HARVARD UNIVERSITY

ss,

LIBRARY

OF THE

Museum of Comparative Zoology

The Great Basin Naturalist

VOLUME XXIV, 1964

Editor: Vasco M. Tanner

Assistant Editor: Stephen L. Wood

Assistant Editor: Wilmer W. Tanner

Published at Provo, Utah by
Brigham Young University

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Volume XXIV

NUMBER 1 — MARCH 31, 1964

Observations on Host-Parasite Relationships and Seasonal
History of Ticks in San Mateo County, California. By
Carol O. Mohr, D Elden Beck, and Elias P. Brinton 1

Alyssum Turgidum: A New Species from Iran. Illustrated,

By T. R. Dudley 7

A New Species of Chigger (Acarina, Trombiculidae) from
Lizards of Western North America. Illustrated. By
Richard B. Loomis 13

Undescribed Species of Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera) IV.

By Charles P. Alexander 19

Two New Species of Lacebugs from India (Hemiptera:
Tingidae). Illustrated. By Carl J. Drake and David
Livingstone 27

Studies in Nearctic Desert Sand Dune Orthoptera, Part IX.
A New Trimerotropis from Southern Idaho Dunes.
Illustrated. By Ernest R. Tinkham 31

NUMBER 2 — JUNE 11, 1964

A Brief Historical Resume of Herpetological Studies in the
Great Basin of the Western United States. Part I. The
Reptiles. By Benjamin H. Banta and Wilmer W.
Tanner 37

New Species of North American Pityophthorus Eichoff

Coleoptera: Scolytidae). By Stephen L. Wood 59

Mites from Mammals at the Nevada Test Site. By Dorald

M. Allred and Morris A. Goates 71

Ectopartsites of Mammals from Oregon. By Charles G.

Hansen 75

NUMBERS 3-4 — DECEMBER 31, 1964

Some Ethiopian Lacebugs (Hemiptera: I'ingidae). Carl J.

Drake and Bob G. Hill. Illustrated 82

Kangaroo Rat Burrows at the Nevada Test Site. Arthur O.

Anderson and Dorald M. Allred. Illustrated 93

The Recent Naturalization of Siberian Elm {Ulmus

Pumila L.) in Utah. Earl M. Christensen 105

On Some New Species of Nycteribiidae (Diptera: Pupipa-

ra). O. Theodor and B. V. Peterson. Illustrated 107

Undescribed Species of Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera). V.

Charles P. Alexander 117

Index \2l

II

Great Basin

CWiP. ZOOL.

mrrumiiJir:

UNIVERSITY

Volume XXIV March 31, 1964 No. 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Observations on Host-Parasite Relationships and Seasonal
History of Ticks in San Mateo County, California. By
Carol O. Mohr, D Elden Beck, and Elias P. Brinton .... 1

Alyssum Turgidum: A New Species from Iran. Illustrated.

By T. R. Dudley 7

A New Species of Chigger (Acarina, Trombiculidae) from
Lizards of Western North America. Illustrated. By Rich-
ard B. Loomis 13

Undescribed Species of Nearctic Tipulidae (Diptera) IV. By

Charles P. Alexander „ 19

Two New Species of Lacebugs from India (Hemiptera:
Tingidae) Illustrated. By Carl J. Drake and David
Livingstone 27

Studies in Nearctic Desert Sand Dune Orthoptera, Part IX.
A New Trimerotropis from Southern Idaho Dunes. Illus-
trated. By Ernest R. Tinkham 31

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Brigham Young University

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The Great Basin Naturalist

Published at Provo, Utah by
Brigham Young University

Volume XXIV March 31, 1964 No. 1

OBSERVATIONS ON HOST-PARASITE RELATIONSHIPS

AND SEASONAL HISTORY OF TICKS

IN SAN MATEO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA'

Carol O. Mohr, D Elden Beck, and Elias P. Brinton'

During the course of an investigation into the interrelationships
of parasite and host populations in San Mateo County, California,
data came to hand concerning populations of ticks on a number of
species of small mammals, lizards, and birds. Since no studies appear
to have been published concerning ticks in climates and faunal areas
characteristic of the coastal zone, we believe it worthwhile to provide
the following data.

Study Area and Procedure

The study area consisted of a meadow and an adjoining hillside
approximately three miles east of the Pacific coast. It was about two
acres in size at an elevation of from 450 to 600 feet above sea level.
A ridge about 1.250 feet in elevation shields the area somewhat from
coastal fog which frequently covers the meadow. Killing frosts occur
late in December and end early in February. Average temperatures
for January are 50° F, and 68° F for July. Precipitation averages 6
inches in January and 0.01 inches in July, with 22 inches per year.

The area is within the San Francisco Wildlife Refuge and is well
populated by mule deer. Odocoileus heminous. Dogs from nearby
residential areas frequently entered the refuge. Grey foxes, Urocyon
cineroargenteus , also were common. No domestic stock has been
pastured in the area for scores of years, except three horses which
were present for a few weeks during the summer of 1961.

Kartman et al (1962) described the same general area in some
detail when they studied its cricetid fauna and flea consortes in re-
lation to an outbreak of plague. Our study area is the southernmost
part of their location, designated by them as Area 5. In their publi-
cation. Figure 4 shows the fluctuations in populations at that time
for meadow mice, Microtus califomicus; harvest mice, Reithrodon-

1. This investigation was supported in part by a research grant (£-3653) from the National
Institutes of Health, Division of Research Grants, U. S. Public Health Service.

2. Division of Parasitology. University of California. Berkeley. California.

3. Department of Zoology and Entomology. Brigham Young University. Piovo. Utah.

The Great Basin Naturalist
2 MOHR, BECK, & BRINTON Vol. XXIV, No. 1

tomys megalotis; and deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus in this
and adjoining areas.

For the most part in our study, mice and birds were Uve-trapped.
Most of the hzards were caught by hand. Some of the mice and birds
were caught during afternoons of the day on which traps were set;
others were taken from traps early the next morning.

The ticks on the hosts were counted by use of a hand lens so far
as possible. When the clusters of ticks were so numerous that count-
ing became uncertain, the host was killed, wrapped, and brought to
the laboratory for a more accurate count. Otherwise, a sample col-
lection of parasites was removed from the live host for species iden-
tification. The host was then released to permit further study of its
home range and relation to home ranges of other individuals and
species.

The field work was done by William A. Stumpf. We are grateful
to him for diligence and care in trapping, collecting, and preparation
of field observational records.

Observations

The numbers and kinds of the more commonly collected hosts are
shown in Table I. Other hosts less commonly collected are Cali-

Table I: Number of mice and lizards examined and tabulated by month
during the season when ticks were active.

Mar

April

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Total

Harvest mice

10

15

5

8

5

10

17

0

70

Deer mice

14

9

1

42

23

20

30

0

139

Meadow mice

49

53

30

79

113

108

153

145

730

Alligator lizards

0

1

4

6

0

0

1

1

13

Fence lizards

1

4

0

4

0

12

15

1

37

fornia white-footed mouse, Peromyscus californicus; brush rabbit,
Sylvilagus bachmani; shrew. Sorex vagrans; wood rat, Neotoma
fuscipes; spotted towhee, Papilio erythrophthalnnis; brown towhee,
P. fuscus; Bewick wren, Thryomanes beivickii; California jay,
Aphelocoma coerulescens; white-crowned sparrow. Zonotrichia leu-
cophrys; alligator lizard. Gerrhonotus multicarinatus and the fence
lizard Sceloporus oocidentalis . California ground squirrels, Citellus
beecheyi, were absent. They originally occupied the area, but have
been eliminated by a concentrated poisoning program.

Table II shows a monthly record of tick infestation from March
through October as found on the meadow mouse.

Nymphs of Ixodes angustus were found on one meadow mouse
and one harvest mouse.

Ixodes spinipalpis was found on the California jay, spotted towhee,
meadow mouse, deer mouse, and the brush rabbit as follow^s: One
larva on a deer mouse, 1 June; five on brush rabbits between 27
June and 14 July; and three on the spotted towhee, 4 August.

Mar. 31, 1964 host-parasite relationships 3

Table II: Records of ticks (all species) from meadow mice: per cent of hosts
infested, numbers examined and per cent of ticks which were nymphs and larvae.

Average

or

Mar

Apr

May

June

July Aug

Sept

Oct

Total

Per cent

mice infested

2

9

17

39

27

34

21

0.7

18.7

Aver, per

infested mouse*

1.0

2.8

1.4

3.2 +

4.2

11 +

2.1 +

6.0

3.9 +

Greatest no.

per mouse*

1.0

10

3

11

21

49

14

6

14.3

Per cent

nymphs

100

76

23

7

43

36

57

14

44.5

Per cent

larvae

0

24

n

93

54

64

43

86

55.1

Nrs. hosts

examined

49

53

30

79

113

108

153

145

730.0

Nrs. ticks

identified

1

7

7

74

141

268

52

7

557.0

•E.xcluding counts on 3 mice in June, 2 in August and 1 in September on which
ticks were so numerous or hidden in the ears as to preclude a complete count.
The largest count (49) was made in Angust from a mouse killed and brought
to the laboratory.

Nymphs were collected from the California jay and meadow mice,
20 March through 14 July. Adults were found on brush rabbits be-
tween 25 May and 20 June.

Ixodes pacificus was the only species of tick found on the fence
and alligator lizards. Larvae were collected 4 August to 20 Septem-
ber; nymphs from 7 April to 28 June; some adults were collected
27 June. Larvae and nymphs were found on meadow mice, larvae
only on harvest mice, deer mice, and a shrew. The adult specimens
were from alligator lizards, man, and horses. The peak of population
occurred in June. Only 0.4 percent of the 557 ticks removed for iden-
tification from meadow mice were this species.

Haemaphysalis leporispalustris were commonly encountered on
brush rabbits as larvae, nymphs, and adults. Larvae and nymphs also
were found on the spotted and brown towhees and the Bewick wren.

Larval Dermacentor occidentalis were observed on meadow mice,
harvest mice, deer mice, California white-footed mice, and the brush
rabbit. The first larvae were observed on 23 April and the latest on
10 October. The first nymph observed was on 31 March, and the
last nymphal collection was on 4 October. D. occidentalis was the
most common tick taken from the meadow mice. It constituted 99
per cent of the sample of 557 ticks taken from Microtus for identifi-
cation. This is shown in Table II. A peak population on meadow
mice was indicated for July and August. In July. 19 per cent of the
meadow mice bore larvae and 20 per cent bore nymphs, and in Aug-
ust. 20 per cent bore larvae and 23 per cent bore nymphs. During
this same period, 8 per cent of the harvest mice and 1 1 per cent of
the deer mice were infested. All of the brush rabbits examined were
infested.

The Great Basin Naturalist
4 MOHR, BECK, & BRINTON Vol. XXIV, No. 1

Discussion

Ixodes angustus: According to Gregson (1956) this "is the com-
monest species of tick on British Columbian coast squirrels, Tamias-
ciurus douglasi mollipilosus,'" and "one of the commonest species of
Ixodes in British Columbia." It is surprising in our studies to have
only collected larvae, and these only from one meadow and one
harvest mouse. Adults and nymphs as observed by Bishop and Trem-
bley (1945). and Cooley and Kohls (1945) showed them to appear a
score or more of times on other rodents and shrews in the studied
localities. It is presumed that the kind of habitat and possibly the
fact that some key hosts were not collected may be partly responsi-
ble for the scarcity in numbers of individuals and other develop-
mental stages. Ground squirrels were virtually absent and wood rats
rarely entered the study area. Lagomorpha have not been listed as
hosts.

Ixodes spinipalpis was found in larval and nymphal develop-
ment on a variety of hosts. There seemed to be no restriction of the
larvae and nymphs to smaller hosts for larvae were found on both
brush rabbits and deer mice. Adults however were found only on the
brush rabbit.

Ixodes pacificus has been commonly collected in the larval and
nymphal stages from the alligator lizard along the Pacific coastal
region (Cooley and Kohls, 1945; Gregson, 1956). It was natural to
find it infesting this and the fence lizard at the San Mateo locale.
It is however interesting that in studies by Beck (1955), Allred,
Beck, and White (1960) for Utah, Beck, Allred, and Brinton (1963)
for Nevada, this species was not found on any species of lizard. It
also was uncommon on mice in our study.

Our collections indicate the larvae and nymphs tend to occur
mostly on small mammals and lizards. Larger and medium-sized
mammals, and lizards are most often reported hosts of adults (Coo-
ley and Kohls, 1945), and (Bishop and Trembley, 1945). However,
it is interesting to note in the observations by Linsdale and Tevis
(1951) in their study of the dusky-footed wood rat made at a loca-
tion about eighty miles south of our location that, "In Monterey
County. 1 1 per cent of the wood rats Neotoma fuscipes were infested
by larv^al Ixodes pacificus at the height of the season (in May).
One was infested by a nymph. In August, 14 per cent were infested
by nymphs and larvae of Dermacentor occidentalis.''

Although our sample of specimens is too small to be conclusive,
there did seem to be a greater tendency for /. pacificus to infest cri-
cetine mice compared to meadow mice. Seventeen per cent of 193
ticks identified from 209 cricetine mice were this species. From a
general review of the literature and our observations in the present
study, one could postulate that host association of ticks in San Ma-
teo County is related to choice of habitat by the mice: the cricetine
species occur most commonly in open areas inhabited by fence liz-
ards and the microtine under heavy vegetative cover and at a higher
humidity. There is evidence also that the size of a host's home range

Mar. 31, 1964 host-parasite relationships 5

effects the percentage infested by certain ticks and other ectopara-
sites (Mohr and Stumpf, 1962).

According to Cooley (1946), Beck (1955), and Gregson (1956)
adult Haemaphysalis leporispalustris are predominantly parasites
of brush rabbits, cotton tails, and other rabbits and hares. Larvae
and nymphs occur on rabbits, and ground-inhabiting birds for which
Bishop and Trembley (1945), Peters (1936). and Nibley (1962)
report almost 100 species. Larvae were found on the Bewick wren
and larvae and nymphs on the spotted and brown towhees. It is not
uncommon to find the larval, nymphal, and adult stages at the same
time on a single lagomorph host (Green et al, 1943; Beck. 1955; and
Gregson, 1956). In our study, the brush rabbit was the only leporid
observed. In all instances, they were heavily infested by all develop-
mental stages.

Dermacentor occidentalis: Our observations show this species of
tick to have its highest seasonal population in the San Mateo study
area during August. It was the most abundant of the tick species
observed in the area. No adult ticks were found on the rodents ex-
amined. Adults commonly attack the larger vertebrates such as un-
gulates, dogs, and man (Cooley, 1938; Bishop and Trembley, 1945).

Conclusions

Five species of ticks were found on the reptiles, birds, and mam-
mals in a small study area of approximately two acres. Dermacen-
tor occidentalis was the most common of the ticks observed. Its peak
population of larvae occurred about June when 39 per cent of the
meadow mice were infested; and of nymphs in August when 34 per
cent of these mice were infested. Ixodes pacificus was the only spe-
cies found on reptiles. Larvae and nymphs were also collected from
a small percentage of meadow mice and others. Adults of Haema-
physalis leporispalustris were found only on the brush rabbits and
ground-inhabiting birds. A few Ixodes angustus were found on mice,
and /. spinipalpis on birds, mice and rabbits.

References

Allred. D. M., D E. Beck, and L. D. White, 1960. Ticks of the genus Ixodes
in Utah. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser., 1(14).

Beck, D Elden, Dorald M. Allred, and Elias P. Brinton. 1963. Ticks of the
Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young University Sci. Bull.. Biol. Series, 4(1):
1-10.

Beck, D Elden. 1955. Distributional studies of parasitic arthropods in Utah,
determined as actual and potential vectors of Rocky Mountain spotted fever
and plague, with notes on vector-host relationships. Brigham Young Univer-
sity Sci. Bull., Biol. Series 1(1).

Bishopp, F. C. and Helen Louise Trembley. 1945. Distribution and hosts of
certain North American ticks. J. Parasitol. 31 (l):l-54.

Cooley, R. A. 1938. The genera Dermacentor and Otocentor (Ixodidea) in the
United States. U. S. Treasury Dept., National Institute of Health Bull. No.
171:1-89.

The Great Basin NaturaTist
6 MOHR, BECK, & BRINTON Vol. XXIV, No. 1

Cooley, R. A. and Glen M. Kohls. 1945. The genus Ixodes in North America.

U. S. Treasury Dept., National Institute of Health Bull. No. 184:1-246.
Green, R. G., C. A. Evans, and C. L. Larson. 1943. A ten-year population

study of the rabbit tick Haemaphvsalis leporispalustris. Amer. J. Hvg.

38(2)260-281.
Gregson, John D. 1956. The Ixodoidea of Canada. Canada Dept. Agr. Publ.

930:1-92.
Kartman. Leo., Stewart F. Quan, and Harold E. Stark. 1962. Ecological studies

of wild rodent plague in the San Francisco Bay area of California. Zoonoses

Research 1(6):99-119.
Linsdale, J. M. and L. P. Tevis. 1951. The dusky-footed wood rat. L^niversity

of California Press.
Mohr. Carl O. and William A. Stumpf. 1962. Relation of ectoparasite load to

host size and home area in small mammals and birds. Trans. 27th North

American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference. 174-183.
Nibley, Carlyle. Jr. 1962. Tick collections from ground-feeding birds at the

Patuxent Research Refuge, Laurel, Maryland. Wildl. Dis. No. 22. (micro-
card). 1-10.
Peters. Harold S. 1936. A list of external parasites from birds of the eastern

part of the United States. Bird-Banding 7(l):9-27.

ALYSSUM TURGIDUM: A NEW SPECIES FROxM IRAN

T. R. Dudley'

An extremely interesting gathering of Alyssum was found in a
collection of specimens sent to the author for identification and study
by Dr. K, H. Rechinger of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna,
Austria. No specimen, possessing the very distinctive, inflated and
turgid fruits, such as are diagnostic for the species described below,
were discovered in any of the numerous European herbaria that
have been visited by the author. This species, assigned to sect. Odon-
tarrhena (Meyer) Koch, was apparently unknown to E. J. Nyarady,
the monographer of this section. Likewise, as it was not mentioned
or described in Parsa's more recent Flore de VIran, it probably had
not been collected prior to 1961. In that year, Dr. Howard C. Stutz
of the Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, U.S.A., made the
original collection. The author is indebted to Dr. Stutz for making
the holotype available.

Alyssum turgidum Dudley, sp. nov.

Figs. A-E, G-K.

Holotype, Iran. Japarabad. dry south slopes, 5000 ft., 17 May
1961, Stutz 1289 (BRY); isotype (W).

In Sectione Odontarrherta (Meyer) Koch siliculis globosis valde
inflatis turgidis utriculiformis insignis. Ceterum ad. A. haussknechtii
Boiss. accedens sed ilia species fructibus maioribus et formae valde
diverso, sepalis et petalis minoribus, indumento parciore et pilis stel-
latis minoribus inter alia distinguitur.

Planta perennis, suffrutescens, basi multiramosa, 7-15 mm. lata,
5-10 cm. alta, ex toto indumento dense cinereo. e pilis stellatis ap-
pressis minute punctatis 4-6 radiatis radiis ramosis aequalibus 0.3-0.6
mm. diametro composito. Caules floriferi tenue, laxe ascendentes vel
patentes, 5-15 cm. longi, a basi indumento albo denso tecti vel
rubro-purpurei cum pilis stellatis facilis disjunctis. Surculi steriles
basi caulium floriferorum conferti vel patentes, (0.5-) 1.5-3(-5) cm.
longi. Folia caulium floriferorum. oblanceolata vel spatulata, post
anthesin decidua, acuta, 7-15 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata. Folia surcu-
lorum sterilium obovato-spatulata, 2-10 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata.
Corymbi ramosi, constricti, 1-3 cm. longi latique. Pedicelli rigidi,
divergentes vel horizontales, 2.5-4.5 mm. longi. Sepala decidua,
membranacea. ad apicem cucullata, ovata, obtusa, anguste hyalino-
marginata, 1.5-2 mm. longa. 0.5-1 mm. lata, pilis stellatis sparsis
provisa. Petala clavata vel obovata. Integra vel subretusa, in unguem

I. Thf .Arnold .\ilK,ietuiii. llai\ard UnneiMtv. Jamaica Plain 50. Mass.

The Great Basin Naturalist
8 T. R. DUDLEY Vol. XXIV, No. 1

sensim attenuate, glabra, 2-2.5 mm. longa, 1-1.5 mm. lata. Filamenta
longa, 2-2.5 mm. ala unilaterali in dimidio inferiore connata, apice
libero acuto vel 1-2- denticulate. Filamenta brevia, 1.5-2 mm., ap-
pendice libera, oblanceolata. bifida, ca. 1. mm. longa praedita.
Stylus 1-1.5 mm. longus, tenuis sed rigidus. in dimidio inferiore pilis
stellatis minutis provisus. Silicula orbiculata vel oblata, globosa,
magno turgida, utriculiformo-tumida. (3-) 4-6 mm. longa et lata,
valvis bene aequaliter inflatis, indumento sparse vel copiose provisis.
Ovulum unum per loculum. Semen immaturum, ut videtur alatum.
Fl. Apr.-May, fr. May-June.

From among the taxa allocated to sect. Odontarrhena (subsect.
Inflata). Alyssum turgidum appears to be most closely allied to
A. haussknechtii Boiss.. a rare alpine endemic found only in the
Anti-Taurus region of southern Turkey [Holotype. Turkey, C6:
Prov. Maras, in rupestribus alpinis montis Berytdagh (Berit dagg)
Cataoniae, 2844-3160 m., 10 Aug. 1865, Haussknecht s.n. (G);
isotypes (BM, W)]. The fruit of A. turgidum, like that of A. haus-
sknechtii has an orbicular inedial cross-section. This is caused by the
valves being strongly inflated. The tapered, conical and smaller
fruit of A. haussknechtii, however, is inflated to its maximum ex-
tent only at its center (PI. I, fig. F). A cross-section of a fruit of
A. haussknechtii from above the middle point is not orbicular, but is
transversely elliptic. In contrast, the valves of A. turgidum are com-
pletely inflated; the fruit being turgid and spherical, and a cross-
section at any point is orbicular. The characters of a short stipe sup-
porting the fruit and saccate valves are common to both species, but
are not as prominent in A. turgidum.

The different type of indumentum on the fruits of these related
species is also of distinguishing value. The stellate hairs which com-
prise the dense silvery white indumentum on the fruits of Alyssum
haussknechtii are often twice the size and possess twice as many
rays as the sparser hairs on the fruits of A. turgidum. As the fruits
of A. haussknechtii mature, their indumentum is readily displaced.
This phenomenon is not noticeable in A. turgidum. Though the
shape of the sepals and petals, and the filament wings and append-
ages of these two species are similar, those of A. haussknechtii are
always considerably larger.

In addition to the characters mentioned in the Latin diagnosis,
Alyssum turgidum can be distinguished from A. haussknechtii by
several others. The styles of A. turgidum, though as long as those of
A. haussknechtii, are slender and tapered, with the basal and apical
diameters being more or less equal. On the other hand, the styles of
A. hausknechtii are strongly dilated towards their bases, and with
the basal diameter two to three times as great as the apical. The in-
florescence of both species is congested, but that of A. turgidum is
branched and corymbose. The pyramidal inflorescence of A. haus-
sknechtii is seldom branched and resembles that of a number of an-
nual species in sect. Alyssum, such as A. szowitsianum Fisch. &
Mey. and A. marginatum Steud. ex Boiss. In habit A. turgidum and

Mar. 31, 1964

ALYSSUM TURGIDUM

PLATE I

A-E, G-K - Alyssum turgidum Dudley. A, fruiting inflorescence, X 4.5. B,
stellate hair from fruit, X 165. C, petal, X 30. D, short filament, X 27. E, long
filament, X 27. G, stellate hair from stem, X 100. H, sepal, X 15. I. ventral
view of fruit, X 10. J, lateral view of fruit, X 10. K, view of fruit with valves
removed to show ovules, X 10.
F, A. haussknechtii Boiss. Lateral view of fruit, X 10.

A. haussknechtii are somewhat similar, and both taxa could be as-
signed to Nyarady's artificial group, the "Humiliores" (1929 &
1949). As a general rule, however, the plants of A. haussknechtii are
more pulvinate with shorter and strict flowering stems. The flower-
ing stems of mature individuals of A. turgidum are laxly ascending
or sprawling in a decumbent manner. Nyarady omitted A. haus-
sknechtii from his earlier systematic treatments of the taxa in sect.
Odontarrhena (1926-1929) because he had not seen any material of
it, but he did incorporate it as a component of his "Humiliores" in
his diagnostic key (1929) and in his Synopsis. . . of 1949.

The Great Basin Naturalist
10 T. R. DUDLEY Vol. XXIV, No. 1

In the first supplement of Florae Keredjensis. . . (Repert. Sp.
Nov. 40:253, tab. 238a. 1940.) Bornmuller & Gauba described a
single gathering collected by Gauba in North Iran as Alyssum ny-
aradyri [Holotype, North Iran, An sehr heissen pflanzenarmen Han-
gen des siidlich von Keredj in der Steppe gelegenen Sefidkuh. bei
1400 m., sehr selten, 1 June 1937. Gauba 1574 (B-Herb. Bornmiil-
ler) - a fragment of this gathering given to Nyarady by Bornmiil-
ler].

The diagnosis of Alyssum nyarady i (altered by Bornmiiller in
1941 to nyaradii) allies it to A. haussknechtii, the same species to
which A. turgidum is related. Alyssum nyaradyi is said to differ
from A. haussknechtii by having subinflated and orbicular fruits.
The original description of A. nyaradyi reads: "siculis orbicularibus,
subvesiculoso-tumidis, 2 mm. diametricis. . . ." Nyarady comments in
a note in the second supplement of Florae Keredjensis. . . (Repert.
Sp. Nov. 50: 372. 1941.) that the densely congested, very small,
swollen and roundish fruits characterized A. nyaradyi as a well de-
fined new species. Although the original specimen of A. nyaradyi
has not been examined by the present author, its description and
diagnosis (which state that the fruits are only subinflated. subvesicu-
late and are only 2 mm. in diameter), permit the conclusion that it
and A. turgidum are not conspecific. The fruits of the latter species
are always utriculate, very strongly inflated and 2-3 times larger
than those of A. nyaradyi.

In addition to the different types of fruit characteristics of these
two species, a number of other obvious characters can be readily
observed when the type description and habit photograph of Alys-
sum nyaradyi are compared with the type specimens of A. turgidum.
The very woody caudex characteristic of A. nyaradyi is not well
developed in the suffrutescent A. turgidum. The flowering stems of
the latter are lax and usually decumbent, but those of A. nyaradyi
are strict and generally erect (as in A. haussknechtii). The leaves
of the flowering stems and sterile shoots of A. nyaradyi, judging
from the measurements given by Bornmiiller, are apparently always
smaller by half than those of A. turgidum. Bornmiiller described the
pedicels of A. nyaradyi as being only 0.5 mm. long. The mature
pedicels of A. turgidium consistently measure 2.5-4.5 mm. long, and
its styles, which always have an indumentum, are 1-1.5 mm. long.

Whether Alyssum nyaradyi should be maintained as a distinct
species must be left in abeyance until the original Gauba specimen
is examined.- However, a single specimen collected by Gauba (No.
148) from the exact type locality of A. nyaradyi is to be found in
the herbarium of the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (W). This
sheet, unfortunately, (determined by Nyarady is A. nyaradyi) was
not furnished with any data as to the date of collection. The floral

2. Though the original set of Bornniiiller's own New Eastern collei limis was <leposite(l by him
in the Ifaussenknecht herbarium in Jena, he sold his original herbarium (which probably mntained
the type of Alyssum nyaradyi) to the Botanical Museum at Berlin. .\s the single spec uiien of
A. nyaradyi. which constitutes the type, cannot be located either in .lena or m Berlin, it is assiinied
that It was destroyed in the disastrous fire in the Berlin Museum in 1945.

Mar. 31, 1964 alyssum turgidum 11

and fruit (immature) characters of this plant permit it to be posi-
ively identified as A. inf latum Nyar.. a species very distinct from
A. turgidum. Furthermore, a number of additional collections of
A. inf latum have been made from the type locality of A. nyaradyi.

Dr. Stutz recalled to the author (in correspondence) that Alys-
sum turgidum. and a species of Pedicularis were abundant on the
barren slopes of the collection site, and that they composed most of
the green vegetation at that time of year (i.e., May) .

Other species of Alyssum collected in the year of 1961 in Iran
by Dr. Howard C. Stutz; specimens in the Brigham Young Univer-
sity Herbarium (BRY).

A. bracteatum Boiss. & Buhse; 30 miles W. of Quom, sterile
volcanic soil, 5200 ft.. 5 May 1961, Stutz 1042.

A. desertorum Stapf; 10 km. W of Kiraj, west facing slope,
gravelly surface, clay below, ca. 5000 ft.. 22 April 1961,
Stutz 675.

A. stapfii Vierh.; 10 km. W of Kiraj, west facing slope, gravelly
surface, clay below, ca. 5000 ft., 22 April 1961, Stutz 679.

A. szowitsianum Fischer & Meyer; 10 km. W of Kiraj, west
facing slope, gravelly surface, clay below, ca. 5000 ft., 22
April 1961, Stutz 676.

Important References

Bornmiiller, J. & Gauba, E. 1940. Florae Keredjensis fundamenta.
(Plantae Gaubaeanae Iranicae.) Supplementum. 1. Species
novae. Repert. Sp. Nov. 49:253-272.

Nyarady, E. J. 1927. Vorstudium uber einige Arten der Section
Odontarrhena der Gattung Alyssum. Bui. Grad. Bot. Cluj 7:1-
51. 65-160. Tb. 1-10.

. 1928. Ibid. 8:152-156.

. 1929. Ibid. 9:1-68.

. 1930. Neue Beitrage zur Kenntnis der balkanischer Alys-
sum Arten. Repert. Sp. Nov. 27:392-395.

. 1931. Les formes vraies et fausses de I'espece Alyssum

alpestre. Bul. Grad. Bot. Cluj 11:69-78.

. 1932. Die Klarstellung Zweier Zweifelhafter Alyssum -

Arten. Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Berlin. 11:631-635.

. 1932. tJber einige Westmediterrane Alyssum - Arten.

Bul. Soc. Stiinte Cluj 6:446-460.

. 1938. Neue Alyssum - Arten und Formen aus der Odon-
tarrhena - Sektion. Bul. Grad. Bot. Cluj 18:82-99.

