The Great Basin Naturalist VOLUME XVIII, 1958 Vasco M. Tanner, Editor Stephen L. Wood, Assistant Editor WiLMER W. Tanner, Assistant Editor Published at Provo, Utah BY Brigham Young University MUS. COf^P. ZML LIBRARY MAR 13 1959 KA5VARD UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS Volume XVIII 'No. 1 May 31, 1958 Additional Data on the Birds of the Uinta Mountains and Basin of Northern Utah, by Wilham H. Behle and John Ghiselin 1 New and Unusual Records of Birds from the Uinta Basin, Utah, by Merlin L. Killpack and C. Lynn Hayward 23 Distribution and Variation of the Utah Population of the Great Basin Pocket Mouse, by C. Lynn Hayward and Merlin L. Killpack 26 An Outbreak of Say's Plant Bug in Utah Valley, 1958. By Vasco M. Tanner 30 Undescribed Species of Western Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera). Ill, by Charles P. Alexander 31 Some Virtually Unknown North American Platypodidae (Coleoptera), by Stephen L. Wood 37 No. 2 November 15. 1958 A New Species of MallopHora From the Great Salt Lake Desert (Dip- tera: Asilidae), D. Elmer Johnson 41 A New Species in the Genus N eoteneriffiola from Utah (Acarina: Anystoidea: Teneriffidae) (Illustrated), by Ted Tibbetts 43 Bark Beetles of the Genus Pityoborus Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolyti- dae) (Illustrated), by Stephen L. Wood 46 A Wolverine in Utah, by Stephen L. Wood 56 Two New Skinks from Durango, Mexico (Illustrated), by Wilmer W. Tanner 57 Notes on the Herpetology of Baker County, Oregon, by Denzil E. Ferg- uson, K. Ellsworth Payne and Robert M. Storm 63 Notes on Coniana snowi, an Acridid new to the Utah List, by Ernest R. Tinkham 66 Hydrometra martini found in Central Utah, by Stanley K. Taylor 67 Nos. 3-4 December 31, 1958 New and Insufficiently Known Exoprosopa from the Far West (Illus- trated), by D. Elmer and Lucile M. Johnson 69 A Comparative Osteological Study of Certain Species Belonging to the Genus Bolitoglossa (Amphibia) (Illustrated), by Alton M. Hansen and Wilmer W. Tanner 85 Life History Notes on Calligrapha multipunctata multipunctata (Say) (Coleoptra, Chrysomelidate) (Illustrated), by Vasco M. Tanner 101 Index to Volume 18 105 II The Great Basin mmwim Volume XVUI May 31, 1958 MUS. COf:lP. AUG 2 2 W Wftm No. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Additional Data on the Birds of the Uinta Mountains and Basin of Northern Utah, by William H. Behle and John Ghiselin I New and Unusual Records of Birds from the Uinta Basin, Utah, by Merlin L. Killpack and C. Lynn Hayward 23 Distribution and Variation of the Utah Population of the Great Basin Pocket Mouse, by C. Lynn Hayward and Merlin L. Killpack 26 An Outbreak of Say's Plant Bug in Utah Valley, 1958. By Vasco M. Tanner 30 Undescribed Species of Western Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera). Ill, by Charles P. Alexander 31 Some Virtually Unknown North American Platypodidae (Coleoptera), by Stephen L. Wood 37 Published by Brigham Young University The Great Basin Naturalist A journal published from one to four times a year by the Brig- ham Young University, Provo, Utah. Manuscripts: Only original unpublished manuscripts, pertain- ing to the Great Basin and the Western United States in the main, will be accepted. Manuscrtipts are subject to the approval of the editor. Illustrations: All illustrations should be made with a view to having them appear within the limits of the printed page. The ill- ustrations that form a part of an article should accompany the manuscript. All half-tones or zinc etchings to appear in this jour- nal are to be made under the supervision of the editor, and the cost of the cuts is to be borne by the contributor. Beprints: No reprints are furnished free of charge. A price list for reprints and an order form is sent with the proof. Subscriptions: The annual subscription is $2.50, (outside the United States $3.25). Single number, 80 cents. All correspondence dealing with manuscripts, subscriptions, reprints and other business matters should be addressed to the Editor, Vasco M. Tanner, Great Basin Naturalist, Brigham Young Univer- sity, Provo, Utah. Reprints Schedule of The Great Basin Naturalist Each Additional 2 pp. 4 pp. 6 pp. 8 pp. 10 pp. 12 pp. 2 pp. 50 copies $5.00 $6.00 $7.00 $8.00 $9.00 $10.00 $1.50 100 copies 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 200 copies 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 300 copies 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 Covers: $8.00 for first 100 copies; $3.00 for additional 100 copies. The Great Basin Naturalist Published by the Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah Ml i\mi AUG 2 2 mm IWIVERS Volume XVIII May 31,: 1958 No. 1 ADDITIONAL DATA ON THE BIRDS OF THE UINTA MOUNTAINS AND BASIN OF NORTHEASTERN UTAH William H. Behle and Jon Ghiselin' A notable contribution to Utah ornithology is Iwomey's report (1942) on the birds of the Uinta Basin. Since completion of this project of the Carnegie Museum, personnel of the University of Utah have done considerable field work in the basin and the Uinta Mountains. It seems desirable to record the resultant information as well as some data from an earlier period, and also to summarize the information recorded by others since 'Fwomey's study. The field work conducted by the University of Utah began about 1930 when A. M. Woodbury and students did some general collecting in the area of Smith-Morehouse Creek, a tributary to the Weber River in Summit County at the western end of the Uinta Mountains. The Pack's Canon where Ridgway (1877) collected in 1869 was somewhere in the same general area. During the summer of 1946. George K. Todd collected at Nobletts Ranger Station, 10 miles southeast of Kamas, and along Current Creek, 7 miles north of U.S. Highway 40. More intensive work w^as done during the sum- mers of 1948 to 1950 by Robert Selander and Behle. particularly the former (see Selander, 1951). While studying the life history and behavior of the black rosy finch in the Mirror Lake area dur- ing the summer of 1953, Norman French (1954^ and 1954Z?) col- lected rosy finches and several other apline species. During the summers of 1954 and 1955 Ghiselin (1956) conducted field inves- tigations of the ecological distribution and frequency of occurrence of the birds of the high Uinta Mountains in and near Naturalist Ba- sin, in northwestern Duchesne County. Although little collecting was done on this project, many sight records were obtained which bear on relative abundance and distribution. Twomey spent little time in the Uinta Mountains compared with his effort in the Basin, and then rarely above intermediate levels. Therefore in 1956. the two authors and Norman V. Chamberlain spent the interval from July 6 to 11 at Spirit Lake. 10,550 feet, situated almost on the Dag- gett-Summit County line, on the north slope of the eastern portion of the range On .luly 11 we collected at the mouth of Birch Creek, 7100 feet, about 31^ miles south of the Utah-Wyoming border. The University of Utah now has 797 specimens from the region. Attention should be given the continued interest in the Uinta Mountains of C. Lynn Hayward at Brigham Young University. I. Dep.irtiuent of Zoology and Entomology. University of I^tiili. Salt lake (.'ny. Utati. The Great Basin Naturalist 2 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII. No. 1 While recently he has been most concerned with the general ecology of the range, he has paid considerable attention to birds. He has two publications since those listed by Twomey (see Hay ward, 1945 and 1952). Acknowledgments The early field work was conducted under the auspices of the Department of Biology of the University of Utah. Later, grants- in-aid were obtained. The University Besearch Committee supported the work of Selander and Ghiselin, while French received a grant from the Frank M. Chapman Memorial Fund of the American Museum of Natural History. The work at Spirit Lake in 1956 was done under a grant to the senior author from the National Science Foundation. We are grateful for the aid from all these sources. Ecologic Considerations Graham (1937:79-80) has summarized and compared conclus- ions reached by several earlier workers in analyzing the plant and animal communities of the area. Twomey (op. cit.) treated the communities as follows: Mixed Desert Shrub (4500-5500 feet), Juniperus-Pinus (5500-7000), Artemisia-Cercocarpus (7000-8000 feet), an irregular ecotone between the Artemisia and Populus aurea communities (6000-8000 feet). Populus-Rosa Community (8000-8700 feet), Pinus-Vaccinium (8700-10,000 feet), Picea-Abies (10,000-11,000 feet) and Sieuersia-Carex (above 11.000 feet). Hay- ward (1945) divided the montane forest of higher elevations into two types, the Upper Montane Coniferous Forest and the Lower Montane Forest. The former is a climax Engelmann spruce-alpine fir association with an undergrowth of low-growing shrubs and herbs, the most conspicuous shrub type being blueberry (Vaccin- ium). He considers the lodgepole pine forest a subclimax. The lower Montane Forest is a climax association of yellow pine, Douglas fir, and white fir. The aspen also represents a subclimax. At its lower border it comes in contact with a chaparral ecotone. Species List Branta canadensis moffitti. Canada Goose. One specimen: Strawberry Beservoir, Oct. 16, 1954. Anas platyrhynchos platyrhynchos. Mallard. Twomey {op. cit: ?>72) found this duck only as high as 6000 feet, while Hay ward (op. cit.: \\\) indicates that it occurs in the upper montane climax. Two were seen near a growth of water lilies on Scudder Lake. 10,100 feet, 1 1/2 miles southwest of Mt. Agassiz, Duchesne County, on September 6, 1955. At present the species must be considered as an uncommon transient at the high lakes of the Uinta Mountains, al- though some mallards may breed in this habitat. Accipiter gent His atricapiUus. Goshawk. One specimen: Mir- ror Lake. .luly 27, 1955. Twomey (op. cit.: 376) found this hawk from the aspen community to timberline. He suggested that the scarcity of the species might have been correlated with the paucity May 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 3 of grouse. Ghiselin also found this hawk scarce. He obtained only two sight records. An immature was seen at 9500 feet, September 1. 1955 on the Stillwater Fork of the Bear River near Scow Lake, Sunnnit County, in a lodgepole pine forest with some admixture of spruce and fir. Another observation was made nearby the fol- lowing day. The specimen listed above was taken by Roger Claude as a nestling. A^cipiter striatus velox. Sharp-shinned ITawk. Our only sight record was obtained near timberline at McPheters Lake, 10,800 feet, at the head of Stillwater Fork of the Bear River, Summit County, September 5, 1955. Accipitcr cooperii. Cooper's Hawk. One specimen: Vernal Game Farm, September 10, 1948. Buteo jamaicensis calurus. Red-tailed Hawk. One specimen, a partial albnio: Smith-Morehouse Cr., 7100 feet, September 12, 1938. The species was seen only in areas of dense spruce-fir forest in the high Uintas. Hayward (1952:116) likewise reports this rap- tor over alpine communities and in both serai and climax stages of the upper montane (see also 1945:111). It ranges from the low- lands to the high mountains. Buteo swainsoni. Swainson's Hawk. One specimen: Kamas, April 16. 1933. Buteo lagopus s. johannis. Rough legged Hawk. Twomey did not list this species from the basin although he did record the Fer- ruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis). Buteo lagopus is a sparse transient in the area and probably a winter resident as well. We have two sight records:: Gatman Lake, 10,400 feet. Naturalist Basin, July 29, 1955 and near Scow Lake, 10,500 feet. Summit County. Sept- ember 2, 1955. These records indicate both early migration and occurrence at high elevations. Aquila chrysaetos canadensis. Golden Eagle. One specimen: 2 mi. N. Tridell, 7000 feet. September 6, 1947. Twomey (op. cit: 380) found the species common. Hayward (1952) apparently did not find the species in alpine situations, but reports it (1945:54, 111) in the coniferous forest. Our data indicate that the species is a com- mon resident in the mountains. We have nine sight records in the Uintas from 10.400 to 12,400 feet throughout the summer months for Naturalist Basin from 1952 to 1955. Cirus cyaneus hudsonius. Marsh I lawk. Two specimens: Roosevelt, February 13, 1956 and Myton, February 28. 1956. The species, common in the lowlands, occasionally appears in the moun- tains; one was seen at Faxon Lake. 10,900 feet. Naturalist Basin on August 17. 1952, and one, possibly the same bird, at Jordan Lake. 10,600 feet, the same day. Faico mexicanus. Prairie Falcon. Two specimens: Strawberry Valley. April 29, 1934. and 15 mi. S. Myton. April 24, 1938. Falco sparverius sparverius. Sparrow Hawk. One specimen: Kamas. September 21, 1932. Hayward (1945:112) lists the species only in the lower montane, although Twomey (op. cit.: 383^ states The Great Basin Naturalist 4 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 that it ranges to timberline. One bird was seen near timberline east of Rocky Sea Pass, 11.000 feet, at the head of Rock Creek. Duchesne County, August 17, 1953. Dendragapus obscurus obscurus. Bhie Crouse Three speci- mens: Paradise Park, 8000 feet, July 27, 1953 (juvenile); 1/4 mi. SW. Morat L., 10.450 feet. Naturalist Basin. August 9. 1955 (juvenile); 1/4 mi. SE. Mt. Agassiz, 10,300 feet, September 11, 1956 We have four siRjht records in asnens, spruce-fir forest, and shrubs on rocky talus slopes for Naturalist Basin, all in early Aug- ust, 1955-56. Hayward (1945:67-69) lists the species in both up- per and lower montane habitats, adding (1952:115) that it may frequently be found at timberline. Bonosa umbeUus incano. Ruffed Grouse. Fovu" specimens: Storkmore, October 17, 1931- 13 mi E. Oakley, November 25, 1950; Smith-Morehouse Cr., October 10. 1931. One was seen on Still- water Fork of the Bear River, 8,900 feet, one mile south of Christ- mas Meadows, Summit County, on September 1, 1955, in a willow- birch thicket near aspens. Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus. Sage Grouse. Two specimens, both juveniles: Mud Cr., 6800 feet. Strawberry Valley, August 28, 1950. Lophortyx californicus californicus. California Quail. One spec- imen taken in a cultivated field: Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. of Vernal, June 29, 1950. Porzana Carolina. Sora. One specimen: Merkley Park, 10 mi. N. Vernal. June 21, 1949. It was taken in a wdllow^ thicket in a marshy area. Young were observed at the time. Capella gaUinago delicata. Common Snipe. Twoney {op. cit.: 391) found the species at many places in the Basin. We have a high altitude sight record for Pass Lake, 10,100 feet, Duchesne County on August 1 6, 1 954. Actitis macular ia. Spotted Sandpiper. Four specimens (one a nestling): Gatman Lake, 10,400 feet. Naturalist Basin, August 22, 1954; Paradise Park, 10,000 feet, July 28, 1953; Spirit Lake. July 5-6, 1956. Twomey (op. cit.: 391), although citing several records, stated that these sandpipers were not numerous in the basin. Hay- ward (1931:151) had earlier reported the species as cominon. As corroboration of their abundance we have 40 additional sight records for the Naturalist Basin area alone extending through September 5. These sandpipers were ubiquitous at higher altitudes wherever there w^ere lakes or extensive meadows. Although preferring the meadow habitat they were often seen on rocky lake shores. An incubating bird was observed in a meadow near Lost Lake. 10,000 feet. Wasatch County, on July 12, 1953. Columba fasciata jasciaia. Band-tailed Pigeon. A mounted spec- imen in the University of Utah collection w^as taken at Hanna, Duchesne County, sometime in July, 1930. Twomey did not find this species; it may have been extirpated in the basin. Zenaidura macroura rnarginella. Movxrning Dove. One speci- men: Ryder Lake, 10,600 feet, head Stillwater Fork of Bear River, May il, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 5 Summit County, September 5, 1955. Twomey {op. cit.: 397) found this to be one of the commonest species in the basin and indicated that it occurred up to 8000 feet. Hay ward (1945:67) reports doves only in the lower montane. The specimen noted above was an im mature female taken on a rocky hillside. This canyon is a deep cirque, and the bird could have left it to the south only by cross- ing the saddle at 11,400 feet between Hayden Peak and Mount Agassiz. Bubo rirginianus lagophonus. Great Horned Owl. One speci- men: Roosevelt. February 13, 1956. This is not only a new record for the basin but apparently the third record for the state of this race. Hay ward (1937:305) reported one taken at St. George, Wash- ington County, October 22. 1933 and Woodbury, Cottam and Sug- den (1949:17) added a record for Boxelder County [=Dove Creek, Raft River Mountains!. September 10, 1932. Bubo rirginianus occidentalis. Great Horned Owl. Two speci- mens: Soapstone Cr., 7750 feet, Summit County, October 27, 1940; Stewart Ranch, 7128 feet, 5 mi. SE. Woodland, Wasatch County, July 17, 1944. This is the breeding form of the area. Killpack (1951: 262) found remnants of a short-eared owl at a horned owl nest 5 miles northeast of Roosevelt. Asio otus tuftsi. Long-eared Owl. Two specimens: Peoa, Oct- ober 16, 1931 and 3 mi. S. Vernal. June 20, 1949. Phalaenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii. Poor-will. Two specimens: Timothy Cr., 7500 feet. 10 mi. N. Altonah, Duchesne County, June 24, 1950; Merkley Park, 5500 feet, 10 mi. N. Vernal, Septem- ber 4, 1949. The first was taken in manzanita {Arctostaphylos) . the second in a juniper. Chordeiles minor hesperis. Common Nighthawk. Twenty spec- imens: 12 mi. E. Oakley, 7500 feet, July 18-20. 1950; 5 mi. N. Duchesne. August 11, 1947; 5 mi. S. Duchesne, August 11. 1947. Selander (1954:75-6j in his systematic review of the western races of the species has noted the extremely variable nature of the breed- ing populations in the Uinta Basin. He found the examples from the western portion of the basin to be referable to hesperis. Chordeiles minor howelli. Common Nighthawk. Thirteen speci- mens: Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, June 23-24. 1950; 7 mi. N. Vernal, August 12, 1947; 3 mi. E. Vernal, August 13. 1947; 2 mi. S. Vernal, August 13. 1949; Vernal Refuge. 3 mi. S. Vernal, September 3, 1949. While Selander (op. cit.: 75) refers examples from the eastern Uinta Basin to the race howelli, he states that they are integradational between hesperis, howelli, and possibly henryi as well. Aeronautes saxatalis schiteri. White-throated Swift. Twelve specimens: Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 27. 1950; Merkley Park, 8 mi. N. Vernal, June 30, 1950. These were taken along sandstone cliffs where they were nesting. The collector (Selander) observed a few pairs copulating in flight. The testes were enlarged to an average length of 14 mm. while the The Great Basin Naturalist 6 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 small size and general condition of the ovaries suggested that nest- ing had begun some time before. The measurements of these series agree closely with those reported by Twomey {op. czV.:403). Ghiselin saw a pair on the north side of the pass between Rock Creek and the east fork of the Bear River at 11.500 feet, Summit County, Sep- tember 4, 1955. Selasphorus plaiycercus platycercus. Broad-tailed Humming- bird. Two specimens: Lake Fork Cr., 6000 feet, near Mt. Emmons, Duchesne County, August 4, 1934; Gatman Lake, 10.400 feet. Nat- uralist Basin, 11/2 mi. SE. Mt. Agassiz, July 29, 1955. In addition we have 17 records for the western Uintas from June 30 to Sep- tember 4, mostly of female or immature birds. Three were of birds above 11,200 feet, which is well above timberline. but the species was most abundant around talus slopes and hillsides below tim- berline where the birds fed at brightly colored alpine flowers such as paintbrush and thistles. Twomey {op. a7.:405) found this species nesting between 6000 and 8000 feet in pygmy forest and aspen communities. Selasphorus rufiis. Rufous Hummingbird. Three specimens: 3 mi. NW. Strawberry Reservoir, July 15, 1934; Lake Fork Cr.. 6000 feet, near Mt. Emmons, August 4. 1934. Twomey {op ciV.:405) noted that the southward migration began on July 20. Our speci- ments were taken in willows. Megaceryle alcyon caurina. Belted Kingfisher. One specimen: 3 mi. up Brown Duck Canyon, NW. Moon Lake, 9000 feet. Du- chesne County, September 2, 1948. This was a female taken at a beaver pond. Colaptes cafer collaris. Red-shafted Flicker. Three specimens, all taken in cottonwoods: White's Basin. 7500 feet, 5 mi. NE. Oak- ley, October 29, 1944; 12 mi. E. Oakley. 7500 feet. July 20, 1950; Dry Fork Canyon. 6000 feet. 15 mi. ^N. Vernal, June 28. 1950. In addition we have 27 sight records for the western Uintas from July 20 to September 6. The failure to observe the species at higher elevations before late July suggests that it does not breed there. Although the flicker was most often seen in the spruce-fir forest and sometimes in lodgepole pine, it occasionally appeared in mea- dows. Flocks of 3 or 4 birds, presumablv family groups, were often noticed. A note on the one specimen showing evidence of hybrid- ization with C. auraius is given by Behle and Selander (1952:28). Dryocopus pilentus picinus. Pileated Woodpecker. A lone bird was seen by Ghiselin on August 14. 1954 flying above the coniferous forest 3/4 miles north of Grandaddy Lake. 10.300 feet, Duchesne County. Woodbury, Cottam and Sugden (1949:19) note "an observation in Uinta Mountains among yellow pine, August 10, 1943." Tliis probably refers to a report of Rex Snow who saw three on this date near the Davis Ranch on the Uinta River, about 30 miles north of Roosevelt. The birds flew from some yellow pines to a patch of willows along the stream and then back to the pine forest. Twomey did not encounter the species. May SI. 1958 Birds ok Northeastern Utah 7 Spliyrapicus rarius tiuchalis. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker. Eleven specimens: Sniith-Morehouse Creek, 7100 feet. October 10, 1931 and May 28-30, 1932; 12 mi. E. Oakley, 7500 feet, May 28, 1950; 3 mi. NW. Strawberry Resei-voir. 7700 feet, July 15. 1934; Merk- lev Park. 10 mi. N. Vernal. June 21, 1949; 3 mi. S. Vernal, 5200 feet. September 10, 1948; Spirit Lake, July 10, 1956. Mostly the species was taken in aspens, but at Merkley Park it occurred in cottonwoods. Sphyrapicus thyroideus nataliae. Williamson's Sapsucker. One specimen: Mirror Lake. 10,000 feet, September 22, 1932. Dendrocopos villosus monticola. Mairy Woodpecker. Six speci- mens: Smith-Alorehouse Canyon, 8500 feet, October 8, 1932; Mir- ror Lake, 10,500 feet, September 22, 1932; W. Slope Murdock Mt., 10,900 feet, 1 1/2 mi. SW. Mirror Lake, July 29, 1953; Nat- uralist Basin, 10.400 feet. August 23, 1954; 2 1/2 mi. E. Scudder Lake, 10,200 feet, Duchesne County. August 21, 1954; Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 28, 1950. All were tak- en in the spruce-fir forest except the one from Dry Fork Canyon which was taken in a grove of cottonwoods. In addition we have 11 sight records for the western Uintas only two of which w^ere above 10,500 feet. Here this woodpecker showed a preference for denser forests than attracted the three toed woodpecker. Twomey (op. cit.-A09) stated that the species showed a preference for nest- ing sites in the higher altitude communities, from 7000 to 9000 feet in scattered yellow pine, alpine fir, aspen and Douglas fir forests. Dendrocopos pubescens leucurus. Downy Woodpecker. Three specimens: Smith-Morehouse Cr., 7100-8000 feet, October 10, 1931 and Mav 27. 