narrow -linear lobes. L. diurna, DAY-BLOOMING L. Double-flowered form also called RAGGED ROBIN in the gardens ; smoothish or soft-hairy ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, the upper ones pointed ; flowers scattered or somewhat clustered on the branches, rose-red. L. vespertina, EVENING-BLOOMING L. A weed in some waste grounds, like the last, and more like the Night-flowering Catchtly ; but has :> st\ le- and a more ovate enlarging calyx ; the flowers are commonly dioecious, white, and open after sunset, the root biennial. But a full double-flowering variety in gar- dens is perennial, day-flowering, and is a white sort of RAGGED ROBIN. 3. SILENE, CATCHFLY. (Both names refer to the sticky exudation on stems and calyx of several species, by which small insects are often caught.) Besides the following, some other wild or cultivated species arc met with, but not common. Fl. mostly all summer. S&F— 14 66 PINK FAMILY. * AU over sticky-hairy : naturalized from Europe. (T) S. noctiflora, XIGHT-I u-wi I:IM; C. Tall coarse weed in cult, or waste grounds; lower leaves spatulate, upper lanceolate and pointed; flowers single or in loose clusters terminating tin- branches, with awl-shaped calyx-teeth and white or pale rosv 2-parted petals, opening at nightfall or in cloudy weather. * * ^Sinmitli, n /Hirt <>f iiich df tin- iiji/>i-r jnint o/'.s/i in glutinous: flowers small. 0 S. Arm6ria, SWEET-WILLIAM C. In old gardens or running wild, from Europe; stem about 1° high, branching into (hit-topped cvmes (if many (lowers, whidi are rather showy ; calyx club-shaped ; petals notched, bright pink, or a white variety, opening only in sunshine ; leaves lance-ovate, glaucous. S. antirrhina, SLEEPY C. Wild in sandy or gravelly soil ; stem slen- der, 6' - 20' high, rather sini|ile ; flowers very small, panicled ; calyx ovoid; petals rose-color, obcordate, opening only at midday in sunshine; leaves lan- ceolate or linear. * * * Someu-liiit sticky-pubescent, at least the ca/i/.r, >rhi<-h in Mony, tubu'ar, or club-shaped : wild species, n-ith rrd or ]>infc showy flowers. 2/ S. Pennsylvanica, PKNNSYLVANIAN C. or WILD PINK. In gravelly soil; stems 4'- 8' high, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of lanceolate have.-, and a cluster of short-stalked middle-sized flowers, in spring; petals pink-red, wedge-shaped, slightly notched. S. Virginica, VIRGINIAN C. or FIRE PINK. In open woods W. & S. ; 1° — 2° high; leaves spatulate or lanceolate; flowers few, pednncled; the pretty large bright crimson-red petals 2-cleft. S. r^gia, KOVAL C. Prairies, &<•., from Ohio S. ; like the last, but 3° high, with lance-ovate leaves, numerous short-peduncled (lowers in a narrow panicle, and narrower scarlet-red petals scarcely cleft. * # # * \nl s/n/.-'i: rul>/.r inflated and bladdery : />I>ER CAMPION. Wild in fields K., but nat. from En., glaucous or pale and very smooth, 1° high, with ovate-lanceolate or oblong leases, and an open cyme of (lowers ; the bladdery calyx veiny ; petals 2-clcft. 4. VACCARIA, COW-HERB. (Name from Latin ,;„;•(,, a cow.) © V. VUlgaris, COMMON C. In gardens or running wild near them, from En. ; smooth, l°-2° high, with pale lanceolate partly clasping leaves, and a loose open cyme of (lowers ; petals pale red, naked, not notched ; (1. summer. 5. SAPONARIA, SOAPWOIJT. (Latin and common names from the mucilaginous juice of the stem and root forming a lather.) From Europe. S. officinalis, COMMON S. or 15oi N« ING BI;T. A rather stout, l°-2° hi^h, nearly smooth herb, in gardens, and running wild hv roadsides ; leaves 3 — 5-ribbed, the lower ovate or oval, upper lanceolate; (lowers rather large, clustered; petals pale rose color or almoM white, notched at the end. The doable-flowered is most common. JJ. 6. GYPSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning lover of (ji/fisum or cliiilh-, growing on calcareous rocks.) Plants with the small and often pan- icled (lowers and foliage of Areuaria or Stellaria, but the sepals united into a cup as in the true Pink Family, usually by their thin white edges, however, so that to a casual glance they may appear distinct. Cult, in choicer gardens, from En. and the East, ornamental, especially for dressing cut (lowers, &c. !•'!. all summer. G. paniculata, PANKI.I.I> (J. Very smooth, pale, l°-2° high; with lance-linear leaves, and branches repeated forking into very loo-e and light cymes, bearing innumerable \cr\ small and delicate white (lowers. 1i G. 61egans, ELEGANT G. Less tall or low, loosely spreading; with lanceolate leaves, much larger (Abroad) and fewer flowers, white or slightly rosy. (i) PINK FAMILY. 67 7. SAGINA, PEARLWORT. (Latin name, means rich nourishment, which, however, these small and insignificant plants can hardly he.) There are four or rive species in the country, none very common ; the most so is S. prociimbens. Springy places and damp shores, £c., N. ; a smooth little plant, tufted and spreading, l'-3' high, with almost thread-shaped leaves; the blunt sepals, short white petals, stamens, and styles 4 or rarely 5. 8. CERASTIUM, MOUSE-EAR CHICK WEED. (Name in Greek refers to the horn-shaped pod of some species. The popular name is from the shape and soft hairiness of the leaves of the common species.) * Flowers inconspicuous, tin- tlfcply 2-cleft petals being shorter or little longer than the calyx ; tlu> jiods becominy much longer and curviny more or less. Flower- ing all summer, irhitc. C. Vlllgatum, COMMON M., fromPcnn. S., but scarce N., in grassy places. An insignificant soft-hairy weed ; stems erect, 4' - 9' high, slightly clammy ; leaves ovate or obovate, small ; pedicels even in fruit and petals shorter than the calyx. @ C. viscosum, CLAMMY M. Common in grassy places ; stems spreading, 6' - 15' long, clammy-hairy ; leaves oblong ; pedicels becoming longer than the calyx ; petals as long as the calyx. (?) If. C. ntltans., NODDING-FRUITED M. Common in moist or shady grounds, wild. Clammy-pubescent, erect, 6' -18' high, becoming very loosely -flowered and branched ; leaves oblong-lanceolate ; petals longer than calyx ; pods long, nodding on the slender flower-stalk and curved upwards. © * * Flowers conspicuous, the snowy white petals 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx: pod shorter : plants forming matted tufts. ^/ C. arvense, FIELD M. Dry fields, &c. Downy but green ; leaves vary- ing from narrow-oblong to linear ; flowering stems 4' - 6' high, few-flowered ; petals notched at the end. C. tomentosum, COTTONY M. Cult, from En. for borders, &c., its spreading shoots, crowded with oblong white-woolly leaves, making dense silvery mats ; petals deeply 2-cleft. 9. STELLARIA, STARWORT-CHICKWEED. (Name from Latin stella, a star.) Petals white, but sometimes small or none. Fl. spring and summer. None cultivated ; but the first is a weed in every garden. * Stems weak and spreading, marked with pubescent lines : leaves broad. S. m6dia, COMMON S. or CHICKWEED. In all damp cult, grounds ; leaves ovate or oblong, the lower on hairy petioles ; petals shorter than the calyx, 2-partcd ; stamens 3-10. © S. pubera, GREAT S. Shaded rocks, wild from Penn. S. & W. ; leaves oblong or oval, sessile ; petals longer than the calyx, 2-cleft. * * Stems erect or spreading, and whole plant smooth : leaves narrow, sessile. 11 S. longifolia, LONG-LEAVED S. or STITCHWORT. Common in damp grassy places N. ; stem weak, 8' -18' high; leaves linear, widely spreading; flowers numerous on slender spreading pedicels in a very loose cyme ; petals 2-parted, longer than the calyx. S. borealis, NORTHERN S. Wet grassy places N. ; stem 3'- 10' high, forking repeatedly and with flowers in the forks of the leafy branches ; leaves broadly lanceolate or narrow-oblong ; petals shorter than the calyx, or none. 10. ARENARIA, SAND WORT. (So named because several grow in sand or sandy soil.) All the following are wild, also some others less com- mon. Fl. spring and summer. * Petals inconspicuous, white. A. serpyllifdlia, THYME-LEAVED S. An insignificant little weed, in sandy or gravelly waste places, 2' - 6' high; stems erect, rougbish, much branched; leaves" ovate, pointed ; petals scarcely longer thau the 3 - 5-nerved pointed sepals. (T) G8 PINK FAMILY. A. diffusa, SPREADING S. Shady grounds S. Plant soft-downy ; stems prostrate, 1° or more long; leaves lanceolate; peduncles lateral, 1 -flowered ; petals shorter than the sepal- or none. 2/ * * Petals coim/iiciiou.-i, /KN S. Stems 1° or so high ; bearing several thread- shaped leaves in the whorls, and terminatm;: in a panicle of white flowers. A weed in grain-nelds, cult, in Europe as a forage plant, sheep being fond of it : fl. summer, (i) 13. ANYCHLA FORKED CI1ICKWEED. (Name of obscure mean- ing.) i A. dich6torua, a common little herb ; in shady places it is smooth ami erect, G'-IO' hi.uli, ^ith repeatedly forking long-jointed very slender stems, minute short-stalked greenish flowers in the forks, and oval or oblong leaves: in drv or parched soil it is spreading on the ground, short-jointed, narrower-leaved, often pubescent, the flowers more clustered and nearly sessile : all summer. 14. SCLERANTHUS, KNA\VEL. (From (i reek words meaning linrd und /loinr, referring to the indurated tube of the calyx.) S. annuus, our only species, is nat. from En. in gravelly grounds, around gardens, ,£c., a very pale little herb, 3' - 5' hit^h, very much branched and spreading, with short awl-shaped leaxe-, and greenish small flowers clustered or sessile in the forks, in late summer and autumn. 15. MOLLUGO, CARPET -WEED. (An old Latin name for some soft plant.) i M. verticillata. A very common, small, prostrate and spreading little wee<|, in waste gravellv soil, gardens, &c., with spatulate leaves and 1-flowered pedicels in clusters or whorls at the joints ; the sepals white inside ; stamens 3- fl. all summer. PURSLANE FAMILY. 69 21. PORTULACACE^E, PURSLANE FAMILY. Succulent-leaved herbs, with 2 sepals and 5 petals, ihe stamens sometimes many, sometimes few, and then one before each petal ; ovary 1-celled, becoming a pod, with many or few kidney-shaped seeds on a central placenta, or on slender seed-stalks from the base. Seeds as in the Pink Family. 1. PORTULACA. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style cleft into several Mender divisions. Lower part of the ovary and many-seeded pod united with the bottom of the calyx; the upper part when mature falling off as a lid. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 2. TALINUM. Stamens more numerous than the petals. Style 3-lobed at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, deciduous. Pod 3-valved, many-seeded. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 3. CALANDR1NIA. Stamens numerous. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx free from the ovary, persistent, enclosing the 3-vaJved many-seeded pod. Flowers opening only once, in sunshine. 4. CLAYTON1A. Stamens 5, one attached to the base of each petal. Style 3-cleft at the summit. Calyx persistent, free from the few-seeded pod. Flowers usually opening for more than one day. 1. PORTULACA, PURSLANE. (Old Latin name for Purslane.) Leafy and branching, low and spreading, with fleshy sessile leaves ; fl. all summer. (Lessons, p. 95, fig. 272, and p. 124, fig. 404.) Q P. oleracea, COMMON P. Very smooth, with prostrate stems, obovate or wedge-form leaves, and small sessile flowers opening only in bright sunshine and for a short time ; the petals pale yellow. The commonest garden weed, sometimes used as a pot-herb. P. pilosa, HAIRY P. Wild far S., has linear terete leaves, with a tuft of beard-like hairs in the axils, and rather large pink flowers. P. grandifibra, GREAT-FLOWERED P., is probably a variety of the last, from South America, commonly cult, for ornament ; the large very showy flowers brilliant purple, crimson, red, sometimes white or yellow, or with light centre, of many shades or variations. 2. TALINUM. (Name unexplained.) One wild species in some places. T. teretif61ium, TERETE-LEAVED T. Low and smooth, with tlik-k and fleshy root, short stems bearing crowded linear terete leaves, and a slender naked peduncle, many-flowered ; petals rose-purple. Serpentine rocks, Penn- sylvania, and rarer west and south : fl. all summer. 2/ 3. CALANDRINIA. (Named for a Swiss botanist, Calandrini.) Culti- vated for ornament in choice gardens : fl. all summer. C. discolor. Cult, as an annual, from Chili ; very glabrous, making a rosette of fleshy spatulate leaves at the root (these glaucous above and tinged with purple beneath), and sending up a naked flower-stem, bearing a raceme of large rose-purple flowers, 2' in diameter. C. Menzi6sii, MENZIES' C. Low, spreading, leafy-stemmed annual, from Oregon and California, with bright green and tender lance-spatulate leaves, and crimson flowers (nearly 1' broad) in a short leafy raceme. 4. CLAYTONIA, SPRING BEAUTY. (Named for Join Clayton, an early botanist in Virginia.) Low, smooth herbs : ours producing only a pair of stem leaves and a short raceme of flowers. * Stem sini/ile from a round tuber : Irarfs srjiiini/'' : tl. fir/// s/iriui/. 2/ C. Virginica, NARROW-LEAVED S. In moist woods, one of the prettiest spring flowers ; petals rose-color with pink veins ; leaves linear-lanceolate. C. Caroliniana, BROADER-LEAVED S. In rich woods ; commonest N. and along the Alleghanies, smaller than the other, with oblong-spatulate or lance-oblong leaves only 1' or 2' long. 70 MALLOW FAMILY. * * Stem-leaves united into onf iisunlly rounded blade or cup underneath the tmall unil ii-hiiixlijloirers : fl. summer. ® C. perfoli&ta occurs in some iranlens, from Oregon and California ; small, of no beauty ; root-leaves tuned, spatulate or lanceolate. 22. MALVACE.2E, MALLOW FAMILY. Known by the monadelphous numerous stamens, their tube con- nected with the base of the petals, kidney-shaped 1 -celled anthers (Lessons, p. 102. tig. 298), the calyx valvate and the corolla con- volute in the bud. Herbs or shrubs, with alternate palmately-veined and dt'ieii lobed leaves, evident stipules, and regular flowers, the true sepals and the petals 5. There is commonly an involucre of several bracts, resembling an outer calyx. Seeds kidney-shaped: the leafy cotyledons crumpled or doubled up, in some mucilaginous albumen. Innocent plants, mucilaginous, with a very tough fibrous bark. § 1. Anthers alt borne in a cluster at the top of the short tube of filaments. Ovaries numerous and separate, crmrded in n ham!, in fruit becoming little I -seeded in- al;< itt-s. liirohicrf conspicuous as a soi-t of outer calyx. Herbs. 1. MALOI'K. Involucre of 3 ovate or heart-shaped leaves. Annuals. 2. KITAIBKLI A. Involucre of 6 - 9 ovate ami pointed leaves united at the base. Perennial. * * Ovaries several or muni/ united in a ring around an axis, in fruit commonly /'nlliin/ away separately, each l-seeded. Ours are alt herot. luiniiinj ilon-u the side of the slender xh/hs. 3. ALTILEA. Involucre of G-9 bracts united at the base. Axis of the fruit not projecting nor enlarged. 4. LAY A TF.KA. Involucre of 3 - 6 more united bracts. Axis of the fruit over- topping the carpels. 6. MALVA. Involucre of only 3 separate bracts. Petals obcordate, otherwise entire. Carpels beakless. 6. CALLllIKHOK. Involucre of 1 - 3 bracts or none. Petals wedge-shaped and truncate, denticulate or cut-fringed at the end. Carpels with a sort of beak at the summit. 7. NAP.EA. Involucre none. Flowers dioecious ! i- *- Sliymas capitate, or truncate at the apex of Hie styles. 8. ANODA. Involucre none. Fruit depressed, very flat and star-shaped, the sides of ihi! numerous carpels evanescent : >eed nearly horizontal. 9. SI DA. Involucre none. Fruit separating into 5 or more closed carpels, or each 2-valved at the apex: seed hanging. # * * Ovaries and cells of the fruit 2 -several-seedi*/. 10. AIHTII-ON'. Involucre none. Carpels each 3 - several-seeded. 11. MODIOl,A. Involucre of :J bractU-ts. Carpels each 2-seeded, with a cross between the upper and lower seed. §2. Anthers borne along the outside <>f the tube ofjilnmrnt*. Ovary €md fruit B- s< feral-celled: stir/mas capitate, lurolncre pnmnt. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. * Involucre of several or many bracts. 12. MALVA VISCUS. Branches of the style and stigmas 10, twice, as many as tho cells ot the ovary. Petals not separating and spreading. Fruit berry-like: cells l-seeded. 13. KOS I'Kl.Kl'/KYA. Branches of the style and stigmas 5. Pod 5-celled; the cells sjngle-^eede.d. 14. HIBISCUS. Branches of the style or stigmas and cells of the ovary 6. Pod 6-celled, loculicidal; the cells many-seeded. * * Involucre of 3 larne and heart-shaped leaf-like bracti. 16. GOSSYPII'M. Styles united into one: stigmas 3 -5, as many as the cells of the pod. Seeds numerous, bearing cotton. MALLOW FAMILY. 71 / 1. MALOPE. (Ancient Greek name for some kind of Mallow.) Herbs, resembling Mallows, from the Mediterranean region ; cult, as garden annuals : fl. summer. M. triflda, THREE-LOBED M. Smooth, with rounded leaves, the upper •ones 3-lobed ; the handsome flowers 2' or more broad, rose-color, veined with purple or rose-red, also a white var. © M. malacoides is rarer, hairy, low, with oblong-ovate toothed leaves, long peduncles, and rose-colored flowers. ^ 2. KITAIBELIA. (Named for Paul Kitaibd, a botanist of Hungary, where the plant grows wild.) Fl. summer. The only species is K. vitifolia, VINE-LEAVED K. Cult, in gardens ; a rough-hairy herb, 2° - 3° high, rather clammy at the summit, with acutely 5-lobed and toothed leaves, involucre longer than the true calyx, and dull white corolla l£' broad when expanded. 2/ 3. ALTHAEA. (From Greek word meaning to cure, used in medicine as an emollient.) Tall herbs (the Shrubby Althrea belongs not to this genus, but to Hibiscus), natives only of the Old World : fl. summer and autumn. A. officinalis, MARSH-MALLOW. Rarely cult., but has run wild on the coast E. ; a rather coarse downy plant, with ovate, sometimes a little lu-art- ehaped or 3-lobed leaves, and clusters of short-peduncled flowers in their axils ; corolla 1' broad, rose-color. The thick root is used for its mucilage, and for making Marsh-Mallow paste. ^/ A. rosea, HOLLYHOCK. Cult, from Syria, with tall and simple hairy stem, rugose rounded and heart-shaped angled or 5 - 7-lobed leaves, and larire flowers on very short peduncles, forming a long spike ; corolla of all shades of rose, purple, white, or yellow, single or double, 3' - 4' broad. © 4. LAVATERA. (Named for the brothers Lavater, of Zurich.) A sort of Mallow, sometimes cult, in gardens, from Europe : fl. all summer. L. trimestris, THREE-MONTH L. or FLOWERING MALLOW. Smooth or smoothish, 1° - 2° high ; lower leaves round-kidney-shaped, crenate, upper heart- shaped, uppermost 3-lobed ; flowers 2' - 3' broad, rose-color, rarely white ; in fruit a broad disk-shaped or umbrella-like expansion of the top of the axis com- pletely covers the carpels. (T) L. Thuringiaca. GERMAN L. Rather downy, smaller ; leaves mostly 3-lobcd; flowers long-pcdunclcd, l^'-2' broad, rose-color; in fruit the axis pro- jects much bcvond the ring of carpels as a pointed cone. 2/ L. arb6rea, TREE MALLOW. Not quite hardy N., has a stout stem 2° -6° high, woody below, rounded 5-9-lobed rather downy leaves, pale purple flow- ers H' broad, on short pedicels, in a terminal raceme or narrow panicle; the axis of the fruit (like that of Mallow) not projecting beyond the carpels. Jl 5. MALVA, MALLOW. (Latin alteration of an old Greek word, mean- mg soft or emollient.) All from Europe or the Orient, but several have run- wild in fields and along roadsides : fl. all summer and autumn. * Flowers small, white or whitish, not consjiicuous nor handsome. M. rotundifdlia, COMMON or ROUND-LEAVED M. Weed in cult, grounds ; with procumbent stems from a strong deep root, rounded kidney shaped crenate leaves on very long petioles, rather slender peduncles, and fruit not wrinkled. (?) 2/ M. crispa, CURLED M. In country gardens, rarely in waste places ; with erect stem (4° - 6° high) leafy to the top, rounded 5 -7-lobed or angled leaves very much crisped round the margin, flowers clustered and almost sessile in the axils, and fruit slightly wrinkled. (T) * * Flowers larger, more or less showy, l^'-2' in dianntir: the purple, rose-color, or sometimes white petals much exceeding the calyx: stem er«i. M. Mauritiana, sometimes called TREE MALLOW. Cult. ; 3° - 5° high, with rounded 5-lobed smooth or smoothish leaves, and clusters in their axils of 72 MALLOW tAMH.Y. flowers \y in diameter, the petals pale rose-color or white, striped with dark purple or violet veins. (T) M. Sylv6stris, Ili-.rr M. Gardens ;ui(l mid-idcs ; 2° - 3° hi-h, branch- ing, with rather sharply 5 — 7-lobed leaves, and purp <>lored tlowers ratlur ler.tlian ill tin- lu-t ; fruit wrinkled-veiny. - 2/ M. AlCGcl. (iardens; 2° - 4° hiuh, hairy, with stem -leaves parted almost to the base into 3-5 divisions which are again 3 - 5-cleft or cut-toothed ; and sho\vy (lowers in clusters or terminal racemes ; corolla deep rose-color, l^'-n' broad; fruit smootli, minutely wrinkled-veiny. 11 M. moschata, MTSK M. Gardens, and escaped to roadsides, l°-2° high, rather hairy, with the herbage I'aintlv musk-scented, leaves about thrice parted or rut into >leiider linear lohcs, ami short-peduncle. i (lower- >oincwhat clustered or racemed ; corolla 1.' broad, ro-e-i-olor or \\hite; fruit downy. 6. CALLIRRHOE. (A Greek mythological name, applied to N. American plants.) Species chiefly farther W. and S., beeoiiiiiii: rather coiumon in choice Lrardens. Fiowcrs crimson, mauv.e, or red-purple, very showy, pro- duced all summer. * Root thick, often turnip-shaped, farinaceous: stems rmiahish-hairy or smootftish. If. C. triangulata. Dry prairies from Wi-eon-in S. ; steins erect, i'° hi-h ; leaves triangular, halberd-shaped, or the lo\\est heart-shaped, the np|icr cut- lobed or 3 - 5-cleft ; flowers somewhat panieled and short-peduncled ; imolnere as lunij as the calyx ; corolla H' or le>s in diameter ; carpels of the fruit even on the hack, tipped with a short point. C. involucrata. Wild from plains of Xehraska S., and cult, for orna- ment ; stem- -j.readin.c: on the -round, l°-3° Ion--; stipules cuiispieuoiis ; leaves rounded, .Vpartcd or cleft and eut-lolicd, .-horter than the axillary pedun- cles ; involucre shorter than the calvx ; corolla 2' or more hroad ; i-arpels of the fruit reticulated, tipped with a Hat and inconspicuous beak. C. Papaver. Wild in rich woodlands from Georgia to Texas, and spar- ingly cult. ; steins >liort, a>ccndint;-, few-leaved ; Iea\es .'{ - .">-parteil with lance- linear divisions, or the lowest rather heart-shaped and deft into oblong Inhrs ; axillary peduncles verv (often lc) loii'_r ; invohicn- of l-;j bracts or none; corolla "2' or more broad ; carpels of the fruit, wrinkled or reticulated and with a stout incurved beak. C. digitata. Wild in prairies of Arkansas ami Texas ; 1° hjcr]] ; leaves mostly from the root, 5 - 7-partcd into Ion-- linear sometime-; 2 - .'{-cleft divis- ions ; peduncles lout; and slender ; involucre none; corolla 1 A' - 2' broad, the petals fringe-toothed at the cud ; fruit nearly as in the last. # * Root slender or tapering : In rl,iii< nntnnth. @ @ C. pedata. Wild in K. Texas ; not rare cult.; stem erect, 1° - 5° hi'_rh, leafy ; lea\e-; rounded, 3- 7-lobed or parted ami the wedge-shaped divisions deft or cut; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves; involucre none; corolla abi.ut IV broad, the petals minutely eroded at the end; carpels of the fruit smooth and even on the. back, and with a stout conspicuous beak. 7. NAPJEA, <;L.\IM;-MALL<>W. (From Greek name for ^tafe or nympA I.) < >nly one spccli g, N. dioica. In valleys, ehictly in lime>tone districts of Pcnu., Vir-rinia, and W. A rather eoar>e, roiiLilii^h herb; Mem 4° - 7° hiirh ; leaves 9-11- jiarted and their lobes cut and toothed, the lowest often 1° in diameter; ilov\' rs small, in panieled corymbs, in summer. 8. ANODA. (Origin of the name obscure.) Low herbs from Mexico, Texas, i<.c., .sparinnlv cailt. for ornament. Stems, v\c. hirsute: ).eduncles IOULC and slender, i-Howered. I-'ruit in the form of a many-rayed star, sup- ported by the spreading fi-raycd calyx : when ripe the rim of each caqiel falls away with the seed it embraces, the si.lcs or partitions disappearing. © A. hastata has mostlv halberd-shaped leaves, and blue or violet corolla only 1 ' - lj' in diameter ; lobes of the calyx ovate, scarcely pointed. MALLOW FAMILY. 73 A. cristata has mostly triangular or obscurely halberd-shaped and toothed leaves, and purple or rose-colored corolla 2' in diameter; lobes of the, calyx triangular, taper-pointed. 9. SID A. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) Mostly rather small-flow- ered or weedy herbs, with 5-12 styles and carpels : fl. summer and autumn. * Peduncles axillary, \-flowered: corolla yellow. S. spindsa. So named from the little pointed projection or tubercle at tho base of the petiole, but which can hardly be called a spine ; stems much branched, 10' -20' high; leaves lance-ovate, serrate, minutely soft-downy; peduncles very short ; flower very small ; pod ovate, of 5 carpels, each splitting at top into 2 points. A common weed S. of New York. i S. rhombii'61ia. But the leaves are hardly rhombic, usually lance-oblong, short-petioled, serrate, pale and whitish downy beneath; stems l°-3° high,, much branched ; peduncles rather long ; flower small ; fruit of 10 or 12 one- pointed carpels. A weed only S. © S. Elliottii. Nearly smooth, l°-4° high; leaves linear or lanceolate, serrate, short-petioled; flower 1' broad, on a short peduncle; fruit of 10-12 nearly blunt carpels. Woodlands S. 2/ * Peduncles bearing a corymb of several white flowers from the upper axils. S. Napsea. Smooth; stem simple, 4° -7° high; leaves rounded, 5-cleft, the lobes toothed and taper-pointed ; corolla about 1' broad; styles and cells of the pod 10. Wild in S. Pcnn. and Virg. Cult, in old gardens. 2/ 10. ABUTILON, INDIAN MALLOW. (Origin of name obscure.) Resembles Sida, but cells more than one-seeded ; flowers usually larger. A. Avicennse, VELVET-LEAF. Cult, soil and old gardens, 3° - 5° high ; leaves roundish heart-shaped, taper-pointed, soft-velvety ; peduncles shorter than petiole, 1 - 3-flowcred ; corolla orange-yellow; fruit of 12-15 united hairy carpels with spreading beaks. Fl. autumn. (T) A. Striatum, STRIPED ABUTILON. Cult, in greenhouses, &c. from Bra- zil ; a tall shrub, very smooth, with rounded heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, the lobes very taper-pointed, and pretty large solitary flowers hanging on a very long and slender peduncle ; corolla not spreading open, orange-colored, with deeper or brownish veining or stripes. 11. MODIOL A. ( The shape of the depressed fruit likened to the Roman measure modtoliis.) Procumbent or spreading, small-flowered, weedy plants. M. multiflda. Virginia and S., in low grounds ; leaves 3 - 7-cleft and cut, or the earlier ones rounded and undivided ; flowers red, £' broad ; fruit hairy at the top. © 2/ 12. MALVAVISCUS. (Name composed of Mai pa, Mallow, and riscus, birdlime, from the glutinous pulp of the berry-like fruit.) Shrubby plants, with showy scarlet flowers, of peculiar appearance, the petals not expanding, but remaining convolute around the lower part of the slender projecting and soon twisted column, held together as it were by a little side-lobe near the base of the inner edge. M. arb6reus, the common West India species, cult, in some hot-houses, has heart-shaped leaves longer than broad, and yellowish fruit. M. Dz'Umrnondii, of Texas, if housed in winter flowers all summer in open ground, is soft-downy, with more rounded and somewhat 3-lobed leaves, and scarlet fruit. 13. KOSTELETZSKYA. (Named for a Bohemian botanist, Kostelctzsky. ) Like Hibiscus, only the cells of ovary and fruit l-seeded. Fl. summer. K. Virginica, VIRGINIAN K. In and near salt marshes, from New York and New Jersey S. : roughish-hairy, 2° -5° high; leaves heart-shaped or mostly 3-lobed, often 'halberd-shaped; flowers somewhat racemed or panicled, rose- purple, l'-2' broad. 21 71 MALLOW FAMILY. 14. HIBISCUS, KOSK-MALI.o\V. (Ancicnv name, of obscure origin., Flowers showy, usually lar-e, in summer ami autumn. * 1'i//l .•>•///•hed leaves, and short-peduncled flowers in their axils, in autumn, about 3' broad, purple, rOSe-COlor, white. Sec., often double. H. Rosa-Sinensis. CHINA 11. or ROSE or CHIN\. Cult, in conserva- tories, from Kast Indies (where the splendid corollas, whieh stain black, are use.l to lilaek Shoes) : very smooth, with bright green ovate and pointed somewhat toothed leave-, and'verv showy (lowers on Mender peduncles, 4' or 5' broad, bcarlct-red (raivl\ rose-purple or e\en white), often double. * * 7/.r/,s , u-ith i»rsi*t-W<> II. or Rosi.-.M M.I...W. Mar-lies from Caro- lina S. ; very smooth, 4°-7° high, with leaves .Vpartcd ,,r deeply cleft into long lanceolate and taper-pointed divisions, and bright-red corolla C'-ll' broad, the petals narrowed below. H. militaris, HAUU:I;I>-I.K.AVI.I> U. Low grounds from Pennsylvania mid Illinois S. ; smooth, .'5° - 4° high, with ovate or heart-shaped toothed or .'Hobed leaves, -oin • of them halberd-shaped, and slendcr-peduncled (lowers, with inflated ealvx, and lle-h-colored corolla 4'-.")' broad. H. Moscheiitos, S\\ oir H. Common iii brackish marshes and up the larger rivers; 3° - 7° high, soft-downy ; the ovate pointed and often .'Molted leaves hoary beneath, generally smooth above ; peduncles slender; corolla 4' - 6' broad, pale' rose or whit,-, with or without a darker centre ; pod smooth. H. grandiflbrus, LAKCK-FL. K. Swamps, from Illinois and Carolina S. ; like the, last, but, leaves soft-downy both sides, and pod velvety-hairy. H. aculeatUS, l'i:i< KI.I or Kon.n li. Swamp- only S. ; rough with stiff bri-tles and bristly points, 2° - G° bi-h ; leaves .'{-5 cleft and the divisions mostly toothed; (lowers short-peduncled; leave- of the involucre often forked; corolla yellow with a purple centre, 4' broad ; pod bristly. H — \- Exotic, low species, in i/nrd. us «itir/ l:nat Indies. H. eSCUlentUS, <>KKA or (JfMUo. Nearly .smooth, with rounded hi'art- Bhaped 5-lobed toothed leaves, ureeni-h-yellow flowera On slender peduncle (invo- lucre falling early), and narrow pods 3' OT 4' lony. which arc very mucila-inons, and when green cooked and eaten, or Used to thicken soups: cult. S. i H. ManihOt. Smoothish, with leaves 5 - 7 -parted into long narrow divis- ions ; the lar-e and showy corolla pale yellow with a dark eye : the leaves of the involucre hairy and soon falling oil': introduced or cult. S. \V. 11 • 15. GOSSTTPIUM, COTTON". (Name given by 1'liny, from the Arabic.) Plants now ditfiised over warm countries, most \aluablc for the wool on the : the species much mixed up. G. hcrbaceum, COMMON COTTON. Cult. S. Leaves with 5 short and roundish lob"- : petals pale yellow or turning rose-color, purple at base. i G. Barbadense, BARBADOES on SEA-ISLAND C. Cult, on the coast S. Inclining to be shrubby at base; branches black-dotted ; leaves with "> longer lance-Ovate and taper-pointed lobes ; leaves of the involucre with very long and Blender leeth ; petals \ellowisb or whitish with purple ba-e. G. arbbreum, THI.K C. Cult. S., only for curiosity, has 5-7 nearly lanceolate and fcipcr-poiiitcd lobes to the leaves, leaves of involucre slightly toothed, and a purple corolla with a darker centre. •* - CAMELLIA OK. TEA FAMILY. , .» 23. STERCULIACE^, STERCULIA FAMILY. Chiefly a tropical family, to which belongs the TIIEOBROMA or CHOCOLATE-TREE ; in common cultivation known here only by a single species of 1. MAHERNIA. (Name an anagram of Hcrmannia, a genus very like it.) Calyx, corolla, &c. as in the Mallow Family ; but the stamens only 5, one before each petal ; the filaments monadelphous only at the base and'en- larged about the middle, and the anthers with '2 parallel cells. The edge- of the base of the petals rolled inwards, making a hollow claw. Ovarv 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell : styles 5, united at the base. M. verticillata. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, in conservatories pro- ducing a succession of honey-yellow sweet-scented small blossoms, on slender peduncles, all winter and spring ; a sort of woody perennial, with slender and spreading or hanging roughish branches and small green irregularly pinnatifid leaves ; the specific name given because the leaves seem to be whorled ; but this is because the stipules, which are cut into several linear divisions, imitate leaves. 24. TILIACE.S3, LINDEN FAMILY. Chiefly a tropical family, represented here only by an herbaceous CORCHORUS on our southernmost borders, and by the genus of line trees which gives the name. 1. TILIA, LINDEN, LIME-TREE, BASSWOOD. (The old Latin name.) Sepals 5, valvate in the bud, as in the Mallow Family, but decidu- ous. Petals a, imbricated in the bud, spatulate-oblong. Stamens numerous; their filaments cohering in 5 clusters, sometimes with a petal-like body in each cluster ; anthers 2-celled. Pistil with a 5-celled ovary, having 2 ovules in each cell, in fruit becoming a rather woody globular 1 - 2-seeded little nut. Style 1 : stigma 5-toothed. Embryo with a slender radicle and leaf-like lobcd cotyledons folded up in the albumen. Trees with mucilaginous shoots, fibrous inner bark (liast), soft white wood, alternate roundish and serrate leaves more or less heart-shaped and commonly oblique at the base, deciduous stipules, and a cyme of small, dull cream-colored, honey-bearing flowers, borne in carly snmmer on a nodding axillary peduncle which is united to a long and narrow leaf-like bract. * ^1 petal-like scale before each petal, to the base of which lite stummx are joined. T. Americana, AMERICAN LINDEN or COMMON B.vss\vooi>. A hand- some and large forest-tree, with leaves of rather firm texture and smooth or smoothish both sides, or in one variety thinner and more downy but not white beneath. T. heterophylla, WHITE LINDEN. Along the Alleghany region from Penn. and Kentucky S. ; has larger leaves silvery white with a fine down under- neath. * * No scales with the stamens. Natives of Europe. T. Europsea, EUROPEAN L., embraces both the SMALL-LEAVED variety, which is commonly planted about cities, and the LARGE-LEAVED or DUTCH L., with leaves as large and firm as those of our wild Basswood. 25. CAMELLIACEJE, CAMELLIA or TEA FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple feather-veined leaves, and no stipules ; the flowers large and showy, mostly axillary, reg- ular, with both sepals and petals imbricated in the bud ; the very numerous stamens with filaments more or less united at the ba~e with each other and with the base of the corolla : anthers 2-celled : ovary and thick or woody pod 5-celled, with one or more seeds in 76 CAMELLIA OR TEA FAMILY. each cell. The petals themselves are commonly more or less united at their lia-e; they an- ;"» or -oim-timrs 6 or even more in number in natural flowers, and in cultivated plains apt to be in- by doubling. f, from Cli'ui'i, .I«)>tni, ,)•<:: fine of the inn> : - entirely separate : 'HK'itly there is .<•/«//.< and petals. 1. CAMKI.I.IA. Numerous M'parate inner stamens within the ring or cup formed by the united ba-es of the very numerous outer siainen-. Style 3 - u-cleft. isaally -in^le in each cell of the thick and woody pod. Leaves ' rate. 2. Till'. A. Separate interior stamens only as many as the petals (5 or 6): other- wise i, >-arly like Camellia: llowcrs less showy; bracts under the calyx incon- spicuous. * # Natives of South en stern States: stamens all uniti-il nt the base. 3. GORIJONIA. Stamens in 5 clusters, one attached to the ba-e of each petal. St v !e columnar: stigma 5-rayed. Seeds several, more or less winged. Leaves coriaceous or thickish. 4. STUAKTIA. Stamens uniformly united by a short ring at the base of the fila- ments. Seeds 2 in each cell, wingless. Leaves thin and deciduous. 1. CAMELLIA. (Xaini'il for liinin- leaves, and terminal or nearly terminal (lowers, simple or dorble, red, \\liite, or variegated, of very manv varieties, is the well-known and onh common species; fl. through the winter, hardy only S. 2. THEA, TKA-1'LANT. (The Chinese name.) Genus too si i-htly dif- ferent from Camellia. Shrubs, natives of China and Japan, >parinu-|y cult, for ornament. T. viridis, GUKKX or ('IIMMDN T. Leaves oblong or broadly lanceolate, much longer than wide ; the white llowcrs (!' or nmre broad) iioddin- on short stalks in their axils. T. Boh6a, n»m.A T. Leaves smaller and broader in proportion ; proba- bly a mere variety of the other. 3. GORDONIA. (Named for Dr. Gordon and another Scotchman of the same name.) G. Lasianthus, LOIU.OT.I.Y BAY. A handsome shrub or small tree, in swamps near the coast from Virginia S., with ever-reeii and smooth lance obl'eiu leaves taperiiii;- to the base and minutely sen-ate, and showy white tlow- (•]•> L'' - •"•' across, in sprm^ and summer, on a slender peduncle; the >tamens short, on a '•> !<>lied caij). G. pubescens, al.-o called KI;\NKI I'M \, after />/•. i'miikHn. (Jrows only in (icor^ia and l-'lorida : a tall, ornamental shrub or small tree, with thinner nml deciduous leaves whiti-h downy beneath, as are the sepal-- and (white) petals, and lunger Mylc and lilameiils, the latter in :> di.-tinct parcel- one on the' lia.-e of each pclal. 4. STIIARTIA. (Named for ./<•/<;) Stuart, the /,n,-,/ ]l,itr at the time of the American Kc\ nlntion. ) nriiamental shrubs, with thin leave- and hand-omc whit«- llo\\cr> -2' or-"' aci-o-s, in late spring or early summer, wild in shady woods of Sonthern States. S. Virginica, :^rows in the low country from Virginia S. : shrub 8° -12° lii.ii'h, with finely serrate leaves soft-downy underneath, pure white petals, purple stamens, one Mvle, and a roundish pod. S. peiltagyna, bel,»n-- lo the mountains S. of Virginia, and in cult, is hardy N. ; has smoother leave- and rather larger very hand-ome llm\er<, their petals ja-ucd-cdu-cd anil tinned with cream-color, the >epals often reddish out- side. :. .-cpiiratc >i\l«-s, and a :> an-lcd pointed pod. GERANIUM FAMILY. 77 26. LINAGES, FLAX FAMILY. A small family, represented here only by the main genus, 1. LINUM, FLAX. (The classical Greek and Latin name. ) Flowers (see Lessons, p. 14, fig. 9 and 10 and p. 98, tig. 281) usually opening for only one day, and in sunshine, regular and symmetrical ; the persistent sepals, deciduous petals, slightly monadelphous stamens, and mostly the styles 5, but the latter are sometimes fewer, occasionally partly united : ovary and pod with as many 2-seedcd cells as there are styles, or mostly twice as many and one-seeded, each cell being divided more or less by a false partition. Seeds with a mucilaginous coat and a large straight oily embryo. Leaves simple, nearly sessile, and entire. Fl. all summer. * Wild species, annuals or scarcely perennials, ivitk small yellow flowers. L. Virginianum, the commonest WILD FLAX, in dry woods, 2° high, with spreading or recurving terete branches at the summit' of the stem ; the leaves oblong or lanceolate, only the lower spatulate and opposite ; flowers scattered ; styles separate ; pod little larger than a pin's head. L. Striatum, also common, mostly in boggy grounds, like the first ; but has the branches shorter, scattered along the stem, and sharply 4-angled with intermediate grooves (whence the name) ; most of the stem-leaves opposite and oblong ; flowers more crowded. L. SUlcatum, much less common, in dry soil, also has grooved (upright) branches, but the leaves are linear and Mattered ; flowers and pods twice as large; sepals sharp-pointed, 3-nerved and with rough glandular margins ; styles united half-way up. * * Cultivated, hardy, herbaceous, with 5 styles and largish handsome flowers. L. USitatlSSimum, COMMON FLAX. Cult, from Old World, and inclined to run wild in fields ; with narrow lanceolate leaves, corymbose rich blue flow- ers, and pointed sepals. (T) L. perenne, PERENNIAL FLAX. Cult, from Fu. in some varieties, for ornament, wild beyond the Mississippi ; less tall than the foregoing, narrower- leaved ; sepals blunt; petals sky-blue, sometimes pale, at least towards the base. 2/ L. grandifibrum, LARGE-FL. RED FLAX. Cult- as an annual, from North Africa ; 1° high, with linear or lanceolate leaves, and showy crimson-red flowers. 0 2/ * * * Cultivated in conservatories, shrubby, with 3 styles and larger/lowers. L. trigynum, of India, has rather large elliptical leaves, and a succession of large and showy bright-yellow flowers. 27. GERANIACEJE, GERANIUM FAMILY. As now received a large and multifarious order, not to be char- acterized as a whole in any short and easy way, including as it does Geraniums, Nasturtiums, Wood-Sorrels, Balsams, &c., which have to be separately described. §1. Flowers regular and symmetrical : sepals persistent. Herbs. 1. OXALIS. Sepals and petals 5, the former imbricated, the latter convolute in the bud. .Stamens 10, monadelphous at base, the alternate ones shorter. Styles 5, separate on a 5-celled ovary, which becomes a membranaceous several-seeded pod. Juice sour and watery. Leaves commonly of three obcordate or two-lobed leaflets, which droop at nightfall. Flowers usually open only in sunshine. 2. LIMNANTHES. Sepals and petals 5, the former valvnte, the latter convolute in the bud. Glands on the receptacle 5. Stamens 10, separate at the ba-c. Style 1, five-lobed at the apex, rising from the centre of a deeply five-lobed ovary, which in fruit becomes 5 separate thickish and wrinkled akencs. Leaves pinnate ; the leaflets cut or cleft. 78 GKKANIUM FAMILY. 3. FL'KRKEA. Sepals small petals, stigmas, and lobes of the ovary 3 ; and •neiis 6 : otherwise like Limnanfhe-. 4. Gl-'i; XNH'M. S B, the former imbricated, the latter commonly convolute in the bud. Glands on the receptaele. B, ;ilternute with the petals. Stamens in monadelphous at the base, the alternate filaments shorter, but u-uallv bearing ambers. Style 5-cleft. Ovary 5-celled, 5-lobed, the lobes separating when ripe into r> two-ovuled but one-seeded carpels or little pods which reiiiMin ham/ing by their long naked recurving styles as these split Off, from below upwards, from a long central beak or axis. (Lessons, p. 112, fig. 358. :;:>!).) Leave-, with stipules Herbage scented. 6 EROD1UM. Stamen- with anthers only f>. Styles when they split off from the beak bearded inside, often twisting spirally ": otherwise as Geranium. f 2. Flows someKltut irrryular, Geranium-like. Shrubby or fleshy-stemmed. 6. PELARGONIUM. Sepals and petal- 5 ; the base of one sepal extends down- ward on one side the pedicel forming a narrow tube or adherent spur, and the two petals on that side of the flower differ from the rest more or less in size or shape. Stamens with anthers fewer than 10, commonly 7. Pistil, &c. as in Geranium. Herbage scented. Leaves with stipules. § 3. Flou-ers very irregular, spurred, also unsymmi-trical. Tender herbs. 7. TUOP.EOLUM. Sepals 5, united at the base, and in the upper side of the flower extended into a 1 .,ig descending spur. Petals 5. or sometimes fewer, usually with claws : the two upper more or less different from the others >nd inserted at the mouth of the spur. Stamens 8, unequal or dissimilar ; filaments usually turned downwards and curving. Ovary of 3 lobes .sur- rounding the base of a single style, in fruit becoming 3 thick and fleshy closed separate carpels, each containing a single large seed. Herbs, climbing by their long leafstalk- ; the watery juice with the pungent odor and taste of Cress. Leaves alternate: stipule-' none or minute. Peduncles axillary, one-flowered. 8. IMPATIENS. Sepals and petals similarly colored, the parts belonging to each not readily distinguished. There are 3 small outer pieces plainly sepals, "" one side of the flower ; then, on the other side, a large hanging sac contracted at the bottom into a spur or little tail; within are two small unequally 2-lobed petals, one each side of the sac. Stamens 5, short, conniving or lightly cohering around and covering the 5-celled ovary, which in fruit becomes a several-seeded pod : this bursts ela.-tically. flying in piece- at the touch, scattering the seeds, separating into "> twisting valves and a thickish axis. Style none. Seeds rather large. Erect, branching, succulent-stemmed herbs, with simple leaves and no stipules. 1. OXALIS, W(X)I)-S( IHUICL. (Name from (Jreek words meaning sour- suit, from the oxalates or " salt-of-sorrel " contained in the juice.) # ^,'n/ii-i s/KrvV x, /Inn-iT/iitf iln'on'ili tin' mnniiH'i' : l«itlcape from a scaly bulb, the flowers several in an umbel, middle-si/.ed, violet. 2/ #* Cultivated in conservatories, from ('<-<>t ('«»»! //"/)<•. O. Bowiei, a stemle— species, with a small bulb on a spindle-shaped root; leal'-ialks and few-llo\vercd scapes ('>'- 111' high ; broad obcurdale leaflets almost 2' long ; petals deep rose-color, I' long. O. specibsa is more hairy; leaflets obovate and scarcely notched, nun- monh crim.son underneath, only I ' long ; scapes short, 1 -flowered; petals 1^' long, pink-red with a yellowish base. O. flava, from a strong bulb send- up to the surface a short scaly stem, bearing thick Hattish leafstalks and short 1-tlowered scapes ; the leaflets 6 - 10 and linear ; petals nearly 1' long, yellow, often edged with reddish. GERANIUM FAMILY. 79 O. versicolor, the commoner and prettiest species, from small bulbs sends up slender steins, 2' -.3' high, hearing at summit leaves of 3 almost linear leaf- lets notched at the end, and slender 1 -flowered peduncles; petals 1' long, white or tinged with rose, with bright pink-red margins underneath, so that the blos- som is red when rolled up in the bud or closed in shade, but white above when it opens in sunshine. # * * Cultivated from South America for the edili/e, tulirrs. O. crenata, the OCA of Pern, rather common in France, bears abundance of potato-like tubers as large as pullet's-eggs ; stem leafy, 2° high ; leaflets obcordate ; peduncles several-flowered ; petals yellow, rather large, crenate or several-notched at the end. 2. LIMNANTHES. (Name from Greek words for marsh flower: but in fact the plant flourishes in merely moist soil.) (T) L. Douglasii. Cult, for ornament from California ; a low and spreading, mostly smooth, and slightly succulent, garden animal, with leaves of 5-7 oblong or lanceolate and often 3 - 5-cleft leaflets, and rather neat flowers (in summer), solitary on slender axillary peduncles ; the petals white with a yellow base, wedge-oblong, notched at the end, twice the length of the calyx, about |' long. 3. FLCERKEA, FALSE MERMAID. (Named for Flcerke, a German botanist.) ® F. proserpinacoides, in marshes and wet alluvial soil ; a small and in- significant plant, with the 3-5 leaflets lanceolate and entire, or rarely 2 — 3- cleft ; the axillary and peduncled flower inconspicuous (in spring and summer), the oblong petals shorter than the calyx and entire. 4. GERANIUM, CRANESBILL. (From old Greek name for the Crane, alluding probably to the long beak in fruit.) The following are wild species of the country : the so-called Geraniums of cultivation belong to Pelargonium. Sepals usually slender-pointed. Fl. spring and summer. G. maculatum, WILD or SPOTTED CRANESBILL. Common in wood- lands and open grounds ; stem erect from a stout root or rootstock, about 2° high, hairy, branching and terminating in long peduncles bearing a pair of flowers ; leaves palmately parted in-to 5-7 wedge-shaped divisions cut and cleft at the end, sometimes whitish-blotched ; petals wedge-obovate, light purple, ^' long, bearded on the short claw. 2/ G. Carolinianum, CAROLINA C. In open and mostly barren soil ; stems erect or soon diffusely branched from the base, only 6'- 18' high ; leaves palmately parted into 5 much cleft and cut divisions ; peduncles and pedicels short ; flowers barely half as large as in the foregoing, the pale rose-colored pet- als notched at the end. (T) © G. Robertianum, HERB ROBERT. Common N. in shady rocky places ; very strong-scented, loosely hairy, diffusely spreading ; leaves finely cut, being divided into 3 twiee-pinnatitid divisions ; flowers small ; petals pink or red purple. © 5. ERODIUM, STORKSBILL. (From Greek name for a Heron.) E. cicutarium, COMMON S. Nat. from Eu., in sterile soil, but not com- mon, except in Texas and California, where it greatly abounds; low, hairy and rather viscid ; the leaves mostly from the root, pinnate, and the leaflets finely once or twice pinnatifid ; peduncle bearing an umbel of several small pinkish flowers, in summer. (T) @ 6. PELARGONIUM, the GERANIUM, so-called, of house and sum- mer-garden culture. (Name from Greek word for the Stork, from the beak of the fruit, which is like that of Geranium.) All are perennials, and most of the common ones more or less shrubby, natives of the Cape of Good Hope ; in cultivation so mixed up by crossing that students will hardly be able to make out the species. The following are the types or originals of the commonest Sorts. 80 GKKAXIUM FAMILY. § 1. Lraves peltate and fleshy, the 5 lobes entire : stuns P. peltatum, Ivv-i.i. AVI.H I', (imcmlly smooth, tin- leaf tixcd the niiddk', with or without a darkish /< ACTS pink or varying to white. § 2. I.t-iirix round and crenate, very n!:si-nr< '// many-lobed and >/•///< inl,', <>r run/i'n/ In ir/n'ti), tin' hrn upper a little narrower tlmn /In- ntlura: stems erect, shrubby and succulent. /'',. two species greatly mi.ru/. P. ZOnale, HOKSE-SHOK 1'. So called t'roin t lie dark horse-shoe mark or zone, which however is not always present ; sinoothi-h ; petal* narrowish. P. inquinans, STAINIM. or SCAIM.ET 1'. In the uiiniixi'd stale i> -oft- ilowny and clammy, the leaves without the /.one ; petals broadly obovate, origi- nally intense .-earlet. § 3. Leaves rounded, moderately ifut nil luiml : branches scarcely succulent: pet- iiln never scarlet, the tin* n/i/n r more or A.s-\ Im-tj, i limn lli<> three lower. * I^'iin-s sweet-scented, r/'/n-ti/ <»• soft-downy: jl«ir< rx xiim/l : stems or branches herbaceous or half herbaceous, .*./ 1*. Branches slender and strag- gling, from a very short scaly stem or ha>e ; leaves rounded and crenate, soft- yelvety, small; flowers on short pedicels, very small; petals white, scarcely exceeding the calyx. * * 1. 1 tin:* unt sweet-scentsd : Jlninrs l/i . n-/,/'/,, ^v., tf/c tim II/I/IIT /H'talx luiii/i r unit Li-n,i
  • . P. angulbsum, MAPLE-LEAVED P. Harsher-hairy; the leaves rii^id, in- clined to be lobed, truncate or even wed^e-shaped at the base (scarcely ever heart-shaped), sharply toothed. § 4. /.' avt .•; decidedly lobed »r rut, in some s/i«-i< * compound <»' decompound, * Smtit'tli mill /ni/r /ir ijltiu, v.»s, i-niini/'il, jHi/nnili'li/ 5-7-r/r/?. P. grandiflbrum, GREAT-I-I.O\VKI:ED P. Shrubby; peduncles bearinir about .'1 lar-e tlo\\ers, with white petals l\> Ion-, the t\\o upper lar-cr and ele- -.uiily veined or \ arie^ated with pink or rose-color. * * Sill.-i/-l)f>iiri/, i>iiiiinti'/i/ veined and somewhat />i>ni>iti/i lane, '-oblong ; peduncles bearinu '2 or :t show v flowers ; the three louep petals white, the two upper crimson, with a dark spot at their base, and rather smaller, £' long : not common. * # # Soft-hoary or velvety, palmatelyS-parted, small: no obvious stipuks. P. exstipulatuin, Pi:\\v-K<>Y \t. I'. Low, rather shrubby ; leaves with the sweet .-cent of IVliny-Koval or I>eru'aniot, .',' wide, the lobes wedge-shaped and cut-toothed ; flowers small and insignificant, white. * * * * f/niri/, rum/l/is/i, tir ilmi-ni/ : /ninx mori- nr ANV ninnatifid Or />i»nati>/y coiii/iiiiini/ IT tin- iiiniii IO'HX iir t/irtsiniis jiiiiii'itifiil , Im/sdi/iir ur atronif- ilnl : sti> P. quercifolium, OAK-LI. \vi i> I'. Shrubby, hairy and glandular; leaven deeply Einnate-piooatifid, with wavy toothed blunt "lobes (the lowest RUE FAMILY. 81 ones largest, making a triangular-heart-shaped outline), often dark-colored along the middle, unpleasantly scented ; petals purple or pink, the two upper (!' long) miK-li longc>t. P. graveolens, HEAVY-SCENTED P. Shrubby and hairy like the last ; leaves pahnately 5- 7-lobed or parted and the oblong lobes sinuate-pinnatifid ; petals shorter. P. Hadula, ROUGH P. Shrubby, rough and hairy above with short bris- tles ; the balsamic or mint-scented leaves palmately parted and the divisions pimmtely parted or again cut into narrow linear lobes, with revolute margins ; peduncles short, bearing few small flowers ; petals rose-color striped or veined with pink or purple. P. fulgldum, BRILLIANT P. Shrubby and succulent-stemmed, downy ; leaves mostly 3-parted, with the lateral divisions wedge-shaped and 3-lobed, the middle one oblong and cut-pinnatitid ; calyx broad in the throat ; petals obovate, scarlet, often with dark lines, ^' long. P. triste, SAD or NIGHT-SCENTED P. Stem succulent and very short from a tuberous rootstock, or none ; leaves pinnately decompound, hairy ; pet- als dull brownish-yellow with darker spots, sweet-scented at night. 7. TROP-ZEOLUM, NASTURTIUM or INDIAN CRESS. (Name from a Greek word for a trophy, the foliage of the common sort likened to a group of shields.) Cult, from South America, chiefly Peru, for ornament, and the pickled fruits used as a substitute for capers, having a similar flavor and pungency : fl. all summer, showy. T. majus, COMMON N. Climbing high, also low and scarcely climbing ; leaves roundish and about 6-angled, peltate towards the middle ; petals much longer than calyx, varying from orange to scarlet and crimson, pointless, entire or a little jagged at the end, and the 3 lower and longer-clawed ones fringed at the base : also a full double variety. © T. minus, SMALLER N. Smaller ; petals paler yellow and with a pointed tip. Now less common than the preceding, but mixed with it. © T. tuberdsum, TUBEROUS N. Less common ; leaves with 5 rather deep lobes ; petals entire, orange, scarcely longer than the heavy-spurred orange- red calyx ; tubers edible. 2/ T. peregrinum, CANARY-BIRD FLOWER. Climbing high ; leaves deeply 5 - 7-lobed and cut ; spur hooked or curved ; petals light yellow, the 2 upper lobed, the 3 lower small and fringed. © 8. IMPATIENS, TOUCH-ME-NOT, JEWEL -WEED, BALSAM. (Name from the sudden bursting of the pod when touched.) Ours arc all tender and succulent-stemmed annuals : fl. all summer. I. pallida, PALE T. Wet ground and moist shady places, commonest X , 1° — 4° high, branched; leaves alternate, oval; flowers panicled, pale yellow dotted with brownish-red (rarely spotless), the sac broader than long and tipped with a short incurved spur. I. fulva, SPOTTED T. Commoner S. ; has smaller orange-colored flowers spotted with reddish-brown, sac longer than broad and tapering into an inflexed spur (spots and spur rarely wanting). I. Balsamina, GARDEN BALSAM, from India. Low, with crowded lan- ceolate leaves, the lower opposite, a cluster of large and showy short-spurred flowers in their axils, on short stalks, of very various shades (from white to red and purple) ; the finer sorts full double. 28. RUTACE.aE, KUE FAMILY. Known by the transparent dots or glands (resembling punctures) in the simple or compound leaves, containing a pungent or acrid bitter-aromatic volatile oil ; and stamens only as many or twice as many (or in Orange and Lemon more numerous), inserted on the base of a receptacle (or a glandular disk surrounding it) which 82 KUK FAMILY. sometimes elevates more or less the single compound pistil or the 2-5 more or less separate carpels. Leaves either opposite or alter- nate, in ours mostly alternate, without stipules. Flowers only in No. 2 irregular. Many species are medicinal. § 1. Perennial, strong-scented, hardy (exotic) kerbs : flowers perfect : stamens 8 or 10: ovary i-5-lobed,4-S-ceUed: seeds several. 1. RUT A. Sepals and petals 4 or 5, short, the latter roundish and arching. Sta- mens twice as many as the petals. Style 1. Pod globular and many-seeded. Leaves decompound. 2. DICTAMNUS. Sepals and petals 5; the latter long and lanceolate, on short claws, the lower one declining, the others ascending. Stamens 10; the long filaments declining and curved, partly glandular. Styles 5, nearly separate. Ovary a little elevated, deeply 5-lobed, in fruit becoming 5 flattened rough- glandular 2 - 3-secded pods, each splitting wheu ripe into 2 valves, which divide into an outer and an inner layer. Leaves pinnate. § 2. Shrubs or trees, hardy, with polygamous, dioecious, or sometimes perfect, small (greenish or whitish) flowers: stamens 4 or 5, as many us the petals : seeds sinyle or in pairs. * Indiytnuus : leaves jnnnate or of 3 leaflets, deciduous. 3. ZANTHOXYLUM. Flowers dioecious. Pistils 2 -5; their styles slightly co- hering ; the ovaries separate, ripening into rather fleshy at length dry and 2-valved little pods. Seed black, smooth and shining. Prickly trees or shrubs: leaves pinnate. 4. PTKLKA. Flowers polygamous. Pistil a 2-celled ovary tipped with a short style, forming a 2-celled 2-seede 1 and rounded wing-fruit or samara, in shape like that of the Kim. Not prickly: leaflets 3. * * Exutic : leaves simple and entire, evergreen. 5. SKIMMIA. Flowers polygamous or perfect. Ovary 2-5-celIed, with a single ovule from the top of each cell, in fruit becoming a red berry or drupe. § 3. Shrubs or trees, exotic, not Imrdi/, n-ith tweet-scented foliage and perfect flowers, having numerous (20 - 60) $tttititii.<. 6. CITRUS. Petals 4-8, usually 5. thickish. Filaments irregularly united more or less. Ovary many-celled, encircled at the base by a conspicuous disk (see Lessons, p. 11.3, fig. 363), in fruit, becoming a thick-rinded many-seeded large berry. Brandies usually spiny. Leaves evergreen, apparently simple, but with a joint between the blade and the (commonly winged or margined) petiole, showing that the leaf is a compound one reduced to the end-leaflet. 1. RUTA, RUE. (The ancient mime.) Natives of the Old World. ^ R. gravdolens, COMMON Uric. Cult, iii country gardens ; a bushy herb, \voody or almost shrubby at the huso, with Muisli-^ivrii and strongly dotted oblong or obovatc small leallets, the terminal onr broader and notrlird at the end, and corymbs of greenish-yellow (lowers, produced all summer; the earliest blossom has the parts in lives, the rest in fours. Plant very aerid, sometime:, even blistering the skin. 2. DICTAMNUS, FKAXINKLLA. (Aneient Greek name.) Native of Southern Knrope. 21 D. Fraxin611a. Cult, for ornament ; herb with an almost woody base, viscid-glandular, and with a strong aromatic >cent ; the leaves likened to those of Ash on a smaller scale ( whence i he common name) of y - i;f ovate and ser- rate leaflets ; the lar^e llowers in a terminal raceme, in summer, in one variety pale purple with redder veins, another white. 3. ZANTHOXYLUM, PRICKLY ASH. (Name composed of two (ireek words, meaning i/illmc «vW.) JJark, leaves, and little licshv pods very pungent and aromatic. Z. Americanum, NORTHERN P. or TOOTHACHE-TREE. Rocky woods and banks N. ; a pricklv shrub or small tree, witli leaves downy when young, of 9 - 1 1 ovate or oblong leaflets ; the greenish flowers in axillary clusters, in QUASSIA FAMILY. 83 spring, preceding the leaves, cither the sepals or petals wanting ; pistils 3 - 5 with slender styles ; the little pods about the size and shape of pepper-corns, lemon-scented, raised from the receptacle on tliickish stalks. Z. Carolinianum, SOUTHERN P. Sandy coast S. ; a small tree, the hark armed with warty and the leafstalks with very slender prickles, smooth, with 7-9 ovate or lance-ovate leaflets, and whitish flowers in a terminal cyme, in early summer, later than the leaves, with the petals and sepals both present, 3 or 2 short-styled pistils, and pods not stalked. 4. PTELEA, HOP-TREE. (The ancient Greek name for the Elm, from the resemblance in the winged fruit.) P. trifoliata, THREE-LEAVED H. Rocky woods from Penn. S. & W. ; a tall shrub or small tree, with ovate pointed leaflets, and a terminal cyme of small greenish-white unpleasantly scented flowers, in early summer; the orbic- ular winged fruit bitter, used as a substitute for hops. 5. SKIMMIA. (STcimmi is the name in Japan, from which country the common species was recently introduced into ornamental cultivation.) S. Japonica, a low quite hardy shrub, smooth, with oblong and entire bright-green evergreen leaves crowded on the end of the branches, which in spring are terminated with close panicle or cluster of small and white sweet- scented flowers, of no beauty, but followed by bright red berries which last over winter. 6. CITRUS, CITRON, ORANGE, &c. (Ancient name for Citron.) Na- tives of India, &c., cultivated with us only for ornament. Flowers white, very sweet-scented, rather showy. The species or varieties are much con- fused or mixed. C. vulgaris, BITTER ORANGE, with broadly winged petiole ; fruit with a thin roughish rind and acrid bitter pulp. C. Aurantium, SWEET ORANGE, with a very narrow wing or slight margin to the petiole ; fruit globose, with a smooth and thin separable rind and a sweet pulp. Var. myrtif61ia, MYRTLE-LEAVED or CHINESE ORANGE, dwarf, with small leaves (!'- 1^' long) and small fruit, depressed or sunken at the apex. C. Lim6niu.rn, LEMON, with a narrow wing or margin to the petiole, oblong and acute toothed leaves, petals commonly purplish outside, and fruit ovoid-oblong, with adherent rind and a very acid pulp. C. Limetta, LIME, with wingless petiole, roundish or oval serrate leaves, and globular fruit with a firm rind and sweetish pulp. C. Medica, CITRON _( named from the country, Afirlia), with wingless petiole, oblong or oval acute leaves, petals purplish outside, and a large oblong sweet-scented fruit with a very thick roughish adherent rind, and slightly acid pulp. 29. SIMARUBACE.aE, QUASSIA FAMILY. May be regarded as RutaceJE without transparent dots in the leaves ; here represented by a single tree, the 1. AILANTHUS, CHINESE SUMACH or TREE-OF-IIEAVEN. (Atlanta, a native name.) Flowers polygamous, small, greenish, in terminal branched panicles, with 5 short sepals and 5 petals, lo stamens in the sterile flowers and few or none in the fertile; the latter with 2 to 5 ovaries (their styles lateral, united or soon separate), which in fruit become linear-oblong thin and membranaceous veiny samaras or keys, like those of Ash on a smaller scale, but 1 -seeded in the middle. A. glandulbsus, the only species known here, from China, is a common shade-tree, tall, of rapid growth, with hard wood, very long pinnate leaves, and many obliquely lanceolate entire or sparingly sinuate leaflets ; flowers in early summer, ihc staminate very ill-scented. 84 CASHKW FAMILY. 30. MELIACEJE, MKLIA FAMILY. Trees, chiefly with pinnatcly compound dotless leaves, stamens twice as many as the petals ami muted up to or beyond tlie anthers into a tube, and a several-celled ovary with a single style ; almost all tropical, — represented in Florida and larlher south by SWIKTE- NIA MAIIOOANI, tin- MAHOGANY-TUKK, and by an exotic shade- tree at l he South, viz. 1. MELIA. (l Mil (Jreek name of the Ash, transferred to a widely different tree.) Calyx 5 — 6-parted. I 'rials ~> or r>. linear-spatulate. Filaments united into a cylindrical tube with a 10- 12-clcft mouth, cndo-ing as maiiv anthers. Fruit a globose berry-like drupe, with a bony .">-celled stune, and a single seed in each cell. Flowers in large compound panicles. M. Azedarach, FKIDK-OF-IXDIA or CHINA-TREE. A favorite shade- tree at the S., 30° -40° hitch, with twice pinnate smooth leaves, ovate and pointed toothed leaflets, of a deep green color, and numer'ms fragrant lilac-col- ored flowers, in spring, succeeded by the yellowish fruity 31. ANACARDIACE.3E, CASHEW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with resinous or acid, sometimes poisonous, often colored or milky juice ; alternate leaves without stipules ; small flowers with sepals, petals, and stamens 5 ; and a 1-celled 1 -ovule J ovary bearing 3 styles or stigmas, — represented by the genus 1. RHUS, SUMACH. (Ancient narrn.) Flowers polygamous or dioe- cious, sometimes perfect, whilUh or greenish, in terminal or axillary panicles. Stamens inserted under the edge or between the lobes of a flattened di», with simple entin linns: not poisonous. R. C6tinus, S.MOKK-TIJKI: or YI.NKTI.VN STMACII. Shrub 5° -9° high, smooth, with obovate leaves mi -lender petioles. IOOM- panicles of flowers iu early summer, followed rarely by little half-heart-shaped fruits: usually most of the flowers an: abortive, while their pedicels lengthen, branch, and b'-ir long plumv hairs, making large and liyht, feathery or cloud-like bunches, cither greenish or tin.iccd with red, which are \ery ornamental. The same or one very like it is wild in Alabama. § 2. \nlii-i- s/nriis, irit/i I-III/I/IIH/IK! linns n/'.'i-.'H Imtlits. * Poisonous l<> lli<' lonrli fur iimst /ifii/ili . tin /ui'i; risiii'i'i.-i : time, rs in slender axil* (ary panicles, m summit-: fruit smooth, t<'l\ l\v or I'UISUN OAK. Common in low grounds, climbiiiLC by rootlets ,u>. In swampy ground; shrub fi°-lS° high, smooth, with pinnate leaves of 7-l.'i obovato entire leaflet-, and \ery slender panicles. More virulent than the foregoing. * * Not poisonous : frnlt nil mi<1 In si I it-//// nihlish hairs, r<-ri/ arid. •«- Lf iins /liiiiin/i' : J/iiifi /•.< u-li, 'tis/i, in lin-i/i ninl r. r// i-nm/xirl ti rminnl jxiniclts. in nnli/ sni/ii/ii r, succeeded /«/ t, but smooth, the leaflets whitened beneath. — Var. LACINIATA, in Pcnn., has the leaflets rut into narrow irregular lobes : planted for ornament. R. COpallina, DWARF S. Shrub l°-5° high, in rocky or sandy ground, spreading by subterranean shoots ; with downy stalks or branches, petioles winged or broadly margined between the 9-21 oblong or lance-ovate oblique leaflets, which are thickish and shining above ; juice resinous. •*- •*- Leaves of 3 cut-lobed hajli-ts : flowers lit/lit yi-lhnr, in sprint] before the leaves ajipear, dicecioits, in small scaly-bracted and catkins-ike spikes. R. aromatica, FRAGRANT S. A straggling bush in rocky places, from Vermont W. & S., with the small rhombic-ovate leaflets pubescent when young, aromatic-seen ted . 32. VITACEJE, VINE FAMILY. Woody plants, climbing by tendrils, with watery and often acid juice, alternate leaves, deciduous stipules, and small greeni.-h flow- ers in a cyme or thyrsus ; with a minutely 4 - 5-toothed or almost obsolete calyx ; petals valvate in the bud and very deciduous ; the stamens as many as the petals and opposite them ; a 2-celled ovary with a pair of ovules rising from the base of each cell, becoming a berry containing 1 — 4 bony seeds. Tendrils and flower-clusters opposite the leaves. 1. V1TIS. Calyx very short, a fleshy disk connecting it with the base of the ovary and bearing the petals and stamens. 2. AMPELOPSIS Calyx minutely 5-toothed : no disk. Petals expanditg before they fall. Leaflets 5. 1. VITIS, GRAPE-VINE. (The classical Latin name.) Fl. in late spring. § 1. TRUE GRAPES. Petals and stamens 5, the former lightly cohering at the top and thrown ojT without t.rpandinf/ : the base of the very short anil trun- cate calyx fllled with tin (lisle, trhirh rlsi-s inti- 5 thick Mvs ort/hmds bi'tween the stamens : leaves simple, rounded and heart-shaped, usually 3 - b-lobed. * Flowers all perfect, somewhat fragrant: exotic. V. vinifera, EUROPEAN GRAPE. Cult, from immemorial time, from the East, furnishing the principal grapes of our greenhouses, &c. ; some varieties nearly hardy N. : leaves green, cottony only when very young. * * Flowers more or less ]><>fyi/ann>us (some plants inclined to produce only stami- nate flowers), exhalini/ a fragrance like that of Mit/nont-tte : natire species. +- Bark of stem early separating in loose strips : panicles compound and loose. V. Labrusca, NORTHERN FOX-GRAPE, the original of the CATAWHA, ISABELLA, and furnishing most of the American table and wine grapes ; com- mon in moist grounds N. & W. : leaves and young shoots very cottony, e\en the adult leaves retaining the cottony wool underneath, the lobes separated by roundish sinuses ; fruit large, with a tough musky pulp when wild, dark purple or amber-color, in compact clusters. V. sestivalis, SUMMER GRAPE. Common N. & S. ; leaves green above, and with loose cobwebby down underneath, the lobes with roundish open sinuses ; clusters slender ; fruit smaller and earlier than in the foregoing, black with a bloom, pleasant. Original of the CLINTON GHAPE, ^c. V. COrdifolia, WINTER or FROST GRAPE. Common on banks of streams -. leaves never cottony, green both sides, thin, heart-shaped, little lohed. but coarse- ly and sharply toothed ; clusters loose ; fruit small, hhiiMi or black with a bloom, very sour, ripe after frosts. Var. RIP\UIA, the common form along river-banks W. has broader and more cut or lobcd leaves. ft BUCKTHORN FAMILY. -»- •»- Burl: n f stem close and smooth, pale. V. vulpina, Mi SCADIM,, l'.n.i.\( K, or l-'ox-(iu.\PE of the South. River- hanks t'nuii Maryland and Kentucky S. : leaves railicr small, round iu outline, seldom and slightly lobed, glossy and mo.-tly smooth both sides, tin- mar-in cut into coai" • and broad teeth; clusters small; fruit lar^c, £'-ij' in diameter, ])iir|)lc, thie.v --I;' incd, musky, or p!ea-ant-tlavored, ripe in early autumn : the original of the .SCCI'PKKNO.NG GKAIM-:, &e. §2. ClSSUS. Petals and stamens 4 or 5, tin' f'oninr "/miini/ rn/nl/ir/y : (lisle tliifl: i mil I 'I'm i, I, 4 - :)-/ul>ul : jl<'"'< rs must It/ /n r/l <•! : In rriis nut /an/er than /»ively, -ometimes by rootlets as well as by the tendrils, the latter specially fitted for ascending walls and trunks, to which they attach themselves firmly by sucker-like disks at the tip of their branches (Lessons, p. 41, li^s. 93, 94) ; leaf- lets 5, digitate, lance-oblong, cut-toothed, chan.u-'m^ to crimson in autumn ; flowers cymosc, in summer ; berries small, black or bluish. 33. RHAMNACE^l, BUCKTHORN FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, of bitterish and astringent properties, with simpk chielly alternate leaves and small flowers ; well marked by the sta- mens of (lie number of the valvatc sepals (4 or .'>) and alternate with them, i. e. opposite the petals, inserted on a disk which lines the calyx-tube and often unites it with the base of the ovary, this having a single erect ovule in each of the (2-5) cells. Branches often thorny: stipules rn'nutc or none: flowers often apetalous or polygamous. Petals commonly hooded or involute around the sta- men before it. (Lessons, p. 114, lig. '•>('<[, 3Go.) » Calyx free from tlie ovary. 1. BKHCIIKMIA. Twining climbers, with ^tvaiu'lit-veiued loaves. Petals 5, with- out claws, rather lunger than the stamen-. I>i>k thick, nearly filling the bot- tom of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 2-eelled small stone-fruit, with purple and thi'n pulp. 2. RIIA.MM'S. Krect shrubs or trees, with luoM'ly-veined leaves. Petals 4 or 5. with short claws. Stamens short. Ovary 2 - 4-celled, becoming a black berry-like fruit, containing 2-4 cartilaginous s ..... l-like nutlets, which are grooved on the hack, as is the contained seed. Cotyledons foliaccnus. 3. FnANGULA. I.iko IJhamnus, but with straight-veined leaves; the nutlet* not grooved but convex on the back: cotyledons thick. STAFF-TREE FAMILY. &7 * * Calyx with the disk coherent with the base qftJ/e orary and fruit. 4. CEANOTHUS. Erect or depressed shrubs or underslmibs. Petals 5, hood- shiiped, spreading, their claws and the filaments slender. Ovary 3-celled, when ripe becoming a cartilaginous or crustaceous o-seeded pod. 1. BEBCHEMIA, SUPPLE-JACK. (Probably named for some botanist of the name of Berchem.) B. VOlubilis. Common in low grounds S., climbing high trees, smooth, with very tough and liths stems (whence the popular name), small, oblong- ovate and simply parallel- /eined leaves, and greenish-white flowers in small panicles terminating the brauchlets, in early summer. 2. RHAMNUS, BUCKTHORN. (The ancient name ) Flowers green- ish, axillary, mostly in small clusters, commonly polygamous or dioecious, in early summer. Berry-like fruit mawkish. * Flowers irith petals, the parts in fours: leaves minute! u serrate. R. catharticus, COMMON BUCKTHORN. Cult, from Eu., for hedges, run wild in a few places ; forms a small tree, with thorny branchlets, ovate or oblong leaves, and 3 - 4-seeded fruit. R. lanceqlatus, NARROW-LEAVED B. Wild from Penn. S. & W. ; shrub not thorny, with lanceolate or oblong leaves, and 2-seeded fruit. * * Flowers without petals: stamens and lobes of the calyx 5. R. alnifdlius, ALDER-LEAVED B. Wild in cold swamps N. ; a low shrub, with oval acute serrate leaves, and 3-seeded berry-like fruit. 3. FRANGUL A, ALDER-BUCKTHORN. (From frmit/n, to break, the stems brittle.) Flowers greenish, generally perfect, and the parts in fives. F. Caroliniana. Wild in wet grounds, from New Jersey and Kentucky R. ; a thornless shrub or low tree, with oblong and almost entire rather large leaves ; flowers solitary or in small clusters in the axils, in early summer ; the 3-sceded fruit black. 4. CEANOTHUS. (An ancient name, of unknown meaning, applied to these N. American plants.) Flowers in little umbels or fascicles, usually clustered in dense bunches or panicles, handsome, the calyx and even the pedicels colored like the petals and stamens. Ours are low undershrubby plants, with white flowers. In and beyond the Rocky Mountains, especially in California, are many species, some of them tall shrubs or small trees, loaded with showy blossoms. C. Americanus, NEW-JERSEY TEA or RED-ROOT. Wild in dry grounds, l°-2° high from a dark red root; leaves ovate or oblong ovate, finely serrate, downy beneath, 3-ribbed and veiny, deciduous (used as a substitute for tea in early times, the use lately revived) ; flowers crowded in a dense slender-peduu- cled cluster, in summer. C. pvalis. Wild on rocks N. from Vermont to Wisconsin : lower than the preceding and smoother, with smaller narrow-o\al or lance-oblong leaves, and larger flowers on a shorter peduncle, in spring. C. microph^llus, SMALL-LEAVED C. Dry barrens S. : low and spread- ing, much branched ; leaves evergreen, very small, obovate, 3-ribbed ; flower- clusters small and simple, in spring. 34. CELASTRACE^E, STAFF-TREE FAMILY. Shrubs, sometimes twining, with simple leaves, minute and decid- uous stipules or none, and small flowers with sepals and petals both imbricated in the bud, and stamens of the number of the latter, alternate with them, and inserted on a disk which fills the bottom of the calyx and often covers the 2-5-celled few-ovuled ovary ; tne seeds usually furnished with or enclosed in a fleshy or pulpy aril. NH SOAl'UKi.UY FAMILY. Represented both as to native and cultivated plants by two genera : 1. CKLASTRUS. Flowers polygamous or dioecious. Petals and stamens 5, on the of a concave di.sk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Filaments and style ratlin- slender. l'<"l LM"»ular, berry-like, but dry. I.i-aves alternate. 2. EUONYMUS. I- 1.. WITS perfect, ilat ; the calyx-lobes and petals (4 or .0) widely spreading. Stamens mostly with short filaments or almost sessile anthers, borne on the surface c,f a lat disk which more or less conceals or covers the ovary. Pod 3-5-lobeJ, generally bright-colored. Leaves opposite: branchlets 4-sided. 1. CELASTRUS, STAFF-TREE. (Old Greek name, of obscure mean- ing and application.) C. SCandens, CLIMHING BITTER-SWEET <>r \V\\-WUKK. A twining high-climbing shrub, smooth, with thin ovate-oblong ami pointed finely f-crratc leaves, racemes of greenish-white flowers (in early summer) terminating the branches, the petals serrate or crenale-toothed, and orange-colored berry-like poiU In autumn, which open ami display the seeds enclosed in their scarlet pulpy aril : wild in luw grounds, and planted for the showy fruit. 2. EUONYMUS, Sl'INDLE-TREE. (Old Greek name, means of good n /in/,-.) Shnilis not twining, with dull-colored inconspicuous (lowers, in small cymes on axillary peduncles, produced in early summer; the puds in autumn ornamental, especially when they open and display the seeds enveloped in thvir scarlet pulpy aril. * Leaves deciduous, finely serrate : style short or nearly none. •*- North American species : anthers sessile or nearly so. E. atropurpureus, BruNixc-nrsii or SPINDLE-TREE. Tall shrub, wild from \e\v York \V. & S., and comnionly planted ; with oval or oblong petioled leaves, flowers with rounded dark dull-purple ]ietals (generally 4), and smooth deeply 4-lobcd n-d fruit, h:muin^ on slender [ieduiH']e>. E. Americanus, AMEEICAJN SrKAwnEuitv-nfsn. Low shrub, wild from New York \V. >£. S., ami soinetimcs cult. ; with thickish ovate or lance- ox ate almo-t se>sile leaves, usually 5 greenish-purple rounded petals, and roiifih- warty somewhat :Mobed fruit, crimson when ripe. Var. onov.Vrrs, with thinner and dull obovutc or oblong leaves, has IOIIL;- and spreading or trailing and routing branches. -i- •*- l'.r«ti<- : anthers raised on evident filaments. E. Eui'OpSBUS, Ei i:<)i-i:.v.v SPINDLE-TRKE. Occasionally planted, but inferior to the lore-niu^ ; a rather low shrub, with lance-ovate or oblong short- petioled leaves, about .'Mlowered peduncles, 4 greenish ob'.on^ petals, and a smooth 4-lobed red fruit, the1 aril orange-color. # * l.,ib petals, and smooth globular pods. 35. SAPINDAC^E.Sl, SOAPBERRY FAMILY. Tree-, shrtiUs, or one or two herbaceous flimlirrs, mostly with compound <>r lohcd leaves, and uiisyrametrical flowers, the stamens sometime, twice as many as the petals or lobes of the calyx, but commonly rather fewer, when of equal number alternate with the pel;ils ; these imbricated in the hud, inserted on a di-k in the bottom of the ealyx and often coherent with it : ovary 2 - 3-ee!led, sometimes 2 - 3-lobed, with 1 -3 (or in Staphylea several) ovules in each cell The common plants belong to the three following suborders. SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 89 I. BLADDER-NUT FAMILY; has perfect and regular flowers, stamens as many as the petals, several bony seeds with a straight embryo in scanty albumen, and opposite compound leaves both stipulate and stipellate. 1. STAPHVLEA. Erect sepals, petals, and stamens 5; the latter borne on the margin of a fleshy disk which lines the bottom of the calyx. Styles 3, slen- der, separate or lightly cohering: ovary strongly 3-lobedi in fruit becoming a bladdery 3-lobed 3-celled and several-seeded large pod. Shrubs, with pin- iiately compound leaves of 3 or 5 leaflets. II. SOAPBERRY FAMILY PROPER ; has flowers often polygamous or dio3ciou>, and more or less irregular or unsymmetri- cal. only 1 or 2 ovules, ripening but a single seed in each cell of the ovary, the embryo coiled or curved, without albumen. No stipules. * Leaves alternate. Pod bladdery-inflated, except in No. 4. 2. CARDIOSPERMUM. Herbs, with twice ternate and cut-toothed leaves, climb- ing by hook-like tendrils in the flower-clusters. Sepals 4, the inner pair larger. Petals 4, each with an appendage on the inner face, that of the two upper large and petal-like, of the two lower crest-like and with a deflexed spur or process, raised on a claw. Disk irregular, enlarged into two glands, one before each lower petal. Stamens 8, turned towards the upper side of the flower away from the glands, the filaments next to them shorter. Styles or stigmas 3, short: ovary triangular, 3-celled, with a single ovule rising from the middle of each cell. Fruit a large and thin bladdery 3-lobed pod: seeds bony, globose, with a scale-like heart-shaped aril adherent to the base. 3. KCELREUTERIA. Small tree, with pinnate leaves. Sepals 5. Petals 3 or 4 (the place of the others vacant), each with a small 2-parted scale-like appen- dage attached to its claw. Disk enlarging into a lobe before each petal. Stamens 5-8. declined: filaments hairy. Style single, slender: ovary trian- gular, 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Pod bladderv, 3-lobed, 3-celled. 4. SAPINDUS. Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Sepals and petals each 5, or rarely 4; the latter commonly with a little scale or appendage adhering to the short claw. Stamens mostly 8, equal. Style single: ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell. Fruit mostly a globular and fleshy 1-celled berry (the other cells abortive), filled with a large globular seed, its coat crustaceous: cotyledons thick and flesh}'. * * Leaves opposite, ofo-9 digitate leaflets. Pod leathery, not. inflated. 6. ^SCULUS. Trees or shrubs. Calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, more or less unequal, on claws enclosed in the calyx, not appendaged. Sta- mens 7, rarely 0 or 8: filaments slender, often unequal. Style single, as also the minute stigma: ovary 3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruit a leathery pod, splitting at maturity into 3 valves, ripening 1 -3 very large, chestnut-like, hard-coated seeds: the kernel of these consists uf the very thick cotyledons firmly joined together, and a small incurved radicle. III. MAPLE FAMILY ; has flowers generally polygamous or direcious, and sometimes apetalous, a mostly 2-lobed and 2-celled ovary, with a pair of ovules in each cell, ripening a single seed in each cell of the winged fruit. Embryo with long and thin coty- ledons, coiled or crumpled. (See Lessons, p. 15, fig. 11 - 13, &c.) Leaves opposite : no stipules. 6. ACER. Trees, or a few only shrubs, with palmately-lohed or even parted leaves. Calyx mostly 5-cleft. Petals as many or none, ami stamens 3 - 8 or rarely more, borne on the edge of the disk. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a pair of samaras or key-fruits, united at the base or inner face and winged from the back. Occasionally the ovary is 3-ce!led and the fruit 8 -winged. 7. NEGUXDO. Trees, with pinnate leaves of 3 - 7 leaflets, and dioecious very small flowers, without petals or disk; the calyx minute: stamens 4 or Fruit, &c. of Acer, g » p , ^ 90 SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 1. STAPHYLEA, BLADDKK-NTT. (Name from a Greek word for a luiiK-li of grapes, little applicable.) S. trifolia, AMI.KK AN 15. Shrub 8°-10° high, with greenish striped branches, •'{ ovate pointed serrate leaflets, d.cidiiou.- >npule-, and lianvJie.; raceme-like clusters of white flower- at tin- end of tli«- braii'-hlct.- oft; in -prill;:, followed by the large bladdery pud-. Low Around, common X. oc \V. S. pinnata, EUROPEAN B., occaMomdly planted, is very similar, hut ha-, five leaflets. 2. CARDIOSPERMUM, BALL< >< >N-YI.\K, HEART-SEED. (The latter is a translation of the (ireek name.) C. Halicacabum, the coinmon species, wild in the S. W. State-, is cult, in gardens, lor the curious inflated pods ; it is a delicate' herh. climbing over low plants or spreading on the ground, with small white (lowers, in -ummcr. 3. KCELREUTERIA. (Named for Kcelreuter, a German botanist.) K. paniculata, a small tree from China, planted in ornamental grounds ; has pinnate leaves of numerous thin and coarsely toothed or cut leaflet-, and a t. rminal ample branched panicle of small yellow flowers, in summer, followed by the bladdery pods. 4. SAPINDUS, SOAPBERRY. (Sapo Indus, i. e. Indian soap, the berries ii-cd as a substitute for soap.) S. marginatUS, wild S. & W. : a small tree, with 8-20 broadly lanceolate falcate leallets on a win-le-s but often margined common -taik, and Miiull white (lowers in panicles, in .summer, the whitish berries as large as bullets. 5. JESCULUS, IIOUSK-CHESTNUT, ]>,C< 'KKYK. (Ancient name of an Oak or other mast-bearing tree, applied to these tree- on account of their large chestnut-like seeds. These, although loaded with farinaceous nouri>hm.'nt, arc usually rendered uneatable, and even poi-onons, by a bitter narcotic principle.) Flowers in a terminal crowded panicle, in late spring or early summer. §1. TitrK IIoitsr.-CiiKSTNUTS : Hating <>f . l.s/W, with broad ami xpmiding /„ ln/a n,i nhort i-linrx, iinintx. ^E. Hippocastanum, COMMON II. Tall fine tree, with 7 leaflets, and l:ir_M' (lowers of .") petals, white, and spotted \vith Mime purple and yellowish; stani"iis ;, d •clined : of late there is a double-flowered variety. JE. rilbiCVinda, Rr.n II. Less tall, (lowering even as a shrub, with brighter trrecn leaves of 5-7 leaflets, flowers with 4 ro-c-ivd petals not so spreading, and mostly 8 stamens less declined. Probably a hybrid between Horse Chestnut and s..me red I'.n.-k. \c. § '2. < 'iili/'oniinn, m'tlt 4 ormnj xj>r«nl/'ni/ /iiiuls <»i ruiln r >•/. n - 7 leatlet- >oft downy underneath, slen- der raceme-like panicle 1° long, and capillary stamens very much longer than the narrow white petals; (lowering N. as late as midsummer; fruit smooth ; Is small, almost eatable. 7E. gl£bra, FETID or Onto BIM-KKYE. W. of the Alleghanies; tall tree, with ") nearlv -niooth leaflets, a short panicle, stamens moderately lon-cr than the somewhat uniform pale yellow petals, and fruit prickly roughened like that of IIoi-M'-Chcstnut. M. flava, YELLOW or SWEET BUCKEYE. W. \ S. ; tree or shrub, with 5-7 smooth 'or smoothish leallets, a short dense panicle, oblong calyx, and SOAPBERRY FAMILY. 91 stamens not exceeding the connivent light yellow petal?, these of two dissimilar pairs, the longer pair with very small blade ; fruit smooth. Var. purpurascens, PURPLISH B., has both calyx and corolla tinged with purple or reddish, and leaflets generally downy underneaMi. .33. Pavia, RED BUCKEYE. IS. & W. ; shrub <>r low tree, like the last, but leaves generally smooth ; the longer and tubular calyx and the petals bright red : showy in cultivation. 6. ACER, MAPLE. (The classical Latin name.) Mostly fine trees. * Flowers in late spring or early summer, ap/xaring more or less later than the leaves, i/> usually drooping racemes or corymbs, commonly terminating a 2 — 4s-leaved shoot of the season, greenish or yellowish, with petals : stamens more than 5, generally 8. -t- EUROPEAN MAPLES, planted for ornament and shade. A. Pseudo-Platanus, SYCAMORE M. A fine tree, with spreading branches, ample 5-lobed leaves whitish and rather downy beneath, on long reddish petioles, the lobes toothed, long racemes, and moderately spreading wings to the pubescent fruit. A. platanoid.es, NORWAY M., here so called. A handsome, round- headed tree, with thin and broad smooth leaves, bright green both sides, their 5 short lobes set with 2-5 coarse and taper-pointed teeth, a small corymb of flowers, and flat smooth fruit with wings 2' long, diverging in a straight line- Juice milky • leaves holding green later than the others. -i- •*- OREGON and CAHFORNIAN MAPLES, beginning to be planted East. A. circinatum, ROUND-LEAVED or VINE M. Tall, spreading shrub with thin and rounded moderately 7 - 9-lobed leaves, their lobes serrate, small corymbs of purplish flowers, and wings of fruit diverging in a straight line. A. macrophyllum, LARGE-LEAVED M. Small timber-tree, with thick- ish leaves 6' - 12' across and deeply 5 - 7-lobed, the lobes with one or two sinuate lobes or coarse teeth, many yellowish flowers in a compact raceme, and hairy fruit with ascending wings. -i- -i- -t- NATIVE STRIPED and MOUNTAIN MAPLES. A. spicatum, MOUNTAIN M. Tall shrub, common N., with slightly 3- lobed and coarsely toothed leaves downy beneath, and upright dense racemes of small flowers, followed by small fruits with diverging narrow wings. The latest- flowering species. A. Pennsylvanicum, STRIPED M., also called MOOSE-WOOD and STRIPED DOGWOOD. Small tree, common N., with light-green bark striped with darker lines, large thin leaves finely sharply serrate all round, and at the end with 3 short and very taper-pointed lobes, slender hanging racemes of rather large green flowers, and fruit with diverging wings. * * SUGAR MAPLES. F/oirers appearing with the If ares in spring, in uniM- like clusters, on long ui\n>piii<) pedicels, greenish-yellow, without petals: sta- mens 7 or 8. A. saccharinum, ROCK or SUGAR M. Large tree, common especially N., valuable for timber and for the sugar of its sap ; with rather deeply 3 - 5- lobed leaves pale or whitish beneath, the sinuses open and rounded, and the lobes with one or two sinuate coarse teeth ; calyx bell-shaped and hairy-fringed ; wind's of fruit ascending, barely 1' long. Var. nigrum, BLACK SUGAR M., a form with leaves green or greener and more or less downy beneath, even when old, the sinus at the base apt to be deep and narrow. * * * SOFT MAPLES. Flowers in earliest spring, tint,-// pm-idii/t/ the leaces, in umbel-like clusters _ front separate lateral bml-i : /m/,'rf/s at Jirst short, the fruiting ones leni/t/ienhu/ and drooping : stamens 3 -6 : fruit n'jic and Jail- ing in early siimnii r. A. dasycarpum, WHITH or SILVER M. A handsome tree in low grounds, with long and spreading or drooping branches, soft white wood, very 92 POLYGAI.A KAMILY. deeply .">-lohed leaves -ilver\ -white ami when yonn^ downy beneath, the narrow Ioli"-'co.ir.-cly cut ami toothed: (lowers --iv. ui-li, in carlie-t spring, without petals; fruit woolly when MUIHL;, Imt -oon smooth, 2' — 3' long including the ;;n-at 1 11 \ '.T- in ir wind's. A. rilbrum, Ui-i> »f SWAMP M. Rather small tree, in wet grounds, with soft white wood, iv.ldi-h twin-, moderately 3 - 5-lobed leaves whitish be- neath, the middle lobe lon-e-t, all irregularly serrate; (lowers scarlet, crimson, or sometimes yello\vi-h (later than in the tore-oin- species) : t'ruit smooth, with the slightly spreading win-- 1' or less in leu-ili, often reddish. 7. NEGUNDO, ASH-LEAVED MAPLE, BOX-ELDER. (Obscure or unmeaning name.) N. aceroidcs. A hands.. ..... , rather small tree, common from 1'enii. S. & \V., with li-ht jrreeu twi-s, and drooping clusters of small -r.M-ni.~h (lowers, in spring, rather earlier than the leaves, the fertile ones in drooping racemes, the olilonu fruits half the length of the very veiny wini: ; leallets ovate, pointed, coarsely toothed, very veiny. A variety with white-variegated leave- is lately cult, for ornament. 36. POLYGALACE.SS, POLY GAL A FAMILY. Bitter, some of thi-in medicinal plants, represented mainly, and here wholly, by the genus 1. POLYGALA, MILK WORT. (Name from Greek word-, meaning much milk; Imt the plants have no milky juice at all: they are thought to have h.-en so named from a notion that in pa-mira-v they increased the milk of cows.) Flowers remarkahly irregular, in outward appearance as if papiliona- ceous like those of the next family, but really of a <|iiitc ditf'eivnt structure. Calvx persistent, of 5 sepals ; three of them small, vi/.. two on the lower, and one'on the upper, sid" of the blossom ; and otic on each >ide called »•///• which are larger, colored, and would be taken for petals. Within the-e. on tho lower side, are three petals united into one body, the middle one keel-shaped and often bearing a crest or appendage. Stamens 8 or sometimes 0 : their tilaments united b-.-low into a split sheath, separating above usually in tw.i eipial sets, concealed in the hooded middle petal : anthers I -celled, Opening by a hole at the top. Stvle curved and commonly enlarged above or variously irregular. Ovarv 2-eelleil, with a single ovule han-'inu' from the top of each cell, becoming a small tlattish 2-seeded pod. Seed with an appendage at thy attachment (caruncli ) : embrvo -Irai-ht. with Hat cotyledon.- in a little albu- men. Leaves simple, entire, without stipules. Our nathe -]»-eie- are nu- m<-roii-, mostly with small or even minute tlowers, ami are rather difficult to studv. The following are the eommone^t. § 1. .\iitii-i- s/Mi-iix. Inn- In rli*, ;;/<i in drying, in dense spikes or -heads : Imrt-s nil* mull . < Iriiirim/ in /mi' <'/• ii-il filn;^ in /,/,i, -luim-iis, >'. /'.'. Fl. ainium r. -t- \iiiin roiis xliort si/V.-rs "/' i/nleed. From North ( 'arolina S. P. rambsa. Stem (I'- 12' hi-h, more branched ; lowest leavis obovate or spatulate, upper ones lanceolate ; a caruncle at base of -e.-d. Delaware ami S. -»- H- Short and thick spila or head singlt : root-leaves clustered. P. liltea, YI:I.I.«>W H vcnf.i.oi;'s-l?!TT<>N of S. Stem .V- 12' hijrh ; lower leaves s|iatulaie or obovate, upper lanceolate ; (lowers bri-ht orange. P. nana. Stems 1>' - 4' hiuh. in a cluster from the spatulate or linear root- leaves ; tlowers lighter yellow. * # /•'/«(/•<;•>• j»ir[>le or rom-<'nli>r, in u xin (l,>isi s/>i/.-t terminating the stem of : no subtt.rninf an flowers. Fl. all summer. i o TOLYGALA FAMILY. 9 t- Lea res all alternate, narrow. P. incarnata. From Pcnn. W. & S. ; stem slender, 6' - 12' high ; leaves minute and awl-shaped ; the three united petals extended below into a long and slender tube, the crest of the middle one conspicuous. P. sanguinea. Sandy damp ground : stem 4' - 8' high, leafy to the top ; leaves oblong-linear; (lowers bright rose-purple (sometimes pule or even white), in a thick globular at length oblong head or spike, without pedicels. P. fastigiata. Pine-barrens from New Jersey S. ; slender, 4' - 10' high, with smaller narrow-linear leaves, and oblong dense spike of smaller rose-purple flowers, on pedicels as long as the pod ; bracts falling off. P. Nuttallii. Sandy soil, from coast of Mass. S. ; lower than the fore- going ; flowers rather looser in more cylindrical spikes, greenish-purple ; awl- shaped bracts remaining on the axis after the flowers or fruits have fallen. ->- -i- Leaves all or all the lower ones in ichorls of Jour. P. cruciata. Low grounds : stems 3' - 10' high, 4-angled, and with spread- ing branches; leaves linear or spatulate, mostly in fours; spike thick and short, nearly sessile, its axis rough with pcr>istent bracts where the flowers have fallen ; wings of the flower broad-ovate or heart-shaped, bristly-pointed. P. brevifdlia. Sandy bogs from Rhode Island S. : differs from the last only in more slender stems, narrower leaves, those on the branches alternate, the spike stalked, and wings of the flower lance-ovate and nearly pointless. * * * Flowers (all xiniu//cr) orr-cnix/i-ir/iitr nr scnrrr/i/ timjul iritli /mrple, very small, in slender spikes, none subterranean : leaves linear, the lower in whorls of four or jive. ® P. verticillata. Very common in dry sterile soil; stem 5' -10' high, much branched ; all the leaves of the main stem whorled. P. ambigua. In similar places and very like the last, chiefly S. & W., more slender; only the lowest leaves whorled; flowers more scattered and often purplish-tinged, in long-peduncled spikes. * * * * Flowers white, small (in late spring) in a close spike terminating sim/ile tufted stems which rise from a perennial root, none subterranean: leans numerous, all alternate. 2/ P. S6nega, SENKCA SNAKEROOT. A medicinal plant, commoner W., 5'- 12' hiich, with lanceolate or oblong, or even lance-ovate short leaves, cylin- drical spike, round-obovate wings, and small crest. P. alba. Common only far W. & S. W. ; more slender than the last, with narrow-linear leaves, more tapering long-peduncled spike, and oval wings. ***** Flowers roar-purple in a raceme, or sinale, largish : leaves alternate. P. grandiflora. Dry soil S. ; pubescent, with branching stems 1° high, lanceolate leaves, crestless flowers scattered in a loose raceme (in late summer), bright purple turning greenish. 2/ P. polygama. Sandy barrens, with tufted and very leafy stems 5' - 8' high, linear-oblong or oblanceolate leaves, and many-flowered racemes of hand- some rose-purple flowers, their crest conspicuous; also on short underground runners are some whitish very fertile flowers with no evident corolla. Fl. all summer. ® P. paucif61ia, FRINGED POLTGALA, sometimes called FLOWERING WIN- TERGKEEN. Light soil in woods, chiefly N. : a delicate little plant, witli stems 3' -4' high, rising from long and slender runners or subterranean shoot>, on which are concealed inconspicuous fertile flowers; leaves few and crowded at the summit, ovate, petioled, some of them with a slender-peduncled showy flower from the axil, of delicate rose-red color (rarely a white variety), almnM an inch long, with a conspicuous fringed crest and only 6 stamens ; in spring. 2/ § 2. Shrubby species of the conservatory, from the Cape of Good P. Oppositif61ia, with opposite sessile heart->haped and mucronate leaves, of a pale hue, and large and showy purple flowers, with :< tufted crest. P. myrtif61ia, has crowded alternate oblong or obovate leaves, on short petioles, and showy purple flowers 1' long, with a tufted crest. 94 PULSE FAMILY. 37. LEGUMINOS^E, PULSE FAMILY. Distinguished by tin- jxi/n/io/'in-nn/s corolla (Le-sons, p. 91, fig. 261, '2(\->), usually accompanied by 10 monadelphous or diadelphous or rarely distinct stamens ( Lr.-M.ns, p. 100, iig. 287, 288), and the legume (lessons. p. 122, fig. 393, 394). These characters arc com- bined in the proper Pulse Family. In the two other -real divisions the corolla become.- Irs.- papilionaceous or wholly regular. Alternate leaves, chielly compound, entire leaflets, and stipules are almost uni- versal in this great order. I. 1't'LSE FAMILY PROPER. Flower (always on the plan of 5, and stamens not exceeding 10) truly papilionaceous, i. e. the standard outside of and in the bud enwrapping the other petals, or only the standard present in Amorpha. (For the terms used to denote the parts of this sort of corolla see Lessons, p. 91.) Sepals united more or less into a tube or cup. Leaves never twice com- pound. A. Stamens monadelphous or l(Ous. § 1. I/erbf. fltrubt, »r <»u n xwnll In < , nevt r ticitiiny, (rdiliity, nor tendril-bearing, iri/li leaves Hint/lit- or .haped, pointed. Stamens with the tube of filaments split down on the upper side. 1'od inflated. Ours herbs. 3. GKNIM'A. Leaves simple and entire: stipules very minute or none. Calyx 5-cleft. Keel oblong, nearly straight, blunt, turned down when the flower opens. 1'od mostly Hat. Low shrubby plants. 4. CY I'lSUS. Leaves of one or three leaflets, or the preen branches sometimes leafless: stipules minute or wanting. Calyx 2-lipped or 5-toothed. Keel straight or .-omewhat curved, blunt, soon turned down. Style incurved or even"coiled up after the Mower opens. 1'od Hat. Seeds with a fleshy or scale-like appendage (ulro/ilu'oh-) at the scar. Low shrubby plants. 6. LA I! I' KM M. Leaves of three leaflets: stipules inconspicuous or wanting. Calvx with '2 short lips, the upper lip notched. Keel incurved, not pointed. Ovary and tlat pod >,,mewliat stalked in the calyx. Seeds naked at the scar. Trees" or shrubs, with golden yellow (lowers in long hanging racemes. $ 2. Herbs, never tiriniiir/ nor t< iii/ri/-ln>irni:/, irith It nr, .< <>f :\ /, ,ijl, ft (run li/ more but tin n digitate), ilnlr »i«tli«l (/r/iit-li 1$ r< •iniirk -ibl,' in llii.i f'ltiiiilii): fi/jmlts fniit/iifii'iii.-; "ml itiiiln/ ir'tlh tliv l>n*f <'J' the pttii'l, (Lessons, p. tui/iii:. 177): stnnu-in tiiniJtljiliona : jjod l-ftw-teedtdi never tiiri'ly jiinnale : stipules muted n-iih the petwlf. at base. 20. ARACHIS. Annual. Leaflets 4, straight-veined. Flowers small, yellow, in axillary heails or spikes. Calyx with one narrow lobe making a lower lip, the npper 1 p broad and 4-tootbed. Keel incurved and pointed. Stamens monadflphons, 5 anthers longer and fixed by near their base, the alternate ones short and fixed by their middle. Ovary at the bottom of the very ]••• g -talk-like tub.- of the calyx, containing 2 or 3 ovules: when the long style and the cah x with the rest of the flower falls away, the forming pod is pro- truded on a" rigid deflexed stalk which then appears, and is pushed into the soil where it ripens into the oblong, reticulated, thick, coriaceous fruit, which contains the 1-3 large and edible seeds; the embryo composed of a pair of very thick and fleshy cotyledons and an extremely .short nearly straight radicle. ++ -H. *+ Pod continuous, i. e. not in joints, at length opening, 2 - several-seeded, a. Leaves abruptly pinnatt : plants nut tunning. (Flowers in ours yellow.) 21. SESBANIA. Herbs, with many pairs of leaflets, and minute or early deciduous stipules. Flowers in axillary racemes, or sometimes solitary. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Standard rounded, spreading: keel and style incurved. Pod usu- nlly intercepted internally with cellular matter or membrane between the SPGQS 22. CAR AG ANA. Shrubs, with mostly fascicled leaves of several pairs of leaflets, and a little spiny tip in place of an end leaflet: stipules minute or spiny. Flowers solitary "or 2-3 together on short peduncles. Calyx bell-shaped or short-tubular, 5-toothed. Standard nearly erect with the sides turned back: the blunt keel and the style nearly straight. Pod linear, several-seeded. b. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems not tinning. 1. Anthers tijipvd irith a little gland or blunt point. 23. FNDIGOFERA. Herbs, or sometimes shrubby, when pubescent the close- pressed hairs are fixed bv the middle. Flowers rose-color, purple, or white, in axillary racemes or spikes, mostly small. Calyx 5-cleft. Standard round- ish, often persistent after the rest of the petals have fallen: keel with a pro- jection or spur on each side. I 'oil oblong, linear, or of various shapes, com- monly with membranous partitions between the seeds. 2. Anthers blunt and pointless. 24. TKPHROSIA. Herbs, with obliquely parallel-veined leaflets often silky be- neath, and white or purple flowers (2 or more in a cluster) in racemes: the peduncles terminal or opposite the leaves. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed. Stand- ard rounded, silky outside. Style incurved, rigid: stigma with a tuft of hairs. Pod linear, flat, several-seeded. 26. KOBINI A. Trees or shrubs, with netted-veined leaflets furnished with stipels, and often with sharp spines or prickles for stipules. Flowers large and showy, white or rose-color, in axillary r'cemes. Base of the leafstalk hollow and covering the axillary bud of the next year. Calyx 5-toothed, the two upper tee.th partly united. Standard large, turned back: keel incurved, blunt. Ovary stalked in the calyx. Pod broadly linear, flat, several -seeded, margined on the seed-bearing edge, the valves thin. 16. COLUTKA. Shrubs, not prickly, and no stipels to the leaflets: the flowers rather large, yellow or reddish, in short axillary racemes. Calyx 5-toothed. Standard rounded, spreading: keel strongly incurved, blunt, on long united claws. Style incurved, bearded down one side. Pod raised out of the calyx on a stalk 'of its own, thin and bladdery-inflated, flatfish on the seed-bearing side, several — eeded. 27- ASTKA<; Abl'S. Herbs, without stipels, and with white, purple, or yellowish rather small (lowers in spikes, heads, or racemes : peduncles axillary. Co- rolla narrow: standard erect, mostly oblong. Style and stigma smooth and beardless. Pod commonly turgid or inflated and within more or less divided lengthwise by intrusion of the back or a false partition from it. (SwAixsn.NA, Si mi la.ANin \, and CLIAVUHS, plants from Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, with showy flowers and bladdery-inflated pods (like Colutea), are sometimes cult, in conservatories, but are not com- mon enough to find a place here.) PULSK FAMILY. P7 C. Leaves odd-pinnate : stems immng : stipels obtcure : stipules small. 28. WISTARIA. Woody, high-climbing, with numerous leaflets, and large showy bluish flowers, in hanging terminal dense racemes. Calyx with 2 short teeth on the upper and longer ones on the lower side. Standard large, roundish, turned back: keel merely incurved, blunt. 1'od knobby, several-seeded. 29. APIOS. Herbs, twining over bushes, with 5-7 leaflets, and sweet-scented chocolate-purple flowers, in dense and short racemes: peduncles axillarv. Calyx with 2 upper very short teeth, and one longer lower one, the side teeth nearly wanting. Standard very broad, turned back: keel long and scy*.he- shaped, strongly incurved, or at length coiled. Pod linear, flat, almost straight, several-seeded. d. Leaves of 3 leaflets (pinnately 3-foliolate) or rarely one, commonly stipellate. 1. Shrubby, or from a woody base : wings and sometimes keel, smnll and inconspicuous- 30. ERYTHRINA. Stem, branches, and even the leafstalks usually prickly. Flowers large and showy, usually red, in racemes. Calyx without teeth. Standard elongated: wings often wanting or so small as to be concealed in the calyx; keel much shorter than the standard, sometimes very small. Pod stalked in the calyx, linear, knobby, usually opening only down the seed-bearing suture. Seeds scarlet. 2. Herbs, mostly twiners, with wings and keel in ordinary proportion. = Flowers not yellow: seeds or at least the ocules several: leaflets stipellate. 31. PHASEOLUS. Keel of the corolla coiling into a ring or spiral, usually with a tapering blunt apex: standard rounded, turned back or spreading. Style coiled with the keel, bearded down the inner side: stigma oblique or lateral. Pod linear or scimetar-shaped. Flowers usually clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme. Stipules striate, persistent. 32. DOLICHOS. Keel of the corolla narrow and bent inwards at a right angle, but not coiling. Style bearded under the terminal stigma. Stipules small. Otherwise nearly as Phaseolus. 33. GALACTIA. Keel straightish, blunt, as long as the \fings: standard turned back. Style naked. Calyx of 4 pointed lobes, upper one broadest. Pod flat- tened, mostly linear. Flowers clustered on the knotty joints of the raceme: flower-buds taper-pointed. Stipules and bracts small or deciduous. 34. AMPHICARP^EA. Keel and very similar wings nearly straight, blunt: the erect standard partly folded around them. Style naked. Calyx tubular, 4-toothed. Flowers small; those in loose racemes above often sterile, their pods when formed scimetar-shaped and few-seeded ; those at or near the ground or on creeping branches very small and without manifest corolla, but very fertile, making small and fleshy, obovate or pear-shaped, mostly sub- terranean pods, ripening 0113 or two large seeds. Bracts rounded and per- sistent, striate, as are the stipules. 35. CENTROSEMA. Keel broad, incurved, nearly equalling the wings: standard large and rounded, spreading, and with a spur-like projection behind. Calyx short, 5-cleft. Style bearded only at the tip around the stigma. Pod long, linear, with thickened edges bordered by a raised line on each side. Flowers showy. Stipules, bracts, and bractlets striate, persistent. 36. CLITORIA. Keel small, shorter than the wings, incurved, acute: standard much larger than the rest of the flower, notched at the end, erect. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Style bearded down the inner side. Pod oblong-linear, flatfish, not bordered. 'Flowers large and showy, 1 - 3 on a peduncle. Stip- ules, bracts, and bractlets persistent, striate. 37. HARDENBKRGFA. Keel small, much shorter than the wings, incurved, blunt : standard large in proportion, rounded, spreading. Calyx short, 5-toothed, the 2 upper teeth united Style short, naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers rather small, in racemes. Stipules and bracts small, striate, mostly deciduous. Leaflets mostly single. 38. KENNEDYA. 'Keel incurved, blunt or acute, mostly equalling or exceeding the wino-s: standard broad, spreading. Calyx 5-lobed: 2 upper lobes partly united. Style naked. Pod linear, not bordered. Flowers showy, red, single or few on the peduncle. Bracts and stipules striate. = = Flowers yellow (sometimes purple-tinged outside ) : ovules only 2 : pod 1 - 1-seeded. 39. RHYNCHOSIA. Keel of the corolla incurved at the apex: standard spreading. Calyx 4-5-parted or lobed. Pod short and flat. Flowers small. Leaves mostly soft-downy and resinous-dotted, sometimes of a single leaflet. i>8 ITLSK ^AMILT. ^ 4. Herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves, the common petiole terminated by a tendril, by whit.li tliL ji/'/iii iliin'if. "/• snjijK'1-iA //.si//'. <>r in mnmj l<./i- . a iu< i< ///•/'...'/, in- li/i nr in Cic.-i', irlt'uli luif, liuttlitd lenllets, nil odd linjl,t <-iimiii'• , ;/ iltiik, so that titty remain underground in f in the !'• 'i. 'i attire or sometimes /««/// «/ a/ tl« apex: radicle beat on the cotyledons : sty/e injlcj-i:il : jjni/jlnt >>r jliiltidi. 40. PISI'M. Lobes of the calyx leafy. Style rigid, dilated above and the margins ivilexed and joined together so that it becomes flattened laterally, \w.< down the inner edge. Pod several-seeded: seeds globose. Flowers large. Leaflets only 1-3 pair~. 41. LATH VIM'S." Lobe-, of the calyx not leafy. Style flattened above on the back and front, bearded dnwn one face. Pod several-seeded. Seeds some- time- llatt Mi. Leaflets few or several pairs. 42. VICIA. Style slender, bearded or hairy only at the apex or all round the upper part. Pod 2 - several-seeded. Seeds globular or llatti>h. Leaflets few or many pairs. 43. LENS. Lobes of the calyx slender. Style flatfish on the bark, and minutely l>r:iri!ed down the inner f;:ce. Pod 1-2-seeded. Seeds flattened, lenticular. Flowers small. « * Lea/!* tn toothed nil round, ami usually an odd one at the end in place of a ten- dril : style incurved, naktd : radicle of the embnju nli/tnst straight. 44. CICFIJ. Calyx o-partc-d. ]>! turgid oblong, not flattened, 2-seeded. Seeds large, irregularly ronmled-obovate, pointed. Peduncle mostly 1-nowered. B. Stamens separate to the base. (Plants not tirinhnj nor climbing.) § 1. Leaves simple or of 3 diyitate leaflets. 45. CHORIZKMA. Somewhat shrubby, with simple and spiny-toothed leaves, -i ;n-cclv any stipules, ami orange or copper-red flowers. Standard rouiiilnl kidney-shaped :• keel straight, much shorter than the wings. Pod ovoid, turgid, several-seeded. 46. BAI' 11 SI A. Herbs, with simple entire sessile leaves and no stipules, or mostly of 3 leaflets with deciduous or persistent stipules. Flowers yellow, blue, or white. Standard erect, with the sides turned hark, about equalled by the oblong and straightish wings and keel. Pod inflated, coriaceous, stalked in the calvx, many-seeded. 47. THERMOPS1S. ' Pod scarcely stalked, linear, flat. Otherwise as Baptisia. § 2. Leaves odd-pinnate. 48. CLADRASTIS. Trees, with large leaflets.no obvious stipules, and hanging terminal panicles of white flowers. Standard turned bark: the nearly sep- arate straightish keel-petals and wings obloog, obtuse. Pod short-stalked in the calyx, linear, very flat, thin, marginless, 4 - C-seeded. Base of the petioles hollow and covering the axillary leaf-buds of the next vear. 49. SOPHoIJA. Trees, siirubs, or herbs, with numerous leaflets, and mostly white or yellow flowers in terminal raceme-, or panicles. Keel-petals and wings oblong, obtuse, usually longer than the broad standard. Pod com- monly stalked in the calyx, terete, several-seeded, fleshy or almost woody, hardly ever opening, but constricted across into mostly 1-seeded portions. II. BRASILETTO FAMILY. Flowers more or less irregu- lar, but not papilionaceous: when they seem to be so the petal answering to the .standard will be found to be within instead of out- side of the other petals. Stamens 10 or fewer, separate. The leaves are sometimes twice pinnate, which is not the case in the true Pulse Family. Embryo of the seed straight, the radicle not turned against the edge of the cotyledons. § 1. Leaves simple and entire. Corolla appearing as if papilionaceotts. 60. CERC1S. Trees, with rounded heart-shaped leaves, minute early deciduous stipules, anil small but handsome red-purple flowers in umbel-like clusters on old wood, earlier than the leaves, rather acid to the taste. Calyx short, PULSE FAMILY. 99 6-toothed. Petals 5, the one answering to the standard smaller than the wing-petals and covered by them; the keel-petals larger, conniving but dis- tinct. Stamens 10, declining with the style. Pod linear-obloug, flat, thin, several-seeded, one edge wing-margined. § 2. Leaves simply abruptly pinnate. Calyx and corolla almost regular. 51. CASSIA. Flowers commonly yellow. Calyx of 5 nearly separate sepals. Petals 5, spreading, unequal (the lower larger) or almost equal. Stamens 10 or 5, some of the upper anthers often imperfect or smaller, their cells opening by a hole or chink at the apex. Pod many-seeded. § 3. Leaves, or at least some of them, tivice-pinnale. 52. CJESALPINIA. Trees or shrubs, chiefly tropical, with mostly showy red or yellow perfect flowers. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals 5, broad, spreading, inore or less unequal. Stamens 10, declining, along with the thread-shaped style. Pod flat. 53. GY.MXOCLADUS. Tall, thornless tree, with large compound leaves, no stip- ules, and dioscious or polygamous whitish regular flowers, in corymb-like clusters or short racemes terminating the branches of the season. Calyx tubular below, and with 5 spreading lobes, the throat bearing 5 oblong petals and 10 short stamens, those of the fertile flowers generally imperfect. Pod oblong, flat, very hard, tardily opening, with a little pulp or sweetish matter inside, containing few or several large and thick hard seeds (over ^' in diam- eter); the fleshy cotyledons remaining underground in germination. 64. GLKU1TSCHIA. Thorny trees, with abruptly twice pinnate or some of them once pinnate leaves, the leaflets often crenate-toothed, inconspicuous stipules, and small greenish polygamous flowers in narrow racemes. Calyx 3 -5-cleft, the lobes and the 3-5 nearly similar petals narrow and spreading. Stamens 3 - 10. Pod flat, very tardily opening, often with some sweetish matter around the 1 - several flat seeds. Cotyledons thin. III. MIMOSA FAMILY. Flowers perfectly regular, small, crowded in heads or spikes ; botli calyx and corolla valvate in the bud ; and the 4 or 5 sepals usually and petals frequently united more or less below into a tube or cup. Stamens 4, 5, or more, oiten very many, usually more conspicuous than the corolla and brightly colored, the long capillary filaments inserted on the recep- tacle or base of the corolla. Embryo of the seed straight. Leaves almost always twice pinnate and with small leaflets, or apparently simple and parallel-veined when they have phyllodia in place of true leaves. The foliage and the pods only show the leguminous character. § 1. Stamens once or twice as man;/ as the petals, 4 - 10. Ours herbs or nearly so, iriih ruse-colored or whitish flowers, and leaves of many small leaflets. 65. MIMOSA. Calyx commonly minute or inconspicuous. Corolla of 4 or 5 more or less united petals. Pod 'flat, oblong or linear: when ripe the valves fall out of a persistent slender margin or frame and also usually break up into one- seeded joints. 56. SCHRANKIA. Calyx minute. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals being united up to the middle. Stamens 10. Pod rough-prickly all over, long and nar- row, splitting lengthwise when ripe into 4 parts. 57. DESMANTHUS. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla of 5 separate petals. Stamens 5 or 10. Pod flat, smooth, linear or oblong, 2-valved, no persistent margin. § 2. Stamens numerous, or more than 10. Ours all shrubs or trees. 58. ALBIZZIA. Flowers flesh-color, rose-color, or nearly white; the long stamens monadelphous at the base. Corolla funnel-form, the 5 petals united beyond the middle. Pod flat and thin, broadly linear, not opening elastically. Leaves twice pinnate. 59. ACACIA. Flowers yellow or straw-color: the stamens separate and very numerous. Corolla of 4 or 5 separate or partly united small petals, various. 100 PULSK FAMILY. 1. LUPINUS, LUPINE. (Old Latin name, from lupus, a wolf, because Lupines were thought In destroy the fertility of the soil.) # \Vilil s/>ir/<-s of Atlniitii Stuti*, in siniili/ soil : .