. in Bornmiiller, & Gauba. E. 1941. Florae Keredjensis

fundamenta. (Plantae Gaubaeanae Iranicae.) Supplementum.
2. Enumeratia specierum. Repert. Sp. Nov. 50:372.

The Great Basin Naturalist
12 T. R. DUDLEY Vol. XXIV, No. 1

1949. Synopsis Speciecum, Variatonum et Formarum

Sectionis Odontarrhenae. Generis Alyssum. Analele Academiei
Republicii Populare Romane, Sectia de Stiinte Geologice, Geo-
grafice Si Biologice. Ser. A. Mem. 3. 1 (separate) : 1-33, Tb. 1-6.
Parsa A. 1961. Flore de I'lran. Teheran.

ANEW SPECIES OF CHIGGER (ACARINA, TROMBICULIDAE)
FROM LIZARDS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

Richard B. Loomis'

Studies of the chiggers taken from lizards in southwestern United
States and northwestern Mexico revealed a new species of chigger
which seems to be related to Trombicida allredi Brennan and Beck
(1956). These larvae have been found only on lizards from the
desert areas of Sonora, Mexico. California and Nevada. It was re-
ported from Nevada as Trombicula sp. by Allred and Beck (1962:50).

Grateful acknowledgement is extended to many individuals who
have generously provided chiggers, including Dr. Dorald M. Allred.
Brigham Young University (BYU) and Dr. James M. Brennan,
Rocky Mountain Laboratory for the slides from Nye County,
Nevada; Alan R. Hardy for the larvae from Clark County, Nevada;
and Julius C. Geest, Kenneth D. Peyton and William J. Wrenn for
many specimens from California and Mexico. Mr. Geest completed
the drawings. Chiggers from Joshua Tree National Monument,
California, were taken in the faunal surveys approved by Superin-
tendent William R. Supernaugh.

The studies upon which this paper is based were supported by a
research grant AI-3407 from the National Institutes of Health to
Long Beach State College.

Description of the Species

The specimens listed below are larvae, and are in the collection
of the author, unless otherwise noted. All measurements are in
microns. The terminology follows that of Warton. et al (1951),
except for the use of tarsala (=:spur) and microtarsala (=micro-
spur) .

Trombicula lacerticola, new species

(Figure 1)

Types. — Holotype and 17 paratopotypes from Cottonwood
Spring, Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, Cali-
fornia, from Uta stansburiana Baird and Girard, Side-blotched Liz-
ard, field number WJW610711-3, taken on 11 July 1961 by Wil-
liam J. Wrenn; and 7 paratopotypes from Sceloporus magister and
Uta stansburiana, 11-12 July 1961 (4 larvae) and 6 August 1959
(3 larvae). The holotype and two paratypes will be deposited in the
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and paratypes
will be distributed to the United States National Museum; the Uni-
versity of Kansas; Hooper Foundation. University of California
Medical Center, San Francisco, and to other appropriate institutions
and individuals.

1. Department of Biology. Long Beach State College, (California.

13

14

R. B. LOOMIS

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, No. 1

Figure 1

Trombicula lacerticola new species

A. Scutum and eyes.

B. Gnathosoma. dorsal aspect.

C. Palpal tarsus and palpal claw.

D. Leg I showing nude and specialized setae (numbers refer to measurements
in microns).

E. Leg II showing nude setae.

F. Leg III showing specialized setae.

Mar. 31, 1964 chigger from lizards 15

Diagnosis.— Related to Trombicula allredi Brennan and Beck in
having two mastitarsalae (with few basal barbs), elongate legs,
branched sensillae, trifurcate palpal claw, scutum punctate with
posterior margin convex, and parasubterminala branched; differing
from this species in having palpal tarsal setal formula 7 B.S. (6
B.S. in T. allredi)^ two genualae I (three genualae I in T. allredi)
and a distinct knob on tarsala II.

Description of Holotype. — Body: Partly engorged, approxi-
mately 210 by 320, color in life orange; eyes 2/2, anterior larger, red
in life, ocular plate indistinct.

Dorsal setal formula 2-6-6-4-2, total 20; humeral seta measuring
29, seta of first posthumeral row 24.

Ventral setal formula 2 — 2 +26. total 30, first sternal seta
measuring 26, posterior ventral seta 21.

Scutum: Shape subpentagonal, with rounded posterior margin
and numerous puncta (see Figure lA). Sensillary bases parallel to
bases of PL's. Sensillae with approximately 14 branches on distal
half.

Scutal measurements of holotype, AW-58, PW-68. SB- 18, ASB-
21, PSB-18, AP-19, AM-19, AL-21, PL-28. S-51. Mean and extremes
of 10 larvae (5 paratopotypes and 5 larvae from Guaymas, Sonora,
Mexico): AW-59 (55-62), PW-70 (66-72). SB-18.5 (17-20), ASB-
22.5 (20-24), PSB-17 (13-19), AP-19 (17-21). AM-18 (17-19), AL-
19 (15-23). PL-26 (23-30) and S-53 (49-55).

Gnathosoma: Cheliceral blade with dorsal tricuspid cap and
prominent ventral tooth; cheliceral base and capitular sternum punc-
tate. Galeal seta branched. Palpal setal formula B/B/BBB; palpal
tarsus with 7 branched setae, subterminala and tarsala (6 microns);
palpal claw trifurcate.

Legs (specialized setae as follows) : Leg I with 2 genualae, micro-
genuala, 2 tibialae, microtibiala, tarsala (12 microns), microtarsala,
subterminala, parasubterminala branched, and pretarsala; leg II
with genuala, 2 tibialae, tarsala (16 microns), with knob, microtar-
sala and pretarsala; leg III with genuala, tibiala and 2 mastitarsalae
having several basal barbs. All legs with segments elongate and
punctate, with each leg terminating in 2 claws and a clawlike em-
podium (Figure ID-F).

Remarks. — The generic allocation of lacerticola to Trombicula
is tentative, as it is not Trombicula, sensu stricto. This species does
not seem to belong to the genus Neotrombiculoides Vercammen-
Grandjean (1960), nor to the subgenus Squamicola Audy and Ver-
cammen-Grandjean (1961) currently placed in the genus Eutrom-
bicula. The palpal tarsal setal formula of lacerticola is 7 B.S., which
differs from that reported for Neotrombiculoides (7 B. or 6 B.S.)
and although the palpal formula is the same as that of Squamicola,
lacerticola has only two genualae (three genualae in Squamicola)
in addition to other differences. The 13 species of Squamicola (in-
cluding Eutrombicula maura Taufflieb and E. meridialis Taufflieb,

The Great Basin Naturalist

16 R. B. LOOMIS Vol. XXIV, No. 1

1960) have been found only in Africa, and with the exception of
one species, they have been recovered only from lizards. These spe-
cies of Squamicola and T. lacerticola possess an expanded tip on
tarsala II, which may indicate close relationship; however, at least
four other species of chiggers. including two species in another sub-
family, also possess this modification. These species are Odontacarus
arizonensis (Ewing) from North American lizards and Odontacarus
agamae Taufflieb (1960) from North African lizards, in subfamily
Leeuwenhoekiinae. and Euschoengastia longitarsala Powder and
Loomis (1962) taken only from lizards in California and Sauriscus
ewingi Lawrence from South African lizards. The genus Sauriscus
was discussed by Audy and Veracammen-Grandjean (1961:138)
who state that "This chigger is obviously derived from the same
stem as Squamicola and indeed might well be regarded as a sister
subgenus." It is suggested that the expanded tip of this chemorecep-
tor plays a role in the detection of the lizard hosts.

Nymphs and adults of T . lacerticola have been reared and will
be studied and described in detail. Comparison of the postlarval
stages of this species and members of Squamicola should help to
determine if they have a close relationship.

The larvae of this species were found attached in the axillary and
groin areas, and in the "mite pockets" which are located above
the front limbs of the saurian hosts.

The seasonal occurrence of the attached larvae seems to be limit-
ed to the summer months, as most of the records are between the
first of June and the end of August. Many of the records from Cali-
fornia were from lizards taken in or near rocky habitats.

Specimens Ex.^mined. — lotal 197 larvae as follows: NEVADA.
Clark County: 3 mi. SE Riverside on Virgin River, 4 August 1961,
Uta stansburiana (10) and Sceloporus magister (4). Nye County:
14 to 30 mi. N Mercury, 26 August 1959, Cnemidophorus tigris
(1-BYU), Crotaphytus wislizeni (1-BYU) and Phrynosoma platy-
rhinos (1-BYU), 6 Sept. 1959, Uta stansburiana (2-BYU). CALI-
FORNIA. Kern County: Ridgecrest, 30 June 1957, Callisaurus dra-
conoides (5). Riverside County: Snow Creek Canyon. 14 June
1961, JJta stansburiana (5); 1.7 mi. N of Joshua Tree National
Monument Entrance on Old Dale Road, 4 June 1961, Crotaphytus
collaris (2); (all of the following localities in Joshua Tree National
Monument)— Belle Campground, 3800', 5 Aug. 1959, Sceloporus
magister (11); Cottonwood Spring. 11-12 July 1961, Sceloporus
magister (4) and Uta stansburiana (18, including type series); and
6 August 1959, Uta stansburiana (3); Lost Horse Valley, 4200',
19-22 July 1961, Crotaphytus wislizeni (8), Sceloporus occidentalis
(3) and Uta stansburiana (20); 6 August 1959, Sceloporus occiden-
talis (2); 6 mi. NW Old Dale Junction 2400', 30 May 1960, Uta
stansubriana (4); Pinon Wells, 3900', 7 August 1959, Uta stans-
buriana (9); Squaw Tank, 3700', 7 August 1959, Uta stansburiana
(1); Queens Valley, 2 July 1960, Phrynosoma platyrhinos (2); 4
mi. S, 1 mi. E Squaw Tank, 6 August 1959, Sceloporus magister

Mar. 31, 1964 chigger from lizards 17

(3). San Bernardino County: (all in Joshua Tree National Monu-
ment)— 49 Palms road, 0.6 mi. SW of Monument Entrance, 5 Aug-
ust 1961. Crotaphytus coUaris (8); 4 mi. S Twentynine Palms, 0.3
mi. S Monument Entrance. 11 July 1961, Crotaphytus wisUzerd
(3). MEXICO. Sonora. 9-11 mi. NW Guaymas, 4-6 July 1960,
Callisaurus draconoides (28) Uta taylori (2) and Urosaurus ornatus
(8), 9 June 1961, Crotaphytus collaris (18) and Holbrookia macu-
lata (11).

Literature Cited

Allied, Dorald M. and Beck, D Elden. 1962. Ecological distribution of mites

on lizards at the Nevada atomic test site. Herpetologica 18(1):47-51.
Audy, J. R. and Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. 1961. African Trombiculidae

(Acarina). 2. The Genera Eutrombicula Ew. and Sauriscus Lawr., with

description of a new subgenus. Squamicola. Ann. Natal Mus., 15(pt. 13):

135-140.
Brennan. J. M. and Beck, D Elden. 1956. The chiggers of Utah (Acarina:

Trombiculidae). Great Basin Nat. 15:1-26.
Powder, Wm. A. and Loomis. R. B. 1962. A new species and new records of

chiggers (Acarina. Trombiculidae) from reptiles of southern California. J.

Parasitol. 48:204-208.
Taufflieb. R. 1960. Contribution a I'etude des Trombiculidae Marocains. De-
scription de nouvelles especes et etude d'une population de Neotrombicula.

Arch. Inst. Past. Maroc. 6(l):27-48.
Vercammen-Grandjean, P. H. 1960. Introduction a un essai de classification

rationnelle des larves de Trombiculinae Ewing 1944 (Acarina-Trombiculi-

dae). Acarologia 2(4):469-471, 1 table.
Wharton, G. W.. Jenkins, D. W., Brennan, J. M., Fuller. H. S., Kohls, G. M. and

Philip, C. B. 1951. The terminology and classification of trombiculid mites

(Acarina: Trombiculidae). J. Parasitol. 37:13-31.

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEARCTIC TIPULIDAE
(DIPTERA) IV.

Charles P. Alexander'

All species discussed at this time are from California where they
were collected by Dr. Dennis Hynes, Mr. Hugh B. I;eech and the
present writer, the types being preserved in my collection except
where indicated to the contrary. I am indebted to the other collectors
for their continued interest in making known the rich Tipulid fauna
of California.

Tipula (Lufiatipula) cladacanthodes, n.sp.

Allied to cladacantha, differing chiefly in the hypopygial char-
acters, especially the tergite and inner dististyle, the outer basal lobe
of the latter with its anterior arm slender, posterior arm short, the
apical points strongly divergent.

Male. — Length about 17 mm.; wing 18 mm.; antenna about
6 mm.

Frontal prolongation of head subequal in length to the remain-
der, yellow; nasus small but distinct; palpi yellow, terminal segment
brownish black. Antennae relatively long; basal three segments
yellow, remainder brownish black, the basal enlargements slightly
darker, especially on the outer segments; verticils shorter than the
segments. Head buffy brown, more yellowed behind and surround-
ing the antennal bases; vertex with a capillary blackish median line.

Thoracic dorsum almost uniformly yellow, the usual praescutal
stripes faintly differentiated. Pleura yellowed, vaguely patterned
with darker yellow areas; dorsopleural membrane clear yellow.
Halteres with stem yellow, knob dark brown. Legs with coxae and
trochanters orange yellow; femora brownish yellow, tips darker
brown; tibiae and basitarsi yellowish brown, remainder of tarsi
darker; claws toothed. Wings brownish yellow, prearcular field,
costal region and stigma slightly darker, proximal end of the last
more yellowed; obliterative band before cord extensive; veins brown-
ish yellow. Venation: Petiole of cell M^ slightly exceeding m.

Abdomen chiefly yellowed, midregion of tergites slightly more
infuscated; hypopygium yellow. Male hypopygium generally as in
cladacantha, including the bifid outer basal lobe of the inner disti-
style. differing in all details of structure. Tergal lobes more obtusely
rounded at apices. Inner dististyle with main body narrower; outer
basal lobe distinctive, the anterior arm slender, almost parallel-sided,
posterior arm shorter and diverging more strongly from body of
style the apical points likewise strongly divergent.

Habitat. — California (Monterey County).

I. Anilieist. .MrtisHcliuseUb.

19

The Great Basin Naturalist
20 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, No. 1

HoLOTYPE, cf, Spruce Creek. June 25, 1962 (Dennis Hynes);
Hynes No. 72.

The most similar species is Tipula (Lunatipula) cladacantha
Alexander, of the Sierra Nevadas, California, which differs in the
hypopygial characters, as discussed above.

Thaurnastovtera hynesi, n.sp.

Size small (wing of male 4.5 mm.); general coloration of body,
halteres and legs yellow; wings pale yellow, the inconspicuous
veins slightly darker yellow; male hypopygium with the outer disti-
style broad, the beak with a powerful seta on disk.

Male. — Length about 3.8 mm.; wing 4.5 mm.; antenna about
1.2 mm.

Rostrum light yellow, palpi brown. Antenna with scape and
pedicel yellow, flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments oval, short-
er than their verticils. Head obscure yellow, the broad anterior
vertex light silvery.

Thorax fulvous yellow, subnitidous; notal vestiture whitened.
Halteres with stem while, knob more yellowed. Legs yellowish
white throughout; claws long and slender, gently curved, simple.
Wings pale yellow; veins inconspicuous, slightly darker yellow;
macrotrichia dark brown. Longitudinal veins with numerous trichia,
lacking on bases of veins M. Cu and Anals. Venation: h faintly
indicated; Sc-, ending about opposite three-fourths Rs; vein R, long,
very pale and without trichia, close to top of /?i; vein Sc^ also very
pale, apparently far retracted and lying basad of origin of Rs;
branches of Rs gently decurved, convergent outwardly, cell R^ at
margin narrower than cell /?-„• petiole of cell 2nd AU only a little
longer than the basal section of Mj+o; m-cu nearly opposite mid-
length of Rs.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, light yellow. Male hypopygi-
um with the tergal region at midwidth with a dense concentration of
pale setae and setoid points, these directed mesad to form a compact
median pocket. Basistyle with setae at apex of outer face very long,
exceeding the dististyle Jn length. Dististyle terminal, broad, the
outer crest obtusely rounded; beak developed, bearing a single
powerful seta on disk, with additional more basal marginal setae,
including a concentration of larger bristles near base. Phallosome
including the simple sclerotized aedeagus arising from a basal sheath,
thence slightly dilated, very gradually narrowed and curved to the
acute tip.

Habitat. — California (Monterey County).

pToLOTYPE, cf. Spruce Creek, June 25, 1962 (Dennis Hynes);
Hynes No. 70.

I take unusual pleasure in naming this outstanding fly for Dr.
Dennis Hynes, who is accomplishing fine work on the biology of
the California Tipulidae. This is a noteworthy discovery. The in-
conspicuous small fly furnishes the first record of occurrence of the

Mar. 31, 1964 new nearctic tipulidae 21

genus in the New World. The six species previously described are
from Europe, the Philippines, South India, southeastern Africa, and
Madagascar. Two further species are known as Tertiary fossils in
the Gurnet Bay beds and from the Baltic Amber.

Dicranota (Plectromyia) lassenensis, n.sp.

General coloration of head and thorax dark gray, the praescutum
with three slightly differentiated grayish brown stripes; femora ob-
scure yellowy the tips narrowly more darkened; wings narrow, sub-
hyaline, stigma pale brown; veins brown, conspicuous against the
ground; male hypopygium with the median lobe of tergite very low;
dististyle large and tumid, darkened, broadly oval in outline.

Male. — Length about 4.8 - 5 mm.; wing 5.4-6 mm.; antenna
about 0.6 - 0.7 mm.

Female. — Length about 6 - 6.2 mm.; wing 6.2 - 6.5 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae short, 13-segmented, brown-
ish black throughout; basal flagellar segments long-oval, outer ones
shorter, the segments less than their verticils. Head gray, posterior
vertex variegated by brown areas on either side of midline.

Thorax dark gray, praescutum with three slightly differentiated
grayish brown stripes. Pleura dark gray, dorsopleural membrane
dusky. Halteres with stem yellow, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae
yellowed, fore pair more darkened basally; femora obscure yellow,
tips narrowly and vaguely more darkened; tibiae and tarsi yellowish
brown, outer tarsal segments darker. Wings narrow, subhyaline,
stigma oval, pale brown, base more yellowed; veins brown, con-
spicuous against the ground, prearcular veins yellowed. Longitudinal
veins beyond cord chiefly with macro trichia, lacking on /?2+3+4; basad
of cord lacking on M, present on outer ends of Cu^ and the Anals.
Venation: /?2 in cases very close to tip of /?i, /?i+2 shorter than /?2;
/?2+3+4 variable in length, from subequal to r-m to twice this length;
Rs arcuate to subangulate at near midlength; m-cu about one-third
to one-half its length beyond the fork of M.

Abdomen, including hypopygium, brownish gray, the latter
large. Ovipositor with cerci horn yellow, hypovalvae paler. Male
hypopygium with the median tergal area slightly produced to appear
low convex in outline; each lateral arm produced into a long ter-
minal spine. Interbase broadly expanded at near midlength. the
apical spine slender. Dististyle very large and tumid, darkened,
broadly oval in outline, outer face virtually glabrous, apex with a
few elongate setae.

Habitat. — California (Shasta County).

HoLOTYPE, c?. Reflection Lake, Lassen Volcanic National Park,
5890 feet, August 5, 1958 (Alexander). Allotype, 9. pinned with
type Paratopotypes, 5 cf ? , August 3-5, 1958 (Alexander).
* Swept from vegetation along small stream flowing into Man-
zanita Lake opposite Park Headquarters.

The Great Basin Naturalist
22 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, No. 1

The most similar species is Dicranota {Plectromyia) cascadica
Alexander, of Oregon and Washington, which is told by the paler
buffy brown coloration of the thorax and the details of the male
hypopygium, especially the dististyle.

Gonomyia {Idiocera) leechi, n.sp.

Allied to multistylata; thoracic pleura heavily striped longi-
tudinally with brown and yellow; wings conspicuously patterned
with dark brown, cell C with a series of paler brown spots; veins
/?i+2 and /?3 confluent at margin, closing the cell; male hypopygium
with the intermediate dististyle a small slender yellow rod.

Male. — Length about 5.5 - 6 mm. wing 5.5 - 6.5 mm.

Female. — Length about 6 - 7.5 mm.; wing 5.5 - 7 mm.

Described from alcoholic specimens. Rostrum dark brown; palpi
black. Antennae with scape yellowed above, dark brown beneath;
pedicel chiefly brown, flagellum black, the segments long-oval, sub-
equal to the longest verticils. Head pale, vertex with a narrow dark
brown central stripe.

Pronotum yellow, with four narrow brown longitudinal lines,
including a lateral pair. Mesonotal praescutum with humeral and
lateral areas with isolated yellow spots, disk with four nearly con-
fluent dark stripes; scutum with lobes dark brown, median region
yellow with a narrow brown central line; scutellum brown, with a
yellow central area; mediotergite darkened on central part, broadly
yellow on sides, this including also the dorsal pleurotergite. Pleura
yellow, with conspicuous brown longitudinal stripes. Halteres with
stem whitened, knob dark brown. Legs with femora obscure yellow,
tips narrowly brown; tibiae and basitarsi yellowed, tips more nar-
rowly brownish black, outer tarsal segments blackened. Wings whit-
ish subhyaline, conspicuously patterned with dark brown, including
the stigma and smaller spots at h, arculus, origin of Rs. fork of Sc,
cord, forks of /?2+3+4 and M, with weaker more or less confluent
clouds at end of vein /?3; stigma paler brown; a series of from three
to seven small pale brown spots in cell C; veins brown. Sc and the
prearcular veins paler brown. Venation: /?i+o and /?., confluent at
margin, closing the cell.

Abdomen dark brown, pleural membrane of proximal segments
pale. Male hypopygium with apical lobe of basistyle moderately
long. Outer dististyle blackened, profoundly divided, outer arm a
gently curved spine, its tip acute; inner arm subequal in length, at
near two-thirds the length ben! at a right angle into a strong spine,
its tip acute, the point of angulation with a small spine; intermediate
style a small pale yellow rod, about one-half as long as the arms of
the outer style; inner dististyle a broad yellow blade, the apex trun-
cate. Aedeagus slender, the simple slender tip decurved.

Habitat. — California (Mono County).

Holotype, alcoholic d , The Hot Springs, 3 miles SSE of Bridge-
port, at light, August 11, 1962 (H. B. Leech). Allotype. 9. with

Mar. 31, 1964 new nearctic tipulidae 23

the type. Paratopotypes, 6 d 9 , with the types. Ilolotype in the
California Academy of Sciences. Associated with Linionia {Dicra-
nomyia) brevivena (Osten Sacken) and Erioptera {Symplecta)
cana (Walker).

This species is named in honor of Hugh B. Leech, to whom we
are indebted for several species of crane flies from California. It is
closest to Gonomyia {Idiocera) multistylata Alexander, of southern
Utah^ the male hypopygium of which similarly has four dististyles
or profound branches. The present fly is readily told by the length
and coloration of the intermediate style which in multistylata is a
long slender blackened spine, subequal in length to the branches of
the outer style.

Lipsothrix hyrtesiana, n.sp.

General coloration of mesonotum obscure yellow with three
brown areas, the median stripe divided behind; antennae of male
elongate; legs obscure yellow; wings obscure yellow, faintly pat-
terned with light brown; no macrotrichia in wing cells; veins /?2+3+4,
/?2+3 and /?3 subequal; cell 1st Mo long-rectangular, subequal to vein
Ms; male hypopygium with the interbase terminating in a narrow
paddlelike blade, its tip obtuse.

Male. — Length about 9.5 mm.; wing 10 mm.; antenna about
4.1 mm.

Rostrum yellow; palpi brown. Antennae of male elongate, as
shown by the measurements; scape and pedicel obscure yellow,
flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments elongate-cylindrical, with
an abundant erect pubescence and slightly longer verticils that are
less than one-third the segments. Head of type as seen from above
apparently abnormal in color, gray on the right half, yellow on the
left.

Pronotal scutum brown, scutellum light yellow. Mesonotal prae-
scutum obscure yellow, with three brown areas, the median stripe
divided behind, lateral areas paler and less evident; scutellum ob-
scure yellow, center of each lobe with a single brown area; scutellum
yellow; mediotergite brownish yellow. Pleura yellow, vaguely pat-
terned with brown on anepisternum and ventral sternopleurite.
Halteres pale yellow, knob brown. Legs with coxae and trochanters
yellow; remainder of legs more obscure yellow, the outer tarsal seg-
ments very slightly darker; claws bispinous. Wings obscure yellow,
faintly patterned with light brown, including the long stigma, cord
and outer end of cell 1st Mn; veins pale brown, somewhat darker in
the clouded areas. No macrotrichia in the wing cells. Venation: Sci
ending about opposite two-thirds /?2+3+4, the latter straight, subequal
to /?:..,3 and /?3; Rs long; cell 1st M. long-rectangular, subequal to
vein M3; m-cu close to fork of M.

Abdominal tergites brown, the disks of the intermediate ones
vaguely patterned with yellow, sternites light yellow; segments eight
and nine darker brown to form an inconspicuous ring; hypopygium
brownish yellow. Male hypopygium with the interbase terminating
in a narrow paddlelike blade, the tip obtuse.

The Great Basin Naturalist
24 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, No. 1

Habitat. — California (Monterey County).

HoLOTYPE, <S, Salmon Creek, October 26, 1962 (Dennis Hynes);
Hynes No. 69.

This distinct member of the genus is dedicated to the collector.
The only other described western Nearctic species that lacks macro-
trichia in the outer wing cells is Lipsothrix fenderi Alexander, read-
ily told by the pale yellow coloration of the body and wings, colora-
tion of the legs, short antennae, and the details of venation. The
darkened wing pattern of the present fly likewise distingiushes it
from all other American species of the genus.

Ormosia {Ormosia) burneyana, n.sp.

Allied to pleuracantha; general coloration of thorax brownish
gray; antennae of male long, scape and pedicel yellow, flagellum
black; segments strongly narrowed outwardly, provided with con-
spicuous erect yellow setae; male hypopygium with the mesal face
of basistyle very unequally bispinous, both spines directed caudad;
outer dististyle a flattened suboval plate, its outer angle scabrous,
produced into two or three small thorns and a single long spine.

Male. — Length about 4.5 - 4.7 mm.; wing 5.8-6 mm.; antenna
about 2.1 - 2.2 mm.

Female. — Length about 5.5 mm.; wing 6 mm.

Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae of male long, exceeding one-
third the wing; scape and pedicel brownish yellow, flagellum black;
flagellar segments enlarged basally, narrowed outwardly, surface
with abundant erect yellow setae; verticils black, unilaterally ar-
ranged on outer face. Head light gray.

Pronotum light brown, lateral ends of scutellum yellow. Mesono-
tal praescutum gray with four more brownish gray stripes that are
only vaguely indicated, the capillary median line still darker brown;
posterior sclerites brownish gray, parascutella yellowish brown.
Pleura brownish gray. Halteres with stem yellow, knob slightly
darker. Legs with coxae obscure yellow, trochanters clear light yel-
low; femora brownish yellow, brighter at bases; tibiae and tarsi light
brown. Wings weakly infuscated. stigma large, darker brown; a
large cream-colored area before cord and stigma, with a smaller
marking beyond the stigma; veins brown, more yellowed in the pale
areas. Venation: S'ci ending just beyond /?:;, Sc^ about opposite two-
fifths /?5; vein /?2 near fork of /?2+3+4; rn-cu close to fork of M; vein
2nd A sinuous.

Abdomen dark brown. Male hypopygium with the tergite large,
lateral lobes scarcely developed, provided with very long decussate
yellow setae. Basistyle on mesal face with a narrow plate that is
very unequally bispinous, the long outer spine gently curved, the
tiny more basal one straight, both spines directed caudad. Outer
dististyle a flattened suboval plate, the outer angle produced into
two or three small acute thorns, the surface roughened and short
hairy; a much longer spine lying across the face of style; inner disti-

Mar. 31, 1964 new nearctic tipulidae 25

style horn-yellow, simple, narrowed to the obtuse tip, the outer half
chiefly membranous. Phallosome with gonapophyses appearing as
long horn-yellow blades, narrowed very gradually into pale mem-
brane, longer than the aedeagus.

Habitat.- — California (Shasta County).

HoLOTYPE. cT, Burney Falls, August 1, 1958, swept from vegeta-
tion at foot of falls (Alexander). Allotype, 9, with type. Para-
TOPOTYPES, S cf d ■

Ormosia {Ormosia) burneyana is allied to but quite distinct from
O. (O.) pleuracantha Alexander, differing in the structure of the
hypopygium, especially the basistyle and outer dististyle.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF LACEBUGS FROM INDIA
(HEMIPTERA: TINGIDAE)

Carl J. Drake' and David Livingstone"

The present paper charatcerizes a new species of the lacebug
genus Tirtgis Fabricius and another of Monosteira Costa from India.
In the structural measurements, 80 units equal 1 millimeter. The
holotypes are in the Drake Collection (USNM). The illustration
was drawn by Miss Lisa Biganoli, Washington, D. C. This study
and others in progress are supported in part by a grant from the
National Science Foundation (GB-791).

Tingis agrana, sp. nov.

Obovate, grayish testaceous, with a small spot at each juncture of
the transverse vein of costal area and outer marginal vein of elytron
plus some veinlets in paranotum opposite humeral angle blackish;
pronotal disc and head dark reddish brown; body beneath dark
brown, the pronotal sterna and pleura blackish. Antennae blackish
fuscous with third segment brown. Legs blackish fuscous with tips of
femora, tibiae, and base of tarsi brown. Entire dorsal surface rather
thickly clothed with fine, recumbent, yellowish or whitish pubescent
hairs, the head and forepart of pronotum with some whitish exu-
date; body beneath sparcely clothed with short pale hairs. Antennae
and legs with short, pale, setose hairs. Length 3.25 mm., width
(across middle of elytra) L50 mm.

Head very short, little produced in front of eyes, sharply de-
clivent in front, armed with five short pale spines; bucculae areo-
late, closed or nearly closed in front. Labium brownish, extending to
base of mesosternum; laminae of rostral sulcus low, areolate, diver-
gent posteriorly, open at base. Antennae rather short, moderately
slender, measurements: segment I, 0.20 mm.; II, 0.15 mm.; Ill,
0.80 mm.; IV, 0.50 mm. Legs rather short, femora slightly swollen.
Hypocostal lamina composed of one row of quadrate areolae.

