GREATBASiN NATURALiSTMB^DRS HimbTf^ BrHihacr,; Youn^ Ufii*«fit79t^M^ '■m.^^.. ij^6eetles of North ahd^ ^**-^ehtr«merica** I laxpnGmiG Monog^ HARVARD UNIVERSITY Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 5REAT BASIN NATURALIST MEMOIRS Jumber 6 Brigham Young University 1982 The Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a Taxonomic Monograph MUS. COM P. ZOOW- APR 1 4 1982 HARVARD CONTENTS Preface 1 Introduction 3 Biological Activities 4 Ecological Niche 4 Host Specificity 4 Host Selection and Dispersal 4 Climate 5 Hibernation and Estivation 6 Ecological Specialization 8 Food and Feeding Habits 8 Galleries 10 Gallery Patterns 13 Social Organization 13 Seasonal History and Development 16 Pheromones 18 Economic Losses 20 Ecological Role in a Primeval Forest 20 Host Susceptibility to Attack 20 Competition for Food 21 Relation to Fire, Slash, and Natural Disasters 22 Relationships with Fungi and Disease 23 Introduced Species 25 Control 27 Losses Attributed to Scolytidae 27 Natural Control 28 Applied Control 30 Classification 33 History 33 Taxonomic Position of Scolytidae 33 Key to the Families of Curculionoidea 35 Family Status of Scolytidae 36 Fossil History 37 Discussion of Characters 39 Phylogeny 41 Biogeography 44 Extraterritorial Affinities 44 American Biogeography 50 Origin of Tribes 51 Methods 53 Systematic Section 54 Family Scolytidae 54 Key to Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera 56 Subfamily Hylesininae 78 Tribe Hylastini 79 Tribe Hylesinini 108 Tribe Tomicini 129 Tribe Phrixosomini 204 Tribe Bothrostemini 208 Tribe Phloeotribini 256 Tribe Phloeosinini 282 Tribe Hypoborini 348 Tribe Polygraphini 369 Subfamily Scolytinae 392 Tribe Scolytini 393 Tribe Ctenophorini 451 Tribe Micracini 510 Tribe Cactopinini 637 Tribe Ipini 649 Tribe Dryocoetini 706 Tribe Cryptiirgini 740 Tribe Xyloterini 745 Tribe Xyleborini 755 Tribe Cryphalini 850 Tribe Corthylini: Pityophthorina 916 Tribe Corthylini: Corthylina 1155 References 1311 Index 1327 No. 6 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs The Bari^ and Ambrosia Beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)^ a Taxonomic Monograph Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 1982 Stephen L. Wood' PREFACE The first insect I examined critically and collected for permanent preservation was Trypodendron retusum LeConte. At the age of 14 years I was introduced to it by T. O. Thatcher on 21 June 1939 at Lehman Creek Canyon, White Pine County, Nevada, near the base of Wheeler Peak. The attraction was immediate and permanent. An important fac- tor in reinforcing that initial attraction was W. J. Chamberlin's (1939) The Bark and Tim- ber Beetles of North America, which kept the interest alive and served initially as a guide to its expansion. The human population explosion of this century applied increasing worldwide pres- sure on forests and agricultural resources to increase the efficiency with which their products are formed. Since bark and am- brosia beetles constitute an important de- structive element that interferes with this production and with the esthetic values de- rived from our forests, increased knowledge of these insects should be of value to our so- ciety in dealing with them. Because of the enormity of the task, I selected one small fac- et, fundamental in nature, for my contribution. The first and most fundamental step in the solution of a problem in biology is the accu- rate identification of the organism under in- vestigation. Without it, all else is mean- ingless, because effective communication is not possible. Among my first experiences in scolytid tax- onomy was the discovery that numerous er- rors in identification had been made. They were made partly because of a faulty species concept possessed by early taxonomists and partly becau.se of a consuming desire on the part of a few authors to indelibly engrave their names in the annals of science by nam- ing species they presumed were new to sci- ence. More recently, we have learned that the behavior of a population in nature deter- mines whether or not it is a species, not the taxonomist. Many of the early contributions must now be rejected as a result. Even so, those earlv contributions established the foundation on which we now build. There has been a tremendous need for a comprehensive review of the Scolytidae of North and Central America to aid in the identification of species and to serve as a guide and reference work in the training and 'Life Science Museum and Department of Zoolog)'. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. Scolytidae contribution No. 72. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 in the professional work of entomologists, foresters, and others directly or indirectly concerned with these insects. This volume treats a sufficiently high proportion of the fauna and is based on sufficient research in- volving primary types that it should serve as an important standard of reference for sever- al decades to come. With the exception of a few cited in- stances, all the work is original with me. However, in the early stages of preparation of the manuscript, well-intended colleagues knowingly published as new to science sever- al species which I had in manuscript form in order to "make them available" to my study. As a means of self-preservation and to avoid an endless comedy of locating types, rewrit- ing manuscript, etc., all species new to sci- ence and almost all new synonymy were pub- lished as discovered. Those descriptions were originally written for the present work and were modified only slightly to get them into print in the minimum possible time. To this extent this work partly duplicates published literature. A working knowledge of the world fauna was indispensible to the present studv. Thus far, 45 species introduced into North and Central America from foreign lands were found. Most of them had been named as na- tive species and their true origins had not been suspected. As knowledge of the world fauna is increased, this number will expand. It will be most surprising if 10 to 20 addition- al introduced species are not now established and await detection. Tlie preparation of this work has been an educational experience far exceeding original expectations. It was conceived in 1952, al- though writing did not commence until 1967. It was scheduled for completion in 5 years; it took 12. This work is dedicated to those who unself- ish contributions to this aspect of my life made this study possible, most particularly to T. O. Thatcher, W. H. Anderson, ].M. Swaine, and W. J. Chamberlin; to my wife and children, who endured decades of hard- ship and sacrifice for it; and to those young enthusiasts who will find it useful, correct its weaknesses, and continue the work. The National Science Foundation sup- ported the project directly or indirectly through most of the period from 1959 to 1977. Appreciation is expressed to those officials and colleagues who made these grants possible. Publication of this volume was sponsored by substantial grants from the Boise Cascade Corporation, the Weyerhaeuser Company Foundation, and the National Science Foun- dation. Their concern and foresight in the support of basic research in forest science is recognized and greatly appreciated— and in this instance especially needed. They are out- standing examples of the support and inter- action that has and should exist between pri- vate enterprise and the scientific community. Following the completion of this volume, Schedl (1979) published posthumously a cata- log of the type material in his collection. In- cluded were (1) several neotypes, which have no standing in nomenclature because they were not published in a revisory work, and (2) numerous lectotypes. Although many of the lectotype designations are valid, a high percentage of the species involved had pre- viously selected lectotypes designated for them; complications pertaining to ownership of the material also cloud part of that action. Because the article did not become available until this volume was beyond recall, and be- cause the work needed to unravel this un- fortunate act was enormous, no attempt to deal with this problem was attempted here. INTRODUCTION The dramatic increase in the human popu- lation during the present century has focused ever-increasing attention on forests and their products. This once unhmited natural re- source no longer satisfies the demands placed upon it. These circumstances have led to an increased interest in forest protection and an awareness of the destructive capacity of for- est insects. We have learned a great deal about the biology and ecology of many de- structive forms and now know how to reduce or eliminate much of the loss. Although much has been accomplished, much more remains to be learned before a new ecological bal- ance in a managed forest is achieved. In the primeval forest an ever-shifting eco- logical balance existed between the natural reproduction and growth of trees and the depredations of insects, fire, floods, disease, and climatic factors. When great losses re- sulted from any one or a combination of these destructive agents, natural ecological succession gradually restored the balance. It wasn't particularly important that several himdred years might be required to restore the original forest. A managed forest must satisfy a multi- plicity of needs ranging from the most ether- eal esthetic end of the spectrum to the eco- nomic realities of tree farming at the other end. Losses from insects, fire, and disease are regarded as avoidable and action may be taken to reduce or eliminate them. Although insects superficially appear to be the least dramatic of the destructive agents in a forest, they actually kill more trees each year than the combined total of all other nat- ural factors (R. F. Anderson 1960:203). Among the insects, one group consisting of the two families Scolytidae and Platypo- didae, commonly known as bark and am- brosia beetles, stand alone in their destructive capacity. It has been estimated that, in the United States, 90 percent of all tree mortality is caused by insects and more than 60 percent of the total is caused by representatives of the Scolytidae (Anderson 1960:203). The Pla- typodidae, almost entirely tropical in distri- bution, equal or replace the Scolytidae in this role in tropical countries. For a variety of reasons the Platypodidae will not be consid- ered further in this volume. More than 6000 species of bark beetles have been named from throughout the world wherever woody plants grow. About 477 spe- cies occur in the United States, with approx- imately 179 of these, plus a few endemic spe- cies, extending their ranges into Canada and Alaska (Bright 1976). About 605 species are found in Mexico and about 632 in Central America; allowing for overlap in distribu- tions, there are about 1,430 species in North and Central America combined. Most species restrict their breeding activity to one or a limited number of host plant species. In addi- tion, most species have specialized ecologi- cally to infest only a restricted part of their host plant. For example, some species confine their attacks to the cones or fruits of their host, others infest only tiny twigs, others small branches, limbs, boles, or roots. Some breed only in shaded-out branches of stand- ing, living trees, others in felled or broken material, etc. A few are very aggressive and attack healthy, living tissue, and others prefer dying or dead plants. Because of the large number of species and the extreme diversity in their habits, bark and ambrosia beetle attacks on economically im- portant plants can be evaluated and mean- ingful corrective action taken only if species involved are correctly identified. In addition, research notes based upon incorrectly identi- fied specimens may not only be meaningless, but misleading. This volume was written to simplify the process of identification of Scolytidae for those who work with problems involving these insects. Coleopterists and zoogeographers will also find information compiled here useful in their work. Three noteworthy attempts have been made to classify North and Central American Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Scolytidae (Blandford 1895-1905, Swaine 1918, Chamherlin 1939). Almost as note- worthy are series of revisional and other tax- onomic articles relating to classification by Hopkins, Blackman, Wood, and Bright. This volume attempts to summarize and update their contributions as well as to add new in- formation not previously reported. BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES Ecological Niche Most bark and ambrosia beetle species live only in recently cut, injured, or unthrifty tis- sues of woody plants that are in the process of dying. In most genera, they complete one generation only in this material then abandon it to search for other material in suitable con- dition. Host tissues must contain sufficient moisture for the completion of development. Such material usually bears wilted or yellow- ish green leaves. Older host material usvially is unattractive to the beetles; however, a few species apparently prefer host material that is completely dead. Several other species nor- mally attack healthy, living tissue of vigorous plants and cause its death. A few species of ambrosia beetles (e.g., Cortlu/his colwnhianus Hopkins) are capable of attacking a living tree, completing a system of galleries, and emerging a generation later without killing the host, although a permanent scar remains in the wood. Bark and ambrosia beetles usually are the primary attackers of recently injured or felled woody plants. Most species complete their development in about 20 to 90 days then move to fresher material. Other wood- and bark-feeding insects usually arrive later or develop more slowly, thus reducing or eliminating competition. Those scolvtid spe- cies with longer life cycles and those arriving late in the ecological deterioration of their host usually encounter much greater com- petition for survival from other insect groups. Host Specificity Most Scolytidae are restricted in the num- ber and variety of host species in which they can successfully reproduce. In general, phloeophagous (phloem infesting) species tend to be more restricted or specific in their selection than are xylomycetophagous (wood- boring ambrosia beetle) species. The appar- ent reason for this difference is that the for- mer feed directly on host tissues, and the latter feed on fungal spores; any host on which the symbiotic fungus can survive will be satisfactory for beetle development. Only two known species (Coccotrypes, tribe Dryocoetini), one in Malaya and one in New Guinea, confine their attacks to Pterido- phyta. Representatives of 14 of the 25 tribes recognized here in the world fauna normally breed in Gymnospermae, but of the 10 most primitive tribes worldwide only the Hyla.s- tini, Tomicini, and Scolytini are included within these 14. It is of interest that all spe- cies of the Hylastini are restricted to the fam- ily Pinaceae of the Gymnospermae. Repre- sentatives of all tribes, with the exception of Hylastini, breed largely or exclusively in the Dicotyledoneae, although the American Po- lygraphini occur exclusively in conifers. Few- er than a dozen known species confine their activities to Monocotyledoneae, but only one of these represents a primitive group (Cne- sinus vestitus Eggers, tribe Bothrosterini). In addition to these, several species of poly- phagous Xyleboriis may also breed in various palm logs, but host preference is not involved in the selection. Within tribal or generic groups host specif- icitv may be extreme, with most species con- fining their breeding activity to one or to a very restricted number of host species. For example, American Scierus, Hylurgups, Hy- lastes, CarpJiohorus, Polygraphus, Cryphalus, Cryptiirgus, Dolurgus, Pityogenes, Orthoto- micus, Pityokteines, Ips, and Pityohorus are restricted to the Abietineae of Pinaceae, Phloeosinus to the Cupressineae or Tax- odioideae of Pinaceae (many Oriental species occur in other plant families), Phrixosoma to the Guttiferae, Dendrocranuhis to the Cu- curbitaceae, Pseudopityophthorus to the plant genus Quercus, etc. The Bothrosternini, Cryphalini, and Xyleborini are unusually polyphagous. Host Selection and Dispersal Scolytid beetles are dependent upon their power of flight to move from their brood tree to a new host. The original pioneer beetles 1982 Introduction are guided in their flight (primary attraction) by volatile oleoresins, terpene hydrocarbons, alcohols, or other substances given off by the recently injured or dying host tissue (Ru- dinsky 1966). When such odors are in the air, flight is oriented and usually proceeds up- wind to the source; when attractive odors are not detected, the dispersal tends to be random. The objective of this flight is the location of new host material, but the use of that mate- rial varies with the reproductive readiness of the insect. When the gonads are mature, as is usually the case, a new tree in which brood can be produced is sought. In many species, however, the beetles seek the green bark of a healthy host, where they bore into the outer phloem and feed or hibernate for a period of time before emerging to seek a host in which to reproduce. In some species the construc- tion of feeding timnels is not a regular habit but may fimction as an emergency means of waiting for the availability of suitable host material. At times these emergency tunnels are formed in hosts not normal for the species and have resulted in numerous erroneous host records. The original pioneer flight may be taken by either the male (e.g., Ips) or the female (e.g., Dendroctonus) beetle, but, regardless of which sex makes this flight, the habit is con- sistent for the species. Once a pioneer has found a suitable host, it bores in then begins to release a chemical sex attractant or phero- mone that attracts both males and females of its own species to that host. Thus, subsequent flights are oriented by both tree volatiles and pheromones until sufficient beetles are pres- ent to overcome any resistance to the attack that might be given by the host. Climate The factors which constitute climate, that is temperature, precipitation, humidity, soil moisture, sunshine, air currents, and air pres- sure, are of extreme importance in determin- ing the distribution and abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles and of the predators, parasites, and other organisms with which they are associated. Except for a few hours once each generation, during which time the dispersal flight takes place, these insects live entirely within the host plant, where the sub- strate and micro-environment are remarkably constant. This constancy in the immediate environment has had an obvious effect on in- tra-populational variability and apparently has reduced the effect of climate; but certain long-range effects are clearly evident. For example: 1. In Canada and Alaska fewer than 10 percent of all scolytid species are xylomy- cetophagous, and more than 90 percent are phloeophagous; in Costa Rica and northern South America approximately 60 percent are xylomycetophagous, and 40 percent have other habits, only part of which are phloeophagous. 2. Of the genera treated in the present study 50 percent (including far more than half the species) are largely or entirely tropi- cal in distribution, 30 percent are largely or entirely temperate in distribution, and 20 percent occur in both areas (but a dis- proportionate majority of the species in these genera are tropical). Comparatively few spe- cies are found in Alaska and Canada and, among those that do occur there, the distri- butions of a high percentage of them are re- stricted to southwestern British Columbia or to the southern tip of Ontario. 3. Scolytid species are comparatively un- common in deserts. A surprisingly high per- centage of the genera present in desert re- gions are restricted to desert or semi-desert areas {Chaetophloetis, Cactopinus, Steno- cleptus, etc.). 4. Temperate groups of scolytids may ex- tend their distributions into tropical areas along mountain ranges, providing the alti- tude is high enough to assure cool temper- atures, and a dry season is sufficiently pro- nounced to produce conditions suitable for the growth of their host plants. 5. Unusually high or low temperatures cause fluctuations in bark beetle populations over extensive areas. High and low lethal temperatures vary from species to species, from one developmental stage to another, and with the length of exposure (Rudin.sky 1962). This principle has been used in con- trolling certain species by exposing infested material to solar radiation during the hot summer season. It is also noted that, in a fall- en log, one species may infest the uppermost 6 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 (hottest and driest) surface, another may in- fest the sides (moderately cool), and others may infest the lower (coolest) area. In addi- tion, it is observed (Dixon and Osgood 1961:3, Wood 1963:17-18) that, in a given widely distributed species, more generations are completed at the southern than at the northern limits of the range, presumably the result of a longer season of favorable temperatures. 6. Prolonged drought may reduce the re- sistance of trees to a point where they cannot resist bark beetle attack (Rudinsky 1962:342). Many .species of twig borers cannot be reared successfully outside a growth chamber unless melted wax or liquid plastic is painted over cut ends to conserve moisture. It is also a common practice of bark beetle collectors to cut limbs of trees and place them in a cool, .shaded place, where moisture loss is mini- mized, so that they might remain attractive to scolytids. 7. In their dispersal flight bark and am- brosia beetles normally move only short dis- tances (a few meters) from one host to anoth- er. Occasionally, however, these weak fliers are caught by the wind and carried distances up to 15 km (Rudinsky 1962). Their occur- rence on certain oceanic islands suggests flights of considerably greater length. 8. Flood waters undoubtedly have had an effect on bark beetle populations, either by covering infested hosts and drowning the lo- cal population, or by carrying infested mate- rial downstream to initiate an infestation in a new area. Living larvae immersed in water cooled to near the freezing point have been kept alive by me for 200 days. Infested logs presumably could be carried completely im- mersed for hundreds of kilometers during spring floods and still produce living beetles. Hibernation and Estivation Unfavorably high or low temperatures, such as those encountered during the tropical dry season or the northern winters, cau.se a cessation of beetle activity. The life cycle usually is .synchronized with the seasons, and the most resistant stage predominates when the period of physiological stress begins. Esti- vation, the period of inactivity during hot or dry weather, occurs principally in tropical regions and apparently may be as short as two weeks or as long as five months, depend- ing on the climate. In all probability, this in- activity is not controlled hormonally (except Xylehorus dispar (Fabricius)), but may be in- terrupted at any time by the return of favor- able temperature and moi.sture. High temperature.— Bark temperatures of 42-50 C (107-122 F) usually cause dis- organized behavior of bark beetles and, in time, thermal paralysis, and death. Higher temperatures, 50-55 C (122-131F), are lethal in a shorter period of time. Graham (1920, 1924) found in Minnesota that the thickness, color, .structure, and sur- face features of bark and the light intensity, solar attitude, and angle of incidence in- fluenced the subcortical temperature of logs. He found that midday subcortical temper- atures reached maximum levels of 45-60 C, with the highest levels in dense, dark, thin- barked, rough logs. The highest levels of 60 C (140 F) were reached in Pinus strobus on a day when the air temperature was 40 C (104 F). Patterson (1930), using Pinus contorta logs in Oregon, recorded midday subcortical tem- peratures of 43-51 C (110-123 F) while air temperatures were 24-26 C (75-78 F); sub- cortical temperatures in adjacent standing trees were 22-24 C (72-75 F). Miller and Keen (1960) summarized 45 years of studies on the effect of high temper- atures on Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte. Decreased activity was noted at 35 C (95 F) and thermal paralysis at 38 C (100 F). Cur- rents of warm air with low humidity could be fatal to larvae at 38-41 (100-105 F) within 30 minutes. At "normal" humidity paralysis commenced at 42-43 C (108-110 F) and death at 43-46 C (110-115 F). No larvae sur- vived even brief exposures at 48 C (118 F). In field tests, sustained temperatures of 38 C (100 F) resulted in 34.2 percent mortality, and at 49 C (120 F) 100 percent mortality. Low temperature.— The mortality of bark beetles due to low temperature appar- ently is an important factor in determining local abundance and the expansion and con- traction of distributions. Beal (1933) reported that the egg stage of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte was the most resistant of all immature stages to low 1982 Introduction temperature. Air temperatures of -21 C (-5 F) did not affect the hatching of eggs; how- ever, temperatures as low as -12 C (10 F) re- sulted in 43 percent mortality of larvae in the moist cambium (moisture level 200 percent of dry weight) while larvae in the outer bark (moisture level 30 percent of dry weight) suf- fered almost no mortality. When exposed to -21 C (-5 F), mortality of larvae was 100 percent, pupae 90 percent, and adults 100 percent in the moist phloem. Pupae and adults in the dry, outer bark suffered almost no mortality at this temperature. Miller and Keen (1960:71-73) reported cold periods in the winters of 1924 (-29 to -32 C or -20 to -25 F) and 1932-1933 (-29 to -39 C or -20 to -38 F) in which Dendroc- tonus brevicomis , \arva\ mortality was esti- mated at 25-80 percent and 50-90 percent, respectively. Unprotected summer brood lar- vae exposed in the laboratory at -18 C (0 F) suffered 20-50 percent mortality, at -21 C (-5 F) 75 to 100 percent mortality, and at -21.7 C (-7.5 F) almost always 100 percent mortality. At 10 C (50 F) larvae become sluggish and dormant; at -9.5 to -12.2 C (15-10 F) larvae freeze but recover when re- turned to warm temperatures. A "brief" ex- posure of eggs at -21 C (-5 F) resulted in 90 percent mortality; none hatched after expo- sure at -23 C (-10 F). Results with the expo- sure of pupae were about the same as for lar- vae. Adult mortality commenced at -10 C (14 F) and was complete at -12.2 C (10 F). Massey and Wygant (1954:23-24) studied the effect of low temperatures on cold-hardy Dendroctonus nifipennis (Kirby) and report 100 percent mortality at -26 C (-15 F) for adults and -34 C (-30 F) for larvae. Low temperatures in Colorado in 1951 extending in some areas down to -49 C (-56 F) killed approximately 75 percent of the over- wintering larvae above the snow line; adults hibernating below the snow line at the bases of their hosts were not affected by these temperatures. Hopkins (1909b:24) attributed the com- plete extermination of Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann in Virginia and West Virginia to the unusually cold winter of 1902-1903. Activity range.— From the above data it would appear that bark beetles are active at temperatures of about 10-38 C (50-100 F). Daterman, Rudinsky, and Nagel (1965) re- port that the minimum threshold air temper- ature necessary to initiate flight ranges from 12-13 C (54-55 F) in Pseudohylesinus nebu- losus (LeConte) to 20-22 C (68-72 F) in Sco- lytus unispinosus LeConte. It is noted, how- ever, that once flight is initiated it may continue even though temperatures may de- crease to 5 C (41 F) in Pseudohylesinus spp. The spring flight usually commences when daytime temperatures reach this threshold. As the season advances and temperatures in- crease, the period of flight is restricted to the early morning and evening periods to avoid desiccation. Hibernation.— Whether or not the life cycle is synchronized with the seasons, most scolytids do not hibernate in the true mean- ing of the term. Instead, when subcortical temperatures fall below the threshold activi- ty ceases; when temperatures rise above that threshold activity is resumed. In Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius) true hibernation occurs (French and Roeper 1972); however, the mechanism governing it has not been investigated. The winter may be passed in any stage of development, but the overwintering stage is constant and characteristic in each species. The larval stage is the most commonly repre- sented. Most species appear to make no spe- cial preparations for winter; others bore into the sapwood (e.g., Scolytus rugulosus Miiller) or into the outer bark (some Dendroctonus); others fly to living trees where feeding tun- nels are excavated in green tissue (e.g., some Phloeotribus), or they overwinter in the duff on the forest floor (e.g., Ips, Trypodendron). Estivation.— This phenomenon has not been reported in the literature. In Costa Rica during the latter part of the dry season I found Metacorthylus velutinus (Wood) in an inactive state in radial tunnels 1-2 cm deep in a log too dry for reproduction. Apparent- ly, they were waiting for spring rains before resuming activity. Tropical Dendrocranulus apparently pass the wet season outside their normal hosts, then appear in large numbers as the dry season begins. Hibernating speci- mens were not found. Many tropical scolytids apparentlv ignore the seasonal changes ob- served by other insects and continue their re- productive activity throughout the year. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Ecological Specialization Each group of organisms entering a new adaptive zone, as did the Scolytidae when they began to utiHze unthrifty and dying tis- sues of woody plants, soon discovers that its food resource is hmited and its greatest com- petitors for food and space are other mem- bers of its own kind. The resulting com- petition results in an adaptive radiation or ecological specialization along numerous av- enues that enables the group more com- pletely and more effectively to utilize the available food .source. For example, it probably would be phys- iologically impossible for one species of .scolytid to develop that could utilize both bark and wood of all woody plants in all parts of the world. Such an occurrence would subject that species to enormous population fluctuations and other natural disasters. It is of greater advantage to the group to develop a variety of species each specialized to meet the requirements of life in a particular cli- mate on specialized ti.ssue of a restricted host. This is essentially what has happened in the evolution of the Scolytidae. Scolytids utilize at least some representa- tives of gymnosperms and virtually all dic- tyledonous families containing woody plants. Few species inhabit pterydophytes or mon- ocots. While many woody plant species are not infested by any .scolytid .species, others (mo.st Pinaceae, etc.) are the host of numer- ous species. Wlien two or more species share the same host species, competition between them for space and food results either in ex- tinction of one of them or in ecological spe- cialization. Such specialization has resulted in the development of forms that live only in seeds or fruits (certain Amptus, Coccotrypes, Conophthorus, Hijpothenemus, Pagiocents, Spermoplithorus, etc.), others only in un- thrifty twigs and branches of living trees (cer- tain Carphoborus, Chaetophloeus, Hypocrij- plialus, Liparthrurn, Pitijoborus, etc.), others in cut or broken twigs and branches (certain Cryptocarenus, Cnesinus, Hypotfienemu.s, Pi- tycypht horns, Tricolus, etc.), others in sup- pressed seedlings in dense growth (certain Carphoborus, Pityophthorus, Xylechinus, etc.), others in the tops and limbs of over- mature trees (certain Ips, Phloeotribus, Pityophthorus, Scolytus, etc.), others in slash (certain Ips, Pityogenes, Pityophthorus, Sco- lytus, etc.), others in boles of standing trees (certain Dendroctonus, Ips, Phloeotribus, Sco- hjtus), others in butts and stumps (certain Dendroctonus, Dryocoetes, Gnathotrichus, Ips, Xyleborus, etc.), and others in roots (cer- tain Corthylus, Dryocoetes, Hylastes, Hylur- gops, etc.). Some species utilize leaves (cer- tain Cactopinus, Hypothenemus, Pseudo- thysanoes, Scolytodes, etc.), and a few live in herbaceous plants (all Dendrocranuhis, Hy- lastimts, certain Hypothenemus, etc.). Pa- giocerus frontalis (Fabricius) has been report- ed as a minor pest in stored com in South America, but not in the northern parts of its range. Several .species, particularly in the genus Hypothenemus, apparently are capable of living in almost any available source of plant material; for example, Hypothenemus eruditus Westwood was named from a series found boring in the cover of a book. It also may live in seeds, weeds, twigs, bark of the bole of large trees, and shelf fungi. Of great- est economic concern, however, are those species that infest healthy, living tissue, such as Conophthorus spp., Corthylus columbianus Hopkins, several Dendroctonus spp., Hypoth enemus hampei (Ferrari), Xylosandrus com- pactus (Eichhoff), and many others. Food and Feeding Habits The Scolytidae are among the few insect groups in which the adults burrow into the host plant for the purpo.se of depositing their eggs directly in the food substrate to be con- sumed by the larvae. The concealed tunnels (Fig. 1) offer a greater degree of protection than occurs in many groups; furthermore, the adults usually remain in their galleries to pre- vent the entry of predators and parasites into the gallery system, thus increasing the pro- tection given to the larvae. Several forms of feeding are associated with this habit. Herbiphagy, feeding upon nonwoody plants, is rare in the Scolytidae. Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham) breeds in the roots of various clovers and may become a serious pest. Chramesus pumilus (Chapuis) breeds in the larger stems of wild beans. Hyothenemus pubescens Hopkins breeds in the fruiting .stalks of grass; H. eruditus Westwood, H. 1982 Introduction Fig. 1. Galleries of Dendroctonus breiicomis on the lower bole of Pinus ponderosa. Tlie bark was removed to ex- pose the tunnels. (After Swaine 1914:17.) 10 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 areccae (Hornung), H. crudiae (Panzer), //. columbi Hopkins, and occasionally other spe- cies may breed in a wide variety of her- baceous vegetation, although they are not re- stricted to these plants. All Dendrocranulus species and allied Old World genera breed exclusively in the stems of cucurbitaceous plants. Spermophagy includes feeding on seeds and at least parts of the protective fruit that covers them. In North America this habit is best known in the Conophthorus species that infest cones of Pinus, particularly those with large seeds. Spermophagy is much more com- mon and widespread among tropical genera such as those listed in the preceeding section (Ecological Specialization). Myelophagy, feeding on the pith of small stems, evidently is considerably more com- mon in the American tropics than in other parts of the world. Several species of Pityoph- thorus have this habit in the United States and Canada. Almost all species of the Both- rosternini, all Cnjptocarenus and Micracisella, several species of Hypothenemus, and a few species of Araptus, Chramesiis, Scolytodes, Tricohis, etc., also have this habit. A few of these species are extremely aggressive and destructive. Phloeophagy, feeding on phloem tissues of the inner bark, is the habit usually associ- ated with this family and is the basis for their common name; however, fewer than half the species in the family are phloeophagous. In temperate areas of the world the most com- mon genera burrow in the cambium region of their hosts and thereby produce the charac- teristic engravings that show on the surface of peeled bark or wood. Most of the Hylesi- ninae, Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Dryocoetini, and Ipini fall into this category. Xylophagy includes living in and feeding directly on the xylem or wood tissues. Al- though almost all ambrosia beetles may be partially xylophagous, they are excluded from this category since their principal food is not xylem. Apparently all xylophagous spe- cies are associated with fungi that alter the character of the wood consumed, but the my- celium does not form a conspicuous element of the diet. Xylophagous forms include Chra- mesus xylophagus Wood, two species of Chaetophlocus, all Dendrosinus, Lymantor, Hylocurus, Micracis, and Thysanoes, Scoly- todes midtistriatus Wood, and many other isolated examples in other genera. I am una- ware of any nutritional studies involving a xylophagous species; the food source and the modified color and texture of the wood near a tunnel suggest that symbiotic organisms are involved in some way. Xylomycetophagy includes the cultiva- tion and utilization of a symbiotic fungus as a food source. The term "ambrosia beetle" has been applied to the Scolytidae and Platypo- didae having this habit regardless of their phylogenetic origin or relationships. The habit apparently has arisen independently in the Platypodinae of the Platypodidae and in the Scolytidae in the Bothrosternini {Both- rosternus), Hylesinini {Hyleops of Australia), Scolytini (Camptocerus), Scolytoplatypodini (Scolytoplatypus of Asia and Africa), Xylote- rini, Xyleborini, and Corthylini. More than 99 percent of all species of Platypodidae and more than half of all tropical Scolytidae have this habit. Galleries The gallery systems of the Scolytidae are unique and represent the product of a long and complicated evolution. These beetles probably arose prior to the Cretaceous geo- logical period from a saprophytic group of beetles found imder bark. Early representa- tives probably formed crude cavities in the phloem after entering the bark through in- juries or the excavations of other insects. The earliest galleries probably were of the cave type similar to those presently seen in Meco- pebnus (Platypodidae), many Scolytodes, Cry- phalus, Procryphalus, Trypophloeus, and phloeophagous Coccotrypes, in which the eggs are deposited individually or in small clusters and mixed indiscriminately in the frass. Later the eggs were placed in specially prepared niches and packed in a mixture of boring dust held together by an adliesive se- cretion, as now seen in Liparthrum. Further specialization of the system included the ex- tension of various irregular pockets for the protection of the eggs; these eventually be- came egg galleries and may occur either with or without egg niches. The addition of the polygynous and xylophagous habits rrtodified the basic gallery only slightly. 1982 Introduction 11 The gallery system of a typical phloeo- phagous or mvelophagoiis species consists of the following parts: 1. Entrance tunnel: The entrance hole (Fig. 2: parts 5, 11, eh) is usually located at a leaf scar, axil, crevice, or other irregularity in the bark; however, many Micracis and Cor- thifhis, and genera allied to these two, com- monlv select smooth areas. This short, simple, cylindrical tunnel is usually directed oblique- ly upward in its passage through the bark to facilitate frass removal and, apparently, to protect the entrance from precipitation. In xylophagous forms (Fig. 2: parts 12-14, 16-18) it is a direct radial tunnel per- pendicular to the outer surface. The diameter of the entrance tunnel is very slightly larger than the beetle making it, such that its body might effectively prevent the entry of pre- dators, parasites, or other unwanted intruders when a defensive position is taken in the en- trance timnel. A major task of one of the par- ent beetles is blocking the entry. 2. Nuptial chamber: In many groups, when the entrance tunnel reaches the cam- bium a flattened (tabular) cavity is usually ex- cavated (Fig. 2:5, 11, NC). This oval or ir- regular chamber usually has a diameter about three to five times greater than the length of the beetle excavating it. The entrance tunnel usually enters the nuptial chamber at its low- est margin to facilitate frass removal. In the most primitive gallery systems adult partici- pation in excavating the tunnel ends at this point; as indicated above, eggs are scattered indiscriminately or in clusters and larvae en- large the excavation. In most groups, how- ever, additions are made. The nuptial cham- ber is best developed in groups in which the male forms the initial parts of the system, particularly when polygyny occurs. It is part- ly or entirelv eliminated in other groups, par- ticularly when a male does not enter the gallery. 3. Egg galleries: When a female enters a tunnel she forms one or more egg galleries (Fig. 2:1-16) that extend along the cambium following a course away from the nuptial chamber. They usually are straight, but curve characteristically in some species. Very com- monly it is possible to identify the genus or even the species from the gallery system without seeing the beetles that made it. In their primitive form egg galleries are no more than indefinite pockets along the mar- gin of the nuptial chamber. In their more ad- vanced form they are more slender and long- er, and in their most advanced form they are cylindrical, very slightly larger than the width of the beetle forming them, and very long. In most genera the female cuts egg niches along the margins of the tunnels; in others these are absent. The egg niches usual- ly are as wide as the female head and about as deep as wide; their size, shape, position, and spacing usually are characteristic. Long egg galleries in thick bark usually have venti- lation tunnels placed at irregular intervals on the outer side. These extend to near the sur- face of the bark but rarely open to the sur- face. Their function is not definitely known but they might serve as turning niches, as sources of oxygen, for ventilation and tem- perature control, or as easily opened avenues of escape in an emergency. 4. Larval mines: After hatching the lar- vae may (a) feed exclusively on mycelial or other materials supplied to them, (b) enlarge the parental chamber, usually feeding com- munally (in congress), or (c) form individual larval mines. The latter habit is by far the most common in temperate regions. Larval mines may be little longer than the larval body {Pityoborus, etc.), or exceedingly elon- gate (some Scolytus, etc.). Though the egg gallery, nuptial chamber, and entrance tun- nel are usually kept entirely free of boring dust, the larval mines are closely packed with frass. In many species the larval mine en- graves both wood and bark throughout its length; in others part or all of the mine may be entirely in the wood or entirely in the bark. Near the end of the larval mine an ex- panded area is usually cleared to form a pu- pation chamber where transformation occurs. It may be formed in the cambium region, deep in the xylem, or in the outer bark. Fol- lowing transformation many species emerge immediately through individual exit holes; others require a maturation feeding period before they emerge. The brood of phloeo- phagous and myelophagous species rarely emerges through the parental entrance hole, although it does in Pityoborus, in many Cryphalini, and in most ambrosia beetles. 12 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 2. Tlie common kinds of gallery systems formed by Scolytidae: 1, biramoiis longitudinal; 2, monoramous lon- gitudinal; 3, stellate, radiate, or miiltiramous; 4, cave-tunnel (two postoviposition feeding tunnels are shown); 5, stel- late system of Ips concinnu.'i showing entrance hole (eh), nuptial chamber (NC), egg gallery (et), egg niche (ep), larval mine (Ig); 6, modified stellate; 7, transverse stellate; 8, transverse biramous; 9, longitudinal stellate- 10, transverse bi- ramous with larval mines added; 1], modified stellate with nuptial chambers entirely in the bark; 12, ambrosial stel- late without cradles (Xylchortis); 1.3, ambrosial cave-tunnel (wood grain runs left to right; in 12 wood grain runs top to bottom); 14, ambrosial stellate with larval cradles {Monarthmm)- 1.5, pith tunnel {Micracisella): 16, ambrosial stel- late, modified, with cradles (poor example oi Gnathotrichus); 17, 18, ambrosial branching tunnels (Xuleborus ohesus). (After Swaine 1918:13.) 1982 Introduction 13 In xylophagous and in most spermo- phagous forms the same basic parts of the gallery system are found except that they are distnibuted in a three dimensional system rather than two. In ambrosial forms the larval mines are usually reduced to larval cradles just large enough to accommodate the new adult or they are eliminated. In most groups having larval cradles the eggs are deposited in niches and the larva enlarges this niche into the cradle as it grows {Monarthrwn, Trypoden- dron, etc.). In some Corthylus the parents form the completed cradles and deposit the eggs only when the ambrosial fungus is well established. In other groups that lack egg niches and larval cradles, the larvae may de- velop in the adult galleries (many Xyleborus) or the larvae may form a common, tabular chamber parallel to the grain of the wood. Numerous variations of these basic patterns occur. Gallery Patterns Scolytid parental galleries might be classi- fied as follows (Fig. 2): 1. Cave -tunnel: A simple cavity formed (1) in the cambium region, (2) in the wood, or (3) in the pith of small stems. When this type of cavity is formed by ambrosia beetles (Xylo- sandnis), most or all of the cavity usually is formed by the larvae. 2. Uniramous gallery: a simple, (a) lon- gitudinal or (b) transverse egg gallery either in the phloem or xylem tissues. Primitively, a conspicuous nuptial chamber occurs at or near the entrance; this chamber may be re- duced to a turning niche or, in galleries made by previously mated females, it may be eliminated. 3. BiRAMOus gallery: a system in which two egg galleries arise from the same nuptial chamber. In its more advanced form the nup- tial chamber may be eliminated and the pat- tern is a simple fork. The galleries may be (1) longitudinal, (2) transverse, or (3) diagonal. Among phloeophagous groups it is the most widely distributed pattern. It also occurs in some xylophagous groups. 4. Stellate, radiate, or multiramous gallery: This type of system is most com- mon in polygynous species. Three or more (19 were found in one species of tropical Pi- tyophtJiorus) egg galleries extend from the nuptial chamber. The egg galleries may be (1) straight and radiate in all directions away from the nuptial chamber, (2) curved so as to (a) parallel the grain of the wood, (b) cut transversely across the grain, or (3) form a pattern independent of the grain. 5. Branching galleries: This type of sys- tem is rare and apparently occurs only in species commimally sharing the same en- trance hole, as in Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, Cladoctonus boliviae Wood, appar- ently Microborus spp., and a few other spe- cies. In this system, beetles arriving late at the host use a previously made entrance tun- nel and follow the gallery of another pair for a distance before starting their own branch tunnel. Phloeophagous species that form tim- nels of this type do not remove the frass from the gallery, but pack it tightly a short dis- tance behind the working area. This is also one of the most common systems formed by ambrosia beetles, although the entrance may or may not be commimal. 6. Ambrosia beetle galleries: Ambrosia beetles construct gallery systems of the five basic types listed above except that (a) they are adapted to a three dimensional system rather than two, and (b) the larvae may ex- tend and modify the original parental tunnel, as indicated in the preceding section, either the larvae or adults may form series of larval cradles in either one or two ranks both above and below the egg gallery (ambrosial Corthy- lini, Scolytoplalypodini, and Xyloterini). In many of the Xyleborini the larvae form tabu- lar extensions of the parental tunnel along the grain of the wood that sometimes are enormous when one considers the size of the beetle. Soci.\L Organization As with other woodboring Coleoptera in which the adults form tunnels and enter the host to reproduce, the Scolytidae have devel- oped a distinctive subsocial behavior. Most species infest hosts that are unthrifty or in a somewhat living though injured state. When the beetles bore into these living tissues the host reacts by exuding quantities of resin to plug the wound and expel or drown the 14 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fit;, o. Pitch tube of Dendroctonua hrevicumis show- ing an unsuccessful, expelled beetle on a pitch tube. (Af- ter Keen 1955:2.) intruder (Fig. 3). If only one or a few beetles are present a vigorous host usually is success- ful in resisting the attack. Most scolytids overcome this resistance through mass at- tacks that overwhelm the resistance of the host. The communication necessary for coordinated attacks is accomplished through secondary attraction with pheromones re- leased by the beetles. Tlie original pioneer beetles that first enter a new host release one or a combination of chemical substances (pheromones) beginning about the time their tunnels reach the cam- bium region. These volatile substances are in the fecal pellets that are mixed in the frass and expelled from the tunnel by the beetles. The odors carried by the air currents have a strong attraction to both males and females. Upon arrival at the host under attack the members opposite in sex from the pioneers, seek out an entrance tunnel and, through the process of auditory, tactile, or possibly chem- ical signals, or a combination of these, the potential mate is identified and admitted to the timnel. Following mate identification, pheromone production ceases. A masking or repellant pheromone may also be released af- ter the mate is admitted (Rudinsky 1968). An extensive annotated bibliography on second- ary attraction in Scolytidae was published by Borden and Stokkink (1971) and Borden, VanDerSar, and Stokkink (1975). As indicated above, one of the principal functions of pheromones is the attraction of potential mates. The secretive habits of these insects, coupled with their ability to commu- nicate through olfactory and auditory signals, has led to the development of unique repro- ductive behavior. When the potential mate arrives at the entrance hole, in certain spe- cies, it stridulates actively. This stridulation in male Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins causes the female inhabitant of the new gal- lery to stop the production of the aggregat- ing pheromone and to admit the male (Ru- dinsky 1968). In Platypodidae this courtship apparently includes tactile as well as audi- tory elements, and in certain genera (Diapiis) the female mandibles are equipped with spe- cial processes used for identification by the male, which are shed after this event. The elaborate sexually dimorphic sculpture and ornamentation of the head and declivity in one or both sexes of numerous species of Scolytidae suggest that tactile stimuli are used extensively in the Scolytidae for mate identification at the entrance of the gallery. Chemical stimuli also function in this court- ship activity, in addition to basic secondary attraction (Rudinsky and Michael 1972). There are four distinct types or levels of social organization associated with reproduc- tive behavior. These are (1) monogamy, (2) normal (heterosanguineous) polygyny, (3) ex- treme (consanguineous) polygyny involving arrhenotokic parthenogenesis, and (4) gy- nogenetic parthenogenesis. Monogamy is the most common and wide- ly distributed habit. It occurs in all Platypo- didae (except Protoplatypus), in all Hylesi- ninae (except Polygraphini and some oriental Phloeosinus), in Scolytini (except some neo- tropical Scolytus), in Ctenophorini (except a few Scolytodes), in all Scolytoplatypodini, Cactopinini, Crypturgini, and Xyloterini, in phloeophagus Micracini, in part of the Cryphalini (Cryphalus, Hypocryphalus, 1982 Introduction 15 Stegomerus), in part of the Dryocoetini {Den- drocranulus), and in part of the Corthyhni {Pityobortis, Conophthorus, Corthylus, many Araptus, and a few Pifyophthorus). In mon- ogamous species either sex may initiate the boring of a new gallery, but the habit is con- stant within a species. For example, in Den- droctonus and most Scolytus species the fe- male performs this function, but in Phloeosinus and Corthylus it is the responsi- bility of the male. In most monogamous spe- cies, after pairing has occurred, the female is responsible for boring egg galleries, the for- mation of egg niches, and laying of eggs and caring for them and the larvae (if the larvae remain in the parental tunnel). The male keeps the nuptial chamber and entrance tun- nel clean and expels the frass from the en- trance hole. He also blocks the entrance with his body to prevent the entry of predators and other intruders. Kalshoven (1959:170) ob- served rapid pumping movements of the body (stridulation of a disturbed individual?) and quick, short movements backwards and forwards in the timnel near the entrance and suggested that these activities might be asso- ciated with ventilation of the gallery system. Although similar action has been observed in other Scolytidae, its function has not been investigated. In monogamous species both sexes usually participate in the construction and care of the galleries. However, in many forms one or both sexes may abandon the tunnel as soon as egg deposition or hatching is complete, and in a few Scolytus the male may mate on the bark surface and never enter the gallery sys- tem. One or both sexes may then participate in the formation of a second, third, or even fourth set of galleries (Simpson 1929). The division of labor in tending the gallery system apparently has led to the evolution of much of the observed sexual dimorphism in the groups. Most of these features occur ei- ther on the head or elytral declivity and, as suggested above, many of them may be asso- ciated with mate identification. However, others clearly are associated with frass re- moval, preparation of the niches for the eggs, or cultivation and care of the ambrosial fungi. The most radical modifications include the head and antennae {Camptocerus, Hylo- cunis, Corthylus), pronotum (Amphicranus, Pityoborus), elytral declivity {Ips, Mon- arthrum, Amphicranus), abdomen (Scolytus), and legs (Xyleborini). Polygyny occurs in many tribal groups and undoubtedly has originated independently several times. Two distinctive types of poly- gyny are recognized: (1) Heterosanguineous and (2) consanguineous polygyny. In hetero- sanguineous polygyny the male flies to the new host and (almost always) excavates the entrance tunnel and nuptial chamber. He then admits about two to five females to his chamber (up to 19 females were admitted in one neotropical Pityophthorus). The females then push the frass resulting from their activ- ity into the nuptial chamber. The male has the responsibility of ejecting their frass and of protecting the entrance hole. The function of each sex is about the same as in monogamous species. The advantage appears to be the greater speed and efficiency with which the host can be occupied. In addition, a portion of the more vulnerable attacking males can be lost to weather and predation without af- fecting the population. This polygynous habit occurs in Phloeosinini (some oriental Phloeos- inus), Polygraphini, Scolytini (certain neo- tropical Scolytus), Ctenophorini (polygynous Scolytodes), Micracini, most Dryocoetini, Ipini, and Corthylini (except several mon- ogamous forms and two species noted below). In most xylophagous Micracini, in Pseudopi- tyophthorus, and in some neotropical Sco- lytus the male is always associated with two females; a different number may characterize other groups. In consanguineous polygyny the males are incapable of flight and, consequently, they al- most never leave the brood chambers. The deformed, dwarfed, haploid males attain sex- ual maturity and mate very early and usually die before they are fully colored. The sex ra- tio of the brood in these species ranges from about 3-50 females per male. Both mated and unmated females may attack the new host. Entwistle (1964) reported that in Xylo- sandrus cornpactus (Eichhoff) unmated fe- males, and those that have exhausted their supply of sperm, produce only haploid males by facultative arrhenotokic parthenogenesis. The haploid males mate with either their mother or their sisters in order to produce diploid females (see also Norris and Chu 16 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1970). Thus, an isolated female whether or not she has mated prior to isolation, is ca- pable of colonizing a new area. Since both males and females have been observed to wander outside their galleries, it is apparent that some outbreeding might occur if they enter other galleries. Due to the recency of the discovery of the genetic mechanism, it is only speculation that male haploidy occurs in other tribes with consanguineous polygyny. This habit occurs in many Cryphalini (Hy- potheneinuf), Cnjptocareniis), in a few Dryo- coetini {Coccotrijpes, Ozopemon), in all Xy- leborini, and in two species of Corthylini {Araptiis laevigatus (Eggers) and A. costari- censis (Schedl)). Reproduction by gynogenetic partheno- genesis was discovered in Ips tridens engel- manni Swaine by Hopping (1961, 1962) and was confirmed by Lanier and Oliver (1966). In this example it appeared as though the penetration of a sperm in the egg membrane is required to trigger a parthenogenetic re- sponse. Theylytoky, in which female off- spring are produced with no participation of the male, has not been reported but almost certainly occurs in a few species such as Bothrosternus foveatus (Blackman), where males are unknown. Seasonal History and Development Mate identification.