1950; Soapstone, Wasatch County, 8500 feet. Sep- tember 23, 1932. Picoides tridactylus dorsalis. Northern Three-toed Woodpeck- er. Eight specimens: Sunmiit near Mirror Lake l=Bald Mt. Pass], 10.500 feet, September 23, 1932; 1 1/2 mi. S. Mt. Agassiz, 10,100 feet Duchesne County, August 17, 1955; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne. June 18, 1950; Spirit Lake, July 6-10, 1956. Hayward (1945:68) states that the species was apparently confined to the Upper Montane. Twomey [op. r//.:409) reports it in both lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. The species was ob- serv'ed 16 times in and near the Naturalist Basin and found to be about five times as frequent on spruce trees or in areas of spruce- fir forest as it was in lodgepole pine. Ordinarily the birds were seen singly feeding on dead trees at any height. Tyrannus tyrannus. Eastern Kingbird. Two specimens: 3 mi. SW. Jensen, July 27 and August 11, 1949. These were taken in fields. An unusual place of occurrence for this species was in a lodgepole pine with aspens nearby at the Bear River Forest Camp. 8300 feet. Summit Coimty, on September 6, 1955. Sayornis saya saya. Say's Phoebe. One specimen: Brush Cr.. 4500 feet. 8 mi. NE. Vernal, Augvist 24. 1949. Empidonax traillii adastus. Traill's Flycatcher. Six specimens: Chalk Cr., 5 mi. E. Coalville, June 15, 1949; Duchesne, June 20. The Great Basin Naturalist 8 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 1949; Brush Creek, 8 mi. NE. Vernal. August 24, 1949; Merkley Park, 10 mi. N Vernal, June 22, 1949; Birch Cr., 7500 feet. 3 1/2 mi. S. Utah-Wyoming border, July 11, 1956. In every case they were taken in willows. 1 womey {op. cit.: 412) referred his spec- imens to adastus but Snyder (1953:7) referred specimens from northeastern Utah to extimus. Our specimens were submitted to John W. Aldrich. who finds them to be intergradational between the two races, but most of them closest to adastus. Empidonax hammondii. Hammond's Flycatcher. Five speci- mens: Smith-Morehouse Co., 7100 feet. May 30, 1932 and May 30, 1934; 17 mi. E. Kamas. Summit County, May 31, 1953; 12 mi. E. Oakley, May 26, 1950. Our specimens were taken in aspen and lodgepole pine. Empidonax oherholseri. Dusky Flycatcher. Four specimens: Nobletts R.S., 7600 feet, 10 mi. SE. Kamas, June 26, 1946; 1 mi. N. Nobletts R.S., July 2, 1946; Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, Duchesne County, June 25, 1950; Spirit Lake, 10.600 feet, July 10. 1956. They were taken in aspen-spruce-fir forest. Contopus sordidulus veliei. Western Wood Peewee. Seven specimens: 3 mi. NW. Strawberry Reservoir, July 15, 1934; Ar- cadia, 14 mi. NE. Duchesne, September 5, 1949; Paradise Park, 10,000 feet- July 28, 1953; 3 mi. S. Vernal, August 27, 1949; Dry Fork Canyon. 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 29, 1950; Kabell Spring, 8500 feet. 25 mi. N. Vernal, July 16, 1946. They were taken in cottonwoods, willows, aspen and lodgepole pine. In addi- tion we saw the species at Grandaddy Lake, 10,400 feet, Duchesne County, on August 2, 1955. Nuttallornis horealis. Olive-sided Flycatcher. Four specimens: Naturalist Basin, 10,400 feet, August 22, 1954 and July 21, 1955; Spirit Lake, 10,600 feet. July 8, 1956. They were all taken in spruce- fir forest. In addition we have five sight records for Naturalist Basin, all in areas of spruce-fir forest. Twomey {op. czV.:414) found the species nesting in spruce-fir forest at Paradise Park. 10,500 feet. Hayward (1931:151) considered the species to be a common nest- ing bird and later (1945:112) stated that it occurred in both serai and climax stages of the montane forest. Eremophila alpestris leucolaema. Horned Lark. Eleven speci- mens: Kennedy Station, 8 mi. NW. Bonanza, August 30, 1953; Roosevelt, February 6 and 20. 1956; Myton, February 20, 1956; 10 mi. S. Myton, April 23, 1938. Tachycineta ihalassina lepida. Violet-green Swallow. Twomey (op. r/7.:415) state^^ that this swallow nests in the mountains from 6000 to 8000 feet. Hayward (1945:68. 112) found the species to be confined to the aspen subclimax of the lower montane. We have only one definite sight record for the high mountains at Leconte Lake. 11,000 feet, Naturalist Basin, July 16. 1955. Another ob- servation was of a flock of about 150 at Shingle Creek, 7500 feet, Summit County, near Kamas on August 16, 1954. Stelgidopteryx ruficolUs serripennis. Rough-winged Swallow. Two specimens: Dry Fork Canyon. 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, Meiy 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 9 June 29, 1950. Both were foraging over a meadow. Hirundo rustica erythrogaster. Barn Swallow. One specimen; 3 mi. SW. Jensen, August 31, 1949. Petrochelidon pyrrhonota pyrrhonota. Cliff Swallow. Fifteen specimens: Peoa, May 30, 1934; 12 mi. E. Oakley, July 24, 1950; Roosevelt. June 30. 1950; Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 30. 1950. At the time of the review of the Utah races by Behle (1948:73) the systematic status of the cliff swallows of the Uinta Basin was obscure. The material obtained since then in- dicates another highly variable population in the basin particularly as regards size. They appear closest to pyrrhonota but are intergrad- ational with hypopolia. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis. Gray Jay. Twenty-six speci- mens: Smith-Morehouse Cr. and Weber R., 7100 feet, October 11. 1931; Mirror Lake, September 22. 1932 and October 8, 1938; Paradise Park. July 28, 1953; Head Ashley Cr., 9000 feet, nr. Trout Cr. Park, 20 mi. N. Vernal, September 4, 1949; Spirit Lake, Juh^ 6-10, 1956. This is an abundant resident. We have in addition 56 sight records for the high western Uinta Mountains but none above timberline. As Twomey (op. cit.A\7) states, they are restricted to the high spruce-fir forests around 10,000 feet showing little alti- tudinal migration. They are gregarious, rarely being seen alone. Cyanocitta stelleri macrolopha. Steller's Jay. Eleven specimens: Smith-Morehouse Cr., October 10-11, 1931; 17 mi. E. Oakley, 7500 feet, May 27, 1950; Stockmore, October 17, 1931; 3 mi. S. Moon Lake, 8400 feet, September 2. 1948; Timothy Cr.. 10 mi. N. Al- tonah, June 24-July 24, 1950. The two examples from Smith-More- house Creek are intermediates toward annectans. Aphelocoma coerulescens woodhousei. Scrub Jay. Two speci- mens: Hideout Canyon, 5500 feet, 7 mi. SE. Manila, September 12. 1950. Pica pica hudsonin. Black-billed Magpie. One specimen: Peoa, October 16. 1931. Gymnorhinus cyanocephala. Pihon Jav. Seven specimens: Timothy Cr., 7500 feet. 10 mi. N. Altonah, "^June 23-24, 1950; 18 mi. N. Vernal, 7000 feet. July 17, 1946; 3 mi. S. Vernal. July 26, 1948 and August 6, 1949. Timothy Creek specimens were immatures, taken in yellow pine. One taken in cottonwoods in July, 3 miles south of Vernal, doubtless was a postbreeding season wanderer. Nucifraga columbiana. Clark's Nutcracker. One specimen: Bald Mt., 3 mi. SE. Wall L., 10,500 feet. July 22, 1935. Hay ward (1952: 116) found the species in ki-ummholz and earlier (1945:71) stated that it prefers scattered subclimax types of forests. Twomey {op. c/f.:421) found the species rather scarce in the mountains border- ing the basin. We have 12 sight records for the Naturalist Basin area where it is an uncommon resident. The species occurred about twice as frequently above timberline, or in areas of sparse and scrubby tree growth just below timberline, as in the coniferous The Great Basin Naturalist 10 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 forest. The species was gregarious, nearly always occurring in small flocks. Pariis atricapillus garrinus. Black-capped Chickadee. Several localities in the Uinta Basin from which specimens of this race were available were listed by Behle (1951:76) at the time he described the race. The type locality is Merkley Park, 5500 feet, Ashley Can- yon, 10 miles north of Vernal. Specimens representing this race total 12. Not heretofore listed are one from the Vernal Refuge, 3 miles south of Vernal, August 26, 1949, and one from Brush Creek, 8 miles northeast of Vernal. August 24, 1949. It now appears that garrinus reaches the western limit of its range in the eastern part of the Uinta Basin and then intergrades westward with nevadensis. Examples from the western portion of the basin are closest to the latter race. Parus atricapillus nevadensis. Black-capped Chickadee. Speci- mens from 12 miles east of Oakley were earlier listed under nevad- ensis (Behle, op. cit.:76). Another series taken since, 1 mile east of Duchesne, November 19, 1950, is also referable to nevadensis. Total specimens, 11. Parus gambeli wasatchensis . Mountain Chickadee. Several of the specimens from the area were listed by Behle when he describ- ed the race wasatchensis (1950:273) and in his systematic review of the species (1956:67). Other unrecorded specimens are as fol- lows: 10-17 mi. E. Oakley, 7200-8000 feet May 27-29, 1950; 22 mi. E. Kamas, 8300 feet. May 30, 1953; 1 1/2 mi. E. and 2 mi. W. Hayden Peak, 10,000 feet, June 24, 1953; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 20-21, 1950; Timothy Cr., 7500 feet. 10 mi. N. Altonah, June 23, 1950; Paradise Park, 10,000 feet, July 29, 1953; Spirit Lake, July 8-10, 1956. Total specimens, 29. Hay ward (1952) does not record this species in alpine situa- tions but Twomey {op. c/V.:422) notes that it nests from 8000 feet to timberline. This chickadee is a common summer resident of the high Uintas, there being 47 sight records. Only three were above timberline, and all of these were near some coniferous growth. The species was most frequently found in small flocks of 2 to 5. Sitta carolinesis nelsoni. White-breasted Nuthatch. Eleven spec- imens: Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, June 23-24, 1950; Kabell Spring, 8500 feet, 25 mi. N. Vernal on State High- way 44, July 16, 1946. One was taken in an aspen, the remainder in yellow pine. Twomey (op. cit. : 422) , concluding that his speci- mens were of a new race, described Sitta carolinensis uintaensis with type locality at Green Lake, 40 miles north of Vernal. How- ever, in his review of the species, Aldrich (1944:598) did not rec- ognize the race and referred the Uinta population to nelsoni. Sitta canadensis. Red-breasted Nuthatch. Three specimens: Cobblerest. Summit County, September 24, 1932; Lake Fork Moun- tain. 10,000 feet. 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 21, 1950; Smith-More- house Cr., May 28, 1932. 1 lay ward (1945:68, 113) reports it only in the lower montane climax. We have one sight record for Natural- May 31, 1958 Birds of Northkastern Utah 11 ist Basin, near Morat Lake, 10,400 feet, August 16, 1952 in the spruce-fir forest. Twomey {op. cjV.:424) took specimens at Green Lake and .Moon Lake. Certhia faruiliaris rnontana. Brown Creeper. Six specimens: Naturalist Basin, 10,400 feet. August 23, 1954; Lake Fork Mt., 10.000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 19, 1950; Head Ashley Cr., 9000 feet. nr. Trout Creek Park, 20 mi. NW. Vernal, September 4, 1949; Spirit Lake, July 9, 1956. In addition we have 11 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region, all from areas of coniferous timber, a habitat where it was also found by May ward (1945:113) and Twomey {op. c/7.:424). It is a sparse resident in the Uinta Mountains. Cinclus niexicanus unicolor. Dipper. Two specimens: Smith- Morehouse Cr., October 10, 1931; 3 mi. up Brown Duck Canyon, NW. Moon L.. 9000 feet, September 2, 1948. We have also 28 sight records for the Naturalist Basin area. They were usually seen sing ly, rarely in pairs. All but one were at streamsides One observa- tion of an ouzel in an apline meadow indicates that occasionally, although rarely, individuals may wander from streams. Another was seen along a stream between two lakes; the upper lake is spring- fed and the lower had no outlet at the time. Troglodytes aedon parkmanii. House Wren. Three specimens 1 mi. N. Nobletts R. S.. 7600 feet, 11 mi. SE Kamas, July 4, 1946; Smith-Morehouse Cr., May 30, 1932; 4 mi. up Brown Duck Can- yon, 9000 feet, NW. Moon Lake, September 2, 1948. As Twomey {op. czV.:425) noted, they were common in canyon thickets from the lowland nearly to timberline. Catherpes mexicanus conspersus. Canon Wren. One specimen: Winn Ranch, near junction Argyle Canyon and Minnie Maud Cr., 25 mi. S. Duchesne, April 23, 1938. Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus. Rock Wren. Four specimens: 1/2 mi. SE. Ryder Lake. 10,700 feet, head Stillwater Fork of Bear River, Summit Countv, September 5, 1955; Naturalist Basin. 11,- 300 feet, August 23, 1954; 2 mi. S. White R., 30 mi. S. Jensen, Aug- ust 31. 1953. Hayward (1952:115) reports that the species breeds consistently in the alpine area and that it occurs in serai stages of the upper montane climax. We have 28 sight records for the Naturalist Basin area all above timberline. Their greatest abund- ance is around talus. Dumetella caroUnensis. Catbird. Three specimens taken in wallows: 3 mi. S. Vernal, July 9, 1949; Merklev Park. 10 mi. N. Vernal. June 21, 1949. Oreoscoptes montanus. Sage Thrasher. One specimen: Lake Fork Cr.. 6000 feet, nr. Mt. Emmons, Duchesne County. August 4, 1934. Tardus migratoriiis propinquus. Robin. Four specimens: 22 mi. E. Kamas. May 30, 1953; Stockmore. October 18, 1931; 3 mi. 5. Moon Lake, 8400 feet, September 3, 1948; Jesson Lake [nr. Spirit Lake], July 9, 1956. This is an abundant summer resident. We have 63 sight records for the Naturalist Basin area. Although The Great Basin Naturalist 12 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 they are essentially birds of the coniferous forests, robins frequently feed in meadows. Hayward (1952:116) found the species in krumm- holz. Eight of our records are from above timberline, but 3 of these were near areas of coniferous scrub. Flocks of as many as 18 robins were seen in late August. Hylocichla guttata guttata. Hermit Thrush. One specimen: Smith-Morehouse Cr., October 11, 1931. This is an uncommon transient through the state. Hylocichla guttata auduboni. Hermit Thrush. Thirty speci- mens: Smith-Morehouse Cr., October 11, 1931 and May 28, 1932; Bald Mt. Pass, 2 1/2 mi. S. Mirror Lake, 10,600 feet, June 22, 1953; Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, June 23, 1950; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 17-18. 1950; Paradise Park, 10,000 feet. July 27, 1953; Head Ashley Cr., 9000 feet, nr. Trout Creek Park, 20 mi. NW. Vernal, September 4, 1949; Spirit Lake, July 6-9. 1956. Breeding birds were taken in spruce- fir, aspen, and lodgepole pine forests. We have 1 1 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region, all below timberline and mostly in dense timber. Hayward (1952:116) reports the species in krumm- holz. Twomey {op. <:zV.:430) found it commonest during the nesting season in the Engelmann spruce-alpine fir forest. Hermit thrushes were almost always seen alone; our only record of a group is of three immatures on August 7, 1955, with no attendant adult evident. Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni. Swainson's Thrush. Eight spec- imens: Chalk Cr., 6500 feet, nr. Pinecliff, 18 mi. E. Coalville, June 15, 1949; Oakley, May 29, 1950; 12 mi. E. Oakley, May 28 and July 20, 1950; Nobletts R. S., 7600 feet, 10 mi. SE. Kamas, June 27, 1946; Lake Fork Mt. 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 18, 1950. Twomey {op. czV.:431) had only one specimen and did not observe the species in the Uintas in 1937; Ilayward (1945:68) states that the distribution of the species is uncertain. W^e found this thrush to be fairly common. Our specimens were taken in willows along streams, lodgepole pines and spruce-fir forest. There are 5 records for the higher mountains all in dense forest. Thus both the Hermit and Swainson thrushes occur in con- iferous forest, but only the latter in willows. We detected little difference in the habits of the two species. Sialia currucoides. Mountain Bluebird. Four specimens: Kam- as, September 21, 1932; Walcott Lake, 11.000 feet. Naturalist Basin, July 27, 1955; Bald Mt. Pass. 10,700 feet. June 22, 1953; 4 mi. SE. Hanna, July 20, 1947. We have 19 sight records for the high mountains, all above timberline. Single bluebirds or small flocks frequently appeared on the tundra and in the alpine meadows after the third week in July. Ghiselin's earliest record is July 12, in 1953; in 1955 the first record was July 23. There was no evi- dence of nesting in Naturalist Basin, although the specimen from Walcott Lake, taken on July 27, was an immature bird. Hayward (1945:113) found the species in both serai and climax stages of the upper montane, adding {op. cit. -.69) that it nests in trees or May 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 13 shrubs. The species was found by Twomey {op. cz7.:431) to be most abundant from HOOO to 10,000 feet. (Considering the com- parative frequency of occurrence of the species in Naturalist Ba- sin, and in the light of the findings of Hayward and Twomey, Ghiselin's not finding the bird below timberline is interesting. This indicates a pronounced upward, postbreeding season movement and orientation to open country, followed by descent to the basin in migration (see Twomey, loc. cit.). Myadestes townsendi townsendi. Townsend's Solitaire. Six specimens: White's Basin, 7500 feet, 5 mi. NE. Oakley. October 29, 1944; Stockmore, October 18, 1931; 25 mi. N. Vernal, 8500 feet, July 15, 1946; Spirit Lake, July 10, 1956. There are only two sight records for Naturalist Basin, one on June 29, 1955. the other on August 4. 1955, both in areas of spruce-fir forest. Hay- w^ard (1945: 113) found the species in coniferous forest and krumm- holz (1952:116). Twomey (op. cit.A32) reports a family group at Bald Mountain on July 17, 1937. On October 3, 1953 Ghiselin observed a flock of 15 at Yellow Pine Forest Camp along the Provo River east of Kamas. Regulus satrapa olivaceus. Golden-crowned Kinglet. One spec- imen taken in spruces: Mouth Brown Duck Canyon, nr. Moon Lake. 8500 feet. September 2, 1948, earlier reported by Behle and Selander (1952:29). Twomey (1942) did not find this species. Regulus calendula cineraceus. Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Twelve specimens: Smith-Morehouse Cr., October 10, 1931 and May 30, 1932; 22 mi. E. Kamas, 8500 feet. May 30, 1953; 20 mi. S. Myton, 5900 feet, April 24. 1938; Hacking Lake, 10.500 feet. 15 mi. NW. Vernal, August 14, 1949; Head Ashley Cr., 9000 feet, nr. Trout Creek Park, 20 mi. NW. Vernal, September 4. 1949; Spirit Lake, July 6-9, 1956. There are 16 sight records for the Naturalist Basin area. The earliest of these is July 20 which implies that these king- lets do not breed at high altitudes, but rather enter upper montane habitats as postbreeding wanderers. Both Twomey {op. aV.:433) and Hayward (1945:67) list it as breeding in spruce-fir forests; the latter has noted the species in krummholz (1952:116). Fam- ily groups of 4 to 6 were often seen in late summer. All specimens were taken in spruces or lodgepole pine save that from south of Myton, which occurred in pinon-juniper forest. Anthus spinoletta alticola. Water Pipit. Thirty-seven speci- mens: Mirror Lake, July 13, 1935; N. slope Murdock Mt., 11.000 feet. 11/2 mi. S. Mirror I>ake, June 23, 1953; E. slope Murdock Mt.. 11,200 feet. July 21, 1953; W. base 1 layden Peak, 11,000 feet. June 29. 1953; S. slope Bald Mt.. 11,500 feet. 3 mi. E. Wall Lake, September 21. 1953; Naturalist Basin. 10,400 feet, August 23, 1954; 5 mi S. Moon Lake. 8000 feet, September 3, 1948; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet. 32 mi N. Duchesne, June 17-19. 1950; Par- adise Park. 10,000 feet. July 28, 1953; Hacking Lake. 10,500 feet, 15 mi. NW. Vernal. August 14. 1949; East Park, 20 mi. N. Vernal August 21. 1949; Spirit Lake. July 6-8, 1956. We have also 71 sight The Great Basin Naturalist 14 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 records for the Naturalist Basin area, so that species is an abundant summer resident. The pipit is exclusively a bird of open country, and in our experience occupies two ecological situations in the alpine and subalpine environment. One is an extensive grassy or sedgy place in the coniferous belt. This corroborates Hay ward's report (1952: 115) that it nests in open parks in coniferous woods. In such a habi- tat pipits were common at Spirit Lake. Eleven of the Naturalist Basin sight records were in meadows below timberline. Ihe other situation is dry, rocky, tundra above timberline. Here it is at once the most adundant and the most conspicuous bird. I'wo pipit nests were discovered in Naturalist Basin in 1955, both above timberline. They were found on June 27 and July 2, both then containing five eggs. Both nests were made of grasses and were under the projecting edges of low, flat stones. Both were near a small stream bed, at the center of a swale which dried up about the first week of July; but it seems probably that it was a flowing sream at the time the nests were built. This placement of nesting sites conforms to the statement of Twomey {op. cit.: 434) that a prerequisite for nesting was the sloping shore of a lake or stream where the nests were built under the edge of a stone or sod clump, which was the situation of our two nests. Hayward (1941:5), however, reports finding a nest, which was in the open on a rather dry subalpine meadow. After the breeding season fam- ily groups are common; ultimately they blend into sizable flocks. Lanius excubitor irtvictus. Northern Shrike. One specimen: Myton, November 18, 1950. Twomey did not report this species. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. Starling. An extensive account of starlings wintering in the Uinta Basin has been presented by Kill- pack and Crittenden (1952). Vireo solitarius plumbeus. Solitary Vireo. Three speciinens: Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal. June 27-29. 1950. These were reported by Behle and Selander (1952:30). Vireo gilvus leucopolius. Warbling Vireo. Tw^elve specimens: Smith-Morehouse Cr., May 30. 1932; Nobletts B. S., 7600 feet, 10 mi. SE. Kamas, June 27. 1946; 3 mi. NW. Strawberry Beser- vior, July 15. 1934; Arcadia, 14 mi. NE. Duchesne, September 3, 1949. Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, June 24. 1950; Dry Fork Canyon. 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal. June 27-29, 1950; Birch Cr., July 11, 1956. These were taken in cottonwoods and aspens Vermivora celata orestera. Orange-crowned Warbler. Two specimens: Naturalist Basin, 11.300 feet. August 23, 1954, and 10,400 feet, July 29, 1955. The July specimen was an immature male taken in the spruce-fir forest, while the August example oc- curred on the alpine tinidra. The species is a sparse summer res- ident of the Naturalist Basin area, occurring at altitudes from 10,300 feet to 11,300 feet. We have eleven sight records. Most were seen in spruce-fir forest but one was found in herbaceous streamside vegetation and two in areas of scrub conifers. Hayward (1945: May 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 15 113) lists the species as occurring in the climax of the Upper Mon- tane. The species was taken at Green Lake. 8000 feet, by Towmey {op. cit.-A^S). V ermivora celata celata. Orange-crowned Warbler. One speci- men: Arcadia, 5000 feet, 14 mi. NE. Duchesne, vSeptember 3, 1949. This immature migrant taken in willows was previously reported by Behle and Selander {op. cit.:30). Dendroica petechia morcomi. Yellow Warbler. Sixteen speci- mens: Current Cr., 7 1/2 mi. N. U.S. Highway 40, Wasatch Coun- ty, July 10. 