//. in S]trin;j. 2/ L. perermis, WILD L. Somewhat hairy ; with erect stem 1°- U° high, 7-11 s]i:itnl;ite oblong <>r ol(hineeXI:-LK \\ i i> L. Silky-downy, with short spreadiu'_' or Ascending stems, oblong or lance-oblong simple ]ea\e-, and a dense raceme oi blue, purple, or rose-colored flower-. .Near the coast. fn>m .North Carolina S. # * Cultivated for L., is the principal hardv perennial species of tlie gardens, from Oregon and California, 3° - 4° hi-li, rather hairy, with 13-1") lanceolate or ohlanecolatc leallets, and a very long dense raceme of liluc, sometimes purple, variegated, or even white (lowers, in June. If. L. mutabilis, cult. as an animal, from South America, i- tall, verv smooth throughout, with aliout 9 narrow-oblong hlunt leallets, and very large swect- scented violct-]iurplc dowers (or a white variety), with yellow ami a little red on the standard. Ii. densiflbrUS, of California (where there are many line Lupines), l°-2° hi<^h, is well marked by the numerous white flowers forming distinct and sep- arate whorls in the long raceme. (T) L. albus, of En., which the ancients cultivated as pulse, has the -everal obovate-oblong leaflets smooth ahove, hut hairy licneath, white (lowers alternate in the raceme, and lar^e smooth pods. (T) L. hirSUtUS, cult, in old gardens, from Eu., is clothed with soft white hairs; the leaflets. spatulate-olilon.Lr ; (lowers in loose whorls in the raceme, Klue, with rose-color and white varieties ; pods very hairy. (V) L. luteUS, the old YJ.I.I.OW L. of the -anlens, from Eu., silky-hairy, rather low ; with yellow (lowers in whorls crowded in a dense spike. i 2. CROTALA.RIA, KATTLEW >X. (From Creek word for a niftl, . the seeds raitlmv, ill the coriaceous inflated pod.) Native, in sandy soil : fl. yel- low, in summer. C. sagittalis. Low, .V-fi' lii.uh, hraucliiug. Keset with rusty-c-olored sjnvadiug hairs, with nearly ses-ile o\ al or lancc-ohlong leaves, and 2 or 3 flowers on the peduncle. i C. OValiS. Spreading, rou-h \\ith appre-~ed hair-; leaves short-jietioled, oval, ohlimg, or lanceolate ; peduncle with 3-6 scattered flowers. 2/ 3. GENISTA, WOAD-WAXKN, WHIN. (Celtic word : little bush.) G. tinct6l*ia, DYER'S \Y. or (ii;i:KX-WKi:i>. Nat. from En. in sterile soil E.. especially in .Mass. : low and iindershrnliliy. not thorny, with lanceolate |ea\es, and liri-ht yellow rather small flowers somewhat ratvmed at the end of the striate-angled ^reen hranchcs, in early summer. 4. CYTISUS. (Ancient Creek name, after an Maud where it grows.) The following are the only species -enerally cultivated. C. (or Sarothamnus) scoparius, SMIKH r.n.x.M. shruh, from lOurope, 3° - 5° high, smooth, with lon^ and (oiiLih erect augh-d and -n-cn liranc-lies, lieariii" small leaves, the |o\\er .-hort-petiolcd and with 3 ohovate leaflets, the upper of a sin-le sessile leaflet, and in the axils lar_;e and showy golden yellow flowers on slender pedicels ; calyx with •_' short and In-oad lips; stxlc and stamens slender, held in the keel, hut di-eii-aued and suddenly start- ing upward when touched (as when heo alight on the dellexed keel), the style roiling spirally ; pod hairy on the cd-es. Hardy in pirden- N. ; running wild in Virginia : ll. earlv summer. \\i\~n I'.KUDM. so" called, hut is from I'ortiiLral, is another species, not hardy here. Sr\\isii r.i.-odM i-i SCUMIIM JUNCEUM, of another genus. C. Canai'i6nsis, from the Canar\ I-lands, is cultivated in conservatories; a shruh with crowded slender branches, -oft -hoary leaxes of 3 very small ohovate Wallets, and -mall \ellow swect-s.-enti-d flowers, produced all winter. PULSE FAMILY. 101 5. LABURNUM. (Ancient Latin name. Genus separated from Cytisns from the different appearance, and the seeds destitute of strophiole or append- age at the scar.) L. vulgare, COMMON LABURNUM, GOLDEN-CHAIN, or BEAN-TKI.I OIL- TREE of Europe. Planted for ornament, a low tree, with smooth green hark, slender-petioled leaves of 3 oblong leaflets (2' -3' long), and pretty large showy golden-yellow flowers hanging in long racemes, in late spring ; pods with ono thicker edge. 6. TRIGONELLA. (Old name, from Greek word for triangular, from the shape of the corolla or the seeds.) Low herbs. T. C-&RU-LEA is the plant used in Switzerland for imparting the flavor like that of Melilot to certain kinds of cheese. ) T. Foenum-Grsecum, FENUGREEK. Occasionally cult, in gardens, in Europe a forage and popular medicinal plant, strong-scented ; with wedge- oblong leaflets, one or two nearly sessile small flowers in the axils, yellowish or whitish corolla, and a linear long-pointed and somewhat curved pod 2' -4' long, with veiny sides. © 7. MEDIC AGO, MEDICK. (The old name of Lucerne, because it came to the Greeks from Media.) All natives of the Old World : a few have run wild here. Fl. all summer. * Flowers violet-purple or bluish. 2/ M. sativa, LUCERNE or SPANISH TREFOIL. Cultivated for green fodder, especially S. : stems erect, l°-2° high, from a long deep root ; leaflets obovate- oblong ; racemes oblong ; pod several-seeded, linear, coiled about 2 turns. * * Flowers yellow. @ @ M. lupulina, BLACK MEDICK, NONESUCH. A weed or pasture plant, in dry or sandy fields, &v. : low, spreading, downy, with wedge-obovate leaflets, roundish or at length oblong heads or spikes of small flowers, and little kidney - shaped 1 -seeded pods turning black when ripe. M. maculata, SPOTTED M. Waste sandy places, S. & E. : spreading or trailing; with broadly inversely heart-shaped leaflets marked with a dark >p"t, 3 - 5-flowered peduncles, and a flat pod compactly coiled three or more turns, its tbickish edge beset with a double row of curved prickles. M. denticulata, like the last, but rarer, with pod of looser coils, shaq> edge, and mostly shorter prickles. M. SCUtellata, SNAIL MEDICK, BEEHIVE. Cult, occasionally in gardens for its curious pods, which are pretty large, coiled up like a snail-shell, in many turns, smooth and even. 8. MELILOTUS, MELILOT, SWEET CLOVER, (From Greek words for honey and Lotus, i. e. Sweet Lotus: foliage sweet-scented, especially in drying.) Natives of the Old World ; somewhat cult, in gardens, &c., and running wild in waste or cultivated ground : fl. all summer. ' © ® M. alba, WHITE M., BOKHARA or TREE CLOVER. Tall, 3° - 6° high, jranching, with obovate or oblong leaflets truncately notched at the end, and loose racemes of white flowers. Has been cult, for green fodder. M. officinalis, YELLOW M. Less tall, 2° -3° high, with merely blunt leaflets and yellow flowers. 9. TRIFOLIUM, CLOVER, TREFOIL. (Latin name : three leaflets.) * Low, iiifn'f/nifiraiit weeds, nat.from Europe in dry waste fields, $-c. © •t- Flowers i/i/lou", in round heads, produced throiujh late summer and autumn, reflexed and turning chestnut-brown, dry and papgry with aye. T. agrarium, YELLOW Hop-C. Smootbish, 6' - 12' high, with ohovatc- oblong leaflets all nearly sessile on the end of the petiole ; heads rather lar;e. T. prociimbens, Low IIop-C. Smaller, spreading, rather downy, the wedge-obovate leaflets notched at the end, the middle one at a littlo distance from the others. 102 PULSE FAMILY. -»- •»- Flowers flesh-color or whitish with t, in a very soft, silky hmd. T. arvense, KAiuur-roor «v SIMM: ('. Erect, silky-downy, especially the oblong or at length cylindrical LrrayMi heads <>r spikes, the corollas almost, concealed liy tin- plumose-silky calyx ; leaflets narrow. * * Larycr, rose-rnl-jlmr, ,-, ,1 Clovers, <-ult. from Europe for fodder, or running in'/,/ .- /mills t'hii-L- mill il> us' : i;,m/l,i tu/ni/nr, u'itln riii'j mnij aft< f jlower- iin/: flowers sweet-sec nf> nnii ni inj anil turn/ii'/ brOlOtUshttl I'liiliiKi) mi jinHi-ils, in niniiil iiiiiln-ls or heads, on slender nafced peduncles : jl. s/irini/ ninl summer. T. reflexum, BI'FF.VI/> C. Wild S. and cspeciallv \\. : somewhat downy, with ascending stem- 0' - 12' hijfh, obovatc-oKlon- finely-toothed leaf- lets, heaiN and rose-red and whitish Howcrs fully as large, a^s in Red Clover, calyx-teeth hairy, and pods 3 - .Vsecdcd. (T) @ T. Stolonif'erum, Hi SNINI; Hi FFALO C. Prairies and oak-openings W. : like the last, or a variety of it, hut some of the .stems forming runners, leatlets broadly obovate or inversely heart-shaped, flowers barely tinged with purple, and pods 2-seeded. 11, 2/ T. Cai'Olinianum, ("AUOLIN.V C. Fields ami pastures S. : a little downy, spreading in tuft* 5' -10' high, with small inversely heart-shaped leaflets broad stipules, and small heads, the purpli>h corolla hardly longer than the lanceolate calyx-teeth. Jj. T. repens, WHITE C. Fields, £e. everywhere, invaluable for pasturage : smooth, with creeping stems, inversely heart-shaped leaflets, long and slender petioles and peduncles, narrow stipules, loose umbel-like heads, and white corolla much longer than the .slender calyx-teeth. 1}. 10. PETALOSTEMON, I'RAIHIK CLOVER. (Name composed <>f the ( ireek words for />itnl and sfmm n combined.) In prairies, pine-barrens, £c. W. and S. : (lowers never yellow. 2/ * Hi mis rroii-iltl in a ruri/inli, leofy-bracted : tl. ln/i' in autumn. P. COrymbdsUS. In southern ]mie-barrens ; li° higli, with leaves of 3-7 filiform leallets, and white flowers, the slender teeth of calvx becoming plumose. * * Hinds or ninsf/i/ s/iikis simjli' ti nuitintiini sinus : //. summer. P. violaceUS. 1'rairies \V. : smoothish or pubescent, l°-2° high, with mo>tly .') narrow-linear leallets, a short sjiike even when old, rose-purplo flowers, and hoarv calyx. P. CarnPUS. Dry barrens S. : smooth, with branching stems, 5-7 linear leallets. luiig-pedunclcd short spikes, flesh-color or pale rose flowers, and gla- brous calvx. P. cahdidus. Prairies W. & S. : smooth, 2° - 3° high, with 7-9 lan- ceolate or linear-ohlon^ leaflets, long-pednncled spikes, with awn-pointed bracts, and white flowers. There are besides one or two rarer species W., and several more fnr W. & S. 11. DALEA. (Named for an English botanist, T/IIHIHIS Dale.) There are many species S. \Y. beyond the Mississippi. D. alopecuroides. Alluvial ri\er banks W. & S. ; with *;rect stem l°-2° high, smooth leaves ((f many linear-oblong leaflets, and whitish small flowers in a dense silky spike, in summer, (i) PULSE FAMILY. 103 12. AMORPHA, FALSE INDIGO. (Name, amorphous, wanting the ordinary form, from the absence of four of the petals.) There are usually little stipels to the leaflets. Fl. summer. A. fl'Utic6sa, COMMOX A. River-banks from 1'enn. S. & W. ; a tall or middle-sized shrub, sinoothish, with petioled leaves of 15-2.") oval or oblong leaf- lets, violet or purple flowers in early summer, and mostly 2-secdcd pods. A. herbacea (but it is not an herb) of low pine-barrens S., 2° -4° high, often downy, has the leaflets more rigid, dotted, and crowded, villous calvx- teeth, later blue or white flowers, and 1 -seeded pods. A. canescens, called LEAD-PLANT ; in prairies and on rocky banks W. and S. W. ; l°-3° high, hoary with soft down, with sessile leaves of 29-51 elliptical leaflets, sinoothish above when old, violet-purple flowers in late summer, and 1 -seeded pods. 13. PSORALEA. ( Greek word for scurfy, from the ronghish dots or glands on the leaves, calyx, &e.) Wild S. & W. : 11. early summer, violet, bluish, or almost white, y. * Leaves pinnatcly 3-folioIate, i. e. the side-leaflets a link Mow the apr.r of the common petiole, or the uppermost of a simjle leajht. P. Onobrychis. River-banks, Ohio to Illinois and §. : 3° - 5° high, nearly smooth, with lance-ovate taper-pointed leaflets 3' long, small flowers in short-peduneled racemes 3' - 6' long ; pods rough and wrinkled. P. melilotqides. Dry places, W. & S. : l°-2° high, somewhat pubes- cent, slender, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaflets, oblong spikes on long peduncles, and strongly wrinkled pods. * * Leaves digitate, of 3 - 7 leaflets. P. Lupinellus. Dry pine-barrens S. : smooth and slender, with 5-7 very narrow or thread-shaped leaflets, small flowers in loose racemes, and obliquely wrinkled pods. P. floribunda. Prairies from Illinois S. W. : bushy-branched and slen- der, 2° -4° high, somewhat hoary when young, with 3-5 linear or obovate- oblong much dotted leaflets, small flowers in short panicled racemes, and glan- dular-roughened pods. P. canescens. Dry barrens S. E. Bushy-branched, 2° high, hoary- pubescent, with .3 (or upper leaves of single) obovate leaflets, loose racemes of few flowers, and a smooth pod. P. argophylla. Prairies N. W., mostly across the Mississippi, widely branched, l°-3° high, silvery white all over with silky hairs, with 3-5 broad- lanceolate leaflets and spikes of rather few largish flowers. P. esculenta, POMME BLANCHE of the N. W. Voyagcurs ; the turnip- shaped or tuberous mealy root furnishing a desirable food to the Indians N. W. : low and stout, 5' -15' high, roughish hairy, with 5 lance-oblong or obovate leaflets, a dense oblong spike of pretty large (£' long) flowers, and a hairy winted pod. .4. ONOBRYCHIS, SAINFOIN. (Name from Greek, means Asses- food. ) O. sativa, COMMON S. Sparingly cult, from Europe as a fodder plant, but not quite hardy N. ; herb l°-2° high, with numerous oblong small leaf- lets, brown and thin pointed stipules, and spikes of light pink flowers on long axillary peduncles, in summer, the little semicircular pod bordered with short prickles or teeth. J£ 15. STYLOSANTHES, PENCIL-FLOWER. (Name from Greek words for column and flmrer, the calyx being raised on its stalk-like base. The application of the popular name is not obvious. ) S. elatior, of pine-barrens from New Jersey and Illinois S., is an incon- spicuous low herb, in tufts ; the wiry stems downy on one side ; leaflets lan- ceolate, with strong straight veins ; flowers orange-yellow, small, in little clusters or heads, in late summer, y. 104 FAMILY. 16. LESPEDEZA, Brsil-CLovKK. fNamed for £a»ped», a Spanish bovernorol Florida.) All -row in san.lv <>\- sterile soil; fl. late MUUHKT and autumn, y, * .\atn-i- species; slifin/,s anil li-iirts niimitf. -•- Flowers in dose spikes or heads <>n »/„•;,,/<( (-2° -4° lu',/1,} *///,/,/,> /•// .sv^/w: coratfa cream-color »,• ><•/,;/,• „•;//, ,, /„„-,,/, .,,.„,/_ „/„,;,/ ,/„ /, lll/f/i ,;f- tllf S.,Y/ downy calyx. L. capitata. Leaflets olilon- or sometimes linear, silky beneath, tliieki>h ; peduncles and petioles short; flowers in short spikes or heads; ealvx much longer than the pod. L. hirta. I. ratters roundish or oval, hairy or downy ; petioles and pedun- cles slender; spike- hceoniin;; rather Ion- and loose. -i- •*- Finn; r* violet-purple, x« uttered or in opm /»////-•/,>• ,„• ,•/./>•/•, slen- <•/,!/, also usually some more fertile ones, mostly without petals, in small ' - L. violacea. The commonest, and very variaMe, liii.-liv-liranchin-. erect or spreading, with leaflets varyin- from ova'l to linear, and minutely whitish- downy beneath, or sometimes silky ; the ordinary (lowers looselv paiii'el.d. L. prOClimbens. Soft-downy, except the upper nirface' of the o.-al or oblong leaflets, slender and trailing; peduncles slender and frw-tlowercd. L. r6pens. Smooth, exerpt .some minute and scattered close-iircsM-d hairs very slender, prostrate ; leaflets ol.ovate or oval (V lomr). * * Naturalized in States, from China or Ja/>,iii : sti/mlcs ovate or lance-ovate, s/n'nt, , /,,,1,/,-r tlinn tin' rt-ri/ slmrt petiole. L. Striata. Introduced (more than 25 years a-o) in some unknown wav into the Southern Atlantic States, now rapidly spreading and occupying ol'd lields and waste jilace-, to the ^reat heneh't of 'the country, hein^ greedily fed apon by cattle ; it is low and spreadin-, .3'- 10' high, much branched, almost smooth, with oblong or wedge-oblong leaflets 4' - ^ long, and 1-3 small i,ur- pli.-h flowers almost sessile in the axils. 17. DESMODIUM, TICK-TREFOIL. (Xamefrom C.reek, means /«„,,,/ I',:,'!!,,,-, irom the coaneeted joints of the pod.) T/ We have many native species, common in open woods anil copses ; 11. late summer : the followin" are the more' common. § 1. Xntiri- .,'n','s : tin' littlr joint* nft/ir />tn/ ailli, r,' to rlnthinrj or to the coals of animals: jtmnrs *,iii•// //, n-!th> riii'!. Pi;> tin- ,;,/,/,- „„ ,i */,;i,l,r stalk of its turn, strairjhtish on the upper marain, divided from /«/.<»• into not more than 4 joints : i \< »r,r.t in our long-stalked mil.-,, I /,/•»///<-// racem or panicle: plants smooth, l°-3° high : stipules ••'• D. UUdifl6rum. Flower-stalk and leaf-l)earinir stem risini: separately from a common roof ; the leaves all crowded on the summit of the latter, anil with broadly ovate Munti.-h leaflets, pale heneath. D. acuminatlim. Flower-stalk terminatm- the stem, which hears a cluster Of leaves ; the lar-e leaflets (4'-;V Imiir) n.und-ovalc with a taperiiii,' point, or the end one blunter, -reen h.xh siilo. * * Poil little if nt nil raisul almri' I /if ca/i/r. •«- Stems , rxistriit, the lirarfs similar out e pulieseence ; joints of j>od verv adhesive. PULSE FAMILY. 105 •i- H- Stems erect, 2° - 6° high : stipules and bracts mostly awl-shaped, small and inconspicuous or early deciduous : racemes panicled. *+ Common petiole slender : flowers smallish : joint ft of pod 3-5, unequal-sided. D. viridifl6rum. Stem and lower surface of the broad ovate blunt leaf- lets clothed with white and soft-velvety down. Pine-barrens, from New Jersey S. D. laevigatum. Stem and the thickish ovate and bluntish leaflets smooth or nearly so. From New Jersey S. D. Dill6nii. Stem and the oblong or oblong-ovate bluntish thin leaflets finely pubescent ; the latter 2' - 3' long. D. paniculatum. Smooth or nearly so throughout ; leaflets lanceolate or lance-oblong, tapering to a blunt point, 3'- 5' long ; panicle loose. D. Strictum. Slender stems smooth below, above and the narrow panicle rough-glandular; leaflets linear, blunt, reticulated, very smooth, l'-2' long. From New Jersey S. •w- •»-<• Common petiole very short. D. Canadense. Stem hairy, 3° -6° high, leafy up to the panicle ; leaf- lets lance-oblong, blunt, 2' -3' long; racemes dense, the pink-purple flowers larger than in any other, fully £' long ; bracts large, conspicuous before flower- ing. Chiefly N. & W. D. sessilifolium. Stem pubescent, 2° -4° high; the long panicle naked ; common petiole hardly any; leaflets linear or linear-oblong, blunt, reticulated, rough above, downy beneath ; flowers small. Penn. to 111. & S. •>--(-->- Steins ascending or spreading, 1° — 3° long: stipules and bracts inrl- shaped and deciduous : panicle naked, loose : flowers small : pod of 2 or 3 small oval or roundish joints. D. rigidum. The largest of this section, with rough-pubescent stems sometimes erect ; leaflets ovate-oblong, blunt, thickish, roughish and reticulated, 1' - 2^' long, longer than the common petiole. D. ciliare. More or less hairy, slender, very leafy ; common petiole very short ; leaflets round-ovate or oval, thickish, £' - 1' long. D. Marilandicum. Smooth or nearly so, slender ; leaflets ovate or roundish, thin, the lateral ones about the length of the slender petiole : other- wise like the preceding. •t — H- -i- H- Stems reclining or prostrate: racemes axillary and terminal. D. lineatum. Smoothish ; stem striatc-anglcd ; stipules awl-shaped, deciduous ; leaflets orbicular, 1' or less in length, much longer than the common petiole ; flowers and 2 or 3 rounded joints of the pod small. Pine-barrens from Maryland S. D. rotundif61ium. Soft-hairy; stems running 3° - 5° along the ground; leaflets orbicular, about 3' long ; stipules ovate, striate, taper-pointed, per.-i>t- ent ; flowers and the 3-5 rhombic-oval joints of the pod rather large. § 2. Exotic, conservatory species. D. g^rans, of East Indies, one of the most extraordinary plants known, is readily grown as a tender annual : the smooth leaves are remarkable for their movements ; the end leaflet slowly changing position with the light ; the lateral ones, very much smaller, moving pretty rapidly up and down, in elliptical sweeps, through the day when the temperature is about 80° Fahr. 18. ^ISCHYNOMENE, SENSITIVE JOINT -VETCH. (From Greek word meaning ashamed, the leaflets of some species being more or less sensitive to the touch in the manner of the common Sensitive Plant.) Sta- mens commonly in two sets of 5 each. Pod resembling that of Desmodium. Fl. summer. 7F.. hispida. Stem rough-bristly, 2° -4° high ; leaflets very many, broadly linear ; joints of the bristly pod 6 - 10, nearly square. Low grounds from Penn. S. © .33. viscidula. Stems clammy-pubescent, slender, spreading on the ground ; leaflets 7-9, obovate ; joints of the bristly pod 2 or 3, half-orbicular. Sandy shores S. ® I i if, PULSE FAMILY. 19. CORONILLA. (Latin, diminutive of corona, a crown.) Cult, from Europe for ornament. 2/ C. varia, PI;HI-LK C«n:nvn,i. \. Hardy herb, spreading from underground running .-hoots, smooth. '2° high, with 15-21 obovatc.-oval or oblong >mall leaflets, and head-like umbels of hand.Mjinc pink-purple and white or white and lilac flowers, all snnimcr. C. glaiica, YICLI.OW SWKI i '-s. -i.\ i •) :n C. Green-house shrubby plant, with ii-'J glaucous ohovate or olicordaic lcall«-t>, the terminal largest, and head- like umbels of sweet-scented yellow flowers; the claws of the petals n«.t lengthened. 20. ARACHIS, PEANUT, GROUND-NUT. (Meaning of name obscure.) A. hypogaea, the only common species, originally from South America, cult. S. : til- nut-like pods familiar, the oily fleshy seeds being largely eatcu by children, either raw or roasted. ® 21. SESBANIA. ( Arabic name Sesban, a little altered.) Fl. late summer. S. macrocarpa, wild in swamps S., is tall, smooth, with linear-oblong leallets, few flowers on a peduncle shorter than the leaves, the corolla yellow with some reddish or purple, followed by linear narrow hanging pods 8' - 12' long, containing many seeds. © S. vesicaria (or GLOXTfuiuw FLORIDANUM), in low grounds S., resem- bles the, ])receding in foliage and small yellow flowers, but has a broadly oblong turgid pod, only 1' or 2' long, pointed, raised above the calyx on a slender stalk of its own, only 2-sccdod, the seeds remaining enclosed in the bladdery white lining of the pod when the outer valves have fallen. 0 S. grandifl6ra (or AGATI GRANDIFLORA), a shrub or tree-like plant of India, run wild in Florida, occasionally cult, for ornament S., has very large flowers, 3'-4' long, white or red, and slender hanging pods 1° or so long. 22. CARAGANA, PEA-TREK. (Tartar name.) Natives of Siberia and China : planted for ornament, but uncommon, scarcely hardy N. C. arbor6scens. SIHKUIAN 1*. Shrub or low tree, with spiny stipules, 4-C pairs of oval-oblong downy leaflets, a soft tip to the common petiole, and solitary yellow flowers, in spring. C. frutescens, has roft stipules, and only 2 pairs of obovatc leaflets crowded at the summit of the petiole, which is tipped with a spiny point. C. ChamlagU, CIIIXKSK P., a low or spreading shrub, has '2 rather dis- tant pairs of smooth oval or obovate leaflets, the stipules and tip of the peiiolo spiny. 23. INDIGOFERA, INDIGO-PLANT. (Name means producer of in- i/ii/n.) Ours are tail perennials, sometimes with woody base, and numerous small flowers in racemes, of S. State>, j,i dry soil : (1. summer. I. Caroliniana. Wild from North Carolina S. : smoothish, with 10-15 obovate or oblong pale leallets, racemes longer than the leaves, flowers soon brownish, and oblong veiny pods only 'J-h the indigo of commerce, were cult, for that purpose S., and have run wild in waste places : woody at ba»e, with 7-15 oval leaflets, racemes shorter than the leaves, the detlexed knobby terete pud-; curved and several-seeded. I. Anil differs mainly in its flatfish and even pods thickened at both edges. 24. TEPHROSIA, HOARY PEA. (From Creek word meaning hoary.) Native plants, of dry, sandy or barren soil, chiefly S. : tl. summer. * fitnn rri-i/ /('-(/// ii/i tn tlit- ti rininnl mid sessile dense raceme or jxniicli'. T. Virginiana. Called CATGUT, from the very tough, long and slender routs; white silky-downy, with erect and simple stem l°-2° high, 17-29 linear-oblong leaflets, pretty large, and numerous flowers yellowish-white with purple, and downy pods. Common N. & S. PULSE FAMILY. 107 # * Stems branching, often spreading or decumbent : leaves scattered : racemes o/i- jHisili' tin- li.-iirifi, !i>ntr of Philadelphia.) Very orna, mental woodv twiners : rl. sprim:. W. frutescens, AMKHUVN W. Wild alonir streams W. and S.. :iud cult, for ornament; soft-downv when young. \\itli '.l-Io lance-ovate leallets, a dense raceme of showy blue-purple llowers. tin- calyx narrowish, wing-petals t-.ich with "lie short and one very long appendage at the, ha>e of the blade, and a smooth ovarv. W. Sinensis, CHINESE W. Cult, from China or Japan, barely hardy in Ne \ En-land, ta.-ler growin;: (sometimes 2(1° in a season) and higher climbing than the Other, with lon-er and more pendent racemes, win--petals appendaged on om- Mde only, and a downy ovarv. Often flowering twice in the season. 29. APIOS, GKOIJND-NUT, WILD BEAN. (Name from Greek word for fx'nr, from the shape of the tuhers.) 2/ A. tuberbsa. Wild in low grounds ; subterranean shoots bearing strings of edible farinaceous tubers \'-2' Ion-; .stems slender, rather hairy ; leatlets ovate-lanceolate; flowers brownish-purple, violet-scented, crowded in short and thick racemes, in late summer and autumn. 30. ERYTHRINA. (From Greek word for ml, which is the usual color of the (lowers.) E. hei'bacea. Wild in sandy soil near the coast S. ; sending up herba- ceous stems 2° -4° lii^-h from a thick woody root or ba-c, >,,]ne leafy the leaf- lets broadly triangular-ovate ; others nearly iealle-s, terminatin.ir in a lonjr erect raceme of'narrow scarlet (lowers, of which the straight and folded lanceolate standard ('2' IOIILT) is the onlv cons]iicnous jiart ; seeds scarlet : (1. spring. E. Crista-galli. Cult", in conservatories, from Bra/.il ; with a tree-like trunk, oval or oblong leatlets, and loose racemes of crimson larye (lowers, the keel as well as t lie 1 iroad sprcadin.ir standard conspicuous, the rudimentary win- s hidden in the calyx. 31. PHASEOLUS, BKAN, KIDNEY BEAN. (An ancient name of the Bean.) Fl. summer and autumn. * Xntn-,' s/wr/rs, small-flouxred. P. perennis. From Connectieut and Illinois S. in woody places ; slender steins climbing hi-'h ; leallets roundish-ovate, short-]iointed ; racemes IOIILT and loose, often panieied ; llowcrs small, jmrplc ; pods drooping, scimitar-shaped few-seeded. 11 P. diversifdlius. Sandy shores, i-c. : spreading on the ground, wit** rou^h hairv stems, ovate entire or commonly .",-lobed or angled leatlets, pedun- cles twice i'lie leiiuth of the leaves, b.'arin-- a small cluster of purplish or at length greenish (lowers, and linear nearly terete Straight pods. i P. helvoluS. Sandv soil, from New Jersey and Illinois S. : more slen- der than the pree-diiiL', sometimes twining a little, with th<' ovate or oblong Icatli'ts entire or obscurely angled, pednneles several times sur]>assing the lea\es, flowers pale purple, and pods narrower. 2/ P. paUCifl6rUS. Hiver-banks W. &. S. : sprcadin'_r ov<-r the ground, also twinin-- more- or less, slender, pubescent, with small oblong-lanceolate <>r linear leallets, few and small ])iir]»li or more largo flowers; corolla white, bluish, purple, or party-colored ; pods rather fleshy. 41. LATHYRUS, VICTCHLING. (Old Greek name.) Some species closely resemble the Pea, others are more like Vetches. Fl. summer. * Cult, from Kii.,fornn, rather small purple Howers. Var. myrtif61ivis, common \V. X. S., usually appears very distinct, climb- ing -.o-l0 high, with oblong or oval leailets, larger and more leaf-like upper stipules, and paler flowers. 42. VICIA, VKTCll, TARE. (The old Latin name of the genus.) § 1. /'Ann/-.* several <>r nuiui/ >•/.//i< a/id : wild sjKcies in low ground, l°- 4° liKjk. y. # Peduncle 4 - 8-jloiDered : plant smooth. V. Americana. Common N. ,<. \V. ; with 10-14 oblong and very blunt veiny leaflets, and juiqilish I'.owers over ,V long. V. ECUtif61ia. Near the coast S. ; with about 4 linear or oblong leaflets, and small blue or purplish flowers. PULSE FAMILY. Ill * * Peduncle bearing very many small soon re flexed flowers. V. Caroliniana. Smoothish; with 8-24 oblong blunt leaflets, and small white or purplish-tipped (lowers rather loose or scattered in the slender raceme. V. Cracca. Only N. & W., rather downy; with 20-24 lance-oblong mucronate-pointed leaflets, and a dense spike of blue dowers (nearly ^' long) turning purple. § 2. Flowers 1 — 5 on a slender peduncle, in summer or spring, very small : JaiJ- /,/s i,r.Y-i,EA VED C. Greenhouse-plant from Australia, bushy, with lance-oblong leaves cut into strong spiny teeth or lobes, and racemes of small copper-colored flowers, the wings redder. 46. BAPTISIA. FALSE INDIGO. (From Greek word meaning /» dye, these plants yielding a poor sort of indigo.) Foliage of most species turning blackish in drying:' nearly all grow in sandy or gravelly dry soil : 11. spring and early summer. 2/ * Flowers yellow. B. perfoliata. Low and spreading, smooth and glaucous, with simple round-ovate leaves surrounding the stem (perfoliate, probably answering to united stipules), and single small flowers in their axils ; pod small and globular. Carolina and Georgia. B. tinctbria, COMMON or WILD FALSE-INDIGO. Pale or glaucous, smooth, bushy, 2° high, with 3 small wedge-obovate leaflets, hardly any com- mon petiole, minute deciduous stipules, few-flowered racemes terminating the branches, and small globular jiods. 112 PULSE FAMILY. B. lanceolata. Downy when young, spreading, with 3 thickish "blunt leaf- lots varvinu' from lanceolate In nbov;ile, a very short common petiole, small de- ciduous Stipules, ami rather lar^<- tl.>\\ .T- Military in the axil.- ami in -h'>rt ter- niinal raceme-, the pod globular ami slender-pointed. Common S. >v S. \V. B. vil!6sa. Minutely downy, with stout stem- 2° high, 3 spatnlate-ol,!ong or weduc -ohovate lc;illei-, becoming smooth above, a very short coiiniioii petiole, stipules more or less per.-istent, ami many-flowered raceme- of lar'je flowers on slender pedicels ; the pod mimitelv downy, oblong, taper-pointed. From Carolina S. \V. * * Fioiri-fs u-liltf, in lite , first cream-color: leaves all of 3 Icafli-tn rnri/ini/ from ir, i!,/, -,,!,,, ntte to oblanceolate, and flowers in tony racemes terminating the I in inches. B. leUCOphaea. Low and spreading. 1° hii_rh, soft-hairy, with persistent lai'Lre and leaf-like bracts and stipules, reclined oiii--.-iil.-d racemes of cream- colored large ( 1' long) flowers on slender pedieels, and hoary uvate pods. Open woods, chietly \V. B. alba." Smooth, 2° -3° high, with slender widely spreading I't-anehes, slender petiole<, minute deciduous -tipnles and hracts, 1<» >-e erect or spreading loii^-pediincled racemes ul' small flowers (£'-4' long), and cylindrical pods. From Virginia S. B. leucantha. Smooth and glaucous, stout, 3° - 5° hi-h. with spreading branches, rather short petioles, the lanceolate stipules and bracts deciduous, erect long racemes of large (I' long) flowers, and oval-ob'ong pods -2' IOIILT, raised on a stalk fullv twice the length of the calvx. Alluvial soil, from Ohio \V. & S. * * * F/'i/i-irs IJiir : li-nns <>f:\ !i'/jl\V-\V< x )D. (Meanin- "f name obscure, ]ierhaps from (Ireck for brittle branches.) C. tinct6ria (also named Viimfi.iv I.I'TKV). native of rich woods from F. Kentuckv S.. planted tor ornament, one of the very h:ind-oine-t and neatest of ornamental trees; with light vellow v, ..... 1. a dose bark like that <>t Beech, lea\es of 7- 1 1 | parallel- veined oval or ovate leatlets (:i'-4' lonir and smooth, as is the whole plant), and ample haiiLrinur panicles (1° or more IOIILI) of pretty, ddicatdv fragrant, cream -white tlowers, terminating the liranchlets of the season, in Mav or .Iiinc. 49. SOPHORA. (An Arabic name altered-) There i- a wild hcvb;ie.-.nis specie- b.-vond the M is.-issiiptii, a low shrubbv one on the coast of Florida, and a tree' in Arkansas and Texas which in it- tle-hy jointed pod and in ap- pearance much resembles the following : — S. Japouica, .lvi-\\ S. 1'lanted for ornament, hardy to New Kngland ; tree 20° -50° hiizh, with greenish bark. II -i:t oval or olilong acute smoctli leallets, and loo,.- panicles of cream-white (lowers, terminating the branches at the end of summer, the fruit a strim; of fleshy I -seeded joints. 1'UI.SK FAMILY. 113 50. CERCIS, RED-BUD, JUDAS-TREE." (Ancient name of the ori- ental species : the English name from the old notion that this was the tree whereon Judas hanged himself.) C. Canadensis, AMERICAN RED-BUD. Wild from New York S. (but probably not in Canada as the name implies) : a small, handsome tree, orna- mental in spring, when the naked branches are covered with the small but very numerous flowers, of the color of peach-blossoms or redder ; the rounded leaves are somewhat pointed, and the pods scarcely stalked in the calvx. C. Siliquastrum, EUROPEAN R. or JCDAS-TKKK. Barely hardy N., except as a shrub ; has larger flowers, pod raised out of the calyx on a short stalk, and almost kidney-shaped leaves. A seeming variety of this inhabits Texas and California. 51. CASSIA, SENNA. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning.) The follow- ing all wild species, the first sometimes cult, in countrv gardens, and the leaves used in place of true, oriental Senna. Fl. summer, in all ours yellow. § 1. Smooth hfi'h*, In rich or alluvial soil, ir/'t/t rather Innjc leaflets, deciduous Stipules, flowers in short axillary racainy or mm-did in a jianic/e, and the 10 stamens unequal, some of the upper anthers imperfect. C. Marilandica, WILD SENNA. The only common sort at the north, 3°-4° high, with G-9 pairs of narrow-oblong blunt and mucronate leaflets. a club-shaped gland on the common petiole near the base, bright yellow petals often turning whitish when old, blackish anthers, and linear flat (at first hairy) pods. If. C. OCCidentalis, WESTERN S. or STYPTIC-WEED. Common S., nat, from South America : l°-5° high, with 4-6 pairs of lance-ovate acute leaf- lets, a globular gland on the base of the petiole, and narrow linear smooth pods 5' long. © C. obtusifdlia. From Illinois and Virginia S. ; with 2 or 3 pairs of ob- ovate leaflets, a pointed gland between the lowest, the pale flowers in pairs, and slender curved pods 6' - 10' long. © § 2. Low and spreading, smooth or rouahish hairy herbs, in sandy or dry barren soil, with jtersis/i'iit striatc stipules, and 10 - 20 pairs of small limnr-ohlony oblique or unequal-sided leaflets, which are somewhat .s. nsitid , <•/<«///'/ irln-n roughly brim/ad ; a cup-shaped gland below the lowest pair : flowers clus- tered in the ajcils. C. Chameecrista, LARGE-FL. SENSITIVE or PARTRIDGE PEA. Flowers prettv large, showv, on slender pedicels, with the petals often purplc-sportrd at base, a slender style, and 10 unequal stamens, some of the anthers usually yel- low and others purple. Like the next most common S. © C. nictitans, SMALL-FL. S. Flowers small, on very short pedicels, with a short style, and 5 nearly equal anthers. 52. C-aESALPINIA. (Named for the early Italian botanist Ctesa/pinus.) One species of tropical America, cult, in some conservatories, is planted out in Gulf States, viz. C. pulcherrima (also named POINCIANA PULCIIERRIMAJ, BARBADOES FLOWER-FENCE. Small tree, prickly, with twice-pinnate leaves, numerous oblong leaflets notched at the end, and open terminal racemes of large and showy flowers, the short-clawed broad and jagged-edged petals 1' long and red- dish-orange, and the crimson filaments 3' long. 53. GYMNOCLADUS, KENTUCKY COFFEE-TREE. (Name from Greek words for tm/a-d branch, the branches being very stout, and when the. leaves have fallen appearing destitute of spray.) G. Canadensis. The only species, a fine ornamental and timber tree, wild from W. New York S. and especially W., with rough bark, twice-pinnate leave- 2° or 3° long, each partial leafstalk bearing 7-13 ovate and stalked leaflets, except the lowest pair, which are single leaflets (2' -3' long); the leaflets S&F— 16 114 1TI.SE FAMILY. remarkable for hanging edgewise. Flowers in carlv summer; ripening in late autumn, the large ami indurated pod 5'- 10' long and 1 V - :2' wide; tlie seeds over £' across. 54. GLEDITSCHIA, HONEY-LOCUST. (Named for the early ( ,. r- man botanist, (ll<'tlit*-li.) Fl. early summer, inconspicuous, ripening the pods late in autumn. Thorns simple or compound ; those on the branchlcts above tin: axils. Leaves on growing shoots of the season twice pinnate ; those in clusters on spurs mostlv once pinnate. G. triacanthos, Tm;i:r.-ni<>i:NKi> ACACIA or COMMOX H. Wild in rich soil from 1'enn. S. & \V., also commonly plantcil lor shade, sometime^ u-ei| for hedges: a rather tall tree, with li^ht foliage, large often verv compound thorns llattish at the base and taperiiiL:, small lance-oblong leaflets, and linear ll.it pods 9' -20' long, often twisted or curved. A var. JNF.RMIS has very few or no thorns. G. Sinensis, CIIIXKSE H., occasionally ]>lanted, has stouter conical thorns, and broader oval leaflets. G. monosperma, OXE-SEEI>EI> or WATER II. Swamps from Illinois S. \\'. : small tree, with slender thorns, ovate or oblong leaflets, and oval 1 -seeded pods, containing no pulp. 55. MIMOSA, SENSITIVE-PLANT. (From Greek word to mimic, i. e. the movements imitating an animal facultv.) There arc wild shrubbv species in Texas and farther S. The following are herbs, procumbent or trailing, Avith bristly short pods. M. pudica, COMMOX S. Beset with spreading bristly hairs and somewhat prickly ; the leaves very sensitive to the touch, of verv numerous linear leatlets on 2 pairs of branches of the common petiole, crowded on its apex, so as to appear digitate ; flowers rose-purple, in slendcr-pedunclcd heads, in summer. Cult, from South America, (i) M. Btrigillbsa, WILD S. Rough with a;>presscd stiff bristles, not prickly ; leaves with 5 or G pairs of branches of the common petiole, each bearing 10- 14 pairs of oblong-linear leaflets; flowers rose-color; oblong head on very long peduncle. Wild on river-banks far S. : fl. summer. Jf_ 56. SCHRANKIA, SENSITIVE-BRIER. (Named for a German bot- anist, Sckrank.) Two species wild in dry sandy soil, S. & W., spreading on the ground, appearing much alike, with leaves closing like the Sensitive- riant, but only under ruder handling : ilowers rose-purple, small, in globular heads on axillary peduncles, in .summer. 2/ S. lincinata. Stems, petioles, peduncles, and oblong-linear short-pointed pods beset with rather stout hooked prickles ; leatlets elliptical, reticulated with strong veins underneath. S. angUStata. I'ricklcs scattered, weaker, and less booked ; leaflets oblong- linear, not reticulated ; pods slender, taper-pointed. 57. DESMANTHUS. (Greek-made name, meaning that the Mowers are bound together : they are merelj crowded in a head. A lew species \i-rvfar S., and the following \V. D. brachylobus. Prairies from Illinois S. & W. : nearly smooth, l°-4° hi-'h, erect, with 0-15 pairs of partial petioles, each bearing 20 - 30 pairs of MTV small narrow leaflets, one or more glands on the main petiole, small heads of whitish Ilowers, followed by short 2 - (i-seeded pods; stamens f>. ^ 58. ALBIZZIA, SILK-FLOWER. (Named for an Italian botanist.) A. Julibrissin, SII.K-FI.OWKU or SII,K-TI:EK, from Asia, planted for ornament S. : a small tree, with leaves of numerous pairs of partial petioles, each bearing about GO oblong acute leatlets, which appear as if halved, and with paniclcd heads of rather large pale rose-purple Ilowers, the long and lustrous filanvnis, like silky threads in tufts (Diving the popular name), being mainly conspicuous ; pod 5' -- G' long, oblong-linear, verv flat and thin. ROSE FAMILY. 115 59. ACACIA. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Acacia-trees ; one spe- cies yields Gum Arabic.) No native species north of Texas. The following are exotic shrubs or trees, cult, in conservatories N., and one of them planted or run wild far S. § 1. Leaves twice pinnate, of very numerous small leaflets. A. Farnesiana. Native of South America : nat. along the Gulf of Mexi- co, sometimes cult. : a nearly smooth shrub, with pairs of short prickles along the branches, small linear leaflets, small heads, on short peduncles (-2 or ;i to- gether) of yellow very sweet-scented flowers, used by the perfumers. The plant also yields gum. Pod thick, pulpy or pithy within. A. dealbata, of Australia : a fast-growing small tree, not prickly nor thorny, pale or whitened with minute, obscure down or mealiness ; with leaves of 10-25 pairs of partial petioles (a little gland on the main petiole between each pair), and very many pairs of closely set and minute linear leaflets ; the bright yellow flowers in globular heads collected in an ample very open raceme or panicle, odorous. § 2. Only the leaves of the seed/ing twice-pinnate ; the rest simple and entire mostly blade-like petioles (called phi/llodia, Lessons, p. 61), sfaiidimj edgewise instead of flatwise, lut oth/ ncise imitddnr; rigid sim/i/e leans. (_'h!ifly natives of Australia, where they art extremely numerous. * Leaves short, and unth only a central nerve or midrib, •*- Linear awl-shaped or almost needle-shaped, priddy-tipped, small, about ^' long. A. juniperina. Rigid bushy shrub, with the leaves scattered over the branches, and flowers in single small round heads. A. VCrticillata. Spreading shrub or low tree, with the leaves crowded more or less in whorls of 5 - 8 or more, and flowers in cylindrical spikes. +- ->- Obliquely oblong, lanceolate, or broader, not prickly-tipptd. A. armata. Tall-growing shrub, usually with hairy branches, and with conspicuous prickle-like stipules ; half-ovate oblong or incurved-lanceolate leaves mostlv blunt, with somewhat wavy margins, feather-veined, not over 1' long; flowers in round heads. A. VGStita. Tall-growing shrub, soft-downy, with drooping branches, pale obliquely wedge-ovate or obovate and curved bristle-pointed leaves, and small globular heads of flowers in racemes. A. CUltriformis. Shrub smooth, mealy-glaucous when young, with tri- angular or lance-obovate and curved minutely pointed leaves, of thick and firm texture, and globular heads in racemes, forming a leafy terminal panicle. * * Leaves 3' -6' or more, long, pointless, with 2-5 parallel nerves, or when very narrow on/i/ \-nerved : flowers in slendtr loose or interrupted axillary sjnkes. A. longifdlia. Shrub or small tree, smooth, with angular branches, and leaves varying from lance-oblong to linear, greatly varying, 2 - 5-nerved, often faintly veiny between the nerves. A. linearis. Like the preceding, but with leaves (4' - 10' long) very nar- row-linear and with only one obvious nerve. 38. ROSACES, ROSE FAMILY. Plants with alternate stipulate leaves and regular flowers, with usually indefinite unconnected stamens inserted on the calyx, one, few, or many simple separate pistils (except in the division to which the Pear belong-), and single, few, or occasionally numerous seeds ; these filled with a straight embryo. Destitute of noxious qualities (excepting the bark, leaves, and kernels of some Cherries, and the like), and furnishing the most important fruits of temperate climates, as well as the queen of flowers. We have three principal great divisions. 1 1 I) KI >~>y. KAMII.V. I. ALMOND or PLUM FAMILY: consists of trees or shrub?, with simple leave-, stipule.- free from tin- peiiole (often minute or early deciduous so thai tin-re may appear to be none), a calyx which is deciduous after Howerini:. and a .-ingle pi-til, its ovary tipped with a slender style v Lessons, p. 103, fig. 213), con- taining a pair of ovules and becoming a simple drupe or stone fruit. (Lessons p. 120, tig. 375.) 1. PHTXI'S. Calvx with :i bell-shaped or urn-shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes. Petals 5, and >tamens 3-5 times as many, or indefinitely numerous, inserted on the throat of the calyx. Flowers white or rose-color. II. ROSE FAMILY TROPKR : consists of herbs or shrubs, with stipules either free from or united with the base of the petiole, calyx persisting below or around the fruit, which is composed of sometimes one but commonly several or many distinct pistils. § 1. Calyx not. with a fleshy tube or cup. nor closed over the fruit. * Ovaries about 5 (2 - 12), breaming little pads, several- (2 -10-) seeded: calyx uith only 5 or rarely 4 lobes. 2. SPIR.EA. Shrubs or perennial herbs, with stipule-; sometimes minute or ob- solete, sometimes conspicuous, and white or rose-purple flowers. Calyx open and short, mostly 5-cleft, not enclosing the pods. Petals equal, commonly broad. Stamens 10-50. 3. GILLKNIA. Herbs, with nearly white flower- and almost sessile leaves of 3 leaflets. Cnlvx narrow, oblong, 5-tootiied, enclosing the 5 pistils (which at first lightly cohere in a mass) and the little pods. Petals rather unequal, lance-linear. Stamens 10 - 20, not projecting. * * Ovaries few or many, single-muled, becoming dry al-enes in fruit above the open ami mostly sjtreadniy calyx: stamens numerous. •*- Pistils few, only 2 - 8. 4. KERRI A. Shrub, with long green branches, simple and coarsely-toothed leaves, and yellow flowers terminating the branchlets of the season. Calyx with 5 somewhat toothed large lobes. Petals bn>a 1. 5. W ALDS TKIXIA. Low perennial herbs, with chiefly root-leaves, either lobed or compound, and a few yellow flowers on a short scape. Calyx with a top- shaped tube and 5 spreading lobes, alternate with which are sometimes 5 minute teeth or bractlets. Petals obovnte. Styles deciduous by a joint. ,_ .(_ Pistil* numerous anrl heaped in a head: calyx (except in one Geum) augmented ii-iih iii/i/it inn'il diitur luln-s or brai tkts alternating u-ith the 5 proper lobes: leaves mostly compound, 6. GKUM. Perennial herbs. Calyx with a bell-shaped, top-shaped, or hemispher- ical tube or cup. Akenes narrow, or tapering t<> the ba-e, tipped with the long persistent style, or the greater portion of it, in the form of a naked or hairy tail. Seed erect. Receptacle ilry, conical or cylindrical. 7. POTENTILLA. Herbs, or one species "shrubby. Calyx flat or widely open Akenes small, on a dry receptacle, from which they at length fall. 8. FR At! ARIA. 1'erennial low or stemless herbs, with runners; and loaves of 3 leaflets. Calyx open, flat. Styles shot t and lateral. Akenes naked, small, on the surface of an enlarged pulpy edible receptacle. (Lessons, p. 113, fig. 360, and p. 118, fig. 3HS.) * « » Ovaries several or many, 2-or/ilcl, in fruit becoming fleshy or pulp;/ anil 1-StWei/, /'uritiuiti <( In mi nr ( lun/i-r r nearly closed at the mouth, and enclosing 1-4 lit/lit pistils which become akenes. Flutters small: petals none except in Agrimonia. 11. ALCHEMILLA. Low herbs, with palmately lobed or compound leaves, and minute greenish flowers in clusters or corymbs. Cal'yx with 4 inner and 4 outer or accessory spreading lobes. Petals none. Stamens 1-4. Pistils 1-4, with lateral styles. 12. AGRIMONIA. Herbs, with interruptedly pinnate leaves, and flowers in slen- der terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx with the top-shaped tube beset with hooked bristles just below the 5 green lobes, the latter closing together in fruit. Petals 5, commonly yellow, broad and spreading. Stamens 5 - 15. Pistils 2: styles terminal. 13. POTERIUM. Herbs, with odd-pinnate leaves, and white, purple, or greenish flowers (sometimes diwcious) in dense heads or spikes on long erect peduncles. Calyx with a short 4-angled closed tube, surmounted by 4 broad and petal- like at length deciduous lobes. Petals none. Stamens 4- 12 or more, with long and slender projecting filaments. Pistils 1-4: the terminal styles tipped with a brush-like or tufted stigma. § 3. Calyx with fin urn-shaped or globose fleshy tube, contracted at tie mouth, enclosing the many pistils and akenes Flowers larye and sliuu-y. 14. ROSA. Shrubby, mostly prickly, with pinnate leaves, of 3 - 9 or rarely more serrate leaflets^ stipules united with the base of the petiole, and flowers single or in corymbs terminating leaf}' branches. Calyx with 5 sometimes leafy lobes which are often unequal and some of them toothed or pinnately lobed. Petals 5, or more in cultivation, broad, inserted along with the many stamens at the mouth of the calyx-tube. Pistils numerous, with terminal styles, and one-ovuled ovaries, becoming hard or bony akenes, enclosed in the tube or cup of the calyx, which in fruit becomes pulpy and imitates 11 berry or pome. (Lessons, p. 113, fig 361.) III. PEAR FAMILY: consists of shrubs or trees, with stip- ules free from the petiole (often minute or early deciduous) ; the thick-walled calyx-tube becoming fleshy or pulpy and consolidated with the 2-5 ovaries to form a compound pistil and the kind of fruit called a pome. (Lessons, p. 119, fig. 374.) Lobes of the calyx and petals 5. Stamens numerous, or rarely only 10-15. * Fruit drupe-like ; the seeds solitary in a hard stone or stones. 15. CRAT/EGUS. Trees or shrubs, mostly with thorny branches and flowers in corymbs or cymes, or sometimes solitary, terminating the branchlets; the leaves lobed or serrate. Styles 2-5 (or rarely 1): ovary of as many 2-ovuled cells. Fruit with a stone 'of 2-5 (rarely single) 1-seeded cells or carpels, more or less cohering with each other. 16. COTONKASTER. Shrubs (exotic), usually low, with the small coriaceous leaves entire and whitish-downy underneath, small clustered flowers, and the calyx white-woolly outside. Styles 2-5. Fruit small, the pulpy calyx-tube containing 2-5 little seed-like hard stones. * * Fruit with thin and cartilaginous or papery 2 - several-seeded carpels in the pome. H- Leaves persistent. 17. PHOTINIA. Trees or shrubs (exotic), not thorny, with ample evergreen leaves. Flowers corymbed. Styles 2-5, dilated at the apex. Fruit berry- like, the 2-5 partitions thin, or vanishing. *- -i- Leaves deciduous. 18. AMELANCHIER. Trees or shrubs, not thorny, with simple leaves, racemed flowers, and narrow white petals. Styles 5. united below. Ovary of 5 two- ovuled cells, but each cell soon divided more or less by a projection or growth from its back, making the berry-like fruit 10-celled. 19. PYRUS. Trees or shrubs, sometimes rather thorny, with various foliage, and flowers in cymes, corymbs, or rarely solitary. Styles 2 - 5. Ovary of 2 -5 two-ovuled (or in cultivated species several-ovuled) cells, which are thin and pnpery or cartilaginous in fruit in the fleshy or pulpy calyx-tube. 20. CYDONIA. Trees or shrubs, with entire or merely serrate leaves, and rather large flowers, which resemble those of Pyrus, as does the fruit, only the 5 cells are many-ovnled and many-seeded. 1 18 KOSE FAMILY. 1. PRUNUS, PLUM, &c. (The ancient Latin name' of the Plum.) As now received, this Lrenns eompri-e- all the following irroups, which it has lieen found impracticable to keep ii|i a- liotanical genera. Foliage ami tin Btonc and kernel of the fruit u.-ually with the flavor of prusMc acid, especially iu the Peach and ( 'herries. § 1. AI.MOM> and Pi:\<'ll. l-'lnii-i rs nlnmst SCSgilf, //"/// .s> /nirnti- .sen I// in sj in m i, />i /'ir ', the leaves, thi Intt/ /• f'nlilnl tin/, tin r /< nqthwisi ( <•< nduplicoJt ) in tltf lull/ : fruit i-i/n/i/. /uri/r: tin- .s/mn irit/t irriiilJis n nil holes. P. (Am^gdalus) nana, Dw.un or FI.OWI.KIV, ALMOND. Cult, for ornament, from A-ia ; a low shrub, with abundant and handsome rose-colored (or liv variation white) usuallv lull-double (lowers, earlier than the long and narrow Miiooth leaves ; calyx-tube short-e\ lindrical ; fruit dry when ri]ie, with the outer part separating as a husk from the brittle stone, as in the edible Almond P. (A.) P^rsica, PKACII. Cult, from A>ia for the fruit, also a doublc-fl. variety, for ornament ; small tree, with pnrplish-roae-colored (lowers. bell-.-hapcd calj \-tuli.', lanceolate leaves, ami jrlohtilar fruit ripening a thick ]iul]i, either cliii'j;int,r to or separable from the roii^h-wrinkled porous .stone. Unknown in a wild state, probably derived from the COMMON ALMOND, P. (A.) < OMMVNIS. — Var. IgeviS, the NKCTAKINE, is a state with a smooth-skinned fruit. §2. APRICOT. l-'linn rs skort-pedice'lrd <>r n/nmst sessile, from s(/nirnti' scaly buds, in i a rii/ *i>rti/, lint, irttlt a smooth stone Itacinr/ grooved margins, one of tin in sharp-edged. P. Armeniaca, Ariticor. (""nit. from Armenia; a low smooth tree, •with ovate and mostly rather heart-shaped leaves, white or slightly rosy flowers solitary or in pair.-, ami early-ripening fruit, of character intermediate between peach and plum. §3. PLUM and CIIEKKY. Flotoen pedice/led and tdiaost always whitg : drupe smontlt, its stunt- smixitli in' sunn irltut ri/*/i/«/. * PLUMS. Flowers fron xf/nirnti lateral buds, ui s/>rintr, preceding or coetaneout ir/t/i tin li uris ; llu- /a/fir rn!l«I it/I, cr ill iiin^t ,,/' our mltir. s/nri'S fi,lil,i{ ti'i/tt/itone and a -iveni-li a.-trin-rnt pulp. Probablv thi- is the original of the Bui law. '' S/HI-II-S nf't/it' cininlri/, lint tiro nf tin in Imi'i' l,,in /i/n/i/n/ t'nr the fruit. i;' an i n if, stlif I'lnins nit/i' >• tlinn < 'In rri> s, u/l/miit/li tin /,ist is inii- us to tin- //-nil, I'lili/ //!• /!. nr/i /'/mil /ins fruit, inn/ it// liin-i tin- Inins f,,lil,,l iu the. bud. P. maritima, I5i:vcii PIIM. Sea beaches and sand\ and YI.I.I.OW PI.I-M. AloiiLr streams through the country ; occasionally planted ; a tall shrub or small tree, often thorny, ROSE FAMILY. 119 with the oval or obovatc and pointed leaves thin, very veiny, coarsely or doubly serrate, smooth when old ; the globular or oval fruit (£' - §' in diameter) yellow with some red, orange, or crimson, with a pleasant juice but a tough acerb skin, the stone sharp-edged or margined. P. Chicasa, CHICKABAW PLUM. Planted or run wild from Penn. S. & W., native S. W. , 6° -12° high, somewhat thorny, with long and narrow almost lanceolate acute leaves, edged with very fine teeth, a globular red fruit (%'-'$' in diameter) of pleasant flavor, thin-skinned, and containing a margin- less almost globular stone. * * CHERRIES of the Garden- Cherry sort, i. e. with flowers in sessile umbels from separate lateral buds, in spring, with or rather preceding tfie leacts. which, ure fu/ded together lengthwise in the bud. P. Cerasus, GARDEN RED CHERRY. Cult, from Eu. ; a tree 10° -30° high, with slender spreading branches, obovate and lance-ovate serrate leaves, rather large flowers on shortish pedicels and somewhat preceding the leaves, and an acid red globose fruit. The MORELLO CHERRY is a variety with dark purple more astringent fruit. Probably derived from, or now sometimes mixed with the next. P. avium, BIRD CHERRY of Eu., ENGLISH CHERRY. Cult, from E. ; making a larger tree than the preceding, with ascending branches, softer and coarsely or doubly toothed more pointed leaves, usually pubescent beneath, the flowers developed at the same time with the leaves, and the round-ovoid or somewhat heart-shaped fruit sweet or bitterish-sweet (not acid), of various colors. Double-flowered varieties are cult, for ornament. P. Pennsylvanica, WILD RED CHERRY. Rocky woods N. Small tree, with light red-brown bark, oblong-lanceolate and pointed leaves smooth and green both sides, their margins finely and sharply serrate, small flowers on long pedicels, and light red sour fruit not larger than peas. P. pumila, DWARF CHERRY. Rocks or sandy banks N. Shrub spread- ing or forming broad tufts on the ground, seldom rising 2° ; leaves spatulate- lanceolate, pale beneath, toothed only towards the apex; flowers 2-4 together; fruit ovoid, dark red, with stone as large as a pea. * * * CHERRIES of small size, with flowers in racemes, •t- In late spring or early summer, terminating leafy shoots of the season. P. Ser6tina, WILD BLACK CHERRY. Tree or shrub, westward becoming a good-sized forest tree, with bitter aromatic bark, close-grained reddish wood valued by the cabinet-maker ; the oblong or lance-oblong smooth leaves of thick- ish or firm texture, usually taper-pointed, serrate with incurved short callous teeth ; flowers in long racemes, considerably later than the next ; purplish- black bitterish vinous fruit ripening in autumn. P. Virginiana, CHOKE CHERRY. Tall shrub or small tree, with gray- ish bark, oval-oblong or obovate and abruptly pointed thin leaves very sharply serrate with slender projecting teeth ; flowers in shorter and closer racemes, in spring ; the fruit ripe 'in summer, red turning dark crimson, astringent, but eatable when fully ripe, the stone smooth. P. PadllS, SMALL BIRD-CHERRY of Eu., is occasionally planted; resem- bles the last, has longer and looser often drooping racemes, and a roughened *e ritone. — — Erect racemes in early spring, from the axi/s of evergreen leaves. P. Caroliniana, CAROLINA LAUREL-CHERRY, also called MOCK ORANGI; At the South, probably from the coriaceous smooth and glossy leaves, which are lance-ovate or oblong, entire or with a few sharp and appressed teeth, longer than the racemes, the calyx as well as petals white; small fruit black and bitter, becoming dry. Ornamental small tree ; the leaves said to be poison- ous to cattle. P. Lauro-Cerasus, LAUREL-CHERRY of Europe, from Asia Minor, and P. Lusitanica, PORTUGAL L., from Portugal and the Azores, beautiful evergreen shrubs or small trees, used for hedges and screens in England, are not hardy N., but would stand south of Penn. Their leaves and kernels arc s^ongly imbued with the prussie-aeid or bitter-almond flavor. 120 ROSE FAMILY. 2. BPHLffiiA. MEADOW-SWEET, &c. (Greek name of some shrub, or tin; flowering branches of which garlands were made.) All hardy shrubs or perennial herbs : fl. late spring and .- uniiiier. ) § 1. S/irnlm, if/'t/t ^hiiji'i Imres. # Native sper.u-n : '>•'/ tht /HA< K or STEEI-I.KBUSH. Common K. in low grounds; 2° -3° high, hoary-downy, except the upper face, of the ovate or oblong serrate small leaves, the rose-purple or white flowers crowded in a very dense terminal panicle; pistils downy. S. salicifdlia, COMMON MK. ux>w-S\vi.i.r. Common in wet grounds, also in old gardens : shrub 2° - 3° high, bushy, smooth, with wedge-lanceolate or oblong leaves simply or doubly serrate, and white or barely tlesh-colored flowers in a crowd'-d panicle. * * Cultivated for ornament, exotic or W. Xtnili American. H- Flowers in close or x/iikc-like rlitxtrrs collected in a close and narrow or spike- like terminal panicle, pink-purple. S. Douglasii, DOUGLAS'S MEADOW-SWEET. Cult, from Oregon and California: resembles our wild Hardback (S. tomentosa), but has longer usu- ally lance-oblong and very blunt leaves rather whiter beneath, and deeper pink flowers with smooth pistils. -i- •«- Flowers in compound corymbs or broad paiv< S. cal!6sa (also named S. FoRTt'Nici ), from Japan: shrub 3° - G° high, smoothish, with lance-oblong and taper-pointed unequally and very sharply serrate, leaves, branches terminated by clustered dense corymbs or cymes of deep pink flowers, 10 glands at the mouth of the calyx, the pistils smooth. S. arisefblia. Tall shrub from Oregon, with slender branches, terminated by a very lar^e and light or drooping decompound panicle of small yellowish- white flowers; the leaves roundish-ovate, very obtuse, thin, cut on each side into 4 or 5 blunt and toothed lobes, sometimes almost piunatitid, soft downy, at least beneath. •*- -i- -4- /'Vu/c/rs /'/( simple, <>/lnt umbel-like corymbs terminating leafy shoots of the season : natives of Lurope •. S. b611a, from Nepal : a low shrub, with ovate acute and merely sharply .serrate leaves whitish-downy beneath, the simple corymbs sometimes clustered; and rose-pink (lowers. S. Cham8edrif61ia, from E. Knrope and Siberia; a spreading low hush, .smooth, with ovate or oblong usually blunt and cut-toothed leaves, at least towards the summit, and rather small (lowers in simple corymbs. S. trilobata, from Siberia ; a spreading smooth bush, with rounded cre- natelv cut and 3-lohed leaves and rather showy flowers. S. lanceolata, or I;I.I:VI.SI\N\, from China, has oblong, lance-oblong, or gome three-cleft vrrate-toothed leave-, and sho\\y flowers. S. hypericifdlia, ITALIAN M\v, or ST. I'IIIK'S WKK.VTU. Shrub 3°-6° liiu-li, smooth or smoothish, with IOIILT recurved branches, and very small \vedLre-obloi] g leaves, a little eremite or lobed at [he end ; flowers small, white, in small sessile umbels. •«-•!-•»-•«- /-Vo/rr/'.s- in niiii/ilf Sdixilr nnilx-ls nlon-h>hcd. or some of them pinnate and cut ; flowers small, with yellow petals about the length of the simply 5-lohcd calvx ; the head of fruit raised above the calyx on a con- spicuous stalk ; the stvles, &c. smooth, the upper joint falling off G. strictum, Fii:i.i> A. Moist grounds and fields : a coarse herb, 3° - 5° high, rather hairy, \\ ith root-leaves interruptedly pinnate and the leaflets wedge-, obovatc, those of the stem with 3-5 narrower leaflets; in summer bearing paniclcd flowers with broadly oliovate golden-yellow petals exceeding the calyx ; stipules la rye, deeply cut; head of fruit close in the calyx : the persistent naked style hooked at the end after the short upper joint falls ; receptacle downy. G. Virginianum, WHITK A. Thickets and border of woods : 'coarse and bristly-hairy herb l°-3° high, with root and lower leaves of several pin- nate leaflets, the upper 3-parted and cut ; the panicled flowers small, with incon- spicuous greenish-white petals .-horter than the calyx ; head of fruit like the last, but its receptacle smooth. G. Alburn, WIIITL A. Grows in similar places with the preceding, and like it, but smooth or soft-pubescent, with rout-leaves of 3-5 leaflets, or some of them rounded and simple except a few minute leaflets below ; the petals as long as the calyx, white or pale greenish-yellow ; receptacle of fruit bristlv. 7. POTENTILLA, CINQUKFOIL, FI VE-KINGKH. (Name from pnti'iix, powerful, from reputed medicinal virtues, but these plants are merely mild astringents.) Wild plants of the countrv, except those of the last section, and one yellow one : but the .S/irtt/iliy Cinquefoil is also planted. § 1. Petals pale yellow, small, not surpassing the calyx. © © P. Norv6gica, NORWAY C. An erect, hairy, weedy plant, l°-2°high, branching above, with only 3 obovate-oblong and cut-toothed leaflets : fl. sum- mer, in fields. P. paraclpxa. A spreading or procumbent, pubescent, weedy plant, on river-banks \V., with pinnate leaves of 5 - ;i obovate-obloiiLT cut-toothed leaflets, and akenes with a thick appendage at their base : fl. summer. § 2. Pi tnls whitishor cream-color, bj'oad, surpassing the calyx: akenes smooth. 11 P. arguta. A stout, erect, hrowuMi-liairy, coarse plant, l°-4° high, rather clammy above, on rocky hills N. & W., with pinnate leaves of 3 - !l o\al or ovate CUt-tOOthed leaflets soft-down v beneath, ami a close terminal cluster of rather large flowers, of no beauty, in summer. § 3. Pctd/x bright yellow, hirijrr thnii lln lii/M-i i>l' tin i-iili/r. 1f_ # Leaves of 5 digital* /«ifl < it, run/ y //«•>.•,• /•/ n/ lur*/* , leaf-tike, and 3-lobed. I'. Indica, IX?>IAX S., of rpp(-r India, ic. : cult., running wild S. E., rather handsome both in (lower and (red) fruit, which an.- piodneed all Mtmmcr anil autumn. 9. DALIBARDA. (Named for .Da/r&arrf, an early botanist of Paris.) 11 D. repeHS, of woodi'd slopes N., is a low, stemless, tufted, downy little plant, spreading inure or less In- subterranean runners, with the aspect of a Violet, tlu- scapes hearing one or two delicate white (lowers, in Minimer. 10. RUBUS, BRAMBLE, &c. (The Koman name, connected with ruier, red.) 11 § 1. FLOWKKIXG RASI-IH^RIES, with simple leaves and broad Jlattish fruit, the w /•// small anil itmn> mns reddish or amber-colored grain* i rtiistent receptacle. R. odoratus, PTRPLE F. Dells, £c., X. : shrubby, 3° -5° hi^h, clammy- hristly and odorous, not prickly ; with ample 3-5-lobed leaves, the lohes pointed and the middle one longest, peduncles many-flowered, calyx-lobes with long slender tips, and petals purple-rosc-color ; the showy flowers l'-2' across, pm- duced all snininer. R. Nutkanus, WHITE F. From T'pper Michigan to Pacilic, and cult. : like the other, lint less l>ri>tlv and clanmiv, with leaves more equally 5-lohed and coarsely toothed, and (ewer flowers with narrower white peiaN. §2. TRTK RASPBERRIES, unYA 3 — 5 leaflet*, 'the fruit foiling when ripe from tin tin n ilr// iiiirrun- rtrr/itin-/, : jlnu; ra irilli mini// irliiti erect /»/'//x. '';/ inrli/ minimi r. mi /ni/'i/ s/iant* of the sen* in ir/iir/i i /// nil Imt tin- fir^l) x/irini/ /'mm /irii-/./!/ mi in- or l<-ss ii-nmlij ,s/, ms of the pr«-i, all doubly serrate, peduncle beariny- 1 - .'! small (lowers, and the1 fruit of tew Drains. R. OCCidentalis, I.I.VCK R. or TIIIMHLEHEUKY. Borders of fields ami thickets N., especially where ground has been burned over: ^laucous-whitcned, the IOIIL;' recnrvini: steins, >t;dks, v^-c. arme«l with hooked p'-ickles, but no bris- tles ; leatlets mostly :i, ovate, pointed, white-downy beneath, ••oarsely doubly toothed, the lateral ones stalked ; petals shorter than the sepals : fruit purple- black (or an amber-colored variety), tlatti-.li, ripe at midsummer. R. IdSBUS, <;\i!i>i:\ 1\. Cult, from En. for the fruit : tall nnd nearly erect, lic^rt \\ ii h straight slender prickles or main of them mere bris'le- ; leave's thicker, and fruit (inner and larger than in the next red or yellowish, ripening through the summer. R. Strigbsus, Wn.n Ki-:?) R. Common especially X. : 2° - «° hi^h, the upvight stems, stalks, Ovc. be-et with eopiuii- liri>tles, and some of them bcconi- JIIL: weak prickles, also glandular; leatlets oblong-ovate, jiointed. cut--errate. white-downy beneath, the lateral lines (either one or two pairs) not stalked; petals as Imii; as the sepals ; fruit li^ht-rcd, tender and watery but hi^h-flav- ored, ripening all summer. § 3. BLACKBERRIES, m'th the p»l/>>/ I/ruins ofthefruit rii/mii/im/ attached t<> the ]in//i// r/ i-i /ilin-/< , ii-liii-li at ii i/i/lli t'nllx turn if from tlir i-n/i/r : xt< in* prir/.-li/ : l< uris o/':\ or /iidii/e/i/ 5-7 leaflets : jloinr* on /nifi/ shoots /ruin stuns «/ tin preceding i/«ir, in spring and early summer, n-itli n-luii spreading petals, * Sinus mori orliss iromli/ : fruit Murk irlu » ripi , nitnlli, the blackberries of the ninrk't, ri/'i i/i/n/ in Inti siiiiiinir nntl nii/n/ini. R. Vill6sus, lliiiit I5i. \( Kr.i KKY. I'very where aloiiLT thicket?, fence- rows, &c., and several varieties cult.: stems 1 ° - G° hiph. t'nrrowecl ; prickles strong and hookecl ; leallets :i - 5, ovate or lance-ovate, pointed, their lower sur- face and stalks hairv and glandular, the middle one lotijr-stalked and sometimes ROSE FAMILY. 125 heart-shaped ; flowers racemed, rather large, with short bracts ; fruit oblong or cylindrical. R. Canad6nsis, Low B. or DEWBERRY. Rocky and sandy soil : Inn-- trailing, slightly prickly, smooth or smoothish, and with 3-7 smaller leaflets than in the foregoing, the racemes of flowers with more leaf-like bracts, the fruit of fewer grains and ripening earlier. R. CUneifolius, SAND B. Sandy ground and barrens from N. Jersey S. : erect, 1°-3Q high, with stunt hooked prickles ; the branchlcts and lower surface of the 3-5 wedge-obovate tliickish leaves whitish-woolly ; peduncles 2-4- flowered. R. trivialis, SOUTHERN Low B. Sandy soil from Virginia S. : trailing or creeping, bristly and prickly ; the smooth partly evergreen leaves of 3 - 5 ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leaflets ; peduncles 1 - 3-flowered. * * Stems scarcely icoody but lasting over ivinter, wholly prostrate : fruit sour. R. hispidus, RUNNING SWAMP B. Low woods, &c. N. : with very long and slender running stems, beset with small reflcxed prickles, sending up short leafy and flowering shoots ; leaves of mostly 3 obovate blunt smooth and shin- ing leaflets, of firm and thickish texture, somewhat evergreen ; floAvers small and few on a leafless peduncle ; fruit of few grains, red or purple. § 4. FLOWERING BRAMBLE : cultivated for the flowers only. R. rossefolius, from China, called BRIER ROSE. Cult, in greenhouses and apartments, has pinnate leaves, and bears a succession of full-double white flowers resembling small roses. 11. ALCHEMILLA. (Name said to come from the Arabic.) A minute annual species, A. ARVENSIS, called PARSLEY PIERT in England, has got introduced in Virginia, &c. A. vulgaris, LADY'S MANTLE, from Europe, is cult, in some gardens ; it is a low herb, not showy, with somewhat downy rounded slightly 7-9-lobed leaves chiefly from the root, on long stalks, and loose corymbs or panicles of small light green flowers, through the summer. 2/ 12. AGRIMONIA, AGRIMONY. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) Weedy herbs, in fields and border of woods, producing their small yellow flowers through the summer ; the fruiting calyx, containing the 2 akenes, detached at maturity as a small bur, lightly adhering by the hooked bristles to the coats of animals. 2/ A. Eut>at6ria, COMMON' A. Principal leaflets 5-7, oblong-obovate and coarsely toothed, with many minute ones intermixed ; petals twice the length of the calyx ; stamens 10 - 15. A. parviflbra, chiefly S., has smaller flowers, 11-19 lanceolate principal leaflets, and 10-15 stamens. A. incisa, only S., has 7-9 oblong or obovate and smaller principal leaf- lets, small flowers, and 5 stamens. 13. POTERIUM, BURNET. (Old Greek name, of rather obscure appli- cation.) 2/ P. Sanguis6rba, GARDEN or SALAD B. Common in old gardens, from Europe : nearly smooth, growing in tufts ; leaves of many small ovate and deeply toothed leaflets ; stems about 1° high, bearing a few heads of light green or purplish monoecious flowers, in summer, the lower flowers with nu- merous drooping stamens, several of the uppermost with pistil, the style ending in a purple tufted stigma. P. Canadense, or SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS, CANADIAN or WILD B. Wet grounds N. : 3° - 6° high, nearly smooth, with numerous lance-oblong coarsely-toothed leaflets often heart-shaped at base, and cylindrical spikes of white perfect flowers, in late summer and autumn ; stamens only 4, their long white filaments club-shaped. I 20 ROSK FAMILY. 14. ROSA, HOSE. (The ancient Latin name of the Rose.) § 1. WILD ROSES of the country : only the first species cultivated. # Styks lightly ruin fimj in -<) roundish leaflets, and single large white flowers on very short peduncle, the calyx covered by leafy bracts. §4. EXOTIC (l.VKDEN ROSES proper, frnm /\n,-<>/n- mill Asia. Miri'li/ the principal II//H-X : tin1 i/n-ntci- imrt of tin I/IIH/I/-II i/ni'i/i/i nwi.s ti*i iniifh iniriil In/ rnaaiiii/ inn/ changed l>y rnriiitiiin to be subjects ofbotanirnl study * Stylts united in a column iclii<-Ii jimju-ts nut <>f the calyx-cup. All with long rambling s/t<»>/s, m- climb. R. sempervirens, Ev ERG KEEN ROSE of S., not hardy nor holding its leaves X., with coriaceous bright-green oblong leaflets, curved prickles, "and nearly solitary white flowers, not double. The AYRSHIRE ROSE is a more hardy form of it. ROSE FAMILY 127 R. moschata, MUSCAT or MUSK ROSE ; not climbing, with slender curved prickles, leaves of 5 or 7 lanceolate and pointed leaflets, a cumuli of white flowers with a yellowish base to the petals, very sweet scented, especially at evening. R. multiflbra, MANY-FLOWERED ROSE. A well-known climbing species, from Japan and China, hardy in Middle States, with 5 or 7 soft and somewhat rugose leaflets, slender scattered prickles, and full corymbs of small flowers, white, pale red, or rose-purple, not sweet-scented. The 'BOURSALT ROSE, said to come from the multiflora, is probably from a cross with some hardy European, species. * * Styles not sensibly projecting nor united. •>- Tender, tall-climbing, and wholly destitute of prickles. R. Banksise, BANKSIA ROSE, from China, a slender conservatory species, very smooth, with 3 - 5-lanceolate glossy leaflets, and umbels of very small white or buff and violet-scented flowers. -i- -i- Tender, aniu-d onli/ with distant hooked prickles, smooth, with leaves of mostly 3 (-3-5) rather coriaceous and shiniity leaflets, and awl-shaped or narrow stipules. R. Indica, INDIA or CHINA ROSES : includes the TEA, PERPETUAL or BENGAL, BOURBON, and NOISETTE EOSES; and the BENGAL POMPONS, &c. are miniature forms of similar origin. t- -*- t- Hardy or mainli/ so at the north, not climbing, more or less prickly, and u'itli leaves of 5 or more leaflets. R. Gallica, FRENCH or PROVENCE, RED ROSE, has slender stems beset with both stout curved and slender straight prickles, leaves of 5 - 7 rather rigid doubly and glandular-toothed leaflets more or less downy beneath, erect 1 -flow- ered peduncles, and pink-red or crimson spreading petals (or variegated with white), which have some astringency, and are used for conserve ofrost-s, &c. R. centifblia, HUNDRED-LEAVED or CABBAGE ROSE, perhaps derived from the preceding . has mostly straight prickles, 5-7 oval leaflets with glan- dular teeth or edges, peduncle and calyx clammy with odorous glands, the hip bristly and glandular, the flowers mostly nodding, large, and full-double, rose- purple, or of various shades, rarely white. POMPON ROSES are miniature varieties. Moss ROSES are abnormal states with the glands and bristles of the calyx and peduncle developed into a moss-like substance. Petals used for rose- icater, essence of roses, &c. R. Damasc^na, DAMASK ROSE, &c. Known from the foregoing bv the greener bark, larger curved prickles, corymbed flowers oblong in the bud, and with the long sepals (some of them pinnatifid or lobed) reflexed during flower- ing, the hip oblong and pulpy : petals rose-purple, white, &c. ; used in prefer- ence for attar-of-roses and rose-water. R. alba, WHITE ROSE, is between the preceding and the Dog Rose; leaf- lets 5, glaucous and a little downy beneath ; prickles straightish and slender ; petals pure white. R. cinnambmea, CINNAMON ROSE, of En., met with in country gar (lens, is related to our wild R. blanda, 5° to 8° high, with brownish-red bark, and some straightish prickles, pale leaves downy underneath, and small pale-red cinnamon-scented (mostly double) flowers, not showy. R. spinosissima, BURNET or SCOTCH ROSE, of Eu. Low, 1° or :>° high, exceedingly prickly with straight prickles, with 7 to 9 small and roundi>h smooth leaflets, and small early flowers, either single or double, and white, pink, and even yellow, the hips cartilaginous. R. Eglantdria, YELLOW EGLANTINE ROSE. Like a Sweet-Brier, but lower, 3° - 5° high, with scattered straight prickles ; leaves deep-green and sweet-scented ; flowers deep yellow, orange, or buff, and sometimes variegated with red, either single or double. R. SUlphlirea, the old YELLOW ROSE, from the Far East. Tall, with scattered prickles, glaucous or pale scentless leaves, and sulphur-yellow ( full- double) flowers. 128 KOSK FAMILY. 15. CRAT.SJGUS, HAWTHORN", WIIITK 1 HORN. (Olrl Greek name.) Small trees or -hrubs, with hard \vnoil; flowers white, except in sonic varieties of Kngli.-h Hawthorn, in spring or early summer; ripening the reil or reddish t'rnit mostly in antiimn. § 1. Flowers many in the mri/mli, small, tn't/i 5 xti/li-s : fn/it »»t larger than sinn/l peas, scarlet or rural-r«l : leaves, .vr., swmil/i • //• mai-ly *i. C. Pyracantha, KVKI:<;I:KI:N THORN. Planted Cor ornament and spar- ingly na't. from S. IVnn. S. (from S. Europe) : shruh 4° - 6°, with the shining evergreen leave- lance-s|iatnlate and erennlatc, only 1' long, and .-mall cluster-, of (lowers terminating short brandies. C. spathulata. Tall shruh or low tree, from Virginia S., with almost evergreen .-Inning spatulate leaves, eremite towards the apex, or on vigorous shoots eut-lohed, and with hardly any petiole. C. cordata, WASHINGTON T. " Small tree, from Virg. and Kentucky S.. and has heen planted for hedges ; has broadly triangular-ovate or heart-shaped thmnish leaves, often .'! - 5-eleft or cut and serrate, on slender petiole. § 2. Flom rx imniij in the con/nil), mid. C. Oxyacantha, ENGLISH HAWTHORN. Planted from En. for orna- ment and hedges : tree or shrub with obovate smooth leaves wedge-shaped at ha-e, cut-lobed and toothed above ; styles 2 or 3, rarely only 1. With single or double, white, rose, or pink-red (lowers. C. apiifolia, PAUSU:V-I.KAVED T. Common S. Small tree soft-downy when young; the leaves smoothish with age, piunatitid, the 5-7 lobes crowded, cut and toothed ; petioles slender ; styles 1 -.'5. § 3. Flowers main/ in the corymb, larne ; the, calux-tefth iri/h the bracts and s/iiiii/i. -in/tin inset iritli ii'ii ml*: fruit edible, naif an inch or more long, its cells or stones ami //«• >•////« rariable in nnmlii-r, 1-5. All tall shrubs or low trees, of thickets mid rocky banks, or planted. C. coccinea, SCABLKT-FBUITED T. Smooth, with the leaves thin, round- ish-ovate, shar|)Iy cut -toothed or lobed, on slender petioles, the coral or scarlet fruit much smaller than in the next and hardlv eatable. C. tomentosa, PEAR or BLACK T. Downy or soft-hairy when young ; the leaves thiekish, oval, ovate, or obovate, sharply toothed or cut, below ab- ruptly narrowed into a margined petiole, the upper surface impressed along the main veins or rib- ; Howers often 1' broad, and M-arlet or orange fruit from two thirds to three fourths of an inch long, pleasant-tasted. Of many varieties: the two which ditl'er mo-t from the common one with the well-flavored fruit are : Var. rrxcT.VrA, with smaller and WCclgC-obovate leaves irregularly toothed towards the summit, and dull red and yellowish fruit, sometimes white-dotted. Var. MOI.I.IS, of the Western States, with rounded soft-downy leaves, not taper- ing but sometimes even heart-shaped at base, sharply doubly toothed and cut ; fruit dull red and le.-s pleasant-tasted. C. Crus-galli, COCKSITK T. Smooth; the wedge-obovate or oblanceo- late leave* thick and linn, deep-green and glossy, serrate above the middle, ta- jierinLr into a verv short petiole ; thorns \ ery long and sharp : fruit bright red. The best species for hedges : has both narrow and broad lea\ed varieties. § 4. I-'/oircrs soli'turi/, in fmirs. or <»i/i/ :? - <> in tin' cnri/mb ; xti/lrs, and ceils, 4-5: leans nms/li/ /mln >•<•< nt mnli nniit/i : fruit n/)> n lp r/usti r nr simple umbel: fruit sunken (itmbilicate) at both < mis, IS/HI-HI//I/ at the base. * Exotic : leaves simply and evenly serrate, orate or oltlona. P. Malus, COMMON APPLE. Cult, from Eu. : tree with buds, lower face of the leaves when young, and calyx woolly, flowers white and tinged with pink, and large fruit. 9 130 CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. P. spectabilis, CHINESE FLOWERINO-A. Cult from China, for its showy bright n»e-colored (lowers, which arc double or semi-double ; the leaves &c. smooth, except when vcrv \ouiiv. P. prunif61ia, SHU.IMAN I i:\n-A. Cult, for tin- fruit: smooth or nearly so, except ihe newly developed leaves anil the peduncles ; styles woolly at the base ; fruit yellowish. The lietter ( 'ral>-Apples are perhaps" crosses of this with the Common Apple. ** Wild s/Mciif, trith some of the leaves irregularly cut-toothed, or even lotted: the bright i'< ixe-colored flowers and the greenish /'nut n n/ /rui/runt. P. coronaria, AMKIMCAN or GARLAND CRAB- A. Glades from W. New York \V &. S. : small tree, .soon smooth, with the mostly ovate leaves rounded or obscurcl) heart-shaped at base and inclined to be 3-lobed. P. angUStifblia, XAI:I:OW-LKA.VI;I> Cu.us-A. (ilades W. & S., with narrow-oblon or lanceolate leaves : othenvisc too like the last. § 3 CHOKEBERRY. Leum simple, the u/>/>irfiice with some small i/hinds along the midrib: jln/rem (irliltr-) in compound cymes teriiiiiint/in/ tin- brnnchi, s : styles united iile spin's, in great abundance, single or more or less double, scarlet-red, or sometimes with rose-colored or even almost white varieties; calyx with short and rounded lobes; fruit green, very hard, resembling a small apple, but totally uneatable. 39. CALYCANTHACE^, CALYCANTHUS FAMILY. Shrubs with opposite entire leaves, no stipules, sepals and petals imbricated and indefinite in number and passing one into the other, stamens few or many with anthers turned outwards, all these parts oil a hollow receptacle or calyx-cup in the manner of a rose-hip, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 131 enclosing numerous pistils which ripen into akenes. Cotyledons rolled up from one margin. Flowers rather large, mostly aromatic, as is the wood also. 1. CALYCANTHUS. Flowers livid-purple or dull red, solitary in the axils or terminating leafy brunches, with loose bracts passing to colored lanceolate sepals, find these into similar thickish petals, which are borne on the sum- mit of the closed calyx-tube: within these are numerous short stamens; the outer 12 or more having anthers ending in a tip; the inner smaller and with imperfect anthers or none. Pistils enclosed in the fleshy cup; ovary with 2 ovules; styles slender. Akenes oval, coriaceous, enclosed in the leathery hip, which becomes about 2' long. 2. CHLMOXANTHUS. Flowers yellow and purplish, along naked shoots, sessile in axils of fallen leaves. Bracts and sepals scale-like, ovate, purplish or brownish. Petals honey-yellow, or the innermost red. Stamens with an- thers only 5. 1. CALYCANTHUS, CAROLINA ALLSPICE or SWEET-SCENT- ED SHRUB. (Name from Greek for cup and Jiowei •. ) All wild in U. S., and cult., especially the first, which has the more fragrant strawberry-scented blossoms. Fl. spring and all summer. C. floridus. Wild S. of Virginia in rich woods : leaves soft-downy be- neath, l'-3' long, oval or oblong. C. laevigatus. Wild from S. Penn. S. : smooth and green, with oval or oblong leaves l'-3' long, and rather small flowers (1|' across). C. glailCUS. Wild from Virginia S. : like the foregoing, hut with mostly larger and taper-pointed leaves, glaucous beneath. C. OCCidentalis, WESTERN C. Cult, from California : smooth, with ovate or ovate-oblong and slightly heart-shaped larger leaves (5' -6' long), green both sides, the "upper surface roughish ; the brick-red flowers 3' across, scentless ; akenes hairy. 2. CHIMONANTHITS, JAPAN ALLSPICE. (Name in Greek means wintcr-floicer ; it flowers in the winter in a mild temperate climate.) C. fra°TanS. Shrub with long branches, which may be trained like a climber, smooth lance-ovate pointed leaves, and rather small fragrant flowers, hardy S. of Penn. 40. SAXIFRAGACE^I, SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. A large family not readily defined by any single characters ; distinguished generally from Rosacea; by having albumen in the seeds, ovaries partly or wholly united, and seldom any stipules ; ihe herbs and most of the shrubs of the family have only as many or twice as many stamens, and fewer styles or stigmas, than there are petals or sepals. Flowers mostly perfect. — Besides the plants described, there may be met with in choice conservatories : CUNONIA CAPKNSIS, a small tree from Cape of Good Hope, with opposite odd-pinnate leaves and a large stipule between their peti- oles on each side : BAITER A RUBIOIDES, from Australia, a slender bu^hy shrub, with opposite leaves of 3 almost sessile narrow leaflets, looking like 6 simple leaves in a whorl, and pretty rose-colored widely open flow- ers in their axils. I. Shrubs, with simple leaves (includes plants which have been ranked in two or three different families). None of the following stipules, except Ribes. Seeds numerous. 132 SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. § 1. Leaves alternate. 1. RIBES. Leaves palmately veined and lobed ; sometimes with narrow stipules united with the base of the petiole. Calyx with its tube cohering with the ovary, and often extended beyond it, tin; 5 lobes u-ii:iliy colored like the petals. Petals and stamens each 5, on the throat of the calyx, the former small and mostly erect. Styles 2 or partly united into one ; "ovary 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, in fruit becoming a juicy berry, crowned' with the shrivelled remains of the rest of tiie flower. 2. ITKA. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx nearly free from the 2-celled ovary, 5-cleft. Petals lanceolate, much longer than the calyx, and inserted along with the 5 stamens near its base. Pod slender, 2-celled, splitting through the style and the partition. § 2. Leaves opposite. O'lyx-tube wholly cuhen-iit n-iih llie top-shaped ur hemispherical in'.try, but not at all extended beyond it. * Stamtns indtjt?tite, 20 - 40. 3. DECUMARIA. Flowers small, in a compound terminal cyme. Calyx mi- nutely 7 - 10 toothed. Style thick. Petals 7 - 10, valvate in the bud. Pod small, top-shaped, many. ribbed, bursting at the sides between the ribs. 4. PH1LADELPHUS. Flowers showy, often corymbed or panicled. Calvx with 4 or 5 valvate lobes. Petals 4 or 5, broad, convolute in the bud. " Styles 3-5, usually somewhat united below. Ovary 3-5-celled, becoming a pod, which splits at length into as many pieces. * # Stamens only twice as many as the petals. 8 or 10. 5. DEUTZIA. Flowers all alike and perfect, more or less panicled, showy. Lobes of the calyx 5. Petals o, valvate with the edges turned inwards. Filaments flat, the 5 alternate ones longer, commonly with a tooth or fork on each side next the top. Styles 3 -5, slender. Pod 3- 6-celled. 6. H\ DRANGEA. Flowers in cymes, commonly of two sorts, the marginal ones (or in high-cultivated plants almost all) enlarged and neutral, consisting of corolla-like calyx only (Lessons, p. 78, fig. 214) : the others perfect, with a 4-5-toothed calyx, as many small petals valvate in the bud, and twice as many stamens with slender filaments. Style 2-5, diverging. Ovary 2-5- celled, becoming a small pod which opens at the top between the styles. II. Herbs, forming the SAXIFRAGE FAMILY proper. Stipules none or confluent with the base of the petiole. Seeds usually many. * Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with (hem, usually o, and a cluster of gland-tipped sterile filaments before each petal : stiym/is inost/i/ I, directly over tig iitiuii/ 1 a irietal placentae. 7. PAKXASSIA. Flower solitary, terminating a scape-like stem; the leaves nio-tly from the root, rounded, smooth, and entire. Calvx free from the ovary, of 5 sepals. Petals 5, veiny, imbricated in the bud. Styles none. Pod 1-celled, many-seeded. « * Stamens only as many as the petals, 4 or 5 : no sterile f laments : styles 2 and alternate with the placenta or partition. 8. HKUCHERA. Flowers small, in a long panicle, mostly on a scape. Calyx bell-shaped, the tube cohering below with the 1-celled* ovary, and continued beyond it, above .".-cleft, and bearing 5 small spatulate erect petals at the sinuses. Styles slender. Pod 1-celled, 2-beaked at the apex, opening between the beaks. 9. BOYKIMA. 1 lowers in a corymb-like cyme. Calyx 5-lobed, the tube cohering with the 2-eelIed ovary. Petals 5, convolute in the bud, deciduous. Style^ 2, short. I'od 2-celled, opening between the two beaks. * * * Stami-ns tii-iri- the number of the petals or the lubes <>f the calijx, mostly 10; pud commonly 'l-lobed, beaked, or 2, rnrtfy 3-4, nearly st/iitnit'e puds. H- Pi till.-; uitirr, iiiustly 5. 10. SAXIFRAGA. Flowers in cymes or panicles, or rarely solitary, perfect Leaves simple or palmately cut. Petals imbricated in' the bud. Pod 2- celled below, or 2 (rarely more) separate pistils and pods, many-seeded. 11. ASTILI'.K. Flowers in spikes or racemes collected in an ample compound panicle, sometimes polygamous or dioecious. Leaves ample, decompound SAXIKRAGE FAMILY. 133 Petals small, spatulate or linear. Little pods 2 or 3, nearly separate, opening down the inner suture, several-seeded. 12. TIAKKLLA. Flowers in a raceme. Calyx colored (white), 5-pnrted, and in the sinuses bearing 5 very narrow slender-clawed petals. Filaments and styles long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, with several ovules towards the base of the 2 parietal placentae, 2-beaked; one of the beaks or carpels growing much more than the other and making the larger part of the lance-shaped membranaceous pod, which is few-seeded towards the bottom. •(- ••- Petals 5, pinnattfid, very delicate. 13. MITELLA. Flowers in a simple raceme or spike, small. Petals colored like the short open calyx (white or green). Stamens short. Styles 2, verv short. Ovary and pod globular, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas at the base, many- seeded, opening across the top. -I-*--*— Petals none. 14. CHRVSOSPLEXIUM. Flowers yellowish-green, solitary or in a leafy cyme. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, the tube or expanded border with 4 or 5 blunt lobes. Stamens 8 or 10, very short. Styles 2, short, recurved. Pod cbcordate, thin, its notched summit rising above the calyx-tube, 1-celled with 2 parietal placentae, several -many-seeded. 1. RIBES, CURRANT, GOOSEBERRY. (An Arabic name.) Leaves plaited in the bud, except the last species, often clustered in the axils of those of previous season. Fl. spring. Fruit mostly eatable. § 1. GOOSEBERRY. Stems commonly with 1 or 2 thorns bdow the leafstalks or the clusters of leaves, often with numerous scattered prickles besides, these sometimes on the berry a/so. * Cultivated species. R. speciosum, SHOWY FLOWERING-GOOSEBERRY, of California: cult. for ornament, especially in England, likely to succeed in Southern Middle States, is trained like a climber ; has small and shining leaves, 1-3 very hand- some flowers on a hanging peduncle, the short-tubular calyx, petals, and long- projecting stamens deep red, so that the blossom resembles that of u Fuchsia ; berry prickly, few-seeded. R. Grossularia, GARDEN or ENGLISH GOOSEBEURY. Cult, from Eu. for the well-known fruit; thorny and prickly, with small obtusely 3 -5-lobed leaves, green flowers 1 -3 on short pedicels, bell-shaped calyx, and large berry. * * Native species (chiefly N. $• W.), passing under the general >w/nf of \VI~LD GOOSEBERRY, with greenish or dull-purplish blossoms, only 1-3 on each peduncle. R. hirtellum, the commonest E., is seldom downy, with very short thorns or none, very short peduncles, stamens and 2-cleft style scarcely longer than the bell-shaped calyx ; and the smooth berry purple, sniail, and sweet. R. rotundif61ium, commoner W., "is often downy -leaved ; peduncles slender, the slender stamens and 2-parted style longer than the narrow calyx ; berry smooth. R. Cynosbati, of rocky woods N., is downy-leaved, with slender pedun- cles, stamens and undivided style not exceeding the broad calyx, and large berry usually prickly. * * * Nat ire species with the prirkl;/ stems of a Gooseberry, but with a raceme of flowers like those of a Currant. R. laciistre, LAKE or SWAMP G. Cold bogs and wet woods N. : low, with 3-5-parted leaves, their lobes deeply cut, very small flowers with broad and flat calyx, short stamens and style, and small bristly berries of unpleasant flavor. § 2. CURRANT. No thorns nor prickles, and the flowers numerous in the racemes * Wild, or culticatt-dfor the fruit : fl<»r< ;-s i/rcenish or whitish. ••- Lenres without resinous dots : calyx flat anil open : berries red (or white). R. prostratum, FETID C. Cold woods X. ; with reclining stems, deeply heart-shaped and acutely 5 - 7-lobed leaves, erect racemes, pedicels and pale-red l.')4 SAXIKU.\<;i: FAMILY. berries glandnlar-bristiv ; these and the bruised herbage exhale an unpleasant, skunk-like odor. R. rubrum, RICH C. Cult from En., also wild on our northern borders; with straggling or rerliniiiLT stem-;. -onicwhat heart-shaped moderately :i - 5- lobed leaves, the loins roimili.-h. and drooping raceme-, I'mm lateral buds dis- tinct from the leaf-buds ; edible berries red, or a white variety. •»- -*- Leaves sprinkled with /•/>•///"/'.•>• ts : flowers larger, icit.h (Along-bell-shaped ciili/r : lifi-1-it.'S laryer, Uncle, nnniintic ;//<•//, glandular-dotted. R. floridum, WILD BLACK C. Woods N. : leaves slightly heart-shaped, sharply 3-5-lobed and doubly serrate; racemes drooping, downy, bearing many whiti>h Mowers, with conspicuous bracts longer than the pedicels. R. nigrum, GAKDKN BLACK C. Cult, from En.: like the preceding, but has greener and fewer flowers in the raceme, minute bracts, and a shorter calyx. * * Cultinited for omnment from far W. • the flowers highly colored R. sanguineum, HKD-I-L. C., from Oregon and California: glandular and somewhat clammy, with .3 - 5-lobcd leaves whitish-downy beneath, nodding racemes of rose-red Mowers, the calyx-tube oblong-bcll-shaped, the berries gland- ular ainl insipid. R. aureum, GOLDEN, BLTKALO, or MISSOURI C. : from W. Missouri to Oregon ; abundantly cult, for its spicy-scented bright-yellow flowers in early spring; smooth, with rounded 3-lobcd and cut-toothed leaves (which are rolled up in the hud), short racemes with leafy bracts, and tube of the yellow calyx very much longer than the spreading lobes ; the berries blackish, insipid. 2. ITEA. (Greek name of Willow, applied to something widely different.) I. Virginica, a tall shrub, in low pine-barrens from X. Jersey 8., smooth, with oblong minutely serrate leaves, and racemes of pretty white Mowers, in early summer. 3. DECUMARIA. (Name probably meaning that the parts of the flower arc in tens, which is only occasionally the case.) D. barbara. Along si reams S. : a tall, mostly smooth shrub, with long branches disposed to climb, ovate or oblong shining leaves, and a compound terminal cyme of small white odorous flowers, in late spring. 4. PHILADELPHUS, MOCK-OHAXdK, SYKIXIJA (which is the botanical name of the Lilac. The generic name is an ancient one, afterwards applied to thc.-e shrubs for no particular reason). Ornamental shrubs; na- tives of the S. Atlantic and Pacific States, Japan, &c. ; the species mixed or much varied in cultivation. The following are the principal types. P. COronarius, COMMON MOOK-OUANGK. Cult, probably from Japan. Shruli with erect branches, smoothish oblong-ovate leaves having the ta>tc and smell of cucumbers, and crowded clusters of handsome and odorous cream-white Mowers, in late spring. P. latifblius, BUOAD-I : \\ i i> M. Cult., unknown wild, has the erect stem- of the first, is robust, 6° - 12° high, with the ovate and toothed 5-ribbed leaves hairy beneath, and large pure-white and nearly scentless flowers clus- tered, in early summer. P. inodbrus, SCKXTI.ESS M. Wild in upper di>tricts S. : >hrub smooth, with spreading slender branches, mo>tly entire ovate-oblong leaves, rather small flowers scattered at the end of the diverging branehlets, and calyx-lobes not longer than the ovary. P. grandifl6rus, LAHOK-FL. M. Wild along streams from Virginia S., and planted in several varieties : tall shrub, with long recurving branches, ovate nnd pointed usually toothed smouthi.-h or >li-htl\ downv leaves, and verv large pure-white scentless flowers, in early summer, either single or in loose clusters at the end of the branches, the slender-pointed calyx-lobes much longer than the ovary. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 13i> P. GordoniamiS, cult, from Oregon, is seemingly a variety of the last, ry tall, and the large flowers appearing at midsummer. P. hirsutUS, HAIRY M. Wild in N. Car. and Tenn., sparingly cult. : slender, with recurving branches, the small ovate and acute sharply-toothed leaves hairy, and beneath even hoary ; the small white flowers solitary or 2-3 together at the end of short racemose side branchlets. 5. DEUTZIA. (Named for one Dentz, an amateur botanist of Amsterdam.) Fine flowering shrubs of Japan and China, with numerous panicles of white blossoms, in late spring and earlv summer ; the lower side of the leaves, the calyx, &c. beset with minute starry clusters of hairs or scurf. D. grctcilis, the smallest species, is 2° high, with lance-ovate sharply ser- rate leaves bright green and smooth, and rather small snow-white flowers, earlier than the rest, often forced in greenhouses ; filaments forked at the top. D. crenata. Commonly planted ; a tall shrub, rough with the fine pube- scence, with pale ovate or oblong-ovate minutely crenate-serrate leaves, and rather dull white blossoms in summer; the filaments broadest upwards and with a blunt lobe on each side just below the anther. This is generally cult, under the name of the next, viz. D. SCabra, with more rugose and rougher finely sharp-serrate leaves, and entire taper-pointed filaments : seldom cult. here. 6. HYDRANGEA. (Name of two Greek words meaning water and vase ; the application obscure.) Fl. summer. * Cultivated from China and Japan : house-plants N., turned out for summer. H. Hortensia, COMMON HYDRANGEA, is very smooth, with large and oval, coarsely toothed, bright-green leaves, and the flowers of the cyme nearly all neutral and enlarged, blue, purple, pink, or white. * * Wild species, on shad// hanks of rivers, $-c., but often planted for ornament. Styles most!// only 2 : flowers tr/tite, the sterile enlarged ones turning areen- ish or purplish with aae, persistent. H. quercifdlia, OAK-LEAVED H. Stout shrub 3° - 6° high, very leafy, downy, with oval 5-lobed large leaves, and cymes clustered in oblong panicle, with numerous sterile flowers. Wild from Georgia S., hardy N. in cult. H. radiata, called more fittingly II. NI'VEA, having the ovate or some- what heart-shaped pointed leaves very white-woolly beneath, but smooth and green above ; the flat cyme with a few enlarged sterile flowers round the mar- gin. Wild S. of Virginia. H. arborescens, wild from Penn. and 111. S., rarely planted, is smooth, with ovate or slightly heart-shaped serrate pointed leaves green both sides, the flat cyme often without any enlarged sterile flowers, but sometimes with a full row round the margin. 7. PARNASSIA, GRASS-OF-PARNASSUS. Wild on wet banks; the large white flower handsome, in summer and autumn. 11 P. Caroliniana, the only common species, both N. & S., has the scape or stem l°-2° high, bearing one clasping leaf low down, and terminated with a flower over 1' broad, the many-veined petals sessile, with 3 stout small sterile filaments before each. P. pallistris, scarce on northern borders, is small throughout, with several slender filaments before each few-veined petal. P. asarif61ia, along the Allcghanics S., has rather kidney-shaped leaves, and petals narrowed at base into a short claw ; otherwise like the first. 8. HEUCHERA, ALUM-ROOT, the rootstock being astringent. (Named fora German botanist, Headier.) Wild plants of rocky woods, chietly W. and S. along the middle country ; the leaves rounded heart-shaped and more or less lobed or cut, mostly from the rootstock, often one or two on the tall stalk of the panicle. Flowers mostly greenish, in summer. 11 13IJ SAXIFRAdK FAMILY. * Flowers very small : stamens and styles protruding. H. Americana, COMMOV A.: the only one N. and K. of IVnn., has scapca and loose panicle (2°-.'i° high) ciammv-glandular and ot'n-n hairy, leaves with rounded loin-.-, and •jrceni>li I lower.- in early summer. H. Villosa, from Maryland and Kentucky S. along the upper country, is lower, beset with .-"i't often ru-ty hair-, lias deeprr-lobed leavo, and very small white or whiti-h llowers, later in Mimmer. * * I-'Inn; ,-s lan/er (the cat y.r fully 4' lour/), in >i n< irfnirrr panicle, greenish, with stiin/in* littii ij nt nil /iriitnidiiK/ : liant rimml mid s/ii/liti// 5- O-ltitud. H. hispida. Mountains of Virginia and X. W. Tall (scape 2°-4° hi.uh), usually with spreading hairs ; stamens a little protruding. H. pubescens. From S. 1'enn. S. Scapes ( l°-3° high) and petioles roughish-ghmdular rather than pubescent ; stamens shorter than the lobes of the >alyx. 9. BOYKINIA. (Xamcd for the late Dr. Boykin, of Georgia.) ^ B. aconitifolia, occurs only along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : stem clammy-glandular, bearing a or 4 alternate palmately 5-7-cleft and cut leaves and a cyme of rather small white flowers, in summer. There is one very like it in Oregon and California. 10. SAXIFRAGA, SAXIFRAGE. (Latin name, means >•,„•/•-/„• manv species rooting in the clefts of rocks.) Besides the following, there are a number of rare or local wild species. * Wild species, n-ith /cares all clustered at the perennial root, the naked scape clammy a/>- and Imirim/ many small flower* in a panicle or cyme, the t>ci> ovaries nnit«l />a rely at the base, making at lenyth a pair of nearly separate i/ir, i-i/i'ut jiods. S. Virginiensis, KAKI.Y S. On rocks and moist lianks ; with obovate or wedge-spatulati' tliiekish more or less toothed leaves in an open cluster, scape 3' -9' high, bearing in early spring white llowers in a dense cluster, which at length opens into a loose panicled cyme ; calyx not half the length of the petals : pods turning purple. S. Pennsylvanica, SWAMP S. In low wet ground N. ; with lance- oblong or oblanccolate obtuse leaves (4' -8' long) obscurely toothed and nar- rowed into a very short broad petiole, scape 1° — 2° high, bcariiiLT small greeni.-di (lowers in an oblong cluster, opening with age into a looser panicle (in spring) ; the rellexcd lobes of the calyx us long as the lance-linear petals. S. erosa, LICTTITK S. Cold brooks, from I'enn. S. along the Alle- ghanies ; the lance-oblong obtuse leaves (8'- 12' long) sharply erosely toothed ; scape l°-30 high, heariii'_r a loose panicle of slender-pcdicelled small white (lowers (in summer) ; with rellexcd sepals as long as tin- oval petals, and club- ihapcd tilaments. * * K.rnlic x/nci,'!!, cull, for ornament : Intrcs nil clnst/ nd at the perennial n»>r . or, in early spring. S. sarmentbsa, HKKKSTKAK S., al>o called STRAWBERRY (!i:i; \\IIM. Cult, from China and .Japan as a house-plant, not quite hardv N., rather hairy, with rounded hcan-.-haped or kidney-shaped and doubly toothed leaves of tlohy texture, purple underneath, green-veined or mottled with white above, on shaggy petioles, from their axils sending oil' Mender strawberry-like runners, by which the plant i- multiplied, and scapes hearing a light very open panicle of irregular flowers, with .'? of the petals small rose-pink and yellow-spotted, and 2 inuch longer and nearly white ones lanceolate and hanging. ORPINK FAMILY. 107 11. ASTILBE. (Name means not shining.) Also culled HOTEIA, after a Japanese botanist. Fl. summer. 2/ A. decandra. Rich woods along the Alleghanies from Virginia S. : a tall, rather pubescent herb, 3° - 5° high, imitating ~Spira-a Aruncus (p. 121) in ap- pearance, but coarser ; leaflets of the decompound leaves mostly heart-shaped, cut toothed (2' -4' lorn/) ; flowers greenMi-white, with inconspicaous petals. A. Japonica, or HOTLIA JAPOXICA. Cult, from Japan for ornament: only l°-2° high, with leaflets of the thrice-ternate leaves lauce-ovate or oblong, and crowded white flowers of considerable beauty. 12. TIARELLA, FALSE MITREWORT. (Diminutive of tiara, a tur- ban ; name not very appropriate.) 2/ T. COrdiiblia, our only species, in rocky woods, especially N. : a low and hairy herb, spreading by summer leafy runners ; leaves rounded heart-shaped, sharply lobed and toothed ; flowers in a short raceme on a leafless scape, bright white, in spring. 13. MITELLA, MITREWORT, BISHOP'S-CAP. (Name means a lit- tle mitre, from the shape of the 2-cleft ovary and young pod. ) Delicate plants of moist woods, especially N., spreading by summer leafy runners or root- stocks : fl. late spring and early summer. ^ M. diphylla, COMMON or TWO-LEAVED M. Hairy, with rounded heart- shaped and .somewhat 3 - 5-lobed root-leaves on slender petioles, and a pair of opposite nearly sessile leaves on the scape below the slender raceme of many white flowers. M. nilda, NAKED-STALKED M. Mossy woods N. : a delicate little plant, with roundish kidney-shaped doubly crenate leaves, and leafless scape (4' -6' high) bearing a few greenish blossoms. 14. CHRYSOSPLENIUM, GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. (Name in Greek means golden spleen.) Fl. spring. 2/ C. Americanum, our only species, in springs or shadv wet places N. : a low and delicate smooth herb, with spreading repeatedly forked stems, tender succulent small leaves, which are roundish, obscurelv crenate-lobed, and mainly opposite ; the inconspicuous greenish flowers nearly' sessile in the forks. 41. CRASSULACE^, ORPINE FAMILY. Succulent plants, differing from the Saxifrage Family mainly in the complete symmetry of the flowers, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils equal in number, or the stamens of just double the num- ber ; the pistils all separate and forming as many (mostly many- seeded) little pods, except in Penthorum, where they are united together. (Lessons, p. 81, fig. 222 - 225.) Penthorum, which is not succulent, is just intermediate between this family and the fore- going. Several are monopetalous. i. e. have their petals united below into a cup or tube. § 1. Leaves not at oil feshy, but thin and membranaceous : the 5 ovaries united into one 5-horned b-celled pod: no scales behind the ovaries. 1. PENTHORUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, small, or usually none. Stamens 10. Pod opening by the falling away of the 5 beaks, many-seeded. Rarely the parrs are in sixes or sevens. § 2. Leaves thickened and succulent : ovaries separate, a minute scale behind each. * Petals separate : sepals nearly so or united at the base. 2. SEMPER VI VUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 6 -12 or even more, and stamens twice as many. Plants usually multiplying by leafv offsets, ou which the leaves are crowded in close tufts like rosettes. S&F— 17 138 ORPINK FAMILY. 3. SEDUM. Sepals, narrow petals, and pistils 4 or 5; the stamens twice as many, the alternate ones commonly adhering to the base of each petal. 4. TILL^EA. Sepal.-, petals, stamens, and few-seeded pistils 3 or 4. Very small annual-, with axillary flowers. 6. CRASSULA. Sepal- <>r lobe.- of the calyx, petals, stamens, and many-seeded pi-til- '>. Perennial herbs or fleshy-sh'rubby plant-, with flowers in cymes or clusters. * * Petals united by their edyes below, and bearing the sll( «r fiurjilish, in siiiitiwr, nil irith tlitir jmrts in lir, *. S. Teldphium, GARDEN OUIMXE or LIVE-FOR-EVER. Cult, from Eu. in old country gardens : erect, about 2° high, with oval and mostly wavy- toothed pale and thick leaves, small and dull-colored tlov>er- in a compound cyme, and short-pointed pods. S. telephioides, WILD 0. or L. Dry rocks on mountains, chiefly along the Alleghanies ; 6' -12' high, very like the lost, but with fewer flowers, and pods tapering into a slender tstyla. ORPINE FAMILY. l.'i'.l § 2. Leaves narrow and thick, barely Jlattish or terete : low or rm /»//«/ plants. S. acre, MOSSY S., or WALL-PEPPER. Cult, from Eu., for edgings and rock-work, running wild in some places : a moss-like little plant, forming mats on the ground, yellowish-green, with very succulent and thick ovate small and crowded leaves, and yellow flowers in summer, their parts in fives. S. pulchellum, BEAKTIFTL S. Wild S. W. on rocks; also cult, in gardens, &c. ; spreading and rooting stems 4' -12' long; leaves crowded, terete, linear-thread-shaped ; flowers rose-purple, crowded on the upper side of the 4 or 5 spreading branches of the cyme, their parts mostly in fours, while those of the central or earliest flower are in fives : in summer. S. carneum, variegatum. Cult, of late for borders, &c., of unknown origin ; has creeping stems, and the small leaves mostly opposite, sometimes in threes, linear, flattish, acute, very pale green, and white-edged : flowers not yet seen. 4. TILL.S1A.. (Named for an Italian botanist, TtY/j.) Fl. all summer. © T. simplex, is a minute plant of muddy river-banks along the coast, spreading and rooting, only l'-2' high, with linear-oblong opposite leaves, and solitary inconspicuous white flowers sessile in their axils. 5. CRASSULA. (So named from the incrassated leaves.) House-plants, occasionally cult., from Cape of Good Hope. 2/ C. arbor escens. Fleshy shrub, with glaucous roundish-obovate leaves (2' long) tapering to a narrow base, and dotted on the upper face ; the flowers rather large and rose-colored. C. lactea, has greener and narrower-obovate leaves, connate at the base in pairs, and a panicle of smaller white flowers. C. falcata, has slightly woody stems, oblong and rather falcate or curved leaves connate at base, 3' -4' long, powdery-glaucous, and a compound cyme of many red sweet-scented flowers, the petals wiih erect claws partly united be- low, and spreading abruptly above ; so that the plant has been placed under the next genus, and named ROCHEA FALCATA. 6. ROCHEA. (Named for a Swiss physician, Laroche.) Half-shrubby succulent house-plants of the Cape of Good Hope. 2/ R. COCCinea. Stems l°-2° high, thickly beset with the oblong-ovato (!' long) leaves up to the terminal and umbel-like sessile cluster of handsome flowers ; tube of the scarlet-red corolla 1' long. 7. COTYLEDON. (From Greek word for a shallow cup.) House-plants, not common. 2/ C. orbiculata. Half-shrubby succulent plant, from Cape of Good Hope, with opposite white-powdery or glaucous wedge-obovatc leaves (2' -4' Icni'), and a cluster of showy red flowers (nearly 1' long) raised on a slender naked petiole, the cylindraceous tuba of the corolla longer than the recurved lobes. C. (or Echeveria) COCCinea, from Mexico, is shrubby at base, with the wedge-obovate acute leaves in rosettes, and alternate and scattered on the flowering stems ; flowers in a leafy spike, the 5-partcd corolla not longer than the spreading calyx, 5-angled at base, red outside, yellow within. 8. BRYOPHYLLUM. (Name of Greek words for sprout or bu,l and /*{/•) 2/ B. calycinu.ni. A scarcely shrubby succulent plant, originally from tropical Africa, cult, in houses, &c., with opposite pctiolcd leaves, 3 or 5 pinnate leaflets, or the upper of single leaflets, and an open panicle of large and rather handsome hanging green flowers tinged Avith purple : the calyx is oblong and bladdery ; out of it the tubular corolla at length projects, and has 4 slightly spreading acute lobes ; the leaflets oval, 2-3 inches long, crcnate ; when laid on the soil, or kept in a moist place, they root and bud at the notches, and pro- duce little plants. The name refers to the propagation of the plant in this way. 14U WATKK-MILFOIL FAMILY. 42. HAMAMELACE.S], WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY. Shrubs or trees, with alternate simple leaves, deciduous stipules, small flowers in heads, spikes, or little clusters, the calyx united below with the base of tin- 2->tylcil ovary, which forms a hard or woody 2-celled and 2-beaked pod, opening at the summit. Sta- mens and petals when prornt inx-rii-d on the calyx. Three wild plants of the country, belonging to as many genera. § 1. Shrubs, with perfect or merely polygamous ftmrers, n rtyultr cnlyx, find a single ovule, becoming a bony seed, suspemdea from (lit (ojt - 7-lohcd leaves, which arc fragrant when bruised, changing to deep crim-on in autumn, their triangular lobes pointed and In -set with glandular teeth : grcem>h llowers appearing with the leaves in early spring. 43. HALORAGE^E, WATER-MILFOIL FAMILY. Contains a few in.-ignificant aquatic or marsh plants, with small greenish flowers sessile in the axils of the (often whorled) leaves or bracts, and a single ovule and seed suspended in each of the 1 — 4 cells of the ovary. EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 141 1. MYRIOPHYLLUM. Flowers mostly monoecious, with sepals or teeth of the calyx, petals when there are any, lobes and cells of the ovary and nut-like fruit, and the sessile stigmas eacli 4; the stamens 4 or 8. 2. PROSERPINACA. Flowers perfect, with lobes of the calyx, stamens, stig- mas, and cells of the 3-angled nut-like fruit eacli 3: petals none. 3. HIPFURIS. Flowers mostly perfect, with truncate calyx not continued above the adherent ovary, and a single stamen, slender style, and seed. 1. MYKIOPHYLLUM, WATER-MILFOIL. (Botanical name, from the Greek, like the popular name, means thousand-leaved.) Plants usually all under water, except their flowering tips ; all but the uppermost or emerg- ing leaves pinnately dissected into fine hair-like divisions. Fl. summer. 2/ M. spicatum. Leaves whorled in threes or fours, those at the summit of flowering stems reduced to small ovate bracts shorter than the flowers, which therefore form an interrupted spike ; petals deciduous ; stamens 8 ; fruit smooth. M. verticillatum. Like the first, but the uppermost leaves longer than the flowers and pinnatifid. M. heterophyllum. Chiefly W. & S. ; with leaves whorled in fours of fives, those under the flowers.. ovate or lanceolate and serrate or merely pinnatifid ; stamens and petals 4 ; fruit roughish on the bark. M. scabratum. Chiefly S. & W. ; with leaves and flowers as in the preceding, but more slender, the leaves under the flowers linear and cut-toothed, and the lobes of the fruit 2-riclged and roughened on the hack. M. ambiguum. Common only E. : with mostly scattered very delicate or capillary leaves, often perfect flowers, 4 petals and 4 stamens, and a minute smooth fruit. 2. PROSERPINACA, MERMAID-WEED. (Name from Latin pro- serpo, to creep, or after Proserpine.) Stems creeping fit base in the mud or shallow water, the upper part emerging : flowers in the axi'.s of the alternate leaves, produced all summer. 1}. P. palustris. Leaves above water lanceolate and merely serrate ; fruit sharply .3-angled. P. pectinacea. Leaves all pinnately divided into very slender divisions ; angles of the fruit bluntish. Chiefly E. & S. 3. HIPPURIS, MARESTAIL (which the botanical name means in Greek). H. VUlgaris. In ponds and springs N. & W., but rare: stems l°-2° high, the linear acute leaves in whorls of 8-12, the upper ones with minute flowers in their axils. 2/ 44. ONAGRACEJE, EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs, or sometimes shrubs, without stipules ; the parts of the symmetrical flowers in fours (rarely in twos to five?) throughout ; the tube of the calyx usually prolonged more or \e?s beyond the adherent ovary, its lobes valvate in the bud, its throat bearing the petals (convolute in the bud) and the as many or twice as many stamens; styles always united into one. Embryo filling the seed : no albumen. Comprises many plants with showy blossoms, culti- vated for ornament; these almost all American. (Lopezia lias irregular flowers with only one perfect stamen.) § 1. Paris of the foicer in ticot. 1. CIRC.EA. Delicate low herbs, with opposite thin leaves, and very small whitish flowers in racemes. Calyx with 2 reflexed lobes, its tube slightly prolonged beyond the 1-2-celled ovary, which becomes a 1 - 2-seeded little bur-like indehiscent fruit, corered with weak hooked bristles. Petals 2, ob- oordate. Stamens 2. Style slender, tipped with a capitate stigma. 142 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. § 2. Parts of the jlmcer in fours, or Jives in No. 8. * Ovary and dry nut-like fruit with a single ovule or seed in each cell. 2. GAURA. Herbs with alternate sessile leaves, and small or smallish flowers in racemes or spikes Calyx with slender tube much prolonged beyond the 4-celled ovarv. Petals 4", on claws, mostly turned toward the upper side of tin- flower. 'St:i us s, these and the long style turned town. A little scale liriore each filament. Fruit small, 4-ang]cd or ribbed, 1 - 4-seeded. * * Ocnrif uml fruit iritli i/inni/ nni/iit mid & eds in enc/i of the cells. t- Herbs: fruit a <»/. ** ** Seeds furnished with a coma or tuft of km;/ nnd f«ft hnirg tit one end, by which they nre widilt/ •<•//// tuft. = Flowers regular and symmetrical: calyx-tube extended more or less beyond the ovary, the lobes mostly rtjtextd: petals 4. 6. CLAKKIA. Calyx-tube continued beyond the ovary into a short funnel-form cup. Petals broad, wedge-shaped or rhombic, sometimes 3-lobed, raised on a slender claw. Stamens 8, with slender filaments, the alternate ones short- er: anthers curved or coiled after opening, those of the short stamens much smaller, or deformed and sterile. Stigmas 4, oval or oblong. Pod linear and tapering upwards, 4-sided. Flowers never yellow. 6. EUCHAH1DIU.M. Calyx-tube much prolonged and slender beyond the ovary. Petals wedge-shaped and 3-lobed at summit, tapering into a short claw. Stamens only 4, on slender filaments. Stigmas 2 or 4. Pod oblong-linear. Seeds slightly wing-margined. Flowers never yellow. 