— In all mon- ogamous and heterosanguineous polygamous species, the first step toward the production of a new generation, after the host has been selected and the new gallery is started, is the identification and admission into the gallery of one or more potential mates. The admit- ting sex has initiated the gallery and tightly blocks the entrance with its body in order to prevent the entry of a predator, parasite, or competitor. Mate identification to gain entry into the obstructed entrance may involve the exchange of sound stimuli (Rudinsky and Mi- chael 1972), behavioral stimuli (Petty 1977), and, apparently, chemical stimuli, or a com- bination of two or more of these factors. Fe- male Didpus (Platypodidae) have special mandibular processes that are shed after ful- filling a tactile function. Following mate identification, either a position for copulation is taken or else the chosen mate is admitted into the gallery. Mating.— As indicated in the preceding section, a diverse social order has had its ef- fect on mating behavior. In most species with heterosanguineous polygyny and in many phloeophagous monogamous forms (Dendroc- tonus, etc.) copulation takes place only after both sexes have entered the new gallery sys- tem. In the.se species it most commonly oc- curs while one member is in the nuptial chamber or turning niche and the other is in the entrance tunnel or at the entrance of an egg gallery. In this protected site it may oc- cur repeatedly throughout the period of ovi- position. In Platypodidae, Scoh/tus, Try- pophoeus, Procryphahis, and probably in other monogamous groups, copulation occurs when the female is partlv or wholly in the gallery, with her abdomen protruding above the surface, and the male is on the surface of the bark (Petty 1977). In the Platypodidae the male initiates excavation of the tunnel, but, following a courtship or identification ritual, he backs out of the burrow to admit her. Copulation then occurs and he follows her into the gallery (Browne 1961:38). In Sco- hjtus quadrispinosus Say the female starts the burrow and, after mating occurs, the male may then enter the tunnel or go in search of another female (Goeden and Norris 1965:772). Males of Scolytus as well as Try- pophloeus and Procryphahis (Petty 1977) commonly struggle for dominance by butting or pushing with the head until the loser is up- set and falls from the bark. In Cryphalus mat- ing may take place on the bark surface of ei- ther the brood or parental host (pers. obs.). Species with the consanguineous habit of po- lygyny have been observed on numerous oc- casions copulating in the brood chambers (pers. obs.). Eggs.— Scolytid eggs are smooth, oval, white, translucent, delicate objects varying in size from one group to another (Fig. 4B). In certain small Hylesininae (Carphohorus) the egg may be almost one-third as large as the adult body; in larger species (Dendroctoniis) they are proportionately much smaller. They vary in number in one gallery system from as few as 3 {Corthylus) to about 200 (Dendroc- tonus). The number of eggs apparently is smaller in ambrosia beetles and in those spe- cies inhabiting highly diverse tropical rain forests and greater in phloeophagous forms 1982 Introduction 17 Fig. 4. The four life stages of Dendroctonus hrcvi- comis: A, adult; B, eggs; C. larva; D, pupa. (After Keen 1955:3.) that breed in temperate forests where large stands of one or few host species pre- dominate. In some groups the eggs are depos- ited in clusters of about 4 to 20 (Try- pophoeus, Scolytode.s) or separately but packed in frass in the parental chambers (Chaetophloeiis); in Dendroctonus valens Le- Conte (etc.) they are deposited in rows in long or short grooves; in most scolytid species they are deposited individually in specially prepared niches and packed in boring dust that is held together by a secretion presum- ably of oral origin (probably from the max- illary glands). Hatching may require from as httle as 3 days (tropical Scolytodes) to as much as 30 days or longer (subarctic Den- droctonus). Variations in temperature may drastically alter the time required for in- cubation. Under ideal conditions the eggs of most species hatch in about 7 to 10 days. Larvae.— The larvae are white, legless grubs with lightly sclerotized heads (Fig. 4C). They do not change appreciably in form as they grow. Although studies by Thomas (1957) and Lekander (1968a) have greatly in- creased our knowledge, the larvae are poorly known and deserve considerably more study. The number of larval instars varies from two to five. Lekander (1968b) gives the following based mostly on European species: (a) those having five instars include Chaetoptelius, Hy- lurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), and Dendroc- tonus micans (Kugelann) (for a variety of rea- sons I suggest a reexamination of these species before five instars are accepted for any scolytid species), (b) four instars were re- ported for Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hop- kins and D. simplex LeConte, Hylastes, Hy- lurgops, and Tomicus; (c) three instars occur in all Ipini (except Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine, which he suggests is an error), Dryo- coetes autographus (Ratzeburg), Pityoph- thorus, Xylehorus, Hylesinus, and Poly- graphus; and two instars in Conophtliorus, Crypturgus, Cryphalus, and Ernoporus. The length of the larval period varies from as little as 12 days (estimated for some tropi- cal Scolytodes) to more than two years (arctic Dendroctonus). Under ideal conditions it ranges from about 30 to 90 days in most spe- cies. The larvae may feed in congress while extending the parental chamber (Cnesinus, Scolytodes, Dendroctonus valens), or they may form independent mines {Ips, Pityoph- thorus). Their tunnels may be long and tor- tuous {Phloeoborus, some Phloeotribus), or just 18 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 large enough to accommodate the adult body (Pityohorus, Monarthnnn). Most Xylehorus and Corthylus larvae depend entirely on tun- nels excavated by their parents. Pupae.— Usually, the end of the larval mine is enlarged slightly and cleared of frass to form a pupal chamber. In other forms the larva may bore into the wood {Scolyttis rugu- losus) or into the outer bark (Dendroctoniis approximatus Dietz) before forming the pup- al cell. The pupal stage (Fig. 4D) may range in length from about 3 to 30 days, but tends to average about 6 to 9 days under ideal con- ditions. It rarely is selected as an over- wintering stage except in areas where the winters are very mild. Adult.— Upon transformation to the adult stage (Fig. 4A) the beetles may emerge im- mediately, even before becoming fully col- ored (Scolytus), or they may require a period of maturation feeding before emerging (some Dendroctoniis, Ips). Many species fly from the brood host to a living host, where they excavate maturation feeding tunnels in living tissue before reaching reproductive maturity {Scolytus multistriatus (Miiller), etc.). Others use this as an optional habit only when suit- able host material is not immediately avail- able for rearing their brood. After com- pleting one gallery system it is not uncommon for the parent beetles to re- emerge and construct a second, third, or fourth system of tunnels to produce an equal number of broods. A previously mated fe- male will sometimes produce a second brood without the association of a second male, thus giving a false impression that parthenogenesis has occurred. A few old adults may survive the winter and participate in the production of the spring brood. However, a majority of the adults die in their tunnels after producing one brood. Chapman (1956) demonstrated that the flight muscles of parent adult Trypo- dendron lineatum (Olivier) deteriorate during oviposition and brood production, but re- generate later when flight is again required. Vite and Rudinsky (1957) present a technique for estimating the degree of maturity in each of the developmental stages of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae. The progressive appearance of various structures and pigmentation enabled them to estimate the approximate age of each developmental stage. Reproductive cycles.— As indicated in the preceding sections, scolytids are able to complete their life cycles in as little as 20 days or they may require at least two years. Temperature and moisture factors in the sub- cortical microclimate have a tremendous in- fluence on life cycles and can radically shorten or prolong them. Some species, such as Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, have one annual life cycle closely correlated with the seasons. Others may have two or more generations per year equally correlated with seasonal change. Many species, however, have a succession of overlapping generations complicated by the production of several broods from a given set of parents each year, as in Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby). Even those species usually follow definite annual patterns of emergence, flight, etc. Dendroc- tonus pseudotsugae in the southern Rocky Mountains apparently has a life cycle out of sequence with the seasons, but has predict- able outbreaks (Furniss 1965). In tropical areas cyclical activity in most forms is corre- lated with the dry and wet seasons and may be just as conspicuous as in temperate regions. Pheromones Bark beetle pheromones, airborne long dis- tance chemical messengers that announce to others of their species the location of host material or the availability of mates, have re- ceived much attention in the past decade. Since their main function is the coordination of activity in local populations, it has been supposed that they might also be used to dis- organize normal behavior patterns and there- by achieve control of economically impor- tant species. Pheromones have been reported in the Hy- lesinini (Hylesinus), Tomicini (Dendroctonus, Pseudohylesinus, Tomicus), Phloeosinini (Phloeosinus), Polygraphini (Carphoborus, Po- lygraphus), Scolytini (Scolytus), Ipini (Ips, Pi- tyogenes, Pityokteines, Orthotomicus), Xylote- rini (Trypodendron), Cryphalini (Cryphalus), and Corthylini (Pityophthorus, Gnatho- trichus) (Borden and Stokkink 1971). They apparently have not been reported from any species with the habit of consanguineous polygyny. 1982 Introduction 19 The pheromone of male Ips paraconfusiis Lanier consists of three terpene alcohols; I, (-)-2-methyl-6-methylene-7-octen-4-ol; II, ( + )-ri.s-verbenol; and III, ( + )-2-methyl-6- niethylene-2, 7-octadien-4-ol (Silverstein, Ro- din, and Wood 1966). Although none of these was an effective attractant alone, compound I in combination with either II or III was partially attractive. It is of interest that com- pound I was marginally attractive to Ips lati- dens LeConte, but I and II used together were highly attractive; the addition of com- pound III eliminated the response (D. L. Wood, Stark, Silverstein, Rodin 1967). Cam- eron and Borden (1967) report that female response to the male /. paraconfusiis phero- mone fluctuates with the season, being lowest in January (24.2 percent response) and high- est in May and June (76.6 percent response). D. L. Wood and Bushing (1963) found that the /. paraconfusiis pheromone appeared in the frass about 9-12 hours after males were introduced into preformed entrance tunnels. The substance is produced only after feeding commences, indicating that the precursor is ingested and metabolized or else tliat food activates specialized secretory cells; it is passed from the adult male in the fecal pel- lets (D. L. Wood, Browne, Silverstein, and Rodin 1966). Borden and Slater (1969) in- duced pheromone secretion by topical appli- cation of juvenile hormone, indicating that the pheromones are secreted. The sensilla tri- chodea on the antennal club are the olfactory recepters for these substances in Ips (Borden and Wood 1966). As examples of how pheromones function, the following is included. The principal sex pheromone of female Dendroctonus hrevi- comis, exo-7-ethyl-5-methyl-6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] octane, designated as brevicomin, oc- curs in the hind gut (Silverstein, Brownlee, Bellas, Wood, and Browne 1968). Males of this species produce as their chief pheromone 1, 5-dimethyl-6, 8-dioxabicyclo [3.2.1] oc- tane, or frontalin (Kinzer, Fentiman, Page, Foltz, Vite, and Pitman 1969), this substance is the principal pheromone of female D. fron- talis Zimmermann (Renwick and Vite 1969). In D. hrevicomis, brevicomin attracts mostlv males and frontalin attracts females (Pitman 1969). In addition to the above, the phero- mone complex of both D. brevicomis and D. frontalis includes fran.9-verbenol in the fe- males and verbenone in the males. (Trans- verbenol is a principal mass aggregating pheromone in female D. ponderosae.) In all three of these Dendroctonus species volatile components of host resin, in addition to one or more pheromones, were necessary to pro- duce mass attack. In D. frontalis and D. pon- derosae the terpene a-pinene was the most effective; in D. brevicomis a-pinene, ^-pi- nene or myrcene used separately, or the lat- ter two in combination were effective in combination with pheromones (Renwick and Vite 1970, Bedard, Silverstein, Wood 1970). In contrast to that seen in Ips. D. frontalis, and apparently in other Dendroctonus spe- cies, pheromone release may commence be- fore breeding begins (Vite and Crozier 1968). In D. frontalis frontalin and frans-verbenol are released by the female immediately upon reaching the host tree. As boring commences the addition of a-pinene enhances their at- tractiveness, resulting in a mass attack in which males predominate about 3:1. As males arrive they produce verbenone, which reduces the response by other males. When the concentration of verbenone reaches a suf- ficiently high level the response of both sexes is inhibited and the attack then focuses on neighboring trees. In D. brevicomis the pat- tern is similar except that fro n.s-verbenol does not appear to have a significant function. A small amount of frontalin is also released by female D. brevicomis and is highly attractive when combined with host resin (Vite and Pit- man 1969). In D. ponderosae a-pinene at- tracts the pioneer beetles to the host. These females then produce fro ns- verbenol 12-16 hours after feeding commences, which, in combination with a-pinene, attracts large numbers of males and other females (Pitman, Vite, Kinzer, Fentiman 1968). Although the males produce brevicomin in substantial quantities, the function of this substance is not known in this species. The attraction stops when frons-verbenol and a-pinene pro- duction are discontinued (Vite and Crozier 1968). In D. pseudotsiigae the pheromone frontalin, together with the monoterpene camphene, induces mass attack on Douglas fir (Pitman and Vite 1970). Two additional components of the D. pseudotsiigae phero- mone complex have been identified, namely 20 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 the ketone 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-l-one and the alcohol 3-methyl-2-eyclohexen-l-ol, but their functions in communication have not been determined (Vite, Pitman, Fentiman, and Kinzer 1972). Pheromones probably occur throughout the Scolytidae and play a vital role in the survival of species. They are an important isolating mechanism. The occurrence of vari- ous chemical substances and their biological fimction appears to follow definite patterns. A thorough knowledge of the composition of pheromones and their distribution within the family should greatly enhance our under- standing of phylogeny within the family. ECONOMIC LOSSES Ecological Role in a Primeval Forest In a primitive forest one of the greatest ob- stacles to continued growth is the recycling or removal of dead and dying plants. A slow- ing or stagnation in the removal of this mate- rial throws the entire ecosystem out of bal- ance to the great disadvantage of most organisms contained in it. The Scolytidae breed principally in imthrifty, broken, over- mature, and dying woody plants. Usually they are the first biological agents to attack these tissues. Not only do they consume the tissues of their hosts, but they introduce or provide avenues for the entry of other disease-causing or saprophytic agents that ac- celerate the deterioration of dead or dying plant material. The removal of these sup- pressed, stagnated, injured, diseased, imth- rifty, and fallen trees opens the way to more vigorous growth of the surviving plants in a healthier forest community. Host Susceptihility to Attack Trees differ significantly in their suscep- tibility to bark beetle attack depending upon their site, vigor, age, and physiology. Over a period of time these seemingly minor differ- ences in susceptibility may alter the charac- ter of a forest, at least locally, or eliminate certain tree species from marginal sites. It is generally recognized that trees grow- ing on poor sites are more vulnerable to at- tack that those growing on choice sites. A conspicuous example is seen in certain arid areas of the western United States where trees growing on chronically dry sites rarely attain maturity before being killed by bark beetles. Wet sites, near the margin of mois- ture tolerance for the species, have a similar effect in other areas. Miller and Keen (1960:155) indicate in their summary of work with Dendroctonus brevicomis that slow- growing trees are attacked more readily than vigorous trees whether they are on a poor or a good site. They also report that consid- erably more beetles are required to kill a vig- orous tree than one growing at a slower rate. In ponderosa pine fast growth, thick bark, and large heavy crowns are associated with this resistance. When there is an increase in the number of susceptible trees in a given area the bark beetle population is high; when there are few susceptible trees it is low. However, when the beetle population is high the degree of selection is reduced and pre- viously resistant trees are also killed. Under epidemic conditions they report (p. 159) a tendency for the fast-growing trees to be at- tacked, except that in any age class the first trees attacked were either suppressed, showed evidence of injury, or had deteriorat- ing crowns. Once these "key trees" were oc- cupied, the attack spread to neighboring trees regardless of size, vigor, or other factors. In view of the above. Keen (1936, Miller and Keen 1960:177) developed a system of ponderosa pine classification based on age and vigor in an effort to predict which trees were most likely to be attacked (Fig. 5). That system was replaced (Keen and Salmon 1942) by a more accurate, simplified risk rating that measured current tree health. Removal of all high risk (Class 4) trees in California did not result in greater infestation of trees in the remaining three classes (Miller and Keen 1960:187). In Oregon, only 67 percent of the predicted total volume of loss of high risk trees on a 640 acre plot were actually killed by insects over a five-year period; the remov- al of such trees resulted in a 90 percent re- duction in infestation (p. 188). It must be rec- ognized that sanitation salvage can be practiced only on well-managed forests with suitable access roads. There are also com- plicating factors that make it difficult to 1982 Introduction risk classes for ponderosa pine 21 «: M ^•■v '^ Low Risk High Risk Fig. 5. The classes of risk in ponderosa pine to western pine beetle attack. No. 1, Low risk: full, healthy foliage, vigorous crown, dark green needles long and coarse, virtually all twigs with normal foliage, no weakened areas in crown. No. 2, Moderate risk: fair to moderately healthy crowns, with some imperfect areas, needle length average or above, color fair to good, some twigs and branches lack foliage but without definite weak areas. No. .3, High risk: crown health fair to poor, ragged or thin in some areas, foliage thin in some areas, needles shorter than average, their color fair to poor, some to many twigs and branches lack foliage or are fading or dead, with small, localized areas of crown weakened. No. 4, Very high risk: crowns ragged or thin, often with active insect infestations in upper areas, foliage thin or bunchy, needles short, sparse, color poor, parts of crown weakened, twigs and branches dead in some areas, active top-killing often evident. (After Miller and Keen 1960:183.) apply the above California example to other tree species in different geographical areas. Bark beetles differ in their ability to toler- ate tree resins (Smith 1963). Individual trees also differ in the monoterpene composition of their resins (Smith 1966). In addition. Smith (1964) demonstrated that ponderosa pine trees being attacked by Dendroctonus brevi- comis differed significantly in monoterpene content from neighboring trees not attacked by this species. From these and other data it is evident that host resistance to insect attack can be improved through plant breeding. Sig- nificant developments in this field are ex- pected in the near future. Competition for Food Other kinds of insects, in addition to Scoly- tidae and Platyodidae, feed upon the tissues of woody plants. Because of their small size and limited ability to cope with the altered microenvironment, bark and ambrosia beetles usually do poorly in competition involving robbery of the food source. Most species avoid conflicts by being the first to infest the unthrifty or dying tissue and rear their broods before the eggs of competitors hatch. Those scolytids with long life cycles and those arriv- ing late at the host commonly experience dif- ficulty in completing their development 22 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 without being subjected to the starvation or physical disruption that results from competition. Round-headed borers (Cerambycidae) and flat-headed borers (Buprestidae) are the fami- lies of greatest concern. When abundant, lar- vae of these families may remove up to 75 to 95 percent of the phloem of a given tree (Blackman 1931:52). These larvae usually are considerably larger and live much longer than do the scolytids. When they encounter scolytid tunnels they consume all phloem tis- sues without deviating from their course and thereby destroy the occupants. Those that do escape often are unable to complete their de- velopment due to the changed phloem ecology. Another kind of competition results from overcrowding by members of the same spe- cies. In most phloeophagous scolytid species the larval mines are independent of one an- other and never cross except imder unusual circumstances. Often, when crowding is ex- treme, tunnels of larvae near maturity merge or cross and one is usually killed by the other. When young larvae are involved it is not un- common for some of them to die in their sep- arate individual mines without apparent cause. The resulting mortality benefits the to- tal population by permitting at least part of them to attain maturity. Several scolytid species, including Car- pJwhius arizonicus Blackman, many Micraci- sella species, and other twig beetles often breed most commonly in small branches gird- led by Cerambycidae. In most of these in- stances the scolytids complete their life cycle and emerge before the cerambycid larvae be- come large enough to be a factor in scolytid survival. Relation to Fire, Slash, AND Natural Disasters Fire.— When properly controlled, fire has long been used in maintaining certain types of forest growth and it has been used to con- trol and destroy broods in bark beetle in- fested trees. Fire of sufficient intensity will destroy broods under the thin bark of some trees without burning the bark of the infested tree. Uninfested trees may be sufficiently dehydrated by the heat that their tissues are unsatisfactory for brood development. How- ever, trees slightly injured by fire that ordina- rily would recover from their injury often are highly attractive to bark beetle attack and may serve as the focal point of a developing epidemic. Broods in infested trees with thick bark are rarely injured by fire unless the bark is burned from the trees (Miller and Keen 1960:220). Bark beetle species react differently to fire. Dendroctonus ponderosae and D. valens are reported to attack fire-injured trees almost immediately after the bum, but D. brevi- comis is not attracted to the burn but concen- trates on surrounding trees a year or two af- ter the burn (Miller and Keen 1960:220, etc.). Certain buprestids and cerambycids that nor- mally breed in drier tissues than do scolytids are much more abundant in fire-injured trees. In most instances, D. pseudotsugae is depen- dent for population buildup upon slash and trees that are windfallen, fire-injured, or damaged by other natural disasters. In Tilla- mook County, Oregon, a major fire in 1933 resulted in the loss of 200 million board feet of Douglas fir during the following three- year period due to D. pseudotsugae (Cham- berlin 1939:83, Bedard 1950). Following epidemics in which Dendroc- tonus beetles kill substantial numbers of trees, these dead snags constitute a forest hazard in the event that a fire occurs in the area. The presence of such trees greatly en- hances the speed and intensity of the fire, making them a factor to be considered in for- est protection. Slash.— Numerous species of insects, par- ticularly bark and ambrosia beetles, breed in slash, cull trees, logs, and stumps. Most of those species breed only in slash and other dead material and are of no economic con- cern other than that they accelerate the dete- rioration of this dead plant material. In the larger material, however, they can create a definite problem in some areas. Dendroc- tonus rufipennis, D. pseudotsugae, D. mur- rayanae Hopkins, and, to a lesser extent, other species in this genus and most species of Ips normally breed in this material. Epi- demics of these species, whether due to indi- vidual species or combinations of them, com- monly are traced to an initial population 1982 Introduction 23 buildup in slash, stiuups, and windfalls. The insects then turn to green timber when the supply of dying material is exhausted (Cham- berlin 193'9:84, Craighead 1927, Graham 1922, Hopping 1915, Patterson 1927). In the tropical and subtropical areas of the world the most serious timber losses to in- sects result from the boring of ambrosia bee- tles {Xyleborus, Monarthntm, and Platypo- didae) in logs either in the forest, in decking areas, or at the mill. Similar damage occurs in Oregon, Washington, and British Colum- bia by Trypodendron lineatum and Gnatho- trichus spp. In the tropics swarms of ambrosia beetles often hover about while waiting for a tree being cut to fall and begin boring in be- fore it is cut into logs. It is not uncommon for the sapwood to be so heavily infested that it is entirely discarded when the logs reach the mill. Populations of these ambrosia beetle species usually build up in small trees de- stroyed by logging road construction before felling begins, and in slash thereafter. Occa- sionally populations reach a level where green timber is killed, but such attacks are limited and of short duration; epidemics in green timber do not develop. Although statis- tics on losses in the American tropics do not exist, one major operator at Barinas, Vene- zuela, indicated that one-fourth to one-third of the total volume of logs reaching his mill was discarded due to ambrosia beetle damage by Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius), X. af- finis Eichhoff, X. volvulus (Fabricius), and Platypus parallelus (Fabricius). Natural disasters.— During severe thun- derstorms, lightning may strike trees. These injured trees are favored breeding sites of several Dendroctonus and Ips species and may serve as a center from which epidemics develop. It is much more common for severe local winds to blow down large numbers of mature trees in which populations build up then move to green timber. Relationships with Fungi and Disease Based upon numerous field observations and a few laboratory tests, it is apparent that most, if not all, Scolytidae are associated with fungi. The relationships evidently range from the most casual, or perhaps accidental, con- tact to intimate mutualistic bonds in which neither the fungus nor the beetle could sur- vive without the other. Some phloeophagous bark beetles, particu- larly such genera as Carphoborus, Chae- tophloeus, and others that live in rather dry tissue, show little or no evidence of associ- ation with fungi. In other phloeophagous spe- cies and virtually all xylophagous forms, such as Dendrosinus, Hylocurus, Micracis, Phloeo- boriis, and Thysanoes, the tissues in the im- mediate vicinity of the tunnels are either dis- colored or in a state of decay far in excess of that found a few millimeters from the tun- nels. It is suspected that the nutritional value of xylem is so low that fungi are required to modify it or synthesize other products from it before it can be used as a food source. In ad- dition to those scolytids that use the host tis- sues as the primary food source, a composite assemblage of unrelated groups of ambrosia beetles culture fungi on their tunnel walls and use the spores as their primary food. Bramble and Hoist (1940) report that the fungus infestation in trees attacked by Den- droctonus frontalis Zimmermann includes a complex of species. The primary invasion tliat interferes with transpiration and kills the tree is by Dacryomyces sp. and Zygosac- charomyces pini. Later, Ceratocystis pint takes the lead in infesting the deeper sap- wood and staining it blue to black. Tricho- dertna lignorum and Monilia spp. are present, but apparently are secondary invaders of host tissue. These blue stain fungi discolor infested wood, thereby reducing its value, but not its structural quality (Francke-Grosmann 1963). Ceratocystis ips, associated with Ips calli- graphus (Germar), /. pini (Say), and 7. avulsus (Eichhoff), has a similar effect on pine, as does Trichosporium symbioticum (brown stain), carried by Scolytus ventralis LeConte on Abies concolor. Graham (1967) reviews the mutualistic relationships between fimgi and scolytidae and lists the various genera involved. The blue stain fungi are transported in spe- cial integumental sacs, termed mycetangia, by the female beetle. They are inoculated into living host tissue soon after the tunnels reach the cambium region. The mycelium grows very rapidly and interferes with the plant's transpiration. Although there may be some blockage of conducting vessels, other 24 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 6. Oral mycetangia of a female Dryocoetes con- fusus; b, brain; fs, fiingiis spores; ms, niycetangial setae; my, mycetangia. (After Farris 1969:528.) factors are involved that result in tlie rapid death of the host. This reaction in Ulmus to Ceratocystis idmi (transmitted by Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham)) is known as Dutch Elm Disease, and the reaction of Theohroma cacao to C. fimhriata (transmitted by Xijle- bonis ferrugineus, etc.) is the wilt disease of cacao. These and other Ceratocystis species are associated with a wide variety of other bark and ambrosia beetles {Hyhirgops, Hy- lurgopinus, Orthotomicus, Xyleborus, Trypo- dendron, Gnathotrichus) and produce some- what similar effects on other plant species. The scolytids' transmission of spores of their symbiotic fungi to their host is not a simple mechanical process. In many instances the spores are incapable of germination until thev have passed through a definite period of maturation, which may include proliferation within the body of the beetle. As might be expected in any mutualistic relationship that has reached this level of dependency, the beetles have developed inflections of the body wall into which special glands discharge their nutrient secretions, where the spores are protected and preserved (Francke- Grosmann 1963). These mycetangia appar- ently have taxonomic significance relative to their location on the body and other features. Tliey have been classified as: 1. Oral mycetangia.— Saclike pockets at the base of the mandibles beneath the epipharynx that open into the pre-oral cav- ity. They have been reported in Dryocoetes confusus Swaine (Fig. 6), Xyleborus affinis, X. andamanensis Blandford, X. fornicatus Eichhoff, and X. vekitus Sampson. 2. Pronotal mycetangia.— Saclike in- vaginations on the pronotum occur in Dac- tylopalpns and Scolytoplatypus and in nu- merous Platypodidae. 3. Prothoracic-pleural mycetangia.— These are saclike invaginations in the pro- pleural area of the female. In Trypodendron (Fig. 7) and Xyloterinus they occur near the posterior margin; in Bothrosternus and Phloeoborus they are near the anterior mar- gin; in Dendroctontis brevicomis, D. frontalis, and allied species they open at the anterior margin in the cervical membrane. 4. Prosternal-subcoxal mycetangia.— The coxal cavities have enlarged areas (Fig. 8) where spores proliferate in Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte), G. sulcatus (LeConte), Monarthrum niali (Fitch), and M. fasciatuin (Say). From superficial examination it ap- pears that all xylomycetophagous Corthylini have similar mycetangia. 5. Pro-mesonotal mycetangia.— a pair of invaginations in the intersegmental mem- brane may be (a) overlapped by and extended beneath the posterior area of the pronotum, as in Xylosandrus gennanus (Blandford); (b) curved so as to lie beneath the anterior part of the mesonotum, as in Xyleborus dispar (Fig. 9); or (c) the mesonotum may be 1982 Introduction 25 Fig. 7.— Prothoracic pleural inycetangia of a female Trijpodendron lincatuin: Co, procoxa; Dr, mycetangium; Md, orifice of invcetangium. (After Francke-Grosmann 1956:117.) involuted to form a spiral mycetangium, as in Eccoptopterus spinosiis (Olivier). 6. Elytr\l mycetangia.— a cavity in the anterior margin of the elytra near the scutel- lum, which is supported by a cluster of setae surrounding the cavity, occurs in Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) (Fig. 10) and, apparent- ly, in all other representatives of that genus. Introduced Species The geographical distributions of animal species are not constant, but expand or con- tract in response to various natural fluctua- tions in the environment. In addition, inter- action between species may offer unexpected opportunities for range expansion. For ex- ample, human commerce has had a con- spicuous effect on the distribution of many Scolytidae (Marchant and Borden 1976). The extent to which commerce has affected the North and Central American fauna is summa- rized by Wood (1977). Thirty-seven species were introduced to North and Central America and established as breeding populations from an Old World source (Table 3). Of these, 7 were of Fig. 8. Prosternal-subcoxal mycetangia of female Monarthrum scutellare. (.^fter Farris 1965:31.) European origin, 13 were from Africa, and 18 were from southeast Asia (including In- donesia and neighboring islands). It is of in- terest that 31 of the 37 can reproduce by fac- ultative arrhenotocic parthenogenesis, a means by which an immated female can es- tablish a breeding population. Only two of these 37 are known to have been introduced more than 100 years ago. Of the 6 bisexual species, 4 were introduced more than 100 years ago. Of 25 North of Central American species that have extended their ranges within or beyond this area (including the adjacent is- lands), 17 of them have reached areas in the Old World (including Hawaii). Of these 17, 11 can reproduce by facultative arrhenotocic parthenogenesis. It is not known that any of these 25 reached a non-American area (or Hawaii) prior to 1900. Only 3 of the 8 spe- cies that have extended their ranges in Amer- ica, but have not reached an area outside the Western Hemisphere, have this reproductive habit. 26 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 9. Promesonotal mycetangiuiii of female A'l/fe- borus dispar. I, pronotiiin; II, scutellmn; III, iiietano- tum; e, elytra; is, mycetangium; d, inycetangial gland; pd, spores in mycetangium. (After Francke-Grosmann 1956:288.) It is apparent from the above that many bark and ambrosia beetles have extended their ranges through commerce and that Fig. 10. Elytral mycetangium of female Xylehorituts saxeseni: I, pronotum; II, scutellum; III, metanotum; e. elytra; d, mycetangial gland; pd, spores in mycetangium. (Aiter Francke-Grosmann 1956:290.) those species having the facultative arrheno- tocic parthenogenesis reproductive habit are most likely to successfully establish extra- territorial breeding populations. Table 1. Breeding populations of Scolytidae introduced into .\orth or Central .America from a non-.\merican ori- gin. The species are listed alphabetically. Species Origin Introduced to Coccotrypes acictilatus Coccotrypes adiinui Coccotrypes car))(>phagus Coccotrypes dactyliperda Coccotrypes di^tinctus Coccotrypes cyperi Coccotrypes rliizopliorae Crypturgus pitsilltts Ilylastiniis ohscurus llypocryplidltts mangifcrae HypotJienemus aecpudiclavatus Ihipothenernus africanus llypothenemus areccae llypothenemiis hirmanus llypothenemus brunneus Hypothenemus ccdifornicus Hypothenemus cohtmbi Hypothenemus rrtidiae Hypothenemus cylindricus Hypothenemus erectus Hypothenemus hampei Hypothenemus javanus Hypothenem us setosus Premnohius cavipennis Premnobius ambitiosus Scolytus nudi Scohjtus multistriatus Scohjtus rugulosus Xyleborinus saxeseni Xyleborus dispar Xyleborus fornicatus Xyleborus rubricoUis Xyleborus validus Xylosandrus compactus Xylosandrus crassiuscidus Xylosandrus gemumus Xylosandrus morigerus New Guinea SE Asia, Indonesia .Africa? Africa? Ceylon? SE .Asia Indonesia Europe, Asia Europe India Indonesia S Africa SE Asia SE .Asia Africa? Africa? Africa? SE Asia? Africa? Africa? .Africa Africa? Africa? Africa Africa Europe Europe Europe Europe Europe SE Asia SE Asia SE Asia SE Asia SE Asia Japan SE .Asia Panama, Brazil Florida (?) to Brazil Florida to S America US.A to S .America Florida to S America Florida to S .America Florida, Galapagos Islands E North America Canada, USA Florida to S .America Honduras, Jamaica USA to S America Florida to S .America Florida to C .America USA to Trinidad US.A to Mexico USA to S America USA to S America Mexico to S America US.A to S .America C, S .America Florida to S America Mexico to S .America Florida to S .America (C?) S .America E North America N America N, S .America N, S America N America Panama E North .America New York Florida, S .America South Carolina, Hawaii E North .America Mexico to S America 1982 Introduction 27 Table 2. Breeding populations of North and Central American Scolytidae that have extended their ranges in America or have been exported to an Old World area. The species are listed alphabetically. Species Origin Exported to Araptus politiis Corthijlus spinifcr Cryphdlomorpfms jalapae Cryptocarenua heveae Cryptocarenus seriatus Dcmlroctontts frontalis Gruithotrichtis materiarius Hiiplithenemtts eruditus Hyphtheneinus obscurus Hyphthenemus paraUelus Htiphthcnemus puhescens Hi/phthenem us seriatus Ips gmndicollis Micruhortts boops Pagiocerus frontalis Phloeosintts cupressi Pliheosintis serratus Pityophthoriis jiiglandLs Xyleubrinus aspericauda Xylebonts af finis Xyleborits ferrugineus Xylebonts obliquus Xyleborus spinulosits Xyleborus volvulus Xyleborus xylographus Mexico, C America C, northern S America Mexico C, S .America S America USA USA Tropical America? Tropical America Mexico Tropical America? Tropical America? N America C America S America California WUSA Arizona C, S America Tropical America Tropical America Puerto Rico? Tropical America Tropical America Eastern N America Florida, Antilles Florida, Brazil Worldwide (ephemeral) Florida, .\frica Florida, .Antilles Honduras Europe .Almost worldwide Intercepted worldwide Hawaii Florida, Hawaii USA, Africa, etc. Australia .Africa, Jamaica SE USA Panama, .Australia Jamaica California? Florida Africa, Hawaii to Malaya .Africa, Hawaii to .Australia USA, Africa Hawaii Africa, Hawaii to Malaya California Control Losses Attributed to Scolytidae In a natural forest the Scolytidae perform a vital role in the maintenance of vigorous growth and in the recycling of dead plant tis- sue. However, their activities come in direct conflict with man when he diverts forest products for use in his economic or cultural system. The economic effect of Scolytidae ranges from beneficial values to enormous economic loss. Those species that confine their attacks to shaded-out branches on living trees, such as Carphoborus, Pityoborus, some Pityoph- thortis, etc., accelerate a natural pruning pro- cess that is usually beneficial to vigorous tree growth and reduces the fire hazard. Natural thinning of suppressed, wind-thrown, broken, and injured trees also tends to be beneficial in a similar manner except in those cases where such material can be removed and uti- lized; Pityophthorus, Xylechinus, Pseudohyle- sinus, Pityogenes, some Ips, and various am- brosia beetles are the principal genera involved in a coniferous forest. Such species become an economic problem when com- mercial logs are attacked. The destruction of cones in Pinus by Conophthorus is of margin- al importance unless rapid reproduction or other use of seed is important. The destruc- tion or injury of living twigs in Pinus by cer- tain Pityophthorus, etc., may have a com- paratively unimportant stunting effect on growth, but, more importantly, they may weaken the trees sufficiently to make them vulnerable to aggressive tree-killing species and may transmit plant diseases. The major conflict between scolytid activity and human interests is directed in a natural coniferous forest at the removal of overmature trees or stagnated growth and involves mostly Den- droctonus and Ips species. In deciduous and tropical forests very different conditions pre- vail. The transmission of disease (Dutch Elm Disease, etc.) or the activities of ambrosia beetles in logs may cause the principal eco- nomic effect. The actual monetary loss caused by bark and ambrosia beetles is unknown. Tree mor- tality caused by bark beetles in North Ameri- ca probably exceeds that of all other agents combined, including fire (Massey 1974). 28 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Values given in the literature vary from au- thor to author and probably are not entirely reliable; however, there is some agreement on the most destnictive forms. It is estimated that Dendroctonus brcvicotnis destroys an av- erage of more than two billion board feet of standing timber each year; D. ponderosae, D. rufipennis, D. frontalis, and perhaps D. pseu- dotsugae each average about one-half billion board feet annually. Other Dendroctonus, Scohjtus, and Ips species inflict lesser but sig- nificant losses in coniferous forests. No mea- sure of losses to fruit trees by Scohjtus rugu- losus, to elm trees by S. multistriatus, to forage crops by Hy last inns obscurus, to orna- mental and horticultural plants by Xylo- sandrus compactus, or to coffee by Hypo- thenemus hampei has been attempted, but the value is immense. Less spectacular losses caused by numerous other species in the tem- perate region could be cited. Economic loss caused by scolytids in tropi- cal areas is usually less spectacular and not as easily measured as in temperate areas. It in- cludes the destruction of commercial logs within days after they are cut, by ambrosia beetles; the destruction of seeds and fruits by seed borers; the transmission of disease, such as the wilt disease of cacao, by ambrosia bee- tles; and the reduction of growth and produc- tivity by twig borers, etc., at much more in- tensive rates and on a scale not seen in northern areas. Mass attacks on healthy trees are virtually unknown. The damage is much more subtle and difficult to assess. Natural Control Bark and ambrosia beetle populations in nature fluctuate enormously from one season to another and from year to year. These fluc- tuations may be correlated with life cycle, with biological opportunity, or with other factors inherent in the population or in the environment. All organisms have the capaci- ty to reproduce at a rate greater than is nec- essary to perpetuate the race. If any species were to reproduce at its maximum potential rate, it would completely destroy its food supply and severely disrupt the biotic com- numity in which it lives after only a very few generations. Natural factors within the com- munity counteract the biotic potential to maintain populations at a more or less con- stant but fluctuating level. Factors such as climate, weather, health and vigor of the host population, and natural disasters have a significant effect on insect populations and, at times, have a controlling effect on them. In addition, biotic factors have a more subtle, but often a more con- stant and significant effect in reducing or controlling populations. These factors include insect parasites and predators, predaceous mites, insectivorous vertebrate animals, nematode parasites, and disease. A prime ob- jective in forest management should be the encouragement of these indigenous enemies in order to reduce the length and intensity of bark beetle epidemics or, possibly, to prevent them from developing. In some instances they have destroyed more than 90 percent of the bark beetle brood in a given generation. Insect parasites.— Various species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera) are found in bark beetle tunnels and are regarded as parasites (technically they actually may be predators). Among the Hymenoptera, the families Brachonidae {Atanycolimorpha, Atanycolus, Bracon, CaUihonnius, Cenocoelius, Chelonus, Coeloides, Colastes, Cosmophorus, Crypto- xilos, Dendrosoter, Doryctes, Ecphylus, Eu- badizon, Glyptodoryctes, Helconidea, Hetero- spiJus, Opius, Orgilus, Paraecphylus, Russellella, Spathius, Triaspis, Vipio), Beth- ylidae {Cephalonomia, Scleroderma), Chalci- dadae {Trigonura, Perniphora), Diapriidae (Cinetus), Encyrtidae (Microterys), Eulo- phidae {Entedon, Pediobius, Tetrastichus), Eupelmidae {Eupelmus, Eusandulum, Meta- pelma), Eurytomidae (Eunjtoma, Ipideury- toma), Gasteruptiidae {Antaeus), Ichneumo- nidae {Aplomerus, Campoplex, Doliclumiitus, Gambrus, Gelis, Helcostizus, Neoxorides, Odontocolon, Xorides), Mymaridae {Ooc- tonus, Polynema), Podagrionidae (Euchrysia), Proctotnipidae (Cryptoserphus), Pteroma- lidae {Aceroce})Jiala, Amblymerus, Caudonia, Cecidostiba, Cheiropachus, Coelopisthia, Dipachystegma, Elachertodomyia, Ha- brocytus, Halicoptera, Heydenia, Hypoptero- malus, Psilocera, Psilonotus, Pteromalus, Rhaphitelus, Rhopalicus, Theocolaxia, Tomi- cobia), and Torymidae {Liodontomerus, Rop- trocerus) were listed by Bushing (1965) as containing species parasitic on Scolytidae. 1982 Introduction 29 The Pteromalidae genus Karpinskiella is unique in that it parasitizes adult scolytids. Coeloides dendroctoni Cushnian (Bracho- nidae), an important parasite of Dendroc- tontis ponderosae in Montana and Washing- ton is selected as an example of the parasitic Hymenoptera. The mated adult female wasp flies to a tree attacked the previous August where the host scolytid larvae are now about half grown (DeLeon 1935a). As she crawls over the surface she uses her antennae to de- tect the movement of a larvae. Once a larva is located she positions herself on the bark then inserts her ovipositor in the bark, pierces the larval cuticle, then deposits one egg on the surface of the larva. The egg hatches in 1 to 4 days by which time the host larva becomes inactive and appears para- Ivzed (apparently the result of something in- troduced by the female parent). The newly hatched parasite crawls over the surface of the paralyzed host until it finds a suitable place to feed. It then punctures the host cut- icle and sucks up the fluid that exudes. Growth requires about 10 days. The pupal cocoon may be spun immediately after growth is completed or it may be delayed up to 60 days. The pupal stage may require about two weeks or it may serve as the over- wintering stage. Two to two and one-half generations per year may occur, with three principal periods of emergence distributed from late Mav to late August (DeLeon 1935a). Insect predators.— The coleopterous families Cleridae, Colydiidae, Cucujidae, Elateridae, Histeridae, Nitidulidae, Rhi- zophagidae, Staphylinidae, and Trogositidae are reported by Chamberlin (1939) as major predators of Scolytidae. The Othniidae and the genus Hijpophloeiis of Tenebrionidae may also fimction as important predators. The dipterous genus Medetera (Dolichopo- didae) is an unusually important predator during its larval stage. The adults of Medetera aldrichii Wheeler tend to congregate on the surface of trees recently attacked by Den- droctonus ponderosae (DeLeon 1935b). The females place single or small clusters of eggs under small scales of bark on the surface of the trees. In 10 to 14 days the eggs hatch and the young larvae move to the inner bark, where they feed on eggs, larvae, and pupae of the host. Other small insects are also ac- ceptable prey. The larval period apparently may vary from 1 to 11 months. Pupation oc- curs in a silken cocoon beneath the bark and requires about 14 to 17 days. Adults appar- ently emerge through beetle exit holes, cracks in the bark, etc. It was estimated by DeLeon (1935b) that 40 to 50 percent of the bark beetle brood was killed by this species in Montana and Washington. Many other predaceous insects may prey upon adult bark beetles during the flight pe- riod and some may significantly reduce pop- ulations. For example, a heavy attack by Xyleborus spathipennis Eichhoff in Costa Rica was virtually eliminated by ants as the beetles attempted to begin new galleries (pers. obs. 1966). Mite predators.— The extent to which mites prey upon scolytids is not fully known. Moser and Roton (1971) reported 96 species of mites associated with Dendroctonus fron- talis, of which 3 {Iponemus, Tarsonemidae) are known predators and several others are suspected predators. Lindquist (1969) re- viewed 18 species of Iponemus, 16 of which are considered egg parasites of Scolytidae. Kielczewski (1976) reported more than 170 species of mites associated with 57 species of bark beetles in Poland; the ecological role of most of them is not yet known. Many of the mites are phoretic and are carried from one host to another by the beetles. Female Iponemus mites are phoretic on the emerging brood of the bark beetle tribe Ipini. In the new tunnel the previously mated mite leaves the beetle and crawls along the egg gallery until it locates a niche containing a newly deposited egg. The mite enters the niche and the beetle seals it in with the egg with a plug of tightly packed frass. It appar- ently is not possible for a mite to enter an egg niche after the frass plug is in position. After piercing the cuticle of the egg, the mite engorges on its contents, causing her idio- soma to swell into a sphere. Engorgement continues until the sphere is approximately equal in size to the host egg (about 0.5 mm). About two davs later egg laying commences and continues for several days. Her body then turns dark, becomes flaccid, and dies. Ap- proximately 40 to 80 eggs may be produced by each mite; these usually form a clu-ster 30 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 about her body. The mite larvae emerging from the eggs apparently require no food and rarely move. The larvae, slightly larger than the unengorged parent, apparently derive energy from the fat content of their own bodies. They pass into an inactive, turgid "pupal" stage without molting, from which they emerge as adult mites. Males emerge first and mate with females as they emerge. The females are very active and disperse from the maternal sphere after mating. About two weeks are required for development. Insectivorous vertebrates.— Of the for- est birds, woodpeckers stand alone as the im- portant predators of bark beetles. They are particularly conspicuous during epidemics, where they have been reported to destroy up to 75 percent of the beetle population (Mas- sey and Wygant 1954:18). Their feeding ac- tivity accelerated drying of the bark and re- sulted in the mortality of far more bark beetles than were eaten. Miller and Keen (1960:92) report the reduction of a Dendroc- tonus brevicomis population in California on ponderosa pine of 73 percent and in Oregon of 72 percent on trees heavily worked by woodpeckers; however, only a small percent of the infested trees were heavily worked by woodpeckers. Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals (par- ticularly rodents) will feed voraciously on bark beetles and their larvae when the bark is peeled from a tree. Under normal circum- stances, however, they feed on them only in- cidentally during the flight period except for those species {Ips, Tnjpodendron) that over- winter on the forest floor. Nematode parasites.— Massey (1974) summarized the biology and taxonomy of nematode parasites associated with bark bee- tles. Of 33 species of beetles examined in quantity, 31 were infested by nematodes. He found that the rate of infestation varied with- in any population (0 to 90 percent) and fluc- tuated in a given area from one year to an- other (15 to 80 percent). The reasons for the fluctuations are not known. A majority of the nematodes are carried from one host to an- other beneath the wing covers, in the inter- segmental folds of the abdomen, and on the tarsal and tibial joints of the legs. Most of them are obligate parasites and usually do not kill the host. The nematodes are either oviparous or ovoviviparous. Immature stages are deposited in the beetle egg galleries by infested beetles. Males develop to maturity in the tunnels and impregnate immature free-living females. Immediately after mating the impregnated females penetrate the cuticle and enter the body cavity of the host, which is a larva in about the second instar. Eggs or larvae are released into the body cavity, following which the young larvae penetrate the gut and are then eliminated with the fecal mate- rial. The nematode life cycle is usually syn- chronized with that of the host, so both at- tain maturity at about the same time. Diseases.— Although many viruses or polyhedral diseases are known for insects, none have been studied in the Scolytidae. Numerous fungal organisms, some of which may be pathogenic, have been observed on scolytids, but their effect on a population is unknown. Applied Control A forest is a living, dynamic community that may change dramatically in response to fluctuations and modifications of environ- mental factors. As indicated previously, in a natural forest bark and ambrosia beetles play an important role in maintaining the health and vigor of the trees by removing stagnated growth and by accelerating the recycling of dead material. Because their natural function in a managed forest usually conflicts with hu- man interests, however, they are transformed from a beneficial to a destructive element. As such, they are regarded in North America as the most destructive natural biotic factor to standing timber in a managed forest, exceed- ing the combined total of all other factors, in- cluding fire, by a wide margin (Massey 1954). A tree that has been attacked by bark beetles usually cannot be saved. Control by management.