Pronotum broad, coarsely pitted, moderately convex, areolate on
triangular projection, tricarinate; all carinae long, raised, each com-
posed of one row of fairly large areolae; lateral carinae not quite
as high as median, slightly concave within in front of middle of
disc; hood moderately large, almost quadrate in outline, extending
backwards on forepart of pronotal disc, feebly produced in front,
dorsal surface obtusely tectiform; paranotum wide, long, reflexed
upward, triseriate opposite humeral angle, then biseriate anteriorly.

Elytra with sutural areas overlapping each other so as to rest in
repose jointly rounded behind, scarcely wider at widest point than

1. Smithsonian Institution. Washington. D.C.

2. St. John's College, .^gra. India.

27

The Great Basin Naturalist
28 DRAKE & LIVINGSTONE Vol. XXIV, No. 1

width across humeral angles of pronotum; costal area biseriate, areo-
lae irregular in form and arrangement; subcostal area biseriate,
areolae arranged in regular rows; discoidal area very large, three-
fourths as long as elytron, acutely angulate at each end, five or six
areolae deep at widest point near miadle. Wings almost as long as
elytra, slightly clouded with fuscous.

HoLOTYPE (male) and allotype (female), both macropterous,
Agra. India. September. 1960.

The wider paranota, obovate form, and shorter appendages sepa-
rate this species from other hairy members of the genus in the
Orient.

Monosteira edeia, sp. no v.

Figure 1

Monosteira minutula (not Montandon) : Livingstone, Agra Univ.
Journ. Research (Sci.), vol. 11, pp. 117-129, figs. 1-10 (biology
and morphology).

Small, testaceous to brownish testaceous with pronotal disc black-
ish fuscous in male and usually dark stramineous in female;
front row of areolae on collar and flap of each paranotum opposite
its respective callus testaceous; body beneath reddish brown with
sternum black. Appendages testaceous with tips of tarsi and fourth
antennal segments brownish. Length 1.80 mm., width (elytra)
0.60 mm.

Head very short, feebly extended in front of eyes, armed above
with five short spines, the hind pair appressed and longer than the
others; bucculae wide, areolate, closed in front. Labium extending
to middle of mesosternum; laminae of rostral sulcus present on all
three sternal divisions of pronotum, low on prosternum, open be-
hind. Hypocostal laminae biseriate from base to beyond middle,
thence posteriorly uniseriate. Antennae inconspicuously pubescent,
segment IV subfusiform, measurements: segment I, 0.07 mm.; II,
0.06 mm.; III. 0.28 mm.; IV, 0.15 mm.

Pronotum moderately convex, punctate, unicarinate, backward
projection of hind margin areolate; median carina percurrent,
present even on collar, finely areolate, the areolae slightly larger on
pronotal disc and backward projection of hind margin; collar nar-
row, areolate, truncate in front; paranota narrow, long, cariniform,
each composed of a single row of tiny areolae from the base be-
hind humeral angle to callus, then opposite callus suddenly expand-
ed, flaplike and in there two or three areolae deep.

Elytra not much wider than transhumeral width, longer than
abdomen; costal area narrow, composed of one row of areolae; sub-
costal area wider, sloping sharply downward, four areolae deep in
widest part; discoidal area about five-sevenths as long as elytra,
divided behind the middle by a crossvein, with hinder part shorter
than forepart and concavely extended outward into subcostal area

Mar. 31, 1964

LACEBUGS FROM INDIA

29

(fig. 1); sutural area wide, overlapping other elytron in resting
posture. Hind wings not much shorter than elytra, functional, whit-
ish opaque. Legs rather short, femora slightly swollen.

HoLOTYPE (male) and allotype (female), both macropterous,
Agra, India, May 1962, on Ziziphus jujuba, in Drake Collection
(USNM). Paratypes, numerous specimens, taken in same locality
and on same food plant as type, Agra, March to October 1962-1963.

Figure 1. Monosteira edeia, sp. nov.

This species is the same size and very similar in general as-
pect to the Palaearctic M. minutula Montandon and M. priesneri
Wagner, but can be separated at once from either of them by the

30

The Great Basin Naturalist
DRAKE & LIVINGSTONE Vol. XXIV, No. 1

long narrow keel-like, unicarinate paranota, each of which is sud-
denly expanded and auriculate opposite the callus and there two or
three areolae deep. This is the only member of the genus known to
occur in Asia. A macropterous paratype is figured.

STUDIES IN NEARCTIC DESERT SAND DUNE ORTHOPTERA

Part IX. A new Trimerotropis from southern Idaho Dunes
Ernest R. Tinkham'

The sand dune areas of our North American deserts are so
numerous that it is impossible for one to know all of them, especially
in the early stages of investigation, and so when I conducted my
sand dune biotae studies in the Great Rasin Desert, in the late sum-
mer of 1957 and the summer of 1958 under grant from the National
Science Foundation, I was unaware of those in southern Idaho.
These were first brought to my attention by Dr. James Gillaspy,
authority on the Rembecidae, and this knowledge led to contact with
Dr. W. F. Rarr, head of the Department of Entomology at the Uni-
versity of Idaho, just as he was leaving on his sabbatical. Later, in
1960, I noted an interesting new race of Trimerotropis agrestis from
an Idaho dune reposing in the great Orthopterological Collection of
the Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan. Later, cor-
respondence was resumed with Dr. Rarr and through him and his
graduate student, Mr. George R. Hewitt, I am indebted for the con-
siderable collections of this new race made during 1962 and 1963.
For his studies and efforts, it is a pleasure to name the new race in
honor of this new student in the field of orthopterology.

Trimerotropis agrestis hewitti, new subspecies

Of the members of the T. agrestis group, this new subspecies is
most closely related to T. a. barnumi Tinxham, 1960. It is inter-
mediate in size between barnumi and T. a. gracewileyae Tinkham,
1960, from the San Rafael Desert of southeastern Utah. From T. a.
barnumi it is distinguished by the following features: slightly larger
size, the more strongly reflexed and proportionately larger, quadrate,
posterior lateral lobe of the pronotum, as seen from above, and which
immediately separates it from all other species of the genus, by the
more acutely angular anterior lateral lobe of the pronotum, by the
more roundly angular posterior angle of the dorsum of the metazona
which in barnumi is squarely angular, by the relatively broader head
especially in the clypeal suture section which thus produces a shal-
lower depth to the head, by the more evenly rounded outline of the
inferior margin of the lateral lobes of the pronotum when observed
from above and which in barnumi is more angular, and by, perhaps,
other minor features as well.

Description of Male Holotype: Head at the clypeal level
slightly broader than is normal for the genus, its breadth equal to
the clypeus so that the head is broader and shallower in depth than
in other species of the genus Trimerotropis. Compound eye sub-
globular, its ventral depth equal to the length of the genal groove;

1. Indio, California.

31

32

E. R. TINKHAM

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, No. 1

Explanation of Plate

1 a. Trimerotropis agrestis hewitti n. subsp. Dorsal view of head and pronotum

of Holotype Male, Sand Dune Lake dunes, Owyhee Co., Idaho.
1. b. Lateral view of Holotype Male of T. a. hewitti n. subsp.

2 a. Trimerotropic a. barnumi Tinkham. Dorsal view of Holotype Male. Oak

City Dunes, Millard Co., Utah.
2 b. Lateral view of Holotype Male of T. a. barnumi.

All drawings executed on same scale and drawn 6.0 x natural size. Drawings
reduced by reproduction about one-sixth. Line arrows indicate salient compara-
tive features.

its fore margin evenly arcuate, posterior margin circularly rounded.
Fastigium, seen in profile, gently sloping to the lateral foveolae,
thence more declivent to round into the frontal costa at the upper
level of the antennal scrobes; lateral carinae of the fastigium per-
current with those of the frontal costa. From above, lateral carinae
of the fastigium diverging gently to the front margin of the com-
pound eyes and the posterior angle of the triangulate lateral fovelae
of the vertex, thence converging to the frontal costa where it diverges
gently to the central portion of the face below the median ocellus.
From this area the roundly angular carinae of the frontal costa be-
comes rounded as it diverges strongly to the lower margin of the
face. Fastigium moderately impressed between the compound eyes,
shallower between the lateral foveolae. frontal costa concavely im-
pressed for its length to where the keels diverge strongyl in the lower
half of the face. Plane of the median ocellus directed downwards so

Mar. 31, 1964 nearctic desert orthoptera 33

that the frontal costa is most deeply impressed or excavate just be-
low that organ. Lateral facial carinae prominant, curving around
the base of the antennae, thence diverging strongly to meet the outer
margins of the narrow but very broad clypeus. Lateral ocellus just
above the middle of the fore margin of the compound eye. Antennae
reaching to the extreme base of the caudal femora.

Pronotum rather short and broad dorsally with deep lateral
lobes, the posterior angle of which is not only broadly and angularly
lobular in outline but more strongly reflexed than in any other
North American species of Trimerotropis, so much so that its outline
is conspicuous when viewed from above. Median carina strongly
defined in the frontal half, less defined in the posterior half of the
pronotum, the principal sulcus cutting about the anterior third, the
prozonal crest further dissected about the posterior third thus form-
ing the typical bilobate prozonal crest of the genus. Lateral margins
of the posterior lobes of the pronotum diverging ventrally, the nar-
rowest portion just below the slight metazonal shoulder, which is
well rounded except on the anterior quarter, where it is slightly
angular. Fore margin not squarely truncate but very slightly pro-
duced; posterior margin very broadly rounded on the posterior
angle. Sternum typical. Tegmina exceeding apex of abdomen by
one third the total length of the body.

Coloration: General coloration arenaceous above, thoracic
sternites chrome yellow, abdominal segments entirely chrome yel-
low. Dorsum of pronotum heavily punctate with black, the prozonal
and metazonal shoulder areas marked with a narrow yellowish
stripe. Lateral lobes of the pronotum generally blackish white with
two small central whitish areas and the reflexed posterior angle of
the lateral lobes and lower marginal area whitish. Head generally
whitish with blackish infiltrations surrounding scattered punctae on
the face, posterior portions of the genae more infuscated with darker
gray.

Tegmina plain isabelline without indications of any cross bands,
the veins and cross veins mostly white, cells mostly semitranslucent
with scattered infuscated irregular cells, those in the apical third the
largest. Angulate anal area yellow white, the cells of the posterior
anal area generally infuscate. Wing with disc pale yellow and 10
mm. broad; black band at maximum breadth just anteriorad of
posterior margin, 8 mm., and slightly less than one third the total
length of the wing, the anterior portion bearing an indistinctly
blunt apex, this area distinctly separated from the rest of the band
by the pale yellowish cubital area. Posterior inner angle of band
blunt and not quite reaching the posterior angle of the wing. Apical
portion of the wing beyond the band, hyaline, with black veins.

Caudal femora with inner face plain orange red, outer pagina
with upper sulcus tan with subbasal, median and subapical infuscat-
ed areas which are indicated but less defined on the outer face;
lower sulcus whitish, genicular areas slightly infuscated. Caudal
tibiae orange red with basal quarter paler, spines black tipped.

The Great Basin Naturalist
34 E. R. TINKHAM Vol. XXIV, No. 1

HoLOTYPE Male: Sand Dune Lake, 8 miles NE of Bruneau,
Owyhee County, Idaho, Sept. 4. 1962, George B. Hewitt. Calliper
measurements in mms.: body length 26.8; length to apex of tegmen
34.1; pronotum 5.2 x 4.6; lateral lobe of pronotum 4.9 from meta-
zonal shoulder to apex of posterior lateral lobe x 3.5 in width just
ventrad of shoulder; caudal femora 15.5 x 4.1 near base; tegmen
28.6 X 4.2 mm. Through the courtesy of Dr. W. F. Barr, head of
the Department of Entomology of the University of Idaho, the male
holotype will be deposited at the California Academy of Sciences on
an indefinite loan basis.

Description: Female considerably larger than the male but
otherwise very closely similar. Fastigium of the vertex very slightly
less impressed than in the male. Keels of the frontal costa slightly
more parallel than in the male. Head, from in front, with genae
just below the compound eyes appearing slightly more convex and
fuller than in the male. Relative breadth of the vertex the same in
both sexes. Bilobate crest of prozona slightly less prominent than in
the male. Jaws of the ovipositor typical of the genus. In all other
respects the female is typical of the male.

Allotype Female: Indian Cove (immediately east over ridge
from Sand Dune Lake), Owyhee County, Idaho, July 30, 1932,
A. C. Cole collector (Museum of Zoology, Michigan). Measure-
ments in millimeters: Body length 34.2, length to apex of tegmen
43.1; pronotum 6.9 x 6.3; lateral lobe of pronotum 6.1 x 4.4; tegmen
44.4 X 6.4; wing 31.5 x 18.2 mm. Allotype female deposited in the
Orthoptera Collection of the Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan.

Paratype Males: Sand Dune Lake dunes. 12, Sept. 4, 1963; 15,
July 18, 1963, O. 0. Fillmore and G. B. Hewitt; 13, Sept. 9, 1963,
W. F. Barr and George B. Hewitt. Dietrich Butte, Lincoln Co.,
Idaho, 2, July 29. 1, July 31, 1, Aug. 3, 1955, James E. Gallaspy;
3, July 20, 1962, George B. Hewitt. Range in millimeters: body
length 24.8 - 28.9; body length to apices of tegmina 32.5 - 36.0;
pronotum 4.8 - 5.6 x 4.5 - 4.8; lateral lobes of pronotum 4.2 - 5.5
(max. depth) x 3.9 - 4.6 (max. breadth); tegmina 27.0 - 30 5; caudal
femora 13.6 - 16.0 mm. Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. W. F. Barr,
paratype males will be deposited in the major orthopterological mu-
seums such as USNM, ANSP, MZM, Tinkham Eremological Cln,
also Minnesota, Brigham Young, Los Angeles County Museum and
California Academy of Sciences.

Paratype males similar to the holotype in every respect; some
males tinged with rust red along anal vein, pronotum and upper
sulcus of caudal femora.

Paratype Females: Sand Dune Lake dunes, 5, July 18, G. B.
Hewitt; 12, July 18, 1963. O. O. Fillmore and G. B. Hewitt. Diet-
rich Butte, Lincoln Co., Idaho, 1, Aug. 3, 1955, J. E. Gillaspy; 2,
July 20, 1962, George B. Hewitt.

Mar. 31, 1964 nearctic desert orthoptera 35

Range in millimeters: Body length 29.6 - 33.8; length to apex
of tegmen 35.3 - 43.9; pronotiim 5.3 - 6.8 x 4.9 - 6.1; lateral lobes
4.9 - 5.7 X 4.3 - 5.1; tegmina 29.1 - 35.4; caudal femora 15.0 - 18.9
mm. Deposition as indicated for Paratype males. Paratype females
identical of Allotype.

Description of Sand Dunes: In a very recent communication
Dr. W. F. Barr has furnished the following information: "The
Bruneau sand dunes are located approximately 8 miles northeast
of Bruneau and the locality is frequently known now as Sand Dune
Lake. The dunes themselves are extremely large and active and sur-
round several small fresh water lakes than have come into existence
as a result of underground backup from the Strike Dam on the
Snake River. The dunes lie in the southern portion of a small basin
that extends several miles northward and opens on the Snake River.
Several square miles of area are occupied by the dunes. Vegetation
on the peripheral sandy areas includes Artemesia tridentata, Chryso-
thamnus nauseosus and viscidiflorus, Atriplex canescens, Psoralea
lanceolata, Indian rice grass, balsam root and other annuals. Wil-
lows, Cottonwood and Russian olive trees have been planted near the
shores of the small lakes.

"Indian Cove is an agricultural area over the ridge immediately
to the east of the sand dune area. This is a larger basin than the
sand dune basin which is sometimes also referred to as Eagle Cove.

"The Dietrich Butte sandy area is located as a relatively flat
blow area with drifting sand over several hundred acres on the
northeast slope of the eastern butte. The areas surrounding the sand
formerly were in sagebrush but have been badly burned over many
times for many years. Consequently, the vegetation around the sand
is annual and consists predominantly of cheat grass and mustards."

Orthopteran Associates: According to a note from Mr. George
B. Hewitt, these are: Trimerot/opis arenacea, T. bilobata, T. gracilis,
T. pallidipennis, Conozoa wallula and others.

Bibliography
Tinkham, Ernest R.

1960. Studies in Neararctic Desert Sand Dune Orthoptera.
Part II. Two new grasshoppers of the genus Trimerotropis from
the Utah Deserts. Great Basin Naturalist, 20(3&4): 49-58.
6 text figs.

Great Basin

AUb I 8 1966

Vol. XXIV June 11, 1964 No. 2 '-->//nau

UNIVERSITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A Brief Historical Resume of Herpetological Studies in the
Great Basin of the Western United States. Part I. The
Reptiles. By Benjamin H. Banta and Wilmer W. Tanner 37

New Species of North American Pityophthorus Eichoff (Cole-

optera: Scolytidae), By Stephen L. Wood 59

Mites from Mammals at the Nevada Test Site. By Dorald M.

Allred and Morris A. Goates 71

Ectoparasites of Mammals from Oregon. By Charles G.
Hansen 75

Published by
Brigham Young University

The Great Basin Naturalist

A journal published from one to four times a year by Brig-
ham Young University, Provo, Utah.

Manuscripts: Only original unpublished manuscripts, pertain-
ing to the Great Basin and the Western United States in the main,
will be accepted. Manuscripts are subject to the approval of the
editor.

Illustrations: All illustrations should be made with a view to
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United States $3.25). Single number, 80 cents.

All correspondence dealing with manuscripts, subscriptions,
reprints and other business matters should be addressed to the Editor,
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sity, Provo, Utah.

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AUG 1 8 1966

UNIVERSITY

The Great Basin Naturalist

Published at Provo, Utah by
Brigham Young University

Volume XXIV June 11, 1964 No. 2

A BRIEF HISTORICAL RESUME OF HERPETOLOGICAL

STUDIES IN THE GREAT BASIN OF THE

WESTERN UNITED STAIES

PART I. THE REPTILES^

Benjamin H. Banta and Wilmer W. Tanner

INTRODUCTION

Among the numerous accounts of the early travelers into the
western United States are those reports which introduce to us the
Great Basin and its natural history. In this presentation we will
only briefly review the faunistic and systematic studies which are
of historical importance to the herpetology of the Great Basin.
Although many workers have referred in one way or another to this
vast inland basin region, we will include only those accounts which
have, in our opinion, made a contribution to a better understanding
of our knowledge of the biology of its herpetofauna. We have, there-
fore, been arbitrary in selecting only those studies which have dealt
with Great Basin material. This has eliminated many excellent
studies dealing with areas adjoining the basin itself.

ITie Great Basin, consisting of a number of distinct and disjunct
inland basins with its lakes and desert basins surrounded by usually
north-south oriented mountains, is a most remarkable geographical
region. Most Americans have heard of, and perhaps remember, some
of the tales of pioneers who traversed the area a hundred years ago.
However, few are aware of the contributions made by those natural-
ists who for over a hundred years have been slowly extracting bit
by bit a more comprehensive knowledge of the natural history from
this still relatively inhospitable region.

Both authors have not only lived for many years in the Great
Basin, but have also done considerable herpetological field work in
various portions of it. The senior author has lived a number of years
in the western part (Lahontan Basin) and is familiar with the east-

1. Part of this report was supported by a grant-in-aid from the Johnson Fund of the .\nierican
Philosophical Society awarded to the senior author (.Colorado College. Colorado Springs), other
parts by the Brigham Young University sabbatical research program (Department of Zoology,
B.Y.U., Provo, Utah;, and publication was supported by a grant-in-aid from the Society of the
Sigma Xi and the Research Society of .\nierica. For aid and courtesies shown, we wish to especially
thank Vasco M. Tanner and D Elden Beck.

37

The Great Basin Naturalist
38 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

ern California and western Nevada basins, whereas the junior
author is acquainted with the eastern part (Bonneville Basin) and is
familiar with the eastern Nevada and the western Utah basins.
One or both of us have extended our field work into other basins,
among which are Truckee Meadows, Lake Tahoe. Amargosa Desert,
Sarcobatus Flat, Charleston Mountains, Inyo Mountains, Saline
Valley, Railroad Valley, Death Valley and the valleys of the Nevada
Test Site. Thus we are familiar with many of the valleys and moun-
tains and particularly with the major ones included in figure 1 .

The Great Basin is not only a fascinating area geographically,
but is comparably challenging from the standpoint of its fauna.
Although much of the region is desert or semi-desert, it contains
many herpetological species, most of which are to this day poorly
known. Although most of the segments of the herpetofauna inhabit
the desert valleys and the low, usually barren mountain ranges, a
few species have survived in the more mesic situations of the moun-
tains on the east and west perimeters and the forested mountains of
the interior. These montane forms probably enjoyed a much wider
distribution during the moist pluvial periods of the Pleistocene.

The physical delimitation of the Great Basin in this account is
based on the 1953 edition of the map "Water Resources Develop-
ment of the United States" by the United States Geological Survey.
The Great Basin thus comprises all the land area not presently
being drained into the Pacific Ocean, and which occurs between the
crest of the Wasatch uplift in central Utah and southwestern Wy-
oming and the summits of the Sierra Nevada in eastern California
(see figure 1 ).

HISTORICAL

The observation, collection, and the first organized study of the
reptiles inhabiting the Great Basin began during the westward ex-
pansion and settlement over a century ago. Some of the historical
aspects of zoological reconnaissance in the Great Basin are discussed
in the works of Cope (1893), Merriam (1895). Van Denburgh and
Slevin (1915), V. M. Tanner (1929 and 1940), Linsdale (1936,
1938, and 1940). Hall (1946), Durrant (1952) and Tanner and
Jorgensen (1963).

The region was visited by white men as early as 1776 when
Escalante and his party of Franciscan missionaries from New Mexi-
co crossed the southern and eastern portions en route to California
(Tanner. 1929. 1940; Woodbury, 1931). The northern and central
portions of the territory were crossed by Jedediah Smith in 1826 and
by Bonneville and Walker in 1833-1834. Captain John Charles Fre-
mont was the first to apply the name "Great Basin" to this vast
interior drainage region of Western North America. Although some
of these earlier exploratory expeditions did record observations of
reptiles in their journals, and published reports, few specimens, if
any, were collected and adequately preserved prior to 1850, or at
least such specimens are to our knowledge not currently available
for examination.

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin

39

Many of the members of the early surveys were too busy map-
ping new routes, sketching and drawing new topographic features
for the first time, and struggling with means of transportation to be
vitally concerned with faunistic samples. Combine these factors
with their fear for hostile Indians and renegades, and the accom-
plishments of these early surveyors were indeed impressive.

Following the conquest of the large western area of the North
American continent from Mexico in 1848, which made the area
including most of the Great Basin an integral part of the United
States of America, there were, according to Nolan (1943) "numer-
ous explorations by United States Army Engineers to determine
the available railroad routes to the Pacific Coast. The most thorough

Fig. 1. Great Basin.

I'iie Great BaMu Naturalist
40 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

of the explorations were made across the north part of the Basin by
Stansbury (1849). Beckwith (1854), Steptoe (1855). and Simpson
(1858-9), and made across the southern portion by Whipple (1853)
and Williamson (1854)/" These surveys, known collectively as the
Pacific Railroad Surveys, were sponsored by the Office of Explora-
tions and Surveys, United States War Department, and most of the
various tasks were performed by military personnel.

Spencer FuUerton Baird, at that time Assistant Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution of Washington. D. C, was responsible for
the preparation of a series of preliminary and more detailed illus-
trated accounts of the reptiles collected on these surveys. Baird and
Charles Girard (1852) published several accounts, with original
descriptions of new species collected in the Cireat Basin, which were
deposited in the National Museum.

James Graham Cooper (1870) reviewed for the first time some
of the aspects of the geographical distribution of the fauna of Cali-
fornia, and although he dealt mainly with the mammals and birds,
reptiles were occasionally mentioned. Cooper noted, perhaps for the
first time, the distinct character of the desert fauna of the Western
Great Basin.

After the Civil War the United States government continued to
sponsor expeditions to western North America to obtain more defini-
tive information on the region. Surveys of the geology of the United
States along the 40th parallel were organized under the leadership
of Clarence King. Actual field operations were begun in 1867. and
continued to 1873. Although primarily concerned with geological
reconnaissance, a young zoologist, Robert Ridgway. was assigned to
the expedition to collect mammals, birds and reptiles in the western
Great Basin from July 4, 1867, until late September 1868. Ridg-
way's route of travel, according to a report by IJarry Harris (1928),
extended from California across Nevada to Utah and included among
others such well known collecting sights as Truckee Meadows. Reno,
Pyramid Lake, Ruby Mountains. Parle^^'s Park (Wasatch Mts.) and
Pack's Canyon (Uintah Mts.). In May, 1869. he returned to the Wa-
satch and Uintah Mountains to complete the survey in these areas.
Specimens collected by Ridgway w'ere deposited in the United States
National Museum and are included in the report by Yarrow (1882).

In the tradition of the War Department, who sponsored the Rail-
road Surveys prior to the Civil War. the geographical surveys west
of the 100th Meridian were organized by the War Department un-
der the command of Lieutenant George ^lontague Wheeler in 1869.
Teams of this survey (commonly referred to as the "Wheeler Sur-
vey") were active in part of the Great Basin from 1869 to 1878.
Henry W>therbee Ilenshaw worked as a zoologist on the Wheeler
survey beginning in July. 1872, at Salt Lake City where he met Lt.
Wheeler and became associated with the survey for the next eight
years. On July 22. Henshaw and H. C. Yarrow left for Provo and the
environs of Utah Lake. Thus was launched one of the more success-
ful natural history surveys of the west. 1 he western (ireat Basin was
not visited for several years; however, their itinerary brought the

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 41

survey in the area of Carson City, Nevada, from August until Sep-
tember 15. 1876. From September 15 until November 7, Henshaw
collected in the vicinity of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada). Lins-
dale (1936:9) asserted that "In 1877 his field work began at Carson
City, Nevada, where he worked from May 12 to June 6, and then
started northward to end the season on October 1, in southern Ore-
gon." During July 1878, Henshaw^ again started from Carson City
and worked northward, collecting specimens of birds, reptiles, and
amphibians, which were deposited in the United States National
Museum. Dr. Harry Crecy Yarrow accompanied Henshaw during
one field season in eastern Nevada. The herpetological results of all
their field work were published by Yarrow and Henshaw (1878).
According to Henry Fairfield Osborn (1931), Edward Drinker
Cope traversed the Great Basin, traveling from Salt Lake City.
Utah, to Reno, Nevada, during 1879. In 1882 Cope returned to the
Great Basin, traveling to Reno, then to Silver Lake. Oregon, back
again to Reno, then to southern Idaho, and back again to Salt Lake
City. Various aspects of the zoogeographic data obtained were sub-
quently published by Cope (1883a, b, c; 1889, 1896a, b; 1900).
Before actually visiting the Great Basin Cope published (1875)
in the first Bulletin of the United States National Museum his
Checklist of North American Batrachia and Reptilia including a list-
ing of the higher groups and an essay on geographical distribution.
Yarrow (1883) published a check list of North American reptiles
and amphibians deposited in the United States National Museum,
providing a list and a classification of all specimens of amphibians
and reptiles collected by military and government personnel during
the various surveys before 1882. I'his report included not only
Great Basin records but records from other portions of the United
States as well.

Little was added to the zoological literature from the western
United States until the appearance of Clinton Hart Merriam's
treatise on the biota of the San Francisco Mountains of Arizona
(1890). Shortly after this, the Death Valley Expedition was organ-
ized under the direction of Merriam. This was the last of the major
fovernment-sponsored exploratory expeditions in the western United
tates in the 19th century. Informative accounts of this survey,
which entered many parts of the southwestern Great Basin, are
furnished by Cope (1893), Merriam (1895), and by Stejneger
(1893).

Since the Death Valley Expedition, the United States National
Museum has received specimens of reptiles collected in various parts
of the Great Basin from several field representatives of government
agencies, such as the Bureau of Biological Survey, and its successor,
the Fish and Wildlife Service. Agencies created during the years of
the depression (e.g.. the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works
Progress Administration), were responsible for the addition of speci-
mens to the National Museum as well as to other institutions main-
taining scientific collections. Several interested persons have sporad-
ically contributed small samplings of the Great Basin herpetofauna to

The Great Basin Naturalist
42 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

the National Museum collections (e.g., Charles E. Burt, Paul Bartsch,
Julius Hurter, J. O. Snyder and Adrian Vanderhorst) .

John Van Denburgh (1897) presented the first account of the
reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin, as his doctoral disser-
tation at Stanford University. Robert Baird McLain (1899), in a
privately published pamphlet, was sharply critical of Van Den-
burgh's work. Several groups were critically reviewed (e.g., Scelopo-
rus occidentalis), but generally speaking, McLain merely proviaed
specimen documentation for the information included by Van Den-
burgh. Both Van Denburgh's and McLain's papers were based upon
preserved specimens in the collection at Stanford University.

From May 23 to July 17, 1911, Professor John Otterbein Snyder,
Stanford University, and Charles Howard Richardson, Jr., who in
1909 had assisted Walter Penn Taylor in Humbodlt County, Nevada,
collected a large sample of reptiles in the Lahontan Basin of west
central Nevada and east central California. This work was done in
conjunction with the ichthyological investigations of Snyder (1917)
partly under the auspices of the United States Bureau of Fisheries.
The nerpetological results of this work were published by Richard-
son (1915). In this study, it was first pointed out that certain
meristic and morphometric variations existed between the lizard
populations of the Lahontan Basin and those of the more extensive
and warmer deserts to the south. Richardson was also the first au-
thor to discern the difference between the sagebrush steppe and the
cold desert areas. He noted that, "The flora of the desert imme-
diately south of Pyramid and Walker Lakes is of a different char-
acter [than the sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata, predominating over
the greater part of Nevada] Sarcobatus and other shrubs replacing,
'sagebrush.' This difference in the flora is correlated with a greater
diversity in the reptilian fauna, and we find such southern forms
as Callisaurus and Sceloporus magister." Most of the specimens ob-
tained by Richardson and Snyder are now deposited in the Division
of Systematic Biology (formerly the Natural History Museum),
Stanford University, and in the United States National Museum.
Around the area of Currant, in northeastern Nye County, Nevada,
Georgia M. Bentley collected reptiles for the Natural History Mu-
seum, Stanford University, during the spring of 1916. Some of
Bentley's observations were published (1918, 1919). The growth of
the herpetological collection at Stanford University has continued,
owing largely to the encouragement of field activities by Professor
George Sprague Myers and the late Margaret Hamilton Storey. A
brief historical review of the Stanford collections has been published
by Leviton (1953). Banta (1957) has reported on some aspects of
material obtained by him in the Great Basin and deposited in the
Stanford collections.