7. (ENOTHERA. Calyx-tube either much or little prolonged beyond the ovary. Petals usually obovate or obcordate, with hardly any claw. Stamens 8. Flowers yellow, purple or white. = = Flowers regular and symmetrical, but often without petals: the calyx-tube not in tlie least extended beyond the broad summit of flic ovary, on which llie green lobes mostly persist : style, usually short : stigma capitate. 8. JUSSIyEA. Stamens twice as many as the lobes of the calyx, petals, and cells of the pod: i. e. 8 or 10, rarely 12. 9. LUDWIGIA. Stamens as many as the lobes of the calyx and cells of the pod, almost always 4. Petals 4, often small, or none. ==== = Flowers irregular and untymmetrical : calyx-tube not exlendi d. 10. LOPF./IA. Flowers small. Calyx with 4 linear purplish lobes. Petals with claws, 4, turned towards the upper side of the flower, the two uppermost nar- rower and with a callous gland on the summit of the claw, and what seefns to be a fifth small one (but is a sterile stamen transformed into a petal) stands before the lower lobe of the calyx. Fertile stamen only one with an oblong anther. Style slender: stigma entire. Pod globular. •«- «— Shrubs : fruit a 4-celled berry. 11. FUCHSIA. Flowers showy; the tube of the highly colored calyx extended much beyond the ovarv, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped, or tubular, the 4 lobes spreading. Petals 4. Stamens 8. Style long and thread-shaped: stigma club-shaped or capitate. 1. CIRCJEA, ENCHANTER'S NIGHTSHADE. (Named from Circe, the enchantress, it is not obvious why ; the plants arc iiisignilicant and inert, natives of damp \\ouds, flowering in summer.) 21 C. Lutetiana, the common species, i- l°-2° high, branching, with ovate and slightly toothed leaves, no bracts under tin- pedicels, the rounded little fruit L'-cellcd and bc~et \vith bristly hairs. C. alpina, common only N. or in mountainous regions, smooth and tM\- CatC, 3' - 6' high, with thin and heart-shaped coarsely toothed leaves, minute bracts, and obovate or club-shaped fruit l-eel!ed and soft-hairy. EYENINCr-PRIMUOSK FAMILY. 143 2. GAURA. (Name in Greek means superb, which these plants are not; only one of them is worth cultivating.) Fl. all summer. G. Iiindheimdri, of Texas, cult, for ornament, nearly hardy N., about 3° high, hairy, with lanceolate sparingly toothed leaves, long weak hniiiclus producing a continued succession of handsome white flowers ; the calyx hairy outside; petals nearly 1' long. 2/ G. biennis, the common wild species, 3° -8° high, soft-hairy or downy, with oblong-lanceolate obscurely toothed leaves, small white or flesh-colored flowers, and downy fruit. © 3. EPILOBIUM, WILLOW-HERB. (Name compounded of three Greek words, meaning violet on a pod.) Fl. summer. The pods opening give to the winds great numbers of the downy-tufted seeds, y. § 1. Flowers large and showy, in a lung spike or raceme, the. widely spreading petals on short claws, the stamens and long style bent downwards, and tlie stigma of 4 long lobes : leaves alternate. E. angustif61ium, GREAT W. or FIRE-WEED. One of the plants that spring uji abundantly, everywhere northward, where forests have been newly cleared and the ground burned over: tall (4° -7° high) and simple-stemmed, smooth, with lanceolate leaves, and a long succession of pink-purple flowers. § 2. Flowers small, in corymbs or panicles terminating the branches, ivith petals, stamens, and style erect, a club-shaped stigma, and all the lower leaves opposite: stem 1° — 2° high. E. coloratura. Almost everywhere in wet places, fl. through late sum- mer and autumn, nearly smooth ; with thin lance-oblong leaves generally with purple veins, and purplish petals deeply notched at the end and a little longer than the calyx. E. molle. In bogs N., less common, soft downy all over ; leaves crowded, linear-oblong, blunt; petals rose-color, notched, 2" -3" long. E. palustre. In wet bogs N., slender, minutely hoary all over ; leaves linear or lance-linear, nearly entire ; petals purplish or white, small. 4. ZAUSCHNERIA. (Named for Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist.) 11 Z. Californica. Cult, for ornament, from California, flowering through late summer and autumn, 1° - 2° high, the oval or lanceolate leaves and the pods with downy-tufted seeds resembling those of Epilobium ; but the handsome scarlet flowers more like those of a Fuchsia : these are single and sessile in the axils of the upper and alternate leaves, or at length somewhat racemed, about 2' long. 6. CLARKIA. (Named for Capt. Clark, who with Capt. Lewis made the first official exploration across the mountains to the Pacific, and brought home one of the species.) Herbs of Oregon and California, with alternate mostly entire leaves, and showy flowers in the upper axils, or the upper running into a loose raceme: cult, for ornament : fl. summer. © C. pulch611a. About 1° high, with narrow lance-linear leaves, deeply 3-lobed petals (purple, with rose-colored and white varieties), bearing a pair of minute teeth low down on the slender claw, the lobes of the stigma broad and petal-like. There is a parti v double-flowered variety. C. 61egans. Fully 2° 'high, more commonly flowered in the conservatory, with long branches, lance-ovate or oblong leaves, the lower petioled, lilac-purple entire petals broader than long and much shorter than their naked claw, smaller lobes to the stigma, and a hairy ovary and pod. 6. EUCHARIDIUM. (Name from the Greek, means charming.) © E. COncinnum, of California, cult, for ornament ; a low and branching plant, like a Clarkia in general appearance, except in the long tube to the calyx, and with ovate-oblong entire leaves on slender petioles, and middle-sized rose- purple or white flowers, in summer. 144 EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 7. CENOTHERA, EVENING-PRIMROSE. (Name from Greek words fur irini' and hunt; application oli-cnrr. ) Very many species, all originally ^.meric in, a:i 1 ino-t of tin-Mi (Yoiii t'i,- (". S., especially from S. \V. and W. The following arc the principal conirnoii ones, lioth wild and cult, for ornament : rl. summer. ( IJD!'I-II-- rains loosdy coniu. t< -d b_. cobwebby threads, strongly .'J-iobed. S I. >ns, p. 103, lig. 316. ) § 1. Stir/mas 4, long i-<>/>< !•>'•/ an-rn/i,,!, tli<> flown ojii'iii/i'i (uxHiilli/ s'tddi nli/) in i'i-i-ni/1,/ t/r/'!i,//,f, ,ind ,',:,/ :ii>d n/ln/drical or spimlli -shnjn d, sessile. (T) © CE. bidnniS, COMMON 1C. Wild in open grounds, and the larje-flowercd forms cult, fur ornament; erect, 2° - 5° high, hairy or smoothish, with lanee- oblong leaves entire or obscurely toothrd, t lowers at length t'onniiiLT a terminal leafy-bracted spike, and jtetals oliennlate. Runs into several varieties, of which the largest anil tim-.-t now cultivated is Var. Lamarckiana, from S. \V., which is tall and stout, with corolla 3' -4' in diameter : the sudden opening at dusk very strikin-_r. CE. rhombipetala. Wild on our western limits; more slender, hoarv, l°-3° high, the rather small flowers with rhombic ovate and ncnti' petals. CE. Drummondii, cult, from Texas; has it- stems .spreading on the ground, and large (lowers, like those of the first, in the upper axils, the lance- ovate leaves, &r. soft-dmviiv. CE. sinu^.ta. Wild from New Jersey S., in sandy ground ; low and spreading, hairy, with lance-oblong sinuate or pinnatilid leaves, small (lowers in their axils, pale yellow petals turning rose-color in fading, and .slender pods. ••- •*- Stems afiurt and /ir'mtrute or scarcely any : pod short, 4-u'inyed. CE. triloba. Cult, from Arkansas: leaves pinnatilid and cut, like those of Dandelion, .smooth, all in a tuft at the surface of the groin: 1, on i!ie short crown, which in autumn is ero\vd"d with the almost wood,' pvramid il-o\ ate narrowly 4-winged sessile pod>, I'orming a ma.-s .'i' - 5' in diameter; flowers rather small, the slender tube of the calyx 4' - 5' long, its lobes about as long as the obscurely 3-lobed or notched pale-yellow petals, which turn purplish in fading. i) @ CE. MlSSOU.ri6nsis, the greener-leavi'd form also called (E. MACIIOCAUI- \. Cult, from .Missouri and Texas; finely hoary or nearly smooth, with manv short prostrati- stems 2'- 12' long from a thick woody root, crowded lanceolate entire leaves, very large and showy flowers in their axils, opening before sun- set ; the tube of the calyx somewhat enlarging upwards, fi'-7' long; the bright-yellow corolla 4'- ('.' across ; pod with 4 very broad wings. 2/ * * WIIITIM-I.OWKI;I:I> I', v i.\ i \i;-I'i;i MI:. .SMS, i:si/u'/i/ tnmim/ rosr-i;>l,,nd in fading, same of them <>/MIH'Hstraie stems, with pinnatitid or jiinnate leaves, after the manner of Dandelion (as the name denotes), and very larue (lowers in the axils, tube of calyx :)'-4' long, corolla 3' - 5' across, and a wooily obovate and sharply 4-aniJe,l sessile pod. CE. Speci6sa, Xutt.', of Arkansas and Texas, not hardy in cult. X. ; pubescent, with erect and branching stems (',' - 20' hiv.li, lance .oblong cut-toothed leaves, the lower mostly pinnatilid ; (lowers somewhat raeemed at the summit, and opening in the daytime ; eaiyx-tnbe rather club-shaped and not much longer than the ovary ; con ,ila .'i' - 4' across ; pod club-shaped. ^ ((K. MA in: i N \ i \, a tufted mostly stemlos species, with lanceolate and often pi nntifid toothed Soft-hairj leaves, and |.eduneled ob|ong-cyliiii nun/ in bright sunshine: ;»/• mostly obcordate: stems leafy: leaves obscurely toothed or entire. Wild species of the country, all but the last occasionally cultivated. 2/ -t- Pod short-oblong or obovate, 4-wing-angled. CE. glauca. Wild from Virginia and Kentucky near and in the moun- tains S. : l°-2° high, smooth, pale and glaucous, leafy to the top ; leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; corolla 2' or more in diameter. -i- -i- Pod club-shaped, somewhat ^-wing-angled above, and 4 intervening ribs. CE. frutic6sa. Wild in open places : not shrubby, as the name would imply, hairy or nearly smooth, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, somewhat corymbed flowers l£'-2' in diameter, and short-stalked pods. CE. linearis. Wild from Long Island S. near the coast: pale or somewhat hoary with minute pubescence, with slender and spreading often bushy-branched stems l'-2' long, linear or lance-linear leaves, and somewhat corymbed flowers, corolla 1'- 1^' across, and hoary pods tapering into a slender stalk. — A spread- ing form is cultivated, blooming very freely through the summer. CE. pumila. In tields, &c. : nearly smooth, 5' -12' high, with mostly simple erect or ascending stem, oblanecolate leaves, and scattered flowers, the corolla less than 1' across, and pods short-stalked or sessile. * * * * RED-PURPLE-FL., DIURNAL, leafy-stemmed : pods club-shaped, (j) @ CE. r6sea, from Mexico. Minutely downy, with slender spreading stems 6' -24' high, ovate or lance-oblong leaves, the lower sometimes rather pin- natih'd, and flowers 1' across in leafy racemes. §2. GODETIA. Stigma with 4 linear or short and broad lobes : tubeof the calyx beyond the linear or spindle-shaped ovary inversely conical or funnel-shaped : leafy-stemmed : fln/rrrs open by day, scentless: petals broad and fan-shaped or wedge-shaped, the truncate summit generally eroded, lilac-pwrple, rose- color, or sometimes white: anthers erect on short (the alternate ones on very short) and broadish filaments, curving after opening. All IF. American, abounding in Oregon and California, several in the gardens, the following most common. Q) CE. purpurea. Very leafy to the top, rather stout, 6' -10' high, at length with many short branches; leaves pale, lance-oblong, entire; corolla !'-!£' across, purple, with a dark eye ; short and broad lobes of stigma dark-colored ; pods short and thick, closely sessile, rather conical. CE. rubicunda. Taller, l°-2° high, and linear-lanceolate leaves rather scattered along the slender branches ; corolla 2' or more across, lilac-purple with saffron-colored eye (also pale or rose-colored varieties) ; lobes of stigma oblong, pale ; pods thickish, cylindrical, sessile. CE. Lindleyi. Erect or spreading, 8' -16' high, with slender branches, narrow lanceolate leaves ; corolla about 2' across, lilac-purple, with a deeper red- purple spot on the middle of each petal ; lobes of the stigma linear and pale ; pod* slender, linear, somewhat tapering at the ends. CE. amcena. Slender, 6' -18' high, with lance-oblong or lance-linear leaves, and corolla 2' -3' across, rose-color or almost white, with usually a deeper reddish eye ; lobes of stigma linear ; pods linear. 8. JUSSIJ3A. (Named for Bernard, the elder de Jussieu.) Leaves entire. Flowers yellow, all summer. J. decurrens. Wet grounds, Virg. to 111. and S. Erect stems and slen- der branches margined or winged in- lines proceeding from the bases of the lanceolate leaves, smooth throughout ; flowers sessile or short-stalked, with 4 lobes of calvx nearly as long as the petals, and oblong-club-shaped 4-anglcd pod. © -Jl 10 146 EVKMNii-i'immosi: FAMILY. J. grandiflbra. Marshes S. : hairy, \vitli stems erect from a creeping base, lamvnlatr acute leaves, flowers 2' in diameter, the 5 calyx lobes only half as long as the petal.-, and pud-; cylindrical and stalked. ^/ J. repens. In water from S. 111. S. : .-muuth, with creeping or floating and rooting stems, oblong leaves taperim;- intu a Blender pi-tiole. long-pcduncled flowers 1' or mure across, with 5 calyx-lobes, the cylindrical or club-shaped pods tapering tit the base. 2/ 9. LUDWIGIA, FA LSK LOOSESTRIFE. (Named for C. (L Ln,l,ri,,, a German botanist, rather earlier than Linmvns.) Marsh herbs, with entire leaves ; flowers seldom handsome, in summer and autumn. "^ § 1. Leans alternate, mostly sessile. * Flowers jHt/inicli't/ in tl.i H/I/H r n.rils, iritli i/i-llmr pttals (about £' loii>/) equalling /In- Irnf-like iii-ilti' nr lani'f-oniti' ni/t/.r-liiliis : stiintfiis and Styles slniilif: pod cubical, strom//// 4-tint/ft-d, opening by IK! of' the branches. L. pi!6sa. OnlyS. : much branched, with lance-oblong leaves, and glob- ular-4-sided pod about the, length of tbe spreaided rather top-shaped pod, which is longer than the calvx-lobes. L. capitata. From N. Carolina S. : with slender simple stems angled towards the lop, lon^ lanceolate leaves ; flowers mostly crowded in an obloiiu or roundish terminal head, and obtusely 4-an^led pod longer than the calyx-lubes. L. alata. From X. Carolina S. : with simple or sparingly branched stems strongly angled above, few flowers, in the axils of the upper wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an inversclv pyramidal pod a- long as the white calyx-lubes, with concave -ides and winged an^le-. L. microcarpa. From X. Carolina S. : the low stems creeping at base nnd 3-angled above, leaves spatulate or obovate, with minute flowers in their axils, the short 4-angled pods not larger than a pin's head. EVENING-PRIMROSK FAMILY. 147 § 2. Leaves opposite, obovate or spattilate, long-petioled, with small ami m-tir/// sessile flowers in their axils : stems creeping or floating. L. pallistris. Common in ditches and .shallow water : smooth, with no petals, or small and reddish ones when the plant grows out of water, and oblong obscurely 4-sided pods longer than the very short calyx-lobes. L. natans. From N. Carolina S. : larger than the foregoing, and with yellow petals as long as the calyx-lobes, the pods tapering to the base. §3. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, with a long-pedunclfd floiwr in the axil of some of the upper ones : stems creeping in /lie mud. L. arcuata. From coast of Virginia S. : a small and smooth delicate plant, with oblanceolate leaves shorter than the peduncle, yellow petals longer than the slender calyx-lobes, and club-shaped somewhat curved pod. 10. LOPEZIA. (Named for T. Lopez, an early Spanish naturalist.) L. racem6sa. Cult, sparingly, from Mexico : a slender, branching, nearly smooth plant, with alternate ovate or lance-oblong leaves on slender petioles, the branches terminated with loose racemes of small rose-pink or sometimes white flowers (only \' in diameter), on slender pedicels from the axil of leafy bracts, produced all summer, followed by very small round pods. (T) 11. FUCHSIA. (Named for L. Fnchs, an early German botanist.) Well- known ornamental tender shrubby plants, or even trees, chiefly natives of the Andes from Mexico to Fuegia, mostly smooth, with opposite or ternatoly whorlcd leaves. The species in cultivation, now greatly mixed and varied, chiefly come from the following. § 1. SHORT-FLOWERED FUCHSIAS, or LADIES' EARDROPS; with the lobes of the normally red calyx longer than the tube and than the petals ; the latter normally violet or blue, obovate and refuse, convolute around the base of the projecting fl'ament* and still longer style : flowers hanging on long peduncles from the axils of the leaves. F. COCCinea, or F. GLOB6SA. Low, the rather small scarlet flowers with globular or ovoid calyx-tube between the ovary and the lobes, which also form a globular bud and Ifardly spread after opening ; leaves short-petioled. F. Magellanica, from S. Chili and Fuegia : less tender, with tube of the calyx bell-shaped and much shorter than the lobes ; leaves short-petioled or the upper sessile. F. macrostemma, from Chili : leaves on slender petioles ; calyx-tube oblong or short-cylindrical, more or less shorter than the spreading lobes. — These species now greatly varied in color; some varieties with calyx white or light and the petals deeply colored, some with the reverse ; also double-flowered, the petals being multiplied. § 2. LONG-FLOWERED FUCHSIAS; with trumpet-shaped or slightly funnel-shaped /'ibc of the calyx 2' -3' long, very much longer t/ian the spi-,-r-r,-ninl rather than rihhed, and with terminal pani- cles of handsome bright rose-colored tlowers (and a white variety), of 4 petals and s very unequal and dissimilar stamens, some with appendages at base, -ome without. Cyanophyllum metallicum, from Central America, cultivated in hot- houses for its magnificent foliage; the ovate leave- sometimes fully two feet Ion;:, purple lieiieath and hluish above with metallic lustre. — Then we have the U. S. genus, 1. RHfiXIA, DKKU-<;l!ASS, MKADOW-BEAUTY. (Name from Creek for riijitiin •: application ohseiire.) Low erect herhs of wet or sandy <:r<>iind, commoner S.. often bristly, at least on tlic mar-ins of the sessile :;- 5-ribhed leaves, \\itli handsome lluwers in a terminal cyme or panicle. Tube of the cahx nrtl-shaped, adherent to the lower part of the 4-eellei! ovary anil continued "beyond it 'into a short 4-toothed enp, persistent. Petal- 4, obovaie. Stamen's S, with anthers openiiiLT l>\' a single minute hole. Style slender: sti-ma simple. Seeds nnmerous in the pod, coiled like minute snail- shells. Fl. summer. 2/ # Aiil/ni'x Unnir mul nii-ntl, ir/'lli v/r-///v lnin,> mill usually a minute spur : l/'in-i r.-i in ii panicle or loose cyme. R. Vil'ginica. The common species X., in sandy swamps : 6' -:><)' hi^h, with square stem almost winded at the angles, Ovate or lance-oval sessile leaves, and lar^e pink-purple ilo\\crs. R. Mariana. From New Jersey and Kentucky S. : 10' - 24' high, with trrete or i',-aii-lcd branching stem, linear or lance-oblong leaves narrowed at base, and paler purple llowrs hairy ont-ide. R. glabella. 1'ine barrens S : -mooth, with a siin]>le slender stem, lan- ccolate glaucous leave-, and lar-'C briuht-pnrplc (lowers. * * Aiiltn ;-s oblong />/'> nduge. H- Flowers ]>nr/i/r, fiir nr Kulitiiri/ : lun-m sniul! (nii-i-li/ \' loin/), roiintl, d-< • ci/inli intlt /.O.L;-S in | in'' barren- from Maryland S. : stem Id'- 12' hi-h ; leaves bristly on the upper face ; and calyx si th. R. Serrillata. I'-o.^- in ]>ine barrens wholly S. : stem :!' - 6' ln'i;Ii : leaves smooth alio\ e ; calyx bristly. •i- i- F'litri rx i/illtni', small, inti/iinnm, not r,/.s7//«/ tin' ]>• : xti-iii 4-niii//in short branehlcts ; the flowers short-Stalked, usually solitary, large, both calyx ami corolla bright scarlet, with 5-7 petals, or full double ; the fruit as large as a small apple. 2. LAGERSTRCEMIA, CHAPE-MYRTLE. (Named for a Swedish naturalist, Lhhmcco]atc leaves, the upper Ones sometimes alternate, almost sessile (lowers in their axils, with mostly C> obovate yellow petals, and 12 stamen> of alino>t equal length. 4. LYTHRUM, LOOSESTRIFE. (Name in Greek for /-/,«»/: some have red llo\\ ers.) Fl. summer. L. Salicaria, SIMKKD L. Sparingly wild N. E. in wet meadows, and cult. ; with stems 2° -.'5° high, leave- broad-lanceolate, and often with a bean- shaped base, in pairs or threes ; (lower.- crowded in their axils and forming a wand-like spike, rather large, with (i or rarely 7 lance-oblong pink petals, and t \\iee as many stamens of two lengths. 11 L. alatum. Low grounds \V. >£ S. : nearly smooth, slender, 20-3° high, above and on the branches with margined angles, very leafy ; the small leaves oblong, the uppermost not longer than the small flowers in their axils; petals C, purple ; stamens G. 2/ 5. AMMANNIA. (Named for Aiiniiniin, an early German botanist.) Low, insignilicant herbs, in wet places, especially S., with small greenish flower- in the axils of the narrow leaves ; the inconspicuous petaJs purplish, or none : fl. all summer. LOASA FAMILY. 151 A. hiimilis, from Mass, to Michigan and S. ; has narrow oblanceolatc or spatulate leaves, tapering to the base, and a very short style. (T) A. latifolia. W. & S., taller, the lance-linear leaves with a broader and auricled partly clasping base, (i) 6. CTJPHEA. (Name from Greek, means gililmns or curved, from the shape of the calyx.) Leaves chiefly opposite : H. all summer. C. viscosissima, CLAMMY C. Sandy fields from Conn, to 111. and S. : a rather homely herb, l°-2° high, branching, clammy-hairy, with lance-ovate leaves, small flowers somewhat racemed along the branches, and ovate pink petals on short claws. © C. silenoid.es. Cult, from Mexico : clammy-hairy, 1° high, with lance- oblong or lanceolate leaves tapering at base into short petiole, and rather large flowers somewhat racemed on the branches; calyx purplish, ahm»t 1' long, ovoid at base and with a tapering neck ; petals blood-purple or crimson, rounded, the 2 larger £' in diameter, © C. platycentra. Cult, from Mexico, both in greenhouses and for bor- ders, flowering, through the season : slightly woody at base, 8' - 12' high, form- ing masses, thickly beset with the ovate or lance-ovate acute smooth and glossy bright green leaves, contrasting with the bright vermilion flowers between each pair, the calyx narrow and tubular, almost 1' long, with a short and very blunt spur at base, the short border and teeth dark violet edged on the upper side with white ; petals none. 2/ 48. LOASACE.SI, LOASA FAMILY. Herbs with rough pubescence, and some with stinging bristles, no stipules, a 1 -celled ovary coherent with the tube of the calyx (which is little if at all extended beyond it), and mostly with 3-5 parietal placentae, in fruit a pod, few - many-seeded : persistent calyx-lobes and true petals mostly 5, and often an additional inner set of pet- als : stamens commonly numerous, often in 5 clusters : style single. Natives of America, mostly S. & W. : several cult, for ornament. * Erect or spreading, not ticininr/: leaves alternate: petals flat. 1. MENTZEL1A. Petals lanceolate, spatulate, or obovate, deciduous. Filaments long and slender, or some of the outermost broadened or petal-like: anthers short and small. Pod top-shaped, club-shaped, or cylindrical, straight. Herb- age rough with short stiff pubescence, or bristly, but not stinging. * * Twining herbs: leaves opposite, petioled: petals hood-shaped or slipper-shaped. Z. BLUMENRACHIA. Petals 5, spreading, and as many scale-likf small ones or appendages alternate with them. Stamens in 5 sets, one before each petal, with very slender filaments; also 10 sterile filaments, a pair before each ap- pendage. Ovary nnd many-seeded pod 10-ribbed, when old spirally twisted and splitting lengthwise. "Peduncles axillary, mostly I-flowered. Herbage beset with sharp bristles, commonly stinging like nettles. Flowers on long axillary peduncles. 1. MENTZELIA. (Named for C. M,;,t:cl, an early German botanist.) Fl. summer or autumn. © @ Includes the B.A.RT6MA of Nuttall and EUCNIDE. § 1. Pod 3 - 3-seedcd : flowers small, yellow, opening in suns/iine. ® © M. Oligosperma. Open dry ground, from Illinois S. W. : a rough and homely plant, with spreading brittle branches, ovate and oblong angled or cut- toothed leaves, and yellow flowers less than 1' broad, with 5 wedge oblong pointed petals, and about 20 slender filaments. § 2. BART6NIA of Nuttall, &c., not of Muhlenberg. TV/ mostly fmg, rnntain- inq many or at least 20 cubical or fiat terns : flowers large and snowy: petals 1' - 2' long : herbage rough. 152 CACTUS FAMILY. M. Lindleyi. Cultivated, from California, usually under the name of BAKTOMA ATKKA. Plant 1° — 2° high, with leaves lance-ovate in outline and deeply pinnatitid, tlicir lobes linc:ir; ttowers with "> obuvate and pointed bright yellow petals ojieniniz in ;-un>lnne, and the very numenm-, tilamriits all slender i M. ornclta, the BAKTOSIV OKNATA of Nuttall, a very large-flowered species, of the plains of Nebraska and S. : 2° - 4° hi-h, with oblong-lanceolate sinuate-pinnatitid leaves, and white fragrant llowers opcnm;: at sunset or on a cloudy afternoon, leafy-bractcd undrr the ovary, and with 10 lance-ovate or spatulate acute petals, about 2' Ion:;, the f> inner narrower, and the 200 - 300 filaments all .-lender; seeds very many and Hat. Karely cult, for ornament, but well worthy of it. (J) 11 ? M. nilda, the BAKTOM v xi DA of Xuttall, of the same district and further south, and less rare in cultivation than M. ornata, resemble.- it, but has (lowers of half the si/,e and often without leafy bracts under the ovary; outer fila- ments mostly broadened ; seeds wing-margined. -±, 2/ ' § 3. Ki;c\'ll>i: of Xuccarini Pml s/nni, i- / Indies and South America : berry edible. O. Ficus-Indica. Joints obovate, thick and heavy, 1° long, with minute spines or none ; berry obovate, bristly. O. Tuna. Joints oval, 4' -8' long, with several unequal spines in the tufts, the longer ones about 1' long. O. Brasiliensis. Tree-like, with a round straight trunk rising 10° or more high, bearing short branches, their ultimate joints obovate or oblong, sinuate, thinner and more leaf-like than in the others, armed with single long and very sharp spines. 154 CACTUS FAMILY. § 2. Stamens longer titan the erect crimson petals, shorter than the, style. O. COCCinellifera. Cult, from Mexico and West Indies : tree-like, 6°- 10° high, with joints of the branches obovate-ohloug, 4'- 12' long, spineless or nearly so, when young with single recurved spines, pale; berry red. One of the plants upon which the cochineal insect feeds, whence the name. 2. EPIPHYLLTTM. (Name from Greek, meaning »/wi « l«if, i. e. the flower from the top of what seems to be a leaf.) Fl. usually in summer. E. truncatum. Cult, from Brazil : low, bright green, with drooping branches; the oblong joints scarcely 2' long, the upper end with a shallow notch; flower 2-3' long, oblique, with petals and short sepals spreading or recurved, the former so arranged that the blossom often appears as if 2-lipped. 3. PHYLLOCACTUS. (From Greek words meaning Leaf -Cactus.} Cult, from South America and Mexico: fl. summer. * Flinrir iritli tube shorter tl«m the petals, r&l, srmf/tss, o/ifit through mure than one clay : petals and stamens many, cjrce/it in thejirst species. P. biformis. The least showy species ; with slender stems, and two sorts of branches, one ovate or oblong, the other lanceolate ; the hitter producing a slender pink flower, 2' long, with about 4 slender sepals, as many narrow lanceolate erect petals with spreading tips, and only 8— 16 stamens. P. phyllanth.oid.es. Has narrow-oblong sinuate-toothed leaf-like branches, numerous rose-colored oblong and similar sepals and petals, the outermost widely spreading, the innermost erect. P. Ackcrmanni. Like the preceding, but much more showy, with bright red and sharp-pointed petals spreading and 2' -3' long, and the scattered sepals mnall and bract-like. * * Flower sweet-^mt/'il, with tube 4' - 10' long, bearing scr or candle', from the form of the stem of some columnar species.) The following arc the commonest in culti- vation, mostly from Mexico and South America : (I. summer. § 1. Steins and branches long, spreading, cree/>ing or climbing, remotely jointed more or less, only 3 - 7-ang/ed : very large-flowered. * Flower red, t>/><'ti in daytime for several days: stamens much declined. C. speciosissimus. The commonest red-flowered Cactus; with stems 2° -3° high, rarely rooting, 3 or 4 broad and thin wavy-margined angles or winus, and crimson or red flowers of various shades, 4'"- 5' in diameter, the tube shorter than the petals. — There are various hybrids of this with others. * * Flower white as to /ittuls, u/x u/m/ at ni//ht, i-nl/n/isiini ni'.rt morning, fragrant, G'-9' in dm an tir ii-h, H expanded, the tube 4' - 5' long : stems rooting and so climbing: prickles short and Jine. NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS. C. triangularis has sharply triangular stems, minute prickles, and flower with glabrous tube, olive-green sepals, and yellow stamens. C. nycticallus, has 4-(i-anglcd steins with verv minute prickles, and flower much like the next but with brownish sepals. C. grandifidrus, COMMON NIGHT-BLOOMING CEUEUS, has terete stems with 5-7 slight grooves and blunt angles, hearing more conspicuous prickles, long bristles on the (lower-tube, and dull yellow sepals. CACTUS FAMILY. 155 § 2. Stems and branches long, weak, disposed to trail or creep, remotely jointed, cylindrical, with 8-12 ribs or grooves and rows of approximated snort and Jine prickle-clusters : flowers smaller. C. serpentinus. Stems 1' or more in diameter, tapering at the apex, about 12-ribbcd, disposed to stand when short, not rooting; flower opening t<>r a night, fragrant, with linear petals reddish-purple outside, nearly white inside, 2' long, rather shorter than the tube. C. flagellitormis. Stems long and slender, prostrate or hanging and rooting ; flower 2' - 3' long, the narrow sepals and petals not very many, rose red, open by day. § 3. Stems erect, self-supporting, tall-growing, cylindrical and column-/ f fee, with about 8 (6- 10) out/is<- nlis and grooves, short mostly dark-colored prickles 9-12 in the cluster, and no long bristles : flower large, white ; tube 3' - 6' long. * Flower opening at midday, collapsing before night. C. Peruvian US. The largest species (exeept the Giant Cereus of Arizona), becoming even 40° high and thick in proportion, with rather strong compressed ribs and stout prickles ; the flower 6' long, with greenish sepals and white or externally rose-tinged petals proportionally short. — Var. MONSTRUOSUS, in old conservatories, has a short stem with 4-8 irregular and wavy wing-like angles, sometimes broken up into tubercles. * * Flower opening at night, collapsing next day : tall stem narrower at the top. C. eriophorus. Stem jointed at intervals, with rounded ridges and needle- like prickles ; flower 6' -9' long, with woolly tube, and narrow greenish sepals, the upper 4' long, longer than the petals. C. repandus. Stem with flatter ridges, and with flowers much as in the foregoing, but the tube not woolly. C. CSerulescertS. Stem bluish-green, becoming about 3' thick, with rounded ridges and stoutish prickles ; flower 8' in diameter, with eroded-toothed petals and olive and brown-purple sepals, the longer of these little shorter than the smooth tube. § 4. Stem erect and simple, at length cylindrical, icith 20 - 25 najrow ridges, bear- in'/ clusters of short prickles and long bristly hairs. C. senilis, OLD-MAX CACTUS. Cult, for its singular appearance, the long white hanging bristles at the top likened to the locks of an aged man ; flowers (seldom seen) not large, with a very short tube. § 5. Stems short and dicarf, gfrthular or oblong, clustered or branching from the base: flower irit/t rery short bell-shaped tube. C. caespitdsus. "Wild on the plains from Nebraska S. : 3' - 6' high, becoming short-cylindrical, with 12-18 thick ribs, covered with the close clusters each of 20-30 short and widely-spreading prickles; flower rose-purple, in daytime, 2' - 3' in diameter. § 6. ECHINOPSIS. Stem globular or obnrate, ren/ proliferous, resembling Echino- cactus, but flowering from the side ; the showy flowers usually o/ien while they last both day and night, and irith a long funnel-shaped tube, 6' -8' long, to which an outer set of stamens is united vp to the throat, while the inner ones are separate far down : petals and se/ials pointvate, 6' - 12' high. C. OXygonUS. Stem bluish, with about 14 acute ridges from a broad base, and as many very short and unequal spines in the clusters. 156 FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY. C. multiplex. Stem preen, with about 13 acute ridges and 10-12 rather long unequal spines. 5. ECHINOCACTUS. (JZsme means Spiny or Hedgehog Cactus.) ^ There arc inaiiv wild species far S. W., but few cuniiuon in cultivation. Flowers i .tly small, opening tor 2 or 3 da\s, do-ing at night. E. Texensis, of S. 'IV\a.- and Ari/.ona, ha- stem much broader than high, or globular when young, becoming 1° broad, with 12- 27 acute wavy rid-e-, 6 or 7 very stout and horn-like reddish recurved spines : the central one larger and turned down, sometimes 2' Ion-: flower rose-colored, very woolly, 2' long. E. Ottdnis, from Bra/.il, is pear-haped. becoming club-shaped, 2' - 3' thick, with 12- 14 narrow ridges, clusters of 10- 14 short .-lender prickles, and yellow Dowers with red stigmas. 6. MELOCACTUS, i. c. MELON-CACTUS. One species is often brought from the West Indies, but does not long survive, viz. M. communis, called TURK'S-CAP. Globular or ovate, dark green, often 1° hiirli, with 12-20 rid-es, beset with clusters of short brownish spines : the cylindrical muff-like crown of bristles and cottony wool, 2' -5' high, in which the very small pink Dowers are half-imbedded ; berries small, red. 7. MAMILLARIA. (Xamefrom the nipple-shaped tubercles which cover the stem.) Many wild species far W. and S. W. on the plains : few common in cultivation. M. longimamma, from Mexico, has the tubercles rising from a depressed body, or apparently almost from the root, 1'or more long, loosely spreading, much longer than the 8-11 prickles at their apex; flowers large for the genus, l.V lollL,r, yellow. 'M. plisilla, wild in Texas and S., with clustered ovate or globular stems l'-2' lout;, oblong or ovate tubercles bearing wool in their axils, and tipped with very many capillary crisped bristles and several slender prickles ; Dowers pink, :';' loll-. M.'gracilis, with globular and at length short-cylindrical stems 1' - 2' long, excessively proliferous, the oblong tubercles baring about Hi recurving white prickles, and on older plants 1 or 2 stouter and longer straight ones of a brown hue; (lowers small, white. M. elongata, with cylindrical clustered stems, covered with short conical tubercles, which bear 1 1> - 30 uniform radiating and recurving slender prickles in a -tarry tuft, and verv rarely a central one ; (lowers small, white. M. vivipara, wild* from Nebraska s., I'-.V high, simple, or proliferous in tufts, u'lobular, with the terete tubercles slightly grooved down the upper side, bearing 12-30 rigid widely radiating whitish prickles, and 3-12 stouter and darker ones; Dower pink-purple, large for the plant, about 2' in diameter. 50. MESEMBRYANTHEME.EJ, FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY. Fleshy plants, of aspect between tlu> Cactus. Purslane, and Orpine Families, with .simple entire leaves, and ealyx-tuho coherent with the compound ovary, which has 4 - 'JO styles and as many cells : represented in cultivation by the following. 1. MKSKMI'.llYAXTHKMrM. Herbaceous or fleshy-shrubby and prostrate or low liraneliinu plants, with very Micculent leave* and mostly handsome (lowers, opening ,7nly in lu-iirlit light', commonly at noon. Lobes of the calyx mostly 5. Petals ( linear) and stamens very nmnerons mi the calyx. Styles, cells of the ovarv, am! radiating horns or lobes of the many-seeded pod 4 - 'J". 2. TETRAGONIA. I.ow s]ireadmi; Ii.-His, with broad and flat tliickish leaves, and small flowers in their axils. Calyx usually 4-lobed. Petals none. Stamens few or many. Styles and 1-ovu'led cells of the ovary few. Fruit hard and nut-like, 3 - 8-horhed, 3 - 8-seeded. PASSION-FLOWKR FAMILY. 157 1. MESEMBRYANTHEMITM, FIG-MARIGOLD. (Name com- posed of Greek words signifying ./'""'<'»''".'/ at midday.) Cult, for ornament, chiefly from S. Africa: ti. SUIUIIHT. * Annual or biennial, broad-leaved, prostrate, cn/f/ ratal in open ground. M. crystallinum, ICE-PLANT. Plant remarkable for the glittering little excrescence's which cover the lierhage, like hoar-frost ; leaves soft and tender, large, the lower rounded heart-shaped or ovate, upper spatulatc, wavv ; flowers sessile, white or purplish, V across. * * Perennial, somewhat woody-stemmed house-plants, from Cape of Good If ope- leaves all opposite, sessile or coiintiti; at Imsi:, smooth. M. dolabriforme, HATCHET-LEAVED F. With glaucous and dotted hatchet-shaped leaves, and yellow flowers opening at evening. M. acinaciforme, SCYMITAR-LEAVED F. With pale 3-sided sabre- shaped leaves (3' long, fully £' wide), flattened branches and peduncle, and pink-purple flower 3' -4' across. M. spectabile. With glaucous and linear 3-sided pointed leaves, and pink-purple flower 2' across. 2. TETRAGONI A. (Name Greek for four-angled, from shape of the fruit. ) T. expansa, NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. Occasionally cult, as a Spinach : leaves pale, triangular or rhombic-ovate, with short margined petioles ; greenish small flower sessile in the axils ; stamens several, in clusters alternate with the 4 lobes of the calyx. (T) 51. PASSIFLORACE.S], PASSION-FLOWER FAMILY. Represented maifily by the Passion-flowers described below. In conservatories may be found one or two species of TACSOMA, dif- fering from true Passion-flowers in having a long tube to the flower, but tliey are uncommon, and rarely blossom. 1. PASSIFLORA, PASSION-FLOWER. (Flower of the Passion ; the early Roman Catholic missionaries in South America finding in them symbols of the crucifixion, the crown of thorns in the fringes of the flower, nails in the stvles with their capitate stigmas, hammers to drive them in the stamens, cords in the tendrils.) Herbs or woody plants with alternate leaves and con- spicuous stipules, climbing by simple axillary tendrils ; the flowers also axil- lary, usually with 3 bracts underneath, and a joint in the peduncle. Calyx with a very short tube or cup, and 5 divisions which are colored inside like the petals, and often with a claw-like tip. Petals 5 on the throat of the calyx, or sometimes none : within them the conspicuous crown of numerous filaments or rays, forming a double or more compound fringe. Stamens 5, with nar- row-oblong versatile anthers : their filaments united in a tube below sheath- ing and adhering more or less to the long stalk which supports the 1 -celled ovary. Styles 3, mostly club-shaped : stigmas capitate. Fruit berry-like, edible in several species, with many seeds, enveloped in pulp, on 3 parietal placentas. Fl. summer, open for only one day. * \Vild species of the country, herbaceous, smooth, with 3-lobcd leaves. P. liliea. Low grounds, from S. Penn. to 111. & S. : slender, low-climbing, with the short and blunt lobes of the leaves entire, and a greenish-yellow flower of no beauty, barely 1' wide. 11 P. incarnata, the fruit, called MAYPOPS in S. States, edible, as large as a hen's egg : trailing or low-climbing, with deeply 3-cleft serrate leaves, a pair of glands on the petiole and one or more on the small bracts, the purple crown of the handsome flower (2' -3' across) rather longer than the pale petals Dry ground, from Virginia and Kentucky S. 11 * * Cult, from South America. Stems woody, ejrrept the first. (These are the commoner species : there are a few hybrids and rarer ones.) 158 GOURD FAMILY. •+- Leaves palmatdy lolird : flower icir 1'ii.n. I' \^MO\-]-I.OWI;K ; with leaves very deeply elet'r or parted into f> or 7 lance-oblong entire divisions, pale ; and flower almost white, except the purple centre and blue crown handed with whitish in the middle. P. 6dulis, GKANAHII.LA ; the purpli>h edible fruit as large as a goose-egg : leaves dark green and glossy, deeply Heft into 3 ovate pointed lobes beset with callous teeth ; bracts under the flower also toothed ; the crown crisped, 2' across, whitish with a blue or violet base, as long as the white petals. •i- •*- Leaves entire, feather-veined : flower bell-shaped. P. quadrangularis, LAKGE GRAXADILLA. Very large, with the branches 4-sided and the angles wing-margined; leaves 4' - 8' long, ovate or oval, or slightly heart-shaped, bright green, with 2-4 pairs of glands on the petiole; flower about 3' long, fragrant, crimson-purple and the violet or blue crown variegated with white. Fruit rarely formed here, edible, 6' long. 52. CUCURBITACE.3E, GOURD FAMILY. Mostly tendril-bearing herbs, with succulent but not fleshy herb- age, watery juice, alternate palmately ribbed and mostly lobed or angled leaves, monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers ; the calyx coherent with the ovary, corolla more commonly monopetalous, and stamens usually 3, of which one has a '1 -celled, the others 2-celled anthers; but the anthers are commonly tortuous and often all combined in a head, and the filaments sometimes all united in a tube or column. Fruit usually fleshy. Embryo large, filling the seed, straight, mostly with flat or leaf-like cotyledons. — Besides those here described, there are occasionally cultivated for curiosity the following annuals : — MOMOKDICA. ELATEKIUM or ECBALIUM AGRE'STE, the SQUIRT- ING CUCUMBER, a homely hairy herb without tendrils, and pro- ducing an oblong hairy pulpy fruit (of violently purgative qualitie<), which when ripe bursts suddenly at the touch, and discharges the contents \vi;h violence (whence the name Ecbalium). TRICHOSANTHES COLUBRIXA, SNAKE-CUCUMBER or VEGE- TABLE SERPENT, a tall climber with the staminate flowers orna- mental, the lobes of the white corolla being cut into a lace-like fringe of long and very delicate capillary lobes (whence the name of the genus), and the fruit very like a snake, 3 or 4 feet long, green and striped, turning red when ripe. § 1. f-'loirers luri/i' or mi mid doint or imitoi-leil : ovules and seeds many, horizontal, on >n»*tli/ 3 siinplr nr double /iluceiitic: fruit (of the sort called a JH-JJO) lari/e^jU-sliy or pulpy with a lianlcr riml. * Both kinds of flowers solitary in the axils. 1. LA6ENARIA. Tendrils 2-forked. Flowers inusk- * a '> - 7-lo'n'd /• aws pubescent with soft hairs : fruit-stalk 5-ri<.li/i-tl, prominently ntl hardly thready. C. moschata, MI-SKY, CHINA, or BARBARY SQUASH, &c. Cult, for the edible fruit, which perfects <>uly S., and is club-shaped, pear-shaped, or long-cylindrical, with a glaucous-whitish surface. § 3. Stalks and almost kidney-shaped sln//it/y or ohtttsely 5-/o6<(/ /earths roughish- lui in/ : jht'i-i r-s'alks terete : that of the fruit thick, many-striatebut nut rid.jnl and groaned: inner /jn/p cu/nmis and not thready. C. maxima, GREAT or WINTER SQUASH, &c. Fruit rounded, depressed, often much wider than high, or (as in OHIO S.) ovate and pointed, usually handed lengthwise, varying from <>' to 3° in length or lnvadth, the hard flesh commonly yellow or orange. The crowned or TURUAX Sorvsm:s have the t/>p of the fruit projecting beyond an encircling line or constriction which marks the margin of the adherent calvx-tube. 3. CITRULLUS, WATERMELON. (Name ma.le from Citrus, Latin for Oranye or Citron.) ® C. vulgaris, WATERMELON. Cult, from Asia. Prostrate, with leaves deeply 3 — 5-lobed, and the divisions a^-aiu lolied or sinuate-pinnatifid, pale or >i!uish ; the refreshing eililile ]iul|i of the fruit, in which the dark seeds are ini- liedded, consists of the enlarged and juicy placenta-, which arc reddish or rarely white. — The so-called CITRON of our gardens is a variety with a linn or hard flesh, used for preserving. 4. CUCUMIS, MELON and CUCUMBER. (The Latin name.) © C. Melo, MKLON, MUSKMELON. Leaves round heart-shaped or kidnev- shaped, the lohes if any and sinuses round d ; fruit with a smooth rind and sweet flesh, the edihle part being the inner portion of the pericarp, the thin and watery placenta' being discarded witli the seeds. The SI-:UIT.\T MKI.ON, .•some- times called SERPENT-CDCDMBKE, is a strange variety, occasionally met with, with a long and snake-like fruit. C. satlVUS, CYiTMiiER. Leaves more or less lobed, the lobes acute, the middle one more prominent, often pointed ; fruit rough or muricate when vouug, smooth when mature, eaten unripe. 5. MELOTHRIA. (An ancient Greek name for some sort of grape.) 2/ M. pdndula, from Vir-inia S., is a delicate low climber, with roundish or heart-shaped and 5-au-lcd or lob/d mu-hish leaves, minute (lowers, in sum- mer, and oval green berries. 6. ECHINOCYSTIS, WILD BALSAM-AITLE. (Xame from Greek for Itidi/t/ttii/ and dluddir.) E. lobata. Low ground-, ehietly X. £ W., and cult, for arbors: tall- iliinbing, sinoothi-h, with strongly and sharply 5-lobed leaves, copious and rather pretty while lloucrs, produced all summer, and oval fruit 2' long, dry and bladdery after opening ; seeds flat. © 7. SICYOS, STAR-CUCUMBER. (An. -init (Srcvk name of Cucumber.) S. angulatUS. A weed iii damp or shady grounds, commoner S., climb- ing high, clammy-hairy, with roundish heart shaped and 5 angled or slightly lobed leaves, inconspicuous (lowers, and little bur-like fruits liesct with decidu- ous barbed prickles. The tendrils arc very active in their movements, and in a warm day eoil by a visible motion after contact with a solid body. (D BEGONIA FAMILY. 161 53. BEGONlACE^l, BEGONIA FAMILY. Somewhat succulent herbaceous or more or less woody-stemmed house-plants, of peculiar aspect, with alternate and unequal-sided leaves, deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, in cymes or clus- ters on axillary peduncles, numerous stamens, inferior triangular ovary, becoming a many-seeded pod, — represented in choice culti- vation by the genus L BEGONIA, ELEPHANTS-EAR. (Named for M. Began, Gover- nor of St. Domingo 200 years ago.) Flowers with the calyx and coni'.la colored alike, sometimes dull but usually handsome, both kinds commonlv in the same cyme, and flat in the bud ; the outer pieces answering to sepals mostly 2, valvate in the bud; the inner, or true petals, 2, or in the fertile flowers usually 3 or 4, or not rarely wanting; in the sterile flowers surround- ing a cluster of numerous stamens with short filaments ; in the fertile are :i styles with thick or lobed stigmas. Ovary and pod triangular, often 3-winged. — These curious plants are remarkable for the readiness with which they m;u- be propagated by leaves used as cuttings. The following are the commonest pure species. There are several rarer ones and many hybrids. * Leaves and whole plant smooth and naked : rather tall-growing, leafy-stcmimd. •i- Leaves ovate-oblong, serrate with bristle-tipped teeth, not at all heart-shaped. B. fuchsioides, so-called because the bright scarlet flowers, hanging on a slender drooping stalk, may be likened to those of Fuchsia ; the crowded and small green and glossy leaves only a little unequal-sided at base. ••- •*- Leaves very obliquely heart-shaped or half heart-shaped at base, almost entire. B. nitida, with obliquely heart-shaped glossy leaves green both sides, and wirli large light rose-colored flowers. B. sanguinea, with large and fleshy obliquely ovate-heart-shaped leaves, having a narrow revolute margin, pale green above, red beneath, as are the stalks ; the flowers white, not showy. B. maculata, cult, under the name of B. ARGYROSTfc.MA, both names referring to the silvery-white spots scattered over the upper face of the leaves, which are narrower and more oblong than in the preceding, purplish or crimson beneath, the margin cartilaginous but not revolute, the flowers white or flesh-colored. B. COCCinea, with scarlet flowers, as the name denotes, and oblong half heart-shaped leaves glossy above, and green both sides or purple at the margin, which is a little wavy-toothed. * * Leaves slightly bristly-hairy above and more, so on the sharp teeth : stems elongated, naked, bearing tubers or bnlblets in the axils. B. Evansiana (or B. nfsroLOR), an old-fashioned species from China, now rare, almost hardy even N., producing all summer showy rose-colored flowers in the open ground ; the ovate and heart-shaped pointed leaves not very oblique, red beneath. * * * Lfnves smooth and naked above, bristle-bearing on the toothed or cut margins and lung petioles : stems fleshy, erect or ascending ; Jlowcrs tvith th<- 2 c?, mAA.x/, ,„• /,>ir/>lp. beneath : _//«///•<•/-.< ruth- r /urge but not showy : cultivated for their f ullage, now much crossed nn/l mixed. B. Rex, the most prized and now the commonest species of the group, with the leaf silver-banded or silvery all over the upper face, and smooth pale rose- colored flowers. B. Griffith!!, like the preceding, but leaves and stalks more downv-hairv, and the almost white (lowers hairv outside. B. xanthina, with leaves, &c. much as in the two preceding, hut th& flowers yellow. •<- •<- Leaves deeply about 1 -cleft : flowers with only the 2 sepals, vo petals. B. heracleifolia, with rather large and rounded hardly- oblique leaves, smooth above and sometimes variegated, the lobes broad lanceolate and cut- toothed, and small pale rose or whitish flowers. 54. UMBELLIPER^!, PARSLEY FAMILY. Herbs, some innocent and many of them aromatic, others acrid- narcotic poisons, with small flowers in umbels, calyx adherent to the 2-celled ovary which has a single ovule hanging from the sum- mit of each cell, 5 minute calyx-teeth or none, 5 petals, 5 stamens, and 2 styles; the ^ry fruit usually splitting into 2 seed-like portions or akenes : seed with hard albumen and a minute etnbrvo. Eryn- • i {.niim and one or two others have the flowers in heads inste;.d of umbels. Stems usually hollow. Leaves alternate, more commonly compound or decompound. Umbels mostly compound : the circle of bracts often present at the base of the general umbel is called the involucre ; that at the base of an umbellet, the involuceJ. The flowers being much alike in all, the characters have to be taken from the form of the fruit, and much stress is laid upon the receptacles of aromatic oil (vittte or oil-tubes) which are found in most species and give characteristic flavor. The family is too dif- ficult for the beginner. So that only the common cultivated, and the most conspicuous or noteworthy wild species are given here. For the remainder the student is referred to the Manual, and to Chapman's Southern Flora. ^ 1. Fruits <•<'!•< ml in'th lit/!? fi-(iln< or tubercles, crnrded (as are the floim-a) in a In i«l instead of an «W;-* •+-<- !J7n<7 surrounding the margin of the fruit single, splitting in two only when the ripe carpels srparuti'. 15. FfKRAGLEUM. Fruit, including the thin and broad wing, orbicular, very flat, and the three ribs on the back very slender: the single oil-tubes in the inter- vals reaching from the summit only half-way down. Flowers white, the marginal ones larger and irregular. Leaves ternately compound. Plant strong-scented. 16. PAST1NACA. Fruit oval, very flat, thin-winged: the single oil-tubes running from top to bottom. Flowers* yellow, the marginal ones not larger. Leaves pinnately compound. 164 PARSLEY FAMILY. 1. ERYNGIUM, EHYNGO. (Ancient name, of obscure meaning). Fl. in summer. E. yuccsefdlium, BOTTON-SNAKEROOT. Sandy and mostly damp ground, from New JvT-ry S. & \V. : stout herb, -2° - 3° high, smooth, of aspect quite unlike most Umbelliferous plants, having linear and tapering grass-like leavo, parallel-veined in thr manner of an Kudo^eii, and fringc'd with bristles, a few globular thick heads in place of umbels, a very short involucre, and white flowers. 3/ E. Virgmianum. Wet grounds from New Jersey S. : with lance-linear rather veiny leaves flowing some distinction between blade and petiole, the former with rigid teeth, and involucre longer than the bluish heads. © There are several other species from North Carolina S. 2. SANICULA, SANICLE. (Latin name, from sano, to heal.) Common in thickets and open woods. Flowers greenish, crowded in small and head- like umbellets, in summer, y. S. Canad6nsis. Stems l°-2° high; leaves thin, palmately 3-5-parted into wedge obovate or oblong sharplv cut and toothed divisions, the side ones often 2-lohed ; umbellets rather few-flowered, with the sterile (lowers in the centre almost sessile ; stvles shorter than prickles of the bur-like fruit. S. Mai'llandica. Stems 2° -3° high ; leaves of firmer texture, with nar- rower division.-* and rigid teeth ; umbellets with many flowers, the sterile ones on slender pedicels, fertile ones with long styles. 3. DAUCUS, CARROT. (Ancient Greek name.) Fl. in summer. D. Carota, COMMON ('. Cult, from Europe for the root, occasionally run wild : leaves cut into tine divisions ; umbel concave and dense in fruit, like a bird's nest; involucre of pitmatilid leaves. @ 4. HYDROCOTYLE, WATKR-l'KNXYWORT. (From Greek words for icater and fltit < //.•.-// ) Low and small very smooth herbs, growing in water or wet places, mostly with creeping or rooting stems, and simple rounded leaves either kidney-shaped or peltate. Fl. all summer. 2/ * L«tr<* peltate from tin' «;///v, on fang petioles u-liich, , common N. : fl. late spring and summer. ^ O. longistylis, the smoother species, with the sweeter root, has slender styles, and ovate cut-toothed short-pointed leaflets, which are slightly downy. O. brevistylis, has conical styles not longer than the breadth of the ovarj and downy-hairy taper-pointed almost pinnatitid leaflets. PARSLKT FAMILY. 165 7. CONIUM, POISON HEMLOCK. (Greek name of the Hemlock by which criminals and philosophers were put to death at Athens.) C. maculatum, SPOTTED II. Waste grounds, run wild, from Ku. : a smooth, branching herb, with spotted stems about 3° high, very compound leaves with lanceolate and pinnatitid leaflets, ill-scented when bruised: a viraii nt poison, used in medicine : fl. summer. @ 8. CICUTA, WATER-HEMLOCK. (Ancient Latin name of the true Hemlock, transferred to some equally poisonous plants.) Fl. summer. 2/ C. maculata, SPOTTED COWBAXE, MUSQUASH-ROOT, BEAVER-POISON, £e. Tall smooth stem sometimes streaked with purple, but seldom really spotted ; leaflets lance-oblong, coarsely toothed or sometimes cut-lobcd, veiny, the main veins mostly running into the notches ; fruit aromatic when bruised ; root a deadly poison. 9. SIUM, WATER-PARSNIP. (Old name, of obscure meaning.) % S. lineare, the common species, in water and wet places : tall, smooth, with grooved-angled stems, simply pinnate leaves, the long leaflets linear or lanceolate, very sharply serrate and taper-pointed, and globular fruit with wing-like corky ribs : fl. all summer. Root and herbage also poisonous. 10. APIUM, CELERY, &c. (Old Latin name.) One species cult: viz. A. graveolens. A strong-scented, acrid, if not poisonous plant, of the coast of Europe ; of which the var. DULCE, GARDEN CELERY, is a state rendered bland and the base of the leafstalks enlaKged, succulent and edible when blanched, through long cultivation; leaves piniiatcly divided into 3-7 coarse and wedge-shaped cut or lobed leaflets or divisions; umbels and fruits small. Var. RAPACEUM, TURNIP-ROOTED CELERY, is a state with the root enlarged and eatable. © 11. CARUM, CARAWAY, &c. ( Name perhaps from the country, Can'a.) § 1. TRUE CARAWAY, withflndy pinnatrly compound haves, and white flowers. C. Carui, GARDEN CARAWAY : cult, from Eu., for the caraway-seed, the oblong highly aromatic fruit ; stem-leaves with slender but short thread-shaped divisions. § 2. PARSLEY or PETROSELINUM, u-ith coarser leaves and greenish flowers. C. Petroselinum (or PETROSELINU.M SATIVUM), PARSLEY: cult, from Eu., especially the curled-leaved state, for the pleasant-flavored foliage, used in cookery, chiefly the root-leaves, which have ovate and wedge-shaped 3-lobed and cut-toothed divisions ; foiit ovate. @ 12. FCENICULUM, FENNEL. (Name from the Latin /antm, hay.) F. vulgare, COMMON F. Cult, from Eu., for the sweet-aromatic foliage and fruit : stout very smooth herb 4° - 6° high ; leaves with very numerous and slender thread-shaped divisions ; large umbel with no involucre or involu- cels ; fruit $' or J' long, in late summer. 2/ 13. LEVISTICUM, LOVAGE. (Ancient Latin name.) One species. L. Officinale, GARDEN L. Cult, in old gardens, from Eu. : a tall, very smooth, sweet aromatic herb, with large tmiatdy or pinnately decompound leaves, coarse wedge-oblong and cut or' lobed leaflets, a thick root, and small many-flowered umbels. 2/ 14. ARCHANGELICA. (Genus established on a species of Angelica.) Fl. summer. 2/ A. atropurpurea, GREAT A. Moist deep soil N. : strong-scented, smooth, with very stout dark-purple stem 3° - 6° high, large leaves ternately compound, and the divisions with 5-7 pinnate leaflets, which are ovate and 1G6 GINS1CNG FAMILT. cut-serrate ; petioles with large inflated merabranaceous base ; flowers greenish- whitc ; fruit >mooth and thin-winged. A. hirsuta. Dry ground, commoner S. : stem 2° - 5° high, rather slen- der, downy at top, a> an- tin- umbels and broadly winged fruits; leaflets thick- ish, ovate-oblong, i-ernttc ; flower- bright white. 15. HERACLEUM, C< > W-I'AKSNIP. (Named after Hercules.) Y\. summer. 11 H. lanatum, DOWNY ('., wrongly called MASTERWORT. Damp rich ground X. : vcrv stout, 4° - 8° hi^h, woolly-hairy when young, unpleasantly strong-scented, with la rue cut and toothed or lobed leaflets, some of them heart" shaped at base, and broad umbels with white flowers and large fruits. 16. PASTINACA, PAKSXIP. (Latin name, from /xutus, food.) P. sativa, r<>MMO.\ P. l\un wild in low meadows, and then rather )H>i'*ui,niis, cult, from Eu. for the esculent strong-scented root : tall, smooth, with grooved stem, coarse and cut-toothed or lobcd leaflets, and umbels of small yellow flowers. (2) 55. ARALIACE^J, GINSENG FAMILY. Like the foregoing family, but often .Climbs or tree-, usually more than two styles and cells to the ovary and fruit, the latter a berry or drupe. Besides a few choice and uncommon shrubby house- plants, represented only by the two following genera. The flowers iu both are more or less polygamous, and the lobes or margin of the calyx very short or none. Petals and stamens 5. 1. ARALIA. Flowers in simple or panieled umbels, white or greenish: the petals lightly overlapping in the bud. Styles '2-5, separate to the base, except in sterile flowers. Leaves compound or decompound. Root, bark, fruit, &c. warm-aromatic or pungent. 2. IIKDKRA. Flowers in panieled or clustered umbels, greenish : petals valvate in the bud. Ovary 5-celled: the 5 styles united into a. conical column. Leaves simple, palmately 3-5-lobed or angled. Woody stems climbing by rootlets. 1. ARALIA. (Derivation obscure: said to be a Canadian name under which a >pceics was sent from Quebec to the (iardcn of Plants at Paris.) y. § 1. WILD SARSAPARILLA, &c. Flcnoers perfect or polygamous with bath fertile a ml *i(rilc an the same fi/aiit : umbels more than one : fruit black or dark l>iii-ji/i', x/n'ri/ : seeds or cells and stylts 5. * Jjarge and leafy-stemned, «•//// very compound AYN-/S x .•> -2° or 3° across, ami iritlt iniiiii/ iiiiilii'/s in ii liii-iif compound panicle : fl. in siunim r. A. spin6sa, AXGKLICA TRKK, HKUCTLKS' CLUB. River-banks from 1'enn. S., and planted : a >hrub or low tree, of peculiar aspect, the simple stout trunk riMiig G° - '20° hi^li and beset with prickles, bearing immense leaves with ovate serrate leaflets, and corymbcd or panicled umbels. A. racem6sa, SPIKENARD. Woodlands in rich soil, with herbaceous stems 3° - 5° hiuli from a thick aromatic- root, not prickly, widely spreading branches, heart-ovate leaflets donblv M-rrate and slightly downy, and raccmed- panicled-umbels. * * Smaller : short stems si-nrirh/ it'iKirty at Im* : f< '"' vanbds: Ji. early summer. A. hispida, BRISTLY SARSAPARII.I.V. Ivocky jilaees : bristly steins 1°- 2° high, lcaf\ below, naked and liearing corymbed umbels above; leaves twice pinnate, the leaflets oblong-ovate and cut-toothed. A. nudicaulis, COMMON WILD S. Low ground : the aromatic horizontal slender roots running .'?°- 5° long, used as a .substitute for officinal Sarsaparilla : the smooth ]»ro]>er stem rising only 2' -4' inches, bearing a single long-stalked DOGWOOD FAMILY. 1 G7 leaf of 5 ovate or oval serrate leaflets on each of the 3 divisions of the petiole, and a short peduncle with 2-7 umbels. § 2. GINSENG. Sterile and fertile fluwers on separate simple-stemmed plants, in a single slender-stalked umbel, below it a single whuii of digitate leares: styles and cells of the fruit 2 or 3. A. quinquefblia, GINSENG. Rich woods N. : root spindle-shaped, warm- aromatic, 4' -9' long; stem 1° high; leaflets 5 at the end of each of the 3 petioles, slender-stalked, thin, obovate-oblong, pointed, serrate; fl. in summer; fruit red. A. trif61ia, DWARF G. or GROUND-NUT. Low woods, N. : 4' - 8' high from a deep globular pungent-tasted root ; leaflets 3 or sometimes 5 sessile on the end of each of the 3 petioles, narrow-oblong and obtuse: fl. in spring; fruit orange-yellow. 2. HEDERA, IVY. (The ancient Latin name.) Fl. late summer. H. Helix, TRUE or ENGLISH IVY, from Europe. Woody climber, with evergreen glossy rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped and 3-lobed or 3-angled leaves, or in some varieties more deeply 3 - 7-cleft, yellowish-green flowers, and blackish berries ; covers shaded walls, &c., adhering by its rootlets, but scarcely stands far N. without some protection. • 53. CORNACE^, DOGWOOD FAMILY. Shrubs, trees, or one or two mere herbs, with simple leaves, small flowers, calyx-tube in the perfect or pistillate ones coherent with the surface of the 1 - 2-celled ovary, which is crowned with the small calyx-teeth or minute cup, bearing the petals (valvate in the bud) and stamens of the same number : style and stigma single : ovule and seed solitary in the cells, hanging from the summit : fruit a small drupe or berry. GARRYA ELLIPTICA, a singular Californian shrub, with thick op- posite leaves, and dioecious greenish flowers in hanging catkin-like spikes, is rarely cultivated or planted. 1. CORNUS. Flowers perfect, in cymes, close clusters, or heads (with or with- out a corolla-like involucre). Minute teeth of the calyx, petals, and sta- mens 4. Style slender: stigma terminal. Berry -like little drupe with a 2-celled 2-seeded stone. Leaves entire, opposite except in one species, deciduous. Bark very bitter, tonic. 2. AUCUBA. Flowers dioecious, dull purple, in axillary panicles. Teeth or lubes of the calyx and petals 4. Stamens in the sterile flowers 4, with short fila- ments and oblong anthers. Fertile flowers with a 1 celled ovary, becoming an oblong red berry in fruit : style short: stigma capitate. Leaves opposite, coriaceous and glossy, evergreen, smooth, more or less toothed. 3. NYSSA. Flowers polygamous or dio?cious, greenish, crowded or clustered on the summit of an axillary peduncle, the sterile ones numerous, the fertile 2-8 in a bracted cluster, or rarely solitary. Calyx of 5 or more lobes or teeth. Petals small and narrow,' or minute, or none. Style slender or awl-shaped, bearing a stigma down the whole length of one side, revolute. Ovary and stone of the drupe 1-celled and 1-seeded. Trees, with deciduous alternate leaves, often crowded on the end of the branchlets, either entire, angled, or few-toothed. 1. C6RNUS, CORNEL or DOGWOOD. (Name from cornu, horn, from the hardness of the wood.) Fl. late spring and early summer. § 1. /VoHvrs greenish, crowded in a head or close cluster, which is surrounded by a showy corolla-like (white or rarely pinkish) 4-leaved involucre: fruit bright red. C. Canadensis, DWARF CORNEL, BUNCH-BERRY. Damp woods X. : a low herb, the stems springing from creeping slender subterranean shoots 108 DOGWOOD FAMILY. which arc slightly woody, bearin<_r 4-6 ovate or oval leaves at tho summit, as if in a whorl, below the stalked tlowf -hc;id ; petal-like leaves of the involucre ovate; fruit- uloliular, in a cluster, rather eatali>. C. florida, FI.OWLKIM; I ><><;wooi>. Rocky woods, al.-o planted for orna- ment : tree 12° -30° high, with ovate (jointed leaves, petal-like leave- of tho involucre (U'loug) ohconlate or oUivatc and notched, and oval fruits in a head. According to connnon tradition (lowering just at the proper time for planting Indian Corn. §2. Flowers yellow (eurUir than tlir leaves), in a small umM, surrounded b$ a siinill a ml 1 1 nil-colored involucre of 4 scales: fruit l>rii/ht r«l. C. Mas. Sparingly planted from Eu. : a tall shrub or low tree, with oval pointed leaves and li.iiid-.nine oblong fruit, the pulp eatable and pleasantly acid, § 3. Flower* ir/i/tc in open and flat cymes, iritlnnit im-nlncri , in mr/i/ summer: fruit Sinn!/, globular, nut fiitnli/f, blue or white, in an erotic species black. # Bniiic/ii-s of the previous year red or purple, especially in sprint/. C. sauguiuea, EUROPEAN* RKI>-OSIKK D. Sometimes planted from Eu. : erect, with ovate. leaves rather downy beneath, and black or dark purple fruit. C. stolonifera, WILD RED-OSIEB 1). Shrub 3° -6° high, in wet places N., spreading by prostrate or subterranean running shoots, smooth, with ovate abruptly pointed leaves roughish both sides and whitish beneath, small csme-, And white or lead-colored fruit. C. sericea, SILKY D. or KINMKINMK (the dry bark smoked by the In- dians W.) : in wet places, has dull red liranches, the shoots, c\mcs, and lower face of the narrow ovate or oblong pointed leaves silky-downy ; fruit bluish. * * Branches brownish or yray. C. asperifblia, ROUGII-LKAVED D. Dry soil from Illinois S. : shrub 3°-5° high, with branches and small obloqg or ovate leaves pubescent, upper face of the latter rough, the lower downy ; cymes small and tlat ; fruit bluish. C. Stricta, STIFF D. Wet grounds S. : shrub 8° -13° hiirh, with <>vaM or lance-ovate taper-pointed leaves smooth and green both .-ides, loose flat cyme-, and pale, blue fruit. C. paniculata, PVNICLED D. M»\>i grounds, common N. :' shrub 3° -8° In- I], much branched, smooth, with ash-colored bark, lance-ovate pointed leaves acute at base and whiti-h beneath, and proportionally large and numerous con- vex cymes, often panieled ; fruit white. * * # Branches green stn nnrmir, upper one broad and 4-lvbtd. -•- The ~2 In 4 ii/i/Mrmoxf />f//V.< ,• jmrple and white or tiiriinii/ yellowish inside, sweet-scented, in siummr. L. Caprif61ium, COMMON EUROPEAN II., has leaves smooth on both sides, and flowers usually only in early summer. L. Etriisca, ITALIAN or 1'EnrETi'Ai. II., has the leaves downy beneath and blunter, and (lowers through the summer. <-* ••-*• ]\'//il x/M-cifs, irit/i tir «irli/ sniiiiitrr : /mi-ts smooth (except one variety) and glaucous or irhitish In ninth. L. grata, SWKKT WILD II. Wild in Middle States and S., sometimes cult. : leaves obovate ; corolla white with a pink or purple slender tube, fading yellowish, fragrant. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 171 L. flava, YELLOW II. Wild N. W. and along the Alleghanies ; low- climbing ; the broad and thickish leaves very white-glaucous both sides ; flowers light yellow. L. parv"ifl6ra, SMALL H. Low and bushy, with oblong leaves green above, but very white-glaucous beneath; the corolla (less than 1'long) strongly gibbous at base, greenish-yellow or whitish and tinged with purple : in the var. Douglasii, found only N. W., nearly crimson, and the greener leaves downy beneath or ciliate. ++ .M. .M. \ytld species with clammy-pubescent orange-colored flowtrs. L. hirsilta, HAIRY H. Moist or rocky grounds N. & W. : with oval and large dull green leaves, the lower face and branches downy-hairv. -*- ->- Leaves all separate and short-pet io/ed, not glaucous, pubescent : flowers in pairs on axillary peduncles. L. Japonica (commonly so called, L. CONFUSA, DC.), JAPAN or CHINESE H. Commonly cult. ; the slender downy stems twining freelv, with oval dull green leaves, and flowers very fragrant at evening ; corolla deeply 2-lipped, reddish outside, white inside turning yellow. § 2. FLY-HONEYSUCKLES, upright or straggling bushes, never twining, with leaves all distinct to the base, and a pair of flowers on the summit of an axillary peduncle, the two berries sometimes united into one. * Fuur large leafy bracts surrounding two cylindrical (|' long) yellowish flowers. L. involucrata. Wild from Lake Superior to California, and sparingly planted : shrub 2° - 5° high, downy when young, with ovate or oblong leaves 3' - 5' long, on short petioles, clammy flowers, and berries quite separate. * * The tiro or four bracts under the ovaries small or minute. f- Planted for ornament from Europe : flowers rose or pink-red, profuse and showy. L. Tartarica, TARTARIAN H. Much-branched shrub 5° -8° high, smooth, with oval heart-shaped leaves, short corolla, and red berries uniting at base as they ripen : fl. spring. -t- -*- Wild species, in moist cold woods or bogs N. : flowers yellowish. L. ciliata, EARLY FLY-H. Straggling, 3° - 5° high, with oval or oblong and partly heart-shaped leaves thin and downy beneath when young, slender peduncles, honey-yellow corolla (•{' long) with short nearly equal lobes and very unequal-sided base, and separate red berries : fl. early spring. L. Oblongif61ia, SWAMP F. Upright, 2° - 5° high, with oblong leaves, long and slender peduncles, deeply 2-lipped corolla (^' long) in early summer, and purple berries. L. CSSrulea, MOUNTAIN F., the rarest species, l°-2° high, with oval leaves, very short peduncle, moderately 5-lobed corolla, and two ovaries united to form one blue berry. 5. DIERVILLA, BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE. (Named for one Diem'//,, who took the common species from Canada to France.) * Wild species, on rocks and hills, with ]>nlc or honey-yellow and slender funnel- form corolla, not showy, and oblong pod. D. trifida, COMMON B. ; everywhere N., l°-4° high, with oblong-ovntu taper-pointed leaves on distinct petioles, mostly 3-flowcred peduncles, and slen- der pointed pods : fl. all summer. D. S6SSilif61ia, only along the Alleghanies S., has lance-ovate sessile leaves, many-flowered peduncles, and short-pointed pods : fl. summer. * * Planted for ornament from Japan and China : the showy roue-colored corolla broadly funnel-form with an abruptly narrowed base, very slender stalk-like ovary and linear pod. D. Japonica. Shrub 2° - 5° high, loaded with the handsome flowers in late spring ; corolla 1' or more long ; leaves oblong-ovate, taper-pointed. 172 HONKYSfCKLK FAMILY. 6. VIBURNUM, AR ROW-WOOD, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of un- certain meaning.) Flowers white, or nearly -o. iu spring or early summer: fruit ripe in autumn. § 1 . Flowers all alike, small, and perfect. # Cult, or planted from S. Eurt>/» . u-ith evergreen smooth entire leaves. V. TimiS, LAI-HI.STIN i •<. Nut hardy N., hut a common house-plant, winter-flowering, or planted nut in summer ; leaves oblong ; fruit dark purple. * * Wild species, some occasionally planted: leaves deciduous, at least N. •*- Lcares not lobed nor coarsely toothed, smooth or with some minute scurf: fnnt Hack or u'itli a bluish bloom. ++ Leaves glossy, finely and evenly serrate with very sharp teeth. V. LentagO, Sm:i:i'-r.i:nuY. Tree 15° -30° hi-h, common in moist grounds, ehielly N. ; leaves ovate, con-picuon.-ly pointed, on long margined petioles ; e\ me hroud, sessile ; fruit oval, j' or mure long, sweet, eatable. V. prunif61ium, Mi.w'ic II\w. Dry soil, from Conn, to 111. and S. : hardly so tall as the preceding, with smaller and oval mostly liltint leaves. -w- -W- Leaves entire or with a Jew wavy or crc.nate small tat/i, lluckish. V. obovatum. Along streams from Virginia S. : shrub with obovate leaves seldom over 1' lonu', and small sessile cyni'1-. V. nudum, WITIIK-ROD. Swamps, from New England to Florida ; with leaves oval, oblong, or almost lanceolate, not glossy ; cyme on a peduncle ; fruit roundish. H — i- Leaves coarsely toothed, strongly Jeather-ueined, the veins prominently marked, straii/lit anil simple or nearly so : fruit small : cyme peiluncled. V. dentatum, AKKOW-WOOD (the -terns having been used by the Indians to make arrow.-). Cmmnuii in wet .-oil, 5° - 10° high, smooth, with a-h-colored bark, pule and broadly ovate evenly sliurp-toothed leaves, on slender petioles, and bright blue fruit. V. molle, SOFT A. From Kentucky S., -oi't do\vny, with less sharply toothed oval or obovate leaves, on -lender petioles, and blue oily t'ruit. V. pub^SCeus, DOWNY A. Rocky grounds, N. ^ \V. ; a low and strag- gling shrub, with ovate or oblong and acute or taper-pointed leaves, having rather lew coarse teeth, their lower surface and the very .-hort petioles sot't-downy ; fruit dark purple. -(--*-•(- Leaves l>oth <-im i-.sv/// toothed anil sm/u ir/mt 3-lobed, roundish, 3 - 5-nbbed from the, hose and veiny : rymos slender-peduneled, small : frmt r«l. V. acerif61ium, M vri.i:-i.i:\\ i;n A. or !)(>( KMACKIK. Sbrul) 3°-6° high, in rocky woods, with .'{-ribbed and ,'5-lobed leaves sot't-downy beneath, their pointed lobes di\ -er:: h iu ; -tami'ii- slender. V. paucifl6rurn. Cold wood-, oulv far N. or on mountains; with almost -month leaves 5-rilibcd at base and .'5-lobed at summit; cyme t'ew-tlowered ; fruit sour. § '2. flowers rouml tin man/in of the ci/iitf neutral (irithout staim-nx <>f pistils) m/it i-ery i/n/r/i A//-./-/- //,(/,•/ tin f< iiili mns. Hydrangea-like and showy : petioles bearing talks and branchlets, with rusty scurf ; cymes showy, very broad, sessile ; fruit not eatable, coral-red turning crimson. 7. SAMBUCUS, ELDER. (From Greek name of an ancient musical in- strument, supposed to have been made of Elder stalks.) S. Canad6nsis, COMMON or BLACK-BERRIED ELDER. Alluvial soil, fence-rows, &c. Stems woody only towards the base, 5° -6° high, with white pith, 7-11 oblong smooth or smoothish leaflets, the lowermost often 3-parted ; flat cymes in early summer, and small black-purple fruit. S. pubens, RED-BERRIED E. Rocky woods chiefly N., with more woody stems and warty bark, yellow-brown pith, fewer and more lanceolate leaflets downy underneath, panicle-like or convex cymes, in spring, followed by bright red berries. 58. RUBIACE.aE, MADDER FAMILY. Like the preceding family, but with stipules between the opposite (or sometimes ternately whorled) entire leaves, or else (in the true Madder Family) the leaves whorled without stipules. An immense family in the tropics, and here represented by several wild and a few commonly cultivated species. (The commonest in choice con- servatories, not here described, are BURCHELLIA CAPE'NSIS, a shrub with a head of orange-scarlet flowers, the corolla almost club-shaped; MANETTIA CORDIFOLIA, a twiner with ovate somewhat heart- shaped leaves, and long tubular somewhat 4-sided scarlet corolla-, or M. BfcOLOR, with lanceolate leaves, and corolla red toward the base, yellow toward the summit ; PENTAS CARNEA, with ovate- oblong hairy leaves, and terminal cyme of handsome flowers, with salver-form flesh-colored corolla, hairy in the enlarged throat and 5-lobed.) I. MADDER FAMILY PROPER. Leaves in whorls, without stipules. Ovary 2-celled, forming a small and twin, fleshy or berry- like, or else dry and sometimes bur-like, 2-seeded fruit. Calyx above the ovary obsolete. 1. RUBIA. Like the next, but the divisions of the corolla and the stamens 5. Fruit berrv-like. 2. GALIUM. 'Flowers small or minute, mostly in clusters, with a wheel-shaped 4-parted (or sometimes 3-parted) corolla, and as many short stamens. Styles 2. Slender herbs, with square stems, their angles and the edges of the leaves often rough or almost prickly. II. CINCHONA FAMILY, &c. Leaves opposite, or some« times in threes or fours, and with stipules. § 1. Only a single ovule and seed in each cell. * Low herbs, icilh narrow funnel-form or salver-form corolla, its lobes (valvale in the bud ) and the stamens 4. 3. DIODIA. Flowers sessile in the axils of the narrow leaves. Stipules sheath- ing, dry, fringed with long bristles. Ovary 2-celled, in fruit splitting into 2 hard and dry closed nutlets. 174 MADDEK FAMILY. 4. MITCHELL A. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eved scarlet berry. Corolla densely white- lp,-:trdcd inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1: stigmas 4, slender. Seeds, or rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, not fringed. * * Shrub* or small tree*: lubes of the corolla overlapping in tlie bud. 5 CEPHALANTHl'S. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head raised ..n :i peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short lobes. Stamens 4. Style "long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions 6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the same lon-'th. Stamens 4 or 6, with linear-oblong anthers. Style bearing 2 Blender stijpnas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 hard plano-convex seeds with' a groove down the face (coffee), enclosed in a loose parchment-like hull. § 2. Several or ninny ovules and seeds in each cell oftiie ovary and fruit. * Shrubs or low trees, all except, the first exotic house-plants. 7. PIXCKXEYA. Flowers i:i a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes, 4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear recurving lobes. Stamens 5, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled with very many thin-winged seeds. 8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so,^large, very fragrant. Calyx with 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 : stigma of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down the side?, many-seeded. 9. TUH'YAIMMA. 'Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost sessile in the throat. Style 1 : stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 2-celled. Seeds wing-margined. * * Low, native herbs. 10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell. Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of the opposite leaves. 1. RUBIA, MAD1>I-;iI. (Name from Latin nibrr, red, alludes to the red roots, which furnish the wcll-knowu red dy. I R. tinct6l*ia, COMMON or DYERS' M. Cult, from Ku. for tin- red roots, branching from the ground, l°-2° high, with angles of the stems and edges m the lance-oblong or ol. lanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough; flowers greenish, in Miimner ; berry Mack. 2/ 2. GALIUM, I'.KDS n;.\\V or CLKAYKRS. (Name from Greek for milk, which SOUP' species iu Europe were used to eurdle.) Fl. summer. The following all wild .species. Several have a red mot like that of Madder. § 1. Fruit (i Hack berry, like that of Madder : but the par Is of the white fewer are mdij 4. Only in Southern Slates, in dry sandy soil. Ij. G. hispidulum. Spreading stems l°-2° long; leaves in fours, £' or less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 -3-flowered ; hern- roughish. G. uniflbrum. Smooth, slender, l°high; leaves linear ; flowers mostly solitary. MADDER FAMILY. 175 § 2. Fruit dry when ripe, small. * Smooth ; leaves with strong midrib but no side ribs or nerves : flowers white, loosely clustered at the end of spreading branches. Gr. asprellum, ROUGH BEDSTRAW. Low thickets : 3° - 5° high, as it ivere climbing, the backwardly prickly-roughened angles of the stum and edges and midrib of the lance-oblong pointed leaves adhering to contiguous plants ; leaves in whorls cf 6 on the stem and of 4 or 5 on the branchlets : flowers numerous. G. trifidum, SMALL B. Swamps and low grounds, 6' -2° high, roughish or sometimes nearly smooth ; leaves varying from linear to oblong, 4 - 6 in the whorls ; flowers rather few, their parts often 3. * * Fruit smooth or slightly bristly: leaves 3-nerved : flowers white, in a narrow and lony terminal panicle. 2/ G. boreale, NORTHERN B. Rocky banks of streams N. ; l°-2° high, smooth, erect, with lance-linear leaves in fours. * * * Fruit a little bur, being covered with hooked prickles. -t- Leaves mostly 6 or 8 in a whorl, with midrib and no side nerves: flowers whitish or greenish : stems reclining or prostrate, bristly-rough backwards on the angles. G. Aparine, CLEAVERS or GOOSE-GRASS. Low grounds : leaves in eights, lanceolate, rough-edged, 1 ' - 2' long ; peduncles axillary, 1 - 2-flowered ; fruit large. ® G. triflbrum, SWEET-SCENTED BEDSTRAW. Woodlands, especially N. : leaves mostly in sixes, lance-oblong, bristle-pointed ; peduncles terminating the branches, 3-flowered. Sweet-scented in drying. 2/ +" ••- Leaves all in fours, more or less 3-nerved : flowers not white : stems ascending, about 1° high, rather simple, not prickly-roughened. 2/ G. pi!6sum. Commonest S., in dry thickets : leaves oval, dotted, downy, 1' long; flowers brown-purple or cream-colored, all pedicclled, the peduncle 2-3-times forked. Var. PUNCTicuL6su>i is a smooth form S. G. circsezans, WILD LIQUORICE, the root being sweetish: common in thickets ; leaves oval or oblong, obtuse, ciliate ; peduncles once forked, their long branches bearing short-pedicelled dull or brownish flowers along the sides, the fruit reflcxed. G. lanceolatum, like the preceding, common N. ; but with lanceolate or lance-ovate tapering leaves, 2' long. 3. DIODIA, BUTTON-WEED. (Name from Greek for a thoroughfare, being humble weeds, often growing by the wayside.) Fl. all summer, white or whitish. D. Virginica. Sandy banks from Maryland S. ; with spreading stems l°-2° long, broadly lanceolate sessile leaves, salver-shaped corolla £' long, 2-parted style, and oblong fruit crowned with 2 calyx-teeth. ^/ D. t6res. Sandy fields from N. Jersey and Illinois S. ; with slender stems 3' - 9' long, linear and rigid leaves, small corolla rather shorter than the long bristles of the stipules, undivided style, and obovate little fruit crowned with the 4 short calyx-teeth. (T) 4. MITCHELLA, PARTRIDGE-BERRY. (Named for Dr. J. Mitchell, who corresponded from Virginia with Linnams.) Fl. in early summer. 2/ M. l'6pens, the only species, common in woods ; a little herb, creeping over the ground, with the small evergreen leaves round-ovate, very smooth and glossy, bright green, sometimes with whitish lines, short-petioled ; the ilowers pretty and sweet-scented ; the scarlet fruit remaining over winter, eatable, but dry and almost tasteless. 5. CEPHALANTHUS, BUTTON-BUSH. (Name from Greek words for head and flower. ) Fl. summer and autumn. C. OCCidentalis, the only species, is a tall shrub, common along the bor 1"6 MADUKK FAMILY. ders of ponds and streams, with lance-oblong or ovate-pointed leaves, on petioles, either in pairs or threes, and with >lu>rt .-tipules between them ; the head of white flowers about 1' in diain> 6. COFFEA, COFFEK-THKK. (The Aral, i,- name somewhat altered.) C. Arabica, the species which products Coffee, is a shrub or small tree, sometimes cult, in conservatories, wit), smooth and glossy oblong leaves, hearing fragrant white flowers in their axils, followed by the red berries, containing tho nair of seeds. 7. PINCKNEYA, GEORGIA BARK or FEVER-TREE. (Named by Michaux in honor of h physician, who botani/.ed on the coast of Mexico, where he died earlv.) * Delicate !/t//r />f,ints, u-it/i I-/A<»vr,,/ peduncles, jlowerinq from ,,n-!i/ s/n-in,nn: /><»/ xnmi irlmt 2-lobed, its upper half free i seeds with a deep hole //i//i/ tin1 /'m-, . H. CSerillea, C..MM..V H. or BLI-ETS. Moist banks and grassy places, 3'-5' high, smooth and slender, erect, with ohlon-or spatulate leaves only 3" or 4" long, very slender peduncle, and li-bt blue, purplish, or almost whi'te and yellowish-eyed corolla, its tube much longer than the lobes. © H. minima. Dry hills from 111. S. \V. : n>ii-hi-h. l'-4' hiirh, at len-rth much branched and -prcadini: ; with leaves ovate, spatulate, or the upper linear, earlier peduncles slender, the rest short, and tube of the purplish corolla not longer than its lubes and tho-e of the ealvx. i H. rotundif61ia. Sandy soil from' North Carolina S. : with prostrate and creeping leafy Stems, peduncles -horter than the roundish leaves and recurved in fruit ; corolla white. ^ * * l-:r,-,-t, I,,!/}/-*/, mined, 5'-20'%//, in'th ft,,,,-, ,-s ,'„ t, rmimil clusters or cymes, at summer: corolla funnel -farm: .swf/s rather saucer-shaped. ^ H. purpurea. "\Voudeil or rocky bank*, commoner W. : smooth or slightly downy, with ovate or Ian ..... >late 3 - 5-ribbed leaves, pale purple flowers, and upper half of globular pod free from the calyx. VALERIAN FAMILY. 177 Var. longifdlia, the common one N. ; slender or low, with 1-rihhed leaves, those of the stem varying from lance-oblong to linear. H. angustifolia. Dry banks from 111. S. & W., with tufted erect stems, narrow-linear and acute 1-ribbcd leaves, crowded short-pedicelled flowers, lobes of the white corolla densely bearded inside, and only the top of the obovate pod rising above the calyx. 59. VALERIANACEJE, VALERIAN FAMILY. Herbs, with opposite leaves, no stipules, calyx coherent with the ovary, which has only one fertile one-ovuled cell but two abortive or empty ones, and stamens always fewer than the lobes of the corolla (1 — 3, distinct), and inserted on its tube. Style slender: stigmas 1-3. Fruit small and dry, indehiscent ; the single hanging seed with a large embryo and no albumen. Flowers small, in clusters or cymes. * Lobes of the calyx many and slender, but hardly seen when in flower, bring rolled up inwards around the base of the corolla; in fruit they unroll and appear as long plumose bristles, resembling a pappus, like thistle-down. 1. VALERIANA. Corolla with narrow or funnel-form tube usually gibbous at the base on one side, but not spurred, its 5 spreading lobes almost equal. Stamens ?. Akene 1-celled, the minute empty cells early disappearing. Root strong-scented. 2. CENTRANTHUS. Corolla as in the preceding, but with a spur at the base. Stamen only one. * * Lobes of the calyx of a few short teeth or mostly hardly any. 3. FEDIA. Corolla funnel-form, with 5 equal or rather unequal spreading lobes. Stamens mostly 3. Akene-like fruit with one fertile and two empty cells, or the latter confluent into one. 1. VALERIANA, VALERIAN. (Name from valere, to be well, alluding to medical properties, the peculiar-scented root of some species used in medi- cine.) Fl. early summer, often dioecious, white or purplish. 2/ * Garden species from Europe, producing the medicinal Valerian-root. V. officinalis, the commonest in gardens, 2° -3° high, a little downy, with leaves of 11 to 21 lanceolate or oblong cut-toothed leaflets, and rootstocks not running. V. Ph.U, is smoother, with root-leaves simple, stem-leaves of 5 - 7 entire leaflets or lobes, and rootstock horizontal. * * Wild species N. and chiefly W. : all rather rare or local. V. pauctflora. Woodlands, Penn. to Illinois and S. W. ; l°-2° high, smooth, with thin ovate and heart-shaped toothed root-leaves, stem-leaves of 3-7 ovate leaflets, rather few flowers in the crowded panicled cyme, and long slender corolla. V. sylvatica. Cedar swamps from Vermont W. & N. ; with root-leaves mostly ovate or oblong and entire, stem-leaves with 5-11 lance-oblong or ovate almost entire leaflets ; corolla funnel-form. V. eduliS. Alluvial ground from Ohio "W. ; l°-4°high, with a large spindle-shaped root (eaten by the Indians W.), thickish leaves mostly from the root and minutely woolly on the edges, those of the root lanceolate or spatulate, of the stem cut into 3-7 long and narrow divisions. 2. CENTRANTHUS, SPURRED VALERIAN. (From Greek words for spur andjlower.) Fl. summer. 2/ C. ruber, RED S. or JUPITER'S-BEARD. Cult, for ornament, from S. Eu. : a very smooth rather glaucous herb, l°-2° high, with lance-ovate nearly entire leaves, all the upper ones sessile, and cymes of small flowers in a narrow panicle, the corolla very slender, |' long, red, rarely a white variety. 12 178 TKASEL FAMILY. 3. FEDIA, CORN SALAD, LAMB-LKTTl'CE. (Origin of the name obscure.) Our spcejes an- all very much alike in appearance, smooth, with forking stem- ti'-^o' high, tender oblong leaves either entire <>r cut-lob.-d towards the ba-e, and small fl. .\vcrs in clusters or close evmes, with leafy I.raets, and a .-hurt white or whitish corolla, in early "Miimner. They belong to the section (by must botanists regarded as "a separate, genus) VALEKIAXKLLA. (T) @ F. olitdria, COMMON- CORN SALAD of Eu., sparingly naturalized in the Middle States, has fruit broader than long, and a thick corkv mass at tho back of the fertile cell. F. Fagopyrum, from New York W. in low grounds, has ovate-triangular smooth fruit shaped like a grain of buckwheat when dry (whence the specific name), the confluent empty cells occupying one angle, and much smaller than the broad and flat seed. F. radiata, common from Penn. and Michigan S., has fruit mostly downy and somewhat 4-angled, the parallel narrow empty cells contiguous but with a deep groove between them. 60. DIPSACE.S3, TEASEL FAMILY. Differs from the preceding family by having the flowers strictly in heads, surrounded by au involucre, as in the next family, — from which it differs in the separate stamens, hanging seed, ice. All are natives of the Old World. 1. DIPSACUS. Coarse and stout herbs, with stems and midrib of leaves often prickly, and the heads with rigid prickly-pointed bracts or chaff under eacli flower, under the whole a conspicuous leafy involucre. Each flower more- over has an involved in the form of a little calyx-like body enclosing the ovary and akene. Calyx continued beyond the ovary into a mere truncate short cup-like border. Corolla slende'r, with 4 short lobes. Stamens 4. Style slender. 2. SGABIOSA. Less coarse, not prickly; the short heads surrounded by a softer green involucre; a short scale or soft bristle for a bract under eac'h flower. Corolla funnel-form, 4-5-cleft, oblique or irregular; the outer ones often enlarged. Stamens 4. Style slender, liivolucel enclosing the ovary and the calyx various. 1- DIPSACUS, TKASKL. (Xame from Greek word meaning to thirst; the united ba-es of the leaves in the common species catch some rain-water.) FI. summer. D. sylv^Stris, WILD T. Hun wild along roadsides, 4° -5° high, prick! v, with lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones united round the stem, lanre oblong heads, purplish or lilac corolla-, and slender-pointed straight chaff under each flower. D. ful!6num, FKF.I.KK'S T. Less prickly than the other, with involucre hardly longer than the (lowers, the awn-like tips of the rigid chaff hooked at the end, which makes the l.irers. and the tn;> branches of the style united into «nn body almost or quite to the tip, at in § 1: but the outer floioers of the head different from the rest and sterile, except in a few species of Centaurea. Receptacle beset with bristles. 1. CNICI'S. Outer flowers smaller than the rest, slender-tubular, sterile. ^Scales of the involucre tipped with a long spine-like appendage which is spiny-fringed down the sides. Akenes short-cylindrical, many-ribbed and grooved. Crtro ned with 10 .-hort and homy teeth, within which is a pappus of 10 long and rigid and 10 short naked bristles. Leaves prickly-toothed. 8. CKNTAUREA. Outer flowers sterile and with corolla larger than the rest, often funnel-shaped and with long sometimes irregular lobes, forming a kind of false ray; but these are wanting in a few species. Involucre various, but the scales commonly with fringed, sometime- with spiny tips. Akenes flat or rlattish: pappus of -evrral or many bristles or narrow scales, or none. § 3. Bur-like or achenium-like in the fruit, irhich is a completely closed involucre confainiiitj onli/ one Or two flowers, consistiiii/ <>f n pistil only, with barely a, rudiim at' of corolla, therefore very dijl't r< nt from must jitnnts of the family ; but the staminate jftotoers are seven*/ mid i'u a ft/it or top-shaped involucre. Heads Ihfri'/'ore moncecious, or rarely duecious: no pappus. Coarse and homely weeds. y. XANTHIUM. Heads of staminate flowers in short racemes or spikes, their involucre of several scales in one row: fertile flowers below them, clustered in the axils, two together in a 2-celled booked-prickly bur. 10. AMBROSIA. Heads of staminate (lowers in raceme- or spikes terminating the stem or branches, their involucre of several scales united in tlattish or top- shaped cup; fertile (lowers clu-tered below the staminate, only one enclosed in each small achenium-like involucre, which is naked, or with a few tubercles or strong point- near the top in a i-ingle row. § 4 Plants not thistle-like nor bur-like. * Two kinds ofjlowers in the same head, ll/e, outer ones u-ith pistils only. •«- Pappus none or a minute //order or cn]> : no i-lmj}' anioiiij the Jloiws : scales of the iiii-oliirre. dry, uf/m irith sfarinug mnrt/ins, hiilirii-ntcd. Hitter-aromatic or rather acrid plants. 11. TAXACE'lTM. Heads ,,f many yellow flowers; the marginal ones with pistil only and a :! - ".-tootbed corolla.' Akene- an-l.-d or ribbed, with a Hat top, crowned with a cup-like toothed or lobed pappus. Very strong-scented herbs, with heads in a corymb. 12. ARTEMISIA. Heads small, of few or many yellow or dull purplish flowers, some of the marginal ones pi.-tillate and fertile, the others perfect, but some- times not maturing the ovary. Akenes obovate or club-shaped, small at the top, destitute of pappus. Bitter-aromatic, and strong-scented plants, with beads iu panicles. COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1M 4- -f- Pappus none at all to the outer pistillate and fertile flowers, but of some slender bristles in the central and perfect yet seldom fruit-bearing flowers : scales of the involucre woolly. 13. FILAGO. Heads small crowded in close clusters, of many inconspicuous flowers, each fertile pistillate flower in the axil of a thin and "dry chaffy scale, and with a very slender thread-like corolla; the central flowers with a more expanded 4 -5-toothed corolla. Low herbs, clothed with cottony wool: leaves entire. -i_ H- +- Pappus of all the flowers composed of bristles : no chaff among the flowers. 14. ERECHTHITES. Heads of many whitish flowers, with a cylindrical involucre of many narrow and naked scales in a single row: outer flowers with very slender corolla: inner with more open tubular corolla. Akenes narrow: pappus of copious very fine and soft naked white hairs. Rank coarse herb. 87. ERIGERON. One species has such short and inconspicuous rays that it may be looked for here. 15. GN APHALIl'M. Heads of very many whitish or yellowish flowers, surrounded by an invohicre of many ranks of 'dry and white or otherwise colored (not sjreen) scarious and persistent scales woolly at base; the flowers all fertile, the outer ones with pistil and very slender 'corolla, the central ones perfect and with more expanded 5-toothed corolla. Pappus a row of very slender and rousrhish bristles. Cottony herbs. 16. ANTENNARIA. Like Gnaphalium, but the plants nearly or quite dioecious: the stamiiKite flowers with a simple style, but the ova'ry sterile, and their pappus of stouter bristles which are thickened at the summit and there more or less barbed or plumed. * # Only one kind of flowers in the head. •*- Scales of the involucre dry and papery or scarious, often colored (i. e. not green), not withering. (Everlastings.) •w Many flowers in the head: scales of the involucre in many ranks. 16. AXTEXNARI A. Flowers dioecious, in one plant all pistillate, with very slender corollas and a pappus of long and very fine hair-like naked bristles; in the other staminate (with a simple imperfect style), and the pappus of thicker bristles enlarging and somewhat plumed or barbed at their summit. Leaves and stems cottony. 17. RHODANTHE*. Flowers perfect, with open 5-toothed yellowish corollas. In- volucre (silvery or rose-colored), smooth, obovate or top-shaped. Akenes woolly: pappus of numerous plumose bristles. Leaves and stems smooth and naked. 18. AMMOBIUM. Flowers perfect, with yellow 5-lobed corollas, surrounded by a silvery-white involucre. Chaffy scales on the receptacle among the flowers. Akenes flattish-4-sided: pappus of 4 teeth, two of them prolonged into a bristle. Leaves and stems white-cottony, the latter with leaf-like wings. 4^. .M. Only 3 or 4 flowers in each. head. 19. HUMEA. Flowers perfect, purplish, surrounded by a few dry and scarious scales of the involucre: no chaff on the small receptacle. Akenes smooth: no pappus. Herbage green, not cottony: the small heads drooping in an ample compound panicle. •)-•<- Scales of the involucre not dry and scarious or papery : flowers all perfect. +- Flowers yellow, with chaff between them : akenesflat, bearing 2-4 awns or bristles. 53. BIDENS, and 52. COREOPSIS: a few species have no ray-flowers. -> «• Flowers yellow : no chaff: akenes not flat : pappus of copious very soft andjine down-like bristles. 30. SENECIO, one or two species which are destitute of ray-flowers. .. ++ «. -M. Flowers not yellow nW orange : no chaff among them. a. Branches of the style slender and rough all over with minute bristles. 20. VERNONIA. Heads corymbed, with an involucre of many imbricated scales, and 15 to 30 or more rose-purple flowers. Lobes of the corolla slender. Akenea cylindrical, several-ribbed: pappus of copious hair-like bristles, surrounded at base by an outer set of very short and fine scales or scale-like bristles. Leaves alternate. 1.S2 COMPOSITE FAMILY. I). Brnnchet of the style long and slender or mostly rather club-shaped, smooth or very mimitrly puberulent under a lens. 21. LIAT1MS. Heads IP!' -evcral or many rose-purple flower-. -nrronndcd t>y a • or I.--- iinliriciitcil involucre. Lobes of the enroll:) rather long. A! slender, ill" nit lo-rihbed: pappus of many long and slender bristle<. which are plmiM-e or c]-e be-et with a -liort beard or roughne.- tor their whole length. Le • ate, entire. 22. KI'IINIA. llc;nls small, of l-anglcd: pappus a row of hair-like naked t . lian-K- roii'.dii-li > l>ri-t!es. Leave- opposite; stem twining. 24. EUPATORIUM. Head- of :t or move llowers, and an involucre of several or many -rales. Corolla 5-toothed. Receptacle Hat or merely convex. Akenes fi-anLled: p-ippu- a row of hair-like naked (barely rough) bristles. 25. CONOCLINIUM. Heads, ^.-c. as in the preceding, but the receptacle conical. Flowers many, Idue or blne-pur]ile. Leave- oppo-ite. 26. AGERATUM. ' Like the preceding: but the receptacle flatfish, and the pappus of :i tew chaffy scale-, mostly tapering into a .-lender still' rough liri-tle. Leaves opposite. 27. PIQUERIA. Heads very small, of 3-5 white flowers, and involucre of 4 or 5 scales. Akenes 5-angfed: pappus none. Leave- opposite, 3-rilibed. C. Branches of the style smooth, with a conical or flat unu&ally minutely hairy tip. 28. CACALIA. Heads corymbed, with 5 - 80 white or whitish flowers. Scales of the involucre a single row, with a few small bractlets at base. Corolla 5-cleft. Akenes oldong. smooth: pappus of very manj fine and soft down- like naked bri-tles. Leaves alternate. 40. BKLLIS. A cultivated state of the Dai-y, with quitted (monstrous) flowers may lie sought here. B. \\1tk strap-shaped corollas or rays at the margin of (.'•« head. § 1. Herbage not spotli-]»/* "/' fiijiiints hair-like bristles: no chaff on the receptacle arong the flowers. -t- Rays yellow, except in one or two species o/*Senecio and one SoliCago, pistillate. 29. TUSSILAC.O. Kay-tliwers very numerous and in many rr*s, fertile, with narrow lignli-s; the tubular disk-flowers few in the centre, and not fertile. Scale of the involucre nearly in one row. Pappus fine and -oft. Head soli- tary (in a -raly-bracted scape. "ii. SENECIO. Bay-flowers several in a single row, or sometime? r>one : the disk- flowers (a- in all the following) perfect and fertile. Scale* of the involucre in a single, row, or often with small bractlets at the ba-e. 1'appn* very tine and soft. Heads mostly in corymbs. Leaves alternate, simple or compound. 31. ARNICA. Ray-flowers several or many in a single row. Sc;d?s of the invo- lucre nearly e.mal in 2 row*. 1'appn- a -ingle row of rough rather rigid ln-i-tles. Akenea -lender. Head- few and rather large. Leave- opposite. 32. INl'LA. Ray-flowers very numerous in one row, with narrow lifulee. outer scales of the involucre 'leaf-like. 1'appu- of many slender mui/'ii-h bri-tles. Akenes narrow. Head- lar.je and broad, the tubular perfect Towers very numerous, their anthers with two tail- at the ba-e. Leave- alt.-i * ::te. 33. CHKYSOl'SIS. 1,'ay-Howers numerou- in one row, scales of the involucre narrow, not leaf-like. 1'appu- of many ron^hi-h slender bristles, with al-o an outer n.w of very -In n't and stout or chaff-like bri tie-. Akenes flattened, hairy. Heads sinirlc or corymbed. I..-T es alternate. 34. SOLIDAGO. Kay-dower- 1 - 8, or ittlv 10-16, the tubular disk-flowers sev- ' eral, rarely many. Involucre obloi^J, 'its gcales imliricated and apj.res-ed, of unequal lengths. Pappus a row of slender ronghi-h bri-tles. Akenes nar- row, terete, many-ribbed. Head- in panicled racemes, corymbs, or chi-t--r-, mo-tlv small. Leaves alternate. H. ^ ^,,,/s n-hilc, jnir/ik. blue, (fr. nei'i-r y< Hair, th>- llni-ers (\f the as« by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristle-; more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branchc-. large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 36. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles : no cup or crown of short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually perennial. 37. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more than one row. Involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more scant}-, often some minute short and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the long ones. # * Pappus not of lony hair-like bristles, either a little cup en' crown, or of a few scales, teeth, awns, c}c., or none at all. •*- JVo chaff on (he receptacle among the flowers, except in 41 - 43 and some cultivated and altered forms of 44. Leaves mostly alternate. •*-»• Akenes fat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species. 38. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin or wing: pappus of several minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-grecii thickish and chiefly entire leaves often turned edgewise. 39. BRACHYCOME. Flowers like those of 36'or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes flat, wingless : pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united into a short crown. 40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple rays. Receptacle high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low nerbs, with solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merely toothed leaves. 41. ACHILtEA. Heads mostly with few and white (rarely rose-red or yellow) rays. Receptacle small, flatfish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no pappus. +•»• +•*• Akenes not flat, nor boat-shfped : pappus a short crown or none : rays pistillate ami fertile except in 42. 42. MARL1TA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next. 43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes yellow. Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, with some slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves once to thrice pinnatelv divided. 44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMFM and PYRETHRFM. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. *+ ++ -M- Akenes top-shaped or oblong, not flattened nor incurved : pappus of 5 - 10 conspicuous thin chaffy scales 'with midrib more or less extended into a bristle or inrn : rays in one raw, nut rery numerous, wedge-shaped, 3 - o-cleft or lobed, yellow or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white : involucre of separate scales. 45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading or reflexed scale's. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. (Akene and pappus, Lessons, p. 121, fig. 382.) 46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often purple: the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- der terminal peduncles. HH. •*-<• *+ •»-<• Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky Imirs (it-Inch must not be confounded with pappus), hiding the minute pappus of many delicate little scales: rays numerous in one row, neutral, yellow irith dark- colored spot at base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or 3 rows of short scales united in a cup. 47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, the rays expanding only in sunshine or bright davlight. Receptacle flat. Disk- flowers yellow: their style abruptly thickened below the two short tranche I;s4 co.Mi'osin; IAMII.V. +.*+-* *-* +-+ 4-r Akenes incurved or boat -shaped, rouyh-lubercled on the buck : no pap- pus : rays numerous in more than one roia : Jlowers all yellow or orange. 48. CALKXIM'LA. Head- showy, solitary terminating the branches, with the very numerous rays ]iistill:ite and fertile, expanding in sunshine or bright day the disk-flowers sometime, few in tlie centre and sterile. Involucre ofnu- merous sluTt rn-.-n scale-. Kecep'aclo ihit. Akenes all tliat mature belong- ing to the ray-flowers, strongly incurved, some of them even horse-shoe- shaped, >!isk, even if nji/i'in iit/ij pt r/\ it, ul/rays sterile: flowers oil yellow. Coarse tall herbs. 4». 1'OLY. \IXIA. Heads rather smaller middle-i/ed, with about 5 leaf-like scales to the involucre, and some thin and small inner ones, few or >everal ray- flowers producing turgid obovate or partly trianjruhir akenes with no pappus. Herbage clammy-pubescent and rather strong-scented: all but the upper- most leaves opposite, and their petioles winged or dilated and stipule-like at the clasping base. 00. SILl'llir.M. Heads mostly large, with nimifroii< somewhat leafy-tipped or green scales to the involucre imbricated in 2 or more rows, numerous ray- tiowers producing very broad and tlat akenes (parallel with the -cales ot' the involucre), which have commonly a wing-like margin and '2 teeih or a notch at the top. .Juice resinous. ++ •*-* Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, those of the ray pistillate andfertilr or it< utral. a. Akenes flattened parallel aith the scales of the involucre and cha]£ of the recep- tacle, or in 53 sometimes vert/ slvniler. Leaves generally opposite : involucre double, Ike outer mostly leaf-like, the inner of erect scales. ~i\. DAHLIA. JJays in the natural (lowers neutral or in the common species more or less pistillate, but in the gardens mo-t oral! of the flowers are changed into rays. Inner involucre of numerous more or less united scales. Akenes oblon-r, obscurely 2-horned or notched at the apex. 52. C< il!K( »1'>1S. Rays n-ually 8, neutral, mostly yellow, or brown-purple at base. Involucre commonly of about 8 outer Inns,, or loaf-like scales and as many erect inner ones. Chaff slender, deciduous with the flat akenes. which have mostly a pappus of 2 teeth or awn-, the latter not barbed downward*. '"•;!. BIDENa. Like Coreopsis, but several without rays, and some with slenderer needle-shaped akenes; all bear 2 or more, rigid" persistent awns, which are barbed downwards! b. Akenes flattened if at all conirart/ to the scales of the involucre and the chaff of the receptacle, having /lie latter usually unbracing Of folded round tlm'r outer margin. = Rays deciduous after flowering, yellow, sometimes brown-purple at base in 60, 61, or irlil/c in one ofija. Leaves either opposite or alternate in sime genus, in 04 - 50. 54. ACTINOMERIS. Hays neutral, few or >everal. Involucre of several nearly equal scales. Kecrpt.ielo convex m- conical. Akenes il:;t. oval, wing-mar- gined: pappus of 2 persistent smooth awns. Leaves .simple, ^e^•:l:«^ often decurrent into wings on the stem. 55. VERBESINA. h'ays few (in ours 1-5), pistillate. Involucre of few erect scales. Receptacle rather flat. Akenes flat, winged or wingless : pappus of 2 persistent awns. Leave-, simple, decurront into wings on the stem. 53. XIMENESIA. Kays numerous, pistillate. Scales ot' the involucre spreading. Receptacle lla!ti>h or convex. Akenes of the ray wrinkled and wingless; tlio^e of the disk flat and wing-margined, with two slender awns united to the wing. Leaves mostly with winded petioles which are dilated and cla-p- ing at the ba-e. 57. HELIANTHUS. Rays several or many, neutral. Scales of the involucre im- bricated. Receptacle flat or convex. Akenes flatfish, more or less -i-angled or lenticular, marginless : pappus of 2 thin chaffy scales corresponding with the outer and inner angle of the akene, and sometimes with minute inter- mediate ones, all deciduous from the ripe fruit. (Lessons, p. 121, fig. 381.) Leaves -imple, entire or .serrate: stems not winged. 58. 1IL"LI< H'SIS. Hays 10 or more, pistillate. Scales of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows, the inner shorter than the disk. Receptacle conical. Akenes 4-angled, somewhat cubical: no pappus. Leaves opposite, petioled, triple-ribbed. COMPOSITE FAMILY. 18.") C9. RUDBECKIA. Rays several or numerous, neutral. Scales of the involucre in about 2 rows, spreading. Receptacle conical or columnar. Chaff soft Akenes short, 4-angular, marginless, flat at the top: pappus none or a short even cup-border or border. Leaves alternate. 60. LEPACHYS. Like 59, but , akenes flattened, wing-margined on the inner and sometimes on the outer edge, 1 -2-toothed at summit. Disk grayish Chaff short and truncate. Leaves alternate, pi -mutely compound. el. DBACOPIS. Like 60, but involucre of some very small linear scales and akenes terete, tapering to base, minutely striate, blunt at top, and the attach- ment at one side of the base. Leaves alternate, mostly entire, clasping. = Rays rather persistent, long, drooping, pistillate but sterile, rose-purple. 62. ECHIXACEA. Kays numerous. Scales of the involucre narrow and spread- ing. Receptacle conical; the persistent and rigid spiny-tipped chuff longer than the purplish disk-corollas. Akenes thick and short, 4-sided, and with a toothed border for a pappus. Leaves chiefly alternate, 3 - 5-ribbed. = Rays persistent on the fruit, becoming dry and papery, broad, pistillate and fertile, of various colors. 63. ZINNIA. Rays several. Receptacle conical ; the oblong chaff not longer than the velvety-tipped disk-corollas. Akenes oblong or linear, flattened, or those of the ray 3-sided ; pappus of a chaffy awn or tooth on each angle, or some- times hardly any. Leaves opposite, sessile, and entire. Heads solitary, terminating the stem or branches. § 2. Herbage, involucres. $c. dotted with large pellucid or colored glands or oil- receptacles imbedded in their substance, making the plants strong-scented: involucre of one row of scales united into a bell-shaped or cylindrical cup : no chaff on thejlaUish receptacle: Jlowers yellow or orange. 64. TAGETES. Rays pistillate. Involucre without bractlets at base. Akenes elongated, flat, somewhat 4-sided: pappus of 2 or more unequal rigid chaffy scales, often united into a tube or cup, sometimes tapering into awns. Herbs very glabrous. 65. DYSODIA. Rays pistillate, mostly short. Involucre with some loose bractlets at the base. Receptacle beset with short chaffy bristles. Akenes slender, 4-angled : pappus a row of chaffy scales dissected into numerous rough bristles, so as to appear at first sight as if capillary. Leaves opposite. II. Head with all the flowers strap-shaped and perfect. Plants with milky juice. Leaves alternate. (No chaff on the receptacle in any of the following.) § 1. Pappus of many minute chnffy scales, forming a short crown or cup. 66. CICHORIUM. Head of several blue flowers. Involucre double; the outer of 5 short and spreading, the inner of about 10 erect scales. Akenes short, with broad summit. Stems twiggy, leafy mostly towards the base. (Lessons, p. 93, fig. 267 ; the akene, p. 121, fig. 380. § 2. Pappus of rather numerous and stout long-plumose bristles. 67. TRAGOPOGON. Head large, of many yellow or purplish flowers. Involucre of about 12 lanceolate rather fleshy scales in a single row, somewhat united at the base. Akenes terete, slender, roughish, tapering into a long beak, which bears the rigid long-plumed bristles of the pappus, 5 of these longer and naked at the summit. Stems leafy; leaves entire, parallel-veined, clasping at the base. 68. LEONTODON. Head rather small, of many yellow flowers. Involucre of many narrow equal erect scales, and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes spindle-shaped: pappus a single row of tawny plumose bristles. Leaves all at the root or base of the scapes. § 3. Pappus of very many slender, but rather stiff and rough, naked and tawny bristles. 69. HIERACIUM. Heads small or smallish, of 12 or more yellow flowers. Scales of the involucre unequal and in more than one row. Akenes short, oblong or columnar, not beaked: the fragile bristles of the pappus not very copious. Stems naked or leafy. 70. NABALUS. Heads usually nodding, of 5-40 greenish -white or yellowish often purple-tinged flowers. Involucre cylindrical, of 5-15 linear scales in a single row and a few short bractlets at base. Akenes cylindrical: pappus of very copious straw-colored or brownish bristles. Stems leafy. S&F— 19 COMPOSITK FAMILY. § 4. Papjnts of extremely copious nndjine toft hair-like naked hristles. « Mature alcenes with tin j>»/>]mt rn'if, ,1 »n n very lontj slender stalk-like beak. 71. I'YlMIHOl'Al'lM'S. Head of yellow Mowers as in the next; but the pappus ru>ty red ami with a minute ring of soft down underneatli it. St. -in- l.ninch- iii"- and leafv in-ar the.ba-e, tin- lonir peduncles naked. 7-j. TARAXACUM. Head of very many yellow Mowers on a slender hollow and wholly naked BCape. Involucre double, the inner of numcrou> narn.u 5C in a single row, the ouler of short loose scales. Akenes terete <>r spindle- shaped, strongly ribbed and tuliereled on the ribs, much shorter than its slender beak which elevates at maturity the -oft and white pappus. (Les- sons, ]). 1-21, tig. 384.) 73. LACTUCA. Heads of several variously colored (lowers. Involucreofsever.il lanceolate or ovate imbricated scales of unequal length. Akenes Mat. ab- ruptly contracted into the slender beak which elevates the very white soft pappus. Steins leafy. * * Akenes with a short and thick beak or none : heads ninny-flowered. 71. MULGKDIUM. Involucre as in 73. Flowers blue or bluMi. Akeue- flat- tened, short-beaked. Stems leafy. 75. SONCHUS. Involucre as in 73, or with narrow- and move equal scales, and tumid at base. Flowers yellow. Akene- llat and short, without a beak to support its very soft white pappus. Stems branching and leafy. (Lessons, p. 121, fig. 383.) 1. CYNARA, AllTICIIOKK. (Ancient Greek name.) Two species oc- casionally cult, from the Old World, as esculents. 2/ C. Scolymus, TUCK ARTICIIOKK, with stunt stems, slightly prickly leaves most I v once nr twice pinnatilid and cottony beneath, the mate and usti- allv pointless scales of the involucre and the. receptacle of the young Mower heads llesliv, and edible when cooked. C. CardunCUlUS, CAKDOON, has the leaves more /' l/ie. sn/As of tin' linul n/i/ifi'Mul, tlic innermost not /;/•/<•/.•///- /n>iii/iil, lln iiiilrr irith i/ underneath. C. arvense, CANADA T. A vile pest in fields and meadows N'., nat. from Ku. : spreading l>v deep ninnin^ roots as well as by seed : numerous short- peduncled heads onlv 1' long, with rose-purple tlnwers ; leaves moderately pin- natilid, weak-prickly. 11 C. horriduluin, VKI.I.OW T. Wild near the coast in sandy ground ; has verv prickly leaves, rather large heads surrounded at base by an involucre or whorl of leaf-like vcr\ prickly bracts, and yellowish or purplish Mowers. C. pumilurn, PASTURE T. Wild in dry fields, 1°- 3° high, with lance- oblong pinnatitid leaves, single ver\ large lieads (almost L'' across) of fragrant (purple or rarely white) Mowers, sometimes leafy-hraetcd at base. ® C. muticum, SWAMT T. Wild in swamps and low ground; 3° -8° high, \\ith deeply divided leaves, few or no prickles, and rather large naked heads, most of the scales pointless ; Mowers purple. 