1946; Merkley Park. 6000 feet, 10 mi. N. Vernal, June 21, 1949; Drv Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 27-29, 1950; Brush Cr.. 4500 feet, 8 mi. NE. Vernal. August 24, 1949; 3 mi. SW. Jensen. August 23, 1949; Birch Cr.. July 11, 1956. Specimens were taken in cottonwoods, willows and dogwood along streams. Dendroica auduboni memorabilis. Audubon's Warbler. Nine specimens: Mirror Lake. 10,000 feet. July 13, 1935; 2 mi. S. Bald Mt.. 10,500 feet. June 15, 1953; 22 mi. E. Kamas, 8,500 feet. June 13, 1953; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 21, 1950; Spirit Lake. July 7-10, 1956. We have 35 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region, none of them above timberline. This warbler is a common summer resident of the spruce-fir forest, but despite its preference for timbered areas it is not restricted to the climax of the forest. It showed an attraction for parklike areas, although it occurred in the trees there. Hayward (1945:72) states that it is confined chiefly to the tree layer. Until about mid-August m.ostly single individuals were noted, but by early September flocks of immature birds were found, often near timberline but occasion- ally at lower elevations. On September 5, 1955 a mixed flock of Audubon warblers, gray-headed j uncos and white-crowned spar- rows was observed at 10.700 feet near Ryder Lake at the head of the Stillwater F'ork of the Bear River in talus and adjacent spruce- fir vegetation. Dendroica townsendi. Townsend's Warbler. We have two sight records of this transient. One was seen at Moon Lake on Sep- tember 2, 1949 by Vern Bullough. and another 1 1/2 miles east of Scudder Lake.' 10.100 feet, by Ghiselin on August 16, 1954. Both occurred in spruce cover. Oporornis tohniei monticola. MacGillivray's Warbler . Six specimens: Oaklev, May 24, 1950; 12 mi. E. Oakley. 7500 feet, July 20. 1950; 3 mi. S. Vernal. August 27, 1949. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. Yellowthroat. Two specimens: Arcadia. 14 mi. NE. Duchesne. September 3. 194f). Both were im- matures. probably migrants, taken in willows. Icteria virens auricollis. Yellow-breasted Chat. Three sepci- mens: Merkley Park. 10 mi. N. Vernal, June 21, 1949; Brush Cr., 4500 feet, 8 mi. NE. Vernal, August 24. 1949. They were taken in willows, rose and cottonwoods. The Great Basin Naturalist 16 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. Wilson's Warbler. Nineteen speci- mens: 1/4 mi. SW. Morat Lake. 10,450 feet. Naturalist Basin, August 9. 1955; Arcadia, 14 mi. NE. Duchesne, September 3. 1949; 3 mi. S. Vernal, September 10, 1948; Spirit Lake, July 7-10, 1956. In addition we have seven sight records for the Naturalist Basin area all in August. I'hree records were of pairs, the remainder of single birds. Most were found in spruce-fir forest. These data sug- gest that in Naturalist Basin the species is a transient or postbreed- ing wanderer. Twomey {op. czV.:449), however, found the species nesting in shrubby growth, principally willows, along swift moun- tain streams. We also found the species nesting in the Spirit Lake area. Here pileolated warblers were abundant in willows at the edges of Inkcs and along streams. Fledglings were seen during the second week in July. Setophaga ruticilla tricolora. American Redstart. Two speci- mens: Arcadia, 14 mi. NE. Duchesne, September 3, 1949; Merk- ley Park, 10 mi. N. Vernal, June 21. 1949. These records were cited by Behle and Selander (1952:30-31), as well as sight records from Hideout Canyon, September 12, 1950. Agelaius phoeniceus utahensis. Redwdnged Blackbird. Four- teen specimens: Oakley. May 29, 1954; Fort Duchesne, June 30, 1950; Birch Cr., July 11, 1956. Euphagus cyanocephalus. Brewer's Blackbird. 1 wo specimens: BirchCr., July 11, 1956. Molothrus ater artemisiae. Brown-headed Cowbird. Two speci- mens: Arcadia, July 3, 1950; Birch Cr., July 11, 1956. Piranga liidoviciana. Western Tanager. According to Twomey {op. czV.:456) this species was numerous during the breeding sea- son from 7500 to 10,000 feet in several communities. Hayward (1945:113) lists it as occurring only in the lower montane com- munities. We have only one sight record for high Uintas; a single adult male was seen at Boundary Creek. 10,200 feet. Summit Coun- ty. September 2, 1955, in a spruce-fir-lodgepole pine forest. At this elevation it would appear to be a casual postbreeding wanderer. Pheucticus melanocephalus melanocephalus . Black-headed Gros- beak. One specimen: Mt. Emmons along Lake Fork Cr., 6000 feet, August 4, 1934. Guiraca caerulea. Blue Brosbeak. One specimen, reported by Behle and Selander {op. «V.:31), was taken at the Upland Game Bird Refuge, 3 miles south of Vernal in June, 1950. This species was not found by Twomey. Passerina amoena. Lazuli Bunting. One specimen taken in a Cottonwood: Currant Cr., 7700 feet, 7 1/2 mi. N. U.S. Highway 40, Wasatch County, .July 10, 1946. Carnodarus cassinii. Cassin's Finch. Fifteen specimens: White's Basin, 7500 feet, 5 mi. NE. Oakley, October 21, 1944; 22 mi. E. Kamas, 8500 feet, June 13. 1953; Bald Mt. Pass, 10,700 feet, 2 mi. SW. Mirror Lake, June 24, 1953; S. base Bald Mt., 10,800 feet, 1 1/2 mi. SW. Mirror Lake, July 13, 1953; 1 mi. SW. Mirror Lake, May 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 17 10,500 feet, June 30, 1953; Paradise Park, 10,050 feet, 7 mi. SW. Marsh Pk, July 21, 1947; 25 mi. N. Vernal. 8500 feet, July 15, 1946; Dry Fork Can\^on, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 29, 1950; Spirit Lake, July 6-10, 1956. The species was common at many locations, but not in the Naturalist Basin area where only three definite sight records were obtained, on July 16 and August 17, 1952 and July 12, 1953. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis. House Finch. Two specimens: Brush Cr., 4500 feet, 8 mi. SE. Vernal, August 24, 1949; Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet, 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 29, 1950. The latter was taken in juniper forest. Pinicola enucleator montana. Pine Grosbeak. Thirty-eight specimens: Bald Mountain-Mirror Lake area, 10,500-10,800 feet June 15-July 13, 1953; Naturalist Basin, September 11, 1956; Fish Hatchery Lake. 10,300 feet, 10 mi. N. Hanna, Duchesne County, July 24,^ 1946; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 17-21, 1950; Paradise Park, 10,000 feet, July 28, 1953; Spirit Lake, July 6-11, 1956. This was a fairly common resident in the higher coniferous belt. We have 36 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region. Although they often feed on the ground near trees, pine grosbeaks were not found outside the forested areas. They occur- red in both Engelmann spruce and lodgepole pine. Hayward (1952: 116), however, reports them in krimimholz. Some attention was paid to the comparative frequency of occurrence of the color phases in the Naturalist Basin population. In 15 observations of single birds or groups the red and yellow phases were about equally com- mon and blotched birds, having both red and yellow feathers in noticeable degree in the plumage, comprised from 10 to 15 per cent of the summer population. Notes on gular sacs and breeding activities in the Mirror Lake area have been given by French (1945b:83-85). Leucosticte atrata. Black Rosy Finch. Twenty-six specimens: Dean Lake, 1 1/4 mi. NE. Wall Lake, 10.400 feet. Summit County, July 22. 1953; S. slope Bald Mt , 3 mi. E. Wall Lake, 11.500 feet. July 25 and September 21, 1953; W. slope Murdock Mt., 11,000 feel 1 1/2 mi. S .MiiTor Lake, Duchesne County, July 20-29, 1953; 1 mi. SE. Spirit Lake, July 8, 1956. In addition we have 27 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region, none of them below tim- berline. They occurred on both rocky areas and tundra, preferring cliffs during the breeding season. Flocks larger than family groups were not noted before mid-July, but thereafter the sizes of the flocks increased; one numbering about 150 was seen on August 23, 1954. Acanthis flammea flammea. Connnon Redpoll. One was seen at Roosevelt on December 28. 1956 h\ Killpack (see Audubon Field Notes. 11(3) June. 1957:285). Spinas pinus pinus. Pine Siskin. Twenty-nine specimens: Nob- letts R. S.. 7600 feet, 10 mi. SE. Kamas, Wasatch County, June 26, 1946; E. base Notch Mt., 10,500 feet, 1 1/2 mi. NE. Wall Lake, Summit County. July 22, 1953; Bald Mt.-Mirror Lake area, 10,- The Great Basin Naturalist 18 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII. No. 1 500 feet, June 16-28, 1953; Naturalist Basin, 10,400 feet. August 22, 1954; Paradise Park, 10,050 feet, July 21, 1947; Spirit Lake, July 7-10, 1956. We have 16 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region from mid-July to early September. The siskins seems con- fined essentially to coniferous forest, although it may feed on such herbs as Mertensia in talus slopes near conifers. Spinas tristis pallidus. American Goldfinch. Three specimens: Currant Cr., 7700 feet, 7 1/2 mi. N. U.S. Highway 40, Wasatch County, July 10, 1946; 3 mi. SW. Jensen, August 28, 1949. Loxia curvirostra bend. Red Crossbill. Eighteen specimens: 1 1/2 mi. SW. Mirror Lake, 10,600 feet, June 22. 1953; W. slope Murdock Mt., 10,900 feet, July 29, 1953; 2 mi. S. Bald Mt., June 15-30, 1953; SW. base Bald Mt., 10,700 feet, 3 mi. E. Wall Lake, July 24, 1953; 2 mi. E. Wall Lake, 10,500 feet, July 22, 1953; Spirit Lake, July 5-10, 1956. Ghiselin found the species uncommon in Naturalist Basin. His one definite record was in scattered spruce- fir forest on August 12, 1955. Crossbills are fairely common in the Mirror Lake-Bald Mountain area. Juveniles were taken on July 22 Hayward (1931:152) reported large flocks and later (1945:114) indicated that the species occurred in climax stages of the upper montane forest. The large series of 23 specimens from Green Lake and Bald Mountain taken by Twomey {op. af.:464) was referred to benti although 9 showed characteristics of grinnelli. A series of 22 in the Zoology Museum of Brigham Young University is also refer- able to benti (Hayward. 1943:276), although some show characters of bendirei. The birds listed above likewise are closest to benti al- though a variable lot. Loxia curvirostra bendirei. Red Crossbill. Thirty specimens: Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 17-20, 1950; Timothy Creek, 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, Duchesne County, June 23-25, 1950; 3 mi. S. Vernal, June 18. 1949. These, discussed by Selander (1953: 158), were not breeding birds. Loxia curvirostra grinnelli. Red Crossbill. Two specimens: Hideout Canyon. 9000 feet, Daggett County, September 13, 1950. These breeding birds, also considered by Selander {op. cit.:\69), were taken in yellow pine and according to him were typical of this race in both size and coloration. Chlorura chlorura. Green-tailed Towhee. One specimen: Nat- uralist Basin 11,300 feet, August 23, 1954. There were nine sight records for Naturalist Basin from August 6 to 1 7. These towhees were seen at all elevations in Naturalist Basin, but only in areas of some coniferous cover. Four records are from areas of spruce-fir forest, three from coniferous scrub, two from talus slopes bearing conifer- ous growth. The one specimen was taken on alpine tundra. Hay- ward (1952:116) reported the species as occurring in krummholz but did not list it for the upper montane in his earlier study (1945) of the biota of subalpine elevations. Twomey {op. a7.:466) found it breeding in submontane shrubs from 7000 to 8000 feet and took May 31, 1958 Birds of Northeastern Utah 19 a juvenile just able to lly on June 26. At this time adults were con- spicuous and feeding young. These dates suggest that the birds found in Naturalist Basin were postbreeding wanderers. However, the species occurred singly, or occasionally in family groups, rather than large flocks. Pipilo erythrophtlialnnis montanus. Bufous-sided Towhee. Two specimens: 1 lideout Canyon, 5500 feet. Daggett County, Septem- ber 12, 1950; Winn Banch. Mouth Argyle Canyon, 5600 feet, Duchesne County, April 23, 1938. Calamospiza melanocorys. Lark Bunting. One specimen: Jensen, June 10, 1952. Killpack (1951:99) has taken several specimens. The records for Utah nave been summarized by Porter and Egoscue (1954:220-221). Pooecetes grarnineus confinis. Vesper Sparrow. Five specimens: 7 mi. W. Mvton. June 20, 1949; 10 mi .S. Myton, April 23, 1938; Paradise Park, July 28, 1953; East Park, 9000 feet, 20 mi. N. Vernal, August 21, 1949. Those from the Myton area occured in desert scrub, those from the mountains were taken from lodgepoles pines at the edge of parkland areas. J unco hyrnenalis hymenalis. Slate-colored .lunco. One specimen: Smith-Morehouse Cr., at Weber B., 7100 feet, Summit County, October 10. 1931. This was reported by Behle and Higgins (1942: 55). J unco oreganus shujeldti. Oregon Junco. One specimen: Tab- iona, October 18, 1931. Junco caniceps caniceps. Gray-headed Junco. Thirty four speci- mens: 12 mi. E. Oakley, 7500 feet. May 26, 1950; Smith-More- house Canyon. 8000 feet. May 28, 1932 and May 27, 1950; 22 mi. E. Kamas, 8500 feet. May 30, 1953; Mirror Lake, September 22, 1932; Mouth Brown Duck Canyon, 8500 feet. nr. Moon Lake. Sept- ember 2, 1948; Lake Fork Mt., 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 21, 1950; Timothy Cr., 7500 feet, 10 mi. N. Altonah, July 24, 1950; Paradise Park, July 27, 1953; Oak Park. 9300 feet, 25 mi. N. Vernal, July 23. 1949; Spirit Lake, July 6-10, 1956. This Junco is. below timberline, the most obvious bird, as is the pipit in alpine areas. But it ranges more widely than the pipit, for we found it at all altitudes where there occurs the combination of coniferous growth and a fairly rich herbaceous flora. The species was not dis- covered, however, in the semiarid areas of alpine tundra and conif- erous scrub that occur above 11,000 feet. Although I lay ward (1952: 116) reports it in krummholz. he earlier noted (1945:69) that it is most often seen at the forest edge. We have 117 sight records for the high western Uintas. The specimens were taken in aspens, spruces, lodgepole pine, yellow pine, and willows. The single nest we found was under a rotten log near a stand of conifers. The birds were, in our experience, ordinarily restricted to the forested areas until the young were well grown, although the adults forage in meadows and along streams and lake shores. Flocks larger than family groups were not found before the first of August. As the young become more hardy, family groups ap- The Great Basin Naturalist 20 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 parently coalesce into sizeable flocks of as many as thirty birds, and averaging perhaps half that number, which wander through the forests and into the meadows. Somewhat less frequently, they appear above timberline. Juncos occurred in mixed flocks with chipping sparrows, mountain chickadees, white-crowned sparrows and Audubon warblers. Spizella passerina arizonae. Chipping Sparrow. Six specimens: Smith- Morehouse Canyon, May 20, 1934; 3 mi. S. Vernal, August 27, 1949; Spirit Lake, July 9, 1956. For the high western Uintas there were 24 sight records. Ahhough they never appeared in large numbers, they were found consistently in most habitats below timberline until the middle of August. The chipping sparrow is reported by Hayward (1952:116) to appear in the krummholz, and Twomey {op. €it.-A73) states that the species nests from yel- low pine to timberline. Zonotrichia leucophrys oriantha. White-crowned Sparrow. Nineteen specimens: Mirror Lake, July 13, 1935; 22 mi. E. Kam- as, June 9, 1953; Lake Fork Mt, 10,000 feet, 32 mi. N. Duchesne June 21, 1950; Paradise Park, July 21, 1947 and July 27, 1953; 1 mi. below Merkley Park, 6000 feet, 9 mi. N. Vernal, September 5, 1949; Spirit Lake, July 6-9, 1956. W^e have 51 sight records for the Naturalist Basin region where it is a common summer resident. The species had a wider altitudinal range, than most montane birds. It was numerous to 11,400 feet. Its habitat requirements seemed to be coniferous growth and adjacent open areas; the species was found wherever these needs were met. Hayward (1952:116) termed it the most frequent krummholz species and listed it (1945: 114) in both serai and climax stages of the Upper Montane. Fam- ily groups were fairly frequent, but no large flocks were found in the Uintas. It was observed in mixed flocks with gray-headed juncos and Audubon warblers. Zonotrichia leucophrys gambellii. White-crowned Sparrow. Two specimens: Smith-Morehouse Cr. at Weber River, 7100 feet, Sum- mit County, October 11, 1931; 1 mi. below Merkley Park, 6000 feet, 9 mi. N. Vernal, September 5, 1949. Both of these were im- mature and migrants. Passer ella iliaca swarthi. Fox Sparrow. Three specimens: Chalk Cr., 5600 feet, 5 mi .E. Coalville. June 15, 1949; Oakley, 6517 feet. May 29, 1950. They were taken in willows and rose thickets. Melospiza lincolnii alticola. Lincoln's Sparrow. Sixteen speci- mens: Smith-Morehouse Cr. and Weber River, 7100 feet, October 10, 1931; near Merkley Park, 10 mi. N. Vernal, September 4, 1949. Melospiza lincolnii altocila. Lincoln's Sparrow. Sixteen speci- mens: 12 mi. E. Oakley, 7500 feet, July 20, 1950; Naturahst Basin, 10,400 feet, August 22, 1954; Lake Fork Mt., 10.000 feet. 32 mi. N. Duchesne, June 21, 1950; Paradise Park, July 28, 1953, Spirit Lake, July 5-8, 1956. We have only two records in Naturalist Basin, both near Morat Lake, 10,400 feet, on August 22, 1954 and August May ^1. 1958 Bikds of Northeastern Utah 21 13. 1955. The first occurred in talus, the second in scrub fir. They were probably postbreeding wanderers. At Spirit Lake the breed- ing habitat was w'illows at the edges of streams or lakes, or bogs in the spruce forest. Twomey {op. cit.-A75) found the species breed- ing in a bog in spruce-fir forest at 10,500 feet near Bald Mountain and Ilayward (1945:114) reports it only in serai stages, noting that it was confined to willow thickets along streams and shrubs in snowslide areas. Melospiza rnelodia montana. Song Sparrow. Fifty-one speci- mens: Chalk Cr.. 5600 feet, 5 mi. E. Coalville, June 15, 1949; 10 mi. E. Oakley, 7200 feet, May 29, 1950; 3 mi. S. Moon Lake, 7000- 8400 feet. September 3. 1948; Lake Fork Cr., nr. Mt. Emmons, 6000 feet. August 4, 1934; Arcadia. 5000 feet. 4 mi. NE. Duch- esne. September 3, 1949; Winn Ranch, 5600 feet, near Argyle Can- yon and Minnie Maud Cr., 25 mi. S. Duchesne, April 23, 1938; 7 mi. W. Myton, June 20, 1949; Merkley Park, 6000 feet, 10 mi. N. Vernal, June 21-22 and September 4, 1949; Dry Fork Canyon, 6000 feet. 15 mi. N. Vernal, June 29, 1950; mouth Birch Cr., July 11, 1956. Specimens were taken from willows primarily but also in rose, birch, and hawthorn. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis . Lapland Longspur. This was reported for the first time from Utah by Killpack (1953:152), who took a male at Roosevelt on January 1, 1952. Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. Snow Bunting. Killpack (1953: 152) has reported this species from the Uinta Basin. A male was banded at Roosevelt on January 2. 1952. A flock of 15 was observ- ed 4 miles north of Fort Duchesne from January 14 to February 10, 1952 and a male collected on January 14, 1952. Literature Cited Aldrich, J. W. 1944. Notes on the races of the white-breasted nut- hatch. Auk 61:592-604. Behle, W. H. 1948. Systematic comment on some geographically variable birds occurring in Utah. Condor 50: 71-80. 1950. A new race of mountain chickadee from the Utah-Idaho area. Condor 52:273-274. 1951. A new race of the black-capped chickadee from the Rocky Mountain region. Auk 68:75-79. 1956. A systematic review of the mountain chickadee. Condor 58:51-70. Behle, W. H. and H. Higgins. 1942. Winter records of the slate- colored junco and Harris sparrow in Utah. Wilson Bull. 54: 54-55. Behle. W. H. and R. K. Selander. 1952. New and additional records of Utah birds. Wilson Bull. 64:26-32. French, N. R. 1954^. Life history and behavior of the black rosy finch. Unpublished thesis, University of Utah, vi + 1-181 pp., 26 figs, in text. The Great Basin Naturalist 22 Behele and Ghiselin Vol. XVIII, No. 1 1954/?. Notes on breeding activities and on gular sacs in the pine grosbeak. Condor 56:83-85. Ghiselin, J. 1956. Ecological distribution and frequency of occur- rence of summer birds of the high western Uinta Mountains, Utah. Unpublished thesis. University of Utah, iv + 1-119 pp., 7 figs, in text. Ciraham, E. H. 1937. Botanical studies in the Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado Ann. Carnegie Mus. 26: 1-432, 13 pis. 1 fig in text. Hay ward. C. L. 1931. A preliminary list of the birds of the sub- alpine and alpine zones of the Uinta Mountains. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 8:151-152. 1937. Some new and unusual bird records from Utah. Wilson Bull., 49:303-305. 1941. Notes on the nesting habits of some mountain dwelling birds in Utah. Great Basin Nat., 2: 1-8. 1943. Notes on the status of the red crossbill in Utah. Auk 60: 276-278. 1945. Biotic communities of the southern Wasatch and Uinta Mountains, Utah. Great Basin Nat. 6: 1-124. 1952. Alpine biotic communities of the Uinta Mountains, Utah. Ecol. Monog. 22:93-120. Killpack, M. L. 1951a. Lark bunting in Uinta Basin. Utah. Con- dor 53:99. 1951b. Short-eared owl eaten by horned owl. Condor 53:262. 1953. Lapland longspur and snow bunting recorded in Utah. Condor 55:152. Killpack, M. L .and D. N. Crittenden. 1952. Starlings as winter residents in the Uinta Basin, Utah. Condor 54:338-344. Porter. B. D. and H. J. Egoscue. 1954. The lark bunting in Utah. Wilson Bull. 66:219-221. Bidgway. B 1877. Ornithology, in "Ornithology and Palaeontol- ogy," U. S. Geol. Expl. Fortieth Parallel 4 (3): 303-669. Selander. B. K. 1951. A systematic study of some geographically variable birds of northern Utah. LTnpublished thesis, University of Utah, iii + 1-193 pp., 11 figs, in text (10 of them maps). — 1953. Notes on the red crossbills of the Uinta and Wasatch mountains, Utah. Condor 55:158-160. 1954. A systematic review of the booming nighthawks of wes- tern North America. Condor 56:57-82. Snyder, L. L. 1953. On eastern empidonaces with particular ref- erence to variation in E. traillii. Contr. Boyal Ontario Mus. Zool. and Palaeontol. No. 35, 26 pp. Twomey, A. C. 1942. The birds of the Uinta Basin, Utah. Ann. Carnegie Mus. 28: 341-490. 9 pis. 1 map. Woodbury, A. M.. C. Cottam and J. W. Sugden. 1949. Annotated check-list of the birds of Utah. Bull. Univ. Utah 39(16): 40 pp. NEW AND UNUSUAL RECORDS OF RIRDS FROM IHE UINTA RASIN, UTAH' Merlin L. Killpack and C. Lynn Hayward Since the publication of Twomey's (1942) account of the birds of the Uinta Rasin. Utah, several new and unusual records of birds have been brought to light through our field work in that area. These records along with annotations are hereby published as a contribution of Utah ornithology. Synthliboraniphus arttiquus. Ancient Murrelet. One female was taken at Roosevelt, Duchesne County, Nov- ember 12. 1955 by V. 0. Walker. The bird appeared to be in good physical condition. At the time of the collection there were sev- eral days of heavy winds from the west. Specimens were reported by Gullion (1956) in northwestern Nevada at this same time. Glaucidium gnoma pinicola. Rocky Mt. Pygmy Owl. A female specimen was collected in a yellow pine-aspen wood- land along the Uinta River about twelve miles north of Neola, Duchesne County, June 22, 1957. There was evidence from her actions that she had a nest in the vicinity. Twomey (1942: 399) listed this owl as hypothetical but did not have a positive record for the Uinta Rasin. Melanerpes erythrocephalus caurina. Red-headed Woodpecker. Two males were collected in cottonwoods about eight miles south of Ouray, Uintah County, May 29, 1955. Twomey (1942: 19) found one dead in about this same locality. We also have an un- published sight record of this species from near Jensen. July 27, 1937. Thryornanes bewickii eremophilus. Desert Rewick Wren. Twomey (1942) does not report the Rewick Wren from the Uinta Rasin. We found it to be a fairly common species in the scattered pinyon-juniper woodlands east of the Green River. Two specimens were taken at Ronanza and Rainbow, Uintah County, June 18 and 22, 1954. There were numerous sight records for the same area. Toxostoma rufuni longicauda. Western Rrown Thrasher. A male was collected eleven miles northwest of Roosevelt, Duchesne County, December 29, 1954. It was feeding on the fruits of the Russian olive and was fat and in good physical condition. 