— It must be as- sumed that endemic populations of bark and ambrosia beetles are always present in a for- est. Since, under endemic conditions, the bee- tles breed in unthrifty, injured, broken, wind thrown, or felled material, means must be found to maintain the health and vigor of the 1982 Introduction 31 stand if damage is to be reduced or avoided. Vigor might be restored to stagnated young stands by a solution as simple as thinning or to older stands by the removal of overmature trees. In other situations the problem may be much more complex and appropriate action may require extensive knowledge of the ecol- ogy and population dynamics of the beetle species as well as of the climate, weather, site, and other factors. In ponderosa pine forests in western North America, Dendroctoniis brevicomis is the principal destmctive species. Under endemic conditions it breeds in unthrifty or injured standing trees; it rarely breeds in down mate- rial unless it is elevated well above the ground. With this knowledge Keen (1936) analyzed age and vigor tree groups and de- veloped a risk rating technique that made it possible to identify with reasonable accuracy those trees that would be attacked by the beetles (Fig. 5). The removal of the high risk trees in a managed area reduced remarkably both the frequency and intensity of epidem- ics. Epidemics that followed were triggered by prolonged drought or other uncontrollable factors (Miller and Keen 1960). Similarly, Dendroctoniis pseudotsugae is the principal destructive species in Douglas fir in western North America. Endemic pop- ulations breed in broken, wind thrown, or felled trees (Rudinsky 1966). Removal of these susceptible trees generally prevented the development of an epidemic. The habits of D. rufipennis in spruce are apparently similar (Massey and Wygant 1954), and sim- ilar results are obtained with sanitation sal- vage (Schmid 1977). The removal of potential breeding mate- rial from a forest, orchard, or isolated orna- mental tree to lessen or eliminate bark or am- brosia beetle attack is applicable to almost any host or geographical situation. The prac- tice in some circumstances may become more effective if the material is allowed to become infested before it is removed. How- ever, in order for this latter technique to be effective, greater knowledge of the habits and behavior of the insects is required and thorough destruction of infested materials must be assured or the intended control coidd lead to a disastrous epidemic. Surveys.— Losses caused by bark beetles usually involve individual trees or clusters of trees irregularly distributed in the forest. Be- cause forests contain vast acreages of trees from which economic return is minimal, in- sect surveys are made to locate infestations in their early stages, to appraise their potential destructiveness, and to determine the need for direct control. They are used to diagnose and to predict the economic impact a devel- oping epidemic might have. The results pro- vide information useful in direct control and also contribute to our understanding of these insects in nature. In evaluating populations it is important to know whether an endemic or an epidemic condition exists and, if epidemic, whether the population is increasing or decreasing. En- demic conditions prevail when natural con- trol factors (climate, weather, predators, par- asites, di.sease) hold the population at a more or less constant level at which damage is nor- mal. Epidemic conditions exist when damage exceeds normal limits. With Dendroctoniis brevicomis, endemic losses are those equal to less than annual tree growth, epidemic when losses exceed annual growth. Bark beetle surveys are of two kinds. First, detection surveys locate potential epidemics or locate newly established foreign species and establish changes in their distributions; accurate identification of the species encoun- tered may be all that is required. Second, evaluation surveys determine (a) the extent and intensity of the infestation, (b) infestation trends, (c) current and expected damage, (d) need for direct control, and (e) effectiveness of direct control. Evaluations are made di- rectly by measuring the quantity and vigor of the beetle population or indirectly by mea- suring tree mortality or other damage caused by the beetles. Because of the ease with which it is measured, damage has been ased much more commonly in the past, but cur rently population trends are considered a more reliable indicator in assessing the need for control. Conditions that trigger epidem- ics, such as wind throw, are also assessed. Both aerial and ground surveys may be used. Aerial surveys usually require less time, effort, and expense. They may be made visu- ally or with the aid of photography, using various types of film or lens filters that 32 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 accentuate features of dead and unthrifty trees (based on the amount of heat radiated). Ae- rial surveys are usually supplemented by ground surveys when irregularities or sus- pected embryonic epidemics are encoun- tered. Aerial photographs may make possible the detection of infested trees not recogniz- able to the unaided eye that can then be lo- cated and examined during a ground survey. They also accelerate the speed and efficiency with which ground surveys can be carried out and provide a permanent record which can be reexamined later. Direct control.— Most of the bark beetle control applied in American forests is di- rected at members of the genus Dendroc- tonus. The first attempt involved D. ponde- rosae in the Black Hills of South Dakota in 1906. Direct control refers to any attempt to reduce populations by artificial means. Its objective is to reduce bark beetle populations to a point where economic damage is reduc- ed or eliminated. It is used as a last resort when natural and cultural control fail. Surveys provide the biological and eco- nomic data on which direct control decisions are based. First, they identify the insect as one capable of posing an economic threat. Second, they determine that the stand is composed of species and age classes that might sustain an epidemic in trees of eco- nomic value or that might threaten an adja- cent area of economic worth. Third, they de- termine whether the insect is endemic or epidemic and, if epidemic, whether the trend is up or down. A decision relative to the ne- cessity for direct control and the methods and extent to which it will be carried out are based on these data. Several methods of direct control have been used successfully to reduce bark beetle poulations. The method selected depends upon (a) the habits of the beetle, (b) the thickness of bark, (c) the size of the infested trees, (d) the height of the infestation, (e) the forest type, (f) the accessibility to roads, and (g) public pressure. These methods include the following (summarized from Rudinskv 1960, 1978). ' 1. Scdvage: Infested trees are felled and re- moved from the forest before brood matures. To be successful, access roads are essential and the infested material must be removed beyond the flight range of the beetle or else the bark and outer slabs must be treated or destroyed. The expense of a salvage oper- ation usually far exceeds the value of the sal- vaged timber. 2. Fell, peel, burn: This is the oldest meth- od of direct control. It is still in use in areas where chemical control is not feasible. In- fested trees are felled, the upper infested bark is peeled then piled along the trunk and fired. It is used particularly in those species where the brood is not exposed on peeled bark at the time the operation is carried out, such as Dendroctonus brevicomis. The cost of this method is comparatively high ($4.40 per tree for 62,437 trees, according to Keen 1952). 3. Fell, deck, burn: Infested trees are felled, piled in layers that alternate at right angles in direction, then fired. The method is used when infested trees are comparatively small, such as with Dendroctonus ponderosae in lodgepole pine. Care must be taken to po- sition fires in open areas where healthy trees will not be scorched, thereby making them susceptible to beetle attack. It may also be necessary to treat the stumps of felled trees to prevent a population buildup in them. The cost per tree is about half that of the fell, peel, burn method. 4. OU burning: This method was devel- oped to treat thin-barked standing trees, such as Dendroctonus ponderosae in lodgepole pine. The infested bark on the bole of stand- ing trees is sprayed with slow-burning fuel oil and fired. Because of the limitations of spray equipment, tall trees must be felled for effec- tive treatment of the upper bole. Great care must be exercised to avoid scorching green trees. Careless treatment can precipitate a greater epidemic than the one being treated. Keen (1952) reported the cost of treatment per tree at $0.68 to $1.05. 5. Peeling: The infested bark of either standing or felled trees is peeled to expose broods to desiccation and to predation by ro- dents, ants, etc. It is effective only when the brood is exposed on peeled bark, such as with Dendroctonus ponderosae and D. pseudotsugae. 6. Solar-heat: The infested trees are felled, limbs are removed, and the log is positioned so as to receive maximum radiation from the 1982 Introduction 33 sun. In areas where air temperature exceeds 24-26 C (75-78 F), subcortical temperature exceeds 43-51 C (110-123 F), which is lethal to bark beetle larvae (see High Temperature luider Hibernation and Estivation, above). Logs must be turned after exposure for sever- al days for the temperature to reach lethal levels on all surfaces. This method was used successfully on Dendroctonus ponderosae on lodgepole pine. 7. Trap trees: Freshly felled or girdled standing trees may attract bark beetles to a treatment area, where their destruction is carried out. This method met with limited success when applied to Dendroctonus rtifi- pennis (Massey and Wygant 1954), but with little or no success with D. brevicomis (Miller and Keen 1960). , 8. Drowning: The storing of infested logs in mill ponds has control value if the logs are submerged six weeks or longer then turned so as to submerge the upper area for an addi- tional period of time. The exposed surface may also be treated with a chemical. This method has also been used to prevent in- festation of logs by ambrosia beetles. 9. Chemical control: Insecticides applied as sprays in a fuel oil carrier have been used extensively for bark beetle control. Chem- icals used include orthodichlorobenzene, ben- zene hexachloride, ethylene dibromide, and chlorodane. These have been used in various concentrations at the rate of about four fluid ounces per square foot of bark or until the spray begins to nm off. They are most effec- tive when air temperatures exceed 16 C (60 F). Althovigh chemical control is the most ef- fective and least expensive means of bark and ambrosia beetle control, the chlorinated hy- drocarbons used have had an adverse effect on birds and other wildlife, due to biological magnification in the ecosystem. Dvie to pub- lic pressure to conserve the wildlife, their use has declined dramatically. 10. Pheromone traps: Pheromone (sex at- tractant) traps have been remarkably success- ful in the control of many insects. Although numerous experiments have been conducted with bark beetle pheromones (with or with- out tree resins, alcohol, or combinations of these), successful control has not been achieved. In spite of the failures, it offers great promise of eventual success. CLASSIFICATION History Five scolytid species were listed by Lin- naeus (1758) in his tenth edition of Systema Naturae, in which the foundation of modern animal classification was established. All were treated in the composite genus Der- mestes of the order Coleoptera. Geoffroy (1762) established the first genus {Scolytus) within the group. At that time family-group categories did not exist. Later, when family- group names were introduced, early writers placed scolytid genera in various groups of Coleoptera, such as Bostrichi or Bostrichidae (Latreille 1804, Erichson 1836), Curculionites or Curculionidae (Latreille 1807), or the non- Linnean Xylophaga (Ratzeburg 1837, Eich- hoff 1864). The first valid family-group name involving these insects was Scolytarii (Lat- reille 1807:273), established as a subdivision of Curculionites and based on Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762. Subsequent authors have sub- divided the group into a complex system of subfamilies and tribes (Wood 1978). At the present time approximately 6,000 species of Scolytidae in the world fauna are known; these are distributed among about 181 gen- era. About one-fourth of the named species occur in North and Central America. Taxonomic Position of Scolytidae The Coleoptera are divided into four sub- orders, of which the largest and most special- ized is the Polyphaga (Crowson 1967). The Polvphaga are subdivided into 18 super- families, of which Curculionoidea (formerly designated as the suborder Rhynchophora) is the largest and most highly evolved (Crowson 1967). Within the Curculionoidea the fami- lies may be classified by characters summa- rized in the following key (modified from Crowson 1967). 34 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 11. lload stnicture of Curculionoidca: \-C, Stcnorrlis hrciis (Ciirciilionidae, Cossoninae), lateral, dorsal, and caudal aspects, respectively; D-F, Uijhirgops r. ru^iprnnis (Scolytidae), lateral, caudal, and dorsal aspects, respec- tively; C-H, Ip.s mexicanus (Scolytidae), ventral and lateral aspects; I, Rhyncolu.s kmmltoni (Curculionidae), ventral a,spect; J, Cimbcris attehiboides (Nemonychidae), ventral aspect. Internal head structure is indicated bv broken lines, externally visible features by solid lines. The anterior tentorial arms are not developed in species illustrated here. \h- breviations: ai, antennal insertion or scrobe; aps, apodeinal inflection of pregular suture; cm, cervical membrane at- tachment; dat, dorsal arms of tentorium; dfm, dorsal margin of foramen magnum; gs, gular suture; hy, hypostomal arm; mgs, median apodeme formed by inflection of gular suture; mtp, median tentorial pillar; p, pregula; pap, paired apodemal plates of gular structure; pg, postgula; ps, pregular suture; ptb, posterior tentorial bridge; ptp, pos- terior tentorial pit; vfm, ventral margin of foramen magnum. 1982 Introduction 35 Key to the Families of Curculionoidea 1. Gular sutures (or their Ridiments on margin of foramen magnum) widely sepa- rated (Fig. llj); maxillary palpi 4-segmented; antennae never geniculate; lar- val thoracic spiracle mesothoracic or intersegmental, mandibular inola some- times present, 2-segmented thoracic legs sometimes present 2 — Gular sutures confluent between small postgula (on margin of foramen mag- num) and anterior limits of tentorium (at angle between ventral surface of head and rostrum) (Figs. 11-12); maxillary palpi 2- or 3-segmented (except Aust- roplatypus in Platypodidae and Attelabidae); antennae sometimes geniculate; larval thoracic spiracle on prothorax or intersegmental, mola never present, thoracic legs absent (except 1-segmented in some Brenthidae) 6 2(1). Adult labrum distinct and separate; maxillary lacinia distinct, palpi flexible; larval mandible usually with a mola, thoracic legs present 3 — Adult labnmi fused to head, not free; maxilla without a true lacinia, palpi rigid; larval mandible without a mola, thoracic legs absent 4 3(2). Tentorium and gular sutures largely to entirely obsolete; pronotum with lateral margins acutely raised; inner surface of elytra near costal margin with a flange; visible abdominal segments 1-4 connate; larval clypeus distinct from frons or head retracted Anthribidae — Tentorium present, gular sutures distinct from margin of foramen magnum to posterior tentorial pits (Fig. llj); lateral margins of pronotum rounded, not marked by an acutely elevated, longitudinal costa; inner surface of elytra near costal margin without a flange; visible abdominal segments freely movable; larval clypeus fused to frons, head never deeply retracted into prothorax Nemonychidae 4(2). Inner surface of elytra near costal margin with a flange; gular sutures moder- ately long to very long; antennae filiform, inserted some distance from base of rostrum; lateral margins of pronotum rounded; coxae subcontiguous; tarsi pseudotetramerous Belidae — Inner surface of elytra near costa without a flange; gular sutures very short, not visible with head in normal position; antennae clubbed or if not, then tarsi pseudotrimerous 5 5(4). Antennae clubbed; pronotum with lateral margins acute; tarsi pseudotetra- merous, segments 2 and 3 broadly bilobed; rostrum long, antennae inserted at its base on posteroventral surface Oxycorynidae — Antennae not clubbed; tarsi pseudotrimerous, only segment 2 bilobed; rostrum comparatively short, antennae inserted some distance from base on lateral surface Proterhinidae 6(1). Pregular sutures present, a distinct pregular sclerite between median gular suture and labial articulation (Fig. IIG, ps) rostrum primitively absent 7 — Pregular sutures absent, pregular sclerite not evident (Fig. Ill); rostrum very long to secondarily short 8 7(6). Tarsal segment 1 as long as 2-5 combined (except shorter in Protophtypus, Protohylastes, Coptonotus) (Fig. 13); head as wide as pronotum; pronotum usu- ally with a distinct lateral constriction near middle; antennal club without su- tures (except obscure in Coptonotus); apical mucro on protibia formed primi- tively from middle apical process; lateral denticles on protibia never socketed . Platypodidae 36 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Tarsal segment 1 not longer than segment 2 or 3 (Fig. 23, etc.); head con- spicuously narrower than pronotum, often concealed by pronotum when viewed from dorsal aspect; apical mucro on protibia formed primitively from mesal apical process; lateral denticles on protibia usually socketed Scolytidae 8(6). Antennae straight, club usually not developed; labial palpi minute, inserted in deep, ventral pits; rostrum often strongly sexually dimorphic; trochanters nor- mal; larval thoracic legs usually present, frontal sutures reaching articulating membrane of mandibles, abdominal segments with three or four tergal folds Brenthidae — Antennae clubbed, usually geniculate (if not then trochanters elongate); rostral sexual dimorphism less conspicuous; larval thoracic legs indistinct or absent, if frontal suture reaches articulating membrane of mandible then abdominal segments with only two folds 9 9(8) Antennae not geniculate, or trochanters long; larval frontal sutures reaching articulating membrane of mandible, abdominal terga with two dorsal folds Apionidae — Antennae usually geniculate, trochanters rarely long; larval frontal sutures not reaching articulating membrane of mandibles, abdominal terga with three to four transverse folds Curculionidae Fig. 11 contiiuu'd, parts (i-I (A-I redrawn from Wood 1973:79-80). Family Status of Scolytidae The Platypodidae and Scolytidae are unique among those curculionoids with one median gular suture in having a pair of dis- tinct pregular sutures that delimit a pregular sclerite immediately behind the oral area on the ventral surface of the head (Fig. IIG). These two families occupy a unique ecologi- cal niche as subcortical borers in unthrifty or dying woody plants in which paired (either monogamous or polygynous) parent adults excavate galleries within a host and together reproduce and defend their brood (at least temporarily) in those tunnels. Largely be- cause larval characters were not foimd to dis- tinguish these two families from Curcu- lionidae, Crowson (1967) reduced the time- honored families Platypodidae and Scolytidae to subfamilies of Curculionidae. In view of the unique adult gular character and the lim- ited and apparently superficial search for 1982 Introduction 37 Fig. 11 continued, part J (Redrawn from Crowson 1967:157). larval characters, his action is considered un- tenable. Both groups have been restored to family status (Wood 1973). The Platypodidae and Scolytidae occupy the same basic ecological niche; the ambro- sial habit that is almost universal in Platypo- didae has arisen, apparently independently, in 3 of 11 tribes of Hylesininae and in 5 of 14 tribes of Scolytinae. The two groups inter- grade anatomically, behaviorally, and ecolog- ically. They are obviously very closely re- lated to one another, but are retained as separate families until their status is more fully investigated. Various classifications of subfamilies and tribes have been presented for Scolytidae (Wood 1978). Following a review of about 90 percent (412 of 472 nominate genera and subgenera) of the valid genera in the world fauna, 2 subfamilies containing 25 tribes were recognized (Wood 1978). The following key to subfamilies and tribes of Scolytidae sum- marizes the characters on which that classifi- cation is based. Fossil History Comparatively few fossil Scolvtidae are known. Walker (1938) attributed engravings in petrified Triassic wood from Arizona to scolytid beetles designated as Paleoscohjtus divergus Walker, Paleoipidus perforatus Walker, and Paleoipidus marginatus Walker. The engravings of Paleoscohjtus are too large (5 mm wide) and branch in a pattern un- known in modern Scolytidae. The Paleoip- idus holes in the wood are not cylindrical; there is no evidence that they were formed by scolytids, but this possibility should not be discarded. However, engravings on Cre- taceous coniferous bark from Europe, report- ed by Brongniart (1877), almost certainly were made by phloeophagous Scolytidae. Scudder (1876, 1878, 1893) named three scolytids from American Eocene deposits as follows: Polygraphus wortheni Scudder, Roan Mts., Colorado Dryocoetes carbonarius Scudder, Green River, Wyoming Dryocoetes impressus (Scudder), Green River, Wyoming Schedl (1947) reviews the fossil Scolytidae found in Baltic amber from the Oligocene. The 22 species cited represent the genera Hylastes (1), Hylurgops (5), Hylescierites (2), Xylechinites (1), Carphoborites (2), Phloeosi- nites (8), Taphramites (2), and Tophrorychus (1). Specimens have been taken in American amber, but have not been reported. Hopkins (1902a) indicates that Dryocoetes impressus probably is not a scolytid. In addi- tion to the Eocene forms cited above, the fol- lowing were named (Scudder 1893, Wickham 1913, 1916) from the Florissant Miocene de- posits in Colorado: Phloeotribus zimmennanni Wickham Leperisinus extractus (Scudder) Hylurgops piger Wickham Hylastes americanus Wickham Pityophthoridea diluvialis Wickham Adipocephalus hydropicus Wickham Xyleborites longipennis Wickham 38 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 ^Epicranial tulbin. Lateral margin Mrtaierqum — - khlra ,c /,?f -x<- ^ / ••v^ ^' 1 / . s V I'riilliiira.r — 'Misotlwrax Fig. 12 A,B. Dcndrortontis valcns, (A) dorsal and (B) lateral aspects. Present usage of interstriae (= interspace in this figure), terguni and sternum (= tergite, sternite). (After Hopkins 1909:6, 9.) Quaternary fossils of living North Ameri- Phloeotribus piceae Swaine can species (age 10,000 years) are reported Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) by Ashworth, Clayton, and Bickley (1972) Sco/t/fus piceae (Swaine) and Ashworth and Brophv (1972) as follows: Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) 1982 Introduction 39 THORAX- '^Epistomal process £1 > ^c:> ^ k ^ S ^ i .^ ^ '^ ^ = i s=r.i ■^. ^ t: 2 -< t =; 3 =. 2 -c Fig. 12 C. Dendroctonus valens, ventral aspect. (After Hopkins 1909:8. Ips probably perturbatus (Eichhoff) Older Quaternary fossils (age 70,000 years) were taken in Ontario by Drs. Alan and Anne Morgan (in prep.) as follows: Phloeosinns pint Swaine Phloeotribus piceae Swaine Carpfioborus carri Swaine Carphoboriis andersoni Swaine Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) Scolyttis piceae (Swaine) Pityogenes or Pityokteines sp. Pityophthorus probably puberulus (LeConte) The occurrence of representatives of mod- em genera of both subfamilies of Scolytidae in the Eocene suggests an earlier origin of the family than has been indicated previously. Fossil evidence coupled with that from biogeography indicates an origin at least as early as the early Cretaceous and perhaps as early as late Triassic. Discussion of Characters Previous classifications of higher categories in the Scolytidae and a more complete dis- cussion of potential characters and their sig- nificance appears in Wood (1978). A brief summary of that discussion is presented here. Characters of greatest use in determining phylogenetic relationships and the limits of the higher categories within the family in- clude the following. Head.— In curculionids, Hylesininae, and primitive Scolytinae (Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Scolytoplatypini, Carphodicticini) the poste- rior region of the head is essentially truncate (Fig. 14A). In the remaining Scolytinae, com- mencing with Micracini and progressing to the Xyleborini and Corthylini, the dorsal oc- cipital area is produced caudad (Fig. 14B). This is an obvious specialization. The subrostrate condition of Hylastini, Hy- lesinini (part), Hyorrhynchini (part), and Scolytini (part) is probably more closely cor- related with habit than with phylogeny. The- pregular sutures evidently prevented the de- velopment of a rostrum in Platypodidae and Scolytidae, since the anterior arms of the ten- torium are intact (they are absent, or at least broken, in curculionids). The eye varies from oval and entire to elongate and entire or emarginate to 40 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 1.3. Tibia and tarsus of Phittjpus paraUclus, poste- rior face. completely divided. While eye shape and po- sition are very useful in the recognition of genera, it should be pointed out that some of the most aberrant eye shapes occur in some of the most primitive tribes. In general, how- ever, the oval, entire eye is primitive; depar- tures involving elongation or emargination are specializations. The antennal funicle may have a maximum of seven segments as in other curculionoids. Within Scolytidae the segmentation may be reduced to as few as three segments in Hy- lesininae or one in Scolytinae. Reduction in the number of segments from seven is consid- ered as specialization. The antennal club is formed from three segments. In primitive .scolytids, as in many other curculionoids, it is conical (Hylastini, some Hylesinini). Specializations may include compression (flat) or oblique truncation, ei- ther with or without the loss of sutures. The club may be symmetrical or asymmetrical, with the sutures equal on both sides or with the sutures on the posterior face stronglv dis- placed toward the apex. In Phloeotribini the intersegmental lines are constricted, thereby forming a sublamellate club with indepen- dently movable segments. Proth()R.\x.— The primitive prothorax ap- parently was short and more or less cvlindri- cal. Specializations include a substantial re- duction in the sternal areas accompanied by a change from widely separated to con- tiguous coxae. A precoxal costa was associ- ated with that change in some primitive groups. Tlie dorsal area in specialized groups is declivitous on the anterior area, armed by asperities, and much narrower anteriorly. In Diamerini, Bothrosternini (part), Scolytini, and Ctenophorini the lateral margin of the pronotum is costate. This costa appears to be a strengthening device associated with a sub- concave pleuron in these comparatively primitive tribes. An analogous raised line in Cryphalini and Corthylini apparently has a different origin and function. Mesothorax, elytra.— While numerous characters of specific and generic interest oc- cur on the mesothorax, items of phylogenetic interest involve the basal margins, interstriae 10, and the mechanism for locking the elytra in position when at rest. In all Hylesininae the basal margin of each elytron is procurved and armed by a series of crenulations. The curvature results from a su- tural emargination formed to accommodate the depressed, rounded scutellum. The crenu- lations are shared by a few species of Cnemo- nijx (Scolytini), but otherwise are restricted to the Hylesininae. A few Diamerini and Bothrosternini have an elevated marginal costa in place of the crenulations. In Scoly- tinae the elytral bases form a straight trans- verse line across the body and the scutellum is large, flat, and flush with the surface. Most primitive tribes contain at least some members having interstriae 10 continued to the apex. In more specialized groups striae 9 and 10 converge near the middle of the elytra, thus eliminating the posterior half of interstriae 10. On the sutural and costal margins of the elytra near the base are grooves that inter- lock at the suture with the opposite elytron and on the costal margin with the mete- pisternum. The details of these structures are useful in determining phyletic relationships of major groups. Metathor.\x, tergum.— In some Hylesi- ninae (Diamerini, Bothrosternini, Phloeotri- bini, Phloeosininae, Hypoborini, Polyg- raphini) the .scutellar area of the metanotum fuses with the postnotum, thus eliminating the intersegmental suture. The inter- segmental suture is present in the remaining Hylesininae and in all Scolytinae. In addition, the scutoscutellar suture follows a much shorter, more lateral route in those groups with a fu.sed postnotum. These two charac- ters make possible a major division of the Hylesininae. Metathorax, pleuron.— In Curculio- nidae, primitive Hylesininae, and primitive 1982 Introduction 41 Fig. 14. A, Hylastes nigriniis, lateral aspect of head; note, eye, antenna, and undeveloped dorsal occupital area (Left side near middle of foramen magnum damaged in preparation). B, Ips woodi. ventrolateral aspect of head; note postgula, gular suture, pregula, and extended dorsal occipital area. Scolytinae the pleural suture descends verti- cally from the pleural wing process to the groove on the episternum that receives the costal groove of the elytra. At that point the pleural suture turns abruptly and follows the groove caudad to near the pleural coxal pro- cess. The anterior end of the lower costa that forms the metepisternal groove is higher, of- ten spinelike, and may persist when the re- mainder of the groove is lost. In the higher Hylesininae and higher Scolytinae the groove is lost, the episternal spine is displaced ven- trad, and the pleural suture runs a much more direct route from wing process to coxal process, often quite remote from the position of the costal margin of the elytra. In Crypha- lini the episternal spine is modified and in Corthylini it is lost and replaced by a small, transverse groove. Legs.— Tibial characters have been used extensively in scolytid classification. The primitive protibial form is thought to be sim- ilar to that of Protohylastes (Fig. 35), which has three apical spines (Wood 1973a). The small mesal spine apparently becomes the apical spine of Scolytidae; the larger, middle spine becomes the apical spine of Platypo- didae and the major lateral spine of Scolytini, etc.; and the smaller, lateral spine becomes a minor lateral spine in all groups. These spin- es, and some supernumerary denticles, are not socketed (Fig. 29). All these lateral spines are replaced by socketed teeth (Fig. 34), pre- sumed to be of setal origin, in all higher groups (Wood 1978). In several of the more primitive groups tarsal segment 3 is broad or bilobed. In Dia- merini (part), Xyleborini (part), and Xylocto- nini the tarsi tend to be laterally compressed and retracile into tibial grooves. The tarsal characters are of some value in classifying genera of certain tribes. Abdomen.— In Carphodicticini, Ipini, Dryocoetini, Xyleborini, and all Platypodidae female abdominal tergum 8 is visible, pub- escent, and almost as large as in the male. In all other scolytids and most curculionids it is of reduced size, lacks pubescence, and is tele- scoped beneath and hidden by tergum 7 (Fig. 14C). In Hylastini, many Hylesinini, and Phloeotribini the posterior margin of male tergum 7 bears a median, bituberculate, stri- dulatory device that scrapes against the adja- cent inner surface of the elytra. The value of this character is uncertain, it is not always present in groups that normally possess it. It may be significant that a comparable charac- ter occurs in most Platypodidae. Phylogeny The Scolytidae and Platypodidae appar- ently arose as a monophyletic unit from the 42 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 male female Fig. 14C. Abdominal terga of Cryphalus pubescens: Male, segments 7 and 8 (above); female, .segment 7 (be- low). (After Wood 1954:1087.) segment of the Curculionoidea having one gular suture before pregular sutures were lost in the remainder of the phyletic hne that gave rise to the Brenthidae, Attelabidae, Apionidae, and Curcuhonidae, but well after the groups having two gular sutures, or rem- nants of them (Belidade, Nemonychidae, An- thribidae), had branched from the main stem of evolutionary development. Long after the basic scolytid-platypodid characters and habits had been fixed, this evolutionary line radiated into three groups at approximately the same geologic time (possibly late Trias.sic to early Cretaceous). These three groups presently include representatives among their primitive tribes having (1) a 7-segmented antennal funicle, (2) a fully formed, pub- escent female tergum 8 basically similar to that of the male, (3) basically similar tibiae that lack socketed supernumerary spines on the lateral margins, (4) a fully developed in- terstriae 10, (5) the same general body habit- us, and (6) the phloeophagous habit. The evi- dence is inconclusive as to which of these three groups branched from the main .scoly- toid evolutionary stem first; however, be- cause of the somewhat larger number of primitive characters and the different ap- pearance (probably related as much to dis- tinctive habits as to genetics), coupled with imique specializations, the Platypodidae are regarded as the most primitive. For similar reasons the Hylesininae are considered to be more primitive than the Scolytinae, but the genetic relationship between primitive Platypodidae and primi- tive Scolytinae may be closer than either of these is to the Hylesininae. The Scolytinae are considered to represent the main line of scolytid evolution. The accompanying den- drogram (Fig. 15) illustrates possible phyloge- netic relationships of major groups within these families. The most primitive known representative having hylesinine characters is Protohylastes. It could equally well be placed as the most primitive representative of Platypodidae (Coptonotinae). It shares many characters with Coptonotus. Except for the antennal club and tibiae, it could be placed in the Hy- lastini with complete confidence. It is placed as an aberrant genus of Coptonotini until more can be learned about its structure and habits. Platypodidae.— The pregular sutures, nu- merous other structural details, and the shared ecological niche suggest a close rela- tionship to the Scolytidae. The 7-segmented funicle {Protohylastes and Coptonotus), strongly procurved antennal sutures (Cop- tonotus), fully developed female abdominal tergum 8, complete interstriae 10, route fol- lowed by the scutoscutellar suture, route fol- lowed by the metapleural suture, tibial char- acters, elytral locking mechanism, the polygynous habit in Protoplatypus, and other characters indicate a closer, but very primi- tive, connection to Scolytinae rather than to Hylesininae. The closest affinity of Platypo- 1982 Introduction 43 Corthylini Xyleborini Polygraphini Hypoborin Phoeosinini Xylotenni Dryocoetini Crypturgini Hylastini Platypodinae Schedlanus Coptonotus Protohylastes Platypodidae Fig. 15. Dendrogram illustrating possible phylogenetic relationships of major groups within the Scolytidae and Platypodidae. didae (through Protohylastes) to Hylesininae appears to be through Diamerus (Diamerini), which possesses several very specialized fea- tures. The closest affinity (through Pro- toplatypus) to Scolytinae appears to be through Cnemonyx (Scolytini), Scolytodes (Ctenophorini), Carphodicticini, and Scolytoplatypodini. Hylesininae.— The fusion of the metano- tum to its postnotum apparently took place very early in hylesinine evolution as evi- denced by the occurrence of tibiae without socketed teeth in both divisions (Hyorrhy- chini, Diamerini, and Phloeotribini). More primitive characters, with fewer specialized ones, appear to be associated with Hylastini, Hylesinini, and Tomicini (listed in increasing order of specialization), with the Phrixoso- mini and Hyorrhychini representing special- ized relicts of otherwise primitive groups. In the more specialized hylesinine line are found the more primitive tibiae {Diamerus, Aricerus), pronotums (Diamerus), elytral bases (Bothrosternini, Diamerus), and other characters, but they also exhibit the greatest specializations (reduced funicular segmenta- tion, aberrant antennal club with loss of su- tures, etc.). The fusion of the postnotum ob- viously took place very early in hylesinine evolution, as evidenced in that group by the much greater structural and biological diver- sity. The Diamerini and Bothrosternini, which appear to be geographical replace- ments of one another, share the greatest num- ber of primitive features; they also appear to 44 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 have diverged further than the other groups from the original ancestral line. The Phloeotribini also diverged rather early as evidenced bv the protibia of Aricerus and by the very different, sublaniellate, antennal club. The Hypoborini and Polygraphini ap- pear to be specializations that diverged rather recently from the Phloeosinini. ScoLYTiNAE.— The basic stnictural rela- tionship of most Scolytinae to Platypodidae is closer than to Hvlesininae, although the bio- logical affinity is closer to most Hylesininae. The strongly procurved antennal sutures of Coptonotus (and the obscure lines that sug- gest obsolete sutures in other Coptonotinae and a few Platypodinae) is a common charac- ter in Scolytinae (Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Micracini, Xyloctonini), but occurs only in Diamerini {Diamerus) and Bothrosternini {Pa- giocerus, Eupagiocerus) in the Hylesininae. The Scolytini apparently diverged very early from the main evolutionary line in Scoly- tinae, as evidenced by antennal, tibial, meta- pleural, and other characters. The divergence of Scolytoplatypodini and Ctenophorini soon followed, as evidenced by a significant change in tibial characters, and these geo- graphical replacements then diverged from one another. The remaining Scolytinae re- place unsocketed lateral tibial spines with socketed teeth that apparently were derived from setae. Except for the socketed tibial teeth, Carphodicticini most nearly resembles my concept of a primitive platypodid in an- tennal, frontal, pronotal, coxal, metapleural, metatergal, and abdominal characters. How- ever, the tibiae, and other characters, place it more nearly intermediate between Pro- toplatypus and Dryocoetini. The Cryptur- gini, Dryocoetini, Ipini, Xyloterini, and Xy- leborini represent a unit of closely related tribes. Micracini and Cactopinini appear somewhat related, as do Xyloctonini and Cryphalini. The relationship of Corthylini to other tribes is not clear; they exhibit some very primitive features as well as many of the most specialized ones in the family. BIOGEOGRAPHY Extraterritorial Affinities To establish a basis for this discussion, it is assumed that the following hypotheses and theories are essentially correct: (1) the biolog- ical species concept (Mayr 1963) is valid, (2) biological speciation occurs through a pro- cess of geographical isolation, during which time isolated populations of a parent species differentiate and become reproductively iso- lated from one another (Mayr 1963), and (3) a process of continental drift has occurred that has had an effect on the geographical distri- bution of animal groups (Wegener 1924). It is also necessary to eliminate from this dis- cussion those species and genera that are known to have been introduced to or export- ed from North and Central America through modern human commerce (Wood 1977). Most notable in this regard are the imported genera Hylastinus, Hijpocnjphalus, and Premnobius, and the exportation of Gnatho- trichits materiariiis (Fitch) to France and Mi- croborus boops Blandford to Africa. An analysis of the tribal groups of Scoly- tidae reveals the following relationships (Ta- bles 1, 2). The Cactopinini are found only in southwestern North America. The Both- rosternini and Ctenophorini are restricted to the tropics of North and South America; Scolytini (except Scolytus extends to Eurasia) and Corthylini (except Pityophthorus extends to Eurasia; there are also a few aberrant Afri- can forms) are almost exclusively American. Phloeotribini are largely American, with a few species of Phloeotribus in Eurasia, except that the monotypic Aricerus appears to have reached Australia very early in the formation of the group. The Polygraphini, Crypturgini, and Xyloterini are of obvious Eurasian origin and reached northern North America rather recently. The Hylastini, Hylesinini (except Phloeoborus that was derived biogeographi- cally from South America), and Ipini (except Acanthotomicus, which probably reached South America from Africa in pre-Tertiary time) are also of Eurasian origin, but the in- volvement appears much older and more complex. The Phrixosomini, Hypoborini, and Micracini apparently reached North and Central America rather recently from South America, but exhibit a strong, much earlier relationship to the African fauna. The Tomi- cini, Phloeosinini, Dryocoetini, Xyleborini, and Cryphalini are diverse and indicate more complex endemic origins and inter- relationships with other areas. The Hyorr- hynchini, Diamerini, Scolytoplatypodini, 1982 Introduction 45 Carphodicticini, and Xyloctonini do not oc- cur in North America, although two of three genera of Carphodicticini occur in South America and Diamerini (Old World) appears to replace geographically Bothrosternini, and Scolytoplatypodini (Old World) replaces Ctenophorini. The principle original centers of adaptive radiation in the family appear to be North America for Hylastini, Tomicini, and Cac- topinini; South America for Phrixosomini (and Africa), Bothrosternini, Phloeotribini, Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Micracini (and Af- rica), and Corthylini; Eurasia for Hylesinini (and Africa, except South America for Phloeoborus), Phloeosinini (and Africa), Ipini (and Africa), Xyloterini, and Cryphalini (and Africa); Africa for Hypoborini, Polygraphini, Crypturgini, and Dryocoetini. The radiation of Xyleborini has progressed explosively from the Tropics, but the pattern is not yet clear. Secondary radiations of each tribal group may also occur in newly occupied areas. For example, the Ipini apparently originated in tropical Africa as the precursors of Acan- thotomicus then spread northward into Eu- rasia, giving rise to a new stock. The portion of the new stock that remained in Eurasia ap- parently gave rise to Orthotomicus and Pi- tyogenes, and the portion that reached North America gave rise to Ips and Pityokteines. Later, elements of Orthotomicus and Pitijo- genes reached North America and elements of Ips and Pityokteines reached (or returned to) Eurasia to give rise to the present faunas. This is based on the fact that, of nine species groups of Ips in North America, six are shared with Eurasia; no unique group occurs in Eurasia. Similarly, in Pityokteines only one of three groups reached Eurasia, in Orthoto- micus only one of several groups reached North America, and in Pityogenes only three of several groups reached North America. Comparable multiple migrations appear to have affected several other groups with equal magnitude when faunal transfers were suffi- ciently early to permit secondary radiations. In some instances the migrations were so re- cent that speciation of the populations on dif- ferent continental land masses may not yet be complete. Table 3. A comparison of the number of genera of Scolytidae in North and Central America, listed by tribes, to the world fauna. North World America Fauna Hylesininae Hylastini 3 3 Hylesinini 4 11 Tomicini 4 14 Phrixosomini 1 1 Hyorrhynchini 0 3 Diamerini 0 4 Bothrosternini 5 5 Phloeotribini 1 2 Phloeosinini 4 11 Hypoborini 2 4 Polygraphini 3 6 Scolytinae Scolytini 4 4 Ctenophorini 4 4 Scolytoplatypodini 0 1 Micracini 7 11 Cactopinini 1 1 Carphodicticini 0 2 Crypturgini 2 6 Dryocoetini 4 15 Ipini 5 5 Xyloterini 2 3 Xyleborini 6 10 Xyloctonini 0 5 Cryphalini 9 23 Corthylini 23 27 Totals 94 181 Table 4. A comparison of the species of Scolytidae occurring in North and Central America bv geographical area. Species occurring in more than one area may be listed more than once, but the total is of the actual numbers of spe- cies in the fauna. Hyleslninae Hylastini Sciertis Hyhirgops Hylastes Alaska and Canada USA Mexico Central America Total species in fauna 2 2 0 0 2 4 6 5 3 7 6 13 6 1 15 46 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Table 4 continued. Alaska and Canada USA Mexico Central America Total species in fauna Hylesinini Hijlastin us Hylesinus Alniphagus Phloeoborus Tomicini Xylechinus Pseudohylesinus Hyhirgopinus Demlroctonus 1 1 0 0 1 3 7 3 1 9 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 3 5 5 2 2 2 6 9 7 9 3 0 11 1 1 0 0 1 8 13 9 7 16 Phrixosomini Phrixosoma Bothrostcrnini Cnesinus Pagiocerus Bothrosternus Eupagiocenis Stemohothrus 0 2 19 26 41 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 3 3 0 0 0 2 2 Phloeotrihini Phloeotribiis 14 16 27 Phlocosinini Dcndrosinus Pliloeosinits (Mrphotoreus Chramesus Hypoborini Chdctophlociis lApdrtlniim Polyjfraphini C(irph()l)ius C(ir})h<)l>()rus Polijgr(ip}\us 0 1 1 1 2 10 24 7 1 27 0 0 1 0 1 1 8 24 13 37 1 9 9 1 15 0 2 3 1 5 0 1 1 1 2 7 18 2 0 20 2 3 0 0 3 ScOLYTIiNAE .Scolytini Cnemonyx Camptocerus Srolytopsis Scolytu.s Ctenopliorini Microhorus Pyciuirthrum Ciymnochilu.s Scolytodes 0 2 11 10 21 0 0 0 5 5 0 0 2 1 2 12 20 12 7 34 0 0 2 2 4 0 1 2 6 6 0 0 3 3 4 0 1 17 56 67 1982 Table 4 continued. Introduction Micracini Fsi'tiilothysanoes Stcnorleptus Thijsanoes rhlot'odeptus Micracis Micracisella Hiflociiriis Alaska and Canada USA Mexico Central America 47 Total species in fauna 1 15 48 7 67 0 1 1 0 2 0 7 12 1 15 0 0 10 1 11 1 4 12 6 18 0 5 14 4 20 0 13 15 9 35 Cactopinini Cactopinus 11 14 Crvptiirij;ini Dohirgus Cnjpturgus Dryocoetini Dendrocmnulus Lymantor Dryocoetes Coccotrypes 0 3 5 19 23 2 1 0 0 2 7 7 0 0 7 0 5 2 5 7 Ipini Pitogenes Pityokteines Acanthotoniicus Orthotomicus Ips 5 6 2 0 7 5 6 0 0 6 0 0 1 3 3 1 1 0 0 1 .5 24 8 5 24 Xyloterini Xyloterinits Trypodendron Xyleborini Preinnobius Sampsonius Xylosundrus Dryocoetoides Xyleborus Xylehorinus 0 - 1 1 1 1 0 0 2 3 4 0 4 3 3 6 0 0 1 2 2 3 19 20 66 87 1 2 4 7 10 Cryphalini Trypophloeus Stegcvnein.s Ernoporicu.s Procryphalus Scolytogenes Cryplialus Hypocryphalus Triscliiduis Hypothenemus Cryptocarenus 3 4 0 0 4 0 0 1 5 5 0 1 0 0 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 1 5 3 7 2 3 0 0 3 0 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 3 0 21 25 21 39 0 2 4 5 5 48 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Table 4 continued. Corthylini Styplilosoina DendroteruH Arapttis Connphthocramilus Spen)HypIitliorus rseudopityophthorus Pityuborus Pityotrkhus Gnathuleptiis Conoplithoriis Pityophthorus Dacnophthorus Gnathotrichus Gnatliotrupes Tricolus Amphicranus Glochinocerus Mefacortbyhts Monorthrum Microcorthylus Cortliycyclon Corthylocurus Corthyhis Total Alaska and Canada 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 41 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 179 USA 0 2 I 0 0 12 2 2 0 10 99 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4 477 Mexico 0 7 25 0 0 14 5 0 0 4 102 1 11 0 6 9 1 0 22 4 1 4 17 605 Central Total species America in fauna 1 1 6 13 38 54 1 1 1 1 3 23 1 7 0 2 4 4 0 14 41 218 2 2 4 15 5 5 21 24 24 31 2 2 4 4 43 60 12 14 6 6 5 6 46 58 632 1430 The faunal connection (over the Bering land bridge) between North America (Alaska) and Asia (Chukchi Peninsula) appears to be recent. This is indicated by the occurrence in both areas of identical or very similar species of Scolytidae, particularly those that breed in Picea. For example, Dryocoetes autographus and Trypodendron lineatum occupy both areas and apparently have not speciated. In the following series of names speciation is evidently complete, although the members of each pair are so similar to one another that identification is difficult. American sf)ecies llylurgops rugipcnnis Polygraphus rufipennis Dcndroctoniis ptinctatus Hylastes nigrinus XyU'chin us ameriranus Polygmphus convexifron.s Phlocotribtis piceae Ips pcrtiirhatus Crypturgus horcaUs Dryocoetes affaher Cryphalus nificollis Eurdsian species U. oluhratus P. poligrciphus D. miccms H. ctinicularius X. pilosus P. grandiclava P. spinulosus I. typographus C. tuberosus D. pint C. asperatus Of the 24 American species occurring in Picea north of the 60th parallel, I have estab- lished a definite phenotypic relationship to Asian species for 13 of them. Adequate mate- rial for comparison was not available for 7 of the remaining 11; the other 4 have no Asian counterpart {Scierus annectens LeConte, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, Ips tridens Mannerheim, and /. borealis Swaine). A com- parison of species from other hosts and from more southern areas is somewhat less dramat- ic, but indicates a clear faunal relationship. Sixteen American genera contain species groups, all of which are represented in a more diverse Eurasian fauna; therefore, it is concluded that all species in these genera were derived directly or indirectly (through subsequent speciation) from Eurasia. These genera include: Phloeosinus (extensive secondary speciation) Hylesinus Polygmphus Carplioborus Trypophloeus Ernoporus Pityogenes Orthotomicus Procryphalus Cryph(dus Dohirgus (not now in Eurasia) Crypturgus Lymantor Dryocoetes Trypodendron Xyloterinus (not now in Eurasia) 1982 Introduction 49 Both Dohirgus and Xyloterinus are mon- otypic and endemic to North America, but they were undoubtedly derived from a Eura- sian source in that no potential ancestor or near relative exists in the Western Hemi- sphere. Nine genera are much more diverse in North America, and all Eurasian species groups in these genera are represented in America; consequently, it is concluded that all Eurasian species in these genera were de- rived directly or indirectly from North Amer- ica. These genera include: Hijlurgops Scolytus Hijlastes Pityokteines Xijlcchinits Ips Dendroctonus Pityophtliorus Phlocotrihus A southern faunal association is more diffi- cult to demonstrate, presumably because po- tential land connections occurred much ear- lier in geologic time and many more species are involved. However, several groups, repre- sented only in tropical America and tropical Africa, suggest shared genetic traits. Phrixo- soma and Cladoctonus appear to be very old, compact genera with no closely allied living relatives. Both are represented in both areas by several species that are so similar it is sometimes difficult to distinguish an Ameri- can from an African species; yet potential hosts for these genera abound in other tropi- cal areas where these beetles do not occur. Basically the same is true of Acanthotomiciis and Hypothenemus, although they are also represented in the Indomalayan-Australian region. Paired, but different, genera also oc- cur in tropical America and Africa in the Micracini and Hypoborini, and between Den- drocranuhis and Xylocleptes. In addition, the Ctenophorini (American) and Scolytopla- typodini (African) replace one another, as do the Bothrosternini (American) and Diamerini (African, etc.) and a few species groups with- in the Xyleboriis. The above discussion calls attention to a faunal exchange between North America and Eurasia sufficiently recent that speciation ap- parently is either not complete or that per- mits easv recognition of species or species groups on both sides of the Bering Strait. This route of faunal interchange was open to arctic and subarctic species at several times during the Pleistocene until quite recently in geologic time. However, forests were climati- cally stratified much as at present and it is probable that the only species exposed to the Bering land bridges during Pleistocene inter- glacial periods were those associated with the northern coniferous forest, namely Hylur- gops, Hylastes, Xylechinus, a few Phloeo- tribtis, Polygraphtis, a few Scolytus, Try- pophloeus, Procryphahis, Cryphalus, Cryp- turgus, Dryocoetes, Pityokteines, Pityogenes, Orthotomicus, Ips, Trypodendron, and Pityophthorus. For the most part, the speci- ation that followed migration of these species has been comparatively minor and species groups on both sides of the Bering Strait are easily recognized. Because the temperate for- ests have not reached arctic regions since late in the Tertiary, it must be assumed that spe- cies dependent on such hosts must have crossed the Bering land bridge during the Tertiary. It is probable that most Phloeosinus, Hylesinus, most Scolytus, Ernoporus, Do- hirgus (or its ancestor), Lymantor, Xylote- rinus (or its ancestor), and others, are in this category. Known fossils not only confirm part of the above speculation, but place several genera in invaded territory much earlier than had been supposed. These records include the fol- lowing (asterisks are used to identify genera invading new territory distinct from the con- tinent of probable ancestral origin; extinct genera were omitted): Baltic Amber (Oligocene) ° Hylurgops 'Hylastes Hylurgus (endemic) Tomicus (endemic) "Xylechinus Hylesinus Phloeosinus Polygraphus Carphoborus Cryphalus Taphrorychus (endemic) North America Hylurgops (Miocene) Hylastes (Miocene) "Hylesinus (Eocene) "Phloeosinus (Pleistocene) Phloeotribus (Miocene) "Polygraphus (Eocene) "Dryocoetes (Miocene) Xyleborus (Miocene) Pityophthorus (Miocene) It is curious to note from the above that Tomicus was present in Europe in the Oligo- cene, but it has never become established in North America even though a route for mi- gration has been open and breeding speci- mens have been intercepted here on several occasions during the past century (Chamber- lin 1939:215-216). It is also curious that Den- droctonus is not represented in the fossil 50 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 record nor has it invaded Eurasia until very recently (D. annandi may be an exception). In addition, 11 of the existing 20 tribes of North American Scolytidae are represented in the fossil record by modern genera. Seven of the nine tribes not represented are of trop- ical distribution or were probably too rare in temperate North America for one to expect fossilization. Because the apparent connection between southern South America and southern Africa was broken by continental drift no later than early Tertiary (most geologists place it 15-30 million years earlier), I had presumed that the availability of such a route for migration would not be reflected in the living scolytid fauna. Tliis is not the case. The above fossil record lists 12 modern genera that are 30 million or more years old in five different tribes. Furthermore, it is noted that, among groups now restricted basically to the Ameri- can tropics and Africa, the genera Phrixo- soma, Cladoctonus, Micracis, Acanthoto- micus, certain Hypothenemus, and certain Xyleborus groups, the paired but different genera in the Phloeosinini, Hypoborini, Micracini, and in the Dendrocranulus group of genera of Dryocoetini, the paired but dif- ferent tribal groups Bothrosternini and Dia- merini, and the Ctenophorini and Scolytopla- typodini suggest that such a connection did exist and that the basic patterns of scolytid phylogeny were established long before that land connection was severed. Based partly on the above dates and diver- sity, one might speculate that the Scolytidae originated in conjunction with the origin of coniferous gymnosperms perhaps as early as the Triassic, when conifers were a dominant plant group. In fact. Walker (1938) named Paleoscohjtus and Paleoipidiis from holes and engravings in petrified Arancariuxylon wood from the Triassic (Chinle formation) of Ari- zona. Whether or not these were made bv scolytids or their ancestors is open to question. American Biogeography Pleistocene glaciation affected the distribu- tion of Scolytidae in northern North America by causing extinction in some areas and pro- viding refugia in others. For example. Carphoborus andersoni Swaine is common in interglacial lake deposits in Ontario (Mor- gan, pers. comm.), but presently does not oc- cur south or east of the Northwest Terri- tories. Similarly, C. carri Swaine was common in postglacial deposits in western New York; this species presently is known from Manitoba and New Brunswick, but not from the intervening area. The present land bridge connecting North and South America has facilitated a faunal exchange between these areas. South Ameri- ca was an island during much of the Tertiary, but was connected to North America at the beginning and again at the end of that period (Darlington 1965). During the Pleistocene this land bridge formed and broke several times. In those periods when the land bridge was broken, a series of islands persisted and preserved much of the fauna that had mi- grated to them while the connection was complete. Many of these species had either migrated along mountain chains or adapted to the higher elevations on the islands, where they either preserved migrating populations or were modified through selection into new geographical races or distinct species. The groups most conspicuously restricted to high altitudes and affected by the "island" effect are the tropical Xylechinus, Gyinnochilus, Chrarnesus, Stegomertis, Dendroterus, Pseu- dopityophthorus, the xylomycetophagous Corthylini, and some Cnesinus. The island ef- fect also may have halted the southward mi- gration of the conifers, and all scolytids uti- lizing them as hosts, in northwestern Nicaragua. The speciation that resulted from the island effect combined with the later mi- gration of the Bothrosternini (except some Cnesinus), Dendrosinus, Phrixosoma, Phloeo- borus, Phloeotribus, most Scolytini (except some Scolytus), most Ctenopherini, many Hypothenemus, and Xyleborus in the lowland areas produced a rich faima that appears un- equaled elsewhere in the world in an area of similar size. Considerably more collecting and studv must precede a detailed analysis of the scolytid biogeography of this area. The most distinctive faunal area in North America appears to be the desert plateau re- gion from southern California, southern Ari- zona, and southwestern New Mexico to the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. A considerable 1982 Introduction 51 amount of endemism is evident here in the Micracini, Cactopinini, Dendroteriis, Pityoph- thonis, and, perhaps, in several other phloeo- phagous Corthyhni. Superimposed upon this desert plateau are those species that breed in conifers in the mountains that traverse the area and those that penetrate the moist low- land pockets of tropical forest on the margins of the desert region. Because 39 percent of all North and Cen- tral American Scolytidae are known only from their type series, and because most of these species are from Mexico to Nicaragua, a useful analysis of the biogeography of this area is not possible at the present time. In view of the faunal exchange that has taken place between North America and Asia, both geologically recent and ancient, it appears significant that only two species of Dendroctonus have reached Eurasia, and one of those in comparatively recent times. The high concentration of species and diversity in Mexico suggests a Mexican origin of Den- droctonus, with a comparatively recent in- vasion of north temperate areas. This possi- bility is supported by the fact that no endemic Ips species, which share the same hosts with Dendroctonus, have developed in Mexico. All Mexican Ips have distributions extending into the United States. Only four of 16 American species of Dendroctonus pres- ently do not occur in the Mexican plateau area, and all four are of recent origin (one of these is in Guatemala). Pityoborus, Gnatho- trichus, Conophthorus, and several Pityoph- thorus exhibited similar patterns of distribu- tion; for the most part, all breed in Pinus. The southeastern deciduous forest forms a distinctive faunal area. As evidenced by pres- ent relict refugia on the eastern margins of the Mexican plateau, this area formerly ex- tended southwestward into Mexico. Several Thysanoes, Cnesinus strigicollis LeConte, and Micracis swainei Blackman have present dis- tributions that follow this pattern. A few forms that apparently originated in this area, such as Micracisella nanuki (LeConte), M. opacithorax, and M. hondurensis Wood, have been modified by speciation. If the pines of the southeastern United States are considered to be part of the deciduous forest, Dendroc- tonus frontalis Zimmermann and the Ips that infest those pines and extend into Mexico are another example of this faunal connection. Southern Florida is distinctive and appears to be more nearly like Cuba or other Antilles Islands than like the southeastern United States in its scolytid fauna. A majority of the species appear to have reached the area re- cently by crossing over water naturally (flota- tion, wind, etc.) or through commerce. A high percentage of the imported species are first detected in North America in southern Florida. The scolytid fauna of the northern con- iferous forest is distinctive. For the most part, it is rather monotonous but exhibits some en- demism due to apparent refugia of past gla- cial periods in Alaska and Nova Scotia. Ele- ments of this fauna extend southward along the mountains of the eastern and western United States. The Pacific Coast belt from Alaska to southern California contains a rich fauna with many endemic species particularly in Phloeosinus, Carphoboriis, Ainiphagus, and Scohjtus. From this area many species appear to have migrated since the last period of gla- ciation into the mountains of Idaho, Wyom- ing, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and north- ern Arizona. Others, namely some Phloeosinus, Pseudopityophthorus agrifoliae Blackman, and Monarthrwn dentigerum (Le- Conte) have spread into Arizona at a time when the level of precipitation was higher than at present. Origin of Tribes In view of the above summary of data re- lating to the biogeography of American Scolytidae, perhaps some speculation as to the origin of major groups in the world fauna within the family is in order. This is based on the assumption that (1) a geologically recent Bering connection existed between Alaska and Siberia on more than one occasion, (2) Africa and South America were connected or at least were close enough to permit migra- tion by flight until the early Tertiary, and (3) South America was an island during most of the Tertiary, but was connected to North America near the beginning and near the end of that period and at one or more subsequent times. 