2/ * # Linns irh'ili-nitlnn/i iind,riinil/i : jl'!<•, mnli/ ichitc. \\'iif renj short bristles : scales of head wit/i durk-frint/ed appendage. C. nigra, BLACK C. or KNAPWKKD. A coarse weed, in fields and wast* alaces E., nat. from En. ; stem 2° high ; leaves ronghish, lance-oblong, the lower with some coarse teeth ; flowers purple. 11 § 2. Marginal flowers more or /ess enlarged, fonnini/ a kind of false ray, and sterile : pappus of bristles : scales of head with fringed appendage. C. Cineraria, or CANDIDISSIMA, a low species, cult, from S. Eu. with very white-woolly twice pinnatifid leaves, and purple flowers, the outermost little enlarged : not hardy N. 2/ C. Americana. Cult, from Arkansas and Texas : smooth, with stout stem l°-2° high, oblong or lance-oblong leaves, the upper entire, very large head of showy pale purple flowers, the outer ones much enlarged, and the scales with large scarious-fringed appendage. © C. Cyanus, BLUEBOTTLE or CORNFLOWER. In gardens, from Eu., spar- ingly running wild ; loosely cottony, with stem-leaves linear and mostly entire, 188 COMPOSITE FAMILY. solitary long-Stalked head, the outer flowers very large and blue, with white or rose-colored varieties, (i. -.- C. montana. Cult. tYntu Eu. : low and stciut stems from creeping root- stock, leaves lance-oblong, head larger, lint flowers similar to last. If. §3. AMBEIM'.OA. Marginal xti ri/f ftoinrs muni/ : JIH/I/HI.* of narrow chaff", or none: scales of head naked and smooth. Cult, for ornament, from Asia. C. odorata, or AMUi.umn, SWKKT SI/I.TANA. Smooth, with mostly pin- natitid leaves, lonir-stalked head of yellow fragrant flowers, the outer ranks enlarged, and elutly-hristled pappus. (\) C. moschata, MI-SK-SCENTED S., has rose-purple or white musk-scented flowers, the outer little enlarged, and no pappus. (Yj 9. XANTHIUM, COCKLEBUR, CLOTBUR. ( Name from the Greek for yellow, the plants said to yield that color.) Coarse and vile weeds, with stout and low branching stems, alternate and petiolcd merely toothed or lobed leaves, and obscure greenish flowers, produced all summer. (T) X. Strumarium, COMMON C. Barnyards and waste manured ground : rough, l°-2° high, with broadly triangular-heart-shaped toothed or slightly lobed leaves on long petioles ; the fruit a bur fully j' long, with 2 BtraigDtish beaks at the apex. Var. echinatum, on sandy shores, has a turgid bur 1' long, with incurved beaks and more numerous prickles, beset with u'landular bristles. X. spinosum, SPINY C. Sandy shores and waste places, K. & S. Hoary ; the branching stems armed with slender triple prickles at the base of the narrow short-petioled leaves; bur small, with a single beak-like tip. 10. AMBROSIA, RAGWEED. (The classical name means food for the Gods: perhaps sarcastically applied to these miserable weeds.) Leaves oppo- site or the upper alternate, mostly lobad or cut : flowers greenish, all summer and autumn. Q A. triflda, GREAT RAGWEED. Tall coarse herb along low borders of streams, 4°- 10° high, rough, with opposite deeply 3-lobed leaves on margined petioles, the lobes lance-ovate and serrate, staminate heads in racemes, their in- volucres 3-ribbed on one side, the fertile one or fruit obovate and with 5 or 6 ribs ending in a tubercle or spiny point. A. bidentata. Prairies from III. S., l°-3° high, hairy, very leafy; the leaves alternate, closely sessile, lanceolate, and with a short lobe or tooth on one side'near the base ; heads in a dense spike, the top-shaped involucre of the sterile ones with a large lanceolate appendage on one side. A. artemisi8ef61ia, ROMAN WORMWOOD, HOCWKED, or BITTERWEED. Waste places and roadsides, l°-3° high, hairy or roughish ; with twice pin- natitid leaves either opposite or alternate, pale or hoary beneath, staminate heads in panicled racemes or spikes, the small roundish fruit with about 6 little teeth or spines. 11. TANACETUM, TANSY. (O],l name, said to be a corruption of At/KiiKiM'd, undying, from the durable flowers.) Fl. all summer. ^ T. VUlgare, COMMON TANSY, from Eu. : cult, in old gardens, and a road- side weed, 2°-4° high, smooth, strong-scented and acrid, with deep green 1 -3- pinnately compound leaves, the leaflets and winged margins of the petiole cut- toothed ; in var. c'ltfsiTM, leaves more cut and crisped. T. Balsamlta, COSTMAKY : a garden herb, fmm Eu., l°-2° high, smooth, with pleasant scent, the pale leaves oblong and nearly toothed, and small heads of pale yellow flowers. 12. ARTEMISIA, WORMWOOD. (Dedicated to Artnnis, the Greek Diana.) Fl. summer. * Leaves hoary or cottony, at least underneath. 11 A. Absinthium, COMMON WORMWOOD, from Eu. ; in old gardens and a roadside weed ; strong-scented, silky-hoary, with stems 2° -4° high and rather COMPOSITE FAMILY. 189 woody at base, twice or thrice pinnately parted leaves with lanceolate lobes, and nodding hemispherical head.-. A. yulgaris, MUG WORT of Eu. ; in old gardens and roadsides, with pinnatifid leaves green above and cottony-white beneath, their lance-linear divisions mostly Cut and cleft, and small heads in open panicles. A. Ludoviciana, WESTERN M., is wild from Michigan W. and S. W., with lanceolate leaves mostly cottony-white on both sides, many of them entire or merely toothed, and larger heads in narrow or spike-like panicles. * * Leaves (and whole plant) smooth and green or nearly so, •*- Not very Jine orjincly cut. A. biennis, BIENNIAL WORMWOOD. Gravelly banks and shores N. W., extending E. along railroads; l°-3° high, with small greenish heads much crowded in the axils the once or twice pinnatifid leaves, their lobes linear, in the lower cut-toothed. © @ A. Dracunculus, TARRAGON, is sparingly cult, from Eu. for the aro- matic (lance-linear entire) leaves, used as a condiment. ^/ -t- -i- Very Jine thread-like or capillary divisions to the 1 - 3-pinnately divided leaves : heads loosely panic/ed. A. Abrotanurn, SOUTHERNWOOD, from S. Eu. ; cult, in gardens for the pleasant-scented foliage, 3° - 5° high, woody-stemmed, 2/ A. caudata, is a wild Wormwood along the sandy coast and lake shores, 2° - 4° high. c|) 13. FILAGO, COTTON-ROSE. (Latin name, from the cottony hairs.) P. Germanica, GERMAN C. or HERUA IMPIA of the old herbalists, branches with a new generation of clustered heads rising out of the parent clus- ter at the top of the stem (as if undutif'ully exalting themselves) ; stems 5' - 10' high, crowded with the lanceolate erect and entire cottony leaves. Old dry fields from New York S. ; fl. summer and autumn. © * 14. ERECHTHITES, FIREWEKD. (Ancient name of some Ground- sel, after Erechtheus ) Fl. summer and autumn. © E. hieracifblia, one of the plants called FIREWEED, because springing up where woods have been cleared and ground burned over, especially N. : very rank and coarse herb, often hairy, l°-5° high, with lanceolate or oblong cut- toothed leaves, the upper with auriclcd clasping base, and paniclcd or corymbed heads of dull white flowers, in fruit with copious white and very soft downy pappus. 5. GNAPHALIUM, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE, CUD- WEED. (Name from Greek, meaning lock of wool.) Fl. summer am § 1. Wild species, with crowded small heads, the slender pistillate flowers very numerous and occupying several rows. * Scales of the involucre white or yellowish-white : stem, erect, 1° - 2° hiijh : heads mum/, corymbed. Common in old fields, copses, frc. G. polyc^phalum, COMMON EVERLASTING. Leaves lanceolate, with narrowed base and wavy margins, the upper surface nearly naked ; the perfect flowers few in the centre of each head © G. decurrens, DECURRENT E., equally common from New Jersey to Michigan and N. ; leaves lance-linear, cottony both sides, the base partly clasp- ing and extending down on the stem ; numv perfect flowers in the centre of each head. 11 * * Scales of the involucre tawny-purplish or whitish, not at all showy or petal- like : heads small, crowded in sessile clusters : stems spreading or ascending, 3' -20' lii,/h. .i G. Uliginbsum, Low CUDWEED. A most common, insignificant little weed in wet places, especially roadsides, with lanceolate or linear leaves, and in- conspicuous heads in terminal clusters. 190 COMPOSITE FAMILY. G. purptireum, PI-KIM. ISH C. In sand or gravel alon^ ami near the sea-shore: taller, with oblong-spatulaie or lanceolate leave- green above and white-cottony beneath, ami purpli-h head.- in axillary cluster.-, or spiked along the upper part of the stem. §2. (Jriinminin/ < rni/'i- I M M« n: n. i.u.s m the gardens, these in ftrictness named HKLH IIKVSI M, irii/i pistilJote Jlouxrs fewer in- iii a sinyle inracts on the peduncle, the permanent ami very numerous scales of the involucre very showy and petal-like, spreading iu many ranks, golden yellow, and with white varieties. j i G". (or H.) macranthum, from Australia, is less tall (l°-2° high), with roughish stem and lance-oblong or spatulate leaves green throughout, and the showy solitary heads nearly 2' 'across ; the scales of the involucre rose-red, or white on the upper face. ^ © 16. ANTENNARIA, EVERLASTING, IMMORTELLE. (Name from the eluh-shaped pappus of the stamiuate flowers, which rc.-eniMes the untenniK of certain insects.) Jl A. margaritacea, PEAHLY EVERLASTING. Dry fields and woods, especially N., H. in summer: stem ahont 2° high, leafy to the top; the leaves lance-linear ; head- in a broad corymb, the fertile ones with a few imperfect staminate (lowers in the centre ; scales of the involucre pearly white, rounded. A. plantaginilolia, PLANTAIN-LEAVED E. Dry knolls and slopes, fl. carlv spring: in patches, spreading by runners and otl'-ct- ; the root-leaves spatulate orobovate and tufted ; flowering stems 4'-*' high, with few and small lanceolate leaves ; head- in a small corymb, the fertile ones with narrow and aeutish, the staminate with white and rounded scale.-. 17. RHODANTHE. (Name from (ircek words for msr and fl,»i-i'r, from the rose-colored pearly head-, which in cultivation are sometimes white.) (\) R. Mangldsii, cult, in gardens for ornament, from Australia: a low smooth herb, with oblong and alternate cia-piuu entire leave-, and loosely corymbed showv nodding heads of yellow (lowers, the jicarly involucre obuvate or obconical, smooth, rose or white, very ornamental, in summer. 18. AMMOBIUM. (Name from Greek words meaning A. alatum, of Australia, cult, for ornament : l°-30 hi-'li. rather cottony, with root-leaves oblong and tapering downwards into a petiole. -ieni-le:i\ es small and lanceolate, and extended down the1 branches and stems in the form of leaf-like wings ; heads solitary with pearly white involucre surrounding yellow flowers. 19. HUMEA. (Named for Lady Hume.) From Australia, cult, for orna- ment. i H. 61eganS. Tall, 3° -6° hitrh when in flower, with simple stem thickly set with the alternate lance-ovate, and clasping ^recn leaves, the summit branch in^ into a lar^e drooping panicle, its branches sh-mlcr. bearing very numerous and small purplish heads. 20. VERNONIA, IRON-WEED. (Named for a Mr. }' are American.) y, E. glechonoph^llum, «>t Chili, and one or two other somewhat woody- stemmed and white-lli>wered species arc cultivated in greenhou-es fur winter- blooming. — The following are the commonest wild species; fl. late .summer and autumn. § 1 . leaves 3-6 in a irlior! : heads 5 — 1 5- flowered, cylindrical, the purplish sralts r/u.sWy iniliririiti-d in si n-ml rows: flowers flesh-colored. E. purpureum, IYRPI.E T. or JoK-PvE WEED. Low grounds, with simple stems 3° - \"2° high, with or without purplish spots or dot-, MTV veinj oblong-ovate roughish-toothed and pointed leaves on petioles, and dense corn- pound corymbs. § 2. Leaves opposite (or only the uppermost alternate) and sessile : heads corymbed, the scales more or less imbricated: flowers white. * Leaves united at base around the stem in pairs (connate-perfoliate) . E. perfoliatum, THOROUGH WOKT or UONESET. Low grounds every- where (the bitter infusion used as a popular medicine), 2°-4° hi^h, hairy ; the lanceolate leaves taper-pointed, serrate, very veim and somewhat wrinkled, 5' - 8' long; the very numerous heads crowded in a dense corymb, 10-30- tiowered. * * leaves separate at base : heads mostly 5 - S-fl E. Sessilif61ium, on shady hanks, is smooth, 4° -6° high, with lance- ovate serrate leaves (3' -6' long) tapering from a rounded closely sessile base to a slender point, and small heads in very compound Hat corymbs. E. pubescens, in dry soil chiefly near the coast, only 2° high, with ovate acute and toothed downy leaves, and 7-8 flowers in the heads. E. rotundif61ium, in similar places and like the foregoing, but with roundish-ovate blunt leaves more deeply toothed, and 5-flowered heads. E. teucrifblium, in low grounds near the coast, r m^hish-puhesecnt, with ovate-oblong or lance-oblong veiny deeply few-toothed leaves and small corymbs. E. album, in sandy soil from New Jersey S., 2° high, is roughish-hairy, with oblong-lanceolate coarsely toothed and strongly veiny leaves, and heads crowded in the corymb, the lanceolate and pointed scale- of the involucre white above and larger than the flowers. E. altissimum, in dry soil from lYnn. to 111 and S., is stout and tall, 3°-7° high, downy, with lanceolate leaves (resembling those of some Golden- rods) tapering to both ends and conspicuously 3-nerved, either entire or toothed above the middle ; corymbs druse ; scales of the involucre blunt. E. hyssopifdlium, in dry, sterile soil, from Mass. S., l°-2° high, smoothish, with narrow linear or lanceolate blunt 1 - 3-nerved leaves. §3. Lvuns iittn-natr or the lower opposite, all long-prtioled : corymbs comjmmd : flowers 12-15 in thp. head, small, irlu'tr. E. serotinum, in low grounds from Maryland to III. & S., minutely pubescent, tall (3° -6° high), bushy-branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate and taper-pointed, triple-ribbed, coarsely 'toothed, 5' -6' long; the involucre very down. § 4. h'in;x /./>.•""••'''<'. i»-ti,,!i,l, tri/ih'-ri/ilnil : /;.•,/,/.„• /„ ,-<t tin' inrn/iirri' K/IIH/ inn/ utmost in inooth when young, with simple steins I0-'}3 high, root-lea\e- -imple ami in dilK-rcnt varieties cither round, obovate, heart-.-haped, obiong, or -patulatc, eremite or cut-toothed, on -lender petioles, lower -tern-leaves 1\ ratr, upper one- sessile or clasping and eut-pin- natirid; coryinlt uniliel-like ; ray- s- 12. ^ § 2. Exotic species, cultivated for ornant> nt from the Old World. * K.MI'I.IA, or CACALIA. »/' tin- i>!di r liotnnists, intli no rm/s. Init muny oriunff- r/il ilisk-jlmri rs in /t very simple cup-like inroiucre: ukenes with 5 • nil //, How. 11 S. Cineraria, or Cixia:\i;i\ MAKI'I IM\, of .Mediterranean eoa-t, an old- fashioned house-plant, ash-white all over (\vhenee the name L'n><.rK, lately introduced into the gardens, where it hardly ever flowers : it is cultivated for the to ia^e, the thick and smooth rounded and angled rather kidney-shaped root-leaves blotched with white; >ome of the tlowers more or less 2-lippcd. 21 •+- ••- Ray-Jlowers ]>ur/>Ie, n'nlct, blur, or run/ii/tj to »•/'<>rs or sometimes yellow. S. Heretieri, or CIXEKAUIA LAN.'VTA, from Tenerifle, with woody base to the stem, rounded heart-shaped 5 - 7-lobcd leaves on .-lender petioles, very white-cottony beneath but soon smooth and green above, and peduncle hearing solitary rather large head of purple flowers, is a le-> common house-plant than the next. 2/ S. cruentUS, the COMMOV CIXERAHI v of the greenhotises, from 'I'ene- ritVe, is herbaceous, .-mootliish, with the heart-shaped and angled more or less cut-toothed leaves green above and usually crim-on or purple underneath, the lower with wing-margined petioles dilated into da-ping auricles at the base; heads numerous in a tlat eorvmb, the handsome tlowcr.- purple, crimson, blue, white, &c. T/ S. elegaus, rn;iM.i: \\ \<;WOKT, from Cape of (Jood Hope, a smooth herb, with deeply pinnatilid leaves, the lower petioled, the upper with half clasping ba-e, the lobes oblong and often sinuate-toothed ; he:i.l- corvmbed, with yellow or purple disk-Mower- and purple or rardv white ravs. i ,\.nd a full-double variety, having the disk-flowers turned into rays. 2/ 31. ARNICA. (Old name, thought to be a corruption of I^tirinica.) The common Kuropcan specie- i- u>ed in medicine. The following probably has similar properties. ^ A. nudicatllis, so called for the naked stem, which bears only 1 or 1' pairs of small leaves, although 1°-.1° high, the main leaves beiiiLT clustered at the root, thickisli. sessile, ovate or oblong, :: - "i-nerved, mo-tlv enrire, hairy ; heads several. loo»dy corymlird. prettv large and showv, in spring. Low pine-barrens from S. 1'eim. S. COMPOSITE FAMILY. 1'J.J 32. INULA, ELECAMPANE. (Ancient Latin name.) Fl. summer. ^ I. Heldnium, COMMON ELICCAMPANK. In old gardens and nat. from En. liy road>ides ; a stout herb, with steins 3° - 5° high from a thick mucilagi- nous root (used in medicine), large entire leaves woolly beneath, those from the root ovate and petioled, the others partly clasping ; heads large, but the rays very narrow. 33. CHRYSOPSIS, GOLDEN ASTER. (Name from two Greek words meaning golden in ap/xannn-c, from the yellow flowers.) Low herbs, wild chiefly S. & W., in dry and barren or sandy soil : fl. summer and autumn. C. graminifolia, from Delaware S. : silvery-silky, with long lance-linear and grass-like shining nerved leaves, and single or few heads. Ij. C. falcata, on the coast, from Cape Cod to New Jersey : only 4' - 10' high, woolly, clothed to the top with short and linear 3-nerved rigid leaves, which are often curved or scythe-shaped (whence the specific name); heads small, corymbed. 2/ C. gOSS^pina, from Virginia S. : white-cottony all over (whence the name), with oblong obtuse rarely toothed leaves, and few pretty large heads. 2/ C. Mariana, the commonest species, from Long Island S. : silky with long and weak hairs, or smoothish when old, with oblong leaves, and a few corymbed heads on glandular peduncles. 2/ C. villosa, from Wisconsin S. & W. : coarsely hairy and somewhat hoary, leafv to the top, with corymbed branches bearing single heads on short pedun- cles, and narrow-oblong leaves. 2/ 34. SOLIDAGO, GOLDEN-ROD. (Old name, from Latin word to make whole, from supposed healing qualities.) There are very many species, flow- ering through late summer and autumn. See Manual and Chapman's S. Flora. The following are a few of the very commonest. 2/ § 1. Ihuds i-'ii^ti /•<-nervcd have-, mid dense flat corymbs of small' heads .>e-Mle iii clusters, the small rays 15-20, the di.-k-rlowers fewer. S. tenuif61ia, in sandy ground, usually near the coast ; like the |ireceding, hut more slender, with narrow linear mostly 1-nerved dotted leaves, and nar- rower or club-shaped heads, the small rays G- 12. •35. CALLISTEPHUS, CHINA-ASTER. (Name from Greek words me&mng beautiful crown.) Fl. all summer, (i) C. Chinensis, the well-known CHINA- ASTKR, of the gardens, a native of China and Japan, has numerous varieties of various colors, the finest full- double. 36. ASTER, STARWORT, ASTER. (Name, aster, a star.) This va-t genus (with which SERICOCARPUS and Dii-LoijAi'i'fS may he here included) is too difficult for beginners, and those who are prepared for their study will naturally use the Manual for the northern species, and Chapman's Southern Flora for the few that arc peculiarly southern. ' We barely mention the com- monest and more distinct or striking of our 40 or 50 wild species. Fl. late summer and autumn. JJ. § 1. With heart-shaped and petioled leaves, at least the lower ones. * Heads in open corymbs, middle-sized : rays white or nearly so and rather few. In woodlands, rather early-flowering. A. corymb6sus, CORYMBED ASTEU. Rather slender, with thin coarsely- toothed and sharp-pointed leaves, which are considerably longer than broad, and only 6-9 rays. A. macrophyllus, LAU<;I:-I.EAVED A. Larger and stouter, 2°-3° high, with broader and thickish rather rough leaves, and more rigid corymbs of larger heads, with 12 -21 rays. * * Ucail.* jtanii-li'd, i/ii/ntroiis and small. In woodlands, A-<\ A. COrdifblius, HEART-LEAVED A., is smooth or smoothNh, much branched, \\ith thiniii-h serrate leaves on slender petioles, and very numerous loosely paniclcd small heads, the rays pale blue or whitish. A. undulatus, WAVY-I.I:AVI.H A., is minutely downy, with the leaves only slightlv toothed or wavv, the lowest heart-shaped and on margined petioles, the upper abruptly contracted into short and broadly winged petioles with dilated and clasping base, or else sessile by a heart--haped ha-e ; th.- heads larger and in narrow or raceme-like panicles, and with rather showy purple-bine rays. § 2. With loin-r luin-s in n r linirf-.*lin/»d, tin- upper ones sessi/t uml p'trtli/ '"!/ ''.'/ " li'iir/-s/iii/ml in- inir/c/iil /HIS, : li»nls hin/f or nit/ii r larr l>ini . # Scales of the iiinifitcrr imt nt all l«ifi/. l»it >ri//i short greenish tips, rigid, close- pnxxitl in inn //i/ run/.:*, t/if unti r .titmssin/ii s/mrtt r : rays deep-colored: leaves entire or nearly so. / >ry v the hoarv appearance of some vernal species.) ERIGERON -i i.< K'»SIM <>f Oregon i- occasionally cultivated a.- a garden JUT. n;,ial, U TIIOIV showy than any of the follow in;:, which arc the common •wild species of the country. § 1. IiUi/S cun.ijiii-iHiitx : In ails innri' "- 15o) . /ifij^mx ximfde. 11 E. Philadelphicum, ('<>M-J<>X !•". Low -rounds : -2° hij:h, rather hairy, with oblong mostlv entire and partly cla-piiu stem-leaves, sputuiute and tonthcd root-leaves, and si-vi-ral liead-; ; tlic ra_\ > very many and narrow, pale reddish- purple : (1. .-unnner. E. bellidif61ium, DAISV-I.KAVLI. F. or ROBIN'S PLANTAIN. M"i-t Around, sot't-liairy, 1° -2° liiurh. with a Hustrr of ratli;-r lar-f nuindish n.nt- IIMVCS lyiiiir Mat mi the ground, tin- stnn-Ieux cs ratlirr fi-\v and small; head- 1 -'.) an'd Inn- ],, -dniicii-d, rather lar-c, with ahont 50 liia-ar li-lit bluish-purple rays : rl. lute spring. * * Jim/s ir/u'/i, fit/;/ illicit .•)!), rnliur In-null : /m/>/>/ts sii/i/ilc. 11 E. Vemum. Lo\v urmiii'l- from Virginia S. ; smooth, with oval or spatu- hil,' leave.- all at the rout, s...ider scape l°- ^° hi-h, with a lew small heads : tl. spring. * * * luii/a irli/ti or IK nrlii so, 50 or more, iHirnur : ;«// ; a (•oniinoii weed, :{° - 5° liijrli. hrair !i :! above, roughish witli spreading hair-; i ova; • or lance ovate, tii.1 Imv. i- ones eoar.-ely tootlu-d ; rays rather short, often tinned with purple: tl. all SUI:;::I.T. 5^2. J!/n/* in'" tous, scara cylindrical bell-shaped involucre inn! I. a .. ;.. 'i /"'•," - OllS, in tini'-i l!iu:i nnc run'. E. CanadcilSC, IIi>i:si:\\'!:Ei) or I>; i i I:KWI:KI). A common weed in waste or cult, ground, liri.-tiy hairy; with erect strict stem l°-5° hi'Ji, linr:;r leaves, 0 i the lowest ones cut-lobed, an.l very sin. ill panie'ed head> ol' whitish Mowers, all stimmer. i 38. BOLTONIA. (Named for ./. Do'ton, an Kn-li-li hotanist.) Wild ]i!ant» of low ground- S. ci \V., ivsemlilin^ Asters except in the akem-s and pappus: ray-i'.tr.V'T.^ hlue-jiurplo or nearly white; disk-flowers yellow; in autumn. 2/ B. diffusa, of [|]in.ii< ,v S., has small heads loosely panicled on the slender open hrunchc.-, \\hieh hear .~mall awl-sha|icil leaves, those of the stem lance- linear ; pappus of >everal liri-tles and L' short a\\ us. B. glastifdlia, from IVnn. S. ^ \\' ., ha- f.-wer larger and corymhed heads, lanceolate |iartly erect leaves, hroadly win-",| akene-, and '2 or.'! siiort awns in the pappus. B. asteroides, from IVnn. S., le. ) B. iberidifblla, cult. for ornament, from Australia, has slender branching Stems nearly 1° hiuh. ]Hiuiately purled leaves with \ery slender divisions, and handsome heads with violet-blue ray-flowers and .similar or darker purple ventiv, produced all summer. (I) COMPOSITK FAMILY. 199 40. BELLIS, DAISY. (The old Latin name of the Daisy, from prettv.) (Fl. spring and summer.) B. integl'ifolia, WESTERN WILD DAISV : in open grounds from Kentucky S. \V., ha- branching spreading sterns 4' -10' long, bearing some lanceolate- oblong or spatulate leaves, and terminal slender-peduncled heads with pale blue-purple rays. (T) © B. perennis, TRUE or ENGLISH DAISY, cult, from Eu., mostly in double- flowered varieties, i. e. with many or all the disk-flowers clumped into rays, or, in the common quilled form, all into tubes (pink or white) : in the natural stale the centre is yellow, the rays white and more or less purplish or crimson- tipped underneath ; head solitary on a short scape ; leaves spatulate or obovate, all clustered at the root. 11 41. ACHILLEA, YARROW, SNKEZEWORT. (Named after A Leafy-stemmed, with small heads in corymb.-,. 11 A. Millefolium, COMMON Y. or MILFOIL, abounds over fields and hills, 10' - 20' high, with leaves twice pinnately parted into very slender and crowded linear 3-5-cleft divisions, heads crowded in a close Hat corymb, with 4 or 5 short rays, white, sometimes rose-colored : all summer. A. Ptarmica, SNEEZEAVORT. Run wild from Eu. in a few places, cult, in gardens, especially a full-double variety, which is pretty, tl. in autumn ; leaves simple, lance-linear, sharply cut-serrata; heads in a loose corymb, with 8-12 or more rather long bright white rays. 42. MARUTA, MAYWEED. (Meaning of the name uncertain.) Native of the Old World. M. Cotula, or ANTHEMIS COTCLA, the COMMON MAYWEED, along road- sides, especial! v E. ; low, strong-scented and acrid, with leaves thrice pinnatcly divided into slender leaflets or lobes, rather small heads terminating the branches, with white rays and yellow centre ; all late summer. (T) j43. ANTHEMIS, CHAMOMILE. (Ancient. Greek name, from the pro- fusion of flowers.) Natives of Old World : n. summer. Peduncles bearing solitary or very few heads. A. arvensis, FIELD C. Resembles Mayweed and grows in similar places, but rare, is not unpleasantly scented, has fertile rays and a minute border of pa] (pus. (T) © A. nobilis, GARDEN C., yield- the Chamomile-flowers of the apothecaries, spreads over the ground, very finely divided foliage pleasantly strong-scented ; rays white ; pappus none. 2/ A. tinctoria, YELLOW C., is cult, for ornament, but hardly common : 2° - 3° high, with pinnately divided and again pinuatih'd or cut-toothed leaves, and heads as large as those of Whiteweed, with golden-yellow flowers, or tho rays sometimes white. 2/ 44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTIIEMTM and PYRE- THRUM. (Name means golden flowers in Greek; but they are of various colors.) All natives of Old World. § 1. LEUCANTIIEMCM or WHITEWEED and FEVERFEW: the ray-flowers white, those of the centre mostly yellow. 11 C. Leucanthemum, or LEIT \vrii KMIIM YCLGARE, the too common WHITEWEED or OX-EYE DAISY, tilling meadows and pastures, and difficult to eradicate; has stems nearly simple and erect from the creeping base or root- stock, bearing cut-toothed or slightly pinnatih'd leaves below (the lowest s|iatu- late, upper partly clasping), the naked .summit bearing the single showy h'v.d, in early summer. H C. (or L.) Parthenium, or I'YRETHIU-M PAKTHEN-IPM, FEVER; i \\ Cult, in old gardeu>, and running wild; with branching lcaf\ -u-m- l°-3° 200 COMPOSITE FAMILY. high, leaves twice pinnatcly divided into rather coarse ovate leaflets, and loose corymbs of nithcr -mull head-, iu -mumer. A double-flowered variety has the disk-corollas transformed into white or whitish tubes. C. parthenioides, l)i>ri;u.-ri,. m- I'.U:>I.H-LK.VVI-:I> FIOVKKFKW, from China ; probably a low. liner-leaved, ami much altered full double variety of the foregoing, with ] Hi re white (lowers all in the form of rays, produced through the summer and aiitmir.i. § 2. CHRYSANTHEMUMS »f tln> (/uri/m* ,• tin- jlnim-* «f i-•; tlowcring through the months.) C. officinalis, (;.\HDK\ M MIIGOLD, of the Old World ; cult, in country gardens, 1° hi-h. spreading, with green and succulent oblong and entire sessile leaves, rather unpleasantly scented, and large head of yellow flowers, produced all summer, sometimes nearly full-double, most of the corollas being strap- shaped. © COMPOSITE FAMILY. 201 49. POLYMNIA, LEAF-CUP. (These coarse and inelegant plants are oddly dedicated to one of the Muses.) Fl. summer and autumn. 2/ P. Canadensis, common in shaded ravines N., is 3° - 5° high, clammy- hairy, with thin leaves, the lower pinnatih'd, the tipper 3 - 5-lobed or angled, and the few pale-yellow and hroad rays of the small heads shorter than the involucre. P. Uvedalia, in rich soil from New York to 111. and S., is roughish-hairy, stout, 4° -10° high, with large ovate and angled or lobed leaves, the upper ones sessile, and rays of the pretty large head 10-15, bright yellow, longer than the involucre. 50. SILPHIUM, ROSIN-PLANT. ( Ancient Greek name of some very different plant.) Fl. summer and autumn. 11 § 1. Leaves alternate, larye, most of them petio/ed. * The stout and rough flowering stems ( 3° - 6° high ) leafy up to the few large heads : scales of involucre ovate, with taptring and spreading rigid tips. S. laciniatum, ROSIN-WEED or COMPASS-PLANT, of prairies, from Michi- gan W. & S., so called because the rough-hairy deeply pinnatirid root-leaves (of ovate outline) incline to present their edges N. & S. * * The slender smooth flowering stems (4° - 10° high) leafy only near the base, dividing above into a panicle of many smaller heads. S. terebinthinaceum, PRAIRIE-DOCK, so called from the appearance of the large root-leaves, which are ovate or heart-oblong and 1° -2° long, besides the slender petiole, the margins somewhat toothed : common W. S. compositum, from North Carolina S., is more slender and smaller, with round heart-shaped leaves either toothed or cut, or divided. § 2. Leaves or many of them in whorls of 3 or 4 along the terete stems, rather small, entire or coarsely toothed. S. trifoliatum, of S. & W., has the smooth stem 4° -6° high, lanceolate roughish leaves, and small heads. S. AsteriscuSj of dry soil S., is rough-hairy, with fewer and larger heads. § 3. Leaves opposite and clasping or connate : stems leafy to the top. S. integrifblium, in prairies from Michigan W. & S. ; roughish, 2° -4° high, with lance-ovate partly heart-shaped and entire distinct leaves. S. perfoliatum, CUP-PLANT, of rich soil \V. & S. : with very smooth square stems 4° - 9° high, around which the ovate coarsely toothed leaves are connate into cup which holds water from the rains. 51. DAHLIA. (Named for a Swedish professor, Dahl, contemporary with Linmeus.) %. Two or three Mexican species, of which the most familiar is D. variabilis, COMMON DAHLIA of the gardens, with pinnate leaves, ovate serrate leaflets, and large heads, much increased in size and altered, of all colors : roots fascicled and tuberous (Lessons, p. 35, fig. 87). 52. COREOPSIS, TICKSEED. (Named from Greek word for bug, from the shape of the akenes. ) Many wild species : several cult, for ornament : these are the commonest. Fl. summer. (See Lessons, p. 94, fig. 268, 269.) § 1. Rays broad, coarsely 3 - 5-toothcd : outer involucre not l"/n/< / than the inner : akenes orbicular or ova/, incurved when mature. Chiefly cultivated. * (T) © Disk-flowers and lower part »f the rai/a dark-colored <>r akenes in these spirits icim/less ami n«irli/ nalcid at tup : It acts compound. C. tinctoria, of Arkansas, &c., the conummt'st COREOPSIS or CALLIOPSIS of all country gardens ; smooth, with lower leaves twice-piimately divided into narrow leaflets, numerous heads, and lower half or sometimes almost the wholo of rays brown-purple : in one variety they are changed to tubes. 202 COMI'OSITK FAMILY. C. Drummondii, of Texas, is low ;unl -prcading. nither hairy, with leaves of 3- 7 oval leaflet*, or sonic of them simple, heads on long peduncles, and very oroad ray.* golden yellow with small dark spot at !>;' * * i 1 >i.-ih~ <,',!•»,(/, iritli a very narrow icii/r/ or border, not incurved, and obscurely if at nil 2-toothed at the apex : scales of outer involucre narrow and entire : heads rather small, t/te flowers all yellow. 2/ * Low, l°-3° hinh, leafy to the top: leaves really opposite and sissile, but ut, r inr<> m-re cuii.tpicuoia ami n-si'iiib/iiH/ liai-is: branch! inj plant* ,-' pinnate toothed nr rut rein// hamlets; resembling tin n,.rt yenits, but t/ie aims not downwardly !>nr!i,d. (\) © C. trichospei'llia. Swamps mostly near the roa-t, l°-2° high, with 3-7 lanceolate or linear cut-toothed leaflet* or divi>ion->, numerous heads, and uar- row-obloni;- or liip-ar wedge-shaped ni:iririule>s akene-s with '1 stout teeth. C. aiirea, only S., has upper leaves often >ini|ile, lower nearly as in the fore- going, and >liorter wedge obuvate akenes wilh 2 or 4 >liort ehatf-like teelli. C. ariStbSft, from Illinois S., ha* more eompiiiind leave> with olilong >r lanceolate ol'ti'ii pinnatifid leaflets, and br«iad-obo\ ate very flat akenes slightly margined and bri.Mly eiliate, the pappus of -J long and slender auus, or MMIIO- times 3 or 4, or in one variety none at all. 53. BIDENS, BUR-MARIGOLD, 15K(i(;AH-TICKS. (Latin for two- tonthed, from the u>ua'ly 2 awns of the papjuis.) Our sjieeies i or ® ; ll. Mimmer and autumn. The akenes adhering to the dress or to the fleece of animals bv their barbed awns. § 1. Aki'iits broad tinil jlnl, irit/t brit/'i/ ri/intr iniiri/ins. * C»nrxe mill /•r.w tong-peduiicled rather large In mix: i/u-olitcre of short dose scales ±1. heterophyllus, of lo\v pine-barrens S. ; rather hairy, with lowest Iea\es oval or oblong, upper ones lance-linear anil tew; scales of involucre lanceolate. H. rigidllS, of dry prairies AV. X: S. ; rou^h, with thick firm leaves lance- oblong or the lower oval ; scales of the involucre ovate or oblong, blunt. * * Disk yellow as well as the rays, or hardly dingy-brownish. •*- Scales oft/ii' iiirnfiicre short and /•rnai//i/ lin<-i<>!att>, rei/it/ur/i/ imbricated, without liai-lik<- t/j>$: tat fix nearly all opposite and nearly < nitre. H. OCCidentalis, of dry barrens from Ohio W. & S. : somewhat hairy, with slender simple stems i°-3° hig:.i, M-nding of}' runners from base, naked above, bearing 1-5 heads ; lowest leaves ovate or lance-ovate ; upper ones narrow, small and distant. H. mollis, of >ame situations, is soft white-woo!!y all over, 2°-4° hi-li, leafy to the top, the lea\e> heart-ovate and partly clasping. •*- •»- Scales of the involucre looser and leafy-tipped: stems leafy to the top. •>-*• leaves chiefly alternate ami not triple-ribbed. H. gigant&US, common in low grounds X. : rou^h and rather hairy, 3°- 10° high, with lanceolate serrate nearly sessile leaves, and pale yellow ra\ >. ** ••-•• Leaves mainly opposite, except in the last, 3-riblted at base or triple-ribbt trcam>, has branching stems .3° - i>° high, thin and briglit-^reen smootlii>h ovate lcave> coai'selv toothed and abrnjitly contracted into margined petioles ; scales of the involucre long and loose. H. tuberbstlS, .IKIM-SAI.KM AIITICIIOKK (i. e. airnsnle or Sunflower in Italian, corrupted in Kn^land into ./< ruxali m } : cult, for the tubers and run wild in fence-rows. pn>habl\ a state of a wild S. W. species ; 5° -7° high, with triple-ribbed mate pi riolcd leaves, rough-hairy a^ uell as the stems, all the upper ones alternate, the running root^tocks ending in ovate or oblong edible tubers. 58. HELI6PSIS, OX-EYE. (Greek-made name, from the likeness l() Sunflower.) H. labvis, our only species, common in rich or low grounds, resembles a Sunflower of the la-t section, but has pistillate rays and 4-sided akenes with- out pappus: l°-4° high, smooth; leaves ovate or lance-ovate, triple-ribbed, petioled, serrate ; head of golden-yellow (lowers terminating the branches, in summer. 2L COMPOSITE FAMILY. 2<>,') 69. RUDBECKIA, CONE-FLOWER. (Named for Rudbeck, father and son, Swedish botanists.) The following are the commonest species, all natives of this country : fl. summer. § 1. Disk broadly conical, dark-colored, tlie s<>fl chuff not point/ d: rouyh-hairy plants 1° - 2° h'u/h, leafy Mow, the naked summit of the stems or branches bearing single showy heads: leaves simple. 11 R. speciosa, from Pcnn. W. & S., and cult, in some gardens ; leaves lan- ceolate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed at both ends, 3-5-nerved, petioled, coarsely toothed or cut. R. hirta, common in open ground W. & S., introduced into meadows E. with clover-seed ; stems stout and mostly simple ; leaves nearly entire, triple ribbed, oblong-lanceolate or the lowest spatulate, the upper sessile. § 2. Disk conical, dark-purple, the chaff awn-pointed : lower leaves often pinnul, /// parted or 3-cleft. @ R. triloba, from Pcnn. to 111. & S. ; hairy, 2° - 5° high, much branched, with upper leaves lance-ovate and toothed, and" the numerous small heads with only about 8 rays. § 3. Disk y/obu/ar, pale dull brownish (receptacle sweet-scented), the chaff blunt and downy at the end ; lower leaves 3-parted. 2/ R. subtomentbsa, of the prairies and plains W. ; somewhat downy, with leafy stems 3° - 5° high, ovate or lance-ovate serrate upper leaves and short- peduneled heads. § 4. Disk oblong, or in fruit cylindrical and 1' long, yreenish yellow, the chaff very blunt and downy at the end : leaves all compound or cleft. If. R. laciniata, COMMON CONE-FLOWER, in low thickets; 3° -7° high, smooth, branching above ; lowest leaves pinnate with 5-7 cut or cleft leaflets, upper ones 3 - 5-parted, or the uppermost undivided ; heads long-peduncled, with linear drooping rays l'-2' long. 60. LEPACHYS. (Supposed to be formed from Greek words for thick and scale.) Receptacle anise-scented when crushed. Fl. summer. L. pinnata, in dry soil from W. New York W. & S. : minutely roughish and slightly hoary ; the slender leafy stems 3° -5° high, bearing leaves of 3 - 7 lanceolate leaflets", and somewhat corymbed heads with the oval or oblong disk much shorter than the oblong drooping yellow rays ; akenes scarcely 2-toothed, flatfish, the inner edge hardly wing-margined. 2/ L. columnaris, of the plains W. of the Mississippi; cult, for ornament; l°-2° high, with single or few long-peduncled heads, their cylindrical disk often becoming 2' long, and longer than the 5-8 broad drooping rays, these cither yellow, orvar. PULCHERRIMA, with the base or lower half brown-purple ; akenes 1 - 2-toothed at top and winged down one edge. "2J. 31. DRACOPIS. (Name refers in some obscure way to a Dragon.) © D. amplexicaulis, wild far S. W., sometimes cult, for ornament ; smooth, l°-2° high, with clasping heart-shaped pale leaves, and long-peduncled heads, like those of the preceding, the broad rays mostly shorter than the cylindrical disk, and either yellow or the lower part brown-purple. 62. ECHINACEA, HEDGEHOG CONE-FLOWER. (Name means like a lu'dyeltog, viz. receptacle with prickly pointed chaff.) Fl. summer. 2/ E. purpurea, in prairies and open grounds from W. Penn. W. & S. : stems l°-2° high from a thick and black pungent-tasted root (called Black Sampson by quack-doctors), bearing ovate or lanceolate 5-nerved and veiny leaves, the lower long-petioled, and terminated by a large head; rays 15-20, dull rose-purple. E. angUStifolia, from Wisconsin S., is a more slender form, with narrow lanceolate 3-nerved entire leaves, and 12- 15 brighter-colored rays. COMPOS I Th FAMILY. 63. ZINNIA. (Named for a Gorman professor, Z>nn.) Commonly r ti- tivated for ornament : 11. all I.N ZINNIA, frmu Mexico, with ovate heart- shaped hah'da-piug lea\e>. and very large heads of rose-cdlored. purple, violet, red, or wh're 1'o-vcrs. '2 -.'i'in diameter, of late al>o full-double like a .-mall Dahlia; <•!, ::('.-. receptacle Crested-toothed at tip; akenes barely ^-toothed at summit. Z. mulliflbra, !Vom .Mexico, >.<:<•., n.nv not common in gardens, In-iu- lc>;. Bhowy, has ovate-lanceolate lca\e-, hollow peduncle much enlarged under the head, ul>ov;,re red-purple rays, blunt entire cii;itf, and l-a\vned akenes. i Z. angUStifblia, cult, as Z AI.-KK.V, from Mexico, is widely and copiously branched, i.m^li-liairy, with lanceolate leaves, many small heads, oval orange- yellow ray>, and coii-picii:>usly pointed dial]'. 64. TAGETES, FRFNCII or AFRICAN MARIGOLD, hut from South America anil Mexico. ( Mythological name.) Fl. all summer. i * Plant (i>iixr-s<-uitf, ha- -lossy lanceolate serrate leaves, and orange flowers. * * Plant strong-scented : leaves pinnate : leaflets cut-toothed : head Ittrye. T. 61'6cta, LAK<;I: Ari:ic.v\ M., with laneeolnte leaflets, intlated club- sh.in"d peduncles, and heads of orange or lemon-colored (lowers, often full double. T. patula, KI;I:NCII M., with liner lance-linear leaflets, cvliudrical pedun- cle-, anil narrower heads, the rays orange or with darker stripes. T. Signata is a more delicate low much-branched species, with finely cut leaves, slender peduncles, and smaller heads, the 5 rays purple-spotted or spotted and striped with darker orange at l>a>e. 65. DYSODIA, FKTIO MARIGOLD. (Name, in Greek, denotes the ill-scent of the plant.) Fl. late summer and autumn. D. Chrysanthemoides. Hoad-ides and river-banks \V. & S. W. : a low weed, nearly smooth, with spreading brandies, oppo-itc pinnatelv parted and linelyeut leaves, and few yellow ray> >carcely exceeding the involucre, (i) 66. CICHORIUM, SUCCORY, CICHORY, or CHICORY. (Arabic name of the plant.) Fl. all summer. C. Intybus, COMMON ('. Nat. from Ku. by roadsides, &<•. maiulv K. leaves runcinate, rough-hairy on the midrib, or the upper ones on flowering stems small and bract-like, entire ; showy bine flowers opening only in thft morning and in cloudy weather ; deep rout HM.,I as substitute' for eoll'ee. 2/ C. Endivia, KXDIVK, cult, from Hast Indies, for autumn salad; leaves smooth, -li-htlv or deeply toothed, or much cut and crisped, (lowering stems short and leafy. (5) 0 67. TRAGOPOGON, SALSIFY. (Greek name for (joat's-beard, from the pappus.) Fl. early summer. T. porrifblillS, COMMON s. or OVSTI ii-ri.\NT. Cult, from Fu. for the edible tap-root, sometimes running wild : smooth and pale, 2°-4° high, branch- ing, with long leaves tapering from a clasping b:isc to a slender apex, very large heads on hollow peduncle much thickened upward-, and deep violet-purpio (lowers. ® 68. LEONTODON, IIAWKBIT. (Greek name for /ion-tooth, from the runcinate leaves of -onie species.) L. autumnale, FALL DAM.DI.ION or II \\VKIUT. Nat. from Kurope in meadows and lawns I-'.: leaves pinnatitid or laciniate ; >eapes slender, 8' - 12' high, branching; peduncles thickish and sealy-brneted next the small head 11. summer and autumn. 2/ COMPOSITE FAMILY. -/l»7 69. HIERACIUM, HAWKWEED (which the name means in Greek). Wild plants of tlie country, in dry ground : II. summer and autumn ^/ H. Canadense, chiefly N., has simple stems l°-3° high and leafy up to the corymbed summit ; laiiceolate <>r oblong acute, leaves with a few coarse teeth, and rather large licads with loose imbricated involucre. H. paniculatum, in woods, has slender and branching leafy stems 2° -3° high, lanceolate scarcely toothed leaves, a loose panicle of very small 12-20- flowered heads on slender peduncles, the involucre very simple. H. SCabrum, in more open grounds, is roughish-hairy, with rather stout simple stem (2° -3° high), bearing obovate or oval nearly entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of many small heads, the 40 - 50-flowered involucre and stiff peduncles thickly beset with dark glandular bristles ; akenes not tapering. H. longipiium, in prairies W., is so named from the exceedingly long (often 1') straight bristly hairs of the stem ; has narrow oblong entire leaves, panicle and 20 - 30-flowered involucre between the last and the next, and akenes spindle-shaped.' H. Gronbvii, common in sterile soil, with slender stems leafy and very hairy below, leaves oblong or obovate, panicle narrow, small heads, slender peduncles and 20 - 30-flowered involucre sparingly glandular-bristly, anil spindle- shaped akenes with very tapering summit. H. venbsum, RATTLESNAKE- WEED ; common in dry sandy ground, very smooth or with a few hairs ; with leaves chiefly at the root, obovate or oblong, thin, purple-tinged beneath and purple- veiny above ; scape slender, l°-2° high, forking into 2-7 slender peduncles bearing small about 20-flowered heads; akenes linear, not tapering. 70. NABALUS, RATTLESNAKE-ROOT. (Name from Greek word for a harp, alluding probably to the lyrate leaves of sonic species.) Roots tuberous or spindle-shaped, bitter. Fl. late summer and autumn. 2/ * Peduncles and 5 — \1-flowered heads smooth : leaves very variable. N. altissimus, TALL R. or WHITE-LETTUCE. Rich woods N., 3° - 6° high, with long and narrow leafy panicle, petiolcd leaves inclined to be ovate- triangular ; heads 5 — 6-flowered ; pappus dirty white. W. albUS, COMMON WHITE-LETTITE, in open woods, chiefly N. and W., is glaucous, with more corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowercd heads, usually more cut or divided leaves, and cinnamon-colored pappus. N. Fraseri, LION'S-FOOT, or GALL-OF-THE-EARTH, is commonest in dry soil E. and S., l°-4° high, with narrow-corymbed panicles of 8- 12-flowered heads, and pappus dull straw-color. * * Peduncles and 12 - 40-Jloivered heads lairy. Chiefly West, on / l:iin<:, $-c. N. racembsus has smooth wand-like stem '2° - 5° high, lance-oblong slightly toothed leaves, the upper ones partly clasping, and a narrow >piked panicle of about 12-flowered heads. N. asper is similar, but rough-pubescent, the 12- 14-fiowered beads mostly erect and larger. N. crepedinius, only W., is smoother, with stout stem 5° - 8° high, wide corymbed panicles of 20 - 40-flowercd heads, brown pappus, and broad leaves G' - 12' long on winged petioles. 71. PYRRHOPAPPTJS, FALSE DANDELION. (Nam,- means in Greek fame-colored jia/ipiis ; this and the leafy steins obviously distinguish this genus from the next.) ® @ P. CaroliniantlS, in sandy fields from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, with oblong or lanceolate leaves often pinnatirid or cut, the upper partly da -ping: n. spring and summer. 72. TARAXACUM, DANDELION. (Greek name referring to mcdici nal properties of the root. ) ? y. T. Dens-lebnis, COMMON D., in all fields, &(•., from spring to autumn. Inner involucre closes after blossoming till tlie akenes mature and tin1 beak 208 I.OHKMA FAMILY. lengthens ami elevate* the pappus ; then the involucre is reflexed, the pappus spreads, and with the fruit is blown away by the wind. 73. LACTUCA, LKTTIVE. (Ancient Latin name, from the milkyjuice.) L. sativa, <;AI:I>I:.\ LETTUCE. Cultivated from Europe, the broad and tender root-lea\e- u-cd for salad; stem-leave- hcart->haped and clasping • flowers yellow. ® © L. Canad6nsis, WILD LKTTI o:. Open ^rounds, 3° -9° high, with lanceolate or oblong leaves often pinnatiiid, sometimes entire; flowers pale yellow, sometime.- purple or reddish. 74. MULGEDIUM, FALSE or BLUE LETTUCE. (Name from Latin mulgeo, to milk.) Fl. summer, in thicket-borders, >.Vc. M. acuminatum, from New York to 111. & S. ; 3° - 6° high, with ovate or lance-ovate barely serrate leaves on winged petioles, blue flowers, and bright white pappus. M. Floridanum, from Pcnn W. & S. ; like the first, but with all the leaves or the lower ones lyrate or runcinatc, uppermost partly clasping. © M. leucophaeum, in low grounds : resembles Wild "Lettuce, and with equally variable lanceolate or oblong often irregularly pinnatiiid leaves, very compound panicle of pale blue or bluish-white (lowers, 'and tawny pappus. © 75. SONCHUS, SOW-THISTLE. (Ancient Greek name.) Coarse weeds, with soft-spiny-toothed runcinate-pinnatifid leaves: nat. from En.: fl. summer. S. Oleraceus, COMMON- S. ; in manured soil and damp waste places; 1°- 5° high, acute auricles to the clasping base of the leaves, pale yellow flowers, and akencs wrinkled transversely. (I) S. asper, like the la>t, but the leaves less divided and more spiny-toothed, the auricles of their clasping base rounded, and akencs smooth with 3 "nerves on each >idc. Ci) S. arv^nsis, FIELD S. Less common E. ; l°-2° high from creeping root-stoeks, with larger heads of bright yellow flowers, and bristly peduncles and involucre. 21 62. LOBELIACE.ai, LOBELIA FAMILY. Plants with milky acrid juice, alternate simple leaves, and scat- tered racerned or panic-led flowers ; the calyx-tube adherent to the many-seeded ovary and pod ; the corolla irregularly 5-lobed and mostly split down as it were on the upper side ; the 5 stamens united into a tube commonly by their filaments and always by their anthers; style only one. Downingia elegans, under the older name of CLINTONIA ELEGANS, and, D. pulch611a, formerly CI.INTOMA IM LOHBLLA, are delicate little annu- als from California, sparingly cultivated. They resemble small Lobelias, with very bright blue flowers, but are known by the very long and slender 1 -eel led pod, and short tube of corolla not much spl'it down. 'The tirst has the 2 narrow I'|l>es approaching each other opposite the 3-lobed lip which has a whiti.-h centre. The second has a larger corolla, with centre of the 3-lobed lip vellow and white, and the -2 other lobes widely diverging. — The nther common plants of the order belong to 1. LOBELIA (named after the herbalist He I'Oliel or Lobe!}. Tube of the calyx and 2-cellcd pod -hort. Corolla split down on one side, the 5 lobes more or less irregular or unequal. Two or all 5 anthers bearded at top. CAMPANULA FAMILY. 209 # Exotic, cultivated for ornament. L. ErinuS, from Cape of Good Hope, the common low and spreading little Lobelia of conservatories and summer gardens, with abundant small flowers azure-blue, usually white in the throat, and narrow toothed upper leaves : (r or continued by cuttings. L. laxiflora, from Mexico, cultivated in conservatories under the name of SIPHOUAMPYLUS BfcoLOR ; tall, with curved and large red and yellow flowers, hanging on long slender peduncles from the axils of the oblong or lanceolate toothed leaves. ^ * * Wild species of the country, one or two of them sometimes cultivated for orna- ment ; fl. summer : growing in wet or low grounds, except two of them. t- Corolla deep red : stems tall and simple. L. cardinalis, CARDINAL-FLOWER, with lance-oblong leaves and erect raceme of large and showy flowers, which are very rarely rose-colored or even white. @ JJ. •*- -t- Flowers blue or with some white in the throat. L. inflata, INDIAN TOBACCO. Somewhat hairy, 9' -18' high, much branched, with ovate toothed leaves, and spike-like leafy racemes of small flowers, the pale blue corolla only 2" long, and pod inflated. © Common in fields : a noted quack medicine. L. syphilltica, GREAT BLUE L. Slightly hairy, l°-3° high, leafy, with ovate-oblong irregularly toothed leaves, dense leafy raceme, hairy calyx, and corolla almost 1' long. 1}. L. pub6rula, chiefly S. & W. ; minutely soft-downy, with blunter and finer-toothed leaves, and rather 1-sided spike of smaller deeper-blue flowers, y. L. spicata, in sandy or gravelly damp or dry soil ; smoothish, with long and wand-like stems l°-3° high, obovate lowest leaves, narrow and small upper ones, and close naked raceme of very small flowers. © Jl L. Kalmii, of wet banks N. ; smooth, with branching stems 5'- 12' high, obovate root-leaves, few and lanceolate or linear stem-leaves, a loose racc7ue of sleuder-pedicelled and small but handsome bright-blue flowers, and obovate pods. (2) y. 63. CAMPANULACE.E, CAMPANULA FAMILY. Herbs with milky juice, alternate leaves, and scattered flowers, with regular 5-lobed (blue or white) corolla and 5 stamens borne on the summit of the calyx-tube which is adherent to the 2-5- celled many-seeded ovary and pod ; style 1 ; stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary. Stamens separate in all our plants of the order, which by this and by the regular corolla (valvate in the bud) are distinguished from the preceding. 1. SPECULARIA. Corolla nearly wheel-shaped. Stigmas 3. Pod linear or nar- row oblong, opening by a lateral valve or short cleft into each cell. Other- wise as in the next. 2 CAMPANULA. Corolla bell-shaped, or of various shapes. Stipmas and cells of the short pod 3-5, each cell of the latter opening by a lateral valve or short cleft. 8. PLAT YCODON. Corolla very broadly open from a narrow base, balloon-shaped in the bud. Pod top-shaped, 5-celled, opening at the top into 3 - 5-valves. 1. SPECULARIA, VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. (Old Latin name of European species is Speculum Veneris.) Fl. all summer. (T) S. Speculum, GARDEN V., cult, from Eu. for ornament, is a low herb, with oblong leaves, pretty blue flowers terminating the spreading branches, and linear triangular pod. S & F— 20 210 HEATH FAMILY. S. perfdiata, a wild weedy plant in sterile or sandv ground, with simple stems 3' - 20' high, furnished throughout with round-neart-shaped clasping leaves, and small (lowers in their axils, only the later ones expanding a small blue corolla ; pod oblong. 2. CAMPANULA, BELLFLOWER or HAREBELL. (Diminutive of Italian or late Latin name for bell.) Fl. summer. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 254.) * \\'ild species of the country, all with 3 stigmas and 3-cel/ed pod. C. Americana, TALL WILD B. Rich moist ground especially W., with stem 3° - 6° high, thin lance-ovate taper-pointed serrate leaves, ami long loose spike of flowers, the almost wheel-shaped light-blue corolla 1' broad, and lung curved style, (i) ® C. aparinoidcs, SMALL MARSH B. Grassy wet places, with delicate weak stem 8' -20' high, and rou^h backward <>n the angles, bearing small lance- linear leaves and a few small flowers on diverging peduncles, the bell-shaped corolla 3" -4" long. ^ C. rotundifolia, COMMON- HAREBELL. On precipices and rocky banks N., with tufted spreading slender stems 5' -12' high, round or heart-shaped root-leaves, dying early, but narrow mostly linear stem-leaves (the specific name therefore unfortunate), and a few slender-peduncled flowers, the blue bell-shaped corolla 6'' - 8" long. 1J. * * European species of the gardens : flowers mostly blue, with white varieties. •*- Stigmas and cells of the ])od 3 : no apjtendagis to calyx, y. C. Carpathica. Smooth, tufted, 6'-10' high, with roundish or ovate petioled small leaves, slender l-flowcred peduncles, and open bell-shaped corolla about 1' long. C. rapunculoides. Weedy, spreading inveterately by the root, rather hsriry, the erect leafy stems l°-2° high, with lowest leaves heart-shaped and peiioleil, upper lance-ovate and sessile, nodding flowers in the axil of bracts forming a leafy raceme, and tubular-bell-shaped corolla 1' long. C. Trachelium. Ronghish-hairy, 2° -3° high, with more coarsely toothed ami broader leaves than the last, and rather larger l>ell-shaped corolla, C. persiCSefblia. Smooth, with upright stems l°-2i° high, and bearing small lanee-linear leaves, rout-leaves broader, all beset witb minute close teeth ; the (lowers nearly ses-ile and erect, rather few in a sort of raceme, the open bell- shaped corolla 1 V - 2' long, sometimes double. •*• +- titiymas ami cells of the pod 5 : calyx with reflexed leafy appendages. (?) (a) C. Medium, (T\\TERntiRY BULLS. Erect, branching, hairy, with coarse toothed leaves, and oblong-l>cll-shaped flowers 2' -3' long, often doable. 3. PLATYCODON. (A Greek-made name, means broad beltjiower.) 11 P. grandifl.br um. Cult, from SiU-ria; very smooth, pale or glaucous, rather low and spreading, with lance-ovate coarsely toothed leaves, terminal peduncle bearing a showy flower, the broadly expanded 5-lobcd corolla fully •2 broad, blue or white, sometimes double, in summer. 64. ERICACE^I, HEATH FAMILY. Very large family, chiefly of shrubs, difficult to define as a whole; the leaves are simple and mostly alternate ; the flowers almost all n-iinlar, and with as many or twice a- many statin n~ as there are petals or lobes of the corolla; their anthers 2-eelled, each cell more commonly opening by a pore or hole at the end ; ovary mostly with as many cells as there are lobes to the corolla ; style only one, and seeds small. EPACRIS is a genus and the type of a family or sub-order of Heath-like shrubs, of Australia, some of them cult, in conservatories HEATH FAMILY. 21 1 Epacrises and the like differ from Heaths in their stamens (often inserted on the tube of the corolla) having one-celled anthers. The Heath Family comprises the following subordinate families :- I. WHORTLEBERRY FAMILY, known by having the tube of the calyx adherent to the ovary, on which the rnonopetalous corolla and the stamens are therefore mounted. All are shrubs, with scaly buds. Fruit a berry or berry-like. 1. GAYLUSSACIA. Stamens 10: anthers with the cells opening by a chink at the blunt or tapering top. Ovary 10-celled with one ovule in each cell, Conn- ing a berry-like Crait containing' 10 apparent seeds, or properly little stones. Flowers in lateral racemes; branchlets and leaves beset with resinous or clammy dots or atoms. 2. VACCK^IUM. Stamens 10 or 8: anthers tapering up into a tube with a hole at the top. Ovary with several or many ovules in each cell, Conning a pulpy many-seeded (rarely rather Cew-seededj berry. 3. CHIOGENES. Stamens 8: anthers with short cells minutely 2-pointed, and opening by a large chink down to the middle. Ovary 4-cellecl, in fruit a white many-seeded berry. II. HEATH FAMILY PROPER ; shrubs or small trees with calyx free from the ovary. § 1. HEATHS: the corolla persisting dry and scariovs long after the flowers open, enclosing the pod; the evergreen leaves needle-shaped or minute. Lobes of calyx and corolla 4 : stamens 8. No scaly leaf-buds. 4. ERICA. Corolla of various shapes, 4-toothed or 4-cleCt, longer than the calyx. Pod loculicidal. Leaves needle-shaped or linear with margins revolute. 5. CALLUNA. Corolla bell-shaped, 4-parted, much shorter and less conspicuous than the 4 colored and scarious-persistent sepals; below these 2 or 3 pairs of bracts, the inner ones scale-like. Pod septicidal. Leaves very short and small, opposite, crowded, and imbricated. § 2. Corolla deciduous (not remaining dry after flowering). * Monopetalous (or in No. 16 with two of the pttals nearly separate). t- Fruit berry-like, containing 5-10 seeds or very small stones: calyx dry underneath. 6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Corolla urn-shaped, 5-toothed, enclosing the Id sta- mens; their anthers opening at the top, and 2-awned 011 the back. Leave* alternate. -»- H— Fruit a dry and many-seeded pod, •w- But enclosed in the calyx which becomes thick and Jlrxliy, so that the fruit imitates a berry, but has a dry pod inside. 1. GAULTHERIA. Corolla oblong or short-cylindrical, 5-toothed. Anthers lo, 4-awned or 4-pointed at top, opening only there. Leaves alternate, broad, often spicy-aromatic, evergreen. •*-+• •"• Calyx dry and separate from the pod. a. Corolla salver-shaped, 5-lobed ; anther-s opening lengthwise, not appendaged. 8. EPIG/EA. Sepals r>. thin and scale-like, ovate-lanceolate, style slender. Leaves evergreen, reticulated, roundish. b. Corolla cylindrical, urn-shnped, orate, or globular, very rarely bdl-flm/nd. //«.- orifice o-toothed ; anthers oj/tnini/ wholly ur niniiily til the top. All belonged to ANDROMEDA of Linnaeus, now dividul ttgfullou's. 9. CASSANDRA. Calyx oC 5 ovate and acute rigid sepals overlapping in the bud, and a pair oC similar braetlet-i at its base. Corolla almost cylindrical. Anthers with tubular tips to the cells, and no awns on the back. Pod flatfish Crom above, when ripe splitting into an outer layer of o valves and an inner cartilaginous one of 10 valves. Shrub, with leaves rather scurfy. 10. LEUCOTHOE. Calyx of 5 almost separate .-epals a little overlapping in the bud. Corolla ovate-oblong or almost cylindrical. Anthers without tubular tips. Pod flattish from above, 5-valved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 212 HEATH FAMILY. 11. AXDROMKDA. Calyx valvate in the' curly bud: no bractlots. Corolla various. I'od L'lohular or short-ovate, -"-v.-ilved, loculicidal. Shrubs. 12. OXYDENDRUM. Calyx valvate in the bud; IK. hractlet-. Corolla ovate. Anthers awnles-. Pnd conical <>r pyramidal, 5-valved, loculicidal. Tree. C. Corolla (tisu'illi/ lurijt-j optn-bnU-shnptd, saucer-shaped, funnel-form, .)'•< •., :,-l,,bed or cleft : n'lttln rs short, without turns or other appendages, opening only by holes at the top : filaments luttj ami slender, as is also the style : pod septicidal .- leaves entire. = No scaly buds : bracts green, firm, and persistent. 13. KALMIA. Corolla broadly open, slightly ".-lobed, and with 10 pouches in which the lu anthers are "lodged until extricated l>y in-rcts, when the bent da-tic iilanicnts liy ii[) and discharge the pollen. 1'od globular. Leaves evergreen. Flowers in umbels or corymb-like clusters. c= = Flowers in umbel-like clusters from large scaly terminal buds, their thin scale- like bracts or bud-scales fulling as the blossoms are developed. Calyx often minute or obsolete. 14. RHODODENDRON. Corolla bell-shaped, funnel-form, or various. Stamens 10, often curved to the lower side. Leaves evergreen, or rarely deciduous. 1'od moi-tlv oblong. 15. AZALEA. Stamens 5, or rarely more, and leaves deciduous: otherwise nearly as in Rhododendron. And the characters run together, >o that Azaleas would hardly be kept distinct, except that they are so familiar in cultivation. 16. RHODORA. Like A/.alea, but the corolla strongly irregular, the upper part 3-lobed, the lower of 2 almost or quite separate petals; and stamens 10. * * Polypetalous or nearly so: the (white) corolla of 5 equal petals, •»- \Vldtlif spreading, oval or obovate : leaves evergreen : Jlowers in a terminal umbel. 17. LKKHMIYI.H'M. Stamens 10: anthers opening lengthwise. Pod 2-3-celled. Leaves small, smooth both sides, glossv, mostly opposite. 18. LEDTM. Stamens 5-10: anthers opening by holes at top. Pod 5-celled. Leaves alternate, thinnish, rusty-woolly underneath. Flowers from scaly . terminal buds, as in A/.alea. H- H- Petals less spreading : leaves deciduous : Jlowers in hoary racemes. 19. CLETIIKA. Sepals and obovate-oblong petals ~>. Stamens 10: anthers arrow- shaped and ivtlexed in the bud, the hole at the top of each cell then at the bottom. Style 3-cleft at the apex. 1'od U-valved, 3-eelled, enclosed in the calyx. Leaves alternate, serrate, feather-veined, deciduous. III. PYROLA FAMILY ; evergreen herbs or nearly so, with calyx free from the ovary, corolla of separate petals, anthers turned outwards in the hud, soon inverted, when the holes by which they open are at top. Seeds innumerable, with a loose cellular coat. 20. PYROLA. Flowers in a raceme on a scape which bears rounded leaves at base. Petals roundish, more or less concave. Stamens in, with awl-shaped filaments. Style long. Valves of pod cobwebby on the edge*. 21. MONF.SF.S. Flower solitary, with orbicular widely spreading (.-cimctinie- only 4) petals, conspicuously 2-horned anthers, large 5-rayed stigma on a straight style, and pod as in the next genus: otherwise like 1'yrola. 22. Cllf.MAl'lIlLA. Flowers several in a corymb or umbel, with orbicular widely- spreading petals, 2-horned anthers on lilamenN enlarged and hairy in the middle. Very short top-shaped style covered bv a broad orbicular stigma, and valve- .it'' pod smooth on the edges. Stems leafy below: leaves narrow, smooth and glos.-y. IV. INDIAN PIPE FAMILY ; herbs destitute of green foli- age, parasitic on roots of other plants ; commonly represented by one. common genus, viz. 23. MOXOTROPA. Calyx or 2 or more deciduous bract-like scales. Corolla of 4 or 5 erect spatnlate or wedge->haped petals, resembling the scales of the stem. Stamens s or |n: anthers kidney-shaped, opening across the top, style stout: stigma depressed. Pod 4 -u-culled, seeds innumerable, minute, resembling fmc sawdust. HEATH FAMILY. 1. GAYLUSSACIA, HUCKLEBERRY or AMERICAN WIIORTLK- BERKY. (Named for the French chemist (lay-Lussac.) Flower-, white tinned with reddi.>h, in hite spring .- the edil)le fruit ripe late in summer, that of the first species largely gathered for the market. G. resinbsa, COMMON or BLACK H. Low or rocky ground, common ex- cept S. W., l°-3° high, clammy-resinous when young, with rigid hranelies, oval leaves, short one-sided racemes in clusters, rather cylindrical corolla, and black fruit without a bloom. G. frondbsa, BLUE-TANGLE or DANGLEBERRY. Low grounds from NY\v England S., with diverging slender branches, pale leaves white beneath, slen- der racemes and pedicels, short corolla, and sweet blue-black fruit with a bloom. G. dumbsa, DWARF H. Sandy soil near the coast, rather hairy or bristly, with thickish rather shining oblong leaves, long racemes, leaf-like oval bracts to the pedicels, bell-shaped corolla, and insipid black fruit. 2. VACCINIUM, CRANBERRY, BLUEBERRY, &c. (Ancient Latin name, of obscure meaning.) Berry edible. (Lessons, p. 96, fig. 274.) § 1. BLUEBERRIES, beyond New England commonly called HUCKLEBERRIES, w ilk leaves deciduous at least in the Northern Stales ; flowers in sjiring in clusters from scaly buds separate from and rather curlier than tin- leaves; corolla oblong or short cylindrical, ^-toothed, enclosing the 10 anthers, berries ri/ie in summer, sweet, blue or black loith a bloom, each of the 5 many-seeded cells divided into two. V. Pennsylvanicum, DWARF EARLY BLUEBERRY. Dry or barely moist grounds N. and E. : 6' - 15' high, with green angular branches, mostly lance-oblong leaves bristly-serrulate and smooth and shining both sides, the sweet berries earliest to ripen. V. Canad6nse, CANADA B. Low grounds onlyN., is taller, l°-2° high, the broader entire leaves and branchlets downy. V. vacillans, Low PALE B. Dry woodlands, less northern ; l°-3° high, with yellowish branches, smooth and pale or glaucous leaves obovatc or oval and entire, and berries ripening later than the first. V. tenellum, SOUTHERN B. Low grounds from Virginia S. ; 1° -3° high, with greenish branches rather pubescent, obovatc-oblong or oblanceolate leaves scarcely serrulate and often pubescent, £'- 1' long. V. COrymbbsum, COMMON SWAMP B. K. & S. in wet or low grounds : 3° - 10° high, with oval or oblong leaves, either smooth or downy, pale or green, and sweetish berries ripening in late summer ; in one downy-leaved variety pure black without a bloom. § 2. EVERGREEN BLUEBERRIES of the South, in low pine barrens, procunilmit or only 1° - 2° high, with 5-toothcd corolla and 10 stamens. V. myrsinites, with stems 6' - 20' high, lanceolate or lance-obovate leaves £' - 1 ' long and mostly pale beneath, and black or blue berries. V. Crassif61iu.m, with procumbent slender stems, thick and shining oval or oblong leaves ^' or less in length, their margins revolute, globular-bell-shapcd corolla, and black berries. § 3. FARKLEBERRY and DEERBERRY ; erect shrubs with single axillary or racemed flowers on slender pedirels, in early summer, »/>i u-ln U-shaped corolla, 10 stamens, anthers with very slender tubes and 2 aims on the hue/.-, and insipid berries ripening late, each of their 5 cells divided into tiro, and maturing few seeds. V. arbbreum, FARKLEBERRY. Open woods from Virg. and S. 111. S. : 8°- 15° high, evergreen far S., with oval glossy leaves, anthers included in the 5-toothed white corolla, and black mealy berries. V. stamineum, DEERBERRY or SQUAW-HUCKLEBERRY. Dry woods, N. & S. : 2° -.3° high, rather downy, with dull and pale ovate or oval leaves, anthers much longer than the greenish or whitish 5-clcft corolla, and laryu- greenish berries. 211 IIKATH FAMILY. § 4 CRANBERRY; creeping or trailing very slender hardly woody plants, with small evergreen leaves tr/titis/t hcnrnth, single flowers in summer, borne on slfndi r ii-ii-t /Kilii-i/.-i, /ink rose corolla M World. The Heaths of the con>ervatories, Uooming in winter, helony to various species from C'ape of Good Hope, Of the European species one hears the winter well at the North, and is planted, viz. E. carnea (in the form called K. IIKRB\CEA), of the Alps ; a low under- sliruh, with linear b'uiit leaves whorled in fours, and rosy or bright tle>h-colorcd (lowers, with narrow corolla rather longer than calyx, in early spring. 5. CALLUNA, HEATHER, LING. (Name from Greek, to sweep, brooms being made from its twigs in Europe.) C. VUlgai'is, COMMON II. of North Europe, seldom planted, very sparingly found wild in E. New England and Nova Scotia, &e. : II. summer. 6. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS, BEARBEEBY (the name in Greek). A. D'va-'drsi, COMMON H. ; trailing over rocks and bare Mis N., forming mats, with thick smooth and entire ohovate or spatulate evergreen leaver, and small scalv-hraeted nearlv white flowers in a short raceme, in early spring, fol- lowed by 'the red austere berries. Leaves used in medicine, a>tringent and .some\\ hat mucilaginous. 7. GAULTHERIA, AROMATIC WINTERGHEEN, &c. (Named for />,-. (i,iiiitlii,r or ti'anltin- of Quebec, over IMd years ago.) G. prociimbens, ('i;i:i:i>iNr, W., r,<>\r.i KKV, CMI:< 'KKRHERRY, Xc. ; common in evergreen and low woods, spreading by long and slender mo-tly Mil.lerraneaii runners, sending up stems :V - .V In'uh. bearing at summit a few obovate or oval leaves and in summer one or two nodding white flowers in the a\ils. the edible red " berries " la-ting over winter : the-e and the folia-e famil- iar for their spicv tlavor, yielding the oil of wintergreen G. Shallon, in the shade of evergreen wood- of Oregon. &c., and sparingly ]ilanted, a shrub spreading over the ground, with glossy ovate slightly heart t-haped leaves al>oui :!' lony, and (lowers in racemes. 8. EPIG-2EA. (Name in Greek tneau- on tin- i/ronnd, from the growth.) E. l*6pens, TK\II.IN<: Ain-.fTrs, GI;.MM> LM-IM i , or, in New England, MAYFLOWER. Sandy or some rocky woods, chiefly E., under pines, \c. ; pros- HEATH FAMILY. 215 trate, with rusty-bristly shoots, somewhat heart-shaped leaves slender-petioled, and small clusters of rose-colored or almost white spicy-fragrant flowers in early spring. 9. CASSANDRA, LEATHER-LEAF. (A mythological name.) C. calyculata. Wet bogs N. and mostly E. ; low much branched shrub, with small and nearly evergreen dull oblong leaves sprinkled with some fine scurf or scaly atoms, and small white flowers in the axils of the upper leaves forming one-sided leafy racemes, in early spring. 10. LEUCOTHOE. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, in naked scaly-bracted racemes or spikes, which are formed in summer and open the next year. § 1 . Evergreens on moist Ixinks of streams, with very smooth and glossy finely and sharply serrate leaves ; the rather catkin-like dense racemes sessile in their a,rils ; bractlets at the base of the short pedicels ; flowers in spring, exhaling the-scent of Chestnut-blossoms. L. Catesbaei, abounds from Virginia S. along and near the mountains, with long recurving branches, ovate-lanceolate and very taper-pointed leaves on conspicuous petioles, and narrowish sepals. L. axillaris, belongs to the low country S., flowers very early, has broader less pointed leaves on very short petioles, and broad-ovate sepals. § 2. Deciduous-leaved, with one-sided looser racemes at the ends of the branches, flowering in late spring or summer after the membranaceous leaves are developed ; bractlets dose to the calyx, acute. L. racembsa. Low grounds E. & S. ; erect, 4° - 8° high, with oblong acute serrulate leaves a little downy beneath, long and upright racemes, and 4-awned anthers. 11. ANDROMEDA. (Mythological name.) Flowers white, rarely tinged with rose, mostly in spring. § 1 . Flowers in naked one-sided racemes crowded at the end of the branches, formed in summer and opening early the next spring : leaves evergreen. A. floriblinda. Along the Alleghanies S. and planted for ornament ; 30 _ 10° high, very leafv, the lance-oblong acute leaves serrulate with very fine bristly teeth, abundance of handsome flowers, the ovate-urnshaped corolla strongly 5-angled ; anthers 2-awned low on the back. § 2. Flowers in umbel-like clusters: leaves evergreen : stamens 2-awned. A. polif61ia. Cold wet bogs N. ; 6' - 1 8' high, smooth and glaucous ; with lanceolate entire revolute leaves white beneath, flowers in a simple termi- nal umbel, the corolla almost globular. A. nitida. Low pine-barrens from North Carolina S. ; 2° -6° high, very smooth, with 3-angled branchlets, ovate or oblong and entire glossy leaves, abundant honey-scented flowers in numerous axillary clusters, and ovate- cylindrical corolla. § 3. Flowers in umbel-like clusters on wood of the previous year, in late spring or ear/// summer: leaves mostly deciduous, but often thickish or coriaceous : pods 5-angled by a prominent rib or ridge at the lines of opening. * Flowers £' or more, long, nodding, smooth, clustered mostly on leafless shoots : stamens 2-awned. Smooth orniiinnitnl shrubs, 2°-4° hiiih. A. specibsa. Low barrens S., barely hardy X. in cultivation; with oval or oblong blunt and serrate leaves, often' mealy-whitened ; corolla open bell- shaped. A. Mariana, STAGGER-BUSH (the foliage said to poison lambs and calve>). Low grounds E. & S. ; with glossy oval or oblong entire veiny leaves, and leaf-like lanceolate sepals half the length of the almost cylindrical corolla. 216 HEATH FAMILY. * Flowers very small, with globular and scurfy-pubescent corolla. Rusty pu- bescent or scurfy shrubs, 4° - 10° high. A. ferruginea. Low sandy grounds S. with thick and rigid mostly ever- green rusty obovate leaves, the margins revolute. A. ligustrina. Low grounds E. & S. ; with thin and green obovate-oblong leaves, and jmnicled clusters of small flowers. 12. OXYDENDRUM, SORREL-TREE, SOUR- WOOD. (Both the Greek-made and English names refer to the sour-tasted leaves.) One species. O. arbbreum. Rich woods, Pcnn. to Ohio and S. ; tree 15° -40° high, smooth, with oblong-lanceolate pointed serrulate leaves (resembling those of The Peach), on slender petioles, and white flowers in long one-sided racemes clus- tered in a loose panicle at the end of the branches of the season, in early summer. 13. KALMIA, AMERICAN or MOUNTAIN LAUREL. (Named for Peter l\«l m, pupil of Linmeus, who travelled in this country before the middle of the last century.) Ornamental shrubs, scarcely found W. : foliage thought to poison cattle. Fl. spring and early summer. K. latifolia, LARGE MOUNTAIN-L., also CALICO-BDSH, SPOON-WOOD, &c., in Middle Status. Common N. in damp grounds and along the mountains S.' where it forms very dense thickets, 4°-10° or even 20° "high, with mostly alternate lance-ovate leaves bright green l>oth sides ; the large and showy clusters of rose-color or white or crimson-spotted flowers terminal and clammy in early summer. K. angustifdlia, NARROW-LEAVED or SHEEP L., LAMKILL. Low or dry grounds ; 2°-;i° high, with narrow-oblong short-petioled leaves opposite or in threes and pale beneath, and corymbs uf .smaller crimson-purple flowers lat- eral (in late spring), their pedicels 'recurved in fruit. K. glauca, I'AI,K L. Cold bogs N. ; l°-2° high, with 2-ed-ed branches, opposite sessile oblong or linear leaves white beneath and with revolute margins, the corymbs of lilac-purple flowers terminal, in spring. 14. RHODODENDRON, ROSE-BAY. (The name in Greek means ttos&tree.) Very ornamental shrubs or small trees. Calyx in our species small or minute. * Leaves thick and evergreen, smooth : branches stiff ami e-vrt .- flowers in early summer from very large terminal buds: coiolta brond'i/ foil-shaped. R. maximum, GREAT R. or WILD LATUEI,. Mountain sides, abundant through the. Alleghanies, and N sparingly to Maine and Canada- (>°-20° high, with lance-Oblong leaves (4'-K>' Ion-) narrowM, !,<•!,, \v, elaminv i.edi- •Is, and pale ruse or nearly white corolla (I' broad) greenish in the throat, on the upper side more or less spotted with yellow or reddish : tl. midsummer. R. Catawbiense, CATAWHA R. High Alleghanies from Virginia S., and planted; 3°-6° high, with oval or ohlom; leaves rounded at both e*ds and pale beneath (:{'-.V long), usually rusty pedicels, and large purple corolla: early summer. This, hybridized with other less |K,nlv species especially with the next, and with the tender R. arboreum of the 'Himalayas (cult, in conservatories) gives rise to most of the various Rhododendrons of ornamental grounds. R. P6nticum, from Pontus, &c., hardv when planted N. only as a low Shrub, has ohovate-laneeolate leaves tapering to the base, and a very open bell- Bhaped purple corolla, in late spring. * * Leaves evergreen, but thinnish ; branrlrs slmdcr and spreading or droopir,,, : flowers in enr/i/ sii R. punctatum, DOTTED R. Aloni; the mountains E. from N. Carolina 8., and sparingly planted; 4° -6° high, with ohlong or lance-oblong leaves "cute at both ends, 2' -4' long, and sprinkled, like the branchlets and outride ot the rather small short funnel-shaped rose-colored corolla, with rusty dots 01 atoms. HEATH FAMILY. 217 * * * Leaves tardily deciduous, thickish : Jlowers borne on the naked shoots in earliest spring : corolla almost wheel-sha/ied, bright rose-purple. R. Dauricum, cult, from Siberia ; a low shrub, with small oblong leaves (!' -2' long) sprinkled with minute dots, becoming rusty beneath. 15. AZALEA. (Name in Greek means arid ; not applicable to these orna- mental shrubs, which grow in low, wet, or shady grounds.) § 1. CHINESE AZALEAS, with thickish almost or quite evergreen leaves, rather leafy calyx, short-tubtd corolla approaching to bell-shapid, and often 10 stamens, — therefore in strictness rather Rhododendrons : A. Indica, cult, from China and Japan, &c., is however the AZALEA of florists, flowering in late winter and early spring in conservatories, with red, purple, pink, white or variegated showy flowers, green rather shining leaves, and shoots beset with appressed awl-shaped rusty bristles. § 2. TRUE AZALEAS or FALSE HONEYSUCKLES, with deciduous leaves, slen- der cylindrical tube to the corolla, the chiefly 5 stamens and the style long and protruded : hardy ornamental shrubs. * Flowers developed later than the leaves, in summer, very fragrant. A. viscbsa, CLAMMY A. Swamps E. & S. ; 4° -10° high, with bristly branchlets, oblong-obovate mostly smooth leaves commonly pale or whitish beneath, often glossy above, and white or rosy-tinged very clammy flowers. * * Flowers developed with or rather before the thin and veiny mostly pubescent leaves, in /ale spring, slightly fragrant. A. nudiflbra, PURPLE A. or PINXTER-FLOWER. Swamps, chiefly E. & S. ; 30 _ go high, with oblong or obovate leaves ; branchlets and narrow tube of the rose or pink-red corolla rather glandular-pubescent, and calyx very small. A. calendulacea, FLAME-COLORED A. In and near the Alleghanies, especially S., and cult, in hybrid forms ; has yellow or flame-colored corolla and 3arger calyx-lobes than the preceding. A. Pontica, planted from the Old World, a native of the Caucasus ; has larger (2' or more broad) golden or orange-yellow flowers, terminating naked branches, the tube clammy-downy. 16. RHODORA. (Name made from the Greek word for Rose, from the color of the flowers and general likeness to Rhododendron.) R. Canaddnsis. Cold wet grounds, from Penn. N. & E. : low shrub, with handsome rose-pink flowers in spring, somewhat earlier than the pale rather hairy leaves. 17. LEIOPHYLLUM, SAND -MYRTLE. (Name from the Greek, meaning smooth le/tf v L. buxifblium. In sand, from New Jersey S. ; evergreen shrub a few inches high, much brancned, with oval or oblong Myrtle-like leaves (from 4' to near %' long), and umbels of small white flowers in late spring. 18. LEDUM, LABRADOR TEA. (An old Greek name.) Fl. early summer. L. Iatif61ium, COMMON or BROAD-LEAVED L. Low and damp or wet grounds from Penn. N. ; 2° -5° high, with oblong leaves, usually 5 stamens, and oblong pods. 19. CLETHRA, WHITE ALDER. (Old Greek name of Alder, from some resemblance in the foliage.) Fl. in summer. C. alnifblia, the only common species, in low grounds, 3° - 10° high, with wcdge-obovate sharply serrate straight-veined leaves, and upright pamcled racemes of fragrant small flowers. 218 HOLLY FAMILY. 20. PYROLA, WIXTEHGRKKX, SlIIX-LKAF. (Old name, .liminu- live of /'i/nis, ihc IVar-tree, the application not obvious.) Flowers mostly greenish-white, in summer.) * Flowir* niidilinif. tin /iitit/* jxirilij r.r]>a/«linr/, the hanging sfi/le more or less curt'iil, tijijinl iriili a. narrow sli'/ma, and stamens ascending. P. rotundif61ia. Damp or sandy wood- ; has thick and shining round lea\e> on short petioles, ma ii \ -dowered raceme, and blunt anthers : a variety in lio^s has rose-purple flowers. P. elliptica. Rich woods N. ; has thinnish and dull upright leave- on rather long and margined petioles ; the greenish-white tlowers nearly as in the preceding. P. Chlorantha. Open woods X. ; smaller, the scape only 5'- 6' high, with a few grceni>h. white (lowers, thick but dull roundi.-h leaves only 1' long, and anther- .-hort-liorned. * * flowers all turned to one sidt>, rather spreading than nodding, the petals con- niriiuj, stamens and style straight, stigma large and 5-rayed. P. secunda. Rich woods N. & E. : slender, 3' - 6' high, with thin ovate lea\es and dense spike-like r.ic 'inc. 21. MONESES, OXE-FLOWERED W1XTERGREEX. (Xame, from the Greek, refers to the solitary (lower.) Flowering in early summer. M. imiflora. Cold woods N. E. : with roundish and serrate veiny leaves alu MII V Ion-, -cape •>.' -4' high, and rather large white or rose-colored (lower. 22. CHIMAPHILA, TIPSISSEWA or PHIXCES-PIXE. (Xamc from Greek, means l,,r«- ,,/' irini tlowers. 23. MONOTROPA, 1XD1 AX PIPE. (Name from the Greek, refers to the flower or summit of the stem turned over to one side, or hanging : in fruit it straightens.) F'l. summer. M. uniflbra, <'C,\IM,,\ INDIAN PIIM; or Coursic-pi. VNT ; in rich woods , smooth, waxy-white all over, 3' - 6' high, with one rather lar-e nodding flower of' ."> petals and ID stamen-. M. Hypopitys, PINK-SAP or FALSK P.i.i.m-i.uors ; in Oak and Pine woods; rather downy, tawny or reddish, fragrant, 4' -12' high, with several smallish tlowers in a scaly raceme, having 4 petals and 8 stamens, or the upper- most "> petals and ID stamen-. 65. AQUIFOLIACEJE, HOLLY FAMILY. Trrc- «r -limbs, with ;illonialc. simple Imvrs, small mostly po- IvganiiMis or (lid-cjoiis axillary flowers, lia\ inir divisions of the five calyx, petals (the-e almo-t or <|iiite diMinet), >tainens (alternate, with petal-), and cells of the ovary of the same number (4-6 or even ',), and I'ruit. berry-like, containing 4-G single-seeded little slones. Solitary ovule hanging from the (op of each cell. Sessile Btigmas 4 — 6, or united into one. Flowers white. i\i:.Moi'A\Tj[i:s CANAPKNSIS, sometimes called MOUNTAIN HOL- I.Y, shrub with slender petals and large dull red berries, in cold woods or bogs N., is (he only representative besides the species of EBONY I-'AMILY. 21!) 1. ILEX, HOLLY. (Ancient Latin name, which however belonged rather to an Oak than to Holly.) Fl. early summer : fruit autumn. § 1. TRUE HOLLY, with thick and rigid evergreen leaves, red berries, and parts of the flowers in fours, rarely some in fives or sixes. I. Aquif61ium, EUROPEAN HOLLY, is occasionally planted, not quite hardy N. ; tree with more glossy and spiny leaves, and brighter red berries than I. opaea, AMERICAN* H. Low grounds from E. New England S. ; tree 20°-40° high, smooth, with gray bark, oval leaves wavy-margined and .-pinv- toothcd. I. Dahdon, DAHOON H. Shrub or small tree, of low pine-barrens from Eastern Virginia S., a little downy, with obovate or oblong-linear short-petioled leaves sparingly toothed above the middle ; or, var. BIYRTIFOLIA, with n arrow IT leaves barely 1' long and mostly entire. I. Cassine, YAUPON H. Shrub on the sandy coast S., with oblong or lance-ovate crenatc leaves only 1' long, and flowers in sessile clusters. Leaves used for Ya upon tea. § 2. PRINOS, &c., shrubs with deciduous mostly thin leaves, and red berries. * Parts of the flower 4, 5, rarely 6 : nutlets striate on the back. I. decidua. Wet grounds S. & W. ; with wedge-oblong or lancc-obovafe obtusely serrate leaves downy on the midrib beneath, when old glossy above, and with acute calyx-lobes. I. ambigua. Wet grounds S. ; with the thin oval or oblong pointed leaves smooth or smoothish and sharply serrate, and obtuse ciliate calyx-lobes. I. mollis. Shady grounds along the Alleghanies from Penn. S."; like the last, but soft-downy, and fertile peduncles very short. * * Parts of -the blossom 6 (or sometimes 5-9) in the fertile, 4-6 in the sterile flowers : nutlets of the berry smooth and even. I. verticillata, COMMON WINTERBERRY or BLACK ALDER. Common In low grounds ; with obovate or wedge-lanceolate serrate leaves (l^'-2' long) acute or pointed at both ends, the lower surface often downy, verv short-pedim- cled flowers mostly clustered, and very bright scarlet-red berries ripening late in autumn. There is nothing whorled in the leaves or flowers, so that the name is rather misleading. I. Isevigata, SMOOTH W. Wet grounds along the coast of New England to Virginia ; has smoother and narrower minutely serrate leaves glo>sy above, long-peduncled sterile flowers, and larger less bright berries ripening earlier. § 3. INKBERRY ; shrubs m'th tlu'ckish evergreen leaves glossy above, often blackish- dotted beneath, parts of the flower 6, or rarely 7-9, and with black astringent bei~ries, their nutlets smooth and even. I. glabra, COMMON IXKRERRY. Along sandy coast from Mass. S., 2° - 4° high ; with wedge-oblong few-toothed near the apex, flowers several on the sterile, solitary on the fertile peduncles. I. COriacea. Wet soil from Carolina S. ; 4° -8° high, with larger obovatf oblong or oval leaves entire or with scattered .sharp teeth. 66. EBENACE.ZE, EBONY FAMILY. Trees, with hard wood, no milky juice, alternate entire leaves, from 2 to 4 times as many stamens as there are lobes to the corolla, several-celled ovary, with a single ovule hanging in each cell, and berry with large hard-coated seeds. Represented only by 1. DIOSPYROS, PERSIMMON, DATE -l'I, I'M. (Ancient Greek name.) Flowers polygamous or dicecious the fiTti'e ones single in axils of leaves, the sterile smaller and often clustered. Calyx and corolla each 4-6- lobed. Stamens about 16 in the stewle, 8 imperfect ones in the fertile flowers, 220 STORAX FAMILY. inserted (,n the tube of the corolla : anthers turned inwards. Berry edible when very ripe, plum-like, frlohnhir, surrounded at base l.v the per-Ntent thickish calyx. Fl. early summer. D. Virginiana, COMMON P. Southern New England to Illinois and S. : tree 20°-60° hi^h, with very hard blackish wood, nearly smooth tliickish ovate leaves, very short peduncles, 4-parted calyx, pule yellow 4-cleft corolla, 4 stvlcs 2-lobed at tip, s-eclled ovary, and plum-like fruit green and very acerb, but yel- low, sweet, and eatable after frost. 67. SAFOTACE^I, SAPPODILLA FAMILY. Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood, and in other respects also resembling the last family, but mostly with milky juice, perfect flowers, anthers turned outwards, erect ovules, and Lony-coated seeds. Represented S. by a few species of 1. BUMELIA. (Ancient name of a kind of Ash, transferred to this penus.) Flowers Mnall, white or whitish, in clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calvx "•parted. Corolla 5-eleft, and with a pair of internal appenda-o between the lobes, 5 jjood stamens before them, and as many petal-like Sterile ones or scales alternating. Ovary o-celled, hairy : Style 1, pointed. Fruit cherrv- likc, containing a single lanre stony-coated seed. Small trees or shrubs, wiib branches often spiny, and deciduous but thickish leaves entire. Fl. summer: fruit purple or blackish. Natives of river-banks, base, coherent merely with the base ..' lll(1 8-celled many-ovuled ovary. Corollaopen bell-shaped, mostly 6-parted rather downy OUtside. Stamens twice OS many as the io lies,, C the corolla, with flat filaments monadelphoua at base, and' linear anthers. Fruit drv, l-celled, with usually only one globular hard-coated seed at it- base. IALESIA Flowers in fasoiclea .-tigmas, and the free ovary 1 -celled, containing a single ovule hanging; on a sh-nder stalk which rises from its base ; the fruit a small utricle. § 1. Low hardy herbs, with haves all from the root, aiul flowers on scapes, having a funnel-shaped srariiing ruly.r. urm-ly or quite separate /Ht'ils liiprriny at base, and 5 almost or quite separate styles. 1. AK.MK1.MA. Tufti-il plants with evergreen very narrow and entire leaves, simple scapes bearing a head of rose-colored flowers, and styles plumose- hairy towards the ba-e. 2. STAT'ICE. Broadish-leaved herlis, with scapes branching into a panicle, bearing 3-bracted (lowers or clusters : styles smooth. § 2. Plants of warm regions, with branching mostly woody stems bearing alternate tntirb U'lircs, in/if brai'tvil spikes <;/' handsome Jiuteerts, huviity a tubular calyx and corolla, ana one style bearing i'l stiymas. 3. I'LOlBAiii i. Calyx ">-toothcd at the apex, glandular along the 5 ribs or angles. Corolla salver-form, with long tube. 1. ARMERIA, THRIFT. (Old Celtic name latinized.) Fl. summer. ^ A. vulgaris (also called A. MAK/TIMA), COMMON THRIFT, wild on shores of Europe, ,£c., cult, in gardens for edgings, &c., with short spreading leaves and scape 3' - 6' high. 2. STATICE. (Ancient Greek, moaning astringent, the roots used as such in popular medicine.) A few species of the. Old World are cult, in choice gardens, but not commonly. 2/ S. Lim6niuin, SEA-LAVENDEB or MAKSH-HOSKMARY. Along the coast in salt-marshes : with oblong or spatulutu thick and pale leaves on slender peti.ilcs, scapes l°-2° high, bearing hivcudei -colored (lowers all summer. 3. PLUMBAGO, LKADWoKT (which the Latin name denotes). The following are. cult, in conservatories, or turned out to flower all summer. P. Cap6nsis, CAPE L., with somewhat climbing angled stems, oblong spatulate leaves, and large pale, or lead-blue corolla, the tube li' long. P. COCCinea, l\icn-ri.nwi:i:i;i> L., of the Hast Indies, is mure tender, with dee]) red (lowers. P. Zeylanica, WHITE-FLOWERED L., of die East Indies, with smaller white (lowers. 71. PRIMULACE.S), PRIMROSE FAMILY. Herbs with regular perfect flowers, the stamens borne on the (•orollji, and as many as its divisions and oppo-ite them, one style, ami stigma, and many or sometimes lew ovules on a f'rve central pla- centa of the one-celled ovary, in fruit a pod. § 1. M7//I i«irtaiiienr, included in i!~ tube. 1'u.l opening by valves or teeth at the tup. Flowers ill an umbel, which is B63 lie in uiie species, but UMiallv rai-ed on a scape. 2. DO|)|;C \ i IIKON. Calyx 6-parted, reflexed. Corolla 6-parted; the divisions l:nice.,l:ite. ~tiMiiL.rl\ 1'ellexed. Stamens conniving in a long slender eune, the linear anthers very much longer than the short partly moiiadelphous lila- meiit.s. 1'od splitting into 0 valves. Flowers in an umbel. PRIMROSE FAMILY. 223 * # From a depressed or biscuit-shaped fleslnj corm. 3. CYCLAMEN. Flower resembling that of Dodecatheon, but only one on a scape or stalk. Anthers sessile, pointed. § 2. With leofy stems, the leaves simple and chiefly entire, # In one tohorl at the summit of the slender stem: parts of the flower 7. 4. TRIENTALIS. Calyx and corolla wheel-shaped, of mostly 7 divisions united only at base, those of the former linear-lanceolate, of the latter oblon both pointed. Filaments united in a ring at base: anthers oblong, curving when old. Flowers white. # * Tre pairs or whorls along the stems : parts of the flower mostly 5. 5. LYSIMACHIA. Corolla yellow, wheel-shaped, 5-parted (or rarely of 5, 6, or even 7 nearly or quite separate narrow petals). Filaments beardless, often monadelphous at base. Pod splitting into valves. 6. ANAGALLIS. Corolla red, blue, or white, wheel-shaped, the 5 divisions broad. Filament-* bearded. Pod (a pyxis) open by a transverse division, the top falling oft* as a lid, many-seeded. * * # Alternate leaves along the branching stems : base of calyx and ovary coherent. 7. SAMOLUS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla bell-shaped, 5-cleft, with a little body like a sterile filament in the clefts. Stamens included. Pod many-seeded, splitting into 5 valves. Flowers small, white, in racemes. § 3. With hollow inflated leafy stems ; the leaves wlwrled or scattered, the lower ones pinnately parted : parts of the flower 5. 8. HOTTONIA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla short salver-shaped : stamens included. Pod opening by 5 clefts down the side, many-seeded. Flowers small, in whorls along the upper part of the stem and branches. 1. PRIMULA, PRIMROSE, COWSLIP, &c. (Name from primns, spring, from the flowering-time of true Primrose.) ^ Twro small species are scarce along our northern borders (see Manual) : the following are the common ones cult, for ornament. * Tender house-plant, with inflated conical calyx, and round-heart-shaped 7 — 9- lobed leaves. P. Sinensis, CHINESE PRIMROSE, a downy plant, with often proliferous umbels of large and showy flowers, purple, rose, or white, sometimes double, in one variety cut-fringed. * * Hardi/ or nearly so, from Eu , with larrjc tubular or oblong-bell-shaped nni/lnl ai/i/.r, inn! wrinkled-veiny oblony or aputn/nt/' /W;/vs /ii/><:/-<>ty into short wintj- margined petioles : flowers naturally yellow, in sprint/. P. grandifl6ra (or ACAULIS), TRUE PRIMROSE, has leaves somewhat hairy beneath, and the large flowers rising on slender pedicels from their axils, the proper scapes not developed ; corolla flat, sulphur-yellow. P. officinalis (or VERIS), ENGLISH COWSLIP; somewhat pubescent with minute pale down, .-capes bearing the umbels above the leaves, much smaller flowers of deeper color, and the limb of corolla rather concave or cup-like, tin- throat commonly orange. The sorts of POLYANTHUS arc cultivated varictie-, with flowers enlarged, of various colors, or partycolored, often more or less double. * * * Srtiri'f'/i/ Jut r/ N., irith bcll-slinpcd mli/.r much shorter than t/n- /'ini/n/- shaped corolla, and smooth and tiiicl.- obovate /mi-t-s, mostly covered icit/i some fine mealiness. P. Auricula, AURICULA, of Southern Europe; low, with sessile leaves, and scape bearing a few fragrant flowers, these pale yellow, with varieties white, purple, or of various hues, sometimes full double. 2. DODECATHEON. (Fanciful name, from Greek for D. Meadia, called SHOOTING-STAR at the Wot, or sometime.- AMI. KM \N COWSLIP : in rich open woods from IVnn. S. and especially W., and cult, for ornament : smooth, with a cluster of oblong or spatulate leaves around the base 224 PRIMROSE FAMILY. of a simple scape, 6' -2° high, which has an umbel of several or many hand- some rose-purple or often white flowers nodding on the slender pedicels, becom- ing erect in fruit : fl. late spring. 3. CYCLAMEN". (Classical name for the wild plant of Europe called SOWBREAD.) Cult, in this country as house-plants tor winter-flowering. Flowers ro-c-eo!orcd, pink, or white, nodding on the apex of the stalk, the reflexed lobes turned upwards. 2/ C. Europseum, COMMON C. Corm l'-2' in diameter, sending up heart- shaped thick sometimes angled leaves, often marked with white above and crimson-purple or violet beneath, on slender petioles, and (lowers with open thmat and oval or oblong divisions, the tlower-stalks coiled up after flowering so as to bring the pod to the ground to ripen. C. Persicum, PERSIAN C., is more tender, with longer and lanceolate di\ i-ious and less open throat to the corolla, the flower-stalks not coiling after blossoming. 4. TRIENTALIS, CHICKWEED-WIXTERGREEN. (From Latin for the third part of a foot, the usual height of the European species.) 11 T. Americana, AMERICAN C. or STAR-FLOWER. In open low woods, especially N. : a pretty plant, the stem bearing a few scales below, and at top a whorl of long-lanceolate leaves tapering to both ends, also 2 or 3 slender- stalked delicate rowers with taper-pointed petals, in spring. 5. LYSIMACHIA, LOOSESTRIFE (which the name means in Greek). Fl. summer. ^ § 1. ]Vi/d species of the country, in low or wet grounds : corolla yellow. L. thyrsiflbra. Wet swamps N. : smooth, with simple stem leafless at ba-e, above with lanceolate sessile leaves, in the axils of one or two of them a ,-hort-peduncled oblong spike or cluster of small flowers, having slender fila- ments and lance-linear mostly separate purplish-dotted petals, and as many little teeth between them. L. Stricta. Common N. & S. : smooth, very leafy, branching, with mostly opposite lanceolate sessile dark-dotted leaves tapering to each end, (lowers on slender pedicels in a terminal long raceme leafy at base, unequal filaments mo- nadelphous, and lance-oblong lobes of corolla blackish-streaked. L. quadrifblia. Sandy moist ground : rather hairy, with ovate-lanceolate ;;essile leaves 4 (or 3-6) in a whorl, slender peduncles in the axils of the upper ones, and ovatc-obloug lobes of corolla dark-streaked. L. ciliata. Low thickets; with erect stems 2° -3° high, opposite dotless leaves lance-ovate with rounded or heart-shaped ciliate base and on fringed petioles, flowers nodding on slender peduncles from the upper axils, light yellow corolla not streaked nor dotted, the lobes round-ovate and wavy-margined or denticulate, little longer than the sepals. L. radicans, from Virginia S. W., resembles the foregoing, but stems or Iwanches reclined and rooting, and leaves and flowers smaller by half. L. lanceolata, commonest W. & S., is similar, but with oblong or linear leaves mostlv narrowed into short and margined petioles. L. Ionglf61ia, from Western New York W., ha< similar but deeper yellow (lowers, and sessile linear blunt stem-leaves of thicker texture. § 2. European spu-ii* hi cultivated grounds, frc. L. vulgaris, COMMON L. of Europe: a rather stout downy plant, 2° -3° high, with oblong or lance-ovate leaves 3 or 4 in a whorl, flowers in panicles, and monadelphoufi filaments. L. nummularia, MONKYWOUT : trailing and creeping in damp garden- grounds, or running wild sometimes; smooth, with opposite small round lea\es, and solitary flowers in their axils on short peduncles. (Lessons, p. 73, tig. 199.) BLADDERWOUT FAMILY. 225 6. AN AGALLIS, PIMPERNEL. (Old Greek name, meaning delightful.) Low herbs of the Old World, flowering all summer. A. arvensis, COMMON P. or POOR-MAN'S WEATHER-GLASS, the small (red, purple, or white) flowers said to close at the approach of rain ; in gardens and running wild in sandy fields ; spreading on the ground, with pale ovate leaves shorter than the peduncles, and rounded petals fringed with minute glandular teeth. ® A. CSerulea, BLUE P., of the gardens, a tender mostly larger form of the preceding, with larger blue flowers. (T) 7. SAMOLUS, WATER-PIMPERNEL, BROOKWEED. (Old name, of unknown meaning.) Fl. late summer. © 2/ S. Valerandi, var. Americanus. Along rills and wet places ; spread- ing, 6' — 10' high, with obovate leaves, and very small flowers on slender pedi- cels, which bear a bractlet at the middle, but no bract at base. 8. HOTTONIA, WATER VIOLET or FEATHERFOIL. (Named for a Prof. Hotton of Holland.) Fl. summer. 2/ H. inflata. A singular plant in pools and ditches, smooth, with stems and branches much inflated except at the joints, bearing finely cut pectinate leaves ; flowers white. 72. LENTIBULACE^I, BLADDERWORT FAMILY. Aquatic or marsh herbs, with the ovary and pod as in Primrose Family, but with irregular bilabiate flowers bearing a spur or sac underneath, and only 2 stamens: — represented by the two follow- ing genera. 1. UTRICULARIA. Calyx parted into 2 nearly entire lips. Corolla deeply 2- lipped, the lower lip bearing above a prominent palate closing the throat, and below a large spur. Anthers 2, converging in the throat of corolla. Stigma 2-lipped. Leaves finely cut, mostly into threads or fibres, many bearing little air-bladders; some are leafless. 2. PINGUICULA. Upper lip of calyx S -cleft, lower 2-cleft. Lips of corolla distinctly lobed, the hairy or spotted palate smaller, so that the throat is open. Otherwise as in Urricularia. Leaves all in a tuft at base of the 1-flowered scapes, broad and entire, soft and tender. 1. UTRICULARIA, BLADDERWORT. (Utriculus, a little bladder.) Fl. all summer. The following are the commonest species. * Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla violet-purple. U. purpurea. Only E. & S., with 2-4 flowers on the peduncle, and a rather short spur appressed to the 3-lobed lower lip of corolla. * * Floating, branching, bladder-bearing : corolla yellow. U. inflata. Only E. & S.: swimming free, the petioles of the whorl of leaves around base of the 5-10-flowcred scape inflated into oblong bladders, besides little bladders on the thread-like divisions of the leaves. U. vulgaris, LARGE B. Common in still or slow water ; the stems long and very bladder-bearing on the thread-like many-parted leaves; flowers 5- 10 in raceme, large, with spur rather shorter than lower lip. U. intermedia. Chiefly N. in shallow water, with stems bearing rather rigid leaves with linear-awl-shaped divisions, and no bladd these being on separate leafless branches, the slender raceme few-flowered ; spur nearly equalling the very broad lo\ver lip. U. gibba. Chiefly Middle States : small, with short branches bearing sparse thread-like leaves and some bladders, 1 - 2-flowercd peduncles only 1 high, and blunt conical spur shorter than lower lip. 15 226 I'.I'JNOXIA FAMILY.. U. biflbra. Chiefly S. : stems 4' - 6' long, bearing rootlet-like leaves and maiiv bladders, 1 - .'J-llowered peduncles 2' - 4' liigh, and awl-shaped spur us long as loan- lip. * * # Slinjilf U nil U. Cult, from Mexico; less coarse and clammy, with somewhat 3-lobud or sinuate-toothed leaves, and showy violct- purple vanilla-scented (lowers. 74. GESNERIACE.SJ, GESNERIA FAMILY. Tropical plants, with 2-lipped or somewhat irregular corolla<=, didynamous stamens, a one-celled ovary with two parietal many- seeded placenta?, — therefore botanic-ally like the next family ; but with green herbage, and not parasitic, and the common cultivated species have the tube of the calyx coherent at least with the bae:itteivii in lnn-e spikes or racemes, with minute (tracts. Upper flowers conspicuous, but seldom ripening fruit, with tubular 4-toothed corolla, and long filaments and style; lower flowers small and short, seldom opening, lint fertili/.ed in the hud. 2. CONOPHOLIS. Stems thick, covered with linn overlapping scales, each of the upper dues with a (lower in its axil, forming a spike. Calyx 4- 5-toothed, and split down on the lower sj,|e. Corolla ^liort, -troni;ly U-lipped; upper lip arched and notched; lower one spreading and 3-clett. Stamens pro- truding. 3. APHYLLON. Stems are chiefly slender 1-tlowcred scapes from a scaly mostly subterranean liase. Calyx r.-cleft. Corolla with a long curved tube, and a snivading slightly 2-lipped or inviailar 5-lobed border; the lobes all nearly alike. Stamens included in the tube. FIGWORT FAMILY. 229 1. EPIPHEGUS, BEECH-DROPS, CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means on t/ie Beech : the plant chiefly found parasitic on the roots of that tree.) One species, E. Virginiana. Common, about 1° high, with purplish flowers £' or more long, in late summer and autumn. 2. CONOPHOLIS, SQUAW-ROOT, CANCER-ROOT. (The name is Greek for cone-scale, the plant having the aspect of a slender fir-cone when old.) One species. C. Americana. Not widely common, in oak woods, forming clusters among fallen leaves, 3' - 6' long, as thick as the thumb, yellowish : fl. early summer. 3. APHYLLON, NAKED BROOM-RAPE or ONE-FLOWERED CANCER-ROOT. (Name in Greek means without leaves.) Fl. spring and early summer. A. uniflbrum. Open woods or thickets : slightly clammy-pubescent, with 1-3 scapes (3' -5' high) from a subterranean scaly base, and lance-awl-shaped calyx-lobes half the length of the violet-purplish corolla. A. fasciculatum, the other species, occurs only from Northern Michigan W. ; has scapes from a scaly base rising out of the ground, and short triangular calyx-lobes. 76. SCROPHULAKIACE.SI, FIGWORT FAMILY. Known on the whole by the 2-lipped or at least more or less irregular monopetalous corolla, 2 or 4 didynamous stamens, single style, entire or 2-lobed stigma, and 2-celled ovary and pod contain- ing several or many seeds on the placenta? in the axis ; these with a small embryo in copious albumen. But some are few-seeded, a few have the corolla almost regular, and one or two have 5 stamens, either complete or incomplete. A large family, chiefly herbs, some shrubby, and one species is a small tree. § 1. Intermediate between this family and the Nightshade Family ; the flowers ter- minal or lateral, never really from the axils of the leaves or bracts ; llie corolla hardly if at all sensibly 2-lipped, sometimes almost regular, the lobes plaited in the bud: stiff ma enlarged, often 2-lipped. All garden exotics. * With 4 stamens only, included within the narrow throat of the salver-shaped corolla •• leaves alternate and entire. 1. BRUNFELSIA. Shrubs, with glossy oblong leaves. Corolla with 5 rounded and about equal lobes, two of them, however, a little more united. Anthers all alike. Fruit fleshy. 2. BROWALLIA. Herbs, mostly a little pubescent and clammy. Corolla with somewhat unequally 5-lobed border, the lobes with a broad notch. Two of the anthers shorter and only 1-celled. Fruit a dry pod. * * With 4 anther-bearing stamens and a sterile filament : corolla with wide throat. 3. SALPIGLOSSIS. Herbs, with cut-toothed or pinnatifid alternate leaves. Corolla funnel-form, with very open throat, a little oblique or irregular, the lobes all with a deep notch at the end. Pod oblong. § 2. Corolla imbricated and not plaited in the bud; the smaller lip 3-parted; the larger b-deft, and the lobes again Z-cleft or deeplij notched. Flowers terminal, panicled. 4. SCHIZANTHUS. Calyx 5-parted, the divisions narrow. Corolla with tube shorter than the divisions, which appear as if cut up, the middle lobe of the smaller lip, towards which the stamens and style are inclined, more or less hooded or sac-like. Stamens with good anthers 2, the 2 or 3 others small and abortive. Stigma minute. Leaves alternate, pinnate, or piniiately cut. 230 FIG WORT FAMILY. § 3. Corolla with lobes imbricated and not plaited in the bud, either 2-Hpped or more or less irregular, the division* or lubes ,ii most '>. Peduncles from the nxil »f leavts nr bracts, ii,> il'in; i- 1 1- 1 1- rtiil/i/ /' rmiii'ttiity tin nmiit stun or branches. * Tree, with /<"•//. mid <>/i/iosite Gitalpa-like [tacts. 5. PAl'I.oWXIA. Calyx very downy, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla decurved, with a cylindrical or funnel-form tube, and an enlarged oblique border of 5 rounded lobes. Stamens 4, included. 1'od turgid, thick, tilled with very numerous winged seeds. * * Herbs, or a few becoming low shrubs. •*- With 5 anther-bearing stamens a.id a whetl-shaped or barely concave corolla. 6. VF.KHASCl'M. Flower- in a long terminal raceme or spike. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla with 5 broad and rounded only slightly unequal divisions. All the filaments or 3 of them woully. Style expanding and tint ut apex. I'o.l globular, many-seeded. Leaves alternate. .,_ .,_ \\rith only 2 or 4 anther-bearing stamens. -4- Corolla wheel-shaped, or at least with irid,' s/>rrading border mostly much longer tlinn the short lube : Jiowers single in (lie axils of the leaves or collected in a raceme or spike. 7. CELSIA. Like Verbascum, but with only 4 stamens, those of 2 sorts. 8. ALOXSOA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla very unequal, turned upside down i.y the twisting of the pedieel, so that the much larger lower lobe appears to be the upper and the two short upper lobes the lower. Stamens 4. Pod many- seeded. Lower leaves opposite or in threes. 9. VKlJi'NICA. Calyx 4-parted, rarely 3-6-parted. Corolla wheel-shaped, or sometimes salver-shaped, with 4 or rarely 5 rounded lobes, one or two of them usually rather smaller. Stamen* 2, with long slender filaments. Pod flat or flatfish, 2 - many-seeded. At least the lower leaves opposite or some- times whorled. 4-,. ++ Corolla salrer-shnped, with almost >•< i/u!-},>/» •>! horder : flowers in a terminal spike. Here one species of A'o. 9 would be smujht. 10. BUCHXKKA. Calyx tulmlar, .Vtootlied. Corolla with a slender tube, and the border cleft into 5 roundish divisions. Anthers 4 in 2 pairs, one-celled. Style club-shaped at the apex. 1'od many->veded. Leaves mainly opposite, roughish. +**+++ Corolla either obviously 2-lipped, or funnel-form, tubular, or belt-shaped. = Coroll'i •2-jmrtid iii-iirlif to /lie base, the 2 lips sac-shaped or the loirer lurt/er one slipper-shaped: stamens only 2 (or very rarely 3), and rm riidinn-iits of more. 11. CAI.cKol.AKIA. Calyx 4-parted. The two sac-shaped or slipper-shaped divisions of the corolla entire or nearly so. Pod many-seeded. Leaves chiefly opposite, and flowers in eyme< or clu-ters. = = Corolla almost 'i-pnrtvd. the middle lobe of tin' Ion; r li/i folia! together to form a flat packet which encloses the 4 .-itiniti us cd, its middle and laterally flattened |pocket-haped lobe Covered above by the two lateral ones. A little rudiment of the fifth stamen present. Pod globular, with few or several seeds. Flower, on pedicels sinirle or most I v chi.-teved in the axils of the upper oppo- site i rarely whorled} leaves, which' are p-adnally reduced to bracts, forming an interrupted raceme. =: = = Corolla not 'i-/>irtrn/H>rt!<>n loll,,' 2-li/>j>i-d or uwre or less irrnjular (rarely nearly regular) 4_0-/,,/;, ,/ /;,!/•,/, /; (I ltd a. \\~ith a s/nir or sur-likf projection at the base on the lower side, and a projecting •I, t» tin AT* /• //'/;, ii-liich commonly closes the throat or nearly so : stamens 4, ami no ohriniis nidi in i nl. 13. LIXA1MA. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla personate, and with a spur at base. (Lessons, p. '.HI, li^. ^5S.) Tod many-f the upper leave's, or when these are reduced t< bracts forming a terminal panicle or raceme : peduncles few-flowered, or ichen one-flowered bearing n>ad lips only slightly open; the upper arched, keeled in thf middle, notched at the apex; the lower one woolly bearded in the tlimat and li-lnlicd at the end. Filaments and anthers woollv: sterile filament shorter than the others. Seeds winged. 25. I'F.N LSI K.MOX. Herbs (or a few shrubby at base), with mostly upright stems branching only from the base, and panicled or almost racemed flowers. Corolla tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-form, &c., more or less 2-lipped, open- ni'.iithed. Sterile filament conspicuous, usually about as long as the anther- bearing ones. Seeds wingless. 26. Rl'SSKIJ.IA. Kather shrubby spreading plants, or with pendulous angular branches; the flowers loosely panicled or racemed. Corolla tubular with 5 short spreading lobes, the 2 upper a little more united. Sterile filament small and inconspicuous near the base of the corolla. Seeds wingless. C. Neither spur nor sac at base of the corolla, the narrow laterally compressed or infolded upper lip of whim is htlinet-shaped or arched, entire or minutely notcln'il, nuil enclosing the 4 stamens ; no sterile jilament. Ofttn showy but uncultivable plants. 27. CASTILLEIA. Herbs with simple stems, alternate leaves, some of the upper, with flowers chiefly sessile in their axils, colored like petals, and more gay than the corollas. Calyx tubular, flattened laterally, 2-4-cleft. Corolla tubular, with a long and narrow conduplicate erect upper lip, and a very short 3-lobed lower lip. Cells of the anther unequal, rod many-seeded. 28. PEDICULARIS. Herbs with simple stems, chiefly pinnatifid leaves and spiked flowers. Corolla tubular, with a strongly arched or flattened helmet- shaped upper lip, and the lower erect at base, 2-crested above and 3-lobed. See. Is several in each cell. 29. MKLAMl'Y Kt'M. Low herbs with branching stems, opposite leaves, and (lowers in their axils, or the upper crowded in a bracted spike. Calyx bell- shape. I, 4-cleft, the lobes taper-pointed. Corolla tubular, enlarging above, with the lower lip nearly equalling the narrow upper one and its biconvex palate appressed to it, 3-lobed at the summit. Cells of the anther minutely pointed at base. Pod oblique, with only 2 seeds in each cell. 1. BRUNFELSIA. (Named for the old herbalist, Otto Brunffls.) Con- servatory shrubs, from Brazil, cult, under the name of FuANcfscEA ; with showy flowers, blue or violet turning paler. B. latifblia, is very smooth, with oval or oblong leaves, and few flowers at the end of the branches H' across. B. Hopcana, with lance-oblong leaves 2' long, and flower only 1' wide. 2. BROWALLIA. (Named for Dr. Browall, of Sweden, first a friend, later a bitter opponent of Limuuus.) B. demissa (named also B. KI.\TA when the plant and the man it was named for grew exalted), t'roni S. America; cult, in the gardens, l°-2° high, bushv- branched, with ovate leaves ami handsome bright violet-blue flowers (!' or lesf across, at length as it were racemed) produced all summer. (7) 8. SALPIGLOSSIS. (Greek for /nnn/x t-timqne, from the curved apex of the style with dilated stigma likened to the end of a trumpet. 1. S. sinuata. Cult, from Chili as an ornamental annual or biennial, under various names and varieties a 'cording to the color of the large flowers, dark- purple, or straw-colored and mostlv striped : 11. all summer. In appearance resembles a I'etunia. 4. SCHIZANTHUS. (Greek for cut //.<«•<•/•, the corolla being as if cut into slips.) Cult, for ornament, from Chili : II. summer. (T) S. pinnatUS, the common species, of several varieties ; slender, 1°- 2° high, pubescent with tine glandular hairs, with leaves once or twice pinnate or parted into narrow divisions, and numerous handsome flowers barely 1' in diameter, FIGWORT FAMILY. 233 usually pink and white variegated with yellowish and some deeper purple spots on the larger lobe. — There are one or two larger flowered but less common species. 5. PAULOWNTA. (Named for a Russian Princess.) Only one species. P. imperialis, of Japan, cult, for ornament, scarcely hardy far N. ; the heart-shaped very ample leaves resembling those of Catalpa but much more downy, flowers in large terminal panicle, in spring, the violet corolla l^'-2' long. Q. VERB ASCTJM, MULLEIN. (Ancient Latin name.) Natives of the Old World, here weeds, often hybridizing: fl. summer. 2/ (D V. Thapsus, COMMON M. Fields : densely woolly, the tall simple stem winged from the bases of the oblong leaves, bearing a lung dense spike of yellow (rarely white) flowers. V. Lychnitis, WHITE M. Waste places, rather scarce : whitened with thin powdery woolliness, the stem not winged, ovate leaves greenish above, and spikes of yellow or rarely white flowers panicled. V. Blattaria, MOTH M. Roadsides : green and smoothish, 2° - 3° high, slender, with ovate toothed or sometimes cut leaves, and loose raceme of yellow or else white and purplish-tinged flowers. 7. CELSIA. (Named for 0. Celsius, a Swedish Orientalist.) Fl. summer. C. Cretica, cult, for ornament from the Mediterranean region: 2° -3° high, rather hairy, or the raceme clammy, with lower leaves pinnatifid, upper toothed and clasping at base, corolla orange-yellow with some purple (I' — 2 across), lower pair of filaments naked, the upper pair short and woolly- bearded. @ 8. ALONSOA. (Named for Alonzo Zanoni, a Spanish botanist.) Cult, as annuals, from South America : fl. all summer. A. incissefblia (also called URTIC-EFOLIA) : smoothish, branching, l°-2° high, with lance-ovate or oblong sharply cut- toothed leaves, and orange-scarlet corolla less than 1' wide : several varieties. 