1. Department of '/oology and Knloiiiology, Brigham Young Unlveisily, Provo, ftah, (.ontii- bution No. 159. 23 The Great Basin Naturalist 24 KiLLPACK AND Hayward Vol. XVIII, No. 1 Mimus polyglottos leucopterus . Western Mocking bird. Twomey (1942: 427) regards this species as rare in the Uinta Basin. Our observations indicate that it is a regular though un- common resident of that area. A male and female were collected five miles west of Roosevelt, May 24 and 25, 1955. There was some evidence that they were preparing to nest. Sight observations were also made at eleven miles east of Jensen, Uintah County, June 9, 1953, two miles north of Roosevelt, May 20 to August 15, 1955, and May 6, 1956, and Rainbow, Uintah County, June 16, 1954. Dendroica townsendi. Townsend's Warbler. One female was taken from a flock of 50 to 60 birds 17 miles north of Neola, Duchesne County, August 24, 1957. The birds wore apparnetly migrating in company with Pileolated Warblers. All were observed in a grove of lodgepole pines. Sturnus vulgaris vulgaris. Starling. Killpack and Chittenden (1952) previously reported on the wdnter status of starlings in the Uinta Basin. The birds are now known to be permanent residents. Several nests have been found in old wookpecker holes. A set of six eggs was collected May 15, 1954 three miles west of Roosevelt, Duchesne County. Many birds have been captured and banded. Returns on the banding have been received from North and South Dakota and Montana. Guiraca caerulea interfusa. Western Blue Grosbeak. A male was collected five miles east of Myton, Duchesne County, June 8, 1957. Another male was seen at the same time. The birds were singing and there were other indications of nest- ing in the area. From other records available to us it seems likely that this species breeds regularly although not commonh' along the Colorado and Green River drainages at least as far north as the Uinta Basin. Behle and Selander (1952:31) have also recorded specimens from Vernal, Uintah County. Acanthis flammea flammea. Common Redpoll. One female redpoll was collected from a flock of about forty found in a pinyon-juniper woodland about eleven miles west of Roosevelt, Duchesne County, January 1, 1958. The birds were feeding on the seeds of Russian thistle. A male was seen at Roose- velt, December 28. 1956 with a flock of pine siskins feeding on sun- flower seeds. Spizella arborea ochrocea. Western Tree Sparrow. One specimen was collected at Arcadia, Duschesne Countv, .Tanuary 21, 1957. 7,onotri(hia querula. Harris's Sparrow. Indications are that this species is a regular winter resident in the Uinta Basin. I'wo males were collected three miles east of May 31, 1958 Birds of Uinta Basin 25 Myton, Duchesne County, December 3 and 29, 1955 from a flock of ten to fifteen birds that were in the company of a large flock of White-crowned Sparrows. Two birds were captured and banded at Roosevelt, Duchesne County in January 1957. One of these was recaptured in the same locality in April of the same year. On Dec- ember 28, 1957 a flock of about thirty Harris's sparrows was ob- served along the Duchesne River five miles west of Myton. Calcarius lapponicus alascensis. Alaska Longspur. This species was previously reported for the Uinta Basin by Killpack (1953). Additional observations indicate that longspurs are regular winter residents in the basin. Three males and one female were taken in the vicinity of Myton, Duchesne County. December 17. 1955, January 28, 1956, and February 8, 1958. The specimens were taken from small flocks that were associated with large aggregations of homed larks. Another male was collected eight miles south of Roosevelt, January 15. 1957. Four additional birds were captured and banded at Roosevelt between January 23 and January 31. 1957. References Cited Behle, W. H. and R. K. Selander. 1952. New and additional records of Utah birds. Wilson Bulletin 64:31. Gullion, G. W. 1956. An Ancient Murrelet in northeastern Nevada. Condor 58:163. Killpack. M. L. and D. N. Chittenden. 1952. Starlings as winter residents in the Uinta Basin. Condor 54:338-344. Killpack, M. L. 1953. Lapland Longspur and Snow Bunting re- corded in Utah. Condor 55: 152. Twomey, A. C. 1942 The birds of the Uinta Basin, Utah. Annals Carnegie Mus. 28:341-490. DISTRIBUTION AND VARIATION OF THE UTAH POULATION OF THE GREAT BASIN POCKET MOUSE' C. Lynn Hayward and Merlin L. Killpack The previously known range of the Great Basin Pocket Mouse {Perognathus parvus) in Utah was pubUshed by Durrant in 1952, pp. 241-244, and figure 41. At the time of Durrant's first publi- cation this species was thought to be confined in the state of Utah almost exclusively to the Great Basin. The only exceptions were the small population found near Greenriver, Utah, west of the Green River, by Durrant; two specimens taken by Vernon Bailey many years ago at Laketown, Rich County, which locality, how- ever, actually falls within the Great Basin drainage; and two col- lected by Svihla (1931 ,p. 262) near Linwood in Daggett County. Both the Green River and Linwood specimens were taken within the Colorado River drainage. Additional collecting within the past few years has added further information on the occurrence and probable relationships of this interesting species which would seem to warrant some comment at this time. Recent collections would indicate a somewhat discontinuous range in areas outside of the Great Basin, but the WTiters are in- clined to believe that this seeming discontinuity will dissappear as additional field work is done. Since Perognathus parvus may live at relatively high elevations as compared to other species of pocket mice in this area, there would seem to be no continuous mountain barriers that could seriously interfere with its spread out of the Great Basin and into those portions of the Colorado Basin where it is now known to live. Up to this point, however, the species is not known to occur east of the Green and Colorado Rivers, and it may be that these streams could afford an effective barrier to the spread of these pocket mice eastward. The slow accumulation of data relative to the distribution of Perognathus parvus may be due in part at least to what seems to be a definite tendency toward fluctuation in population numbers from time to time. This has been borne out by our experience in sampling mammal population in Cedar Valley which lies direct- ly west of Utah Lake. On our first visit to that valley in 1936 we took no pocket mice of any kind. In subsequent visits up until the beginning of World War II the results were the same. When we resumed our trapping after the war years we still found no pocket mice until 1949 when, using the same kind of traps and bait in the same places at comparable seasons, we began to take more pocket mice than any other species. These high populations seem to have prevailed at least up until the close of 1952 and possibly even longer, although we have done no field work in the Cedar Valley 1. Contribution No. 158, Zoology and Entomology Department. Biigham Young University, Provo, Utah 26 May 31, 1958 Pocket Mouse 27 area since 1953. Thus, it would appear likely that trapping in off years might not reveal the true state of distribution of this species. From the records now available and the nature of the hab- itat between the collection localities it seems evident that Perognathus parvus is to be found in all of the counties of the state that lie west of the Green and Colorado Rivers. Our collections in Beaver and Iron Counties verify the supposition that the species extends at least to the southermost rim of the Great Basin. Its presence in the Colorado River drainage east of the central Utah mountains and high plateaus is well indicated by our collections from Duchesne, Carbon. Emery, and (iarfield Counties in addition to its discov- ery at Greenriver. Utah as well as other localities in the Colorado River drainage by Durrant. 1 he probable connection of the Great Basin population with those of Rich, Summit, and Daggett Counties may be supposed by collectiois from Morgan, Summit, and much additional material from Rich County. A list of the precise col- lection localities now available in addition to those published by Durrant {op. cit., 1952) is as follows: Utah County. Head of Slate Canyon, east of Prove, Cedar Valley. Tooele Cnuntr: Lookout Pass. Rush Valley, Government Creek, Mercur. Beaver County: Wah Wah Springs, Minersville. Juab County: Joy, Callao. Boxelder County: Lucin. Summit County: Echo Junction. Iron County: Parowan. Garfield Coun- ty: Panguitch, Spry. 20 miles on n.w. Hite. Sevier County: Fish Lake. Koosharum, Paradise Valley. Duchesne County: Roosevelt and Myton. Daggett County: Linwood. Rich County: Woodruff. Emery County: Huntington. Carbon County: Price. Kane County: Pine Dunes and Navajo Wells. In the course of our field work we have made hundreds of notations regarding the habitat preferences of Perognathus parvus. According to our experience the animal almost invariably inhabits benchlands and the lower slopes of mountains at elevations rang- ing from 4.500 to 6.500 feet. However, years ago. a specimen w^as taken by James Bee in the Wasatch Range east of Provo at an ele- vation of nearly 8,000 feet indicating that the species may inhabit higher elevations than we now realize. In his studies of the mam- mals of Cedar Valley. Utah County, Woodbury (MS, 1955) found Perognathus parvus very common in sandy flats in the valley where rabbit brush (Chrysothamnus) and Indian rice grass (Oryzo- psis hymenoides) were the predominant plants. In his study of the Great Basin Desert of western ITtah. Fautin (1946, p. 280) found this species only in the sagebrush conmumity. By far the great majority of our specimens have been taken in sagebrush on the higher benchlands around the bases of hills and mountains They occur commonly on rocky soils and often e.xtend well up onto the steeper slopes where the ground is strewn with loose boulders or talus material. Frequently they are taken in situations where one would expect to find Perognathus formosus; i.e. on rocky slopes. At Joy, Juab County, we found PrognatJms parvus and PerognatJnis formosus living together on rocky slopes, hut P. parvus also lived on flats where shadscale ( Atriplex) and rabbit brush (Clirysothani- nus) were predominant on fine gravellv soil. In the vicinity of the Henry Mountains. Garfield County. P. parvus was taken around The Great Basin Naturalist 28 Hayward and Killpack Vol. XVIII, No. 1 the bases of sandstone ledges as well as in open sandy flats veg- etated with blackbrush {Coleogyne ramosissima) and jointfir {Ephedra) . Our observations have led us to conclude that Perognathus parvus occupies a wider range of altitude and a greater variety of habitat than any other species of pocket mouse found in this area. Variations Durrant in his first account (1952) recognized only two sub- species in the Utah population; namely, Perognathus parvus oli- vaceous Merriam of the Great Basin described from Kelton, Box- elder County, Utah in 1889, and P.p. clarus Goldman, a race sup- posed to occur in northeastern Utah and named from the former townsite of Cumberland. Lincoln County, Wyoming. Later Durrant, Lee, and Hansen, (1955) recorded Perognathus parvus trumbullensis in samples of populations from Washington and Garfield Counties. Still later (Durrant and Lee, 1956) a new subspecies {Perognathus parvus bullatus) was described from the area west of the Green and Colorado Rivers and between the San Rafael and Fremont Rivers. Durrant considers P. olivaceus amoenus Merriam from Nephi, Utah, and P.p. plerus Goldman from Stans- bury Island, Great Salt Lake, as synonyms of P.p. olivaceus. How- ever, Miller and Kellogg (1955) retain the name of P.p. plerus as valid. From the material available to the writers is seems likely that at least two or three additional subspecies of P. parvus will eventually be recognized from the Utah population when oppor- tunity is afforded to make proper comparisons and analyses. It is our purpose to comment upon these variations as noted to the pre- sent time as follows: Uinta Basin, Duchesne County. In all three body measure- ments this series averages smaller than either olivaceous or clarus. The skulls average distinctly longer (27.1 vs. 24.8) than in clarus and slightly longer than in olivaceous. The interparietals in the Uinta Basin series are longer and narrower than in either olivaceous or clarus. In coloration the Uinta Basin series is closer to olivaceous than to clarus since they have the darker buffy ground color and the wider lateral stripe characteristic of the former. Linwood, Daggett County. Compared with a good series of topotypes of P.p. clarus from Cumberland, Wyoming, the Linwood series shows some signs of intergradation between olivaceous and clarus. However, in both cranial measurements and color they lie decidedly closer to clarus as might be expected from their contin- uous ranges. In coloration the Linwood series is very close to clarus in that it possesses the paler buffy ground color and narrow lateral stripe. However, the clarus topotypes have decidedly more dark hairs on the dorsum and in that respect are closer to the Laketown series. May 31, 1958 Pocket Mouse 29 Laki'toirn. Rich County. From the more or less continuous nature of the sagebiiish plains of the area it might be expected that the Laketown population would be closest to P.p. clarus. The rel- atively low divide separating the (ireen and Bear River drainages would not seem to afford a serious barrior to the species. However, the Laketown series is larger on the average in most measurements taken than the clarus topotypes. A greater skull length is owing in the main to longer nasals in the Laketown specimens (10 6 vs 9.7). Body measurements in Laketown material averaged greater, although not significantly so. than clarus. In coloration, there is a striking difference between the Laketown and Cumberland series. In the former the ground color is much darker, between cinnamon buff and pinkish cinnamon rather than pinkish buff. Lateral stripes on the Laketown specimens are wider and more distinct than in clarus topotypes. Dark hairs of the back are strikingly more prom- inent in the Laketown series with a tendency to form black patches on the rump and a distinct black mid-dorsal line. In matters of cranial measurements, body measurements, and ground color they seem closer to olivaceous than to clarus. They differ fiom oliva- ceous in the striking black hairs of the dorsum. Head of North Wash, Garfield County. A striking series of specimens from the head of North Wash near the east base of the Henry Mountains seems to be representative of a distinctive pop- ulation of Perognathus parvus inhabiting the deseret plains sur- rounding that isolated mountain range. Comparing our series with the (ireat Basin P.p. olivaceous, we find the North Wash series has a wider carium owing to more inflated bullae, but the inter- orbital breadth is slightly less. In coloration the North Wash spec- imens are distinctly different from all other kinds represented in our collection. The ground color is bright cinnamon buff rather than pinkish buff but the huffy stripes on the sides are indistinct. A reduction of the dark hairs on the back gives the animal a bright- er and more buffv appearance in general and such dark hairs as there are are confined to a rather distinct mid-dorsal stripe which is especially evident between the ears. The subauricular white patches are larger and the tail is more huffy throughout in the North Wash series. Great Basin. Series of Perognathus parvus from different parts of the Great Basin in LUah show some variations in body size, cran- ial measurements and coloration, but our series from the southern part of the basin are not large enough to permit a comparison. Sunmiary The previously known distribution of Perognathus parvus in Utah principally in the northern Great Basin and the north- eastern part of the state has now been extended to the southern rim of the Basin and eastward to the Green and Colorado Rivers. It now has been verified that the species occurs in all of the coun- The Great Banin Naturalist 30 H\YWARD AND KiLLPACK Vol. XVIII, No. 1 ties east of those rivers. Future collecting probably will reveal that the species has a more or less continuous range. Populations in Daggett County undoubtedly belong to the Wyoming race, P.p. clarus, but those from Rich County probably represent an undescribed race. The populations in the Uinta Basin and in Garfield County around the base of the Henry Mountains may also represent new races. References Cited Durrant, Stephen D. 1952. Mammals of Utah. Univ. of Kansas Publ. Museum of Nat. Hist. 6:241-244. Durrant, Stephen D., M. R. Lee and R. M. Hansen 1955. Additional records and extensions of known ranges of mammals from Utah. Univ. of Kansas Publ. Museum of Nat. Hist. 9:75-76. Durrant, Stephen D. and M. R. Lee. 1956. A new pocket mouse from southeastern Utah. Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington 69: 183-186 Miller, Gerrit S and R. Kellogg. 1955. List of North American recent mammals. U. S. National Museum Bull. 205:366. Svihla. Ruth D. 1931. Mammals of the Uinta Mountains region. Jour, of Mammalogy 12:256-266 Woodbury, Loraine. 1955. An ecological and distributional study of small mammals of Cedar Valley, Utah County, Utah. Mas- ters Thesis, Brigham Young University, p. 47. AN OUTBREAK OF SAYS PLANT BUG IN UTAH VALLEY, 1958 Recently sevei^al species of insects in this area have been observef^l to get be- yond the bounds of natural control and appear in unusual numbers. Around the middle of May Say's Plant Bug, Chlorochroa sayi Stal., began to appear in great numbers throughout the Provo area. It is ovopositing on the mustard. Descuriana pinnata (Walt.) Britt. Subsp. glabra? (W. S.) Billing and other as- sociated plants. A predaceous beetle Cnllops bivunctatus Say has been reported as feeding on the eggs and nymphs of this species. Two of my advanced Entomol- ogy students, Wilber G. Robison and Stanley Kay Taylor, collected more than 2.000 specimens of this pentatomid in an hour from mustards and other weeds and gi^asses growing on a vacant lot in west Provo. Mr. Taylor is making a study of the life history and parasites of this species. Chlorochroa sayi is widely distributed in the Western United Stataes bav- in been collected in the states from Mexico to Canada. It is shield-shaped, dif- fering between a bright green and a dark green color with three small white spots on the anterior and one on the posterior of the scutellum. It varies from 12 to 14 mms. in length. It passes the winter as aii adult, eggs being laid in the spring. It takes approximately six weeks for adidts to develop. In this area there are 2 to 3 generations each year. The Say's Plant Bug does damage to alfalfa, wheat, oats, peas, beans, grasses, cotton and weeds. Alfalfa grown for seed and \vheat are frequently damaeed in l^tah and Arizona. Effective control of this species is obtained with D.D.T., chlordanc. aldrin, oi- dieldrin. Information con- cerning the applications of sprays may be obtained from the County Agent's office. Vasco M. Tanner UNDE8CRIBED SPECIES OE WESTERN NEARCI IC TIPULIDAE (DIPTERA). Ill • ChaiK's P. Alexander The preceding parts under this general title were published in The (ireat Basin Naturalist, 4:89-100; 1943 and 5:93-103; 1944. At this time I am discussing various species and subspecies belong- ing to the tribe Pediciini, chiefly collected by myself but with two interesting forms taken by my friend. Mr. James H. Baker, of Baker, Oregon. The types are preserved in my extensive collection of the World Tipulidae. Pedicia (Tricyphona) pahasapa, n. sp. Belongs to the katahdin group; general coloration of thorax gray, praescutum with four brown stripes; antennae brownish black throughout, apparently 1 3- segmented, terminal segment elongate; wings weakly tinged with yellow, very restrictedly pat- terned \\dth darker; male hypopygium with the dististyle unarmed. Male: Length about 7-7.5 mm.; wing 6:8-8 mm.; antennae about 0.8-0.9 mm. Rostrum dark brown, sparsely pruinose; palpi brownish black. Antennae brownish black throughout, apparently 13-segmented; basal flagellar segments subglobular, crowded, outer segments oval, terminal segment elongate, about one-half longer than the pen- ultimate. Head brownish gray; anterior vertex broad. Pronotum brownish gray. Mesonotal praescutum gray, with four brown stripes, the longer intermediate pair narrowed behind, virtually confluent at the suture; scutum gray, lobes patterened with brown; scutellum dark gray, mediotergite lighter gray. Pleura light gray; dorsopleural membrane buffy brown. Haltei'es with stem obscure vellow. restrictedly darkened at base, knob daik brown. Legs with the elongate coxae buffy. sparsely pruinose; trochanters testaceous yellow; femora light brown, tips passing into brownish black; tibiae dark brown; tarsi black. Wings weaklv tinged with yellow, very restrictedly patterned with darker, including narrow seams at Scz, origin of Rs, cord, tip of 5c, and very vaguely at /?.- and elsewhere; veins brown, Sc. R and Cu more yellowed. Vena- tion: r-m variable in position, from near one-third to midlength of Ri + ii cell M, variable in length, in cases very reduced and prob- ably lacking in certain specimens in a large series; ru-cu before the fork of M. Abdomen dark brown, sparsel}' pruniose; hypopvgium dark brown. Male hypopygium with the interbase as in the katahdin group, conspicuously setiferous on outer half. Apical lobe of basis- tyle low and obtuse, not extended caudad beyond the dististyle, 1. Contribution No. 1288 from the Kntoinologir.il I.aboialoiy of tlie Universit)- of .Massai liusetts. 2. University of Massachusetts, .\niherst, Massai liusetts. I am greatly Indebted to llie National 5>cience Foundation for financial aid in conducting tlie field e.xplorations in California In 195/. 