Witmer Stone (1911) published a list of the amphibians and
reptiles collected in the western Great Basin, and portions of several
western states as well, which were deposited in the collections of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. This study was based

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 43

on material obtained by Mr. Morgan llebard and Mr. James A. G.
Rehn during the summers of 1909 and 1910.

During the summer of 1912. the University of Michigan Mu-
seum of Zoology sponsored a zoological expedition composed of
Frederic M. Gaige, Helen Thompson and Alexander Grant Ruthven.
to northeastern Nevada. In addition to the herpetofauna, samples of
molluscs, crustaceans and ants were obtained and studied. The exact
area sampled was near the environs of the railroad town of Carlin
in the western part of Elko County, and the northern part of Eu-
reka County. Most of the specimens collected by the Michigan ex-
pedition were deposited in the Museum of Zoology at the University
of Michigan. Ruthven and Helen Thompson Gaige (1915) published
the herpetological results of these field studies. This expedition, and
the numerous published results which were to follow, inaugurated
several studies on the herpetofauna of the Great Basin by mem-
bers of the University of Michigan group. Ruthven (1926, 1932)
and Lawrence Cooper Stuart (1932) continued to work in the
eastern Great Basin for the Museum of Zoology. In 1936, Frank N.
Blanchard visited the collections at Brigham Young University,
University of Utah, California Academy of Sciences and other west-
ern collections. He completed the data needed for the study of the
genus Tantilla (1939: post humously) which included several new
descriptions.

During the 1930's Carl Leavitt Hubbs and his family obtained a
large series of amphibians (mostly) and reptiles from widely scat-
tered localities in the Great Basin. In the early forties Hubbs was
assisted by Robert Rush Miller, and together they gathered exten-
sive samples of zoological material from the Great Basin. Most of
the material obtained during their field trips was found near streams
and springs and was obtained in conjunction with their intensive
ichthyological sampling, and was deposited in the collections of the
Museum of Zoology at Michigan University. Out of these activities
Hubbs and Miller (1948) were to develop the first comprehensive
synthesis of zoological and geological knowledge to solve some of
the zoogeographic problems of the Great Basin. However, the very
nature of this historic work was restricted because these authors
dealt exclusively with the fresh water fishes, a very specialized and
geographically restricted faunal group. Banta (1963a, b, c) has
made a preliminary attempt to synthesize geological and zoological
knowledge pertaining to the zoogeography of a terrestrial group, the
lizards.

Joseph Grinnell and Hilda Wood Grinnell (1907) made a study
of reptiles of Los Angeles County, California, which was the first
study of the herpetofauna of a given political subdivision, part of
which was within the confines of the (jreat Basin. They recognized
the distinctions between faunas of the north and south slopes of the
San Gabriel Mountains (i.e., the Great Basin and Pacific drainage
faunas).

Walter Penn Taylor (1912) presented the first faunistic survey
of a section of Nevada (northern Humbodlt County, vicinity of the

The Great Basin Naturalist
44 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Pine Forest Mountains) which included a study of reptiles and
amphibians, as well as the avifauna, inhabiting the area at that
time. This treatise was done during the summer of 1909, under the
direction of Joseph Grinnell. Taylor was assisted in the field by Mr.
C. H. Richardson, Jr. This was the first of the prolonged and exten-
sive zoological collecting and studies in the western Great Basin by
students and staff of the University of California Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology at Berkeley.

Charles Lewis Camp (1916) critically commented on the status
of several western North American lizards, including species in-
habiting the Great Basin, based upon samples in the herpetological
collections of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology at Berkeley, and
was the first to suggest the extent of variation of several species. A
more complete systematic and geographic account of California rep-
tile samples at Berkeley was authored by Grinnell and Camp
(1917), in which trinomiaL names were assigned to most of the
species considered in conformity to the growing nominal recognition
of geographic variation.

The Museum of Vertebrate Zoology sponsored numerous exten-
sive collecting expeditions to Nevada during the thirties and early
forties under the financial assistance of Miss Annie Montague
Alexander. An early result of these efforts was compiled by Jean
Myron Linsdale (1938) which included all terrestrial vertebrates
of Big Smoky Valley region, in northwestern Nye County, with em-
phasis on birds and mammals. Linsdale later (1940) provided the
most inclusive account of the amphibians and reptiles in the state of
Nevada, based primarily upon material obtained by the extensive
activities of staff and graduate students of the Museum of Verte-
brate Zoology. Since Linsdale's paper was completed (early 1938)
collectors for the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology have added several
thousand more specimens of reptiles from the Great Basin to their
collections, and much of this newer material has not yet been re-

Eorted. Regarding the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology field activities,
insdale (1940:197) stated, "On each expedition the collectors have
been on the lookout for specimens of amphibians and reptiles in
addition to their main objectives which usually were concerned with
mammals or birds.'" (our italics). Robert C. Stebbins' studies (1954,
1958) on western North American herpetology has included much
information of import to the Great Basin. Ira John La Rivers (1942)
made some additions to Linsdale's work on Nevada, based upon
material which was to form the nucleus for the herpetological col-
lection of the Museum of Biology at the University of Nevada,
established largely through the interest of La Rivers. Banta (1950,
1953) has reported on some aspects of the growing University of
Nevada collections.

In 1922 there appeared the two volume study of The Reptiles of
Western North America by Dr. John Van Denburgh of the Cali-
fornia Academy of Sciences. Considerable efforts had been expended
in the compilation of this major report. During its many years of
preparation. Van Denburgh dispatched Joseph Richard Slevin at

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 45

various times to many areas of the western United States, including
some Great Basin localities, to obtain specimen material. The various
lists published by Van Denburgh and Slevin prior to 1922 (1912a,
b, 1915, 1921a, 1921b) were simply progress reports of this major
effort. Van Denburgh included material on the habits and life his-
tories as well as systematic notes and distribution records, the latter
based chiefly on material in the California Academy of Sciences
and Stanford University collections. The black and white photo-
graphs illustrating many of the species treated in this work remain
some of the best yet available. An account reviewing the herpeto-
logical activities of the California Academy of Sciences is provided
by Slevin and Leviton (1956). Material obtained in the Saline Val-
ley hydrographic basin by Banta (1963b) is deposited in the collec-
tions of the California Academy of Sciences.

During the summer of 1928 Charles Earle Burt and May Dan-
heim Burt collected herpetological specimens in the Great Basin in-
cidental to traveling through the region en route to the Pacific
Coast. The material collected was deposited in the Museum of Zo-
ology, University of Michigan and the United States National Mu-
seum (Burt and Burt, 1929). The Burts repeated their journey
across the Great Basin during August of 1932 and further elaborat-
ed on their experiences similar to those of 1928 (Burt, 1933). Most
of the specimens obtained in 1932 were deposited in the United
States National Museum.

As noted above most of the references have referred to the west-
em Great Basin in Nevada and California. However, the eastern
part in Utah and eastern Nevada was being worked by various
herpetologists, particularly since 1918.

An active period of herpetological research began in 1922
and 1925 when Herbert J. Pack at Utah State College and Vasco
M. Tanner at Brigham Young University initiated their studies
at Logan and Provo, Utah. V. M. Tanner was one of the more
active of the recent workers to carry out extensive studies on the
fishes, amphibians and reptiles of the Great Basin.

The first important collections from this area (Bonneville Basin)
were made by the Stansbury Expedition in 1849-50 and reported
by Baird and Girard in 1852a and 1852b and by Girard in 1858.
In these early reports are the original descriptions of eight Great
Basin reptiles. Some have been reduced to subspecific status, but all
still appear in the current check lists (Schmidt, 1953).

After these early reports few collections were made and reported
until Herbert J. Pack began his herpetological activities at Utah
State Agricultural College at Logan, Utah. His first reports ap-
peared in 1918 and extended to 1930. Although Pack was interested
in systematics, most of his reports were studies of food habits. His
major systematic report was the "Snakes of Utah," published post-
humously and edited by George Franklin Knowlton in 1930. Knowl-
ton and his co-workers continued the studies of Pack (1935-1950),
publishing a long series of papers mostly on lizard food habits.
Some of the animals collected by Pack and Knowlton are deposited

The Great Basin Naturalist
46 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

in the collections at Brigham Young University and the Caifornia
Academy of Sciences.

Members of the staff and various graduate students of Brigham
Young University since 1925 have amassed a large collection of
herpetological specimens from the eastern Great Basin. Vasco Myron
Tanner initiated the assemblage of the collections and published a
series of accounts dealing with the herpetofauna of the eastern Great
Basin and the rest of the state of Utah (1927a, 1927b, 1928, 1929,
1930, 1933). Field groups under his direction were so organized as
to provide for sampling of all of the vertebrate and arthropod ani-
mal groups. Through the combined efforts of both staff and students
the herpetological collection at Brigham Young University has be-
come one of the larger assemblages of Great Basin reptiles. After
1940 this collection began to receive exotic materials and has since
become much more than an assemblage of local specimens. The in-
fluence of V. M. Tanner in the eastern Great Basin has been com-
parable to that of Van Denburgh, Grinnell and Klauber in the west-
ern and southern sections of the region. It has been these men, their
students and co-workers, who have during this century extended
the knowledge of Great Basin herpetology. Since 1950 Wilmer W.
Tanner has assumed the general supervision of and has conducted
research on the North American segments of the herpetological col-
lections at Brigham Young University. His first paper appeared in
1939 followed by numerous other studies concerned with aspects of
the Great Basin herpetofauna. The large series of herpetological
samples obtained at the Atomic Energy Commission Nuclear Test-
ing Site in southern Nye County, Nevada, was published by Tanner
and Jorgensen (1963).

The first and, to date, only account dealing with the reptiles of
Utah and the eastern Great Basin was compiled by Angus Munn
Woodbury (1931). This account was based primarily on material
at Brigham Young University and collections at the University of
Utah, acquired primarily by various faculty members and to a
limited extent from high school teachers in central Utah. Woodbury
and a number of his students have continued studies on the herpe-
tology of the eastern Great Basin, most notable being the studies on
snake dens (1940-1951). The final reporting of the den studies was
done at a symposium in June, 1950. The published reports appeared
in 1951 and were authored by Woodbury. Vetas, Julian, Glissmeyer,
Heyrend and Call, Smart and Sanders. John M. Legler is continu-
ing herpetological studies at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City.

Richard Patton Erwin, a professional musician with an intense
avocational interest in herpetology, provided some worthy collections
and reports (1925- 1928) from Great Basin portions of Idaho. Much
of Erwin's material is deposited at Brigham Young University and
the California Academy of Sciences. His field notes and journals
are also at Brigham Young University.

The herpetofauna of the Great Basin portion of the state of
Oregon requires much more study. Kenneth Gordon (1939), Robert

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 47

Macleod Storm and Richard A. Pimental (1949) provided the most
recent information on this area.

In the spring of 1931 and 1932, the southern portions of the
Great Basin were visited and collected by Laurence Monroe Klauber.
These activities were made in his spare time in association with
business activities for hydroelectric power from Hoover Dam
for use in San Diego, California. Klauber was one of the first dis-
coverers and advocates of collecting reptiles on paved highways,
traveling by automobile at slow speeds. This method has yielded
specimens of reptiles once thought to be rare, now known to be
quite common, especially nocturnal snakes. Klauber's comprehensive
investigations of reptiles, especially rattlesnakes, since the late twen-
ties (1929-1956) have usually included species inhabiting the Great
Basin. His numerous studies on reptile systematics has been en-
hanced by the introduction and use of statistics in evaluating data.

Charles Mitchill Bogert (1930) compiled the second list of the
Los Angeles County herpetofauna based on his extensive field work
within the county borders during months of July and August. In
1935 he sampled amphibians and reptiles in the vicinity of Hoover
(Boulder) Dam and the then newly-formed reservoir, Lake Mead. A
report on these activities was coauthored by Raymond Bridgeman
Cowles (1936). The specimens obtained were deposited in the collec-
tions of the University of California at Los Angeles to form the
nucleus for a now quite extensive collection. Although most of Bo-
gert's collecting activities were within the Colorado River Basin, a
small sampling of the isolated Spring (Charleston) Mountains,
located on the border of the southwestern Great Basin area and the
Colorado River Basin, was obtained. Kenneth Stafford Norris (1953,
1958) in his work on the ecology of desert dwelling lizards is con-
tinuing studies in the Mojave Desert as well as other areas at the
University of California at Los Angeles.

Recently a report by Frederick B. Turner and Roland H. Wauer
(1963) listed the reptiles occurring in Death Valley and provided
ecological notes for the species.

Jay Mathers Savage (1960) in a herpetozoogeographical review
of Baja California, Mexico, extended portions of this effort to in-
clude all of continental North America. Savage eliminated the exis-
tence of the Great Basin as a faunal area and included it with
adjacent areas under the ambiguous term "Desert and Plains."
Under this category were also included most of central Baja Cali-
fornia, Arizona (exclusive of the central portion), and the state of
Sonora, Mexico. It is interesting to note that to construct his hy-
pothesis on the origin of the herpetofauna of Baja California, Sav-
age relied on the paleobotanical works of Axelrod (1940-1958) in
the Great Basin, studies which so far have excluded Baja California.
Yet Savage did not consider the Great Basin worthy of recognition
in his overall classification of herpetofaunal areas.

We believe that the large number of species and subspecies
largely restricted to the Great Basin justifies its recognition as a
faunal area. A careful examination of both vertebrates and arthro-

The Great Basin Natureilist
48 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

pods indicates that this general area has been isolated for a long
enough period of time to provide for the development of a distinct
fauna. In all respects it is faunisticly distinct as are other adjacent
areas. In the vertebrate groups adequate evidence is seemingly avail-
able in the many works dealing with the vertebrates of this area,
but particularly in those of E. R. Hall, and S. D. Durant (mam-
mals), E. D. Cope, L. M. Klauber, R. C. Stebbins, J. M. Linsdale, and
the authors (reptiles) and J. O. Snyder, C. L. Hubbs, R. R. Miller,
and V. M. Tanner (fishes).

To us the Great Rasin represents not only a distinct physio-
graphic region but also an area with many faunal segments re-
stricted to it. The full impact of its physiographic isolation on the
reptile fauna is not yet clear. We are well aware that there is yet
much to be learned about the systematics of this fauna and antici-
pate that considerable information will come from the many sys-
tematic and ecological studies now being carried forward in the
Great Rasin.

BlBLIOGRAPHY-

Axelrod, D. I. 1940. Late Tertiary floras of the Great Basin and border areas.

Bull., Torrey Bot. Club 67:477-487.
. 1948. Climate and evolution in western North America during Middle

Pliocene time. Evolution 2:127-144.

1950. Evolution of desert vegetation in western North America. Carne-

gie Inst. Washington Publ. 590:215-306.
— . 1956. Mio-Pliocene floras from west-central Nevada. Univ. California

Publ. Geol. Sci. 33:1-352, pis. 1-32.
. 1957. Late Tertiary floras and the Sierra Nevada uplift. Bull. Geol.

Soc. America 68:19-45.

1958. Evolution of the Madro-Tertiary geoflora. Bot. Rev. 24:433-509.

Baird, S. F. 1858. Description of new genera and species of North American

lizards in the museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc, Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia 10:253-256.

[Original description - Xantusia vigilis; California: Kern County, Fort
, Tejon] .
and Charles Girard. 1852a. Characteristics of some new reptiles in the

museum of the Smithsonian Institution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

6:68-70.

[Original descriptions of 1) Cnemidorphorus tigris; Valley of the great
(sic.) Salt Lake, Utah. 2) Crotaphytus wislizenii; near Santa Fe, New
Mexico. 3) Uta [new genus] stansburiana; Valley of Great Salt Lake.
4) Sceloporus graciosus; valley of the great (sic.) Salt Lake. 5) Plestio-
don skiltonianum [ = Eumeces skiltonianus] ; Oregon. 6) Coluber
[constrictor] mormon; valley of the Great Salt Lake. Charles Girard is
solely credited with Phrynosoma platyrhinos; great Salt Lake.]
. 1852b. Reptiles. Appendix C. In: Stansbury, Howard, An expedition

to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of L^tah: including a description of its

geography, natural history, and minerals, and an analysis of its waters; with

an authentic account of the Mormon settlement. Philadelphia: Lippincott,

Grambo & Co., pp. 336-353, 6 pis.

[More detailed descriptions and illustrations for the preceding reptiles].
. 1853. Catalogue of North American reptiles in the museum of the

Smithsonian Institution. Part I. Serpents. Smithsonian Inst., Washington,

D.C.. xvi + 172 pp.

[Original descriptions of 1) Eutainia [ = Thamnophis elegans] elegans;

2. Works containing original descriptions of new ta.vons from the Great Basin or adjacent
areas are annotated; the geographic location following the specific name is the type locality.

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 49

El Dorado County, California. 2) Eutainia [ = Thamnophis elegans}
vagrans; California. 3) Ophibolus [ = Lampropeltis getulus] boylii; El
Dorado County, California. 4) Diadophis regalis; Sonora, Mexico. 5)
Sonora semiannulata; Sonora, Mexico. 6) Rhinocheilus lecontei; San
Diego, California. 7) Rena [=Leptotyphlops] humilis; Valliecitas, Cali-
fornia].
Banta, B. H. 1950. Xantusia uigilis in southern Nye County, Nevada. Herpe-
tologica 6(2): 34.

. 1953. Southern Nevada reptile notes. Herpetologica 9 (2): 75-76.

. 1957. A simple trap for collecting desert reptiles. Herpetologica

13(3):174-176.
. 1960. Another record of Tantilla utahensis from Inyo County, Cali-
fornia. Herpetologica 16(1): 11.

. 1961a. Variation and zoogeography of the lizards of the Great Basin.

(abstract). Dissertation Abstracts 22(5) : 1361-2.

. 1961b. Herbivorous feeding of Phrynosoma platyrhinos in southern

Nevada. Herpetologica 17(2) : 136-137.

. 1962a. Notes on the distribution of the western red-tailed skink,

Eumeces gilberti rubricaudatus Taylor, in southern Nevada. . Herpetologica
18(2):129-130.

. 1962b. Beetles attacking lizards. British Jour. Herpet. 3 (2): 39.

. 1963a. Remarks upon the natural history of Gerrhonotus panamintinus

Stebbins. Occas. Papers, California Acad. Sci. 36:1-12, 7 figs., 1 pi.

. 1963b. A preliminary account of the herpetofauna of the Saline

Valley hydrographic basin, Inyo County, California. Wasmann Jour. Biol.
20(2):161-251.

. 1963c. Preliminary remarks upon the zoogeography of the lizards

inhabiting the Great Basin of the western United States. Wasmann Jour.
Biol. 20(2): 253-287.

and A. E. Leviton. 1961. Mating behavior of the Panamint lizard

Gerrhonotus panamintinus Stebbins. Herpetologica 17(3) : 204-206.
Bell, E. L. 1954. A preliminary report on the subspecies of the western fence

lizard, Sceloporus occidentalis, and its relationship to the eastern fence lizard,

Sceloporus undulatus. Herpetologica 10:31-36.

[Resurrected the name Sceloporus occidentalis longipes for Great Basin
populations.]
Bentley, G. H. 1918. Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope in Nevada. Copeia

(61): 83-84.
. 1919. Reptiles collected in the vicinity of Currant, Nye County,

Nevada. Copeia (75):87-91.
Blanchard. F. N. 1921. A revision of the king snakes: genus Lampropeltis.

United States Nat. Mus. Bull. 114, 260 pp.
. 1939. Snakes of the genus Tantilla in the United States. Zool. Ser.,

Field Mus. Nat. Hist. 20 (28): 369-376.

1942. The ring-necked snakes, genus Diadophis. Chicago Acad. Sci.

Bull. 7:5-144.
Bogert, C. M. 1930. An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Los

Angeles County, California. Bull. So. California Acad. Sci. 29(1): 1-14.
. 1939. A study of the genus Salvadora, the patch-nosed snakes. Publ.

Univ. California atLos Angeles, Biol. Sci. 1 (ll):177-236, pis. 3-7.

1945. Two additional races of the patch-nosed snake, Salvadora hexa-

lepis. American Mus. Novitates 1285, 14 pp.

[Original description of Salvadora hexalepis mojavensis; California:

San Bernardino County, south end of Granite Mountains, 11.5 miles

southeast of Victorville.]

Bryant, H. C. 1911. The horned lizards of California and Nevada of the

genera Phrynosoma and Anota. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 9(1): 1-84,

pis. 1-9.

Burger, W. L. 1950. New, revised, and reallocated names for North American

whip-tailed lizards, genus Cnemidophorus. Nat. Hist. Miscellanea 65:1-9.

[Ressurrection of the name Cnemidophorus tigris Baird and Girard for

Great Basin populations.]

The Great Basin Naturalist
50 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Burt, C. E. 1933. Some lizards from the Great Basin of the west and adjacent
areas, with comments on the status of various forms. American Midi. Nat.
14:228-250.

. and M. D. Burt. 1929. Field notes and locality records on a collection

of amphibians and reptiles chiefly from the western half of the United
States. II. Reptiles. Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 19(20): 448-460.
Camp. C. L. 1916. The subspecies of Sceloporus occidentalis with description
of a new form from the Sierra Nevada and systematic notes on other Cali-
fornia lizards. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 17:63-74.

[Original description - Sceloporus occidentalis taylori; California:
Yosemite National Park, half way between Merced Lake and Sunrise
trail, 7500 ft.]
Cochran, D. M. 1961. Type specimens of reptiles and amphibians in the
U. S. National Museum. United States Nat. Mus. Bull. 220: xv + 291.

[Holotype of Rhinostoma occipitale l = Chionactis occipitalis] was found
after publication ( = USNM 8030)] ■
Cooper, J. G. 1870. The fauna of California and its geographical distribution.

Proc, California Acad. Sci., Ser. 1, 4:61-81.
Cope, E. D. 1867. On a collection of reptiles from Owen's Valley, California,
made by Dr. G. H. Horn, with remarks on the origin of species. Proc.,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 21:85-86.

[Original description - Ckilomeniscus ephippicus; California: Inyo
County, Owen's Valley. No specimens of Chilomeniscus have since been
found to inhabit California.]

. 1875. Checklist of North American batrachians and reptiles. Bull.

U. S. Nat. Mus. 1:1-104.

. 1883a. Zoological geography of western North America. Science 1:21.

. 1883b. On the fishes of the recent and Pliocene lakes of the western

part of the Great Basin, and of the Idaho Pliocene lake. Proc., Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia 17:134-166, map.

. 1883c. Notes on the geographical distribution of Batrachia and Rep-

tilia of western North America. Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 17:10-35.

. 1889. The Silver Lake of Oregon and its region. American Nat.

23:970-982, pis. 40-41.

— . 1893. The report of the Death Valley Expedition. American Nat.

27:990-995.
. 1896a. On two new species of lizards from Southern California. Ameri-
can Nat. 30:833-6.

[Original description Anota [ = Phrynosoma'\ calidiarum; Death Valley,
California.]

1896b. On the genus Callisaurus. American Nat. 30:1049-50.

[Original description Callisaurus [draconoides] rhodosticus; El Rosario,
Baja California, Mexico.]
1900. The crocodilians, lizards, and snakes of North America. Ann.

Rept., United States Nat. Mus, for . . . 1898:55-1270, pis. 1-36.

Cowles, R. B. 1920. A list and some notes on the lizards and snakes repre-
sented in Pomona College Museum. Journ. Entom. & Zool., Pomona Coll.
12:63-66.

. and C. M. Bogert. 1936. The herpetology of the Boulder Dam region

(Nevada, Arizona, Utah). Herpetologica l(l):33-42.

Dice, L. R. 1943. The biotic provinces of North America. Ann Arbor: Univ.
Michigan Press, viii + 78 pp.

Durrant, S. D. 1952. Mammals of Utah. Taxonomy and distribution. Univ.
Kansas Publ., Mus. Nat. Hist. 6:1-549.

Erwin, R. P. 1925. Snakes in Idaho. Copeia (138): 6-7.

— . 1928. List of Idaho reptiles and amphibians in the Idaho State His-
torical Museum, Boise. 11th Biennial Report, State Historical Society of
Idaho, 1926-1928:31-33.

Fitch, H. S. 1939. Desert reptiles in Lassen Co., California. Herpetologica
1:151-152.

. 1940. A biogeographical study of the ordinoides Artenkreis of garter

snakes (genus Thamnophis). Univ. California Publ. Zool. 44(1): 1-150.

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 51

and T. P. Maslin. 1961. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis

sirtalis. in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Univ. Kansas Publ., Mus.
Nat. Hist. 13(5): 289-308.

[Elaboration of the name Thamnophis sirtalis fitchi for both western
and eastern Great Basin populations.]
and W. W. Tanner. 1951. Remarks concerning the systematics of the

collared lizard, with the description of a new subspecies. Trans. Kansas
Acad. Sci. 54:548-59.

Fox, W. 1951a. The status of the garter snake, THamnophis sirtalis tetratae-
nia. Copeia 1951 (4) :257-267.

. 1951b. Relationships among the garter snakes of the Thamnophis

elegans Rassenkreis. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 50(5): 485-530.

Fremont, J. C. 1845. Report of the exploring expeditions to the Rocky Moun-
tains in the year 1842, and to Oregon and North California in the years
1843-1844. Second session, United States Senate, 28th Congress, Washington,
D. C, 693 pp.

Girard, C. 1852. A monographic essay on the genus Phrynosoma. In: Stans-
bury, Howard, An expedition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah:
including a description of its geography, natural history, and minerals, and
an analysis of its waters; with an authentic account of the Mormon settle-
ment. Philadelphia. Lippincott, Grambo & Co., pp. 354-365, pis. 6-8.

. 1858. Herpetology. U. S. Exploring expedition, during the years

1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N.,
vol. 20, Philadelphia: J. P. Lippincott & Co., xviii + 496 pp.

[Original description of Phrynosoma (subgenus Tapayd) douglassi

ornatum; valley of Great Salt Lake].

1858. Atlas Herpetology. Prepared under the superintendence of S. F.

Baird. By authority of Congress. United States Exploring Expedition during
the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the command of Charles Wilkes,
U.S.N. Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Son, Printers, pp. 1-10, plas. 1-31.

Glissmeyer, H. R. 1951. Egg production of the Great Basin rattlesnake. In:
Symposium, A snake den in Tooele County, Utah. Herpetologica 7(l):24-27

Gloyd, H. K. 1940. The rattlesnakes, genera Sistrurus and Crotalus. A study
of zoogeography and evolution. Chicago Acad. Sci., Spec. Publ. 4, vii -f-
266 pp.

Gordon, K. 1939. The amphibia and reptilia of Oregon. Oregon State Mono-
graphs, Studies in Zool. 1, 82 pp.

Grinnell, J. 1908. The biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. Cali-
fornia Publ. Zool. 5:1-170.

— • and C. L. Camp. 1917. A distributional list of the amphibians and

reptiles of California. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 17:127-208.

and H. W. Grinnell. 1907. Reptiles of Los Angeles County, California.

Throop Inst. Bull. 35, 64 pp.
Grobman,. A. B. 1941. A contribution to the knowledge of variation in Opheo-
drys vernalis (Harlan), with the description of a new subspecies. Misc.
Publ., Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 50, 38 pp.

[Original description - Opheodrys vernalis blanchardi; Colorado: Las
Animas County, Spanish Peaks, 8000 feet] .
Hall, E. R. 1929. A "den" of rattlesnakes in eastern Nevada. Bull. Antivenin
Soc. America 3 (3): 79-80.

. 1946. The mammals of Nevada. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ.

California Press, xi + 710 pp.
Hallowell, E. 1852. Descriptions of new species of reptiles inhabiting North
America. Proc, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 6:177-182. .

[Original description - Leptophis taenita [=Masticophis taeniatus];
New Mexico].

. 1854. Descriptions of new reptiles from California. Proc, Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia 7:91-97.

[Original description - Rhinostoma occipitale i=Chionactis occipitalis];
California: Mojave Desert]
Harris, Harry. 1928. Robert Ridgway with a bibliography of his published
writings and fifty illustrations. The Condor, 30(1):4-118.

riie Great Basin Naluralist
52 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Henshaw. H. W. 1919. Autobiographical Notes. The Condor 21(5) : 1 77-181.

. 1920. Autobiographical Notes. The Condor 22(1) :3-10.

Hey rend. F. and A. Call. 1951. Growth and age in western striped racer

and Great Basin rattlesnake. In Symposium: A snake den in Tooele County,

Utah. Herpetologica. 7:28-40.
Hubbs. C. L. and R. R. Miller. 1948. The Great Basin with emphasis on

glacial and post-glacial times. II. The zoological evidence. Bull.. Univ. Utah.

38. Biol. ser. 10:18-166.
.lorgensen. C. D. and W. W. Tanner. 1963. The application of the density

probabilit\' function to determine the home ranges of Uta stansburiana

stansburiana and Cnemidophorus tigris tigris. Herpetologica 19(2) : 105-1 15.
Julian. G. 1951. Se.\ ratios of the winter populations. In Symposium: A

snake den in Tooele Countv. Utah. Herpetologica 7(l):21-24.
Klauber. L. M. 1929. Range e.xtensions in California. Copeia (170): 15-22.
. 1930. New and renamed subspecies of Crotalus confluentus Say. with

remarks on related species. Trans.. San Diego Soc. Hist. 6(3): 95- 144, pis.

9-12.

[Original descriptions - (1) Crotalus confluentus [ = viridis] lutosus;
Utah: Millard County. 10 miles northwest of Abraham - (2) Crotalus
confluentus [=rnitchelli] stephensi; California: Inyo County, Panamint
Mountains. 2 miles west of Jackass Springs. 6200 feet.]
. 1931. A new species of Xantusia from Arizona, with a snyopsis of the

genus. Trans.. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 7:1-16. 1 pi.
. 1932. Amphibians and reptiles observed en route to Hoover Dam.

Copeia 1932(3):118-128.
. 1939. Studies of reptile life in the arid southwest. Bull. Zool. Soc.

San Diego 14, 100 pp.
. 1941. The long-nosed snakes of the genus Rhinocheilus. Trans.. San

Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 9(29) :289-332. pis. 12-13.
. 1943. The subspecies of the rubber snake, Charina. Trans., San Diego

Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(7):83-90.

[Supported recognition of Charina bottae utahensis Van Denburgh.]
. 1944. The sidewinder, Crotalus cerastes, with description of a new

subspecies. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10(8) :91-126, pis. 6-7, fig. 1.
. 1945. The geckos of the genus Coleonyx with descriptions of a new

subspecies. Trans., San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 10:133-216. 2 maps.

1947. Classification and ranges of the gopher snakes of the genus

Pituophis in the western United States. Bull., Zool. Soc. San Diego 22, 81

PP- . . . . ,

— . 1951. The shovel-nosed snake. Chionactis. with descriptions of two

new subspecies. Trans.. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 1 1 (9) : 141-204. pis. 9-10.