9. VERONICA, SPEEDWELL. (Name of doubtful derivation, perhaps referring to St. Veronica.) Fl. summer. § 1. Shrubby, tender, very leafy species, from New Zealand, with entire and glossy smooth and nearly sessile evergreen leaves, all opposite, dense many- flowered racemes from the axils, and acutish pods. V. specibsa, is smooth throughout, with obovate or oblong blunt or retuse thick leaves, and very dense spike-like racemes of violet-purple flowers. V. salicifolia, has lanceolate acute leaves, and longer clammy-pubescent racemes of blue flowers. V. Lindleyana, has oblong-lanceolate pale leaves, and racemes of pale lilac flowers. § 2. Herbs, growing wild, or those of thejirst subdivision cultivated in gardens. * Spik«-s or dense spike-like racemes terminating the erect stem or branches and often clustered. 24 V. spicata, and sometimes V. PAXICCLATA, or hybrids between them, are cult, for ornament, from Eu. : 9' -2° high, with opposite lanceolate toothed leaves, lobes of mostly blue corolla much longer than the distinct tube, and pod notched at the end. V. Virginiea, CULVER'S ROOT. Wild in rich woods from Vermont W. & S. ; remarkable for the tube of the small whitish corolla longer than the acutish lobes and much longer than the calyx : simple stems 2° -6° high, bear- ing whorls of lanceolate or lance-ovate pointed finely serrate leaves ; spikes dense and clustered. ,., . _ o &. r — 21 KKJWOUT I'AMII.V. * * Racemes in the arils ff the (>/>/>,«;/<• /<„,•,* .- stems creeping or procumbent at r, btU above ascending: corolla, as in all the following, strictly wheel- •»- WATER SPEEDWELLS or BROOKI.IME, in water or wet ground, smooth and with [ink blue (sonntiiiK* ',-•, i,/;,,,/ pr-dir V. AnagalllS. In water N. : leaves lance-ovate acute, sessile bv a heart- shaped base, 2'-3' long ; pod slightly notched, many-seeded. V. Americana. In brooks, much more common ; leaves mostly pctioled, ovate or oblong, serrate ; flowers on more slender pedicels ; and pod" more tur- gid than in the foregoing. V. SCUtellata. In bogs N. ; slender, with linear slightly toothed senile leaves, only 1 or 2 very slender zigzag racemes, few long-pedicelled pale flower* ; and very flat pod deeply notched at both ends, broader than long, few-seeded. •*- •*- In dry ground, pubescent, with light blue flowers in spike-like racemes. V. officinalis, COMMON SPEEDWELL. Spreading or creeping, low ; loaves wedge-oblong or obovate, serrate, short-petioled ; pedicels shorter than calyx ; pod wedge-obcordate, several-seeded. * * * Raceme loose, terminating the leafy low stem or Irnnch, x, or the small flowers in the axils of the gradually decreasing leaves. V. serpyllifblia, THYME-LEAVED S. Creeping or spreading on tbc ground; with simple flowering stems ascending 2' -4', smooth; lease.-, roundi.-h, small, almost entire ; corolla pale blue or whitish with darker stripes longer than the calyx. Jf. V. peregrina, NECKWEED or PUKSLAXE-S. Common weed in damp waste or cult, ground; smooth, erect, branching, with lower leaves oval or oblong and toothed, the upper oblong-linear and entire, inconspicuous flowers almost sessile in their axils, whitish corolla shorter than the calvx, and inanv- sccded pod slightly notched. © V. arvensis, OM:V S. Introduced into waste and cult, grounds I",. ; hairy, 3' - 8' high, with lower leases ovate and erenate, on petioles, the upper sessile lanceolate and entire, blue flowers short-peduncled, and pod obcordate! i 10. BUCHNERA, BLUE-HEARTS. (Named for one /,V/,,,,r, an earlv German botanist.) Flowers summer. ]/ B. Americana. Sandy or gravelly plains, from New York \V. &. S. ; rough-hairy, turning blackish in drying; with slender stem l°-2i° high, veiny leaves coarsely few-toothed, the lowest obovate, middle ones ..blonir, uppermost lance-linear, flowers scattered in the slender spike, and corolla deep purple. 11. CALCEOLARIA. (From Latin m/iWi/s, a shoe or slipper.) Tender South American lirrl.s or -limbs, \vith curious and handsome (lowers, cult, as honse and bedding plants. The common cultivated species are now for the most part too much mixed and crossed for botanical analysis. C. integrifblia (also called RCG6SA and SALVIJEFOLIA) is the commonest woody-stemmed species, with oblong leaves rugose in the manner of Garden Sage, and small yellow or orange flowers in crowded clusters. C. corymbbsa, herbaceous, hairy or clammy-pubescent, with ovate crcnate- toothed leaves nearly all at the root, and loose corymbs or cymes of vellow flow- ers, the purple-Spotted mouth considerably open. C. Crenatiflbra, a fertile parent of many of the more >ln»wy herbaceous garden (onus, \\-ith more leafy steins and larger (lowers, their orifice rounder and smaller, the hanging lower lip or sac I' or more long, more ol.ovate and flat, somewhat ",-lolied a> it were toward* the end. and variously spotted with purple, brown, or crimson. C. scabiosaefolia is a delicate annual, with pinnntely divided slightly hairy leaves, on petioles dilated and connate at base, and loose" small pale vellow (lowers with globular lower lip about .V wide. FIGWOHT FAMILY. 235 12. COLLJNSIA. (Named by Nuttall for the late Zuccheus Collins of Philadelphia.) Flowers handsome, mostly 2-colored. © ® C. verna. Wild from Western New York W. : slender, 6' - 20' high, with ovate or lanee-ovutc and toothed leaves, the upper clasping heart-shaped, and slender-pcduncled flowers in early spring, lower lip blue, upper white. C. bicolor, of California, and a handsome garden annual, is stouter, with crowded flowers as if whorled, pedicels shorter than calyx, lower lip of corolla violet, the upper pale or white, or in one variety both white. 13. LINARIA, TOAD-FLAX. (Name from Linum, Fiax, from resem- blance in the leaves of the commoner species.) Fl. summer. * Lcams narrow, sessile, and entire : steins erect : flowers racemed. L. Canadensis, WILD T. Gravelly and sandy ground, with scattered linear leaves on the slender flowering stems, or ob!ong and in pairs or threes on prostrate shoots, and very small blue flowers, (ij ® Li. vulgaris, COMMON T., RAMSTED, BUTTER-AND-EGGS. A showy but troublesome European weed, of fields and roadsides, l°-3° high, with alternate crowded linear or lanceolate pale leaves, and a dense raceme of yellow flowers (!' long) with paler tips. 2/ L. triornithophora. Cult, from Europe : glaucous, 2° - 3° high, with ovate-lanceolate leaves in whorls, and rather large slender-peduncled long-spurred flowers, violet and purple-striped. 2/ # * Leaves broad, often lobed : stems and branches trailing : /lowers very small, yellow and purple mixed, on /onhort-petioled leaves, the lower ones opposite. © L. Cymbalaria. Cult, as a delicate little trailing ornamental plant : very smooth, pale, with rooting branches, and thickish almost kidney -shaped 3-5- lobed leaves on long petioles. 2/ 14. ANTIRRHINUM, SNAPDRAGON. (Name from the Greek, compares the flower with the snout or muzzle of an animal.) Nat. and cult, from Europe : 11. summer. § 1. TRUE SNAPDRAGON, with palate closing the mouth of the corolla, and erect or ascending stems, ttot climbing. A. majus, LARGE S. of the gardens; with stems l°-3° high, oblong or lanceolate entire smooth leaves, and glandular-downy raceme of showy flowers, the crimson, purple, white, or variegated corolla over 1' long. 2/ A. Ordntium, SMALL S. Weed in some old gardens and cult, grounds ; low, slender, with linear leaves, and white or purplish axillary flowers £' long. © § 2. MAURANDIA-LIKE S., with palate not so large, nor fully closing the mouth, and stems climbing by the coiling of their slender petio/is and sometimes of the peduncles a/so. A. maurandioides, cult, from Texas and Mexico, as MAUKANDIA ANTIRRIIINIFLORA ; smooth, with triangular-halberd-shapcd leaves, or some of them heart-shaped, and showy flowers in their axils, the violet or purple corolla 1 ' or more long. 2/ 15. MAURANDIA. (Named for Prof. .}faitra»dt/.) Excluding the last preceding species, which has the flower of Snapdragon, and including LOPHOSPERMUM, which has wing-margined seeds. Mexican climbers, with triangular and heart-shaped or halberd-shaped and obscurely lobed leaves, tender, cult, for ornament: fl. all summer. § 1. Corolla naked inside, rather obriions, and smaller rose-purple or violet corolla. § 2. LOFHOSPERMUM. Corolla very obscurely 1-lipped, and with 2 bearded lines. M. erub^SCens. Somewhat soft-pubescent, with irregularly toothed leaves, rose-colored flowers 3' long, and ovate-oblong rather leaf-like .-epal- M. SCandens, now lehape of the corolla, likened to the linger of a glove, in the common species.) D. purpiirea, PURPLE F., of which varieties with corolla white or pale and more or less strongly spotted corolla are common, 2' long, the lobes rather obscure; leaves rugose, somewhat downy. Cult, from Eu. : fl. summer. ^ 17. GERARDIA. (Named for the herbalist, Gerarde.) Handsome, but uncultivablc plants : fl. late summer and autumn. The following are the commonest wild species : mostly of gravelly or sandy soil. § 1. Coro'la fi/irp/e or rose-color, somewhat bell-shaped : calyx-teeth short : anthers oil dike, nearly pointless at /»/xc .- l/m-rs narrnir, linear or thread-shaped, entire: loosely branching, nearly all annuals, except thejimt. G. linifblia. Pine-barrens S. ; with erect branches, and erect linear leaves about the length of the peduncles, truncate calyx, and corolla 1' long. 2/ G. tenuifblia. N. £ S. ; with opposite pedicels equalling the linear spreading leaves, broadly awl-shaped calyx-teeth, and corolla .V-J' long. G. filifblia. S. ; with alternate pedicel- twice the length of the rather fleshy thread-shaped or slightly club-shaped leaves ; corolla 4'. lonir. G. aphylla. S. ; with short peilicels alternate along one side of the flowering branches, and minute scale-like or awl-shaped appressed leaves, minute calyx-teeth, and corolla £' long. G. purpurea. N. & S. in low ground ; with stout pedicels not longer than the conspicuously .r>-lohed calyx, opposite and spreading rather broad linear leaves, and corolla •}' - 1' lone;. G. maritima. Salt mar>hes X. & S., lower than the preceding, and with fleshy blunt leaves, the pedicels as long as the upper ones and as the nhtu.-ely 5- toothed calyx, and corolla £'-$' long. § 2. Corolla purple (or sometimes wl,!t,} : calyx deeply and unequally .r> -cleji : anthers point/ex*, those of the short* r pair much smaller: /«/r» rut/nr broad. G. aui'iculata. Low grounds, from Penn. S. & W. ; rough-hairv, with nearly simple stem, lanceolate or oblong leaves entire, or the lower with' a lobe on each side of the base ; flowers se-lla i/, How and with a longer tube, the insiih woolly, «s are the filaments urn/ anthers; tin latin- almost prnjii-tin,/, slender-pointed -.•/,// .- /,;//,/• /„ His, with leaves or some of them pinnntijiil or tontl. ,!. ^ * Stems nearly simple: flowers in a /«//'// rareme : corolla more tubular. G. flava, DOWNY FAI.SF. Fox»;i.ovr.. Open dry wood* : 3° -4° high, minutely soft-downy ; upper leaves laneeo'atc or oblong and entire, lower sinuate or pinnatitid ; pedicels very short ; corolla I,1,' long. G. quercifblia, SMOOTH F. l!ieh woo.N, commoner S. & W. : 3°-6° high, smooth and glaucous ; upper leaves often entire, lower once or twice pinn.ititid ; pedicels as IOIILT as calyx ; corolla '2' IOIILT. G. integrifblia. Harrens, from Penn. S. & \V. : l°-2° high, smooth, not glaucous ; leaves lanceolate, entire ; corolla 1' lon«r. * # Steins bushy-branched: calyx-lobes toothed or pinnatifid : leaves mostly rut. G. grandiflora. Oak openings from \ViM-.uxiu S. : ;t0-4° hiuh, minutely downy ; Icavo ovate-lanceolate, I'oarsely cut-toothed, the lower pinnatiiid ; ped iecls shorter ihan the barely toothed calyx-lobes ; corolla "2' long. FIGWOUT FAMILY. 237 G. pedicularia. Common N. & S. : slightly pubescent, 2° -.3° high, very leafy ; leaves all pinnatifid and the lobes cut-toothed ; pedicels opposite and longer than the hairy serrate calyx-lobes ; corolla over 1' long. G. pectinata. Sandy barrens S. : more hairy than the foregoing, with finer divided leaves, alternate pedicels shorter than pinnatirid calyx-lobes ; corolla broader and H' long. 18. SEYMERIA. (Named for Henry Seymer.) Wild plants S. & W., very near Gerardia : rlowers yellow, in summer and autumn. S. macrophylla, MULLKIN-FOXGLOVE. Shady river-banks W. : 4° -5° high, with large leaves, the twice or thrice pinnately divided or cut, the upper lanceolate and toothed ; curved corolla woolly inside, also the filaments ; style short. 2/ S. pectinata. Sandy ground S. : about 1° high, branchy, clammy-pubes- cent ; pinnatilid leaves with oblong-linear lobes ; corolla £' long. © S. tenuif61ia. Low sandy grounds S. : 2° -4° high, with long slender branches ; leaves pinnately divided into thread-shaped divisions ; corolla hardly £' long, (i) 19. MIMULUS, MONKEY-FLOWER. (From Greek for an ape, from the grinning corolla.) Fl. all summer. * Wild in wet places, with erect square stem l°-2° high, oblong feather-reined serrate leaves, and violet-purple corolla (I1 or so in length). 1J. M. ringens, the commonest, with clasping leaves, peduncles longer than the flower, and taper-pointed calyx-teeth. M. alatus, not rare more S., has leaves tapering into a petiole, peduncle shorter than calyx and short-toothed, and sharp wing-like angles to stem ; whence the name. * * Cult, for ornament, chiefly in conservatories, from Western N. America. M. glutinbsus, shrubby conservatory plant from California, glutinous- pubescent, with oblong or lanceolate leaves, and large yellow orange or brick- red flower. M. cardinalis. Erect, clammy-pubescent ; leaves wedge-oblong, partly clasping, several-nerved ; flowers large, brick-red- 2/ M. lllteus. Erect, smooth ; leaves ovate or cordate-clasping, several- nerved ; flowers showy, yellow, often spotted with rose or brown ; of many varieties. 2/ M. moschatus, MUSK-PI.ANT. Weak and diffuse, rooting, clammy-vil- lons, smelling strong of musk ; leaves ovate or oblong ; flower small, pale yellow. 2/ 20. TORENIA. (Named for 0. Toren, an obscure Swedish botanist.) T. Asiatica, cult, from India, a handsome hothouse plant, with lance-ovate serrate leaves, wing-angled calyx, and corolla over 1' long, pule violet or purple with the tube and the end of the 3 rounded lower lobes dark violet. 21. ILYSATSTTHES, FALSE PIMPERNEL. (From Greek words for mire and flower, alluding to the station.) Fl. all .summer. I. gratioloides. Common in wet places, a smooth diffuse little plant, 4' -8' high, with rounded or oblong leaves, and small purple or bluish rlowers. © 22. GRATIOLA, HEDGE-HYSSOP. (Old name, from Latin ynttia, grace.) Rather insignificant plants, in low or wet places: flowering all summer. © ^ * Sterile f laments minute or hardly any: corolla irhitish, with yclloicish tit!><>. G. Virginiana. Rather clammy, with lanceolate leaves and slender pc iluncles. 238 FIGWORT FAMILY. G. sphaerocarpa. Chiefly S. : smooth and stouter, with lance-ovate leaves, ]ieduiH-lcs scarcely longer than the calyx, and larger spherical pod. » * Sterile filaments uln-imis, i/xmif/i/ ti/i/ml n-itli a little rjlandular head in place of the anther : /< un .s Jtort. G. viscbsa. Chiefly S. W. : clammy, with lance-oblong toothed leaves shorter than the peduncle-, and whitish flower^. G. aiU'ea. Sandy wet .-nil, I'.. & S. : nearly smooth, with rather narrow entire le.ivrs as IIUIL: a> the peduncles, ami golden yellow tlowrrs. G. pi!6sa. From N. Jersey S. : verv dilt'.Tcnr from anv of the foregoing. having riuid and simple erect stems and ovate or oblong se-sile leaves, both hairy, the flowers sessile, the white corolla hardly longer than the calyx. 23. SCROPHULARIA, FICWOUT. (Plants a supposed remedy tor scrofula.) These homclv and iiiMgnilieanr plants hardly ought to have given the name to this large and important family. S. nodbsa. Damp shady ground : smooth, with 4-sided stem 3° -4° high, ovate or oblong coarsely toothed leaves, and small lurid flowers in loose cymes, all sninmcr. ^ 24. CHELONE, TURTLE-TIE AD (to which the name, from the Greek, refers), SNAKE-HEAD, BALMONY. C. glabra, the common species, of wet places; l°-2° high, with lanceolate or lance-oblong leaves on very short petioles, and white or pale purple corolla 1' or more long, all summer. 2/ 25. PENTSTEMON. (Name, from the Greek, meaning 5 stamens, refers to the presence of the ~>\\\ stamen, which, however, has no anther.) Showy North American and a few Mexican plants, ehietly Western ; two or three are wild E. ; several are in choice cultivation, but few are yet common here. Fl. late spring and summer. 2/ * Wild /•'. of the Mis$im;i/>/>i. unit xoiinliim s cult. : flowers white, common/I/ tinged witli some /""'/' 'i*li <"' riulit : /eaves partly clasping, often serrate : panicle clammy, the corolla sliijhtly so. P. pub6scens. Somewhat clammy-pubescent, or smoothish except the panicle, l°-3° high, variable; stem-leaves lanceolate; flowers nodding; the plainly 2-lipped corolla (1 long) with gradually enlarging tulie concave on the lower, convex on the upper side, a sort of palate almost closing the mouth ; sterile filament yellow-bearded down one side. P. Digitalis. N. Virginia to 111. & S. : taller (2° -4°), smooth np to the naked panicle, with wider more entire leaves ; corolla but slightly 2-lipped, open, abruptly inflated bell-shaped above from a narrow tube ; sterile filament sparingly bearded on one side. * # Wild beyond but near the Mississippi, shoicy and cultirntid for ornament. P. grandiflbrus. Plains from Falls of St. Anthony AY. & S. AY. : very smooth, pale and glaucous, l°-3° high, with thick ovate leaves (!'-2' long) closely se-Mle and entire, the upper ones rounded, short-pedicclled flowers raeenird, lilac-purple oblong-bell-shaped corolla l.','-2' long and almost equally 5-lobed, the sterile filament nearly smooth. P. Cobaea. Plains I'nnu Nelira-ka S. : l°-2° high, stout, with ovate often denticulate thick leaves, a slight ly clammy few-llowered panicle or rnceme, pale purpli>li or whiti>h corolla almut 2' long and abruptly much inflated above the narrow ba>e, the. border 2-lipped, bnt the oblong lobes similar; the sterile filament bearded. P. glaber. Plains from Nebraska and Missouri AY.: very smooth, com- monly pale or ulaneoiis, with ascending steins l°-2° long, lanceolate or lanei-- ovate entire leaves, and a narrow panicle of very handsome flowers ; the tubular- inflated corolla about li' long, bright purple bine, with the spreading lobes of the 2 short lips similar ; sterile filaments ami also the anthers slightly hairy or else naked. ACANTHUS FAMILY. 2o'J * * * Farther Western species, cultivated and hardy in tlie gardens. P. OvatUS, of Oregon, is an early blue-flowered species, smoothish, with ovate or lance-ovate serrate leaves, and open panicle of small flowers. P. barbutUS, supposed to come from Mexico, lon»: cult, in the gardens ; smooth, with slender wand-like stems 3° -4° high, lanceolate and entire pale leaves, long and loose raceme or panicle of drooping flowers, narrow tubular scarlet corolla over 1' long, with erect upper lip concave and slightly 2-lobcd, the lower parted into 3 reflexed or spreading oblong lobes, some beard in the throat, and sterile filament naked. Var. TORREYI, from New Mexico and Rocky Mountains, is taller, the brighter red corolla with little or no beard in the throat. * * * * Common garden species from Mexico, but not hardy N., are forms of P. Hartwegi. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, entire, the upper broader at the base and clasping ; peduncles elongated, 3-flowered ; corolla 2* long, deep red or red purple, the border almost equally 5-cleft ; sterile filament naked. P. campanulatus. Smooth : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, sharply ser- rate, the base clasping ; flowers in a raceme-like one-sided panicle ; corolla ven- tricose above, reddish-purple or rose-colored ; sterile filament bearded. Varies greatly in cultivation. 26. RUSSELLIA. (Named for Dr. Alexander Russell of Scotland.) 2/ R. jllncea, of Mexico, a showy house and bedding plant; very smooth, with small lance-ovate or linear, or else reduced to little scales on the copious long and rush-like green hanging branches and branchlets ; corolla 1' long, nar- row, bright carmine red. 27. CASTII/LEIA, PAINTED-CUP. (Named for CastiUejo, a Spanish botanist.) There are several showy species on the plains from beyond the Mississippi to the Pacific. Fl all late spring and summer. C. COCcinea, SCARLET P. Sandy low grounds ; pubescent, simple- stemmed, l°-2° high, with stem leaves cut-lobed, those next the flowers 3-cleft, their dilated and cut-toothed lobes brilliant scarlet, while the 2-cleft calyx is yellowish and the narrow corolla pale yellow. @ @ 28. PEmCULARIS, LOUSEWORT (which the name denotes). % P. Canadensis, COMMON P. or WOOD-BETONT. Low, rather hairy, with alternate leaves, the upper pinnatifid, lower pinnate, a short dense spike of greenish and purplish flowers, oblique calyx without lobes but split down in front, and a dagger-shaped pod : fl. spring. P. lanceolata. Less common, in swamps ; 1° — 3° high, smoothish, with lance-oblong leaves doubly cut-toothed, some of them opposite, a close spike of pale yellow flowers, 2-lobed leafy-crested calyx, and ovate pod : fl. late summer. 29. MELAMPYRUM, COW-WHEAT. (The name in Greek means black grain, from the color of the seeds. ) © M. Americanum, our only species, common in open woodlands ; 6' — 12'- high, with lanceolate leaves, the" upper ones abrupt or truncate at base and with a few bristle-tipped teeth, the scattered flowers pale yellowish or almost white, sometimes purplish-tinged ; produced all summer. 77. ACANTHACE.ffi, ACANTHUS FAMILY. Plants with opposite simple leaves, 2-lipped or otherwise irregu- lar or even regular monopetalous corolla, 4 didynanaous or else only 2 stamens, 2-celled ovary and pod, and few seeds, — distinguished from the related orders by the seeds without albumen and borne on hook-like projections of the placenta? or on a sort of cup. Chiefly a tropical family ; many in choice conservatories, here omitted. 240 ACANTHUS FAMILY. § 1. Twining tropical herbs (or cult, as herbs), with nearly regular Z-kbed corolla, and ylobnliir seeds supported by a cartilaginous riny or shallmc cup. 1. THUXI'.KIMIIA. Flowers enclosed when in laid l.y a pair of lar<;e leaf-like bractlets borne below the short cup-shaped calyx. Corolla with a mu-tly somewliat curved tube and an abruptly wide-spreading border of 6 rounded equal lobes, convolute in the bud.' Stamens 4. included. IJod globular, tipped with H long and conspicuous flattened beak, 2-4-seeded. Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered. § 2. Erect or spreading : all the folbntring are herbs, with fiat seeds borne on hook- like processes (retinucula) : calyx l-li-parted, mostly '2-bractcd. t. ACANTHI'S. Corolla of one 3-lobed lip, the upper lip wanting- Stamens 4, with one-celled ciliate anthers. Leaves pinnatifid. Flowers in a spiki-. 8. RUKLLIA. Corolla funnel-fonn, with an almost equally 5-l«.i sading border, convolute in the bud. Stamens 4, included: cells of the anthers parallel. Pod narrow, contracted into a stalk-like ba.-e, above 4- 12-seeded. 4. DICLIPTKKA. Corolla 2-lipped, the lower lip 3-lubed, the upper 2-cleft or entire; but the (lower as it were reversed so that the 3-lobed lip seems to be the upper one. Stamens 2, protruded: cells of the anther equal, but one placed below the other. Pod 2-4-seeded below the middle. 5. D1ANT11KKA. Corolla 2-lipped, the upper lip erect and notched; the lower 3-lobed, wrinkled or veiny towards the base, spreading. Stamens 2: cells of the anther one below the other, mostly unequal. Pod flattened above, con- tracted into a stalk-like base, 4-seeded above the middle. 1. THUNBERGIA. (Named from the Swedish botanist Thunberg.) Showy flowers produced all summer. T. alata (so named from its winged petioles) from Africa, is the one com- monly cultivated (as an annual) in many varieties as to size and color of flower, buff, orange, white, &c., usually with blackish-purple eye ; herbage soft-downy or hairy ; leaves between heart-shaped and arrow-shaped. 2/ 2. ACANTHUS. (Old Greek and Latin name, from the word for spine or prickle.) 11 A. mollis, one of the classical species, from S. Eu., is occasionally cult., not hardy N. : the broad sinuately and deeply pinnatilid leaves mostly from the root, hardly at all prickly ; flowers on a short vscape, dull-colored. 3. RUELLIA. (Named for the herbalist Ruelle.) Ours are wild herbs, chicrlv southern, with purple or blue showy flowers, mostly in clusters, produced all summer. 2/ § 1. Cell a of the anther pointed at base : stiyma only one : pod ^-seeded. R. oblongifolia. Pine ham us S. : downy, f>'-12' high from a creeping ba.-e, with nearly sessile oval leaves barely I' long, almost bristle-shaped sepals, but oblong bracts, and spotted purple, corolla 1' long. § 2. Cells of the anther blunt : stigmas 2 : ]><»l S - 1 2-wded : strms 1 ° - 4° hiyh. R. cili6sa. Drv soil \V. & S. : clothed with soft white hairs, the oval or oblong leaves nearly sessile, pale blue corolla (about 2' long) with slender tube much longer than the inflated upper part anil than the brittle-shaped sepals. R. StrdpenS. Richer soil, 1'rom 1'enn. \V. X: S. : smooth or slightly downy, with obovate or oblong leaves (l'-47 long) narrowed into a petiole, and purple- blue corolla (l'-2' long) with tube hardly longer than the expanded portion or than the linear-lanceolate sepals. 4. DICLIPTERA. (Greek words for dmt'Si-, >/////, from the 2-valved pod.) D. brachiata, of low banks S. is nearly smooth, with 6-angled stem bear- ing many branches, thin ovate-oblong pointed leaves on slender petiole, and interrupted spike-like clusters of small puq>le flowers, each with a pair of con- spicuous flat bracts. 2/ VERVAIN FAMILY. 241 6. DIANTHERA. (From Greek for double anther, alluding to the two separated cells on each filament. ) Fl. all summer. 2/ D. ovata. Muddy banks of streams S. : 4' -8' high, smooth, with lance- ovate sliort-petioled leaves longer than the 3-4-flowercd peduncles in their axils, and small pale purple flowers. D. Americana. Wet borders of streams : 2° high, smooth, with long linear-lanceolate leaves, and long peduncles (4' -6' long) bearing an oblong spike of pale purple flowers. 78. VERBENACE^E, VERVAIN FAMILY. Plants with opposite (or sometimes whorled) leaves, differing from the other orders with irregular monopetalous and didynamous or tetrandrous flowers by the ovary not 4-lobed and with a single ovule in each of its (1-4) cells, the fruit either fleshy or when dry at length splitting into as many 1 -celled indehiscent nutlets. Besides the following some species of CLERODENDRON are culti- vated, in choice conservatories. § 1. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes, the flowers expanding from below upwards. 1. PHRYMA. Flowers in slender loose spikes. Calyx cylindrical, 2-lipped, the upper lip of 3 slender-pointed teeth, the lower short and 2-toothed. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped, the upper lip notched, lower larger and 3-lobed. Stamens included. Ovary 1-celled, forming a simple akene in the calyx. Herb. 2. VERBENA. Flowers in spikes or heads. Calyx tubular or prismatic, 5-ribbed and plaited. Corolla salver-form, the tube often curved, the border rather unequally 5-cIeft. Stamens included: upper pair sometimes wanting the anthers. Ovary 4-celled, at maturity splitting into 4 dry akenes or nutlets. Herbs. 3. LIP PI A. Flowers in heads, spikes, or racemes. Calyx tubular, 2- 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, with 5-lobed 2-lipped border, the lower 3-lobed lip larger. Stamens included. Ovary and dry fruit 2-celled, 2-seecled. 4. LANTANA. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Calyx minute, obscurely 4-toothed. Corolla with an unequal 4-cleft spreading border, the upper lobe sometimes notched. Stamens included. Ovary 2-celled, becoming berry- like, and containing 2 little stones or nutlets. Shrubs or herbs. § 2. Flowers nearly regular, in cymes from the axils of the simple leaves : shrubs. 6. GALLIC ARP A. Calyx 4 -5-toothed, short. CoroUa tubular-bell-shaped, short, 4 -5-lobed. Stamens 4, protruded, nearly equal. Ovary 4-celled, in fruit berry-like, with 4 little stones. § 3. Flowers irregular, in cymes or clusters in the axils of the. compound digitate leaves or of the upper leaves reduced to bracts: shrubs or trees. 6. VITEX. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla tubular, with a spreading 2-lipped border, the lower lip 3-parted and rather larger than the 2-lobed upper lip. Stamens 4, protruded, as is the style. Ovary 4-celled, becoming berry-like in the fruit, which contains a single 4-celled stone. 1. PHRYMA, LOPSEED. (Name of unknown meaning.) One species. P. LeptOStachya. Copses, &c. ; 2° -3° high, with coarsely-toothed ovate thin leaves, and branches terminated by the slender spikes of very small purplish flowers, in summer, the pedicels reflexed in fruit. 21 2. VERBENA, VERVAIN. (Latin name of some sacred herbs.) Fl. all summer. — Genus of difficult analysis on account of numerous hybrids, both wild and in cultivation. § 1. VERVAINS native to the country, or growing as vnld weeds, mostly in waste or cultivated ground ; the flowers insignificant, in slender spikes : no apjyen- dage at tip of the anthers. All but the last with upright stems. 11 V. angustifolia, NARROW-LEAVED V. Stems 6' -18' high ; leaves nar- 16 2-t2 VKKVAIX FAMILY. row lanceolate, sessile, roughish, slightly toothed ; spikes few, thickish, crowded with purple (lower-. V. Stricta, HOARY V. Barren.- W. & S. : whitish-hairy, l°-2° high; leaves obovate or oblong, serrate, -. --ile ; spikes thiek and dense ; flowers blue, larger than in the other-. V. hastata, BLUE V. Stem 4°-0°high; leaves lance-oblong, some of the larger with short side lobes at liase, eut-serrate, petioled : spike-, den-, ly- flowered, eorvmbed or paniclcd : (lowers blue. V. Urticif61ia, Ni.i ru>i.i.\\ i n or WHITE V. Stem 4°-6°liigli; leave-; oval or oblong-ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled; spikes of small white flowers slender anil loose. V. offieinalis, EUROPEAN V. Nat. by roadsides, at least S. Stems l°-3° high, branched; leaves sessile, 3-cleft and mostly pinnatitid into narrow cut-toothed lobes; small purplish (lowers in very slender panicled >pikes. V. braotebsa. From \Vi>consin S. ; hairy, spreading or procumbent ; leaves wedge-shaped or lance-oblong, eut-pinnatifid or 3-cleft, short-petioled ; small purple Mowers in solitary loose spikes, the lower ones leafy-bracted. § 2. VERBENAS of the qardtn sort, u-itk creeping or spreading stems, and dense spikrs of larger or showy flowers : anthers of the £o»y<<>- stamens with a V. Aubletia. Wild from 111. and Carolina \V. & S. : has cut-pinnatifid leaves, and a long-pednneled spike of purple flowers, minutely bearded in the throat. — This and the sev :ral following species from South Brazil, Buenos Ay res, &c., variously and greatly mixed, make up the Verbenas which adorn our gardens in summer. V. chamaedrifblia, the original SCARLET V., with oblong-lanceolate marselv serrate leaves, nearly all sessile, and most intense red or scarlet flowers, in a Hat cluster. V. phlogiflbra, also named TWEEDIANA. More upright; the leaves decidedly petioled ; the flowers inclined to form an oblong spike, and crimson, varying to rose, but not to scarlet. V. incisa, differs from the last in the pinnatifid-incised leaves, the petioled ones with a heart-shaped base ; flowers in a flat cluster, rose-color or purple. V. teucroides. Krect or spreading, with ovate-oblong and incised sessile leaves, and a lengthened spike of white or pale rosy flowers, sweet-scented, especially at nightfall. V. erinoides, or MULTIFIDA. Dwarf and much creeping, rough-hairy, with leaves pinnatifid into linear divisions, and originally with violet purple flowers, and V. pulchdlla or TEXERA, with equally finely cut leaves, and rather larger originally rose-violet flowers, are part parents of the smaller races. 3. I/fPPIA. (Named for .1. Li/>j>i, an Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. L. laiiceolata, FOG-FRIMT. A creeping weedv herb, along river-banks from I'enn. S. ,.<: \V., with wedge-spatulate or oblaneeo'ate leave- serrate above the middle, and .-lender peduncles from the axils bearing a head of bluish small flower-. Li. citriodbra (or AI.OYSIA), the LEMON-XCK\TKI> or Swi;i;r VERBENA of the u:ird'-ns ; shrub from C'hili, with whorls of linear-lanceolate fragrant leaves, roiighish with glandular dots, and small whitish and bluish flowers in blender spikes. 4. L ANT ANA. (Origin of name obscure.) Tropical or subtropical, mostly shrubby plants, planted out in summer, when they flower freely until frost comes ; stems often rough-prickly ; herbage and Bowers odorous, ir some pleasant, others not so. The species are much mixed. L. Camara, from Tropical America, has flowers deep yellow, turning first to orange, then to red. L. mixta, from Brazil, has flowers opening white, soon changing to yel- low, orange, and finally to red. MINT FAMILY. 243 L. nivea, from Brazil, has the pleasant-scented flowers white and unchang ing; or, in var. MUTAKILIS, changing to bluish. L. involucrata, of West Indies, lias small ohovatc and prominently viiuv leaves, more or less downy beneath, and heads of lilac-purple flowers, involucrate by the outer bracts. L. Sellowiana, of Southern Brazil, is low and spreading, with wedge- oblong or ovate strongly veined leaves, long peduncles, and heads of reddish- purple flowers lengthening somewhat with age. 5. CALLICARPA. (From Greek, for beautiful fruit.) Fl. early summer C. Americana, FRENCH MULBERRY. Rich soil from Virginia S. : shrub 3° - 8° high, with some scurfy down, especially on the lower face of the ovate- oblong toothed leaves, and the clusters of bluish flowers ; fruits violet-blue and showy. 6. VITEX, CHASTE-TREE. (The ancient Latin name.) V. Agnus-castus, CHASTE-TREE, of Mediterranean region, has 5-7 lan- ceolate entire leaflets whitened underneath, and bluish flowers in sessile clusters forming an interrupted spike at the end of the branches ; hardy only S. V. incisa, of Northern China, barely hardy in gardens N., has 5-7 leaflets lanceolate and cut-piunatifid, and the clusters of bluish flowers peduncled. 79. LABIATE, MINT FAMILY. Chiefly herbs, with aromatic herbage, square stems, opposite simple leaves, more or less 2-lipped corolla (whence the name of the order), either 4 didynamous or only 2 stamens, 2-lobed stigma, and at once distinguished from all the related families by the deeply 4-parted ovary (as if 4 ovaries around the base of a common style), ripening into as many seed-like nutlets, or akenes, each containing a single seed. Embryo usually filling the seed. As in all these families, there are 2 lobes belonging to the upper and 3 to the lower lip of the corolla. Flowers from the axils of the leaves or bracts, usually in cymose clusters, or running into terminal racemes or spikes. ^ 1. Sta7>iens 4, parallel and ascending, and projecting from a notch on the upper side of the i-iiict/n. Nutlets reticulated and pitted, obliquely fixed by the inner side near the base. * Lobes of the corolla nearly equal and oblong, turned forward so that (here seems to be no upper lip, the' filaments conspicuously projecting from the upper suit . 1. TEUCRIUM. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla with a deep cleft between the two upper lobes. Cells of the anther confluent. 2. TRICHOSTEMA. Calyx 5-cleft in 2 lips, oblique. Filaments very long and slender, curved, coiled up in the bud. * * Lobes of the corolla equally spreading : filaments slightly projecting from tiie notch between the 2 upper lubes. 3. ISANTHUS. Calyx bell-shaped, equally 5-lobed, enlarging after flowering. Corolla only little longer than the calyx', bell-shaped, with 5 equal spreading lobes. $ 2. Stamens 4, reclining on the lower lobe of the corolla, the outer or lower pair longer : anthers 1-celled. Corolla usually turned d,.»rn or declining. A uUels smooth or smoolhish, fixed by their base, as in all the following divisions. 4. OCIMUM. Calyx deflexed in fruit, 5-toothed, the upper tooth or lobe much broadest and sometimes wing-margined. Corolla short, the upper lip BS were of 4 lobes, the lower of one entire flat or Saltish declined lobe scarcely longer than the upper. Filaments separate. 244 MINT FAMILY. 6. COLEUS. Calyx a« in No. 4. Corolla similar, but the lower lobe longer and concave or boat-shaped, enclosing tin- stamens ami style: filaments monadel- phon-. 6. HYP IIS. Calyx with 5 less unequal or equal teeth. Corolla of 4 short -imi- lar upper lobes, and a longer abruptly deflexed saccate lower one; filaments separate. 7. LAN AXDULA. Calyx not deflexed, 13-15-nerved, 5-toothed, the upper tooth mostly larger. Corolla with tube longer than the calyx, regularly 2-lipped, i. e. upper lip 2-lobed, lower 3-lobed, the lobes all equally spreading. Sta- mens included, but declined towards the lower lobe of the corolla. § 3. Stamens 4 (and the lower or outer pair longest) or 2, straight and distant or dicerging : anthers plainly 2-i-elled, not < onniring in p-iirs. Lubes of the corolla flat and spreading, or the upper erect but not arclitd. * Corolla short and rather bell-shaped, hardly if at all 2-lipped, the 4 or rarely 5 lobes nearly equal and all spreading. 3. PERILLA. Calyx in flower 5-clcft, in fruit nodding and enlarging, becoming 2-lipped. Corolla 5-clel't, the lower lobe a little longer. Stamens 4, nearly equal. Style deeply 2-ck'ft. 9. MENTHA. Calyx equally 5-toothed. Corolla with a 4-cleft border, the upper lobe a little broader and sometimes notched at the end. Stamens 4, nearlv equal, similar. 10. LYCOPUS. Calyx 4 -5-toothed. Corolla with 4 about equal lobes. Stamens 2: the upper pair, if any, without anthers. * # Corolla evidently 2-lipped, but all the lobes of nearly equal length, the ripper lip erect and mostly notched, the lower spreading and 3-c.leJt, the tube not bearded within : stamens with anthers otdy 2. 11. CUNILA. Calyx equally 5-toothed, striate, very hairy in the throat, one half shorter than the corolla. Stamens 2, long and protruding: no rudiments of the other pair. 12. HEDEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbons on the lower side near the base, hairy in the throat. Corolla short. Stamens 2, with anthers scarcely protrudeo, and 2 sterile short filaments tipped with a little head in place of anther. * * * Corolla elongated and irregular : the lower lobe or lip much the larger, pen- denl, cut-toothed or fringed, the 4 oth< rs uvarlii n/>ml «n,l alike: tube with a bearded ring inside at the bottom of the enlarged throat : stamens 2 icith anthers or rarely 4. 13. COLUNSON'IA. Calyx ovate, enlarging and turned down after flowerine, 2-lipped, the upper lip Hat and 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Cells of the an- ther diverging. * * * * Corolla evidently 2-lipped, short, the upper lip erect or somewhat spread- ing and nearly entire or notched, the lower spreading or 3-clcft : stantens irith anthers 4. 14. HYSSOITS. Calyx tubular, 15-nerved, equally :>-toothod. naked in the throat. Cnrnlla with the miildle lobe of the lower lip larger and 2-cleft. Stamens very long and protruding. 15. PYCNAN I'lIKMl'M. Calyx oblong OT short-tubular, about i:i-nerved, equally 5-toothed or somewhat 2-lipped, naked in the throat. Corolla with the lobe's of the lower lip ovate and entire. Flowers crowded in ln'inU o,' close cyine> 16. ORIGANl'.M. Calyx hairy in the throat, about 13-nervd. Lower lip of the corolla of U similar lohe^. I-'lowrr- crowded into spike-like clusters and fur- nished with imbricated often colored braet-. 17. THYMl'S. Calyx ..vale, hairy in the throat. M-nerved, 2-lipped; the upper lip 3-toothed and spreading, the lower deft into 2 awl-*haped ciliate lobes. Corolla not strongly 2-lipped, the upper lip re^rniblini; the :i loliooi the h.wer lip but notched at the apex. Stamens mostly protruding. 18. SATUREIA. Calyx bell-vhap,.,!, naked in 'the throat, lO-ncrved, e.|iially 6-tOOthed. Corolla with lower lip of :i nearly equal entire lobes. Stamen's somewhat a-cending. Leaves narrow. § 4. Stamens 4 (the hirer or outer pair longer), ascending- or curved and irilh the plainly 2-ccl/xl anlhtrs approximate or connirinr/ in pairs under the. erect and Jlaltisn but not arched upper lip. Calyx more or less 2-lipped. 19. CALAMINTHA. Calyx not flattened. Corolla straight, with inflated throat, and 2-lipped border, the spreading lower lip 3-parted, its middle lobe entire or slightly notched. MINT FAMILY. 2-1") 20. MELISSA. Calyx with 3-toothed upper lip flat. Corolla more or less curved :im! ascending. Filaments arching and bringing the anthers together in pairs. Otherwise as in 19. § &. Stamens only 2, parallel and ascending under the erect or somewhat sha/ni! ( • nii re or bartly notched upper lip of the corolla: anthers I-CT//M/, either strictly so or by confluence of the 2 cells end to end. 21. SALVIA. Calyx 2-lipped, the upper lip 3-toothed or entire, the lower 2-cleft, throat not hairy. Corolla deeply 2-lipped ; the lower lip spreading or hanging, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger and sometimes notched at the end. Filament as it were compound, the proper filament short and bearing on its apex an elongated thread-like or linear body (the connective, in fact) attached i>v its middle, one end of which ascending under the upper lip bears a linear 1-celled anther, the other descending bears the other smaller and imperfect cell, or a mere vestige of it, or is naked. Flowers usually large or showy. 22. ROSMAR1XUS. Calyx and corolla nearly as in Salvia, but the lateral lobe- of the lower lip of the corolla erect and somewhat contorted (as in some Sages also). Stamens resembling those of Monarda and protruded, but with a short tooth on the filament below the middle. Shrub. 23. MONARDA. Calyx tubular, elongated, many-nerved, nearly equally 5-toothed, mostly hairy in 'the throat. Corolla deeply 2-lipped, narrow in the throat, the oblong or linear lips about equal in length, the lower 3-lobed at the apex, its narrower middle lobe slightly notched. Stamens with long and simple filament bearing directly on its apex a linear anther. Flowers rather large, numerous in the whorled or terminal heads. 24. BLEPHILIA. Calyx short-tubular, naked in the throat, 2-lipped, tb<$ upper lip with 3 awned, the lower with 2 nearly blunt teeth. Corolla with a more expanded throat, bluish. Otherwise like Monarda, but flowers srnalkr. § 6. Stamens 4, diverging or ascending : the upper or inner pair longer ! Upper Up of the corolla erector a little arcliiiuj, the lower spreading. 25. LOPHANTHUS. Calyx rather unequally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla slightly 2-lobed, the lower moderately spreading, its middle lobe somewhat crenate. Stamens not parallel, the lower and shorter ones more or less as- cending, the upper and longer ones diverging and declining, so as to seem the lower. Tall erect herbs, with small flowers clustered in panicled spikes. 26. NEPETA. Calyx obliquely 5-toothed. Stamens parallel and ascending, and their anthers approaching in pairs under the upper lip of the corolla, their cells diverging from each other. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla con- siderably largest. 27. CEDROXELLA. Flowers nearly like those of Nepeta; but the cells of the anthers parallel. 37. PHLOM1S, of the next section, might from the stamens be sought for here. § 7. Stamens 4, the lower or outer pair longer, ascending and pandhl, t/nir anthers in pairs mostly under the concave or arched upper lip of the corolla. Plant* not sweet-scented, some of them bitter-aromatic. * Corolla inflated funnel- form and rather slightly 2-lipped: calyx thinnlsli. open b< //-simped in fruit, the 5 teeth equal and pointless : flowers simply spiked, only one to each bract or floral leaf'. 28. PHYSOSTEGIA. Upper lip of the corolla broad and a little arched, entire; lower of 3 broad and somewhat spreading short lobes. Smooth and scentless herbs, with thickish and sessile lanceolate or oblong leaves. * * Corolla decidedly 2-lipped : calyx also 2-lipped, irregular, closed in fruit. 29. BRUNELLA. Calvx tubular bell-shaped, reticulated, flattened on tli.- up- per side; the upper lip broad, flat, 3-toothed; the lower 2-cleft. Fube ot the corolla dilated on the lower side jn*t below the rather narrowed throat; upper lip arched and entire; lower widely spreading, with lateral lobes ob- loi,.r, the concave middle one rounded and crenulate. Filaments the apex, the lower tooth bearing the anther. Flowers m a terminal clc head or short spike. 30. SCUTELLAR1A. Calyx short, with the very short lips truncate and entire, and a large hump on the upper side, the whole helmet-shaped; the upper lip nsu- ally falling away when the fruit is ripe-. Corolla with rather long ascendi tube, the 'lateral lobes of the lower lip small and somewhat connected with the arched upper lip, the middle lobe larger and spreading or the sides reflex anthers of the lower stamens 1-celled. Bitterish herbs, not aromatic, v flowers single in the axil of each bract or leaf. 246 MINT FAMILY. * * * Corolla decidedly 1-lipped : calyx b-loudied, regular, or sometimes obscurely 2-lipj>ed, not i-lustiiy in fruit : the tctth commonly awl-shaped or triangular, often rii/iil or spiny-tipped, T- Stamens included in the tube of the corolla : calyx 10-toothed. 31. MARh'ri'.ir.M. Teeth of the calvx awl-shaped or spiney-tipped, recurved after flowering. Corolla small! upper lip erect. Bitter-aromatic plants: flowers iu axillary capitate whorls. •»- f- Stamens raised out of the tube of the corolla : calyx b-toothed. •** Anthers opt-niiiy crosswise by 2 unequal r«/r< s, the smaller one ciliate. 32. GALKOPSIS. Calvx tubular Ijell-shaped, 5-nerved, with spinv-tipped teeth. Corolla enlarged 'in the throat, the ovate and entire upper lip arched, the middle lobe of spreading lower lip obcordate. Flowers in axillary whorl-like clusters. *+ *-(• Anthers opening lengthwise in the ordinary way. 33. LAMIUM. Calyx tubular bell-shaped, with 5 awl-shaped spreading teeth. Corolla much enlarged in the throat, the upper lip arching and with a narrow base, lateral lobes of lower lip very short, the middle one rounded and spread- ing or turned down, its base much narrowed. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 256.) Mamcns ascending under the upper lip. Nutlets truncate at the top. 34. LKONTBl'S. Calyx top-shaped, the awl-shaped teeth when old spreading and spiny-pointed. Corolla like Stachys, but middle lobe of lower lip obcordate. Stamens parallel. Nutlets truncate and sharply 3-angled. Stems erect. Flowers in close whorls in the axils of cut-lobed leaves. 35. STACHYS. Calyx mostly tubular bell-shaped, the teeth triangular or awl- shaped, sometime* rigid fir even pungent. Corolla not enlarged in the throat, the upper lip entire or nearly so, the lower 3-lobed with the middle lobe nearly entire. Stamens ascending under the upper lip, but the outer pair turned down after discharging their pollen! Nutlets obtuse, but not trun- cate. Flowers crowded in whorls, most of these commonly approximate in a terminal raceme or spike. 36. BETOXICA. Like Stachys, but calyx more tubular and with awn-like teeth, tul ie of corolla longer and its upper lip sometimes notched, and the stamens gcnerallv remaining parallel. 37. PHLOMIS. Calyx tubular, with rigid narrow awl-shaped teeth from the notch of as manv very short and broad lobes. Corolla as in Stachys. I'pper pair of stamens (rather the longer) with an awl-shaped appendage at the base of the filaments. 38. MOLUCCELLA. Calyx membranaceous and greatly enlarged, funnel-form, the bonier reticulated, veiny, entire, except 5 mucronate points. Corolla much shorter than the calyx; the middle lobe of its lower lip obcordate. Nutlets 3-sided. 1. TEUCRITJM, (JKRMANDER. ( Named for Teucer, king of Troy.) y. T. Canadense, our only species, in low grounds, 10-,'J° high, downy, with ovate-lanceolate serrate leaves downy beneath, and pale purple or rarely white tlowers collected in a long spike, in late summer. . 2. TRICHOSTEMA, BLUE CURLS. (Name from the Greek, means hair-like a/mums.) Ours are branching loosely-flowered rather clammy low lierb>, with entire leaves, ami small (lowers as it were panicled, blue, or changing to purple, iu summer and autumn. (T) T. dichdtomuin, COMMON B. or BASTARD PKXNYKOY.U.. Sandy fields K. & S. : i','- \-2' high, with mostly lance-oblong sliort-petioled leaves. T. lineare, from New Jersey S., has linear or lance-linear smoother leaves. 3. ISANTHUS, FALSK PKNNYROYAL. (Name in Greek means equal _rlon;r, i. e. parts of corolla regular.) (T) I. CCeruleus. Common in sandy or sterile soil ; bushy-branched, clammy- pubescent, 6' - 12' high, with oblong 3-ncrvcd entire leaves, and scattered small Uue (lowers on axillary peduncles : all summer. MINT FAMILY. 247 4. 6CIMUM, SWEET BASIL. (Greek name, referring to the odor, the herbage sweet-scented. ) O. Basilicum, SWEET BASIL. Low sweet-herb, of kitchen-gardens, from India, with ovate somewhat toothed leaves, ciliate petioles and calvx, and bluish- white nu-emed (lowers, in summer. © 5. COLEUS. (Name from the Greek word for sheath, alluding to the inona- dclphoiis >tamens.) C. Blumei, of Java, especially its var. VERSCHAFFELTII, the showy spe- cies of ornamental grounds in summer, planted for its richly-colored ovate pointed and coarsely toothed leaves, either blotched with crimson or bronze-red, or almo.-t wholly colored ; the inconspicuous flowers blue or bluish and racemed. 6. HYPTIS. (From a Greek word meaning reversed.) Fl. late summer. H. radiata. Low ground, North Carolina & S. : stems 2° -4° high; leaves lance-ovate, toothed ; flowers white or purple-dotted, small, crowded in peduncled whitish-involucrate heads. ^ 7. LAVANDULA, LAVENDER. (From Latin lavo, to lave, for which Lavender-water is used.) L. vera, GARDEN L. Cult, from S. Europe : a low tmdershrub, barely hardy N., hoary, with lance-linear leaves, and slender spikes of bluish small flowers on long terminal peduncles, in summer. 8. PERILLA. (Name unexplained.) Natives of China ana Japan. © P. ocimoides, var crispa, or P. NANKINENSIS of the gardens, a bal- samic-scented much-branched herb, cult, for its foliage, the ovate-petioled leaves in this variety dark purple or violet-tinged beneath, bronze-purple above, the margins wavy and deeply cut-toothed, the insignificant rose-colored or whitish flowers in panicled spike-like racemes, in late summer. 9. MENTHA, MINT. (Ancient Greek and Latin name.) One native and two very common naturalized European species, mostly spreading rap- idly by running rootstocks ; leaves toothed ; the small flowers purplish- bluish, or almost white, in summer. ^/ The following common Mints all in wet places. M. viridis, SPEARMINT. Nearly smooth, with oblong o ' lance-ovate wrin- kled-veiny sessile leaves, and flowers in narrow terminal spikes. M. piperita, PEPPERMINT. Smooth, with ovate acute petioled leaves, and whorled clusters of flowers forming loose interrupted spikes. M. Canadensis, WILD MINT. Along shaded brooks ; pleasant-scented, hairy or a smooth variety, with ovate or lance-oblong acute or pointed leaves on short petioles, and whorls of flowers in the axils of some of the middle pairs. 10. LYCOPUS, WATER-HOREHOUND. (Name in Greek means foot ) Resembling the Wild Mint, but bitter, and not aromatic, commonly producing slender sometimes tuber-bearing runners from the base, smooth, the very small white flowers close-clustered in the axils of the leaves, in summer. Wild in shady moist soil. 2/ L. Virginicus, BCGLEWEED. Common N. ; stems blunt-angled, G' - 18' high ; leaves mostly lance-ovate and merely toothed ; calyx-teeth 4, ovate and bluntish. Used in medicine. L. EuropSBUS, under several varieties : common N. & S., is taller, with sharply 4-angled stems, ovate-oblong or laneeulate leaves cither toothed or pin- natifid, many flowers in the clusters or whorls, and 5 calyx-teeth rigid and sharp-pointed. 248 MINT FAMILY. 11. CUNILA, DITTANY. (An old Latin name of unknown meaning.) C. Mariana, MAKYI.AMI I). Dry hills through the Middle States ; nearlj smooth, 1°' high, corymbo-ely much branched, with ovate or heart-haped almost sessile -> Trate leaves (!' long), and pediiuclcd loo-e cymes of purplish flowers, in summer, y. 12. HEDEOMA. (Formed from a Greek name of a sort of Mint, refers to the sweet scent.) Low and fragrant-scented, growing in dry and open or sterile grounds, with small (lowers in loose axillary clusters, all summer. H. pulegioid.es, AMKKICAX I'KXXYKOYAI,, the pungent aromatic scent anil taste being like that of the Knglish Pennyroyal or Mentha Pulegium of Ku. ; verv common, .V - 8' high, hairy, branching, with oblong-ovate petioled leaves, few' (lowered clusters, and bluish corolla searech exceeding the calyx. ® H. hispida, is common from Western Illinois S. \V. ; 2' - 5' high, hairy, with sessile linear entire leave-, and bristly-ciliate calyx. (T) 13. COLLINSONIA, HORSK-BALM. (Named for Peter Collinson of London, who corresponded with Bart rani and Linmrus.) Rather tall and larn'c-leaved strong-scented plants : fl. summer. ^ C. Canadensis, also called RICH-WEED and STOXE-ROOT, the only com- mon species, in rich moist woods; smooth, 2° -3° high, with ovate >errate, (eaves 3' - ('>' long and on lonu' petioles, and pale yellow lemon-scented flowers on slender pedicels in panicled racemes. 14. HYSSOPUS, IIYSS< >P. (The ancient Greek name of the plant, from the Hebrew.) 2/ H. officinalis, the only species, cult, in gardens from the Old World, rarelv running wild : smooth tufted simple stems or branches 2° high ; leaves lance-linear and entire ; small clusters of blue flowers crowded in a terminal spike, in summer. 15. PYCNANTHEMUM, MOUNTAIN' MINT or BASIL. (Name from (I reek, means f mountain.*.) Natives of the Old World : sweet-herbs: fl. summer. If. O. vulgare, WILD MARJORAM. Old gardens, and wild on some mini- sides ; l°-ii0 high, with small ovate nearly entire leaves, on short petioles, :nnl purplish flowers in corymbed purple-bracted clusters or short spikes; cal \ \ equallv 5-toothed. O. Majorana, SWEET MARJORAM. Cult, in kitchen-gardens (as an i i ; leaves small and finely soft-downy ; the bracts not colored ; flowers whitish or purplish, with calyx hardly toothed but cleft nearly down on the lower side. 17. THYMUS, THYME. (Ancient Greek and Latin name ) Low cr creeping s'.ightly woody-stemmed sweet-aromatic plants of the Old World: fl. small, in summer. Leaves in the common species entire, small, from ^' to near A' long, ovate, obovate or oblong with tapering base. If. T. Serp^ilurn, CREEPING THYME. Cult, as a sweet herb, rarely a little spontaneous ; creeping, forming broad flat perennial turfs ; leaves green ; whorls of purplish or flesh-colored flowers crowded or somewhat spiked at the ends of the flowering branches. T. Vlllgaris, COMMON THYME. Rarely cult., more upright and bushy than the other, pale and rather hoary ; flowers in shorter clusters. 18. SATUREIA, SAVORY. (The ancient Latin name.) Aromatic: fl. siimmer. S. hortensis, SUMMER SAVORY. Low and homely sweet herb of the gar- dens, sparingly run wild W., with oblong-linear leaves tapering at base, and pale or purplish small flowers clustered in their axils, or running into panicled spikes at the end of the branches. (T) 19. CALAMINTHA, CALAMINTH. (Greek tor beautiful Mint.) Fl. summer. 2/ § 1. Flowers loose in the axils, or above running into racemes or panicles. C. glabella. A delicate native but uncommon species, only from Niagara Falls W. : smooth, with weak stems 5' -20' long, also with creeping runners, oblong or almost linear leaves, or ovate on the runners, the loose purplish flow- ers about J' long. C. Nepeta, BASIL-THYME. Nat. from Eu. from Virginia S. : soft-downy, branching, l°-2° high, with round-ovate crenate leaves, small and loose purple flowers, and calyx hairy in the throat. § 2. Flowers in terminal heads or head-like whorls, crowded with awl-shaped bracts. C. Clinopbdium, BASIL. Waste grounds and along thickets ; hairy, with rather simple stems l°-2° long, ovate arid nearly entire petioled leaves, and pale purple small corollas. 20. MELISSA, BALM, BEE-BALM. (Old name from Greek for bee. ) Old- World sweet herbs. Fl. summer. 2/ M. officinaliS, COMMON B. Gardens, sparingly running wild ; rather hairy, loosely-branched, lemon-scented, with ovate or scarcely heart-shaped crc- nate-toothed leaves, and yellowish or soon white flowers in small loose axillary clusters. 21. SALVIA, SAGE. (From the Latin sah/>rr /ij> of the calyx entire : lower cell of the anther wanting. S. urticifblia. Woodlands from Maryland S. : l°-2° high, leafy, some- what clammv-dov. nv ; leaves rhombic-ovate ; racemes slender, tlie blue and white corolla only i' long. S. aziirea. Sandy soil S. & S. W. : nearly smooth and green, with rather simple .stems, -2° - 4° high; leaves lance-linear with tapering base, obtn~ep entire, or the lower serrate; the showy azure-blue flowers (less than 1' long) numerous in a spike-like raceme. S. Pitcheri, from Kansas to Texas, is very like the foregoing, but minutely soft-downy ; occasionally cultivated, a> is also S. farinbsa, of Texas, with more petioled oblong-lanceolate leaves, the spikes, calyxes, &c. white-hoary, in contrast with the light blue corolla. § 2. GARDEN SAGES, cultivated fur ornament, or the first species for its savory foliage. Perennials, but some cult, as annuals, several wucxli/ at base. * Flowers Hue. S. officinalis, COMMON SAGE, from S. En. : low, minutely hoary-pubes- cent, with oblong-lanceolate leaves finely reticulated-rugose and the margins crennlate, spiked flower-whorls, and short corolla. S. patens, from Mexico : 2° -3° high, rather hairy, with crenate triangular- ovate or halberd-shaped leaves, or the uppermost sessile ones oval, loose-pedi- celled flowers, showy deep blue corolla over 2' long, the lips widely gaping and the stamens exserted. * * Flowers scarlet-red. S. splendens, SCARLET SAGE, of Brazil : smooth, with branching stems, ovate pointed leaves, the floral ones and calvx as well as the corolla ('2' or more long and with short lower lip) bright scarlet. S. i'lilgens, CARDINAL or MEXICAN RED S., from Mexico: tall, pubes- cent, with crenate ovate or oval leaves heart-shaped at base and somewhat rugo.sc, green calyx, and long-tubed downy deep scarlet corolla over 2' long, tlu1 style' plumose. S. COCCinea, from Tropical America: somewhat downy or soft-hairy, with ovate and heart-shaped acute crenate leaves, deciduous bracts, green or purplish calyx, and smooth red corolla 1' long, with lower lip much longer than the upper one. S. pseudo-COGCinea, from Trop. Amer. : like the last, but with bristly- hairy stems, less heart-shaped leaves, and corolla more or less pubescent. # # * F/otcers white. S. argentea, from the Mediterranean regions : cult, for its silvery-white foliage, hardv ; the very large round-ovate root-leaves clothed with long white wool ; flowering >tcm and its scs.sile leaves, as well as calyx, &c. clammy-hairy; the white corolla with scythe-shaped upper lip 1' long and a very short tube- 22. ROSMARINUS, ROSEMARY. (Old Latin name, dew of the sea.) R. officinalis, from S. Ku. : not hardy N. : leaves evergreen, linear, entire, with revolute margins, white hoary beneath, the upper with pale blue flowers in their uxils. 23. MOlSrARDA, IIOKSK-MIXT or BALM. (Named for an early Spanish writer on the medicinal plants of the New World, Monardez.) FL summer. § 1 . Xliuiiriis mid */>/!,> jirotrndinrj beyond tlie narrnir artitp upper lip of the corolla. /i arts oblong-ovate <>i' / TEA or BEK-BALM. Wet ground N., and cult.; leaves petioled; the floral ones tinged with red; calyx naked in the throat; eornl la bright red. M. fistulbsa, WILD BKRGAMOT. Rocky grounds ; soft-downy or smooth- ish ; leaves periolcd, the floral ones often whitish ; calyx very hairy in the 'hroat ; corolla iose-color, purple, or white. MINT FAMILY. 251 M. Bradburiana. From Ohio W., differs from the preceding in the eessile leaves soft-hairy beneath, calyx contracted above, and shorter corolla. § 2. Stamens not longer than the purple-spotted notched upper lip of the short corolla, the tube of which is nearly enclosed in the calyx. © @ M. pimctata, HORSE-MINT. Dry sandy ground, from New York to III. and S. : strong-scented and pungent, slightly hoary ; leaves lanceolate, the floral ones and bracts tinged yellow and purple ; calyx-teeth short and awn- less ; corolla yellowish. M. aristata. Plains from Missouri S. W., has its calyx strongly bearded in the throat and with awn-like teeth, the floral leaves and bracts conspicuously awn -tipped. 24. BLEPHILIA. (From Greek for eyelash, the bracts strongly ciliaie, the outer ones ovate.) Fl. summer. 2/ B. ciliata. Dry ground, from Penn. S. & W. : leaves almost sessile, ovate or oblong, whitish-downy beneath ; outer bracts large, acute ; corolla hairy. B. nepetoides. Low shady grounds N. & W. : hairy all over ; leaves lance-ovate sometimes heart-shaped at base, on distinct petioles ; bracts smaller and very slender-pointed ; corolla smoothish, purple-spotted. 25. LOPHANTHUS, GIANT HYSSOP. (Name from Greek for crest and flower, not very appropriate. Wild in rich soil, chiefly N. & W., with ovate and toothed leaves : fl. summer. ^ L. nepetoides. Smooth, coarse, not sweet-scented ; stem 4° - 6° high and sharply 4-angled ; calyx-teeth ovate, bluntish, almost equalling the dull yellowish corolla. L. SCroph.ulariif61ius. Resembles the preceding, but the obtusely an- gled stem and sharper-toothed leaves rather pubescent, the lanceolate acute calyx- teeth shorter than the purplish corolla. L. anisatus. Wild from Wisconsin far N. W. and rare in cultivation : slender, with anise-scented leaves white beneath, and calyx much shorter than the lavender-blue corolla. 26. NEPETA, CAT-MINT. (Latin name, from the city Nepcte.) ~U N. Cataria, CATNIP. Weed nat. from Eu. around dwellings and gardens : soft-downy ; with oblong heart-shaped leaves deeply crenate, and whitish flow- ers crowded in terminal clusters or spikes, in late summer. N. Glechbma, GROUND IVY, GILL. Weed nat. from Eu. in waste or cult, shaded grounds: creeping and spreading, with smoothish rounded kidney- shaped crenate leaves on slender petioles, and light blue flowers in their axils, each pair of anther cells approaching and forming a little cross : fl. all spring and summer. 27. CEDRONELLA. (From Greek name of oil of cedar, alluding to the sweet aromatic scent of the foliage of the first species.) The cultivated species not hardy N. : fl. summer, y. C. triph^lla, BALM-OF-GILEAD of the English gardens, here rarely cult., from Madeira ; very sweet-scented leaves of 3 broadly lanceolate leaflets ; flowers purplish. C. Mexicana, from New Mexico, has simple lance-ovate leaves with heart- shaped base, erect stems, and handsome rose-colored (lowers in close clusters. C. COrdata, wild in shady grounds from W. Penn. S., but rare : low, hairy, with long leafy runners, heart-shaped leaves, and scattered flowers, the purplish corolla l£' long, its throat inflated. 28. PHYSOSTEGIA, FALSE DRAGON-HEAD. ( Name from Greek words for inflated or b/adderi/ covering.) Fl. all summer. 2/ P. Virginiana. Wet banks of streams, from New York W. & S., in sev- eral varieties: l°-4° high; leaves mostly serrate; flowers either crowded or rather distant in the spikes ; corolla pale rose-purple, 1' or more long. 2~>2 MINT FAMILY. 29. BRUNELLA, SELF-HEAL or HEAL-ALL. (Latinized from the old iJiYmaii ii. tine.) Fl. all summer, y. B. vulgaris. Low fields ami copse-, low, spreading, with ovate or oblong pctiolcd leaves, anil .'! tiowh hraet> of the he. id ; corolla bluish-purple or rarely white. 30. SCUTELLARIA, SKULLCAP. (Name from Latin scutellum, a. dish.) Fl. in summer, in species ours blue or violet. 2/ § 1. Floiri rs in rOGt Hint or Xjiilciit tn'/niiKitiii'l tin .sV. ;;/ anil lirinn'lii s. S. versicolor. River-banks, from Pcnn. W. & S. : stem stout, 1° -.3° high soft-pulicM-cnt, a> are the heart-shaped very veiny and rugose eremite and blunt- ish lonu-petiolcd leaves ; -pike-iikc racemes clammy-pubescent; corolla almost 1' Ion;:, the lower lip purple spotted. S. canescens. From IVnn. S. & W. : stems branching, 2° - 4° high ; leaves petioled, ovate or lance-ovate, or some of them heart-shaped at base, the lower surface as also the racemes and Mowers whitish with very tine soft down, otherwi>e smoothisli ; corolla 1' long. S. pilbsa. Pubescent with spreading hairs; stem nearly simple, 1°-.'!° high, bearing rather distant pairs of roundish or oblong-ovate veiny leaves, the lower -ometimes heart-shaped, upper on short-margined petioles; merino short, the bracts spatulate ; corolla 3' long. S. integrifdlia. Along thickets: minutely hoary, l°-2°high; leaves lance-oblong or linear, obtu>e, nearly entire, very short-petioled ; raceme short; corolla 1' long, much enlarged upwards. § '2. Flowers short-peduncled in the axils of some of the sessile leaves. S. nervosa. 3Ioist ground from New York S. W. : smooth, l°-2° hiuh, slender; leaves roundMi or ovate, sparingly toothed, 1' long, those subtending the flowers ovate-lanceolate and entire, the nerve-like main veins prominent beneath ; flowers 4' long. S. parvula. Dry banks and shores, commoner W. & S. : low and spread- ing, :i' - (]' high ; with round-ovate or lance-ovate and slightly heart-shaped lea\es .',' or more Ionic, and (lowers \' long. S. galericulata. Wet ground N. : smoothish ; the slender simple stems l°-2° high ; leaves ovate-lanceolate, sometimes with a heart-shaped base, acute, serrate ; (lowers :j' long, with arched upper lip. § 3. Flowers in axillary or some terminal oin-sii/nl racemes. S. lateriflbra. Wet shady places : smooth, branching, 1° - 2° high, with lancc-o\ate or oblong acute coarsely serrate leaves on slender petioles ; racemes rather leat'y-bracted ; flowers $' long. 31. MARRUBIUM, IIOUKIIOUXD. (Late Latin name, from Hebrew word for uitter. ) Fl. late summer. ^ M. vulgare, COMMON II., from Europe, in gardens and waste places branching, .spreading, hoary-downv, with round-ovate eremite-rugose leaves .in petioles, and small white corolla. BLACK HOKKIKHM), P. M.I.OT.V Ni<;n.\, of F.urope, and naturalized in a tew places V... i> not hoary, and has purplish tlowers with a spreading 5-toothcd border to the calyx. 32. GALEOPSIS, IIKMl'-XKTTLE. (Name in Greek means like a weasel; the likeness not at all obvious.) Fl. summer. ® G. Tetrahit, COMMON 11. Damp wa>te and cult grounds, nat. from En. • a common weed, rattier bristly-hairy, with >tem Mvollcn below each joint, leaves mate and eoar.-elv scrrat •, and corolla purpli>h or variegated. 33. LAMIUM, DEAD-NETTLE. (Xame from Greek word for throat. | Low spreading herbs from Did World • 11 s-jiring and summer. MINT FAMILY. 253 * Insignificant weeds in waste, or cultivated grounds, icith few smalt and purple or slender floicers in some of the axils. Q) ® L. amplexicaule. Leaves rounded, deeply eremite-toothed and cut, the upper ones clasping; corolla with a long tube, its upper lip bearded, the lower one spotted. L. purptireum. Not so common : leaves more heart-shaped, and less cut, all of them petioled. * * Flowers fan/rr, 1' lour/, in several axillary whorls: corolla ascending, the lateral Mies bearing a s/tnder awl-shaped appendaye. 2/ L. album. Gardens and waste grounds : hairy ; leaves all petioled, ovate and heart-shaped, rugose-veiny ; flowers white. L. maculatum. Cult, in gardens ; hairy or nearly smooth ; leaves as in the other, but with a white spot or blotch on the upper face ; flowers purple. 34. LEONURUS, MOTHERWORT. (Name in Greek means lion's tail, but there is no obvious resemblance.) Fl. late summer. L. Cardiaca, COMMON M. Nat. from En. in cult, and waste grounds ; tall, with palmately cleft long-petioled leaves, the lower rounded, the upper wedge-shaped at base ; upper lip of pale purple corolla bearded. 2/ 35. STACHYS, HEDGE-NETTLE. (Greek word for spike, from the inflorescence.) Flowers in summer, in all ours 2/- * }\'i/d species in wtt grounds, with small light reddish-purple corolla. S. palustris. Common in many and diverse varieties, rough-hairy or smooth, or the angles of the stem bristly ; leaves oblong or lance-ovate, or the lower heart-shaped at base, crenately toothed, the lower or nearly all petioled ; calvx-teeth sharp-pointed or pungent. S. hyssopilblia. Wet sandy soil, not common : smooth, low (1° high) ; leaves linear or linear-oblong, almost entire, sessile ; calyx-teeth softer and less pointed. * * Cultivated for ornament • not very common. S. lanata, from Europe: low, tufted; the stems, oblong Mullein-like leaves, and dense interrupted spike wholly covered with thick and silvery white wool, and vcrv short dull purple corollas. S. coceiliea, SCARLET S., from Mexico, with ovate-oblong and heart- shaped pubescent leaves, and whorled flowers with bright red corolla, its tube often 1' long. 36. BETONICA, BETONY. (The Latin name.) Cult, occasionally in old gardens, from Old World. Stems low, erect: leaves coarsely crenate, oblong, those on the stem few, of the root larger and heart-shaped on long petioles. Fl. summer. 2/ B. grandifldra, GREAT B., from Northern Asia; with stem l°-2° high, flowers in separated whorls, purple corollas H' long. B. officinalis, WOOD B., from Europe, has flowers many times smaller, in a more crowded oblong spike. 37. PHLOMIS, JERUSALEM SAGE. (Old Greek name of some woolly plant.) Fl. summer. 2/ P. tuberosa, from E. Eu. : cultivated in old gardens, sparingly run wild ; stems 3° - 5° high ; leaves ovate or ovate-oblong and heart-shaped, crenate, rugose, smoothish ; flowers in remote and dense whorls ; upper lip of the purple corolla white-hairy inside. 38. MOLUCCELLA, MOLUCCA BALM, SHELL-FLO WER. (Name from Molucca Islands.) Fl. summer. © M. laevis, from with roundish petioled spine-like bracts, the mii'.'li exceeding the inconspicuous corolla. Lands.) l1 1. summer, (i) Asia : in some old gardens : low, much branched, smooth, :>led leaves, flowers sessile in their axils accompanied by lie remarkable large cup-shaped calyx oblique and 1 ' long, 2.~>4 BOUA'II, IAMII.V. 80. BOilRAGINACE.aE, BORAGE FAMILY. Mostly rough or rough-hairy plants, known from all relat'-l nionopetalous orders by having a deeply 4-lobed ovary, or apparently 4 ovaries, around die lia-r (if a rmnnion style, each 1-ovulcd, ripen- ing into akeui;s or nutlets, along with regular llowers (Echium cx.'fptfil). >tameiis a> many as the lobes of the corolla (•')) and alternate with them, and alternate (mostly entire) leaves. In the Heliotrope tribe, however, the ovary is not lobed, but the fruit at maturity separates into 2 or 4 nutlets. Stigmas 1 or 2. Embryo filling the seed : no albumen. Flowers disposed to be on one side of the stem or branches, or of the branches of cymes, the raceme-like clusters coiled at the end and straightening as the flowers expand. Herbage not aromatic ; juice commonly bitterish, often somewhat mucilaginous. Roots of several are red and used for dye. I. BORAGE FAMILY PROPER, having the deeply 4-parted ovary as above. Ours all herbs. i) I. Corolla irregular funnel-form, naked in the throat : stamens unequal! 1. ECIIIUM. Two of the spreading lobes of the corolla shorter than the others. Stamens ascending, more or less protruding: filaments and style long and slender. Stigmas 2. Nutlets erect, leathery, rough-wrinkled. § 2. Corolla wheel-shaped, with no tube at all. 2. BORRAGO. Flowers, as in all the following, perfectly regular. A blunt scale at the base of each lobe of the 5-parted corolla, alternating with the con- niving stamens. Filaments verv short, limad, and with a cartilaginous pro- jection behind the linear pointed anther. Nutlets erect. 6. M YOSOTIS, and 7. OMPHALODES, from the short tube to the corolla may be sought for here. § 3. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-shaped, sometimes almost wheel-shaped, * Open in the throat, the folds or short scales, if any, not closing over the. oriftce. 3. MERTF.XSIA. Corolla tubular, trumpet-shaped, with the widely spreading border -carceiv at all lolied and its throat perfectly naked in the common species; the slender filaments protruding. 1-ruit fleshy, smooth or wrinkled. Smooth plants, which i.- rare in this order. 4. OXoSMOIUI'M. Corolla tubular, with the 5 acute lobes erect or converging, the throat perfectly naked, bearing tlu> arrow-shaped or linear and mucronate anthers: filaments hardly any. Myle very slender and protruding. Nutlets Stony. high, with obovate entire leaves, those of the root long-petiolcd, handsome flowers spreading or hanging on slender pedicels in loose raceme-like clusters, the light blue or at first purple corolla 1' long : fl. spring. 4. ONOSMODIUM, FALSE GROMWELL. (Name means JlL-e OHOS- ma, an European genus of this family.) Wild plants of the country, mostly in rich soil, in dry or alluvial ground : flowers leafy-bracted, greenish or yel- lowish-white, in summer. ~^_ 256 BOUAGK FAMILY. O. Virginianum. Clothed with harsh l.ut a]. pressed short bristles, 1° - 2C hL'h, with obloni: leaves, ami lance-awl-shaped lobes of narrow corolla spar- Inj I v bristly outside. O. Carolinianum. From \ew York \V. \ S.: shaggy with rouirh and spreading bristles, stout, :j°-4° high, with lance-ovate or oblong-acnte leaves, and lobes of rather broad cm-olla triangular and thicklv hairv. O. molle. Only W. : hoary with softer and whi'ti.-h appressed hairs, the oblong-ovate b!unti.-h leaves strongly ribbed, and lobes of the triangular-pointed lobes of the narrow corolla thickly hairv outside. 5. LITHOSPERMUM, GKOM\YELL, PUCCOON. (Name from Greek, means st<,,,,/ »,//.) Flowers in late spring and summer, at length scattered or as if spiked, leafy -bracted. § 1. Corolla white or nnhi //• //«//•/>•// //, the wholly nak<-d throat, scarcely longer titan the calyx : tuttifta rough-wrinkled uml />/'t/,J, ,/''<"/ and dull. (T) @ L. arvense, COIJN GHOMWKLL. Nat. from Eu. in waste drv soil, 6'- 12' high, roughish-hoary, with lanceolate or linear leaves and inconspicuous flowers. § -2. Corolla dull w/iili.i/i, rather short, with little downy scales or rather fMs in the thront .- null, is smooth or with a few fiores, often ivory-white. T/ L. angUStifdlium. River-banks from 111. S. & W. : minutely roughish- hoary, bra-iehed, (',' - 15' high, with linear rigid leaves, short peduncles recurved in fruit, and corolla not longer than calyx. L. officinale, COMMON- (J. of Europe, a weed by some roadsides : l°-2° high, branched above, with broadish-lanceolate acute leaves rough above but soft-downy beneath, and corolla longer than calyx L. Iatif61ium. From W. New York \V."& S. : larger and rougher than the last, ovate and lance-ovate pointed leaves 2' - 4' long and prominently ribbed, those from the root larger and roundish ; corolla shorter than calvx. § 3. Corolla />/•////// »>/v;«v -yi-llmr, xliniri/, longer than calyx, almost salvrr-shaped, with little. aj>]H'>i(lae inside. L. canescens, HOARY P. Mostly N. & W. : softer-hairy and somewhat hoarv, 6'- 15' high, smaller-flowered than the preceding, and tube of corolla smooth at ba-ie inside. L. Iongifl6rum, only on prairies N. W., has linear leaves, and tube of corolla 1' 01 more long, many times longer than the eroded-toothed lobes. 6. MYOSOTIS, FORGET-ME-NOT or SCORPION-GRASS. (Xamo in (iivck means >timise-ng acutish leaves, ra.-emes naked at base and .-talked, small blue corolla, pedicels spreading in fruit and longer than the 5-eleft c.pial calyx, the lobes of which are closed in fruit, and th-- tub • beset with some hooked o'r glandular-tipped hairs. i i M. v6rna. Dry hills : bristly-hirsute, erect (4'- 10 hitjh), branched from base, with oblong and blunt leaves, racemes IcafV at base, very small mostly white corolla, pedicels in fruit erect and appressed at base, but abruptly bent outwards near the apex, and rather shorter than the unequal very bristly calyx, some of its bristles hooked or glandular at their tip. © © BOKAGE FAMILY. 257 7. OMPHAL6DES. (Name from the Greek, refers to tin- navel-shaped depression on the upper face of the nutlets.) Cult, from En. for ornament. O. v6rna, BLUE or SPRING NAVELWORT. Spreading by leafy runners ; leaves ovate or somewhat heart-shaped, 2' -3' long, pointed, green; flowers azure-blue, in spring. 2/ O. linifolia, WHITE N. Erect, 6' -12' high, loosely branched, very pale or glaucous, with broadly lanceolate leaves sparingly ciliate. the upper sessile, white or bluish flowers, and turgid nutlets toothed around the margin of the cavity. © 8. ECHINOSPERMUM, STICKSEED. (Name of two Greek words for hedgehog and seed, from the nutlets ) E. Lappula. Weed of waste grounds, especially N., roughish-hairy, erect, 1°- 2° high, with lanceolate leaves, small blue flowers, and nutlets with rough- tubcrcled back and thickly-prickled margins : fl. all summer. © 9. CYNOGLOSSUM, HOUNDSTONGUE (which the name means in Greek). Fl. summer. Nutlets form burs which adhere to fleece. C. offlcinale, COMMON H. Coarse weed from Europe, common in pas- tures and roadsides : leafy, soft-pubescent, with spatulate or lance-oblong leaves, the upper ones closely sessile, crimson purple corolla, and flat somewhat margined nutlets. © C. Virginicum, WILD COMFREY. Rich woods: bristly-hairy; with simple stem leafless above and bearing a few corymbed naked racemes of blue flowers, the stem leaves lance-oblong with heart-shaped clasping base, the nut- lets very convex. 2/ C. Moris6ni, BKGGAR'S LICE. Thickets and open woods : a common weed, 2° — 4° high, with slender widely spreading branches, thin oblong-ovate leaves tapering to both ends, forking and diverging racemes of very small whitish or bluish flowers on pedicels rencxed in fruit, and convex barbed-prickly small nutlets. © © 10. LYCOPSIS, BUGLOSS. (Name of Greek words for tco/fsmA face or aspect.) European weeds. Fl. summer. © L. arvensis, FIELD or SMALL BUGLOSS. Very rough-bristly weed, about 1° high, in sandy fields E. ; with lance-oblong leaves, and small blue corolla little exceeding the calyx. 11. SYMPHYTUM, COMFREY. (From Greek word meaning to grow together or unite, alluding probably to supposed healing properties.) Cult, from Old World : fl. summer, y. S. officinale, COMMON C. Rather soft-hairy ; the branches winged by the decurrent bases of the oblong-lanceolate leaves; corolla yellowish-white. Naturalized sparingly in moist grounds. S. asperrimum, ROUGH C. Cult, in some gardens : stem and widely spreading branches excessively rough with short and somewhat recurved little prickles, not winged ; calyx-lobes short ; corolla reddish purple in bud changing to blue. 12. HELIOTROPIUM, HELIOTROPE (i. e., in Greek, turning to the sun). Fl. all summer. * Spikes only in pairs, or the lateral ones solitary : flowers white. © H. Curassavicum. Sandy shores and banks from Virginia and Illinois S. : very smooth and pale ; leaves oblong, spatulate, or lance-linear, thickish, veinless H. Eu.ropS8U.in. Old gardens and waste places S., introduced from Eu. ; hoary -downy, 6' -18' high; leaves oval, long-pctioled, veiny. S & F— 22 258 WATKRI.KAF FAMILY. * * Spikes collected in terminal and srr<-n?l times forked cymes : woody-stemmeA or shrulily house ami ln-ililin<) plants from Peru and C/ii/i. 2/ H. Peruvianum, S \VKKT HELIOTROPE. Pubescent, with ovate-oblong or lance-ovate very veiny rugose leaves, and vanilla-scented pale blue-purple flowers. II. corymbbsum. Cult, with the other, differs mainly in the larger and deeper-blue llowers of much less fragrance. 13. HELIOPHYTUM. (Name of the Greek words for sim and plant, indicating the resemblance to Heliotrope.) II. Indicum, INDIAN HKLIOTKOPK : hairy low plant, nnt. from India a* a weed in wa-tc ground S. ; with ovate heart-shaped leaves, and solitarv spikes of 'small purplish (lowers, in summer ; a cavity before each seed-bearing cell of the 2-lobed fruit. © 81. HYDROPHYLLACE.SJ, WATERLEAF FAMILY. Plants in some sort resembling both the foregoing and the following families, in the arrangement of the flowers more commonly imitating the former; differing from both in the 1 -celled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placentae. In some the placentae unite in the axis, making a two-celled ovary. Style 2 -cleft or else 2 separate styles. Ovules at least 2 to each placenta. Seeds with a small embryo in hard albumen. Juice inert and watery. Leaves mostly alternate, simple or compound. The following are all N. American plants, some wild, the others cult, for ornament from the West. § 1. Style 2,-cleft: ovary and pod \-celled, with two parietal placenta, * These flesh ;/ and so brand that they line the or try, and enclose, the (mostly 4) ontlei and seeds: corolla usually convolute in the bud, commonly with 5 or 10 folds, scales, or other appendages down the inside of (he tube. 1. HYDBOPHYLLUM. Calvx 5-parted, sometimes with small appendages at the sinuses, not enlarged in fruit Corolla bell-shaped. Stvle and mostly hairy filaments protruded : anthers linear. Pod small, globose, ripening 1-4 spherical seeds. Flowers in crowded cymes or clusters. Leaves alternate, slender-petioled. 2. NEMOPHlLA. Calyx 5-parted, and with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, somewhat enlarging in fruit. Corolla open bell-shaped or wheel-shaped, lunger than the stamens. Flowers solitary and long-pednncled. Leaves mostly opposite, at least the lower ones. » « Placenta narrow, adherent ilirecthj to the n-nlh. or else home on nn incomplete partition and projecting into the <•f>arnte. t/tiite to (he base: ovary mid /><«! '2-felf/d: tends minute and ren/ numerous. 6. HYDROLEA. Calyx "i-parted. Corolla open-bell-shaped or auproadiing wheel- shaperl, rather shorter than the stamens: filaments enlarged at ha*e. Herbs. or sciinewliat shrubby, with entire leaves and often spines in their axil* Flowers in loose axillary clusters. WIQANDIA, from South America, with very large rounded leaves and sharp or stinging bristles, is of late planted out as an ornamental leaf-plant, but ie as yet uncommon. AVATKRT.KAK KAMII.V. '2~>0 1. HYDROPHYLLUM, WATERLEAF, is a translation of the name from the Greek, the application obscure. Plants of rich woods, &c. Flow- ers white or bluish-tinged, in early summer. ^ * Ca>yr irith minute appendages If (ini/ : root&locks creeping, scaly-toothed. H. macrophyllum. From Ohio \V. & S. W. -. rough-hairy, witli leaves pinnately divided into 9- 13 cut-toothed divisions or leaflets ; a globular cluster of (lowers on a very long peduncle. H. Virginicum. Very common N. & W. : smooth or smoothish, with 5-7 main divisions to the pinnate leaves, the lowest pair 2-parted, and calyx- lobes bristly-ciliate. H. Canaddnse. Chiefly N. : barely 1° high, nearly smooth, the roundish leaves palmatelv 5-7-lobed and with heart-shaped base, or some minute leaflets on the petioles, which are longer than the peduncles of the flower-cluster. * * Caliix with a conspicuous reflexed appendage in each sinus. H. appendiculatum. From New York W. & S. : pubescent or hairy, with rounded palmately 5-lobed leaves or some of them pinnately divided, rather loose flower-clusters, and bristly-hairy calyx. 2. NEMOPHILA. (Name from the Greek, means lover of tlte grove.) Low spreading plants cultivated for ornament ; all but the first from California : fl. summer. © W. phacelioides. Wild from Arkansas S., and sparingly cult. ; with ascending stems l°-2° long, alternate leaves pinnately parted into 3-9 oblong entire divisions, and purplish-blue corolla U' broad. N. insignis. Slender, procumbent, with lobes of the pinnate leaves cut- toothed, and pure blue corolla 1' broad. N. maculata. Prostrate, with leaves all opposite and mostly sessile, the lower lyrate-pinnatifid, upper sparingly cut-toothed, and white corolla with violet patch on each lobe. N". atomaria. Procumbent; leaves opposite, pinnatifid ; corolla smaller, white sprinkled with chocolate-brown spots. 3. PHACELIA. (Name from Greek word for a cluster.) Several species cult, for ornament : fl. spring or summer. § 1. TRUE PHACELIA, loith only 4 ovules and seeds : lobes of corolla entire. P. COTlgesta. Cult, from Texas, &c. : rather pubescent, with leaves pin- natelv divided or cleft into few oblong or ovate cut-toothed leaflets or lobes, and small" blue flowers in 3 or 4 spikes at the summit of a slender peduncle ; stamens slightly protruding. © P. tanacetifolia, from California: taller, bristly-hairy, with narrower pinnatifid leaflets, larger flowers in longer dense spikes, and long stamens. © P. bipinnatifida. Wild from Ohio S. & W. in rich shady soil : 1° high, branched, glandular-hairy, with leaves twice pinnately divided into ovate ciit-lobed leaflets, flowers slender pedicelled in long loose racemes, violet-blue corolla V or more broad. @ § 2. COSMANTHUS, with 4 ovules and seeds, and fringed lobes to corolla. © ® P. Plirshii. Shady soil from Penn. W. & S. and cult, under the name of the next : slender, 8' -12' high ; lobes of pinnatifid leaves several, lance-oblong, acute ; flowers of the raceme numerous, on slender pedicels ; corolla light blue or whitish, ^' broad ; filaments hairy below. P. fimbriata, the true plant "grows only in the high Alleghanies smaller, with 3-7 rounded or oblong blunt divisions to the leaves, few and smaller white flowers. § 3. EfjTOCA, with seeds or at lea*t ovules several or many : corolla-lobes entire. P. parvifldra. Shaded banks from Penn. to N. Car. : scarce, delicate little plant, 3' -6' high, with pinnately divided or cleft leaves, a raceme of fev flowers on slender pedicels, bluish corolla less than £' wide, and few seeds < ,v vfsciDA : clammy all over with dark glandular hairs, rather coarse ; leaves ovate, cut-toothed, short- petioled ; racemes single terminatinj: the liraiiches ; corolla deep blue, 1' or less wide,; pod many-seeded. (T) 4. WHITLAVIA. ( Named by the lamented Professor Harvey for his t'ri.-nd Mr. \\'/iil/n.) Kl. summer. (T) W. grandiflbra. Cult, for ornament, from California: resembles Pha- cclia viscidain growth and folia-''. but only slightly clammy, the roundish-ovate or slui-ht'y heart-shaped leaves comely toothed, on longer petioles; raeemo loose; corolla 1' or more lon^, violet-blue (also a white variety) ; stamens and st\ le very slender and protruding. 5. HYDROLEA. (Named from Greek word for water; the plants aquatic or in wet places.) Fl. summer. 2/ H. quadrivalvis, of S. E. States, has hairy stems ; lanceolate acute leaves tapering to the base, and lanceolate sepals nearly as long as the corolla. H. affinis, of river-banks, from S. Illinois S., is smooth, with short-pctioled lanceolate leaves, and ovate sepals as Ion;; as the corolla. H. ovata, of 8. W. States, lias soft-downy steins, ovate leaves, looser flow- ers, and lanceolate villous sepals. 82. POLEMONIACE^I, POLEMONIUM FAMILY. Chiefly herbs, with regular flowers, persistent o-cleft calyx, the 5 lobes of the monopetalous corolla convolute in the bud, 3-lobed style, 3-celled ovary and pod ; the single, few, or many seeds in each cell borne on the thick axis. Embryo straight in the axis of albumen. Insipid and innocent plants, the juice watery. Nearly all are N. American plants, many cult, for ornament. § 1. Erect or diffuse herbs, nut cH/n/>!n>/, nml with nothing resembling stlpitlt-s. 1. PHLOX. Calyx narrow, prismatic or plaited, .".-toothed or 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, with a lon<_c tube (Lessons, p. '.'0, tig. 255), in which the 5 short and unequally inserted stamens are included. Ovary often with 2 ovules, but the short pod with only one seed in each cell. Leaves entire and ino-tly senile, the lower all opposite, upper often alternate. 2. CILIA.' Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 5-cleft. Corolla of various shapes. Stamens equally1 inserted and projecting from the throat of the corolla, not declined. Ovules and seeds several in each cell. Leaves either entire, cut, or divided. 3. POLKMONM'M. Calyx bell-shaped. Corolla open-bell-shaped or short-funnel form. Stamens slender, like those of Cilia, but declined, hairy-appendaged at the base. Leaves pinnate, alternate. § 2 Tall-climbing by compound ttndi-ils on tie pinnate leaves: lowest leaflets close to the stem, unlike the otlu-rs, iiiiitntimj stijntU-it. 4. COB^EA. Calyx of 5 l:ir-re leaf-like division-;, the margins of which, applied each to each, appear like 5 win^-d an.irles. Corolla Bell-shaped, with short nnd broad .-pivadinir lolies. Stamens decline,!. A fleshy disk around the ha-e of the ovary. Seeds numerous iu each cell of the pod, winded. Pe- duncles axillary, 1-llowered, le-ily-liracted near the base, naked above. Leaves alternate. 1. PHLOX. (Greek fnr_fli s of corolla entire, pink-purple, and with white varieties. U V/i/ from Pennsylvania S. and \V. : fl. summer. P. paniculata. Smooth, or some varieties roughish or soft hairy, 2° - 4° hin'h, stout ; leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate and mostly with tapering base; panicle broad ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. P. maculata. Smooth; stem slender, l°-2°high, purple-spotted lower leaves lanceolate, upper lance-ovate from a rounded or somewhat heart-shaped biise ; panicle long and narrow, leafy below ; calyx-teeth hardly pointed. * * Stems ascending or erect, but often it-it li a prostrate base, l°-3° high: whole plant smooth, not clammy nor glandular : flowers corymbed: lobes of corolla round and entire. \Vild chiefly H . and S., seldom cult. : fl. summer. P. Carolina. Leaves varying from lanceolate to ovate, or the upper heart- shaped ; Howers crowded, short-pednncled, pink ; calyx-teeth acute. P. glaberrima. Slender; leaves often linear-lanceolate, 3' -4' long; flowers fewer and loose, pink or whitish ; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed. * # # Flowering stems ascending, or in the flrst erect, low, terminated hi/ a loose corymb, which is clammy-pubescent more or less, as well as the thinnis/i leaves : flowers mostly pedicelled : calyx-teeth very slender : fl. late spring. P. pi!6sa. From N. Jersey to Wisconsin & S. : mostly hairy ; erect steins 1° or so high ; leaves lanceolate or linear and tapering to a point (l'-2£' long) ; flowers loose, with spreading awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; lobes of pink, rose, or rarely white corolla obovate and entire. P. amdeha. Barrens from Virg. to 111. & S. : pubescent, spreading from the base, 6' -1° high, leaves lanceolate, or broadly oblong or ovate on sterile shoots, short ; flowers in a crowded leafy-bracted corymb, with straight hardly awn-pointed calyx-teeth ; corolla purple, pink, or nearly white. P. reptans. Moist woods from Penn. and Kentucky .S. : spreading by- long runners, which bear ronnd-obovate often smoothish leaves, those of the low flowering stems oblong or ovate (about £' long) ; flowers few but crowded ; lobes of the deep pink-purple corolla round-obovate, large (!' broad). P. divaricata. Moist woods from N. New York W. & S. : soft-pubescent; stems loosely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong or broad-lanceolate (l'-2' long) ,- flowers loosely corymbed and peduncled ; corolla large, pale lilac, bluish, or lead-colored, the lobes wedge-obovate or commonly inversely heart-shaped and as long as the tube. * * * * Stems creeping and tufted, rising little above the ground, almost woody, persistent, as are the rigid and crowded glandular-pub scent leaves : flowers few in the depressed clusters, in early spring. P. SUbulata, GROUND or Moss PINK. Wild on rocky hills W. & S. of New England, and common in gardens, forming broad mats ; leaves awl-shaped or lanceolate, at most £• long ; corolla pink-purple, rose with a darker eye, or varying to white, the wedge-obovate lobes generally notched at the end. 2. GILIA. (Named for one Gil, a Spanish botanist.) Species abound from Texas and Kansas to California. Several are choice annuals of the gardens : fl. summer. G. COronopifolia, or IPOMOPSIS, called CYPRESS GILIA from tho foliage resembling that of Cypress- Vine : wild S. and cull.; has erect wand- like stem 2° -3° hitch, thickly clothed with alternate crowded leaves pinnately divided into thread-like leaflets, and very long and narrow strict leafy pauich; of showy flowers ; the corolla tubular-funnel form, light scarlet with whitish specks on the lobes inside, l£' long. (Lessons, p. 90, tig. 249.) © G. androsacea, or LEFTOSIPHON ANDROSACEL-S, of California: low and slender, with opposite leaves palmatcly cleft into 5-7 narrow linear divisions, a head-like cluster of flowers with very long and slender but small salver-shaped corolla, lilac or whitish with a dark eye. ® 2G2 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. G. tricolor, of California: with branching stems, about 1° high, scattered alternate leave* 2-3 time* jiinnately dissected into short linear divi.-ions, flow- er* panicled at the end of the branche-, -hort funnel-form eorolla with lilac- jiur]ile or whitish lobes, brown-]iiir|i|e throat, and yellow tube. i G. capltata, of California and Oregon; l°-2° high, with alternate leave* twice ('innately divided into small liiu-ar or thread-like leallets (,r lobes, and numerous small blue flowers crowded in heads at the end of iiakcd branches ; tlie corolla narrow funnel-form with lanceolate lobes. © 3. POLEMONIUM, GREEK VALKKIAX, JACOB'S LADDER. (Ancient name, from the Greek word for war, or in honor of a philosopher or king named J'o/nnon.) Fl. early summer. ^ P. reptans. Woods of Middle States, also cult.: smooth, with weak and spreading (but never creeping) stems 6' -10' long, 7-11 lance-ovate or oblong leaflets, small corymbs of nodding light blue flowers, and stamens and style not longer than the corolla. P. caeruleum. Cult, in gardens from Eu., also rarely wild N. : smooth or sometimes hairy ; with erect stem l°-3° high, 9-21 mostly lanceolate and crowded leaflets, clusters of bright blue flowers collected in a long panicle, and stamens and style longer than the lobes of the corolla, which is 1' broad. 4. COB.S1A. (Named for one Cobo, a Spanish priest in Mexico, from which country the common species was introduced into cultivation.) 2/ C. SCandens. Smooth, tall-climbing by its much branching tendrils ; leaflets ovaf ; dull purple or greenish corolla 2' or more long, long filament* coiling spirally when old : 11. all summer, usually cult, as an annual. 83. CONVOLVULACE^I, CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. Twiuing, trailing, or rarely erect plants, (ours herbs,) commonly with some milky juice, alternate leaves, no stipules; regular mono- petalous flowers with 5 (rarely 4,) imbricated sepals, as many separate stamens, corolla convolute or t \vi.-t ed in the bud, a 2-4-celled ovary and pod with only 1 or 2 ovules erect from the base of each cell, becoming largo seeds containing a curved or coiled conspicuous embryo in some mucilaginous (or when dry, harder) albumen. I. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY PROPER ; with ordinary foli- age, axillary peduncles bearing one or more usually showy flowers, nnd embryo with broad leaf-like cotyledons folded and crumpled in the seed. (Le.-son*, p. 21, fig. 40-43.) Calyx of 5 separate sepals. § 1. Style sint/le and entire : sttymiie 1 - 3. * C«tyx naked, i. e. not enclosed by it // iir <>/' /< //}/ bracts. 1. QUAMOCLIT. Corolla nearly salvor-shaped nr trumpet-shaped, with a long tube, tin- border not twisted in the hud. Stamen* and style commonly pro- truded. Stigma capitate, more or le>s 2-lobed. 1'ud 4-ceiled: cells 1-seeded. (Lessons, p. 101. lig. -JK-J. 203.) 2. IPOMCEA. Corolla variou-, nmre commonly funnel-form, the border twisted in tlie bud. Stamens mostly included. Stigma capitate, commonly 2 -8-lobed. 1'od 2-4-celled. 8. COXVOLVl'I.rs. Corolla open funnel-form or almost hell-shaped. Stamens included. Stigmas 2, linear. 1'od •_' celled: cells 2-seeded. * * Gilyx surroundiil und enclosed b// en funnel-form, the wide-spreading border obscure- ly lobed or entire. Stamens included. Style bearing 2 linear or oblong stigmas. 1'od 4-seeded. I'eduncles 1-nowered. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. 2G3 § 2. Style 2-cleft or 2 separate styles, rarely 3. Spreading or trailing, not twining. 6. BONAMIA. Like Convolvulus, but the styles 2 or puiiictimfs 3, or in one species 2-cleft, and stigmas capitate. Peduncles 1 -7-flowci •,-.!. 6. EVOLVULUS. Corolla short and open funnel-form, or almost wheel-shaped. Styles 2, each 2-cleft: the 4 stigmas obtuse. Pod 2-celled: cells 2-seeded. II. DODDER FAMILY ; slender parasitic twiners, without green herbage and with only some minute scales in place of leaves ; embryo slender and spirally coiled in the seed, destitute of coty- ledons. 7- CUSCUTA. Calyx 4 - 5-cleft, or of 5 separate sepals. Corolla short, 4 - 5-cleft. Stamens with a'scale-like mostly fringed appendage at their base. Styles 2 in our species. Ovary 2-celled : cells 2-ovuled. Pod commonly 4-seeded. 1. QUAMOCLIT. (Aljoriginal Mexican name.) Twiners, with small flowers red or crimson, and with pale or white cultivated varieties, in summer, open through the day. © Q. vulgaris, CYPRESS- VINE. Cult, from Mexico : leaves pinnately parted into slender almost thread-shaped divisions ; peduncles 1 -flowered ; border of the narrow corolla 5-lobed. Q. COCCinea. Run wild S. & W. : leaves heart-shaped, pointed ; sepals awn-pointed; peduncles several-flowered; border of (!' long) corolla merely 5-angled. 2. IPOMCEA, MORNING GLORY. (Greek-made name.) FL summer. § 1. Ovary and pod 3-celled (or accidentally 4-celled), with 2 seeds in each cell: stigma more or less 3-lobed : corolla funnel -form, openiny in early morning for a few hours : stems twining freely, hairy, the hairs more or less retrorse. I. purpurea, COMMON M. Cult, from Trop. Amer. and wild around dwellings ; with heart-shaped pointed entire leaves, 3- 4-flowered peduncles, and purple sometimes vanegatcd or nearly white corolla, 2' long. © I. Nil. Cult, or run wild S. : with heart-shaped 3-lobed leaves, 1 -3-flow- cred peduncles, slender-pointed sepals, and blue-purple or sometimes white corolla 1' -2' long. © I. limbata or albo-marginata, perhaps a var. of the preceding . a tender species, with leaves little lobed, angled or entire, and larger corolla with deep violet border, edged with white 2^' broad. © I. Learii, cult, from S. Amer. : tender, less hairy, with heart-shaped and some deeply 3-lobed leaves, many flowers crowded on the summit of the peduncle, and deep violet-blue corolla, 3' long and border 3' wide. 2/ § 2. Ovaru and pod 2-celled, the cells ^.-seeded, or sometimes each cell divided by a. partition making 4 one-seeded crts: lobes of the stif/wa if any only 2. I. Bona-N6x, or CALONYCTIOI* SPECi6suM. Cult., also wild far S. : tall-twining, very smooth, but stems often beset with soft almost prickly projections ; leaves heart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or angled ; peduncles long, 1- few-flowered; corolla salver-forra with a slender tube 3' -4' long and the border still broader, white, opening at evening. I. Batatas, SWEET POTATO. Cult, from East Indies : creeping, seldom twining, smooth, producing the large fleshy edible roots lor which the plant is cultivated: leaves variously ^eart-shaped, halberd-shaped, or triangular, some- times cut-lobed ; peduncles bearing 3 or 4 flowers ; corolla funnel-form, purple, li' Ion" ; pod with 4 one-seeded cells. If. I. MicWxii. Light soil along the coast S. : creeping or twining, with heart-shaped or triangular sometimes lobed leaves downy beneath ; flowers downy ; corolla purplish-white with purple eye, 3-4' long, opening at night ; pod partly 4-celled, with silky seeds ; root extremely large and 2G4 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. I. pandurata, WILD POTATO- VINK or MAV-OF-THE-EARTII. Sandy 01 gravelly soil, Conn, to 111. & S. : trailing or twining, stout, smooth, with heart- shaped and sometimes fiddle-shaped or halberd-3-lobed leaves, I— 5-flowered peduncles, small bracts, anil open t'uiinel-t'onn white corolla with deep purple eye, 2' - 3' long ; root very lar^e and deep. ^ I. sagittilblia. Salt-marshes, from North Carolina S. : smooth, with stems twining 2° -3° high, or trailing, narrow lanceolate or linear long-sagittate leaves, 1 -3-flowercd club-shaped peduncles, and the bright purple funnel-form corolla 2' - 3' long. If I. lacundsa. Low grounds, Penn. to 111. and S. : twining, nearly smooth, with heart-shaped nearly entire leaves, short 1-3-flowered peduncles, small white 5-lobed corolla about £' long and twice the length of the pointed ciliate sepals, and slightly hairy pod. (j) I. commutata. Low grounds S. & W. : rather hairy, twining; with thin heart-shaped and sometimes angled or 3 -5-lobed leaves, 4-angled 1- 5-flowered peduncles about the length of the slender petioles ; purple corolla 1'- 2' long and 4-5 times the length of the pointed ciliate sepals ; pod hairy. 3. CONVOLVULUS, BINDWEED. (From Latin convolve, to roll around or twine.) Fl. summer. C. arv6nsis, FIELD BINDWEED of Eu., is a weed on the coast E. : spread- ing and low-twining, smoothish ; leaves ovate-oblong and narrow-shaped ; pe- duncles 1 -flowered ; corolla white tinged reddish, less than 1' long. "11 C. tricolor. Cult, from S. Europe in gardens ; hairy, low, w^ith ascending branching stems, lance-obovate or spatulate almost sessile leaves, 1 -flowered peduncles, rather large and showy flowers opening in sunshine, the corolla blue with pale or white throat and yellow tube. (f) 4. CALYSTEGIA, BRACTED BINDWEED. (From Greek words denoting the calyx covired, that is, by the bracts.) Fl. all summer. C. sepium, HKDGE B. Wild in low grounds, also planted : twining freely, sometimes also trailing, spreading by running rootstocks ; smooth, al>o a downy variety ; leaves triangular and halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, with the lobes at base obliquely truncate and sometimes toothed or sinuate ; peduncles 4-anglcd ; corolla white or light rose-colored, l£' - 2' long. ^/ C. spithamsea. Dry sterile ground ; downy, not twining, 6' -12' high; leaves oblong, some of them more or less auricled or heart-shaped at the base; corolla white, 2' long. 11 5. BONAMIA. (Named for F. Bonamij.) Low, small-flowered: corolla more or less silky or hairy outside : fl. summer : chiefly S. If. B. humistrata. Dry pine barrens from Virg. S. : sparsely hairy or Bmoothish ; leaves varying from oblong with heart-shaped base to linear; sepals smooth; corolla white, almost 1' long ; filaments hairy ; styles united at base. B. aquatica. Along ponds S. : finely soft-downy; leaves varying as in the preceding ; sepals silky ; corolla pink of purple | long ; filaments smooth ; Styles nearly separate. B. Pickermgii. Sandy barrens from N. Jersey S., scarce: leaves nearly linear, narrow, tapering to a sessile base ; bracts leaf-like and longer than the flowers; sepals hairy ; corolla white, hardly £' long; styles united to alove the middle, and with stamens also protruding. 0. EVOLVULUS. (From Latin for unroll, that is, it does not twine.) Low and diminutive small-flowered plants, only S. Fl. summer. J£ E. arg6nteu.S. Dry ground from Missouri S. : tufted from a woody base, .V-7' high, silky-woolly all over; broadly lanceolate leaves crowded, mostly nearly sessile, as are the (lowers in their axils; corolla purple; \' broad. E. sericeus. Damp ground S. & S. W. : slender-stemmed, silky with fine appresscd hairs, except the upper face of the scattered lance-liuear leaves, i-orolla white or bluish, not ^' broad. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 265 7. CTJSCUTA, DODDER. (Old mime, of uncertain derivation.) Plants resemble threads of yarn, yellowish or reddish, spreading over herbs and low bushes, coiling around their branches, which they adhere to and rob of their juices. Flowers small, mostly white, clustered. § 1 . Stir/mas slender ; pod opening by a transverse division all round near the bc.se, It ut apt to be in pairs and unequal), regular flowers with the parts usually in fives, but the ovary mostly 2-celled, the many-seeded placentae in the axis. The seeds have a slender usually curved embryo in fleshy albumen. (Lessons, p. 23, fig. SO, 51.) The order runs on the one hand into Scrophulariacere, which a few species approach in a somewhat irregular corolla, but their stamens are as many as the lobes. On the other hand the Nolana group is appended, which differs from all in its separate ovaries around a common style. 200 NIGHTSI1AIM-: FAMILY. I. NOLAXA FAMILY, with few or many separate ovaries collected in a circle or heap around the base of a single style. Low and spreading plants. 1. NOLAXA. Calyx 5-cleft, foliaceous. Corolla short and open funnel-form, plaited in the bud. Stamens 5. Style 1: r-tigma capitate or eliil>--haped. Ovaries 3-40, becoming 1-4-celled drupelets or nutlets, each cell 1-seeded. II. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY PROPER, with only one 2-celled or sometimes ;J-f>-celled ovary as well as style, the many-seeded placentae in the axis, usually much projecting into the cell. § 1. Corolla wheel-shaped, lobed or parted into 5 or sometimes more divisions, plaited and valuate or the mart/ins turned inwards in the bud: the tube very short : anthers conniving around the style : fruit a berry. 2. LYCOPERSICUM. Like Solatium, except that the anthers are united by a membrane at their tips and the cells open lengthwise. Leaves pinnately compound. 3. SOLANl'M. Stamens with anthers equalling or mostly longer than the very short filaments, usually not united, the cells opening by a hole at the apex. (Lessons, p. 90, fig. 2{)2, 253.) Leaves simple or pinnate. 4. CAPSICUM. Samens with slender filaments much longer than the short and separate commonly heart-shaped anthers, their cells opening lengthwise. Berry sometimes dry and inflated, then becoming 1-cclled. § 2. Corolla between wheel-shnptd and funnel-form, pi tiled in the bud, the border n ry moderately if at (dl lubed . anthers separate, opening lengthwise: calyx blad- dery-inftuted after Jiwoering, enclosing the globular berry. 5. PHYSALIS. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla mostly somewhat 5-lobed. Stamens erect. Fruit a juicy, often edible, 2-celled berry. 6. XICAXDHA. Calyx 5-parted and aimled, the divisions somewhat arrow- shaped. Corolla with widely-spreading border almost entire. Fruit a dry 3-5-cellcd berry. § 3. Corolla belt-shaped, funnel-form, tuhulir, or sulccr-shaped ; anthers separate. opening lengthwise : c dyx nut bl.idd< ry-inftaled, ft Culijx urn-shaped in fruit, enclosing iliepcd- corolla considerably irregular. 7. HYOSCYAMUS. Calyx 5-lobed, the spreading border becoming reticulated, enclosing the 2-celled pod, which opens by the top falling oil' as a lid. Co- rolla short funnel-form, with the plaited' border more or less oblique and unequal. Stamens declined. * Calyx ^-parted to near the base, the lobes fuliaceous. 8. ATROPA. Calyx with ovate divisions, in fruit enlarging and spreading under the globose purple berry. Corolla between bell-shaped and funnel-form, with 5 triangular-ovate lobes. Stamens and style somewhat declined, slender. 9. PETUNIA, Calyx with narrow somewhat spatulatc lobes much longer than the tube. Corolla funnel-form or somewhat salver-shaped, the 5-lobed border commonly a little unequal. Stamens included in the tube, unequal. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved. * * * Calyx tubular, prismatic, or In-U-shaped, -t- Covering the. dry pod or urnr/if $n : rornlf-i tt'ili'fr-fliiiped or funnel-form, the lobes pi 'iti il in the. bud : jii-K/s mi n ut i\ 10. NIERKMP,r,I«;TA. Corolla with very .-lender thread-like tube ^'-1'long), abruptly expanded at the narrow throat into a BEUCer-shaped or almost wheel- shaped Vi-lobed border. Stamens short, borne on the throat. Stigma kiduey- shaped ami somewhat 2-lipped. Flowers scattered. 11. NICOTIAXA. Corolla with a regular r.-lolied border. Stamens inserted on its tube, included: filaments straight. Stigma capitate. Pod 2 - 4-valved from the apex. Flowers more or less racemed or panicled. -»- -»- Gilijx prismatic, falling atoay after flowering, lea ring the 2 - ^-celled pod naked. 12. DATURA. Corolla funnel-form, strongly plaited in the bud, and with 6 or more pointed teeth. ( Lessons, p. 89, fig. 246; p. 98, fig. 282.) Filaments NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 2(>7 slender. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed or 2-lipped. 1'od globular, in the com- mon species prickly and 4-celle.d, but the 2 placentae-bearing or false par- titions often incomplete. Seeds large and flat, somewhat kidney-shaped. Flowers terminal or in the forks. •*- •»- 4- Calyx btll-shafietl, cup-shaped, or short-tubular, in fruit persistent under or partly covering the 2-ceUed berry ; shrubs, with entire feather-veined leaves, 13. OESTRUM. Corolla tubular-funnel-form or club-shaped, the lobes folded or plaited lengthwise in the bud. Stamens included. Stigma capitate. Ovary with few ovules in each cell. Berry few-seeded. Flowers in clusters. 14. LYCIUM. Parts of the flower often in fours. Corolla funnel-form, bell- shaped or tubular, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stigma capitate. Berry many-seeded, red or reddish. Flowers solitary or umbelled, lateral. 1. NOLANA. (From Latin no/a, a little bell.) Cult, for ornament, from coast of Peru and Chili ; the following procumbent and spreading, rather fleshy-leaved, smooth except some scattered hairs on the stalks, the showy blue flowers solitary on axillary or lateral peduncles, opening in sunshine, all summer. N. atriplicif61ia, with obovate or broadly spatulatc leaves (resembling those of Spinach, whence the specific name) ; sky-blue corolla 2' wide with white and yellowish centre; ovaries numerous in a heap, each 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. © N. prostrata, now less common, has more petioled rather narrower leaves, smaller pale violet-blue flower striped with purple, and few ovaries each of 2-4 cells. © 2. LYCOPERSICUM, TOMATO. (Name in Greek means wolf-peach, no obvious application.) Fl. summer. L. esculentum, TOMATO, cult, from trop. America, includes the manifold varieties and forms ; hairy, rank-scented ; leaves interruptedly pinnate, larger leaflets cut or pinnatifid • flowers yellowish, by cultivation having their parts often increased in number, the esculent red berry becoming several celled. © 3. SOLATIUM, NIGHTSHADE, &c. (Derivation uncertain.) Flowers mostly in corymb or raceme-like clusters, in summer. § 1. More or less prickly herbs, with acute elongated-lanceolate anthers. # Very prickly calyx enclosing the dry berry . anthers declined, n>ni/ual, one of them much longer than the rest, leaves sinuately once to thrice pinnatijid. © S. rostratum. Wild on plains W. of Mississippi, and becoming a weed in some gardens, has yellow flowers, 1'- l£' in diameter. S. hetei'Odbxurh. Wild S. W. beyond the Mississippi, sometimes cult, for ornament, has violet-blue flowers, and the more divided leaves resemble those of Watermelon, but are very prickly * * Calyx mostly somewhat prickly but not enclosing the fruit: anthers nearly equal. _ S. Carolin6nse, HORSE-NETTLE. Wild weed in sandy soil from Conn. S roughish-downy, 1° high, with ovate-oblong angled or sinuate-lobed leaves, vellowish prickles, and pale blue or white flowers almost 1' wide. 2/ ' S. aculeatiSSimum. Weed introduced into waste places high, bristly hairy, greener and more prickly than the toregomg, wit white flowers. i S. Melongena, EGG PLANT, AUBERGINE. Cult, for the large oblong or ovate violet colored or white esculent fruit (2' -6' long) ; leaves ovate, rather downy, obscurely sinuate ; corolla violet with yellow eye. © § 2. Plants not at all prickly : anthers blunt. S. niKrum, BLACK or COMMON NIGHTSHADE. Low weed of shady grounds, much branched, nearly smooth, with ovate wavy-toothed or sinuate leaves, very small white flowers, and globular black berries said to be poi ous. © 268 NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. S. tuberbsum, POTATO. Cult, from Chili for the esculent tubers ; leaves pinnate, of several ovate leaflets and .sonic minute ones intermixed ; flower.- bine or white ; berries round, green. 2/ S. Dulcamara, BITTEHSWKET. Nat. from Eu. in moist cult, and waste grounds ; smoothish, with tall stems woody at base and di-pos«l to climb, ovate and heart-shaped leaves, some of the upper ones halberd-3-lohcd, or with one or two pairs of smaller leaflets or lobes at ba-e, enrolla violet-purple with a pair of greenish spots on the base of eaeh lobe, and oval red berries. ^ S. jasminoides. Woody-stemmed house-plant from Brazil, tall-climbing by its petioles, very smooth, with oblong ovate or slightly heart-shaped entire leaves, or some of them divided into 3 leaflets, and clusters of white or bluish flowers. 11 S. Pseudo-Capsicum, JERUSALEM CHERRY. Shrubby house-plant from Madeira, cult, for the ornamental bright red berries, resembling cherries ; smooth, with lance-oblong entire leaves and small white flowers. ^ 4. CAPSICUM, CAYENNE or RED PEPPER. (Said to come from Greek word meaning to gobble or eat quickly.) Originally all South Ameri- can. Fl. summer. C. annuum, COMMON C. Cult, for the large oblong or globular and often angled dry berry (red or green), which is exceedingly pungent, and used as a condiment; leaves ovate, entire ; flowers white, with "truncate calvx. (T) C. cerasiforme, is cult, rarely as a pepper, more commonly for the orna- mental cherry-like fruit, either bright red or yellow ; stem shrubby. ^ 5. PHYSALIS, GROUND CHERRY. (Greek name for bladdery, from the inflated fruiting calyx.) Fl. summer. § 1. Low stems (6' -20' hif/h) from slender creeping rootstocks : anthers yellow: fruiting calyx loosely inflated, ">-nth bine or violet. \Vil,l species in /-<»• or cult. ;/r,),,nds. '® P. pubescens. Clammy-hairy or downv ; stems much spreading ; leaves ovate or heart-shaped, angulate-toothed ; corolla brown-spotted in the throat; Sharply 5-angled fruiting calyx loosely enclosing the vello\s or greenish berry. P. angulata. Nearly smooth ; leaves more sharply cut-toothed ; peduncles slender, very small corolla not spotted ; fruiting calyx 10-angled. loose at len-'th filled by the greenish-yellow berry. P. Philadelphica. Almost smooth, erect : leaves ovate or oblong and Oblique at base, slightly toothed or angled ; corolla dark colored in the throat, over*' wide; fruiting calyx globose, completely tilled bv the large reddish or purple edible berry, and open at the mouth. 6- NIC ANDRA, APPLE-OF-PERU. (Named from the poet Nicander ?) Only one species : tl. summer. (T) N. physaloides. Tall smooth weed from Peru, wild in moist waste grounds; with ovate angled or sinuate-toothed leaves, and solitary peduncles, bearing a rather large pale blue flower. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 20'.) 7. HYOSCYAMUS, HENBANE. (Name of the Greek words for hog and bean.) Fl. summer, © ® H. niger, BLACK HENBANE, of Europe, cult, in old gardens, and a weed in waste places : clammy-downy, strong-scented, narcotic-poisonous ; with cla>p- ing sinuate-toothed leaves, sessile flowers in one-sided leafy-bracted spikes, and dull yellowish corolla netted-veiny with purple. 8. ATROPA, BELLADONNA. (Named after one of the Fates.) 11 A. Belladonna, the only species, sparingly cult, from Europe : low and spreading, nearly smooth, with ovate entire pointed leaves, flowers single or in pairs nodding on lateral peduncles, dull-purple corolla, and handsome purple berry ; whole plant poisonous, used in medicine. 9. PETUNIA. ( Petun is an aboriginal name .of Tobacco. ) Cultivated as garden-annuals, from South America. The common Petunias are of the two following species and their hybrids : herbage clammy-pubescent ; flowers large and showy, in summer. P. nyctaginiflbra, with originally white corolla, the long narrow tube 3 or 4 times the length of the calyx. P. violacea, now much the more common, with weaker stems, and violet- purple or rose-red corolla, the broader and ventricose tube hardly twice the length of the calyx. 