31 The Great Basin Naturalist 32 C. P. Alexander Vol. XVIII, No. 1 with abundant spicules. Dististyle subrectangular, without tuber- cles or spines, the inner margin with about eight or nine long strong bristles. Habitat: South Dakota (Black Hills). Holotype, d", Midway Creek, Harney Peak, altitude 6,500 feet, June 16, 1953 (Alexander). Paratopotype, cT. The specific name, pahasapa, is derived from the Sioux, paha meaning hills, sapa black. This is the most westerly known mem- ber of the katahdin group and the first from west of the 100th mer- idian. The fly is readily told from the eastern Nearctic members of the group, including besides Pedicia {Tricyphona) katahdin Alexander, also P. (T.) macateei Alexander, P. (T.) paludicola Alexander, and the doubtfully distinct P. (T.) pumila Alexander, by the unarmed dististyle of the male hypopygium. All of the other species are provided with a strong tubercle that is tipped with from one to five spines or spinelike setae. Pedicia {Tricyphona) ampla cinereicolor, n. subsp. Generally as in typical ampla Doane, differing in the small size, narrow wings, general gray coloration, and in details of color and structure. Male: Length about 15 mm.; wing 14x2.7 mm.; antenna about 1.8 mm. Rostrum brownish gray; palpi brownish black. Antennae with basal four segments yellowish brown, the remainder passing into black; outer flagellar segments becoming progz^essively smaller, with short verticils. Head gray; anterior vertex with a small darkened spot at summit of tubercle. Mesonotum gray, the praescutum with four brown stripes, the intermediate pair widely separated, narrowed to acutely point- ed behind; scutal lobes dark; more huffy areas behind the mid- point of the suture, posterior ends of the scutal lobes and the par- ascutella. Pleura with propleura. mesepisternum and metapleura gray, the mesepimeron and meron paler. Halteres with stem whit- ened, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae more or less darkened, es- pecially the posterior pair; remainder of legs brownish yellow, out- er tarsal segments darkened Wings narrow, as shown by the meas- urments, about five times as long as broad. Venation: Cell ist M^ closed; cell M , nearly twice its petiole; m-cu at fork of M. Abdomen dark brownish gray, the sides of the tergites nar- rowly huffy, posterior margins of the sternites more narrowly so. Male hypopygium with the tergal lobe moderately broad, its pos- terior border gently concave, the margin vaguely crenulate. Apical setae of basistyle relatively small. Outer dististyle small, oval, the lower inner angle prolonged, setae well distributed over the sur- face, longer than the style. Inner dististyle 5-pronged, as in the ampla group, all arms obtuse at tip. the group broader than long. Habitat: California (Invo County). Holotype, cf. Intake Camp, Bishop Creek, altitude 8,000 feet, .Tuly 8, 1957 (Alexander). May 31, 1958 Tipulidae 33 Pedicia (Tricyphona) ampla perangusta, n. subsp. Generally as in typical ampla Doane, differing in the small size, narrow wings, and details of structure of the male hypopygium. Mole: Length about 15 mm.; wing 13.5x2.9 mm.; antenna about 1.7 mm. Antennae chiefly pale, the outer seven or eight segments blackened. Mesonotal praescutum chiefly ochreous, intermediate praescutal stripes broad, wider than the separating interspace, lat- eral stripes pale. Pleura chiefly ochreous. sternopleurite darker, llalteres with knob strongly darkened Legs with all coxae pale yellow; remainder of legs brownish yellow, femoral tips narrow- ly but evidently dark brown; outer tarsal segments brownish black. Wings narrow, as shown by the measurements, slightly more than four and one-half times as long as broad. Venation: Cell 1st M-, nar- row, open by atrophy of m in one wing; cell M , deep, nearly three times its petiole; m-cu about one-third its length beyond the fork of M. Abdomen huffy, both the tergites and sternites with a darkened central stripe, lateral tergal borders slightly more pruinose, intern- ally with a very narrow dusky line that becomes more evident on the outer segments; a narrow subterminal black ring that includes segment eight and most of nine, remainder of hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergal lobe moderately broad, the pos- terior border truncate, straight. Apical setae of basistyle of mod- erate length, much shorter than in some other members of the ampla group. Outer dististyle small, broadly oval, vdth numerous setae, some being short and spinoid. Inner dististyle 5-pronged, as in the group; two of the inner arms broadly joined at base, the lower point triangular. Habitat: Oregon (Baker County). Holotype, cT- Spring Creek, Whitman National Forest, near Baker, in foothills of Blue Mountains, altitude 3.900 feet. May 30, 1956 (Baker). Pedicia (Tricyphona) aspidoptera convexa^ n. subsp. Male: Length about 12 mm.; wing 1.2 mm. Differs from typical aspidoptera (Coquillett, 1905) in the struc- ture of the male hypopygium. Ninth tergite with the caudal bor- der very gently convex (as figured by the writer in American Midland Naturalist. 29:162. fig. 16; 1943). In typical aspidoptera, the caudal margin of the tergite is conspicuously emarginate, form- ing small but distinct lateral lf)bes. Habitat: Colorado (Gunnison County). Holotype, cf, mounted on slide. Gothic, on slopes of Gothis Mountain,' altitude 9,800 feet. July 3, 1934 (Alexander). Pedicia (Tricyphona) steensensis, n. sp. Belongs to the ampla group; size large (length of male about 15 mm.); mesonotal praescutum brown, \\dth three darker stripes; wings reduced to narrow straplike blades in both sexes; male hy- popygium with the apex of the tergal lobe truncate or virtually so. The Great Basin Naturalist 34 C. P. Alexander Vol. XVIII, No. 1 Male: Length about 15 mm.; wing about 3 mm.; antenna about 1.5 mm. Female: Length about 18 mm.; wing about 3 mm. Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae short; scape light brown, the remainder black; flagellar segments short-oval, passing into oval, verticils inconspicuous. Head dark brownish gray, with a capillary darker vitta extending from the small vertical tub- ercle posteriorly. Pronotum brown, darker in the male. Mesonotal praescutum brown, with three darker stripes, the pattern darker in the male; posterior sclerites of notum dark brownish gray in male, the post- notum paler in the female; parascutella yellowed in both sexes. Pleura chiefly brownish gray in male, paler in female. Halteres with stem whitened, knob dark brown. Legs with coxae brown; trochanters yellow; in male remainder of legs darker than in fe- male, femora dark brown, yellowed basally, tibiae brownish yel- low, brownish black at tips, outer tarsal segments dark brown; in female legs more uniformly medium brown, the femoral tips not darkened. Wings greatly reduced to long narrow strips, virtually equal in both sexes; basal half yellowed, outer part more infuscat- ed; tips narrowly obtuse, more so in female. Abdomen of male dark brown, lateral borders of both tergites and sternites very narrowly obscure yellow; in the female, abdomen reddish brown, the lateral margins not paler; posterior borders of intermediate segments very narrowly obscure yellow; hypopygium brownish black, styli brownish yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergal lobe relatively broad, about as in ampla, gradually nar- rowed outwardly, the posterior border virtually truncate, not em- arginate as in ampla. Disistyles much as in ampla, the small fleshy outer style more oval, its tip obtuse. Pedicia (Tricyphona) aspidoptera (Coquillett), of the south- ern Rocky Mountain region, has the wings even more reduced in both sexes, differing further from the present fly in details of struc- ture of the male hypopygium, particularly the tergite. Habitat: Oregon (Harney County). Holotype, cT, Fish Lake, Steens Mountains, altitude 7.200 feet, July 14, 1953 (Baker). Allotopotype, ? , pinned with the type. The only described species of the subgenus that are subapterous in both sexes are Pedicia (Tricyphona) aspidoptera (Coquillett), discussed before, P. (T.) degenerata Alexander, and P. (T.) sub- aptera Alexander. The second species belongs to a different group of the subgenus, the last is not sufficiently known at this time to make any definite statement as to its position but is very definitely distinct from the present fly. The stenopterous condition of this insect is quite different from the brachypterous type found in as- pidoptera and subaptera. It may be noted that large-sized subap- terous members of the subgenus have been found elsewhere in the western United States, particularly in California, but have not been critically studied to this date. Due to the absolute flightless- ness of all of these flies it would seem that they must have evolved May 31, 1958 Tipulidae 35 independently in the various mountain areas where they now oc- cur. Pedicia {Tricyphona) shastensis, n. sp. Belongs to the townesiana group, allied to unigera; size small (wing of male about 8 mm.); mesonotal praescutum buffy brown with four darker brown stripes, the intermediate pair approximated; pleura variegated obscure yellow and brown; wings weakly tinged with brown, stigma slightly darker; male hypopygium with the lateral tergal lobes relatively conspicuous; dististyle occupying the entire outer end of the basistyle, the spicules small, the outer blade narrowed at extreme tip; interbase produced into a long slender spine. Male: Length about 7-7.5 mm.; wing 7-8 mm.; antenna about 0.7-0.8 mm. Rostrum light brown; palpi brownish black. Antennae black throughout; basal flagellar segments oval, passing into long-oval, much shorter than the longest verticils. Head brown. Pronotum light brown. Mesonotal praescutum buffy brown, with four darker brown stripes, the intermediate pair very nar- row, only vaguely separated by a slightly paler vitta; scutal lobes dark brown, the median area, with the scutellum, more testaceous, vaguely pruinose; mediotergite more evidently pruinose, pleuroter- gite paler. Propleura, mesepimeron and metapleura obscure yel- low, the rAesepisternum darker; dorsal sternopleurite pale; dorso- pleural membrane obscure yellow. Halteres dusky, base of stem restrictedly yellow. Legs with the coxae and trochanters pale yel- low; remainder of legs brownish yellow to pale brown; terminal tarsal segments darker. Wings weakly tinged with brown, stigmal region very slightly darker, prearcular field vaguely yellowed; veins brown. Venation: /?.; + ., subequal to r-m, the latter at or close to its fork; eel M^ closed or open by the atrophy of m, varying in this manner in the two wings of the holotype. Abdomen dark brown, the apices of the sternites broadly ob- scure yellow; eighth and ninth segments brownish black to form a ring; styli brownish yellow. Male hypopygium most as in unigera, differing decisively in certain structures. 1 ergite with the median area of the posterior border slightly produced. lat(M-al lobes relative- ly long and conspicuous. Basistyle with the apical lobe of the dis- tistyle occupying the entire outer end of the style, broadly round- ed, provided with abundant relatively short spines, the more basal ones small; outer blade of dististyle obliquely truncated, the ex- treme tip narrf)wly obtuse; interbase broad at base, slightly nar- rower on proximal half, the outer half pi'oduced into a long slender spine. Ciouapophysis much shorter than the aedeagus. the latter expanded at apex into a small head, narrowed at its outer end. The hypopygium of unigera was figured at the lime of the original description' (American Midland Naturalist, 42:299, fig. 26; 1949). Habitat: California (Shasta County). The Great Basin Naturalist 36 C. P. Alexander Vol. XVIII, No. 1 Holotype, cT, Castle Crags State Park, altitude 2,000 feet July 8, 1953 (Alxander). Paratopotypes 2 (S d ■ The types occurred along small streamlets that flow into the Sacramento River at the Park. They occurred with many other crane-flies of unusual interest, including some further new species. At this date, the associated beautiful orchid, Cephalanthera Aus- tinae (Gray), known as the phantom orchid or silver slipper, was common and in full flower. The regional members of the group in- clude besides the typical form, Pedicia {Tricy phono) townesiana Alexander, also P. (7.) fenderiana Alexander, and P. (T.) unigera Alexander. The last named is the closest ally, differing evidently in the structure of the male hypopygium, including the tergite, interbase, and the dististyle. Dicranota {Rhaphidolabis) nooksackensis brevispinosa, n. subsp. Characters essentially as in typical nooksackensis Alexander, diffring in important details of the male hypopygium. Apices of the tergal lobes broadly rounded; lateral tergal arm very broad, its apex obliquely truncated and produced into a short lateral spine. Blackened apical spine of the basistyle short, at end of a long paler cylindrical arm that is four to five times as long as the spine itself; interbase a small simple slender blade, its tip narrowly obtuse. In nooksackensis^ the apices of the tergal lobes are more pointed; lateral tergal arm small and slender, narrowed outwardly. Apical spine of the basistyle long and conspicuous, longer than the basal arm. The nature of the differences between these two subspecies is so great that it is probable that two distinct species may be in- volved. Habitat: Washington (Cowlitz County). Holotype, cT, Toutle River, near foot of Mount Saint Helens, July 8, 1956 (Alexander). Dicranota (Plectromyia) nooksackiae latistyla, n. subsp. Similar to typical nooksackiae, differing especially in the de- tails of structure of the male hypopygium. Outer dististyle longer, with spicules on the apical fourth. Inner dististyle conspicuously broader, angularly bent, at apex with a few strong setae; surface of style with relatively numerous setae. Interbase stouter. Typical nooksackiae Alexander has the outer dististyle more slender, with spicules on apical third. Inner dististyle more slen- der, only moderately arcuated, the surface with fewer setae. In nooksackiae subtruncifer Alexander, the median lobe of the ninth tergite is trimcated across apex. Habitat: Alberta (Jasper National Park) . Holotype, iiti(iii .N"o, Hi 46 Nov. 16. 1958 THE GENUS I'lTYOBOHUS 47 Pityoborus Blacknian Pityoborus Blackmail. 1922. Mississippi Agrit. Expt. Sia. Tech. Bull. 11:96; Blackmail. 1928. Bull. New York College For. (Syracuse) Tech. Pub. 25:145; Chamberlin. 1939. The Bark and Timber Beetles of North America North of Mexico, p. 343. Description. — Length 1.7-3.2 mm., about 2.5-2.8 times as long as wide; body color brownish. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, either flat or concave, and ornamented or not by hair of variable length, density and arrangement; eye emarginate; antennal funi- cle five-segmented, the club large, at least twice as long as the funicle, its first two sutures septate. Pronotum about 0.9-1.0 times as long as wide, not impressed behind the summit; anterior third asperate with the anterior margin armed by about 12-18 serrations of equal size; surface of posterior half reticulate and punctured; lateral areas on anterior two-thirds bearing in the female a pair of yellowish plushlike pubescent patches. Elytra finely sculptured; strial punctures in rows or not, the interstrial punctures greatly reduced in number; declivity variable, the second interspace feebly widened and depressed or not, the first and third interspaces usually with a few small setiferous granules, Vestiture hairlike. Type Species. — Crypturgus cornatus Zimmermann (monobasic). Key to the Species of Pityoborus 1. Female frons concave from eye to eye, the cavity margined by a dense row of long curved setae; elytral striae not impressed, the punctures of rows one and two confused or at least in very irregular rows (if character indefinite, male frons with frontal setae as in female) 2 Female frons flat or weakly impressed on a narrow median area, and bearing rather sparse setae only slightly longer on mar- gin; elytral striae often weakly impressed, the punctures in definite rows; male frons never with conspicuous brush of hair. 4 2. Length 2 0 mm.; both sexes with brush of frontal setae; first declivital striae feebly impressed, the third interspace not elevated lelutirius, n. sp. Length 2.8 mm. or larger; brush of frontal setae only in female; second declivital interspace flat, impressed, third interspace weakly elevated; patch of pubescence on female thorax pro- portionately smaller 3 3. Smaller. 2.9 mm.; pubescent patches on female pronotum al- most round, smaller, more widely separated from one another, and yellow in color; elytral pubescence shorter and less abim- dant; male frons with median elevation almost obsolete hirteUus, n. sp. Larger, 3.2 mm.; pubescent patches on female pronotum ovate, with the narrow point dorsad, larger, less widely separated, and reddish-yellow in color; elytral pubescence longer and The Great Basin Naturalist 48 s. L. WOOD Vol, XVIII, No. 2 more abundant; male frons with a distinct, narrow median elevation rubcntis^ n. sp. 4. Antennal club larger and broad, 1.3 times as long as wide; slight- ly smaller species, usually not more than 2.4 mm.; pubescent area on female pronotum proportionately smaller. 5 Antennal club smaller and more slender, at least 1.4 times as long as wide; slightly larger species, usually more than 2 6 mm.; pubescent area of female pronotum proportionately much larger ..- 6 5. Body smaller, 1.7-1.9 mm., and stouter, 2.7 times as long as wide; posterior half of pronotum rather smooth, moderately shining, and rather coarsely and deeply punctured; first declivital striae impressed, third interspace not elevated -.. comatus (Zimmermann) Body larger, 1.9-2.6 mm., and more slender, 2 8 times as long as wide; posterior half of pronotum more strongly reticulate, dull, and very finely, shallowly punctured; second interspace weakly impressed, third slightly elevated tertius Blackman 6. Posterior half of pronotum rather closely, deeply punctured; pubescent areas on female pronotum slightly wider than long (less than 13 times); first and second declivital punctures usually obsolete, interspace two rather strongly impressed secundus Blackman Posterior half of pronotum feebly punctured; pubescent area on female pronotum much wider than long (1.6 times), very narrowly separated dorsally; first and second declivital striae reduced but visible, interspace two rather weakly impressed intonsus, n. sp. Pityoborus velufinus. n. sp. Fig. 1 This species differs from all other representatives of the genus in having the declivity simple, almost entriely without modification of the second interspace, the declivital granules are scarcely visible, and the male frons bears a marginal fringe of long hair similar to, but less well developed, than in the female. The size will also serve to distinguish the female from other species having a concave frons. Female. — Length 2 0 mm.. 2.5 times as long as wide; body color brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from eye to eye and from epistomal margin to well above eyes; concavity smooth with a few minute punctures, and with a marginal fringe of long incurved hair, shorter along epistoma, comparatively longer above than the diameter of the concave area; central area of concavity with a few rather short inconspicuous setae. Antennal club large, ovate. 1.39 times as long as wide, first suture very weakly procurved, second moderately procurved. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; sides of basal half weak- ly arcuate and very slightly converging anteriorly, anterior margin Nov. 15. 1958 THE GENUS PITYOBORUS 49 very broadly, evenly rounded and armed by 18 rather large teeth of almost equal size; anterior area moderately asperate, more finely at sunmiit, summit area not impressed behind; posterior areas reticulate, dull, finely, shallowly punctured; slightly more than the middle third of the length and from lateral margin to about three-fourths of the distance to median line (dorsal aspect) occupied on each side by a patch of dense, plushlike, yellow pubes- cence (Fig. 1), each patch slightly wider transversely than long (about 1.26 times), the two patches separated dorsally by the length of one patch. f TERTIUS Figs. 1-7. Pityoborus spp., lateral aspect of female prothorax: 1, velutinus; 2. hirtellus; 3, rubentis; 4. comatus; 5, tertius; 6, secundus; and 7, intonsus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide. 1.7 times as long as the pro- notum; sides straight and subparallel on basal three-fourths, mod- erately rounded behind; striae not at all impressed, the punctures small, shallow, rather obscure, moderately confused on striae one and two; interstriae minutely subcrenulate, rather dull, the pun- ctures reduced greatly in size and irregular in spacing. Declivity steep, evenly rounded; first striae weakly impressed, the punctures greatly reduced and scarcely visible on rows one and two, small but more evident on others; interstriae with rows of minute punc- tures, those on first evidently very feebly granulate. Strial punc- tures each bearing a minute microseta, interstrial punctures with erect bristles more abundant and slightly longer on sides and de- clivity, the longest bristles about equal in length to distance to nearest bristle in any direction. Male. — Similar to female except: frons flat, gradually elevated The Great Basin Naturalist 50 s. L. WOOD Vol. XVIII, No. 2 toward epistomal margin, marginal fringe of setae reduced in number and length of the hairs, the longest slightly less than a distance equal to the diameter of the frontal area, the ring of hairs not entirely complete above; pubescent patches on sides of pronotum absent; and very minute granules evident on dcclivital interstriae one and three. Type Locality. — Fourteen miles northwest of (luadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Host. — Pinus sp. Type Material. — The female holotype. male allotype and 37 paratypes were collected at the type locality on July 19, 1953, at an elevation of 5000 feet, by S. L. Wood. They were taken from a shaded-out branch of a mature dwarf (?) pine about 20 feet in height, and were associated with hirtellus. Galleries of this species were not fully developed; the egg niches were few in number and very minute The holotype. allotype and some paratypes are in the Snow Entomological Collection, other paratypes are in the collection of the writer. Pityohurus hirtellus^ n. sp. Fig. 2 This species is more closely allied to ruhentis than to other species of the genus, but may be distinguished by the smaller size, by the less strongly impressed second declivital interspace and more finely developed tubercles on interspaces one and three, and by the different color and shape of the pubescent patches on the female thorax. Female. — Length 2.9 mm.. 2.5 times as long as wide; body color reddish-brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from eye to eye and from epistomal margin to well above eyes; concavity smooth, with a few minute punctures, and with a marginal fringe of long in- curved hair, shorter along epistoma, comparatively longer above than the diameter of the concave area; central area of concavity with a few rather short inconspicuous setae. Antennal club oval. 1.36 times as long as wide, sutures one and two about equally, weakly arcuate; widest through segment three. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; sides on basal half weakly arcuate and very slightly converging anteriorly, anterior margin broadly, evenly rounded and armed by 18 rather small teeth of almost equal size; anterior area moderately asperate, more finely at summit; summit area not impressed behind; posterior areas reticulate, dull, finely, shallowly punctured; slightly more than the middle third of the length and from lateral margin to about one-half of the distance to the median line (dorsal aspect) occupied on each side by a patch of dense, plushlike, yellow pubes- cence (Fig. 2), each patch almost circular in outline (1.1 times as wide as long) and separated from one another by about twice the diameter of one patch. Nov. 15. 1958 THE (iENUS PITYOBORUS 51 Elytia 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as the pro- notum; sides straight and suhparalled on basal three-fourths, mod- erately rounded behind; striae not at all impressed, the punctures small, shallow, moderately confused on striae one and two; inter- striae dull, evidently very minutely subcrenulate or punctate, the punctures greatly reduced in size and number. Declivity steep; interspace two impressed, one and three weakly elevated and armed by several small, blunt tubercles; strial punctures greatly reduced but visible. Strial microsetae not evident except on sides where not destroyed by abrasion; interstrial bristles erect, rather short and very sparse on disc, much longer and more abundant on sides and declivity, some about one and one-half times as long as the distance between rows of bristles. Male. — Similar to female except: frons flat, gradually elevated toward epistomal margin, marginal fringe of setae absent; pubescent patches on sides of pronotum absent; and declivital tubercles more prominent. Type Locality. — Fourteen miles northwest of Guadalajara, Jalisco. Mexico. Host. — Pinus sp. Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and one female paratype were collected at the type locality on July 19, 1953. at an elevation of 5000 feet, by S. L. Wood. They were taken from one gallery system in the same branch as velutinus. The gallery system was not as fully developed as might have been ex- pected; two larv^al cradles appeared complete, two were about half developed, and the two egg niches were undeveloped. The three specimens represent one mature female and her two somewhat callow young. The holotype and allotype are in the Snow Entomological Collection, and the paratype is in the collection of the writer. Pityoborus rubentis. n. sp. Fig. 3 This is the largest known species in the genus. It is more closely alhod to hirtellus than to other representatives of the genus, but is readily distinguished by the reddish-yellow color of the pubes- cence, by the more coarsely sculptured elytral declivity, by the median frontal elevation of the male, and by the smaller, ovate pubescent patches on the thorax of the female. Female. — Length 3.2 nuii.. 2.6 times as long as wide; body color reddish-brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from eye to eye and from epistomal margin to w^ell above eyes; concavity smooth with a few^ minute punctures, and with a marginal fringe of long curved hair, the hair much shorter on epistoma and longer above than in the allied species; central area of concavity with a few rather short inconspicuous setae. Antennal club oval. 1.28 times as long as wdde, The Great Basin Naturalist 52 s. L. WOOD Vol. XVIII, No. 2 sutures one and two about equally, weakly arcuate; widest through segment three. Pronotiun 0.96 times as long as wide; sides on basal half weak- ly arcuate, widest just behind middle, anterior margin rather broad- ly rounded and armed by 18 rather small teeth of somewhat ir- regular size; anterior area moderately asperate, more finely at summit; summit area not impressed behind; posterior areas reticu- late, dull, finely, shallowly punctured; slightly more than middle third of the length and from lateral margin to about one-half of the distance to the median line (dorsal aspect) occupied on each side by a patch of dense, plushlike, reddish-yellow pubescence (Fig. 3). each patch subovate. narrower above, 1.3 times as wide as long, and separated from one another by about twice the diameter of one patch. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as the pro- notum; sides straight and subparallel on basal three-fourths, mod- erately rounded behind; striae not impressed, the punctures rather small, shallow, confused on striae one and two, interstriae dull, evidently very minutely subcrenulate or punctate, the interstrial punctures reduced in number, distinguished from strial punctures by the presence of a bristle. Declivity steep; interspace two im- pressed, one and three weakly elevated and armed by several mod- erately large tubercles; strial punctures reduced in size but visible. Strial microsetae not evident except on sides where not destroyed by abrasion; interstrial bristles erect, rather short and sparse on disc, much longer and more abundant on sides and declivity, some about one and one-half times as long as the distance between rows of bristles. Male. — Similar to female except: frons weakly convex, episto- mal margin elevated, a rather broad median carina extending from epistomal margin to above eyes, marginal fringe of hair reduced to a few long setae at sides on lower half, surface coarsely, rather closely punctured except along carina; pubescent patches on sides of pronotum absent; and declivital tubercles evidently somewhat larger. Type Locality. — Fourteen miles west of Texmelucan. Puebla, Mexico. Host. — Pinus sp. Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and one female para type were collected at the type locality on July 14, 1953, at an elevation of 8600 feet, by S. L. Wood. They were taken from one gallery system in a shaded-out branch one and one-half inches in diameter. The galleries lacked egg niches and the larval galleries were a maximum of 10 mm. long; there were no other feeding tunnels. rhe holotype and allotype are in the Snow Entomoligical Collection, and the paratype is in the collection of the writer. Nov. 15, 1958 THE GENUS PITYOBORUS 53 Pityoborus cornatus (Zininiernuuiii) Fig. 4 Crypturgus cornatus Zinimei iiiaiin, 1868. Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:143. Cryphalus cornatus, Leconte. 1868. Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:155. Pityophthorus cornatus, Leconte. 1876. Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:355. Pityoborus cornatus, Blackman, 1922, Mississippi Agric. E.xpt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:96-98. figs. 51-52. 79-80; Blackman. 1928. Bull. New York Coll. For. (Syracuse) Tech. Pub. 25:145, fig. 51; Chamberlin. 1939, The Bark and Timber Beetles of North America North of Mexico, p. 343. This is the smallest known species in the genus and the only one that occiu's in the eastern half of the United States. Tlie charac- ters given in the key will serve to distinguish it from allied species. Blackman (1922. 1928) described and figured both the male and female and the galleries. It is 1.7-1.9 mm. long, 2.7 times as long as wide; antennal club 1.28 times as long as wide; pronotum equal in length and width, the pubescent patches (Fig. 4) each 1.36 times as wide as long; elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, and 1.7 times as long as pronotum. Type Locality. — South Carolina. Hosts. — Pinus spp. Distribution. — Southeastern United States from North Carolina south to Florida, and west to Mississippi. Specimens taken by the writer were from the following localities. North Carolina: Cherokee. Florida: Big Pine Key. and Everglades National Park. Georgia: Kingsland. Pityoborus tertius Blackman Fig. 5 Pityoborus tertius piackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 92(3147): 202. This Mexican species is distinguished from allied species by the characters mentioned in the key. As might be expected from its close relationship to that species, its galeries resemble very close- ly those of cornatus in their irregularity presumably caused by the "pupation" tunnels. It is 1 9-2.6 (most specimens 2.3) nun. long, 2.8 times as long as wide; antennal club 1.34 times as long as wide; pronotum equal in length and width, the pubescent patches (Fig. 5) each 1.36 times as wide as long; elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, and 1.9 times as long as the j)ronotum. Type Locality. — C>halco, D. F.. Mexico. Host. — Pin us leiopfi) 'Ha . Distribution. — In addition to the type series, tlie writer took this species at 1 1 miles northeast of Jacala, 1 lidalgo. Mexico, on June 22, 1953. at an elevation of 5100 feet, from shaded-out branches about three-fourths to one and one-half inches in diameter. Pil)(jhc)rus secundus Blackman Fig. 6 Pityoborus srcundus Blackman. 1928, Bull. New York Ca)11. For. (Syracuse) Tecii. Pub. 25:146; Chamberlin, 1939, The Bark and Tindier Beetles of Norlli The Great Basin Naturalist 54 s. L. WOOD Vol. XVIII, No. 2 Ameiica North of Mexico, p. 345. All previous references to this species were to the unique fe- male type specimen. It is the only representative of the genus known to occur in the western half of the United States. It is readily dis- tinguished from allied species by the larger pubescent patches on the thorax of the female and by the characters given in the key. The gallery pattern includes regularly placed shallow egg niches, and larval cradles not more than 6 mm. long branching at right angles to the egg galleries. In addition, as many as five feeding tunnels, each not more than 10 mm. in length, may arise separately from the nuptial chamber. It is 2.2-2.8 mm. (most specimens 2.7) long, 2.8 times as long as wide; antennal club 1.47 times as long as wide; pronotum equal in length and width, the pubescent patches (Fig. 6) each 1.3 times as wide as long; elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum. Male. — Previously unknown, but reported here for the first time. Frons feebly convex, epistomal margin slightly elevated, med- ian line raised, surface coarsely reticulate, indistinctly, rather shal- lowly and coarsely punctured, pubescence of a few scattered in- conspicuous hairs; sides of pronotum feebly arcuate, subparallel on basal half, narrowly rounded in front, anterior magrin armed by 14-16 rather coarse teeth; posterior areas finely reticulate, al- most shining, rather coarsely, closely and somewhat deeply punc- tured; strial punctures of moderate size, deep, close, in distinct rows; interstriae almost impunctate; declivity rather steep, second interspace rather strongly impressed, punctures of striae one and two virtually obsolete, interspaces one and three raised and each bearing about six rather coarse pointed tubercles; pubescence con- sisting of strial microsetae and interstrial bristles, confined largely to sides and declivity, longest declivital bristles not quite as long as distance between rows of bristles. Type Locality. — LaSal Mountains, Utah. Host. — Pinus ponderosa. Distribution. — Known only from the LaSal Mountain area of Utah where it attacks the small shaded-out branches of healthy yellow pine. On .luly 5, 1958. the writer and D. E. Bright found it rather common at Two Mile Creek Canyon in the LaSal Moun- tains. Pityohorus intonsus, n. sp. Fig. 7 The last four species in the key form a ver}- compact group. This species is readily separated from the other three by the trans- versely very broad pubescent patches on the female pronotum that are narrowly separated dorsally. Like secundus, the antennal club is slender, but it may readily be separated from that species by the more didl. less deeply, less closely punctured posterior areas Nov. 15. 1958 THK GKNITS PH YOBDHUS 55 of tlie pronotiini. and by tlie less strongly sculptured declivity. Female. — Length 2 6 mm.. 2.8 times as long as wide; body color dark brown. Frons convex, except median third fhittened or inchstinctly impressed, epistomal area gradually raised, more stiongly at mar- gin; surface strongly reticidate and obscurely, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture inconspicuous, consisting of sparse fine hair, gradually becoming longer toward margin, but not forming a defin- ite row. Antennal club rather slender, 1.42 times as long as wide; sutures one and two weakly procurved; widest through segment two. Pronotum equal in length and width; sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly toward the moderately rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by 12 small teeth of subequal size the lateral pair minute; anterior area moderately asperate, more finely at summit, finely punctured between asperities; summit not impressed behind; posterior area reticulate, dull, finely and shal- lowly punctured; slightly more than the middle third of the length and from lateral margin to about five-sixths of the distance to med- ian line (dorsal aspect) occupied by a patch of dense, plushlike, yellow pubescence (Fig. 7), each patch elongate-ovate, only slightly narrower above, about 1.6 times as wide as long, the two patches separated dorsally by half the length (longitudinally) of one patch. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1 8 times as long as pronotum; sides subparallel on basal three-fourths, moderately rounded be- hind; striae not impressed, except basal half of one. the punctures small, rather deep, in definite rows; interstriae reticulate, im- punctate. Declivity rather steep, evenly rounded, dull; interspace two impressed, one moderately and two weakly elevated, both armed by a few rather widely spaced setiferous granules; punctures of striae one and two greatly reduced but distinct. Vestiture of minute strial microsetae and long interstrial bristles; almost restricted to sides and declivity; the longest bristles about ecpial in length to the distance between rows of bristles. Male. — Similar to female except: frons more nearly flattened, feebly convex, with a broad median elevation from epistoma to upper level of eyes, surface reticulate, finely punctured laterally; pubescent patches on thorax absent; and declivital granules slightly larger and the bristles slightly longer. Type Locality. — Fourteen miles west of Texmelucan. l'ut'l)hi. Mexico. Host. — Pinus sp. Type Material. — The female liololype. male allotype and one female paratype were taken at the type locality on July 14. 1953, at an elevation of 8600 feet, by S. L. Wood. These specimens were taken from one gallery system in the same shaded-out branch one and one-half inches in diameter as ruhentis. These galleries are The Great Basin Naturalist 56 s. L. WOOD Vol. XVIII, No. 2 peculiar in the length and pattern of the feeding tunnels. The com- bined lengths of the two egg galleries was 28 mm. From the nuptial chamber extended five feeding tunnels; four of these were simple in form and less than 15 mm. in length, the fifth was 40 mm. long and from it there arose in a regular pattern seven short lateral tunnels, each 3-8 mm. long, that curved so as to run parallel to the central tunnel. Only two niches, apparently for eggs, were pre- sent in the entire system; these were in the long feeding tunnel. The holotype and allotype are in the Snow Entomological Col- lection, the paratype is in the collection of the writer. A Wolverine in Utah On the afternoon of July 6, 1958, Mr. D. E. Bright and myself were collect- ing insects at Geyser Pass in the LaSal Mountains at an estimated elevation of about 9,000 feet. At .3:30 p.m. we returned to the car which was directed down hill and, without starting the motor, released the brakes and coasted slowly down the narrow dirt road. On the north side of the road near the point of junction between sections three and four. Township 27 South, Range 24 East of the Salt Lake Meridian (about a mile below the Holy Oak Ranger Cabin) was a heavily grazed clearing in the aspen. This clearing extended about 125 yards from the road and was about 50 yards wide. On a mound of earth made by a Uinta Ground Squirrel just west of the center of the clearing a wolverine was crouched waiting for the squinel to appear. When the animal spotted the car it immediately ran to the far (eastern) side of the clearing, angling slightly away from the road. It ran at least fifty yards in full view. The large size, stocky build, shortened tail, and typical nmstelid gait left no room for doubting the identity of the animal. The light dorsolateral stripe was poorly developed and extended from the front shoulder only about half the distance to the base of the tail. — Stephen L. Wood. TWO NEW SKINKS FROM DURANGO, MEXICO Wilmer W. Tanner' Among tho reptiles secured in the state of Durango by the Uni- versity of Kansas field survey under the direction of Dr. Rollin Baker, for the summer of 1955. are specimens belonging to two species of the genus Eumeces. Four specimens of Eumeces lynxe Wiegmann were taken approximately 30 miles east of El Salto, and seven specimens of Eumeces hrevirostris Gunther were collected 9-15 miles southwest of El Salto. Both species were taken during the last week of June, while the area was still relatively dry. We worked these same areas during the first week of September (rainy season) 1957, without finding a single skink Although E. hrevirostris has been taken pre- viously in southern Durango (Coyote), the discovery of E. lynxe is a substantial range extension for this species. A careful examination of these specimens has demonstrated a modification of several characteristics which inarks them as distinct geographic subspecies. Eumeces lynxe durangoensis, n. subsp. Fig. 1 Type.- — An adult female, KU 044737, taken approximately 30 miles east of El Salto, Durango, Mexico. Collected by C. M. Fugler, June 30, 1955. Paratypes — KU 044734-5 topotypes and KU 044736 taken ap- proximately 10 miles east of El Salto, Durango. All types are in the vertebrate collection of the University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Diagnosis. — A moderate to small form with the tail approximat- ely 60 per cent of the total length. Median stripe extending from the shoulders to the frontal plate where it terminates without bifurcat- ing. Lateral stripe absent and dorsolateral stripe distinct anteriorly but becoming faint at middle of body and obsolete posteriorly. Seven superciliaries. the anterior one in broad contact with the prefrontal, frontonasal nearly as long as wide and the postloreal noticeably longer than high. Description of type. — Rostral normal, in broad contact with the first supralabials. nasals, and internasals; two internasals followed by a frontonasal slightly wider than long and in wide contact with the frontal; prefrontals larger than internasals and in contact with both loreals. first superciliaries, first supraoculars, frontonasal and frontal; four supraoculars, second largest; seven superciliaries. first and seventh largest, first in broad contact with prefrontal, seventh higher than long, and forming a broad contact with fourth supra- ocular; frontal large, widest anteriorly, rounded posteriorly and in contact with the first three supraoculars; frontoparietal smaller than interparietal and in broad contact; parietals large, nearly enclosing the smaller interparietal; nasal elongate, divided and with the nostril near its middle; postnasal absent; anterior loreal higher than long, 1. Contribution No. 102. Deparlnicnl of '/oology iind Fntoniology. Rrigliinn Young rnivcrsit}', 57 58 W. W. TANNER The Great Basin Naturalist Vol XVIII. No. 2 clearly visible from dorsum; posterior loreal longer than high, nar- rowly in contact with second supralabial and widely separated from the fourth; two subpreoculars, upper twice the size of lower; three preoculars, first large, third very small; three subpostoculars, third largest, first smallest, two small subequal postoculars; primary tem- poral in broad contact with third presubocular and lower secondary Fig. 1. Dorsal and lateral head view of type, showing scale and color pat- terns in Eumeces I. durangoensis. temporal, equal in size to latter; upper secondary temporal large, twice size of primary scute, and widely separated from seventh supralabial; one high narrow tertiary temporal, separated from aur- icular boarder by a small scale, auricular lobules absent; seven supralabials, sixth distinctly larger than seventh, fourth smallest; Nov. 1 ■). \9~-)H TWO NKW SKINKS FROM MEXICO 59 one narrow high postlabial separated from auricular opening by a pair of small secondary postlabials; two pair of luichals, anterior- pair distinctly longer. Menial large, extending to middle of first supralabial; one postmental and three pair of chinchields, followed by an elongate post-genial, six lower labials, sixth longest. Dorsal scales between parietals and base of tail, 62; ventrals, 48; scale rows at middle of body, 24; lamallar formula of fingers: 5 7 8 10 6. of toes: 5 7 10 12 "^8; three enlarged papillated scutes boarder the heel. Ear opening small nearly round and approximately equal dis- tance from eye, as eye to snout; length of eye less than distance from eye to nostril; adpressed legs separated by 16 scales; total length 1 32 mm; snout to vent 53 mm. Color and Color pattern. — Ground color above a brownish olive from the shoulders posteriorly, darker brown anteriorly and with a series of seven light and dark longitudinal stripes extending from head onto body; tail unstriped; median stripe straight, extending from approximately middle of frontal posteriorly on inner edge of each median scale row to the seventeenth scale of each row where it is no longer distinct; anterior bifurcation completely lacking; be- tween the dorsolateral and medial stripes on the head a dark brown stripe extends onto body, where it becomes lighter in its middle, pro- ducing, for a short distance, dark margins for both the medial and dorscjlateral light stripes; dorsolateral stripes extending from rostral posteriorly across the supraoculars and onto the second, and second and third scale rows, rapidly fading posterior to the shoulders to blend with the brownish-olive area between the dark lateral stripes; extending from the nasal along the side of head and to the tail along the fourth and fifth scale rows is a dark brown stripe, between the legs its ventral edge fades until a blend with the lighter ventral color occurs; inmiediately posterior to the ear and extending to the fiont leg is the faded indistinct lateral stripe; lateral stripe absent between legs; gulai'. throat and chest cream colored; abdomen bluish-gray. Range. — Known only from the mountains east of El Salto. Dur- ango, Mexico. Remarks. — A comparison of the durangoensis series with data gathered from nuiseum specimens and with a typical /. lynxe (BYU 651 ) from Jacala. Hidalgo, indicates that the new subspecies is more closely related to /. lynxe than to /. furcirostris. but is distinct from both in lacking the anterior bifurcation of the median stripe, as well as a distinct lateral stripe and in having an overall fading of the longitudinal stripe from anterior to posterior. Also, the sixth supra- labial is equal to or distinctly larger than the seventh. The paratypes are similar to the type in every respect. In size the type is the largest at 53 mm and the smallest paiatype is 47 nnn from snout to vent. Eurneces brevirustris bilincatus, n. subsp. Fig. 2 Type. — An adult male. KU 044732. taken approximately 10 60 W. W. TANNER The Great Basin Naturalist Vol XVIII, No. 2 miles southwest of El Salto, Durango, Mexico, Collected by C. M. Fiigler, Juno 28. 1955. Paratypes.—KU 044728, 044730-1, 9 miles SW El Salto; KU 044726. 044729. topotypes; KU 044727, 15 miles SW El Salto; CNHM 1506 (3) Coyote. Durango; USNM 64666, Sierra de Jauno- catlan, La Laguna, .lalisco; MMZ 117756, Mojarachic, Chihuahua. Mexico All types are in the vertebrate collections of the University or Museum indicated above. Diagnosis.' — Dorsolateral stripe distinct from rostral to the base of the tail. Lateral stripe absent and with the lighter ventral color Fig. 2. Dorsal and lateral head view (if type, showing scale and coloi- pat- teiiis in Eunieces brevirostris bilineatus. 2. Ricliaid G. 'Aveifel ( Herpetologiia 10: 145 i lepoits a series of fifteen specimens from Durango and (;hihiialiiia. The data presented does not indicate any variation from that obtained from the type scries. Nov. 15. 