[Original description - Chionactis occipitalis talpina; Nevada: Nj-e

County, 50 miles south of Goldfield, on the highway to Beatty.]

1956. Rattlesnakes. Their habits, life histories, and influence on man-

kind. Berkelev and Los Angeles: Univ. California Press. 2 vols., .xxix +

708, .xvi. 709-i476 pp.
Knowlton, G. F. 1936. Lizard digestion studies. Herpetologica 1(1):9-10.

. 1937. Notes on three Utah lizards. Herpetologica 1 (4) : 109-1 10.

. 1938. Lizards in insect control. Ohio Journ. Sci. 38(5) :235-238.

. 1941. Notes on the brown-shouldered Uta. Copeia 1941 (3): 182.

. 1942a. The brown-shouldered Uta - observations. Herpetologica 2(4): 80.

. 1942b. Reptiles eaten by birds. Copeia 1942(3): 186.

. 1942c. Range lizards as insect predators. Journ. Econ. Entomol.

35(4) :602.

. 1946a. Feeding habits of some reptiles. Herpetologica 3(3): 77-80.

. 1946b. Feeding notes on two small lizards. Herpetologica 3(4): 143-

144.

. 1947a. Some insect food of an Idaho lizard. Herpetologica 3 (5): 177.

. 1947b. The sagebrush swift in pasture insect control. Herpetologica

4(1):25.
. 1948. Vertebrate animals feeding on the Mormon cricket. American

Midi. Nat. 39(1):137-138.

June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 53

. 1949. Ladybird beetles in sagebrush swift stomachs. Herpetologica

4(4):151.
Knowlton. G. F.. and E. W. Anthon. 1935. Uta slansburiana stansburiana

(.Baird and Girard). Copeia 1935(4): 183.
Knowlton. G. F., W. D. Fronk, and D. R. Maddock. 1943. Seasonal insect

food of the brown-shouldered Uta (lizard). Jour. Econ. Entomol. 35(6): 942.
Knowlton, G. F.. D. R. Maddock. and S. L. Wood. 1946. Insect food of the

sagebrush sw^ift. Journ. Econ. Entomol. 39(3) :382.
Knowlton, G. F., and W. P. Nye. 1946. Lizards feeding on ants in Utah.

Journ. Econ. Entomol. 39(4) :546.
Knowlton. G. F,. and C. F. Smith. 1935. The desert grid-iron tailed lizard.

Copeia 1935(2): 102-103.
Knowlton, G. F.. E. J. Taylor, and W. J. Hanson. 1948. Insect food of Uta

stansburiana stansburiana in the Timpie area of Utah. Herpetologica 4(6):

197-198.
Knowlton. G. F.. and W. L. Thomas. 1936. Food habits of Skull Valley

lizards (Tooele Co., Utah). Copeia 1936(1 ): 64-66.
Knowlton, G. F,, and A. C. Valcarce. 1950. Insect food of the sagebrush swift

\n Box Elder County of Utah. Herpetologica 6(2): 33-34.
La Ri\ers. I. 1942. Some new amphibian and reptile records for Nevada.

Jour. Entomol. & Zool., Pomona Coll. 34:35-68.
Leviton. Alan E. 1953. Catalogue of the amphibians and reptile types in the

Natural History Museum of Stanford University. Herpetologica 8:121-132.
Linsdale. J. M. 1936. The birds of Nevada. Pacific Coast Avifauna 23. 145 pp.
. 1938. Environmental responses of vertebrates in the Great Basin.

American Midi. Nat. 19:1-206.
. 1940. Amphibians and reptiles in Nevada. Proc. American Acad.

Arts and Sci. 73:197-257.
McLain. R. B. 1899. Critical notes on a collection of reptiles from the western

coast of the United States. Published privately, Wheeling, West Virginia,

13 pp.
Meriiam. C. H. 1890. Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco

Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North

American Fauna 3:1-101.
. 1895. The geographic distribution of life in North America with

special reference to the Mammalia. Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington, 7:1-64.
Nolan. T. B. 1943. The basin and range province in Utah, Nevada, and

California. United States Geol. Surv., Prof. Paper 197-D: 141-196.
Norris. K. S. 1953. The ecology of the desert iguana Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Ecology 34:265-287.
. 1958. The evolution and systematics of the iguanid genus Uma and its

relation to the evolution of other North American desert reptiles. Bull.,

American Mus. Nat. Hist. 114:251-326.
Osborn, H. F. 1931. Cope: master naturalist. The life and letters of Edward

Drinker Cope with a bibliography of his writings classified by subject.

Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press, xvi + 740 pp.
Pack, H. J. 1918a. A burrowing habit of Cnemidophorus tessellatus (Say).

Copeia (5):51-52.

. 1918b. Some habits of the pigmy horned lizard. Copeia (63):91-92.

. 1919. Note on food habits of the bull snake. Copeia (68): 16.

. 1921. Food habits of Sceloporus graciosus graciosus (Baird and Girard).

Proc, Biol. Soc. Washington 34:63-66.
. 1922. Food habits of Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird and Girard. Proc,

Biol. Soc. Washington 35:1-4.
. 1923a. Food habits of Callisaurus ventralis ventralis (Hallowell).

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 36:79-82,
. 1923b. Food habits of Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger). Proc,

Biol. Soc. Washington 36:83-84.
. 1923c. The food habits of Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus (Say).

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 36:85-90.

1930. Snakes of Utah (compiled by George Franklin Knowlton. Utah

Agri. Exper. Sta., Utah State Agric. College. Bull. 221:1-32.

The Great Basin Naturalist
54 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Phelan, R. L., and B. H. Brattstrom. 1955. Geographic variation in Scelo-
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[Original descriptions - ( 1 ) Sceloporus magister transversus; Cali-
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June 11, 1964 herpetology in the great basin 55

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[Original descriptions of (1) Gerrhonotus scincicauda [ = coeruleus1
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[ Ressurrection of the name Phrynosoma douglassii ornatum Girard
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The Great Basin Naturalist
56 BANTA AND TANNER Vol. XXIV, No. 2

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[Original description - Hypsiglena o. [ochorhynchus^ ( = torquata des-
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1957. A taxonomic and ecological study of the western skink

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[Original description - Crotaphytus wislizeni punctatus; Utah: Grand
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[Original description - Lampropeltis doliata taylori; Utah: Utah County,
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[Original description - Charina bottae utahensis; Utah: Wasatch Coun-
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June 11, 1964 hekpetology in the great basin 57

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collected during the years 1875. 1876, and 1877, in California, Arizona, and
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Meridian. Washington, D. C, pp. 206-226.

NEW SPECIES OF NOR! H AMERICAN PITYOPHTHORUS
EICHHOFF (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

Stephen L. Wood'

Several undescribed species of the large and difficult genus
Pityophthorus have accumulated in recent years. Because of special
interest in the biology and economic importance of these insects
names must be made available for them. On the following pages
twelve species are described as new to science; four are from the
United States and eight are from Mexico.

Pityophthorus toralis, n. sp.

This species is allied to anceps Blackman and alpinensis Hop-
ping, but is readily distinguished by the somewhat irregular rows of
strial punctures, by the larger and more abundant strial and inter-
strial punctures, and by the deeper, wider declivital sulcus.

Female. — Length 2.3 mm. (para types 2.1-2.4), 2.6 times as
long as wide; body color very dark brown to black.

Frons broadly flattened between eyes from epistoma to well
above eyes, with median half subconcave; gradually raised toward
epistomal margin and with a conspicuous, distinctly elevated trans-
verse epistomal process (much more conspicuous than in allied
species); surface rather coarsely, closely punctured; vestiture fine,
moderately abundant, uniformly covering entire flattened surface,
but longer at margins. Eye and antenna as in allied species, except
first suture of club more distinctly procurved.

Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide, widest on basal third;
sides arcuate behind, rather strongly constricted one-third from an-
terior margin; anterior margin rather narrowly rounded and bear-
ing 10-12 serrations, those at center moderately large and sharp,
decreasing to obscurity laterally; summit at middle, poorly de-
veloped; posterior area subshining, rather finely punctured, rim of
each puncture subgranulate on side opposite summit. Vestiture
short, inconspicuous, semirecumbent.

Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and sub-
parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind;
striae not impressed, in irregular rows, the punctures moderately
large and deep, distinct, smaller toward declivity; interstriae about
two and one-half times as wide as striae, the surface with minute
points and with moderately abundant irregular lines, the punctures
almost equal in size and abundance to those of striae on anterior
half, smaller and less abundant posteriorly. Declivity gradual, rather
broadly sulcate; striae one and two obsolete, three minutely punc-
tured; sutural interspace sharply, moderately raised and bearing a

1. Contribution no. 181, Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University,
Provo, Utah. Scolytoidea contribution no. 26.

59

The Great Basin Naturalist

60 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

row of rather closely placed, minute, pointed granules, two more
than twice as wide as one, flat, smooth, shining, three gradually
raised and bearing a row of granules, the granules slightly larger
than those of interspace one. Ninth interspace elevated. Subglabrous.

Male. — Similar to female except frons convex above, trans-
versely impressed below, with a low median carina from upper level
of eyes to epistomal margin, the vestiture inconspicuous; pronotal
asperities a little larger; strial and interstrial punctures a little
smaller.

Type Locality. — Beaver Creek, Logan Canyon, Utah.

Type Material — The female holotype. male allotype, and 56
para types were collected at the type locality on June 14, 1947, from
small branches of Pinus flexilis, by S. L. Wood.

The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in my col-
lection; other paratypes are in the collection of the U. S. National
Museum.

Pityophthorus borrichiae, n. sp.

This representative of Blackman's group II is more nearly allied
to natalis Blackman than to other known species, but is not closely
related. From all other North American representatives of group II
it differs by the convex, glabrous frons of the female, by the more
slender body form, and by the reticulate posterior area of the pro-
notum.

Female. — Length 1.2 mm. (paratypes 1.0-1.3), 2.8 times as long
as wide; body color very dark brown.

Frons convex, very feebly, transversely impressed above epis-
toma, surface minutely strigose above, almost smooth below, with
rather sparse, coarse, deep punctures over entire surface. Vestiture
very short, sparse and inconspicuous except along epistoma. Eye
emarginate; finely granulate. Antennal club small, the sutures
straight and inconspicuous.

Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides very
weakly arcuate, very slightly converging anteriorly, rather broadly
rounded in front; asperities fused to form two continuous concentric
ridges in addition to the marginal row and one or two indefinite
rows at summit; summit rather indefinite, in front of middle; pos-
terior area finely reticulate, the punctures moderately large, very
deep, sharp, not close. Glabrous, except at margins.

Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not im-
pressed, in definite rows, the punctures rather large, deep, distinct;
interstriae slightly wider than striae, impunctate, shining but
marked by minute points and surface lines. Declivity steep, flat-
tened; strial punctures not reduced, interspace two flat, impressed;
interspaces one and three as wide as two, rather strongly raised and
each bearing a row of rather large, rounded granules. Vestiture con-
fined to sides and declivity; those on interspaces one and three
short and stout, absent on two.

June 11, 1964 new species of pityophthorus 61

-Male. — Similar in all respects to female; distinguished only by
segmentation of abdomen.

Fype Locality. — Key Largo, Florida.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype, and
28 paratypes were collected at the type locality on June 25, 1951,
from stems of Borrichia arbor escens by S. L. Wood. Two other para-
types were taken at the same locality and date from B. frutescens.

The holotype, allotype and some paratypes are in my collection,
other paratypes are in the Francis Huntington Snow Entomological
Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus atomus, n. sp.

This minute species is rather closely allied to natalis Blackman
(group II), but is readily distinguished by the absence of minute
points between punctures on the posterior areas of the thorax, by
the smaller strial punctures, by the more narrowly rounded apex of
the declivity, and by the very small size.

Female. — Length 0.9 mm. (paratypes 0.85-1.25), 2.7 times as
long as wide; body color dark reddish brown.

Frons flat on a rather small semicircular area from well above
upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; surface shining, minutely,
rather closely, finely punctured; vestiture consisting of fine moder-
ately abundant, rather short hairs of equal length. Eye emarginate;
finely granulate. Antennal club small, oval, almost devoid of setae
except at margins, the sutures straight.

Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost
straight and subparallel, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior
margin armed by about a dozen small teeth; asperities arranged in
two concentric rows with about two more partial, irregular rows at
summit; summit at middle, feebly impressed behind; posterior areas
smooth with a few obscure points eviaent, shining, punctures small,
rather sparse, deep, becoming minute laterally; a sharp, narrow
median ridge extending from summit about three-fourths of distance
to posterior margin.

Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and sub-
parallel on basal three-fourths, subacuminate behind; strial punc-
tures in rows, the punctures small, rather deep; interstriae as wide
as striae, almost smooth, with very minute points evident, impunc-
tate. Declivity steep, bisulcate; strial punctures clearly evident but
reduced somewhat in size; sutural interspaces moderately elevated
and bearing a row of rather large rounded granules, interspace two
not wider than one, impressed, flat, almost smooth; interspace three
elevated, as high as one, bearing a row of about six rather large
granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, moderately long, rather
stout.

Male. — Similar to female except frons feebly convex, more
coarsely punctured, vestiture sparse; declivital bristles very stout.

Type Locality. — Vera Cruz, Vera Cruz, Mexico,

The Great Basin Naturalist

62 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 11
para types were collected at the type locality on June 30. 1953, from
a common small shrubby plant that was growing on sand dunes near
the southwestern limits of the city.

The holotype, allotype and some para types are in my collection;
other paratypes are in the collection of the Francis Huntington
Snow museum.

Pityophthorus pusillus, n. sp.

This species is closely allied to atomus, but is distinguished by
the deeper, wider declivital sulcus, by the shorter, less conspicuous
vestiture of the female frons, and by the more coarsely punctured
frons and more conspicuous transverse carina on the frons of the
male.

Female. — Length 1.1 mm. (paratypes 0.9 to 1.2), 2.9 times as
long as wide; body color very dark reddish brown.

Frons flattened on a rather small semicircular area from well
above upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; surface shining,
finely, closely punctured; vestiture consisting of sparse, fine uni-
formly distributed rather short setae of equal length. Eye emargi-
nate; finely granulate. Antennal club as in atomus.

Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost
straight and subparallel. rather broadly rounded in front; anterior
margin armed by about a dozen small teeth; asperities arranged in
two concentric rows with about two more partial, irregular rows at
summit; summit at middle, feebly impressed behind; posterior areas
smooth, shining, with a few obscure points evident, punctures small,
rather sparse, deep, becoming minute laterally; a sharp, narrow,
median ridge extending from summit about three-fourths of the dis-
tance to posterior margin.

Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and sub-
parallel on basal three-fourths, subacuminate behind; strial punc-
tures in rows, the punctures small, rather deep; interstriae as wide
as striae, almost smooth, with very minute points evident, impunc-
tate. Declivity steep, bisulcate; strial punctures clearly evident but
reduced in size; sutural interspaces moderately elevated and bearing
a row of rather large rounded granules; interspace two much wider
than one or three, strongly impressed, smooth; interspace three ele-
vated, as high as one bearing a row of about six rather large gran-
ules. Vestiture confined to declivity, moderately long, rather stout.

Male. — Similar to female except frons convex, transversely im-
pressed, with a moderately developed transverse carina at upper
level of eyes; declivital bristles very stout.

Type Locality. — Nine miles south of Zimapan. Hidalgo,
Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 18
paratypes were collected at the type locality on June 23, 1953. at an
elevation of 6100 feet, from branches of an unknown roadside shrub,
bv S. L. Wood.

June 11, 1964 new species of pityophthorus 63

The holotype, allotype and some paratypes are in my collection.
Other paratypes are in the Francis Huntington Snow Museum and
in the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus paulus, n. sp.

The female of this species has the frons convex and devoid of
special vestiture, as in regularis Blackman, but the declivity is much
steeper and more strongly bisculate than in regularis.

Female. — Length 1.4 mm. (paratypes 1.2-1.4), 2.9 times as
long as wide; body color dark reddish brown.

Frons convex, median line indistinctly raised from vertex to
epistoma; surface reticulate, becoming minutely rugose above, more
nearly smooth below, the punctures coarse, moderately close below;
vestiture short scanty, hairlike, similar to that of male. Eye emargi-
nate; finely granulate. Sutures of antennal club straight, scarcely
visible on middle third.

Pronotum about 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight
and subparallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front;
anterior margin armed by a row of about a dozen, small, indistinct
basally fused teeth; asperities fused to form three conscentric rows,
a partial fourth row at summit; summit at middle, without trans-
verse impression; posterior areas reticulate, indistinctly so behind
summit, the punctures coarse, deep, moderately close, with median
line impunctate. Glabrous.

Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind (almost straight
on median half) ; striae not impressed, the punctures in rows, small,
deep; interstriae almost smooth, a few points and lines evident, as
wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity very steep, shallowly bisulcate;
sutural interspaces rather wide, abruptly raised, bearing a row of
about seven large granules; interspace two not wider than one, nar-
rower above, flat below, evidently smooth; interspace three elevated,
as high as one, and armed by a row of granules similar to those on
one; striae one and two punctured throughout, one narrowly im-
pressed at upper margin of declivity. Vestiture largely confined to
sides and declivity, long, except blunt on declivital interspaces one
and three,, shorter on one.

Male. — Similar to the female except frons very slightly, trans-
versely impressed between upper level of eyes and epistoma; teeth
on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger; and lateral eleva-
tions of declivity a little higher.

Type Locality. — Twenty-four miles northeast of Jacala, Hi-
dalgo, Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 18
paratypes were taken at the type locality on June 22, 1953, at an
elevation of 4800 feet, from small branches of a roadside shrub
(about four feet in height) .

The holotype, allotype and some paratypes are in my collection;

The Great Basin Naturalist

64 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

other paratypes are in collections of the Francis Huntington Snow
Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus nanus, n. sp.

The declivity of this species is more nearly like that of concen-
tralis Eichhoff than to other group II species known to me, although
it is not closely related. The simple declivital sculpture and the
frontal characters distinguish it from other species.

Female. — Length 1.5 mm. (paratypes 1.2-1.5), 3.0 times as
long as wide; body color reddish brown.

Frons flattened on a semicircular area; very closely, rather
coarsely, uniformly punctured; vestiture abundant, of uniform
length, long, the longest setae about equal to length to antennal
club. Eye and antenna as in allied species.

Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and
subparallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior
margin armed by a row of about twelve basally fused teeth; as-
perities fused to form four concentric rows, partial fifth and sixth
rows are evident at summit; summit in front of middle, weakly im-
pressed behind summit; posterior areas moderately shining, with
some minute points, the punctures small, deep, less numerous along
median line. Glabrous.

Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
on almost basal three-fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind;
sutural striae feebly impressed, more strongly behind, the punctures
moderately large, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth with a
few obscure, minute points, impunctate. Declivity moderately steep,
shallowly bisulcate, somewhat opalescent; strial punctures greatly
reduced, but clearly evident; sutural interspace rather wide, abrupt-
ly, moderately elevated, smooth, unarmed; interspace two wider
than one or three, almost flat, smooth; interspace three very grad-
ually raised, slightly higher than one, unarmed, but with a few fine
setiferous punctures. Vestiture confined to sides and declivity; very
fine, rather short.

Male. — Similar to the female except frons convex above upper
level of eyes, transversely impressed below, the impression formed
abruptly at upper level of eyes, transversely impressed below, the
impression formed abruptly at upper level of eyes creating an al-
most carina-like callus; and teeth on anterior margin of pronotum
slightly larger.

Type Locality. — Totalapan, Oaxaca, Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype, and
seven paratypes were taken at the type locality on July 7, 1953, at
an elevation of 3300 feet, from a broken branch of an unknown tree.

The holotype, allotype, and some paratypes are in my collection;
other paratypes are in collections of the Francis Huntington Snow
Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

June 11, 1964 new species of pityophthorus 65

Pityophthorus dotus^ n. sp.

Ihis species is more closely allied to monophyllae Blackman than
to other known species, but is distinguished by the coarse pronotal
and elytral punctures, by the distinct declivital punctures, by the
impressed female frons, and by the longer, lower frontal carina of
the male.

Female.^ — Length 1.3 mm. (paratypes 1.2-1.4), 2.8 times as
long as wide; body color very dark brown.

Frons flattened from eye to eye, gradually, transversely im-
pressed above epistoma; surface rather sparsely punctured, the
punctures distinctly larger than in monophyllae; vestiture as in
monophyllae.

Pronotum very slightly longer than wide; similar to but more
broadly rounded in front than in monophyllae; anterior margin
bearing four serrations, the median pair rather widely set but with
their bases almost touching; posterior area subshining, with minute
points, the punctures rather large, deep, close; vestiture evident
only at sides.

Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and sub-
parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae
not impressed, the punctures small, in irregular rows; interstriae
almost smooth, subshining, with a few scattered punctures equal in
size to those of striae. Declivity moderately steep, convex; first
striae strongly impressed, the punctures only shghtly smaller than
on disc, other striae not impressed but the punctures strongly re-
duced; sutural interspace abruptly, slightly elevated, unarmed, two
and three smooth, three with minute punctures. Vestiture consisting
of minute strial and interstrial hairs, sometimes longer at sides.

M.ALE. — Similar to the female except frons weakly convex, with
a fine, low median carina on lower half; punctures of pronotum and
elytra smaller; punctures on declivity greatly reduced, scarcely
visible.

Type Locality. — McCloud, Siskiyou County, California.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 24
paratypes were taken at the type locality on June 14, 1961, from
twigs of Pinus ponderosa, by S. L. Wood, D. E. Bright, and J. B.
Karren.

The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in my col-
lection; other paratypes are in the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus limatus, n. sp.

This species is rather closely allied to watsoni Schedl, but is
readily distinguished by the much smaller pronotal and elytral
punctures, by the more broadly rounded apex of the elytra, and by
the very different frontal vestiture of the female.

Female. — Length 1.8 mm. (paratypes 1.4-2.1), 3.0 times as
long as wide; body color reddish brown to brown.

The Great Basin Naturalist

66 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Frons flattened on a subcircular area from vertex to epistoma,
densely, finely punctured; vestiture erect, dense, of uniform length,
each hair scarcely longer than a distance equal to one-half width of
upper part of eye. Eye and antenna as in allied species.

Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and
subparallel on posterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; an-
terior margin armed by twelve moderately large, pointed serrations;
summit at middle, moderately impressed behind summit; posterior
area smooth, subshining, with numerous very minute points, punc-
tures small, deep, not close. Glabrous, except at margin.

Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
on basal three-fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; sutural
striae feebly impressed on posterior half; strial punctures in slightly
irregular rows, small, shallow; interspaces subshining, with abund-
ant, minute, indistinct points, punctures absent. Declivity moder-
ately steep, bisulcate; all punctures obsolete; sutural interspace ra-
ther abruptly elevated, somewhat inflated on lower fourth, armed
by a row of small tubercles; sulcus rather wide, very smooth, shin-
ing; lateral margins moderately elevated and bearing a row of
about six small tubercles.

Male. — Similar to female except frons convex, with a broad
somewhat indefinite transverse carina just above upper level of eyes,
finely punctured below, rather coarsely punctured above.

Type Locality. — Sanford Canyon, Dixie National Forest, Utah,

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 24
para types were collected at the type locality on June 22, 1960, from
branches of Picea pungens, by S. L. Wood. Ten additional paratypes
were taken at Parowan Canyon, Utah, on June 20, 1960, from the
same host and collector. Four paratypes are from McKee Draw,
Ashley National Forest, Utah, taken June 22, 1960, from the same
host and collector.

The holotype, allotype and most of the paratypes are in my col-
lection; other paratypes are in the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus elatinus, n. sp.

This unique species belongs to Blackman's group V, but it repre-
sents a subgroup previously unknown to me. The small antennal
club and absence of interstrial punctures resemble those of species
in group VII, but the male carina and the declivity indicate a closer
relationship to group V.

Female. — Length 2.1 (paratypes 2.0-2.2), 2.9 times as long as
wide; body color very dark brown, the elytra lighter in color.

Frons flattened from eye to eye, from epistoma to well above
eyes; surface smooth with sparse very fine punctures; vestiture
short and sparse in central area, long and abundant at margins, the
long setae equal in length or slightly exceed diameter of flattened
area. Eye emarginate; finely granulate. Antennal club 1.2 times as

June 11, 1964 new species of pityophthorus Q7

long as wide, segments two and three equal in width; first suture
straight, second weakly arcuate.

Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and
subparallel on basal half, moderately constricted behind the broadly
rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about a dozen
low serrations; summit at middle, rather strongly impressed behind
summit; posterior and lateral areas irregular, evidently granulose-
reticulate with minute points intermixed, most punctures replaced
by small, rounded isolated granules behind summit, finely and ir-
regularly punctured in lateral areas. Vestiture short, inconspicuous
except at sides.

Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
on basal two-thirds, tapered posteriorly, then broadly rounded be-
hind; sutural striae weakly impressed, others not impressed, the
punctures in definite rows, small, close, shallow; interstriae about
twice as wide as striae, smooth, impunctate except at margin of
declivity. Declivity steep, narrowly sulcate; punctures of first and
second striae obsolete; sutural interspaces abruptly, moderately ele-
vated, more strongly below, armed by about ten minute granules
(some may take the form of punctures); interspace two broad, im-
pressed, smooth; interspace three strongly elevated on upper half,
higher than one, forming a small hump about middle of declivity
causing the sulcus to be narrow above, wider below, some punctures
on elevated portion minutely indefinitely granulate. Elytra glab-
rous except at sides.

Male. — Similar to female except frons convex, rather finely
punctured, with a fine, low, acute median carina on lower half; an-
tennal club narrower, 1.3 times as long as wide; declivital margins
much more strongly elevated, unarmed, the sutural interspace bear-
ing a row of moderately long, stout semirecumbent setae that extend
laterally from their bases; interspace three bearing a row of short
stout setae on upper third of declivity.

Type Locality. — Twenty-five miles west Ciudad Hidalgo,
Michoacan, Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and five
paratypes were taken on July 16, 1953, at an elevation of 8900 feet,
from transverse galleries in branches of an Abies species, by S. L.
Wood.

The holotype, allotype and some paratypes are in my collection;
other paratypes are in the Francis Huntington Snow Museum and
in the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus abiegnus, n. sp.

Evidently this species is more closely allied to immanis Black-
man than to other known species, but is distinguished by the smaller
size, by the less numerous interstrial granules on the disc, and by
the more regularly spaced sutural granules on the declivity.

Female. — Length 2.2 mm. (paratypes 2.1-2.4), 2.6 times as
long as wide; body color very dark brown.

The Great Basin Naturalist

68 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Frons planoconvex over a broad area, finely, rather closely
punctured; vestiture fine, long uniformly distributed, setae at pe-
riphery only slightly longer than at center. Eye finely granulate;
emarginate. Antennal club small, widest through second segment,
about 1.2 times as long as wide.

Pronotum equal in length and width, widest at base, the sides
feebly arcuate and converging slightly toward the broadly rounded
anterior margin, a definite lateral constriction just behind anterior
margin; anterior margin armed by about twelve low serrations;
summit at middle, moderately impressed behind summit; posterior
and lateral areas subshining, the surface smooth with very abund-
ant minute points, the punctures rather large, close, deep, impunc-
tate along median line. Vestiture sparse, minute, inconspicuous.

Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparellel
on basal two-thirds, then slightly tapered, and finally broadly round-
ed behind; surface subshining, minutely, indefinitely reticulate;
sutural striae weakly impressed, others not at all, the punctures in
rows, rather small, distinct, reduced in size on anterior one-fourth;
interstriae as wide as striae, each with about two or three punctures
irregularly placed. Declivity steep, bisulcate; punctures of striae
one and two obsolete; sutural interspace abruptly, moderately ele-
vated and bearing about ten wddely spaced, minute granules; inter-
space two wider than one or three, impressed, almost smooth; in-
terspace three moderately elevated, much higher than one, and bear-
ing a row of about six widely spaced, coarse teeth. Vestiture hair-
like, largely confined to sides.

Male. — Similar to female except frons convex, with a well de-
veloped transverse carina at upper level of eyes, a median carina
also indicated; the surface coarsely punctured; pronotal and declivi-
tal armature more coarsely developed, wdth a partial double row of
tubercles near base of declivity on interspace three; a row of very
short, stout setae on upper half of third declivital interspace.

Type Locality. — Four miles west of Rio Frio, Mexico, Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and 10
para types were taken at the type locality on July 14, 1953, at an
elevation of 9800 feet, from branches of an Abies species, by S. L.
Wood.

The female holotype, male allotype and some paratypes are in
my collection, other paratypes are in collections of the Francis
Huntington Snow Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophtkorus cristatus, n. sp.

This odd species probably should be placed in Blackman's group
VII, but it is not at all closely related to any known species. The
sexes are almost indistinguishable, both have the declivity oblique
and excavated with the lateral margins acutely elevated from the
top of interspace two, around the elytral apex, to the opposite inter-
space two.

June 11, 1964 new species of pityophthorus 69

Female. — Length 1.6 mm. (para types 1.5-1.9), 2.6 times as long
as wide; body color dark reddish brown.

Frons convex, somewhat flattened, surface coarsely punctured
above and at sides, somewhat more finely punctured below on
median half; vestiture inconspicuous, consisting of a few scattered
hairs of medium length. Eye emarginate; finely granulate. Antennal
club widest through second segment, sutures one and two weakly
procurved.

Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and
subparallel on basal half, wealcly constricted one-third from the
broadly rounded anterior margin; asperities confused, summit at
middle, transverse impression behind summit rather well developed;
anterior margin armed by a row of about ten low teeth (somewhat
irregular in size) ; posterior areas subshining. reticulate, the punc-
tures deep, close, rather coarse. Vestiture confined to marginal areas.

Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on
basal two-thirds then converging very slightly to declivital margin,
very broadly rounded behind (median portion almost straight);
strial and interstrial punctures confused, the punctures moderately
large and deep; surface subshining, indistinctly reticulate. Declivity
oblique, excavated; an acutely, very strongly elevated subserrulate
margin extending above from second interspace to apex, the area
encompassed roughly obovate; the broad excavated area with strial
punctures indistinct but evident, in rows, sutural interstriae moder-
ately elevated and bearing a row of close, rounded granules. Vesti-
ture on sides and particularly on declivital margin moderately long
and abundant; minute in declivital excavation.

Male. — Similar to female except frons very slightly more evi-
dent.

Type Locality. — Nine miles north of Perote, Vera Cruz,
Mexico.