52 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Phrixosomini, Hypoborini, Micracini, Den- drocranulus (Dryocoetini), Acanthotomicus (Ipini), and parts of Xyleborini and Crypha- lini evidently originated in the African-South American land mass before separation. Phrixoscmia was probably then a relict genus rigidly adapted to the Guttiferae and has re- mained virtually unchanged in both areas since the separation. Micracini had diver- sified and the basic structure of most genera was almost fixed, as evidenced by paired or identical genera in both areas; diversification of the American segment of this group has been more extensive since the separation. Ctenophorini apparently also had a pre- separation origin, but the African segment became modified into modern Scolvtopla- typodini largely through the adoption of the ambrosial habit and then dispersed as far as Japan and Australia. The Diamerini-Both- rosternini may have had a preseparation ori- gin, but both diverged and diversified. Phloeotribini, Scolytini, and Corthylini ap- pear to have a postseparation South Ameri- can origin; all appear to have spread into North America at the beginning of the Ter- tiary and from there into Eurasia after the Tertiary. An early representative of Phloeotribini reached Australia, apparently from southern South America, possibly either by island hopping or flotation, resulting in the monotypic Aricertis. At a much later date Phloeotribus invaded North America and from there it reached Eurasia. The occur- rence of Pityophthorus (including aberrant al- lied forms) in Africa may indicate a slightly earlier origin for Corthylini; this group prob- ably reached North America by early Ter- tiary and Eurasia by late Tertiary. Phloeosi- nini may also have originated in the African- South American area but subsequent dis- persion has obscured the pattern. Because of repeated and recent con- nections to adjacent areas, the role of North America in the origin of tribal groups is un- certain, although it has played a significant role in the formation of generic groups with- in several tribes. A possible North American origin of Hylastini in the remote past is sug- gested but not clear. The role of Eurasia, the Indian subcon- tinent, and Africa (in addition to that mentioned above) is also unclear. The Polygraphini, Xyloterini, and Crypturgini probably originated in this area after the sep- aration of Africa and South America, or at least dispersal into South America did not oc- cur if there was a connection. The dispersal of Hylesinini, Tomicini, and Hypoborini, and many Dryocoetini, Xyleborini, and Crypha- lini is too complex to permit speculation as to origin. The representation of Hylesinini in North America is largely restricted to Hylesinus and Ainipliagus; both genera occur in adja- cent Asia and are obvious rather recent addi- tions to the North American fauna. Hylesi- nini is represented in Central and South America only by Phloeoborus, which is of an- cient origin and may be allied to the African Dactylipalpus. Hylastinus was introduced through commerce from Europe within the past century. Most of the Tomicini are restricted to hosts in the Pinaceae; consequently, their phyletic history is closely linked to that group. Excep- tions include Xylecliinns (part) (almost world- wide), Hylurgopiniis (North American), and Dendrotrupes (New Zealand). This appears to be a declining group that has undergone at least two radiations and is difficult to interpret. Except for Phloeosinus, the Phloeosinini consist of the essentially Neotropical Carpho- toreiis, Dendrosiniis, Chramesus, and Pseii- dochmmesus, the Ethiopian Chilodcndron, Hylesinopsis, and Trypograpfms, with Clodoc- tonus occupying both Ethiopian and Neo- tropical areas, the Oriental Phloeocranus, and the Australian Hyleops. Little relationship is seen in the group of genera from one conti- nent when compared to the group from an- other continent. Phloeosinus, however, ap- pears to be of south Asian origin and to have invaded Eurasia, North America, and Austra- lia perhaps as early as the early Tertiary. Except for the almost pantropical Acon- thotomkus, it appears that Ipini originated (from Acanthotomicus?) in southern Eurasia or Africa. The early stock invaded North America from the north, where Pityokteines and Ips formed while Pityogenes and Orthoto- tiiicus formed in Eurasia. One or more recent connections between the land masses enabled elements of each of these four genera to in- vade the territory of the other. In each case 1982 Introduction 53 the invaded area contains only a minor frac- tion of the species-groups, all of which are found in the area of origin (see also Extra- territorial Affinities, above). The Dryocoetini consist of several ele- ments, most of which are of south Asian ori- gin. Exceptions include Dryocoetes (sensu strictu) and Lymantor, which invaded north- em North America recently, and Dendrocra- nuliis, which recently invaded southern North America from South America, and Thamnurgus, Xylocleptes, Triotemnus, and possibly Tiarophorus of Eurasia and Africa. The origin of these latter groups evidently predates the separation of Africa and South America sufficiently that ancestral Den- drocranulus, which is almost congeneric with Xylocleptes, could disperse into South America. The Cryphalini appear to have subdivided early into the Cryphahis group of genera that radiated out from southern Asia and reached northern North America rather recently and the Hypothenemiis group of genera that radi- ated out from the African-South American land mass. A large number of genera and spe- cies are involved and cannot be adequately analyzed without a thorough taxonomic study. METHODS Several departures from normal procedure were followed in this study. Those relating to the examination of specimens include: (1) Early in this study it was learned that the published records of distribution and host could not be relied upon as being authentic. Consequently, virtually every record cited in this work was based upon my personal exam- ination of voucher specimens and types. Ex- ceptions are clearly indicated. Almost all ex- isting primary types, including the types of genera, have been examined by me and com- pared directly in detail to material from the same or a nearby locality. All type com- parisons are cited. Due to misidentification, numerous published distribution and host re- cords are not cited because they do not per- tain to the species mentioned in the liter- ature. Numerous collections were visited during the course of this study to obtain data and to examine type and other material. These included the National Museum of Nat- ural History (Smithsonian Institution), Ameri- can Museum of Natural History, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Illinois Natural His- tory Survey Collection, Ohio State University Collection, State University of New York, Syracuse, Oregon State University, University of California at Berkeley, Colorado State University, California Academy of Sciences, the USDA Forest Service Collections (at Cor- vallis, Oregon; Berkeley, California; Albu- querque, New Mexico; and Fort Collins, Col- orado), Canadian National Collection of Insects at Ottawa, British Museum (Natural History) at London, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle at Paris, Universitates Zoologiska Museum at Helsinki, Zoological Institute of the USSR at Moscow, Forest Re- search Institute at Dehra Dun (India), and the Karl E. Schedl Collection at Lienz, Aus- tria. Type and other material was sent by mail for my examination from numerous in- stitutions and private individuals. Because many of these asked to remain anonymous, none are mentioned here. In all, more than 187,000 North and Central American speci- mens were examined during the course of the study. (2) Measurements of the length of speci- mens depart from the usual method in that the head was not included for any species (other workers have included the head for Hylesininae and Scolytini). In general, mea- surements of the body, pronotum, and elytra were made from a position perpendicular to the dorsal (discal) surface at a position near the middle of the object being measured. (3) All proportions were standardized; that is, the width was always divided into the length of the body, pronotum, or elytra (others have divided the shorter into the longer measurement regardless of the result). (4) Insofar as practical, the descriptions were standardized to make comparisons eas- ier and to avoid the illusion of describing dif- ferences when, in fact, none exist. (5) Distributions are presented just in a brief summary that outlines the most dis- tantly separated limits of range. This is then followed by a listing of political subdivisions from north to south beginning with Alaska (listed as though it were a separate country, due to its geographical position) to Panama. 54 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Subdivisions of these political areas are listed alphabetically. When 10 or fewer collection records are known the full data are given; when 10 to 100 collection sites are known the towns or other localities are listed by states, estados, or provinces; when more than 100 sites are known only the names of the states, estados, or provinces are listed. (6) The authenticity of the data depends on the accuracy of locality, host identification, and labeling by the original collector; on the correctness of labeling in the laboratory; and on the absence of remounting errors and other accidents that can happen in the cura- tion of collections. Many errors have been published in the literature; a few of these were detected and eliminated or pointed out in this study. All my studies were made with a stereo- scopic American Optical Company micro- scope at magnifications of 10, 40, 80, and 160X, equipped with an ocular grid, using an American Optical Company illuminator Model 350, except at Moscow and Helsinki, where local museum equipment was used. Measurements were made in millimeters us- ing the ocular grid, only at lOX magnifica- tion, because distortion affected measure- ments at higher magnifications. Measurements of proportions not requiring conversion to millimeters were made at other magnifications also. When this study commenced it was in- tended that a complete listing of all known references to each species would be included. However, midway through the project finan- cial svipport for this activity was withdrawn and the literature review was discontinued. It is hoped that future events will permit the publication of this important omission. Only the original validation of each nominate spe- cies and the citation of new synonvmy were included. My usage of the terms "interspace" and "interstriae" are not svnonymous, as is the case with many coleopterists. Interspace here is a generic (general) term referring to a space between two objects, such as the space between any two punctures on the frons, pro- notum, or elytra. Interstriae is restricted to the space on the elytra between two strial rows. Because the space referred to can exist onlv between two striae, onlv the plural form of this term is valid. An interstriae is an inter- space, but only one restricted usage of inter- space is an interstriae. To avoid confusion in this work, aii interstriae is never referred to as an interspace. SYSTEMATIC SECTION Family Scolytidae ScoL\TARii Latreille, 1807, Genera crustaceonun et in- sectorum . . . 2:273 (Type-genus: Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762, see China 1962). The first noteworthy attempt to summa- rize the known information about the Scoly- tidae of North America was that of LeConte (1868), who treated 17 genera and 94 species. In a later summary he (LeConte 1876) in- cluded 26 genera and 123 species. Both re- views treated only the fauna of Canada and the United States. In his treatment of the fauna of Mexico and Central America, Bland- ford (1895-1906) recognized 4 tribes, 45 gen- era, and 270 species. Swaine (1918) treated the fauna of Canada and part of the United States, listing 4 subfamilies, 52 genera, and 226 species. In an uncritical summary of pre- vious work, Chamberlin (1939) listed 5 sub- families, 71 genera, and 571 species from Alaska, Canada, and the United States. Bright (1976) recognized 3 subfamilies, 45 genera, and 214 species in Alaska and Canada. The present study is the first attempt to treat the Scolytidae of all of North America, including Central America; 2 subfamilies, 20 tribes, 94 genera, and about 1430 species are listed. This represents an estimated 23 percent of the known world fauna. Speculation as to the apparent degree of completeness of our knowledge of the scoly- tid fauna of this area might be of interest in view of the experience that has resulted from the preparation of this work. It is supposed that 95-97 percent of the species in Alaska, Canada, and the United States are known. Those awaiting discovery will probably be sibling (cryptic) species that can be detected only through intensive biological studies or host specific species that breed in rare or un- studied hosts. Perhaps no more than 80-85 percent of the Mexican fauna is known; most undiscovered species there should be found in nonconiferous hosts. It is doubtful that as 1982 Introduction 55 much as 70 percent of the Central American fauna is known; unfortunately, the rapid rate at which natural habitats are being destroyed there may cause the extinction of many spe- cies before they are discovered by science. Since 37 foreign species have already been introduced into the area, additional species should be expected from this source and may already be established (Wood 1977). While I was engaged in a review of the various classifications of subfamilies and tribes for the Scolytidae by previous workers, it became apparent that they were based on only a minor segment of the family and could not adequately be used for the entire world fauna. In an effort to alleviate this deficiency, a new classification was proposed (Wood 1978) that was based on representatives of about 90 percent of known genera in the world fauna and that utilized characters not previously employed in scolytid classifica- tion. In addition, that contribution contains the first attempt, since priority at the family- group level became mandatory, to list sub- family and tribal names according to their priority. For these reasons the subfamily and tribal divisions may be somewhat different and the names selected less familiar than those presented by earlier works. The various groups are presented in the following key in as nearly a phylogenetic se- quence as present knowledge permits. Ob- viously, there is much opportunity for improvement. Key to Subfamilies, Tribes, and Genera- 1- Each basal margin of elytra procurved and armed (Fig. 16) by a series of marginal crenulations (or less commonly by a continuous elevated costa in some Bothrosternini and Diamerini), usually with a scutellar emargination between them; scutellum usually small and rounded or depressed, absent in some groups; pronotum weakly if at all declivous on anterior half, usually unarmed but crenulations sometimes present on anterolateral areas; head usually visible from above, somewhat wider; protibiae usually wider; scales or deeply divided setae a common feature; subfamily HYLESININAE 2 — Basal margins of elytra forming a straight transverse line across body, unarmed, rarely (some Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Cryphalini) with a weakly elevated continuous line (Fig. 17); scutellum usually large, flat (rarely absent or highly modified in some Xyleborini); pronotum weakly to strongly de- clivous on anterior half and usually armed by many asperate crenulations particularly on median half; head usually partly or entirely concealed from dorsal aspect, somewhat narrower; protibiae usually narrower; scales or deeply divided setae an uncommon feature; subfamily SCOLYTINAE 31 2(1). Scutellar area of metanotum and its postnotum separated by a suturelike in- tersegmental membrane (Figs. 18, 33 No. 43); posterior part of scutoscutellar suture strongly curved mesad to a point near costa or crest of scutellar groove then continuing cephalad parallel to this costa for about two-thirds length of metanotum (Fig. 18) (except much less in Phrixosomini and Hyorr- hynchini); metapleural suture descending subvertically from pleural wing process to metepisternal groove formed to receive corresponding costal groove and flage of elytron then abruptly angled and continued caudad along this groove to a point near pleural coxal process (Figs. 19, 33 No. 46); scutellum visible; fimicle 6-7-segmented or if 5-segmented (Sueiis, Oriental) then male frons not impressed and antennal club symmetrical 3 — Scutellar area of metanotum and its postnotum fused on at least median third, intersegmental suture obsolete (Figs. 21, 33 No. 42); scutoscutellar su- ture less strongly curved, approaching costa of scutellar groove more gradu- ally and continuing cephalad parallel to it for less than half length of me- tanotum (it never reaches margin of this groove in some groups) (Fig. 20); metapleural suture sometimes as described above, but more commonly run- ning a more direct route from pleural wing process to pleural coxal process, often remote from locked position of costal margin of elytra for most or all of its course; scutellum either not visible or if visible then funicle 5- segmented and male frons impressed (except Bothrosternini with 6-segmented funicle but with a distinctive protibia) 15 ■Included in the key are all subfamilies and tribes in the world fauna. The descriptions and distributions of genera apply only to the North and Central American fauna, .\dapted from Wood (1978). 56 1982 Key to Genera 57 HI 1' m r s Fig. 16. Phloeotribus setulosus: Posterolateral aspect of male, note crenulations on basal margins of elvtra, visible metepisternum, and pseudolamellate antennal club. Fig. 17. Scohjtock's plwneriac: Dorsolateral aspect of female. Fig. 18. Hylastes nigrinus: Dorsolateral aspect of nieso- and metatergimi with wings removed; note inter- segmental and scutoscutellar sutures (arrows). Fig. 19. Hylastes nigrinus: Lateral aspect of metapleuron (dorsal area at vipper left), note pleural sutures and groove on metepisternum that locks costal margin of elytron in place (arrows). Fig. 20. Hylastes nigrinus: Ventrolateral aspect of prothorax; note the costate precoxal ridge (arrow). Fig. 21. Eupagiocerus dentipes: Dorsal aspect of metatergum; note incomplete intersegmental suture (is), the com- pletely fused postnotum (pn), and the divergent scutocutellar suture (ss). 3(2). Eye entire to feebly emarginate; scutoscutellar suture parallel to costa of scutellar groove for two-thirds length of notum (Fig. 33 No. 43); precoxal ridge on prothorax present or absent; antennal funicle 5-7-segniented 4 — Eye completely divided by an einargination, halves widely separated; scu- toscutellar suture remote from costa of scutellar groove (Fig. 33 No. 41); cre- nulations on ba.sal margin of elytra low, often poorly formed; precoxal ridge on prothorax never present; antennal funicle usually 6-segmented (5- segmented in Oriental Sueus) 14 4(3). Prothoracic precoxal area rather large, its lateral margins strongly, sharply elevated from anterior margin to coxae (Fig. 20); crenulations on elytral bases usually poorly developed; antennal funicle 7-segmented, club conical, segment 1 about as long as others combined; head somewhat prolonged, sub- rostrate, frons never .sexually dimorphic (Fig. 14A); eye entire, rather short; Northern Hemisphere except introduced elsewhere; in Pinaceae (Tribe Hylastini) 5 58 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Prothoracic precoxal piece small, short, its lateral areas elevated or not; cre- nulations on elytral bases more conspicuously elevated, forming a definite row (except confused in Dactylopalpus, African); antennal funicle variable, 5-7-segmented, club weakly to moderately flattened; head less distinctly ros- trate, male frons usually impressed; eye oval to elongate, entire to feebly emarginate 7 5(4). Anterior coxae rather widely separated by an intercoxal piece, its width at least equal to half width of a coxa (as in Fig. 26); striae 9 and 10 both inde- pendently continued at least to level of abdominal sternum 4; elytral vesti- ture sparse, recumbent, yellow, hair- or bristlelike, never including scales; general surface of elytra and pronotum rather dull; body color reddish brown Scierus — Anterior coxae contiguous or at most with intercoxal piece narrower than one-fourth width of a coxa (as in Fig. 20 or 28); striae 10 obsolete behind level of posterior coxae, only striae 9 continues caudad; elytral vestiture longer, more abundant, usually including at least some small scales 6 6(5). Third tarsal segments broad, bilobed; pronotum usually constricted ante- riorlv, usually about equal numbers of small and large punctures intermixed on disc Hylurgops — Third tarsal segments narrower, emarginate; pronotum not noticeably con- stricted anteriorly, punctures uniformly large or small, rarely intermixed with a few small ones Hylastes 7(4). Pronotum asperate on anterolateral areas (except Hylastinus); pro thorax with strongly elevated costate ridge from coxa to anterior margin; antennal fimicle 6-7-segmented; mesal surface of elytra at base of suture immediately behind scutellum with an interlocking series of nodules and cavities (as in Fig. 22A-B), this lock interrupts groove and flange of suture (not visible when elytra in locked position); worldwide (Tribe Hylesinini) 8 — Anterolateral areas of pronotum unarmed; precoxal costa on prothorax ab- sent; funicle 5-7-segmented; mesal surface of elytra at suture with inter- locking groove and flange continued to base without a series of nodules or cavities immediately behind scutellum (Fig. 22C); worldwide (Tribe ToMICINl) 11 8(7). Anterolateral areas of pronotum unarmed by asperities; precoxal prosternum longer, its lateral margins from coxa to anterior margin strongly, acutely ele- vated, coxae more widely separated, intercoxal piece at least equal to half width of a coxa; eye entire; antennal club conical; breed in roots of clover .... Hylastinus — Anterolateral areas of pronotum usually armed by a few asperities; pro- sternum very short, its lateral margins obtusely, if at all, elevated, coxae more narrowly separated, intercoxal piece equal to less than one-fourth width of a coxa; breed in bark and wood of trees 9 9(8). Dorsal vestiture scalelike; eye rather short, entire; costal margin of elytra ascending toward apex; in Fraxinus Hylesinus — Vestiture hairlike; eye moderately long and shallowly emarginate to exceedingly elongate; costal margin of elytra descending toward apex 10 10(9). Antennal scape long, its apex attaining posterior margin of eye; eye com- paratively short, shallowly emarginate; length usually less than 4.0 mm; western USA and Canada; in Almis Alniphagus 1982 Key to Genera 59 Fig. 22 A-B. Pseudohijlcsinus n. nebuhsus: Mesal aspect of sutiiral margin at base of elytra; note that the sutural grooves continue to the base without interruption. Fig. 22C. Phloeosinits cristatus: Mesal aspect of sutural margin at base of elytra; note the interlocking cavities and nodules at the anterior end of the sutural grooves. — Antennal scape short, not attaining posterior margin of eye; eye exceedingly elongate, often siibcontiguous both dorsally and ventrally; usually larger than 8 mm; tropical species Phloeoborus 11(7). Antennal funicle 7-segmented, club conical, feebly flattened in a few species 12 — Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club moderately to rather strongly flattened 13 12(11). Vestiture scalelike; antennal club with segment 1 longer, usually about one- third of its total length; epistomal margin (and premandibular lobe, when present) with a small, median sulcus, sulcus usually ornamented by a few setae; western North America; in coniferous hosts Pseudohylesinus — Vestiture more slender; antennal club with segment 1 shorter, about one- fourth of its total length; epistomal margin continuous, without a median sulcus or setae; anterolateral area of pronotum with a few fine asperities; eastern North America; in Ulmus Hylurgopinus 13(11). Vestiture scalelike; area immediately above epistomal margin without an elevated epistomal process; smaller species Xylechinus — Vestiture hairlike; epistomal process well-developed; larger species Dendroctonus 14(3). Protibia armed on outer apical margin by several socketed denticles of ap- proximately equal size (as in Fig. 34); procoxae contiguous; frons convex, not sexually dimorphic; antennal scape elongate, suture 1 of club partly septate; pronotum never armed by asperities; America, Africa (Tribe Phrixosomini) Phrixosoma — Protibia with outer apical angle produced into one conspicuous spine reach- ing level of tarsal insertion, outer margin without any socketed teeth (as in Figs. 27 or 29); procoxae rather widely separated; male frons broadly im- pressed, female frons convex; antennal scape either long or short, club asep- tate; pronotum either with or without asperities in anterolateral areas; southeast Asia Hyorrhynchini 60 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 23 A-B. Eupagiocerus dentipes: Posterior face of protibia: A, note the bifid outer apical process and B, the socketed lateral tooth. 15(2). Lateral margins of pronotum usually subacutely elevated, costate; mese- pimeron moderately to very large, its dorsal portion usually grooved for re- ception of elytral base; scutellar shield under base of elytra large, extending posteriorly beyond visible scutellum; scutoscutellar suture remote from costa of scutellar groove to its base; outer apical angle of protibia often with only one major, recurved spine; Africa, southeast Asia to Australia Diamerini — Lateral margins of pronotum usually rounded (subcostate in some neo- tropical Bothrosternini); mesepimeron not enlarged or grooved (feebly grooved in Aricerus, Australia); scutellar shield beneath elytra small if pres- ent, not extended caudad beyond visible scutellum; scutoscutellar suture near and parallel to costa of scutellar groove on at least anterior fourth of metanotum 16 16(15). Outer apical angle of protibia with a curved bifid process (Fig. 23), meso- and metatibiae with one or two (usually smaller) curved spines on outer apical angle extending beyond level of spine on inner apical angle; pro- notum smooth or longitudinally strigose; funicle 6-segmented; lateral pro- sternal area usually subacutely elevated from coxa to anterior margin; ante- rior coxae widely separated; crenulations on elytral bases rather small or (rarely) replaced by a continuously elevated costa; eye entire; America (Tribe Bothrosternini) 17 — Outer apical margin of protibia armed by several teeth of about equal size (except Aricerus in Phloeotribini, Australia), none of them extending beyond tarsal insertion; funicle 4-7-segmented; prosternal area with margins rounded, costa obsolete; eye varying from entire to emarginate to divided 21 17(16). Lateral margins of pronotum rounded 18 — Lateral margins of pronotum marked by a sharply elevated, costate to subcostate line (Fig. 24) 19 18(17). Sutures of antennal club transverse, straight; rostrum distinctly wider than distance between eyes; pronotum either longitudinally strigose or punctured; pith borers of twigs and woody vines Cnesinus 1982 Key to Genera 61 — Sutures of antennal club strongly procurved; rostrum width at tip equal to distance between eyes; frons excavated, with a median tubercle just above epistoma; body oval; seed borers Pagiocerus 19(17). Sutures of antennal club strongly procurved; pith borers in twigs and woody vines Eupagiocerus — Sutures of antennal club transverse, straight 20 20(19). Proepisternal area partly excavated, with cavity densely filled by yellow pubescence; prothoracic intercoxal piece with a transverse, subcarinate ridge; elytral interstriae usually not strongly carinate; ambrosia beetles in axial tunnels of woody vines Bothrosternus — Proepisternal area normal, not densely pubescent; prothoracic intercoxal ridge absent; elytral interstriae narrowly carinate from posterior part of disc to apex; pith borers in branches and twigs Sternobothrus 21(16). Scutellum visible, elytral bases notched for its reception; tarsal segment 3 stout, usually somewhat bilobed (except slender in Chramesus); mesal surface of elytra at suture immediately behind scutellum with a series on interlocking nodules and cavities 22 — Scutellum obsolete, elytral bases only slightly if at all emarginate at suture; tarsal segment 3 slender; mesal surface of elytra at suture usually without a special lock, groove and flange extend to base at position of scutellum 27 22(21). Antennal club pseudolamellate, strongly constructed at sutures and movable at intersegmental lines (Fig. 15); North and South America, Eurasia, Australia (Tribe Phloeotribini) Phloeotribus — Antennal club immovable, broadly fused at sutures, sutures often partly or entirely obsolete; worldwide (Tribe Phloeosinini) 23 23(22). Antennal funicle 6- or 7-segmented, club symmetrical, sutures transverse 24 — Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club moderately to very strongly asym- metrical, sutures oblique or absent 26 24(23). Antennal funicle 7-segmented, sutures on club procurved; body stout, black; basal area of pronotum strongly, rather extensively grooved for reception of elytral bases; abdomen ascending to meet elytra; larger species; tropical Dendrosinus — Antennal funicle 6-segmented; body more slender; basal area of pronotum not conspicuously grooved for reception of elytra; abdomen horizontal; smaller species 25 25(24). Eye entire; antennal club flattened, elongate, about equally divided by two strongly constricted, straight sutures; elytral ground vestiture rather abundant, subplumose Carphotoreus — Eye deeply emarginate; antennal club subglobular, recurved sutures in- dicated only by rows of fine setae; elytral ground vestiture sparse, mostly obsolete, hairlike when present Cladoctonus 26(23). Eye emarginate (completely divided in a few Indo-Australian species); an- tennal club marked by at least two oblique sutures, moderately asymmetric- al; tarsal segment 3 broad, somewhat bilobed; pronotum never armed by asperities; in coniferous hosts (mostly Cupressineae) Phloeosinus — Eye entire; antennal club large, strongly asymmetrical, sutures obsolete; tar- sal segment 3 slender; pronotum commonly with asperities in anterolateral areas; never in coniferous hosts Chramesus 62 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 27(21). Eye sinuate or entire; pronotum armed by a few scattered or clustered aspe- rities; crenulations at bases of elytra restricted to area between suture and interstriae 5; funicle 3-5-segmented; scutoscutellar suture remote from costa of scutellar groove on anterior fourth of metanotum; almost worldwide (Tribe Hypoborini) 28 — Eye emarginate or entirely divided; pronotum never armed by asperities; crenulations at bases of elytra more widely distributed, extending laterad beyond interstriae 5; funicle 5- or 6-segmented; scutoscutellar suture passing near and parallel to costa of scutellar groove on anterior fourth of metanotum; Northern Hemisphere, Africa (Tribe Polygraphini) 29 28(27). Antennal funicle 5-segmented, sutures of club transverse, distinct; elytral vestiture without conspicuous recumbent hair; pronotum armed by two or three widely separated, paired clusters of teeth Chaetophloeus — Antennal funicle 4-segmented, sutures of club indicated only by marginal notches; elytra with uniseriate rows of erect, broad interstrial scales and re- cumbent strial hair of equal length; pronotum armed by three or four pairs of median tubercles Liparthrum 29(27). Eye divided; elytral punctures very small, confused, strial rows not evident; antennal club without sutures; antennal funicle 5- or 6-segmented Polygraphus — Eye emarginate; strial rows clearly indicated by rows of coarse punctures; antennal club with sutures clearly marked 30 30(29). Antennal funicle 6-segmented; elytral ground vestiture hairlike; on Cupressinae Carphobius — Antennal funicle 5-segmented; elytral ground vestiture scalelike; on Abietineae Carphoborus 31(1). Lateral margin of pro- and metatibiae unarmed except for a single, apical, spinelike process that curves toward and extends beyond process of inner apical angle; lateral margin of pronotum subacutely elevated, costate (Fig. 25); pleural suture descending subvertically from pleural wing process to groove receiving groove and flange on costal margin of elytra, at this point suture turns abruptly and follows groove caudad to metapleural coxal pro- cess (Fig. 25); funicle 7-segmented, sutures of antennal club strongly procurved or obsolete; Holarctic and Neotropical (Tribe Scolytini) 32 — Lateral margin of protibia armed by more than one denticle, none of which exceed or curve toward inner apical process; pleural suture less strongly ang- ulate, groove receiving flange of costal margin of elytra displaced ventrad from course followed by pleural suture; lateral margin of pronotum subacutely raised or not, antenna variable 35 32(31). Scutellar area of interstriae 1 not depressed, scutellum even (flush) with ely- tral bases; basal margins of elytra with a fine raised line (broken into minute crenulations in some Cnemonyx), outline of anterior margins form a contin- uous, straight, transverse line with scutellum; ventral profile of abdomen ascending gradually 33 — Scutellum depressed, subtriangular, apically (posteriorly) pointed; elytral bases depressed in scutellar area, appearing emarginate in median area; ventral profile of abdomen usually ascending abruptly at segment 2 34 1982 Key to Genera 63 33(32). Antennal club usually with two or three sutures clearly marked by setae; scutellum small, longer than wide, often convex; apical margin of meso- and metathoracic tibiae commonly bearing tubercles on anterior edge in addi- tion to inner and outer processes; usually more coarsely sculptured, smaller species, less than 2.5 mm; phloeophagous Cnemonyx — Antennal club with only suture 1 marked internally by a partial septum; scu- tellum flat, 1.5 or more times as wide as long; meso- and metathoracic tibiae acutely margined on apical anterior edge, without supplemental denticles; usually very finely sculptured; 2.2-8.5 mm; xylophagous ambrosia beetles Catnptocerus 34(32). Humeral margin of elytra deeply, broadly excised, metepisternum con- spicuously expanded into this notch; abdomen abruptly flexed upward at posterior margin of segment 2; phloeophagous; tropical Scolytopsis — Humeral margin of elytra normal (straight) and overlapping metepisternum; abdomen flexed upward from anterior margin of segment 2; phloeophagous . Scolytus 35(31). Metepisternum visible throughout its length, slightly more than its dorsal half covered by elytra when in locked position, either with a conspicuous groove for reception of costal flange throughout its length or else groove represented at its anterior end by a denticulation or costate remnant near anterior end of metepisternum; antennal club varying from flat to obliquely truncate 36 — Metepisternum largely covered by elytra, its groove for reception of costal flange obsolete, a small, transverse callus (Cryphalini) (Fig. 31) or a small transverse groove (Corthylini) (Figs. 32 or 33:47) at anterior end of mete- pisternum; antennal club strongly flattened; antennal club never obliquely truncate 70 36(35). Lateral margins of pronotum subacutely elevated, basal margin of elytra usually finely elevated (Fig. 16); procoxae rather widely separated (Fig. 26) except contiguous in Xyloctonini (Africa to SE Asia); protibia with promi- nent outer apical process recurved, usually extending beyond tarsal insertion (Fig. 27), posterior tibia tapered on apical third and armed by several small socketed denticles; funicle 6-7-segmented; tarsi often retractile into tibial grooves 37 — Lateral and basal margins of pronotum rounded; procoxae subcontiguous (Fig. 28) (except most Micracini and a few Xyleborini); protibia with outer apical angle inconspicuous, armed by several small socketed denticles; funicle 2-6-segmented; tarsi not retractile (except Xyleborini) 42 37(36). Eye divided or nearly so by a very deep emargination; antennal club flat, usually enlarged, with sutures strongly procurved; abdomen conspicuously ascending toward apex (not always clear in Ctonoxylon, Africa); tarsi always retractile into tibial grooves; Africa, SE Asia Xyloctonini — Eyes entire to shallowly sinuate on anterior margin; antennal club flat, usu- ally smaller, more slender, sutures variable if present; abdomen horizontal; tarsi retractile or not 38 38(37). Antennal club unmarked by sutures; pronotum with sides strongly con- stricted on posterior half; scutellum absent (a small scutellum present in one species); Africa to Asia, New Guinea (Fig. 30); mycetophagous SCOLYTOPLATYPODINI Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fii^. 24. Eiipu^iocerus dcntipea: Lateral aspect; note the costate lateral margin of the pronotnm. Fig. 25. Cnemonijx panamcn.sis: Lateral aspect, wings removed; note the costate lateral margin of the pronotum. pleural suture, and groove for reception of elvtra. Fig. 26. Scoli/todes phtmcriae: Ventrolateral aspect: note costate lateral margin of pronotum. visible mete- pisternum, and interstriae 10 (arrow) that extends to posterior third of elytra. Fig. 27. Scolytodes schwarzi: Posterior face of i)rotil)ia; note lateral unsocketed spine extending beyond inner (mesal) apical spine (arrow). — Antennal club with one or more .sutures indicated by grooves, setae, or sep- tae; scuteUum large, flat; America; not mycetophagous (Tribe Ctenophorini) 39 39(38). Eyes elongate, approximate above and below, coarsely faceted, .shallowly emarginate; entire surface of pronotum .smooth and punctured, not armed 40 — Eye oval, entire, finely faceted; pronotum asperate anteriorly or if smooth then anterior margin of elytra bearing a fine raised line 41 40(39). Antennal club subglobular, about as long as wide, sutures not clearly in- dicated; pronotum longer than wide, its lateral margins straight or feebly constricted; vestiture hairlike, usually sparse; small, slender species Microborus 1982 Key to Genera 65 — Antennal club asymiiietrically flattened, pointed, at least 1.5 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 clearly marked by setae; pronotum wider than long, its lateral margins arcuate; vestiture of abundant, short, bristlelike scales; larger, stouter species Pycnarthrum 41(39). .\ntennal funicle 7-segmented, club large, broad, usually with procurved su- tures or sutures obsolete; elytral vestiture consisting of abundant, minute hair and sparse interstrial rows of long, erect, scalelike bristles; summit of pronotum on basal third, asperities on anterior area coarse; elytral base without a fine raised line Gymnochilus — Antennal funicle 6-segmented, club small, sutures present or not; elytral ves- titure sparse, hairlike; asperities fine, if present; summit at middle or in- definite; basal margins of elytra marked by a fine raised line (Fig. 16) Scolytodes 42(36). Procoxae moderately separated; protobiae with sides parallel, armed by den- ticles only on apical margin or posterior face; funicle 6-segmented; female frons often concave, male frons rarely concave (two Pseudothysanoes); Africa, America (Tribe Micracini) 43 — Procoxae contiguous (except Carphodicticini, some Xyleborini); protibia much wider apically, armed on lateral margin by several denticles; female frons rarely concave (a few Dryocoetini), male frons often concave; funicle 2-5-segmented 49 43(42). Elytra broadly rounded behind (subacuminate in Pseudothysanoes mucro- natus); lateral margins of antennal club constricted at sutures 1 and (usually) 2, except when sutures totally obsolete 44 — Elytral apices acuminate (partly lost in some Micracisella), usually mucro- nate; antennal club without sutural constrictions, sutures always indicated on anterior face 46 44(43). Pronotum longer than wide, summit less strongly developed; protibia rather broadly flattened, sides parallel, subtruncate apically Thysanoes — Pronotum as wide or wider than long, summit well developed; protibia slender, weakly or not at all flattened 45 45(44). Elytral declivity in both sexes variously sculptured but never sulcate; anten- nal scape long or short, club with or without sutures; mostly phloeophagous, a few xylophagous Pseudothysanoes — Elytral declivity bisulcate, subvertical; antennal scape short, flattened, little if any longer than pedicel, club small, widest through basal half, sutures 1 and 2 straight, indicated by rows of setae; phloeophagous Stenocleptus 46(43). Eye short, oval, not more than 1.5 times as long as wide, finely faceted; an- tennal club small, sutures straight to weakly procurved or bisinuate; protibia slender 47 — Eye elongate, 2.0 or more times as long as wide, coarsely faceted; antennal club rather large, sutures very strongly procurved; anterior tibiae rather strongly flattened 48 47(46). Sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club straight, visible only at margins, obsolete in central area, club small; protibia entirely unarmed on posterior face, smooth; phloeophagous Phloeocleptus — Sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club weakly procurved to bisinuate, clearly vis- ible in central area of anterior face, club larger; protibia armed on posterior face by many tubercles or rugae; xylophagous Hylocurus 66 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 48(46). Eye shallowly emarginate, often approximate below; anterior tibiae less strongly flattened, at least one of five distal teeth on outer margin; scape usually less strongly expanded; antennal club rather broad, sutures more broadly procurved; monogamous, pith beetles Micracisella — Eye entire, always widely separated below; anterior tibia more strongly flat- tened, all five teeth on distal margin; scape usually very strongly expanded; antennal club more elongate, sutures usually much more strongly, narrowly arcuate; bigamous, xylophagus Micracis 49(42). Male frons strongly excavated, epistoma armed by a pair of (usually) fused spinelike horns of enormous size; funicle 5-segmented, club often small and feebly flattened; eye small, entire; pronotum with summit near basal margin, projecting back over scutellum in some species; western United States and Mexico (Tribe Cactopinini) Cactopinus — Not fitting above combination of characters 50 50(49). Meso- and metathoracic tibiae more slender, more abruptly narrowed on apical fourth, lateral and apical margins armed by fewer, coarser teeth; eye sinuate to shallowly emarginate (divided in Tiarophorus, Dryocoetini, Af- rica); pronotum sometimes with a raised line on basal or lateral margin; pregular area not depressed; sexes of similar size and body form (except male dwarfed and deformed in Coccotrypes and Ozopemon); habits varied but never woodboring or mycetophagous 51 — If eye completely divided into two parts and antennal funicle 4-segmented then male frons deeply excavated and male equal in size to female; if eye emarginate (or if divided and funicle 5-segmented) then male dwarfed, de- formed, and flightless and female meso- and metathoracic tibiae expanded to just beyond middle then arcuately tapered to apex, its apical two-thirds on outer margin armed by a row of numerous small, closely set teeth of equal size, these usually supplemented in same row by submarginal hair on poste- rior face; male pronotum highly modified; pregular area depressed (except Premnobius); woodboring, mycetophagous 62 51(50). Pronotum rather strongly, laterally constricted on posterior half, anterior half not declivous and unarmed by asperities; anterior coxae moderately sep- arated; antennal club strongly flattened, marked by two sutures, sutures on posterior face almost equal to those on anterior face; South America, India to Ceylon Carphodicticini — Pronotum not constricted, sides straight to arcuate, anterior half declivous, usually armed; anterior coxae contiguous; antennal club obliquely truncate (Fig. 29) or with sutures on posterior face strongly displaced toward apex (rarely with sutures obsolete) 52 52(51). Elytral declivity moderately sulcate to elaborately excavated, with lateral margins usually armed by tubercles or spines; pronotum more strongly declivous on anterior third, asperities usually larger; worldwide (Tribe Ipini) .... 53 — Elytral declivity slightly flattened to convex, unarmed by tubercles, spines, or unusual sculpture; pronotum usually evenly arched from base to anterior margin; asperities fine and abundant when present 57 53(52). Elytral declivity rather narrowly bisulcate, lateral margins rather broadly elevated, rounded, and armed by not more than three pairs of denticles; lower margin of declivity rounded; usually smaller than 3 mm 54 1982 Key to Genera 67 — Elytral declivity broadly, rather deeply excavated, margins acutely elevated and armed by three or more pairs of denticles (except one to six in tropical Acanthotornicus); lower margin of declivity with an acutely elevated trans- verse ridge separating declivital excavation from apical margin; usually larger than 3 mm 55 54(53). Prosternal intercoxal piece short, obtuse; female frons deeply, rather narrow- ly excavated (except meridianus and mexicanus); male declivity with two or three pairs of enlarged denticles; antennal club compressed, two sutures visible on distal third of posterior face Pityogenes — Prosternal intercoxal piece long and acutely tapered; female frons convex; male declivity more narrowly impressed Pityokteines 55(53). Antennal club obliquely truncate, sutures recurved; third (lowest) major den- ticle not on lateral margin of elytral declivity, displaced mesad from margin; eye of normal size; in coniferous hosts Orthotomicus — Antennal club flattened, sutures either procurved or strongly bisinuate; lat- eral margin of elytral declivity armed by one to six major denticles, third (if present) on or incorporated into crest of lateral margin; eye usually abnormally large or else very small 56 56(55). Sutures of antennal club (when present) moderately to very strongly pro- curved; eye large, very coarsely faceted, its width about equal to length of scape, its length more than twice length of scape; in angiosperm hosts from Mexico to South America Acanthotomicus — Sutures of antennal club moderately to strongly bisinuate (except procurved in concinnus, mexicanus); eye small, finely faceted, its width equal to much less than length of scape, its length equal to much less than twice length of scape; in coniferous hosts from Canada to Nicaragua Ips 57(52). Antennal funicle 4-6-segmented, club either obliquely truncate or with su- tures on posterior face strongly displaced toward apex; anterior half of pro- notimi more strongly declivous and rather coarsely asperate (unarmed in Tiarophorus, Africa); worldwide (Tribe Dryocoetini) 58 — Antennal funicle 2-3-segmented, club with sutures on posterior face about equal to those on anterior face; pronotum feebly declivous on anterior half and unarmed (minutely granulate in some Aphanarthrum, Africa, etc.), reti- culate in many species; size small; Northern Hemisphere, Africa (Tribe Crypturgini) 61 58(57). Pronotum distinctly longer than wide, widest at middle; antennal club com- pressed or with membranous apical portion extending beyond corneous portion, sutures procurved; scutellum very small 59 — Prothorax about as wide as long, widest on posterior third, sides converging rather strongly on anterior half; antennal club obliquely subtruncate, sutures transverse or recurved; scutellum moderate to large 60 59(58). Antennal funicle 4-segmented; club compressed, sutures strongly arcuate; pronotum granulate on anterior half, punctured behind; host Acer Lymantor — Antennal fimicle 5-segmented; club less strongly compressed, sutures nar- rowly to rather broadly procurved; pronotum usually granulate to base; host Cucurbitaceae Dendrocranulus 60(58). Antennal club with basal corneous portion reaching beyond middle; declivi- ty steep, abrupt, confined to posterior fourth of elytra; northern North America; in coniferous hosts Dryocoetes 68 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Corneous portion not reaching middle of antennal club in central area; de- clivity gradual, extending over at least posterior third of elytra; frons con- vergently aciculate; southern USA to South America; in nonconiferous hosts Coccotrypes 61(57). Antennal fvmicle 2-segmented, club with one suture near apex; northern and eastern North America Crypturgus — Antennal funicle 3-segmented, club with three sutures; northwestern North America Dolurgus 62(50). Eye always completely divided into two parts; antennal funicle 4-seg- mented, base of club feebly to moderately corneous, usually pubescent to base; male subequal in size to female, his frons flattened or excavated and anterior margin of his pronotum more broadly rounded; male joins female in parental gallery, reproduction always bisexual; Europe, Asia, North America (Tribe Xyloterini) 63 — Eye emarginate except divided in some Pseudoxyleborus (SE Asia); funicle 5- segmented (3- or 4-segmented in a few Asiatic forms); males flightless, dwarfed, deformed, anterior slope of pronotum variously excavated; male head convex; male absent from parental gallery except as progeny; partly parthenogenetic, males haploid; worldwide (Tribe Xyleborini) 64 63(62). Subcomeous basal area of antennal club broadly, feebly procurved; anterior tibiae flattened, devoid of tubercles on posterior face in both sexes; male frons somewhat flattened; male distinctly smaller than female; long axis of female proepimeral excavation transverse Xyloterinus — Subcomeous basal area of antennal club strongly, narrowly procurved; fe- male protibiae inflated and tuberculate on posterior face, flattened and tu- berculate in male; male frons deeply, extensively, concavely excavated, con- vex in female; male pronotum subquadrate, its anterior margin unarmed and straight to weakly recurved, in female serrate and procurved; long axis of female proepimeral excavation longitudinal, very narrow Trypodendron 64(62). Pregular area not depressed below surrounding ventral area of head; labial palpi cylindrical, comparatively slender; antennal club thickened at base, margin of thickened area procurved, not corneous, pubescent almost to base; lateral margin of pronotimi subacute from base almost to anterior margin; posterior face of protibia minutely tuberculate; anterior margin of pronotum imarmed Premnobius — Pregular area depressed inward below ventral contour of head; labial palpi broad, segment 1 greatly enlarged; antennal club usually obliquely truncate, basally corneous, sutures if present recurved (except Sa7npsonius); lateral margins of pronotum more broadly rounded; protibiae usually smooth on posterior face (except Dryocoetoides); anterior margin of pronotum armed or not 65 65(64). Antennal club often more strongly flattened, with two transverse or pro- curved sutures not attaining margins laterally but continuing separately, su- ture 1 continuing to and clearly visible on posterior face, suture 2 continuing to apex of club or more rarely to posterior face near apex, basal area more weakly corneous, both sutures equally elevated; anterior margin of pronotum always serrate 66 — Antennal club clearly, obliquely truncate, basal area strongly corneous, its distal margin on anterior face recurved, usually acutely marked, continuing to apex of club, a second suture sometimes indicated but entirely confined to anterior face, usually obsolete before apex and never acutely elevated; anterior margin of pronotum serrate or not 68 1982 Key to Genera 69 66(65). Antennal club rather strongly flattened, both sutures moderately to rather strongly procurved; pronotum very slender, at least 1.4 times as long as wide, its anterior margin armed by two very coarse serrations; elytra very elongate, declivity gradual and as long as disc, ordinarily with unusual sculp- ture and ornamentation; eyes very large, very coarsely faceted; tropical Sampsonius — Antennal club with sutures straight, feebly procurved to weakly recurved; pronotum stout, less than 1.1 times as long as wide, its anterior margin usual- ly armed by four or more moderately coarse serrations; elytra variously sculptured, moderately elongate 67 67(66). Anterior tibia inflated and armed on posterior face by several conspicuous, confused granules or denticles in addition to socketed teeth on outer margin; eyes averaging larger and more coarsely faceted Dryocoetoides — Anterior tibia flattened, its posterior face smooth, entirely devoid of granules; eyes averaging smaller and more finely faceted Theoborus 68(65). Anterior coxae widely separated by an intercoxal piece; body very stout, 1.9-2.3 times as long as wide; anterior margin of pronotum serrate; elytral disc occupying less than half of elytral length, declivity convex, devoid of major tubercles or processes Xylosandrus — Anterior coxae contiguous; body stout to slender, elytra variously sculptured .... 