10. NIEREMBERGIA. (Named for J. Nieremberg, a priest and botani- cal collector in Buenos Ayres, whence the common species comes.) 2/ ® N. gracilis. Cult, for ornament under many varieties, low, with slender bushy branches, small linear or spatul.ite-linear leaves, and scattered flowers produced all summer, white or veined or tinged with purple. 11. NICOTIANA, TOBACCO. (Named for John Nicot, one of the in- troducers of Tobacco into Europe.) Hank, acrid-narcotic, mostly clammy- pubescent plants, chiefly of America ; leaves entire or merely wavy-margined. Fl. summer. N. Tabacum, COMMON T., the principal species cult, for the foliage: 4°- 6° high, with lance-ovate decurrent leaves l°-2° long, or the upper lanceolate, panicled flowers, and rose-purple funnel-form corolla 2' long, with somewhat in- flated throat and short lobes. ® N. rustica, a weed in some places, is a low homely plant, with ovate and petioled leaves 2' -5' long, and green funnel-form corolla (!' long) contracted under the short round lobes. © N. longiflbra, is slender, 2° - 3° high, cult, for its handsome white flow- ers, which open toward evening; corolla salver-shaped, the green tube 4' and the lance-ovate acute lobes i' long ; leaves lanceolate, undulate. © _ N. noctiflbra, its handsome white flowers also opening at evening (as the name denotes), is similar to last, but with ovate-lanceolate petioled leaves, tube of corolla only 2' - 3' long, and its roundish lobes notched at the end. 12. DATURA, THORN-APPLE, STRAMONIUM, &c. (Nam-.- "In-red from the Arabic.) Rank-scented, mostly large-flowered, muvntic-pois weeds, or some ornamental in cultivation : fl. summer. § 1 . Flower and the usually prickly 4-vahed pod erect, the latter resting on a plate or saucer-shaped body which is the prrsisfmt base of the calyx, the wMf, upper part of which falls off entire after flowering : corolla icith a 5-too border. © D. Stramonium, COMMON T. or JAMESTOWN-WEED. Waste grounds : smooth, with green stems and white flowers (3' long) ; leaves ovate, angl sinuate-toothed. D. Tatula, PURPLE T. A weed very like the other, but rather taller, w purple stem and pale violet-purple flowers. 270 GENTIAN TAMII-V. § '2. Pod nodding on tlte short recurved peduncle, rather fishy, bursting irregular- ly, nl In /vr/.v us in //i, furit/uiiuj section : flowers lanje, shou:y. Cldt.jrom warm regions for ornament. i If. D. Metel. Clammy-pubescent ; leaves ovate, entire or obscurely angled- tootlictl ; corolla white, tin- 10-toothed border 4' wide. D. meteloides. Cult, from NY\\ Mexico (~ometimcs under the name of I). \VI;I<;HTI i ) ; like the other, hut pale, almost smooth, the flower sweet-scented, ami the corolla with more expanded f>-toothed border 5'-6' wide, white or pale violet. § 3. Flower and smooth ^-celled pod hanrjint/, the former vert/ larye, 6'- 10' long: ca/i/.i- s/>/itti>iff down lengthwise after jbnoer ing. Tropical American tree- lilci- tihrnlis, cult, in conservatories: flowers sometimes double. D. arbbrea, has ovate or lance-oblong entire or angled pubescent leaves, long teeth to the corolla, and unconnected anthers. D. suaveolens, has mostly entire and smooth leaves, short teeth to the corolla and the anthers sticking together. 13. OESTRUM. (Name given by the Greeks to some different plant, the derivation obscure.) Shrubs of warm climates, chiefly American ; a few cult, in conservatories. C. elegans, or HABROTIIAMXCS ELEGANS, from Mexico, has the branches and lower lace of the ovate-lanceolate or oblong pointed leaves downy-pubescent, terminal corymbs, and rose-purple club-shaped corollas le>s than 1' long. C. noctlirnum, from \V. Ind. : with smooth ovate leaves, and axillary clusters of yellowish green slender flowers, very sweet-scented at night. C. Parqui, from Chili ; has lanceolate smooth leaves very acute at both ends, and a terminal panicle of crowded spikes or racemes of tubular-funnel form or partly club-shaped dull-yellow flowers, fragrant at night. 14. LYCIUM. (Named from the country of the original species, Lycia.) Trailing, climbing, or low spreading shrubs, usually spiny, with small leaved often clustered on lateral spurs, and small flowers, in spring and summer. L. vulgare, MATRIMONY VIM;. From the Mediterranean region : planted, and sparingly running wild in some places, sii-htly thorny, with very long and lithe recurved or almost climbing brancho, oblong-spatulate leaves, slender stalked (lowers clustered in the axil;., and pale greenish-purple 5-eleft corolla about equalling the 5 stamens. L. Caroliniauum. Wild in salt marshes S. : low, spiny, with fleshy thickened almost club-shaped leaves, .scattered small flowers, and 4-cleft purple corolla shorter than the 4 stamens. 85. GENTIANACE.3E, GENTIAN FAMILY. Known gem-rally from the other monopetalous plants with free ovary by the 1-eelled ovary and pod with 2 parietal placenta? covered with small seeds along with regular flowers, their stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them, and the leaves opposite, simple, entire, and sessile, without stipules. The exceptions are that in some eases the ovules cover the whole inner face of the ovary, and in one group the leaves are alternate and even compound. They are nearly all very smooth and bitter-tonic plants, with colorless juice, the calyx persistent. Ours herbs, none in common cultivation. § 1. Leaves opposite or u'horltd and entire, sessile. Corolla iri/h the lobes mostly in the bud. sometimes al»0 plaited in tlte sinuses. ••- Style slender, deciduous from the pod : anthers soon curving. 1. SABBAT1A. Calyx 5- 12-parted.the divisions slender. Corolla wheel-shaped, 6-12-parted. Style 2-parted. Pod globular, many-seeded. Slender herbs. GENTIAN FAMILY. 271 •K -t- Style (if any) and stigmas persistent on the pod: anthers stred in medicine as a Mili-titute for Columbo) ; stem 3° -8° high , |ea\e> mostly in fours, lance-oblong, or the lowest >patulate ; corolla 1' wide, greenish-yellow or whitish, and dark-dotted. ',;;• ~^. 3. GENTIANA, GENTIAN. (Old name, from Genttus, king of Illyria.) Chiefly in woods and damp ground : flowering chiefly in autumn, a few in summer. § 1. Corolla without plaits at the sinuses : anthers separate: seeds wine/less. © © G. QUinquefl6ra. Chiefly N. <& W. : l)ranching ; leaves ovate-lanceolate or sli-htlv heart-.shaped at base"; flowers panic! ed, hardly 1'long, the 5 lobes of the pale blue corolla triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed. G. crinita, FKINGEU GEXTIAN. Low -rounds X. & W. : leaves lanceo- late or broader, with rounded or heart-shaped base; flowers solitary on long peduncles terminating the stem or simple branches ; calyx with 4 unequal lobes; corolla sky-blue, showy, 2' long, funnel-form, the 4 wedge-obovate lobes with margins cut into a IOIIL; and delicate fringe. G. detonsa, takes the place of the preceding species N. W , and is perhaps a variety of it : has linear leaves and less fringe to the corolla (to which the name alludes), often none at the top of the lobes. § 2. Corolla naked, l^'-2' long, with plaits at tit? sinuses, which project more or less into teeth or t/iin intermediate lobes : ]x>d stalked in the corolla. 2£ * Steins low, bearing 1-3 slender-peduncled flowers : seeds wingless. G. angUStifolia. Pine barrens from N. Jersey S. : 6' - 15' high, with linear leaves, and open funnel-form azure-blue corolla 2' long, its lobes ovate ; anthers >cparate. * * Steins 1° - 2° high, bearing clustered or rarely solitary 2-bracted flowers at the summit of the Itufy stem, mid nj'l< n in the upper tuvi'j also. *- Corolla between bell-shaped and short-funnel-form or obconical, mostly open, with ovate lobes exceeding the usually tool/ml appendages <>fthi' p!ni/x. G. OChroleuca. Chiefly S. in dry ground : leaves obovatc or spatulate- oblong, narrowed at the base; calyx-lodes linear ; corolla greenish-white with greener and purplish .stripes inside, somewhat bell-shaped ; anthers separate ; seeds wingless. G. alba. Along the Alleghanies and N W. : flowering at midsummer; |ea\es lance-ovate from a partly heart-shaped base, tapering thence to a point ; c.ilyx-lobe- ovate, short; corolla yellowish-white, with short and broad lobes; anthers conniving; seeds broadly winged. G. pub6l*ula. Dry barrens and prairies W. ,<: S. : low, ronghish, or minutely pubescent, with lance-oblong, ovate, or linear rough-margined leaves only 1 -2' long; calyx-lobes lanceolate; corolla bright blue, open, its spreading ovate lobes '2 or .'( times longer than the cut-toothed intermediate appendages; seeds not covering the walls of the pod, as thev do in the related species. G. Sapoiiaria, SOAPWOKT G. Low woods, chiefly N. and along the Alleghanies; leaves lance-ovate, oblong, or obovate, or in a northern variety linear, narrowed at ba-e ; ealvx-lobes linear or spatulatc ; corolla light blue or verging to white, little open, its short and broad lobes longer than the con- spicuous 2-clet't intermediate appendages ; anthers conniving or united; seeds narrowly-winged. •*- •«- Corolla more club-shaped and seldom open, tmnrnti', u-ith no proper lobes. Q. Andr^WSii, CLOSED <;. Woods especially N. : leaves lance-ovate or lance-oblong with a narrowed base ; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong. >hort ; corolla blue (rarely a white varietv), its proper lobes if any shorter than the broad and more conspicuous fringe-toothed and notched appendages which terminate tho folds ; anthers connected , seeds broadly winded. LOGANIA FAMILY. 273 4. BARTONIA. (Named for Prof. B. S. Barton, of Philadelphia.) In- significant herbs, with awl-shaped scales for leaves, and a few pcduncled white flowers. (T) (J) B. tenella. Woods : 5'- 10' high, with branches or peduncles 1 -3-flow- ered ; lobes of corolla oblong, acutish ; ovary 4-angled : fl. summer. B. verna. Bogs, only S.: smaller, less branched, 1 - few-flowered ; flowers larger, in early spring ; lobes of corolla spatulate, obtuse ; ovary flat. 5. MENYANTHES, BUCKBEAN. (Name from Greek words for month and flower; application not obvious. The popular name from the leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Horsebean.) M. trifoliata. Cold wet bogs N. : fl. late spring ; corolla white or tinged with pink ; scape hardly 1° high. H 6. LIMNANTHEMUM, FLOATING-HEART. (Name formed of Greek words for swamjt and blossom. ) But our species grow in water, and pro- duce through the summer the small white flowers, accompanied by spur-like thick bodies, probably of the nature of roots. If. L. lacunbsum, is common E. & S. : leaves l'-2' long, on very slender petioles, entire ; lobes of corolla broadly oval ; seeds smooth and even. L. trachysperma, in deeper water, from Maryland S. : leaves rounder, 2' -6' broad, wavy-margined, roughish or dark-pitted beneath ; petioles stouter; seeds roughened. 86. LOGANIACEJS, LOGANIA FAMILY. Known among monopetalous plants by having opposite leaves with stipules or a stipular line between their bases, along with a free ovary ; the flower regular or nearly so, and stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and alternate with them. § 1. Woody twining climber, with evergreen leaves and showy flowers. 1. GELSEMIUM. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla open funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and imbricated in" the bud. Stamens 5: anthers sagittate. Style slender: stigmas 2, each 2-parted, lobes linear, ovary 2-celled. Pod oval, flattened contrary to the partition, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds winged. § 2. Herbs, not climbing. 2. SPIGELIA. Calyx 5-parted, the lobes narrow. Corolla tubular and some- what funnel-form, the 5 lobes valvate in the bud. Stamens 5: anthers linear. Style 1, slender, hairy above, jointed near the middle. Pod short, twin, 2-celled, few-seeded, when ripe separating across near the base which is left behind, and splitting 2 or 4 valves. MITREOLA, of the South, comprises a couple of quite inconspicuous weeds, ami POLYPREMUM, also S. is a common weedy plant; — both wholly insigmheant, as well in the herbage as in the minute white flowers. 1. GELSEMIUM, YELLOW JESSAMINE of the South, the name an Italian one for Jessamine, but of a different order from true Jessamine. G. sempervirens, our only species : low grounds from E. Virg. S., climb, ing trees, bearing shining lance-ovate small leaves (evergreen far S.), am profusion of axillary clusters of bright yellow very fragrant handsome (!' or more long), in early spring. 2. SPIGELIA, PINK-ROOT or WORM-GRASS. (Named for AJrinn Spiegel, latinized Spigelius.) Fl. summer. S. Marilandica, MARYLAND P. Rich woods, from Penn. W. & S.: nearly smooth, 6' -18' high; leaves sessile, lance-ovate, acute; simple or forked spike-like clusters terminating the stem or branches !£' long, slender, handsome, red outside, yellow within, the lobes lance Root used as a vermifuge. 11 18 274 DO<;BANK FAMILY. 87. APOCYNACE.3E, DOGBANE FAMILY. Herbaceous or woody plants known mainly by the milky acrid juice, opposite (sometimes whorlcd) simple and entire leave-, with- out stipules, and regular nionopetalons flowers with 5 in the calyx, forolla, and .stamen-, the lobes of the corolla convolute or twisted in the bud, the anthers conniving around the stigma or often adhering somewhat to it, ordinary pollen, ii laments separate, the 2 free ovaries commonly separate, but often the styles and always the stigmas united into one. The ovaries also are often united into one, the juice in several (a.s of Periwinkle and Oleander) is not at all or slightly milky, and one of our genera has alternate leaves. Some are orna- mental in cultivation, many are acrid-poisonous. There is com- monly a ring, membrane, or other appendage on the style below the stigma, to which the anthers are apt to adhere. § 1. Shrubs cult, for ornament, natives of warm climates: leaves ofteiter ichorlaL 1. ALL AMANDA. Corolla large, yellow, with short tube abruptly expanded into cylindrical bell-shaped or funnel-form, the 5 lobes broad and rounded. Sta- men- :it the summit of the proper tube or throat, alternate and conniving with as many 2-parted narrow scales. Ovary one and 1-celled, with 2 parietal pla- centa, becoming a prickly pod. Style slender. Seeds naked. 2. NKKll'M. Corolla salver-form or the long tube narrow funnel-form, the throat crowned >vith 5 slender-toothed scales. Stamens on the middle of the tube: anthers 2-tailed at base and tapering at the apex into a long hairy twisted awn-like appendage. Style 1. Ovaries 2, forming pods. Seeds tufted. § 2. More or less woody-stemmed twiners, willi opposite leaves. 3. ECIIITES. Corolla funnel-form or salver-shaped, naked in the throat. Fila- ments very short. Style 1. Ovaries 2, becoming 2 long terete pods. Seeds with a downy tuft. Flowers large and showy. 4. FOBSTERONlA. Corolla funnel-form, uearly as in Echites, but the flower small, and filaments slender. § 3. Herbs or scarcely woody plants, not twiners : bark usually abounding wilfi tough Jibi-vs • ovaries 2, becominy many-seeded podi in fruit. # Leaves opposite. 6. VINCA. Corolla salver-shaped or the tube funnel-form, the throat narrow and naked. Stamens in-erted on the upper part or middle of the tube: fila- ments short. Style 1, slender. 1'od- rather short. Seeds abrupt at each end, naked, rough. The hardy species trail or creep. 6. APOCYNUM. Corolla bell-shaped, crowned with 5 triangular appendages in the throat. Stamens attached to the very base of the corolla. Stvle none. A large ovate stigma unites the tips of the 2 ovaries, which in fruit form long and slender pods. Seeds with a long tuft of silky down at one end. Upright or ascending herbs, with small pale or \vlnte flowers in terminal cymes or corymbs, and very tough fibrous bark. * * Leaves alternate, very numerous. 7. AMSONFA. Corolla salver-shaped or the slender tube somewhat funnel-form, bearded in-ide, without appendage* at the throat, the lobes long and linear. Stamens in-erted on and included in the tube: anthers blunt at both ends. Style 1, slender. 1'ods long (4'-t>') and slender. Seeds cylindrical, abrupt at both ends, with no tuft. Upright herbs, with terminal p'anicled cymes of bluish (lowers. 1. ALL AM AND A. (Named for Dr. F. AllamanJ, who discovered the common spfeie- iii (iuiana.) A. cathartica. A showy shrub of the conservatory, with bright great oblong thinnish leaves, and golden-yellow flowers 2V -3' lony. DOGUANE FAMILY. 27-3 2. NERIUM, OLEANDER. (The ancient Greek and Latin name.) Leaves coriaceous, rigid, closely and transversely veiny. Flowers ^howy, in terminal cymes, in summer, deep rose-color, or with white varieties, either single or double. N". Oleander, the OLEANDER of common house-culture, from the Levant : leaves lanceolate ; appendage surmounting the anthers scarcely protruding ; flowers large, scentless. N. odorum, SWEET 0. : less cnlt., from India, more tender ; leaves linear- lanceolate ; appendage of the anthers protruding ; flowers fragrant. 3. ECHITES. (Name from Greek word for a viper.) Plants from the warm parts of America, one not rare as a conservatory climber, viz. E. suaveolens, or M.\NDEvfLLEA SUAVEOLENS, CHILI JESSAMINE, a slender woody-stemmed tall twiner, with thin oblong or ovate heart-shaped pointed leaves, and slender peduncles bearing a few raccmcd very fragrant flow- ers, the white corolla with ample 5-lobed border, 2' broad. 4. FORSTERONIA. (Named for an English botanist, T. F. Forster.) P. diffbrmis, in low grounds from Virginia S. & W., is a barely woody twiner, the flowering branches herbaceous and downy ; leaves thin, oval-lan- ceolate, pointed, or sometimes linear, narrowed into a petiole; flowers i' long, in cymes, greenish-yellow, all summer. 5. VINCA, PERIWINKLE. (Latin name, from a word meaning to bind, from the thread-like stems.) 2/ § 1. TRUE PERIWINKLES, cult, from Europe, hardy or nearly so, smooth, trail- ing over the ground or creeping, only the short flowering stems ascending, with blue (or 'by variation white) flowers solitary in the axils, in spring or early summer. V. minor, COMMON PERIWINKLE, in all country-gardens, spreading freely by the creeping sterile stems, evergreen, with ovate or oblong-ovate shining leaves barely 1^' long, and almost truncate wedge-shaped lobes to the corolla : fl. early spring. V. major, LARGE P., not quite hardy N., a variety with variegated leaves is most cultivated, larger than the tirst species and leaves rounder, the lobes of corolla obovate. V. herbacea: not evergreen; stems reclining and rooting; leaves lance- ob'.ong, lobes of the more purple-blue corolla oblong-obovate : fl. late spring. § 2. Tropical erect, somewhat woody at base: flowers produced all the season. V. rdsea, house and bedding plant from West Indies, with oblong-petioled veinv leaves, and showy corolla with slender tube and very narrow orifice, rose- purple, or white, with or without a pink eye. 6. APOCYNUM, DOGBANE (to which the name in Greek refers), INDIAN HEMP, from the use made of the bark. Fl. summer. ^ A. androssemifolium, SPREADING D. Along thickets, mostly N. branches forking and widtly spreading ; leaves ovate, petioled ; corolla open bell-shaped with spreading lobes. A. cannabinum, COMMON INDIAN HEMP. Gravelly or wet banks streams: branches more erect; leaves oblong, lance-oblong, ovate, or slightly heart-shaped; flowers more crowded and erect; lobes of the corolla little spreading. 7. AMSONIA- (Named for a Mr. Charles Amaon.) Low grounds chiefly S. ; very leafy, 2° - 3° high, smooth or somewhat hairy, with rather small flowers, in late spring. A. Tabernsemontana. Leaves varying from ovate or lance-ovate to lanceolate, acute at each end, pale beneath. A. Ciliata. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, the margins and mostly the stems beset with some scattered bristles. MII.KWEKU FAMILY. 88. ASCLEPIADACE^E, MILKWEED FAMILY. Plants with milky juice, leaves, pistils, fruits, and seeds nearly as in the preceding family ; hut the anthers more connected with the stigma, their pollen collected into linn waxy or granular ma»es (mostly 10), the short filaments (monadelphous except in the last genus) commonly hear curious appendages hehind the anthers form- ing what is called a crown, and the corolla more commonly valvate in the hud. The flowers are rather too difficult for the beginner readily to understand throughout. For a particular study of them the Manual nm.-t be used. § 1. Erect herli*. wi/h ordinary foliage, end deeply 5-parted, reflexed calyx and < < '/-i .//<(. FIxiKei-f. iii niin/,i\- umbels. Fruit , but no horn in the hoods or ear-like appendages, and the flowers always greeni.-h. § 2. Twining plants uith ordinary foliage ; pods and seeds nearly as in Ascle/>ias. * Anthers with tJieir hanging pollen-masses nearly as Asclepias •• pods smooth mid even. 3. EN'SI.KXIA. Calyx and corolla 5-parted, the divisions lance-ovate and nearly erect. The 5 appendages of the filaments are in the form of membranaceous leaflets, each bearing a pair of awns on their truncate tip. Herb. 4. VTNCETOXICUM. Corolla 5-parted, wheel-shaped. A flat and fie-hy 5 - 10-lobed disk or crown in place of the hoods of Asclepias. Herbs. * * 7V(e 10 pollen-masses horizontal, fixed in pairs to 5 ylands of the. stigma. 5. GOXOLORUS. Corolla wheel-shaped: a fle.-hy and wary-lobed ring or crown in its throat. * * The 10 xlinr/ /lol/en-niasses ji.red by their bcme in pairs to lite 5 glands of the ml i /•< i I. Shrubby plaitiS, of ti-npieiil 6. IIOYA. Corolla wheel-shaped, 5-lobed, thick and wax-like in appearance. Crown of 6 thick and depressed fleshy appendages radiating from the central column. 7. STKI'IIANOTIS. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube including the stamens, crown, \-c., in its Miinrwhat >wollen base, the 5 ovate lobes convolute in the bud. Crown of ^ thin erect appendages. Stigma conical. ». * v * Anthers distinct, the. 5 patten-mattes each composed of 4 small granulat iiiiit.ot imiti '/, unit up/Jit •/ t/ii-ft-t/y to the ijlands of the stiyma without any stalk. Shrubby lirini / s. 8. PKK'II'I.OCA. Corolla JS-parted, wlifcl-^haped, the divisions hairv on the upper face: idtcrnatc with tln-ni are "• >mall thick s.-alc-, each liearing :i brittle-- hapeil appendage, l-'ilainents di-tinct, bearing anthers of more ordi- jiary a|']iearance than in the re>t of this family. Stigma hemispherical. I'oiis .smooth. § 3. Fleshy loiv plants, Cactus-like, with / smnll fleshy scales or teetfi in place of !i ,ires, on the anyles of the thick* IK on-purple within, the strap-shaped or lanceolate divisions A' long ; pods ribless, wartv. G. hirsutUS. From Virginia S. : differs from the last in its short-ovate flower-buds, the oval or ohlung divisions of corolla only about 4' long. 6. HOYA, WAX-PLANT. (Named for T. /%, an English florist.) H. cam6sa, a well-known house-plant from India ; with rooting stems, thick and tie-by oval leaves, umbels of numerous flesh-colored or almost white flowers, the upper surface of corolla clothed with minute papilhr. 7. STEPHANOTIS. (Name from Greek for crown and car, referring to the appendages of the stamens.) S. floriblinda, from .Madagascar : a fine hot-house twiner, very smooth, with opposite oval or oblong thickish leaves, and lateral umbels of very showy fragrant flowers, the pure white corolla l£' in diameter, the tube 1' long. OLIVE FAMILY. 27'.* 8. PERIPLOCA. (Xame, a Greek word, implies that the plant twines.) P. Gr38Ca, of S. Eu., cult, as an ornamental twiner, hardy through tin- Middle States : smooth, with opposite ovate mostly pointed leaves, on *hort petioles, and lateral cymes of rather small rlowers, the corolla greenish-yellow with the upper face of the oblong lobes brownish-purple : in summer. 9. STAPELIA. (Xamcd for a Dutch naturalist, Dr. Van Stnpel.) Strange- looking fleshy plants of the Cape of Good Hope, cult, in conservatories along with Cactuses. The commonest io S. hirsuta. Stem-; or branches G'-10' high, with concave sides, pale and obscurely downy ; llowcr 3'- 4' in diameter, dull purple and yellowish with darker transverse stripes, beset with purple very long hairs, and with denser hairiness towards the centre, exhaling a most disgusting odor, not unlike that of putrid meat. 89. OLEACEJE, OLIVE FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, chiefly smooth, without milky juice, distinguished among monopetalous plants with free ovary by the regular flowers having stamens almost always 2, and always fewer than the 4 (some- times 5 or more) divisions of the corolla, the ovary 2-celled and (except in Ja^minum and Forsythia) wi.h one pair of ovules in each cell : style if any only one, rarely 2-cleft. A few are nearly or quite polypetalous ; others apetalous. § 1. Calyx and corolla icith 5-8 lobes A single erect ovule and seed in each cell. 1- JASMINUM. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens 2, included in the tube. Ovary and the berry-like fruit 2-lobed, 2-seeded. $ 2. Cnlyx and corolla with the parts in fours, or sometimes (in Fraxinus) one or both wanting. Ovules hanging, •usually a pair in each cell, many in No. 2. Leaves opposite, except accidentally. * Leaves simple : flowers perfect and complete. -i- Ovules and seeds numerous or several in each cell of the ovary and pod. 2. FORSYTHIA. Corolla golden yellow, bell-shaped, 4-lobed, the lobes con- volute in the bud. The 2 stamens and style short. Pod ovate. Leaves deciduous. -i- -i- Ovules a pair in each cell, but the seeds often fewer. 3. SYRIXGA. Corolla salver-form, the lobes valvate in the bud, the tube much longer than the 4-toothed calyx. Fruit a pod, 4-seeded, flattened contrary to the narrow partition, 2-valved, the valves almost conduplicate. Seed's slightly wing-margined. Leaves deciduous. 4. L1GUSTRUM. Corolla short funnel-form, with spreading ovate obtuse lobes, valvate in the bud, white. Fruit a 1- 4-seeded black berry. Leaves firm and thickish, but deciduous. 5. OLEA. Corolla short, bell-shaped, or deeply cleft into 4 spreading lobes, white. Fruit a drupe, the hard stone often becoming 1-celled and l-.-roded. Leaves evergreen. 6. CHIONANTHUS. Corolla white, 4-parted, or of 4 very long and narrow linear petals slightly or scarcely united at their base; to which the 2 (rarely 3 or even 4 in cultivation) very short stamens barelv adhere. Fruit a 11. -by and globular drupe, the stone becoming 1-celled and commonly 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous. * # Leaves pinnate : flowers polygamous or dicecious, in most species apetalous. 7. FRAXINUS. Calyx small, sometimes obsolete or wholly wanting IV'als 4. 2, or none. Anthers large. Fruit a simple samara or key (Lessons, p. \~1'>. fig. 38ft), usually becoming 1-celled and 1-seeded. Leaves deciduous. OUVK FAMILY. 1. jASMINUM, JESSAMINE. (From the Arabic name.) Cultivate., for ornament, from the Old World, all tender and house-plants except at the South. Flowers fragrant. # l''l, ovate ; peduncles terminal, few-flowered. J. revolution, from Himalayas or China: not twining, has mostly 3 - 7 leaflets, and more numeni.i- and fragrant flowers, 1^' wide. * # Flowers trliilc : It.uves opposite. J. officinale, COMMON WHITE J., from the East, has striatc-angled branches scarcely twining, about 7 oblong or lance-ovate leaflets, a terminal cvme of verv fragrant flowers and calyx-teeth slender. J. granditiorum, from India, has 7 or 9 oval leaflets, the uppermost con- fluent, larger and fewer flowers than the foregoing, reddish outside. J. Azdricum, from the Azores and Madeira : not twining, with 3 ovate or heart-shaped leaflets, terminal cymes of very sweet-scented flowers, and very short calyx-teeth. J. Sambac, from Tropical India : scarcely climbing, pubescent ; leaves simple, ovate, or heart-shaped ; flowers in small close clusters ; calyx-teeth about 8, slender, the rounded lobes of the corolla as many ; flowers simple or double, very fragrant, especially at evening. 2. FORSYTHIA. (Named for IT. A. Forsyth, an English botanist.) Ornamental shrubs, from China and Japan, with flowers from separate lateral buds, preceding the serrate leaves, in early spring. F. viridissima, a vigorous shrub, with strong and mostly erect yellowish green branches, covered in early spring with abundant showy yellow flowers, followed by the deep green lance-oblong leaves. F. SUSpensa, shrub with long and slender weak branches hanging, or some of them creeping, to be treated as a climber ; flowers still earlier, but less pro- fuse ; leaves thinner, duller, ovate. 3. SYRINGA, LILAC. (From Greek word for tube, alluding either to the 'tubular corolla or to the nvius. used for pipe-stems.) Familiar ornamental tall shrubs, fmm the Old World, with scaly buds in the axils of the leaves, but hardly ever a terminal one (so that there is only a pair at the tip of a branch), entire leaves on slender petioles, and crowded compound panicles or thvrsus of mostly fragrant flowers, in spring. S VUlgaris COMMON- L., from E. Europe or Persia : with ovate and more or less heart-shaped leaves, and lobes of corolla moderately spreading; fl. lilac or pale violet, and a white variety. S Persica, PKRSIAN L ; more slender, with lance-ovate leaves, and 1 clusters of lilac-purple or paler or sometimes white flowers, bonier of the corolla flat when open. 4. LIGUSTRITM, PKIVKTor PKIM. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs 'of Old World, planted for ornament, with short-pctiolcd entire leaves and panicles of small flowers, in early summer. L. VUlgare, COMMON P.. of Europe, here planted for hedges, and running wild E. ; leaves small, lance-ovate or lance-oblong. L Japdnicum. Cult, from Japan, not hardy N. : has long and widely spreading branches, larger ovate leave.-, and larger flowers in ample panic, 6. 6LEA, OL1VK. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers small, and in small panicles or corymbs, in spring. O. Europaea, OUVK of the Levant, sometimes planted far S. : tree with lanceolate or lance-oblong pale entire leaves, whitish-scurfy beneath, and oblong edible oily fruit. OLIVE FAMILY. 281 O. Americana, DEVIL-WOOD. Wild along the coast from Virginia S. : small tire, with lance-oblong and entire very smooth green leaves (:*' - li' long), and spherical fruit. O. fragrans, or OSMANTHUS FRAGRANS, of Japan and China (differing from Olive genus in the almost 4-parted corolla and 2-parted style), cult, in green-houses for the exquisite fragrance of its very small flowers ; the leaves oblong or oval, sharply serrate, bright green, very smooth. 6. CHIONANTHUS, FRINGE-TREE. (Name of the Greek words for snow and blossom, from the very light and loose panicles of drooping snow- white flowers.) C. Virginica, COMMON F. River-banks from Penn. S., and planted for ornament : shrub or low tree, with entire oval or obovate leaves (3' -5' lonu ), the lower surface often rather downy, loose panicles of flowers in late spring or early summer, petals 1 ' long, and fruit blue-purple with a bloom. 7. FRAXINITS, ASH. (Classical Latin name.) Timber-trees, with light and tough wood, dark-colored buds, and small insignificant flowers appearing in spring with or rather before the leaves of the season, from separate buds in the axils of the leaves of the preceding year. § 1. EUROPEAN ASHES, planted as shade trees, frc. : flowers polygamous. F. Ornus, FLOWERING ASH, of S. Europe, the tree which furnishes manna, not hardy N., sometimes planted S. : this and a species like it in California have 4 petals, either distinct or slightly united, or sometimes only 2, narrow, green- ish ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or oblong, small. F. excelsior, ENGLISH or EUROPEAN ASH. Hardy fine tree, with bright green lance-oblong leaflets nearly sessile and serrate ; petals none and cai \ x hardly any ; fruit flat, linear-oblong. The WEEPING ASH is a variety or sport of this. § 2. AMERICAN ASHES, all destitute of petals, and dioecious or mostly so. * Fruit terete at the base, winged from the other end: calyx minute, persistent ; leaflets 7-9, or sometimes 5, stalked, either sparingly toothed or entire. F. Americana, WHITE ASH. Large forest tree of low grounds, furnish- ing valuable timber ; with ash-gray branches, smooth stalks, ovate or lance- oblong pointed leaflets either pale or downy beneath ; and rather short t'ruii with a terete marginless body and a lanceolate or wedge-linear wing. F. pubescens, RED ASH. Common E. & IS.; known by' its velvety- pubescent young shoots and leafstalks, and fruit with its flatfish 2-edged seed bearing body acute at the base, the edges gradually dilated into the lance-linear or oblanceolate wing. F. viridis, GREEN ASH. Like the last, into which it seems to pass, but is smooth, with leaves bright green on both sides : a smaller tree, most common W. & S. # * Fruit flat and winged all round : leaflets mostly green both sides and serrate. F. sambucifdlia, BLACK ASH. Small tree in swamps, N. & N. W., with tough wood separable in layers, used for hoops and coarse baskets ; the bruised leaves with the scent of Elder : smooth; leaflets 7-11, sessile on the main stalk, oblong-lanceolate tapering to a point; calyx none, at least in the fertile flowers ; fruits linear-oblong. F. quadrangulata, BLUE ASH. Large forest tree W., yielding valuable wood; with square branchlets, 5-9 ovate veiny leaflets on short stalks, and narrowly oblong fruits F. piatycarpa, CAROLINA WATER-ASH. River s\\ amps S. : small tree, with terete branchlets, 5-7 ovate or oblong short-stalked leaflets acute at both ends, and broadly winged (sometimes 3-wiuged) fruits, oblong with a tapering base. S & F— 23 J>82 BIRTH \VOttT FAMILV. III. APETALOUS DIVISION. Includes the orders with flowers destitute of corolla ; some are destitute of calyx also. 90. ARISTOLOCHICAE^I, BIRTHWORT FAMILY. Known from all other apetalous orders by the numerous ovules and seeds in a 6-celled ovary, to which the lower part of the calyx is adherent, the latter mostly 3-lobed, the stamens generally G or 12. Anthers adnate and turned outwards. Calyx dull-colored, valvate in the bud. Leaves petioled, usually heart-shaped, not serrate. Flowers solitary, perfect, commonly large. Bitter, tonic or stimulant, sometimes aromatic plants. 1. ASARUM. Low stemlcss herbs, with one or two leaves on long petioles, and a flower at the end ol" a creeping aromatic rootstock, the flowers therefore close to the ground. Calyx regular, with 3 equal lobes. Stamens 12, dis- tinct, borne on the apex of the ovary or the base of the stout style, usually pointed beyond the anther. Seeds large, thickish, in a rather fleshy and irregularly bursting pod. 2. ABLSTOLOCHIA. Leafy-stemmed herbs or woody twiners. Calyx tubular variously irregular, often curved. Filaments none: anthers adherent directly and by their whole inner face to the outside of the 3 -6-lobed stigma. Seeds very flat, in a dry C-valved pod. 1. ASARUM, ASARABACCA, WILD GINGER. (Ancient name, of obscure derivation.) On hillsides in rich woods : fl. spring. ^ § 1. Filaments slender, much longer than the short anthers : style 1, thick, bearing 6 thick stigmas : leaves a single pair with a peduncle between them. A. Canadense, CANADA WILD GINGKH, sometimes called SNAKEROOT. Common N. : sort-pubescent ; loaves broadly heart-shaped or kidney-shaped, not evergreen ; calyx bell-shaped but cleft down to the adherent ovary, browu- purple inside, the abruptly spreading lobes pointed. §2. Filament* short or almost none: anthers oblong-linear : styles 6, each 2-cle/l, bearing the stigma Mow the clejt : leaves thick ami evergreen, smooth, often mottled, usually only one each year : rootstvcks in a close cluster. A. Virginicum, VIRGINIA W. Along the Allcghanies S. : leaves small, rounded heart-sin] —1 ; calyx tubular-bell-shaped with a somewhat narrowed throat and broad Bl.jrt lobe's, the base coherent only with base of the ovary. A. arif61ium, from Virginia S , has larger somewhat halberd-shaped leaves, and very short and blunt lobes to the calyx. 2. ARISTOLOCHIA, BIRTHWORT. (Ancient name, from medicinal properties.) Cells of the anthers in our species 4 in a horizontal row under each of the .'3 lobe* of the stigma, i. c. two contiguous 2-celled anthers in eaeh set, c.r f> in all. Flowers in and aln>vc tin- axils. A. Serpentaria, VIRGINIA SNAKKKOOT (used in medicine). Rich woods, cfiieflv in Middle States and S. : low downy herb ; stems clustered about 1° high;' leaves o\ate or oblong and heart-shaped, sometimes halberd-form, acute; Bowers all next the root, curved like the letter S, contracted in the middle and at the throat, in summer. 2/ A. Sipho, PiPK-ViNi:, DUTCHMAN'S PUT. (from the shape of the curved calyx). Rich woods from Penn. along the mountains S. and planted for arbor- very tall-climbing woody twiner, smooth, but the rounded heart-shaped leaves i.t'tcn downy beneath, the.-c humming 8'-12' broad : peduncles with a clasping brisci, drooping: calvx I.1,' long, intlatcd above the ovary, narrowing above, contracted at the throat, "the flat border brown-purple and obscurely 3-lobcd : 11. late spring. A. tomentdsa. Common S. : a more slender woody climber, with smalk rounder ami very veiny downv leaves, and yellowish flower with an oblique almost closed brownish orifice, the border rettexed : fl. late spring or summer. FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. 283 91. NYCTAGINACE.2E, FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY. Represented by a few plants with tubular or funnel-form calyx colored like a corolla, and falling away from a persistent lower portion which closes completely over the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary and seed-like fruit, forming a hard and dry covering which would be mistaken for a true pericarp. Stamens 2-5, the long slender filaments hypogynous, but apt to adhere somewhat to the sides of the calyx-tube above. Embryo coiled around some mealy albumen. (Lessons, p. 23, fig. 52-55.) Ours are herbs, with opposite simple entire or wavy leaves, and jointed stems, tunid at the joints. 1. ABRONIA. Flowers small, many in a peduncled umbel-like head surrounded by an involucre of about 5 separate bracts. Calyx salver-shaped with a slender tube, and a corolla-like 5-lobed border, which is plaited in the bud, the lobes generally notched at the end. Stamens 5 and style included. 2. OXYBAPHUS. Flowers small, a few together surrounded* by a 5-lobed invo- lucre, which enlarges and becomes thin, membranaceous, reticulated, and wheel-shaped after flowering. Calyx with a very short tube constricted above the ovary, expanding into a bell-shaped 5-lobed corolla-like lionler, open only for a day. Stamens (mostly 3) and slender style protruding. Fruit (persistent base of calvx) akene-like, strongly-ribbed. 3. MIRABILIS. Flower large, in the common species only a single one in the cup-shaped 5-cleft green involucre, which thus exactly imitates a calyx, as the tubular funnel-shaped or almost salver-shaped delicate calyx does a corolla. Stamens 5, and especially the style (tipped with a shield-shaped stigma) protruded. Fruit ovoid, smooth and nearly even. 1. ABRONIA. (Name from Greek word meaning delicate.) Western North American herbs, cultivated for ornament : fl all summer. ^ A. Uinbellata, from coast of California, has prostrate slender stems, ovate- oblong slender petioled leaves, and rose-purple flowers open by day, the invo- lucre of small bracts. A. fragrans, from Rocky Mountains, hardy N., has ascending brandling stems, lance-ovate leaves, and white sweet-scented flowers opening at sunset ; the involucre of conspicuous ovate scarious and whitish bracts. 2. OXYBAPHUS. (Name from a Greek word for a vinegar-saucer, from the shape of the involucre.) 2/ Several species on Western plains : 11. rose- purple, all summer. O. nyctagineus. Rocky or gravelly soil from Wisconsin W. & S. : smooth or smoothish ; leaves petioled, varying from ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or heart-shaped at base. O. albidus. From North Carolina S. : often hairy above ; leaves sessile or nearly so, acute at base, lanceolate or oblong ; fruit more hairy. 3. MIRABILIS, FOUR-O'CLOCK or MARVEL-OF-PERU. (Clu- sius called it Admirahilis, which Linnauis shortened.) Natives of warm parts of America: roots very large and fleshy; leaves more or less heart-shaped, the lower petioled; flowers mostly clustered, shuwy, opening towards sunset or in cloudy weather, produced all summer. ^ M. Jalapa. Cult, for ornament in many varieties as to flower (red, yellow, white, or variegated), its tube only 2' long" and thickish, stamens shorter than its spreading border ; whole plant nearly smooth. M. longiflbra. Less common in cult. ; tube of the sweet-scented flower 6' long and clammy-hairy (as well as the upper leaves) ; stamens shorter than its spreading white border. M. Wrightiana. Texas and cult. : more slender than the last, nearly smooth, tube of the smaller and more slender faintly fragrant flower 4' long, the border white tinged with rose; stamens and style much protruding. 284 OOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 92. PHYTOLACCACE^J, TOKEWEED FAMILY. A small family, represented he,.- only by a single snecies of the principal genus, 1. PHYTOLACCA, I'OKK or I'OKKU'KKD. (A mongrel name, of the Greek word fur ,,/„„/ prefixed to the French lac, lake, alhnliii"- tu 'the cnmson coloring-matter of the berries.) Calyx .>f r. rounded petal-like wliite sepals. Stamens5-30. Ovary of several cell and lobes, bearing as many Short Styles, in fruit a deprived jnicv berry. contiiiiiin- a rim.- uf \ertical seeds ; tlie.-e tunned on the plan ut' those of the next family. V P. decandra, COMMON p. or SCOKE, GARGET, vte. Coarse Mnooth weed of low grounds, with lar-e acrid-poisonous rout, -tout stems 6°-90lnVh) alternate ovate-oblong leaves on Ion- petiole-;, and racemes hecominv. lateral opposite a leaf, in summer, ripening the dark crimson purple lorries in autumn • stamens, style.-, and seeds 10. 93. CHENOPODIACEJE, GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. Represented chiefly 1>y homely herbs, with inconspicuous green- ish flowers ; the 1-celled ovary has a single ovule and ripens into an akene or utricle, containing a single seed, usually with embryo coiled more or less around mealy albumen. Leaves chiefly alter- nate. Plants neither attractive nor easy to students ; only the cultivated plants and commonest weeds here given. § 1. Cultivated for xi-nnini'iit, tirh/hiy plant, u-illt white flowers : calyx corolla-like. 1. l;oi SS1NGAULTIA. Flower- in slender spikes from the axils of the leaves perfect. Calvx 0-parted. spreading, and with one or two exterior sepals ur hraets. Stamens 6, with slender filaments. Stvle slender: stigmas li. eluh- shaped. Fruit a thin akene, pointed with the persistent ?tyle. §2. Cultivated for food, from Eu. : flowers greenhli, us ig usual in tlie fmnlfi/. 2. BKTA. I-'lowers |ierfcct, clustered, \\iih :; Imiets and a f.-rlel't eahx l.ccoming indurated in fruit enclosing the hard akene, the bases of the two coherent. Stamens J3. Style -Imrt : ^ti^mas mo-t! v '2. Seed hurixontal. 3. SPINACIA. Flowers iliieeiuiis, iii axillary close clusters : the staminate ones racemed or spiked, consisting of a 4-6-lobed calyx and as many -tanien-. Pistillate (lowers with a tubular calyx which i< 2-3-toothed at the apex and 2-3-horned on the sides, hanleniu:: and enclosing the akene. Styles 4. Seed vertical. § 3. Weeds of i-ult'rnit'mn, <»• of rwnls!ili s, y/t-A/n, $c. Flowers j>< rf'«-t, lirnctlits. 4. IlLl'lTM. Flowers in close axillary i-ln~teri or heads vhidi are soinetinies c"ntlnent into interrupted s]tikes.' Calyx 2-.ri-p:irtt-d. hec ..... inj; Hoshy or berry-like in fruit in th< genuine species. Stamens i-o. Styles or Mijmas li. Seeil \cvtii-al in the calyx. 5. CHENOPOpIUM. Flowers iii small clusters collected in .-piked or sometimes open panicles. Calvx mostly -i-deft, not -uccuU-iit in fruit. Ovary and utricle depre-.ed. (Lessons, p. 1-JI, )!•_;. ::sii) Stales 2, rarely 3. "Seed horizontal, or in a few specie- occasionally vertical. The following also are common species aloti^ the coast or near salt-water : — ^ Atriplex patula, and one or two other species of OKACHI;: most like Spinacia, lint scurfy or niealv. Salicornia herbacea, ami two other species ,,f GLASSWOKT : low, leaf- less, tlcshy, juinteil, hranchin- plants, with the (lowers sunken ill the fleshy spikes. SuiBda maritima, SKA BLITK : with hranchiiiL; steins, and small flowers in the axils of linear nearly terete fleshy leaves. Salsola Kali, SALTWOKT : bushy-branching annual, with awl-shaped GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 285 prickly pointed loaves, ami fle-di-colorecl horizontal wings on the back of the fruiting calyx, making a circular broad border. 1. BOUSSINGAULTIA. (Named for the traveller and agricultural chemi.-t. Boussingault.) B. baselloides, of South America : high twining plant, in cultivation her- baceous, from oMong tubers resembling small potatoes: smooth, with some- what heart-shaped succulent leaves, and slender racemes of deliciously fragrant small flowers in. autumn. ^ 2. BETA, BEET. (Latin name.) One species in cultivation, viz. : — B. vulgaris, COMMON BEKT, from S. Eu. : cult in many varieties, with ovate-oblong smooth often wavy-margined leaves, sometimes purple-tinged ; (lower-clusters spiked; root conical or spindle-shaped. MANUEL WCRT/EL or SCARCITY-ROOT is a mere variety, the root used for feeding cattle. © 3. SPINACIA, SPINACH. (Name from Latin for spine or thorn ; prob- ably from the horns or projections on the frniting-calyx which become rather spiny in one variety.) S. oleracea, COMMOH SPINACH, cult, from the Orient, as a pot-herb ; the soft-fleshy leaves triangular or ovate and petioled. ® © 4. BLITUM, ELITE. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of some pot-herb or of the Amaranth.) Fl. summer. B. capitatum, STRAWBERRY ELITE, the flower-heads as the fruit matures becoming bright red and juicy, like strawberries ; leaves triangular and halberd- shaped, wavy-toothed, smooth and bright green. Dry banks, margins of woods, &c. N., sometimes in gardens. © (!) B. Bonus-Henricus, GOOD-KING-HENRY, cult, in some old gardens, is between a Elite and a Goosefoot, being slightly mealy, as in the latter, and the calyx not fleshy nor fully enclosing the fruit, but the seed is vertical ; leaves triangular and partly halberd-shaped ; flower-clusters crowded in an interrupted terminal spike. ^ 5. CHENOPODItTM, GOOSEFOOT (which the name denotes in Greek), PIGWEED, &c. Weeds : fl. late summer and autumn. § 1. Either smooth or with scurfy mealiness, insipid, never hair// nor aromatic. © C. album, WHITE G or LAMB'S-QC u:n;i;s; the coniiiioii'.-st species in all cult, ground: pale, more or less mealy, with leaves varxing from rhombic-ovate to lanceolate, cither angled.-tOOth.ed or entire, and flower-clusteri :u dense pani- cled spikes. Yar. BOSCIANDM, wild in shady places, ir.o-tlv S., has loose branches, obscure mealiness, and smaller loosely clustered flowers. C. Ul'bicum, in waste grounds, is dull green, scarcely mealy, the triangular leaves coarsely and sharply many-toothed, flower-clusters in dense panicled spikes, and seed with rounded margins. C. hybridum, MAPLE-LEAVED G. Waste grounds, unpleasantly scented like Stramonium, bright green throughout ; the uidelv branching stem '2° - 4° hiu'h ; the thin large leaves triangular and heart-shaped, sinuate and angled, the angles extended into a few taper-pointed coarse teeth ; racemes in loo-e and leafless panicles ; seed sharp-ed-ed. § -2. Not mealy or scurf;/, Inl iin'mit, !// ijlunilnlar nr jmlrAi-i-nt, aromatic-scented: the seed sometimes vertical-. i C. Bbtrys, JERUSALEM OAK or FEATIIKI: GERANIUM. (Jardens and some roadsides: low, spreading, almost clammy-pniie «•, nt, sweet-scented ; leaves sinuate-pinnatilid, slender-pctioled : racc;iH". I'xK.-ly coryinhed. C. ambrosiokles, Mi \i< AN TK\, WORMSEED. Wa-!e -rounds, especi- ally S. : rather stout, smoothish, strong-«vut<'d : leaves oMoii._r or lanceolate, varying from entire to cut-pinnatitid, nearly sessile; spikes deiw, leafy or leaf- less. This, especially the more cut-leaved var. ANTiiKLMf.NTK'r.M. i.-i u-ed as a vermifuge, ami yields the tro 236 AMARANTH FAMILY. 94. AMARANTACE.S], AMARANTH FAMILY. Weeds and some ornamental plants, chiefly herbs, essentially like the foregoing family, but the llt/wrr- provided with dry and mostly scarious crowded persistent braels, and the fruit sometimes several- seeded. The cultivated sort- are ornamental, like Immortelles, on account of their colored dry bracts which do not wither. § 1. Leaves alternate, mostly long-pttluled : anthers 2-cfl/nf. 1. AMARAXTI'S. Flowers moiicccion- or polygamou-. each with 3 bracts Calyx of .">, or sometimes 3, equal erect sepals, smooth. Stamens 5. - times 2 or 3. Stigmas 2 or o. Ovule solitary, on a stalk from the base of the ovary. Fruit an utricle, 2-3-pointed at apex, usually opening all round tran>verse]y, the upper part falling oil' as a lid (l,<>-o'ns. p. 121. fig. 387), di-charging the seed. Flowers in axillary or terminal spiked clusters. 2. CELOSIA. Flower- perfect. Ovules and seeds numerous, otherwise nearly as Amarantus, but the crowded spikes imbricated with shining colored bracts. In cultivation the spikes are often changed into broad crests. § 2. Leaves opposite : anthers l-celled. 3. GOMl'IIIiEXA. Flowers perfect, chiefly in terminal round head?, crowded with the firm colored bracts. Calyx 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Stamens fi, monadelphous below: filaments broad. 3-cleff at summit, the middle lobe bearing a l-celled anther (l.e--on-, p. 102, fig. 290). Utricle 1-seeded. Achyranth.es or Iresine Verschaffeltii is lately cult, for its red foliage, a poor substitute for Coleus, except in shade, where it has clear red .stems, its ovate or roundish opposite 1< \i\ es strongly veined or blotched with red, or wholly crimson. Iresine celosioides, a wild tall weed, with opposite leaves, and panicles ofsinall white-^ooliy tlo\\rrs, is common S. \V. Acnida cannabina, in salt-marshes along the coast, is a tall annual, like an Amaranth, but dia-cious, bracts inconspicuous, and the fleshy indeliiscent fruit 3 - 5-angled and crested. 1. AMARANTUS, AMARANTH. (From Greek for wifrdhuj.) Coarse weeds of cult, and waste grounds, and one or two cultivated for ornament • fi. late summer. Bracts commonly awn-pointed. i § 1. RED AMAKANTHS, the flower-clusters or the leaves tinrjcd with red or purple. A. caudatUS, I'IMNTES' FI.ATIIKU. Cult, from India: tall, stout; lca\: erect, roughish-pubescent or smooth- er ; spikes crowded in a -till' panicle, the awn-pointed bracts rigid. A. 8pin6sUS, THOI:NV A. Waste ground, chiclly S. : dull green leaves with a pair of spines in their axils; (lowers small, yellowish-green, in round axillarv cluster- and in a long terminal spike. A. albus. Roadsides and streets, spreading over the ground ; with obovate and spatnlate leaves, Mowers all in small clusters in their axils and covered by rigid sharp-pointed bracts ; sepals .'3 ; stamens 2 or 3. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 287 2. CELOSIA, COCKSCOMB. (Name in Greek means dried, alluding to the scarious bracts.) Fl. summer, (i) C. cristata, COMMON- C. of the gardens, from India, in various usually monstrous forms, the showy flower-crests crimson-red, sometimes rose-colored, yellow, or white. 3. GOMPHRENA. (Ancient name of an Amaranth.) Fl. summer. G. glob6sa, GLOBE AMARANTH or BACHELOR'S-BUTTOV. Cult, from India : low, branching, pubescent, with oblong nearly sessile leaves, and dense round heads crimson, rose-color, or white. 95. POLYGONACE^E, BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. Known by the alternate entire leaves having stipules in the form of scarious or membranous sheaths at the strongly marked usually tumid joints of the stern. Flowers mostly perfect, on jointed pedi- cels, with green or colored 4 — 6-parted usually persistent or wither- ing calyx, 4-9 stamens on its base, 2 or 3 stigmas, 1-celled ovary with a single ovule rising from its base (Lessons, p. 110, fig. 342), forming an akene or nutlet. Embryo mostly on the outside of mealy albumen, the radicle pointing to the apex of the fruit. ERIOGONUM differs in having no obvious stipules, and the flowers from a cup-shaped involucre. There are a few species of the genus S. and S. W., and many near and beyond the Rocky Mountains. § 1. Calyx of 5, rarely 4, more or less petal-like similar sepals, erect after flowering. 1. POLYGONUM. Flowers in racemes, spikes, or else in the axils of the leaves. Akene either lenticular when there are 2 stigmas, or triangular when there are 3. Embryo curved round one side of the albumen : cotyledons narrow. 2. FAGOPYRUM. Differs from one section of Polygonum mainly in having an embryo in the centre of the albumen, which is divided into 2 parts by the very broad leaf-like cotyledons. The triangular akeue longer than the calyx. § 2. Calyx of 6 sepals often of two sorts : styles 3. 3. EHEUM. Sepals ah1 similar, petal-like, withering-persistent underneath the 3-winged fruit. Stigmas capitate or wedge-shaped. Stamens 9. 4. RUME^t. Sepals of 2 sorts; the 3 outer ones herbaceous and at length spread- ing; the alternate inner 3 larger, somewhat colored, enlarging after flowering, becoming veiny and dry, often bearing a grain-like tubercle on the back, and convergent over the 3-augled akeue. Stigmas a hairy tuft. Stamens 6. 1. POLYGONUM, KNOTWEED, JOINTWEED. (The name in Greek means many-jointed.) Chiefly weeds ; some with rather showy flowers ; the following are the commonest : fl. late summer and autumn. § 1. Flowers along the stem, nearly sessile in the arils of the almost sessile linear or oblong leaves, small, greenish-white : sheatlis scarious, usually clejl or turn and fringed. (T) P. aviculare, KNOT-GRASS, GOOSK-GRASS, or DOORWEED. Prostrate or spreading and variable low weed, with pale lanceolate or oblong leave*, commonly 5 stamens, and dull 3-sided akene enclosed in the calyx. Var. ERECTUM, has more upright steins, and larger oblong or oval leaves. P. ramosissimum. Chiefly W. in sandy soil : with nearly erect much- branched and rigid striate stems 2° -4° high ; lanceolate or linear leaves taper- ing into a petiole, and a glossy akene ; sepals 6 and stamens 6 or 3, or else sepals 5 with 4 or 5 stamena. 288 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. P. t6nue. Rocky dry soil : slender, upright, with thread-like branches, along which the upper flowers form a loose leafy spike ; leaves narrow linear, acute ; akene shining. § 2. Flowers collected in terminal x, .//,>.< or spike-like racemes, rose-purple or flesh- color, <>r rarely white or nremish. * Leaves small awl thn ad-liki- i/ mid slender sj>ii(-f*, unequally 4- parted ; the 2 styles rfflexed on the lenticular akene and hooked at the ti/>. P. Virginianum. Thickets: 2° -4° high, nearly smooth ; leaves rough- ciliate, 3'- 6' long ; flower somewhat curved ; stamens 5. 2/ * * * Leaves lanceolate, oblong, or ovate, chiefly pt-tioltd : sheaths cylindrical: flowrs several from each bract of the spike, b-jxtrtid. •4- Sheaths mostly with an abruptly spreading foliaceous liorder (which sometimes falls ojT) : tall, 3° -8° high, with dense cylindrical nod 'ding spikes of rose- colored flowers, and flat akenes. P. orientale, PRIXCKS' FKATHER. Gardens and cultivated grounds, from India : with large ovate pointed leaves, and 7 stamen-. P. Careyi. Swamps from Pennsylvania N. & E. : with lanceolate leaves, glaudular bristly peduncles, and 5 stamens. -i- •«- Sheaths truncate, without a border. t-f Herbage and flowers not acrid nor punctate with pellucid glands or dots. = In moist soil : leaves lanceolate : plants nearly smooth. (T) P. incarnatum. Tall, 3° -6° high ; leaves tapering from near the baso to a narrow point (4' -12' long) ; sheaths smooth and naked ; peduncle* rou_rh with scattered sessile glands ; spikes linear, nodding ; (lowers flesh-color or pale rose; the ("> stamens and ~2 st\ les included ; akene fiat with concave sides. P. PennsylvaniCUm. Stems l°-3° high, the branches above and pe- duncles bristly with stalked -lands ; sheaths naked ; spikes oblong, thick and blunt, erect ; flowers rose-purple; stamens j<, a little protruding ; styles-cleft; akene with flat sides. P. Persicaria, LADY'S THUMB. Tsat. from Kit. near dwellings, about 1° high: upper face of leaves with a dark blotch near the middle: sheaths su;ii''wliat bristly-ciliate ; spikes oblong, dense, evert, on naked peduncles; HnuiTs Lrreeuish-purplo ; stamens mostly ('• ; style S-3-clcft; akene either tlattish or triangular. = = fn miter : at( /us rooting below. 2/ P. amphibium. WVTKR P. ChietlyN. : steins often simple bearing a tingle ovate or oblong d-nse spike or head of pretty large and slmwv ros flowers; lea\es nlilung, lieart-obloiiL:, lanee-o\ate or lanceolate, mostly long- petioled, often floating; sbeaths not fringed : stamen.-* 5 ; style 2-elet't. P. hydropiperoldes. Commonest S. : stems slender, rising out of shallow wat'T l°-3° liigh ; leaves narronly lanceolate or lance-oblong ; sheaths hairv and fringed with IOULT bristles ; spikes erect, slender ; (lowers small, pale or white ; stamens 8 ; style 3-cleft ; akene sharply triangular. ** •*-<• Iferlmye (smooth) pnnqently acrid: li'iins and pule sepals marked with pellucid mt or glands, in which the acrid quality rrsidm: sheaths fringed with bristlef. P. acre, WATER SMAKTWKKD. Shallow water or wet soil : stems rooting at the decumbent base, rising 2°- 4° hiLih : leaves lanceolate or linear, taper- pointed: spikes slender, emit ; flowers whitish or pale flesh-color ; stamens 8: akene sharply triangular, shining. 2Z BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 280 P. Hydr6piper, COMMON S. or WATER PEPPER. Low or wet grounds N. : l°-2° high; leaves oblong-lanceolate; spikes nodding, mostly short; flowers greenish-white ; stamens <> ; akenc either fiat or obtusely triangular, i * * * * Leaves /wart-shaped or arrow-shaped, petialed : sheaths half-cylindrical. •<- TEAR-THUMB. Stems with spreading l>i-nn<-/ies, the angles and petioles ar/u«l withs/inr/i ri'fli.rnl prii-H, s, !>// which tin /'lunt is enabled almost to dimh: flowers in pedunclea heads or short race/in*, n-liit, ,,/• //, ,1, color. © P. arif61ium. Low grounds : leaves halberd-shaped, long-petioled ; the peduneles glandular-bristly ; stamens 6 ; styles 2 ; akene lenticular. P. sagittatum. Low grounds : leave's arrow-shaped, short-petioled ; the peduncles naked ; stamens mostly 8 ; styles 3 ; akeue sharply 5-angled. •*- •*- BLACK BINDWEED. Stems twining, not prickly: flowers whitish, in loose panicled racemes : three outermost of the 5 divisions of the calyx keeltd or crested, at least in fruit: stamens 8 : styles 3 : akents triangular. P. Convolvulus. Low twining or spreading weed from Eu., in culti- vated fields, &c. : smoothish, with heart-shaped and almost halberd-shaped leaves, and very small flowers. (T) P. cilinode. Rocky shady places : tall-twining, rather downy, a ring of reflexed bristles at the joints ; leaves angled-heart-shapcd ; outer sepals hardly keeled. 2/ P. dumetbrum, CLIMBING FALSE BUCKWHEAT. Moist thickets : tall- twining, smooth ; joints naked ; leaves heart-shaped or approaching halberd- shaped ; panicles leafy ; outer sepals strongly keeled and in fruit irregularly winged. 2/ 2. FAGOPYRUM, BUCKWHEAT. (The botanical name, from the Greek, and the popular name, from the German, both denote Beech-wheat, the grain resembling a diminutive beech-nut.) Cult, from N. Asia, for the flour of its grain : tt. summer. (T) F. esculentum, COMMON B. Nearly smooth ; leaves triangular-heart- shaped inclining to halberd-shaped or arrow-shaped, on long-petioles ; sheaths half-cylindrical ; flowers white or nearly so in corymbose panicles ; stamens 8, with as many honey-bearing glands interposed ; styles 3 ; acutely triangular akene large. F. tartaricum, TARTARY or IXDIAX WHEAT. Cult, for flour on our N. E. frontiers and N. : like the other, but flowers smaller and tinged with yellowish ; grain half the size, with its less acute angles wavy. 3. RHEUM, RHUBARB. (Name said to come from the Greek, and to refer to the purgative properties of the root ; that of several species, of N. Asia, yield officinal rhubarb.) 2/ R. Rhaponticum, GARDEN R. or PIE-PLANT ; the large fleshy stalks of the ample rounded leaves, filled with pleasantly acid juice, cooked in spring as a substitute for fruit ; flowers white, in late spring. *•» 4. RUMEX, DOCK, SORREL. (Old Latin name.) The three enlarged sepals which cover the fruit are called valves. Flowers greenish, in whorls on the branches, forming panicled racemes or interrupted spikes. § 1. DOCK. Herbage bitter : flmo ers perfect or partly monoecious, in * In marshes : stem erect, stout : leaves lanceolate or lance-oblonij , flat , not wart/ : valves entire or obscurely wavy-toothed in the first species, y. R. orbiculatus, GREAT WATER DOCK. Common X.: r>°-G° hi-li ; leaves often l°-2° long; flowers nodding on .-lender pedicels: the \xl\es round-ovate or almost orbicular, thin, finely reticulated, nearly .',' wide, each bearing a crain. R. Britannica, PALE D. Commoner S. : 2°-G° high ; pedicel < noddin-, shorter than the fruiting calvx, which has broadly ovate loosely reticulated valves, one with a large grain, the others commonly naked ; root yellow. 19 290 LArilKI. FAMILY. R. salicifolius, WHITE D. Salt marshes: 1° -3° high: pedicels inurh shorter than the fruiting calyx ami in much-crowded whorls, forming a spike ; val\es more triangular than in the foregoing and smaller, their grain very Jarje ; rout white. R. verticillatus, Sw \Mi-D. Common N. : 3° -5° high; whorl- loose; fniit-huarinr.' pedicels slender and chili-shaped, abruptly rctlcxnl : valves some- what rhombic and with narrow hlunt apex, each hearing a very large grain ; leaves thk'kish, the lowest often heart-shaped at huse. * * HV'/x mi/, front J-'iimpf in riilt. or inrxtc around: stem erect, 2°-4° high : lower li'i'-is nr unini' nl' tin in heart-shaped nt linse, all more or /ess wary: root COinntvnltJ i/il'mr Y-\ I.INKD or Ki.n D. Leaves less curled and red-veined, lanceolate or ohlong ; whorls distant; pedicels very short; valves narrowlv ohlong, one or more grain-hearing. R. obtusif61ius, Bi i TER D. Leaves little wavy, the upper lance-ohlong and acute, lower ohlonu-heart-shaped and ohtuse ; whorls loose and di-tant ; valves ovate, partly halberd-shaped, beset with some long sharp teeth near the base, usually only one grain-hearing. * * * S'.indy sea-shore and river-hanks N. : 5' -12' high, spreading. © R. maritimus. Minutely pubescent ; leaves lance-linear, wavy-margined, the lower ain-ieled or heart-shaped at base ; whorls much crowded into leafy spikes; valves rhombic-oblong with a tapering point, turning orange-colored, a large grain on the hack and 2 or 3 long stout bristles on each margin. §2. SOKRELS. Herliane acid: some leai-rs hullm d-shaped, others ii-i/h nit ire narrow fit lus< : ilnnrs dhaped, the lobes or auricles narrow; pedi- cel- jointed with the ilower ; ovate valves hardly enlarging in fruit. R. Engelmanni, only S. c; \\\, differs iii jiedicels jointed near the mid- dle, nnd thin rounded heart-shaped valves becoming many times larger than the akene. 96. LAURACEJE, LAUREL FAMILY. Spiry-aromatic trees or .-linibs, die alternate simple leaves (with entire, margins l>tit sornrliiiirs lulled) more or less marked with minute pellucid dots; the regular flowers with a calyx of 4 or 6 sepals imbricated in two ranks in the bud. and free from the ovary ; the latter is terminated by a simple style and stigma, is ] -celled with a hanging ovule, and in fruit becomes a berry or drupe. The stamens (in ours 9) furnish a special character, their anthers opening I'.v uplifted valves! To this family belong the clas-ieal Laurel or' Bay, the Cinnamon, the Camphor-tree, e^e. * rioiriTss perfect, in axillary panicles. 1. PKUSF.A. Culvx r,-p:irted, persiBtenl at the ha*e of the berry. Sinn, with anthers, 'the :5 outer of which are turned outwards, t'ie 6>Others inward; also :j Clauds or sterile filament* forminu an innermost row. The t\\o proper cell- of the anther with a lower ami an apper chamber, making 4 compart- ments, each Opening hy a valve in the manner of 8 trap-door. * * Flwt'rs irliol/i/ «r runrh/ iHii'dniis. greenish-yellow, haves deciduous. 2. S\ss\ri:\S. I'lo\\-er* in an open corymbed and peduncled clu*ter, with ,,„, arted calyx: .-terile ones with 9 stamens in :i rows, the filaments , -'the three inner-witha pair of yellow stalked viands on theirbase. Anthers wuh 1 chambers a* in th.- inveeding. lertile tlouers with G rudiments Stann TtS an') an ovoid ovary, li'/cnming a dni|H-. MEZKRUM FAMILY. 2!) 1 8. LINDERA. Flowers in sessile lateral clusters, with a 6-parted honey-yellow calvx: sterile ones with 9 stamens having simply 2-culled and 2-valved anthers; the inner 3 filaments lobed and glandular at base. Fertile tlmvrs with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stan. Berry red. oval; the stalk not thickened. 4. TETRANTHERA. Flowers in small lateral clustered umbels, with G-part.-d deciduous calyx: sterile ones with 9 similar stamens; anthers turned in- wards, the 2 cells with 2 chambers, each opening by a valve, as in ,^ Fertile flowers with a globular ovary, surrounded by numerous rudiments of stamens, and becoming a globular drupe or berry. 1. PERSEA, RED BAY. (Ancient of some Oriental tree.) Leaves ever- green : flowers greenish-white, in summer. P. Carolinensis, CAROLINA RED BAY. Tree or large shrub, in low grounds, from Delaware S. : hoary when young, the obloug leaves soon smooth above ; berries blue on a red stalk. 2. SASSAFRAS. (The popular name of this very well-known tree.) H. officinale, SASSAFRAS. In rich woods : a fine tree with mucilaginous yellowish twigs and foliage, spicy bark, flowers appearing in spring with the leaves ; these ovate and obovate, and some of them 3-cleft, smooth when old ; fruit blue on a club-shaped rather fleshy stalk. 3. LINDERA, SPICEBUSH, WILD ALLSPICE, FEVERBUSIl. (Named for./. Linder, a Swedish botanist.) Genus also named BENZOIN. Shrubs : fl. in spring, preceding the leaves. L. Benzoin, COMMON S or BENJAMIN-BUSH. Damp woods: 6°-15° high, almost smooth ; leaves thin, obovate-oblong, acute at base, 3' -5' long. L. melisssef61ia. Wet grounds S. : 2° - 3° high, silky-pubescent ; leave< oblong, obtuse or slightly heart-shaped at base, 1' -2' long, when old smooth above. 4. TETRANTHERA. (Name in Greek means four anthers, alluding to the 4 chambers to each anther.) T. geniculata, POND SPICE. Along ponds in pine-barrens from Virginia S. : large shrub, soon smooth, with forking and divergent or zig/ag branches, rather coriaceous oval or oblong leaves (.)'-!' long), appearing later than the flowers in spring ; these in little crowded clusters of 2-4 from 2-4-leaved in- volucres ; fruit red, globular. 97. THYMELEACE.ZE, MEZEREUM FAMILY. Shrubs with acrid and very tough fibrous bark, entire leaves, and perfect flowers, having a simple corolla-like calyx, bearing twice a- many stamens as its lobes (usually 8), the anthers of the ordinary sort ; the free ovary one-celled, with a single hanging ovule, hi-coir ing a berry-like fruit. Flowers commonly in umbel-like cluster-. 1. DAPHNE. Calyx salver-shaped or somewhat funm-l-shaped : the 4 lob mam as the lobes, usually 4. — One or two Old World species are occasionally planted. 99. SANTALACE.SI, SANDAL WOOD FAMILY. Represented by one or two shrubs along the Alleghanies S., one of them (lit- !'•> i;i I.AICIA OLKIKKUA, the OII.-.M r or Bui i AI.O-NTT, — and widely by a low herb, viz. 1. Comandra umbellata. Dry ground, common X.: probably para- Mi ic 011 the roots of shrubs. Known by the ~> stamens with their anthers connected y\ ith the face of the white calyx-lobes behind them b\ a tuft of thread- lii.e hairs (to which the name-, from the Creek, alludes); tube of the calyx coherent below with the ovary, becoming a hard or nut-like fruit, tilled by a globular seed. Stems 6'- 10' high, with many small oblong pale leaves. 100. LORANTHACEJE, MISTLETOE FAMILY. I'ani.-itic on the branches of trees, represented only, through the Middle and Southern States, by Phorad6ndron flav6scens, AHBBICAH MISTLKTOK ; with obovate or oval, yellowish-green, thick, slightly petioled leaves, and short yellowish jointed spikes iu their axils, of diieciotis greenish flowers, the fertile ones riuening whit* ben i SPURGE FAMILY. 293 101. SATJRURACEJE, LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY. A very small family, having a single Eastern North American representative in Saururus cermiUS, LIZARD'S-TAIL. Wet swamps: fl. summer ; stem jointed, 2° high, branching; leaves heart-shaped, with converging ribs, peti flowers white, crowded in a dense but slender tail-like spike, with thr mil nodding, perfect, but with neither calyx nor corolla ; stamens 6 or 7, with long slender white filaments ; pistils 3 or 4, slightly united at base. (Lessons, p. 86, fig. 234.) 102. EUPHORBIACEJE, SPURGE FAMILY. Plants with mostly milky acrid juice and monoecious or dioecious flowers, of very various structure ; the ovary and fruit commonly 3-celIed and with single or at most a pair of hanging ovules and seeds in each cell. § 1. Ovules and seeds only one in each cell. * Flowers both staminate and pistillate really destitute both of calyx and corolla : a Distillate and numerous staminate surrounded by a cup-like involucre which imitates a calyx, so that the whole would be taken for one perfect Jluwer. 1. EUPHORBIA. , For the structure of the genus, which is recondite, see .Manual, and Structural Botany, fig. 1143. These plants may be known, nio-tly, liy having the 3-lobed ovary raised out of the cup, on a curved stalk. short styles each 2-cleft, "making 6 stigmas. Fruit when ripe bursting into the 3 carpels, and each splitting into 2 valves, discharging the seed. What seems to be a stamen with a jointed filament is really a staminate flower, in the axil of a slender bract, consisting of a single stamen on a pedicel, the joint being the junction. * * Flowers of both kinds provided with a distinct calyx. 2. STILLINGIA. Flowers in a terminal spike, naked and staminate above, a few fertile flowers at base. Calyx 2 - 3-cleft. Stamens 2, rarely 3. I'od 3-lobed. Stigmas 3, simple. Bracts with a fleshy gland on each side. Leaves alter- nate, stipulate. 3. ACALYPIIA. Flowers in small clusters disposed in spikes, staminate : '• fertile at base; or sometimes the two sorts in separate spikes. Calyx of sterile flowers 4-parted, of fertile 3- 5-parted. Stamens ts-li;. .>.na- delplious at base; the 2 cells of the anther long and hanging. Sty1 cut-fringed on the upper face, red. Pod of 3 (rarely 2 or 1) lolies or • Fertile flower-clusters embraced by a leaf-like cut-lobed bract. Leaves alter- nate, petioled, with stipules, serrate. 4. RICINl. S. l'lo\v<-rs in large panicled clusters, the fertile above, the >taminate below. Calyx 5-parted. Stamen- very many, in several bundles. Style< 3, united at base, each 2-parted, red. Pod large, 3-lobed, with 3 large si Leaves alternate, with stipules. 5. JATROPHA. Flowers in cymes or |>:mivle-; the fertile in the main fork*. Calyx colored like a corolla', in the sterile flowers mostly salver-shaped and 6-lobed, enclosing 10-30 stamens, somewhat monaiielphous in two or more ranks; in the fertile 5-parted. Styles 3, united belov, . .rked at the apex. Pod 3-celled, 3-seedcd. Leaves alternate, long-petioleil, with stipules. § 2. Ovules and mostly seeds 2 in each cell of (he oninj <>n!f, l sliuntns in lite sterile, and 3 awl-sh/, .rt tin' //<>/nr-cu/>s or involucrm Inn-' tin ir »ta>- i/ins or a />art of the bane colored (white or red) : stem erect, 1° - 3° hiijh. © E. marginata. Wild on the plains W. of the Mississippi, and cult, for ornament : leaves pale, o\ate or oval, sessile, the lower alternate, uppermost in threes or pairs and broadly white-margined ; flower-cup with 5 white petal-like appendages behind as many saucer-shaped glands. E. heterophylla. Rocky banks S. W. : smooth ; leaves alternate, ovate and sinuate-toothed, or fiddle-shaped, or some of them lanceolate or linear and entire ; the upper with red base ; no petal-like appendages to the flower-cup and only 1 or 2 sessile glands. E. dentata. Rich soil from Pcnn. 8. W. : hairy, only the lower leaves alternate, the upper opposite, varying from ovate to linear, uppermost paler or whitish at base, and the few glands of the flower-cup short-stalked. * * The leaves none of them rolared : but the flower-cup with 5 bright-white con- x/iii-iions appendages, imitolin;/ a r>-clejl corolla. 1J. E. COrollata. Gravelly or handy soil, from New York S. & W. : 2° -3° hi^h ; leaves varying from ovate to linear, entire, the lower alternate, upper whorlcd and opposite ; (lower-cups umhellcd, long-stalked. * * * Lnn-tK nil •/«•/, short-petioled, icith xi-n/i/ i>i- I'l'i/K/' /l-i'iit stipmes : *i]n n /• E. maculata. 1'ro-trate ; leaves oblong -linear, very oblique at base, ser- rulate above, blotched in the centre ; pods sharp-angled, very small. E. hypericifblia. Ascending lo'-un' high; leaves ovate-oblong 01 linear-oblong, serrate., often with red spot or margins; pod blunt-angled; seeds wrinkled. * # # *• f^in-fx irithnnt sii]»il«, >i">" with colored margins or spots : tin- jb>u-< r- m/* ,i/s,, green or •« ///W/, »/«/«•//•*/, tltnr i/lnmlf wholly destitute of any /a tit/-/i/.-i' ii/i/n iii/m/' . •»- Tsarnsi-i an' ir/it' d(tj< f nt s/in/x; usually roundish: ;i/nnils <./'//"•.//"»•'/•-'•"/' '"'«'('/ •*• M '«'/>• or inul-liki . -M- (.'In nds "flli' Jfoircr-cii/i tnnixrersfli/ anil and alt use. ® E. platyphylla. Nat. from Kurope N. : upper stem-leaves lance-oblong, acute, minutely serrulate; uppermost heart-shaped ; floi'al ones triangular-ovate and heart-shaped; umbel 5-rayed ; glands large and sessile; pod beset with de],re.-scd warlh ; >eed smooth. SPURGE FAMILY. E. obtusata. Native W. & S. : like preceding, but taller, l°-2° high ; stem-leaves oblong-spatulate and obtuse, tbe upper heart-shaped ; floral ones dilated -ovate ; umbel once or twice 3-rayed, then 2-rayed ; glands of flower-cup short-stalked ; pods long-warty. E. dictyosperma. Open ground S. W. Resembles the preceding, but slender ; leaves obtusely serrate ; glands small, almost sessile ; seeds delicately reticulated. E. Heliosc6pia. Weed from Europe in waste places N. : with stouter ascending stems 6' - 12' high ; leaves all obovate and rounded or notched at the end, the lower wedge-shaped, finely serrate ; umbel first with 5, then 3, and at length with 2 rays ; glands orbicular and stalked ; pods smooth and even ; seeds with honeycomb-like surface. •M- •>-*• Glands of the flower-cup icith 2 long horns : pod smooth : seeds sculptured or pitted and pale. © ® E. PeplllS. Waste places, from Eu. : stem erect ; leaves petioled, entire, round-obovate, the upper floral ones ovate; umbel first 3-rayed, afterwards 2-forked ; pod 2-crested on each lobe. E. commutata. Wild from Wisconsin and Virginia S. W., on shady slopes: stems with decumbent base; leaves obovate, the upper sessile, t In- rounded floral ones broader than long ; umbel 3-forked ; pod crestlcss : fl. early summer. -M.-M-.i-t- Glands crescent-shaped: pod granular : seeds smooth, dark-colored. 2/ E. Cyparissias, CYPRESS SPURGE. Gardens from Eu. and running wild E. : in dense clusters 6'- 10' high, smooth ; stem and branches crowded with small linear entire leaves, the floral ones small and rounded heart-shaped ; umbel many-rayed. •<- -t- Leaves all or chiefly opposite, entire, smooth, almost sessile : pod smooth. E. Ipecacuanhas, IPECAC SPURGE. Sandy soil from New York S. : branching repeatedly from the long perpendicular root, widely spreading ; leaves barely 1' long, varying from obovate to linear; peduncles solitary in the forks, slender ; flower-cup dull purple, with 5 glands. 2/ E. Lathyris, CAPER SPURGE. Cult, from Eu. in country gardens : glau- cous ; stem erect, stout, 2° -3° high; leaves thick; those of the stem lance- linear, floral ones oblong-ovate and heart-shaped ; umbel 4-rayed, then forking ; glands short-horned. © 2. STILI JWG-IA. (Named for Dr. B. Stillingfleet.) Very smooth plants, only S. : fioweiing all summer. S. sylvatica, QUEEN'S DELIGHT. Dry soil from Virginia S : herb 1°- 3° high, clustered from a woody root; leaves crowded, almost sessile, varying from obovate to lance-linear, serrulate ; stamens 2. S. ligUStrina. River-swamps from N. Carolina S. : shrub f)°-12° high; leaves lance-obovatc or oblong, entire ; spikes short ; stamens mostly 3. S. sebifera, TALLOW-TREE of China, planted South Caroliiia >£ S. : tree 20° -40° high; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, long-petioled ; stamens 2 ; seed- A'hite, yielding a useful vegetable tallow or wax. 3. ACALYPHA. (Ancient Greek name of Nettle.) Flowering through Lit • summer and autumn. A. Virginica. A most common, coarse, low weed in fields, £c : smnothisb or hairy, turning purplish, with leaves varying from ovate !•> linear, fertile flowers in short clusters ; p(.>d and S. |i. \'2'2. l}^. •'{'.)()). Flowers in eln-tei> in axils of la-1 year's leaves, in early -pi-ini:. before the leaver of the M-asmi, purplish or yellowish-green. ! it-veined, serrate. 2. ri.AN'l-'li'A. Like Mini, but llnueix more jiolvLraninns, apjM-arin;: with the, leaves in -mall axillary cluster-: Ine lobes of fl: • i-:dy\ j'.nd -tamens only -1 or 5; the 1-eelle.l 1-..\ uleii ..vary lormin^ a windless nut, like fruit. # * Fruit a bvrrij-like ijlilnilir tni>i[l i/riipc. AnllifS liirnul imniril. 3. CKLTIS. Calyx 6 - 6-parted, persistent Stamens r> or fi. Stigma- ver\ ta|ierini;. O\;irv and dnijie 1-cellcd, l--eedeil. I'lmveiv ureeni-li, in (In- Is of the leave-; the lower Ones ni"-tlv staminate ainl elu-fered, the upper fertile and mo-tl solitar 0 ' B D ler IT. FIG FAMILY. Trees with milky or colored acrid or poisonous juice. Leaves alternate. Flowers strictly monoecious or fliircious. Styles or stigmas commonly 2. § 1. Flcirers of both kinds iiii.ri-il, l/nhi;/ the inside tif a closed fleshy receptacle, or hollow jtower-stalk, irhirh rijmif inlii ii-h'il ti-eins to be ii fni t iif berry. 4. FHTS. Keceptaele in which the flowers are concealed borne in the axil 01 Akene seed-like. Stipules lan_'>\ sncro--ively envelopinp; tin; vomit' leaves in Hie hud, falling oiV n< the leaves expand NETTLE FAMILY. 2'jV § 2. Flowers of the two kinds mostly separate ; the fertile crowded in cntlan-tikt sjtikes or heads, which become fleshy in fruit : Jilaments injlcxed in the »/ iixicil/i/ ,i-t,,f ,,n surface: seed in //»- middle of the orbicular or round-wal fruit, far away from the shallow not,. -It : jiou; r-cluaters ijlubular : ji, die, As i; ,-;/ .«•!<*, with theflowers soon hanging on slender stalks, which are jointed above, tin' middle : fruit ovate or oval, with 2 sharp teeth at apex, the margin downy-ciliate at least whtn younij. U. Americana, AMERICAN or WHITE EI,M. Well known large tree, with long a>c, ruling brandies gradually spreading, drooping slender branchlets, wliidi arc smooth as well as the buds, not corky; the abruptly pointed leaves a' - 4' long ; flowers in close clusters, with usually 7 - 'J calyx-lobes and stamens ; fruit smooth except the margins, its incurved points closing the notch. U. racembsa, CORKY WHITE EI..M. Resembles the foregoing, bat with downy-ciliate bud-scales ; branches becoming corky, young branchlete some- what pubescent, leaves with straighter veins, and flowers raccmed. U. alata, WHAHOO or WINGED ELM. Virginia to 111. and S. : small tree, with bud-scales and branchlets nearly smooth, winged plates of cork on the branches, and small thickish leaves (l'-2' long) almost sessile. 2. PLANERA, PLANER-TREE. (Named for 7. ./. rinner, a German Botanist.) Flowers greenish, appearing with the leaves in early spring. P. aquatica, AMERICAN P. River swamps, from Kentucky S. : small tree, leaves ovate-oblong, smooth ; fruit stalked in the calyx, beset with irregular warts or crests. 3. CELTIS, HACKBERRY or NETTLE-TREE. (Ancient Greek name for the Lotus-berry, produced by the European ,-pccics.) Fl. spring: fruit ripe in autumn, eatable. C. OCCidentalis, AMERICAN H. Small or middle-sized tree, of rich low grounds ; with reticulated ovate, and taper-pointed serrate or entire leaves, oblique or partly heart-shaped at base, sweet thin-fleshed fruit as large as a pea. Var. rr.MiLA, a straggling bush, chiefly S., only 4° - 10° high. 4. FICUS, FIG. (The Latin, altered from the Greek name of the Fig.) F. Carica, COMMON FIG. Cult, from the Levant, as a hou.se-plant, N. : leaves broad, 3 - 5-lobed, ronghish above, rather downy beneath; figs single in the axils, pear-shaped, luscious. F. elastica, IWDIA-RUBBER-TBBB of E. Indies (not that of S. America) : tree cult in conservatories for its beautiful leaves, 6' - 10' long, oval-oblong, entire, thiek, smooth, bright green, glossy above. F. ripens, from china, a delicate creeping species, fixing itself firmly by rootlet.> and covering walls in conservatories; leaves 1' or less long, oblong- ovate, with unequal partlv heart -shaped base. 5. MORUS, MULBERRY. (Old Greek and Latin name.) Leaves heart- shaped or ovate, moik<'s : often dioecious. 11 U. dioica, COMMON N. A weed from Eu., full of stings, 2° -3° high, with heart-ovate very deeply serrate leaves downy beneath. U. gracilis. Fence-rows, &c. : 2° - 6° high, with ovate-lanceolate less deeply serrate leaves, longer petioles, rather few stings, and slender spikes. * * Flower-clusters shorter than the petiole, most'y 2 in the snme axil, containing both sorts of flowers : stint/s scattered. © U. chamsedryoides. Wild S. & W. : slender, with heart-ovate or lance- ovate leaves moderately toothed, and dense flower-clusters. U. urens, SMALL N. Weed from Eu., not common : 8' -12' high, with ovate leaves deeply cut into long spreading teeth; flower-clusters small, loose. 9. LAPORTEA, WOOD-NETTLE. (Named for one Laporte.) 11 L. Canadensis. Moist and rich woods : 2° -3° high; ovate leaves 4' -7' long and long-petioled, a single 2-cleft stipule in the axil : fl. all summer. 10. BCEHMERIA, FALSE-NETTLE. (Named for Prof. Bohmer of Germany.) 11 B. cylindrica. Moist shady grounds, l°-3° high, smoothish ; leaves mostly opposite, ovate or lance-ovate, 3-ncrved, serrate, long-petioled; flower- clusters crowded in long narrow interrupted spikes, in summer. B. nivea, RAMIE, or the GRASS-CLOTH PLANT of China, &<•., 3D-4° high, with ovate leaves white-downy beneath, is recently planted S. W. for its very valuable textile fibres. 11. CANNABIS, HEMP. (The ancient name.) Fl. all summer. ® C. sativa, COMMON HKMP. Tall coarse plant from the Old World : cult for the fibres of its stem. 12. HUMULUS, HOP. (Name said to be a diminutive of /(limits, the ground ; the application not apparent.) Fl. summer. 11 H. Lupulus, COMMON- HOP. Wild in alluvial soil N. & W. : also cult. from Eu. for hops : the aromatic bitterness resides in the yellow resinous grains which appear on the fruiting calyx, akenes, &c ; stems almost prickly down- wards ; leaves heart-shaped and strongly 3 - 7-lobed. 300 WALNUT FAMILY. 104. PLATANACE^, PLANK-TREK FAMILY. This order, it' it may be so called, consists merely of the small genus 1. PLATANUS, rLAXK-TRKK. (The ancient name of the Oriental specie-, from tin- (Jreek word for l>r d head- hanizinv; on Blender peduncle.- ; the sterile of many short stamens with club- sliaped littlo scale- intermixed ; the fertile of dub-shaped or inverselv pv- rainidal ovaries mixed with little scales and tipped with a slender awl--haped simple style, ripening into a sort of akene with a tawny-hairy contracted l>ase. No evident calyx. Leaves alternate, pahnatelv lohed or angled, tho hollowed base of the petiole covering and concealing the axillary hud (Les- sons, p. 28, litr. 74) : stipules sheathing, like those of the Polygonum Family. M. spring. P. OCCidentalis, AMKKK AN PI.VN-I:. SYCAMORE, or BI;TTONWOOD. Well-known larue tree by river-hank-, with white close bark separating in thin brittle plates : leaves truncate or heart-shaped at lia.se. rather scurfy-downy until old. the short lobes sharp-pointed, and fertile heads .solitary. P. orientalis, OUIKNTAI. I'I.AM:, especially its var. AC i;t:in>i.i v, seldom planted in this country, is very like ours, but has leaves more cut and sooner smooth, the heads larger. 105. JUGLANDACE.2E, WALNUT FAMILY. Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipule?, and monceoiniis flowers ; the sterile ones in catkins with an irregular calyx and several stamens ; the fertile single or 2 or more in a cluster, with a ." - .>]<>!>ed calyx, the tube of which i.- adherent to the ovary. The latter is incompletely 2-4-cel!rd. but has only a single ovule, erect from its base, and ripens inio a lari_re fruit, the Ixrny inner part of which forms the nut, the ile>hy at length dry miter part the husk. Seed 4-lobed, filled wilh the fle.-hy and oily embryo, the large and separated cotyledons deeply two-lobed and crumpled or corrugated. 1. .TniLAXS. Sterile flower- in solitary catkins from the wood of the preeedin;: vear, e-ieli with 12 --Id stamen.- on very short filament.-. Fertile llo\\er- on /ininal p-'diniele, with a 4-toothed calyx, 4 little ;:n-eu jietnls. ;md ii elnh- sha]»-d and fringed eon.-picuous stipnas. ' Hu-k of the fruit drying np with- out splitting. Hark anil .-1 ..... t- resinous-aromatic and -troujr-seeuted. I'.IP!- -everal, one over the other, the uppermost far above the axil the-soiis, p. al, lit:. 78). 1'ith in [ilates. Leaflets numerous. 2. CAh'VA. Sterile flowers La clustered lateral catkins, with 3- in almost - anthers. Fen ile ilow.-r- -j -5 in a cluster on a terminal peduncle: no petal-: stiumas •_> or 4. lar.'c. Hu-kof the fruit splitting into .} valv.-s and falling away from the -inooth nut. Valuable timber and nut tree-, with very hard and'touu'h wood, and scaly buds single (Lessons, p. ~2~, ir_r. 7:0. from which are u-iiiilly put forth both 'kinds of llowcr-, the .sterile below and the fertile above the leaves. 1. JUGLANS, \VAIATT. (Name from foots gJans, the nut of Jupiter.) I'l. spring : fruit rij>e in autumn. Seed sweet and edible. * Xutice tffin i >f tin- i-ninitri/ : nut irith ri nj r"n>i/i and jvurowed surface, from which tin' ilriii) /,i.:--t.- i/i', v nut /.;,'/ ninii/ : M » r/ rr i>/ ui/i/. J. Cin6rea, UrTTKKM- r <>r WIUTI: \V. Middle-si/eil tree, mostly \. • stalks and shoots clammy-downy: leaflets downy, at least beneath, oblong- lanceolate, pointed, serrate ; fruit oblong ; nut with very rugged ridges. OAK FAMILY. 301 J. nigra. BLACK W. Large tree, commoner W. & R. : stalks and shoote not clammy, minutely downy ; leaflets smoothish, ovate-lanceolate, serrate ; fruit spherical. * * Planted from the Old Worli! : husk friable, separating when dry from the roundish and smoothish thin-shelled nut. 3. l'6gia, ENGLISH WALNTT, so called, but native of Asia: leaflets oval, entire, smoothish; fruit ripens sparingly in Middle States. 2. CARYA, HICKORY. (Greek name of the Walnut, applied to these North American trees.) FI. in rather late spring : nuts fall in autumn. § 1. Sterile catkins in a sessile cluster: leaflets 13-15, short-stalked: nut edible. C. olivseformis, PECAN-NUT. Along rivers, from Illinois S. ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate, taper-pointed; nut cylindrical-oblong, olive-shaped, the seed delicious. § 2. Sterile catkins 3 or more together on a common peduncle: leaflets sessile or nearly so, of 5-9 or rarely 11-13 leaflets : nut globular or short-oval. * Xuts sweet-tasted and edible (the hickory-mils of the market) ; the husk splitting into 4 thick and hard valves : buds large, of about 10 w •eent when young; leaflets 7- 11, lanceolate or lance-oblong; fruit and white thin-shelled and tender nut globular ; seed at first sweet, then very bitter. C. aquatica, WATER H. River-swamps S. ' Small tree, with rou-h bark; bud-scales as in the last; leaflets 9-13, lanceolate, smooth; nut thin- shelled, 4-angular, flattish ; seed very bitter. 106. CUPULIFER.SI, OAK FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with alternate and simple straight-veined leaver very deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers ; the sterile in slender catkins (except in the Beech) ; the fertile solitary, clustered, or sometimes spiked, and furnished with an involucre which forms a cup or covering to the 1-celled 1 -seeded nut. This nut comes from an ovary with 2 or more cells having one or two ovules hang- ing from the summit of each ; but all .-xc.-pt one cell and one ovule are abortive. There is a calyx adhering to the ovary, as is shown by the minute teeth crowning its summit. Seed filled by the embryo, which has thick and fleshy cotyledons. 302 OAK FAMILY. § 1. Sterile floiaers with a distinct 4 - 1-lobed calyx and 3-20 slender stamens : fertile Jlowers 1-4 in a cup or bur-like involucre. * Sterile flowers dutd rtides, en- closed in the hard and thick very pricklv bur-like at length 4-valved invo- lucre! Cotyledons somewhat folded together and cohering, remaining under ground in germination. * * Sterile Jlowers in small heads on drooping peduncles. 3. FAGUS. Calyx of sterile flowers l.ell-Miaped, 5-7-cleft, containing; 8-16 long stamens. Fertile (lowers 2 together on the summit of a sealy-bracted pe- duncle; the innermost scales uniting form the 4-lobed involucre: ovary 3-Celled when young, Crowned by I! a\vl-shaped calyx-teeth and a :J-elcft or 3 thread-like Styles: in fruit a pair of sharply 3-sided nuts in the 4-dei't -i.fi- prickly rigid involucre. Cotyledons thick, ,-omcwhat crumpled together, but rising and expanding in germination. (Lessons, p. 19, fig. 31-33.) § 2. Sterile flowers consisting of a few short stamens partly adhering to the bract, and destitute of any proper c/ili/.r ; lite anthers l-eelled: ftrtilr. flmccrs in pairs under cm-It brnct of a head, spike, or .tlmrt catkin, each with one in- tn-« bractlets, forming afoliaceous or sue-like involucre to the nut- Sterile catkins rather dense. 4. CORYLUS. Scales of the sterile catkin consisting of a bract to the inside of which 2 bractlets and several stamens adhere. Fertile flowers in a little head, like a scaly bi'd: sti •>: toothed involucre. 6. OSTIJVA. Scales of the sterile catkin simple. Fertile flower? ',n a sort of slender catkin, its bract* deciduuii>, each ilowcr an ovary tipp ••! with 2 long slender stigmas and enclosed in a tubular bracflet, which beei n.es a 'nladdery L'l-eeiii-li-white oblong bag, in the bottom of which is the liitle nut: the.-c together form a sort of hop-like fruit. 6. CARPINl'S. Sterile catkin as in()>trya. Fertile flowers in a sort of slender loose catkin; each with a pair of separate 3-Iobed bractlets, which become leaf-like, one each side of the small nerved nut. 1. QUERCUS, OAK. (The classical Latin name.) Fl-Avcrs in spring; acorn* ripe in autumn. All but one of the following species are natives of the country. § 1. Annual-fruited OuLt, the acorns maturin;/ tin- autumn of the first near, there- fore on the wood of the season, uswu'/y in the axil of tin' //Ji-ii raised on a ph beneath, with 3-9 oblong or linear obtuse and nioMlv entire obli:|iie lobe*; the shallow rou^h cup \ cry mucll horter than the ovoid-oblong (about 1' lonu) acorn : seed edible. Q. obtusiloba, POST OAK, KOI i. ii or Box WIIITK Oak. Small tree in barren soil, commonest !S., with very durable wood; thickish leaves grayish OAK FAMILY. 303 downy beneath, pale and rough above, sinuately 5 - 7-lobed, tlic lobes divergent and rounded, the upper pair larger and sometimes 1-3-notched ; naked cup deep saucer-shaped, halt' or one third the length of the small acorn. Q. macrocarpa, BUR-OAK, OVER-CUP or MOSSY-CUP WHITE OAK. Middle-sized tree in fertile soil, commonest W. : with ohovate or oblong lyrately pinnatirid leaves, of various shape, pale or downy beneath, smooth above ; cup deej), thick and woody, from hardly 1' to 2' in diameter, covered with hard and thick pointed scales, the upper ones tapering into bristly points, making a mossy-fringed border; acorn I'-l^' long, half or wholly covered by the cup. Q. lyrata, SOUTHERN OVERCUP OAK. Large tree in river-swamps, from N. Car. S. & W. : leaves crowded at the end of the branchlets, obovate-oblong, with 7-9 triangular and entire acute lobes, glossy above, whitish-downy be- neath ; cup sessile, globular, rough with rugged scales, almost covering the globular nut. * * CHESTNUT-OAKS, with toothed or sinuate leaves, not lobed except slightly in the first species, ivhite or whitish downy beneath: cup hoary, about half the length of the oblong-ovoid edible acorn. Q. bicolor, SWAMP WHITE OAK. Low grounds, chiefly N. & W. : tall tree, with leaves intermediate between the White and the Chestnut Oaks, being more or less obovate and sinuate-toothed, or some of them nearly pinnatitid, hoary with soft down beneath, wedge-shaped at base, the main veins only G-8 pairs and not prominent ; peduncle in fruit longer than the petiole ; cup often mossy-fringed at the margin ; acorn hardly 1' long. Q,. Prinus, CHESTNUT OAK. The leading form is SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK, in low grounds mainly S. ; with obovate or oblong leaves wavy-toothed and minutely downy beneath, the main veins 10-16 pairs and prominent be- neath ; fruit- bearing peduncle short ; the thick cup £'- 1' wide, tubercled with the thick scales ; acorn 1' or less long. — Var. MONTfcoLA, ROCK CHESTNUT OAK, has large acorns like the above, biit more the chestnut-like leaves of the next; grows in and near the mountains. — Var. ACUMIN\TA, YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK of rich rather dry soil through the interior, mostly of the Middle States, has chestnut-like oblong or lanceolate leaves, mostly roundish at base, on slender petioles, equally and sharply toothed, and very straight-veined ; cup about |' broad, its scales small and elose ; acorn rather small. Q. prinoides, DWARF CHESTNUT or CHINQUAPIN-OAK. Barren or sandy soil, mostly E. : shrub 2° -4° high, with obovate or oblong sinuate leaves narrowed at base ; and acorns and cup like those of true Chestnut Oak, but very much smaller ; producing little abortive acorns in the axils of some of the scales of the cup. * * * LIVE OAK, with evergreen coriaceous leaves, not lolwd. Q. virens, LIVE OAK. Barrens or sands along the coast from Virg. S. Small or large tree, or a mere shrub, with very durable firm wood, the hraneh- lets and lower face of the small oblong entire (or rarely spiny-toothed) leaves hoary ; conspicuous peduncle bearing 1-3 small fruits, with top-shaped cup and oblong acorn. § 2. BIENNIAL-FRUITED OAKS, the acorns not maturing until the autumn of the second yt-ar, these therefore borne on old wood below the leaves of the season, on short and thick peduncles or none : kernel always bitter : tip or lobes of the leaves commonly bristle-pointed. * THICKISH-LEAVED OAKS, some of them almost or quite evergreen at the South, coriaceous but deciduous N., entire, sjmrinijly toothed, or barely 3-lol>ed at the summit. •«- Leaves general1!/ entire, not widened upwards: acorns spherical, sinuU. Q. Cin6rea, UPLAND WILLOW OAK. Dry pine-barrens, S. K. Virginia and S. Small tree or shrub ; resembles Live Oak, but more downy, narrower- leaved, the cup shallow, and small acorn e ; cup >aueer-shaped. Q. nigra, BLA« K .1 u K or I'> \KKI.N <>\K. llanvns, from New York S. & W. : low tree (x°- 25° high), with wedge-shaped lea\e.- widelv dilated and mostly .'{-lolied at summit, but often rounded at the narrow base, rusty-downy beneath, smooth and glo.-sy above- ; run top-.-liaped, coarse-scaly. * * BLACK and RED OAKS, //•/'//< long-petioled and sinuate-lobed or pinnatifid deciduous leaves. -»- Downy beneath even when mature : cup saucer-shaped with top-shaped base. Q. ilicifblia, BEAR or BLACK SCRUB-OAK. Sterile hills and barrens, Iiio>tly X. & \V. : shrub 3° -8° high, straggling; leaves obovate with \\edire- shaped base, above angularly 3-7-lobed, whitish-downy beneath; acorn ovoid, narelv i' long. Q. falcata, SPANISH OAK. Dry soil, New Jersey to 111. >>nd S. : large tree, \\ith oblong leaves obtuse or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed above, -ravish or yellowish-downy beneath, the lobes mostly narrow and entire or sparingly toothed and somewhat curved ; acorn globular, hardly £' long. •i- -»- Mature leaves smooth on both sides or nearly so, generally ovate, oblong, or some of the larger obovate in mil /inf., and varying from sinuutely to deeply IK in/a/ i/id, turning various bhades of red or crimson in late autumn : wood course-grained. •»-*• Leaves with wedge-shaped base and short petiole, rather thick and coriaceous. Q. Catesbaei, TITHKEY or BAI:KI:NS SCRCH-OAK. Small tree in pine barrens S. : leaves deeply pinnatilid or ,'5-5-cleft, the long and narrow or un- equal lobes somewhat seytlie-sliaped and often nearly entire ; cup very thick and of coarse scales, 1' or less broad, half enclosing the ovoid nut. «•* •*-»• Leaves mostly rounded or obtuse at the. base, slender-petioled, tlinnn: Q. COCCinea, SCARLET OAK. Dr\ 01 barely moist soil : large tree, with gray bark, the interior reddish, rather firm leaves more or le>» glo»-y above and deeply pinuatitid ; cup roarse-scaly, toji-shajied or hemispherical with a eonical h:iM'. eo\-ering half or more of the roiindi.«h acorn (this i'-ij' long). \'ar. tinct6ria, i i-.m ri 'Kov, VI.I.I.IIW-I:AHKI:I). or I.I.ACK (>.VK. Bark of trunk darker-colored, thicker, rougher, internally orange (i|iierritron), and much more valuable to the tanner and d\er; eii]i less top-shaped; h-avcs less pimiatilid or some of them harelv sinuate, thinner, less glossy, and more like those of the next. Q. rilbra, l>'i:i> <>VK. Common ill rich and poor soil: large tree, with dark gray smoothi-h bark, very eoarse reddish wood, and tliinuisli moderately jiinnatititl leaves; <-np saucer-shaped, se--ile or on a short and alirujit narrow ;u-ek, of line clo-<- scales, very much shorter than the nearly oblong acorn (this 1' or less in length ). Q. palustris, SWAMI- SPANISH or I'iv OVK. Low grounds, only N. : middle-sized tree, with le.-s coar.-e wood, deejil\ pinnatiliil smooth leaves with their divergent |ol»> separated bv broad and rounded sinuses: euji llat-saucer- shajied with a -hon -ealv base or stalk, of line seales, very much shorter than the roiindi>h aeoni, which is barelv .',' in length. 2. CASTANEA, CIIKSTNTT. (Cla^i.-al name, taken from that of a town in Thessaly.) Flowers in summer, appearing later than the elongated strongly straight-veined and merely serrate leaves. C. V^SCa, Krnoi-K vx CIIKSTNTT : seldom planted : large tree, with oblong- laneeolate pointed leaves beset with coarse sharp-pointed teeth, when mature smooth ami green both sides ; nuts 2 or 3 in each involucre. SWKKT-GAI.K FAMILY. Var. Americana, AMERICAN CHESTNUT : large tree in hilly woods, from Canada to Florida, distinguishable from the European only by leaves acute at the base, and nuts sweeter and smaller. C. pumila, CHINQUAPIN. Sandy dry soil chiefly S. & E. : shrub or small tree ; with lance-oblong leaves whitish downy beneath, and very sweet nut solitary in the involucre, therefore terete. 3. FAGUS, BEECH. (Classical Latin name, from the Greek, alluding to the nuts being good to eat.) Flowers appearing witli the (straight-veined and serrate) leaves, in spring. F. ferruginea, AMERICAN BEECH. Forest tree, commoner X., with fine- grained wood, close and smooth light gray bark, and light horizontal spray, the leaves oblong-ovate and taper-pointed, distinctly toothed, thin, their silky hairs early deciduous, the very straight veins all ending in the salient teeth. F. sylvatica, EUROPEAN BEECH, occasionally planted as a shade-tree, is distinguished by broader and shorter, firmer, more hairy, and wavy-toothed leaves, some of the main veins tending to the sinuses. COPPER BEECH is a variety with crimson-purple foliage. 4. CORYLUS, HAZEL-NUT, FILBERT. (Classical Latin name.) Shrubs, with flowers in early spring, preceding the rounded-heart-shaped, doubly-serrate, at first downy leaves. Edible nuts ripe in autumn. C. Avellana, EUROPEAN H. or FILBERT. Occasionally planted : 6°-10° high, with bristly shoots, and smoothish deeplv-cleft involucre about the length of the (!' long) oval nut. C. Americana, AMERICAN H. Thickets . 4° -6° high, with more downy shoots, leaves, and involucre, the latter open down to the smaller globular nut in the form of a pair of broad cut-toothed leafy bracts. C. rostrata, BEAKED H. Thickets and banks, mostly N. : 2° -5° high, with more ovate and scarcely heart-shaped leaves, the densely bristly involacre prolonged in a narrow curved tube much beyond the ovoid nut. 5. OSTRYA, HOP-HORNBEAM. (Classical name.) Slender trees, with very hard wood : flowers appearing with the (Birch-like) leaves, in spring. O. Virginica, AMERICAN H., IRON-WOOD or LEVER-WOOD. Rich woods : tree 30° -50° high, with brownish rough bark, and oblong-ovate taper-pointed sharply doubly serrate leaves downy beneath, the sacs of the fruit bristly at base. 6. CARPINUS, HORNBEAM, IRON-WOOD. (Ancient Latin name.) Low trees or tall shrubs, with furrowed trunks and very hard wood, the close gray bark and small leaves resembling those of the Beech ; flowers with the leaves, in spring. C. Americana, AMERICAN H., also called BLUE or WATER BEECH. Banks of streams: 10° -20° high ; with ovate-oblong pointed doubly serrate leaves, becoming smooth, and halberd-3-lobed bracts of the involucre. 107. MYRICACE^I, SWEET-GALE FAMILY. Shrubs, with resinous-dotted often fragrant simple leave*, and monoecious or dioecious flowers, both kinds in short scaly catkins or heads, and destitute of any proper calyx, the 1 -seeded fruit a fleshy little drupe or at length dry nut, commonly coated with wax. 1. MYRICA. Flowers mostly dioecious, the catkins from lateral scaly buds: each flower under a scale-like bract and with a pair of brackets; the sterile of 2-8 stamens; the fertile of an ovary bearing 2 slender stigmas and surround- ed by a few little scales. 2. COMPTON1A Flowers mostly monoecious, the storilo in cylindrical the fertile in globular bur-like heads. Ovary surrouuded by long awl-shaped scales which persist around the smooth little nut. S & F— 24 o06 BIRCH FAMILY. 1. MYRICA, RAYBERRY, SWEET (iALE. (Ancient name of some aromatic shrub.) Fl. spring, with or earlier than the leavo. M. Gale, SWEKT (i.vi.K. Col. I hogs N. : l°-4° high, with pale wedge- laneeolate leaves, serrate towards the apex; little nuts crowded, and a- if winded by a pair of scale>. M. ceril'era, BAYHKIJRV, WAX-MYRTLE. Along the coast : shrub 2°-S° high, with fragrant lance-oblong or lanceolate mostly entire leaves, becoming glossy above, the scattered bony nuts thickly incrnsted with greenish or white wax and ajjjiearing like berries. 2. COMPTONIA, SWEET-FERX. (Named for Henry Campion, a bishop of London.) Flowers rather later than the leaves, in spring. C. asplenif'61ia, the only species, in sterile rocky soil, chieflv E. : l°-2° high, with linear-lanceolate down \ leaves pinnatifid into many short and rounded lobes, resembling a Fern, and sweet-aromatic. 108. BETULACE^E, BIRCH FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, often resinous-sprinkled and aromatic, with al- ternate, simple, mostly straight-veined leaves, commonly deciduous stipules, and monoecious flowers, both kinds in scaly catkins, and 2 or 3 under each bract. Ovary 2-celled and 2-ovtiled, but the fruit (a little nut or akene often surrounded by a wing like a samara) 1 -celled and 1-seeded. Stigmas 2, thread-like. 1. BETULA. Sterile catkins lone; and hanging: 3 flowers under each shield- shaped scaly bract, each witfi a -eale bearing 4 ^mrt stanu-iis with 1-edle.l anthers. Fertile catkins stout: 2 or 3 llowers under each 3-lobed bract, each of a naked ovary ripening into a rounded broadly wing.'d M air-like little key- frnit, tipped with the 2 stigma-. 2. ALNUS. Flowers much as in lletula: but usually a distinct 3-5-parted calyx; anthers 2-celled; oval fertile catkins composed of thick and at !• woody persistent scales; and the little nutlets less winged or wingU-.->. 1. BETULA, BIRCH. (The ancient Latin name.) Trees with slender sprav (or a few low shrubs), more or less spicy-aromatic twigs, sessile scalv buds, flowers in early spring along with the leaves ; the sterile catkins golden yellow ; the fertile ones mostly terminating very short iMeavcd branches of the season. The following are all native trees. # Trunk inlh hroirn or i/elloiv-qrai/ bark, the inner and the hn'r/s mid thin straight- veined //ares spicy-aromatic: ]>tii»lV,n/7 .' thick fruiting catkins with their thin scales rather persistent : fruit with narrow tciinj. B. 16nta, SWEET, BLACK, or CHERRY Fiitcn. Moist woods mostly X.: a rather large tree, with fine-grained valuable wuod, dark brown close bark on the trunk (not peeling in thin layers) and bron/e-rcddish twigs, vu-y aromatic; leaves oblong-OVate and >omc\vhat heart-shaped, sharply doubly serrate all round, soon glossy above and almost smooth: Inntin^- catkins oblong-cylindrical. B. Ititea, YELLOW or (JuAY B. With the other and more northward : less aromatic ; bark of trunk ycllowish-irray and somewhat silvery, separating in filmy layers; leaves duller, more downy, and rarely at all heart-shaped; fruiting catkins short-oblong. * * Trunk with chalky-white bark j>«Iinq horizontally in linn shtefs: leaves and narrow cylindrical smooth catkins slender-stalked: bracts falling with the broad-winged fruit. B. alba, var. populifolia, AMERICAN WHITE BIRCH. Small tree in low or sterile soil, from I'enn. X. E., 15° -25° high, with triangular very taper- pointed smooth and glossv leaves. B. papyr£cea, PAPER or CANOE BIRCH. Large tree, from upper part of Penn. X., mostly far N. ; with more ovate and even heart-shaped leaves (dull WII.I.OW r.VMILY. ."1)7 hcncntli, ami even dark preen above), and more papery hark than in White ISirch, separating in ample sheets. * * * Trunk with greenish-brown bark, Itttrdly peeling in layers, reddish ttcitjs lit lie aromatic, and oblomj downy short-stalked catkins : winys of fruit I inn id. B. nigra, RIVEI; or RED BIRCH. Middle-sized tree of low river-hanks, commonest S. : leaves rhombic-ovate, whitish and mostly downy beneath. 2. ALNUS, ALDER. (Ancient Latin name. ) Small trees or shrubs, with narrow leaf-buds of very few scales and often stalked, and catkins mostly clustered or racemcd on leafless branchlets or peduncles. § 1. Flowers with the leaves in sprim/, the sterile from catkins which were naked over winter, while the fertile catkin was enclosed in a scaly Im/l. A. viridis, GREEN or MOUNTAIN ALDER. Only rather far N., and on mountains: 3° -8° high; leaves round-oval or ovate, glutinous; fruit with a broad thin wing. §2. Flowers in earliest spring, much before the litres, loth sorts from calkins which have remained naked over winter: wing of fruit rnirrou- and t/iickish. A. serrulata, SMOOTH A. Common, especially S. : 6° - 12° high, with ohovate smooth or smoothish leaves green both sides and sharply serrate. A. incana, SPECKLED or HOARY'A. Common N. along streams: 8° -20° high ; with broadly oval or ovate leaves rounded at base, serrate and often coarsely toothed, whitened and commonly downy beneath. 109. SALICAC'E-SS, WILLOW FAMILY. Trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, soft light wood, alternate undi- vided leaves, either persistent or deciduous stipules, and dioecious flowers ; both kinds in catkins, one flower under each bract or scale, the staminate of naked stamens only; the fertile of a 1-celled ovary which becomes a 2-valved pod with 2 parietal or basal placentae, bearing numerous seeds furnished with a tuft of long cottony down at one end. 1. SALIX. Scales of the catkins entire. Sterile flowers of few or rarely many stamens, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Fertile flowers with a little gland at the base of the ovary on the inner side: stigmas 2, short, each sometimes 2-lobed. Shrubs or trees with lithe branches, mostly 1-scaled buds, and narrow leaves. 2. POPULUS. Scales of the catkins cut or cleft at the apex. Flowers on a cup- shaped oblique disk. Stamens usually numerous. Stigmas lung. Catkins drooping; flowers preceding the leaves", these mostly broad. Buds scaly. 1. SALIX, WILLOW, OSIER. (The classical Latin name.) The Wil- lows, especially the numerous wild ones, are much too difficult for the be- ginner to undertake. For their study the Manual must be used. The following are the common ones planted from the Old World, with some of the most tree-like wild ones. § 1. Stamens 2, but their filaments and often the anthers also united into one. S. purpurea, of Eu. : known hy the reddish or olive-colored twigs, lateral catkins before the leaves and with dark scales, red anthers, and M-S.M!C downy ovary. § 2. Stamens 2 and separate. * Flowers earlier than the leaves: ait kins stssile along the shoot of preceding year. S. Vimin&lis, BASKET W. or OSIER, of Eu., the twigs best for basket- work ; has lance-linear entire slender-pointed leaves 3' -6' long and satiny-white underneath. 308 AVII.J.OW 1 AMII.Y. * * Flowers sllrjhtly earlier than the leaves lid rather late in spring, on lateral cdtkiiis ic/iii-h have 4 or 5 leafy bracts at their base. S. COrdata. A common wild species along streams, badly named, as the leaves arc seldom heart-shaped at ba*e and generally lanceolate, often tapering to both ends, sharply serraic, smooth, pale or whitish beneath ; stipules on young shoots conspicuous, ovate or kidney-shaped ; ovary slender-stalked, tapering, smooth. * * * Fliiii-ti-x in l< it,*- ra/l.-iiifi terminating leafy lateral shoot* of the season, there- fore later than the leaves, in late sprint/ or curly summer. S. Iongif61ia, LONG-LEAVED W. Wild on river-banks N. : low shrub or low tree, with very long lance-linear nearly sessile sparsely denticulate leaves grayish-hairy when young; catkins with narrow yellowish scales; the stalked silky-downy ovary bearing large stigmas. S. Babyloniba, WEEPING W. Planted from the Orient : a familiar tree, with very slender drooping branches, and linear-lanceolate leaves white beneath ; in the monstrous variety called ANNULARIS, HOOP W., curved into a ring. S. alba, WHITE W., commonly the var. VITELLINA, with yellow twigs : planted from En. ; a familiar tree; leaves lanceolate, serrate, white-silky under- neath ; stipules lanceolate ; ovary nearly sessile and smooth. S. fragilis, BRITTLE W., from Ku. (so called because the twigs, used for basket-work. &c., break off readily from their base, as in several other species) ; large tree, with lanceolate taper-pointed leaves white but smooth beneath, half heart-shaped stipules, and nearly sessile smooth ovary. §3. Stamens 3-5 o>- more, separate: catl-ins late-fiowering, terminating leafy branches of the season as in the prmdint/ species: stamens hairy: ovary smiioth : .so/As deciiluoiis: /races serrate, smooth. S. nigra, BLACK W. Low river-banks : wild tree, with rough black bark, narrow-lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, 3-G stamens, and short-ovate pods. S. pentandra, BAY W. A handsome tree, planted from Ku. for the deep green very glossy lanceolate taper-pointed leaves, of the same hue both sides, the large staminate catkins of golden yellow flowers also handsome: stamens 4-12, commonly 5 ; pods tapering. S. lucida, AMERICAN BAY W. Wild in wet ground N : very like the last, but a shrub, with shorter catkins on a less leafy short branch. 2. P6PULUS, POPLAR, ASPEN. (Classical Latin name.) Fl. spring. § 1. Bntk not glutinous : leaves cottony, at host beneath, even when old. P. alba, ABKLK or WHITE P. Tree planted from En., witli spreading branches, roundish slightly heart->haped wavy-toothed or lobed leaves soon above, very white-cottony beneath : spreads inveterately by the root. § 2. Buds not glutinous : leaves cotton;/ ir/i, n developed, but soon smooth and bath */ - G-cleft, slightly fringed. P. heterophylla, DOWNY POPLAR. Wet grounds, common only W. & S. : tree 4(t°-(i(i° high; leaves round-ovate or heart-shaped with the sinus clo-ed by the overlapping lobe-, obtuse, serrate with incurved teeth, 3'-5' loni:, white wool deciduous only with age, leaving traces on the veins beneath and on the petioles ; fruiting catkins smooth. §3. flinls ,1/iifinoua with aromatic n-sin or Ixilsam: hares smooth from the first. P. dilatata, LOMM UU.Y P. Stiff spiry tree, with closely appressed branches, and small broadly triangular pointed leaves, formerly much planted, from the Old World, — thought to be a remarkable state of PINE FAMILY. 309 P. nigra, BLACK P., of Eu., which is occasionally planted, and has spread- ing branches, larger leaves, more glutinous buds, &c. P. monilifera, COTTON-WOOD or NECKLACE P. Along the Great Lakes and rivers, from L. Champlain W. and S. W. : large tree, with young brandies somewhat angled; leaves dilated-triangular or slightly heart-shaped, IU|MT- pointcd, serrate with cartilaginous incurved teeth and prominent lateral vein- ; fertile catkins very long and interrupted, their scales cut-fringed ; stigmas very large, toothed. P. balsamifera, BALSAM P. or TACAMAHAC. Middle-sized tree, wild along our Northern borders and N. W. : has round or scarcely angled branch- lets, very glutinous and pleasantly balsamic strong-scented bud-scales, and ovate or lance-ovate gradually tapering leaves. Var. candicans, BALM-OF-GILEAD P.: planted around dwellings as a shade tree, wild in some places, spreading invetcrately from the root ; appears to be a variety of the Balsam Poplar, with broader ovate and often heart shaped leaves lighter-colored beneath. SUBCLASS II. GYMNOSPERMOUS : no closed ovary, style, or stigma, but ovuk-s and seeds naked on a scale or some other sort of transformed leaf, or in Yew at the end of a scaly-bracted stalk ; the mouth of the ovule receiving the pollen directly. (Lessons, p. 109, fig. 337-339; p. 125, fig. 411-413.) Leaves not netted-veined. Cycas revoluta (Lessons, p. 26, fig. 71), from the southern part of Japan, a palm-like low tree of conservatories, wrongly called SAGO PALM, and Zamia integrifolia, the COONTIE of Florida, the root-like trunk of which does not rise above ground, and furnishes a kind of flour called FLORIDA ARROW-ROOT, represent the order CYCADACE^E. 111. CONIFERJE, PINE FAMILY* Trees or shrubs, with wood of homogeneous fibre (no ducts), resinous juice, commonly needle-shaped or awl-shaped leaves, and monoecious or sometimes dioecious flowers destitute of both calyx and corolla, and in catkins or the like. (See Lessons, as above.) I. PINE FAMILY PROPER. These are true Coniferee, 01 cone-bearing trees, the fertile flowers being in a scaly catkin which becomes a strobile or scaly cone. The scales are each in the axil of a bract (which is sometimes evident and projecting, but often concealed in the full-grown cone), and bear a pair of ovules ad- hering to their inner face next the base, the orifice downwards, and the two winged seeds peel off the scale as the latter expands at maturity. They all have scaly buds. All the common and hardy trees of the family belong to the following. 1. PINUS. Leaves persistent, long and needle-shaped, 2, 3. or 5 in a cluster from the axil of dry bud-scales, developed after the scaly shoot of the -ea^-n lengthens. Sterile catkins clustered at the base of the shoot of tin- -ra.-oii: each stamen answers to a flower, reduced to a 2-celled anther, with hardly any filament. Cone woody, mostly large, maturing in the autumn of the second year. Cotyledons of the embryo several. (See Lessons, p. 24, fig. 56, 57; p. 63, fig. 185; p. 125, fig. 411-413.) * For a particular account of the numerous trees of this nohlo family now [ilantcd or beginning to be planted for ornament special works should be consulted, such, esprrially. as the recent '• Book of Evergreens " by Mr. Hoopes. We give here only the principal specie* of the country, east of the Mississippi and the well-established introduced species, uiaiulj such as are fully hardy North. 