Type Material. — The female holotype, male allotype and four
para types were taken at the type locality on June 28, 1953, at an
elevation of 7200 feet from branches of Pinus, by S. L. Wood; two
para types were collected 19 miles east of Tulancingo, Hidalgo,
Mexico, on June 24, 1953. from the same host and collector; and
six paratypes were taken at Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, Mexico, on June
5, 1962, from Pinus, by R. Coronado.

The holotype, allotype and some paratypes are in my collection;
other paratypes are in collections of the Francis Huntington Snow
Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

Pityophthorus hylocuroides, n. sp.

This species is allied to virilis Blackman (group VII) but differs
by the steeper, flattened, almost Hylocurus-Yiike declivity of the
male, by the less deeply sulcate elytra of the female, and by the
presence of pointed granules on the sutural interspace of the declivi-
ty (rarely one or two granules on lower third in virilis).

The Great Basin Naturalist

70 STEPHEN L. WOOD Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Male. — Length 1.4 mm. (para types 1.1-1.5), 2.7 times as long
as wide; body color dark reddish brown.

Frons convex above upper level of eyes, abruptly impressed and
longitudinally concave below; surface smooth and shining with
rather large, close, deep punctures; vestiture inconspicuous, sparse.
Eye and antenna as in virilis.

Pronotum equal in length and width; sides almost straight and
subparallel on basal half, broadly rounded in front; asperities ar-
ranged in three concentric rows between anterior margin and sum-
mit, about two indefinite partial rows at summit; anterior margin
armed by about ten indefinite low teeth; transverse impression be-
hind summit very poorly developed; posterior areas shining, with
abundant minute points, the punctures rather coarse, deep, moder-
ately close. Vestiture confined to marginal areas.

Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel
to base of subtruncate declivity, broadly obtuse behind; striae not
impressed, the punctures rather small, deep; interstriae about as
wide as striae, shining, smooth except for a few minute lines and
largely obliterated minute points, impunctate. Declivity, except be-
tween sutural striae, abrupt, very steep, almost subtruncate; second
and third striae evident on upper half only, their punctures grad-
ually decreasing in size; sutural interspace moderately, uniformly
elevated to apex and bearing about eight small pointed tubercles;
interspace two impressed, widened, impunctate, shining, elevated
laterally; interspace three rather narrowly, moderately elevated
from upper margin to middle of declivity and bearing four to six
rather large, pointed tubercles; apical and lateral margins abruptly
elevated forming three-fourths of a circle, terminated above the
third interspaces. Vestiture sparse, inconspicuous.

Female. — Similar to male except frons flattened from epistoma
to well above eyes and finely closely punctured, bearing uniformly
distributed rather long hair of equal length (as in virilis); declivity
not as abrupt, the apical and lateral margins not elevated.

Type Locality. — Eleven miles northeast of Jacala, Hidalgo,
Mexico.

Type Material. — The male holotype, female allotype and 12
para types were collected at the type locality on June 22. 1953, at
an elevation of 5100 feet, from branches of Rhus trilobata (or a
very closely related species), by S. L. Wood.

The holotype, allotype and part of the paratypes are in my col-
lection; other paratypes are in collections of the Francis Huntington
Snow Museum and the U. S. National Museum.

MITES FROM MAMMALS AT THE NEVADA TEST SIIE^

Dorald M. Allied and Morris A Goates

• During ecological studies at the nuclear test site north of Mercury.
Nye County, Nevada (Allred, Beck and Jorgensen. 1963), mites
were recovered from many vertebrates. Data on some collections
were published bv Allred (1962, 1962a, 1964), Allred and Beck
(1962), Goates (1963), and Allred and Goates (1964). Additional
collections represent eleven new mite-host associations, ten new dis-
tribution records for the test site and apparently for Nevada, and an
unusual record of erythraeid mites of the genus CaecuUsoma crawl-
ing on bats. These larvae are normally parasitic on arthropods.
Although other arthropods were not found on the bats in our study,
dipterous or other parasites may have left the hosts before we ex-
amined them.

We are grateful to James M. Brennan and Conrad E. Yunker,
Rocky Mountain Laboratory, and Frank J. Radovsky, Hooper Foun-
dation, for identification and verification of some of our mites. Some
mites not reported here represent several undescribed L^pecies. These
are being studied by these men who likely will describe them in
subsequent publications.

Literature Cited

Allred, D. M. 1962. Mites on squirrels at the Nevada atomic test site. J.

Parasitol. 48:817.
Allred, D. M. 1962a. Mites on grasshopper mice at the Nevada atomic test

site. Great Basin Nat. 22:101-104.
Allred, D. M. 1964. Mites from pocket mice at the Nevada Test Site. Proc.

Entomol. Soc. Wash. 65(3):231-233.
Allred, D. M. and D E. Beck. 1962. Ecological distribution of mites on lizards

at the Nevada atomic test site. Herpetologica 18:47-51.
Allred, D. M. and M. A Goates. 1964. Mites from wood rats at the Nevada

Test Site. J. Parasitol. 50(1): 171.
Allred, D. M., D E. Beck, and C. D. Jorgensen. 1963. Biotic communities of

the Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 2(2): 1-52.
Goates, M. A. 1963. Mites on kangaroo rats at the Nevada atomic test site.

Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 3(4): 1-12.

1. This study was supported (in part) by Contract AT( 11 -1)786 between the U. S. Atomic
Energy Commission and Brigham Young University.

71

72

ALLRED AND GOATES

The Great Basin Naturalist

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MITES FROM MAMMALS

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ECTOPARASITES OF MAMMALS FROM OREGON

Charles G. Hansen^

Ectoparasites from 451 small mammals were collected while
making an ecological study in the Steen's Mountains area in Harney
County. Oregon. The mammals were captured in snap-traps, and in-
dividuals of the same species were placed in plastic bags and etherized
to kill their ectoparasites. The bags and carcasses were then examined
for invertebrates. Ectoparasites were placed in small vials containing
70 per cent ethyl alcohol and labeled as to place, date, collector, ana
host. The mammals and number examined are listed below.

Sorex preblei Jackson, 1

Sorex vagrans monticola Merriam, 8

Sorex palustris navigator (Baird), 6

Myotis iucifugus carissima Thomas, 2

Myotis volans interior Miller, 3

Lasionycteris noctivagans (Le Conte), 1

Antrozous pallidus cantwelli Bailey, 12

Mustela jrenata nevadensis Hall, 2

Citellus beldingi crebrus Hall, 3

Citellus leucurus leucurus (Merriam), 3

Citellus lateralis trepidus (Taylor), 3

Eutamias minimus scrutator Hall and Hatfield, 1

Eutamias {amoenus and/or minimus), 23

Thomomys talpoides quadratus Merriam, 3

Perognathus parvus parvus (Peale), 6

Dipodomys ordii columbianus (Merriam), 24

Dipodomys microps preblei (Goldman), 1

Onychomys leucogaster fuscogriseus Anthony, 1 1

Peromyscus maniculatus sonoriensis (Le Conte), 211

Neotoma lepida nevadensis Taylor, 5

Neotoma cinerea alticola Hooper, 4

Plicrotus montanus montanus (Peale), 53

Microtus longicaudus mordax (Merriam), 46

Lagurus curtatus pauperrimus (Cooper), 11

Zapus princeps major Preble, 6

Ochotona princeps taylori Grinnell, 1

Sylvilagus nuttalli nuttalli (Bachman), 1

Assistance was given by P. W. Oman, and identification of the
parasites was made by C. F. W. Muesebeck, E. W. Baker, A. Rud-

1. Desert Game Range. Las N'egas, Nevada.

75

The Great Basin Naturalist
76 CHARLES G. HANSEN Vol. XXIV, No. 2

nick, and A. Stone of the Insect Identification and Parasite Introduc-
tion Section of the United States Department of Agricuhure; and by
F. C. Bishopp and R. I. Sailer of the Oscar Johnston Cotton Founda-
tion at Brownsville, Texas. Mounted and unmounted specimens of
the parasites are housed in the United States National Museum and
the Oregon State University entomological museum.

Identification of the hosts was made by the author in the field at
the time of collection. Consequently, separation of the two species of
Eutamias was not attempted where their ranges overlapped, and
these are referred to in the tables as Eutamias sp.

I am indebted to* Drs. D Elden Beck and Dorald M. Allred,
Zoology and Entomology Department of Brigham Young University
whose encouragement and assistance aided greatly in the preparation
of the manuscript.

Tables 1 to 5 present the species and numbers of individuals of
each parasite and their host relationships. When only the genus,
family or order are given, the parasite represented an undetermined
species, or a specialist was not available to make specific identifica-
tions of that particular organism.

Discussion

Analysis of the tables reveals several interesting host-parasite
relationships. Mice of Microtus montanus possessed the greatest num-
ber of species of mites of any mammal studied. These mice also were
next in frequency to deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, with ref-
erence to the numbers of species of fleas they possessed. Although
more hosts of these two species were examined than other mammals,
sufficient numbers of some of the others were taken to be indicative
of their parasite fauna.

Most parasites were not widely distributed in relationship to
host species, and when found on more than one or two hosts usually
were found only in small numbers. A few, however, were widely
distributed and in some abundance. These were the mites Haemoga-
masus ambulans and Haemolaelaps glasgowi, tick Dermacentor an-
dersoni, and fleas Catallagia decipiens, Megabothris abantis, Meringis
hubbardi, and Monopsyllus wagneri.

June 11, 1964 ectoparasites prom Oregon n

Table 1 . Host relationships and numbers of mites from mammals
of Harney County, Oregon.

to

Mite

Balaustium sp. 1

Bdella sp. 1

Dermacarus sp. 1

Erythres sp. 1

Eubrachylaelaps

crowei 1 1

Eulaelaps

stabularis 3 1

Haemogamasus

ambulans 2 3 3 27 3 2 6 1

Haemogamasus

liponyssoides 1 1

Haemogamasus

mandschuricus 1

Haemogajnasus

pontiger 4

Haemolaelaps

(prob.) casalis 1 11

Haem.olaelaps

glasgowi 19 10 24 4 1113 1 1 1

Hirstionyssus

arcuatus 1

Hirstionyssus

isabellinus 11 1

Hirstionyssus

obsoletus 1

Hirstionyssus sp. 11 4 1

Ischoronyssus sp. 1 1

Laelaps alaskensis 13 1

Laelaps pachypus 3 21

Leptus sp. 1

MacrocheJes sp. 1 11 12

Parasitus sp. 12 1 1

78

Poecilochirus sp.
Pygmephorus sp.
Resinacarus sp.
Spinturnix

(prob.) americanus
Spinturnix sp.
Phytoseiidae sp.
Trombiculidae sp.
Unknown

CHARLES G. HANSEN

Table 1 continued.

1

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, No. 2

Table 2. Host relationships and numbers of ticks from mammals
of Harney County, Oregon.

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Eutamias sp.

11

Microtus longicaudus

10

M. montanus

30

Neotoma cinerea

5

14

N. lepida

1

Onychomys leucogaster

1

Perognathus parvus

8

Peromyscus maniculatus

51

4

Sorex palustris

1

S. va grans

6

Sylvilagus nuttallii

4

22

June 11, 1964

ECTOPARASITES FROM OREGON

79

Table 3. Host relationships and numbers of lice from mammals
of Harney County, Oregon.

o

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Anoplura

Fahrenholzia pinnata

Hoplopleura acanthopus

H. arboricola

H. (prob.) erratica

H. hesperomydis

N eohaematopinus inornatus

N. pacificus

Polyplax (prob.) abscinssa

P. auricularis

P. spinulosa
Mallophaga

Geomydoecus thomomys

Strigiphilus ceblehrachys

52 37 1

37

11 2

35

43 3

1

Table 4. Host relationships and numbers of bedbugs and biting
flies from mammals of Harney County, Oregon.

Parasite

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Cimex piloselh
Diptera

Basilia forcipata

B. antrozoii

Simulium aureum

9

1

9

1
2

80

CHARLES G. HANSEN

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, No. 2

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June 111 964 ectoparasites from Oregon

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Great Basin

mmmm

. COMP. ZOOL
L!f?RARY

AUG 1 8 1966

Volume XXIV December 31, 1964 Nos. 3-4

JNIVERSITY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Some Ethiopian Lacebugs (Hemiptera: Tingidae). Carl J.
Drake and Bob G. Hill. Illustrated 83

Kangaroo Rat Burrows at the Nevada Test Site. Arthur 0.
Anderson and Dorald M. Allred. Illustrated 93

The Recent Naturalization of Siberian Elm (Ulmm
Pumila L.) in Utah. Earl M. Christensen 103

On Some New Spedes of Nycteribiidae (Diptera: Pupipara).
0. Theodor and B. V. Peterson. Illustrated 107

Undescribed Species of Nearctic TipiJidae (Diptera). V.
Qiarles P. Alexander 11$

Index 121

Published by

f

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AUG 1 8 n%

UNIVERSITY

The Great Basin Naturalist

Published at Provo, Utah by
Brigham Young University

Volume XXIV Dec. 31, 1964 Nos. 3-4

SOME ETHIOPIAN LACEBUGS (HEMIPTERA: TINCJDAE)

Carl J. Drake' and Bob G. Hill=

The present paper deals with a small lot of miscellaneous 1 ingi-
dae collected in Ethiopia during the years 1963-64 by the junior
author. This collection comprises 15 species segregated into 12
genera, including 1 new genus and species and 4 undescribed
species in other genera. Each species, as it was picked from the
leaves of its host plant, was placed in a separate vial containing 80
percent alcohol. An effort was also made to pick nymphs as well as
adults from the same leaves. Thus each vial contains numerous
nymphal and imaginal morphs of one species. The last two im-
mature stages provide good diagnostic characters.

One of the field notes is of unusual biological interest. On the
road to Addis Ababa from Dire Dawa, August 30, 1963, numerous
specimens of a new species, Haedus cirratus (fig. 2) were collected
on a single host plant of Grewia mollis. To obtain more specimens
of this undescribed species, another trip was made. February 19,
1964, to the same individual plant. On the latter trip, besides a long
series of H. cirratus, several specimens of a new genus and species,
Afrotingis eiimenes (fig. 3), were taken on this particular plant.
The illustrations depict the marked differences in structure and
habitus of species found breeding on a single individual plant.

The host plants were identified by Dr. William Berger, plant
taxonomist, Haile Sellassie I University; all plant names are listed
in accordance with "A glossary of Ethiopian plant names" (Dublin
Univ. Press, Ltd., 1963). The fine drawings of the lacebugs were
executed by Mrs. Richard C. Froeschner, Arlington, Virginia. In
the descriptions, 80 microunits are equivalent to 1 millimeter. The
holotypes and allotypes of the new species are in the Drake Collection
(USNM) and para types are in the Ilaile Sellassie I University and
collections of the authors. For generic and specific references, see
the Catalog of the Lacebugs of the World (Drake and Ruhoff 1964).

1. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

2. Haile Sellassie I University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.

83

84

DRAKE AND HILL

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

Tho collection comprises the species listed below, including

records of breeding hosts:

Plcrochila aiistralis (Distant) (fig. 1)

Alemaya, Aug. 8, and Sept. 3, 1963 and Feb. 19, 1964, nymphs
and adults, on olive tree, Olea africana. This species is a pest of
cultivated olive. Olea europaea, and is widely distributed in
Africa and islands in the Indian Ocean.

Plerochila australis (Distant)

Dec. SI, 1964 ethopian lacebugs 85

Compscuta latipennis llorv^ith

Collected 46 kilometers southeast of Harar on the road to Jigiga,
May 25, 1963, alt. 1550 ni., hreeding on Cordia oralis.

Compseuta ornatella teres Drake

Jimma, July 25, 1963, on Premna sp. The varieties of ornatella
(Stal) show differences in the dimensions of the lateral carinae.

Elasmotropis testacea (Herrich-Schaeffer)

Alemaya, Dec. 17, 1963, on Echinops spinosus L. Several varie-
ties of this species have been described.

Horvathula uniseriata (Horvath)

Alemaya, Aug. 26, 1963, on Cordia ajricana Lam. The members
of the plant genus Cordia serve as breeding hosts for species be-
longing to several genera of lacebugs in both the Old and New
Worlds.

Urentius hystricellus (Richter)

Alemaya. March 31, 1963; Dire Dawa, Aug. 13, 1961, breeding
on Solarium incannum and Solarium melongena (eggplant, a com-
mon host). U. aegyptiacus Bergevin of Egypt is a synonym of it.
This very spiny lacebug is also recorded from Kenya, Senegal, Ni-
geria, Sudan, Uganda, Egypt, Southern Rhodesia, Ceylon, and
India.

Urentius euonymus Distant

Dire Dawa, Aug. 29, 1963, on Hibiscus aponeurus S. & H. Known
also from Algeria, Egypt, Sudan, Ceylon, India, Israel, Syria, and
Turkey. Several synonyms are recorded in the literature.

Eteoneus congolensis Schouteden

Alemaya, Aug. 26, 1963, on Nuxia congesta R. Br.

Cysteochila tombeuri Schouteden

Alemaya, Sept. 3, 1963, on Cissus sp.

Naochila kivuensis (Schouteden)

South face of Gara Mullata Mts., 50 km. west of Harar. alt. 1100
meters; on Acanthus eminens C. B. Clarke.

Naochila engys, n. sp.

Small, oblong, testaceous with head, pronotum, paranotum, and
the tumid elevation of each elytron plus many veinlets blackish
fuscous. Body beneath brown to blackish fuscous. Antennae testa-
ceous. Legs testaceous with a fairly wide fuscous band near the
middle of each hind femur, all tarsi dark fuscous. Length cf and ?
1.90 mm.; width (elytra) 0.85 mm.

Head very short, armed with five testaceous spines; frontal
spines moderately long, porrect; hind pair much longer, stouter,
appressed, extenaing forward almost to fore margins of eyes; buc-

The Great Basin Naturalist
86 DRAKE AND HILL Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

culae wide, closed in front, finely areolate. Rostrum testaceous with
dark tip, extending slightly beyond sternum; sternal laminae low,
areolate, usually deep black. Ostiole and ostiolar canal not visible.
Antenna long, very slender, indistinctly pubescent, fourth segment
sparsely hairy and slightly swollen. Measurements: segment I, 6;
II, 5; 111,42; IV, 14.

Pronotum moderately convex, coarsely punctate, tricarinate;
median carina long, elevated anteriorly on pronotal disc, uniseriate,
the areolae fairly large; lateral carinae long, less raised than median,
concealed on each side of pronotal disc by reflexed paranotum,
slightly divergent posteriorly; paranotum large, reflexed, inflated,
space between outer margin of each paranotum and median carina
about the width of an areola; each paranotum with two prominent,
longitudinal ridges, the outer ridge less prominent and near humeral
angle, each ridge formed by longitudinally elevated areolae. Legs
long, slender, inconspicuously pubescent. Ostiole and ostiolar canal
not visible.

Elytra slightly wider and longer than abdomen; sutural areas
overlapping each other with apices resting jointly rounded in repose;
hypocostal lamina narrow, uniseriate; costal area composed of one
row of moderately large, hyaline areolae, the crossveins thick and
blackish fuscous; subcostal area two areolae deep in front of out-
ward projection of discoidal area and then three or four cells deep
behind it; discoidal area approximately reaching middle of elytron,
tapering anteriorly, almost triangular in outline, elevated, and wide-
ly truncate at apex, almost four or five areolae deep, convexly
f)rojecting outward in apical third into subcostal area; sutural area
arge. Hind pair of wings slightly longer than abdomen, smoky,
functional.

HoLOTYPE cf and allotype 9 , both macropterous, on Cordia
ovalis, about 42 km. west of Dire Dawa, on road to Addis Ababa,
altitude 1,100 m., Dec. 22, 1963. Paratypes: 10 specimens, collected
with type; 10 specimens, Alemaya, Ethiopia, on Ehretia cymosa,
April 6, 1964, Bob G. Hill; 12 specimens. North Transvaal, South
Africa, on Ehretia rigida, Dec. 16, 1964, J. Paliatseas.

Separated from A^. kivuensis Schouteden by its much smaller
size, narrower form, and longitudinally ridged paranota; femora
may or may not be banded with blackish fuscous, sometimes only
one or two pairs banded. In N . kivuensis, the paranota are inflated
but not ridged and the outer margins meet on the median line of
pronotal disc above the median carina.

Dictyla litotes, n. sp.

Small, oblong, slightly brownish testaceous with pronotal disc,
narrow, basal margin of each paranotum plus adjacent part of pro-
pleuron, all coxae, and fourth segments of each antenna blackish
fuscous. Cephalic spines testaceous. Length 2.52 mm., width (elytra)
0.93 mm.

Dec. 31, 1964 ethopian lacebugs 87

Head very short, not much produced in front of eyes, armed with
five testaceous spines, the three frontal spines porrect and hind pair
appressed; rostrum extending to end of mesosternum; sternal laminae
01 rostral sulcus testaceous, uniseriate, slightly divergent posteriorly
on mesosternum, widely separated and cordate on metasternum,
closed behind; bucculae areolate, ends meeting in front. Metapleural
orifice and ostiolar canal not visible. Antennae rather short, slender,
segment III sparsely beset with short, setal hairs, measurements:
segment I, 6; II, 5; III, 42; IV, 14.

Pronotum moderately convex, punctate, completely covered on
each side of pronotal disc by reflexed paranotum; lateral carinae
visible only on backward, triangular projection of hind margin of
pronotum; all carinae low, non-areolate, the lateral pair divergent
posteriorly behind pronotal disc; paranota large, completely reflexed,
flat, resting spread out on pronotal disc, each with its outer margin
coming in contact with median carina; hood very small, composed
of four or five areolae on each side. Legs rather short; femora little
swollen, indistinctly pubescent.

Elytra not much wider or longer than abdomen, with apices
jointly rounded in repose; costal area narrow, uniseriate; subcostal
area mostly biseriate, the areolae subequal in size to those in costal
area; discoidal area tapering anteriorly, extending backwards scarce-
ly beyond middle of elytra, widest slightly in front of apex, there
widely acutely angulate; sutural area large, on same horizontal
level as discoidal area. Boundry veins of discoidal area and vein
separating costal and subcostal areas brownish or fuscous. Hind
wings clear, functional.

HoLOTYPE <S and allotype ? , both macropterous, Dire Dawa,
Ethiopia, Nov. 13, 1963, Edson J. Hambleton. Paratypes: 2 speci-
mens, collected with type.

This species is similar in size, form, and outward appearance to
D. abyssinica (Drake) but readily separated from the latter by hav-
ing shorter third antennal segment (18:27), shorter rostrum (15:11),
and smaller areolae in elytra. The median carina of pronotum is
uncovered for its entire length and both propleura are entirely
black. We are indebted to Mr. R. J. Izzard for the comparison with
the holotype of D. abyssinica in the British Museum.

Dictyla poecilla, n. sp.

Moderately large, grayish testaceous with some scattered spots on
veinlets of paranota and elytra brownish to dark fuscous; head black
with spines testaceous; bucculae testaceous, areolate, anterior ends
meeting in front of labium. Antennae testaceous, pubescence sparse
and inconspicuous. Legs testaceous with basal half of femora slightly
embrowned. Rostrum brown, extending scarcely beyond meso-
sternum; sulcal laminae wide, testaceous, diverging backwards on
mesosternum, widely separated and cordate on metasternum, closed
behind. Pronotal disc reddish brown, covered by reflexed paranotum

The Great Basin Naturalist
88 DRAKE AND HILL Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

on each side. Length 3.52 mm.; width (widest part of elytra) 1.30
mm.

Head very short, dorsal spines stout, basal pair appressed, other
three porrect. Antenna slender, inconspicuously pubescent, measure-
ments: segment I, 9; II, 7; III, 50; IV, 20. Antennal tubercles large,
flat, plate-like, areolate. Ostiole and ostiolar canal not visible on
either metapleuron.

Pronotum moderately convex, coarsely punctate, tricarinate;
median carina percurrent, indistinctly areolate on pronotal disc;
lateral carinae visible behind pronotal disc, covered on each side of
median carina by the large, completely reflexed, flat, paranotum;
lateral carinae visible and divergent on triangular process, concealed
under outer vein of each paranotum, extending forward beyond
middle of pronotal disc, there slightly convergent but not coming in
contact with median carina; both sides of median carina and inner
side of each lateral carina thickly-set with straight, pale, outwardly
pointed, setal-like, bristly hairs. Legs moderately long, femora slight-
ly swollen.

Elytra slowly roundly narrowed behind middle to apex, slightly
overlapping each other within, apices jointly rounded; hypocostal
lamina umseriate; costal area narrow, mostly uniseriate, biseriate
(5 or 6 areolae) opposite apex of discoidal area, areolae separated
from one another by thick, dark, transverse veinlets; subcostal area
wider, mostly three areolae deep; discoidal area large, wide at apex,
anterior half narrow and tapering to a point at base, posterior part
much wider, with outer boundary vein extending concavely into
subcostal area, widest at base, there obtusely angulate; sutural area
large, flat. Hind wings clear, functional.

HoLOTYPE cT and allotype ? , both macropterous. Dire Dawa,
Ethiopia, on Cordia rothii. Paratypes: 18 specimens, taken at the
same time as type.

Separated from D. abyssinica (Drake) and D. litotes, n. sp., by
its wider, elyptical form, partly biseriate costal area opposite apex
of discoidal area, and apical two-fifths of outer boundary vein of
latter area extending deeply concavely into subcostal area.

Haedus cirratus, n. sp.
Figure 2

Small, slender, blackish fuscous with paranota, costal areas of
elytra, cephalic spines, bucculae, and hairy vestiture of dorsal
surface whitish testaceous. Appendages testaceous. Body beneath
blackish fuscous with pale vestiture. Length 2.30 mm., width
(elytra) 0.65 mm.

Head very short, armed with five long dorsal spines, the median
spine erect, others porrect; bucculae closed in front, areolate. Ros-
trum pale, extending to base of mesostemum in repose; sternal
laminae of rostral sulcus brownish testaceous, uniseriate, closed be-

Dec. 31, 1964

ETHOPIAN LACEBUGS

89

Fig. 2. Haedus cirratus, n.sp.

The Great Basin Naturalist
90 DRAKE AND HILL Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

hind. Antenna long, slender, moderately clothed with pale, seial
hairs, those on third segment recumbent, measurements: segment I,
8; II, 6; III, 50; IV, 22. Hairs on head, cephalic spines, paranota,
and elytra fine, fairly abundant; those on outer margins of para-
nota and elytra longer, numerous, and closely-set with apices curled.

Pronotum moderately convex, punctate, clothed with numerous,
reclining hairs, tricarinate; all carinae raised, lateral pair parallel,
each composed of one row of quadrate areolae; paranota uniseriate,
each composed of a single row of quadrate areolae larger than those
in carinae; collar small, feebly raised at middle. Ostiole and ostiolar
sulcus not visible on either metapleuron. Legs long, slender, sparsely
clothed with pale setose hairs, those on tibiae slightly longer and
pointed outward.

Elytra not much wider than abdomen, extending backwards be-
yond apex of abdomen, distinctly hollowed on outer margins, widest
near apices, without discoidal turgescences; costal area composed of
one row of clear, moderately large, quadrate areolae; subcostal area
narrower than costal area, nearly vertical, also composed of one row
of quadrate areolae; discoidal area elongate, extending backwards
slightly beyond middle of elytron, narrowed at each end; sutural
areas large, slightly overlapping each other in repose.

HoLOTYPE <S and allotype 9 , both macropterous, on Grewia
mollis A. Juss., Aug. 31, 1963. 60 km. west of Dire Dawa, on road
to Addis Ababa, at. ca. 1100 m. Paratypes: 50 specimens, taken
on same plant with type. The holotype is illustrated.

The smaller size, downward curved tips of hairy clothing, and
widely expanded apices of elytra separate this species from other
members of the genus in Africa possessing uniseriate costal and
subcostal areas and paranota.

Afrotingis, n. gen.

Small, distinctly lacy, paranota and elytra expanded outward,
much wider and longer than body, side margins of paranota and
elytra beset with sharp spines. Head very short, feebly produced in
front of eyes; bucculae areola te, closed in front. Antennae short,
slender, segments I and II very short, slightly swollen; III longest,
very slender; IV slightly thickened, approximately half as long as
III. Rostrum short, scarcely extending backward beyond pro-
sternum; sternal sulcus of rostrum with laminae uniseriate.

Pronotum strongly convex, punctate, unicarinate, lateral carinae
absent, hind margin triangularly produced backwards, areolate.
Legs rather short, femora slightly swollen. Ostiole and ostiolar canal
obsolete. Elytra without tumid elevations, divided into the usual
areas, the discoidal area extending posteriorly beyond middle of
elytron; hypocostal laminae uniseriate. Hind wings present, func-
tional.

Type species: Afrotingis eumenes, n. sp.

Dec. 31, 1964

ETHOPIAN LACEBUGS

91

Fig. 3. Afrotingis eumenes, n.sp.

The Great Basin Natxiralist
92 DRAKE AND HILL Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

The unicarinate pronotum, long discoidal area, and widely ex-
panded paranota and elytra distinguish this genus from other Afri-
can genera. It belongs to the subfamily Tinginae, tribe Tingini, and
is the smallest of the wide, finely lacy tingids in Africa.

Afrotingis eumenes, n. sp.
Figure 3

Small, oblong, clearly lacy, shining. Whitish testaceous with
head, pronotal disc, and two large and two small spots on each
elytron deep black; apical part of elytra brownish; areolae mostly
hyaline. Antennae pale testaceous with terminal segment fuscous.
Legs pale testaceous, with all tarsi dark. Body beneath black, shin-
ing. Length 1.82 mm., width 0.80 mm.

Head very short, hairy, armed above wdth five testaceous spines,
each spine and median longitudinal part of head clothed with curly
hair; bucculae testaceous, ends meeting in front, areolate. Antenna
clothed with fairly long, stiff, setal hairs; measurements: segment I,
8; II, 6; III, 24; IV. 14. Rostrum short, brownish, terminating on
forepart of mesosternum; rostral laminae uniseriate. present on all
three sternal division, widely separated from each other, sometimes
mostly black, then rather difficult to see.

Pronotum much swollen, finely punctate, unicarinate; median
carina low, with a few upright, whitish spines; lateral carinae lack-
ing; collar distinctly areolate, with two or three transverse rows of
areolae, with a few slender upright spines at middle, there feebly
narrowly extended backwards; paranotum wide, triseriate in front,
biseriate opposite humeral angles, outside margins armed with long
slender spines; hind process of pronotum triangular, areolate. Legs
short, femora slightly swollen, each with scattered setal hairs.