69 69(68). Basal margins of elytra rounded, forming an almost straight, transverse line across body; scutellar notch entirely filled by scutellum; scutellum flat, attaining level of elytral surface Xyleborus — Basal margins of elytra abrupt, precipitous in median area; scutellum con- ical, not filling scutellar notch, adjacent vertical sides of scutellar notch pub- escent; posterolateral margin of elytral declivity often dentate, never carinate Xylehorinus 70(35). Costal margin of elytra slightly to moderately ascending from base of decliv- ity to apex; basal end of metepisternum armed by a callus or partial groove of degenerating metepisternal spine (Fig. 31); sutures on posterior face of antennal club more strongly displaced toward apex; funicle 3-5-segmented; tibiae more strongly flattened, usually armed by more than four denticles; vestiture commonly includes scales; eye usually entire, less commonly emarginate; worldwide (Tribe Cryphalini) 71 — Costal margin of elytra descending toward apex (except Brachyspartus, South America); basal end of metepisternum with a small, transverse groove (Fig. 32) (concealed when elytra in locked position), elytra in locked position more completely cover metepisternum; sutures on posterior face of antennal club only slightly displaced toward apex; funicle 1-5-segmented; tibiae more slender, rarely armed by more than four socketed denticles; vestiture rarely includes scales (in tropical forms only); eye emarginate; almost worldwide except Australia (Tribe Corthylini) 80 71(70). Lateral margins of pronotum without a fine, raised line (indistinct in Scoly- todes); eye sometimes sinuate, emarginate only in Stegomerus; costal margins ascending only slightly posteriorly 72 — Lateral margins of pronotum acute, at least basally, and with a fine raised line on basal third; eye emarginate (except Trischidias); costal margins of elytra ascending distinctly posteriorly 76 70 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 28. Ips woodi: Ventral aspect of prothorax; note contiguous coxae (right coxa removed) and the absence of a precoxal ridge. (Plant fiber between coxae is an artifact.) Fig. 29. Dnjocoetes confusus: Anterior aspect of antenna; note the obiicjueiy truncate apical face of club. Fig. 30 A-B. Scolytoplatypus papuanus. A, Posterior aspect of protibia; B, note that lateral denticles are not socketed. Fig. .31. Cryphalus nifirollis nifirollis: Dorsal aspect of parts of thorax with wings removed; note pronotal aspe- rities and the degenerate episternal spine (arrow) that locks costal margin of elytra in position. Fig. .32. Corthyhts panatncnsis: Lateral aspect of metathorax with elytra removed; note loss of episternal groove and spine and its replacement by a small, oblique, anterior groove (arrow) and the very different position of the pleural suture (arrow). 1982 Key to Genera 71 Fig. 3.3. Diagrams of Stolytidae metanota: 41, Chramesiis liickoriae dorsal aspect (arrow points to remnant of in- tersegmental suture; 42, same, pleuron (arrow at metepisternal spine; 43, Hylasfes nigrinus dorsal aspect, with labels indicating intersegmental suture (is), postnotum (pn), scutellar groove (sg), and scutoscutellar suture (ss); 44, same, lateral aspect, with labels at metepimeron (mn), metepisternum (ms), pleural suture (ps), and metepisternal spine (s, marked by arrow); 45, Cnctnomjx panamensis, dorsal aspect (arrow points to intersegmental suture); 46, same, lateral aspect (arrow points to metepisternal spine); 47, Pityophthorus croionis. lateral aspect (arrow points to metepisternal groove that has replaced the spine of other tribes), (.\ftcr Wood 1978.) 72(71). Antennal club slender, 1.7-2.2 times as long as wide, apically pointed, su- tures aseptate, straight; antennal funicle 5-segmented; basal half of pronotum without scalelike setae; on Alnus, Populus, Salix Trypophloeus — Antennal club wider, less than 1.6 times as long as wide, apically rounded, sutures almost straight or procurved, often septate; funicle 4- or 5-segmented; basal half of pronotum with some scalelike setae 73 72 No. 6 Fii;. 34. Apex of posterior face of protlioracic- tibia of Pohjgmphus rufipcnnis showing socketed denticles at margin. 73(72). Antennal club with three moderately to .strongly procurved, aseptate sutures marked by rows of setae 74 — Antennal club with suture 1 at least partly septate, .sutures either straight or else not marked by rows of setae 75 74(73). Antennal funicle 5-segmented; eye shallowly, broadly emarginate; tropical ... Stegomerns — Antennal funicle 4-.segmented; eye entire; eastern USA Ernoporicus 75(73). Sutures of antennal club straight, suture 1 septate; anterior margin of pro- notum slightly produced; lateral areas of pronotum with no indication of a raised line; northern North America Procryphalus — Suture 1 indicated only on lateral half of antennal club by a strongly ang- ulate septum, other sutures and median half of 1 obsolete; anterior margin of pronotum broadly rounded; lateral margins of pronotum rounded and marked by a fine, raised line; tropical Scolytogenes 76(71). Antennal club with sutures recurved, suture 1 aseptate; tarsal segment 3 broad and emarginate; American species only in coniferous hosts Cryphalus — Antennal club with sutures straight or procurved; tarsal segment 3 cylindrical; rarely in coniferous hosts 77 77(76). Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club large, with three aseptate, procurved su- tures; strial punctures obsolete; male and female equal in size and appear- ance; vestiture abundant; monogamous and phloeophagous Hypocryphalus — Antennal club smaller, suture 1 often septate, funicle often with reduced segmentation, male dwarfed, much smaller than female, with eyes abnormally small, flightless, rare; pith beetles, some phloeophagous 78 78(77). Eye entire; club rather large, aseptate, fimicle normally 3-segmented, rarely 4-segmented; body very stout, less than 2.3 times as long as wide, smaller than 1.1 mm; SE USA Trischidias — Eye emarginate; funicle 5-segmented, less conunonly 4-segmented (some- times 3-segmented in Hypothenemus bimianns or males of any species); iLsuallv larger and more slender 79 1982 Key to Genera 73 79(78). Aiitennal club with suture 1 partly septate; raised lateral line extending only one-third pronotum length from base; elytra clothed with rows of rather abundant strial and interstrial setae; mature color usually dark brown to black Hypothenemus — Antennal club aseptate; raised lateral line extending two-thirds pronotum length from base; subglabrous, a few subspatulate interstrial bristles on de- clivity; mature body color usually rather pale yellowish or reddish brown Cryptocarenus 80(70). Antennal fimicle usually 5-segmented (3- or 4-segemented in Dendroterus, Dacnophthorus), club asually smaller, symmetrical; prosternal intercoxal piece acutely pointed (except Dacnophthorus); pubescence usually more abundant, usually in rows on elytra; elytral declivity convex to bisulcate, armature conservative; bark and twig beetles (Subtribe Pityophthorina) 81 — Antennal funicle 1- to 5-segmented, club usually much larger, commonly asymmetrical prosternal intercoxal piece absent (except obtuse in Gnatho- triclms, Gnathotrupes); pubescence usually greatly reduced to obsolete or minute and strongly confused; elytral declivity convex to truncate to deeply excavated (weakly bisulcate in some Gnathotrichus), commonly with spinose processes; ambrosia beetles (Subtribe Corthylina) 92 81(80). Basal and lateral margins of pronotum rounded, devoid of a fine, raised line; elytra rather coarsely punctured, unarmed declivity steep, usually sub- vertical and somewhat flattened on lower half, almost never bisulcate; discal vestiture abundant 82 — Basal and lateral margins of pronotum marked by a finely raised line; elytral declivity more gradual, convex to bisulcate, often ornamented by granules 83 82(81). Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club with aseptate sutures strongly pro- curved; interstrial setae scalelike; male frons strongly, transversely carinate at upper level of eyes, female epistoma deeply emarginate to accommodate a pair of mandibular spines Styphlosoma — Antennal funicle 3- or 4-segmented, club with sutures at least slightly re- curved, aseptate; elytral vestiture hairlike; female epistoma not emarginate, mandible never with projecting spines Dendroterus 83(81). Sutures of antennal club moderately to very strongly procurved, only suture 1 septate, or if all external sutvires obsolete then mesal half of suture 1 marked by an internal septum Araptus — Sutures 1 and 2 clearly, equally marked by rows of setae and grooves, straight to moderately procurved, if procurved then both sutures at least partly septate (sutures straight when both almost obsolete) 84 84(83). Sutures 1 and 2 of antennal club aseptate and clearly marked by grooves and rows of setae; pronotal asperities continuing in lateral areas to base; larger species; in cones oi Piniis (except hanksianae in twigs) Conophthorus — Sutures 1 and 2 both partly to completely septate or if aseptate then either antennal club largely glabrous or body size much smaller; pronotal asperities not extending to basal margin except in some tropical species not found in coniferous hosts; mostly smaller species; never in cones of conifers 85 85(84). Pronotum without a transverse impression behind summit, transition from asperate to punctured areas gradual or asperities continuous to base; rare tropical species 86 74 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Pronotum with a distinct transverse impression behind summit (a few excep- tions in Pityojyhthorus), transition from asperate to punctured area more abrupt 87 86(85). Elytral vestiture hairhke; elytral declivity broadly, subconcavely impressed; larger species Conophthocranulus — Interstrial setae scalelike (spatulate), in rows; elytral declivity convex; male frons armed Spermophthorus 87(85). Sutures of antennal club moderately procurved, segment 1 shorter than 2 or 3; greater frontal pubescence a male character; elytral punctures fine, usual- ly confused, short pubescence abundant, often scalelike, striae usually obsolete; mostly confined to Quercus; bigamous Pseudopityophthorus — Sutures of antennal club straight to weakly procurved, segments 1 and 2 sub- equal in length; pubescence never scalelike, less abundant, striae clearly evi- dent or if confused than punctures rather coarse; almost never in Quercus (exceptions are tropical) 88 88(87). Antennal club rather large, 2.5 or more times as long as funicle; monogamous 89 — Antennal club proportionately smaller, usually less than 1.5 times as long as funicle; polygamous (except a few Pityophthorus) 90 89(88). Body stouter, 2.5-2.8 times as long as wide; elytral declivity convex; female pronotum with a pair of large, densely pilose areas in anterolateral areas; antennal club with only two sutures; in Pinus Pityohorus — Body very slender, 3.7-3.8 times as long as wide; elytral declivity strongly impressed; female pronotum without pilose areas; antennal club with suture 3 indicated by a row of setae; in Clematus and other vines; tropical Dacnophthorus 90(88). Female head normal, pregula and mandibles not disproportionately enlarged; antennal funicle usually 5-segmented Pityophthorus — Either female pregula greatly enlarged and bearing a tuft of hair or else female oral region abnormally broad and with mandibles greatly enlarged 91 91(90). Female pregula greatly enlarged and bearing a tuft of long hair, male pregula only slightly enlarged; Arizona and New Mexico; in Pinus Pityotrichus — Female oral region abnormally broad and with mandibles greatly enlarged; Costa Rica to Brazil; in broadleaf trees Gnatholeptus 92(80). Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club always symmetrical, with two or three clearly marked sutures; anterior tibia widest near apex, its posterior face usually flat, unarmed (a few minute granules in Gnathotrupes); elytral declivity conservatively sculptured 93 — Antennal funicle 1- to 3-segmented, club commonly asymmetrical, sutures often reduced or absent; tibiae variously sculptured; declivity frequently armed 94 93(92). Sutures of antennal club straight to moderately procurved, segment 1 not noticeably reduced in size; elytral declivity convex to narrowly sulcate, sub- apical margin near apex acutely elevated, sutural apex entire, rather narrowly rounded behind; Canada to Costa Rica Cnathotrichus 1982 Key to Genera 75 — Sutures of antennal club moderately to strongly procurved, segment 1 dis- tinctly smaller; elytral declivity moderately to strongly flattened; elytral apex at least weakly divaricate, very broadly rounded to shallowly emargi- nate behind, without a submarginal costa near apex; Guatemala to South America Cnathotrupes 94(92). Antennal funicle 2- to 3-segmented, club with two sutures clearly marked; elytral apex divaricate (except Metacortlnjius, Glochitwcenis), commonly ex- planate, declivity often elaborately excavated and armed by spines; protibia always slender, with posterior face inflated and tuberculate; body usually slender 95 — Antennal fimicle 1 -segmented, club with one, two or no sutures; elytral apex entire, declivity convex to rather weakly excavated, never explanate; pro- thoracic precoxal piece transverse, straight, not extended between coxae; protibiae variable; body comparatively stout 99 95(94). Procoxae contiguous, anterior wall of combined coxal cavities and precoxal piece transversely straight; protibiae similar in male and female, with mar- ginal row of tubercles, posterior face either unarmed or with a longitudinal row of up to about four tubercles; posterior face of female antennal club with long hair sparse to absent; antennal funicle usually 3-segmented, less commonly 2-segmented; frons commonly with a sharply defined granulate area 96 — Prothoracic precoxal piece moderately large, posteriorly angulate, oc- cupying anterior portion of area between coxae; male protibia armed by coarse marginal serrations and a row of equally coarse serrations on posteri- or face, female protibia with posterior face moderately inflated and armed by numerous, confused, small tubercles in addition to coarser marginal row; posterior face of female antennal club ornamented by more abundant, long hair; frons never ornamented by a sharply defined granulate area 97 96(95). Elytra broadly rounded behind, posterior margin of declivity feebly if at all explanate, weakly if at all divaricate; lateral margins of declivity armed by three pairs of spines; antennal club oval to subtriangular, little if any longer than wide; anteroventral (sternal) margin of prothorax flanged, bent or fold- ed posteriorly away from head, usually bearing a tuft of hair; pronotum usu- ally stouter, anterior margin usually serrate; antennal funicle 3-segmented .... Tricolus — Posterior margin of elytral declivity strongly to profoundly explanate, weak- ly to profoundly divaricate; declivital armature variable, antennal club oval to very elongate; anteroventral margin of prothorax fitting snuggly against head, sparsely pubescent; pronotum usually much more elongate, anterior margin variously sculptured, rarely serrate; antennal funicle usually 3-segmented, occasionally 2-segmented Amphicranus 97(95). Elytral apex divaricate, often also explanate; antennal club oval to broadly triangular; lateral margins of pronotum usually with a fine, raised line; body moderately to very slender Monarthrum — Elytral apex entire, never explanate; lateral margins of pronotum rounded; antennal club more than twice as long as wide (except 1.6 times in male Metacorthylu.s), its apex narrowly rounded; body comparatively stout 98 98(97). Antennal funicle 3-segmented; female frons excavated and elaborately orna- mented by long hair; antennal club not sexually dimorphic, elongate, slightly asymmetrical; pronotum and elytral disc glabrous Glochinocerus 76 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Coptonotus 31. Scolytodes 32. ^ 33. Diamerus Camptocerus Fii;. 35. Posterior face of prothoracic tibiae: 25, Pwtuhijldste.s annosim, with tarsus (Platypodidae); 26, Pw- toplatijpus vettthts, with tarsus (Platypodidae); 27, Mecopelmtis zeteki, with first segment of tarsus (Platypodidae); 28, Schecllariiis mexicanus, with first segment of tarsus (Platypodidae); 29, Coptonotus cyclops, with first two tarsal seg- ments (Platypodidae); .30, Tricolus peltatus (Corthylini); 31, Scolytodes sp. (Ctenophorini); 32, Diamerus impar (Dia- merini); 33, Camptocerus auricomus (Scolytini). (After Wood 1973:86.) — Antennal funicle 2-seginented; frons convex and subglabrous in both sexes; antennal club asymmetrically very elongate in female, elongate-oval in male; pronotum and elytra minutely, closely pubescent Metacorthylns 99(94). Lateral margins of pronotum rounded; elytral disc usually impunctate, de- clivity .short, very steep, narrowly sulcate above, triangularly impressed be- low, costal margins near apex ascending slightly; antennal club subcircular, symmetrical, with two a.septate sutures marked by rows of .setae; female frons convex, pubescence inconspicuous Microcorthylus — Lateral margins of pronotum marked by a fine raised line (except some Cor- thycyclon), elytral disc usually with clearly marked, confused punctures, de- clivity convex, truncate, or variou.sly sculptured (but not as above); female frons usually moderately to strongly convex, often ornamented by hair; antennal club symmetrical to strongly asymmetrical, sutures present or not 100 100(99). Antennal club aseptate, without sutures (some species with weak transverse grooves, without rows of setae), usually very elongate; lateral margins of pronotum either with or without a fine, raised line; posterior face of protibia inflated and tuberculate; female frons broadly, evenly concave and ornamented by fine hair Corthycyclon 1982 Key to Genera 77 — Antennal club with one or two sutures, its outline subcircular to strongly asymmetrical (if sutures absent then posterior face of protibia flat, smooth); female frons variable 101 101(100). Elytral declivity narrowly, weakly sulcate (except convex in one species), lateral margins armed by two or three pairs of pointed granules; antennal scape elongate, clubshaped; female frons variously impressed, with a pair of median carinae narrowly separated by a sulcus over part or all of median line; color pale yellow to yellowish brown; antennal club symmetrical, broadly oval, with two finely marked sutures; protibia inflated, tuberculate .. Corthylocurus — Elytral declivity convex, truncately concave, or variously impressed (but never narrowly sulcate); antennal scape subquadrate, stout; female frons never with pair of median carinae; antennal club slightly to profoimdly asymmetrical, sutures (when present) rather strongly marked; posterior face of protibia smooth or tuberculate Corthylus Subfamily HYLESININAE Hylesinen Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2:46 (Type-genus: Hylesinus Fabricius, 1801) Anatomical features.— The subfamily Hylesininae is distinguished from the Scoly- tinae by the separately arcuate basal margins of the elytra, with this basal margin slightly elevated and anned by a series of crenula- tions or in primitive tropical forms by a con- tinuous costa, by the rather broad, deep su- tural emargination, with the rounded or reduced scutellum slightly displaced posteri- orly. In addition the head is usually visible from above, the pronotum is either unarmed or with most asperities confined to the ante- rolateral areas (a few exceptions), the body form tends to be stouter, and the anterior coxae more commonly are separated. The an- terior tibiae are never as in Scolytus. A few South American species in one sec- tion of Cnetnonyx have basal crenulations on the elytra as well developed as in many Hy- lesininae. However, the character is not con- sistent nor present in all species of the group. The presence of this character in Cnemonyx indicates the primitiveness of the genus and suggests a possible point at which the two subfamilies might have diverged. The Hylesi- ninae apparently arose after the Platypo- didae had diverged from the main line of scolytid evolution and after the Scolytini had diversified, from a group perhaps not very unlike the more highly evolved Cnemonyx. The superficial resemblance of some genera, Hylastes and Hylurgops, to certain weevil genera can be attributed as much to evolu- tionary convergence to meet certain condi- tions in the environment as to genetics. Biological features.— Almost all North and Central American genera of Hylesininae are phloeophagus. The pith feeding Both- rosternini clearly were derived from phloeo- phagous types {Cnesinus annectens Wood), including the mycetophagous Bothrosternus. Dendrosinus, Phloeoborus, and two or three species of Chramesus are xylophagous. The primitive type of parental gallery in the Hy- lesininae was a transverse, biramous system as in Cnemonyx; longitudinal, pith, and radi- ate systems apparently were derived later as specializations appeared. All American spe- cies are monogamous except for the polyg- ynous Polygraphus and Carphoboriis, and for the apparent partial parthenogensis in some Bothrosternini. At least two tropical species of Phloeosinus (papuanus Schedl and a sim- ilar sympatric species) are also polygynous. Taxonomy.— A complete absence of agreement in published literature on the clas- sification of the Hylesininae led to a search for new characters that might make possible a more nearly phylogenetic classification of tribes and genera (Wood 1978). The (1) pres- ence or absence of an intersegmental suture between the scutellar area of the metanotum and its postnotum, (2) the course followed by the scutoscutellar suture on the metanotum, and (3) the structural arrangement of details in the locking mechanism at the base of the elytra were found to have significance in the characterization of tribes and in the grouping of genera. The result of these discoveries was a classification of this subfamily that is quite different from that seen in previous works (Wood 1978). The genera are now arranged in more meaningful groups that reflect true structural and, it is hoped, genetic relationships. 78 Tribe HYLASTINI Hylastes LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Fhilos. Soc. 15:387 (Type-genus: llijlaates Erichson, 1836) Anatomical features.— The head is dis- tinctly subrostrate, scrobes are present, the frons is not sexually dimorphic, the eye is comparatively small and entire, the antennal funicle is 7-segmented, the antennal club is conical with distinct sutures, the basal crenu- lations on the elytra are poorly developed, the ridges extending from the anterior mar- gin of the coxae to the anterior margin of the prothorax are well developed, the tibiae are broadly expanded, and the tarsal segments are broad and pubescent. Biology.— All American Hylastini occur north from Honduras in coniferous hosts. They breed at or below the ground level in roots or in logs resting on the ground. The biramose adult tunnels are usually almost en- tirely in the phloem and evidently are not oriented with the grain of the wood. Larval mines wander irregularly in the phloem. Taxonomy.— Interstriae 10 extends to the declivity in Scierus and the front coxae are rather widely separated, suggesting that this genus is much more primitive than Hylastes or Hylurgops. The Hylastini are a rather highly specialized group of primitive Hylesininae. Genus SCIERUS LeConte Scierus LeConte, 1876, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:390 (Type-species: Scierus annectens LeConte, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is very clo.sely al- lied to Hylurgops LeConte, with which some European writers placed it in synonymy; however, it is distinguished from that genus bv the much more widely separated anterior coxae, by the continuation of elytral inter- striae 10 to the level of abdominal sternum 5, by the complete absence of scalelike vesti- ture, and by the uniformly large pronotal punctures. Description.— Length 2.7-4.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; secondary sexual dif- ferences obscure except for male stridulating device on abdominal tergum 7; head sub- rostrate, frons convex above, a pronounced transverse impression at level half way be- tween antennal bases and upper level of eyes, subinflated between impression and level of antennal insertion, flattened below; epistomal process not evident, premandibular epistomal lobe well developed. Eye elongate oval; en- tire. Antennal scape elongate, almost equal in length to 7-segmented funicle; club conical, with three distinct sutures. Pronotum nar- rower than elytra, narrowed and constricted anteriorly, unarmed, surface dull, with uni- formly large punctures. Scutellum small, oval, convex. Crenulations on elytral bases small, distinct; striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae irregular dull, reticulate, obscurely punc- tured. Declivity convex, steep; more strongly sculptvired than on disc, interstriae tubercu- late. Vestiture consisting of sparse, yellow hair or bristlelike setae; never with scales on pronotum or elytra. Distribution.— New Mexico to British Columbia and eastward in the spruce forests to Quebec. Biology.— Usually found in the lower bole or roots of fallen trees or logs where tliey construct simple galleries in the cambium re- gion. The larvae feed primarily on the phloem tissues. Key to the Species of Scierus Pronotal surface granulo.se, setae not longer than diameter of a puncture; ely- tral interstriae irregular, subcrenulate to crenulate on middle half of disc, length of setae not equal to more than half width of an interstriae; declivital 79 80 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 tubercles larger and more abundant; Alaska, British Columbia, and New Mexico to Newfoundland; Picea, rarely in Pinus; 2.7-3.7 mm 1. annectens LeConte Pronotal surface reticulate, setae about twice as long as diameter of a punc- ture; elytral interstriae only slightly irregular, not at all, or minutely crenulate on middle half of disc, length of interstrial setae about equal to width of inter- striae; declivital tubercles small, not always easily seen; Alaska to Colorado; Abies lasiocarpa, Picea; 3.8-4.3 mm 2. pubescens Swaine 1. Scierus annectens LeConte Fisis. 36-37 Scierus annectens LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:390 (Lectotype, sex?; Anticosta Island in Quebec; Mus. Coinp. Zool., present designation) Diagnosis.— Distinguished, often with some difficulty, from pubescens Swaine by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.7-3.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown with yellowish pubescence. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed at level half way between upper lev- el of eyes and level of antennal insertion, sub- inflated between this impression and level of Fig. 36. Scierus annectens. (After Bright 1976:205.) antennal insertion, flattened toward epis- toma; premandibular epistomal lobe rather large; surface granulose, punctures indistinct; vestiture rather abundant, coarse, very short and inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides strongly ar- cuate on basal two-thirds, narrowed ante- riorly and distinctly constricted just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface minutely granulose, punctures distinctly im- pressed on disc, rather large, close, of almost uniform size; vestiture short, coarse, usually not longer than distance equal to diameter of a puncture. Elytra L5 times as long as wide, 2.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and diverging very slightly on basal two-thirds to declivital base, somewhat narrowly rounded behind, posterior profile interrupted by de- clivital tubercles; crenulations on elytral bases small, distinct, not in a continuous row; striae distinctly impressed, punctures rather large, deep, poorly formed; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, ir- regularly convex, surface minutely granulate, obscure punctures confused, with their ante- rior margins elevated, mostly finely crenulate at least toward base and near declivity. De- clivity steep, convex; sculpture much as on disc except striae proportionately wider; in- terstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, 2 im- pressed and terminated below by a ridge ex- tending from junction of 3 and 9 to 1; interstrial crenulations more nearly tubercu- late, uniseriate, moderately large except on lower half of 2. Vestiture consisting of short, stout, recumbent interstrial setae; each seta about equal in length to diameter of strial pimcture. Female.— Virtually identical to male. Distribution.— Alaska and Arizona to Newfoundland and Maine. 1982 Hylastini 81 A A (SSSP^i^'^'"^^"' ^v-^r-y-w^il^W^f^^^^lwePi^fli^fi^MTy^tn*^^ H Fig. 37. Scierus annectens: A, entrance hole; B, tiirninif niche; C, larval mine; D, egg gallery, (.'\fter Stewart 1965:926.) ALASKA: Kenai. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Jaspar Park, Lesser Slave Lake. British Columbia: Creighton Valley (Lumby), Glacier, Lorna, Pine Pass. New- foundland: Pasadena, Sandy Lake (Badger). Ontario: Frater. Quebec: Cascapiedia, Gaspe Peninsula (Burnt Jam Creek, St. John River), Laniel, Trinity Bay. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, San Francisco Moun- tains. California: Big Bear Lake. Colorado: Boulder. Du- rango. Meeker, Montezuma N. F., New Castle. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene. Maine: Brunswick, Camp Caribou. Mon- tana; Glacier, Pray. New Hampshire: Crooks, W. Stuartstown. New Mexico: Sante Fe Sid Basin. Oregon: Ashland, Gold Lake (Willamette N. F.). Utah: .\shley N. F., Fish Lake N. F., La Sal Mountains, Logan Canyon, Wolf Creek Pass. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. spp., rarely in Pinus contorta. Biology.— Stumps, the lower bole, and roots of rather large, prostrate trees, or the lower side of logs are usually selected for at- tack. The adult galleries are in the cambium region mostly in the phloem and are of a simple monoramous type. The larvae feed primarily upon phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based upon 352 specimens. Variation in the series examined appeared to be as great between individuals as between series from different areas. The first specimen in LeConte's syntypic series, cited above, has been re- garded as the type and is here designated as the lectotype of annectens. The fourth and last specimen in his series (Vancouver) is of Aniphagus aspericollis. 2. Scierus pubescens Swaine Scierus pubescens Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:287 (Holotvpe, female; Jasper Park, .-Mberta: Cana- dian Nat., Coll., 728) Diagnosis.— In addition to characters mentioned in the above key, this species is distinguished by the larger punctures on the pronotum and the elytral striae, by the finer, longer vestiture, by the finer sculpture, and by the more nearly shining, reticulate surfaces. Male.— Length 3.8-4.3 mm, 2.26 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, with pale yellow vestiture. Frons as in annectens but surfaces less granulose, vestiture slightly longer; frontal area somewhat more slender, transverse im- pression evidently deeper. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; as in annectens except sides much less strongly 82 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 arcuate, surface reticulate, not at all granu- late, punctures larger, more sharply im- pressed, and vestiture finer, distinctly longer. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in an- nectens except posterior profile more finely serrate, interstriae proportionately narrower, about as wide as striae, anterior margins of interstrial punctures much more finely crenu- late, general surface coarsely reticulate, de- clivital interstriae less strongly convex, 2 much less strongly impressed, with all tu- bercles much smaller, and vestiture longer, each seta up to twice as long as width of a strial puncture. Female.— Sexual differences not readily apparent except those involving abdominal terga. Distribution.— Alaska to Colorado. ALASKA: Kenai Peninsula. 8-VI-74, trap, M. M. Fur- niss. CANADA: Alberta: Jasper Park, VIII- 15, no. 2232a, Picea, J. M. Swaine. British Columbia: Haines Road, 10- VIII-52; London Hill Mine, Bear Lake, 7000 ft, on snow; Lorna, 22-VI-25, no. 163 lot .3807, Abies lasiocarpa. USA: Colorado: Argentine Road, 1938, Wickham; New Castle, VII-VIII. Hopk. US 31408B, Picea engelmannii. C. L. Massey. Idaho: McCall, 23-VI to 12-VIII-72 Hopk. 58402, D. R.' Oakes. Hosts.— Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelniannii. Biology.— Presumably similar to annectens. Notes.— The above treatment was ba.sed on the holotype and on 81 other specimens. Genus HYLURGOPS LeConte Hylurgops LeConte, 1876, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:389 (Type-species: Hylastes pinifex Fitch, sub- sequent designation hv Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mu.s. 48:123) Diagnosis.— Within the tribe Hylastini this genus is very closely related to Hylastes, from which some species are distinguished with difficulty. In addition to characters mentioned in the above key, Hylurgops spe- cies normally have rows of fine, long, hair- like, interstrial setae on the declivity (sometimes abraded); hairlike setae in Hy- lastes, if present, are not longer than the ground vestiture. Description.— Length 3.1-5.7 mm, 2.4-2.8 times as long as wide; secondary sex- ual characters clearly evident only on ab- dominal terga. Frons with a transverse impre.ssion midway between level of antennal insertion and up- per level of eyes, convex above, flattened to weakly convex below this point; lower area usually with a median carina. Eye subovate, entire. Antennal fimicle 7-segmented; club conical, basal segment much longer than others, at least two sutures indicated. Pro- notum usually strongly constricted just be- hind anterior margin, surface unarmed, punc- tured. Scutellum small, oval. Crenulations on elytral bases poorly developed, bases usually not elevated; striae impressed or not, punc- tures distinct; interstriae variously sculp- tured. Declivity convex, steep. Vestiture in- cluding both hairlike and scalelike setae. Distribution.— The Holarctic realm; sev- en species including two with subspecies oc- cur throughout the coniferous forests of North and Central America south to Guate- mala (and probably Honduras) wherever rep- resentatives of the Pinaceae are native. Thir- teen additional species occur in the Palaearctic realm. Biology.— All species construct hylesinine simple or biramous egg tunnels in phloem tis- sues and may engrave the wood slightly. Eggs are placed in niches and are packed in frass. The larvae mine phloem tissues in an aimless pattern; the larval tunnel usually is visible on the inner surface of peeled bark. The stump and roots are .selected for attack by some spe- cies, others attack the bole or even limbs of fallen trees or they may invade logs. Some species breed primarily in injured or weak- ened green bark, others prefer logs with sour- ing bark. Key to the Species of Hylurgops Declivital interstriae equally convex, their tubercles .small; pronotal vestiture hairlike; crenulations on basal margins of elytra rather poorly developed Alternate declivital interstriae strongly elevated and armed by rather large tu- bercles; pronotal ground vestiture consisting of abundant, small scales, .some hairlike setae usually intermixed; crenulations on elytral bases rather well developed 1982 Hylastini 83 2(1). Posterior half of lateral margins on pronotum acutely elevated; lateral margins of pronotum straight on more than basal half, very feebly convergent; pronotal vestiture erect, rather abundant, long, many setae at least equal in length to those on declivity; longest declivital setae abundant, confused, not in rows; Arizona, New Mexico to Guatemala; 4.6-5.7 mm 1. incomptus (Blandford) — Lateral margins of pronotum transversely rounded, moderately to strongly ar- cuate in outline from base to constriction on anterior fourth; pronotal vestiture recumbent, very short or absent; longest hairlike setae on elytral declivity in sparse, uniseriate rows 3 3(2). Body more slender, at least 2.5 times as long as wide; pronotum longer than wide; normal body color black; basal angles of pronotum rather abruptly roimded; transverse constriction on pronotum obscure 4 — Body stouter, less than 2.3 times as long as wide; pronotum wider than long; normal body color dark reddish brown; basal angles of pronotum rather broadly rounded; pronotum with a distinct transverse constriction on anterior fourth 7 4(3). Small and large pronotal punctures only slightly different in size, most inter- spaces less than half as wide as diameter of a puncture; body stouter, 2.6 times as long as wide; Arizona and New Mexico to Honduras; 3.8-5.3 mm 2. planirostris (Chapuis) — Largest punctures on pronotal disc about twice as large as smallest, most inter- spaces between punctures at least equal in width to smallest punctures; body more slender, 2.7 times as long as wide 5 5(4). Hairlike setae on pronotum and elytra very fine and exceedingly long, at least twice as long as distance between interstrial rows of long hair on elytra; high altitudes of Puebla and Mexico; 3.8-4.6 mm 4. longipennis (Blandford) — Hairlike setae on pronotum and elytra shorter, length not exceeding distance between rows of interstrial hair 6 6(5). Elytral surface smooth, shining; submarginal crenulations at base of elytra acute, marginal crenulations rather well developed; median frontal carina acutely elevated, extending a short distance above transverse impression near epistoma; pronotal punctures usually much coarser, deeper; British Columbia and Alberta to California and New Mexico; 3.3-4.6 mm 3. porosus (LeConte) — Elytral surface minutely reticulate; elytral bases without acute crenulations, marginal crenulations rather poorly developed; frontal carina indistinct, visible only in transverse impression immediately above epistoma; pronotal punctures smaller, closer, usually not as deep; Northwest Territories to California and New Mexico; 3.7-5.0 mm 5. reticulatus Wood 7(3). Scalehke elytral vestiture confined to declivity; elytral disc with only a few crenulations in uniseriate rows, these usually narrow and more nearly tubercu- late, most interstrial punctures on middle half almost normal (not crenulate); setae on lateral and basal margins of pronotum very fine; pronotum reticulate; California to Coastal British Columbia and Alaska; 3.6-4.8 mm 6. rugipennis rugipennis (Mannerheim) — Scalelike vestiture extending anteriorly to middle of elytral disc; elytral disc with most interstrial punctures crenulate or subcrenulate, confused; setae on lateral and basal margins of pronotum coarse; pronotum smooth, shining (inter- mediate in zone of intergradation); Utah and Colorado to inland British Co- lumbia and east through the coniferous forest to Nova Scotia and Alabama; 3.7-5.2 mm 7. rugipennis pinifex (Fitch) 84 8(1). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Odd-numbered declivital interstriae rather strongly, more uniformly elevated and anned by moderately large tubercles; strial punctures smaller, interstrial bristles finger; N Arizona and N New Mexico to Alaska; 3.1-4.2 mm 8. subcostulatus subcostulatus (Mannerheim) Odd-numbered declivital interstriae very strongly elevated, conspicuously con- stricted laterally and in height between much coarser tubercles; strial punc- tures distinctly larger, interstrial bristles coarser; S Arizona and S New Mexico to Honduras; 3.3-4.4 mm 9. subcostulatus alternans (Chapuis) 1. Hylurgops incomptus (Blandford) Hylastes incomptus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 14.5 (Syntypes; .\ndres Chalchico- mula, now Ciudad Serdan, Piiebla, Mexico; Brit- ish Mus. Nat. Hist) Hylurgops grandicoUis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept Agric. Ent. Br. Bnll. 14:17 (Lectotype, sex?; Cloiidcroft, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:67.5); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:.397. ^ijnomjmij Diagnosis.— In addition to characters mentioned in the above key this species is distinguished by the deeply impressed centers of the pronotal punctures. Female.— Length 4.6-5.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons with a moderately strong, transverse impression near middle about midway be- tween upper level of eyes and level of anten- nal insertion, rather strongly convex above and weakly convex below except weakly im- pressed laterally just above epistomal margin; epistomal lobe broad, not very strongly pro- duced; surface smooth and shining, with close, deep, rather coarse punctures; vestiture consisting of fine, long and short, rather sparse, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very weakly arcuate and feebly converging on basal two-thirds, rather broad- ly rounded in front; lateral margins sharply, subacutely elevated on at least basal half; sur- face smooth and shining, with abundant, close, deep, medium and small punctures ex- cept on median line; an elevated median line vi.sible on about three-fourths of pronotum length; vestiture consisting of rather abun- dant, erect, hairlike setae of variable length, many of them about as long as those on ely- tral declivity. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, then rather broadly rounded behind; .striae not at all impressed, punctures small, rather deep, obscure; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, shining, interrupted by numerous deeply impressed, irregular, transverse lines, tubercles or crenulate elevations entirely ab- sent. Declivity steep, convex; striae weakly impressed, punctures more nearly evident; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly, 9 moderately ele- vated, each bearing a row of fine granules; interstriae with moderately abundant, fine punctures. Vestiture consisting of short, rather sparse scales, and fine, long, rather abundant confused, hairlike setae on declivity and sides. Male.— Evidently identical to female ex- cept on abdominal terga. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Guatemala. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Huachuca Mts., Oak Creek Canyon, Paradise, Santa Catalina Mts., Williams. New Mexico: Beulah, Capitan Mts., Cloud- croft, Coolidge, Las Vegas, Lincoln N. F., Peloncillo N. F., Santa Fe Canyon, White Mts. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mesa del Huracan, 24-VII-64, Pinus engehnannii. J. B. Thomas; San Cristobal, 8-VII-69. Distrito Federal: 24 km S El Guarda, 14-XI-46. Durango: 60 km, SW El Sal- to, 2.3-VII-5.3 Pinus, S. L. Wood. Hidalgo: 7 km E Za- catlan, 12-VI-67, 2900 m. No. 20, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Mexico: 70 km W Toliica, 1.5-VII-53, Pinus. S. L. Wood; Tlalmonalco, P. leiophijUa, P. J. Perrv. Puebia: 8 km SW Teziiitlan, 18-VII1-58, Pini«, H. F. Howden. Tlaxcala: 20 km N Tlaxco, 9-Vn-67, Pinus, No. 181, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 5 km E Perote, 15-Vl-,53, 2400 m, Pinus, S. L. Wood; Las Vigas, 18-XII-48, H. B. Leech. GUATE- MALA: Cerro Calel, Quezaltenango, 26-V-64, 3100 m. No. 620, Pinus pseuclostrobus, S. L. Wood; San Cristo- bal, Huehiietenango, 28-V-64, 2300 m, Pinus pseudo- stwhus. S. L. Wood; Tecpam, 11-X-.32, 600 m, Pinus. Hosts.— Probably any species of Pinus within the distribution. Biology.— This species breeds in stumps of dead or dying pines near or below ground level. Egg galleries are constructed primarily in the phloem ti.ssues and lightly score or at least stain the surface of the wood. The ir- regular larval mines wander through the 1982 Hylastini 85 phloem tissues and are usually visible on the inner surface of the bark through at least part of their length. Notes.— The types of both incomptus and grandicollis were examined. The above treat- ment was based on my female homotype of incomptus from Cerro Calel and on 151 addi- tional specimens. 2. Hylurgops planirostris (Chapuis) Fig. 41 Hylastes planirostris Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 21 (Lectotype, female; Suapan, Mexico; Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Brussels, subsequent designa- tion by Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146) Hylurgops knausi Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Jech. Bull. 14(1): 17 (Lectotype, sex?; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., subsequent designation by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:675); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to porosus, but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 3.8-5.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in incomptus, but perhaps more coarsely punctured; median carina variable. Vestiture short. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide (rarely 1.0); widest near middle, sides rather strongly arcuate from base to feeble constriction just before rather broadly rounded anterior mar- gin; surface shining, densely punctured by rather deep punctures of almost uniform size, interspaces almost never as wide as diameter of a small puncture; glabrous except for a few setae on lateral margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in po- rosus except striae tending to be less deeply impressed, punctures narrower, and inter- striae perhaps less irregular and wider. Female.— Differences not apparent except on abdominal terga. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Honduras. USA: Arizona: Alpine, Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Globe, Graham Mts., Hanagan Camp (Greenlee Co.), Paradise, Patagonia, Pinaleno Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., WTiite Mts. New Mexico: Alto, Buelah, Capitan, Cloud- croft, Las Vegas, Lincoln N. F., Magdalena (Socorro Co.), Pecos N. F., Sacramento Mts., Silver City. ME.Xl- CO: Chiapas: El Bosque; 8 km S San Carlos, 6-1II-63, H. C. Bechtel; 8 km E San Cristobal, 8-V1I-69, Pinus ayacii- hiute, D. E. Bright. Chihuahua: Creel, 18-VlI-6(), and La Laja, 16-Vll-60^ S. L. Wood. Distrito Federal: Mexico. Durango: 16 km W El Salto, VII-64, J. B. Thomas. Hi- dalgo: 6 km E Zacatlan, 12-VI-67, S. L. Wood. Mexico: 70 km W Toluca, 15-VII-53, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 55 km E Morelia, 14-V1-65, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Tlaxcala: 17 km N TIaxco, 9-VII-67, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 26 km NW Jalapa, 29-VI-53, Pinus S. L. Wood; 11 km SE Las Vigas, 18-XII-48, H. B. Leech. GU.\TEMALA; Cer- ro Calel, 26-V-64, P. pseudostrohus, S. L. Wood; Tecpan, 24-1 V-56, Pinus, R. L. Furniss; Totonicipan. Hosts.— Evidently all species of Pinus within its range. Biology.— This species tends to infest logs or the bole of fallen trees and, when abun- dant, may completely replace Ips in a given log. The tunnels appear to be similar to those of incomptus. Notes.— The above treatment is based on the lectotypes of planirostris and knausi and on 481 other specimens. One specimen in a long series of this spe- cies, from Cloudcroft, New Mexico, and a unique specimen from the Chiricahua Moun- tains, Arizona, exhibit characters almost exactly intermediate between this species and porosus. Several specimens of both species from central Arizona and New Mexico sug- gest slight intergradation of characters be- tween these two species. While the two in- termediate specimens suggest hybridization or intergradation of species, the material presently at hand does not warrant reducing them to subspecies of one another. 3. Hylurgops porosus (LeConte) Figs. 38, 41 Hylastes porosus LeConte, 1868, Trans. .American Ent. Soc. 2:175 (Lectotype. female?; California; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31: 147) Hylurgops lecontei Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):16 (Holotvpe, sex?; Colorado; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9242); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:147. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This variable species is close- ly allied to planirostrus (Chapuis) and occa- sional specimens from the zone of over- lapping distributions can be distinguished only by the relative size and density of pro- notal punctures. Female.— Length 3.6-5.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in incomptus but perhaps more coarsely punctured; a median carina on 86 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 lower third sometimes more definite. Vesti- ture short. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide (rarely to 1.0); sides usually widest one-third from base, moderately arcuate to a feeble con- striction just before broadly rounded anterior margin, some specimens with sides on basal half almost straight and parallel; surface shin- ing, with large and small punctures inter- mixed in variable proportions (most com- monly in about equal numbers), largest punctures about twice as large as smallest, some of interspaces on disc at least equal in width to diameter of a small puncture; me- dian line usually visible on middle third; glabrous except at margins, setae short. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; profile as in incomptus; striae usually slightly impressed toward de- clivity, punctures large, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, punctures small, abundant, confused, surface usually Fig. 38. Htjlurgpps porosus: Outline from dorsal aspect, with sculpture of pronotum indicated. Fig. 39. Hijlurgops rugipennis piriifex: Outline from dorsal aspect, with sculpture of pronotum indicated. Fig. 40. Hylurgops subcostulatiis subspecies: A, s. suhcostulatus, outline from dorsal aspect; B, same, declivity; C, s. alternans, declivity. 1982 Hylastini 87 shining, slightly irregular especially toward declivity. Declivity steep convex; striae and interstriae somewhat narrower; interstriae 1 (usually) and 9 weakly elevated; all inter- striae with a row of uniseriate, widely spaced, fine granules. Vestiture consisting of small, moderately abundant scales on declivi- ty and asually on posterior area of disc, and uniseriate rows of long, fine, erect, interstrial hair on declivity, usually abraded on disc, each seta about as long as distance between rows or less, spaced within a row by about once or twice this distance. Male.— Evidently identical to female ex- cept on abdominal terga. Distribution.— British Columbia and Sas- katchewan to Arizona and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Cypress Hills, Laggen, Lake Louise. British Columbia: Ashcroft, Aspen Grove, Atlin, Chilcotin, Cranberry Brook, Kingsvale, Lac Le Jeune, Loma, Midday Valley, Sidney, Summerland, Tre- pan Creek, Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Vermillion Sum- mit, Vernon, Yoho Park. Saskatchewan: Cypress Hills. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, Kaibab N. F., Prescott, Califor- nia: Berkeley, Bumey, Chester, Inverness, Lassen N. F., Northfork, Norval Flats, Oakland, Orinda, Pinecrest, Placerville, Plantation (Sonoma Co.), San Francisco, Sequoia N. P., Silver Lake, Summit Lake (Shasta Co.), Truckee, Tulare Co., Yosemite. Colorado: Bvers R. S., Colorado N. F., Estes Park, Evergreen, Ft. Collins, Ft. Fig. 4L Hylurgops spp., distribution map; porosus, .solid circles; planirostris, open circles. Garland, Glenhaven, Leadville, Pingree Park, San Juan N. F., Tercio, Uncompahgre N. F., Whitman. Idaho: Centerville, Ellis, McCall, Moscow, Salmon, .Sandpoint, Winchester. Montana: Cabinet N. F., Columbia Falls, Flathead Lake, Helena, Niger Hill (Powell Co.), Rockv Boy Indian Reservation (Hill Co.), Seeky Lake. Nevada: Minden in Douglas Co. New Mexico: Hermit Peak near Sante Fe. Oregon: Beatty, Bly, Corvalli.s, Crater Lake, Gold Lake (Willamette N. F.), Grant Co., Klamath Falls, McMinnville, Medford, Pineville, Rankin, Santiam Pass. South Dakota: Black Hills, Custer, Pine Ridge. Utah: Beaver, Elk Park (Ashley N. F.), Kamas, Logan Canyon, Long Hollow (Dixie N. F.), Panguitch, Soap- stone (Uinta N. F.), Wolf Creek Pass. Washington: Buckeye, Cheney, Chewelah, Glenswood, Kooskookie, Thorton. Wyoming: Afton, Mountain View, Saratoga, Yellowstone N. P. Hosts.— Pinus attenuata, P. contorta, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, less common in Picea. Biology.— Essentially as in incomptus. Notes.— This abundant and variable spe- cies is probably misidentified more com- monly than any other North American scoly- tid. Within a series from any given locality the pronotal punctures and the impression of the elytral striae may vary considerably, but, contrary to Swaine's (1918:82) note, I fail to associate this variation with geography. The above treatment was based on the lec- totype of porosus, on the holotype of lecontei, and on more than 2000 other specimens. See the note above under planirostris concerning possible intergradation between these species. 4. Hylurgops longipennis (Blandford) Hylastes longipennis Blandford, 1896. Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 143 (Lectotype, female; Rancho de Popocatepetl, Mexico; Briti.sh Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from porosus (LeConte) by the slightly small- er average size, by the more slender body form, by the more finely punctured frons, by the much steeper elytral declivity, and by the different declivital vestiture as described below. Female.— Length 3.8-4.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in porosus except punctures aver- aging slightly smaller, median carina usually indicated but less well developed. Pronotum as in porosus, punctures aver- aging slightly smaller. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 2.3 times as long as pronotum; similar to porosus ex- cept strial punctures slightly smaller, deeper, interstrial punctures slightly smaller, not at all subcrenulate, declivity much steeper, par- ticularly on lower half, scales confined to de- clivity, much less abundant (concealing less than one-third of surface area, interstrial setae very fine, in rows, each seta one to three times as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by about half distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except median frontal carina less distinct. Distribution.