310 PINE FAMILY. 2. ABIES. Leaves persistent, linear or short needle-shaped, borne directly on the -limits of the season, over which they are thickly and uiiiformlv Mattered. Sterile catkins in the axils of tl; •>!' tin- ]>ivc< -ding year. 'Fertile cat- kins solitary, maturing in the autumn of the same year: their Denies thin and even, nev.-r prickle-bearim. 3. LAKIX. Leaves all deciduous in autumn, soft, short needle-shaped, in spring, developed very many in a dense cluster from axillary bud- <>!' the previous summer (Less'ons, p.* 68, fig. 184), those on shoots of 'the season similar Imt seattereil. Cones as in . \bic-. the scales persistent. 4. CEI>Ul"S. Leaves as in Larix, but rigid and per-i-tent. Cones globular, large, of very broad thin scales, which at length fall away from the axis. II. CYPRESS FAMILY. These have both kind, of flowers in short often globular catkins of few scales ; the fertile making a globular or ovate small cone, which is often fleshy when young, sometimes imitating a. berry. The branches appear and the shoots grow on without the intervention of any scaly buds. Leaves often opposite or whorled, sometimes scale-like and adnate to the branch. § 1. Scales of tlie globular cone with a pointed bract behind each wedge-shaped scale, parly colic riny wiUi its back. 5. CRYPTOMERIA. Cone terminating a leafy branch, the recurved tip of the bract and awl-shaped lobes of the top of the scales projecting. § 2. Scales (if the fruit simple, no bract behind them. * Fruit a sort of cone, dry ami hard ichen mature: flowers moncecious, rarely dicecious. -t- Leases thin and delicate, flat, deciduous. 6. TAXODIUM. Two kinds of flowers on the same branches; the sterile catkin spike-panicled, of few stamens; the fertile in small clusters. Cone globular, firmly closed till mature, of several very thick-topped and angular shield- shaped scales, a pair of erect 3-angled seeds on their stalk. •»- •<- Leaves evergreen, linear and awl-shaped, alternate, free, destitute of glands. 7. SEQUOIA. Catkins globular, the scales of the fertile ones bearing several ovules. Cone woody; the shield-shaped scales closed without overlapping. and bearing 3-5 flat wing-margined seeds hanging from the upper part of their stalk-like base. •+- •<- -t- Leaves evergreen, opposite, awl-shaped and scale-shaped (the former on the more vigorous lengthening shoots, the. latter closely imbricated and decussate on the succeeding branchlets), commonly icith a resinous gland on lite back. Seeds and ovules erect : cotyledons only 2 or 3. 6. CUPRESSl'S. Cones spherical; the shield-shaped scales closing by their well-fitted margins, not overlapping, separating at maturity, each .-calc bear- ing two or usually several ovules' and winged or wing-margined seeds, its broad summit with a central boss or short point. 9. THUJA. Cones oblong or globular, the scales not shield-shaped but concave and fixed by their ba-e, overlapping in pairs, pointed if at all from or near their summit, spreading open at maturity, each bearing a single pair of ovules and seeds, or rarely more. # # Fruit berry-like: flowers commonly dicecious. JO. .TUXIPERUS. Catkins very small, lateral: the fertile of 3-6 fleshy scales growing together, and ripening into a -ort of globular berry, containing 1-3 bony seeds. Leaves evergreen, opposite or whorled. III. YEW FAMILY. Distinguished by having the fertile catkin, if it may be so called, reduced to a single terminal flower, consisting of an ovule only, surrounded by some bract-, ripening into a nut-like or drupe-like .seed: cotyledons only '2. There is nothing answering to the scales of a pine-cone. Leaf-hud-; scaly as in the true Pine Family. Flowers mostly dioecious, axillary. 11. TAXI'S. Leaves linear, appearing more or less 2-ranked, green both sides. Both kinds of catkins, if such they may be called, are small axillary buds PINE FAMILY. 311 imbricated with persistent scales, bearing at the apex, one a few naked stamens, each with 3-8 anther-cells under a somewhat shield-shaped apex, the other an ovate ovule. This in fruit becomes a nut-like blackish seed, resting in the bottom of a berry-like red cup. 12. TORRE YA. Leaves, catkins, &c., nearly as in Taxus. Stamens more scale- shaped at top, each bearing 4 hanging anther-cells. Naked seed resembling a tliin fleshed drupe or when dry a nut, with no cup around it, as large as a nutmeg, which it resembles also in the brain-like interior structure. 13. SALISBlJRIA. Leaves wedge-shaped and fan-shaped, deeply 2-cleft and thz lobes wavy-toothed and somewhat cleft at the broad truncate end, traversed with straight simple or forking nerves or veins, like a Fern. Flowers not often seen. Sterile catkins slender and loose. Seed drupe-like, and with a flesh3r short cup around its base. PODOCARPUS. one or two species in choice conservatories, and two half hardy in the Middle States as low shrubs, — the genus so called because the fleshy seed is raised on a sort of stalk, — belongs here. The leaves are sometimes much unlike those of other Coniferous trees, being large, linear, lanceolate, or even ovate, and veinless, except the midrib. 1. PINUS, PINE. (The classical Latin name.) Flowers in late spring. § 1. PiTCH-PiNES and their relatives, with leaves only 2 or 3 in the cluster, scaly-sheathed at the base : wood resinous. * Conns lateral and persistent on the branch long after shedding the seed, the scales thickened at the end, often tipped with a cusp or spine: leaves rigid. i- Leaves 3 in the cluster. All natives, but the last Californian. P. australis, LONG-LEAVED or SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE. Lofty striking tree, of pine-barrens from N. Car. S. ; with leaves 10' -15' long, very resin- ous wood, and cones 6'- 10' long, the scales tipped with a reflexed short spine. P. tgeda, LOBLOLLY or OLD-FIELD P. Smaller tree, in light soil, from Virginia S , with less resinous wood, dark green leaves 6'- 10' long, and solitary cones 3' -5' long, the scales tipped with a short straight or incurved spine. P. rigida, NORTHERN PITCH P. Sandy or thin rocky soil, abounding along the coast N. and in the upper country S. : a stout tree, with dark green leaves 3' -5' long from short sheaths, clustered ovate-conical cones 2' -3' long, the scales tipped with a recurved spine or prickle. P. serotina, POND P. Small tree in wet ground from N. Car. S. ; with valueless wood, leaves 4'- 8' long, and mostly opposite round-ovate cones 2' -3' long, their scales tipped with a very small and weak prickle. P. ponder6sa (or BENTHAMIA.NA) ; planted from California, where it is a characteristic tree, with heavy wood, deep green leaves 6' — 11' long, and clus- tered cones about 3' long, reflexed on a short stalk. i- •*- Leaves only 2 in the sheath, or a few of them sometimes in threes. •*-*• Planted from Europe. P. sylvestris, SCOTCH PINE (wrongly called also Scotch Fir), the com- mon Pine ot N. Europe : middle-sized tree, known by the bluish-white hue of its flat leaves (2' -4' long), reddish bark on the trunk, and narrow tapering cones, the scales with tubercle-like tips. P. Austriaca, AUSTRIAN P., a probable variety of P. LAKIOIO, or COR- SICAN P. of S. Eii. : a fast-growing nmssive tree, with very n>u<:h branches, dark-green slender but rigid leaves 4' -6' long, and conical cones 2£' -3' long. -M- ++ Wild species of the country. P. pungens, TABLE-MOUNTAIN or PRICKLY PINE. Along the Alle- ghanies from Penn. to S. Car. : middle-sized tree ; with dark bluish-green leaves only about 2' long; but the heavy and clustered cones fully 3' long, ovate, and" the scales armed with a very strong somewhat booked spine. P. mitis, YELLOW PINE of the North, SHOKT-LKAVED YELLOW TIM. ' a middle-sized tree in sandy or dry soil, with firm fine-grained wood, slender leaves (not rarely in threes) 3' -5' long, and mostly solitary ovate or oblong- onical cones barely 2' long, the scales tipped with a minute weak prickle. 312 PINE FAMILY. P. inops, JERSEY SCRUB P. Low strangling tree of barrens and sterile hills, from New Jersey S. & W. ; with drooping branchlcts, leaves 1 '-:{' long, and solitary ovate-oblong cones 2' long, rellexed on a .short stalk, tin- -rales tipped with an awl-shaped prickle. P. Banksiana, (JKAY or NORTHERN SCRUB P. Along our northern frontiers and extending N., on rocky banks : straggling shrub or tree, 5°-20° high ; with oblique or contorted leaves 1' long, curved cones barely 2' long, and blunt scales. * * Cones at the apex of the branch and falling after shedding the seed, their scales slightly thickened ut the end mid intlmut any prickly point; leaves only 2 in the cluster and with a long sin nth, slender. P. resinbsa, RED PINE, and wrongly called NORWAY PINE : the Latin name not a good one, as the tree is not especially resinous : dry woods N. from N. England to Wisconsin; 50° -80° high, with reddish and smoothish bark, compact wood, dark green leaves 5' -6' long and not rigid, and ovate- conical smooth cones about 2' long. § 2. WHITE PINES, with softer leaves, 5 in the cluster, their sheath and the scale underneath early deciduous : cones long, cylindrical, terminal, hanging, falling after shedding the seeds, their scales hardly if at all thickened at the end, pointless : seed thin-shelled and winged. P. Strdbus, WHITE PINE. Tall tree in low or fertile soil N. and along the mountains ; with soft white wood invaluable for lumber, smooth greenish bark on young trunks and branches, pale or glaucous slender leaves 3' -4' long, and narrow cones 5' - 6' long. P. excelsa, BHOTAN or HIMALAYAN WHITE P. Ornamental tree barely hardy for N. ; with the drooping and white leaves and the cones nearly twice the length of those of White Pine. P. Lambertiana, LAMBERT'S or SUGAR P. One of the tallest trees of Oregon and California, beginning to be planted : has leaves as rigid as in many Pitch Pines, 3' -5' Jong, bright green, the cones also at first erect, when roll grown 12' -20' long. § 3. NUT PINES, with leaves, $~c. as in the preceding sfctinn, but short tJiih- linear and blunt leaves only £' long, green above and white beneath, and oval cones onlv i' or §' long, their bracts very short and hidden. A. Douglasii, DOUGLAS SPRUCE, one of the tall trees from Rocky Mountains and W. to the Pacific, planted but proves not quite hardy enough N., is of this section : it has slender leaves 1' or more long, light green, indistinctly 2-rankcd ; cones 2' -3' long, loose, with pointed and toothed bracts projecting beyond the scales. § 3. FIR. Cones set rigidly erect on the upper side of spreading brunches of the preceding year, their scales and commonly conspicuous bract a falling aunty with the seeds when ripe from the persistent slender a.ris .- seed* resinous : anthers irregularly bursting : leaves flat, white beneath each mile of the prominent midrib, those on horizontal branches inclined to spread rig/it and left so as to appear 2-ranked. * BALSAM FIRS, native trees: bark yielding Canada balsam from blisters, frc. A. balsamea, COMMON B. Small tree of cold or wet grounds N., hand- some when young, but short-lived, with worthless wood, narrow linear leaves jj' or less than 1' long and much crowded, cylindrical violet-colored cones 2' -4 long and 1' thick, their bracts with only the abrupt slender point projecting. A. Fraseri, FRASEK'S or SOUTHERN B. Along the higher Alleghanies : small tree, like the preceding ; but the small cones (only l'-2' long) oblong- ovate, with the short-pointed upper part of the bracts conspicuously projecting and reflcxed. * * SILVER-FIRS, &c., very choice ornamental trees, only the first at all common. •H- Leaves blunt. A. pectinata, EUROPEAN SILVER-F. Large tree with wood, its horizon- tal branches with narrow leaves (greener above than in Balsam F., nearly as white beneath and lj' long) forming a flat spray; cones ti'-8' long, with slender projecting points to the bracts A. Nordmanniana, from the Crimea and N. Asia ; with thicker-set and broader leaves than the foregoing, linear, curved, 1' long, deep green above and whitened beneath ; cones large and ovate. A. Pichta, SIBERIAN SiLVER-F. ; with thicker-set leaves than those of European Silver-Fir, dark green above and less white beneath ; cones only 3' long, their short bracts concealed under the scales. A. grandis, GREAT SILVER-FIR of Oregon and California: resembles a fine Balsam Fir on a large scale, with broader leaves notched at the end, about 1' long, and thicker cones with concealed bracts. ->- Leaves acute or pointed, especially on main shoots, n't/id, widely and about equally spreading on all sides. A. Cephal6nica, CEPHALONIAN SILVER-FIR : remarkable for its very stiff almost prickly-pointed squarrose leaves dark green above, white beneath. A. Pinsapo, "SPANISH SiLVERrFiR : resembles the last, but not so hardy, leaves less pointed, and the bracts of the cones are concealed. 3. LARIX, LARCH. (The ancient name.) Trees planted for ornament and valuable for timber : branches slender, the young ones pendulous • flow- ers in earliest spring, much before the leaves appear : catkins from later*' 314 IMXE FAMILY. spurs or broad bud* ; the sterile globular, yellow; tlie fertile oval, crimson- red, being the color of the brae'-. L. Europaea, EUKOPEAX LARCH, the one generally planted : a fine fast- growing tree, with leaves about 1' long, and longer cones of numenni^ >calcs. L. Americana, AMKUICAX L., TAMARACK or HACKMATACK. Swamps N. : slender tree with shorter and paler leaves, and small cou.es of few ><-a!r.-, only £' or j|' l<>ng. 4. CEDRUS, CEDAR, i. e. of Lebanon. (Ancient Greek name.) Wood reddi>h, I'ra-raiu. Cult, for ornament, but precarious in this climate. C. Libani, CKDAR OF LEBANON ; with dark foliage and stiff horizontal branches, the terminal shoot erect : not hardy E. of New York. C. Deodara, DKOI.AI: C. of Himalayas ; with lighter drooping spray on young trees, and whitish foliage : seems unlikely to flourish in this country. 5. CRYPTOMERIA. (Name, from the Greek, means concealed parts or joint*. ) Evergreen tree from Japan. C. Jap6nica, not hardy X. but often in conservatories ; leaves crowded, awl-shaped, many-ranked, edgewise and deeurrent on the stem. 6. TAXODIUM, BALD-CYPRESS. (Name, from the Greek, means Yew-like: the resemblance is only in the shape of the leaves.) Fl. before the leaves, in earliest spring. T. distichum, AMERICAN B. or SOI-THERX CYPRESS. Large tree in swamps 8., and planted, even N. : branchlets slender, many of them falling in autumn like leaf>talks ; 'eaves light green, £' long, narrow-linear, 2-ranked, on some flower-bearing shoots awl-shaped and imbricated ; cones 1' or less thick. 7. SEQUOIA, REDWOOD. (Named for the Cherokee half-breed Indian See-qua- i/a It, who invented an alphabet for his nation.) Very celebrated, gigantic, Californian trees, with fibrous bark, not unlike that of Taxodium, and soft, fissile, dull-red wood. Neither species is hardy in New England, or safe in the Middle States ; but the second is disposeil to stand. S. sempdrvirens, Common Redwood of the coast ranges of California ; with flat and linear acute leaves 2-ranked on the branches, but small awl-shaped and scattered ones on the erect or leading shoots, and small globular cones (barely 1' long). S. gigant^a, GIAXT REDWOOD (in England called WKLLIXGTOXIA) of the rierra Nevada; with all the leaves awl-shaped and distributed round the branch; cones ovoid, l'-2' long. . 8. CUPRESSUS, CYPRESS. Classical name of the Oriental Cypress, namely, C. sempdrvirens, planted only far S. ; stiff narrow tree, with slender ;reet branchlets, dark foliage, and cone 1' in diameter, each scale many-seeded. C. thujoides, WHITE CEDAR. Tree of low grounds S. & E., with white 'aluablc wood, slender spray, and pale glaucous-green triangular-a\vl-sba| ed eaves much liner than in Arbor Vita; ; cones hardly £' wide, with few seeds to •each scale, and tbe-e almost wingless. C. Lawsoniana, of N. California, recently much planted, and if fully hardy promising to be very ornamental ; has thickly set and plume-like tiat spray, of bluish-green hue, and cones scarcely above j' in thickness, their scales bearing '2-4 ovules and ripening 2 or .'? seeds. C. pisifera, or KKTINOSPOKA I-ISIKERA (of which C. oitTTSA is seemingly n form with the scale ->haped leaves blunter and cone larger), is a scarcely hardy species, introduced from Japan, the cones only as large as peas (to which the specific name refers), a single pair of broad-winced seeds to each scale. C. squarr6sa, or BRICOIDBB, from Japan, is perfectly hardy N., perhaps a variety of the last, but of strikingly different appearance, bearing only loose and awl-shaped leaves. PINE FAMILY. ulj 9. THUJA, ARBOR VITvE. (Andent name of some resin-bearing ever- green.) The varieties planted in collections are very numerous ; the follow- ing are the principal natural types, by many taken for genera. T. occidentalis, AMERICAN ARBOR VIT.E, or WHITE CEDAR of the North. Common tree N., in swamps and cool moist woods, much plant' •>!, especially for hedges and screens; leaves mostly of the scale-shaped sort, hlunt ami adnate ; cones oblong, rather soft, the oblong scales pointless, and bearing '2 thin winged seeds. Many nursery varieties, some of which, especially \ur. ERICOIDES or HEATH-LIKE A., have the loose awl-shaped sort of leaves. T. orientalis, or BIOTA ORIENTALIS, the CHINESE A., not fully hardy far N. : small tree, with even the scale-shaped leaves acute, cone larger, with thicker scales tipped with a recurving horn-like apex or appendage, each 2-seeded, and the seeds hard-shelled and wingless. — Var. AtREA, the GOLDEN A. is dwarf and very dense, with yellow-green or partly golden-tinged foliage. Var. TARTARICA, is a more hardy glossy-green variety, the leaves scale-shaped. Var. MELDEXSIS, one with only loose and a\vl-shapcd leaves. Even the slender- stemmed and weeping T. PENDULA is an extreme variety. T. dolabrata, or THUJOPSIS DOLABRATA of Japan. Remarkable for its very flat spray, broad and very blunt large leaves (sometimes $' long) green above and white bejjpath ; the cone with thick and rounded scales, each with 5 wing-margined seeds. 10. JUNIPERUS, JUNIPER. (Classical Latin name.) Fl. late spring. § 1. Leaves (scale-like and awl-shaped, small, the former sort minute and very adnate) like those of Cypress and Arbor 1'itir. J. Virginiana, RED CEDAR or SAVIN. A familiar shrub and small or large tree, with most durable and valuable reddish odorous wood ; the small fruit dark with a white bloom, erect on the short supporting branchlet. J. Sabina, var. prociimbens. Rocky banks, trailing over tiie ground along our northern borders, with the scale-shaped leaves less acute, and the fruit nodding on the short peduncle-like recurved branchlet. § 2. Leaves all of one sort, in whorls of '3, jointed with the stern, linear n'ith an awl- shaped prickly point, the midrib prominent, also the rib-like man/inn. J. COmmunis, COMMON JTXIPER. Erect or spreading shrub ; with very sharp-pointed leaves green below and white on the upper face ; berries large and smooth. The wild, low, much spreading variety is common X. in sterile or rocky ground. Var. HIBERNICA, very erect tree-like shrub, forming a narrow column, is most planted for ornament, from Eu. 11. TAXUS, YEW. (Classical name, from the Greek for a bow, the tough wood was chosen for bows.) Fl. early spring. T. baccata, EUROPEAN YEW. Low tree, with thick upright trunk, spread- ing short branches, and pointed dark green leaves about 1' long ; when planted in this country forms only a shrub. Var. fastigiata, IRISH YEW ; a singular form, making a narrow column,' the branches appressed ; the leaves shorter, broader, and scarcely in two ranks. Var. Canadensis, AMERICAN YEW or GROUND HEMLOCK ; shady cold banks and woods N. ; the stems spreading over the ground. 12. TORRE YA. (Named for our Dr. John Torrey.} Flowers in spring. T. taxifolia. Woods in Florida : a handsome tree, but with the we MM! and fo'.iage ill-scented ; leaves like those of Yew but longer and tapering to a -harp point : hardy as a shrub as far north as New York. — T. CALIKOKMCA, is the CALIFORXIAN NUTMEG-TREE. T. NUcfFERA, from Japan, is another specie-. 13. SALISBURIA, GINKGO-TREE. (Named for A' .1. S. adiantif61ia (the name denotes the likeness of the leave- t<> those of the Maidenhair Fern) , a most singular tree, planted fnun Japan, hardy ever. N. : branches spreading; the fan-shaped alternate leaves with their slender stalks, 3' or 4 long 316 PINE I-AMILT. CLASS II. MONOCOTYLEDOXOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS : Distinguished by having the woody matter of the stem in distinct bundles scattered without obvious order throughout its whole breadth, never so arranged as all to come in a circle, when abundant enough to form proper wood as in Palms and the like, this is hardest and the bundles most crowded toward the circumference. Embryo with a single cotyledon ; the first leaves in germination alternate. Leaves mostly, but not always, parallel-veined. Parts of the flower almost always in threes, never in fives. See Lessons, p. 138, and for style of vegetation, p. 26, fig. 71. The plants of this class may be arranged iffider three gen- erally well-marked divisions. I. SPADICEOUS DIVISION. Flowers either naked, i.e. destitute of calyx and corolla, or these if present, not brightly colored, collected in the sort of spike called a spadix, which is embraced or subtended by the kind of developing bract termed a spathe. The most familiar examples of this division are offered by the Arum Family. To it also belong on one hand the Palms, on the other the Pond weeds — here merely mentioned, as follows : — Sabal Palmetto, CABHAGE PALMETTO, of the sandy coast from N. Car- olina S., our only tree of the class, with S. serrulata, SAW PALMETTO, of the Southern coast, the trunk of which creeps on the ground, and the short petioles arc spiny-margined, whence the popular name, S. Adans6nii, DWARF PALMETTO, the leaves of which, rising from a stem underground, are smooth-edged, and Chamaerops H^Strix, BLI-E PALMETTO of S. Carolina, &c., with erect or creeping trunks only 2° -3° long, and pale or glaucous leaves 3°-4° high ; — these represent with us the PALM FAMILY. Potamogdton natans, and other species of POXDWEED abound in [xmils and streams, and represent the N u \n v< i..i: or PONDWEED FAMILY, — plants of various forms but of little interest — in fresh water. Zost6ra marina, GRASS-WRACK or EEL-GRASS of salt water, with its long riMion-like bright green leaves, and (lowers hidden in their upper sheaths, represents the same family in shallow bays of the ocean. L6mna polyrhiza, DUCKWEED, consisting of little green grains, about J'-J' long, floating on stagnant water, producing a tuft of hanging roots from their lower face, never here found in blossom, L. minor, still smaller and with only a single root, — and the less common L. trisulcu, which is oblong-lanceolate from a stalk-like base, — all propa- gating freely by budding from the side and separating, — are greatlv simplified little plants representing the LEMNACE^E or DITKWEED FAMILY, their mi- nute flower rarely seen. See Manual ; also Structural Botany, p. 70, fig. 102- ARUM FAMILY. 317 112. ARACE^l, ARUM FAMILY. Plants with pungent or acrid watery juice, leaves mostly with veins reticulated so as to resemble those of the first class, flow ITS in the fleshy head or spike called a spadix, usually furni-hrd with the colored or peculiar enveloping bract called a spathe. There are several stove-plants of the family now rather common in choice collections, mostly species and varieties of CALADIUM, cul- tivated for their colored aud variegated foliage. § 1. Leaves with expanded blade, and with spreading nerves or veins, never linear. * Flowers wholly destitute of calyx and corolla. 1. ARISyEMA. Leaves compound, only one or two, with stalks sheathing the simple stem, which rises from a fleshy conn, and terminates in a long .-padix bearing flowers only at its base, where it is enveloped by the convolute lower part ot the greenish or purplish spathe. Sterile -flowers above the fertile, each of a few sessile anthers ; the fertile each a 1-celled 5-6-ovuled ovary, in fruit becoming a scarlet berry: commonly dioecious, the stamens being abortive in one plant, the pistils abortive in the other. 2. COLOUASIA. Leaves simple, peltate, and with a notch at the base. Spathe convolute, yellowish, much longer than the spadix: the latter covered with ovaries at base, above with some abortive rudiments, still higher crowded with numerous 6-8-ceUed sessile anthers, and the pointed summit naked. 3. PKLTANDRA. Leaves arrow-shaped; these and the scape from a tufted fibrous root. Spathe convolute to the pointed apex, green, wavy-margined. Spadix long and tapering, covered completely with flowers, i, e. above with naked shield-shaped anthers each of 5 or 6 cells, opening by a hole at the top, below with one-celled ovaries bearing several erect ovules, in fruit a 1-3-seeded fleshy bag. Seeds obovate, surrounded by a tenacious jelly. 4. RICHAKDIA. Leaves arrow-shaped ; these and the long scape from a short tuberous rootstock. Spathe broad, spreading above, bright white, convolute at base around the slender cylindrical spadix, which is densely covered above with yellow anthers, below with ovaries, each incompletely 3-celled, and con- taining several hanging ovules. 5. CALLA. Leaves heart-shaped, on long petioles; these and the peduncles from a creeping rootstock. Spathe open, the upper face bright white, spreading widely at the base of the oblong spadix, which is wholly covered with flowers; the lower ones perfect, having 6 stamens around a 1-cellcd ovary; the upper often of stamens only. Berries red, containing a few oblong seed-. surrounded with jelly. * * Flowers with a perianth, perfect, covering the whole spadix. 6. SYMPLOCARPUS. Leaves ovate, very large and veiny, short-petioled, :\\\- pearing much later than the flowers 'from a fibrous-rooted corm or >h<.rt rootstock. Spathe shell-shaped, ovate, incurved, thick, barely raised out of ground, enclosing the globular spadix, in which the (lowers are as it were nearly immersed. Each flower has 4 hooded sepals, 4 stamens with 2-celled anthers turned outwards, and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary tipped with a short awl-shaped style: the fruit is the enlarged spongy spadix under the rough surface of which are imbedded large fleshy seeds. " § 2. Leaves linear, flag-like, nerved: spadix appearing lateral. 7- ACORUS. Spadix cylindrical, naked, emerging from the side of :x 2-edged simple scape resembling the leaves, densely covered witli perfect (lower*. Sepals 6, concave. Stamens 6, with linear filaments and kidney-shaped an- thers. Ovary 2 -3-celled, with several hanging ovules in each cell, becoming dry in fruit, ripening only one or two small >eeds. 1. ARISJEMA, INDIAN TURNIP, &c. (Name altered from Ar,,,,,, to which these plants were formerly referred.) Wilil plants of rich wood-, (I. in spring, veiny-leaved, their turnip-shaped corm farinaceous, but imbued with an intensely pungent juice, which is dissipated in drying, if A. triphyllum, COMMON INDIAN TUKMP. In rich woods ; leave* mostly 2, each of .3 oblong pointed leaflets; stalks and spathe either green or variegated with whitish And dark-purple stripes or spots, the latter with broad or ti.it summit incurved over tjie top of the club-shaped and blunt spadix. 318 CAT-TAIL FAMILY. A. Dracontium, DRAGON-ABOM, DKAI;D\-I;OOT. or GRKKN DRAGOV. Low Around.-.; leaf mostly solitary, its petiole l°-2° long, bearing 7-ii pedate lance-oblong pointed leaflets ; tli.- -nvni>h spathe wholly rolled into a tube with a short slender point, verv much shorter than the Ion-' and taiicriii" tail-like spathe. 2. COLOCASIA. (The ancient Greek name of the common species.) ~U. C. antiquorum, one variety called C. ESCULENTA ; cult, in the hot parts of the world lor its farinaceous thick rootstocks (which arc esculent when the acrid principle i< driven off by heat, as also the leaves), and in gardens for its magnificent foliage, the pale ovate-arrow-shaped leaves being 2°-3° long when well ^rown ; the stalk attached much helow the middle, the notch not deep. 3. PELTANDRA, ARROW-ARUM. (Name of Greek words meaning shield-shaped stamen, from the form of the anthers.) Fl. summer. Jl P. Virginiea. ShaJlow water : 1° - 2° high ; leaves pale ; the fine tran- verse nerves ninintig from the midrib and netted with 2 or 3 longitudinal ones near the margin ; scaj.es recurved in fruit ; top of the spatbe and spadix rotting off, leaving the short fleshy base firmlv embracing the globular clu-tcr of green berries. 4. RICHARDIA. (Named for the French botanist, L. C. Richard.) 21 R. Africana, the .ETHIOPIAN or EGYPTIAN CAI.LA, of common house- culture, but a native of the Cape of Good Hope and not a true Calla, — too familiar to need fuller description. 5. CALLA, WATER ARUM. (An ancient name.) Fl. early summer. % C. palustris. Cold and wet bogs from Penn X. : a low and small, rather handsome plant ; leaves 3' -4' long ; filaments slender ; anthers 2-cel led. 6. SYMPLOCARPUS, SKUNK CABBAGE. (Name of Creek words for fmlt f/1'own together.) y. S. foetidllS, the only species, in swamps and wet woods, mostlv N. : send- ing up, in earliest spring, its purple-tinged or striped spathe enclosing the head of (lowers, and later the large leaves, when full grown 1°- 2° long, in a cabbage- like tuft ; the fruit 2' -3' in diameter, the hard bullet-like seeds almost ^' wide, ripe in autumn. 7. ACORUS, SWEET FLAG or CALAMI'S. (Ancient name, from the (ireek, said to refer to the use as a rcmedv for sore eves.) ~^_ 1. A. Calamus, COMMON Swi.KT-Ei.Af; : in wet grounds ; sending up the 2-ed.ired sword-shaped leaves, 2° or more' high, from the horizontal pungent aromatic nmt-'ock : II. earlv summer. 113. TYPHACE.SI, CAT-TAIL FAMILY. Marsh herbs, or some truly aquatic, wit!) linear and straijrht- nerved erect (unless floating) long leaves, fhcathing at base, and monccoious flouci-s on ;i dry ,-padix, destitute of calyx and corolla; the fruit dry and nut-like, 1 -seeded, rarely 2-seeded. Near to this belongs PANDANTS, cult, lor its foliage in some cou- servatories, with prickly toothed leaves crowded on woody stems. 1. TV I'll A. I'lowors indefinite, in a dense cylindrical spike terminating the long and simple reed-like stem; the upper part of stamens only, mixed with long hairs: the lower ami thicker part of slender-stalked ovaries tapering into a style and below surrounded by numerous club-shaped bristles, which form the copioii< down of the fruit. 2. SPABGAN1UM. Flowers collected in separate dense heads, scattered along the summit of the leafy stem; the upper ones of stamens only with some WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 310 minute scales interposed, the lower of pistils, each ovary with a few SIMM!! scales at its base, the whole ripening j,ito a spherical head .,f small i which are wedge-shaped below and with a pointed tip. 1. TYPHA, CAT-TAIL FLAG. (From Greek won! f,,r /•«, in whirl, these plants abound.) FL early summer, y. T. latifolia, COMMOX C. or REED-MACE ; with flat leaves, these and the stem 6°- 10° high ; no interval between the sterile and fertile part of the spike. T. angUStifdlia, NARKOW-LKAVED C. Less common, smaller; leaves narrower, more channelled toward the base ; commonly a space between the sterile and the fertile part of the spike. 2. SPARGANIUM, BUR-REED. (Name from Greek for a fillet, al- luding to the ribbon-shaped leaves ) Fl. summer. Ij. S. eurycarpum, GREAT B. Border of ponds and streams, .3° -5° high, with paniclcd-spiked heads, the fertile when in fruit l£" thick, the' nut- hr«ad- tipped ; stigmas 2; leaves j'-§' wide, flat on upper side, keeled and eoneave- sided on the other. S. simplex, SMALLER B. Only N. : in water; erect, sometimes floating, l°-2° high, mostly with a simple row of heads; leaves narrower; stigma simple, linear, as long as the style ; nuts tapering to both ends and with a stalked base. S. minimum, SMALLEST B. Mostly with leaves floating in shallow water (6' -10' long) and flat; heads few; stigma simple, oval; nuts oval, short-pointed and short-stalked. II. PETALOIDEOUS DIVISION. Flowers not on a spadix, with a perianth (calyx and corolla), all or part of it usually colored. 114. ALISMACEJE, WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. Mar»h herbs, with flowers on scapes or scape-like stems, in pani- cles, racemes, or spike , witli distinct calyx and corolla, viz. 3 se- pals and 3 petals, and from 3 to many distinct pistils ; stamens on the receptacle. Juice sometimes milky. The genuine Alismaceae have solitary ovules and seeds, and wholly separate pistils. Some outlying related plants differing in these respects are annexed. I. ARROW-GRASS FAMILY. Calyx and corolla colored alike (greenish). Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries 3 partly united, or a single 3 - 6-celled compound pistil. Leaves petiole-like, without a blade. 1. TRIGLOCHIN. Flowers perfect, small, in a slender spike or raceme, bract- less. Calyx and corolla deciduous. Stamens 3 or 6, with oval anthers or short filaments. Ovary 3 -6-celled, splitting when ripe from the central axis into as many closed and dry seed-like 1-seeded cells: stiirmas sessile. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. Flowers perfect, lew and rather small, in a loose bracted raceme. Sepals and petals oblong, persistent. Stamens 6, with linear an- thers. Pistils 3, with globular 2-3-ovuled ovaries slightly united at base, and diverging in fruit, forming 3 turgid pods. Stigmas llat, >essile. II. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY PROIM.I:. Calyx of 3 persistent green sepals. Corolla of 3 deciduous white petals. An- thers turned outwards. Ovaries many, tipped with short style or stigma, 1-ovuled, becoming akenes in fruit. Leaves sometimes only petioles, commonly with distinct blade, when the nerves or ribs are apt to be more or less joined by cross veins or netted. 320 WATEK-1'LAXTAIX FAMILY. 3. AF.ISMA. Flowers perfect, loosely panicled. Petals involute in the bud Stamens 6. Ovari.-- many, in a ring, very flat— ided, becoming coriaceous flat nkeiie.. l! - ;j-kfeled mi the bark. 4. KCIlIN'oDolM'S. Flowers perfect, in proliferous umbels. Petals imbricated in the bud. Stamens y or more. Ovaries heaped in a head, becomim: wino-- less akenes. 6. SAGITTARIA. Flowers monoecious, rarely dioecious or polygamous, in suc- cessive whorls, the ,-terilc at the summil of the scape; the inwe-t fertile. Stamens usually numerous. Ovaries verv many, heaped ou the globular receptacle, in fruit becoming Hat and winged akenes. III. FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY. (BUTO..IE.E.) Dif- fers from the preceding mainly in the few ovaries haviug numerous ovules distributed all over the inside. 6 LIMNOCHARIS. Flowers perfect, long-peduncled. Petals large, vellow. Sta- mens numerous with slender filaments, a few of the outermost without an- fliers, the rest with linear anthers. Ovaries 6 or more, somewhat united at base. Leaves roundish and heart-shaped, long-petiolcd. 1. TRIGLOCHIN, ARROW-GRASS. (Name in Greek means three- pointed.) Insignificant rush-like plants, in marshes, mostly where the wa- ter is brackish : tl. summer. ^ T. palustre. Slender, 6' -18' high, with linear-club-shaped ovary and fruit, the 3 pieces when ripe separating from the sharp-pointed base upwards T. maritimum. .Stouter, 12( -20' hi-h, with fruit of about 6 pieces rounded at base.— Var. I:I,\TITM, in bogs of the interior, N., 20' -30' hio-h the pieces of the fruit sharp-angled on the back. T. triandrum, a small slender species along the coast S., has onlv 3 sepals, no petals, 3 stamens, and a 3-lobed fruit. 2. SCHEUCHZERIA. ( Named for the early Swi>s botanist, Schcuchzer.) 5. palustris. Peat-hogs from IVnn. N. : 1° high : fl. early summer. ~U 3. ALISMA, WATER-PLANTAIN. (The old Greek name, of uncertain meaning.) Kl. all late summer. A. PlantagO. Shallow water : leaves lonjr-pctiolcd, varying from oroblon-- heart-shaped to lancedlate, 3- 5-ribbed ; panicle l°-2° lonj} of verv maiiv ami loose small flowers. ^ t. ECHIN6DORUS. (Named probaV>ly from Greek words for prickly Jlnxk, the liead of fruit beiny as it were prickly-pointed by the styles, but hardly so in our species. The following occur in' muddy or wet places, chiefly W. i!t S : fl. summer ; the flowering shoots or scapes mostly proliferous and creeping. E. parvulus : a tiny plant, l'-3' high, with lanceolate or spatulatc leaves, few-flowered umbels, '.) Mamens, and almost pointless akenes. i E. rostratUS, with broadly heart-shaped leaves (l'-3' long, not including the petiole') shorter than the erect scape, winch bears a panicle of proliferoiis umbels; flower almost £' wide; 1^ stamens; akenes beaked with slender styles. i E. radicans, with broadly heart-shaped and larger leaves (3' - 8' wide) which arc very open or almost truncate at base ; the creeping scapes or stems becoming l°-4° long and hearing many whorls ; flowers },' -\' broad ; akenes short-beaked. 5. SAGITTARIA, ARROW-HEAD (From the Latin for mroic, from the sagittate leaves which prevail in the genus. In shallow water : fl. all summer. ^ * Filaments lonq and slender, i. e. as lon Ion- a- the anthers ; akenes obovate, tipped with short horizontal style ; calvx appressed to head of fruit and partly covering it ; the fertile flowers show 9-12 stamens, the sterile occasionally some rudiments of pistils. * * Filaments very short and broad. S. heteroph^lla. Common S. & W. : scapes 3' -2° high, weak; the fertile flowers almost sessile, the sterile long-pedicellcd ; filaments glandular- pubescent ; akenes narrow-obovate, with a long erect beak ; leaves linear, lance- olate, or lance-oblong, arrow-shaped with narrow lobes or entire. S. graminea. Common S. : known from the foregoing by the slender pedicels of lioth kinds of flowers, small almost beakless akenes, and leaves rarely arrow-shaped. S. pusilla. From N. Jersey S. near the coast : known by the small size ( 1 — .'!' high), few flowers, usually only one of them fertile and r< curved in fruit ; stamens only about 7, with glabrous filaments ; akenes obovate, with erect beak ; and leaves without a true blade. S. natans, only S. is probably a large state of the last, with leaves having a floating blade l'-2' long, ovate or oblong, or slightly heart-shaped, 5-7 nerved. 6. LIMNOCHARIS. (Name from the Greek means ddiaht of the pools.) L. Humboldtii. Tender aquatic plant from S. America, which, turned into pools, spreads widely by its proliferous branching and rooting stems, and flowers all summer and autumn ; each flower lasting but a day, the 3 broad sulphur-yellow petals l'-l^'long; pistils about 6; leaves about 3' long, the midrib swollen below. 115. HYDROCH ARID ACE JE, FROG'S-BTT FAMILY. Water-plants, with dioecious, monoecious, or polygamous flowers on scape-like peduncles from a sort of spathe of one or two leaves, the perianth in the fertile flowers of 6 parts united below into a tube which is coherent with the surface of a compound ovary : — we have three plants, two of them very common. * Floating, spreading by proliferous shoots ; leaves long-petroled, rounded heart-shaped. 1. LIMNOBIUM. Flowers mono3cious or dioecious, from sessile or short-stalked leaf-like spathes, the sterile spathe of one leaf surrounding 3 long-pedieellrd staminate flowers; the fertile 2-leaved, with one short-pedicelled flower. Perianth of 3 outer oval lobes (calyx) and 3 narrow inner ones (petals). A cluster of 6-12 unequal monadelphous stamens in the sterile flower: some awl-shaped rudiments of stamens and a 6 -it-celled ovary in the lertile flower; stigmas 6-9, each 2-parted. Fruit berry-like, many-seeded. * * Growing under water, the fertile Jltncfrs only rising to the surface ; the s>> rilr. (not often d-etrrted) breaking o/ their short stalks, and jlnuiiiiy on the surface around the pistillate flower s. 1 ANACHARIS. Stems leafy and branching. Fertile flowers rising from a tnbu- lar spathe; the perianth prolonged into an exceedingly Mender stalk-like tube, 6-lobed at top, commonly bearing 3-9 apparently Lr'»»l .-ramen-: ovary 1-celled with a few ovules on the walls: style coherent with the tube of the perianth : stigmas 3, notched. 8. VALLISNERIA. Stemless; leaves all in tufts from creeping rootstocks. Fer- tile flowers with a tubular spathe, raised to the surface of the water on an 21 PICKEREL-WEED FAMILT. extremely long and slender scape: tube of the perianth not prolonged beyond tin- L-cefled ovary, with 3 obovate outer lobes (sepals) and 3 small inner linear oni I, and no stamens. i >\ ules v.-rv numerous lining the walls. Stigmas 3, M^.-ile, 2-lobed. Fruit cylindrical, berry-like. 1. LIMNOBIUM, FKO<;'S-BIT. (Name in Greek means living in jxxjls.) 1'lowers whitish, the fertile ones larger, in .summer. % L. Spongia. Floating free on still water S. & W. ; has been (bund in bays of Lake Ontario: rooting copiously; leaves l'-2' long, purple beneath, tumid at base with ,-pongy air-cells. 2. ANACHARIS, WATER-WEED. (Name from the Greek means destitute of channs.) Fl. summer, y. A. Canadensis. Slow streams and ponds : a rather homclv weed, with long branching stems, beset with pairs or whorls of pellucid and veinlcss 1 -nerved minutely serrulate sessile leaves (£'-!' long), varying from linear to ovate-oblong, the thread-like tube of the yellowish perianth often several inches long. 3. VALLISWERIA, TAPE-GRASS, EEL-GRASS of fresh water. (Named for .1. Vallisneri, an early Italian botanist.) Fl. late summer. %. V. spiralis. In clear ]>ouds and slow streams, with bright green and grass- like linear leaves (l°-2° long), delicately nerved and netted; fertile scapes rising 2°-4° long, according to the depth of the water, afterwards coiling up spirally and drawing the fruit under water to ripen. — The leaves of this and the preceding are excellent to show cyclosis. (See Structural Botany, p. 31, Lessons, p. 150.) 116. PONTEDERIACE^EI, PICKEREL-WEED F. A few water plants, distinguished from the foregoing by having the tubular corolla-like perianth free from the ovary, and the flow- ers perfect. Represented by Schdllera graminea, or WATER STAR-GKASS ; a grass-like weed grow- ing under water in streams, with branching steins lie-set with linear pellucid ses- sile leaves; the flower with a slender salver-form pale yellow perianth, of six narrow equal divisions raised to the surface on a very slender tube, and only 3 stamens. Heteranth6ra renif6rmis, MI-D-PLANTAIN, in mud or shallow water S. & \V. ; with (loafing round-kidney-shaped leaves on long petioles, and 3-5 ephemeral white (lowers, from tin- sheathing base or side of a petiole; their per- ianth salver-form, with a slender tube, bearing 6 nearly equal divisions and 3 dissimilar stamens, one with a greenish, two with yellow anthers. H. lirnbsa, in mud S. & W. : distinguished by its oblong or lance-oblong lea\es, and solitary blue (lower. — The only widely common plant of the family belongs to 1. PONTEDERIA, PICKEREL- WEED. (For the Italian botanist J'o/it'ilii-ii.) Flowers in a terminal spike. Perianth of C divi.-i"iis irregularly united below in a tube, the, 3 most united forming an upper lip of 3 lobes, the others more spreading and with more or less separate or lightly cohering claws forming the lower lip, open only for a dav, rolling up from the apex downwards as it closes; the 6-ribbed base thickening, turning green, mid en- closing the fruit. Stamens 6, the 3 lower in the throat, with incurved fila- ments ; the .'5 upper lower down and shorter, often imperfect. Ovary 3-celled, 2 cells empty, one with a hanging ovule. Fruit a 1 -celled 1 -seeded utricle. P. COrdata, COMMON P. Everywhere in shallow water; stem l°-2°high, naked below, above bearing a single petiolcd heart-shaped and oblong or lance- arrow-shaped obtuse leaf, and a spike of purplish-blue flowers; upper lobe with a conspicuous yellowish-green spot : tl. all summer. 2/ ORCHIS FAMILY. 323 117. ORCHIDACE.S3, ORCHIS FAMILY. Herbs, with flowers of peculiar structure, the periantli adherent to the one-celled ovary (which has numberless minute ovules on 3 parietal placentae), its chiefly corolla-like 6 parts irregular, 3 in an outer set answering to sepals, 3 within and alternate with these answering to petals, one of these, generally larger and always differ- ent from the others, called the labellum or lip: the stamens are gynandrous, being borne on or connected with the style or stigma, and are only one or two; the pollen is mostly coherent in masses ot peculiar appearance. All perennials, and all depend upon insects for fertilization. Beginners will not very easily comprehend the remarkable structure of most Orchideous flowers But our more conspicuous common species may be readily identified as to genera and species. §1. EPIPHYTE or AIK-PLANT ORCHIDS. Of these a great variety are cultivated in the choicest conservatories. IVe have one in the most Southern Shit: .<. 1. EPIDENDUM. The 3 sepals and 2 petals nearly alike and widely spreading: the odd petal or lip larger and 3-lobed, its base* united with the style, whii-h bears a lid-like anther, containing 4-stalked pollen-masses, over the glutinous stigma. § 2. TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS, growing in the soil, in woods or low grounds. * Anther only one, but of 2 cells, which when separated (as in Orchis) must not be mistaken for two anthers: pollen collected into one or more masses in each cell : stigma a glutinous surface. •i- Lip or odd petal produced underneath into a free honey-bearing horn or spur: pollen of each cell all connected by elastic threads with a central axis or stalk, the lower end oftvhich is a sticky gland or disk, by adhesion to ivhich the iclmle mass of pollen is dragged from the opening anther and carried oj) 'by insects. 2. ORCHIS. The 3 sepals and 2 petals are conniving and arched on the upper side of the flower; the lip turned downwards (i. e. as the flower stands on its twisted ovary). Anther erect, its two cells parallel and contiguous; the 2 glands side by side just over the concave stigma, and enclosed in a sort of pouch or pocltet opening at the top. 3. HABENARIA. Flower generally as in Orchis, but the lateral sepals com- monly spreading; the glands attached to the pollen-masses nUked and ex- posed. H- -t- No spur to the lip : anther borne on the back of the style below its tip. erect or inclined: the ovate stigma on the front. Flowers in a spike, small, white. 4. SPIRANTHES. Flowers oblique on the ovary, all the parts of the perianth erect or conniving, the lower part of the lip involute around the style and with a callosity on each side of the base, its narrower tip somewhat recurved and crisped. * Pollen-masses 2 (one to each cell), each 2-purted into a thin plate (composed of grains lightly united bv delicate threads), their summits united to the back of a narrow boat-shaped" sticky gland set in the beaked tip over the stigma. Leaves not variegated. 5. GOODYERA. Flowers like Spiranthes; but the lip more sac-shaped, closely sessile, and destitute of the callous protuberances at base. Leaves variegated with white veining. *~ -t- •*- No spur to the lip, or one adherent to the orar;/: anther inrertnl «n the apex of the style, common!;/ attach' n the upper side iwsirers to (lie third stamen, tht am tlttit alone is present in other Orchids : pollen powdery or pulpy : stigma roughisk: unt glutinous. 11. CYl'KIPKDirM. Sepals in appearance generally only 2, and petals 2, be.-idcs the lip which is a large inflated sac, into the mouth of which the style, bear- ing the stamens and terminated by the broad terminal stigma, is declined. Pollen sticky on the surface, as if with a delicate coat of varnish, powdery or at length pulpy underneath. 1. EPIDENDUM. (Name in Greek means upon a tree, i. c. an epiphyte ) E. conopseum, our only wild Orchideous Epiphyte or Air-plant, is found from South Carolina S. & W. on the boughs of Magnolia, >.<.(•., clinging to the bark bv its matted roots, its tuberous rootstocks bearing thick and firm lance- olate leaves ( I'-3' long), ami scapes 2'-G' long, with a raceme of small greenish and purplish flowers, in summer. (Lessons, p. 36, fig. 88.) 2. ORCHIS. (The ancient name, from the Greek.) We have only one true Orchis, viz. O. spect&bilis, SHOWY ORCHIS. Rich hilly woods N. ; with 2 oblong obovate glossy leaves (3'-5' long) from the ricshy-lihrous root, ami a leafy- bracted scape 4'-"' high, bearing in a loose spike a few pretty llowers, pink- purple, the ovate lip white : in late spring. 3. HABENARIA, popularly called ORCHIS. (Name from Latin hal»na, a rein or thong, from the shape of the lip of the corolla in some species.) Flowers in a terminal spike, each in the axil of a bract, in late spring or sum- mer. In all but one species the ovary twists and the lip occupies the lower 01 anterior side of the flower. § 1. FiMMiKD OHCIIIS. Lip mid oflrn the other petal* cut-fringed or clefl, a/inrti'i- I/KIII tin- luiii; ciirriiii/ s/mr: c< l/s of tin' uidltir moir ur lms tl!n nftng and lii/nriiii/ l»/<»i', the .-.v/r/v/ gland at their lower ur handsomest TM/ Orchises: nit yroif tn lays or low t/roiiiid* : s/i ins I, i if'i/, 1°- 4° ln'i/li. * Flowers vt<>/l<>, in summer: tin- ///> fitii-sh,'fl, ^-/xirlnl nearly down to t/ie stnlk-liL'i1 husi , iitnl tltf ilirisimis i/i<>r< or l< ssj'rinijed. H. fimbriita, LAKOBB PURPLE FRINGED O. Wet meadows from Penn. N. !•'- : lower leaves oval or oblong, upper few and small; raceme-like spike oblong, with rather few large flowers in early summer ; petals oblong, toothed down the sides ; lip almost 1' wide, hanging, cut into a delicate fringe. ORCHIS FAMILY. :',D H. psycbdes, SMALLER PritrLE FRINGED O. Common, especially N. : leaves oblong, above parsing into lance-linear bracts ; spike cylindrical, 4' -10' long, crowded with smaller and fragrant flowers; lateral petal- w.-d-e- obovate, almost entire; lip spreading, only £' wide, cut into denser fringe. H. perarncena. From Peim. W. ov S. along and near the mountains: flowers of size intermediate, between tbe two preceding, the broad wcdge.->hapcd lobes of the lip moderately eut-toothed, but not fringed. * * Flowers greenish or yellowish-white, in late summer : glands oval or lancet almost facing each otfu r : sjiike long and loose. H. leucophasa. From Ohio W. & S. : 2° -4° high; leaves lance-oblong ; flowers rather large, the fan-shaped lip 3-parted, | long, and many-cleft to the middle into a thread-like fringe. H. lacera, RAGGED FRINGED 0. Common N. & E. : l°-2°high; leaves lanceolate or oblong ; petals oblong-linear, entire; divisions of the slender-stalked 3-parted lip narrow and slenderly fringed. * * * Flowers bright white, in summer: the lip fringe-margined but not cleft. H. blepharig!6ttis, WHITE FRINGED 0. Peat-bogs N. : like the next, but rather smaller, 1° high, the fringe of the lance-oblong lip hardly equal to the width of its body. * * * * Flowers bright orange-yellow, in late summer : glands orbicular, projecting on the beak-pointed bases of the very diverging anther-ctlls : ovary and jiod lonij, tapering lo the summit. H. ciliaris, YELLOW FRINGED O. Sandy bogs: l£°-2° high; leaves oblong or lanceolate ; spike short, of many crowded very showy flowers ; petals cut-fringed at apex, the oblong body of the lip narrower than the copious long and fine fringe. H. cristata, from Perm. S. : smaller, with narrower leaves, and flowers only a quarter the size of the preceding, the petals crenate, and the ovate lip with a narrow lacerate fringe. •6' § 2. Yellow, green, or white species, with tip entire, at least not fringed. * Stem leafy: (eaves oblong or lanceolate : flowers small : ant Jter-cells nearly parallel . H. Integra. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : resembles H. cristata, having small bright orange-yellow flowers, but the lip is ovate and entire or barely crenulate. H. virescens. Wet grounds, common: 10' -20' high, with a conspicu- ously bractcd at length long and loose spike of small dull-green flowers ; tin- lip oblong, almost truncate at the apex, its base with a tooth on each side and a n.isal protuberance on the face; spur slender, club-shaped. H. viridis, var. bracteata. Cold damp woods N. : 6'- 12' high, with lower leaves obovate, upper reduced to bracts of the short spike, which are much longer than the green flowers; lip truncate and 2-3-toothed at the tip, very much longer than the sac-shaped spur. H. hyperborea. Cold low woods and bogs N. : 6'- 2° high, very leafy ; leaves lanceolate; spike dense, often long; flowers greenish, the lanceolate lip like the other petals, spreading, entire, about the length of the incurved spur. H. dilatata. Resembles the last, grows in same places, but common I j more slender and with linear leaves; flowers white, less wide, open, the lanceolate lip with a rhombic-dilated base ; glands strap-shaped. H. nivea. Sandy bogs, from Delaware S. : l°-2° high, all the upper leaves bract-like; flowers white, in a loose cylindrical spike, very small, dilVerent from all the rest in having the (white) ovary without a twist, and the linear- oblong entire lip with its long thread-like spur therefore looking inwards. * * Stem a naked scape: the leaves only 2 at the gronntl : //Un ,••< pretty large in a loose spike : anther-cells widely diverging at their tapering or beak-hke projecting base. II. orbiculata, GREAT GREEN O. Evergreen woods and hill-ides N. : a striking plant; its exactly orbicular leaves 4' -8' wide, bright green above and silvery beneath, lying flat on the ground ; scape i°-2° high, braeted, bearing many large greenish-white flowers in a loose raceme , sepals roundish ; lip nar iJ'JG OUCIIIS 1AM11.T. rowly jpatnlate-linear and drooping ; spur about l£' long, curved, gradually thickened towards the lihmt tip: tl. .July. H. Hookeri. Sandy woods from I'cnn. N. : smaller in all part>, flower* in .June; the orbicular leaves only .'!'- .V broad and Hat on the ground; .-cape naked, C>'-12' high, hearing fewer yellowish-green (lowers in a strict spike; sepals lancc-o\ an- ; lip lanceolate and pointed, incurved, the other petals lance- aul->haped; spur lender, acuf, nearly 1' long. 4. SPIRANTHES,. LADIES'-TRESSES. (Name from the Greek, de- notes that the Mowers arc spiral : they oftt M arc apparently spirally twi.-ted in the spike. ) Flowers white. The speeies are difficult ; tlie following are the commonest. * Fiou-crs crowded in 3 ranks in a dose spike : wet banks or bogs. S. latifblia. Only from Delaware X. : known by its oblong or lance-ob- long leaves (I' -3' long), all at the base of the scape, and narrow spike of small Mnooth flowers early in June. S. Romanzoviana. Cold bogs, from N. New England W. : 5' -15' high, with oblong-lanceolate or grassy-linear leaves, a dense spike of flowers at mid- summer, all 3 sepals and 2 petals conniving to form an upper lip. S. cdrnua, Common K. and S. : 6' -20' high, with lance-linear leaves, cylindrical often lengthened spike, and lower sepals not upturned but parallel with the lower petal or lip : tl. in autumn. # * Floictrs in one strr often spiral hi tir/sta/ mnk, in summer. S. graminea. Wet grassy places from X. England S. : stem about 1° high, towards its base and at the flohy root bearing linear or lance-linear leaves, which mostly last through the flowering season; spike dense and much twisted, rather downy. S. gracilis. Hills and sandy plains : scape s'cndcr, 8'- 18' high, bearing a slender spike ; leaves all from the tuberous root, short, ovate or oblong, apt to wither away before the small flowers appear in late summer. 5. GOODYERA, RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN. (Named for JnJ,n fiifiifi/i ;-, an English botanist.) Flowers small, in summer, greenish-white, spiked on a scape; the leaves all clustered at the root, ovate, small. Q-. rdpens. Evergreen woods N.: 3'- 8' high, slender ; flowers in a loose one-sided spike, with inflated sac-shaped lip. G. pubescens. Oak and pine woods E. & S. : G'- 12' high ; larger, with leaves more beautifully white-reticulated, and flowers not one-sided in the denser spike ; lip globular. G. Menzidsii. Woods, only from New York \V. : 9'- 12' high ; leaves less reticulated ; flowers loose in the spike, narrower and pointed in the bud, the lip hardly sac-shaped at the base and tapering to a narrow apex. 0. ARETHUSA. (Mythological name of a nymph and fountain.) FJ ' te spring. A. bulb6sa. A charming little plant, in wet bogs N. : consists of a scape 6'- 10' high rising from a solid bulb or conn, sheathed below with one or two green bracts, and terminated with the bright rose-pink flower 1'- 2' long. 7. CALOPOGON. (Xamc in Greek means Imiuliful beard, referring to the lip.) Fl. early summer. C. pulchellUS. Wet bogs : scape about 1° high, from a small solid bulb, slender, bearing next the !>:IM> a long linear or lanceolate many-nerved gras-s-like leaf, and at the summit 2 - C> beautiful pink-purple flowers (!' broad), the lip as if hinged at its base, bearded with white, yellow, and purple club-shaped hairs. 8. POGONIA. (Name in Creek means Ininld, i. e. on the lip: this is hardly the ease in most of our species.) \Vc have several, but the only widely common one is P. ophioglossoides. Wet bogs along with the Calopogon, and in blossom at the same time : stem 6' -9' high from a root of thick fibres, bearinp ORCHIS FAMILY. 327 an oval or lance-oblong closely sessile leaf near the middle, and a smaller <>ne or bract near the terminal flower, sometimes a second flower in its axil ; HOY. long, pale rose-color or whitish, sweet-scented ; sepals and petals m-arlv alike ; lip erect, beard-crested and fringed. 9. CORALLORHIZA, CORAL-ROOT (which the name means i,, Greek). C. innata. Low woods, mostly N. : 3' -6' high, yellowish, with 5-10 very small almost sessile flowers ; lip 3-lobed or halberd-shaped at base: fl. sprini_r. C. Odontorhiza. Rich woods, common only S. : 6'- 16' high, thickened at base, brownish or purplish, with 6-20 pedicelled flowers, and lip not lobed but rather stalked at base, the spur obsolete. C. multiflora. Common in dry woods, 9' -20' high, purplish, stout, with 10-30 short-pedicellcd flowers, lip deeply 3-lobed, and adnate spur manifest. 10. A.PLECTRUM, PUTTY-ROOT, ADAM-AND-EVE. (Name, from the Greek, means destitute of spur.) A. hyemale. Woods, in rich mould, mostly towards the Allcghanies and N. : scape and dingy flowers in early summer ; the large oval and plaited-ner, - gether (whence one of the popular names), 1' thick, filled with strong glutinous matter, which has been used for cement, whence the other name. 11. CYPRIPEDIUM, LADY'S SLIPPER, MOCCASON-FLOWKK. (Greek name for Venus, joined to that for a slipper or buskin.) Two exotic species are not rare in conservatories ; the others are among the most orna- mental and carious of our wild flowers : in spring and early summer. Rool- stocks very short and knotty, producing long and coarse fibrous roots. § 1. The three sepals separate: stem leafy, one-flowered. C. arietinum, RAM'S HEAD C. Cold bogs N. : not common ; the smallest species, with slender stem 6' -10' high, oblong-lanceolate leaves, and a dingy purplish flower, the sac conical and in some positions resembling a ram's head, one sepal lance-ovate, the two others and the two petals linear. § 2. Two of the sepals united by their edges into one >i/im a thick tuber, bearing long-linear channelled leaves, and a spike of white flowers. Perianth with a cylindrical and somewhat funnel-shaped slightly curved tube, and 6 about equal spread- ing lobes. Stamens included in the tube: anthers erect. The summit of the ovary and pod free from the calyx-tube; in this and other respects it ap- proaches the Lily Family. 10. AGAVE. Leaves' thick and fleshy with a hard rind and a commonly spiny margin, tufted on the crown, which produces thick fibrous roots, and suckers and ofl'sets; in flowering sends up a bracted scape, hearing a spike or panicle of yellowish flowers. Perianth tubular-funnel-shaped, persistent, with 6 nar- row almost equal divisions. Stamens projecting: anthers linear, versatile. Pod containing numerous flat seeds. 1. HYPOXYS, STAR-GRASS. (Name from the Greek, means acute at the lm*i • ; the pod is often so.) H. er6cta, the common species, in prass; with few-flowered scape Z'-W high, and leaves at length longer; yellow star-like flower over i' broad. 2. NARCISSUS. (Greek name, that of the young man in the mythology who is said to have been changed into this flower.) Most of them are per- fectly hardy : 11. spring. N. poeticus, I'OKT'S N. Leaves nearly flat ; scape 1 -flowered ; crown of the white flower edged with pink, hardly at all projecting from the yellowish throat : in full double-flowered varieties the crown disappears. N. bifl6rus, TWO-FLOW KKED N., or PRIMR, small, yellow, as also the. short cup, very fragrant. N. Pseudo-Narcissus, DAFFODIL. Leaves flat, and 1-flowcred scape short; flower large, yellow, with a short and broad tube, and a large bell-shaped cup, having a wavy-toothed or crisped margin, equalling or longer than the divisions : common double-flowered in country gardens. 3. PANCRATIUM. (Name in Greek means all poiuerftd: no obvious reason for it.) Flowers large, showy, ' fragrant, especially at evening in summer. Cult, at the North ; the following wild S. in wet places on and near the coast. P. maritimum. Glaucous ; leaves linear, erect ; scape barely flatfish ; perianth 5' long, its green tube enlai'ging at summit into the funnel-shaped 12-toothed cup, to the lower part of which the spreading narrow-lanceolate divisions of the perianth are united. P. rotatum (or P. MEXICANUM). Leaves linear-strap-shaped, widdy spreading, bright green, 2' or more wide ; scape sharply 2-edged ; slender tube of the perianth and its linear widely spreading divisions each about 3' long, the latter wholly free from the short and broadly open wavy-edged cup. 4. CRINUM. (The Greek name for a Lily.) Showy conservatory plants, chiefly from tropical regions ; one wild S. C. amabile, from East Indies ; the huge bulb rising into a column ; leaves becoming several feet long and 3'- 5' wide; flowers numerous, 8' -10' long, crimson-purple outside, paler or white within. C. Americanum, wild in river swamps far S. ; much smaller, with a globular bulb; scape l°-2° high; flower white, 6' -7' long. 5. AMARYLLIS. (Dedicated to the nymph of this name.) One wild species S. ; many in choice cultivation, and the species mixed. The following are the commonest types. A. Atamasco, ATAMASCO LILY, wild from Virginia S. in low grounds ; scape 6'- 12' high, mostly shorter than the glossy loaves; flower 2'-.'V loni:, single from a 2-cleft spathe, regular, funnel-form, white and pinkish ; stamens and style declined. A. formosissima, JACOB.EAN or ST. JAMES'S LILY, of the section SPREKELIA: cult, from South America : scape bearing a single large and de- clined deep crimson-red flower, with hardly any tube, and 2-lippcd as it were, three divisions recurved-spreading upwards, three turned downwards, these at base involute around the lower part of the dctlexed stamens and style. A. Reginse, from South America; with 2-4 large almost regular nodding flowers, crimson-red, with hardly any tube, and the dollcxod stamens curved upwards at the end. A. Belladonna, from the Cape of Good Hope; has elongated bulbs, chan- nelled narrow leaves shorter than the solid scape, and several almost regular large rose-red fragrant flowers, funnel-form with very short tube, the stamens not much declined. A. Speci6sa, or VALLOTA PURpfjRi: v, from ( 'ape of Good Hope ; the sear- let-red flowers with funnel-shaped tube rather longer than the broad ovate and nearly equal spreading divisions. 6. GALANTHUS, SNOWDROP. (Name formed of the Greek words 'for mill.- and^««vr, probably from the color.) Fl. earliest spring. G nivalis of Europe, sends up soon after the winter's snow leaves the ground a pair of linear pale leaves and a scape .T-G' hi-ili. bearing its delicate drooping white flower, the inner divisions tipped with -reen : a variety i double. 332 IRIS FAMILY. 7. LEUC6IUM, SXmVFLAKK. (Ancii-nt Greek name means I i'ofef.) In gardens from Kurope ; much like Snowdrops on a larger scale, flowering later, the scape more leafy at ha>e, and leaves bright green. L. Vernum, SI-KINO S. Scape about 1 ° high, m. >.-t]y 1 -flowered, in spriii"-- pod pear-shaped and (>->ided. L. SBStivum, Si M.MI.K S. Scape 2° liigh, hearing 3-7 rather hroader flowers in late spring or early summer; pod rounder. 8. ALSTRCEMERIA. (Named by Linna-us for his friend Baron A/strea- mer.) Plants of the conservatory, from W. South America, <»f mixed species. A. Pelegrina, LILV OF THE IN. AS, from Peru. Flowers few or solitarv *t the end of the branches, open, rose-colored or whitish, blotched with pink and spotted with purple, with some yellow on the inner divisions. A. psittacina. Flowers umbelled, funnel-form in shape, the spatulate divisions more erect and close, red, tipped with green and brown-spotted. A. versicolor. Flowers few, terminating the drooping or spreading branches, yellow spotted with purple. 9. POLIANTHES, TUBEROSE. (Name from Greek words for city and flower; therefore not Polyanthes. And the popular name relates to the tuber- ous rootstock, therefore not Tube-Rose.) P. tuberbsa, the only species cultivated, probably originally from Mexico ; the tall stem with long several-ranked leaves at base" and shorter and sparser ones towards the many-flowered spike (produced in autumn when planted out) ; the blossoms very fragrant, white, or slightly tinged with rose, the choicer sorts full-double. 10. AGAVE, AMERICAN ALOE. (Name from Greek word for wonderful.) Plants flower only after some years, and die after maturing the fruit. A. Virginica, of sterile soil from Virginia to 111. and S. ; has lance-oblong denticulate and spiny-tipped leaves (\'-\-2' long, and scape bearing a loose simple spike of small flowers, 3° -6° high. A. Americana, of Mexico, is the common CKNTURT PLANT or AMEKICAN AI.OK ; with very thick spiny-toothed and spine-pointed leaves, i°-4° IOIILT, pale green, or a variety yellowish-striped, the scape when developed from old plants (said to flower only after 100 years in cool climates) tree-like, bearing an ample panicle. 121. IEIDACEJE, IRIS FAMILY. Distinguished by the equitanl erect leaves (Lessons, p. 69, fig. 186, 187), of course 2-ranked, and the 3 stamens with anthers lacing outwards. Flowers ,-howy, colored, mostly from a spathe of two or more leaves or bracts ; the tube of the perianth coherent with the 8-celled ovary and often prolonged beyond it, its divisions 6 in two sets (answering to sepals and petals), each convolute in the bud. Style 1, or rarely .'J-clefi : ,-t'gmas •'!, opposite the •'• stamens and the outer divisions of the perianth. Fruit a 3-celled and many-seeded p<>d. Steins or herbage rising from a rootstock, tuber, or solid bulb (form, Lessons, p. 46, fig. 105, 106) ; these are acrid, sometimes very much so. All are perennial herbs. § 1. Perianth of 3 outer recurvini/. mul :'. inner coimnoiili/ smaller erect or incurving divisions: sliyums or HKH-I JH-I'III r/i/ In/us i'/' tin- sti/lc 1. IBIS. Flowers with tube either slightly or much pn.ilungcd bcvoml the ovarv, in the 1'itter case eohiTciit also with file style. Stamen- under the overarch- ing branches of the style: anthers linear or oblong, lixed bv the ba.-e. The real stigma is a shelf or short lip on the lower face of the petal-like brunch of the style, only its inner surface ^tiitmatie- Pod 3 -6-aiigled. IRIS FAMILY. 333 § 2. Perianth parted almost to the base into 6 nearly equal w'uhly spreading dirisiims: stamens separate or nearly so : style 3- 6-lobed. 2. PARDANTHUS. Foliage and aspect of an Iris with leafy branching stem, from a rootstock. Divisions of the flower oblong with a narrow l>a-e. Fila- ments slender, much longer than the anthers. Style long. club-shaped. its simple brandies tipped with a broad and blunt stigma. 1'e;n---haped; the valves falling away expose the centre covered with black berry-like seeds. 3. NEMASTYLIS. Stem simple or sparingly branching above, from a solid bulb like that of a Crocus. Divisions of the (lower obovate. Filaments nwU shaped, much shorter than the linear anthers. Style short, its 3 lobes parted each into two, bearing long and thread-like diverging stigmas. Pod truncate. Seeds dry, angular. § 3. Perianth deeply cleft or parted into 6 widely spreading divisions : stamens mon- adelphous to the top : style long: stigmas 3 or 6, thread-like : Jtowers opening in sunshine and but once for a few hours. 4. SISYRINCHIUM. Root mostly fibrous: leaves grass-like. Divisions of the wheel-shaped flower all alike. Stigmas 3, simple. 6. TIGRIDIA. From a solid bulb with some hard brittle coating. Leaves lance- olate, large, very much plaited. Three outer divisions of the perianth very large and with a concave base; the other 3 very much smaller and fiddle^ shaped. Stigmas 3, each 2-cleft. § 4. Perianth tubular at base, the 6 divisions all more or less spreading : stamens sepa- rate: style long : stigmas 3, more or less dilated : flowers lasting for several days. Plants from solid bidbs or corms. (Lessons, p. 46, fig. 105, 106.) 6. GLADIOLUS. Flowers numerous in a spike, on a rather tall leafy stem remaining open, irregular, the short-funnel-shaped tube being somewhat curved, and the divisions more or less unequal, the flower commonly oblique or as if somewhat 2-lipped. Stamens (inserted on the tube,) and style as- cending. Leaves sword-shaped, strongly nerved. 7. CROCUS. Flowers and narrow linear leaves rising from the bull), the ovary and pod seldom raised above ground: perianth with a long and slender tube; its oval or roundish divisions alike, or the 3 inner rather smaller, concave, fully spreading only in sunshine. Leaves with revolute margins. There are besides many tender plants of the family in choice collections, the greater part confined to the conservatories, — mostly belonging to ixia maculata, of Cape of Good Hope, and others, once of that genus, now called SPARAXIS, WATSOXIA, &c. ; also to MONTIJKKTIA or TKIT^NIA, \c. Schizostylis COCCinea, from South Africa, lately introduced : not very tender, with long and keeled linear leaves, and sterns .'i° high, bearing a spike of bright crimson-red flowers 2' across, the ovate acute lobes all alike and widely spreading from a narrow tube; the slender style deeply cleft (whence the name) into 3 thread-like branches. iridoides, of the Cape ; very like an Iris, as the specific name denotes ; but the 6 divisions of the perianth all nearly alike and widely spread- ing, white with a yellow spot on the 3 outer ones. 1. IRIS, FLOWER-DE-LUCE, BLUE FLAG. (Greek and Latin my- thological name, and name of the rainbow.) Fl. spring and early summer. § 1. Wild species of the country, all with creeping root stocks. * Dwarf, with simple very short stems (or only Irnfij tufts). 1 -:\ ilm; ,-,d in earlf spring, from creeping and brandling slnalr n«i/.s7,«-/,-.s-, //,•/> (n«l ///«?•<• tuber- ous-thickened: flowers violet-blue, with a lonrj sA ml, r tuh, , and no beard. I. v6rna, SLENDER DWARF-!RIS. Wooded hillsides, from Virginia and Kentucky S. ; with linear grassy leaves, tube of (lower about the length <>t' its almost equal divisions, which are on slender orange-yellow claws, the outer ones crestless. I. cristata, CRESTED D. Along the Alleghanies. &c.. sometimes cult. ; with lanceolate leaves, or the upper ovate-lanceolate, tube of (lower (2' long) much longer than the scarcely stalked divisions, the outer ones crested • pod sharply triangular. 334 IRIS FAMILY. * * Taller: the sever al-floirered often branching stems 1° -3° /<»//( : tube of the flower short: the outer division* >m/.,i/, '»rm/,i. -.-.•;, MI<- white (barely 2' long), on slender peduncles, with hardly any tube beyond tin- .'l-aiiLili'd ovary. I. versicolor, LAKUKK I'.i.i i.-Fi.\<.. Stout ; stem singled on one side; leaves sword-shaped, |' wide ; flowers light blue variegated with some' yellow, •white, and purple, hardly .'i' Ion;:, the inflated tube shorter tlian the obtusel) 3-angled ovarv ; pod oblong, 3-angled. I. kexagona. Only S. near the coast; with simple stem, n arrow ish long leaves, and deep blue variegated (lowers 4' long, the outer divisions crested, the tuhe longer than the <>-angled ovary. I. cuprea. Only S. and \V. ; with copperish-yellow flowers 2' long, the tube about the length of the (>-angled ovary I. tripetala. Only S. in pine-barren swamps; with ratlier short sword- shaped glaucous leaves, and i'ew blue flowers (2' -3' long), variegated with yellow and purple, the inner divisions very short and wedge-shaped, the tube shorter than the 3-angled ovary. § 2. Garden species from the Old World, cult, for ornament. * A dense beard n/mn/ the, lower part of the 3 outer dii-isinnn of the flower : the stamens >n all spring from thickened rootstocks. -t- Dwarf: Jlmn rni// in early sprint/. I. ptimila, DWARJ- (iu;i>i.x Ir.is. Stem very short ; the violet and pur- ple flower close to the ground, with slender tuhe and ohovate divisions, hardly exceeding the short sword-shaped leaves. -t- -t- Taller and larger, several -flowered, in early summer. I. Germanica, COMMON FLOWER-DE-LUCK of the gardens, with very large seentlr-s flowers, the deep violet pendent outer divisions 3' long, the ol.o- vate inner ones neariv as large, lighter and bluer. I. sambucina, ELDER-SCENTED F., is taller, 3° or 4° high, and longer- leaved; tin' llnwers ahiint halt' as large as in the ]ireeeding, the outer divi-i. ms less reflexed, violet, but whitish and \ellowish toward the base, painted with deeper-colored lines or veins ; upper divisions pale greyish or brownish blue; spathe. broadly scarious-margined. I. squalens, very like preeeding, with longer dull violet outer divisions to the flower whitish and striped at base, and purplish-buff-colored inner divisions. I. variegata, has much smaller flowers, with spatulate-obovate divisions 2' long, white with pa'e yellow, the outer divisions veined with dark-purple and purplish-tinged in the middle I. Florentina, FI,OKI:NCI: or SWKET F. Less tall than the Common F., with broader leaves, and white faintly sweet-scented flowers, bluish veined, the obovate outer divisions 2^'-3' long, with yellow beard. Its violet-scented root- Stock yields orris-root. # * \<> Iti-urd nor crest to tin tlm; r : all but the last with rootstocks. I. Pseudacorus, Yi:i.i.o\v IKIS, of wet marshes in Europe, with very long linear leaves and bright vellow flowers, sparingly cultivated. I. gramlliea, GRASS-LKAVED 1., has narrow linear root-leaves 2° -3° long and often surpassing the 1 - .'(-flowered stem; flower purple-blue, with narrow divisions. I. Persica, PI.KSI \N IK-IS. A cboic,- house-plant, dwarf, nearly stomle-s from a kind of bulb-like tuber, from which the flower rises on a Ion- tube, earlier than the leaves, delicately fragrant, bluish, with a deep-purple spot at the tip of the outer divisions, the inner divisions very small and spreading. 2. PARDANTHUS, 151, ACKUKRKY LILY. (Name from the Greek, means ^inl-jiuirer, alluding to the spotted perianth.) Fl. late summer. Pardanthus Chinensis, from China, cult, in country gardens and escaping into roadsides: :{°-40 high, more branching than an Iris; the di- visions of the orange-colored flower (!' long) mottled above with crimson spots, YAM FAMILY. 335 the fruit, when the valves fall and expose the berry-like seeds, imitating a Mack- berry, whence the common name. 3. NEMASTYLIS. (Name from the Greek, means thread-like s/yle, ap- plicable here to the stigmas.) Fl. spring and summer. N. COBlestina. Fine barrens S. : l°-20 high, with handsome but fuga- cious bright blue flowers; the leaves mainly from the small bulb, linear ai«l plaited. 4. SISYRINCHIUM, BLUE-EYED GRASS. (Name in Greek means lioifs snout, the application not apparent.) Fl. all summer. S. Bermudiana. In all moist meadows ; the slender 2-winged stems 6'-12' high, in tufts, longer than the root-leaves, almost naked; the small flowers in an umbel from a 2-leaved spathe, their obovate divisions bristle-tipped from a notch, pale blue, sometimes purplish, in a Western variety white. 5. TIGRIDIA, TIGER-FLOWER (as the name denotes). Fl. summer. T. pavdnia, from Mexico, the principal species, with several varieties, planted out for summer flowering, sends up a stem 2° high, bearing in succession a few very large showy flowers 5' or 6' across, yellow or orange-red, the dark centre gaudily spotted with crimson or purple. 6. GLADIOLUS, CORN-FLAG. (Name a diminutive of the Latin word for sword, from the leaves.) Several choice tender species in conserva- tories; while the hardy ones and those which bear planting out, which make our gardens gay in late summer and autumn, are from the following: G. COmmunis, of Europe, is the old-fashioned hardy species, with rather few rose-red (rarely white) flowers; the filaments longer than the anthers. G. Byzantinus,of the Levant, is larger in all its parts, with more flowers in the spike, and more showy ; filaments shorter than the liuear anthers. G- blandus, of the Cape of Good Hope, is the parent of many of the tender white or pale rose-colored varieties. G. cardinalis, of the Cape, also tender, has large scarlet-red flowers, often white along the centre of its 3 lower divisions. G. psi.ttacin.US, of the Cape, is a tall and robust species, its numerous large flowers with very broad divisions, dull yellow, mixed or bordered with scarlet. This is the parent of G. GANDAVENSIS, now universally cultivated, and from which so many fine sub-varieties have been produced, with scarlet, red and yellow, orange, and other colors. 7. CROCUS. (The Greek name of Saffron.) Cult, from the Old World. C. v6rnus, SPRING CROCUS; with violet, purple, white or mixed colored flowers, the broad divisions rarely expanded, and short dilated stigmas with jagged margins. G. luteus and C. Susianus, YELLOW CROCUS, with yellow or orange flowers, and opening wider, are mere varieties of the first. C. sativus, FALL CROCUS, with violet purple and fragrant flowers, in autumn, is rarely seen here. Its long and narrow orange-red stigmas are saffron. 122. DIOSCOREACE^l, YAM FAMILY. Twining plants, from tubers or thick rootstocks or roots, having ribbed and netted-veined petioled leaves more or less imitating tho-e of Exogens, and small greenish or whitish dioecious flowers, with the tube of the perianth in the fertile ones adhering to the 3-ctlled ovary; its 6 divisions regular and parted to near the base or to the ovary. Styles 3, distinct or nearly so. Ovules and seeds 1 or '2 in each cell. 336 SMILAX FAMILY. Tamils elephantipes, or TKSTI:IIINARIA ELAPHAVTIPES, of the Cape of Good Hope, is a curiosity in conservatories ; the globular or hemispherical trunk, resting on the ground, covered with very thick bark soon cracked into separate portions, und resembling the bark of a tortoise; out of it spring every year slender twining stems, bearing rounded heart-shaped or kidney-shaped leaves. 1. DIOSCOKEA, YAM. (Named for L .scoride*.} Flowers in axillary panicles or racemes: stamens 6 in the sterile ones, separate. Fertile ones producing a 3-celled 3-winged pod, when ripe splitting through the wings. Fl. summer. 2/ D. Vill6sa, WILD YAM : sends up from a knotty rootstock its slender stems, bearing heart-shaped pointed leaves, either alternate, opposite, or some in fours, 9-11-ribbed and with prominent cross-veinlets. Jn thickets, com- moner S. : slightly downy, or usually almost smooth, so that the specific name is not a good one D. Batatas (or D. JAP6NICA of some), CHINESE YAM : cult, from China and Japan, for ornament, or for its very deep and long farinaceous roots, — a substitute for potatoes, if one could only dig them ; with very smooth heart- shaped partly halberd-shaped opposite leaves, and produces bulblets in the axils. D. sativa, TRUE YAM, with great thick roots, is only of hot climates. 123. SMILACE^I, SMILAX FAMILY. Chiefly woody-stemmed plants, a few herbaceous, climbing or supported by a pair of tendrils on the sides of the petiole, having ribbed and netted-veined leaves and small dioecious flowers, as in the foregoing ; but the ovary is free from the perianth, bears mostly 3 long and diverging sessile stigmas, and in fruit is a berry ; the an- thers are only 1 -celled, opening by one longitudinal slit (the division of the cell, if any, corresponding with the slit). Consists of the genus 1. SMILAX, GREENBRIER, CATBRIER, or CHINA-BRIER. (An- cient Greek name.) All wild species, in thickets and low grounds ; flowers small, greenish, in clusters on axillary peduncles, in summer, or several of the Southern prickly ones in spring. § 1 . Stems troody, often prickly : ovules and seeds only one in each cell. * Smooth, and t/ie leaves often ylossy, 5- 9-ribbed : stiymas and cells oforary 3. •*- Ben-ies red : peduncles short: Itares 5-ribbed: prickles hardly any. S. lanceolata, from Virginia S. : climbs high ; leaves evergreen, lance- ovate or lanceolate, acute at both ends ; rootstock tuberous. S. Walter!, from New Jrr-ev S. : 6° high ; leaves deciduous, ovate or lance-oval, roundish or slightly heart-shaped ; peduncles Hat; rootstock creeping. •*- Beiries black, often with a bloom : lettres mostly roundish or somewhat heart- taaped (it IKISC : peduncles almost always Jlat. S. rotimdif61ia, COMMON (iin.KNHRiER. Yellowish-green, often high- climbing; branclilrts more or less square, armed with scattered prickles; leaves ovate or round-ovate, thickish, green both sides, i>'-3' long; peduncles few- flowered, not longer than the petioles. S. glauca. Mostly S. of New York: like the preceding, but Jess prickly, the ovate leaves glaucous beneath and seldom at all heart-shaped, smooth edged, and peduncles longer than petiole. S. tamnoides. New Jersey to 111. and S. : differs from preceding in the leaves varying from round-heart-shaped to tidd 'shaped and hal herd-shaped, green both sides, pointed, and the edges often S] -iiseh bristly. S. Pseudo-China, CHINA-HKIKK ; from N'ew Jersey and Kentucky S.: rootstock tuberous; prickles none or rare; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green both sides, often contracted in the middle, and rough-ciliate, 3' -5' long; Hat peduncles 2' -3' long. LILY FAMILY. 337 S. hispida. Only from Perm. N. : rootstock Ion;:; stem high-climbing, below beset with long and dark bristly prickles; leaves ovate and heart-shaped, green both sides, thin, 4' -5' long; flat peduncles Ij"- 2- long; (lowers larger than in the Common Grecnbrier. * * Downy or smooth : stigma, cell of the. ovary, and seed only one ! S. pumila. Sandy soil S. : rising only 1 ° - 3° high, not prickly, >< ift-dc >wny, with ovate or oblong and heart-shaped 5-ribbed evergreen leaves, when old smooth above; peduncles twice as lung as petioles, densely-flowered; berries whitish. S. laurifdlia. From pine-barrens of New Jersey S. : very smooth, high- climbing, stem with some prickles ; leaves thick, evergreen, glossy, varying from ovate to lanceolate, 3-nerved ; peduncles not exceeding the petiole anil pedicels ; berries black. § 2. Sterns herbaceous, merer prickly, smooth : leaves long petiokd, thin : ovules and seeds usually a pair in each cell: berries blue-black with a bloom. S. herbacea, CARRION FLOWER (the scent of the blossoms justifies the name) : common in moist ground ; erect and recurving, often without tendrils, or low-climbing, very variable in size, generally smooth; leaves ovate-oblong or roundish and mostly heart-shaped, 7 -9-nerved ; peduncles sometimes short, generally 3' -4' or even G'-8' long, even much surpassing the leaves, 20-40- flowered. S. tamnifolia. Pine barrens from New Jersey S. : differs in its heart- shaped and some halberd-shaped only 5-nerved leaves ; peduncles rather longer than the petioles, and berry fewer-seeded. 124. LILIACE.S3, LILY FAMILY. Large family, known as a whole by its regular symmetrical flow- ers, with perianth of G (in one instance of 4) parts, as many stamens with 2-celled anthers, and a free 3-celled (rarely 2-cdled) ovary. Perianth either partly or wholly colored, or greenish, but not glu- maceous. Flowers not from a spathe, except in Alii urn, &c. Chiefly herbs, with entire leaves; all perennials. The great groups comprised are the following. I. TRILLIUM FAMILY; with netted-veined leaves all in one or two whorls on an otherwise naked stem, which rises from a fleshy rootstock : styles or sessile stigmas 3, separate down to the ovary. Fruit a berry. 1. TRILLIUM. Perianth of 3 green persistent sepals and 3 colored petal*: the latter at length withering away after tlowering, but not deciduous. Anther* linear, adnate, on short filaments, looking inwards. Awl-shaped stylos or stig- mas persistent. Ovary 3-6-angled. Kerry purple m- red, ovate, many-> l''d. 2. MEDEOLA. Perianth of 6 oblong and distinct nearly >imilar pieces, recurved, deciduous Anthers oblong, shorter than the slender filaments. Stigma- or styles long and diverging or recurved on the globular ovary, deciduous Berry dark-purple, few-seeded. II. MELANTHIUM FAMILY; with alternate and parallel- veined leaves ; stem simple, at least up to the panicles ; and (lowers often polygamous, sometimes dioecious; styles or sessile stigma- ;!. separate down to the ovary. Fruit a pod. Anthers almost always turned outwards. Perianth withering or persisting, not deciduous, the 6 parts generally alike. Mostly acrid or poisonous plants, some used in medicine. 22 338 LILY FAMILY. § 1. Stemless : the large flower u-ith a long tube rising directly from a thtn-torited solid bulb or corm: anthers 2-celled. 3. COLCHIGUM. Perianth resembling that of ;i Crocus. Stamens borne on the- throat of the long-tnbniar perianth. Styles very long. § 2. Perianth without any tithe, of 6 distinct or almost separate divisions. * Anthers 2-celled, short : fluwers in a simple raceme or spike : pod loculicidal. 4. CHAM.ELIRIUM. Flowers dioecious or mostly so. Perianth of 6 small and narrow white pieces. Pod ovoid-oblong, many-seeded. Spike or raceme slender. 6. HELONIAS. Flowers perfect, in a short dense raceme, lilac-purple, turning green in fruit; the divisions Bpatulate-oblong, spreading. Filaments slender: anther- blue. Pod 3-lobed; cells many-seeded. 6. XEHOPHYLLUM. Fluwers perfect, in ;i compact raceme, white; the divisions oval, sessile, widely spreading, naked. Filaments awl-shaped. Pod globular, 3-lobed, with 2 wingless seeds in each cell. * * Anthers kidnei/-xl»ij><:I or round heart-shaped, the two cells confluent into one, thield-shaped afttr < ••//< i/iiiy : styles aid-shaped : pod 8-horned, septicidal: sinls commonly Jlut or thin-margined. f. AMIANTHII'M. Flowers perfect, mostly in a simple raceme. Perianth white, the oval or obovatc spreading divisions without claws or spots. Filaments long and slender. Seeds wingless, 1-4 in each cell. Leaves chiefly from the bullions ba-e of the scape-like stem, linear, keeled, grass-like. 8. STKNAN THII'M. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes on a leafy stem. Perianth white, with spreading and not spotted lanceolate divisions tapering to a narrow point from a broader ba-e, which cohere- with the base of the ovary. Stamens very short. Seeds several, wingless. Leaves linear, keeled, grass-like. 9. VEEATRUM. Flowers polygamous, in panicled racemes. Perianth greenish or brownish, its ohovat<--o!.]ong division- nan-owed at base, free from the ovary, not spotted. Filaments short. Seeds rather numerous, wing-margined. Leave- broad, many-nerved. llasc of the leafy stem more or less bulb-like, producing many long white roots. 10. MELANTHIUM. Flowers pohgamoits, in racemes forming nn open pyramidal panicle. Perianth cream-colored, turning green or brownish with age. per- fectly free from the ovarv, its heart-shaped or oblong and partly hai: shaped widely spreading divisions raised on a claw and marked with a pair of darker spi'its or glands. Filaments short, adhering to the claws of the perianth, persistent. Seeds several in each cell, I n.adly winded. Leaves lanceolate or linear, mostly grass-like. Stem roughish-downy above, its ba-e more oi- less bulbous. 11. ZYGADENl'S. Flowers pefect or polygamous, in a terminal panicle. Peri- anth greenish white, its oblong or ovate widely spreading divisions spotted with a pair of roundish glands or colored spots near the se--ile or all sessile base. Stamens free' from and about the length of the perianth. Leave? linear. grass-like; stem and whole plant smooth. III. BELLWORT FAMILY; with alternate and broad not grass-like parallel-veined ICMVCS: sti-in from a root. slock or from fibrous roots, brandling ami leafy: style one at ihe base, but 3-cleft or 3-partetl. Fruit a pod, few-seeded. Anlliers turned rather outwards than inwards. Perianth of G almost similar and wholly separate pieces, deciduous. Not acrid nor poisonous. Plants inter- mediate between the preceding groups and the next. 12. UVULAKIA. Flower- solitarv or sometimes in pairs at the end or in the forks of the forking stem, drooping, yellowi-h: the perianth rather bell-shaped and lily-like, its divisions spatulate-lanceolate, with a honey-bearing groove or pit' a! the erect narrowed base. Stamens short, one at the ba^e ,,( each division: anthers linear, much longer than the filaments. Pod triangular or 3-lobed, loculicidal from the top. Seeds thick and roundish. LILY FAMILY. 339 IV. ASPARAGUS FAMILY; with parallel-veined mostly alternate leaves, branching or simple stems from a root-lo.'k, ;it least there is no bulb, a single style (if cleft or lobed at all only at the summit), and fruit a few several-seeded berry. Pedicel- v»-ry often with a joint in the middle or under the ilouvr. Flower almost always small, and white or greenish, chiefly perfect. § 1. Herbs with ordinary broad lenves. * Flowers bell-shaped, of 6 separate and similar deciduous divisions: stamens on (he receptacle or nearly so : anthers turned 13. CLINTONIA. Flowers erect, few or several in an umbel on a naked scape, the base of which is sheathed by the stalks of a few large oval or oblong ana ciliate root-leaves. Filaments long and slender; anthers linear or oM style long. Ovary 2 - 3-celled, becoming a blue berry. Rootstocks creeping, like those of Lily-of-the- Valley, which the leaves also resemble. 14. PROSARTES. Flowers single or few, hanging at the end of the leafy spreading branches on slender simple stalks, yellowish. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate or linear. Filaments much longer than the linear-oblong blunt anthers. Ovary with a pair of hanging ovules in each of the :> cells, l>«-com- ing an ovoid or oblong and pointed red berry. Rootstock short, not creep- ing: herbage downy. 15. STREPTOPUS. Flowers single or rarely in pairs along the leafy and forking stem, just out of the axils of the ovate clasping loaves: the slender peduncle usually bent in the middle. Divisions of the perianth lanceolate, acute, the three inner ones keeled. Anthers arrow-shaped, on short and flatfish fila- ments. Ovary 3-celled, making a red many-seeded berry. # # Flowers trith perianth of one piece, but often deeply parted, (he stamens on its base or tube: anthers turned inwards: stems not branched. 16. CONVALLARIA. Flowers nodding in a one-sided raceme, on an angle i which rises, with the about, two oblong leaves, from a running rootstork. Perianth short bell-shaped, with 6 recurving lobes. Stamens included. Style stout. Ovary with several ovules, becoming a few-seeded red berry. 17. SMILACINA. Flowers in a raceme or cluster of racemes terminating a leaf- bearing stem, small, white. Perianth 6-parted, in one 4-parted. Filaments slender: anthers short. Ovary 2 -3-celled, making a 1 -2-seeded berry. Root- stocks mostlv creeping. 18. POLYGONATUM. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves along a leafy and recurving simple stem, which rises from a long and thickened rootstock Perianth greenish, cylindrical, 6-lobed or 6-toothed, bearing the 6 included stamens at or above the middle of the tube. Style slender. < )vary 8-celled with few ovules in each cell, in fruit becoming a globular black or blue few- seeded berry. § 2. Plants with small scales in place of leaves, from the axils of which are produced false-leaves, i. e. bodies which by their position are seen i<> In- of the nature of branches, but which imitate ami net ns leaves. Pn-vmth greenisli "inti'il sword-shaped per sistent leares : no bulb. 32. YUC<' A. Mowers in an ample terminal compound panicle, large, often polyga- mous, white or whitish. Perianth of G separate oval or oblong acute divis- ions, not deciduous the o inner broader, longer than the stamens. Stigmas 3, sessile. Pod oblong, many-seeded; the depressed seeds as in LILT FAMILY. 341 Among the various cultivated plants of the choicer collections, the following ai'e not rarely met with. * Not bulbous. Phormium tenax, NEW ZEALAND FLAX. Nearly hardy N., but docs not flower; the very firm finely nerved linear evergreen leaves tufted on matin) rootstocks, strongly keeled, conduplicate below, nearly flat above, yielding a very strong fibre for cordage. Dracaena and Cordyline, DRAGOX-TREES, two or three species, orna- ments of choice conservatories, cult, for their foliage. A16e angulata, A. variegata, and other ALOES, with very thick and fleshy 2-ranked leaves crowded or imbricated at the ground, sending up a sleu der scape, bearing a spike or raceme of tubular flowers ; in conservatories. * * From coated bulbs, sending up leaves and scapes. Lachenalia tricolor; tender bulb from Cape of Good Hope; with lanceolate soft leaves blotched with purple, and a raceme of small, rather .sin- gular than handsome, greenish-purple and yellow flowers, its erect divisions connivent, the three interior longer. Calochortus, Cyclob6thra, Brodisea, and Triteleia, handsome flowered bulbs, chiefly from California and Oregon, hardly any quite hardy \. 1. TRILLIUM, THREE-LEAVED NIGHTSHADE, WAKE ROBIN, BIRTIIROOT. (Name from Latin trill x, triple, the parts throughout being in threes.) Low stem from a short tuber-like rootstock (Lessons, p. 44, tig. ic.o), bearing a whorl of three green conspicuously netted-veined ovate or rhom- boidal leaves, and a terminal flower, in spring. All grow in rich or moist woods, or the last in bogs. § 1 . Flower sessile : petals and sepals narrow, the former spatulate, dull purple. T. sessile. From Penn. W. & S. : leaves sessile, often blotched ; petals sessile, rather erect, turning greenish, long persisting. T. recurvatum. Only W. : differs in having the leaves narrowed at base into a petiole, sepals reflexed, and pointed petals with a narrowed base. § 2. Flower raised on a peduncle: petals withering away soon after flowering. * Peduncle erect or inclined : leaves rhombic-ovate, sessile bij a wedge-shaped base, abruptly taper-pointed : petals flat. T. grandiflbrum, GREAT-FLOWERED WHITE T. From Vermont to Penn. and W., flowering rather late : handsome, the obovate petals 2' -2^' long, much larger than the sepals, gradually recurving from an erect base, pure white, in age becoming rose-colored. T. erectum, PURPLE T. or BIRTHROOT. Chiefly N. : not so large as the preceding; the dark dull purple petals ovate, widely spreading, little longer than the sepals, !'-!£' long. Var. album, from New York W. : has greenish white, rarely yellowish petals. Var. declinatum, from Ohio N. W., has peduncle fully half the length of the leaves and horizontal, or in fruit even reflexed ; petals white or pinkish. * * Peduncle recurved from the first under the short-petioled or almost sessile leaves, not longer than the ovary and recumd n'/i/lc petals. T. cernuum, NODDING T. Commonest E. : leaves rhombic-ovate ; petal-* oblong, ovate, acute, .V-ij' long; styles separate. T. Styl6sum. Upper country S. : leaves oblong, tajieritiL: to both ends ; petals oblong, tinged with rose-color, much longer and broader than the sc-puls; styles united at base. * * * Peduncle nearly erect ; leaves rounded at the base and short-pet ioled. T. nivale, DWARF WHITE T. From Ohio N. W. : very early-flowering, 2'-4' high; leaves oval or ovate, obtuse; petals oblong, obtuse, pure white, 1' long ; styles slender. 342 LILY FAMILY. T. erythrocarpum, PAINTED T. Low woods or bogs N. : leaves ovate, taper-pointed ; petals lance-ovate, pointed, wavy, white with pink stripes at tha base ; berry bright red. 2. MEDEOLA, INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT (from the taste of the tuberous white and horizontal rootstock; the Latin name from Medea, the sorceress). Fl. early summer. M. Virginica, the only species : in woods: simple stem l°-3° high, cot- tony when young, bearing nrar the middle a whorl of 5-9 obovate-lanceolate thin and veiny but also parallel-ribbed leaves, and another of 3 (rarely 4 or 5) much smaller ovate ones at the top, around an umbel ol' a few small recurved- stalked flowers. 3. COLCHICUM. (Named from the country, Colchis.) Flowers in au- tumn, sends up the lanceolate root-leaves the next spring. Sparingly cult, from Eu. for ornament. C. autumnale, COMMON C., mostly with rose-purple or lilac flowers. C. variegatum, perhaps a variety, has shorter and wavy leaves, and peri- anth variegated with small purple squares, as if tessellated. 4. CHAM-aJLIRIUM, DEVIL'S BIT. (Name in Greek means Ground Lily, of no obvious fitness.) Fl. summer. C. luteum, also called BLAZING-STAR : low grounds, commoner W. & S. : rootstock short and abrupt, sending up a stem l°-3° high, bearing flat lance- olate leaves at base, some shorter ones up the stem, and a wand-like spike or raceme of small bractless flowers, the sterile ones from the stamens appearing yellow. 5. HELONIAS. (Name probably from the Greek for a swamp, in which the species grows.) Fl. spring. H. bullata. Rare and local plant, from New Jersey to E. Virginia, but sometimes cult. : very smooth, the tuberous stock producing a tuft of oblong or lance-spatulate evergreen leaves, from the centre of which rises in spring a leaf- less scape l°-2° high, bearing the rather handsome flowers. 6. XEROPHYLLTJM. (Name means, in Greek, arid-leaved, the narrow leaves being dry and rigid-) Fl. early summer. X. asphodelioides. Pine barrens, from New Jersey S. : a striking plant, with the aspect of an Asphodel ; simple stout stem rising 2° -4° high from a thick or bulb-like base, dcnsrlv beset at l>:i-» with very long needle-shaped rigid recurving leaves, above with shorter ones, which at length are reduced to bristle- like bracts ; the crowded white flowers showy. 7. AMIANTHIUM, FLY-POISOX. (Name, from the Greek^ alludes to the flowers destitute of the spots or glands of Molauthiiuii and Xygade nus.) Flowers summer, turning greenish or purplish with age. A. inuscsetoxicum, BROAI>-LI:AM:I> F. Open woods from New Jcr-cy S. : with a rather large bulb at the base of the stem, bearing many broadly linear (£'-]' wide) blunt leaves; raceme dense; flowers rather large ; seeds few, red and lleshv. A. angUStifolium. Pine barrens S. : stem hardly bulbous at base, 2' high ; leaves narrow, acute, pale; seeds linear, not fleshy. 8. STENANTHIUM. (Name from Greek means narrow flower. ) Fl. summer. S. angUStif61ium. Low meadows and prairies, from Penn. S. & W. : 2° -6° high, leafv, the leaves long and narrow ; flowers only 4' long, in a pro- longed terminal and many shorter lateral racemes, making an ample light panicle. LILY FAMILY. 343 9. VERATRUM, FALSE HELLEBORE. (Old name, from Latin ater, truly black) Mostly pubescent stout herbs; the roots yield tin1 acrid poisonous wrntrin. Flowers summer. V. Viride, AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE, or INDIAN POKE. Swamps, mostly N. : stout stem 2° -4° high, thickly beset with the broadly oval or ovate strongly plaited sheath-clasping leaves : panicle of spike-like raceme.- pvramidal ; flowers yellowish-green turning greener with age. V. parviflorum, along the Alleghanies, is slender, 2° -5° high, with scat- tered oval or lanceolate scarcely plaited leaves below, and a long and loose pan- icle of greenish small flowers turning dingy or brownish with age. 10. MELANTHIUM. (Name, from the Greek, means black flower, the perianth turning darker, yet not black.) Fl. suimnrr. M. Virginicum, BUNCH-FLOWER. Moist grounds, from S. Now York S. & W. : 3° - 5° high; lowest leaves sometimes 1' wide, the upper few and small ; flowers rather large. 11. ZYGADENUS. (Name in Greek means yoked glands.) Fl. summer. Z. glab6rrimus. Pine barren bogs S. : l°-3° high, from a running root- stock ; leaves rather rigid, keeled, nerved, taper-pointed; panicle many-flowered; divisions of perianth \' long, a pair of round spots above the narrowed base. Z. glatlCUS. Bogs along our X. borders : l°-3° high, from a bulb : le;i\rs flat, pale ; flowers rather few ; base of perianth coherent with that of the ovary, the divisions marked with an inversely heart-shaped spot. 12. UVULARIA, BELLWORT. (Name from the Latin m-ula, or palate ; the application obscure.) Stems 6' -2° high, naked below, leafy above: fl. spring. All in rich woods. * Leaves oblong, the base clasping round the stem which seems to run through the blade just above its base (Lessons, p. 60, fig. 162) : pod 3-lobed: rootstock very short and erect. U. grandiflora, the common one from W. New England W. : with pale greenish-yellow flower 1^' long and smooth or nearly so inside. TJ. perfoliata, common E. & S. : smaller, with sharper tips to the an- thers, and the parts of the barely yellowish perianth granular-roughened inside. U. flava, chiefly N. E., with bright yellow flower about 1' long, and nearly smooth inside. * * Leaves not surrounding the stem, merely sessile: rootstock creeping: pod sharp/i/ triangular. U. SeSSilifblia, common, especially N. : 6'- 12' high, with pale lance-ob- long leaves, and whitish cream-colored flower |' long; pod stalked. 13. CLINTONIA. (Named for DeWitt Clinton of New York.) Cold moist woods : flowers early summer. / C. borealiS. Only N. and along the mountains; flowers 2-7, greeni>h yellow, over £' long; berry rather many-seeded. C. Umbellata. Along the Alleghanies : flowers numerous, j' long, white speckled with green or purplish dors ; seeds only 2 in caeli cell. 14. PROSARTES. (Name from Greek word meaning P. lanuginbsa. Rich woods the whole leii-th of the Alleuhany region to Canada: branches widely spreading ; leaves ovate-oblong, pointed, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at the sessile base; flowers £' long, greenish ; Btigmas : fl. late spring. 15. STREPTOPUS, TWISTED-STALK (which the name denotes in Greek). In cold damp or wet woods N. : flowers in late spring and early summer, small, barely £' long. 344 LILY FAMILT. S. amplexif61ius. Stem stout, rough at base, 2° - 3° high ; leaves strong- ly clasping, smooth, trlancons beneath; (lower \vhitish, on a long stalk with abrupt bend above the middle ; anthers slender-pointed : stigma truncate. S. r6seus. Stem l°-2° high; lca\e-< -recn, finely ciliate, and with the few branches beset with more short and line hri-tly hairs ; flower rose-purple, on a less bent stalk ; anthers 2-horncd ; stigma 3-clet't. 16. CONVALLARIA, LILY-OF-THK-V ALLEY. (Name altered from the Latin Lilnun convallium, of which the English name is a translation.) Fl. late spring. C. majalis, the only true species, cult, everywhere, from Europe, and wild on the higher Alleghanies ; its small sweet-scented white flowers familiar. 17. SMILACINA, FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. (Name a diminutive of Smilax, which these plants do not resemble.) Wild in woods or low grounds : fl. late spring. § 1. Perianth of only 4 reflered spreading divisions: stamens 4 : ovary 2-celled. S. bifolia. In all rn<>ieparation of the stem of a former year: Lessons, p. 44, fig. 99.) Stem recurving or turned to one side. Fl. late spring and early summer. P. bifl6rum, SMALLER S. Wooded banks : l°-3° high : the ovate-oblong or lance-oblong leave- nearly sessile and glaucous or minutely whitish-downy beneath; peduncles mostly 2-flowercd ; filaments roughened, borne above the middle of the tube. P. gigantfeum, LAI;I:KK S. Alluvial grounds N. : 3°-8° high, smooth; leaves ovate, partly clasping : peduncles 2 - S-llowered ; filaments smooth and naked, borne on the middle of the tube. 19. ASPARAGUS. (The ancient Creek name.) Fl. early summer. A. officinalis, COMMON Asi'Ai; \<;us. Cult, from Eu. for its esculent spring shoots, spontaneous about gardens: tall, bushy-branched, the leaves thread-shaped. 20. MYRSIPHYLLUM. (The name in Creek means tnyrtlr-kavcil.) M. asparagoides, of Cape Good Hope : a very smooth delicate twiner, cult, in conservatories for winter decoration, under the name of SMILAX: the bright green SO-called leaves 1' or inure long, glossy-green both sides, nerved, set edgewise on the branch, but turning so as to present an upper and under face ; the small (lowers produced in winter, sweet-scented, with reddUh anthers: berries green. — That the -ermin^ leave- are of the nature of branches is -howti in Ki-^is, the P>r i m F.K'> I>I;<>OM. of Europe (here rarelv culmatcd), whore they are rigid, spiny-tipped, and bear flowers on one face. LILY FAMILY. 34-J 21. LILIUM, LILY. (The classical Latin name, from the Greek.) All, including our four wild Lilies, more or less commonly cultivated : n. summer. § 1. Flowers erect, orange or orange-red, of bell-shaped outline, the dn-ixiunx u-id, /// separate and on slender claws : no bulblets in the arils of the leaves. Wild species of sandy null. L. Philadelphicum, WILD ORANGE-RED LILY. Chiefly X. & W. : l°-2° high, with lanceolate or lance-linear leaves nearly all in whorls of 5-8, and 1-3 open-bell-shaped reddish-orange flowers, '2^' -3' long, .-potied inside with dark purple. L. Catesbffii, SOUTHERN RED L. Chiefly S. : l°-2° high, with scatter' 'd linear-lanceolate leaves, a solitary and larger nearly scarlet flower; the ohlong- lanceolate divisions wavy-margined, recurving above, 3' -4' long, with very slender claws, within crimson-spotted on a yellow ground. § 2. Flowers erect, orange ; the oblong divisions without claws, conniving at the broad base, the upper part spreading. L. bulbiferum, BULBLET-BEARING L. Cult, in old gardens, from Europe : l£°-3°high, producing bulblets in the axils of the lanceolate irregularly scat- tered leaves, and few reddish-orange flowers, the divisions 2' -2^' long, with some rough brownish projections at base inside, but hardly spotted. § 3. Flowers nodding ; the divisions without claws, rolled back, mostly dotted inside. * Bulblets in the axils of the leaves. L. tigrinum, TIGER BULBLET-BEARING L. Cult, from China: stem 4° -5° high, cottony; leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers paniclcd, numerous, very showy, orange-red, the divisions about 4' long, black-spotted inside. # * No bulblets in the axils. -i- Wild species of the country in moist meadows and bogs : JJowers orange or orange-red, strongly dark-spotted inside. L. Canadense, CANADA L. Stem 2° -5° high, bearing few or several long-peduncled flowers; leaves lanceolate, all in whorls, their edges and nenes minutely rough; divisions of the flower 2' -3' long, reeurvcd-sprcading above the middle. L. superbum, AMERICAN TURK'S CAP L. Stem 3'-"' high, bearing few or many flowers in a pyramidal panicle: leaves lanceolate, smooth, imperfectly whorled or many of them scattered; divisions of the flower strongly rolled backwards, about 3' long. L. Carolinianum, CAROLINA L., in the low country S., appears to be a variety of the above, 2° -3° high, with broader leaves and only 1-3 flowers more variegated with yellow. •t- •<- Cultivated species from the Old World. L. Pompbnium, TURBAN L., of Europe : slender, with scattered and crowded lance-linear or lance-awl-shaped leaves, and several small orange-red or scarlet (rarely white) flowers, their lanceolate acute divisions somewhat bearded inside. This and the next small-flowered, and not common in gardens. L. Chalcedonicum, RED L. of Palestine and throughout the East; stem thickly beset with scattered narrow lance-linear erect leaves, their margins rough-pubescent; flowers several, scarlet or vermilion, the divisions bearded towards the base within, not spotted. L. Martagon, TURK'S CAP or MARTAGON L., of Europe : :\ with lance-oblong leaves in whorls, their edges rough, and a panicle of rather small but showy light violet-purple or flesh-color (rarely white) flowers dotted with small brown-purple spots. L. SpeciOSUm, of Japan : stem l°-3° hi-h ; leaves M-uttercd, lance-ovate or oblong, pointed, slightly petioled ; flowers few, odorous, the strongly revo- lute divisions about 5' long, white or pale rose-color, with prominent purple warty projections inside : now of many varieties. L. aufatum, GOLDEN-BANDED L, of Japan : stem 1° high : leaves lanceolate, scattered; flowers 1-3, barely nodding, sweet-scented, very large, 340 LILY FAMILY. the ovate-lanceolate divisions 6' or more long, spreading almost from the base and the tips revolute, white with a light yellow band down the middle of the ii|i|>rr face, which is spotted all over with prominent purple spots and rough •with bri-tlv projection." near the base. Probably a Japanese hybrid of the pre- ceding with some oilier : the most showy species known. § 3. Flowers inclined, white, more or less funnel -fur m in outline ; the naked sessile tlii-isions ritiininiii/ or somewhat united In /mi} into a tube, t/ieir summits mure or few spreading, but hardly recur viny. All cultivated, from Asia, with scattered leaves. L. candidum, COMMON WHITE LILY. Cult, from Persia, £e. : with Ian ce«;lare leaves, and few or several bell-shaped flowers, smooth inside, sometimes double. L. Japonicum, JAPAN WHITE L. Cult, from Japan: 2° high, with mostly only one (lower, which is nodding and larger than in the foregoing, below coi i ni vent into a narrower tube, and above with the divisions more widely spreading. L. longiflorum, LONG-FL. WHITE L., of Japan : 1° high, with lanceo- late leaves, and a single horizontal funnel-form flower, 5' or 6' long, the narrow tubular portion longer than the rather widely spreading portion. 22. FRITILLARIA. ( Latin fritillus, a dice-box, from the shape of the flower, which differs from a Lily in its more cup-shaped outline, the divisions not spreading.) Fl. spring. F. Meleagris, GUINEA-HEN FLOWER. Cult, from Eu. : 1° high, with linear alternate leaves, mostly solitary terminal flower purplish, tessellated with blue and purple or whitish; the honey-bearing spot narrow. F. imperialis, or PtrfurM IMPKUIALE, CROWN IMPERIAL. Cult, from Asia: a stately herb of early spring, 3° -4° high, rather thickly beset along the middle with lanceolate or lance-oblong bright green leaves more or less in whorls; flowers several hanging in a sort of umbel under the terminal crown or tuft of leaves, large, orange yellow, or sometimes almost crimson, a round pearly gland on the base of each division ; pod 6-angled. 23. TTJLIPA, TULIP. (Name and the common species said to come from Persia.) Fl. spring and early summer : all from the Old World. T. Gesneriana, COMMON T., from Asia Minor, is the original of the various ordinary hardy kinds ; leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, shorter than the flower-stalk ; divisions of the flower very obtuse. T. suav6oleus, SWEET T. of Eu. : low ; flower sweet-scented, ite divisions acute, appearing very early. 24. ERYTHRONIUM, DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET. (Name from the Greek word tor red, — not appropriate even for the original European species. ) Fl. spring. E. Dens-canis, DOG-TOOTH-VIOLET of Eu : sometimes cult. ; has broadly oblong pale leaves little spotted, and a rose-purple or almost white flower in earlicM spriiiLT- E. Americanum, YELLOW D. or ADDER'S-TOWGUE. Moist or low woods, very common E. : leaves oblong-lanceolate, mottled and dotted with dark-purplish and whitMi ; flower light yellow. E. albidum, WHITE D. Hare in N. Y. and Perm., but common W. : leaves less or not at all spotted ; flower bluish-white. 25. ORNITHOGALUM, STAR OF BETHLEHEM. (Name in Greek means bii-d'n-inil/c, a current expression for some marvellous tiling.) Fl. early summer. O. umbellatum, COMMON S. or TEN-O'CLOCK, from Eu. : in old gardens and escaped into some low meadows : leaves long and grass-like; flowers bright white within, green outside, opening in the sun, on slender stalks. LILY FAMILY. 347 26. ALLIUM, ONION, LEEK, GARLIC, &c. (Ancient Latin name.) Taste and odor alliaceous. § 1. Wild species of the country, or one a naturalized weed. * Leaves bruad : flowers white, in summer : ovules and seeds single in each eel!. A. tricdccuin, WILL LEEK. Rich woods N. : bulbs clustered, large, pointed, sending up in spring 2 or 3 large lance-oblong flat leaves, and after they wither, in summer, a many-flowered umbel on a naked sca]> * * Leaves linear, grasr-like : ovules and seeds a pair in each cell : flowers rose color, in summer. A. c6rnuum, NODPING WILD ONION. Banks, through the Allegheny region and N. \V. : scape angular, l°-2° long, often nodding at tin- apex'; pedicels of the loose many-flowered tunbel dropping; flowers light rose-color; leaves linear, sharply keeled on the back, channelled. A. mutabile, CHANGEABLE WILD O. Dry sandy soil S. : scape 1° high, terete, bearing an erect umbel of white flowers changing to rose-color; leaves narrow, concave ; bult coated with a fibrous network. A. vineale, FIEL*> or CROW GARLIC. A weed from En. in gardens and cult or waste low grounds ; slender scape sheathed to the middle by the hollow thread-shaped leaves which are grooved down the upper side : flowers greenish- rose-color ; often their place is occupied by bulblets. * * * Leaves narwi} -linear, grass-like: ouults and seeds several in each cell: flowers nearly white, in sprint/. A. Striatum. Low pine barrens and prairies, Virginia to Illinois and S. : scape and leaves <>'- 12' high, the latter involute and striate on the back ; flowers 3- 10 in the umbel. § 2. Cultivated from the Old World : flowers in summer. * Leai-esflat. A. Mbly, GOLDEN GARLIC. Cult, for ornament in some gardens : leaves broadly lanceolate; scape 1° high; flowers numerous, large, golden yellow. A. sativum, GARDEN GARLIC. Bulbs clustered, pointed; Icnves lance- linear, keeled ; flowers few, purple, or bulblets in their place ; filaments all broad and 3-cleft. A. Pdrrum, GARDEN LEEK. Bulb elongated, single : leaves broadly linear, keeled or folded ; flowers in a head, white, with some rose-colored stripes ; 3 of the fiUments 3-forked. * * Leaves cylindrical, hollow: umbel globular, man t/- flowered. A. Ascalonicum, SCIIALLOTJ. Bulb with oblong offsets ; leaves awl- shaped ; flowers lilac-purple; 3 of the filaments 3-forked. A. Schoenoprasum, CHIVES. Low, tufted; leaves awl-shaped, equal- ling the scape; flowers purple-rose-color, its divisions lanceolate and pointed, long; filament simple. A. Cepa, OVION. Bulb depressed, large; leaves much shorter than the hollow inflated scape ; flowers white, or bulblets in their place. 27. SCILLA, SQUILL. (The ancient name of S. MARITIMA of S. Europe, the bulb of which is the officinal «//////.) S. Fraseri, WILD S. called WILL HYU-IVTH at the W., (>IAM\, and lincar-laiici ola.e shorter leaves. M. COmbsum, is larger, 9' high, with violet-colored oblong flowers, on longer pedicels in a IOOM' raceme, the uppermost in a tuft and abortive: the monstrous variety mo>t cultivated produces, later in the season, from the tufted apex of the scape a large paiiiclcd mass of abortive, contorted, bright blue branchlets, of a striking and handsome appearance. 29. HYACINTHUS, HYACINTH. (Mythological name, the plant dedicated to the favorite of Apollo.) H. orientalis, COMMON II., of the Levant, with its raceme of bine flow- ers, is the parent of the numberless cultivated varieties, of divers colors, single, and double : h1. spring. 