1958 TWO new skinks from mexico 61 hlt'iiditig willi (he lower cdgt^ of the lateral dark stripe. The seventh supralahial and upper secondary temporal very large and in broad contact. Primary temporal or lower secondary temporal missing and when present small. Interparietal small, deeply enclosed by the par- ietals and widely separated from the frontal. The latter scute is large and in narrow to wide contact with the frontonasal which is nearly twice as wide as long. Adpressed legs are separated by 2-10 scales in adults. Description of type. — Rostral normal and moderate in size; in- ternasals in broad contact medially; frontonasal nearly twice as wide as long; prefrontals normal in size, narrowly divided medially by the frontal, first supraocular and first superciliary in broad contact with its posterior margin; four supraoculars, second largest; frontal large, rounded posteriorly and in contact with first three supraoculars; frontoparietals large, in wide contact medially; interparietal small, approximately equal to one frontoparietal, deeply enclosed by the greatly enlarged parietals; two pair of nuchals, anterior pair distinct- ly larger. Xasal elongate and divided, anterior part larger, nostril mostly posterior of middle; two loreals. anterior half size of posterior, and higher; two presuboculars, upper twice size of lower, two right side and three preoculars left side, first largest; five superciliaries right side and six left side, first, second and last largest in order given; three postsuboculars, upper largest; two postoculars; primary temporal absent; upper secondary greatly enlarged and in broad contact with sixth and seventh supralabials; lower secondary tem- poral small, higher than long; tertiary temporal equal in size to lower secondary, and separated from ear opening by one scale; seven supralabials. seventh largest; two postlabials between seventh labial and lower secondary temporal and ear opening; three ear lo- bules, middle one largest. Mental moderate ,extending to middle of first supralabial; postmental large, twice size of mental; three pair of large chinshields followed by an elongate postgenial. Longitudinal scale rows at middle of body 24; dorsals 57; ven- trals 43; lamallar formula of fingers 5 7 9 10 7. of toes 5 8 10 11 9. Ear opening moderate in size, round and approximately 4 mm from posterior corner of eye; anterior corner of eye 3.5 mm from snout; length of eye distinctly less than distance from eye to nostril; ad- pressed legs separated by three scales; total length 118 mm; snout to vent 54 mm. Color and Color Pattern. — Dorsum a brownish olive between legs, anterior to shoulder darker, becoming dark brown on head; dor- solateral stripes distinct from frontonasal to base of tail, crossing on each side the supraoculars, and extending onto second, second and third, third, and third and fourth scale rows between nuchals and tail; stripes with dark inner margins from shoulders to head; a dark brown stripe extends from nasal along lateral parts of head and body to tail; between legs it occupies all of fifth and half of each adjoining row; lateral stripe absent; ventral color a uniform bluish-grey be- The Great Basin Naturalist 62 W. W. TANNER Vol. XVIII, No. 2 tween the seventh scale rows; tail a dark bluish washed with grey; throat and chest lighter. Range. — Known from the high mountains (9000-8000 ft.) west and south of El Salto. Durango; from La Laguna, Jalisco, and from Mojarachic, Chihuahua, Mexico. Remarks. — Specimens belonging to the type series are uniform in most characters. All have 24 scale rows, 6-6 infralabials, and lack the post nasal. The dorsals range from 56 to 60 and the ventrals from 40 to 45. In one paratype the supralabials are 8-8, in a second 7-8, all others have a 7-7 formula. The frontonasal is in contact with the frontal in nine of the twelve types, and the superciliaries are 6-6 in all save one specimen with a 5-6 formula. The color pattern of the type series is uniform, with the dorso- lateral stripes distinct to the tail but less obvious on the posterior of the body. In contrast to some species, in which a fading also occurs on the body, b. bilineatus has a gradual intensification of the dorso- lateral stripe on the thighs and the base of the tail before blending with the general color. The ovoviviparous type of reproduction is also indicated inas- much as two fully developed embryos are present in the oviducts of specimen No. KU 044727. Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus is seemingly closely related to Eumeces indubitus and dugesii, as well as typical brevirostris. In the head scalation bilineatus appears to be more nearly like indubitus than brevirostris. As I have examined the limited material and data available to me and have compared it with the detailed descriptions given by Taylor (1935 University of Kansas, Sci. Bull. 36:457-489, pis 41, 42, 43), I get the feeling that we are dealing here with a wide spread species (brevirostris) and a series of four subspecies (dugesii, indubitus. bilineatus) and perhaps others when the data is more com- plete. I am indebted to Dr. E. R. Mali and Mr. John M Leglar for permitting me to examine the type series from the University of Kansas Natural History Museum; to the late Dr. Karl P. Schmidt and Dr. Doris M. Cochran for the privilege of examining certain ma- terials while at the Chicago and U.S. National Museums, and to Dr. Norman I lartweg for a loan of specimens from the Michigan Mus- eum of Zoology. NO TES ON TI IE I lERPETOLOCrY OF BAKER COUNTY, OREGON' Deiizel E. Ferguson. K. Ellsworth Payne and Robert M. Stonn Baker County, located in northeastern Oregon, is separated from Idaho by the Snake River and from Washington by Wallowa County. Its climate is quite diverse due to a wide variation in physio- graphy. Vegetation types vary with altitude and exposure from rather typical sagebrush lowlands to montane and subalpine for- ests at intermediate elevations, with a few higher peaks extending above timberline. Major streams in the area flow eastward and empty into the Snake River with their main tributaries originating within the Elkhorn and Wallowa Mountain ranges. The county is of particular herpetolgical interest because it apparently repre- sents the periphery of northward distribution for certain Great Basin forms whose ranges extend down the Snake River Valley. For example, see the range maps for Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Ciirard and Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Girard in Stebbins (1954). Within the county the Snake River Valley progressively narrows toward the north until it is transformed into Hell's Canyon near the Baker- Wallowa Co. boundary. This entire area is little known, largely because of its inaccessibility. Our collection from this area is inadequate, but seems to indicate that many of those Great Basin species preferring a sandy sagebrush type of environment do not inhabit the canyon, appearing instead to drop out short of it in northern Malheur County. In the period from April to July, 1954 and again in May of 1955. brief collecting excursions were made into the county. In all, 6 species of amphibians and 9 species of reptiles were obtained, most of which had not previously been recorded. Part of the speci- mens mentioned in the following annotated list were procured with the aid of Dr. David L. Jameson (University of Oregon) on a trip made June 25-27 1954 We are most grateful for his assistance. We wish, also, to thank Mr. Albert Mozejko (Oregon State College), who has supplied us with several specimens collected by his stu- dents while he was on the teaching staff at Baker Jr. High School. Amphibia 1. . Imbyslomu nuicrodactylum Baird. A series of 27 long- toed salamanders was collected June 26, 1954 from near a small lake 0.2 mile east of Anthony Lakes (Elev. 7100 ft.). The animals were found under objects on the ground up to 150 feet from the water's edge. A smaller series was taken from loose rocks adjacent to a pool near the entrance to an abandoned mine shaft located in the Snake River Canyon about 10 3 miles north of Home on the Robinette-Huntington road. Adults and larvae were collected from Pine Creek Reservoir on June 6, 1952 and larvae from Cow Creek, near King Mountain, on July 10. 1954. We have several adults from Baker. 1. ( ontrihiit on frtnii llii' Di'partiiiciil iif /onlopv. Orrfimi St.ilc (.ollene. ('oiwallis. Oiepoii. 63 The Great Basin Naturalist 64 FERGUSON, PAYNE AND STORM Vol XVIII. No. 2 2. Bufo boreas horeas Baird and Girard. On June 20. 1954 near Anthony Lakes, these toads were quite abundant in small ponds derived from melting snow waters. Pairs in amplexus were obsei'ved at this time. Eggs were collected June 27, 1954 about 0 2 mile east of Anthony Lakes The preferred habitat seems to be moist areas having grasses and sedges similar to that found along the margins of ponds, lakes and streams. Localities: 10 mi. N. Home; Main Eagle Creek, T6S. R43E. Sec. 21 ; Anthony Lakes; 5.5. 2.2 and 0.2 mi. E Anthony Lakes. 3. Hyla regilla Baird and Girard. This little amphibian was common under objects on the ground or in grassy moist situations. Localities: Baker; Cow Creek near King Mt ; Little Eagle Creek. T7S. R44E. Sec 13; Anthony Lakes; 2 2 mi. E. Anthony Lakes. 4. Raiia catesheiana Shaw. A single bidlfrog was secured May 27, 1955 from a pond located 1.7 miles northeast of Huntington along the road to Robinette. Others were seen and heard calling at this same pond. 5. Rana pipiens hrachycephala Cope. Several leopard frogs were captured in the grass along the margin of the same pond mentioned above in the account of R. catesheiana. 6. Rana pretiosa luteiventris Thompson. This species frequents permanent ponds and streams. Localities: 8 mi. NW. Durkee on U.S. 30; Anthony Lakes; 4 7 and 7.7 mi. NE. Bridgeport; North Powder; Baker. Reptilia 7. Sceloporus graciosus graciosus Baird and Girard. This small lizard was common at the base of sagebrush plants in areas having sandy soils. Localities: Baker; Huntington; 3 2 mi. NW. Durkee on U.S. 30; 4.7 mi. NW. Pleasant Valley on U.S. 30. 8. Phrynosoma platyrhinos platyrhinos Girard. A single speci- men was obtained from the sandy south slope of a hill located 0 5 mile east of Huntington. It constitutes the northern-most record of occurrence known for the species in Oregon. 9. Cnemidophorus tigris tigris Baird and Girard was collected at several localities (0.8, 1.5, 2.5 and 5.2 mi. N. of mouth of Brunt River) along the Huntington-Robinette road and 0.3 mile north- east of Huntington. The habitat was in sandy areas adjacent to sagebrush and large boulders along the river bank. The species has not been collected north of these collection sites although it has previously been taken nearby (3 mi. NE. Huntington) by Gordon (1939), and Nate Cohen, a graduate student in zoology at Oregon State College, reports having seen it near Robinette. These specimens have been compared with C. t. tigris from several places in Malheur and Harney Counties in Southern Ore- gon and their pigmentation and color pattern were found to differ quite strikingly in many cases. The population is presently under investigation. Nov. 15, 1958 HERPETOLOCJY ()!• OUKGON 65 10. Eumeces skiltonit/nus skiltoriKnius liaiid and ditai'd. Lo- calities: Baker; 12 mi. SK. Baker on U.S. ^0; 0.8 mi. N. mouth Burnt Biver. 11. I hamnophis elegans vagrans Baiid and (Jiiaixk Locali- ties: Baker; 4 mi. E. I laiiies on U.S. 30. 12. Thamnophis sirtalis jitchi Fox. Localities: 4 mi. E. Haines on US. 30; 1 mi. E. Anthony Lakes; 3 mi. NW. Lime on U.S. ^0; 4.7 mi. NE. Bridgeport. 1 1 (^oliiher constrictor rnorrtion Baird and (xirard. Locali- ties: 5 mi. S. Medical Springs; 5 mi. S. Robinette; 2 mi NE. Hunt- ington; 5.3 mi. N. mouth of Burnt River; 5.2 mi. E. Hereford on Ore. Hiway 7. 14. Pituuphis catenijer deserticola Stejneger. Localities: 3 mi. S. Bridgeport; 12 mi. SE. Baker on U.S. 30; Cow Creek near King Mt.; DOR 1 mi. N. Home; DOR 17 mi. N. Huntington; 0.5 mi. E. 1 luntington; 0.4 mi. N. Bridgeport Jnct. on Ore. Hiway 7. 15. Crotalus viridis Rafinesque On May 29, 1955 a den of rattlesnakes was discovered in some basaltic cliffs located at a point 1.3 miles southeast of Pleasant Valley. At the time of our visit, the snakes were apparently just emerging from the den as seven were found basking in the sun near large crevices leading back into the cliffs. The four specimens which were captured show the light coloration characteristics of the subspecies lutosus, and are probably intergrades between lutosus and oreganus. Specimens found DOR 17 miles north of Huntington and near Lime on LT.S. 30 were more typical of the subspecies oreganus. Scap/iiopus harnrnondi, Sceloporus occidental is and (harina bottae were not collected from the county, but locality records are reported by Gordon (1939). Representatives of these species are not available in the Oregon State College Museum of Natural His- tory Collection. The following reptiles and amphibians have been reported from adjacent areas and some of them ])robably occur in Baker Co.: Ascaphus truei (reported from West Eagle Creek in Union Co. by Ferguson (1954). the locality being only 0.5 mile outside Baker Co.). Chrysemys picta^ Bufo woodhousei, Pseudacris nigrita. Crotaphytus collaris, Crotaphytus wislizeni, Phrynosoma douglassi. Uta stansburiana, Hypsiglena torquata, and Masticophis taeniatus. It will be noted that the list consists largely of members of the Creat Basin herpetofauna to which the Blue .Mountains may act as a distributional barrier. Literature Cited Ferguson, Denzel E. 1954. An annotated list ot llic amphibians and reptiles of UTnion Coimtv. Oregon. I lerpetologica 10(3): 149- 152. Gordon. Kenneth L. 1939. The .\mpliil)i;i ,\k° N^-l/" ' ac.__ ^~^' Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope): Fig. 1, Skull, dorsal view; Fig. 2, Skull, ventral view. Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Taylor): Fig. ^. Skull, doisal view; Fig. 4. Skull. ventral view. Abbreviations: FO.M., foremen magnum; FR., frontal; M.. maxilla; NAS., nasal bone; O.C, occipital condyle; OS., orbitosphenoid; OT.C. otic capsule; PAR., parietal; P.FR., prefrontal; PM., pre-ma.villa; PMP., pre-maxillary process; PS., parasphenoid; PV., pre-vomer; QU., quadrate; SQ.. squamosal. Dec. 31, 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 89 are the squamosals and their attached quadrates. Approximately thirty teeth are born on the dentary bone. AIL- IS. — There are four articuhiting surfaces on the anterior portion of the atlas, which are similar structurally to those of other species studied. This vertebra is heavy, strong and with postzyga- pophyses being foot-like in that the articulating portion is large, round and has a slender process connecting it to the body of the vertebra. The median notch on the dorso-anterior border is not deep- ly cleft. The atlas is not obviously specialized and conforms with the other species described herein. TRUNK VERTEBRAE (Fig. 13 & 17).— From a dorsal view the trunk vertebrae are noticeably longer than wide, with the trans- verse processes projecting laterad and caudad from the middle of each vertebra. The prezygapophyses are heavy and extend anterio- laterally beyond the centrum. The curved dorso-caudad part of the vertebra terminates in two spines posteriorly. Visible on the dorsal surface immediately anterior to the transverse processes is the thin, elevated median crest. Fifteen vertebrae preceed the sacral. On the postlateral half of the centrum is a lateral ridge extending slightly beyond the end of the centrum. There are no other crests, spines or wings present. CAUDAL VERTEBRAE (Fig. 23 & 24). —The dorsocaudal por- tions of these vertebrae curve upward and terminate in two spines similar to those of the trunk vertebrae. There are no dorsal crests present. On each side is a lateral projection which extends anteriorly and lies immediately ventral to the prezygapophyses. The haemal arch terminates caudally in a bifurcated spine. Extending anteriorly from the median base of these spines is a thin haemal crest. All vertebrae are amphiceolous. HAND (Fig. 27). — The carpi of the hand consists of the fol- lowing eight elements: radiale. intermedium, ulnare, centrale. pre- pollicis, fused basal 1 & 2. basal three and basal four. Basal four is the largest wdth the fused basal 1 & 2 being next in size. The carpi are entirely carilaginous. There are four metacarpals each with lateral webs and carti- laginous epiphyses. The phalanges are similar to the metacarpals in shape, but differ in size and number. There are eight phalanges and the fornuda is 1-2-3-2. All metacarpals and phalanges are bony. FOOT (Fig. 30). — There are eight cartilaginous tarsi in the foot, which consist of the following elements: tibiale, intermedin, fibulars, pre-hallux, centrale. fused basal 1 & 2, basal three, and fused basal 4 & 5. The fused basal 4 & 5 is largest with basal 1 & 2 next in size. The metatarsals are five in number, shaped like the metacarpals, are bony and with cartilaginous e{)iphyses. Tiie phalanges are bony with cartilaginous epiphyses and f)resent a formida of 1-2-3-S-2. Summary. — A comparison of the skeleton of Bolitoglossa flavi- ventris with the skeletal anatomy of B. platydactyla indicates that 90 The Great Basin Naturalist HANSEN AND TANNER Vol. XVIII, NoS. 3-4 8 Dec. 31, 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 91 the long-tailed species of this genus, as represented by these species, have retained in the main more primitive characteristics and reflect the characteristic of the generalized Sdlartuiudra and Plethodon more closely than do the short-tailed species. The suggested close relationship of these two species is bourne out in the similarity of their skeletal anatomy. Both have dorsal crests on all trunk vertebrae, lateral ridges on the posterior of the centrum, eight carpals, the same number and arrangement of phalanges, and the skull characters are nearly identical. The main difference noted is the lesser degree of ossification in B. flaviventris. a condition which seemingly suggests that platydactyla is the more primitive of these two species. An examination of the visceral skeleton and the throat myology also indicates a primitiveness comparable to that observed in their skeletons. The myology also indicates that the species platdactyla is the most generalized of the genus Bolitoglossa. In such species as platydactyla, flaviventris and mexicana, the origin of the Si. quad- rato-pectoralis is on the quadrate rather than the squamosal; the elongate fibers of the suprapenduncularis; the extensive origin of the M. geniohyoideus medialis and the large mass of pharyngeal muscles between the deep slip of the M. rectus cervicis and the suprapedun- cularis, mark them as primitive. Furthermore, the presence of the M. rectus cervicis lateralis in mexicana. is a mark of primitiveness in this genus. In contrast to the short-tailed species there is a long tail and the intercostal folds and grooves are prominant and obvious. These con- ditions we have come to associate with the more generalized species at least in this genus. Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope) SKULL (Fig. 1 & 2). — The following bones are visible from the dorsal view: maxillae, premaxilla, nasals, frontals, prefrontals, prevomers. otic capsules, squamosals and quadrates. All are paired except the premaxilla. which is single and median between the maxillae. The ventral surface of the premaxilla usually has three or four teeth, whereas the dorsal surface has two processes which curve dorso-caudad and terminate in rounded ends overlapping a vmall portion of the frontal bones. The maxillae curve post laterally a distance equal to the total length of the frontal and nasal bone. There are no teeth present on the maxillae, a characteristic apparently possessed by only one other member of this genus (B. colonnea) . The prefrontals are very much reduced, their presence was definite only in those which were carefully stained. They may be found between the anteriolateral corner of the frontals and the maxillae, and are seemingly not in contact with other bones. The nasals are nearly rectangular in shape with the nostril Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Cuvier): tig. 5. Skull, dorsal view; Fig. 6. Skull, ventral view. Bolitoglossa flaviventris ( SchniidtJ : P"ig. 7. Skull, dorsal view; Fig. 8, Skull, ventral view. 92 HANSEN AND TANNER The Great Basin Naturalist Vol. XVIII, Nos. 3-4 Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope): Fig. 9. Atlas, dorsal view; Fig. 10. Ninth trunk vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa occidentalis Taylor: Fig. 11, Ninth trunk vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Cuvier): Fig. 12. Atlas, dorsal view; Fig. 13, Ninth trunk vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa flaviventris (Schmidt): Fig. 14, Ninth trunk vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope): Fig. 15, Ninth trunk vertebra, lateral view. Bolitoglossa occidentalis Taylor: Fig. 16, Ninth trunk vertebra, lateral view. Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Cuvier): Fig. 17. Ninth trunk vertebra, lateral view. Bolitoglossa flaviventris (Schmidt): Fig. 18. Ninth trunk vertebra, lateial view. Abbreviations: CRN., centrum; D.C. dorsal crest; H.S.. haemal spine; L.R.. lateral ridge; N.S., neural spine; O.PR., odontoid process; T.PR.. transverse pro- cess; ZY.A., prezygapophysis; ZY.P., postzygapophysis. Dec. 31, 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 93 notch in their posterior border, varying in each individual. These bones extend anteriorly beyond the maxillae and premaxilla. and do not meet on the mid-dorsal line nor contact other bones. They are surrounded and held in place by membranes; this would seem- ingly provide for flexibility and may possibly aid in changing the size of the nasal capsules. The frontals are rather elongated with the posteriolateral corners overlapping the parietals. The parietals are not as long as the frontals although they are somewhat wider and extend back onto the edge of the otic capsules. The dorsal sur- face of each otic capsule has curved ridges, under which are located the semi-circular canals. On each side of the foramen magnum is located an occipital condyle, which remains almost entirely carti- laginous with only the deeper parts ossified and fused with the otic capsules. According to Francis (1934:26) this composite ossification is best called the occipitopetrosal bone. The ventrolateral surfaces of the foramen magnum articulate with the lateral portion of the odontoid process by means of two small facets. These might be termed the ventro occipital condyles. The squamosals project veji- trally from the lateral sides of the otic capsules and are predominant- ly cartilaginous at their proximal ends. On the distal end of each squamosal may be seen the bony quadrates which articulate with the articular bone of the lower jaw. The following bones may be seen from a ventral view: nasals, premaxilla, maxillae, prevomers, frontals. parietals, orbitosphenoids, parasphenoid, otic capsules, quadrates, and squamosals. They are all paired except the parasphenoid and premaxilla, which are located medially. The prevomers form a bony floor for the nasal capsules. Each bone articulates laterally with the maxillae except for a lateral notch which serves as the opening for the internal nares. From a ventral view the prevomers are separated, making it possible to see th premaxillary processes and frontals deep between them. Ventrally jaw consists of the toothed dentary. and the toothless articular and prearticular. A I LAS (Fig. 9). — The atlas is not specialized and resembles that of Plethodon glutinosus. The odontoid process is approximately one-third the entire length of the vertebra and has on the anterior portion of the ventrolateral surfaces two condyles which articulate with similar surfaces on the ventrolateral surface of the foramen magnum. Xear the proximal end of the odontoid process are two large surfaces which face anteriorly, and articulate with the occipital condyles. This type of articulation is found in Salamandra sala- mandra. The postzygopophyses are heavy projecting caudad ap- proximately one-fifth of the total length. This vertebra is nearly circular in cross-section. NINTH TRUNK VERTEBRA (Fig. 10 & 15).— All vertebrae of this species are typically amphicoelous. The body of the ninth tnmk vertebra is elongated, being approximately twice as long as wide. Each transverse process is attached just anterior to the center The Great Basin Naturalist 94 HANSEN AND TANNER Vol. XVIII, Nos. 3-4 of the vertebra and curves posteriorly. The centrum is visible be- tween the prezygapophyses anteriorly, posteriorly it is obscured by the postzygopophyses. The dorsal crest is absent and the posterior part of the neural arch extends caudodorsad terminating posteriorly in two widely spaced projecting spines. Ventrad to the transverse processes the centrum is constricted. There are no crests, ridges or spines present on any of the centra. SIXTH CAUDAL VERTEBRA (Fig. 19 & 20).