— Mexico. .MEXICO: Mexico: Rancho de Popocatepetl, h(eight)t 3800 met(res), Septr., E. Triiqui; Popocatepetl, VII-VIII-78, pheromone trap, Hopk. 61847, M. M. Fur- niss; 11 miles (17 km) E Amecameca, 31-V-74, 3200, C. VV. and L. O'Brien; Parqiie Zoquiapan, 15-XII-79, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— Blandford named longipennis from a syntypic series of five specimens la- beled "Tmqui, Mexico" from the Frey col- lection. One of the specimens bears the num- ber 23337 and, according to Dr. R. T. Thompson, is listed in the Frey collection register with the note "Rancho de Popocate- petl, h(eight)t 3800 met(res) Septr."; it was collected by Eugen Truqui some time prior to 1860. Included in the entry is "Tomolips asperatus Woll(aston) Type." Since Tomolips bicalcaratus Wollaston { = asperatus Wollas- ton) (family Curculionidae) is a relatively common species in the stumps and roots of Pinus leiophylla, and perhaps other pines in the Estado de Mexico, it is assumed that long- ipennis occurs in this habitat. Since a type has not been selected from Blandford's syntypic series, I here designate the second specimen in the series, a female, as the lectotype for Hijlastes longipennis Blandford. In addition to the five syntypes, 10 specimens were examined. 5. Hyhirgops reticulatus Wood Hylurgops reticulatus Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:71 (Holotype, male; Summit Lake, Shasta Co., California; Wood Coll.) Dia(;nosis.— This species is distinguished from porosus (LeConte) by the larger average size, by the minutely reticulate elytra, and by other characters included in the above key. Male.— Length 3.7-5.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black, with whitish vestiture. Frons as in porosus except lower half less deeply, less closely, less finely punctured; median carina almost obsolete, visible only in impression immediately above epistoma. Pronotum as in porosus except usually widest near middle, converging anteriorly more abruptly; surface often partly or entire- ly reticulate, punctures about as on some po- rosus but finer than on most; largest punc- tures about twice as large as smallest, spaced by distances equal to or smaller than diame- ter of smallest punctures. Elytra as in porosus except basal crenula- tions more poorly developed, submarginal crenulations absent; entire surface minutely reticulate (visible at 80 diameters magnifica- tion, not at 40 diameters); interstrial punc- tures smaller, more numerous; interstriae very slightly wider, surface less irregular; in- terstrial crenulations near declivity narrower, very slightly higher; declivital scales more abundant, extending to or slightly anterior to base of declivity; setae in interstrial rows very slightly longer, distinctly coarser. Last visible abdominal sternum never grooved or pubescent as in males of most other Hylurgops species. Female.— Similar to male except anterior tibiae with five (male with six) socketed teeth; terminal, concealed segments of abdo- men only reliable indicator of sex, as in many other species of this subfamily. Distribution.— Northwest Territories and Montana to California and New Mexico. C'ANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Indian Meadows, Lake Cowichan, Merritt (Midday Valley), Pender Harbor, Princeton, Robson, Spioiis Creek, Sum- merland. Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Voght Valley. Northwest Territories: Norman Wells. US.\: .\rizona: Chiricahna Mts., Coconino N. F., Flagstaff, Jerome, Williams. California: Anderson Valley. Baldwin Lake, Big Bear Lake, Big Pines (Los Angeles Co.), Burney, Carmel, Camp Greeley, Carrville (Trinity Co.), Coffee Creek (Trinity Co.), Del Monte, Facht (Lassen Co.), Hayfork (Trinity Co.), Horse Creek, Huckleberry Mead- ows (Freeman Co.), Lassen N. F., Mammoth, Manzanita Lake (Lassen Co.), Miami R. S. (Mariposa Co.), Mon- terey, Norval Flats (Lassen Co.), Pacific Grove, Pine- crest, Redstone Station (Tulare Co.), Salt R. S. (Glen Co.), Stevenson Creek (Fresno Co.), Summit Lake (Shasta Co.), Summerdale, Ventura, Willow Ranch, 1982 Hylastini 89 Yoseniite N. P. Colorado: Badger, Boulder, Ft. (Jollins, Glenhaven, Woodland Park. Idaho: Centerville, Idaho City, Moscow, Priest River, Smith's Fcrrv, Winchester. Montana: Columbia Falls, Cramer Creek, Darby, Helena, Kalispell. Nevada: Galena Creek (Washow Co.), Kyle Canyon (Clark Co.). New Mexico: Capitan, Cloud- croft, Lincoln N. F., Meek. Oregon: Ashland, Cedar Mt., Grants Pass, Hood River, Klamath Falls, Prineville, Wal- lowa N. F. South Dakota: Pine Ridge. Utah: Eureka, Mammoth Mt. Wa.shington: Buckeve, Olvmpic N. P., Pullman, Quinault, Sunrise Park, Taeoma, Toppenish. Hosts.— Pinus jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. spp. Biology.— Evidently very similar to porosus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 86 specimens and on 87 other specimens. 6. Hylurgops rugipennis rugipennis (Mannerheim) Fig. 42 Hylastes rugipennis Mannerheim, 1843, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) i6(2):297 (Syntypes?; Sitka Is- land, Alaska: lost? Not in Helsinki Mus.) Diagnosis.— This form intergrades on a narrovi^ zone with r. pinifex (Fitch), from which it may be distinguished by characters simnmarized in the above key. Male.— Length 3.6-4.8 mm, 2.44 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons essentially as in incomptus but with the median carina acute. Pronotum about 0.9 times as long as wide; widest about a third pronotum length from base, sides strongly arcuate and converging to constriction just behind broadly rounded an- terior margin; surface shining, closely, rather deeply, almost uniformly punctured; vesti- ture very fine, hairlike, usually abraded. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, then broadly rounded behind; striae slightly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; in- terstriae as wide as striae, convex, slightly ir- regular, punctures fine, confused, a few of them narrowly crenulate, tending to form an indefinite row of tubercles. Declivity steep, convex; striae more narrowly impressed than on disc; interstriae 1 and 9 weakly elevated, 2 feebly impressed; each armed by a row of fine, rather widely spaced granules. Vestiture consisting of short ground cover of broad. oval scales on declivity, replaced by fine hair on upper declivity and disc (scales very rarely extend anterior to declivital base), and rows of longer, erect, interstrial hairlike bristles. Female.— Evidently as in male except on abdominal terga. Distribution.— The Pacific Coast from Alaska to California. AL.ASK,^: Farragiit Bay, Ft. Yukon, Juneau, Ketchi- kan, Kodiak Island, Loring, Sitka, Skagway. CAN.\DA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Beaton River, Creston, Glacier, Inverness, Lorna, Mainland, Massett (Queen Charlotte Islands), McBride, Merritt (Midday Valley), Mutokatla, Pine Pass, Skidgate, Stanley Park, Tavlor Lake, Terrace, Trinity Valley, Vancouver. Yukon: Yukon Terr. USA: California: Carmel, Crescent City, Del Norte, Inverness, McKerrick (Mendocino Co.), Mon- terey, Pacific Grove. Oregon: Ahlers, .\storia, Breiten- bush, Cannon Beach, Crater Lake, Detroit, Fogarty, Gold Lake (Willamette N. F.), McMinnville, Newport, North Bend, Otis, Portland, Santiam Pass, Seaside, Taft, Waldport. Washington: Aberdeen, Easton, Eatonville, Forks, Friday Harbor, Hoqiiiam, Lake Crescent, Metal- ine Falls, Mt. Adams, Mt. Rainier, Olympic N. P., Quinault, Satsop, Sauk, Sulton. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Pinus attenuata, P. contorta, P. monticola, P. muricata, P. radiata, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— Specimens in humid areas along the Pacific Coast were taken either from limbs or the bole of fallen trees. The bi- ramous, transverse egg tunnels are of the characteristic hylesinine type that are pri- marily in the phloem tissues but may engrave the wood slightly. Larval mines wander aim- lessly in the phloem tissues and usually are at least partly visible on the inner surface of peeled bark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two specimens from Juneau, Alaska, and on 75 other specimens from localities listed above. Specimens from the coastal areas appear to be anatomically and biologically distinct from those east of the area from the Cascade Mountains to Vernon, British Columbia. Near this line series may fit one form or the other, they may be intermediate in the characters exhibited, or they may contain a mixture of extremes and intermediates of both forms. The zone of intergradation appears to be rel- atively narrow and except near this line the coastal form represented bv the name rugi- pennis, is easily distinguished from the more 90 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 widely distributed inland or eastern form represented by the name pinifex. In view of this narrow zone of intergradation between two otherwise distinct populations, sub- species must be recognized. 7. Hylurgops rugipennis pinifex (Fitch) Figs. 39, 42 Hyhstes pinifex Fitch, 1858, Trans. New York Agric. Soc. 17:729 (Lectotype, female; New York; U.S. Nat. Mus., 42807, present designation) Diagnosis.— As mentioned above under r. rugipennis, there appears to be inter- gradation between these forms. Therefore, they are treated as subspecies that can be separated from one another by characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 3.7-5.2 mm, 2.48 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in r. rugipennis. Pronotum as in r. rugipennis except more small punctures usu- ally present. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; profile as in r. rugi- pennis; striae slightly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, slightly convex, shining, most punc- tures weakly to moderately crenulate, many crenulations half as wide as interstriae and not oriented to form a uniseriate row. Decliv- ity as in r. rugipennis. Vestiture consisting of short, oval scales on entire declivity, often ex- tending to anterior half of disc, u.sually re- placed anteriorly by hairlike setae; and rows of bristles as in r. rugipennis. Fig. 42. Hylurgops ruffpenni.s- subspp.. distrihiition map: r. rujripennis. open squares; r. pinifex, solid squares. 1982 Hylastini 91 Female.— Evidently similar to male ex- cept on abdominal terga. Distribution.— Inland British Columbia to Utah and Colorado then eastward to Nova Scotia and Alabama. CANADA: Alberta: Cypress Hills, Jasper, Loggan, Waterton N. P. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Lorna, Marysville, Rolla. Manitoba: Grass River. New Bruns- wick: Bathurst, Fredricton, McGraw Brook, Plaster Rock, St. Louis, Salmon River. Nova Scotia; Kejimkuyik. Ontario: Algongiiin Park, Chalk River, Constance Bay, Ft. Williams, Longlac, Marmora, Petawawa, Quetico Park, Seaforth (Lake Huron), The.ssalon, Toronto, Whi- tefish Point. Quebec: Aylmer, Ft. Coulonge, Hudson, Hull, Lake Memphremagog, Lake Opasatika, Laniel, Ri- gaud, Quebec, St. .\nne de Bellevue. US.'\; Alabama: Mobile. Arizona: Williams. California: Blancos Corral in White Mts. (Mono Co.). Colorado; Alma, Byers R. S., Dillon, Elk Creek near Fraser (Grand Co.), Estes Park, Fraser. Connecticut: Richfield. District of Columbia: Wa.shington. Idaho: Coeiir d'Alene, Collins, Eagle, Em- erald Creek (Clark Co.), Payette N. F., Moscow, Oro- fino. Pierce, Sand Point, Soda Springs, Utah Co. Maine; Bmnswick, Camp Caribou, Monmouth, Norridgewock, Old Town, Paris, Portland, Waldoboro. Massachusetts; Boston, Framingham, Southboro, W. Springfield, Stone- ham. Michigan: Eagle Harbor, Grand Island, Gull Lake (Kalamazoo Co.), Marquette, Munsing. Minnesota; Du- luth, Itasca Park. Montana: Cabinet N. F., Cohmibia Falls, Missoula, Sula. New Hampshire: Durham, Fran- conia, Hanover, Manchester, Webster. New Jersey: Chester, Da Costa. New Mexico: Las Vegas. New York: Buffalo, Caroline, Cranberry Lake, Gloversville, Ithaca, Nassau, Pocono Lake, Syracuse, West Point, Wyandanch. North Carolina: Ashville, Davidson River, Hendersonville, Pink Beds, Pisgah Ridge, Southern Pines. Ohio; Chillicothe. Oregon; Grant Co., Pine. Pennsylvania: N. Bloomfield, Chambersburg, Cooks- burg, Mt. Alto, Montebello. Utah: Logan Canyon. Wolf Creek Pass. Virginia; Falls Church, Ri.xey, Vetch. West Virginia: Crow (Raleigh Co.). Dellslow, Grand Co., Hampshire Co., Monongalia Co., Morgantown, Pend- leton. Wisconsin: Lac du Flambeau, Three Lakes. Wyoming; Centennial, Lovell. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. flexilis, P. resi- nosa, and P. virginiana. Biology.— Basically as in r. rugipennis ex- cept the timnels are constructed in stumps and roots at or below the ground level and only rarely in the bole of fallen trees or logs. Notes.— The type and 658 other speci- mens were studied. See the above discussion under r. nigipennis concerning intergradation between this widely distributed form and the more restricted form on the Pacific Coast. This subspecies is very similar to glabratus (Zetterstedt), of Europe and Asia, which it re- sembles as closely as it does r. rugipennis. The minute and often inconsistent differences between the two forms suggest that geo- graphical races should be recognized. In spite of this, separate names are retained because the differences, though minute, are definite. The female cotype of Hylastes pinifex Fitch, U.S. National Museum type No. 42807, is here designated as the lectotype of Fitch's species. 8. Hylurgops subcostulatus subcostulatus (Mannerheim) Figs. 4()A,B Hylastes subcostulatus Mannerheim, 1853, Bull. Sec. Imp. Sci. Nat. Moscou 26(3): 239, (Holotype, sex?; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; presumably lost) Hylastes cristatus Mannerheim, 1853, Bull. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Moscou 26(3):239 Holotype, sex?; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; presumably lost). Diagnosis.— As indicated in the above key this is the only American Hylurgops with the alternate declivital interstriae strongly ele- vated. From about central Arizona and New Mexico northward the elevations are more nearly uniform in height and the tubercles they bear are comparatively small; the popu- lation from that point southward is placed in the subspecies alternans. Male.— Length 3.1-4.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons essentially as in incomptus except rostrum slightly smaller and transverse im- pression slightly deeper. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest one-third from base, sides on basal two-thirds strongly arcuate and converging slightly, more strongly one-third from ante- rior margin, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface unarmed, densely covered by punctures of two sizes, larger ones separated by distances equal to less than diameter of a puncture, smaller ones confined to inter- spaces and about half as large as larger punc- tures. Each small puncture bearing a small, ragged scale; a few bristles on lateral margins. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind but with posterior outline in- terrupted by strongly elevated interstriae; striae slightly impressed, punctures deep; in- terstriae as wide as striae, convex, sub- crenulate toward base, odd-numbered 92 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 interstriae elevated toward declivity, punctures fine, close, confused, with an in- definite median row of irregularly spaced, fine granules. Declivity rather steep, convex; interstriae 1, 3, 7, and 9 abruptly, strongly elevated, about as high as wide, summit al- most uniform except where armed by a row of moderately large, pointed tubercles, 2, 4, 6, and 8 unarmed. Ground vestiture of abun- dant, small scales to base; rows of interstrial bristles visible on posterior half, each bristle short, rather stout. Body commonly covered by an incrustation. Female.— Evidently as in male except on abdominal terga. Distribution.— Alaska and Montana to northern Arizona and New Mexico. ALASKA: Kenai Peninsula. CANADA: British Colum- bia: Coldwater, Kelowma, Midday Valley, Peachland, Summerland, Vancouver. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Coconino N. F., Coronado N. F., Grand Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Kaibab N. F., Lakeside, Prescott N. F., Santa Catalina Mts., Williams. California: Acta, Bass Lake, Big Pines Park, Blacks Mt., Blue Lake, Bumey, Charleton Flats, Chester, Dorrington, Fallen Leaf Lake, Grass Valley, Hackamore, Lassen N. F., Mather, Mead- ow Valley (Plumas Co.), Mineral, Oakland, Pollock Pines, San Diego, Sequoia N. P., Tahquitz (San Juacinto Mts.), Tnickee, Walker Mine (Plumas Co.). Colorado: Bailey, Boulder, Estes Park, Evergreen, Glennhaven, Golden, Norwood, Pingree Park, Uncompahgre N. F. Idaho: Athol (Kootenai Co.), Coeur d'Alene, Harpster Grade, Moscow, Potlatch, Smith's Ferry, Tamarack, Westmond, Whitebird. Montana: Hamilton, Sula. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Lincoln N. F., Mt. Taylor. Oregon: Ashland, Blue Mts., Corvallis, Green Springs (Jackson Co.), Keno, Klamath Co., Santiam Pass, Sisters, Summit Prairie, Warm Springs Indian Reservation. South Da- kota: Black Hills, Custer, Hill City, Spearfish. Utah: Ashley N. F., Long Hollow (Dixie N. F.), Mammoth Mt., Sanford Canyon (Dixie N. F.). Washington: Columbia Co., Kooskooskie, Natches, Preston Creek (Wenatchee N. F.). Wyoming: Centennial. Hosts.— Evidently all species of Pinus and Picea within its range. Biology.— Most commonly taken in pros- trate trees or logs, but it will also breed in erect trees killed by other beetles. It is one of the few bark beetles that breed successfully in sour logs. Presumably the gallery system is similar to that described above for incomptus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 420 specimens that agree with material in the U.S. National Museum and in the Cana- dian National Collection. The original material on which Mannerheim based sub- costulatus and cristatus is missing from the Helsinki Museum and is presumed lost. The descriptions are adequate to characterize this species; however, that of cristatus indicates a size of 1 lin. (2.12 mm), and for subcostulatus Wa lin. (2.65 mm), which is smaller than specimens examined during this study. In view of other measurements given by Man- nerheim, discrepancies of this magnitude might be expected. 9. Hylurgops subcostulatus alternans (Chapuis) Fig. 42C Hylastes alternans Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 22 (Mexico; Brussels .Mus.) Diagnosis.— The population of this spe- cies from central Arizona and New Mexico southward has the alternate declivital inter- spaces more strongly elevated and somewhat inflated at each tubercle arming its summit. The two widely distributed forms intergrade in a narrow belt in northern Arizona and New Mexico. Male.— Length 3.3-4.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. This subspecies differs from s. sub- costulatus only in details of elytral structure. The elevated declivital intervals are rather strongly constricted in height and width be- tween tubercles; the strial punctures are also distinctly larger. Female.— Essentially as in male except for the abdominal terga. Distribution.— Southern Arizona and southern New Mexico to Mexico (state). MEXICO: Chiapas: 14 km E San Cristobal, 31-VII-57, J. A. Chemsak. Distrito Federal: Mexico. Durango: 100 km W Durango, 5-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 28, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Guerrero: Omilteme, H. H. Smith. Mexico: 21 km W San Martin de Texmelucan, 14-VII-53, 2800 m. No. 103, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Evidently any species of Pinus within its range, but most common in P. pon- derosa and P. leiaphylla. Biology.— Evidently as in subcostulatus, but less commonly taken in prostrate trees or logs; usually in standing, dying trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 12 specimens that agree with Blandford's Biologia Centrali-Americana material. Because the zone of intergradation be- tween the subspecies of subcostulatus is in an 1982 Hylastini 93 inconvenient geographical area, and because it is gradual and rather extensive, I have arbi- trarily designated all specimens north of the Mexican border as s. suhcostulatus and all those south of the border as s. alternans. Ac- tually, those from the southern one-fourth of Arizona and New Mexico clearly are s. alter- nans, those from the northern one-fourth are s. suhcostulatus, and those from the inter- vening area usually cannot be placed with confidence in either subspecies. Genus HYLASTES Erichson Hylastes Erichson, 1836, Archiv. Naturgesch. 2(1):47 (Type-species: Bostrichiis ater PaykuU, sub- sequent designation by Westwood, 1838, Synops. Gen. British Ins'., p. 39, also by Thomson, 1859, Skand. Coleopt. synop. bearb, p. 146) Diagnosis.— This genus is very closely re- lated to Hylurgops from which some species are separated with difficulty. Characters mentioned in the above genetic key and in the diagnosis of Hylurgops serve to dis- tinguish it. Description.— Length 2.1-6.0 mm, 2.6-3.2 times as long as wide; color black ex- cept reddish brown in two species. Frons usually with a transverse impression midway between level of antennal insertion and upper level of eyes, convex above, flat- tened or weakly convex below this point, lower area often with a fine, median carina or a median groove. Eye subovate, entire. Antennal funicle 7-segmented; club conical, basal segment usually longer than others. Pronotum elongate, unarmed. Scutellum small, oval. Crenulations on elytral bases poorly developed, bases not elevated; striae rarely impressed, punctures distinct; inter- striae variously sculptured. Declivity convex, steep. Vestiture usually including scales and hair. Third tarsal segments at most emargi- nate, not bilobed. Distribution.— The Holarctic realm; 15 species occur throughout the coniferous for- ests of North and Central America south to Honduras. An additional dozen or more spe- cies occur in the coniferous forests of north Africa, Europe, and Asia. Biology.— All species breed in the phloem tissues in the stumps and roots and occasion- ally in logs of coniferous trees. The gallery systems of North American species have not been adequately studied, but are similar to those described above for Hylurgops. Key to the Species of Hylastes 1. Frons entirely devoid of a median carina; discal interstriae with punctures uniseriate (except fulgidus); small species, less than 3.0 mm (some fulgidus to 3.5 mm) 2 — Frons with a definite median carina, often restricted to area near epistoma or to central area; punctures of discal interstriae confused (except longicollis); larger than 3.3 mm 4 2(1). Interspacial areas between pronotal punctures smooth, shining, entirely devoid of reticulation; punctures on discal interstriae confused; anterior tibiae with five to eight socketed teeth; S California and SW Kansas to Michoacan; 2.8-3.5 mm 1. fulgidus Blackman — Interspacial areas between pronotal punctures partly or mostly reticulate; punctures on elytral disc usually subcrenulate or granulate, usually uniseriate; anterior tibiae with four to five socketed teeth; smaller species 3 3(2). Frons and vertex punctured, interspaces smooth to feebly granulate, median groove feebly indicated or absent; California and Hidalgo to Maryland and Florida; 2.0-2.5 mm 2. tenuis Eichhoff — Frons and vertex devoid of punctures, coarsely, closely granulate, lower half usually with a conspicuous median sulcus; Texas to North Carolina and Florida; 2.3-2.7 mm 3. exilis Chapuis 4(1). Elytral declivity devoid of scalelike vestiture; body stout, less than 2.6 times as long as wide; pronotum widest on basal fourth; strial punctures rather large, interstriae coarsely sculptured, rather narrowly convex on declivity, declivital 94 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 tubercles rather large; posteriorly interstriae 8 higher than 9; New Jersev and Florida to E Texas; 3.3-5.0 mm 4. salebrosus Eichhoff — Ground vestiture of elytral declivity consisting of abundant scales (except ru- ber); body more slender, 2.8 or more times as long as wide; pronotum widest at or in front of middle; strial punctures usually smaller, interstriae more broadly rounded, more finely sculptured, declivital tubercles fine 5 5(4). Strial punctures on disc subrectangular, noticeably longer than wide, much wider than interstriae; interstrial punctures uniseriate; hairlike setae on elytral declivity more abundant than scalelike setae; California and British Columbia to South Dakota; 3.3-3.9 mm 5. longicollis Swaine — Strial pimctures on disc circular or at least wider than long; interstriae usually at least as wide as striae, their punctures confused; scalelike setae on declivity much more abundant than hairlike setae; last visible female sternum normal, convex, in male medially impressed and ornamented by fine, often dense pubescense; female pronotum normally more slender; larger species 6 6(5). Premandibular epistomal process large, usually narrowly emarginate, bilobed, lateral apical margins conspicuously elevated, concavity between them contin- uous with impressed area extending to near antennal insertions, median carina not divided at its lower extremity; elytral vestiture largely hairlike on declivi- ty, scalelike setae sparse or entirely absent; body color reddish brown; Northwest Territories and Alberta to Arizona; 4.8-5.2 mm 6. ruber Swaine — Premandibular epistomal process sinuate at most, its lateral apical margins not elevated; median frontal carina forked at lower end, a ridge or costa contin- uing to near lateral apices of epistomal lobe, median portion of lobe hemi- spherically or subtriangularly impressed or excavated below costae and bearing a specialized tuft of hairlike setae; vestiture on elytral declivity consisting of abundant scales; body color dark brown to black; male sternum 5 flattened or medially impressed and ornamented by numerous setae 7 7(6). Fore tibia armed by six teeth, basal half of tibia rather slender; hind tibia with two teeth on lateral margin before angle; pronotum not reticulate (except toward margins in porculus); usually smaller than 4.0 mm except those from Mexico 8 — Fore tibia armed by seven or eight teeth (rarely six), basal half of tibia stout; hind tibia with three or four teeth on lateral margin before angle; pronotum at least partly reticulate in most specimens; usually larger than 4.0 mm 12 8(7). Pronotal punctures fine, deep, interspaces averaging about as wide as a pimc- ture; striae, narrower, interstriae about one and one-half times as wide; punc- tures on head finer, usually regular and not confluent; color black; Mexico; larger than 4.2 mm 9 — Pronotal punctures coarse, interspaces averaging about half as wide as a punc- ture; striae wider, almost as wide as interstriae; frontal area coarsely punctured; brown to black 11 9(8). Discal strial pimctures very small, shallow, interstriae three or more times as wide as striae; interstrial punctures almost as large as those of striae; declivital striae slightly impressed, punctures larger and deeper than those of disc, inter- striae three times as wide as striae; Hidalgo to Morelos; 4.8 mm 7. flohri (Eggers) — Discal strial punctures rather coarse, deep, interstriae less than twice as wide as striae; discal punctures of striae at least twice as large as those of interstriae; strial pimctures on declivity not larger than those on disc 10 1982 Hylastini 95 10(9). Declivital striae feebly or not at all impressed, punctures coarse, deep, about equal in width to interstriae; interstrial tubercles on declivity more widely spaced, separated by distances about equal to width of an interstriae; Arizona and Durango to Mexico; 4.2-4.9 mm 8. mexicanus Wood — Declivital striae narrowly impressed, punctures fine, widely spaced; declivital interstriae at least three times as wide as striae, tubercles close, spaced by dis- tances equal to less than half width of an interstriae; punctures on head minute; Hidalgo; 4.3 mm 9. niger Wood 11(8). Pronotal surface of interspaces smooth, shining; pronotal punctures smaller, more uniformly distributed; British Columbia and Montana to Guatemala; 3.3-4.0 mm 10. gracilis LeConte — Pronotal interspaces at least partly reticulate in marginal areas (rarely entirely shining); pronotal punctures larger, more irregularly placed; Manitoba and New Brunswick to Texas and Florida; 3.8-5.0 mm 11. porculus Erichson 12(7). Discal interstriae finely crenulate to declivity; declivital interstriae armed by small, pointed tubercles; pronotum very closely, deeply punctured; Arizona and New Mexico; 4.0-4.6 mm 12. asperatus Wood — Discal interstriae usually irregular but not crenulate; pronotum less coarsely punctured; declivital interstriae usually unarmed or minute tubercles confused (except most macer) 13 13(12). Entire surface of elytra and pronotum minutely reticulate, dull; interstriae ten- ding to be very slightly wider than striae, less strongly convex, the surface less irregular, punctures finer and as much as irregularly three ranked; British Co- lumbia and California to South Dakota and Arizona; 5.1-6.0 mm 13. macer LeConte — Surface of elytra smooth, shining; interstriae tending to be slightly narrower than striae, more convex and irregular, punctures larger and mostly uniseriate or two-ranked; usually stouter and slightly smaller 14 14(13). Striae usually wider than interstriae; interstrial punctures rather coarse; reti- culation on pronotum usually less evident, punctures larger; female body 3.0 times as long as wide; in Pinus; Alaska and California to W. Montana; 3.8-4.9 mm 14. nigrinus (Mannerheim) — Striae usually narrower than interstriae; interstrial punctures finer; reticulation on pronotum clearly evident, punctures slightly smaller; female body stouter, 2.8 times as long as wide; Abies; Utah and Wyoming to New Mexico; 4.4-5.5 mm 15. subopacus Blackman 1. Hylastes fulgidus Blackman Female.— Length 2.8-3.5 mm, 2.8 times as I, I r 7 .J r,, . ,r^-, ,T r^ r^ . loug as widc; color black. Hylastes fitlgiaiis, Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dent. Aeric. ^ ^ ^^ ^ i . i Misc. Pub. 417:18 (Holotvpe, female; Las Vegas ^^^ons shallowly, transversely impressed Hot Springs, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 540.3.5) just below upper level of eyes, convex above Diagnosis.— This species is allied to tenuis and slight inflated below this point, trans- Eichhoff, but it may be distinguished by the versely impressed just above epistomal mar- larger size, by the smooth, shining frons with gin except at median line; surface reticulate nongranulate punctures, by the smooth, shin- on lower half, punctures rather fine, close, ing, nonreticulate pronotum having some- deep; vestiture inconspicuous, what smaller punctures, and by the more Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest abundant declivital scales. As in tenuis the near middle, sides moderately arcuate, rather frons is completely devoid of a median narrowly rounded in front; surface smooth carina. and .shining, punctures large, deep, close, 96 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 smaller on anterior third; median line obscurely indicated. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths to declivital base, broadly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, feebly con- vex, punctures rather coarse, confused, not at all granulate. Declivity convex, steep; inter- striae slightly wider than striae, granules not evident. Discal vestiture hairlike, short, rather abundant; on declivity of rather abun- dant scalelike ground cover and rows of long- er bristles. Male.— Distinguishable from female only by abdominal terga. Distribution.— California and SW Kansas to Baja California and Michoacan. USA: Arizona: Cave Creek in Chiricahua Mts., 21-VI- 58; Rustler's Park in Chiricahua Mts., 5-VII-40, R. H. Beamer; Huachuca Mts.; Hualpai M., 6-VII-38, J. N. Knull; Prescott N. F., 8-V1I-59, Pinus ponderosa. Califor- nia: Chuchupate R. S. (Ventura Co.), 9-V-59, C. W. O'Brien; Mt. Diablo, 15-III-47, R. Coleman; Northfork, 25-III-26; O'Neal (Madera Co.), 16-III-47, A. T. McClay. Colorado: New Castle, Hopk. US .31408-28. Kansas: Wallace Co. Nevada: Beaver Dam St. Pk. (Lincoln Co.). New Mexico: Cloudcroft, 27-VI-40, flight, R. H. Bea- mer; Edgewood, B-1296, C. C. Hoff; Gallup; Las Vegas, 9-VII; Los Alamos, 10-11-58, Pinus edulis. MEXICO: Baja California: Sierra San Pedro Martir at La Sanja, 28- V-58, J. Powell. Chihuahua: La Laja, 16-VI1-60, flight, S. L. Wood; 26 km NE San Juanito, 19-V1I-60, flight. S. L. Wood. Durango: .50 km SW El Salto, 23-V1I-53, flight, S. L. Wood. Mexico: Amecameca. Michoacan: Maza- mitla, 24-VII-53, C. and P. Vaurie. Morelia: Calpulapan. Zacatecas: 6 km W Monte Escondido, 2600 m, flight, R. H. Beamer; "Durango," VIl-53. Hosts.— Pinus edulis, P. ponderosa, and presumably P. spp. Biology.— Unknown; presumably it infests stumps or roots. Evidently most or all the above specimens were taken in flight. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 49 other specimens. 2. Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff Fig. 204 Hylastes tenuis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 (Syntypes ?; Amerique Boreale; presum- ably lost with the Hamburg Mus.) Hylastes criticus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 (Two syntypes; .'\merique Boreale; pre- siunablv lost with the Hamburg Mus.); Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:22. Synonymy Hylastes pusillus Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. .\gric. Misc. Publ. 417:23 (Holotype, female; Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., .540,36); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synonymy Hylastes parvus Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 417:24 (Holotype, female; Williams, .Ari- zona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54037); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synonymy Hylastes minutus Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 417:25 (Holotype, female; Lake Tahoe, Nevada; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54038); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synoni/mi/ Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to attenuatus Erichson, of Europe, from which occasional specimens from the Atlantic Coast states are distinguished with difficulty. Among American species it is al- lied to fulgidus Blackman, from which it is easily distinguished by characters included in the above key. Female.— Length 2.1-2.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; dark brown to almost black. Frons with a weak, transverse impression just below upper level of eyes, convex above and slightly inflated below this point, trans- versely impressed immediately above epis- tomal margin except at median line; middle third of median line often narrowly im- pressed; surface coarsely, rather shallowly punctured, fundus of each puncture reti- culate at least on upper half of frons; vesti- ture inconspicuous. Pronotum about 1.2 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides weakly arcuate, broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate except toward median line, with coarse deep punctures. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures large, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, feebly convex, each bearing a uniseriate row of fine, rounded, setiferous granules. Declivi- ty narrowly convex, slope rather gradual on upper half, steep below; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of short, hairlike bristles, somewhat longer on declivity; and, on disc, supplemen- tal rows of scales may be present, usually not more than one row on each interstrial margin. Male.— Except for abdominal terga con- sistent differences not apparent. 1982 Hylastini 97 Distribution.— California, and New York to Hidalgo and Florida. USA: Alabama: Horn Mt., Mobile, Montomery. Ar- kansas: Bradley Co. Arizona: Bahoguivari Mt. (Pima Co.), Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Hiialpai M., Jacob's Lake, Oak Creek Canyon, Prescott N. F., Williams, Winslow. California: Bass Lake, Big Basin (San Mateo Co.), Carmel, Carrville, Grass Valley, Miami, Mokel Hill (Calavaras Co.), Mt. Laguna (Cleveland N. F.). District of Columbia: Washington, Woodridge. Florida: Lake Placid, Key West, Monticello, Sebring. Georgia: Clay- ton. Idaho: Nez Perce. Kentucky: Irving (Estill Co.), Knox Co. Louisiana: Bogalusa, Elizabeth. Maryland: Beltsville, Hyattsville, Oldenton, Plumbers Island, Plimi Point, Travilah. Massachusetts: Framingham. Mis- sissippi: Ocean Springs. Nevada: Lake Tahoe. New Jer- sey: Beach Haven. New Mexico: Las Vegas. New York: New York, Yaphank (Long Island). North Carolina: Ash- ville. Black Mt., Chadbourn, Durham, Gray Beard Mt., Lake Toxaway, Pink Beds, Pishgah Bidge, Southern Pines, Swannanoa Valley, Tryon, Whitesides Mt. (High- lands). Pennsylvania: Clark's Valley, Cold Springs (Adams Co.), Hummelstown, Mamada Gap, University Park. South Carolina: Aiken, Florence, Myrtle Beach. Tennessee; Chilhowee. Texas: Big Bend, Call. Utah: Zion N. P. Virginia: Camp Pickett, Ft. Monroe, Nelson Co., Virginia Beach, West Point. West Virginia: Ka- nawha Station, Morgantown, Roncevert, West Sulphur. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Jacala. Mexico: San Rafael. Hosts.— Evidently any species of Pinus within its range; less commonly from other conifers. Biology.— Largely unknown, presumably a root-infesting species. Notes.— The types of tenuis and criticus were examined by J. M. Swaine prior to their loss and compared to material in his collec- tion. The above treatment was based on my material that agrees with Swaine's specimens and that was compared to holotypes of pu- sillus, parvus, and minutus. The features de- scribed by Blackman for the species treated here as synonyms appear to be normal varia- tions. There are numerous minute variations within a series involving the shape of the pronotum, appearance of the elytral surface, and vestiture. Some of these variations result from abrasion. In all, 279 specimens were ex- amined, 88 of them were from the western United States. 3. Hylastes exilis Chapuis Hylastes exilis Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 20 (Holotype, sex?; "Nuorlean," presumably New Orleans, Louisiana; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tenuis Eichhoff by the slightly larger average size, by the rather coarsely granulate frons and vertex that are devoid of punctures, by the distinct median groove on the frons, and by the very slightly larger (variable) ely- tral crenulations. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in tenuis except transverse im- pression at middle more di.stinct, median sul- cus on lower half always distinctly impressed, and surface devoid of punctures, rather close- ly, coarsely granulate above transverse im- pression, more finely granulate on lower half. Pronotum and elytra as in tenuis except in- terstrial crenulations average very slightly larger, slightly confused, often closer (variable). Male.— Similar to female in all respects; presence of declivital interstrial scales possi- bly restricted to males. Distribution.— Texas to North Carolina and Florida. US.\: Alabama: Conecuh, 7-XI-6L P- palustris, E. I. Hazard. Arkansas: Texarkana, 26-III-07, W. D. Pierce. District of Columbia: Washington, V, Hubbard and Schwartz. Florida: Flagler Co., 12-X-77, P. elliotii, T. H. Atkinson; Lake Placid, 13-VII-48, R. H. Beamer; Lake Worth, 1889, L. B. Parker; Sebring, 20-VI-51, at light, S. L. Wood; Vero Beach, 15-11-14, flight, G. G. Ain.selle. Louisiana; Elizabeth, VII-IX-67, PirMis taeda. Mis- sissippi: Lucedale, 28-IV-29, H. Dietrich.; Starkville, 19- V-20, M. W. Blackman. North Carolina: Chapel Hill, 28-IV-29, H. Dietrich; Chadbourn, 20-IV-lO. E. G. Smith; Southern Pines, 19-IV-17, A. H. Mantee. South Carolina: BishopviUe, 17-IV-61, V. M. Kirk; Myrtle Beach, 22-IV-57, ll-IV-62. V. M. Kirk. Texas: Kirbyville, 2-III-08, E. S. Tucker. Hosts.— Pinus elliotii, P. plaustris, P. taeda, and probably other P. spp. Biology.— Not recorded. It probably breeds in the stumps and roots of pine trees. Most specimens were collected in flight in pine forests. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 21 other specimens. 4. Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff Hylastes salebrosus Eichhoff, 1868 (May), Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:146 (Lectotype, male; Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation) Hylastes scohinosiis Eichhoff. 1868 (May), Berliner Ent. Zeitschr, 12:146 (Syntypes?, sex?; Carolina pre- sumably lost in the Hamburg Museum.). New Synonymy Hylurgus scabripennis Zimmermann, 1868 (September), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:149 (Syntypes; Atlantic States; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Blandford, 1898, Ent. News 9:5. Synonymy 98 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is not closely al- lied to any species known to me. It differs from all other Hijlastes species in having the elytral vestiture hairlike, scales are entirely absent; punctation of the pronotum is more nearly like the Rhyncolini than Hylastes; and the declivital interstriae are much more coarsely tuberculate than in other Hylastes. Female.- Length 3.3-5.0 mm, 2.4-2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons weakly, transversely impressed just below upper level of eyes, more strongly, broadly, transversely impressed just above epistomal margin; epistomal lobe poorly de- veloped; median carina rather poorly devel- oped but usually distinct on its upper half; surface rather finely, obscurely punctured on lower half, becoming rather coarsely granu- late above. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide, widest at base, sides arcuately converging to weak constriction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth with rather small, deep punctures, their size decreasing on anterior third; spaces between punctures variable but usually slightly less than diameter of a puncture. Elytra 1.5-1.6 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotvim; sides very feebly arcuate to declivital base then somewhat nar- rowly rounded behind; striae impressed, punctures rather small, distinct; interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, con- vex, surface subshining, with transverse lines through irregular, confused punctures, more nearly subcrenulate toward base and declivi- ty. Declivity convex, moderately steep; inter- strial crenulations close, tuberculate, in rows. Vestiture largely confined to declivity; short, fine middle row on each interstriae slightly stouter but usually not longer. Male.— Similar to female except last vis- ible abdominal sternum flattened or weakly impressed toward median line, not convex as in female. Distribution.— New Jersey and Texas to Florida. USA: Alabama: Altniore, Mol)ilc. Florida: Biscavnc Bay. (Jainsville, Montacello, Sncad, Siiwance Springs. Georgia: Atlanta, Clayton. Loui.siana: Bogaliisa. Mary- land: Beltsville. Mi.ssissippi: Liicedale. New Jersey: Lakewood, Sominerset C:o. North Carolina: .\shville, Camp Pickett, Pink Bed.s, Fi.sgah Ridge, Southern Pines, Swannanoa Valley, Trvon. South Carolina: Clemson College, Florence, Lumber. Texas: Call, Willis. Virginia: Cape Charles, Enterprise, Ft. Monroe, Nelson Co. Hosts.— Presumably all species of Pinus within its range. Biology.— This species evidently breeds in stumps or in roots well below ground level. Because newly emerged adults have been taken from seedlings, it is possible that a feeding on green host tissues is necessary for maturation. Adults sometimes are attracted in large numbers to green lumber at sawmills. Notes.— Two cotypes of salehrosus, a male and a female, in the U.S. National Mu- seum apparently are the only existing speci- mens of the original series. I, therefore, here designate the first specimen, a male, as the lectotype of salehrosus Eichhoff. A female specimen in the U.S. National Museum re- ceived from Eichhoff and labeled as a cotype of scobinosus is from "Tennese" (sic) and cannot be regarded as a member of the origi- nal type series; however, because it was ex- amined by Eichhoff it is used as the basis for placing this name in synonymy. In addition to these, 151 specimens were examined dur- ing this study. 5. Hylastes longicollis Swaine Hylastes longicollis Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Bull 14(2):79 (Holotype, sex?; At- lanta, Idaho; Canadian Nat. Coll.. 9246) Diagnosis.— The structure of the epistom- al process, the paucity of elytral scales and the light body color indicate a relationship to ruber Swaine and distinguish these species from other Hylastes. The small size and the large, quadrate punctures distinguish it from ruber. Female.— Length 3.0-3.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color moderately dark reddish brown. Frons with tran.sver.se impression just be- low upper level of eyes very poorly devel- oped, subinflated at level of antennal in- sertion, epistomal margin rather narrowly impressed; epistomal lobe wide, poorly de- veloped, devoid of a pair of elevations ex- tending to median carina; a fine, acutely ele- vated carina extending on lower half from transverse impression to near base of epis- tomal lobe; surface rather coarsely, shallowly punctured; vestiture consisting of .short hair. Pronotum 1.22 times as long as wide, widest just in front of middle; sides straight 1982 Hylastini 99 and diverging slightly on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; surface smooth, shining, with very coarse, moderately deep punctures, their inner surfaces subreticulate, interstriae equal to less than half diameter of a puncture; median line evident on middle half; vestiture consisting of fine, moderately short hair over entire surface. Elytra 1.93 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to declivital base, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, mostly longitudinally subrectangular; interstriae about half as wide as striae, punc- tures fine, subgranulate on anterior lip, al- most uniseriate. Declivity narrowly convex, moderately steep; striae about as wide as in- terstriae. Vestiture consisting of short, rather fine interstrial hair on disc, becoming stout on declivity and with an indefinite row of slender scales on each margin of each interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except body evi- dently a little stouter, with the last visible ab- dominal sternum slightly flatter and shorter (very indefinite). Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to California and South Dakota. CANADA: Alberta; Cypress Hills, l-VI-25, F. S. Carr. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, 23-VI-33, Pinus con- torta, K. Graham; Cranbrook; Emerald Lake; Creston, 31-V-56, G. S. Smith; Lorna, 29-VI-24, G. Hopping; Merritt (Midday Valley), 7-VI-25, P. ponderosa, J. Stanley; Pender Harbor, lO-V-28, G. R. Hopping; Ter- race; Trinity Valley, 18-V-28, J. R. Howell. USA: Califor- nia; Giant Forest (Tulare Co.), 19-VII-15, 3200 m, R. Hopping; Lake Tahoe; Lodgepole Camp (Sequoia), 24- VI-48, A. T. McClay; Meadow Vallev (Plumas Co.), 26- VI-.30; Miami R. S. (Mariposa Co.), 20-V-42, A. J. Walz; Round Meadow Giant Forest (Tulare Co.); White Cloud Camp (Nevada Co.), .30-V-65, P. Arnaud. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, 20-VI-.36, P. monticola, T. O. Thatcher; Idaho City, 26-V-70, trap; Kootenai Co., 19-VI-68, trap; Kras- sel R. S., 14-VL66, flight, M. M. Furniss; McCall, 14-Vl- 31, M. A. Cazier; Robinson Lake (Latah Co.), 11-VL53, R. .\bbott. Montana: Columbia Falls, 18-V-lO, J. Brun- ner; St. Regis, 25-V-70, P. contortu, M. D. McGregor. Oregon: Clackamas Co., 2.5-Vn-66; Hood River; Marv's Peak, 19-VL6L flight, S. L. Wood; Prineville, Vin-35, P. ponderosa, W. J. Buckhorn; Tollgate, 8-VL31, McLane. South Dakota; Black Hills, Hopk US63.51). Washington; Mt. Baker N. F., 15-VII-35, A. M. Holland; Quilcane. 26-VL.3.5. flight. R. L. Furniss; Olympic N. P., 18-Vn-66. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P. ponderosa. Biology.— It has been taken from stumps at or below the ground level. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my female homotype from Coeur d'Alene N. F., Idaho, and 129 additional specimens. 6. Hylastes ruber Swaine Hijlastes ruber Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:.367 (Holotype, sex?; Golden, British Columbia; Cana- dian Nat. Coll. 9245) Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely allied to longicollis Swaine, but it is ea.sily distinguished by the larger size, by the small- er, circular strial punctures, and by the con- fused interstrial punctures. Female.— Length 4.8-5.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons with transverse interocular impres- sion very weak, subinflated near level of an- tennal insertion, narrowly, transversely im- pressed immediately above epistomal margin; epistomal lobe wide, rather large, not rein- forced by a pair of ridges extending to me- dian carina; median carina acutely elevated from interocular impression to a point just above base of epistomal lobe, its lower end not forked; surface coarsely, closely, rather deeply punctured; vestiture hairlike, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; widest at or just behind middle, sides arcuate from base to feeble constriction just behind rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures coarse, close, their centers subreticulate, interspaces less than half diameter of puncture; punctures on anterior fifth reduced in size, their inter- spaces here commonly reticulate; median line indicated on about middle three-fourths; hairlike vestiture minute, usually completely abraded. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths to declivital base then rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures circular, moderately large, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, punctures minute, confused, very finely granulate or subgranulate. Decliv- ity convex, steep, striae moderately im- pressed; interstriae convex, tubercles larger. Vestiture consisting of minute, semi- recumbent hair. 100 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except body evi- dently slightly stouter and last visible abdom- inal sternum somewhat flattened and shorter. Distribution.— Northwest Territories and Alberta to Arizona. CANADA: Alberta: Bow River. British Columbia: Cranbrook, 29-VI-20, G. Garrett; Creston, 15-V-53, 21- VI-55, G. S. Smith; Copper Mt., 20-V-28, G. S. Smith; Kokanee Mt., London Hil! Mine on Bear Lake, 21-Vn- 03; Trinity Valley, 15-V-27, W. Mathers; Vancouver, 2()- VI-.39, H.' B. Leech; Vernon, 20-VI-39, H. B. Leech. Northwest Territories: Aklavik, 20-VIII-30, O. Bryant. USA: Arizona: Hanagan Camp (Greenlee Co.), 12-Vn- 68, D. E. Bright. Idaho: Idaho City, 26-V-7L trap, M. M. Fumi.ss; Kootenai Co., lI-VII-68, trap, M. M. Fur- niss; Krassel, V-58, Douglas fir, M. M. Furniss, McCall; Rocky Point (Benewah Co.), 23-VI-64, R. W. Portman; M0.SC0W, .30-V-3L P. Rice. Montana: Coliunbia Falls; Kalispell, 18-V-20. Oregon: Bear Springs (Wapinita), .30- VI-41, K. M. Fender; Clear Lake, 15-VI-45, K. M. Fend- er; Clackamas Co., 2.5-VII-66; Hood River, 20- V; Pacific City, 21-VII-42, K. M. Fender; Tollgate. Washington: Buckeye; Easton; Omak, 7-VII-66; Satsop River, VIII-32; Seattle, 8-V-60; Walla Walla, 9-V-36, E. W. Jones. Host.— Pseudotstiga menziesii. Biology.— Evidently restricted to the stumps and roots of the host tree. The habits evidently are similar to those of other Hylastes. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 134 other specimens. 7. Hylastes flohri (Eggers) Hylurgops flohri Eggers, 1926, Ent. Blatt. 26:166 (Holo- type, female; Mexico; Berlin Zool. Mus.) Hylastes flohri: Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:24. Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely allied to mexicanns Wood, from which it is rather easily distinguished by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 4.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons with interocular transverse impres- sion shallow, broad, rather well developed; weakly inflated at level of antennal insertion, rather broadly impressed above epistomal margin; surface rather coarsely, closely, rather deeply punctured; median carina fine, weakly elevated from interocular impression to base of epistomal lobe, where it forks (ob- scure) and elevations continue to poorly de- veloped epistomal lobe; vestiture minute, ob- scure, hairlike. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides on basal two-thirds almost straight and converging slightly toward rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face smooth and shining, punctures small, deep, reduced anteriorly, interspaces irregu- lar but usually at least equal to diameter of a puncture; median line not evident; glabrous. Elytra about 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in mexi- canus; striae 1 weakly others not impressed, punctures very small, not clearly impressed; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, surface irregular, shining, punctures moderately abundant, fine, confused, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae rather weakly impressed, punctures small but much larger than on disc; interstriae subshining, about three times as wide as striae, each with a row of fine, rounded granules almost in uniseriate rows. Vestiture confined to declivital interstriae, consisting of small, moderate to sparse scales and median rows of equally short, coarse hairlike setae. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Morelos. MEXICO: Distrito Federal: Km 43 on Highway 95. Hidalgo: .30 km E Tulancingo, lO-VII-67, 2100 m, Pinm, S. L. Wood. Mexico: .\mecameca, Parque Zoquiapan. Morelos: Km 44 on Highway S-082. Host.— Pinus sp. Biology.— Two specimens were taken just entering the phloem tissues on the lower side of a pine log 40 cm in diameter. It is pre- sumed their habits resemble those of other Hylastes. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on nine other specimens. The labels on the type include "Sal.," "Salizar, Rohr," "Coll. J. Flohr." 8. Hylastes mexicanus Wood Hylastes mexicanus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:36 (Holotype, female; 62 km west Toluca, Mexico, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The very fine, deep, pronotal punctures and the narrower striae distinguish this species and flohri Eggers from other rep- resentatives of the genus. This species is also distinguished from flohri by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 4.3-4.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, with a weak, transverse im- pression between eyes and more strongly im- pres-sed just above epistoma; median carina inconspicuous, more strongly elevated below 1982 Hylastini 101 level of antennal insertion, continuing dorsad as a fine line to interocular impression, lower end forked; surface smooth and shining above, rather dull below, very finely, deeply, closely punctured; vestiture minute, incon- spicuous, convering entire surface. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides widest on basal third, but almost parallel to a point just anterior to middle then broadly, evenly rounded to anterior margin; surface smooth and shining, with punctures fine, deep, close, separated by distances about equal to their own diameters; median line not evident; glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, then increasingly arcuate to rather narrowly rounded posterior margin; striae 1 moderately, others weakly impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, feebly convex, subshining, punctures rather coarse, close, deep, confused, their di- ameters often only slightly smaller than those of striae. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1 weakly impressed, as wide as interstriae, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae each with a row of fine tubercles; surface reticulate. Vestiture confined to declivity, stout, con- sisting of small scalelike setae except for me- dian rows of equally short hairlike bristles on each interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons narrower, and last visible abdominal sternum impressed medially and pubescent. Distribution.— Arizona and Durango to Mexico (Estado). USA: Arizona: Carr Canvon, Cochise Co., 23-VII-68, D. E. Bright. MEXICO: Durango: 16 km W El Salto, VII-64, flight, J. B. Thomas. Mexico: 62 km VV Toluca, 15-VII-53, 2600 m, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Morelos: Tres Marias, Wickham. Biology.— Specimens were collected at the base of a large pine tree. Presumably they have habits similar to other Hylastes. Notes.