30. AGAPANTHUS. (Of Greek words for amiable flower.) One species, A. umbellatus. Cult, from Cape of Good Hope, a handsome house-plant, turned out blooms in .summer; leaves large, bright-green, l°-2°long; scape l£°-2° high, bearing an umbel of pretty large blue flowers. 31. FUNKIA. (Named for one FKM&, a German botanist.) Ornamental, large-leaved, hardy plants, cult, from Japan and China : fl. summer. For- merly united with the Day-Lilv. F. subcordata. WHITE DAY-LILY, is the species with long, white, and tubular-ronnel-form flowers. F. ovata, I'«i.n: I)., the one with smaller, more nodding, blue or violet flowers, abruptly expanded above the narrow tube. 32. HEMEROCALLIS, DAY-LILY. (Name, in Creek, means l,,,nt,,- of-a-ion of flowers, which are at first erect and coral-red, soon they hang over and change to orange and at length to greenish yellow. Hoots half hardy N. 34. YUCCA, BKAU-GKASS. SI'AXISII-RAYONT.T. (American ab- original name.) Wild in sandy soil S., extending into Mexico, ^c. Cult, for ornament, but only the nearly Stemless species is really hardy N. . fl. summer, large, and whole plant of striking appearance, ruder various names and varieties, the common ones mainly belong to the following: * Ti'unk short, covered in'th /«NVS, riain/i null/ a fnnt or ttvo above the ground : jloirtriit'i >•/(///,- m-ii/ir-likr : /mil ili-y. Y. fllamcnt6sa, COMMON BEAR-GHASR, or AUAM'S NEEDLE. From E. Virginia S. : leaves lanceolate, 1°-L)0 long, spreading, moderately rigid, tipped with a weak prickly point, the smooth edges bearing thread-like filaments ; scape 3° -6° high ; flowers white or pale cream-color, sometimes tinged purplish. RUSH FAMILY. 340 Y. angUStif61ia, wild over the plains beyond tin- Mis~is-ippi, is smaller, with erect and narrow linear lea\e>, lew threads on their white margins, and yellowish-white flowers. * * Trunk arborescent, 2° -8° hii/li in irild plants on the sands of the cmist S., or much hit/In r in conservatories, naked below : no thnuilx t<> tin- 1< « Y. gloriosa. Trunk low, generally simple; leaves coriaeeoiK, sniooth- edged, slender-spiny tipped, 1° — 2° long, l'-lj'wide; flowers white, or pur- plish-tinged outside, in a short-peduncled panicle. Y. aloifolia, SPANISH-BAYONET. Trunk 4° -20° high, branching when old; leaves very rigid, strongly spiny-tipped, with \vry rough-serrulate saw like edges, 2° or more long, 1^' - 2' wide ; the short paniele nearly sessile. 125. JUNCACE.SJ, RUSH FAMILY. Plants with the appearance and herbage of Sedges and Grasses, yet with flowers of the structure of the Lily Family, having a com- plete perianth of 6 parts, 3 outer and 3 inner, but greenish aud glume-like. Stamens 6 or 3, style 1 : stigmas 3. 1. JUNCUS. Ovary and pod 3-celled or almost 3-celled, many-seeded. Herbage smooth : stems often leafless, generally pithy. 2. LUZULA. Ovary and pod 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae, and one seed to each. Stems and leaves often soft-hairy. 1. JUNCUS, RUSH, BOG-RUSH. (The classical Latin mime, from the verb meaning to join, rushes being used for bands.) Flowers Mimnicr. — We have more than 30 species, chiefly in bogs or wet grounds, nio-t of them diffi- cult and little interesting to the beginner, — to be studied in the Manual and in Dr. Engelmann's monograph. The following arc the commonest. § 1. LEAFLESS RUSHES, with naked and jointless round stems, wholly leafless, mere/i/ with sheaths at IXIKC, in tnjlsfrom matted running rootstOCKS : Jfowers in a lateral sessile panicle, y. J. effilSUS, COMMON RUSH, in low grounds ; has soft and pliant stems 2°-4° high, panicle of many greenish flowers, 3 stamens, and vcrv blunt pod. J. filifdrmis, of bogs and shores only N., is lender, pliant, l°-2° high, with few greenish flowers, 6 stamens, and a broadly ovate blunt but short- pointed pod. J. Balticus, of sandy shores N. ; has very strong rootstocks, ri-id stems 2° -3° high, a loose panicle of larger (2" long) and chestnut-colored with green- ish flowers, 6 stamens, and oblong blunt but pointed deep-brown pod. § 2. GRASSY-LEAVED RUSHES, with stems bearing grass-like jtat or thread- shaped (n< i-er knotty) leaves, at Itast near the liase : panicle terminal. * Flowers crowded in heads on the divisions of the panicle: stuns flattened: haves flat: stamen* 3. J. marginatUS. Sandy wet soil, from S. New England S. high; leaves lony linear; heads several-flowered, brownish or purplish. J. repens. 'Miry banks S. : spreading or .-(.(,11 creeping < short linear ; heads of green flowers few in a loose leafy panicle. * * Flowers single on the ultimate branches of the panicle, or rarely clustered: stamens 6 : leaves slemlir, J. bufonius. Along all wet roadsides, &c. : stem- low and slender, branch- ing, 3'-9' high; greenish flowers scattered in a loose panicle; Bepalfl linear and awl-pointed. i J. Gerardi, BLACK GRASS of salt marshes : in tufts with rather r l°-2° high, and a contracted panicle of chestnut-brown but partly gri flowers, the sepals blunt. 2/ 350 SPIDERWORT FAMILY. J. t6nuis. Open low grounds and fields, everywhere N. : in tufts, with wiry stems 10' -20' high, a loose panicle shorter than the slender leaves near it, and LiTccn (lowers with lanceolate very acute sepals longer than the green blunt and scarcely pointed pod. y. 3. dichotomus. Low sandy grounds, takes the place of the preceding S. : has more thread-like leaves, flowers more onesided on the branches of the pan- iele, and greeni.-h sepals only as long as the globular and beak-pointed brown- ish pod. ^f § 3. KNOTTY-LEAVER RUSHES, the. sterna (often branching above) having 2-4 thread-ti/i'i/'nl or laterally flattened leaves, irldrk are knotty as if jointed (especially when dry) by internal cross-partitions: panicle terminal. Of these there tin' ninny species, needing close discrimination : the following are only the very commonest, especially the. northern ones. 2/ J. acuminatUS. Very wet places : 10'-30' high ; heads .3-10 flowered in a loose spreading panicle, greenish turning straw-colored or brownish; sepals lance-awl-shaped, barely as long as the triangular sharp-pointed pod; stamens 3 ; seeds merely acute at both ends. It flowers in early summer. J. nodosus. Mostly in sandy or gravelly soil : spreading by slender root- stocks which bear little tubers, 6'- 15' high: heads few, crowded, chestnut- brown, each of 8-20 flowers; sepals lance-linear and awl-pointed, hardly as long as the slender and taper-pointed pod ; seeds abruptly short-pointed at both ends ; stamens ti. J. scirpoides. From New York S. : stems rigid, l°-3° high from a thick rootstock; heads spherical and dense, 15-80-tlowercd, dull pale green; sepals rigid, awl-shaped and bristly-pointed ; stamens 3 ; pod taper-pointed ; seeds abruptly short-pointed at each end. J. Canadensis. Wet places, common, flowering in autumn, very variable, l°-3° high; bends numerous, greenish or light brownish, 5 - many-flowered ; sepals lanceolate, the 3 outer shorter ; stamens 3 ; seeds tail-pointed at both ends. 2. LUZULA, WOOD-RUSH. (Luciola is Italian for the glow-worm.) 11 L. pilbsa. Shady banks N. : G'-9' high; with lance-linear leaves, and chestnut-brown flowers in an umbel, in spring. L. campestris. Dry or moist fields and woods, 6'- 12' high, with linear leaves, and 4-12 spikes or short heads of light brown or straw-colored heads in an umbel, in spring. 126. COMMELYNACE^3, SPIDERWORT FAMILY. Herbs with mucilaginous juice, jointed and mostly branching leal y stems, and perfect tlmvers, having a perianth of usually 3 green and persistent sepals, and three ephemeral petals (these commonly melt into jelly the night after expan-ion) ; 6 stamens, some of them often imperfect, and a free 2-3-celled ovary; style and stigma one. Pod 2 - 3-celled, few-seeded. Not aquatic, the greater part tropical. 1. OOMMEl.VXA. Flowers blue, irregular. Sepals unequal, 2 of them sometimes united by their contiguous margins. Two of the petnl- rounded and on slen- der claw'*, the odd one smaller or abortive. Stamens uneijiial: three of them fertile, one of these bent inwards: three smaller and with cro«— haped im- prrfi-et anthers: filamenN naked. I.eave> abruptly contracted and sheathing at b:i-e. the uppermost forming a -pathe for tin- (lowers. 2. TRADESCANTlA. Flowers regular. 1'etals all alike, ovate, sessile. The (J stamens all with similar and good anthers, on bearded filaments. 1. COMMEI/^NA, DAY-FLOWER. (There were three Commelyns, Dutch botanists, two of them were authors, the other published nothing. In naming this genus for them, Liniueus is understood to have designated the YELLOW-EYED GRASS FAMILY. 3f> 1 two former by the full-developed petals, the latter by the smaller or abortive petal. ) Ours are branching perennials, or continued by rooting from the j< >ints ; in alluvial or moist shady soil : fl. all summer. C. erecta. From Penn. S. & W. : stem erect, 2° -4° high; leave, lanee- oblong, 3' -7' long, the margins rough backwards, and sheaths fringed with bristles; spathes crowded, hooded, top-shaped in fruit; odd petal like the others but smaller. C. Virginica. From S. New York S. & W. : stems reclining and rooting at base ; leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrower ; spathes scattered, conduplicate, round-heart-shaped when laid open ; odd petal inconspicuous. 2. TRADESCANTIA, SPIDERWORT. (Named for the gardener-bot- anist Tradescant.) Leaves sheathed at the base. 11 * Wild species of moist or rich woods, one vt-ry common in gardens: with erect stems, linear or lanceolate keeled leaves, the uppermost nearly like the others. •*- Umbels sessile at the end of the stem and branches between a pair of leaves, or later also in the lower axils : flowering in summer. T. Virginica. Common wild from W. New York W. & S , and in gar- dens : leaves lance-linear, tapering regularly from the base to the point, cilian- ; umbels terminal; flowers blue, in garden varieties purple or white. T. pilbsa. Chiefly W. : 2° or more high, with zig/.ag stem, more or less pubescent leaves lanceolate from a narrowish base, very dense terminal and ax- illary umbels of smaller and later purple-blue flowers, and hairy calyx and pedicels- -i- •»- Umbels one or two on a naked peduncle. T. rbsea. Sandy woods chiefly S. & W. : slender, 6' -12' high, smooth, with linear grass-like leaves, and rose-colored flowers ^' wide. * * Conservatory species from the tropics. T. zebrina, the only one common, spreads by branching and rooting freely, rarely blossoms, is cult, for its foliage ; the lance-ovate or oblong rather succu- lent leaves crimson beneath, and green or purplish above, variegated with two, broad stripes of silvery white. 127. XYRIDACEJE, YELLOW-EYED GRASS F. Rush-like herbs, with equiiant leaves, like Sedges, or rather Bul- rushes, in having flowers in a head or spike one under each linn glume-like bract, but with a regular perianth of o sepal- and 3 col- ored (yellow) petals; also a 1 -celled many-seeded ovary and pod with 3 parietal placentas, somewhat as in the Rush Family, repre- sented by Xyris flexubsa, COMMON YELLOW-EYED GRASS, of sandy 4'- 16' high; head roundish; lateral sepals glume-like lance-oblong, l«mt- shaped, wingless; the anterior one larger, membranaceons, enwrapping the corolla in the bud and deciduous with it ;' petals 3, with claws, alternatm- with 3 sterile bearded or plumose filaments and bearing on their base 3 naked fila- ments with linear anthers ; style 3-cleft. 11 X. Caroliniana, the commonest of several Southern speeies ; al><> ? l°-2°high, the scape 2-edged at top, bearing a larger head (about \' long), lateral sepals winged but nearly naked cm the keel. y. X. fimbriata, from pine barrens of New Jersey S. : 2° high, with oblong head almost 1' long, the lateral sepals fringed on the keel. ^ 352 SEDGE FAMILY. 128. ERIOCAULONACE.SI, PIPEWORT FAMILY. Another small group of mar>h or aquatic herbs, of Rush-like appearance, with a head of monoecious white-bearded flowers, in structure somewhat like the Yellow-eyed Grass, terminating a naked scape, at the base of which is a tuft of grassy awl-shaped, linear, or lanceolate leaves of loose cellular texture, not equitant, but the upper surface concave. Eriocatllon septangulare, in ponds or in their gravelly margins, is the common species N., \vith7-augled scape 2' -6' high, or more, when the water is deeper : ti. summer. E. gnaphalodes, with grassy awl-shaped taper-pointed leaves, in pine- barren swamps from N. Jersey S. E. decangulare, with similar or wider and blunt leaves, lo-12-ribbed scapes l°-3° high, and heads sometimes £' wide; in similar situations S. III. GLUMACEOUS DIVISION. Flowers enclosed or sub- tended by glumes or husk-like bracts ; no proper calyx or corolla, except sometimes minute bristles or scales which represent the peri- anth. Stems of the straw-like sort, called culms. 129. CYPERACE.3E, SEDGE FAMILY. Some rush-like, others grass-like plants, with flowers in spikes or heads, one in the axil of each glume, the glume being a scale-like or husk-like bract. No calyx nor corolla, except some vestiges in the form of bristles or occasionally scales, or a sac which imitates a perianth ; the 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary in fruit an akene. Divisions of the style 2 when the akene is flattish or lenticular, or 3, when it is usually triangular. Leaves when present very commonly 3- ranked, and their sheath a closed tube; the stem not hollow. A large family, to be studied in the Manual, &c., and too dillicult for the beginner. Therefore passed over here. None cultivated, except sparingly CVPERUS ESCULENTUS of the Mediterranean region, for its nut-like. .-wcet-taMrd tubers, called Cn UFA: only two are pernicious weeds, and that from their multi- plying by similar nut-like tubers, which are hard to extirpate; these are CYPEROS rnv.MATbnES, in sandy soil, but troublesome only S. ; .111(1 C. ROTUNDUS, var. HYDRA, the NUT-GRASS Or COCO-GRASS of the South. In the genus SciRPUS, the tall COMMON BULRUSH, S. LACUSTRIS, or better the small one with 3-sided stems, S. PUN- <;KNS, in the borders of ponds, is used for rush-bottomed chairs. CLADIUM EFFCSTM, with its coarse saw-edged leaves is the SAW- GRASS of the South. Of Sedges proper (CAKEX) there are about 160 species, several of which contribute (more in bulk than value) to the hay of low coarse meadows and halt-reclaimed bogs. GRASS KAMII.Y. 130. GRAMINE.&J, GRASS FAMILY. Grasses, known from other glumaceous plants by their 2-ranked leaves having open sheaths, the jointed stems commonly, but not always hollow, and the glumes in pairs, viz. a pair to each spikclci even when it consists of a single flower (these called glumes proper), and a pair to each flower (called palets), rarely one of them want- ing. Flower, when perfect, as it more commonly is, consisting of 3 stamens (rarely 1, 2, or 6), and a pistil, with 2 styles or a 2-cleft style, and 2 either hairy or plumose-branched >tigmas : ovary 1- celled, 1-ovuled, becoming a grain: the floury part is the albumen of the seed, outside of which lies the embryo (Lessons, p. 25, fig. G6-70). The real structure and arrangement of the flowers and spikelets of Grasses are much too difficult and recondite for a beginner. For their study the Manual must be used: in which the genera both of this and the Sedge Family are illustrated by plates. Here is offered merely a shorthand way of reaching the names of the commonest cultivated and meadow grasses and the cereal grains A. Stems hollow, or soon becoming so. § 1. Spikelets in panicles, sometimes crowded but never so as to fonn a spike. * F/ow.rs moncccious, the staminate and pistillate separate in the same panicle. Zizania aquatica, IKDIAN RICE or WATER OATS : in water, common- est N. W. ; tall and reed-like Grass, with leaves almost as large as those of Indian Corn, the upper part of the ample panicle bearing pistillate flowers on erect club-shaped pedicels, the lower hearing staminate flowers on spreading branches ; each flower or spikelet with only one pair of glumes, the outer one long-awncd ; grain slender, y long, collected for food by N. \V. Indians. (I) * * Flowers one and perfect in earh spikeltt, with or without rudiments of others. -*- Stamens 6. Oryza sativa, RICE. Cult. S., from Asia, in low grounds: 2° -4° hiijh, with upper surface of the lance-linear leaves rough ; branchc- of the panicle crert ; outer glumes minute, the inner coriaceous, very much flattened laterally, .-<> as to be strongly boat-shaped or conduplicate, closing over the grain and falling with it, the outer one commonly bearing an awn. © •i- -i- Stamens 3, or rarely fewer. Agr6stis Vlllgaris, RKD-TOP. Rather low and delicate grass of meadows and pastures, with oblong spreading panicle of small purple or purplish spikelets , the lanceolate proper glumes thin, but much firmer than the delicate palets, about the length of the outer one, the upper truncate palet one half shorter. 11 A. alba, FIORIN or WHITE BENT GRASS. Less abundant in meadows, the stems with procumbent or creeping base; lignle long and conspicuous; panicle more dense, greenish or slightly purplish : a valuable meadow-grass. "21 Calamagrdstis Canaddnsis, BI.CK-JOINT GRASS. In all bogs X.. and in reclaimed low meadows, much liked by cattle : 3°-5° high ; resembles an Airro-- tis, but taller, and with a tuft of downy long hair-; around the flower almo-t of its length, the lower palet with a delicate awn low down on its back and scarcely stouter than the surrounding down. 2/ C. arenaria, SEA SAXD-REED of beaches where it serves a useful pur- pose in binding the sand by its long running rootstocks ; has the panicle con- tracted into a long spike-like inflorescence, so that it would be sought in the next division ; leaves long and strong ; spikelets pale, rather rigid, the hairs at the base of the palets two thirds shorter than they. TJ. S & F— 26 354 r.\Mii v. Phalaris arundinacea, NEED CANARY-GRASS, the striped variety is the familiar RIHKON-GRASS of country gardens ; wild in bogs and low grounds ; 2° -4° high, with flat leaves nearly $' wide, flowering in early summer, in a pretty dense contracted panicle, hut open when the blossoms expand; the ovate whitish glumes longer and much thinner than the blunt coriaceous palets ; a hairy rudiment or appendage at the base of each of the latter. ^ P. Canariensis, CANARV-GKASS. Cult, from Eu. for Canary-seed, and running wild in some waste places: ]0-20 high, with the panicle contracted into a sort of oblong spike, the glumes with wing-like keels, and a little scale or rudimentary sterile flower at the base of each palet. © * * * Flowers several in each spikdet, all or nearly all perfect. -»- Reeds or Canes of the borders of rivers and ponds. 2/ Phragmites COmmunis, COMMON REED, mostly N. : 5° -12° high, with leaves l'-2' wide, the stems dying down to the base; panicle in late sum- mer or autumn, loose ; spikelets 3 -7-flowered. beset with white silky long hairs. Arundinaria macrosp6rma, LARGE CANE, forming the cane-brakes S. : with woody stems 10° -20° high and leaves l'-2' wide, branching the sec- ond year, at length flowering from the branches, in Feb. or March ; the panicle of a few small racemes of large many-flowered naked spikelets, the palets downv. A. tecta, SMALLER REED, S., is only 4° - 10° high, and more branching. -i- -i- Meadow- Grasses, Sfc. ; with awn if any terminating the glume or pakt. Dactylis glomerata, ORCHARD-GRASS. Nat. from Europe in meadows and yards : a tall and coarse but valuable grass for hav, t£.c , flourishes in shadv places, 3° high; with broadly linear, rather rough, pa'le, and keeled leaves, and a dense panicle of one-sided clusters, on which the spikelets are much crowded, each 3-4-flowcred, both the glumes and the laterally compressed-keeled lower palet tapering into a short awn, rough-ciliate on the keel : fl. early summer. ^ P6a, MEADOW-GRASS ; several common species ; known by the open panicle of 3- 10-flowered spikelets, the glumes and palets blunt (no awn nor pointed tip), the latter laterally compressed and deep boat-shaped, with scarious or white membranaceous edges, and usually some delicate cobwebby hairs towards the base. Fl. summer. ^, all but the first. Poa annua, Low SPEAR-GRASS. Very low weedy grass in cult, ground, waste places, paths, &c. : fl. in spring or again in summer. © P. COmpressa, WIRE GRASS. In gravelly waste soil: pale, with low very flat steins, rising obliquely from a creeping base; panicle small. P. ser6tina, FOWL-MEADOW-GRASS or FALSE RED-TOP: an important native grass in wet meadows N. ; (lowers in late summer in a loose panicle, the 2-4-flowercd ^pikelets green with dull purple; lower palet narrow, acutish. P. trivialis, ROUGIIISH MEADOW-GRASS. A common introduced meadow and pasture grass, N. : flowering before midsummer, with open panicle of green spikelcts, these mostly .'(-flowered, the lower palet prominently 5-nerved ; sheaths mid leaves roughish ; lignle oblong, acute. A white-striped variety, lately in- troduced, is cult, for ornament and very pretty. P. prat6nsis, COMMON M. or westward called KFXTITKY BLUE GRASS. Dry meadows ami pastures, spreading by running rootstocks, and with more crowded and often purplish panicle than the foregoing, flowering in earliest Miinmer, the sheath smooth, and ligule short and blunt; lower palet hairy along the margins and the 5 nerves. Festtica, FESCUE GRASS. Known from Poa by the firmer or even oori- HC ..... us texture of the lower palet, which is convex on the back, not cobwebby, and sometimes awn-tipped. F. OVina, SHEEP'S FKSCI-E. Valuable pasture and lawn-grass, 4° -2° high, tufted, with slender or involute pale leaves, 3 - ^-flowered spikelets in a short 1-sided panicle, open in flowering, contracted afterwards, the lower palet rolled uj>, almost awl-shaped and tipped with a sharp point or brioon adher- ing to the grain. Coarse grasses : two or three wild species are common, and the following are weeds of cultivation, from Europe, or the last cultivated tor (odder. B. secalinus, COMMON CHESS or CHEAT. Too well known in wheat- fields ; nearly smooth ; panicle open and spreading, even in fruit ; spikelets turgid; flowers laid broadly over each other in the two ranks; lower palet convex on the back, concave within, awnless or short-awned. © @ B. racemdsus. UPRIGHT CHESS : like the other, but with narrower erect panicle contracted in fruit, lower palet sicnder-awned, and sheaths .-ome- times hairy. © ® B. mollis, SOFT CHESS : like the preceding, but soft-downy, with denser conical-ovate spikelets, and the long-awned lower palet acute. © @ B. unioloides, or B. SCIIR.\DERI (CERATOCIII.OA UNIOLOIDES) : lately much prized for fodder, may be valuable S., is rather stout and broad-leaved, with drooping large spikelets much flattened laterally, so that the lower palets are almost conduplicate and keeled on the back. ]/ Briza maxima, LARGE QUAKING GRASS or RATTLESNAKE-GRASS, is sometimes cult, in gardens for ornani /nt, from En. : a low trrass, with the hanging many-flowered ovate-heart-shaped spikelets somewhat like those of Bromus, but pointless, very tumid, purplish, becoming dry and papery, rattling in the wind, — whence the common name. © -i- -4- •»- Grain and fileadow-Grnsses, ivith a mostly twisted or !>ent awn on the bar/i of the I nicer pnlet : flowers 2 or 3, or ff.io in t/ie spilcelet, and mostly shorter than the (/lames. +-<• Flowers perfect or the uppermost rudimentary. Aveaa sativa, CULTIVATED OAT, from Old World : soft and smooth, with a loose panicle of large drooping spikelets, the palets investing the grain, one flower with a long twisted awn on the back, the other awnless. © A. nilda, SKINLESS OAT, rarely cult, from Old World : has narrower roughish leaves, 3 or 4 flowers in the spikeiet, and grain loose in the palets. © *+ +•*• One floicer perfect and one. staminate only. ArrenathSrum avenaceum, OAT-GRASS, or GRASS-OF-THE-ANDES. Rather coar>e but soft grass, introduced from Europe into meadows and fields and rather valuable : 2° -4° high, with flat linear leaves, IOIIL;- and loose panicle, thin and very unequal glumes, including a staminate flower, the lower palet, of which bears a long bent awn below its middle, above this a perfect flower with its lower palet bristle-pointed from near the tip, and above that a rudiment of a third flower. 2/ H61CUS lanatus, VELVET-GRASS, or MBADOW-SOPT-GRASS. Introduced from En. into meadows, not very common, li°-2° hiirh. well distinguished by its paleness and velvety softness', being soft downy all over ; panicle crowded ; the flowers only 2 in the spikeiet, small, rather distant, the lower one perfect and awnless, tlie upper staminate and with a curved or hooked awn below the tip of its lower palet. y, § 2. Spikelets either strict/i/ spiked or in a panicle so contracffl and dm*r as to imitate a spike. (I fere would he gout/lit one apides o/"Calamagrostis and one of Phalaris.yo/- which see above, p. 354, 35").) * Aim borne low down on the back of one or tiro p- Spikelels densely crowded in a long perfectly cylindrical apparent spike, each spike- Itt strictly \-jl< 2-5 spikes digitate, i. e. a// on the a/iex of the flowering stem : pulets awiittss. Finger-grass miijht be sought here ; see Panicum below. *•* Flower only one to each spikelet, and a mere rudiment beyond it, awnless. Cynodon Dactylon, IU-.RMI-DA or SCITTCII GRASS. An introduced weed chieflv S., where it is useful in sandy soil, where a better grass is not to be had ; creeping extensively, the rigid creeping stems with short flatfish leaves and sending up flowering shoots a few inches high, bearing the 3-5 slender spikes. T/ *+ ++ Flowers 3 - T> or more in each spiki'hi, the uppermost generally imperftct .• sfid loose, proportionally large, rough-wrinkled. ® Eleusine Indica, CRAB-GRASS, YARD-GRASS, DOU'S-TAIL, or WiiiE- GRVSS. Introduced only in yards or lawns X., more abundant S., where it is valuable for cattle; low," spreading over the ground, pale; glumes and palets pointless. Dactyloct6nium JEgyptlacum, EGYPTIAN GRASS. Yards and fields, chieflv a weed, S. : creeping over the ground, low ; spikes dense and thickish ; glumes flattened laterally and keeled, one of them awn-pointed, the strongly keeled boat-shaped lower "palet also pointed. +.+.*- Spikekts spiked alternately on opposite sitls of a zi,,z,tn jointed rhachis. +* Glume only one to the solitary spib'lcl, which stands edgewise. L61ium pcr6nne, D \UXEI.. RYE-GRASS, or KAY GBABS. Introduced from Europe : a good pasture-grass, l°-2° high, with loose spike 5 -6 tone, of 12 or more about 7-flowered spikelets placed cd-vwi-e. BO that one row of (lowers is next the glume, the other next the rhachis ; lower palet sliort-awned or awnless. •«• Glumes a p,i:r to the single spiMf, right i ITCH or QUICK-GRASS, O^e , belongs to the section with perennial roots; this spreads amazingly by its vigorous long running rootstocks, is a pest in cultivated fields, and is too coarse and GRASS FAMILY. I}.', 7 hard for a meadow grass : of many varieties, introduced from Europe ; spikelets 4- S-flowered ; lower palct cither pointless or short-awned. 2/ T. VUlgare, WHEAT. Spike dense, somewhat 4-idr.l ; tin- spikrl, -H crowded, 4- 5-flowcred, turgid; glumes veutricosc, blunt; palrt either a or awnless ; grain free. © T. Spelta, SPELT. A grain rarely cult, in this country; spike flat, the rhachis fragile, breaking up at the joints ; grain enclosed in tlic paler-, i Secale cereale, UVE. Tall ; spike as in wheat; spikelcts with onlv •>. per- fect flowers ; glumes a little distant, bristly towards the ba,-e ; low.-r pa'let veu- tricosc, long awncd ; grain brown. +-•*-•*- Glumes 6 at each joint, in front of the 3 spikelets, forminej on inrolucre. Hordeum VUlgare, COMMON BARLKY, from the Old World : spike dense, the 3 spikelets at each joint of the rhachis all with a fertile flower, ita lower palet long-awned. © H. distichum, T\VO-ROWED BARLEY, from Tartary : only one spikelet at each joint of the rhachis with a fertile flower, the two lateral spikelets being reduced to sterile rudiments, the flowers therefore two-rowed in the spike. i •i- -t- -t- -t- Spikelets in a contracted panicle or seeming spike, or if spiked some- wltat on one side of the rhachis : each with a single p< /•/«»•/ flower, //.< /<"/>/.s of coriaceous or cartilaginous tcxtnr,- : by the side of it are either one or two thin palets of a sterile usually neutral flower. Setaria, FOXTAIL-GRASS. Spikelets in clusters on the branches of tho contracted spike-like panicle or seeming spike, these continued beyond them into awn-like rough bristles ; but no awns from the spikelets themselves. Weeds, or the last one cult. ; all from Old World ; fl. late summer. © S. glauca, COMMON* FOXTAIL : in all stubble and cultivated grounds ; low ; spike tawny yellow, dense ; long bristles 6-11 in a cluster, rough upwards (as also all the following) ; palets of perfect flower wrinkled cros.-wi-r. S. viridis, GREEN FOXTAIL or BOTTLE-GRASS; has less dense and green spike, fewer bristles, and palets of perfect flower striate lengthwise. S. Italica, or GERMA.NICA, ITALIAN MILLET, BENGAL GRASS, &c. Cult, for fodder, 3° - 5° high, with rather large leaves, a compound or interrupted so- called spike, which is evidently a contracted panicle, sometimes G' - 9' long and nodding when ripe; bristles short and few in a cluster; palets of the fertile flower smooth. Panicum (Digitaria) sanguinale, FINGER-GRASS or CRAB-GK\*S. Chiefly a weed in cult, fields in late summer and autumn, but useful in thin grounds S. for hay; herbage reddish; spikes 4-15, slender, digitate, nearly 1-sided ; spikelets seemingly 1-flowered with 3 glumes ; no awns. © P. Crus-galli, COCK'S-FOOT P., or BARXYARD-GRASS. Common weedy grass, of moist barnyards and low rich grounds : coarse, with rather broad Iruvr-, and numerous seeming spikes along the naked summit of the floweriuir -tnn-, often forming a sort of panicle ; spikelets containing one fertile and our >terilc flower, the lower palet of the latter bearing a coarse rough awn. i P capillare, WITCH GRASS of stubble and corn-fields in autumn. Inning a very open capillary panicle, would be sought under another division ; it is a mere weed. © B. Stems not hollow, pitfii/. § 1. Spikelets clustered or smtti n>l in mi ample panicle, each icith one perfect and one neutral or staminate flower. * Witltoiit silhi-ilown : . Sorghum. VUlgare, INDIAN MILLET, PUKKA, or DOCRA. &C., from Africa or India; the var. CERNUUM. GTINLA CORN, has dcnsch contracted panicle, and is cult, for the grain. Var. SACCIIARATUM, SWEET SORGHUM, CmNESB SUGAR-CANE, IMPIIEE, &c., cult, for the syrup of the stem ; and BKOO.M-CORN. for the well-known corn-brooms. © 3.">8 GKASS FAMILY. * * Lonrj white silky down with Saccharum Officinarum, Tun: Si «. \I:-<'ANI: : cult, far S. : rarely left to flower, propagated by cuttings; stein 8°- 20° high, 1'-^' thick. 2/ Gyndrium. arg6nteum, PAMPAS (JKASS. Tall reed-like grass, from S. America, planted out tin- ornament; with a large tuft of rigid linear and tapering recurved-spreading leaves, several feet in length ; the flowering stem 0 to 12 feet high, in autumn bearing an ample silvery-silky panicle. 2£ § 2. Sp/kelels in spikes : slamhiate and pistillate separate, * In the same spike, the upper part of which is staininate, the lower pistillate, Tripsacum dactyloides, (JAMA (JKASS, SKSAMK GHASS. Wild in moist soil from Conn. S. : proposed for fodder S. ; nutritious, but too coarse ; leaves almost as large as those of Indian corn ; spikes narrow, eompo.-ed of a row of joints which break apart at maturity ; the fertile cylindrical, the exter- nal! v cartilaginous spikelets immersed in the rhaehis, the sterile part thinner and flat, ^ * * In different spikes. Z6a Mays, MAIZE, INDIAN COUN. Stem terminated by the clustered slender spikes of staininate (lowers (the tuxsrl) in 2-flowercd spikclets ; the pis- tillate flowers in a dense and many-rowed spike borne on a short axillary branch, two flowers within each pair of glumes, but the lower one neutral, the upper pis- tillate, with an extremely long style, the silk, (i) SERIES IT. FLOWERLESS OR CRYPTOGAMOUS PLANTS: THOSE which fructify without true flowers, that is, with- out stamens and pistils, and produce spores (simple cells) in place of seeds. CLASS III. ACROGENS ; the highest class of Flower- less Plants, those with a distinct axis, or stem, growing from the apex, containing woody matter and ducts, and bearing leaves, or something answering to leaves. The account of the three following families is contributed by PROFESSOR DANIEL C. EATON, of Yale College. Figures of the indigenous genera are given in the Manual. 131. EQUISETACE^I, HORSE-TAIL FAMILY. Perennial flowerless plants, rising from creeping rootstocks ; tli<* stems mostly hollow, furrowed, many-jointed, with mere scales at the joints united into a sheath in place of leaves ; either simple or with branches in whorls about the joints ; fructification in terminal cone-like spikes, composed of 5-angled short-stalked and shield- shaped scales, each bearing on the under surface about 6 one-celled spore-cases. Contains but one genus. 1. EQUISETTJM, HORSE-TAIL, SCOURING-RUSH. (Name from the Latin, meaning horse-tail.) Stems grooved, the cuticle often containing silex ; each joint closed at the lower end, and bearing at the upper a tubular sheath (a whorl of united leaves) which encloses the base of the next joint, and is split into as many narrow teeth as there are ridges in the stem. Seeds (that is, s/>ory the leafy portion becomes a midrib, which may be primary, secondary, $-c.\ I. POLYPODIACE^E, or TRUE FERNS: characterized by stalked spore-cases, having a vertical, incomplete, many-jointed, elastic, ring, which straightens at maturity, breaking open the spore- case transversely, and so discharging the spores. Spore-cases rarely if ever on very narrow thread-like branches; the fruit-dots often covered by a scale-like involucre (the indusiuiri). § 1. No definite fruit-dots, but the spore-crises in large patches on the under surface of the fertile frond, or entirely covering the under surface: no indiisium. 1. ACROSTICHUM § CHRYSODIUM. Fronds simple or pinnately branched, with reticulated veins : spore-cases covering the whole under surface of the frond or of its upper divisions. 2. PLATYCEKIUM. Fronds irregularly forking; veins reticulated: spore-cases in large patches on special portions of the under surface. § 2. Spore-cases on Ihe back of the frond, sometimes near the mnrain, in dots or lines (sori) placed on the veins or at the ends of the veins, but without indiisium of tint/ kind. 3. POLYPODH'M. Fronds simple or pinnate, rarely twice pinnate: veins free or reticulated; fruit-dots round or roundish, at the ends i,C the veins, or at the point when- -e\ era I veins meet (mtin/in. 6. ADIAXTUM. Fruit-dot-* :it the ends of the vein-;, borne on the inner side of a reflexed portion of the margin. Stalk 'lurk and poiMied. -'.m'-'imes rhaiVv- bristly. Pinnules always separate, distinctly .stalked or alnio-t gi never decurrent on the rliachis. 7. PTERIS. Spore-cases on a transverse veinlike reee|>taele within the mar/in, which connects the ends of the veins, and is covered by the rellexed ihin margin. Stalk light-colored (except in § Doryopteri.s.) Pinnules or ultimate segments adnate to the rhachis, often decurrent. 8. PELL-5SA. Spore-cases in short lines on the upper part of the veins, confluent in a sub-marginal band of fructification, white within, more or less c<>\ by the reflexed and commonly thin margin. Stalk dark and polished, some- times chall'y. Pinnules mostly distinct, sessile or nearly so. § 4. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, on transverse reticulating veinleit, in rows near the midrib and parallel to it: indusiuin of the same shape as the fruit-lint, opining toward the midrib and attached by the outer edge to the fruitful i-mss-veiiiltt. 9. WOODWARDIA. Fruit-dots straight, oblong-linear, in chain-like rows, partly sunken in shallow cavities of the under surface of the frond. Rather large, native. Veins reticulated, often very much so. 10. DOODIA. Fruit-dots oblong, often slightly crescent-shaped, not sunken in the frond. Exotics; the narrow fronds pinnatifid or simply pinnate. § 5. fruit-dots oblong or linear, on one or both sides of oblique veinlets, with i/irulu- cres of like shape attached by one edije to the n inl< / mid free atony the other. 11. ASPLEXIUM. Fruit-dots single and placed on the upper side of the veinleN, rarely double and set back to back on both sides of the same veinlet. Veins mostly free. 12. SCOLO'PENDRIUM. Fruit-dots linear, elongated, double and placed face to face along contiguous veinlcts; each pair thus seeming to be a single one with an indusium opening along the middle. Frond simple, ribbon-shaped or tongue-shaped, with free forking vein*. 13. CAMPTOSORUS. Fruit-dots various, mostly short; those near the midrib double as in the last; the outer ones angled, curved or straight, simple as in Asplenium. Frond simple, tapering to a long and narrow usually rooting point. Veins reticulated. § 6. Fruit-dots on the back of the veins, rarely at the, ends, round or roundish, covered at least when y»uny by a special indusiuin of the same general shape. Sterile and fertile fronds alike or nearly so. 15. ASPIDIUM. Indusium flat, round or kidney-shaped, fixed at or near the cen- tre, opening all round the edge. Mostly rather large. Ferns, from once to thrice pinnate. Veins free in the native species. 16. CYSTOPTERIS. Indusium convex, fixed by the base partly under the fruit- dot, at length reflexed. Small Ferns, with delicate twice or thrice pinnate fronds. Veins free. § Sterile fronds broad and leafy : fertile ones with rontnti'tid anil rolled rip and pod- like or berry-like diclsions: indusium reri/ e//s. •«/•.. irrci/id-irl// semicircular, placed at the base of a short receptacle to which the s/wre-cases tire attached. 17. STRUTHTOPTERIS. Sterile fronds tall, with free veins, growing in a crown; fertile fronds coming up much later in an inner circle, pinnate, e:n-h pinna rolled up from the edges into a somewhat cylindrical or necklace-like body, containing the fruit. 18. OXOCLEA. Fronds scattered on along creeping rootstock; sterile ..nes wit reticulated veins; fertile ones twice pinnate, the divi-imis contracted, rolled up and berry-like. § 8. Involucres star-shaped, with broad and ragged or else capillary and jointed rays, placed on the veins under the round fruit-dots, sometimes at first eaoeuping the spore-cases. 19. WOODSIA. Small Ferns, often growing in dense tufts: fronds once or twice- pinnate : veins forked, free. 3G2 FKKN FAMILY. § 9. Frvil-flotf separate or laterally confluent at or near the margin <\f the frond, borne on ilif i">/'/.< <'/' tin I'linf, in' mi tin i //'/.s of very short side-Ktinlets : the indusium iiltin'hul y its sides with a little lobe or tooth of the t'rnnd, li.niiing a minute 2-lipped cup, at first nearly or quite closed, opening as the spore-cases ripen. Large Ferns, native or exotic, some of the latter arborescent. II. CYATHEACE^,or TREE FERNS: with erect and tree- like stems, often many feet high. Fruit-dots round, not marginal, naked, or with an involucre placed beneath the stalked spore-cases, which are seated on a globose or elevated receptacle, have a some- what oblique complete ring, and burst open transversely. 22. CYATHKA. Fruit-dots on a vein or in the forking of a vein, fit first enclosed in a globose involucre, which opens at the top, and remains cup-shaped with an entire or broken edge. 23. ALSOl'illLA. Fruit-dots as on the last, but entirely naked, or with a rudi- mentary indu-ium consisting of a minute scale beneath the spore-* veins free. III. HYMENOPHYLLACEJE, or FILMY FERNS: these have very delicate and tran-lucent fronds, the short-pedicelled spore- cases growing on a sl.ort or long thread-like receptacle, included in a goblet-shaped or 2-lipped involucre, and furnished with a complete transverse or slightly oblique ring. 24. TIMCIIOMANKS. Fruit-clots marginal, at the end of a vein, which extends through the funnel-form or goble---haped involucre, as a thread-like recepta- cle bearing the spore-ca~e-; involucres sunken more or less in the frond, and of the same pellucid texture. IV. SCHIZvEACE/E : mostly small Ferns, or else with climb ing fronds. Spore-cases ovate, sessile, having a complete transverse, articulated ring or cap at the apex, and opening by a longitudinal slit. * ferns with elegnnt climbing f rands, rising from slender creeping rootstorks: spore- cttte&jveed by their side. 25. LYGODITM. Pinna? or frondlets in pairs. Spore-cases covered bv imbri- cating -eale-like indusia in a double row on narrow lobes of the frond. * # Not climbing: rootstock short : fronds flustered: spore-cases fixed by their base: n<> indvsivm. 2«. ANT.IMI A. S]>oiv-e:i-e~ on the narrow pauicled branches of the lowest pair of piniijv of the 1 - :i pinnate frond, or on separate fronds. 27. SCIII/.KA. Spnre-ea-es in a double row <>n the narrow divisions of a pinnate or rarely pedate special appendage to the. simple, and linear, or fan-shaped, and sometimes many-forked frond. V. OSMUNDACEJE, or FLOWERING FERNS: rather large Ferns; the spore-eases covered witli reticulated ridges, opening longitudinally into two valves, and with no ring, or a mere vestige of a transverse ring at the back. 88. OSMI'N'DA. Kootstock verv thick, creeping, the growing end producing a crown of tall showy frond-;. Fertile fronds or parts of fronds contracted, pimmtely compound, the narrow often tlireud-like divisions densely covered with nearly sessile spore-cases. FERN FAMILY. 303 VI. OPHIOGLOSSACE.E, the ADDKR'S-TONGUE FAM- ILY: mostly rather small ferns, with sessile, gluluilar, coriac-nus opaque and smooth spore-cases, opening transversely into 2 valves, and wholly destitute of a ring. Fronds not rolled up in the bud, as they are in all the foregoing, rising from a very short rootstock or conn, with fleshy roots. 29. BOTRYCHIUM. Spore-cases in pinnate or compound spikes, distinct. Sterile part of the frond compound; veins free. 30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Spore-cases cohering in a simple spike. Sterile part of frond simple in our species ; the veins reticulated. 1. ACROSTICHTJM § CHRYSODIUM. (From Greek words meaning a row at the tup, the application not evident.) All tropical. A. atireum. A large evergreen Fern, along the coast of South Florida; the fronds simply pinnate, coriaceous; pinnae 4' -6' long, l'-2' wide, elliptical or oblong-linear. 2. PLATYCERIUM, STAG-HORX FERN. (Name from the Greek, meaning broad horns.) Natives of Africa, Australia, &c, : cult, in conserva- tories. P. alcicorne. Sterile fronds sessile, rather thin, flat and rounded, over- lapping each other; fertile ones erect, 1° high, whitish and minutely downy beneath, 2-3 times forked, with divisions about 1' wide, the topmost ones fruitful. 3. POLYPODITJM, POLYPODY. (Name in Greek means many-fooled, referring to the branching rootstock.) An immense genus, found in all parts of the world. § 1. POLYPODIUM proper. Veins free: ilie following all native. P. VUlgare, COMMON POLYPODY. Rocky places N., small, simply pin- nafitid, evergreen, smooth both sides, 4' -10' high, l'-.'i' wide, the numerous divisions oblong-linear; fruit-dots rather large. (Lessons, p. 157, fig. 499.) P. incanum. Shady places S., often on trees ; much like the last, but much smaller, and beneath grayish and scurfy with peltate scales; fruit-dots rather small. § 2. CAMPY LOXEfrROX. Vt'ins parallel, pinnate from thf ntii) numerous transverse. angularly arched veinlets, with short fruit-bearing r< iii- /s u-iiti a close, stellate down. P. Lingua. Cult, from Japan : fronds 4'-S' loin:, ovate-oblong or lanceo- late, entire, at length nearly smooth above; fruit-dot- exceedingly numerous, closely arranged in many rows. § 4. PHLEB6DIUM. Veins reticulated, with free reinlets included in the larrjrr meshes. Fruit-dots in 1-3 rows betn-een the inidn'!> anil iimri/in, commonly placed each one on the converging ends of a />. ) The following eult. species all have live veins and i In- under surface of the fronds covered with n yellow or whitish waxy powder. G. triangulai'is, CALIFORNIAN GOLD-FERN. Deserves more general c'tl- 'ivntion ; frond 4' -6' long, on slender and poli>hed stalks, broadly 3- or rather 5-angled in outline, twice pinnate below, pinnate above ; pinna> oblong-lanceo- late, deeply pinnutitid into obtuse lobes. Smooth and green above, beneath of a rich golden yellow, sometimes paler; the fertile fronds at length nearly covered with brownish lines of spore-cases. G. SUlphiirea, of West Indies : fronds narrowly lanceolate in outline, l°-li°high, -2'-', 3' wide, pinnate; pinna; ovate or ovate-oblong, lower ones gradually .--mailer and very remote, pinnatifid into ovate obtuse toothed or rag- ged lobes, the lower surface covered with sulphur-yellow powder. G. calomelanos, from Tropical America, the commonest Gold and Silver ferns of the conservatories ; much like the last, but broader and larger, the lower pinna: largest, and lobes mostly acute. The powder white, or in var. CHRYSO- PHY"LLA golden yellow. 6. NOTHOLJENA. (Name from the Greek, signifying spurious wool, the woolly pube.-ccuee of some species concealing the marginal fruit-dots.) The following eult. species are small, 4' -8' high, ovate in outline, mostly tri- pinnatc ; their ultimate divisions roundish-ovate or oblong, distinct, stalked, and covered beneath with a waxy powder : stalk and branches dark brown and polished. N. flavens, from Central America : powder bright yellow ; fruit-dots ex- tending fiom the edge almost to the midrib, so that it might equally well be considered a Gymnogramme. N. nivea. Also Central American, and very like the oilier ; but the powder snowy white, and the fruit-dots closer to the margin. 6. ADIANTTJM, MAIDKX-IIAIU. (Name from the Greek, meaning iinivftfeil, the rain-drops not adhering to ihe fronds.) A large genus, most abundant in warm climates. * Frond simply pinnate : exotic. A. macrophyllum. Cult, in hot-houses from West Indies; pinnae 2-5 pairs and a terminal one, nearly sessile, deltoid-ovate, 2' -3' long, nearly half as wide; fructification in long marginal rarely interrupted lines. 1'innae of sterile fronds wider and somewhat crenately incised and toothed. # * Frond 2 - 4 timrx pinnate, ovate-lanceolate in general outline. A. Capillus-V6neris, VKNTS-HXIR, so named from the shining capillary branches of the rhachis ; native S., often in conservatories X. : twice pinnate or thrice pinnate at the base, the long upper part simply pinnate; pinnules about £' broad, on verv slender stalks, sharply wedgc-shapcrt at the base, rounded at the top, or rhomboidal, commonly deeply lobed from the upper margin; fruit- dots one to each lobe; involucres kidnev -h:i;i'd or transversely oblong. Plant fi'- 12' high, ol'en pendent from damp shaded rocks in the mouths of wells. &c., in S. of Kurope. A. ^Ithiopicum, as commonly seen in hot-houses, is much like the last , but has smaller pinnules not -o ^harply wed-:c-shapcd, often broader than long, and les- deeply lobed; fruit-dots in deep sinuses of the upper margin ; involucres kidney-shaped <>r crescent-shaped. A. CUncatum, from S. America, is a much larger plant, broadly triangu- lar in outline, .'< - 4 times pinnate; pinnules smaller and very numerous, wedge- shaped at the base, the upper edge deeply lobed ; fruit-dots as in the last. * * * rn>nil tm>-forki f tin- two recurved branches: midrib of the pinnules none; I'i'iiis forked from the Ixise. A. pedatum, MAIPKN-HAM:. Native in shady woods ; whole plant smooth, l°-2° high; principal divisions 4' -10' long, l'-li.' wide; pinnules very FERN FAMILY. 3G«J numerous oblong, broadest at the base, obtuse, lobed from the upper edge; fruit-dots at the top of the lobes ; involucres transversely oblong <>r linear. A. hlspidulum, from Au.-tralia, &c. : commonly le^-, >\ niniemi .il than the last, when young irregularly 3 — 4-branched ; a smaller plain with finely chaffy or bristly stalk and rhaehis ; pinnules minutely hairy, nearly entire; fruit-dots crowded along the upper margin, involucres rounded kidney-shaped. 7. PTERIS, BRAKE. (The ancient Greek name for Ferns, mean in- n winy, from the feather-like fronds.) Another large and widely distributed - § 1. Veins free: stalk straiv-colored or brownish . # Frond simply pinnate : pinn/e undivided. P. longifolia. Cult, from warm regions, native in S. Florida : oblong- lanceolate in outline; pinnae numerous, linear and tapering from a truncate ,.r cordate base, the upper and lower ones gradually smaller. * * Frond pinnate, and with the lower pairs of pinna forked or again pinnate, the divisions and upper pinniK elongated, simple. P. Cr&tica. Cult, from warm climates, native in Florida.' l°-2° high; pinnoj 1-4 pairs, the upper ones slightly decnrrent, lower ones cleft almost to the base into 2-3 long linear-lanceolate acuminate divisions; sterile ones and tips of the narrower fertile ones finely and sharply serrate. Var. ALBO-LI.NEATA has a whitish stripe in the middle of each division. P. serrulata. Cult, from China: l0-!^0 high; pinnae 3-8 pairs, all but the lowest decurrent and forming a wing 3" wide on the main rhaehi- ; lower pairs pinnately or pedately cut into several narrow linear-acuminate divisions; upper ones simple, sterile ones spinnlose-serrulate. * * * Frond* pinnate, and the numerous primary divisions pinnately cut into m-<(»'//< //: stalk black and shining. P. pedata. Cult, from West Indies and S. America: frond 2' -6' long and nearly as wide, almost parted into a few primary divisions ; upper ones en- tire, lowest pair again cleft ; the lobes on the lower side much largest. 8. PELLJEA, CLIFF-BRAKE. (Name from the Greek, meanin- colored, descriptive of the stalk.) Mostlv small Ferns: the following *]„•< •{,--. have fronds of a somewhat coriaceous texture. P. rotundifdlia, from New Zealand : frond narrow, 6'- 12' long, on a chaffy and pubescent wr\rv stalk, simply pinnate; pinna? round or roundi-h- oblong and entire; band of spore-cases very wide and concealing the narrow involucre. P. atropurpurea. Wild, on shaded limeroek : fronds tufted. 0'- 12' Ion-. 2'-4' wide, with polished and sparin-lv downy stalks, '.'-pinnate, simply pinnate toward the top ; pinnules distinct, ohlon- or luiear-oblon-. rarely halberd-shaped, obtuse or slightly mucronate ; involucre rather broad, and a' length hidden ly the spore-cases. P. hastata, from South Africa : mostly larger than the last and vry vari- able; frond ovate-lanceolate or oblong, 1-3-pinnate; pinnules lancooliuc or 3GG KKKN FAMILY. rhomboid-ovate, very often halberd-shaped, the end ones of the primary pinn.-e iniK-h tin- largest, often \'-"2' long and V-l' broad; stalk and branches hiaek and ]i-il shed, smooth; involucre rather narrow. • d. WOODWARDIA, < 'II AIX-FERN. ( Named in honor of Thomas J. \\'i,t tin- lust arc wild species. A. Trichomanes. Common, forming dense tufts in crevices of shady rock> : fronds linear. 4' -8' long, with black and shining stalk and rhachis, and manv roundish or oblong slightly crcnated or entire pinna-, about ^' long and about half as broad ; fruit-dots few to each pinna. A. ebdneum. Common in rocky woods: fronds linear-lanceolate, nar- rower at the base, 8'- 15' long, l'-2'widej slalk dark and polished; pinna; many, linear-oblong, often slightly curved, linely serrate, atiriclcd on one or both sides at the base ; fruit-dot< numerous A. flabellif'61ium. Cult, from Australia : lax, the rhachis often pro- Ion-_;ed and rooting at the verv ein! , fronds linear; pinna- sharply wedge-shaped at the base, the broad and rounded end crcnated ; fruit-dots irregularly radiat- ing from the base of the pinna-. * * lAirge Ferns, 1° - 3° high. A. angustifblium. Rich woods N., and S., mainly along the mountains : fronds thin, long-lanceolate, pinna; many 3' - 4' long, linear-lanceolate from a FERN FAMILY. 307 truncate or rounded base, acuminate, nearly entire1 ; those of the fertile frond narrower; fruit-dots slightly curved, very numerous. § 4. Frond* niori' than * fruit-dots more than one in each smallest dicision of the frond. A. Rilta-muraria, WALL-RUE. On e\po-ed dills of lime-tone, from Vermont W. & S. : fronds small, l'-4 long, ovate, twice or thrice pinnate, the few divisions rather thicki.-h, wed-e-.~liaj.ed or rhomboid, inutlicd at the top ; fruit-dots few, becoming coidlnent. A. furcatum. Cult, from Trop. Ameriea, S. Africa, &c. : fronds 8'- l.V long, 3'- 6' wide, on a somewhat hairy stalk, ovate-lanceolate, pinnate with lance-oblong acuminate pinnae, which are again pinnately cut nearly or quite to the midrib; divisions oblique, wedge-shaped, narrow, serrate, rather coriaceous, deeply marked by the forking veins ; fruit-dots elongated, radiating from the base of the division. A. thelypteroides. In rich rocky woods, not rare : fronds U°-3° high, thin in texture, broadly lanceolate, pinnate; pinna; 3'-G' long, lanceolate, deeply pinnatitid into close-set oblong and obtuse minutely toothed lobes ; fruit- dots 6-12 to each lobe, some of them commonly double. A. Filix-fcernina, LADY-FERN. Common in moist woods : fronds lar-.' (2°-3° high, 4'-s' broad), growing like the last in a crown, 2-3-pinnai ; pinnae lanceolate, with a narrow border to the secondary rhachis : pinnules oblong and sharply serrate, or in larger plants lanceolate and pinnatitid with incised lobes ; fruit-dots short, variously curved, at length continent. * * Smallest divisions of the frond narrow, entire, containing but a single veinlet and but one fruit-dot. A. Belangeri. Cult, from Malacca and Java: fronds l°-l£° hiuh, 2' -3' wide, coriaceous, pale green, as is the stoutish stalk ; pinna; oblong, truncate at the base, with a rounded apex, pinnatitid to the winged midrib into numerous narrowly oblong and obtuse lobes, the upper basal ones of each pinna 2-3-cleft, the rest entire and bearing on the side farthest from the main rhachis a solitary elongated fruit-dot. A. rn.yrioph.yllu.ni. Limestone caves in Jack-on Co., Florida : fronds delicate, almost translucent, lanceolate, 0'-!)' long, l'-2' wide, 2-3-pinnate; smallest divisions obovate-oblong, 2"-3" long, ^" wide ; fruit-dot in the lower half of each division. A. foulbtferum. Cult, from Xew Zealand, &c : fronds herb-iceoii-. ample, broadly lanceolate, l°-3° long, C'-12' wide, 2-3-pinnate, often producing leafy bulbs on the upper surface; pinine triangular-lanceolate, with a broadly winged midrib; pinnules lanceolate, deeply toothed or cut into oblong-linear lobes ; fruit-dots extending from the middle of the lobes downward almost to the midrib of the pinnules. 12. SCOLOPENDRIUM. (Name from the. Greek word for a <;;,ti,,,,l,; suggested by the many oblique lines of fruit each side of the midrib.) S. VUlgare, HART'S-TON<;UE. Rare, amon-r shaded rocks in Central New- York and in Canada West ; fronds G' - 18' long/ 1 ' - -'' wide, oblong-lanceolate from a heart-shape,! base, herbaceous, the margin entire or wavy. Cultivated forms from England are crisped, crested, many-forked, «jLc. 13. CAMPTOSORUS, WALKING-LEAF. ( Xame from the Creek, meaning a ben/ heap, referring to the curved and angled fruit-dot.-.) Aliuo-t the only species is C. rhizophyllus. Damp mossy rock- X. ,^ S., mainly along the moun- tains: frond 4'- 12' long, tapering from a heart-shaped or aui d ha- wide to a long narrow point, which often ro:>ts at the end, and there gives rise to a new plant, ready to take another step in advance. (Lesions, \]^. 501.) 14. PHEGOPTERIS, BEECH-FERN (which the name means in Greek, the original species often found among beeches). Chiefly tropical; but the following are all wild species, in rocky or shady woods. 3G8 FERN KAMILY. * Frond* tn-icf pinnatffid: the sessile pinnae mostly /orniinr/ nn irregular and many-angled »•//<li/ pinnati/id pinna;, or ntiirhj twice pinnule: /'mil-dots not close to the nianjin: indusium rather l narrowU oi.'onir, 1° — 2° high, 3'- 5' wide, rutlitT rigid, erect; p ir.ue triangular-ovate, bro , at base, pinnatilid almost to the inidril), divisions not nriuv. oblong. ohtu.-e, finely serrate, the largest ones sometimes toothed or pinnaiiiid-lobed ; fruit-dot- half-way between midvein and mar-in. — Var. ( 'I.IN m\i VMM. in swampy woods, N., is very mucli larger every wav, with fruit-dots nearer the midvein, and is often mistaken for A. (loldiannm. — Var. KI.OIM i>\s i M, in wet wood- S., has the lower pinna; triangular-lanceolate and sterile, but the upper ones fertile, narrower and longer, with very short obtuse rather distant divisions, which are deeurrent on the winged secondary rhaehis. t— -t— Fronds imperferth/ evergreen, twice or thrice pinnate : the d/rixions cut- toothed or incised^: fruit-dots not near the margin: iiidasium rather small, withering aw/iy. A. Spinul6sum. Shady woods, very common N. : fronds thin, obloii'_r- ovate; pinnae oblong-lanceolate, the lower ones broader and somewhat triangu- lar ; pinnules very numerous, oblong-ovate, pinnately inei-ed, the oblong lolies with spinulose teeth toward the ends ; indusium smooth or minutely glandular at the margin. — Has several forms. — Var. DILATA/PCM, in mountainous place-. N., is larger, broader in outline and commonly but twice pinnate ; pinnule- , ,f the lowest pinna? greatly elongated. — Var. Boorm, in swampy woods X, is 2°-3° high, of narrow outline, barely twice pinnate, with oblong-ovate toothed pinnules, or the lower ones pinnatifid : — it runs apparently into A. cristatum. •»- -i- -t- Fronds fufly evergreen, thickish, aJtout twice-pinnate : fruit -dots mar the margin: indusium thickish, convi'x, A. marginale. Rocky woods, common N. : fronds l°-2° long, ovate- oblong, bluish-green, the stalk very chaffy; pinnae lanceolate, :{' - 5' long; pinnules oblong, often curved, entire or obtusely toothed, attached by a hro.id base to the narrowly winged secondary rhaehis ; fruit-dots close to the margin, rather large. §2. POLYSTICHUM. Indusium orbicular, peltate, a/fy the centre to a short stulk: veins forking, free : wild species of the country. A. acrostichoides. Rocky woods, common; fronds 1° - 2° high, grow- ing in crowns, with chaffy rootstoeks au;l stalks, evergreen, shining, lanceolate, simply pinnate; pinnae numerous, oblong-lanceolate from an minimal halt- halberd-shaped base, serrulate with bristle-pointed teeth, rarely inci-e,!, upper ones of the fertile frond smaller and bearing copious soon continent fruit-dot-. §3. CYRTUMIUM. Indusium as in § POLYSTK'IIITM. Fronds once pinnule : vein* pinnate from the midrib, pinnalelu branching, the rrinli''.* reticulated and for mi mi arched meshes with 1-3 free included veinlets rising from the base of the arch : exotic. A. falcatum. Cult, from Japan: fronds l°-2° hUrh, 5'-9' broad : base of stalk chaffy with large scales; pinnne thick and shining, end one large and rhomboid or halberd-shaped ; side ones few or many, oblong-ovate, long-pointed, nearly entire, lower side of base rounded, upper side an-lcd or slightly auricle fruit-dots in many rows on all or nearly all the pinnaj. 16. CYSTOPTERIS. ( Greek for Bladder /-V™, alluding to the thin, sometimes inflated indusium.) Species few, mostly Northern. C. fragiliS. Shaded or moist rocky places, common X. : fronds very .1 cate, 4'-8: long, with slender stalks, oblong-ovate, twice-pinnate; pinnae a narrowly margined rhaehis; pinnules oblong or ovate, toothed or incised, rery variable; indusium pointed at the upper end. C. bulbifera. Wet places, ol'tene-t in ravines, from X fronds 1°- 3° high, 3' -5' wide at the base, narrowed above and much e gated, twice pinnate, bearing scattered bulblets beneath ; pinnule- oblon-. ob- tuse, toothed or pinnatifid ; indusium roundish, truncate on the upper ride 24 FtKN KAMI I. Y 17. STRUTHIOPTERIS, OSTKICH-FEKX (which the name means in Greek, from tin- large plume-like sterile from!-). S. Germanica. Alluvial grounds, X. : sterile fronds tall, 2° - 5° high, lanceolate, narrowed at the base, into a short angular stalk, pinnate; pinnie very many, narrowly lanceolate, pinnatifid more than hah- way to the midrib; lobes numerous, oblou^; fertile fronds very much shorter, blackish, standing erect after the others have withered. 18. ONOCLEA. SENSITIVE-FERN. (Name, from the Greek, mean- ing a closed vessel, referring to the berry-like fructification.) The only species is O. sensibilis. Common in wet places : sterile fronds of all sizes up to 2° high, broadly triangular-ovate, the rhacliis winged ; pinna; not many, lanceolate, entire or obtusely lobcd less than half-way to the midrib, veins everywhere reticulated ; fertile fronds with few closely apprcssed pinnae. 19. WOODSIA. (For Joseph Woods, an English botanist.) W. obtusa. Kooky places, from Carolina N. : fronds 6' - 18' high, slightly glandular, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with ovate or oblong deeply pinnaiitid or again pinnate divisions ; lobes oblong, obtuse ; indusium at first closed, opening into a lew ragged lobes. W. Ilvensis. Exposed rocks, common N., and along the Alleghanies: forms large tufts; fronds 4' -8' high, rusty chatty beneath, oblong-lanceolate, pinnate ; divisions ovate, obtusely lobed ; indusium obscure, consisting of a lew jointed hairs. 20. DAVALLIA. (Named for M. Davall, a Swiss botanist.) Many trop- ical or sub-tropical species, the following cult, in conservatories. D. Canariensis, HARE'S-FOOT-FERN, from the Canary Islands, etc. : rootstock creeping above ground, covered with brownish scales, and looking not unlike an animal's paw; fronds few, smooth, broadly triangular, 8'- 15' long and about as wide, 3 — 4-pinnate ; pinnules cut into a few narrow lobes ; these are directed upwards, bearing at or just below the end a single fruit-dot ; indu- sium whitish, deeply half-cup-shaped. D. tenuifblia, from India and China : rootstock creeping, crisp with short chatty hairs; fronds smooth, l°-2° high, broadly lanceolate, 3 -4-pinnate ; smallest divisions narrowly wedge-shaped, bearing at the truncated ends one or two fruit-dots ; indusium brownish, mostly broader than deep. 21. DICKSONIA. (For Jam°s Dick-son, an English botanist.) The spe- cies all but one tropical or in the southern hemisphere. D. punctil6bula. Moist shady places, from N. Carolina N. : rootstock creeping, slender : fronds scattered, thin, minutely glandular, pleasantly odor- ous, laneelote, long-pointed, 2° - 3° high, mostly bipinnate ; pinnules pinnatitid ; the divisions toothed, each bearing a minute fruit-dot at the upper margin ; indusium globular. D. antarctica. Tree-fern from New Zealand, a great ornament in large conservatories: trunk 3' -5' thick, sometimes many feet high, bearing in a crown at the top many fronds, 6° -9° long, 2° -4° broad, coriaceous, twice pinnate ; pinnules oblong, acute, pinnatifid ; the oblong-ovate divisions bearing 1-4 rather large fruit-dots ; indusium prominent, plainly two-valved. 22. CYATHEA. (Name from the Greek word for a small cup, referring to the involucre.) Tree-ferns from tropical countries. C. arborea. Rarely cult, from W. Indies : trunk sometimes 20° high, Btalk mostly light-brown, and without prickles or chair'; fronds 4° - 10° long, bi|mmate ; pinna' 1° - 2° long, 6' - 8' wide, lanceolate ; pinnules narrowly lance- olate, spreading, pinnatilid to the midrib; lobes oblong, slightly serrate, with 4-9 fruit-dots near the midveiii ; involucre beautifully cup-shaped, the margin entire. — Several other species, as well as one or two of the allied genus HI.MI TKI.IA (with an imperfect involucre, veins often partly reticulated), are rarely seen in conservatories. I I.KN FAMILY. .'171 23. ALSOPHILA. (From Greek words meaning yi-orr-loi-i'ti'/, the species growing in tropical forests. A. aspera. Unruly cult, from \Yr. Indies: trunk 6° - 8° lii^li ; stalks prickly, clothed at th.- base with pale, narrow scales ; fronds C,'-' - s wide, bipinnutc ; rhachis hairy above ; pinna1 oblong-lanceolate; pinnule'- vrrv many, lanceolate, pinnatitid almost to the midrib; lubes oblong, curved, ser- rate, obtuse ; frnit-dots 8-10 to a lube; indusium u thin scale Oil on.- side oi the fruit-dot, often disappearing with age. A. pruinata, from S. America, is sometimes seen : a much smaller plant. rootstock short, clothed with bright-brown wool ; fronds smootli, J_TC<_-H above, pale and glaucous often almost white beneath, bipinnate; pinnules deeply toothed ; fruit-dots solitary at the base of each tooth; spore-cases mixed with woolly hairs. 24. TRICHOMANES. (An ancient Greek name of sonic Fern, referring to the hair-like stalks.) A large genus ; most of the species tropical. T. radicans. On dripping rocks, Alabama and Tennessee, very rare : frond- pellucid, 4'-8' high, the stalk and rhachis narrowly winded, lanceolate, pinnate with I - 2-pinnatirid ovate pinna;; involucres on short lobes, fnnnel->liaped, with long exserted receptacles. — A broader and more compound form from Killarney, Ireland, is grown in Wardian eases. 25. LYGOpIUM, CLIMBING-FERN. (Name from a Creek word meaning flexible, alluding to the twining and climbing fronds.) Not many species ; all but ours tropical. L. palmatum. Low shady woods, rather rare: smooth, slender, and deli- cate, 2°-4° high, entangled among herbs; pinnae roundish, 12"- 18" wide, deeply heart-shaped at the base, pahaately 5-7-lobed, upper ones decompound and fertile. L. Japonicum. Conservatory plant from Japan : climbing 10°- 12° hi-h. smooth; pinna; ovate, 5' -9' long, bipinnate, divisions ovate-lanceolate, often halberd-shaped ; divisions of the upper pin HIE bordered with narrow fertile lobes. 26. ANEIMIA. (Name from the Greek, meaning without covering, allud- ing to the naked spore-cases.) Mainly tropical. A. Phyllitidis. Cult, from S. America: 12'- 18' hi-h, has the two lower pinna? lon'4-stalked, narrowly-elongated, y-4-pinnate, fertile: middle portion of i lie frond sterile, simply pinnate ; pinna; lanceolate, linely serrate; veins re- ticulated. A. adiantoides. Native in Key West, Florida ; \vith lower pinnae as in the last; middle portion sterile, 2-3-pinnate ; pinna1 lony-pmntcd : divisions obovate-wedge-shaped, entire or toothed at the end, with free veins forking from the base. 27. SCHIZJEA. (Name from the Greek verb which means to split, ret- r- ring to the many-forked fronds of certain tropical species.) S. pusilla. Wet sand, in pine woods of New Jersey : sfrik- fronds very slender, flattened, Minpk and linear, curled up; fertile on.'- Miuilar, but straight, 2' -3' high, bearing at the top the fertile portion, 2" -3" Ion-, composed ••( about 5 pairs of minute pinna;. (Lessons, p. 158, fig. 505-507.) 28. OSMUNDA, FLO'.VEUING FF.KX. ,N:une of doubtful uri-in. anciently " Osin und the Wutrniifin," who was perhap- St. (Kimtnd. 11 -h Salisbury, or possibly St. Christopher, patnm of \va-ermen. British Ferns.) Spcc'ics very few, fruiting in spring or early summer. * Fruiting fronds distinct from t/,, /,-;///.'.•(..<. O. Cinnam6mea, CISNAMON-FI:I;N. Swamp-, abundant evcrynhcTc sterile fronds 2° - 5° high, broadly lanceolate, pinnate with many lam- deeply pinnatifid pinn:v : fertile ones much shorter, at first woolly, >oon with- ering"; fructification bright cinnamon color. 372 CLL'B-MOSS FAMILY. * * Fructification borne at the top or middle of an otherwise leafy frond. O. Claytoniana. Wet places, common : sterile fronds much like those of die la>t, but more obtuse at the top : fertile one-; with 2-4 pair> of contra.' and fen lie Mucki>L pinna- just helo\v the middle, — otherwise like the sterile O. regalis, KOVAI. FERN. Also common in swamps and wet woods, fraiting later than the others : fronds truly hipinnafe ; ]iinnules oval or oblong' serrulate, obtuse, someiimes a little heart->hapcd at Iia>e. or sli^htlv :inne!ed on one .-iilc; fertile portion at the top of the frond, pauieled ; sjiori-. a-es li"ht- brown. 29. BOTRYCHIUM, MOONWORT. (Name from the Greek word for a bunch of yrnprs, from the appearance of the fruetitieation.) Speeies verv few none cultivated. B. ternatum. Shaded Brassy pa>tuivs and hillsides : plant flesliv, 3' -10' high; common stalk with two branches, a long-stalked fertile one with" twice or thriee pinnate fructification facing a triangular ternately compound sterile por- tion on a longer or shorter stalk. — Has several forms :' var. r.CN.utioii.K.s has roundish kidney-shaped sterile divisions; in var. OBLhjri'M thev are lanceolate from an oblique base; and in var. DISSECTCM, pinnatilid into narrowly toothed and razored lobes. B. Virginicurn. In rich woods : plant herbaceous, not fleshy, 6' - 1 8' hiirh ; sterile portion sessile on the common stalk, thin, broadly triangular, ternate; the parts twice or thrice pinnate ; divisions thin, oblong-lanceolate, incised or toothed; fertile portion long-stalked, twice or thrice pinnate. — Other smaller species occur rarely N. 30. OPHIOGLOSSUM. (Greek equivalent of the common name ) O. vulgatum, ADDER'B-TONGUE. Wet meadows or hillside pastures, rare: 3'- 10' high; sterile portion somewhat flesliv, ovate or elliptical, entire, l'-2' long, sessile near the middle of the stalk wh'ich supports the short two sided spike. — Some rare tropical species have large and palmate, or pendulous and ribbon-like fronds. (Lessons, p. 15s, fig. 508.) 134. LYCOPODIACE.2E, CLUB-MOSS FAMILY. Flowerless plants, often moss-like or fern-like, with leafy, often elongated and branching stems, the spores contained in rather large solitary spore-cases borne in the axils of the simple mostly awl- shaped leaves. (Lessons, p. 1GO, fig. 511-515.) § 1. Growing on land: stems more or less elimr/attd ami branch! n g : leaves mostly less than 1' Inn//, <>/'/, -n mi unit : s/>»rt -<•<.«.< in the cucils of the upper (often transformed ami imbricated) scale-like leaves. 1. LTCOPODIUM. Mostly evergreen plants ; the leaves awl-shaped, in 4 or inure nnvs; the '2-valved kidney-shaped spore-cases all of one kiud, contain iiiLT "uly minute iiumherleo; spores. 2. SELAGINELLA. Rut one species evergreen N. ; leaves mostly flattened, rare- ly awl-ehaped, mostly in 4 row*, two row* being of smaller leave-*; spore-cases OT2 kiml-: one 2-valved and filled with minute spores, the other 3-4-valved and containing very few lari:e s]>ores. § 2. Growing in wntt-r or mini: stuns r, >•// nlmrt and corm-like : leaves rush-like, dongated, with large spore-cases adhering to the tipper surface of tiidr dilated bases, unil us if imbedded /» than. 3. ISOETES. (inter harp-poiiitpn-:iding .-ol'i linear-awl-shaped bristly-ciliate leaves, those of the spike with long slender tips. §3. Fructification spiked: the fruitim/ Imi-es yellowish, scale-like, shorter and broader than those of the sterile br/nn-ln 5. * Spike sessile at the top of an ordinary brunch. L. anno'tinum. Cold woods N. : stein creeping, l°-4° long; branches 4''- 9' high, nearly erect, once or twice forked ; leaves about 5-rowed, spreading or reflexed, rigid, lanceolate, acute, nearlv entire ; those of tin- solitary >pik<-> ovate, with spreading points and ragged scarion- margins. L. dendroideurn, GROUND-PINE. Moi-t wood-, common X. : root-tock creeping, under-ground, nearlv leaHess ; steins looking much like a miniature hemlock, 9' -12' high; the manv spreading branches with shining lanceolate entire leaves in about six rows ; leaves of the lower and often of the upper row smaller than the rest; spikes single, or 4-10 on a plain; scales ovate pointed, margin slightly scarious, nearly entire. # * Spikes raised above the ordinary branches on a slender stalk which has only a few inconspicuous leaves •*- Stems creeping, very short: spikes always single. L. Carolinianum. Wet pine-barrens, New Jersey and S. : scare, ly ever- green ; stem and prostrate branches rooting underneath ; leaves soft, lanceolate, entire, spreading horizontally, with an upper appre-sed row ; spikes slender on stalks 4' -6' high. — Allied in habit to L. alopecuroides. -i- -i- Stems extensively creeping : spikes often in pairs or flrtrs. L. davatum, CLUB-JIOSS. Common N. in dry woods : running stem long and leafy; branches mostly erect, cordlike, irregularly pinnat <• : brancblcts 4-10, thickly covered with linear-awl-shaped entire commonly bristle-tipped leaves ; spikes mostly in pairs. L. COmplanatum. Dry woods, commonest amoni; evergreens : niiinln^ stems with scattered awl-shaped very small leaves; brain-he-, erect. >'-\cral tinier branched : the parts repeatedly forked into many hori/.ontally spreading llat- tened branehlets. 2. SELAGINELLA. (Name a diminutive of .S'r/a'/o, a species ofLyco- podinm.) Species over 200, the greater part tropical. § 1 . Native species. S rupestl'is. Exposed rocks : a common moss-like little evergreen ; stems and densely tufted branches l'-2' hi^h ; leaves n\vl--;liaped. marked with a nar- row furrow on the back, and tipped with a minute bristly point ; spikes four- cornered. S. apUS. Damp places in meadow-; ; common, r-pceialh S. : very delicate , stems 2'-4' high, sparingly branched; leaves 4-rowed, th<>-e of the vide row- spreading horizontally, scarcely 1'' lonir, ovate with the upper side larger, mi- nutely serrulate; intermediate one- half a> larur, erect, very acitn- ; spike-; 2'' -6" long. — Often cult, as ,S'. •«/. §2. Cultivated, most 1 1/ tropical species, seen in rn»xi'r>;it'>,-i. s : nine/! branched: leans of th<> linnich'S flmr-i-oif'-d, tn-'> sid? rc/rs <•/' >• f ilorists.) Stems very long, not articu- lated, freely branched ; branches 2 - 3-pinnate with short crowded hranc!. le;ues wlien living with a steel-blue ir.de-ecnee, failing to green when dried, very closely placed, larger one, oblong, equal-sided, obtuse, entire ; smaller one's ovate with slender incurved points. * * Stems ascending, only the lower part bean'//'/ lf rootlets. S. Martensii. (Lvc. sxoLoxfFERUM of florists.) Stems e'-io' long, much branched from the ba.se ; branches hipinnate, with copious branchlets 2'' -3" or even 4" wide ; larger leaves crowded, obliquely ovate, the upper side broadest, obtuse, entire ; smaller ones ovate with a slender often recurved point. * * * Stems erect, or nearly so, rooting only at the very base. S. er^thropus. Stalk 2' -6' high, bright red, having a few closely ap- pressed red leaves, and bearing at the top «i broad frond-like stem pinnate] \ or pedately divided into a few 2-3 times pinnate branches, with verv numerous extremely crowded branchlets 1" - 1 ,'f" wide ; leave- elo-cl\ imbricated, oblique! v ovate-oblong, curved upward, rather obtuse, ciliatc ; smaller ones ovate, with long straight points. S. Braiinii. (LYC. WiLLDEN6vii of florists.) Stalk straw-color or pale red, shorter than in the last, finely pubescent, as are the branches ; frond-like Stems long-ovate, 4 times pinnate, resembling an elegant fern; branchlets not crowded, about 1" wide; leaves scarcely imbricated, ovate, obtuse, entire; smaller ones with straight points. * # * * Stems in a di-nse nest-like tuft, not rooting : branches often curling up when dry. S. CUSpidata. (Lvr. CIKCIN\LK of florists.) Frond-like stems 6'- 8' lonir, uTeen abo\c, paler beneath, oblong or lyre-shaped, loosely 3-pinnate ; branchlets 1" wide ; leaves obliquely triangular-ovate, wiih long often incurved bristle-points, having a narrow whitish margin, sparingly ciliated and minutely dentienl.ite ; smaller ones obliquely ovate, with long slender points. S. lepidophylla, from Lower California, £c., is the " Bird's-Nest Moss," or •• Resurrection-Plant." It is a nest-like ball when dry, but when moist it un- folds and displays the densely 2 - 3-pinnate el"gam fern-like branches radiating from a coiled-up central stem ; the leaves white-margined, closely imbricated, i-'Hind-ovatc, obtuse. — Nearlv 30 species are cultivated in Great Britain, besides ihose here described. 3. ISOETES, QUILMVOKT. (Xamc from the Greek words for equal and //""•, meaning that ihe plant is the s:ime at all sca-ons.) The species demand too nice discrimination lor the beginner, and must be studied by aid of the Manual. (Lessons, p. 1 GO, fig. 516-519.) I. laciistris, rather rare only N., and the far commoner I. 6Chin6spOra, are the principal northern species, living underwater. I. riparia and I. Engelmanni, with leaves 4' -20' long, live partly out of water, at least for a p-irt of the summer. I. melan6poda, only W., lives in shallow ponds or pools which dry up in summer. INDEX *#* The names of the Classes, Subclasses, and Orders are in full capitals ; those of th« Genera, &c., as well as popular names, are in common type. Abele-tree 308 Althaea 70, 71. 74 Abies 310, 312 Alsophila 3o2, 371 Abronia 283 Alstroemeria 330, ^iii Abutilon 70, 73 Alum-Root 135 Acacia 99, 115 Alyssum 52, 56 Acalypha 293, 295 AMARANTACE.E 2sii ACANTHACE.E 239 Amaranth 286 Acanthus 240 AMARANTH FAMILY 286 ACANTHUS FAMILY 239 Amarautus 286 Acer 89, 91 AMARYLLIDACE^E ::3t Acerates 276, 278 Amaryllis 330, 331 Achillea 183, 199 AMARYLLIS FAMILY 329 Achimenes 228 Aniberboa (Amberboi) l>-i Achyranthes 286 Ambrosia 180, 188 Acnida 286 Amelanchier 117, 129 Aconitum (Aconite) 34,41 American Laurel 21(5 Acorus 317, 318 American Aloe 332 ACROGENS 359 American Oolumbo 272 Acrostichum 360, 363 American Ipecac 121 Actsea 34, 39 Amianthium &3S, :!42 Actinomeris 184, 203 Ammauia 1 "ii i Adam-and-Eve 327 Ammobium 181, 190 Adam's Needle 348 Amorpha 95, 103 Adder's- tongue 346, 372 Ampelopsis 85, 80 ADDER'S-TONGUE F. 3(53 Amphicarpaea 97, 109 Adiantum 361, 334 Amsonia 274, 275 Adlumia 50 ANACARDIACE/E 84 Adonis 34, 37 Anacharis :';!}, VJ:2 /Eschynomene 95, 105 Anagallis 2'j:i, 225 .Esculus 89, 90 Anana.-sa 329 African Marigold -' ' > Andromeda 212. 215 Agapanthus 340, 348 Aneimia 362, 371 Agati 106 Anemone 34, 35 Agave 330, 332 Angelica-tree 1 > i' '• Ageratum 182, 193 ANGIOSPERMOU3 Agrimonia (Agrimony) 125 PLANTS 33 Agrostis 353 Anise-tree Ailanthus 83 Auoda 70, 72 Albizzia 99, 114 ANONACEJE Alchemilla 117. 125 Antenuaria 181, 190 Alder 307 Anthemis 183, 199 Alder-Buckthorn 87 Anthoxanthum '•"•", Alisma 320 Antirrhinum ALISMACE^E 319 Anychia '>4, US Allamanda 274 APETALOUS DIVISION 'J-J Allium 340, 347 Aphyllon Almond 118 Apios '•'' • 11K ALMOND FAMILY 116 Ajiium 163, 1»V5 Aluus 306,307 Aplectrum 824, 327 Aloe 341 APOCYNACE.E 274 Alonsoa 230, 233 Apocynum 274, 275 Alopecurus 356 Apple 129 Apple-of-Peru 268 Apricot 118 AQUlFOLIACEiE 218 Aquili-pa, 34, 40 Aral.is 61,64 AKAIT..K :;i7 Arachis %, In.; A. -alia 166 AKAI.IAi'K.K Arbor- Vit;p 315 Archangclioa 1P>3, 165 Arctostaphylos 211, 2U Aivuaria i.l. 1,7 Arethusa 323, 326 Ari:.'iuone 48, 49 Ari-mua 317 Aristolochia L'-'J AKisToi.o, ,IIAI K.E 282 Anucria 222 Arnica 182, 194 Aromatic \Vintergreen 214 AiTcnathcrum 355 Arrow-Arum 318 Arrow (Ira--; 320 AKKOU CRAS? FAMILY 3U» Arrow. lira, I AUKOU KOOT FAMILY :r> Arrow-win ii I 172 ArtcmMa 1S(I. I -v Artichoke !-•: Arum Family ".17 Aruuiliiiaria 354 A-anil>acca 'J-'J Alarum '-'S'J AM i.Ki>iAi>A< ; .:';. \-<-\ rum 61 Ash 2S1 Ash-lcavcil Maple !*2 \-imina 44 Aspara-u- St.' ILSPARAOOS FAMILY A-III-H •'" Aspidium 881 Aspleninm Aster 1-:-;. I1.'-: Astill.c l:f.'. Afltragaloa Afamasco Lily Atngene AtriplfX 1-1 Atropa 2»>6, 269 370 l.NDLX. Aubergine Aucuba Auricula A vena Avens Azalea Bald-Cypress B:;ll;s 355 212, 217 314 90 252 249,250 25] Balm-of-Gilead Poplar 3u9 Bahnony 238 Balsam 81 Banaua 32'J BANANA FAMILY 328 Barn-berry 39 Bapti.-ia 98. Ill Barbadoes Flower-fenct 113 Barbarea 51, 54 Barberry 45 BARBERRY FAMILY 44 Barley 357 Barnyard Grass 357 Barren Strawberry 121 Barren-wort 45 Bartonia 151, 271, 273 Basil 248, 249 Ba>il Thyme 249 Ba. Bet, mica (Betony) 246,253 Beftila a 16 BET1 LACE.E 306 Bidens 184,2(12 Biunmnia 226,227 BICMIM \(T.K 226 BKINOXIA FAMILY 220 Bilsted 141) Bindweed 264,289 Biota 815 Birch 306 BIRCH FAMILY 306 Bird's-ne.-t Fern 366 Birthroot 341 Birthwort 282 BIRTHWORT FAMILY 282 Bitter-Cress 54 Bitter Sweet 88 Bittersweet 268 Bitterueed Iss Black alder 219 Black bean 109 Blackberry 124 Blackberry Lily 334 Black Grass 349 Black Moss 329 Black Sampson 205 Black Snakeroot 39 Black-Thorn 118 Bladder Campion 66 Bladder Ketmia 74 Bladder-nut 90 BLADDER-NUT FAMILY 89 Bladder-Senna 107 Bladdcrwort 225 BLADDERWORT FAMILY 225 Blazing-Star 191, 342 Bleeding Heart 50 Blephilia 245, 251 Blessed Thistle 187 Elite 285 Blitum 284, 285 Bl 1-root 49 Blue Beech 305 Blueberry 213 Bluebottle 187 Blue Curls 246 Bluets 176 Blue-Eyed-Grass 335 Blue Flag 333 Blue Hearts 234 Blue-Joint Grass 363 Blue Lettuce 2ns Blue-Tangle 213 Blueweed 255 Blnmenbachia 152 Doccunia 48, 49 Boehmeria 297, 299 Bois d'Arc 299 Bokhara 101 Boltonia 183, 198 Bunamia 263, 264 Br.neset 192 Borage 255 BORAGE FAMILY 254 BOKKAGlXACEJi 254 Borrago 254, 255 Bc.lrvclmim 303, 372 Bottle-brush 149 Bottle Gourd 159 Bottle Grass 357 Bouncing Bet 66 Boussingaultia 284, 285 Bouvanlia 174, 170 Bowman's Root 121 Bow-Wood -'.''.» Box 290 Boxbcrry 214 Box-Elder '.U Boykinia 132, l:i •; Brachycome 183, ln-i Bracted Bindweed - t Brake 865 Bramble 124 Brav-iea 61,62 Brascnia 46 BRASILKTTO FAMILY '.is Brier Rose 125 Briza 355 Broccoli 52 Bmdi.-i-.i 341 Brome Grass 355 BUOMELIACE& 3z9 Brcmus 355 Brooklime 234 Brook weed 225 Bro. .m-corn .'J."i7 BROOM-RAPE FAMILY 22 Broussonetia 29 T. '- ' Browallia 229,282 Brunella 240 '. - Brunfelsia 229. LMi Bnnphyllum 138, 139 Buchncra 230 234 Buckeye dO I'.uckthorn 87 BU'KTHORN FAMILY 80 Buckwheat 289 BUCKWHEAT FAMILY 287 Buffalo-Berry 292 BufTalo-nut " 1 12 Bugbane 39 Bugleweed 247 Bugloss 257 Bulrush 3£2 Bumelia 22o Bunch-berry l'>7 Bunch-Flower 343 Burchellia Capensis 173 Burdock 1*7 Bur-Marigold 2o2 Burnet 125 Burning-bush 88 Bur-Reed 319 Bush-Clover 104 Bush-Honeysuckle 171 Butcher's Broom 344 Butomeae 320 Buttcr-aud-Eggs 235 Buttercup 37 Butterfly-Pea 109 Buttcrth-Weed 277 Butternut 300 Butterweed 193, 198 Butterwort 220 Button-bush 175 Button-Suakeroot 164, 191 Button- weed 175 Buttouwood 300 Buxus 293, 296 Cabtoage 62 Cacalia 182,193,194 CACTACEJE 152 t'ACllS FAMILY 1;VJ tVsalj.inia 99 113 Caiophora 1".2 Cakile 62, 6'i Calabash 159 Caladium 817 Calamagrostis 863 Calamiuth 249 Calamintha 249 Calainpelis 227 Calamus :;1S Calandrinia tl'J Calceolaria 230,234 Calendula 184, 200 Calii-o-busli 216 I'alilurnia Nutmeg-tree 315 ('alia 317.318 Callicarpa 241.243 Cal.iop.js 120 1 Callirrhoe 70.72 Callistemon 149 Callistcphus 182, 196 Calluna 211, 2H Calochortus 341 Calonyction 263 Calopogon 324, 32P INDEX. 377 Coltna 34 39 Centradenia 148 Climbing-Fern 371 CALYCANTHACEJE 130 Centranthus 177 < 'limbinir Fumitorv Calycanthus 131 Centrosema 97, lul) Climbing Ileuipw-i .| l:il CALYCANTHUS FAMILY 130 Century Plant 332 Clintonia 208,8 Calystegia 262, 2>i4 Cephalanthus 174 175 Cliroria 97, 1ur 188 Camellia 76 Ceratochloa 355 Clover In] CAMELLIACE.E 75 Cercis 98, 113 riul.-M.i— ;,72 CAMELLIA FAMILY 75 Cereus 153, \:,\ <'Li:H-Mo." FAMILY :;72 Campanula 209, 210 Ceropteris 360 Cnicua 1-n. 1-7 CAMPANULACE.E 209 Oestrum 267, 270 Cobaea 200, - 2 CAMPANULA FAMILY 209 Chain-Fern 366 Cocculus it Camptosorus 361, '•', 17 Chanueliriurn 338, 342 Coi'klclmr 188 Cauipyloneuron 363 Chamomile 199 ' ' i M • i . - 1 ' i M 1 1 1 * 287 Canary-bird Flower 81 Charlock 52 Coco-Urass .T,2 Canary-Grass 354 Chaste-Tree 243 Coffea (Coffee) 174, 17»i Cancer-Root 229 Cheat a55 Coho>li i:, Candytuft 55 Checkerberry 211 Colchicum 338, 342 Canua 328 Cheiranthus 51, 54 1 ' ileus 2H, L'17 Cannabis 297, 299 Chelidonium 48, 49 Collinsia Canterbury Bells 210 Chelone 232, 238 Collinsonia 244,248 Cape Jessamine 176 CIIENOPODIACE.E 284 Colocasia 317, 318 Crape-Myrtle 150 Chenopodium 284, 285 d.ltslbot 1 i.; CAPER FAMILY 56 Cherry 118 Columbine 4n Capers 56 Chess 355 Colutea 96, 107 CAPPARIDACE.E 56 Chestnut 304 Colza 52 Capparis spinosa 56 Chick-Pea 111 Comandra 292 CAPRIFOLIACEJE 169 CHICK\VEED FAMILY 64 Comfrey 257 Oapsella 52, 55 Capsicum 266, 268 Chickweed-U'intergreen 224 Chicory 206 Commelvna 350 COMMELYNACE^; 350 Caragana 96, 106 Chili Jessamine 275 Compass-Plant 201 Caraway 165 Chimaohila 212, 218 COMPOSITE 179 Cardamine 51, 54 Chimonanthus 131 COMPOSITE FA5IILY 179 Cardinal-Flower 209 China-Aster 196 Comptonia 305. 306 Cardiospermum 89, 90 China-brier 336 Cone-Flower 205 Cardoon 186 China-tree CONIFERS 309 Carex 352 Chinese Sugar-Cane 357 Conium 163, 165 Carolina Allspice 131 Chinese Sumach 83 Conoclinium 182, 193 Carpet-weed 68 Chinquapin 305 Conooholis 228. 229 Carpinus 302, 305 Chiogenes 211, 214 Convallaria 339, 344 Carrion Flower 337 Chionanthus 279, 281 CONVOLVULACE.E 262 Carrot 164 Chives 347 Convolvulus 262, 2i>4 Carthamnus 180, 187 Chokeberry 130 CONVOLVULUS FAMILY 1V2 Carum 163, 165 Chorizema 98, 111 Coontie 309 Carya 300, 301 Christmas Rose 39 Coptis 34. 39 4 Cliufa 3-72 (Yir<-i>ii-i- 184, 201 Castilleia 232, 239 Cicer 98, 111 diriainli-r Castor-oil Plant 295 Cichoriuni 185, 2nr, Cnriaudrum 103, Itl4 Catalpa 226, 227 Ci.-bory 20>; dim Catbrier 336 Cicuta 163,165 roKN.\('E.E 167 Catchfly 65 Cimicifuga 34.3'.' d>ni-<'ockle Catgut 106 Cinchona l"''i Ourm-l Cat-Mint 251 CINCHONA FAMILY 173 Corii-H.iir Catnip 251 Cineraria I'-'t d.rntlo'Arr CAT-TAIL FAMILY 318 Cinnamon-Fern 371 <',,rii Salad Cat-Tail Flag 319 Cinquefoil 122 Corn us Cat-tail Grass 356 Circsea 141, 142 Coronilla Cauliflower 52 Cirsium 179,186 Corpse-plant Caulophyllum 45 Cayenne Pepper 268 Ceanothus 87 CISTACE.T, >••" Cory.lalis Cistus Ladaniferus >'•» Corvlus Citron 83, 1' '.ii Cusuianthua (V'lar 314 Citrullus 159,160 Costmary Cedronella 245, 251 Citrus 82, 83 Cotoneaster Cedrus 310, 314 Claaium 352 Cotton .74 Celandine 49 Cladrastis 98, 112 Cotton-Row ]•• Celandine Poppy 49 Clarkia 142, 143 diiti.n Thistle GELASTRACE^ 87 Claytonia 69 Cotton-WOOd Culastrus 88 Cleavers 174 Cotyledon Celery 165 Clematis 33,35 Couch-Grass Celosia 286, 287 Cleome 57 Cow-herb <*> Celsia 230, 233 Clethra 212, 217 Cow-parsnip Celtis 296, 298 Cliauthus Cowslip Centaurea 180, 187 Cliff-Brake 365 Cowslips Ceutaury 271 Climbing False Buckwheat 289 Cow-Wheat UJ S&F— 27 378 INDEX. Crab-Grass 356, 357 Decumaria 132, 134 Echinospermum 255, 257 Cranlierry 213 Deerherry His Kclii',. 274,275 i -try-tree 17- Deer-llrass ll> Kehinm 25-t Cram-UU 7'.' Delphiniuui 3}, 411 Bel-Qi 31'.. Cra>sul;i. 138, 1.71 llentari.-t 52. 55 KL;- Plant 267 CRASS ]\j\CEM l:;7 Deodar 314 tian (Jrass 356 Crata ^us 117, 12S Di-smanthus 99, 114 KL.EAii.NACEJE 292 Creeping Snowbeny 21 1 Desimiilium '.15, 1'4 ••.•II us '2!i2 Crinkle-root 55 D,-ut/.ia l.'!2, 135 KLA'I IN \CEJE 63 Crimim 330,3:31 Devil's Hit :;(J Elatii 63 Crocufl Devil-wood 2-1 Elder 173 Cri.talaria HI. lull ]>e\vl,elTV 125 Elecampane 195 Crowl'.H.t 37 DianUiera 240,241 Elephant's Ear 161 C KG U FOOT FAMILY 33 Dianthus 64 Klciisine 356 Crownbeard 2n:; Dieentra 50 Elm 297 Crnwn Iiii]ierial SI'1. Diervilla 16!(, 171 KI.M FAMILY 2'.'i'i CIK CIFKR.E 51 Di. k-onia 362,370 Elod.-s 61,6^ CRYPTOtiAMOUS PLANTS Dii-liptera 240 Emilia 1'.'4 359 DICOTYLEDONOUS Endive 206 Cr\ ptoineria 310,314 IT A NTS 13,33 ENDOGENOUS PLANTS :;16 Cuckoo-Flower 55 Dictamnus 82 Ensleiiia 276, 278 Cueumlier ],.n Di'-htra 50 Kutoca 2"i'.i CnenmlM-r-tree 4:i Digitalis 231, 236 Epidendrum 323, -7J4 Cnenmis 159, 16(1 Diodia 173, 17.-, Epigaea 211,214 Cncnrl.ita 159 Dionasa 5!i, 62 Cu.-cuta 263,265 Doc kmackie 172 ERloCAULONACE^ a52 CUSTARD-APPLE FAMILY Dodecatheon 222, 223 Erioxonnm 287 43 Dodder ''t;5 Kri>;eron 183, 198 Cvanophyllum 1 H DODDKK FAMILY 203 Erodium 78, 79 Cyathea 362,370 Do^i one 275 Eryngium (Eryngo) 162. \>'\ i'\ \TIIKACE53 3''.2 DI)(;I:ANE FAMILY 274 Kr\ simum ,",! . .".4 C Vi 'ADAGES 309 Do-'s-tail 156 Erythrina 95, 97. Ins 309 Dog-Tooth-Violet :;i6 Krythroniiun c •,,-!:, men 223,224 DOL;W 1 1(37 K-i'hscholtzia -Is. i'i Cveloliothra 341 DOi;\VOOD FAMILY D',7 Eucharidiuin 1 12, 143 Cvdi.nia 117,130 Dolichos H7. l"!i Kncnide l.vj C.Miara. 179, 186, Doodia 361 Eujrenia 1 ill C\ mi. Ion 356 |ii >orwced 2S7 Eu|>ntorium 1*2, 192, CynogloBsum 255, 257 Doryopteria Enphorl.ia 293, 2'. 14 CYPERAC&X s-,2 Do ura Ii"i7 El I'lKlRBlACE.E 2! i3 Cvperus 352 Downingia 208 Euonx inns ss Cypress 314 Draha 52, 55 KM niiiL'-l'i-imrosp 143 CYPRESS FAMILY sin Dracaena ;M1 E\ KMM; PRIMROSE Cypress Vine 263 Drai-opis 185. -' 6 FAMILY 141 Cvpi-ipcdiiim 324,327 Dragon-Aram Everlasting l^H. 190 Cvrtominm 369 Cystopteris 361,S6!> .Hi- Root Dra >_'c in Tree 3-11 i:\..lvulus 2'::!, 2t'4 i:\oiiENOUS PLANTS 12,.-:: Cytisus 94,100 Dropwort 121 DROSERACEA FaL'opyrum 287, 289 Daetylis :!",! Di-yopteris Fagus :;i'2. ::n5 Fair Maids of France 38 D ict\ loetenium :*>6 n.iio.iii 881 DUCKWEED FAMILY 316 F'all Dandelion Lm; Dahlia 184,2iil Dnrra .'>i7 False Iieech-drops 21^ Daisy IH'.i lintcliinnn'fi Hri'eches .".i i Fal.-e Dandelion 2i>7 Dalea 95. ln2 Dutchman's Pipe 2^2 False Dragon-Head 2.M Daliliarda 116,, 121 Dutch Ruslies "V.i False-llax Dandelion 207 D\sodia 185. 2' Hi False (iromwel) 255 Danu'leherry 213 I'al-e llcllehore 343 liaplme 291 EHKNACEJE 2l:i False Indigo 103, 111 KI'.oNY FAMILY False Lettuce 208 Dal'Mel 356 Eclialium 1".^ False Loosestrife 146 Hit, -Pluiii 21:1 Eccremocarpus 226, 227 False Mermaid 79 Datura 2i:6. iy.ll Enchanter's Nightshade 142 FaNe Mitrewort 1;:7 llallens 162, 1' ' 1 Kehevcria _ 139 False Nettle 2!"J Davallia 362. S7n Keliinari a 1W5, 2n5 False Pennyroyal llav-Flow-er .".5il Eehinocactns 15:;. I,V, Fal.-e Pimpernel Da\-Lilv 348 Echinocystis 15'J, I1'.1* False Red-top Dead-Nettie 252 Erhinodorus 320 False Saffron 187 INDI.X. 379 False Solomon's Seal 344 Farfugiuiii 1'Ji Parkleberry '213 Fcathert'nil 22."> Feather Geranium 285 Fe.lia 177, 178 Fennel 165 Fennel-flower 41) Fenugreek lol KHUN FAMILY 300 I'Vsrue Grass 354 Festuca ::".! Fetid Marigold 2ni.i Feverbush 2'.H Feverfew I '.''.» Fever-tree 1,0 Fevcnvort 17" Ficus 290, 298 Fig 298 FIG FAMILY 298 Fig-Marigold 157 FIG-MARIGOLD FAMILY 156 Figwort 238 FIG \VOKT FAMILY 22: i Filago 181, 189 Filbert 305 FILICES 360 Filmy Ferns .'{02 Finger-Grass 357 Fioriu &>3 Fir 312 Fire-Pink o i Fire weed 143, 189 Five-finger 122 Flax 77 FLAX FAMILY 77 Flea bane 198 Flcerkea 78, 79 Flower-de-luce 333 Flowering-Fern 371 FLO \VERING FERNS 3j2 FLOWERING-RUSH FAMILY 320 FLOWERING PLANTS 12. :;:! Flowering U'intergreen 93 FLOWERLESS PLANTS 359 Fluwer-of-au-hour 71 Fly-Poison 342 Foeniculum 163, 105 Fog-fruit 242 Forget-me-not 256 Forked chiekweed 68 Forsteronia 274, 275 Forsythia 279, 280 Fothergilla 140 Four-o'clock 283 FOUR-O'CLOCK FAMILY 283 Foul-Meadow-Grass 354 Foxglove 237 Foxtail-Grass .T.7 Fragaria 116, 123 Franciseea 232 Fi-angula 87 Fraukliuia 70 Fmscra 271, 272 Fraxinella 82 Fraxiuus 279, 281 French Marigold 2> ' i French Mulberry 21.'! Fringe-Tree 281 Fritillaria 340, :;r; Frogs-Bit :!22 FROQ'S-BIT FAMILY 321 Fn-i tweed 60 Fuchsia 142, 147 Fumaria 50 FUMARIACEJ5 49 Fumitory KIM (TORY-FAMILY Fimkia 34(1, :: I- Gaillardia Galactia Cialanthu.4 Galeopsis Galium Gall-ot'-the-Earth Gama Gra.-s Garget Garland Fli.\\. r ]-., 2"" 173, 171 174, 17-; 284 (iarrva M7 G:uiltlirria 211,214 Gaura 142, I LI Gaslussacia 211,213 Gazania 183, 2'" i Gcl.seinium .;'•', G«'iiista 94,lno Geiitiaua (Gentian) 271, 272 GENTIAN ACK.K 270 G:;NTIA\ FAMILY 270 G.-.rgia Hark 17'i I;KKANIACK,E ^ "7 Gi'vaniuui 78, 79 G KUAN I I'M F'iMII.Y 77 Gerardia 231,236 Germander 210 Uirnian Ivy l:il GESNERIACKE U_- Ge^neria 288 GI-;-M-;I:IA FAMILY 22H Geum 116,122 Giant Hyssop 2.",1 Gilia 260, 201 Gill 2.M Gillenia 110, 121 Gillitlower •'•', (il.VGER FAMILY 328 i.ink-u-Tree 31."i (HIIMIIL; 107 GINSENG FAMILY 1 » liirasole '-1 i C lade-Mallow 72 Glailinlus 333, :Vi', (ilasswort 2^1 Gleditschia 99,114 Globe-flower Globe Hyacinth 347 Glottidium 1 ' Gloxinia 22- GLUMACEOUS DIVISION 30, 3T.2 Gnaphalinm 181, Ivt Goatsbeard di'tia 1 l"i (ii.lden Aster I'1". Gold,.ii Chain 1"! (InMen-Kod 1 •.'.". iMeii Saxifrage 1;!7 Gold-Fern Goldthread Gomphrena Goiiolnliiis 2i'i. 27^ (i ..... l-KiiiL'-IIenry 2s". i: ..... lycra 32: ; Gooseberry (inusefoot 2s i I;OOSI-:FOOT FAMILY_ 2-] i i..' i-e-nrass !"•"'> -S| Gunlonia 71' tilPSM pilllU 70, , \ Gourd 169 (i(lCKI) FAMILY 1 - GRAMINE.E 353 Gi-Mii:i,lilla •_ • i 135 :;!•; 231 ,- ~. I1"! Grape II .i.-infh •I'ii.tl, riant GRASS I'AMII.V -'if-l'ania-.-in Grass-of-the-Andaa -\\ rack tlratiola (I reek Valerian Greenbrier Green-Dragon Green Milkweed Grei-li-\\eed Grciin\M-ll Gruund Cherry lininnd Ivy iJi-iinnd Laurel tin.und-iiut 106, Pink Plum Groundsel Guava Guelder K".-e Guinea Ci.ni (inine.-i-iieii Flower Gumbo Gyiiiii.ieladus '.\ MNO.-PKKMOUS PLANT- 3O1- 27, 3<"»9 :•' 358 64,66 323,324 Haekberry Elackmatack :;H Ililoia 220,2.1 IIAI.OKACK.T: IIAMAMELACE.T: n •> Ilima liu II ird 97, L09 llardlia.-k P_'> Harebell 21" Hare'a-Foot-Fern Hart's-tongae Ha» 12^. 172 Hawkbit Hawkweed II LA thorn 12- II l/.el-UUt Ueal-all Heart'- ' Heart-Seed '.•' Heath 2H llentber 2U II i:\TII FAMILY 21" lledenllia 211. 21- ll.-.lel-a 1'^.. I''" II. Jgehog Cnne-I'lower II. age-hyssop . ' [lodge-Mustard Hedge-Nettle 1 1. l\ ehiuin Heleninm llelianthemuin llelialltlHIS lli'licbr\ .-inn Heliophytum lli-li..|. 1-i IIF.I.lOTHnl'F. FVMll.V - Hellebore HrlleberllS (Hellebori-) S-l. >80 INDEX. IK-loiiixs -.312 Hy?sopus (Hyssop) 244, 24S Kale 52 11,-iiieroeallis 34<>. K.-ilinia 212, 21U Helllitelia 370 H.ITIS 62, [,'> Ki.iiui'.l\:i 97,110 llcinliick Spruce 313 Ic-i-riaut I.'M" Ki Htm kv Blue Grass Hemp •-.'.< lk-x LI. ' Kentock) CoQc.-true 113 IlLMP FAMILY 297 Iiliriun. 42. 4:i Kc-rria ' 116,121 I h nip-Nettle 2.>2 Uysanthes 231,237 Ki.lm-y l!ean 108 Henbane Jill* Iiiiiiii.rri-iii- l^'.i. l'.';' Kinnikinnik lo Ib-patiea 34, 35 luipiitic-ns 78, bl Ivitaibclin 70, 71 Hei-aeleum 103, lijti Inipiiri- 3 >7 Kn.ip.'.r. .( 187 llerl.a Impia J-1.' ll"nnoea '2>'i'2, '2' .'•'• Knawel 68 ll.-rl, K,,l,,.rt 79 [pOOlOpsU Kiint-frrass li»7 lien-Hies' Club I'.'i liMlian Bean 227 Kimtwcvil 287 Herd's s In. liaii Corn o> Kn Irrutrria .-'.'. '• i Hesppris 61,63 liidi.m Ci-e« si Ki.hlrabi ;'2 II, tei-anthcra :;22 Iinli.-iii Cucumber-Root 312 l\l In.lian M.-illnw 73 Labrador Tea 217 Hieracium 185, 2i>7 Iiulian Millet :r>7 Laburnum 94, 101 Hien .ehloa 3.~ji; Indian Pir»ic 121 Lai tura 186,208 Hippiiri.- Ill Indian l'i).u 218 Ladies' Eardrops 147 lbi,;r\-pea In.; INDIAN I'IPE FAMILY 212 Ladies' Smock Hobble-bush 172 Indian Plantain 193 La.lies'-Tresses 326 ll-j-IVa-nut Id'.t luilian Poke 343 Laih-Fern .'M7 llogweed . 188 Indian Kicc 353 La, I\V Mantle 125 Holcus 355 Indian .Shot :J2S Lai.h's Slipper 327 Holly 219 IXDIAX-t=HOT FAMILY 328 Ladj 's Tliumb 2>.-> HOLLY FAMILY 218 T :. liau Turnip 317 Lagenaria 158, 159 llullvhoek 71 Indian \Vhr:,t •>'.< La-.'c •rstru'inia 149,150 Hully-lli-ass. 3-Vi India-RublK.T-Tree 29X Lanibkill 216 ir.iir.~ty 55 Indignl'rra 96, lOfi Lallib-l.ettuce 178 Il,mey-Looust I1! Indigo-plant l|l;i Lamb '.--Quarters 285 Hijm-vsurkle IT-i lukberry 219 Laniiuin 24t :. '-'.J HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY 109 linila 182, I'.'.'i Lautai.a 241,212 Hup 299 Ircsine ->'; La] . rtea 297. 2 9 Hop-Hornbeam '.',«•> IKIDACE^; 332 Lappa lai. 1S7 Hop-tree 83 Iris 332, 333 Laivh 313 Uordcuni 357 IK IS FAMILY Cane 354 Horchnund —~>2 Irish lirimiu LOO Larix 310,313 Hornbeam 305 In.ii-u, i .I !:«' l/irk.-jmr 40 Horse-Balm I run-wood •iii.'i Latin rus 98,110 Horse 1!, in 111 I>anthus 243. 24U I.AI i: u r. v. 290 Horse-* 'hestnut 90 I sat is 52, 5<) LAI Kl.l. 1'AMII.Y 2!'U Hni-se-tlentian 170 Ism-trs 37-. '•>! I l.aurestinvis 172 Horse-iiiiiit 250, li">l Italian May lid Lavandula 244,247 llm-si'-Xcttle -tu Italian Millet 357 Lavatera 70. 71 lli'r*«'r:iili-li 53 It. a 132,134 Lax end, r 247 l|..:--i--Sui;:ir 221 Iw 167 L.ad-l'lant 103 H.ii-i-t.-iii 359 Ixia 333 Leaihvort 222 IIOKSK-TAIL FAMILY 359 LKA1MVOUT FAMILY 222 Km-M-wecd 198 .lainba^in Lily 331 Leal'-cuj. 201 lloti-iu 137 Jacob'e Ladder LeatliiT-lraf 21;', lliittmiiH 223,225 Jainofito\vn-\\ Ccd -' '•' Leatherwood 292 lliiumlstoiigue 191, ~2"<1 .Mi pan Alspice 131 Li-rhea r.u.i;) lluuM.l^.k I:N .la.-minum 279,280 LeUum 212, 217 MuusiDiiia I"*!, 17(> .l:it,..pha 293, 29li U-ek 347 llova 27'i, 'J7* .IHlrr-niiia -4">, 41'. LECrMINns.y. !U lliu'Ulcl..-rrv 213 .Irrusalcin Articlioke -Hi l.c-i,.pli\lliiiii 212,217 llti.lsonia i;n .Irrii.-ali'in Cbrrrv 'J'.s lycmna 316 limn,'.-, 1S1 1!X) .Ifrusalcm (»ak ' 2>5 I.K.MN ACK.i: MD llnniulus 297, -'.''•' .Irriisak'in Sace 2-V! l.i-umn s." il..Hintinifl :;to .i.--.;iiuin,. -jsii Lemon-scented Verbena 2-)2 llvr.rintli 848 .lrw,.]-\V,.,.,l M Leu- US, 111 IIv.lr.-uiL'r:, 132, l:jf) .loc-Pvo \\Ccd 182 LKNTIBl'LACE.E Ih.h-.-i-ti-i :;i :o Jointed Charlock .V, Lentil 111 U\ HKOCIIARIDACE.T-: :i21 .loint«rrd 287 Leontodon is:,. -nr, ll\cln.c.ityle I'-!, M4 .l(.ni|iiil :-U Leonurua 246,253 Hydrotea L;:,S, LT.II Jndas-trrp 113 Li'iiarlns 185,205 Hydrophyllnm 258, 'J.'.'.i .in;LAM»\CK^ Lepidium 62,56 HTDROPHTLLACBIX 268 .In-jlMiis 3<)0 Lrptii!-i]iliiin 261 HYMK\iii'iivi,i,Afi:.i: :; ;'j .11 NCACK.K 319 l,,-|.r,l,./a 95,104 Ilviwv.-iiims 266. 2!1,'. i .In ni-iis 349 Lettuce 208 HYI'KIMC M'K.V. 111 ,him--l;,Tr> 129 Lcu.-antb, -mum 183, 11*9 IlvpcriruiM ''.1 Juniperus (Juniper) 310,315 Li-iii-niiini 330,332 ll'vpnxys 32ft, -;n Jupitpr's-Bcanl 177 Lonrotho.- ^li 215 Hyptis 244,247 Jussia-a 142, 145 Lever- wood 305 INDKX. 881 Levisticuin lifl, Ifir, Liatris 1>2, I'.'l Liiri'.strum 279, 2Sn Lil.te 280 LILIACK.K 337 Liliuin 340, 315 Lily 345 LILY FAMILY 337, 339 Lily-of-the-Valley 344 Lime 83 Lime-tree 75 Lirnnanthemum 271,273 Limnanthes 77, 79 Limnobiuni 321, 322 Limnocharis S20, 321 LINAGES 77 Linaria 230, 23.3 Linden 75 LINDEN FAMILY 75 Lindera 291 Ling 214 Linnsea 169, 170 Liuura 77 Lion's-Foot 207 Lippia 241,212 Liquidambar 140 Liriodendron 42 Lithospermum 254, 2."it; Live-for-ever 13S Liver-leaf 35 Lizard's Tail 293 LIZARD'S-TAIL FAMILY 293 Loasa 152 LOASACE.E 151 LOASA FAMILY 151 Lobelia 208 LOBELIACE.E 208 LOBELIA FAMILY 208 Loblolly Bay 76 Locust-tree 107 LOGANIACE.E 273 LOGANIA FAMILY 273 Lolium 356 Long Moss 329 Louicera 169, 170 Loosestrife 150, 224 LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY 149 Lopezia 142, 147 Lophauthus 245, 251 Lophospermum 231,236 Lcpseed 241 Loquat-Tree 129 LORANTHACE.E 292 Lotus 47 Lousewort 239 Lorage 165 Love-lies-Bleeding 286 Low Spear Grass 354 Lucerne 101 Ludwigia 142, 146 1,11 II I I l:: 52, 55 Lungwort 255 Lupinus (Lupine) 94, 100 Luzula 349, 350 Lychnis 64, 65 Lydum 267, 270 Lvcopersieum 266, 267 LYCOPODIAOEJE 372 Lycopodium 372 Lycopsis 255, 257 Lyi-npus 244, 247 Lygodiuin 362, 371 Lysimaohia 223, 224 LYTIIKACE^ 149 Lythrum 150 MADDER FAMILY 173 Maclura Madder 297, 299 174 .MAliMlLIACK.K M Ail. NOLI A FAMILY Maliernia Mahogany-tree Mah.mia Mahun stock Maiden-hair M ilcolmia MALLOW FAMILY Mall...v M.ilope M.-ilva MALVACEJ? M;il\ ivisrus Mamillaria Mandevillea Maudnikc Manettia oordifolia Man-of-the-Earth Maple MAPLE FAMILY Maranta Maivstail Marigold Marjoram Marrubium .Marsh-Mallow Marsh-Marigold Marsh-Rosemary Marsli St. John's-wort 42 42 75 84 r, 63 364 358 51,53 70 71 70,71 7ii,71 7o 70. 73 1".;:. I"..; 275 46 173 263 91 89 32S 141 •3 H i 21; ' 246, 252 71 39 222 Martyuia Maruta Marvi'1-of-Peru M istrrwort Matrimony-Vine Matthi.ila Maurandia Ma \ -apple Mayflower Mavpops 63 227, 228 183, 199 283 166 270 51,53 231. J 5 46 214 I"i7 199 148 356 354 36 355 120 Medeola 337, ::12 Me. lie-ago 94, 101 M.-.li.-k 101 Melampyrum 232, 239 Melantliium 338, 343 MELANTIIIUM FAMILY 337 MELASTOMACE.K 148 MELASTOMA FAMILY 1H Melia &1 MELIACE2E M MELIA FAMILY Melilotus (Melilot) Mcli-a Meadow-Beauty Meadow-Foxtail Meadow Grass Meadow-rue Mcail.iw-Soft-Grass Melon Mrlini-Cactus Melothria 84 '."1, bii 21.'.. 2l;i 153, I.Vi 160 Mcnispcrmum M.-ntlia Mcutzelia Meny ant lies Mermaid-weed Mertensia 159, Itiii 244,217 1"'l 271, 2.3 141 '-'"14,255 MESEMBRY ANTHEM I. 1 166 Mesembryautheuiuin 156, 157 Mexican Tea Mezereum MK/.KKKIM FAMILY MhiNoNKITE FAMILY M.I. .nia . l;.l Milfoil Milk-l'ea 1..J MiU Thi>tle 1^7 Milk- Vetch p. 7 Milkweeil U77 MILKWEED FAMILY 'J7'1, Milkwort 112 Mine 99, 111 MIMOSA FAMILY Mnnulus Mint li|7 MINT FAMILY Uirabilia Mist-Flower Mistletoe MI.-TLETOC FAMILY 2:rj Mitchella 174, i7.'i Mit.-lla 133, L;7 Miireola 27:; M it r. -wort 1 7 Moceasou-Flower -.7 Mocker-nut I M.ick-..range 119. I:;! Modinla 7". 73 Mollugo Molucca Balm 'J."»i MollK-cella 246,253 Mi.iiiorilii-a 158 M ><.arda . 250 Moneaee 212. 21^ Moneywort 1. 1 Monkey-Flower Monkshood 41 MONOCOTYLEDONOCS ri.\\TS 316 .MnNnl'ETALlirS DIVI- SION l./.t M tropa 212, L'H M' in t lirctia 333 MooN.-KED FAMILY 44 91. . 297. -• 1 21.'. 17j 37 1" ' 34| Nccksveed 2-S4 Oryza 353 Pi-trnseiinuin 1,'t', Nectarine IIS (>-ai;e-0 range P«-tunia 266, 2- ,:• .N'-mnlo 89,92 Osier 307 Phncelia 258. 259 Neiiimliium 46 '•-inauthus PlI.KNOCAMOfS PLANT.- Nelunilm 46 Osmorrhiza 1-;:; TI;I oa iNemastylis 333,33.5 362, 371 t>j Phalaris 354 Neuiopanthes 218 ' >SM l.'XDACE^l 362 p olus 97, 108 Nenioj.hila 258,259 Ostrich-Fern Pheasant's-i.\e r..", Nepeta 245, 251 Nephrodium 368 Nerium 274,275 Oswego Tea Oxalis 302, 3t'*5 2.-,' i 77, 7S Pheasaiif's-esi- Adonjs 37 Phegopteris 360, 367 Phila.|eli,hns 1.-J2, 13i Nesses 150 Oxeye 2o 1 Phleliodium Nettle •_':,;! NETTLE FAMILY 296. 2: 1 7 Ox-eye-Daisy in:* 283 Phleum Plilomis 246,2".:: Nettle-Tree 298 New-Jersey Tea 87 Oxyilendrum Oyster-Plant 212. 216 206 Phlox 260 Phoradendron 292 New Zealand Flax 341 Phormium 341 New Zealand Spinach 157 Pachysandra 293, 296 Photinia 117, 129 Nieandra 266, 2' is Pasonia 34,41 Plira^inites 354 Nicotiana 266,269 Pasony 41 Pliryma 241 Nierembergia 21 i'1., 2i,:i Painted-Cup 2:?.* Phylloeactus I:",:!. l.Vl Nigella 34, 40 Palm 316 I'hysalis Night-Blooming Ccreus 1.", t Palma-Christi 295 Physostegia 245, 251 Nightshade 267 Palmetto 316 PllVtiilaeea 284 MCHTSHADE FAMILY 2i;:, Pampas Crass :;:,s PHTTOLACCACKS 2si Nine-Hark 120 Pancratium 330,331 Picea 312 Mphoholus 363 Panicum 857 Pickcrel-«eeil ;;-'2 Nolana 266, 267 Pansy 59 PICKEREL-WEED F. 322 NOLANA FAMILY 2»i6 Papavc-r 48 Pii'-plant 2s'.» N". ii-such 101 PAPAYERACE2B 48 I'i.u'sveed 285,286 Nothnlrena 361, -'^l Papaw 44 Pimpernel 225 N'uphar 46, 47 Paper-Mulberry Pinckneya 174, 176 N in -Crass 352 Pardanthus 333, :T:'i Pine ;;n NnhncL'-llosver 40 Parnassia ]:12. Li-'. Pi"e-A].ple 329 NYCTAC1NACE.E 283 Parsley 165 PINE-APPLE FAMILY 329 Nsinpli.-i-a 4(5 47 PARSLEY FAMILY 162 PINK FAMILY .>'.* NYMP1LEACE/E 46 Parsley Piert 125 Pine-sap 218 Nyssa 107, 168 Parsnip hit; Pinsruicula 225, 226 Partridge-berry 176 Pink 64 Oak 302 Pai-tviilp' Pea II:; PINK FAMILY 63 OAK FAMILY 301 Pa.si|ni,-llosver 36 Pink-Root 273 Oat 355 Passiflora 157 Pinus 309, 311 o.it-Crass :;.-,:, PA8SIFLOBAOE2B Pine- weed iil 1,2 Oca 79 P:i--ion F'losscr 157 Pinxter Flower 217 Oeimum 243, 247 PASSION-FLO WEB Pipe-Vine 2S2 (Enothera 144, 1 1:: FAMILY 167 PIPE \VOKT FAMILY ar/2 Ou'eechoe Lime |i;:i Pastinaca Pipse.-seNVH '_' H Oil-nut 292 Palllowilia 280^2$ I'i'ineria 1S2. 1'.'3 Okra 74 Pea 110 Pi-urn ;*s 11(1 oiea 279,280 Peach 118 I'lTCIIKR-PLAXT F. 47 oLF.Ai'K.E 271 • Peanut 106 PITTOSPORACK2E 57 l»l,.ai,,ler 274,275 Pear 12'.' PITTOSl'dKI'M FAMILY 57 01, i:\STF.I! FAMILY 2!'2 PKAK FAMILY 117 Planera 2'." l>lis-,- -_>o IVarlsvort 67 Plan.-r-Tree 2'.'^ <»I,I\ i: FAMILY 279 Pea-tree Plane-tree 300 Ompl, :,],„!,.. 254,2;" Pecan-nut 801 PI.\\E TI'.KF. FAMILY 300 ONACKAi'K.E 141 Pedicularis 23'2, 2:;;i I'LAXTACINACi: . 221 Onion 347 Pelargonium 7s, 7'.' PLANTAIN FAMILY 221 Onpplpi-srliis 95, lo:j 361. 3' v5 PLATAN ACL.K 300 Onoclca :XI,370 Peltandra 317,318 platanus 3(JO Onopordon Iso. Is7 Pencil-Flower Platycerinm 360, 363 nimsnindiiim 254, 2;V, Pennyroyal 248 Platycod.m L .i,210 OPIIIOOL033ACE.E 363 Peiltus carneii 173 Pleurt.iy-Root 277 INDKX. Plum 118 Pteris 861,866 Rork-r, M PLUMBAGINACE.E 21TJ Puccoon Rocket Plumbago 222 Pulsatilla 36 KITK-KII-I-; K\MII.Y •" PLUM FAMILY 1! ; IT LSD FAMILY '.'I Riiinan \\'. 46 Purslane i ! pie li. Pogonia 324, 326 PI KM.ANE FAMILY Rose-bay Poinciana 113 Putty-Root 327 KiiSK FAMILY 116 Poinsettia 294 P.venanthcniuni 21 1, 2 1 •> l!'i-e-Mallo\T 71 Poison-Dogwood 84 Pyrethrum 1-:;, !:<:» Rosemary Poison-Elder 84 Pyrola 218,217 Rose of China 7^ Poison Hemlock 165 PYKOLA FAMILY 212 Rosin-Plant Poison-Ivy 84 Pyrrhopappus 186,207 Riismaritius Poison-Oak 84 Pyrularia •J:'J KoUan-Tlve Poke or Pokeweed 2*4 P\ rus 117, 12'J Royal-Fern 873 POKEWEED FAMILY 284 Rubia 17.-;. 174 p,i! ani.-ia 57 Quaking Grass 355 Kl IMAi'E.E 178 POLEMONIACEiE 260 Quamash 347 Rubus 1 1 ' ' 12 I Poleinoniuin 260, 262 Quamoclit 262, 263 Rudbei-ki.i 185, 205 POLEMONIUM FAMILY 260 QCASSIA FAMILY 83 Rue 82 Poliauthes 330, 332 Queen-of-t he- Prairie 121, 12') Rue-Anemone 86 Polyanthus 223 ! Queen's Delight 295 RUE FAMILY -1 Polvgala 92 Quercus 802 Ruellia POLYGALACE.E 92 Quilhvort 374 Rumez POLYGALA FAMILY 92 Quince 130 i: :-eus POLYGONACE.E 287 Quitch-Grass 356 • Polygonatum 339, 344 in HI FAMILY Polygouum 287 Radish 56 Ku-- 221. -JL. Polyumia 184, 201 Ragged-lady 40 Rutaba -,. POLYPETALOUS Ragged-Robin 65 Ruta "2 DIVISION Ragweed 188 RUTACE& 81 POLYPODIACE.K 3'iO Ragwort 194 Rye 867 Polypody Ramie 299 a-ass Polypremum 273 Ramsted 235 Polypodium 330, 363 RANUNCULACEJE 33 Salial 816 Polypodium Phegopteris Ranunculus 34,37 Sabbatia 270,271 Polystichum 3 >9 R ipe 52 i ii-uni 353 Pomegranate 15'.' Raphanus 52,56 1 P.. Mil 17 Pomme Blanche 103 Raspberry 124 Safflower 1-7 Pond-Lily Rattlebox 100 Sage Pond Spice 291 Rattlesnake Grass 355 Sagina 64.67 Pondweed 316 Rattlesnake Plantain 326 Saeittaria 820 PONDWEED FAMILY :;!'. Rattlesnake-Root 2' '7 j Sago Palm 309 Pontederia 322 Rattlesnake-Weed 207 Sainfoin 108 PONTEDERIACE.E 322 Ra\ Grass St. Andrew's Cross 81 Poor-Man's- Weatherglass 225 Red Bay •_,'! St. .lame- Lily 331 Poplar 42, 308 Red-bud 113 St. .lohn's-Wort 6] POPPY FAMILY, Poppv 48 Red Cedar 315 ST. JOHN S-WORT F. (H Populus "' '7, 308 Red Pepper 268 St. Peti-r's-Wort • 1 Portulaca 69 Red-root 87 St. Peter's Wreath iao PORTULACACE/E 69 Red-top 353 SALIC AC E.K Potamogeton 316 Redwood 314 Salicornia 884 Potato '-!'>*- Reed 354 Salisburia '•'> \ 1 M ,'i Potentilla 116, 122 l;> e,|-Mace 319 Salix Poterium 117, 125 RKSEDACEJB, Reseda 57 Salpigl"--!- Prairie Clover 102 Resurrection-Plant 3,4 Salsify 806 Prairie Dock 201 Retinospora 314 Salsola 284 Prickly Ash KIIAMNACEJE 86 Saltwort 884 Prickly-Pear Cactus 153 Rhamnus St'. S" Sal via •jr.. -ji • Prickly Poppy Rheum 287,288 Sambucus 17". 17:i Pride-of-India 84 Itbeiimatisin-root 1 Sainnlns Prim £80 Rhexia ; Sand-Myrtle -17 Primrose 223 Rhodanthe 1R1, I'."' SAM'ALWOOn 1 VMM *i PRIMROSE FAMILY Rhododendron 212. 2l'j BandSpurrej Primrose Peerless 330 Rhodora 212,211 S:ini|. 67 Primula 222, 223 Rhubarb 2s'1 Saii'.'uinaria 4*. 1:1 PRIMULACE.E 222 Rhns v' - ngiusorba Princes' Feather 286, 288 Rhynchosia '•'' .11" >• ,nii ula (Sanicle) Princes-Pine Ribes -\M AI.M'KV. Prinos -I1' Ribgrass 221 SAP1MM.I.1 Privet, 2*" Rice i IllS Pro.-artes 339, "l:; Richardia - ,p,.naria Proserpinaca Ricinus : r. Primus 116,11- Kipplegrass '--' SM'PilHILI.A KVMII.\ Psidium Robinia 9f>. 10< Sarmeenin 47 Psoralea '.'•">. 1":', Robin's Plantain S \UR\CKMAi-l 1 47 Ptele* v'-. I-:'; Rochea 138, 139 SarsaparilU, Wild 884 INDl.X. Sassafras 290, 291 Satin-Flower 55 Satureia 244, 249 8AURURAORS 293 Saururus '-•<•', Savin 315 Savory 249 Saw-Grass '•'-'•- Saxifraga (Saxifrage) 132, 136 SAXIFKAUACEJE 131 S \\1KKA(1K FAMILY 131 Seal>ici-a (Scabious) 178 Schallott :;47 gcheuchzeria 319, '•"-<> Schizandra 42 43 Schizsea 362, 371 SCHIZ.EACE^E 362 Schizanthus 229 232 Schizostylis 333 Schollera 322 Schrankia 99, 114 Scilla 340, 347 Scirpus 352 SCITAMINEJE 328 Sclerauthus 64, 68 Soolopeudrium 361, 367 Scoke 284 Scorpion-grass 256 Scotch Broom 100 Scotch Thistle 187 Scou ring-Rush 359 Scrophularia 231, 238 SCROPHULARIACEiE 229 Scutch Grass 350 Scutellaria 245, 252 Scurvy-Grass 54 Sea Elite 2S4 Sea-Lavender 222 Sea-Rocket 56 Sea Sand-Reed •'.-'•', Secale 357 SEDGE FAMILY :!52 Sedum 138 Selaginella 372, 373 Self-Heal 252 Srmpervivum 137, i:is Si-niva (Jniss :!."ii; Seneca Snakeroot 93 Senecio 182, 193 Senna 113 Sensitive-brier 114 Sensitive-Fern 370 Sensitive Joint-Vetch 105 Sensitive-plant 1 1 1 Sequoia 310, 314 Service-Berry 1 -' i Sesame Grass Sesrmimii (Sesame) 227 sKSAMUM FAMILY 227 Seshania 96, 106 Setaria -'>:n Seymeria 231,2:;7 Shadbush Shcrp-licrry 172 Shell-Flower Shephenlia 2! 12 Shepherd's-pune ;V. .Shield-Fern 3tiS Sliin-leaf 218 Shooting-star '-!'•': Shrul. Yellow-root 38 Sirklepod 64 S icy OB 159, 1(JO Si, la 70,73 Sidesaddle-Flower 47 Silene >U, (If. Silk-Flower 114 Silk-tree 114 Silkweed 277 Silphium 184. -"1 Silver-Bell-Tree 221 Silver-Berry '-•'- Silver-Fern Silybum 181', 1>7 BIMARUBACEJE Siphocampylus 209 Sisymbrium ">!,.>•) Sisyrinchium 333, 335 Slum lt>o, \i~Si Skullcap 252 Skimmia 82, 83 Skunk Cabbage -Is Sloe 118 Smartweed 288 SMILACE^l 366 Sniilacina 339, 344 Sniilax 334-336 SMI LAX FAMILY 336 Smoke-tree 84 Snake-Cucumber 158 Snake-head -j:;s Snakeroot 192, 2*2 Snapdragon 235 Snowball-tree 172 Snowberry 170, 214 Snowdrop 331 Snowdrop-Tree Bnowflake Sneezeweed Sneezewort Soapberry SOAPBERRY FAMILY Soapwort SOLANACEJ3 Solanum Solidago Solomon's Seal S(1phora Sorrel Sorrel-tree Sour Gum-tree Simr-wood Suv. bread Southernwood Sow Thistle Spadiceous Division Spanish-liaydiiet Spanish Broom Spanish Trcfuil sparaxis gparganinm Spartium Junceum Spatter-Dock Spearmint Spi'i-ularia Spi-eilwell sprit Spergula S|"-r;.'u]aria Spiccbush .vi2 'J1 « ' l!|C.i 90 88 66 265 26fi, 267 182, 195 '.'A 1 186,208 98, 112 357 289 216 l'i> 216 224 189 208 348 1' m 101 333 31S, ::i'.i 100 247 288 867 64, 88 64, 68 351 Sl'IDKRU'ORT FAMILY :;.M| Spigelia 273 Spikenard I1'1'' Spin.-ich -*'• Spiimciii 284, L's;) Spindle-tree llfl, I'Jn 21'i lo'i ti'J Spleentrort Spoon-woml Spotted Cowbane Sprint; Bi-autj Spruce BP1 KtlE FAMILY 293 Spurge-Nettle 296 Spurred Butterfly-Pea 109 Spurred Valerian 177 Spurrey 68 Sqii:i-li 159 Squaw-root 229 Squaw-weed 194 Squill 347 Squirrel-Corn 50 Squirting Cucumber 158 Stachys 246, 253 Staff-tree 88 STAFF-TREE FAMILY 87 Stagger-bush 215 Stag-horn Fern Stapelia 276, 279 Staphylea fcJ, 90 Star-Anise 43 Star-Cucumber 160 Star-Flower 224 Star-'irass 322,330 Star of Bethlehem 346 Star-Thi>tle 187 Starry Campion 66 Starwort 196 Starwort duckweed 67 Statice 222 Steeplcbush 120 Stellaria >'(.r,7 Stenanthium 338, 342 Stephanoti, 276,278 STKR(.TLlACE.ffi 75 STKKCl .1.1 A FAMILY 75 Stiekseed 257 Stillingia 293. •.:<:. Stitchwort 67 Stock 53 Stone-Crop 138 Storax 221 ST()U\X FAMILY 220 Storksbill 79 Stramonium 269 Strawberry 123 Strawberry-bush Strawberry Blite 2>r. Strawberry (ieranium 136 Strawherrv Tomato 2oX Strelitzia " 329 Streptopus 339,343 Stuartia 76 Stviophnrum 48, 49 Stylosanthes 95,103 StNptie-NV.'e.l 113 BTYRACACEA 220 Styrax 220, 221 Succory 206 Sugar Cane 358 Sumach 84 SUNDEW FAMILY 59 Siinllower 2n3 Suwda --I Supple-Jack 87 Suthcrlandia 96 Struthiopteris 361, 370 Swainsona 96 S«,-rt Basil 247 Sweet Bay 43 Sweet-Brier 126 Sw.M't Cicely 164 Sw.-et Clover 101 Sweet-Fern •'((•! Sweet Flag 318 Sweet Gale 306 SWEET GALE FAMILY 305 Tree 140 221 INDKX. «weet-Potato 263 Tooth wort 55 Vcrbpsinfi 1S4 2* ii Sweet-scented-Shrub 131 Torenia 231 'in i •* i , i'."i Sweet-scented Vernal-Grass Torreya 311,316 Veronica 865 Touch-me-not 81 \ >T\ .I'D Sweet Sultana 188 Sweet-Verbena 212 Trarheliuni 'jnn , Tradusoantia \I.IL\A1.\ FAMILY 1 In Sweet-William 64 Trailing Arbutus 211 Vim; 1 In Swietenia Mahogani S4 Tragopogon 185,2-"; i num 17o, 172 Sycamore :',n'i Treacle-Mustard 54 Vk-ia '.)•. lin Symplocarpus 317, 318 Treat 1 softly 296 \ ietoria regia }•; Symplocos 22'i, '_2l Tree Clover in I \ in. -a 'J7 • SvmDlioricurDus It 11 ' 1TO Tr< 'i* Kt ' n i *i •-****> Symphytum 255, 257 Tree of lleavea 83 VINK KAM1I.V Syringa 134, 279, 280 Trefoil in I Triehomaiies 362, :;71 Viola (Vi.. . \ I()L M 1. 1. Tacamahac 309 Trichosanthes i:,s \ lnl.l.r FAMILY 58 Tacsonia 157 Tagetes 185, 206 Triehostema 21::. 216 Trieutalis ^_;;, 221 Viper's lingloss 2V, Virgin's-Bower Talinum 69 Trifolium :r,,' [oi Tallow-tree 295 Triglochin 31:1 Virginia Creeper 86 Tamarack 314 Trigonella :ti. La Virginia Snakeroot 2-2 Tauiarix 63 Trillium 337,:: 11 \ 'iririnia Stock TAMAItrSCIXE.E 63 TRILLICM FAMILY :J37 vrj'Ai i. i. 85 TAMARISK FAMILY 63 Triosteum 169, 17n Vitex 241,213 Tamus &36 Tripsacum .;,- Tauaretum 180, 188 Triteleia :;il \\ :ike Robin 341 Tansy 188 Triticum :',', ; Waldsteinia 116, 121 Tansy-Mustard Tritoma 340, :;is Walking-leaf Tape-Grass 322 Tritonia 333 Wallflower :,i Taraxacum 186, 207 Trollius 34, 39 Wall-1'epper I'.SJ Tare 110 Tropaeolum 78, 81 Wall-Rue Tarragon l"'.i True Ferns 360 Walnut 300 Tartary Wheat 289 True Thistle LSI; WALM T FAMILY Tassel- Flower 194 Trumpet-Creeper 227 Water Arum 318 Taxodium 310, 314 Trumpet-Flower 227 \\ater l!i>i>eh Taxus 310, 315 Trumpet-Leaf 48 \\ ati-r Chiii'jiiepin 47 TEA FAMILY 75 Tsuga 313 WatiT-i'n -- ,V3 Tea Plant 76 Tuberose 332 Waier-Ilemlock ],,.- Tear-Thumb 289 Tulipa (Tulip 340, 346 Water-llorehound 217 Teasel 178 Tulip-tree 42 Waterl.'af ' S TEASEL FAMILY 178 Tupelo 168 WATKKLEAF FAMILY Tecoma 226, 227 Turnip 52 WatiT-Lilv 47 Ten-O'clock 346 Turtle-head 2 ;s WATKK-LILY FAMILY Tephrosia 96, 106 Tussilago 182, 1H3 \\"atennelon ]t>l Testudinaria 336 Twin-Flower 170 W;ifer-Milf,,il 111 Tetragonia 156, 157 Twin-lea*' (•; »\An;i; MILFOIL F. Mil Tetranthera 291 Twisted-stalK 343 Water OatB Teucrium 243, 246 Typha 318, 319 Water-parsnip Thalia 328 TYPHACE.E Sis Water-pennywort I'.l Thalictrum 34, 36 Water Pepper 289 Thea 76 Uhmis 296, 297 Water-Plantain Thermopsis 98, 112 UMBELLIFER.E L',2 WATKK-I'I.ANTAIN F. 819 Thirnbleberry 124 Umbrella-tree 12 Water-pimpernel Thistle Is.; Unicorn-Plant 228 Water-.-hie;,| !•; Thorn-Apple 269 Urtioa 297, 2'.i'.i \\ atn- Star-' Thoroughwort 192 URTICACE.E 296 v\ ater \ Miet Three-leaved Nightshade 341 Utricularia 225 Wati-r-wec.l : .2 Thrift 222 Uvularia 338, 343 WATKIl-WORT FAMILY Thuja 310, 315 Watsonia Thnjopsis 315 Vaccaria 64, 66 Wax-Myrtle Thunbergia 240 Vaeeinium 211,213 Wax-Plant 278 Thyme 249 THYMELEACEJE 291 Valeriana (Valerian) 177 VALKKIANACE.E 177 Wax-work Wavfarimr-tr.-.- 172 Thymus 244. 249 Valerianella 1 1 s Weld :.7 Tiarella 133, 137 VALKRIAN FAMILY 177 \\'. !:i;t^'tiriiia 314 Tickseed 201 Vallisneria 321.: 122 Whahoo Tick-trefoil 104 Vallota 883 Wheat Tiger-Flower 335 Vanilla-plant I'.'l Whin 1"0 Tigridia 333, 335 Vegetable Serpent 158 i White AMer 217 Tilia 75 Velvet-Grass 355 White Hont Grass TILIACE.E 75 Velvet-Leaf ','•', Whilf Ce'lar M5 Tillaea las, 139 Venus's Fly Trap W White I^'ttuoe 2n7 Tillandsia 329 Venus-hair ot'.t White Thorn 128 Timothy 356 Venus's Looking-Glass 209 Whiteweed Toad-Flax 235 Veratruin 338, 343 White- 12 Tobacco 269 Verbascum 230, 233 Whitlavia 258, 260 Tomato 267 Verbena 211 Whitlow-(}rass Toothache-tree 82 VERBENACE^E 241 Wliortli'liurry 213 25 386 INDKX. WHORTLEBERRY F. 211 Woad 66 Yarrow 1% Wigundis 258 Woad-Waxen 100 Yellow Bachelor's-Button 92 i\ i. 1 Allspice 291 Wolfsbane •11 '1 ••!!.. w-KM-d lii 351 Wild K:tl.s;tm-Aii]ile IMI Woini-lietony 239 yELLOW-KYED GRASS Wild Lean 1^> \\-liodl.ilK- 170 FAMILY aji Wild Berjpmiot 250 Wood-Nettle 299 Yellow .liv.>:iiiiini! 278 Wild I'nnilri'y •j:,7 \Vnod-llush 350 l'"iid-l.ily 47 IVild (iiirj:i-r 282 Woodsia 861,870 Vrllow ]ill(TOOU 38 Wild Hvarintli 347 Wood-Sorrel 78 \ ,-l...',v-Kocki-t 54 Wild Li'iuorire 175 WdoilH:irdia 361,366 Yellow- Wood 112 Wild-Potato-Vine 2U4 Wumi-di 273 Yi-\v 315 Willow 807 Wormaeed •2*r, YKW FAMILY 310 WILLOW FAMILY :;u7 Wormseed-Moatard 54 Yucca 340,348 Willow-herb ] i:j \\'onn\vood 188 Yulan 43 Wind-flower 35 Windsor lir.-m 111 Xanthiuni 180, 188 Zainia 30& Winterberry 219 Xerophvllum 338,342 Zanthorhiza 34,38 Winter-cress 54 Ximinesia 184, 203 Zauthoxylum 82 Wintergreen 214, 218 XYRIDACE^; 351 Zauschneria. 142, 143 Wire-Grass 354-350 Xyris 351 Zea 358 Wistaria 97, 108 Ziunia 185, 206 Witch Grass &57 Yam 336 Zizania 353 Witch-Hazel 140 YAM FAMILY 335 Zostera 316 WITCH-HAZEL FAMILY 140 Yard-Grass 356 Zygadenus 338,343 THE BOTANIST'S MICROSCOPE, This Convenient Instrument, dc-i'lscd and manu- factured first for the use of the Students in HARVARD UNIVERSITY, has given so great satisfaction there, and else- where, that we deem it a duty to make it better known, and offer it at a price within the reach of all Students. // is attacJicd to a box, one and a half inches higJi and less than four inches long, into which it is neatly folded when not in use. 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