Elytra divided into the usual areas, without tumid elevations,
slightly whitish, transparent, armed along outer margins with long,
slender spines, each situated on a thickened base; boundary veins of
discoidal area armed with slender, upended spines with thick bases;
costal area wide, composed of two full rows of fairly large areolae;
subcostal area mostly biseriate, sloping downward; discoidal area
large, about three-fourths as long as elytron, widest near middle,
there six or seven areolae deep, outer boundary vein convex within,
base and apex narrowed, each acutely angulate; sutural area large,
on same level as discoidal area. Hind wings present.

HoLOTYPE cf and ALLOTYPE 9 , both macropterous. on Greivia
mollis, A. Juss., 60 km. west of Dire Dawa, along road to Addis
Ababa, elev. 1100 m., Aug. 30, 1963. Paratypes: 4 specimens, taken
on the same tree with types. The holotype is illustrated.

KANCrAROO RAT BURROWS AT THE NEVADA TEST SITE'

Arthur O. Anderson^ and Dorald M. Allred'

The chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, Dipodomys microps occidentalis
Hall and Dale, inhabits most of the major plant communities at the
Nevada nuclear test site. Because it is abundant and widely dis-
tributed at the test site it has been studied considerably with respect
to its reaction to the effects of nuclear weapons testing.

This study, as part of a broad ecological study described in detail
by Allred, Beck and Jorgensen (1963), was made to determine the
nature of burrows made by this animal in different soil types and
plant communities. Such information is important in evaluating the
radiation dosage a rat may receive while in its burrow, and the
effects of soil compaction from over-pressure of a nuclear detonation.

Procedure

Burrows were excavated in five plant communities during the
spring and summer of 1961 as follows: ten burrows in Salsola kali
and five each in Atriplex confertifolia-Kochia americana, Lycium
pallidum, Grayia spinosa-Lycium andersoni, and Coleogyne ramo-
sissima.

To locate occupied burrows for study, rats were live-trapped,
released and their escape pattern noted. After release each rat quick-
ly sought refuge in a burrow. Several minutes were spent observing
the opening which the rat entered as well as the immediate vicinity
to determine whether it emerged and entered another one. If no such
movement were noted it was assumed that this was the principle
burrow of the rat, and the burrow was marked for later excavation
and study.

White (1962) used a grout mixture to make concrete molds of
animal burrows, but the disadvantages of his system were prohibi-
tive for its use for our studies. Consequently, a shovel, pick and small
garden trowel were used to excavate the burrows. Care was taken to
leave the sides and floor of each burrow intact.

Burrows were mapped as they were excavated. Two seven-foot
pipes, joined to form a right angle, were marked at one-foot inter-
vals. The horizontal pattern of each burrow was thus recorded on
grid paper. Additional measurements were taken where necessary
to insure greater accuracy. Measurements of depth were made at
one-foot intervals. Average depth was determined from measure-
ments taken (1) where the tunnels branched, (2) where the passages
continued for a considerable distance at the same level, and (3) at
the lowest point of the burrow. Although side passages and pockets
were measured and mapped, those within three inches of the main

1. Report No. COO-1 355-3 Field work completed under AEG Contract AT(ll-l)-786.

2. Mapusaga High School, Samoa.

3. Department of Zoology and Entomology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

93

94

ANDERSON AND ALLRED

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

passage were excluded from the depth profiles to facilitate clear
diagrams.

Five to ten penetrometer measurements were taken to determine
comparative rockniess of the soil and depth of the hardpan at each
burrow site.

Results

Vegetative complexes of the communities were discussed by
AUred, Beck and Jorgensen (1963). Johnson and Hibbard (1957)
designated the geological formations and general soil types for the
test site. Following are brief resumes of our study sites and the re-
sults of excavation and burrow examination (Table 1).

Atriplex-Kochia Habitat (Plate I). This site is located near
the lowest part of the valley north of the playa in Yucca Flat. The
soil is primarily hard clay several inches deep with two or three
inches of loose sand around the base of the plants. Below the clay
is a shallow layer of sandy clay, under which is a hardpan. The
average penetrometer reading was 7.24 inches.

Table 1
burrows.

Burrow depths, openings and number of dead-end side

Depth in inches No. openings

No. side-burrows

Total in

Habitat

Greatest Average

Greatest Average

Range

all
burrows

Atriplex-Kochia

12

9.2

3

1.8

2-8

18

Coleogyne

24

15.7

3

2.2

3-5

22

Grayia-Lycium

24

15.3

6

3.2

6-18

56

Lycium

24

11.5

5

2.6

3-9

25

Salsola

24

12.8

4

2.7

2-9

26*

*Only five burrows used for comparison.

c=^

a

,^g^- ^==^-

SCALE

FEET:

OPENING--

GROUND LEVEL: --^--
NEST: FOOD CACHE:

Plate I. Patterns of five burrows in the Atriplex-Kochia habitat. Upper
figures: horizontal patterns; lower figures: corresponding vertical patterns.

Dec. 31. 1964

ANDERSON AND ALLRED

95

The burrows were predominantly in the sandy clay soil im-
mediately under the layer of clay. No burrow penetrated the hard-
pan. Openings were usually in the open spaces between plants. The
burrow patterns were simple with relatively few side passageways.
A nest constructed of plant materials was found in one burrow at a
depth of one foot. A food cache containing hulls of seeds was located
near the nest. All burrows had several camel crickets in them, and a
harvestman and a centipede were seen near the nest of one burrow.

CoLEOGYNE 1 Iabitat (Plate II). This site is located on the upper
slope of the bajada in northeastern Yucca Flat. The soil is somewhat
sandy with some clay and rocks of various sizes. A hardpan is usually
present at a depth of about one foot. The average penetrometer
reading was 9.13 inches.

The burrows in this area had no side passageways used as food
caches. Evidence of one food cache in the main passageway con-
sisted of small scatterings of seeds of annual plants. Three burrows
each had one nest at a depth of 17, 18 and 21 inches, respectively.

Grayia-Lycium Habitat (Plate III). This study area is on the
lower gentle slope of the bajada of northwestern Yucca Flat. The
soil is sandy with some clay, but somewhat compact. Small pebbles
are present, and a few rocks up to several inches in diameter are

SCALE

FEET:

OPENING:

GROUND
NEST:

LEVEL:

FOOD CACHE:

Plate II. Patterns of five burrows in the Coleogyne habitat. Top and third
rows: horizontal patterns; second and fourth rows: corresponding vertical patterns.

96

The Great Basin Naturalist
ANDERSON AND ALLRED Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

SCALE IN FEET: o^^T"

&ROUND LEVEL:

OPENING: • NEST:
FOOD CACHE:

Plate III. Patterns of five burrows in the Grayia-Lycium habitat. Top,
third and fifth rows: horizontal patterns; other rows: corresponding vertical
patterns.

common on and near the surface. The average penetrometer reading
was 14.49 inchs.

Most of the burrow openings were in the open spaces between
the plants. Two burrows contained nests, one burrow having two.
These were at a depth of 22, 19 and 15 inches, respectively. Food
caches of seeds, leaves and a few stems were found next to the nests.
In one burrow lacking a nest a food cache of freshly cut green
grass and seeds of a composite were found.

Dec. 31, 1964

KANGAROO RAT BURROWS

97

Lycium Habitat (Plate IV). This site is in the lowest part of
the valley southwest of the playa in Frenchman Flat. The surface
soil is sandy with some clay and small rocks. Generally the soil is
loose for a considerable depth. The average penetrometer reading
was 20.32 inches.

Burrow openings in this area were usually concealed by the
foliage of the plants. Even though there were frequently several
openings, the one most commonly used was usually well concealed
near the center of the area covered by the plant. No food caches or
nests were found in these burrows.

'^^^:^IJL^ -\^ c=3^^

SCALE

FEET:

4

OPENING:

GROUND LEVEL:

NEST:

FOOD CACHE:

Plate IV. Patterns of five burrows in the Lycium habitat. Top and third
rows: horizontal patterns; other rows: corresponding vertical patterns.

98

ANDERSON AND ALLRED

The Great Basin Naturalist

Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

Salsola Habitat (Plate V). This site is situated in a Grayia-
Lycium area where nuclear detonations have destroyed the native
vegetation and Salsoli kali has become established. The soil is similar

GROUND LEVEL:

SCALE IN FEET: o""^^ 2 3

OPENING: • NEST:

10

FOOD CACHE:

Plate V. Patterns of ten burrows in the Salsola habitat. Top, third, fifth
and seventh rows: horizontal patterns; other rows: corresponding vertical patterns.

Dec. 31, 1964 kangaroo rat burrows 99

to that at the (irayia-Lyciuni site except that it is not as compacted.
Rocks two inches or more in diameter are common, especially on the
surface. The presence of more surface rocks in this area may be
partly due to the effects of nuclear detonations. The average pene-
trometer reading was 15.75 inches.

Some of the burrows in this area were the most complex of any
excavated. Many openings were plugged with soil three or four
inches below ground surface. Only one nest was found, at a depth
of 20 inches. Near the nest was a food cache principally of seeds of
Salsola. Food caches found in four other burrows consisted princi-
pally of Salsola seeds, with small amounts of stems.

Discussion

The most complex burrows occurred in the Grayia-Lycium and
Salsola habitats. Inasmuch as the predominent vegetation of the
Salsola habitat originally was Grayia and Lycium before nuclear
disturbance, it is assumed that the type of soil in the Grayia-Lycium
community is more conducive to burrowing activities than the hard
clay of the Atriplex-Kochia and rocky soil of the Coleogyne areas.
This is substantiated by the larger number of side burrows present
in the Grayia-Lycium — twice the number of any other habitat.
Burrows in the hard clay of the Atriplex-Kochia habitat were short-
est and least complex of all. Although the longest burrow excavated
was in the Lycium area, this was an exception to the pattern of
others in the same habitat. Soil texture likely influences the depth
to which a rat will burrow, but even in the loose soils burrows did not
exceed two feet. Tappe (1941) maintained that depth of burrow is
determined by soil conditions. In 31 burrows of D. heermanni exca-
vated, he found only one which exceeded 20 inches in depth. Haw-
becker (1940) found D. venustus burrows 20 inches in depth, Grin-
nell (1932) found the greatest depth for D. ingens to be about 18
inches, and Culbertson (1946) and Fitch (1948) found the greatest
depths for D. nitratoides and D. heermanni, respectively, to be 24
inches. Huey (1942, 1951) stated that D. merriami avoids rocky
situations and cannot burrow into very hard soil. Hardy (1945)
indicated that shallow loose soil above a hardpan was satisfactory
for burrowing.

The numoer of burrow openings was greatest in the Grayia-
Lycium area. Considering the variable numbers of openings in all
habitats, two and three per burrow occurred with greatest and
about equal frequency. Grinnell (1932) found 2-hole burrows most
common for D. ingens, whereas Tappe (1941) found three or four
the usual number for D. heermanni.

Negrly all the short, side passageways used for food storage
were about two inches above the level of the main passageway floor.
Other short, deadend passageways ended two or three inches above
the floor level of the main passageway, although occasionally they
were lower.

Seven of 30 burrows contained nests and eight had food caches.
No reason for this low incidence is known. Fitch (1948) found old

The Great Basin Naturalist
100 ANDERSON AND ALLRED Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

nests in only 11 of 150 burrows of D. nitratoides . Tappe (1941)
found nine nests in 17 main burrows of D. heermanni. Ilawbecker
(1940) found that D. venustus had several supplementary burrows
which always lacked nests and food caches. Apparently D. microps
does not commonly build nests or perhaps dismantles them when no
longer needed or the rat moves to another burrow. However, it is
possible that many of our burrows were supplemental burrows.

The low incidence of food caches seems more easily explained.
Food storage likely is correlated with season and food availability.
Perhaps a rat is active above ground on succeeding nights only until
a small store of food has been accumulated. Further activity above
ground may then be suspended until the stored food is exhausted.
Fitch (1948) maintained that storing of food in the burrows of D.
heermanni is usually on a small scale to make available a constant
supply during the majority of the hours that the animal is under-
ground. Although Culbertson (1946) did not specifi^gally study food
storage habits of D. nitratoides, he did observe that food was oc-
casionally stored in small pits in the burrow. Grinnell (1932) found
no food caches in the burrows of D. ingens, although he found seed
shells and hulls to be common. Tappe (1941) found food caches in
many of the burrows of D. heermanni. Shaw (1934) found many
underground food caches of considerable amounts, up to eight quarts
each, in the burrows of D. ingens. Hardy (1945) found large food
caches in the burrows of D. microps in southern Utah in September.
Through our observation in the field, some evidence suggests that
rats store seeds in small caches in shallow graves outside their bur-
rows. Once a food source is located this likely facilitates emptying
their cheek pouches of collected food without having to return rela-
tively great distances to their burrows. Reynolds (1950, 1958) indi-
cated tnat D. merriami stores excess seeds in surface caches. Such
food is transported from 2 to 105 feet (average about 47 feet) before
being cached. In fall, winter and spring many of the surface caches
are opened by the rats. Shaw (1934) found surface food caches very
numerous near the burrows of D. ingens. These caches were fre-
quently transferred to the den. Hawbecker (1940) also found sur-
face caches to be common for D. venustus.

Although it is assumed that the behavior of D. microps is similar
to that of other species, further studies of their food and burrowing
habits are needed.

Literature Cited

Allred, D. M., D E. Beck and C. D. Jorgensen. 1963. Biotic Communities of

the Nevada Test Site. Brigham Young l^niversity Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser.,

II(2):l-52.
Culbertson, A. E. 1946. Observations on the natural history of the Fresno

kangaroo rat. J. Mammal.. 27(3) : 189-203.
Fitch. H. S. 1948. Habits and economic lelationships of the Tulare kangaroo

rat. J. Mammal., 29(1 ) :''v3'5.
Grinnei.i,. J. 1932. Habitat relations of the giant kangaroo rat. J. Mammal.,

13 (4): 305- 320.
Hardy, R. 1945. The influence of types of soil upon local distribution of

some mammals in southwestern Utah. Ecol. Monographs, 15:71-108.

Dec. 31, 1964 kangaroo rat burrows 101

Hawbeckkr, a. C. 1940. Tlie burrowing and feeding habits of Dipodomys

vcnustus. J. Maniniid., 21 (2) : 388-396.
HuEY, L. M. 1943. A vertebrate faunal survey of the Organ Pipe National

Monument, Arizona. Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 9:3-53-376.
. 1951. Tlie kangaroo rats {Dipodomysq of Baja, California, Mexico.

Trans. vSan Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 11:205-256.
Reynolds, H. G. 1950. Relation of Merriani kangaroo rats to range vegetation

in Southern Arizona. Ecology. 31 (3) :456-463.
. 1958. The ecology of the Merriani kangaroo rat on the grazing lands

of southern Arizona. Ecological Monographs, 28(2) : 1 1 1-127.
Shaw, W. T. 1934. The ability of the giant kangaroo rat as a harvester and

storer of seeds. .1. Mammal., 15(4) :275-286.
Tappe, D. T. 1941. Natural history of the tulare kangaroo rat. J. Mammal.,

22(2):117-118.

(

THE RECENT NATURALIZATION OF
SIBERIAN ELM {ULMUS PUMILA L.) IN UTAH

Earl M. Christensen'

Abstract: The history of naturalization of Siberian Elm
(Ulmus pumila L.) in Utah is presented. Establishment of the
species in nature occurred quickly after its introduction into Utah,
and it has become a conspicuous part of the vegetation in lowland
areas in Utah valleys. The earliest documented date of establish-
ment in nature in Utah is 1935. The species was not cultivated in
Utah and adjacent states prior to 1920. It was recommended for use
in the western United States during the 1920's, and it was exten-
sively planted during the 1930's and 1940's. The naturalization of
Siberian Elm is similar to the earlier naturalization in Utah of
tamarix {Tamarix pentandra Pall.) and Russian olive {Elaeagrtus
angustifolia L.).

Introduction

During the last two decades Siberian Elm, Ulmus pumila L., has
become a conspicuous and abundant plant in wildland areas in
Utah: pastures, streamsides, canyon bottoms, and vacant urban lots.
Because of the evident rapidity of naturalization of this species an
attempt is made in this paper to document its spread into nature and
to determine the rate of naturalization. The naturalization of
Siberian Elm is particularly interesting because it parallels the earli-
er introduction and naturalization of tamarix (Christensen, 1962)
and Russian olive (Christensen, 1963) in the same area and often
in the same habitats.

Siberian elm is a rapidly growing, medium-sized tree that is
native from Turkestan to eastern Siberia and northern China (Little,
1961). It was introduced into the United States (Chico, Calif.) in
1908 (Dorset, 1917), and proved to be adapted as an ornamental
tree (Bureau of Plant Industry, 1918). It has been recommended
for use in the western United States (Mulford, 1926, 1928; Thomas,
1927; Metcalf, 1928; Dougall, 1942; Wilson, 1944; Little, 1949,
1961; U. S. Dept. Agr., 1949), but recently it has been considered
undesirable in Utah for street plantings (Utah Shade Tree Comm.,
I960; Provo City Shade Tree Comm., 1960). Gill (1949) described
the good and bad features of the species. Data on reproduction of
the Siberian elm was presented by Metcalf (1928), the Forest
Service (1948). and Vines (1960). The naturahzation of Siberian
elm from Kansas to Minnesota was noted by Fernald (1950), and
Steyermark (1963) observed that the species has occasionally escaped
cultivation in Missouri.

Siberian elm has often been referred to as Chinese elm or

1. Botany Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.

103

The Great Basin Naturalist
104 EARL M. CHRISTENSEN Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

Chinese dry-land elm. In Utah, Chinese elm is often used currently
in reference to Ulmus pumila.

Cultivation of Siberian Elm in Utah

Siberian elms were planted in northern Utah near Providence
about 1922 (Metcalf, 1928). but a survey of historical sources leads
to the conclusion that Siberian elm was not planted in Utah prior to
about 1920 (Paul, 1916; Mulford, 1920; Rydberg, 1922; Cannon,
1924, 1934; lidestrom, 1926; Dougall 1942; Reimschussel, 1951).

During the 1930'c and 1940's Siberian elm was planted common-
ly in Utah and the adjacent region, and by the late 1940's it was
abundant in cities of the area (Preston. 1940; Dougall, 1942; Cot-
tarn, 1943; Reimschussel, 1947, 1951, 1958; Gill, 1949; Little, 1949).

Naturalization of Siberian Elm in Utah

The establishment of Siberian elm in wildland in Utah began
shortly after its use as an ornamental, as early as 1935. Siberian
elm was evidently uncommon in nature in Utah prior to 1940 be-
cause it was not included in any regional manual published before
1948 (Rydberg, 1922; Tidestrom, 1925; Garrett, 1936; Coulter and
Nelson. 1937; Graham, 1937; Holmgren, 1948). The first published
record of Siberian elm in nature in Utah was made by Nelson
(1954).

Evidence about the date of naturalization of Siberian elm can be
obtained from tree ring counts of older trees in wildland. Some
large specimens of Siberian elm grow near Utah Lake west of Orem
City. Two of these were studied. Increment borings from these trees
indicate that they were established in 1935 and 1945. The trees
have grown rapidly. The rates of growth in diameter were deter-
mined to be 0.8 in. and 0.9 in. per year and the terminal growth to
be 1.6 ft. and 1.8 ft. per year for the older and younger trees, re-
spectively. The 1935 date appears to be the earliest record of
establishment of Siberian elm in nature in Utah. Certainly Siberian
elm was not present in the vicinity of Utah Lake a decade earlier.
Cottam (1926) did not include it in his comprehensive ecological
study of the area.

Discussion

Three old world woody species have rapidly invaded the lowland
areas of the valleys of Utah in this century, and the vegetation of
these areas is undergoing rapid change as these species are increas-
ing in abundance. Tamarix {Tamarix pentandra Pall.) became
established in nature prior to 1925 (Christensen, 1962), and Russian
olive {Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) became established about 1924
(Christehsen, 1963). These species were followed by Siberian elm
reported on in this paper which became established about 1935. In
contrast to the lowland areas in Utah, establishment of woody
exotics [Robinia pseudoacacia L., Ailanthus altissima (Mill.)
Swingle, Prunus spp.. Mains spp.) in the more elevated portions of
Utah has resulted in very minor change of the vegetation of those

Dec. 31, 1964 naturalization of Siberian elm 105

areas. Continued ecological study should be carried on too explain
the striking patterns of naturalization exhibited by tamarix. Russian
olive, and Siberian elm in Utah and the vegetational changes result-
ing therefrom.

References

BuRE.\u OF Plant Industry. 1918. Inventory of seeds and plants imported,

44:41314, p. 9. U. S. Dept. Agr.
C.vNNON, George M. 1924. Trees worth while. Improvement Era, 27(6) :526-
529.

. 1934. Trees of modern Zion. Improvement Era, 37(4) : 198-199, 223,

225; 37(5):274-277.
Christensen, Earl M. 1962. The rate of naturalization of tamarix in Utah.
Am. Mull. Nat., 68:51-57.

. 1963. Naturalization of Russian olive {Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) in

Utah. Ibid. 70:133-137.
CoTTAM, Walter P. 1926. An ecological study of the flora of Utah Lake, Utah.
Ph.D. Thesis. Univ. Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

. 1943. Check list of Utah trees. Report of the Salt Lake City Shade

Tree Commission, Salt Lake City, Utah. p. 6-10.
Coulter, John M. and Aven Nelson. 1937. New manual of botany of the

central Rocky Mountains. American Book Company, New York, 646 p.
DoRSETT, P. H. 1917, The plant-introduction gardens of the Department of

Agriculture. LT. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1916:135-144.
Dougall, Patricia. 1942. The shade trees of Salt Lake City, Utah. Master's

Thesis, Univ. Utah, Salt Lake City.
Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. Eighth Ed. American Book

Co., New York. 1632 p.
Forest Service. 1948. Woody-plant seed manual. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc.

Publ., 654:1-416.
Garrett, A. O. 1936. Spring flora of the Wasatch Region. 5th ed. Stevens

and Wallis, Inc., Salt Lake City. Utah. 240 p.
Gill, Lake S. 1949. Shade trees for the Rockies, p. 72-76. In Trees, Yearbook

of Agr. 1949, U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.
Graham, Edward H. 1937. Botanical studies in the Uinta Basin of Utah and

Colorado. Aim. Carnegie Mus., 26:1-432.
Holmgren, Arthur H. 1948. Handbook of the vascular plants of the northern

Wasatch. Lithotype Process Co., San Francisco, Calif. 202 p.
Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1949. Fifty trees from foreign lands, p. 815-822. In

Trees, Yearbook of Agr. 1949. U. S. Dept. Agr., Washington, D. C.
. 1961. Sixty trees from foreign lands. U .S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Hand-
book 212:1-30.
Metcalf, Woodbridge. 1928. The Chinese elm — a valuable tree. Amer. For.,

34:229. 240.
Mulford, F. L. 1920. Street trees. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull., 816:1-58.

. 1926. Trees for roadside planting, U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bull.,

1482:1-50. Revised, 1928.
Nelson, Noland F. 1954. Factors in the development and restoration of
waterfowl habitat at Ogden Bay Refuge, Weber County, Utah. Utah State
Dept. Fish and Game Publ., 6:1-87.
Paul, J. H. 1916. Let boy scouts plant trees and shrubs that attract birds.

Improvement Era. 19(6) :526-529.
Preston, Richard J. 1940. Rocky Mountain trees. Iowa State College Press,

Ames. 285 p.
Provo City Shade Tree Commission. 1960. Recommended street and orna-
mental trees. Provo City Corp., Utah. 1 1 p.
Reimschiissel, Ernest F. 1947. Hardy plaht materials for Utah conditions.
Brigham Young Univ. Extension Bull., 1:1-20.

• . 1951. A study of ornamental deciduous trees of Utah. Master's Thesis.

Brigham Young Univ., Provo, Utah.

The Great Basin Naturalist
106 EARL M. CHRISTENSEN Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

. 1958. A check list of ornamental deciduous trees of Utah. Proc. Utah

Acad. Sci., 35:65-79.
Rydberg, p. a. 1922. Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains. 2nd

ed. Publ. by author. New York. 1142 p.
Steyermark, Julian A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Iowa State Univ. Press,

Ames, 1725 p.
Thomas, C. C. 1927. Chinese elm in American horticulture. U. S. Dept. Agr.

Yearbook 1926:215-218.
TiDESTROM, IvAR. 1925. Flora of Utah and Nevada. Contrib. U. S. Natl. Herb.,

25:1-665.
United States Dept. Agr. 1949. Trees best adapted for special purposes, p.

845-847. In Trees, Yearbook of Agr. 1949. Washington, D. C.
Utah Shade Tree Commission. 1960. Recommended street and ornamental

trees for Utah. 5 p.
Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the southwest.

Univ. Texas Press, Austin. 1104 p.
Wilson, Richard E. 1944. Tree planting and erosion control in the southwest.

J. Forestry, 42:668-673.

ON SOME NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE
(DIPTERA: PUPIPARA)

O. Theodoi-* and B. V. Peterson^

A small collection of Nycteribiidae received from Dr. W. L.
Jellison, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Montana, and Dr.
R. Wenzel Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago, Illinois,
contained three new species which are described below, and several
additional distribution records.

Genus Basilia Miranda Ribeiro

Subgenus Basilia s. str.

Basilia mimoni n. sp.

Length 2.2 - 2.5 mm. Color yellowish brown.

Head with 4 setae at the anterior dorsal margin and 1-2 minute
hairs on the vertex. Gena bare or with a few minute hairs. Palpus
slender, wider at the base. Labella of labium slightly shorter than
the theca.

Thorax about as long as wide. Median sternal suture distinct,
the oblique sutures forming an angle of about 85°. The hairs on the
sternal plate are longer posteriorly; the posterior margin with a row
of short setae and 2 longer setae in each half. Mesonotum parallel-
sided, not very wide, posterior plate without a process. Lateral
plates of the notopleural sutures with 10-12 notopleural setae which
stand more closely posteriorly. Mesopleural suture narrow, distinct.
Thoracic ctenidium with 18-20 narrow, pointed spines. Legs long
and slender. Tibiae 5-6 times longer than wide, with 3 rows of setae
in the middle of the ventral surface; the distal row consists of longer
setae which reach the end of the tibia or beyond; the setae of the
other two rows are short. The ends of the tibiae are long and taper-
ing (Fig. 1).

Abdomen Male. Tergite I with a straight posterior margin with
a row of short setae. Tergites II - IV with a single marginal row of
moderately long setae of uniform length which stand more closely
together laterally; a few spines between the setae in the middle of
the row. Tergite II with 1 - 2 rows of short setae on the surface,
4 - 8 such setae on tergite III in an irregular double row, and only
2 - 4 short setae on tergite IV. Tergite V similar, but 2 - 4 setae in
the middle of the marginal row are longer and there are about 8
short vertical setae between these long setae; surface bare. Tergite
VI similar, but much less wide, with 4 long setae in the middle of
the marginal row. Anal segment conical, with 3 - 4 long setae pos-
teriorly, 2 short setae in the middle of the dorsal surface and a few
short setae in the posterior half of the surface and at the sides.

1. Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.

2. Entomology Laboratory, Canada Agriculture, Guelph, Ontario.

107

The Great Basin Naturalist
108 THEODOR AND PETERSON Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

Sternite I + II with a ctenidium of 42 - 44 spines, shorter than in
the female. Sternites III and IV with uniform marginal rows of
moderately long setae, and 4 long vertical setae in the marginal row
of sternite IV. The surface of sternite III with 2 - 3 rows of short
setae; only one row, which is interrupted in the middle, on the
surface of sternite IV. Sternite V similar in shape, rectangular,
with a rounded bulge in the middle of the posterior margin which
bears a group of 14-16 spines in two rows; the 4 median spines
of the posterior row are longer than the others; long horizontal setae
stand at the margin lateral to the group of spines and there is a
preapical row of long and short setae; surface otherwise bare
(Fig. 2).

Genitalia (Figs. 2-3). Claspers thin, tapering, black apically;
a long seta dorsally near the base and 3 shorter setae in the basal
half. Basal arc large, rounded, with a long anterior process. Phallo-
base strongly concave dorsally, with 2 setae near the base. Aedeagus
broad, with a rounded or truncate end and a few teeth dorsally on
the basal part. Paramere with a pointed apex, ventral margin
rounded in the distal half; a few minute hairs on the sides.

Abdomen Female (Figs. 4-5). Tergite I trapezoidal, with a
row of setae at the posterior margin and a gap in the middle; with
2 or 3 median setae next to the gap which are longer; a few small
spines on the surface. Tergal plate II rather short, divided in the
middle, with 1 - 2 long, apical setae on the posterior processes, and
4-6 shorter setae at the posterior lateral margins; some short setae
along the median division line and some in the anterior and lateral
part of each half. A slightly curved pigmented stripe runs from the
posterior processes to the shoulders; there are no setae on these
stripes. Tergal plate III absent. Pleurae and lateral parts of the dor-
sum covered with short setae, leaving a bare median stripe from the
posterior processes of tergal plate II to the anal segment. A row of
slightly longer and stronger setae along the posterior margin of the
anterior bulge of the abdomen. Anal segment rectangular, much
wider than long, bare dorsally and with a long and 1 - 2 shorter
setae posteriorly and a few short setae laterally. Postspiracular
sclerite narrow, curved, with 3 longer setae at the end and a few
minute spines along the posterior margin. Sternite I -f- II long, with
a ctenidium of about 50 long, pointed spines and short setae in the
posterior part of the surface and laterally. Sternite III long, with
a uniform row of moderately long setae posteriorly and about 6 rows
of short setae on the surface which are shorter posteriorly; a few
long vertical setae in the last row of the surface. Sternite IV with a
similar marginal row and only one row of short setae on the surface
which is double laterally. Sternite V laterally with 2 narrow
sclerites, each with a straight posterior and a rounded anterior
margin; two long, vertical setae at the lateral comers of each
sclerite, and with 4 - 5 horizontal setae towards the middle and
2 - 3 shorter vertical setae near the margin. Sternite VI undivided,
with strongly convex anterior and slightly convex posterior margin,
with 2 long vertical setae at the posterior lateral corners and shorter

Dec. 31, 1964 new species of nycteribiidae 109

horizontal setae along the posterior margin; 1 or 2 rows of short,
vertical setae on the surface. Sternite VII rounded posteriorly, more
strongly sclerotized laterally, with several moderately long setae
laterally and posteriorly. Anal sclerite small, drop-shaped, with two
setae; not connected with the genital plate. Adanal plates triangular,
with 2-3 setae at the distal end; near their proximal ends are two
small, sclerotized areas with a scaly surface. Genital plate with 4
setae and a triangular field of small spines anterior to it (Fig. 6).