— The above treatment was modi- fied from the original description based on the type series of 69 specimens, and on about 300 other specimens from the same locality. 9. Hylastes niger Wood Hylastes niger Wood, 1974, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1 ):7 (Holotype, male; 31 km E Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mexicanus Wood by the narrowly im- pressed declivital striae with the punctures much smaller, and by the much more closely spaced granules on the declivital interstriae. Male.— Length 4.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotum as in mexicanus ex- cept frons less distinctly reticulate, pronotum with punctures distinctly smaller. Elytra as in mexicanus except strial punc- tures much smaller, interstriae twice as wide as striae on di.sc, almost three times as wide on declivity; declivity not as steep; interstrial granules on declivity much more closely spaced, spaced by distances equal to less than half width of an interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except frons more finely punctured; anterior discal area of pronotum with punctures reduced to almost obsolete. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 30 km E Tulancingo, lO-VII-67, 2100 m. No. 185, Pinus, S. L. Wood; Zacualtapan. Biology.— Two specimens were taken from the same new tunnel on the lower side of a log 60 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and eight other specimens. 10. Hylastes gracilis LeConte Fig. 43 Hylastes gracilis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:174 (Lectotype, female; Tahoe Valley, Califor- nia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 958, designated by Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:145.) Hylastes vastans Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 17 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Brussels Mus.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:145. Synonymy Hylastes longus LeConte, 1876, Proc. .\mer. Philos. Soc. 15:388 (Holotype, female; Colorado; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:195. Synonymy Hylastes nitidus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 19 (Holotype, sex?; Las Vegas, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:145. Synonymy Hylastes asper Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 19 (Holotype, female; Larimer Co., Colorado; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9244); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:22. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This small, widely dis- tributed, common species is distinguished 102 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 from allied species by the dark brown color, by the size, and by other characters summa- rized in the above key. Occasional specimens are distinguished from fulgidus Blackman with difficulty. Female.— Length 3.3-4.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Fronx convex, interocular, transverse im- pression weak, weakly subinflated at level of antennal insertion immediately above narrow epistomal impression; surface shining, close- ly, coarsely, deeply punctured; median carina usually extending from interocular impres- sion to base of epistomal lobe, fine, acutely elevated to very obscure, in some specimens either dorsal or ventral half may be obsolete; vestiture short, rather abundant, stout. Fig. 43. Ht/ldstcs gmcilis: Dorsal aspect, (.\fter Bright and Stark 1973:147.) Pronotum 1.19 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate, al- most parallel on basal two-thirds, not con- stricted before broadly rounded anterior mar- gin; surface smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, deep, separated by inter- spaces equal to not more than diameter of a puncture (usually less); glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths to declivital base, then rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, almost .smooth, punctures fine, almost uniseriate. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures slightly larger than on disc; interstriae weakly convex, each armed by a row of fine granules. Vestiture consisting of fine hair on disc, becoming moderately abun- dant, slender scales on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except very slightly stouter, and with last visible abdomi- nal sternum impressed and pubescent in me- dian area. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to (probably) Honduras. CA.\,\DA: British Columbia: Creston, Merritt (Mid- day Valley), Newgate, Oliver, Siimmerland. US.\: Ari- zona: Chiricahiia Mts., Flagstaff, Graham Mts., Grand Canyon; Hanagan Camp (Greenlee Co.), Lakeside, McNary, Oak Creek Canyon, Prescott N. F., Vail Lake, Willians. California: Numerous localities from every county. Colorado: Estes Park, Manitou, Montrose. Idaho: Avon, Krassel. Montana: Ashland. Nebraska: Glen. Nevada: Baker, Beaver Dam St. Pk. (Lincoln Co.), Lake Tahoe. New Mexico: Albuquerque, Bandelier, Capitan Mts., Cloudcroft, Las Vegas, Lincoln N. F., Jimenez Springs, Santa Fe, Torrance Co., Ute Park. Ore- gon: Bear Springs, Lakeview. Quartz Mt. (Lake Co.), Rankin. South Dakota: Black Hills, Piedmont. Washing- ton: Blewett, Maple Valley, Mt. .'Kdams, Peshastin Creek. MEXICO: Baja California: Laguna Hansen at Sierra Juarez. Chiapas: San Cristobal. Durango: El Salto, La (^iudad, I^as Boregas. Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Gl'ATE- MALA: Cerrof:alel. Hosts.— Pinus edulis, P. monophyUa, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrohus; Abies concolor has been recorded, but it is not a normal host. Biology.— Usually taken from the phloem tissues of stumps and roots of the host. Evi- dently the habits are similar to other Hylastes. Notes.— The above treatment was based on types of gracilis, vastans, longus, asper. 1982 Hylastini 103 nitidus, and 296 other specimens. All defi- nitely fall within the limits of this somewhat variable species. Though a majority of the specimens from a given geographical area fit the above de- scription rather well, occasional individuals exhibit frontal characters that are rather dif- ferent in one or more respects. When ade- quate material was available these were eas- ily recognized as local variants; however, when only the extreme variants were avail- able there was some hesitation about their correct identity. 11. Hylastes porculus Erichson Fig. 46 Hylastes porculus Erichson. 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2:49 (Holotype, male; Pennsylvania; Berlin Zool. Mus.) Hylastes carbonarius Fitch, 1858, Noxious Insects of New York, Rpt. 4:730 (Holotype, female; Albany, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus.', 42808); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:389. Synonytny Hyhirgus cavcrnosus Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:149 (Lectotype, male; Atlantic states; Mus. Conip. Zool., present designation); Eich- hoff, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:606. Synonymy Hylastes granosus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 17 (Syntypes; Southern and Middle states; Brussels Mus.); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:389. Synonymy Hylastes scaber Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gr- ic. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 18 (Holotype, sex?; Virginia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9326); Eggers, 1934, Ent. Nachrichtenbl. 8:25. Synonymy Hylastes swainei Eggers, 1934, Ent. Nachrichtenbl. 8:25 (Holotype, male; Frater, Ontario; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:11. Synonymy Hylastes webbi Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:10 (Holotype, female; Elmore, South Dakota; U.S. Mus., 540.33); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synonijmy Hylastes canadensis Blackman, 1941, U.S. Dept. .Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:15 (Holotype, female; Aweme, Manitoba; U.S. Nat. Mus.,' 54034); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:146. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is intermediate between gracilis LeConte and nigrinus (Man- nerheim). A summary of characters that dis- tinguish it from the former species is includ- ed in the above key. From nigriniis it is distinguished by the more abundant pronotal punctures, by the smoother discal interstriae, by the longer frontal carina, and by the tibial armature. Fem.\le.— Length 3.8-5.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in gracilis, with interocular im- pression asually more pronounced; frontal carina acutely raised from interocular im- pression to base of epistomal lobe. Pronotum 1.1.3 times as long as wide; widest at or immediately anterior to middle, sides on basal half weakly arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; surface ob.scurely reticulate over entire surface in material from eastern areas, at ba.sal or other margins in those from northwestern area of distribu- tion; punctures coarse, somewhat irregular in size, separated by distances one-half to equal diameter of a puncture; glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in gracilis; striae 1 weakly, others feebly or not at all im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae narrower than striae, somewhat convex, smooth, but undulating, punctures fine, con- fused. Declivity convex, steep; basically as on disc; tubercles minute if present. Vestiture consisting of sparse, almost scalelike bristles on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except usually stouter and last visible abdominal sternum medially impressed and pubescent. Distribution.— Manitoba and New Bnmswick to Texas and Florida. CAN.\D.A: Manitoba: .Aweme, Treesbank, \\'innepeg. New Brunswick: Fredricton. Ontario: Frater, Petawawa Res., Sudbury. Quebec: Berthier, Wright. US.-K: Ala- bama: Cleborn Co., Montgomery. Arkansas: Bradley Co. Connecticut: "Ct." District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: "Fla." Georgia: Clayton, Dallas, Habersham Co., Mt. Airy, Savannah. Louisiana: Bogalusa. Maine: Orono, Paris. Maryland: Bladensburg, Glen Echo, Hyattsville, Travilah. Massachusetts: Petersham. Mich- igan: Marquette, Whitefish Point. Minnesota: Itasca Park, Whitewater St. Pk. New Hampshire: Durham, Hanover, Henniker. New Jersey: .Atlantic City, Cape May, Five Mile Beach, Lakewood, Malaga, New- foundland. New York: Jamaica (Long Island), Warrens- burg. North Carolina: .\sheville, Durham, Harnett Co., Lake Toxaway, Pink Beds, Southern Pines, Tryon. Penn- sylvania: Mt. .Alto, University Park. South Carolina: Florence, Greenville. South Dakota: Elmore. Tennessee: "Tenn." Texas: Call. Virginia: Cape Charles, Falls Church, Ft. Monroe, Gloucester Co., Mt. Vernon, Nel- son Co. West Virginia: Dellslow, Greenbriar, Hardy Co., Kaleigh Co., Randolph Co. Wisconsin: Washington Co., Wood Co. Hosts.— Presumably all species of Pinus within its range. Biology.— As in other species of the genus. 104 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above description was based on the holotypes of porctilns (4.0 mm), cana- densis, scaber, swainei, and wehhi and on 199 other specimens. The first syntype of Hy- lastes cavernosus Zimmermann, a male pre- viously designated by a type label, is here designated as the lectotype of Zimmermann's species. In all probability the populations desig- nated here as nigrintis (Mannerheim) and as- peratus Wood intergrade with porctilus and, therefore, represent no more than subspecies. The data presently available are not ade- quate to properly determine their status. 12. Hylastes asperatus Wood Hylastes asperatus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:24 (Holotype, female; New Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This is a difficult species to recognize. The pronotal punctures are ir- regular in size, as in porculus, but much closer; the discal interstriae are slightly wider than allied species, more nearly convex, and very finely, closely crenulate (usually not clearly apparent unless the light source is posterior to the specimen). Female.— Length 4.0-4.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in gracilis with interocular im- pression moderately strong, fine, low carina evidently always extending from this impres- sion to base of epistomal lobe where it forks as in related species. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides on slightly more than basal half straight and Fig. 44. Hiflastes nigrinus: Galleries in Douglas-fir roots; A-B, maturation feeding; G-G, egg galleries. (Af- ter Zethner-Mdller and Rudinsky 1967:904.) parallel, rather broadly rounded in front; sur- face subshining, indications of reticulation obscure but usually visible at high magnifica- tion toward anterior or basal areas, punctures coarse, very close, deep, irregular in size in some specimens, interspaces usually equal to less than one-fourth diameter of a puncture; median line partly impunctate, not raised; glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in gracilis; striae moderately impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, punctures moderately coarse, close, confused, their anterior margins elevated into fine, crenulate, transverse ridges of variable height (this character approached in allied species, but not to this degree). Declivity convex, steep; striae narrowly, deeply im- pressed, punctures somewhat obscure; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, armed by very fine, confused tubercles. Vestiture con- fined to declivity, scalelike. Male.— Similar to female except slightly stouter, and last visible abdominal sternum medially impressed and pubescent. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Hanagan Camp (Greenlee Co.), 12-VII- 68, D. E. Bright; Santa Catalina Mts., 5-VII1-68, flight, D. E. Bright. New Mexico: Alma (Carton Co.), Las Vegas, VIl-,52, 2300 m, F. H. Snow; Sierra Blanca Mt., Hopk. US7216. Hosts.— Not recorded, presumably Pinus. Biology.— Presumably this species breeds in stumps and roots of the host tree. Notes.— The type series 29 species was examined. This might possibly be a geographical race of porculus Erichson. 13. Hylastes macer LeConte Fig. 45 Ht/lastes macer LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:175 (Lectotype, male; California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 963, present designation) Diagnosis.— Although allied to nigrinus (Mannerheim) and subopacus Blackman, this species is unique in having the entire surfaces of the pronotum and elytra finely reticulate; it is also the largest American Hylastes. Female.— Length 5.1-6.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons essentially as in asper. 1982 Hylastini 105 Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides rather strongly, almost uni- formly arcuate from base to just before broadly rounded anterior margin; entire sur- face finely reticulate, punctures rather small, shallow, irregular in size and outline, inter- spaces averaging distances slightly less than diameter of a puncture; median line partly impunctate, not elevated; glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then converging slightly to a point just behind declivital base, narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 moder- ately, others feebly impressed, punctures moderately large and deep; interstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex, reticulate, sculpture slightly irregular, punctures fine, close, confused. Declivity convex, gradual above, rather steep on lower half; striae and strial punctures a little more strongly im- pressed than on disc; interstriae convex, armed by small, confused granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, scalelike. Male.— Similar to female except usually slightly stouter, and last visible abdominal sternum medially impressed and pubescent. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to California, Arizona, and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Cranbrook, Creston, Kootenay N. P., Merritt (Midday Valley), Oliver. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Kaibab N. F., Wil- liams. California: Alpine, Alta Sierra (Kern Co.), Amador Co., Bass Lake, Calistoga, Camp Wolfboro (Calaveras Co.), Carmel, Carrville, Cedarville, Chester, China Camp, Colony Mill (Tulare Co.), Deer Creek (Tahama Co.), Echo Lake, Emigrant Gap, Fresno, Hamburg, Hat Creek, Hobart Mills, Huckleberry Meadow, Incline (Mariposa Co.), Kings Canyon, Lake Tahoe, La Moine, Lassen N. P., Lomo, Meadow Valley (Plumas Co.), Meyers, Miami R. S., Millwood (Fresno Co.). Modoc Co., Mt. St. Helena, Nevada City, Northfork, Pinecrest, Placer Co., Plaskett Station (Glenn Co.), Sand Flat, San Juacinto Mts., Silver Creek (Alpine Co.), Siskiyou Co., Sterling, Summerdale, Trinity Co., Woodford (Alpine Co.), Yosemite N. P. Colorado: Estes Park, Ft. Collins. Idaho: Granite, Idaho City, Krassel, Moscow, Potlatch, Robinson Lake (Latah Co.), Slate Creek R. S. (Idaho Co.), Smith's Ferry, Wallace. Montana: Columbia Falls, Helena. Nebraska: Pine Ridge. Nevada: Baker. Kyle Canyon (Clark Co.) Oregon: Anthony Lake, Beatty, Cave City, Crater Lake N. P., Deming Creek (Klamath Co.), Gardiner, Glenada, Klamath Falls, Meacham, Och- oco N. F., Pinehurst. Prineville, Tollgate. Wallowa Lake. South Dakota: Black Hills. Utah: Escalante, Brvce Canyon N. P., Zion N. P. Washington: Blewett, Buck- eye, Easton, Ft. Lewis, Glenwood, Grand Coulee, Mt. Rainier, Seattle, Skammani Co., Vaughn, Walla Walla. Hosts.— Pinus spp., less commonly from Picea engelmannii. Biology.— Galleries are constructed in phloem tissues of stumps and roots of the host tree. Notes.— The first specimen in the Le- Conte series, a male from California, has long been regarded as the type of this species; I here designate that specimen as the lectotype of macer. The lectotype and 682 other speci- mens were examined. 14. Hylastes nigrinus (Mannerheim) Figs. 18, 19, 20, 45, 46 Hijlurgus nigrinus Mannerheim, 1852, Bull. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Moscou 25:.356 (Holotype, female; Sitka Island, Alaska; Helsinki Mus.) Hylastes nigrinus: LeConte, 1868, Trans Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:174 Hylastes yukonis Fall, 1926, Pan-Pacific Ent. 2:207 (Holotype, male; White Horse, Yukon Territory; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89: 396. Synonymy Fig. 45. Hylastes macer: Lateral aspect, (.-^fter Bright 1976:206.) 106 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to porciilus. The differences are ob- sciire and characters may intergrade when additional material becomes available. This species has the pronotal punctures slightly smaller and more closely placed, and the punctures on the declivital striae are smaller. Because nigrinus, asperatus, and porculus re- place one another geographically, it is entire- ly possible that they are only subspecies of one another. Additional material from inter- mediate localities must be examined before their status can be clarified. Female.— Length 3.8-4.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in porculus. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest at or just behind middle, sides rather weakly arcuate from base, rather broadly rounded in front; surface smooth and shining, usually with areas of obscure reticulation at base or other marginal areas, punctures rather coarse, deep, close, interspaces almost always equal to less than half diameter of a puncture; median line largely impunctate; glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outline as in proculus; striae feebly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex, surface irregular (undulating), smooth, shining, punctures small, close, con- fused. Declivity as in porculus except striae usually slightly narrower and deeper than in- terstriae (striae slightly wider than interstriae in porculus). Vestiture largely confined to de- clivity, consisting of interstrial scales as in re- lated species. Male.— Similar to female except usually slightly stouter, and last visible abdominal sternum medially impressed and pubescent. Distribution.— Alaska and California to W Montana. Fig. 46. Hylastes spp., distribution map: nigrinus, .solid circles; subopacus, solid squares; porculus, open circles. 1982 Hylastini 107 ALASKA: Sitka Island. CANADA: Alberta: La^gan." British Columbia: Atlin, Bear Lake, Bowser, Kokaiiee Mt., Lorna. Luinberton, Merritt (Midday Valley), Nel- son, North Bend, Pender Harbor, Port Renfrew, Sidney, Sinnmerland, Victoria. Northwest Territories: Ft. Smith. Yukon: White Horse. US.\: California: Ben Lomond, Che.ster, Fieldbrook, Ft. Seward, Happy Camp (Siskiyou Co.), Hat Creek, Lasjimitas, Lamoine (Shasta Co.), Los Angeles, Los Catos, Meadow Valley (Plumas Co.), McCloud, Mill Valley, Mt. St. Helena, Quincy, San Mateo Co., Santa Rosa, Sequoia N. P., Shasta N. F., Summit Road (Santa Cruz Co.). Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Harvard (Latah Co.), Priest River, St. Maries (Benewah Co.). Montana: Lindburg Lake at Condon. Oregon: Amity, Astoria, Baker Creek, Bear Springs R. S., Cannon Beach, Clackamas Co., Clatsop Co., Clear Lake, Cor- vallis, Dayton, Detroit, Eugene, Forest Grove, Gardiner, Golden, Griffin Creek (Jackson Co.), Hillsboro, Hood River, Keno, Klamath Falls, Lane Co., Manzanita, Mary's Peak, McMinnville, Medford, Mosier, Mt. Hood, Neotsu, Newberg, Pacific City, Paradise Park, Portland, Sand Lake, Silver Creek Falls, Sisters, St. Helens, Scap- poose. Sweet Basin, Tillamook, Trail, Veronia, Wald- port. Wending, Winenia N. F., Yamhill Co. Washing- ton: .\merican Lake, Beaver, Bothel, Chase Lake (Snohomish Co.), Cranberry Creek (Mason Co.), Eaton- ville, Elva, Everett, Glenwood, Green River Gorge, Lewis and Clark St. Pk., Lester, Moclips, Mt. Adams, Mt. Baker, Mt. Rainier, Ocean Park, Olympia, Olympic N. P., Parkland, Port Blakely, Puyallup, Quillayute, Quinault, Seattle, Sequim Bay St. Pk., Sk"ye, Sol Duk Sp.. Tacoma, Vantage, Vaughn, Wending, Winslow. Hosts.— The species of Pinus, Picea, Pseu- dotsuga, Tsuga, Larix, and Abies in approx- imately that order of preference. Biology.— This common species infests the phloem tissues of stumps and roots of the ho.st trees. The biramous adult galleries score the wood very lightly; evidently they most commonly run transverse to the grain of the wood. The larval mines appear to wander aimlessly through the phloem tissues. Notes.— The types of nigrintis and ijuk- onis and 675 other specimens were examined. There are some minor geographical varia- tions in the population, but none of these ex- hibit trends toward those found in the geo- graphical replacement species porciihis in the eastern United States and asperatus in the southern Rocky Mountains. Until some in- dication of intergradation is found it appears best to retain these forms as valid species. 15. Hykistes subopacus Blackman Fig. 46 Hylastes subopacus Blackman, 194L U.S. Dept. .Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:9 (Holotype, male; Capitan Mountains, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 540.32) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to nigrinu.s and replaces that species geographically in Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. Its size, habits and structure suggest that it is a distinct species, not a geographical race. It is distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.— Length 4.4-5.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in nigrintis except inflated area on lower half more poorly developed, epistomal impression somewhat more extensive. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then arcuately converging to broadly rounded anterior margin; surface minutely, obscurely reticulate, punctures moderately small, rather deep, close, interspaces equal to less than half diameter of a puncture; middle half of median line impunctate; glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline .similar to ni- grinus; striae feebly impressed anteriorly, stronger behind, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, punctures sm.all, confused, finely subasperate. Declivity as in nigrinus, striae slightly more strongly impressed, punctures small; inter- strial tubercles usually smaller. Male.— Similar to female except slightly stouter, and last visible abdominal sternum medially impressed and pubescent. Distribution.— Utah and Wyoming to New Mexico. US.\: Colorado: .Argentine Road; Silverton, VIII-85. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., IT-VH-OT, J. L. Webb. Utah: Brighton, VH-IS, Hubbard and Schwarz; Logan Canyon, 6-VII-48, and 18-VI-49, Abies lask>car}ni. S. L. Wood; Wolf Creek Pass, 17-VI-60, Abies hisiocdrpa, S. L. Wood. Wyoming: Brooks Lake; Medicine Bow Range 1929, .3200 m'. Host.— Abies lasiocarpa. Biology.— Tunnels were constructed in phloem tissues of stumps and roots of large, dying, standing trees. The biramous parental tunnels tended to be transverse and scarcely engraved the wood. Larval mines u.sually were exposed on peeled bark and appeared to wander at random. Both larvae and adults were present on the three occasions when ob- servations were made. Notes.— The male holotype, both male paratypes, and 19 other specimens were ex- amined for this studv. Tribe HYLESININI Hylesi.nen Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesth. 2:46 (Type-genus: Hylesinus Fabricius, 1801) Phloeotrupidae Chapuis, 1866, in: Lacordaire, Hist. Nat. Insectes, Coleopt. 7:.357 (Type-genus: Phloeotrupes Erich- son, 1836) Phloeobori Blandford, 1893, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1893:426 (Type-genus: Phloeohorus Erichson, 18.36) Dactylop.\lpi Blandford, 1893, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1893:426 (Type-genus: Dactylopalpus Chapuis, 1869) Hylastinides Niisslin, 1912, Naturwiss. Zeitschr. Forst- und Landwirtschaft 1912:273 (Type-genus; Hylastinus Bed- el, 1888) Alniphagini Murayania, 1963, Studies in the scolytid fauna of the northern half of the Far East, V, Hylesininae, p. 29 (Type-genus: Alniphagus Swaine, 1918) Anatomical features.— The frons is ob- scurely to moderately sexually dimorphic, the eye is entire to feebly sinuate on the anterior margin, the antennal funicle is 6- or 7-seg- mented, the club is symmetrical and conical to moderately flattened, with the sutures in- dicated, the procoxae are contiguous to rather narrowly separated, the pronotum is armed by a few asperities (except in Hylas- tinus), the metascutellar area is separated from the postnotum by a distinct suture, and the sutural groove on the mesal surface at the base of the elytra is interrupted by a series of interlocking nodules and cavities. Biological features.— All species are monogamous, all American species except Phloeohorus are phloeophagous. Their paren- tal tunnels are either biramous or, if mono- ramous, there is a well-developed turning niche near the entrance tunnel. Eggs are de- posited in niches. Larval mines usually follow a definite course away from the parental gal- lery and rarely cross one another. Phloeo- horus is xylophagous and appears to have a symbiotic relationship with fimgi, although not in a mycetophagous sense. Taxonomy.— This tribe is somewhat inter- mediate between the Hylastini and Tomicini. Of the three native genera, two appear to have been derived from Eurasia {Alniphagus and Hylesinus) and one from South America (Phloeohorus). Most of the genera in this tribe occur in the Old World. The American gen- era of Hylesinini are easily recognized; those from other parts of the world may be distin- guished with great difficulty. Genus HYLASTINUS Bedel Hylastinus Bedel, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Hors Ser. 6:388 (Type-species: Ips obscurus Marsham, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is not closely al- lied to other American genera. It is easily dis- tinguished by characters summarized in the above key to genera and in the diagnosis of ohscurus below. Description.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as described below for ohscurus; eye entire, elongate; antennal scape elongate, fu- nicle 7-segmented club with three sutures, 1 and 2 septate. Scutellum small, slightly de- pressed; bases of elytra armed by a single row of overlapping crenulations extending to striae 9. Declivity convex, steep; sculpture conservative. Vestiture hairlike. Prothoracic intercoxal piece moderately wide, margined laterally in front of coxae by an acutely ele- vated ridge extending from coxa to anterior margin. Third tarsal segments bilobed. Distribution.— Four European species are known, one of which has been introduced into North America. Biology.— The adults bore in the roots of leguminous hosts, where they rear their broods. Hylastinus ohscurus (Marsham) Ips ohscurtis Marsham, 1803, Entomologia Britanica, p. 57 (Syntypes?; Type locality unknown, probably England; not located) Hylastes ohscurus: C'hapnian, 1869, Ent. Mon. Mag. 6:6. Synonymy 108 1982 Hylesinini 109 Hylastinus ohsctirus. Bedel, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Hors. Ser. 6:388. Synonymy Dennestes trifolii Miiller, 180.3, Mem. Soc. Sci. Dep. du Mont. Tonerre 1:47 (Syntypes?; Central Europe; not located); Chapman, 1869, Ent. Mon. Mag. 6:6. Synonymy Hylesinus crenulatus Duftschmid, 1825, Fauna Austri- aca 3:104 (Syntypes?; Linz, Austria; depository not located); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:12. Synonymy Hylurgus picctis Stephens, 18.30, Illustrations of British Entomology 3:365 (Syntypes; London, England; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:12. Synonymy Hyhirgus fttscescens Stephens, 1830, Illustrations of British Entomology 3:365 (Syntypes?; London, England; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:12. Synonymy Hylastinus kroaticus Fuchs, 1912, Morphologische Studi- en uber Borkenkafer. II. Die europaischen Hy- lesinen, p. .39 (Syntypes?; Warasdin, Croatia; not known to me); Schedl, 1964, Riechenbachia 2:210 (Synonymy; as croaticus) Hylastinus pilosus Eggers, 1944, Ent. Blatt. 40:140 (Holotype, male?; .\lgiers; U.S. Nat. Mus., 59131); Schedl, 1960, Ent. Mitt. 31:162. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species, introduced from Europe, is not closely related to any native American species, although it superficially resembles Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff), with which it commonly is confused in col- lections. It is most easily distinguished from rufipes by the presence of a strongly elevated ridge extending from the lateral margin of the fore coxae to the anterior margin of the pronotum; it also has a conspicuous, trans- verse, interocular impression and it com- pletely lacks a sharply defined premandibular epistomal lobe. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, with a rather well-devel- oped, transverse, interocular impression then slightly inflated to level of antennal insertion, transversely impressed just above epistomal margin, epistomal lobe rather well devel- oped; surface coarsely reticulate, with coarse, close, very shallow obscure punctures; vesti- ture hairlike, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; widest about one-third length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather shallowly constricted just before broadly roimded anterior margin; surface coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, fundus of most pimctures obscurely reticulate, interspaces very narrow, shining; vestiture hairlike, mod- erately long, rather abundant. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, rather broadly rounded behind; ba.sal margin of each elytron armed by a single row of moderately large, overlapping crenulations extending to base of striae 9; striae weakly impressed, punctures large, deep; interstriae distinctly narrower than striae, feebly con- vex, punctures rather fine, part of them sub- crenulate, becoming tuberculate toward de- clivity. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae slightly narrower, interstriae more strongly convex than on disc; each interstriae armed by a row of rather fine, pointed tubercles. Vestiture consisting of coarse, hairlike, inter- strial setae about equal in length to diameter of a strial puncture, and median rows of in- terstrial hair about twice as long as more abundant ground vestiture. Male.— Apparently distinguished from fe- male only by differences in terminal abdomi- nal terga. Distribution.— North Africa, south and central Europe to the Caucasus, British Co- lumbia and Ontario to California and Georgia. CANADA; British Columbia: Bear Hill, Grindrod, Sidney. Ontario: Prince Edward Co., Toronto, Trenton. USA: California: Neyada City. Connecticut: Stamford. Georgia: Waddington. Idaho: Boise, Caldwell, Chilco, Council, Hubbs Butte, Moscow, Murtaugh, Parma, Weippe, Wilder. Indiana: Bern, Ft. Wayne, LaFayette, Oakville, Wabash Co. Maryland: Hagerstown. Mas- sachusetts: Forest Hills. Michigan: .Agricultural College, Washtenaw. New^ Hampshire; Durham. New Jersey: Greenwood Lake, Hackettstown. Hohokus, Iryington. New York: Bridgeport, Dundee, Elmyra, Ithaca, Meck- lensburg, Newport, Onondaga Co., West Point. Ohio: Columbus, Delaware Co., Hartsgrove, Holgate, Lorain Co., Rock Creek, Scotio Co., Westville. Oregon: Beth- any, Canby, Cornelius, Corvallis, Dayton, Deyer, Forest Grove, Marshfield, McMinnville, Molalla, Portland, Ridgeway, Roseburg, Salem, Scio, Sheridan. Scappoose, St. Helens, Taft. Utah: Benson, Garden City, Honeyyille, Spring Lake in LUah Co., Tremonton. Washington: Blaine, Bothell, Cedar Mt., Chase Lake, Conway, Du- yall, Evans Creek (King Co.), Gardiner, Loveland, Man- chester, Mt. Vernon, Port Townsend, Pullman, Renton, Sutton, Vancouver. Hosts.— Trifolium spp. preferred, al- though Medicago, Melilotus, Lathynts, and Vicia species are acceptable. Biology.— Overwinters as voung adults or larvae in infested clover roots in the ground. New adult tunnels are constructed in the spring in unthriftv plants. The galleries are 110 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 basically of the biramous type with eggs de- posited in niches along the margins. The lar- vae mine at random through the root tissues. Pupation occurs during late summer. There is one generation each year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 216 American specimens that were com- pared to several European specimens identi- fied by Eichhoff, Eggers, etc. Genus HYLESINUS Fabricius Hylesimis Fabricius, 1801, Syst. Eleuth. 2:39() (Type- species: Hylesinus crenatiis Fabricius, subsequent designation by Westwood, 1838, Synopsis of the genera of British Insects, p. 39) Ficicis Lea, 1910, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. s., 22:147 (Tvpe-species: Ficicis various Lea, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:122); Schedl, 1936, Proc. S. AustraHa Mus. 5:521. Synonymij Leperisinus Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft):41 (Type-species: Bostrichus fraxini Panzer = B. varius Fabricius, subsequent designation by Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):70); Wood, 1978. Great Ba- sin Nat. 37:511. Synonymy Ficiphagtts Murayama, 1958, Yamaguti Univ. Facul. Agric. Bull. 9:930 (Type-species: Ficiphagus goliathoides Murayama = Hylesinus porcatus Chapuis, original designation); Schedl, 1962, Beitr. Ent. 12:486. Synonymy Diagnosis.— American species are easily distinguished by the scalelike vestiture and the moderately ascending abdomen. Alni- phagus is the most closely allied American genus. Description.— Length 1.8-4.0 mm, 1.8-2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, densely clothed by various mixtures of white, tan, brown, or black scales to form characteristic color patterns; frons in male tran.sversely impressed to strongly concave, devoid of median carina, female frons flat- tened to convex, a median carina often pres- ent. Eye oval, anterior margin weakly sin- uate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 7- segmented; club elongate, slightly flattened, slightly asymmetrical, marked by three asep- tate sutures. Pronotum wider than long, ante- rolateral areas usually armed by several cre- nulations. Scutellum rather small, round. Elytral bases armed by a long row of closely set, overlapping crenulations; striate; declivi- ty convex, moderately steep, abdomen as- cending almost halfway to meet apex of elytra. Vestiture largely scalelike. Distribution.— North America to Guate- mala; Europe and Asia to Australia; eight species occur in America, about 30 species in the Eastern hemisphere. Biology.— The monogamous species cut transverse biramous egg galleries that en- grave the wood rather deeply. The larvae mine primarily in the phloem tissues parallel to the grain of the wood. With few excep- tions the host plants belong to the genus Fra- xinus. The winter is passed in the adult stage outside of the brood gallery system in indi- vidual feeding and hibernation tunnels con- structed in green bark of living trees. Black- man (1922a:63) estimated that as many as three generations may occur in one season. Notes.— The genus Hylesinus Fabricius has been rather seriously abused in taxonomic literature, primarily because of the extreme diversity of species presently included in it and in several genera closely allied to it. An obvious need for a complete reevaluation of these genera exists. Key to the Species of Hylesinus 1. Male frons transversely impressed on less than lower half, moderately convex above; setae on propleural area rather slender, usually simple, almost never di- vided into more than two parts; setae on abdominal sternum 5 long and slender, essentially hairlike 2 — Male frons concavely excavated from epistoma to upper level of eyes; setae on propleural area broad, usually divided into three or more filaments; setae on abdominal .sternum 5 stout, largely scalelike (hairlike in califomicus and guatemalensis) 4 2(1). Pronotum devoid of asperities in anterior or anterolateral areas; frontal vesti- ture very .short; North Dakota and Ontario to Vermont and Tennessee; 3.2-4.0 mm 1. pruinosus Eichhoff 1982 Hylesinini 111 — Pronotum armed by several coarse asperities in anterolateral areas, usually supplemented by a row of small submarginal ones in anteromedian area; frontal pubescence moderately long; smaller species 3 3(2). Frons with fine, shallow punctures in both sexes, male entirely devoid of a me- dian carina; discal interstrial crenulations rather fine; discal scales on elytra smaller, averaging one-fourth as wide as interstriae; South Dakota and Kansas to Quebec and New Jersey; 2.0-3.0 mm 2. aculeatus Say — Frons with coarse, moderately deep punctures in both sexes, lower half of male frons with a low, poorly developed, median carina; discal crenulations much larger; discal scales on elytra larger, averaging one-third as wide as interstriae; Oregon to California; 2.5-3.3 mm 3. oregonus (Blackman) 4(1). Smaller; declivital interstriae 2 as wide as 1 or 3, not conspicuously depressed, armed on upper half by a few small granules; median line on female frons weakly impressed; median row of scales on each interstriae not longer, usually not erect anywhere on elytra; Saskatchewan and Colorado to Ontario; 1.9-2.4 mm 4. criddlei (Swaine) — Larger; declivital interstriae 2 much narrower than 1 or 3, or strongly im- pressed or both, devoid of granules; female frons carinate (except guatema- lensis); median row of scales (or hair) on some interstriae erect and conspicuously longer than ground cover 5 5(4). Scales on mature specimens black and white with a few tan; female frontal ca- rina acute, more than half as long as frons; interstriae 9 and 10 with vestiture scalelike, none noticeably longer than ground cover; declivital interstriae 2 narrowly convex, bearing one row of scales at middle of declivity 6 — Scales on mature specimens brown and tan or white; female frons if carinate, carina very short, subtuberculate, confined to lower half; interstriae 9 and 10 with some slender setae at least twice as long as ground scales; declivital inter- striae 2 impressed (slightly convex in some females) bearing at least two staggered ranks of scales 7 6(5). Smaller; scales on basal half of interstriae 9 and 10 more slender, mostly two to four times as long as wide; scales on erect median row of each interstriae only slightly longer than ground cover; black scales usually cover at least 70 percent of elytral surface; Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Missouri; 1.8-2.3 mm 5. fasciatus LeConte — Larger; scales on basal half of interstriae 9 and 10 almost as broad as those in other areas, usually less than twice as long as wide; scales on erect median row of each interstriae conspicuously longer than ground cover; black scales usually cover less than 50 percent of elytral surface; SW Texas and Durango to Puebla; 2.3-2.9 mm 6. mexicanus (Wood) 7(5). Male frons much less strongly concave, female frons more distinctly impressed but not concave, a median carina present on lower half in both .sexes; erect in- terstrial setae on declivity more widely spaced, slender, about four to eight times as long as wide, setae in ground cover on 1-3 similar, erect setae never present on 2; Mexico; Fraxinus uhdei; 3.8-4.2 mm 7. aztecus Wood — Male frons more strongly concave, never with a median carina, female more distinctly convex, a carina present or not; erect interstrial setae on declivity on 1 and 3 very close, very broad, each about one to four times as long as wide, some erect setae always present on 2 in female (rare in male) 8 112 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 8(7). Female frons with a short, rounded, prominent carina just below middle; male frons more narrowly, not uniformly concave; elytral scales in ground cover much larger, about one-third as wide as interstriae; Oregon and North Dakota to Chihuahua and Texas; 2.0-3.1 mm 8. californicus (Swaine) — Female frons flat, entirely devoid of a median carina; male frons broadly, uni- formly concave; elytral scales in ground cover much smaller, about one-fifth as wide as interstriae; Guatemala; 2.4-3.1 mm 9. guatemalensis (Wood) 1. Hylesinus pruinosus Eichhoff Hiflesinus pruinosus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:149 (Syntypes ?; Anierique Boreale; lost with Hamburg Miis.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely al- lied to oculeatus Say, but it may be distin- guished by the larger size, by the coarser frontal pimctures, by the absence of pronotal asperities, and by the very coarse, uniseriate, interstrial crenulations that are consistently as tall as neighboring scales. Male.— Length 3.2-4.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, with a variegated pattern of light and dark scales. Frons as in aculeatus except slightly more convex and punctures distinctly larger. Pro- notum as in aculeatus except asperities in an- terolateral areas small to obsolete. Elytra as in aculeatus. Female.— Similar to male aculeatus ex- cept differing by characters noted above for male. Distribution.— North Dakota, Ontario, and Vermont to Tennessee and Virginia. CANADA: Ontario: "Ontario"; Ridgeway. USA; Il- linois: Urhana, 26-IV-08; Webster; "N. 111." Indiana: Co- lumbus, 26-1X-20. Kentucky: Lexington, 4-VII1-58. Michigan: Detroit. Missouri: St. Louis. New Hampshire: Webster. New York: Bear Mountain, 13-VII1-48; Buf- falo; Ellenville, VIII-41, Fraxinus; Ithaca. North Caro- lina: Trvon. Hopk. US 2621a, 3631a, 3656a. North Da- kota: Richland Co., 27-V-71, W. J. Brandvik. Pennsylvania: "N. Cumberland"; "Pa." Tennessee: "Tenn." Vermont: Ilighgate. Virginia: "Va, V-30." Hosts.— Fraxinus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 30 specimens. Their identity was based on specimens determined by Blackman, Schwarz, and Swaine and on the original description. This species evidently is rare and poorly represented in collections. It is very similar to some of the variants on the northwestern margins of the distribution of aculeatus and it is not at all impossible that it could be noth- ing more than an extreme morphological var- iant of aculeatus. Additional specimens and field notes are necessary to clarify its tax- onomic status. 2. Hylesinus aculeatus Say Hylesinus aculeatus Say, 1824, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 3:322 (Syntypes?; Missouri; evidently lost) Hylesinus iniperialis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:149 (Syntypes; Wisconsin and Georgia; lo.st with Hamburg Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33: 178. Synornjiny Lesperisinus cinereus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 15 (Lectotype, female; Hudson, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:676); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:399. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This common, variable, wide- ly distributed eastern species is allied to vari- us (Fabricius), of Europe, to the American pruinosus Eichhoff, and to oregonus (Black- man). From the two latter species it is distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. From the former it is easily distin- guished by the smaller size, by the lighter color, and by the different frontal sculpture in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.0-3.0 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated pattern of light and dark scales. Frons flattened from just below upper lev- el of eyes to just above epistoma, then gradu- ally ascending to epistomal margin, lateral margins weakly elevated on lower third; sur- face reticulate, almost reticulate-granulate, finely punctured; a very feeble, median ca- rina on lower half; vestiture of coarse, mod- erately abundant hair of moderate length over entire surface. Pronotum 0.72 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to distinct lateral constriction immediately be- hind broadly rounded anterior margin; crenu- lations in anterolateral areas moderately large, rarely reduced, a low, submarginal row u.sually extending to median line; surface minutely reticulate-granulate, punctures moderately large, close, somewhat obscure; 1982 Hylesinini 113 median line indicated one-third pronotum length from base; closely covered by non- overlapping scales, each scale subcircular at base, subtriangular in anterior area; dark scales form diamond pattern on median third from anterior to posterior margins, lateral margins also dark. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides very feebly ar- cuate, subparallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins, each armed by about 15 cren- ulations, striae narrowly impressed, punc- tures rather obscure; interstriae twice as wide as striae, base of 2 armed by about a dozen submarginal crenulations, 3 by about 6, 4 by about 3, and 5 by about 2 submarginal crenu- lations; interstriae each armed by a moder- ately confused row of narrow, low crenula- tions, each shorter than length of a scale, general surface obscured by scales. Declivity moderately steep, convex; interstriae 2 im- pressed but still convex, tubercles on 3 and 9 slightly larger than on disc, 1, 3, 7, and 9 usu- ally appearing slightly elevated. Vestiture scalelike, scales as wide as long, about one- fourth as wide as an interstriae, most of those near and on declivity with an elevated me- dian crest; a median row of scales on inter- striae 1 and 3 often erect and very slightly longer (less than 1.5 times) than ground cov- er; light scales in patches, usually comprising 50 to 60 percent of total, occasionally dark scales entirely absent. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, obscure median carina long- er; pronotal crenulations usually larger and more numerous. Distribution.— South Dakota and Quebec to eastern Kansas and North Carolina. CANADA: Manitoba: Aweme, Dauphin, Morden, Winnipeg. Nova Scotia: Lawrencetown. Ontario: Chalk River, Ottawa, Petawavva Res., Prince Edward Co. Que- bec: Ayhiier, Hemmingford, Isle Perrot, Lake Memph- reinagog, Ste. .\nne de Bellevue, St. Hilaire. USA: Ar- kansas: Blythville. Colorado: Fort Collins. Connecticut: Bethlehem, Chaplin, Cornwall, Stamford. District of Co- lumbia: Washington. Illinois: Chicago, Macomb. In- diana: "Indiana." Iowa: .\mes, Iowa City. Kansas: Ft. Scott, Norton, Partridge, Riley Co., Salina, Topeka. Louisiana: Frenier, New Orleans, Tallulah. Maine: Lovel, Paris, South Hope, Orono, Wales, Yarmouth. Maryland: Plummers Island. Massachusetts: Charle- mont, Commington, Framingham, Hopedale, Lawrence, Petersham, Stoughton, Westborg. Michigan: Detroit, East Lansing, Pittsfield Twp. in \\'ashtesaw Co. Minnesota: Buffalo State Park. Mississippi: Agricultural College. Nebraska: Broken Bow, Omaha. New Hamp- shire: Durham, Webster. New Jersey: Boonton, Clcmon- ton, Glen Gardner, Orange Mts., Peterson, South Moun- tain. New York: Buffalo, Cheektown, EUenville, Ithaca, Ogdeiisbiirg, Patchin, Scarsdale, Syracuse, Utica, West Point. North Carolina: Tryon. North Dakota: Botteneau, Cass Co., Fargo, Regent, Richland Co., Roosevelt N. P. Ohio: Bowling Green, Clinton Co., Columbus, Franklin Co., Tiffin. Oklahoma: Payne Co. Pennsylvania: Castle Rock, Clarks Valley, Easton, Harrisburg, Milford, North Cumberland, Pecks Pond, Philadelphia, Philmont, Swarthmore, Wyoming. South Carolina: Batesburg, Clemson, Ferguson. South Dakota: McHenry Co. Ten- nessee: Memphis. Texas: Dallas. Virginia: Falls Church. West Virginia: Kanawah Station, Monongalia, Randolph Co. Hosts.— Fraxinus americana and F. spp. Biology.— The bole, limbs, and larger branches are selected for attack where trans- verse, biramous, parental galleries deeply en- grave the surface of the wood. According to Blackman (1922a:62) the transverse length of the complete gallery systems he studied in Mississippi varied from 2 to 6 cm and aver- aged 4 cm. The larval mines follow the grain of the wood and normally do not cross one another. The young adults do little if any feeding before they emerge from the brood host. Evidently feeding tunnels in green bark are not formed between succeeding summer generations, but they are formed by over- wintering beetles. About two months were required to complete a generation in Mississippi. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on LeConte's series of aculeatus, which was either part of Say's series or compared to it; on LeConte's series of imperiolis, which apparently included an Eichhoff specimen; on the type series of cinereus Swaine; on the Schwarz, Hopkins, and Blackman series of aculeatus; and on more than 700 other speci- mens. A specimen labeled "N.Y.; Cornell Lot. 3 Sub. 5; Hylesinus imperialis Lee. homo- type" (the identification label is in Swaine's hand) is a female of califomicus and does not match either of LeConte's series. Because the types of both aculeatus and imperalis appar- ently were lost, LeConte's specimens appear to be the only existing specimens that were either part of the type series or compared to the types of the Say and Eichhoff descriptions. 114 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 3. Hylesinus oregonus (Blackman) Leperisinus oregonus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:396 (Holotvpe, female; Forest Grove, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Nliis., .56574) Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to aculeatus Say, but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.5-3.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated pattern of dark brown, yellow, and pale scales, dark scales predominating. Frons as in aculeatus except carina very slightly higher, punctures much larger and deeper, and vestiture finer. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; as in aculeatus except submarginal row of crenula- tions usually not complete to median line, surface more coarsely, deeply punctured, and scales larger. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; as in aculeatus except striae very slightly wider, interstrial crenula- tions averaging slightly less numberous and higher, scales larger, wider, each scale a third as wide as an interstriae, fewer of them strongly keeled; dark brown scales comprise about half of total, yellow and pale scales about equally abundant. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex on upper three-fourths, carina slightly longer and higher. Distribution.— Oregon to California. USA: California: Hilts, 18-IV-.33, .\sh, Paul Rice. Ore- gon: Corvallis, 24-IV'-3I, 6-X-31, 15-VII-41, Fraxinus ore- ganci, J. Scliuh; Eugene; Forest Grove, 18-1-19, Fraxinus: McMinnville; Philomath; McLane; Portland, 26-VII, C. E. Wood, 14-VIII-.34, F. oregona, F. P. Keen; St. Helens, Hopk. US117, Fraxinus, A. D. Hopkins; Scappoose. Host.— Fraxinus latifolia. Biology.— Evidently indistinguishable from aculeatus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 153 other spec- imens. This appears to be a rare species; its distribution along the Pacific Coast probably is much greater than available records indicate. 4. Hylesinus criddlei (Swaine) Leperisinus criddlei Swaine, 1918, Dom. Ganada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 72 (Holotype, male; Awenie, Manitoba; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9251) Diagnosis.— This is the most di.stinctive and also the most difficult American species of the genus to characterize. Its small size, the comparatively .simple sculpture of the elytral declivity, and the presence of a weak, median, frontal impression, rather than an elevation, serve to distinguish it. Male.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated pattern of dark brown, yellowish tan, and pale scales, pale scales usually predominate. Frons rather abruptly, concavely im- pressed above epistoma, impression extend- ing to upper level of eyes at least in median area, lateral margins subacutely elevated on lower third; surface minutely reticulate; ves- titure consisting of moderately abundant, coarse, rather long, subplumose setae. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather weakly ar- cuate and converging slightly on basal half, then abruptly rounded and converging to moderate constriction just before broadly rounded, subemarginate anterior margin; sur- face reticulate, obscurely punctured, with several coarse asperities in anterolateral area, a marginal row of asperities extending almost to median line on anterior margin; scales usu- ally not overlapping, rather large, broad over most of surface, narrower in front, color pat- tern as in aculeatus. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; outline as in aculeatus; disc as in aculeatus except submarginal cre- nulations smaller, interstrial crenulations nar- rower, more nearly uniseriate. Declivity con- vex, moderately steep; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 weakly elevated, 2 almost flat, as wide as 1 or 3 and bearing four indefinite ranks of scales. Vestiture consisting of overlapping interstrial scales, each scale as wide as long, almost a third as wide as interstriae; an occasional .scale on declivity erect and slightly longer than ground vestiture; light scales usually predominate, tan scales least abundant. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex on upper three-fourths, median line weakly impressed; asperities on pronotum slightly larger. Distribution.— Saskatchewan and Colo- rado to Quebec. 1982 Hylesinini 115 CANADA: Manitoba: Aweme, 31-VII-15, Ex. No. 8178, N. Griddle. Ontario: Port Colborne, 1-VIII-.34, D. Grav; Ridgewav, \. H. Kilman. Quebec: Cap Rouge, 15- V-7i; Gaspe, 25-VI-.37. C. Gautier; Montreal, 12-VII-33, J. I. Beaulne. Saskatchewan: St. Hubert Mission, 14-IX- 43, Fraxintis, P. A. Mullie. US.\: Colorado: Denver, 3- VI-49, F. americana; Ft. Collins, VII-52, F. americana, T. O. Thatcher; Laport, 6-III-50, T. O. Thatcher. Iowa: Lake Okoboji, 17-VI, L. L. Buchanan. Kansas: Rilev, VI- 17, Popeno. Michigan: Detroit. Minnesota: Laverne. VIII-37, .^sh, H. R. Dodge; Ramsey Co.. 8-V-,36, H. R. Dodge. North Dakota: Emmons Co., McHenry Co., 13- Vl-70, trap, A. D. Tagestad; Pierce Co., lO-VI-71; Ram- sey Co.. 31-VII-70, F. pennsylvanica, A. D. Tagestad. South Dakota: Millbank. 19-IX-99. F. americana, J. M. Aldrich. Host.— Fraxinus americana, F. pennsylvanica. Biology.— Apparently as in aculeatus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 146 other specimens. 5. H ylesinus fasciatus heConte Hylesinus fasciatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:170 (Holotype, male; York Co., Pennsylva- nia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 973) Diagnosis.