— The caudal vertebrae resemble the trunk vertebrae in size, but have only one transverse process on each side. These processes project anteriorly with the degree of projection increasing on each succeeding vertebra, until they are underneath and parallel to the prezygapophyses. There are no dorsal ridges or crests present, however, the caudal border has two prominent spines which project parallel with the inner edges of the postzygapophyses. The haemal arch forms a bifurated spine on the posterior part of the centrum and has a thin sheet-like bone projecting forward and ventrally. The centrum is hourglass shaped with no other spines, wings or crests. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE.— The pectoral girdle resembles that of Salamandra salamandra as shown by Francis (1934). The scapular region forms the dorsolateral portion of the girdle and is there is a single row of approximately seven teeth on each ossicle. Two bony plates bearing teeth are loosely attached to the underside of the parasphenoid. These separate readily in macerated speci- mens. The paravomerine teeth are cone shaped and number more than 100. The orbitosphenoid projects dorsally from the parasphenoid but does not contact the parietals or frontals, being separated from them by a membrane. The parasphenoid overlaps the otic capsule with its posterior margins. Each otic capsule bears over its opening the thin operculum. The squamosals and the apparently fused quad- rates are attached to the lateral edges of the otic capsules. The lower made up of the osseous proximal portion which is the scapula proper, and a distal cartilaginous portion forming the suprascapula. Distally the procoracoid is cartilaginous, spatulate shaped, and slightly con- cave, with the convexity being ventrally. The largest element of the girdle is the coracoid, which projects transversely across approximate- ly three-fifths of the body, thus there is an overlapping of the right and left sides. THE FORE-LIMB (Fig. 25). — The humerus is a long slender bone, small on the proximal end and expanding approximately three times at the cartilaginous condyles on the distal end. The larger radial condyle is separated from the ulnar condyle by the trochlear groove. Near the proximal head are two projections the crista ven- tralis humeri and the crista dorsalis humeri. The radius and ulna are long slender bones with cartilaginous epiphyses at both ends. The lachus is the larger. They articulate with the ulnar and radial condyles proximally and with the radiale, ulnare and intermedium carpals distally. Dec. 31, 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 95 Ihe cartiloginous carpi of adult specimens consists of seven ele- ments, namely, the radiale. intermedium, ulnare. centrale, pre- pol- licis, a fused basal 1 & 2. and a fused basal 3 & 4. The fused basal 3 & 4. is the largest with the fused basal 1 & 2 being next in size. Al- though there are the same number of carpi in B. rufescens as in S. salarnaTidra, they are differently arranged. In B. rufescens the ulnare and intermedium remain separate and basals three and four are fused. There are four spindle-shaped metacarpals with thin bony webs projecting laterally on each side. Metacarpals one and two articulate wdth the fused basal 1 & 2, whereas metacarpals three and four arti- culate with the fused basal 3 & 4. There are eight bony phalanges which resemble the metacarpals in structure, but are smaller in size. The formula for the phalanges, beginning with the first finger, is 1-2-3-2. Like other articulating surfaces in the fore-limb the meta- carpals and phalanges are provided with cartilaginous epiphyses. PELVIC GIRDLE. — The pelvic girdle appears ventrally as two plates, the pubo-ischia, which are separated by cartilage and bordered on the anterior by the pubic cartilages, which may be ossified pos- teriorly. The caudal ischium has two projections posteriorly. Ossifi- cation of the ilium is incomplete with one cartilaginous end helping to form the acetabulum and the other expanding into a large head which attaches to the transverse processes of the 16th vertebra. The acetabulum is a hollow cartilage lined cavity formed by the ilium and pubo-ischium. THE HIND LIMB (Fig. 26).— The femur is a long slender bone, larger distally than proximally, with a cartilaginous epiphyses and hook-like process the trochanter. The distal end has two cartila- ginous condyles, the larger is the tibial condyle and the smaller the fibular condyle. They articulate with the tibia and fibula respective- The size and shape of the tibia and fibula closely resembles the radius and ulna of the fore-arm. Tarsi are seven in number and resmeble the carpi of the hand. The tibiale, intermedium and fibulare appear in a row and articulate with the tibia and fibula. The centrale lies centrally and is surround- ed by other tarsi. The pre-hallux is latero-distal in position, next to the centrale and between the fused basal 1 & 2 and the tibiale. There are two basal elements, the smaller articulating with metatarsals 1 & 2 is composed of fused basals 1 & 2. The second articulates with metatarsals three, four and five and is composed of basal 3 & 4 & 5. The five metatarsals and the phalanges are bone except for the cartilaginous epiphyses at their ends. The phalangeal fonnula is 1-2-3-2-2. Summary. — A comparison of Bolitoglossa occidentalis with the skeletal anatomy of B. rufescens reveals that the short tailed group of this genus, as exemplified by these species, has undergone a general reduction in: (1 ) the size of the dorsal crest of the trunk vertebrae; 96 The Great Basin Naturalist HANSEN AND TANNER Vol. XVIII. Nos. 3-4 Dec. 31, 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 97 (2) the size of the lateral ridges on the posterior half of the centrum; (3) the size of the prefrontals; (4) the numbers of carpals and tar- sals; (5) the degree of ossification. In rujescens both the dorsal crests and the lateral ridges are absent. This tendency toward reduction is also reflected in the re- duced or lacking prefrontals, the membrane surrounding the small nasal bone and in the membrane between the lateral edges of the ventral orbitosphenoids and the dorsal parietals and frontals. B. oc- cidentalis is less specialized than B. rujescens in that these extreme modifications are not yet apparent. Both the dorsal crests and the lateral ridges are present (but reduced in size) on the anterior ver- tebrae, and although the prefrontals and nasals are small or lacking, the membrane surrounding the nasal and separating the orbito- phenoid from the dorsal bones is absent. 1 his same degree of speciali- zation is also reflected in the absence of maxillary teeth in rujescens and their presence but reduced numbers in Occident cdis. On the basis of throat anatomy the small rujescens is obviously the most specialized of the genus as well as of the short tailed group. This is seen primarily in the origins of the M. subarcualis rectus 1. and M. quadrato-pectoralis. In the latter the entire origin is on the squamosal rather than the quadrate. Equally significant is the ob- vious posterior position of the ceratohyal when contrasted to the more primitive long tailed species. There is seemingly a relationship between rujescens and occi- dentalis reflected in the muscles and cartilages of the throat which is comparable to that existing in the skeletons. Summary and Conclusion The Plethodontidae represent a specialized group of salaman- ders, which according to Dunn (1926). were derived from some representative of the genus Salamandra. They show certain charac- teristics in their skeletons that seem to be reductions of those found in Salamandra. Examples of these reductions are: lack of pterygoid bones, lack of an actual posterior projection of the prevoiners, and a reversion to the amphicoelous type of vertebral articulation as compared to the opistocoelous type present in Salamandra. (The lat- ter character would seemingly indicate that the ancestral stock was more primitive than the modern species of Salamandra.) The skull is ossified, but is simplified (are specialized) when compared with the above mentioned prototype. This simplification is effected by a loss of certain skull bones and by a reduction in the size of others. The carpals and tarsals, which are mostly ossified in S. salamandra, Bolitoglossa rufescens (Cope): Fig. 19, Sixth caudal vertebra, lateral view; Fig. 20, Sixth caudal vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa occidentalis (Taylor) : Fig. 21. Sixth caudal vertebra, lateral view; Fig. 22, Sixth caudal vertebra, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Cuvier): Fig. 23, Sixth caudal vertebra, lateral view; Fig. 24. Sixth caudal vertebra, dorsal view. Abbreviations: CEN.. centrum; H.S. haemal spine; N.S. neural spine; TR.PR.. transverse process; ZY.A.. prezygapophysis; ZY.P., postzygapophysis. 98 The Great Basin Naturalist HANSEN AND TANNER Vol. XVIII, NoS. 3-4 BT 4+5 Dec. 31. 1958 osteological study of bolitoglossa 99 are cartilaginous in the four species of the genus Bolitoglossa. There has been a reduction in the number of tarsals from the nine found in Plethodon glutinosus and Salarnandra salarnandra, to the eight found in B. platydactyla and B. jlaviventris, to the seven found in B. rujescens and B. occidentalis. This reduction seems to result from a uniting of the basal tarsals into various combinations. Although B. occidentalis and B. rujescens have the same number of carpals as S. salarnandra, there is a difference in the combinations. In the former the basals three and four become united, whereas the latter have the ulnare and intermedium united. In the hand of B. platydactyla and B. flaviventris these bones remain separate and there are, therefore, eight carpals. The tendency seems to be toward a reduction in number of carpals and tarsals as specialization occurs. The formula for the phalanges of the fingers is the same in the four species studied, except B. occidentalis, which has only two phalanges on the third finger as compared to three in the other species. The phalangeal formula for the foot of B. platydactyla, B. flaviventris and S. salarnandra is 1-2-3-3-2. B. occidentalis deviates from this in that there are only two phalanges present in the third and fourth toes whereas B. rujescens - differs in having only two phalanges in the fourth toe. Those data presented by Taylor (1944) concerning the skeletal, external and mouth anatomy, and that of Tanner {op. cit.) on the throat anatomy, provide essentially the same evidences as the data thus far obtained from the more detailed study of the skeleton, namely that: (a) The long-tailed species of this genus as represented by the primitive platydactyla, as well as jlaviventris and mexicana, are most generalized in their anatomy in all anatomical systems, and thus represents a rather distinct group of species within the genus, (b) The short-tailed species represented by rujescens and occidentalis are specialized and represent an equally distinct group of species. Furthermore, these two groups can be readily segregated and could, if limited to those species presented in this study, be recognized as separate taxonomic units. Unfortunately, many of the species of this large genus are not Bolitoglossa rujescens (Cope): Fig. 25. Right hand, dofsal view. Bolito- glossa rujescens (Cope): Fig. 26, Right foot, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa platydac- tyla (Cuvier): Fig. 27, Right hand, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa occidentalis Tavlor: Fig. 28, Right foot, dorsal view; Fig. 29, Right hand, dorsal view. Bolitoglossa platydactyla (Cuvier): Fig. 50, Right foot, dorsal view. Abbreviations: BC 1-2, fused basal carpals of the first and second fingers; EC. 3, basal carpal of the third finger; BC.4, basal carpal of the fourth finger; BC.3-4. fused basal carpals of the third and fourth fingers; BT. 1-2, fused basal tarsals of the first and second toes; BT.4-5, fused basal tarsals of the fourth and fifth toes; BT. 3-4-5, fused basal tarsals of the third, fourth and fifth toes; C. centrale; F., fibula; FB., fibulare; FO.M., forearm magnum; FR., frontal; I., intermedium; MC.l, metacarpal of the first finger; MC.4, metacarpal of the fourth finger; MT.l, metatarsal of the first toe; MT.5, metatarsal of the fifth toe; PR.H.. pre-hallux; PR. P., pre-pollicis; R., radius; RD., radiale; T., tibiale; TB.. tibia; U., ulnare; UL, ulna. The Great Basin Naturalist 100 HANSEN AND TANNER Vol. XVIII, NoS. 3-4 available for study nor has any one been so fortunate as to critically study the entire genus. We suspect therefore that there may be additional intrageneric groups when the entire genus has been as thoroughly studied as the few species listed above. We also note from the data at hand the possibility of an intemiediate group of species, between the extremes of specialization which would so intergrade one with another as to prevent even the delimiting of the apparently distinct subgenera. Although there are seemingly two distinct groups, we are not yet prepared to designate, with clarity, the limits of these or any other subgeneric groups in the genus Bolito- glossa. A careful study of the bolitoglossids from Central and South America will obviously aid in bringing about a clearer understanding of this large diversified genus. Literature Cited Cope. E. D. 1889. The Batrachia of North America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 34:1-525. Dunn, Emmet Reid. 1926. The Salamanders of the Family Pletho- dontidae. Smith College Fiftieth Ann. Publ. vii-441 pp.. 86 fig. in text, 1 pL, frontisp. Francis, E. T. B. 1934. The Anatomy of the Salamander. Oxford. pp. XXXI -381, pis. 1-25. Hilton, W. A. 1946. Skeletons of Mexican and Central American Salamanders of the Family Plethodontidae. Jour. Ent. and Zool. 38:1-8. 1948. I'he Vertebrae of Salamanders. Jour. Ent. and Zool. 40: 1-65. Pope, Clifford 11., and Sarah 11. Pope. 1949. Notes on Growth and Reproduction of the Slimy Salamander Plethodon glutinosus. Fieldiana- Zool. 31:251-261. Tanner, Wilmer W. 1952. A Comparative Study of the Throat Musculature of the Plethodontidae of Mexico and Central Amer- ica. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 34:583-677, pis. 68-74. figs. 1-5. Taylor, Edward, Harrison. 1941. New Amphibians From the Ho- bart M. Smith Mexican Collections. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 27:141-167, pis. 7-11. text fig. 1. 1944. The Cienera of Plethodont Salamanders in Mexico. Part I. Univ. Kansas Sci., Bull., 30:189-232. pis. 12-15. text figs. 1-2. 1939. Concerning Mexican Salamanders. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 25, No. 14, pp. 259-313, pis. 24-29. 1947. Bibliography of Mexican Amphibiology. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. .31: 543-589. LIFE HISTORY NOTES ON CALLIGRAPHA MULTIPUNCTATA MULTIPUNCTATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA. CHRYSOMELIDAE) ' by Vasco M. Tanner For several years the writer has been gathering information on the immature insects of this area. During the spring and sum- mer of 1958 special attention was paid to the gathering of data on the life history of the Coleoptera. The following observations on the development and behavior of Calligrapha multipurictata niulti- punctata (Say) are recorded for the benefit and aid of students of this family in this area. This species does not seem to be common in Utah. The writer is not aware of any information on its breeding habits in this area. On May 23, 1958, a small colony of breeding males and females were encountered on willows along the Jordan River two miles West of Lehi, Utah. It was a warm, sunny forenoon when these were first observed. Many pairs were in copula. Only a few clusters of eggs were found, and none of the eggs were observed to have hatched. Thirty pairs were collected and placed in a gallon glass jar along with twigs of the host plant Salix melanopsis Nutt. These were brought back to the laboratory and placed in breeding cages in which the bottoms were covered with soil and a small bottle of water containing fresh willows placed in the cages. Fortunately, this particular willow is close at hand since it grows along a stream which passes through the campus and near the laboratory. Five copulating pairs were placed in each of four cages. Only one mat- ing pair was placed in the fifth cage. Before leaving the laboratory at 7:00 p.m. on the day the specimens were collected, May 23. I observed that the single pair in the one cage were in copula. Upon observing this same pair the next morning at 7:00 o'clock, they were still in copula, and the male did not leave the back of the female until 11:00 p.m.. May 25. Careful observations were made of this mating pair during the period except at night. There is no evidence, however, that the pair was in continuous coition through- out this period. However, the position of the male as indicated above was not changed throughout the 40-hour period. The first eggs, a cluster of five, were ovij)osited by this female at 9:00 a.m. the next morning, ten hours after coitus. During the next three days this female laid a total of 31 eggs. 1 he eggs (Fig. 1) are 1.5 mm in length, .5 mm in diameter, and are a light lemon yellow in color. The eggs began to hatch on the fourth day after being laid. The first instar larvae (Fig. 2) began feeding within a few hours after hatching. No records were kept on the number of instars or the length of the stadia. The larvae (P'ig. 3) feed for an average of 23 days before they left the host plant and went into the soil to pui)ate. The pupal (Fig. 4) period 1. Contribution .\o. luJ, Uepai liiient of Zoology and Entomology, Brighani Young University. 101 102 The Great Basin Naturalist VASCO M. TANNER Vol. XVIII, NoS. 3-4 Dec. 31, 1958 calligrapha m. multipunctata 103 lasted for an average of 20 days. The first adult (Fig. 5) emerged on July l(i Thus, from the laying of eggs on May 25-26 to the emergence of an adult beetle was 52 days or about seven weeks. The overwintering adults which were placed in the breeding cages were observed to feed and sporadically copulate and lay eggs for a period of six weeks. Several of the adults which were collected on May 23 were still alive and feeding on August 1 7 when they were removed from the cages. The new generation adults which began emerging on July 16 began feeding, but there was no evi- dence of mating. 1 libernating specimens were removed from the cages on October 24. Overwintering and new generation specimens were pinned for cabinet use. Many of these were studied to determine the extent of the variation of the elytral markings. It is surprising to see how constant and what little variation there is in the color markings of this species. The original colony along the Jordan River was observed several times to see if any parasites could be found. None were detected. The development of larvae and the longevity of the adults seem to be similar in the natural conditions as under a lab- oratory environment. Two other species of willows were placed in three of the breed- ing cages to see if they would be used as food by the adults or the larvae. It was very obvious that there was a marked preference for Sali.r melanopsis. The observations on C. multipunctata in this preliminary study seems to confirm the findings of W. J. Brown- on several Canadian species of this genus. Additional future ob- servations on this and other Utah species of Calligrapha should be made. I express my thanks to Mr. Hugh B. Leech of the California Academy of Sciences who kindly checked the determination of specimens of this beetle for me and Professors B. R. Harrison and Earl Christensen of the B.Y.U. Botany Department who determined the species of willows. 2. W. J. Brown, lf)45. Food-Plants and Distribution of the Species of Calligrapha in Canada, with the Descriptions of New Species (Coleoptera. Chrysonielidaej . The Canadian Entomologist. Vol. 77, No. 7. pp. 117-133. Figures 1-5, Calligrapha multipunctata multipunctata (Say). 1, eggs; 2. first instar larva; 3, last instar larva; 4, pupa; 5, adult. INDEX TO VOLUME XVIII The new species described in this volume appear in bold-face type in this index. Additional Data on the Birds of the Uinta Mountains and Basin of Northeastern Utah, 1 Alexander, Charles P., article by, 31 An Outbreak of Say's Plant Bug in Utah Valley, 1958, 30 Bark beetles of the Genus Pityoborus Blackman (Coleoptera: Scolyti- dae), 46 Behle, William H. and Jon Ghiselin, article by, 1 Bolitoglossa occidentalis, 97 platydactyla (Cuvier), 87 rufescens (Cope), 91 Comparative Osteological Study of Certain Species Belonging to the Genus Bolitoglossa (Amphibia), 85 Dicranota ( Plectromyia) nooksack- iae latistyla Alexander, n. subsp., 36 (Rhaphidolabis) n o o ksackensis brevispinosa Alexander, n. subsp., 36 Distribution and Variation of the Utah Population of the Great Ba- sin Pocket Mouse, 26 Eumeces brevirostris bilineatus W. Tanner, n. subsp., 59 lynxe durangoensis W. Tanner, n. subsp., 57 Exoprosopa arenicola Johnson, n. sp., 71 butleri Johnson, n. sp., 74 cingulata Johnson, n. sp., 76 doris Ostcn Sacken, 69 sharonae Johnson, n. sp., 78 utahensis Johnson, n. sp., 81 Ferguson, Denzel E., K. Ellsworth Payne and Robert M. Strom, art- icle by, 63 Ghiselin, Jon and William H. Behle, article by, 1 Hansen, Afton M. and Wilmer W. Tanner, article by, 85 Hayward, C. Lynn and Merlin L. Killpack, articles by, 23, 26 Hydrometra martini found in Cen- tral Utah. 67 Johnson, D. Elmer, articles by, 41, 69 Johnson, Lucile M. and D. Elmer Johnson, articles by, 69 Key to the Species of Pityoborus, 47 Killpack, Merlin L. and C. Lynn Hay- ward, articles by, 23, 26 Life History Notes on Calligrapha multipunctata multi punctata (Say) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelid- ae), 101 Mallophora (Mallophorina) pallida Johnson, n. sp., 41 Neoteneriffiola uta Tibbetts,, n. sp., 44 New and Insufficiently Known Ex- oprosopa from the Far West, 69 New and Unusual Records of Birds from the Uinta Basin, Utah, 23 New Species in the Genus Neotene- riffiola from Utah (Acarina: Any- stoidea: Teneriffiidae) , 43 New Species of Mallophora from the Great Salt Lake Desert (Diptera: Asilidae), 41 Notes on Coniana snowi, an Acridid New to the Utah List, 66 Notes on the Herpetology of Baker County, Oregon, 63 Payne, K. Ellsworth, Denzel E. Ferg- uson, and Robert M. Storm, art- icle by, 63 Pedicia (Tricyphona) ampla cinerei- color Alexander, n. subsp., 32 ampla perangusta Alexander, n. subsp., 33 aspidoptera convexa Alexander, n. subsp., 33 pahasapa Alexander, n. sp. 31 shastensis Alexander, n. sp., 35 steensensis Alexander, n. sp., 33 Pityoborus Blackman, 47 comatus (Zimmermann), 53 hirtellus Wood, n. sp., 50 intonsus Woodj, n. sp., 54 rubentis Wood, n. sp., 51 secundus Blackman, 53 tertius Blackman, 53 velutinus Wood, n. sp., 48 Platypus abietis Wood, n. sp., 39 disciporus Chapuis, 37 pini Hopkins, 37 105 106 The Great Basin Naturalist Vol. XVIII, Nos. 3-4 Some Virtually Unknown North A- merican Platypodidae (Coleop- tera), 37 Storm, Robert M., Denzel E. Fergu- son, and K. Ellsworth Payne, art- icle by, 63 Tanner, Vasco M., articles by, 30, 101 Tanner, Wilmer W., articles by, 57, 85 Taylor, Stanley K., article by, 67 Tibbetts, Ted, article by, 43 Tinkham, Ernest R., article by, 66 Two New Skinks from Durango, Mexico, 57 Undescribed Species of Western Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera). III., 31 Wolverine in Utah, 56 Wood, Stephen L., articles by, 37, 46, 56 No. 1 mailed July 19, 1958 No. 2 mailed December 17, 1958 Nos. 3-4 mailed February 27, 1959