Basilia mimoni belongs to the ferruginea group of the subgenus
which has posterior processes on tergal plate II, absence of tergal
plate III, and sternite VI undivided. Among the species of the
group it resembles B. rondanii and B. silvae. It differs from B.
rondanii in the female in having only 4 setae on the anterior margin
of the head, in the form of the tibiae, in the absence of a median
process on the posterior plate of the mesonotum and in the chaeto-
taxy of the abdomen. It has only 1 - 2 setae on the posterior processes
of tergal plate II, while B. rondanii has 4 - 6 such setae. In the
male it differs in the arrangement of the spines on sternite V and in
the genitalia.

B. mimoni differs from B. silvae in having 10-12 notopleural
setae, in the female in having longer setae at the posterior margin of
tergite I, a much shorter tergal plate II with only 1 - 2 setae on the
posterior processes, shorter setae on the pleurae and a different anal
segment. There are 14-16 spines in a compact group on sternite V
in the male, while there are 20 such spines in B. silvae, and the
genitalia are different.

B. mimoni is also closely related to B. tiptoni, a species recently
described from Panama, but differs from it in the absence of a digiti-
form process on the posterior plate of the mesonotum, in the ab-
sence of posterior processes on tergite I of the female, and in the
much shorter tergal plate II with only 1-2 setae on the posterior
processes {B. tiptoni has 4 such setae), the shorter setae on the
pleurae and a different fomi of the anal segment. In the male it
differs in having 14-16 spines on sternite V, some of which are
longer than the others, while there are only 11 such setae of about
equal length in B. tiptoni.

Holotype female, 2 male and 5 female paratypes in the Chicago
Natural History Museum. One male and one female paratypes in
the Department of Parasitology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem.
Host: Mimon crenulatum, Rio Yavary, Department Loreto, Peru,
October 2, 1957. Coll. Celestino Kalinowski. Zool. Peru Exped.
1956-57.

Basilia jellisoni n. sp.

Fmale. Length 2.2. mm. color yellowish, possibly bleached.

Head with 6 setae at the anterior dorsal margin. Labella of the
labium half the length of the theca.

Thorax wider than long; length to width = 3:4. Median ster-
nal suture widened in the middle; oblique sutures forming an angle
of about 90°. Posterior margin with a row of short setae and 1 -2

no

The Great Basin Naturalist
THEODOR AND PETERSON Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

posterior part, ventral; 6, anal and genital plates.

Dec. 31, 1964

NEW SPECIES OF NYCTERIBIIDAE

111

longer setae laterally. Mesonotum wide, posterior plate without a
process. Lateral plate of the notopleural suture wide, with 10 noto-
pleural setae. Tibiae very long, slender; mid tibia 6 times longer
than wide, with 3 rows of setae in the middle of the ventral margin,
those of the distal row long, reaching beyond the tip of the tibia
(Fig. 7).

Abdomen (Figs. 8-9). Tergite I hexagonal, with two groups of
4 very long and one shorter setae at the posterior margin and a
wide gap between the two groups; several short setae laterally at the
posterior margin; a pigmented stripe along the lateral margins and
a few short setae on the surface. Tergal plate II long, heart-shaped,
with broad, truncate posterior processes which bear 3 long setae, an
irregular, double row of 8-10 very long spines, and with 4-6
shorter setae at the posterior lateral margins; some short, thick
setae on the surface, some along the median division line, the others
lateral to a broad, pigmented stripe which runs from the posterior
processes into the middle of each half. Tergal plate III very large,
trapezoidal, bare on the surface and with a group of 2 - 3 long setae
and about 6 long spines at the posterior lateral corners and a concave
gap between them; both setae and spines shorter than on tergal
plate II. Anal segment, in dorsal view, nearly completely covered by

Figs. 7-9, Basilia jellisoni n. sp., female. 7, mid tibia; 8, abdomen and anal
segment, dorsal; 9, abdomen, posterior part, ventral.

The Great Basin iNaturalist
112 THEODOR AND PETERSON Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

tergal plate III; it is wider than long, bare on the surface and has
1 - 2 longer setae posteriorly and shorter setae laterally. Pleurae with
numerous setae of moderate length and very short spines posteriorly.
Postspiracular sclerite narrow, curved, with 3 longer setae at the
end and very short spines along the posterior margin. Sternite I + II
very wide, with a ctenidium of 64 long, pointed spines. Sternites III
and IV with longer setae at the posterior margin, sternite III cov-
ered with short setae. Sternite IV with a similar marginal row and
apparently no setae on the surface. This is difficult to make out,
since the specimen is contracted. Sternite V with 2 widely separated
narrow sclerites with 2 long setae at the lateral comers, shorter
setae towards the middle and a few setae on the surface. Sternite VI
large, broad, rectangular, with straight posterior margin, long setae
at the posterior lateral comers and shorter setae which stand more
closely in the middle at the posterior margin; several rows of short
setae on the surface. Sternite VII much narrower, rounded posterior-
ly, incompletely divided in the middle and with a small, rounded
process in the middle of the posterior margin; long setae at the sides
of the posterior margin and 4 - 5 shorter setae on the surface in the
posterior lateral part. Anal sclerite with 2 setae at the apex, widen-
ing basally. Adanal plates triangular, with a few short setae at the
end. Genital plate with 4 setae.

Male unknown.

The single specimen available (M-395) was collected from
My Otis yumanensis taken at Frenchtown, Missoula Co., Montana,
July 7, 1958, by F.Bell.

These data are uncertain and thus provisional, but it seems
desirable, however, to have the specimen described as it shows a
number of unusual characters. Female holotype in the Chicago
Natural History Museum.

Only four American species of Basilia possess a 3rd tergal plate.
Of these, B. antrozoi and B. pizonychus differ from B. jellisoni in the
shape of tergal plate II, in the divided tergal plate III and other
characters. Basilia anomala differs in the shape of the posterior
processes of tergal plate II and the spines on them, the different
shape of tergal plate III, the setae on the pleurae and the different
shape of sternites V and VI. Basilia forcipata differs in the much
shorter tergal plate II, the presence of setae on the surface of tergal
plate III, the much longer anal segment and other characters.

Basilia magnoculus Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1942
Zeitschr. Parasitenk. 12:533

The species belongs to the rtattereri group of the subgenus and
has reduced, weakly pigmented eyes, consisting usually of a single
ocellus, sometimes of two. It was described from Java from Myotis
horsfieldi and Scotophilus temmincki, and it is also known from
Amboina.

The specimen recorded here (A.P. 23473) is a female from
Myotis horsfieldi collected by W. L. Jellison in Borneo, November,
1941.

Dec. 31, 1964 new species of nycteribiidae 113

Basilia pudibunda Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941
Bull. Hist. Nat. Belg. 17:1

This species also belongs to the nattereri group and is easily rec-
ognized by the characteristic structure of tergal plate II which is
divided into four longitudinal parts.

The species was described from Boentok in Borneo from a ves-
pertilionid bat. It has also been found in Thailand on Myotis hors-
fieldi, in Indochina on Cynopterus brachyotis artgulatus, and in East
Sumatra.

The specimen recorded here (A.P.23512) is a female from
Myotis horsfieldi collected in Singapore by W. L. Jellison in Novem-
ber, 1941.

Subgenus Tripselia Scott, 1917
Basilia {Tripselia) iriseriata Theodor

The species has been described from a single male from Selangor,
Malaya, from Nyctalus stenopterus in a revision of the family
which is now in press.' The holotype is in the Chicago Natural
History Museum.

The specimen recorded here (A.P.23475) is also a male, from
Malaya, from Nyctalus stenopterus, collected by W. L. Jellison in
November, 1941.

Genus Penicillidia Kolenati, 1863
PenicilUdia godivae n. sp.

Male. Length 4 mm. Color light brown, probably bleached.

Head. The whole dorsal surface densely covered with long,
light brown setae. Eyes small, little protruding above the surface.
Palpus wide, ventral surface covered with numerous setae, the ter-
minal seta not differentiated. Labella of labium about as long as the
theca.

Thorax. Wider than long; length to width = 2:3. Mesonotum
wide, nearly parallel-sided with a large posterior plate. About 15
notopleural setae which are double anteriorly and posteriorly, the
row is single in the middle and the setae more widely spaced.
Lateral plate of the notopleural suture narrow, parallel-sided (Fig.
10). Femora very thick, twice as wide as the tibiae, uniformly cov-
ered with long thin setae on the anterior and dorsal surface. Tibiae
slender, 4.5 times as long as wide, with 4 rows of long setae, the
distal row very near the tip and reaching beyond it; dorsal side
thickly covered with long, thin setae (Fig. 11).

Abdomen. Tergite I broadly rounded, with pigmented rounded
stripes laterally. Tergites II - VI and anal segment uniformly and
densely covered with long, thin, light brown setae. Sternite I + II
rounded, with a ctenidium of 40 short spines which are longer lat-
erally; the spaces between the spines are as wide as the spines in the
middle and slightly wider laterally; some long preapical setae
laterally and a few short setae between the spines. Stemites III and

3 O. Theodor, An illustrated catalogue of the Nycteribiidae in the Rothschild Collection and
the British Museum. In press.

114

The Great Basin Naturalist
THEODOR AND PETERSON Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

Figs 10-13, Penicillidia godivae n. sp., male. 10, dorsal pattern of thorax;
11, mid leg; 12, sternites IV and V and genital area; 13, genitalia.

Dec. 31, 1964 new species of nycteribiidae 115

IV short and wide, with marginal rows of long setae laterally and
shorter setae in the middle; some setae laterally on the surface,
middle bare. Sternite V much less wide, concave posteriorly, incom-
pletely divided in the middle, with two flat, rounded, lateral pro-
cesses with about 30 short, thick spines which are characteristic for
the dufourii group; adjacent to them, towards the middle, two groups
of longer spines in 2 - 3 rows which reach nearly to the middle, and
between them a few thin setae; anterior to the spines, a row of long,
thin setae and a group of such setae laterally (Fig. 12).

Genitalia (Figs. 12-13). Clasper thick, slightly curved, with a
dark point and many setae on the dorsal side in the basal half.
Basal arc with triangular halves. Basal plate triangular, with an
indentation anteriorly. Two short setae near the base of the phallo-
base. Aedeagus straight, with rounded tip and small spines at the
ventral side of the anterior membranous end. Paramere triangular,
with a curved ventral margin and a relatively long, pointed tip; 4
short setae at the dorsal margin and a few minute hairs at the sides.

Female unknown.

The species belongs to the dufourii group and is the first repre-
sentative of this group to be found outside the Palaearctic Region.
It differs from the other species of the group in the absence of long
and strong setae which are replaced by a large number of very fine
and long setae. The male differs also in the arrangement of the
spines on sternite V and in details of the genitalia.

Holotype male (A.P.23474) from Pipistrellus ridleyi, Singapore,
November, 1941. Coll. W. L. Jellison. Type deposited in the Chicago
Natural History Museum.

UNDESCRIBED SPECIES OF NEARCTIC TIPULIDAE
(DIPTERA) V.

Charles P. Alexander'

The crane-flies discussed at this time are from Cahfornia where
they were derived from a variety of sources and taken by different
collectors as indicated under the individual species. The materials
were found in collections that are being studied in conjunction with
the preparation of the Insect Survey Bulletin covering the Tipulidae
and related families. I express my thanks to the entomologists who
have taken these specimens, some representing species of unusual
interest.

Pedicia (Pedicia) bellamyana, n.sp.

Generally similar to magnifica in the wing pattern; wings nar-
row, cell Ml lacking.

Female. — Length about 28 mm.; wing 22.5 x 4.6 mm.

Rostrum huffy brown, apical margin narrowly darker brown;
palpi brown, terminal segment darker. Antennae with scape and
pedicel obscure yellow; flagellum broken. Head brownish gray,
more buffy behind; vertical tubercle very conspicuous by a circular
basal impression.

Pronotum yellowed, sides of scutum and adjacent edge of pro-
pleura with a brown area. Mesonotal praescutum grayish white
with four stripes, the narrow intermediate pair chestnut brown, nar-
rowed behind, reaching the suture, the central ground area obscured,
especially in front; lateral stripes broader but much paler; a small
darkened mark on scutum behind the point of the suture; scutal
lobes very pale brown; posterior sclerites of notum whitened, the
anterior part of the pleurotergite a trifle darker. Pleura light yellow,
the pteropleurite whitened; margins of the dorsopleural membrane
with very narrow interrupted brown lines. Halteres with stem whit-
ened, knob light brown. Legs with coxae grayish yellow, trochanters
slightly darker; remainder of legs obscure yellow, outer tarsal seg-
ments a trifle darker, ventrally with dense darkened setae. Wings
narrow, as shown by the measurements; the restricted ground whit-
ened, with the dark pattern arranged much as in magnifica, that is,
with a broad pale brown posterior border, interrupted only in cell
/?4; darkened costal border broad, palest in base of cell C; central
stripe darkest, behind narrowly bordered by still darker, this color
also on the cephalic edge of the stripe before the cord and on the
posterior margin of the costal darkening behind Rs, no darkened ex-
tension on the central darkening along the distal section of Cwi; veins
yellowed. Venation: Scn opposite origin of Rs, the latter very long;
/?i+2 nearly four times Rn., r-m at or just beyond fork of Rs, petiole
of cell /?4 relatively long, exceeding one-half r-m-^ cell Mi lacking;

1 . Amherst, Massachusetts.

117

The Great Basin Naturalist
118 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

cord very oblique, inner end of cell 1st M2 acutely pointed; m-cu
gently sinuous; cell M4 relatively narrow.

Abdomen elongate; tergites buffy, segments one to three with a
median brown stripe, darkest on the first segment, narrowed on the
third, becoming obsolete behind; sternites more yellowed, basal two
segments with a paler brown central line.

Habitat. — California (Tulare and Plumas Counties).

HoLOTYPE, 9 , IMineral King, south of Sequoia National Park,
Tulare County, September 2, 1962 (Richard A. Bellamy); Alexander
Collection through Richard E. Bellamy. Paratype, 9 , Benner Creek,
6 miles northwest of Chester on Juniper Lake Road, Plumas County,
August 20, 1963 (Mrs. La Verne Erwin) ; collection of San Jose
State College.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to Dr. Richard E. Bel-
lamy, fellow worker on the Tipulidae. This striking fly is most
similar to Pedicia (Pedicia) magnifica Hine (British Columbia,
Idaho, Oregon), differing evidently in the narrow wings and the loss
of cell A/i. This latter character is identical in both specimens that
are available and must be assumed to represent a normal condition,
unique among the approximately twenty known species of the
subgenus.

Dicranota (Rhaphidolabis) sanctaeluciae, n.sp.

Allied to stigma and uniplagia; mesonotum gray, praescutum
with three black stripes; legs black, femoral bases more yellowed;
wings weaky suffused, stigma large, darker brown; r-m at or just
beyond the fork of /?4+5; male hypopygium with the emargination
of the tergite relatively narrow, lateral tergal armature not spinoid;
dististyle relatively stout.

Male. — Length about 7 mm.; wing 8 mm.; antenna about 1mm.

Rostrum gray; palpi black. Antennae short, 14-segmented, black;
first flagellar segment elongate, subequal to segments two and three
combined, remaining segments short-subcylindrical, the outer ones
longer, subequal to their verticils. Head gray.

Pronotum dark gray. Mesonotum gray, praescutum with three
black stripes, the central one broad; vestiture of the interspaces long,
yellow; scutal lobes extensively blackened. Pleura dark gray; dorso-
pleural membrane obscure brownish yellow. Halteres with stem
yellow, knob infuscated. Legs with coxae gray; trochanters brownish
yelow; remainder of legs brownish back to black, femoral bases more
yellowed. Wings weakly suffused; stigma large, darker brown; veins
brownish black. Venation: r-m at or just beyond the fork of /?4+5;
fork of Mi+2 short.

Abdominal tergites brownish gray, the posterior borders very
narrowly yellow; sternites paler brown; vestiture of segments long
and conspicuous, yellow. Male hypopygium with the tergite very
large, much as in uniplagia-^ posterior border with a narrow U-shaped
emargination, the broad lateral lobes obliquely truncated, provided
with abundant long setae; lateral tergal spines not clearly developed,
as in uniplagia. Basistyle with outer apical lobe small, with very

Dec. 31, 1964 new nearctic tipulidae 119

long setae and two or three short blackened spinoid setae; inner lobe
larger, with numerous blackened spinoid setae. Dististyle relatively
stout, with a strong lateral carina.

Habitat. — California (Monterey County).

HoLOTYPE, cf, Salmon Creek, Santa Lucia Mountains, Los
Padres National Forest, along a small rocky tributary on rocks close
to water. May 2, 1964 (C. P. Alexander); Alexander Collection.
Paratopotypes, 3 d d -, (Dennis Hynes); Hynes Collection, Nos.
1243, 1244, 1245. male hypopygia on microscope slides.

Doctor Hynes and I collected this species while on a trip into the
Santa Lucia Mountains, a wonderful rugged area that evidently
supports a rich and varied crane-fly fauna that is becoming known
through the efforts of Dr. Hynes. The only other regional species
having male hypopygia with the tergite emarginate as in this fly are
Dicranota (Rhaphidolabis) stigma Alexander, of Washington, and
D. (/?.) uniplagia Alexander, of Oregon, both readily separated by
the details of venation and structure of the hypopygium, as de-
scribed. There is no darkened discal cloud on the wing such as is
found in uniplagia.

Phyllolabis hurdi, n.sp.

Size relatively large (wing of male 9.5 mm.); general coloration
gray, praescutum with three brown stripes; wings whitened, re-
strictedly patterned with brown, including seams at cord and origin
of Rs; no stigmal trichia; vein R^ perpendicular at origin, with a
conspicuous spur; male hypopygium with the basistyle tumid, outer
end narrowed and decurved; lobe of ninth stemite massive, very
large and complex.

Male. — Length about 8.5 mm.; wing 9.5 mm.; antenna about
2 mm.

Rostrum dark gray; palpi brownish black. Antennae brownish
black, scape more pruinose; flagellar segments long-oval to elongate,
exceeding their verticils. Head light gray.

Pronotal scutum gray, vaguely patterned with pale browTi; a
group of black setae at each posterior angle. Mesonotal praescutum
clear gray with three brown stripes; central vitta broad, not reaching
the suture; pseudosutural foveae black; scutum and postnotum gray,
each scutal lobe with two brown areas, the lateral one larger; pos-
terior border of scutellum slightly more reddened. Pleura gray.
Halteres whitened. Legs with all coxae and trochanters yellow;
femora brownish yellow, tibiae darker, tarsi passing into dark
brown. Wings whitened, restrictedly patterned with brown, the
markings restricted to the vicinity of the veins, including broad
seams at origin of Rs and over the cord, with narrower areas on m
and basal section of vein 7?^; veins brown. Venation: Both 5"^ and
Sc. beyond the fork of Rs; /?2+ut longer than R^; R^ perpendicular at
origin, at the bend with a long spur directed basad; weak spurs near
origin of Rs and near the cephalic end of basal section of Mi+o, both
directed basad; basal section of Ma long, exceeding twice m. No
stigmal trichia, such as present in encousta; macrotrichia on longi-

The Great Basin Naturalist
120 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, NoS. 3-4

tudinal veins, sparse and scattered on basal third of Sc, lacking on
bases of Cui and 2nd A.

Abdomen brown. Male hypopygium with the posterior border of
tergite terminating in a compact group of a few elongate setae.
Basistyle tumid, narrowed outwardly, the tip slightly decurved,
obtuse before apex with a lateral flange, nearer the base with a
group of about 12 strong setae arranged in a double row. Dististyle
subterminal, bilobed, the larger lobe pendant at base of style with a
longer whitened lobe provided with many long delicate white setae
from conspicuous brown punctures to produce a freckled appearance.
Appendage of ninth sternite massive, very large and complex in
structure, projecting caudad beyond the level of the basistyle.

Habitat. — California (Madera County).

HoLOTYPE, cT, San Joachim Experiment Station, February 22,
1953 (P. D. Hurd, Jr.); California Insect Survey Collection.

I am pleased to dedicate the species to the collector, Dr. Paul D.
Hurd, Jr., student of the Hymenoptera. This is an unsually distinct
species, differing from all others in the Neararctic fauna by the
wing pattern and hypopygial structure. The only other regional
species with patterned wings is Phyllolabis myriosticta Alexander
which has abundant brown spots and dots in all the cells and with
the hypopygial structure entirely different.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) burdicki, n.sp.

General coloration of thorax dull fulvous to light brown; anten-
nal flagellum obscure yellow; knobs of halteres darkened; femora
obscure yellow, narrowly darkened at and before tips; wings whitish,
restrictedly patterned with brown, including the wing tip, Cu and
Anal veins; abdomen fulvous yellow, the outer three or four seg-
ments blackened; male hypopygium with the tergal lobe divided,
each lobule blackened, with a conspicuous lateral extension or flange;
inner gonapophysis slender, straight; all three filaments of aedeagus
elongate, subequal in length and diameter, the paired elements
slightly expanded at tips.

Male.— Length about 12-13 mm.; wing 11-12 mm.

Female. — Length about 13 mm.; wing 12 mm.

Rostrum brownish black; palpi black. Antennae with scape light
brown, remainder of organ obscure yellow; flagellar segments short-
er than their verticils. Head light gray.

Thoracic dorsum almost uniformly dull fulvous to light brown,
the posterior sclerites and pleura more whitened to appear pruinose.
Halteres pale, knobs darkened. Legs with coxae reddish brown; tro-
chanters fulvous; femora obscure yellow, fore pair with tips nar-
rowly more darkened, the other legs with the marking slightly more
subterminal, in cases the femora more uniformly pale throughout;
tarsi darkened. Wings whitish, stigma oval, dark brown; a restricted
but evident paler brown pattern that includes seams over cord and
along vein Cu, the wing tip and anal veins more diffusely darkened.

Dec. 31, 1964 new nearctic tipulidae 121

Abdomen fulvous yellow, the outer three or four segments more
blackened, the dististyles of the male hypopygium more brightened.
Male hypopygium with the tergal lobe divided medially by pale
membrane, each lobule blackened, with a conspicuous lateral exten-
sion or flange. Outer dististyle with distal end triangularly expand-
ed, the outer angle farther produced; inner style with base slightly
expanded, outer half slender. Lateral arms pale, triangularly ex-
panded outwardly. Gonapophyses with basal struts longer than the
unsually slender straight outer rods. Aedeagus with all three fila-
ments elongate, subequal in length and diameter, the paired ele-
ments slightly expanded at tips.

Habitat. — California (Sonoma County).

HoLOTYPE, cT. 4 miles west of Plantation, May 1, 1958 (Donald
Burdick); California Insect Survey Collection. Allotopotype, ?,
pinned with type. Paratopotypes, 3 cT cT, May 1 - 8, 1958.

The species is named for the collector. Dr. Donald Burdick. The
most similar species include Limnophila {Phylidorea) columbiana
Alexander and L. (P.) snoqualmiensis Alexander, which differ in
slight details of coloration of the body, legs and wings and in hy-
popygial structure. The lateral filaments of the aedeagus in both
of these species are very slender and not at all expanded at their
tips. The superficially similar regional species L. (P.) flavapila
Doane is readily told by the entire median tergal lobe of the

hypopygium.

Rhabdomastix {Sacandaga) neolurida flaviventris, n. subsp.

Most similar to Rhabdomastix {Sacandaga) neolurida setigera
Alexander (Colorado), differing in slight details of coloration and
trichiation of the wing veins. Antennae shorter. Wings broad, as in
setigera, the cells correspondingly widened; vein 2nd A without
trichia. Abdomen, including the hypopygium, yellowed.

Habitat. — California (San Bernardino County).

HoLOTYPE, cf, Barton Flats, San Bernardino Mountains, 6300
feet, July 31, 1946 (John Sperry); Alexander Collection.

Ormosia (Ormosia) nobilis, n.sp.

Size very large (wing and body about 10 mm.); antennae of
male very long; general coloration of mesonotal praescutum light
cinnamon with three brown stripes, pseudosutural fovae black, con-
spicuous; femora obscure yellow, tibiae and tarsi brown; male hy-
popygium with the tergite broad, apex very shallowly emarginate,
the outer lobes with dense setal brushes; phallosome including a
Y-shaped central structure and paired gonaphphyses.

Male. — Length about 10 mm.; wing 10 mm.; antenna about
9 mm.

Rostrum and palpi brownish black. Antennae of male very long,
nearly equal to the body or wing; scape and pedicel brownish yel-
low, flagellum dark brown; flagellar segments elongate subcylindri-
cal, a little more thickened at their bases, with long outspreading

The Great Basin Naturalist
122 CHARLES P. ALEXANDER Vol. XXIV, Nos. 3-4

setae, those near base of segment longest, exceeding one-half the
segment, the longest subequal to the blackened verticils. Head dark
brown.

Pronotal scutum medium brown, scutellum obscure yellow.
Mesonotal praescutum light cinnamon or dull orange, with three
brown stripes, the median one broad; tuberculate pits and pseudo-
sutural foveae black, the latter conspicuous; scutum chiefly dark
brown, the posterior callosities yellowed; scutellum brownish yellow,
postnotum a little darker. Pleura brown, vaguely patterned with
brighter, especially on the propleura and mesepisternum. Halteres
whitish yellow, the knobs more orange yellow. Legs wdth coxae
brownish yellow; trochanters yellow; femora obscure yellow, tibiae
and tarsi brown. Wings (a single wing of type present) weakly in-
fuscated, stigma slightly darker; veins brown. Venation: Sci ending
just beyond the level of Ro, the latter shorter than R2+3; ce\\2nd Mg
nearly five times its petiole; m-cu at fork of M; vein 2nd A gently
sinuous on outer half.

Abdomen dark brown, hypopy^ium a trifle paler. Male hypo-
pygium with the tergite broad, slightly narrowed on outer half,
posterior border very shallowly emarginate to form low broad lateral
lobes that bear dense brushes of relatively long setae. Apex of basi-
style produced into a lobe. Outer dististyle narrowly scoop-shaped,
outer face blackened, microscopically scabrous, mesal part pale with
delicate blackened setae; inner style subequal in length, broader,
horn-yellow, glabrous. Phallosome including the slender aedeagus,
a conspicuous Y-shaped central structure and paired gonapophyses
that appear as strong curved hooks, their blackened tips acute, with
extensive flattened basal expansions that are not in condition to
describe or figure further on the present material.

Habitat. — California (Alameda County).

HoLOTYPE, cf , Berkeley, November 18, 1951 (J. W. Hinerman);
California Insect Survey Collection.

This is the largest and most conspicuous American member of
the subgenus. It is most similar to species such as Ormosia (Ormosia)
perspectabilis Alexander and O. (O.) upsilon Alexander in the elon-
gate male antennae, differing in the great length of the latter, and
in the hypopygial structure, particularly the tergite, dististyles and
phallosome.

INDEX TO VOLUME XXIV

The new genera and species described in this volume appear in bold
face type in this index.

Alyssum Turgidum: A New Spe-
cies from Iran, 7.

Alyssum turgidum Dudley, 7.

A New Species of Chigger (Aca-
rina, Trombiculidae) from Liz-
ards of Western No. Am., 13.

Alexander, Charles P., Articles by,
19, 117.

A Brief Historical Resume of Her-
petological Studies in the Great
Basin of the Western United
States, 37.

Allred, Dorald M., Articles by, 17,
93.

Afrotingis, n. gen., 90.

Afrotingis eumenes, 92.

Anderson, Arthur O., Article by 93.

Allred, Dorald M., see Anderson,
Arthur O., 94.

Beck, D Elden, Article by, 1.

Brinton, Elias P., Article by, 1.

Banta, Benjamin H., Article by, 37.

Basilia mimoni, 107.

Basilia jellisoni, 109.

Christensen, Earl M., Article by,
103.

Dudley, T. R., Article by, 7.

Dicranota (Plectromyia) lassenen-
sis, 21.

Drake, Carl J., Articles by. 27, 83.

Dictyla litotes, 86.

Dictyla poecilla, 87.

Dicranota (Rhaphidolabis) sanc-
taeluciae, 118.

Ectoparasites of Mammals from
Oregon, 75.

Gonomyia (Idiocera) leechi, 22.

Goates, Morris A., Article by, 71.

Hansen, Charles G., Article by, 75.

Hill, Bob G., see Drake, Carl J., 83.

Haedus cirratus, 88.

Index, 123.

Kangaroo Rat Burrows at the Ne-
vada Test Site, Arthur O. Ander-
son and Dorald M. Allred. Illus-
trated, 93.

Loomis, Richard B., Article by, 13.

Lipsothrix hynesiana, 23.

Livingstone, David, Article by, 27.

Limnophila (Phylidorea) burdicki,
120.

Mohr, Carol O., Article by, 1.

Monosteira edeia, 28.

Mites from Mammals at the Ne-
vada Test Site, 71.

Naochila engys, 85.

New Species of North American
Pityophthorus Eichoff (Coleop-
tera: Scolytidae), 59.

Observations on Host-Parasite Re-
lationships and Seasonal History
of Ticks in San Mateo County,
California, 1.

Ormosia (Ormosia) bumeyana, 24.

On Some New Species of Nycteri-
biidae (Diptera: Pupipara), 107.

Ormosia (Ormosia) nobilis, 121.

Pityophthorus abiegnus, 67.

P. atomus, 61.

P. borrichiae, 60.

P. cristatus, 68.

P. dolus, 65.

P. elatinus, 66.

P. hylocuroides, 69.

P. limatus, 65.

P. nanus, 64.

P. paulus, 63.

P. pusillus, 62.

P. toralis, 59.

Peterson, B. V., see Theodor, O.,
107.

Penicillidia godivae, 113.

Pedicia (Pedicia) bellamyana, 117.

Phyllolabis hurdi, 119.

Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) neolu-
rida flaviventris, 121.

Some Ethiopian Lacebugs (Hemip-
tera: Tingidae), 83.

Studies in Nearctic Desert Sand
Dune Orthoptera, 31.

The Recent Naturalization of Si-
berian Elm (Uknus Pumila L.)
in Utah, 103.

Trombicula lacterticola, 13.

Tipula (Lunatipula) cladacanthod-
es, 19.

Thaumastoptera hymesi, 20.

Two New Species of Lacebugs
from India (Hemiptera: Tingi-
dae), 27.

Tingis agrana, 27.

Tinkham, Ernest R.. Article by. 31.

Trimerotropis agrestis hewitti, 31.

Tanner, Wilmer W., see Banta, 37.

Theodor, O., Article by, 107.

Undescribed Species of Nearctic
Tipulidae (Diptera) V, 117.

Undescribed Species of Nearctic
Tipulidae (Diptera) IV, 19.

Wood, Stephen L., Article by, 59.

123

3 2044 072 23

Date Due

JUL 2 9 [983

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H