— The black and white scale pattern and the uniseriate rows of scales on at least part of declivital interstriae 2 clearly distinguish this species and mexicanus (Wood) from other American representatives of the genus. From mexicanus it is distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color almost black, with black and white scales, black scales predominating. Frons rather broadly, deeply concave from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, median line very feebly elevated; lower third of lateral margins rather broadly rounded; surface minutely reticulate- subgranulate, punctures rather fine, obscure; vestiture of moderately abundant, rather short, subplumose setae. Pronotum 0.70 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to very broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face minutely reticulate-granulate, finely, closely obscurely punctured; anterolateral areas each bearing about a dozen coarse as- perities, marginal row on median half obso- lete; median line indicated on most of poste- rior half; scales rather large, broad posteriorly, rather slender anteriorly; white scales largely restricted to posterolateral areas. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; outline and basal mar- gins essentially as in aculeatus; striae rather narrowly impre.s.sed, punctures rather ob- scure; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, submarginal crenulations as in aculeatus but smaller, rows of discal crenula- tions or tubercles ab.sent, punctures obscured by vestiture. Declivity convex, rather steep; interstriae 2 impressed but convex, 1 slightly elevated, 3 and 9 not noticeably elevated, tu- bercles not evident. Vestiture consisting of moderately large, strongly keeled (tripartite) scales in three irregular ranks except unise- riate on declivital interstriae 2, each scale slightly longer than wide; median row on each interstriae distinctly longer than ground cover; color black except small white patches on interstriae 1 and 2 just behind scutellum, on 6 at similar level, on 2 to 5 and 7 at base of declivity, and on apex of 9. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, upper three-fourths bearing a rather strongly elevated median carina; fewer elytral scales keeled in ground cover. Distribution.— Pennsylvania and New Jersey to Missouri. US.\: District of Columbia: \\'a,shington, V-29. Mis- souri: Jefferson City, V-17. New Jersey: Glemton, V-20. Pennsylvania: Harrisburg, 1923, Ash, Champlain. West Virginia: Kanawha Station, Fraxinus. A. D. Hopkins; Wood Co., 14-VII-08, A. D. Hopkins. Host.— Fraxinus americana. Biology.— Evidently similar to aculeatus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 187 other specimens. 6. Hylesinus mexicanus (Wood) Leperisinus mexicanus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:249 (Holotype, male; Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fasciatus LeConte by characters sum- marized in the above key. In addition, the fe- male frontal carina is less strongly elevated, and most specimens have the light colored scales in the declivital ground vestiture tinted yellow. 116 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 2.3-2.9 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color almost black, with patch- es of black, white, and yellowish tan scales. Frons as in fasciatiis except setae slightly longer. Pronotiim as in fasciatus except patches of white scales larger, also a patch of white scales just behind anterior margin. Elytra as in fasciatus except uniseriate rows of fine, interstrial tubercles present on basal half of disc; erect, uniseriate, median row of scales longer on disc and on declivity almost twice as long as ground vestiture, pale erect scales white in color, pale ground cover scales at least on declivity usually yellowish tan (in some specimens these also entirely white). Pale scales on basal half of elytra and at base of declivitv forming almost contin- uous, transverse bands of white color, posteri- or one continued in lateral area to apex and sometimes joining anterior band (color pat- tern highly variable); pale scales usually com- prise at least half of total number. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, with a conspicuous median ca- rina, upper half of carina less strongly ele- vated than in fasciatus; only longer, erect, in- terstrial scales strongly keeled. Distribution.— Durango and SW Texas to Puebla. USA: Texas: Big Bend N. P. in Pulliam Canyon, 17-V- 59, 28()0 ni, H. Howden; Rivers, 27-VI-38, r' I. Sailer; Waco, 2X1-39, P. A. Click. MEXICO: Aguascalientes: Agviascalientes, 12-VI-65, 21(X) m. No. 42, S. L. Wood. Durango: Quencame, 23-IV-77, "palo bianco," M. M. Furni.ss; San Juan del Rio, 25-VII-53, 1800 m, S. L. Wood. Puebla: Tecaniaclialco, 2-VII-53, S. L. Wood. Host.— A small desert tree (Oleaceae). Biology.— The habits apparently are es- sentially as in aculeatus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 56 other specimens. The specimens from Three Rivers, Texas, and the one from San Juan del Rio, Durango, were previously referred by me (Wood 1956:248) to fasciatus. It is now recognized that they are small representatives of mexi- canus, with a higher percentage of black scales than is normal for this species. 7. Hylesinus aztecus Wood Hylcsinus aztecus Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:354 (Holotype, male; Chapingo, Mexico, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from califomicus (Swaine) by the larger size, by the presence of a fine, low, median frontal carina in both sexes, by the less strongly con- cave male frons and less strongly convex fe- male frons, and by differences in the declivi- tal interstrial setae described below. Male.— Length 3.8-4.2 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; vestiture of dark brown and tan scales in a pattern similar to califomicus. Frons similar to califomicus except very shallowly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a low, median carina on lower half, and granules on upper areas of head conspicuously larger. Pronotum similar to califomicus except as- perities smaller, punctures smaller, less defi- nite, and scales averaging much more slender. Elytra similar to califomicus except inter- strial crenulations more numerous, smaller, confused (a median row not predominating); declivital interstriae 1 less strongly elevated, 2 wider; ground setae on declivital interstriae 2 in two indefinite ranks (never uniseriate); erect setae always absent on 2, present on 1 and 3, each four to eight times as long as wide, spaced within a row by distances great- er (one to four times) than length of a seta. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly, more broadly impressed (irregularly flattened); declivital interstriae 1 less strongly elevated (vestiture not clearly sexually dimorphic). Distribution.— Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Chapingo, 12-XII-1978, Fraximis itlidei, T. H. Atkinson. Biology.— The habits apparently are as in aculeatus. Notes.— The above treatment was ba.sed on the type series of 14 specimens. 8. Hylesinus califomicus (Swaine) Fig. 47 Lcpehsinus califomicus Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:190 (Holotvpe, female; San Diego, California; Canadian Nat'. Coll., 9249) Leperisinus hofcri Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:394 (Holotype, female; Sabino Canyon, Ari- zona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56573); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:147. Synomjmy Leperisinus califomicus Essig, 1957, Insects and Mites of Western North .America, p. 519. \omen nudum Diagnosis.— This is the most common and most widely distributed representative of the 1982 Hylesinini 117 genus in western North America. This species margins of the elytra, flattened and im and guaternalensis Wood have long, hairlike, pressed interstriae 2 (at least in the male) erect, bristles on discal interstriae 8 to 10, a and the longer, erect interstrial scales on the larger patch of hairlike setae near the basal declivity that indicate a close relationship to Fig. 47. Hylcsinus califomicus: Adult, dorsal aspect, and tralleries. (After Swainc 1916:pl. 8. 118 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 one another. This species is distinguished from guatemalensis by characters summa- rized in the above key, and by the whitish tan color of the pale scales. Male.- Length 2.0-3.1 mm, 1.95 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with color pattern formed by dark brown and light tan scales. Frons concavely impressed on a triangular area from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes; epistomal margin feebly, narrowly ele- vated, broadly, shallowly emarginate; surface reticulate, finely, rather closely, obscurely punctured except at center of concavity; ves- titure rather fine, moderately long, abundant. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to narrow constriction just behind very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface reticulate, punctures large but obscure, on middle third their anterior margins finely asperate, lateral areas each bearing about a dozen and a half coarse asperities, with submarginal row obso- lete on median half of anterior margin; scales large, broad in pale areas, in dark areas sim- ilar scales supplemented by dark, slender bristles. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides slightly wider near base, almost straight, converging slightly pos- teriorly on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; anterior margins each armed by about 13 crenula- tions; striae slightly impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, each with a uniseriate row of narrow crenulations, crenu- lations increased in number at base, confused, particularly on 2 and 3. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae not impressed, punc- tures somewhat reduced; interstriae 1 moder- ately, 3 and 9 feebly elevated, 2 flat, rather strongly impressed. Vestiture largely of rather large, pubescent or subplumose scales in about three ranks on each interstriae, part of median rank longer, erect; erect setae slen- der, almost hairlike toward base, becoming scalelike on 1 one-third from base, at margin of declivity on 3 and 4, below middle of de- clivity on 5; each erect seta at least twice as long as ground scales, much longer on sides; none of scales keeled. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex on upper two-thirds, a large, short, subtuberculate carina on lower half, above epistoma; epistomal margin not emarginate; erect interstrial scales shorter, less than twice as long as ground scales. Distribution.— Oregon and North Dakota to Chihuahua and Texas. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Glendale, Hviachuca Mts., Miller Canyon in Huachuca Mts., Oak Creek Can- yon, Patagonia, Phoenix, Sabino Canyon, Tucson, Tubao. California: Grass Valley, Inyo Co., Mare Island, Merced, Mission Valley in San Diego Co., Palo Alto, San Diego. Colorado: Greeley. New Mexico: Meek. North Dakota: Bottineau Co. Oklahoma: Holdenville. Oregon: Eugene, Forest Grove, Junction City, McMinnville, Portland, Salem. Texas: Brownsville, Cameron Co., Ft. Davis, Hidalgo Co. Utah: Moab, Provo, Vernal. MEXI- CO: Chihuahua: Colonia Juarez. Hosts.— Fraxinus americana, F. latifolia, F. pennsylvanica, F. velutina, and Olea enropeae. Biology.— Evidently indistinguishable from aculeatus. Notes.- The above descriptions were based on the holotypes of calif ornicus and Jwferi and on 242 other specimens. Blackman evidently was unfamiliar with the full distribution of this species and based his hoferi on minor characters that vary with- in series. Examination of his type series leaves no doubt that this is a synonym of Swaine's species. Through an error in citing calif ornicus the author name was changed from Swaine to a new species designation in the 1957 revision of Essig's book, resulting in a name for which a description was not given or a type specimen designated. 9. Hylesinus guatemalensis (Wood) Lcpcrisinus guatemalensis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:89 (Holotype, female; Volcan Pacaya, Es- quintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely al- lied to californicus (Swaine), but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key, by the yellow-orange tint of the pale scales, by the more broadly convex upper half of the male frons, and by the nearly complete submarginal row of aspe- rities on the anterior margin of the pronotum. Male.- Length 2.4-3.1 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with color 1982 Hylesinini 119 pattern formed by dark brown and light yel- lowish tan scales. Frons broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; epistomal margin feebly elevated and broadly, very shallowly emargi- nate; surface reticulate, punctures fine, ob- scure; vestiture fine, rather short, rather sparse. Pronotum as in californicus except sub- marginal row of asperities almost complete to median line, and slender setae in median, dark area obsolete; dark scales arranged in a large median and two smaller lateral dia- mond patterns, median one reaching both an- terior and posterior margins. Elytra as in californicus except scales smaller, each about one-fourth as wide as an interstriae, and slender, erect bristles re- placed on interstriae 1 to 4 by erect scales, slender bristles on bases of 5 and 6 and more extensively on 7 to 10; pale scales with a dis- tinct yellow-orange tint. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex above, flattened on lower half, entire- ly devoid of a carina or tubercle, epistoma not at all emarginate; erect interstrial setae shorter, but at least twice as long as ground scales. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 661, S. L. Wood. From three host tree species, none of which resembled Fraxititis. Biology.— Evidently very similar to aculeatus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 92 specimens. Genus ALNIPHAGUS Swaine Alniphagus Swaine. 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):73 (Type-species: Hyle- sinus aspericollis LeConte, monobasic) Hijlmtinoides Spessivetsev, 1919. Ent. Mon. Mag. 55:249 {Type-species: Hylastes alni Niisima); Swaine, 1919, Kept. Canadian Arc. Exp. 3E:279. Synonymii Diagnosis.- From American Hylesinini this genus is distinguished by the elongate an- tennal scape, by the 7-segmented funicle, by moderately flattened, very slightly asymmet- rical antennal club with three sutures, the first of which is partly septate, by the armed anterolateral areas of the pronotum, by the shallowly emarginate eye, by the widely sep- arated anterior coxae, and by the broad, emarginate third tarsal segments. Description.- Length 2.1-3.4 mm, 2.0-2.1 times as long as wide. Frons very slightly dimorphic, male frons weakly im- pressed, female more strongly convex. Eye elongate, shallowly emarginate; finely granu- late. Antennal scape elongate, attaining pos- terior margin of eye; funicle 7-segmented; club moderately flattened, very slightly asymmetrical, marked by three sutures, first partly septate. Pronotum wider than long, anterolateral angles armed by several aspe- rities. Scutellum small, depressed. Elytral bases armed by a long row of overlapping crenulations; declivity convex, rather steep, conservatively sculptured, costal margins not ascending behind. Vestiture hairlike. Distribution.— Western North America and Japan; three species are known; two are from western North America and one is from Japan. Two species recently added to this genus by Schedl (1963:259) appear to be in- correctly placed. Biology.— These monogamous species at- tack the lower bole of alder trees, where they construct unbranched, uniramous, more or less longitudinal egg galleries in the phloem tissues. The larval mines wander in the gener- al direction away from the parental tunnel and may cross one another repeatedly. Ac- cording to Chamberlin (1958:100) the female constructs the entrance tunnel and is later joined by a male. Two generations per year evidently are normal. Special hibernation tunnels are constructed in the outer bark to pass the winter. 1. Key to the Species oi Alniphagus Declivital ground vestiture very short, scalelike, much shorter than on disc; serrations of interstriae 9 and 10, as seen from dorsal aspect, form an almost continuous sawlike lateral profile from base to apex of elytra; larger, darker, with shorter, less abundant pubescence and larger, more numerous interstrial crenulations and tubercles; Alaska to California and Utah; 2.6-3.4 mm 1. aspericollis (LeConte) 120 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Crenulations on discal interstriae much smaller, less abundant; ground vesti- ture on declivity stout, elongate, as on disc; serrations of interstriae 9 and 10 usually visible from dorsal aspect only at base and in declivital area; smaller, lighter in color, with slightly longer, more abundant pubescence and much smaller, less numerous discal crenulations and declivital tubercles; British Columbia to California; 2.1-2.8 mm 2. hirsutus Schedl 1. Alniphagus aspericollis (LeConte) Figs. 48, 96 Hylesintts aspericollis LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:380 (Lectotype, male; California, evidently Santa Barbara; Mus. Comp. Zool., 975, present designation) Alniphagus aspericollis: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):7,3. Diagnosis.— In addition to the characters siunmarized in the above key, this species is more slender and has very slightly shorter elytral setae than hirsutus Schedl. Male.— Length 2.6-3.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytra usually slightly lighter. Frons convex, median area on lower two- thirds weakly impressed, a narrow, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface most- ly reticulate, shining, punctures moderately coarse, very shallow, close; vestiture of sparse, fine, rather short, inconspicuous hair. Pronotum 0.79 times as long as wide; widest a fourth of length from base, sides moderately arcuate from base, converging slightly, very broadly rounded, almost sub- emarginate in front; surface smooth and shin- ing with very close, moderately deep punc- tures of irregular, small to moderately large size, somewhat reticulate anteriorly; ante- rolateral angles armed by one to three coarse asperities, several smaller asperities scattered in anterolateral areas, including median area near anterior margin; vestiture of stout, hair- like setae, each about equal in length to di- ameter of largest punctures. Elytra 1.55 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by 13 low crenulations; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; inter- striae wider than striae, each armed by a somewhat uniseriate row of coarse crenula- tions, most at least half as wide as interstriae, supplemental fine punctures rather obscure. Declivity convex, steep; interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 moderately elevated, 1 and 3 each armed on upper two-thirds by six to eight pointed tubercles. Vestiture of stout, recum- bent, interstrial hair on disc equal in length to diameter of a strial puncture, shorter, scalelike on declivity, and erect rows of sparse, interstrial, hairlike setae, each one- third as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more nearly convex; lateral asperities on pro- notum evidently very slightly larger; declivi- tal tubercles extend to apex. Distribution.— Alaska to California and Utah. ALASKA: Hollis. CANADA: British Columbia: Agas- siz, Barkerville, Bowser, Boyston, Cowichan, Gold- stream, Haspencolls on Goat River, Massett on Queen Charlotte Islands, Metlakatla, Pender Harbor, Terrace, Vaseaux, Victoria. USA: California: Bass Lake, Eureka, Fieldbrook, Hat Creek, Haviah, Marin Co., Mt. Ta- malpais. Placer R. S. in Madera Co., Placerville, Scotia, Taylorville, Ventura, Yosemite N. P. Idaho: Deary, Kas- sel' Oregon: Astoria. Colestein, Corvallis, Dever, Forest Grove, Gardner, Gold Lake in Willamette N. F., Hood River, Newport, Neil Creek, Otis, Portland, Santiam N. F. Utah: .\merican Fork Canyon. Washington: De Moines, Hoquiam, Miller Lake, Puyallup, Quinault, Seattle. Hosts.— A/nw5 rhombifolia, A. rubra, and A. tenui folia. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on LeConte's syntypes and on 310 other specimens. Inasmuch as a type has not been desig- nated from the five syntypes in the LeConte collection, I here designate the first speci- men, a male, as the lectotype for the species as cited above. 2. Alniphagus hirsutus Schedl Figs. 49-50 Alniphagus hirsutus Schedl, 1949, Canadian Ent. 81:2,36 (Holotype, male; Copper Mountain, British Co- hmibia; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to aspericollis (LeConte) but can be distinguished, with difficulty, by the charac- ters summarized in the above key, by the 1982 Hylesinini 121 stouter body, and by the slightly longer ely- tra! setae. Male.- Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color of pronotum reddish brown, elytra usually somewhat yellowish brown. Frons as in aspericollis. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide; as in aspericollis except sides more strongly ar- cuate; pimctm-es less definite but more imi- form in size, vestiture longer, each seta more than twice as long as diameter of a large puncture. Elytra 1.40 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; outline as in aspericollis, but stouter; basal margins each armed by 11 crenulations; striae feebly impressed, punc- tures large, rather indistinctly impressed; in- terstriae wider than striae, each armed by fine, low crenulations, each usually less than Fig. 48. Alniphagus aspericollis: Dorsal aspect. (After Bright 1976:207.) one-third as wide as interstriae, supple- mented by moderately large punctures. De- clivity as in aspericollis except alternate in- terstriae less strongly elevated, tubercles much smaller, less than four on each inter- striae. Vestiture with ground vestiture slightly longer, not scalelike on lower declivi- ty, erect setae longer, at least half as long as di.stance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more nearly convex; pronotal asperities larger. Distribution.- British Columbia to California. CANADA: British Columbia: Copper Mountain, 22- V-29, Alniis sitchensis. G. S. Smith; Lorna, 21-VI-25, 17202 lot 35.56, Pinus contorta (error, beating record only); 7 miles N Oliver, 18-V-58. H. Hovvden. USA: Cali- fornia: Cliff Lake, Siskiyou Co., 28-VII-39, Alnus tenui- folia, W. D. Bedard. Oregon: Corvallis, l-VIII-39, Alnus, J. Schuh; Gold Lake, Willamette N. F., 16-VI-6L Alnus tenuifolia and A. sinuata. S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Alnus sinuata and A. tenuifolia. Biology.— Essentially as in aspericollis as mentioned for the genus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 45 other specimens. Genus PHLOEOBORUS Erichson Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):54 (Type-species: Phloeoborus rudis Erichson, sub- sequent designation bv Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:126) Phloeotrupes Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):53 (Type-species: Phloeotrupes grandis Erichson, subsequent designation by Hopkins 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:127); Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:383. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is not closely al- lied to any other in the American fauna. It is distinguished by the very large size, by the stout body form, by the entire eye, by the 7- segmented antennal funicle and distinctive club, by the near absence of crenulations on the basal margins of the elytra, by the widely separated front coxae, and by the presence of a large propleural fovea in the female. Description.— Length 4.6-13.0 mm, 1.6-1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons at least partly concave in male, convex in female, usually with a me- dian carina below; eyes large, entire, varying from widely separated to contiguous^ above. Antennal scape elongate, funicle 7- 122 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Figs. 49-50. AlniphaSP|^ 4^ ' yh M'*^'"' •' V.,:^^' . .-'.'^- ■ ^ '^■., '-r < '•/:" ^^'■r r . ,'>-,v - ,'>! . . ,' , , >; ..' . 'i'-'.---i- ; -' J'.-- iU'-' '' . " ^ - i;-j-.i, :t •: ■ f .;■■•• *,','\J~' ■i-.j'-- -^ V • f/-v /<■*'■,-; .' ■ ■' " ' V'^**^-**;- i; £ *;'!/'■;.■ [ . ; •". ;_ > ■ j;j» ' I' ]^ < ,.; ;.. ri'.^'. .'V ,,v ,■ ■*>'■'. 'v- '■ '■'■- '■-' ' '^- ''"'■''■ ^",i-.-'--.^ '■' 1" mi- ;"■•-::-■ :>.^r=-v4: f-'--'^'^' •i\i' t' . 5 A.f 4 '-.■*■.' >. i -. .i • - ^"'">■ 1' '"'V-^ V ■S\. .. '»Y .Z-^^"; *• V - u' . ' •:' - ' ' \M-^^r%-'\ . '• i ; '■■. " '■ ■' ;",.■ ■ ■'-"*.■" •%-/.C-r- >: ■'■;--.'' .'. " ' i^' ' ■'""-': --. -'.^^ ' '■■ '~ .. "^ '. .- ■' '■ ' %. ''■'■»' '/'■ • './ ,~-:]j\ ' '^'''^■\' ■■ i ^j'^.-^j'jl • -..-A -■'/;/ ^..■■" .",- ".,-■' ' ■-; ■ •■?.?*- ~-'.i: N^ ■"/^■' "r V , ■ ■ '. 'fe;.'^ '-:i. 'Wy. "^'^^y.^^ tz^ Fig. .51. Phloeoborus punctatorugosus: Male, dorsal aspect. 1982 Hylesinini 125 crenulate interstrial asperities, and the sex- ually dimorphic pronotum distinguishes this species from other Central American repre- sentatives of the genus. Male.— Length 4.6-8.1 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons convex above, a rather shallow, triangular, concave impression extending from epistomal margin about three-fourths of distance to upper level of eyes; a weak me- dian carina in impressed area; surface min- utely reticulate, dull; area below upper level of eyes except in concavity bearing low, iso- lated, transverse tubercles; vestiture restrict- ed to concavity, of minute hair, longer to- ward epistoma. Pronotum 0.68 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, con- verging on posterior four-fifths, then abruptly narrowed to very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface minutely reticulate, dull, an- terior two-fifths rather finely asperate, ante- rolateral angles unarmed; posterior two-fifths with sparse, shallow, somewhat reniform punctures. Glabrous. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; scutellar notch not wider or deeper than scutellum; basal margins abrupt, feebly elevated, crenu- lations not distinguishable; striae very nar- rowly, moderately impressed, punctures very small distinct; interstriae at least four times as wide as striae, minutely reticulate, dull, with minute, sparse, indistinct punctures and sparse, low, rounded crenulations, fewer than a dozen crenulations on each interstriae. De- clivity steep, convex, confined to slightly more than posterior third; strial punctures very slightly larger and deeper than on disc; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 1 and 3 with two or three fine, low crenulations near up- per margin, minute punctures uniseriate ex- cept moderately confused on 1 and 3; inter- striae 9 narrowly, strongly elevated from junction with 10 to middle of declivity, weakly convex behind. Glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, subshining, rather coarselv, shallow- ly, closely punctured, tubercles entirely ab- sent; pronotal reticulaion almost obsolete, shining, entire surface sparsely, finely, rather deeply punctured, asperities entirely absent; small, subacute interstrial crenulations on elytral disc much more abundant, often ex- ceeding three dozen. Distribution.— Southern Mexico to Brazil. MEXICO: Presumably Veracruz. COSTA RICA: San Jose, San Jose, 22-X-63, 130() m, Psidiurn guava, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, 9-III-64, 700 m, at light, S. L. Wood, 20-X-53, Coffea amhica. Hosts.— Coffea arbica, Lecythis costari- censis, Psidiurn guajava; also from Inga in Colombia. Biology.— Adult beetles entered on the under side of large guava logs in shady places in a coffee plantation. They bored through the bark into sound wood on the underside of the log, where they introduced fungal growth that caused a very rapid white rot. The adult tunnels formed no definite pattern, but wan- dered and branched at random. Egg niches were formed along growth rings, either in rings around the tunnel if it cut across the grain, or in rows along the sides if the tunnel paralleled the grain. The old egg timnels were all stained black. The larvae made very long, winding tunnels through the decaying wood. Both larvae and young adults in their pupal cells were inactive during the climax of the Costa Rican rainy season in November. The age of the tunnels and inactivity of the brood suggested only one generation per year. Some decayed logs that could be crum- bled by hand still contained a few living young adults. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotypes of punctatorugosus and breviusculus and on 62 other specimens. Three female syntypes of nitidicollis were ex- amined and the first of these in the Brussels Museum is here designated as the lectotype of nitidicollis Chapuis as cited above; how- ever, I am not entirely convinced that Chap- uis' Brazilian species is the same as punc- tatorugosus that occurs from Veracruz to Colombia. 3. Phloeoborus belti Blandford Phloeoborus belti Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 151 (Holotype, female; Chontales, Nicaragua; British Mus. .\at. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rudis Erichson by the reticulate vertex region of the head, bv the more deeply 126 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 subcrenulately punctured pronotum, by the smaller strial punctvires, by the higher inter- strial crenulations, and by the impressed, imarmed declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 7.6 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in scaher Erichson. Pronotum as in rudis except punctures deeper, surface in lateral and basal areas ir- regular, subcrenulate, with a few irregular short, confluent grooves near base; surface al- most smooth, a very obscure reticulation in- dicated on both interspaces and punctures. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; interstriae rather deeply impressed, punctures small, mostly distinct; interstriae obscurely reti- culate, rather strongly convex, about three to four times as wide as striae, crenulations high, not more than half as wide as an inter- striae, uniseriate on posterior half of 1, 2, and 4, staggered to confused on all of 3 and on basal half of 2 and 4. Declivity broadly con- vex, rather steep, more strongly reticulate; interstriae 2 flat, unarmed, rather narrow, 1 convex, with a row of narrow tubercles de- creasing slightly in size toward apex, 3 sim- ilar to 1 except tubercles slightly larger, apex of 5 joins 3; lateral areas as in rudis. Distribution.— Nicaragua. NICARAGUA: Chontales, T. Belt. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 4. Phloeoborus scaher Erichson rhheohoms scaher Erichson, 1836, Archiv Natiirgesch. 2(1);55 (Lectotype, female; Bahia, Brazil; Berlin Mus., present designation) Phloeotrupes ccudatus Blanchard, 1846, In Briille, In- sectes de I'Ameriqiie Meridiconale recneillis par Alcide d'Orbignv 2:204 (Syntvpes; Bolivia; Paris Mus.); Eggers,' 1933, Ent. Nachrbl. 7:17. Synonymy Phloeoborus sericeus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 13 (Lectotype, male; Cayenne; Brussels Mus., present designation); Eggers, 1942, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 9:267. Siimmymy Phloeoborus opacithorax Schedl, 1940, Arb. Morph. Tax- on. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:20 (Syntypes, female; Panzos, Guatemala; Instit. Pflanzenschutzfors- chung Kleinmachnow); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:285. Synonymy Diagnosis.— The rather narrowly sepa- rated eyes, the finely asperate pronotum, the coarsely crenulate elytra with the entire surface reticulate-granulate, the declivital sculpture, and the sculpture of the male frons distinguish this species from other Central American representatives of the genus. Male.— Length 6.4-7.5 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, deeply impressed on lower two-thirds of area below eyes, this area with an acute median carina to epistomal margin; a very slight median impression continuing to upper level of eyes, convex above eyes; sur- face reticulate, rather coarsely punctured ex- cept impressed area obscurely punctured; vestiture of sparse, short, stout, yellow bristles in impressed area. Eyes elongate, sep- arated above and below by about one-half to three fourths width of an eye. Scape reaching middle of eye. Pronotum 0.68 times as long as wide; widest about middle, sides moderately ar- cuate, basal and anterior margins about equally, very broadly rounded; anterolateral angles rather coarsely asperate, asperities gradually decreasing in size posteriorly on anterior two-thirds, then coarsely, closely, subasperately punctured to base; surface reti- culate except apices of asperities; vestiture consisting of sparse, very short, stout bristles. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins abmptly pre- cipitous, marginal crenulations indefinite, scutellar notch very shallow, indistinct; striae rather strongly impressed, punctures small, distinct; interstriae convex, at least five times as wide as striae, crenulations coarse, close, usually confused, each about one-fourth to two-thirds as wide as interstriae. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures deeper than on disc; crenulations less than one-fifth as wide as interstriae, becoming uniseriate and decreasing in size imtil often obsolete on lower third. Vestiture consisting of minute, stout bristles, their length usually not exceed- ing diameter of a .strial puncture. Female.— Similar to male except larger, 7.5-9.5 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; frons convex, with a slight, transverse impression above epistoma, carina present; pronotal as- perities higher and more acute; anterior half of propleura bearing a large, hemispherical 1982 Hylesinini 127 cavity with a marginal fringe of long, yellow hair. Distribution — Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Veracruz: Orizaba, Salle; Cordoba, Salle and Hoge; Santeconiapan, lO-VI-69, H. Howdeii. GUATEMALA: Pantaleon, Champion. BRITISH HON- DURAS: Stan Creek District in Middlesex, 7-V-63, E. C. Welling. NICARAGUA: Chontales, Janson. COSTA RIC.\: Tilaran, Guanacaste, VII-66, leguminous log, J. B. Karren. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 15-11-64, L. J. Bottomer; Bugaba and Volcan de Chi- riqui. Champion. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil, Colom- bia, Jamaica, Trinidad, Venezuela. Biology.— The only biological data relat- ing to this species was supplied by J. B. Kar- ren, who took two males and three females that were walking on or just beginning tun- nels in a fallen leguminous tree. Most speci- mens in collections were attracted to light. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the syntypes of scaber, sericeus, and opacithorax and on 40 other specimens from Central America. Of the four females speci- mens in the Zoologisches Museum at Berlin only the first two appear to be syntypes; the first of these is here designated as the lecto- type of scaber Erichson, as cited above. Of seven male syntypes now in the Chapius col- lection at Brussels, the third is here desig- nated as the lectotype of sericeus Chapuis, as cited above, because it was listed first in the original description. Central American specimens have the ely- tral crenulations smaller and more numerous than those from South America. Many South American specimens, particularly the males, have the crenulations almost uniseriate on the disc and often as wide as the interstriae. Except for this character, specimens from the two areas do not appear to differ significant- ly. In general, but by no means consistently, the Central American representatives have been treated under scaber and the South American specimens under cristatus Chapuis { = radulosus Blandford and aspericollis Stro- meyer), although the types of these names may be different species. Until the types are available for study, lunulatus Eggers and opacithorax Schedl are also tentatively treated here as variants of scaber. The syn- types of opacithorax fall well within the range or variability of this species. 5. Phloeoborus rudis Erichson Phlocohoma rudis Erichson, 1836, Arcliiv Naturgesch. 2(1):55 (Lectotype, female; Brazil; Zoo!. Mus. Berlin, present designation) Phloeoborus elongatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 13 (Holotype, male; Brazil; Brussels Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:180. ^ijnonijmij Phloeoborus rugipennis Eggers, 1942, Arb. Morph. Tax- on. Ent. Berlin-Daliem 9:271 (Holotype, female; San Salvador; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:180. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This very large species has the enlarged tibiae and other features used to characterize Phloeotrupes. In addition to those features this species has the pronotum almost smooth and shining, except for the punctures, and other characters summarized in the above key that distinguish it from other Central American species. Female.- Length 10.2-11.7 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown to black. Frons shallowly impressed on lower half of area below eyes, convex above; impres.sed area with a median carina to epistomal mar- gin; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather sparse, moderately large, deep; vestiture of fine, short hair confined to impressed area. Eyes subcontiguous above, separated by a distance about equal to one-third width of eye. Scape not reaching middle of eye. Pronotum 0.68 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides rather weakly arcuate, feebly converging an- teriorly, very broadly rounded in front; ante- rolateral angles with a few subasperate eleva- tions indicated, remainder of surface smooth, shining except feeble reticulation indicated anteriorly, punctures moderately large, rather deep, irregular but close in most areas; a few minute bristles in anterior and lateral areas. Propleura with a large cavity on ante- rior half as in other Phloeoborus. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; scutellar notch well de- veloped, about five times as wide as scutel- lum; basal margins abrupt, crenulations ob- scurely indicated; striae impressed, punctures coarse, shallow; interstriae less than three times as wide as striae, convex, rather feebly reticulate, crenulations rather low, staggered, each about one-fourth to two-thirds as wide as interstriae. Declivity convex, steep; striae 128 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 deeper but not narrower than on disc, only slightly narrower than interstriae; interstriae reticulate, uniseriate crenulations extended to apex. Vestiture consisting of minute, inter- strial bristles, each distinctly shorter than di- ameter of a strial puncture. Male.- Smaller, about 7.5-8.8 mm, lower frons more strongly, more broadly impressed. Distribution.— Guatemala to Brazil. GUATEMALA: Trece Aguas, Alta Verpaz, O. F. Cook; Cayuga, IV-15, W. Schaus. EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, l-V-57, P. A. Berry. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 13-V-51, O. L. Cartwright; Las Mercedes, F. Nevermann; Eggers adds Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventa- zon, Limon, at light F. Nevermann, and Hacienda Pehlke, Colombia, by Fehlke. PANAMA: Barro Colo- rado Island, Canal Zone, 10-17-V-64, W. D. and S. S. Duckworth; La Chorrera, 18-V-12, A. Busck. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above description was based on the Erichson series of rudis, on the holo- types of rugipennis and elongatus, and on 18 other specimens. Of the series of three fe- males and two males now in the Zoologisches Museum in Berlin, it appears that only the first two, both females, were in the original series. The first specimen has been regarded as the type and is here designated as the lec- totype of rudis Erichson, as cited above. The third specimen, a male, bears Eggers' identi- fication label saying "Phloeoborus rudis Er. S = elongatus Chap." The Erichson and Chapuis specimens were compared directly to one another and to my female topotypic homotype of rugipennis. Tribe TOMICINI ToMiciDAE Thomson, 1859, Skandinaviens Coleoptera Synoptiskt Bearbetade 1.145 (Type-genus: Tomicus Latreille, 1802/3) Hylurcini LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:373 (Type-genus: Hylurgus Latreille, 1807) Dendroctonides Niisslin, 1912, Naturwiss. Zeitschr. Forst- und Landwirtschaft 1912:273 (Tvpe-cenus- Dendwc toni/s Erichson, 1836) ^ ^f h Xylechinides Niisslin, 1912, Naturwiss. Zeitschr. Forst- und Landwirtschaft 1912:273 (Type-genus: Xulechinus Chapuis, 1869) Anatomical features.— The frons is weakly sexually dimorphic, the eye is entire, the antennal funicle is 5- to 7-segmented, the club is symmetrical and feebly to moderately flattened, with sutures indicated, the pro- coxae are contiguous to narrowly separated, the precoxal costa on the prosternum is ab- sent, the pronotum is unarmed (obscurely as- perate in a few South American forms), the metascutellar area is separated from the post- notum by a distinct suture, and the sutural groove on the mesal surface at the base of the elytra continues to the base without a series of interlocking nodules and cavities. Biological features.— All species are monogamous and phloeophagous. The paren- tal tunnels are either biramous or, if mon- oramous, there is a conspicuous turning niche near the entrance tunnel. Eggs are placed in niches, except some Dendroctonus form grooves in which numerous eggs are placed. Larval mines usually follow a definite inde- pendent course without crossing, except some Dendroctonus feed in congress, thereby form- ing extensive, tabular chambers in the cam- bium region. Symbiotic relationships with fungi occur, but are not of a mycetophagous type. Taxonomy.— This tribe apparently shares the same ancestry with the Hylesinini, but exhibits several more advanced characters. All the genera appear to have an American origin; all are more closely allied to the South American fauna than to that from other areas (except that the Eurasian Xyle- chinus pilosus (Ratzeburg) apparently was derived from North America rather recently). The tribe was not fully separable from the Phloeosinini until the fusion of the postnotum to the scutellar area of the metanotum was discovered. The American genera of Tomi- cini are easily distinguished from one anoth- er; those from other parts of the world may be distinguished with difficulty. Genus PSEUDOHYLESINUS Swaine Pseudohylesinus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 11 (Type-species: Pseudohylesinus grandis Swaine -Hylurgus se- riceus Mannerheim, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is very closely re- lated to Xylechinosomus Schedl, but it is dis- tinguished by the less strongly impressed male frons, and by the simple sculpture of the elytral declivity. It is also allied to Xyle- chinus Chapuis, but Pseudohylesinus has sev- en segments in the antennal fianicle. Description.— Length 2.2-5.8 mm, 2.1-2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black, with abundant light and dark hairlike and scalelike setae. Frons convex, with an arcuate, transverse impression at or just below middle, a median carina on lower half. Antennal scape elon- gate, shorter than 7-segmented funicle; club conical to slightly flattened. Eye entire, elon- gate; rather finely granulate. Pronotum 0.7- L3 times as long as wide; sides strongly constricted just behind anterior margin; sur- face punctate, variously clothed by hair and scales. Scutellum small, depressed. Elytra L2-L9 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; basal mar- gins each armed by about 10-15 overlapping 129 130 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 crenulations; striate, interstriae tuberculate; parental tunnels. The flight period begins as declivity convex, rather steep, alternate in- early as March and continues at a relatively terstriae often weakly elevated. Vestiture of high level until September. One generation ground cover of abundant scales and rows of apparently is the rule in Canada, with up to longer, erect, interstrial bristles. Tibiae essen- two and a partial third generation in the tially as in Xijlechinus. southwestern United States. Individual par- Distribution.— Western North America; ents may reemerge to produce a second or 1 1 species are known. even a third brood. There are three larval Biology.— These monogamous beetles at- instars. tack limbs, bole, and roots of weakened or Notes.— Schedl (1966) indicated that felled coniferous hosts, where they construct Pseudohylesinus Swaine, 1917, and Xijle- biramous parental galleries in the cambium chinosomus Schedl, 1963, are both junior sub- region. According to Bright (1969), the fe- jective synonyms of Pteleobius Bedel, 1888. male initiates the attack before the male ar- Although the first two genera are very close- rives at the new host. Eggs are deposited in ly related and, perhaps, doubtfully distinct individual niches in the phloem. Larval mines from one another, they are fundamentally are moderately long, more or less straight, distinct from and quite unrelated to Pte- and almost entirely in the phloem. They radi- leobius. The relationship to Xylechinus is ate approximately at right angles from the much closer. Key to the Species of Pseudohylesinus (Modified from Bright 1969:15) 1. Frontal rectangle (Blackman 1942:29) 0.9-1.0 times as long as wide; body 2.1-2.4 times as long as wide; segment 1 of antennal club little if any longer than 2 2 - Frontal rectangle 1.0-1.3 times as long as wide; body 2.0-2.2 (2.2-2.4 in gran- ulatus) times as long as wide; segment 1 of antennal club conspicuously longer than 2 8 2(1). Crenulations on elytral bases from striae 5 to humeral angle high, acutely pointed; declivital interstriae 9 usually moderately elevated, commonly more strongly serrate; interstrial hairlike setae finer, short; parental galleries longitudinal 3 — Crenulations on elytral bases usually not higher or more acutely pointed in lat- eral areas; declivital interstriae 9 usually less strongly elevated, less coarsely serrate; interstrial hairlike setae rather short, coarse; parental galleries transverse '^ 3(2). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 weakly or not at all elevated, 2 as wide as 1 or 3, 1-3 equally armed by fine granules; British Columbia and Alberta to California and Chihuahua; Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga; 2.3-2.9 mm 1. nebulosus nebulosus (LeConte) - Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 moderately elevated, finely serrate, 2 impressed, devoid of granules, narrower than 1 or 3; S California; Pseudotsuga macrocarpa; 3.0-3.5 mm 2. nebulosus serratus Brack 4(2). Declivital interstriae 2 devoid of granules and hairlike setae; interstrial bristles about half as long as distance between rows 5 — Declivital interstriae 2 armed by a few small granules and by a row of hairlike bristles; interstrial bristles almo.st as long as distance between rows 6 5(4). Color pattern of pale and light brown scales, less commonly (northern areas) with some dark brown patches, pale scales often predominate, in patches or not; S Oregon to California; Abies; 2.8-3.7 mm 3. dispar dispar Blackman 1982 ToMiciNi 131 — Color pattern predominantly of dark brown scales, with small patches of pale scales; Washington to central Oregon; Abies procera; 2.6-3.7 mm 4. dispar pullatus Blackman 6(4). Inner surface of large strial punctures reticulate; interstrial scales very small, predominantly dark; pronotum densely punctured; Michoacan; Abies religiosa; 4.4-5.8 mm 5. magnus Wood — Strial punctures small, inner surface smooth; interstrial scales moderately large, predominantly pale or light brown; pronotal punctures close, deeper; smaller y 7(6). Smaller; submarginal crenulations near bases of interstriae 5 and 6 almost al- ways uniseriate, less crowded; lower frons more coarsely, more deeply punc- tured; interstrial tubercles on declivity averaging higher, more acutely point- ed; Utah to Arizona and New Mexico; Abies concolor; 2.7-3.8 mm 6. maculosus Blackman — Larger; submarginal crenulations at bases of interstriae 5 and 6 crowded, usual- ly confused; lower frons finely, more shallowly punctured; interstrial granules on declivity not as high, more broadly rounded; Michoacan to Tlaxcala and Oaxaca; Abies religiosa; 3.4-4.5 mm 7. variegatus (Blandford) 8(1). Female pronotal setae hairlike, male also with slender scales; interstrial bristles very fine (except granulatus), shorter, submarginal interstrial crenulations more numerous, confused in both sexes; mostly slightly larger 9 — Female pronotal setae hair- and scalelike, male scales rather broad; interstrial bristles slightly longer, stout; subcrenulate interstrial granules uniseriate (ex- cept sericeus), occasionally slightly confused at base in female; mostly somewhat smaller 10 9(8). Larger; pronotal punctures averaging slightly larger, deeper, most specimens with lateral margins of lateral punctures granulate to subasperate; strial punc- tures usually larger, deeper, striae often as wide as interstriae; interstrial bristles rather coarse; body 2.2-2.4 times as long as wide; Alaska to California; Abies; 4.0-5.4 mm 8. granulatus (LeConte) — Smaller; pronotal punctures averaging smaller, less strongly impressed, rarely with their lateral margins granulate; strial punctures usually smaller; striae nar- rower than interstriae; interstrial bristles more slender; body stouter, 2.0-2.1 times as long as wide; Alaska to California; Tsuga, Abies; 2.6-4.0 mm 9. tsugae Swaine 10(8). Interstrial subcrenulate granules more abundant and confused at bases; female discal interstrial scales each one to two times as long as wide; arcuate tran.s- verse frontal impression poorly developed in both sexes, frontal rectangle 0.95 (female) - L06 (male) times as long as wide 11 — Interstrial granules usually not more abundant or confused toward bases (con- fused in some female sitchensis); female discal interstrial scales more than twice as long as wide; transverse frontal impression well developed in both sexes, frontal rectangle 1.03 (female) - 1.20 (male) times as long as wide 12 11(10). Female pronotal scales (except near scutellum), slender, varying from almost hairlike to about eight times as long as wide, their apices subacute not divided except near scutellum; male pronotal scales two to six times as long as wide; Washington, Oregon; 2.7-3.8 mm 10. nohilis Swaine — Female pronotal scales stouter, varying from two to six times as long as wide; if appearing more slender, apices palmately divided; male pronotal scales one to about four times as long as wide; Alaska to California and Idaho; 2.5-3.5 n^Ti 11. sericeus (Mannerheim) 132 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 12(10). Pronotal scales more slender, 4-8 times as long as wide in female, 2-3 in male; interstrial granules averaging larger; frontal rectangle 1.0 times as long as wide in female, male 1.2 times as long as wide; Alaska to California; Picea sitchensis; 2.5-3.1 mm 12. sitchensis Swsiine — Pronotal scales stouter, 2-5 times as long as wide in female, subcircular in male; interstrial granules averaging smaller; frontal rectangle 1.06 times as long as wide in female, male 1.4 times as long as wide; British Columbia to California; Pinus; 2.2-2.8 mm 13. pini Wood 1. Pseudohylesinus nebulosus nebulosus (LeConte) Figs. 22, 52, 53 Hylesinus nebulosus LeConte, 1859, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5:285 (Holotype, male; Table Mountain, California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1019) Pseudohylesinus nebulosus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):75 Pseudohylesinus nebulosus nebulosus: Bright, 1969, Univ. California Pub. Ent. 54:16. Diagnosis.— This is the smallest (except pini), most slender, and most widely dis- tributed species in the genus; additional dis- tinguishing characters are included in the above key. Male.- Length 2.3-2.9 mm, 2.3-2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, with a variegated surface pattern formed by dark and light scales and hair. Frons broadly convex, a weak transverse impression just above epistoma, a second weak, transversely arcuate impression near middle; lower half with a low, acutely ele- vated, median carina; .surface shining, punc- tures close, rather deep, moderately fine on lower half, coarse above, devoid of granules; frontal rectangle 1.1 times as long as wide; vestiture of fine, short, moderately abundant hair. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest near middle, sides on basal half weak- ly arcuate, almost parallel, abruptly nar- rowed anteriorly to .strong constriction on an- terior fourth, rather broadly rounded in front; surface shining, with dense, moderately deep punctures; interspaces about one-third as wide as diameter of a puncture. Vestiture of erect, sparse hair and recumbent scales; .scales on disc mo.stly as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on less than basal two-thirds, gradually converging on posterior two-thirds, median third at apex very broadly rounded; anterior margin armed by about 11 rather coarse crenulations, extreme lateral one or two larger and pointed, a few sub- marginal crenulations on interstriae 2-6; striae weakly impressed, punctures moder- ately coarse, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, each with a central row of uniseriate granules of moderate size, remain- ing surface with numerous, fine, confused, very slightly crenulate punctures. Declivity convex, moderately steep; interstriae 1 and 3 feebly, 9 more strongly, convex, 2 narrower than 1 and 3, feebly depressed, tubercles on 1 and 3 as on disc, evidently smaller on 2 or 4-8, a row of rather coarse, pointed denticles on 9. Densely clothed by a ground cover of scales, each slightly longer than wide, nar- rowly rounded at their apices; interstriae each with a uniseriate row of erect, short, slender, bristles, each bristle shorter than dis- tance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frontal rectangle 0.80 times as long as wide; pronotal scales more elongate, subpalmately sub- plumose; apices of elytral scales usually acu- minately angulate; color pattern less well defined. Distribution.— S British Columbia and Alberta to Chihuahua, except S California. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Jasper, Maycroff, Waterton Lakes. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Cherry Ck., Chilcotin, Columbia Lake, Cowishan Lake, Duncan's, Genoa Bay, Hotel Lake at Pender Harbor, Indian Mead- ows and Merritt at Midday Valley, Kaslo, Massett, Momich Ck., Nelson, Peachland, Vancouver, Vangard, Vernon, Wellington, West Lake on Nelson Isl., Williams Lake. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Hanna- gan Camp in Greenlee Co., Jacob's Lake, Miller Canyon ki Huachuca Mts., Pinaleno Mts., Prescott N. F., San Francisco Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Walker, Williams. California: Big Spring in Plumas Co., Calistoga, Car- ville. Cascade House, Costella, Crescent City, Cypress Ridge in Marin Co., Del Norte, Dutch Flat in Placer Co., Ft. Seward, Georgetown in El Dorado Co., Gas- quet, Happy Camp, Mill Valley, Mt. Tamalpais, Mon- terey, Orick, Oreleans, Plantation, San Francisco, Shingleton, Trinity. Colorado: Colorado Springs, Do- lores^ Durango, Estes Park, Foxton, Rist Canyon in Lari- mer Co. Idaho: Cedar Mt., Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Franklin Basin Road in Cache N. F., Grimes Pass, 1982 TOMICINI 133 Hailey, Moscow Mt., Placerville, Sand Point. Montana. Bear Paw Mts., Columbia Falls, Helena, Rocky Boy In- dian Res. in Hill Co. New Mexico: Capitan, cioudcroft. Las Vegas Hot Springs, Sandia Mts. Oregon: Numerous localities from every county in the state. Utah: Alta, Beaver Canyon in Beaver Co., Bryce Canyon N. P., Henry Mts., Logan Canyon, Mt. Timpanogos. Washing- ton: Numerous localities from every countv in the state. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Magdalena, San Juanito. Host.— Psetidotsuga menziesii, less com- monly in Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.— The bole and limbs of recently cut, injured, or unthrifty trees are selected for attack. The longitudinal parental galleries are mostly in the phloem. Larval mines wander erratically and may be imusually long. The winter may be passed either as larvae or adults in Utah. Notes.— The above treatment was based in the male holotype and on 712 other specimens. 2. Pseudohylesinus nebulosus serratus Bruck Pseudohylesinus serratus Bnick, 19.36, Bull. So. Califor- nia Acad. Sci. 35:37 (Holotype, male; West Fork of San Gabriel Canyon, Los Angeles Co., Califor- nia: Ohio State Univ. Coll.) Pseudohylesinus nebulosus serratus: Bright, 1969, Univ. California Pub. Ent. .54:18 Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished as indicated in the above key. Male.- Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide. Essentially as in n. nebulosus except de- clivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather strongly ele- vated, 2 depressed and distinctly narrower than 1 or 3, tubercles on 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 av- eraging larger. Female.— Similar to male but differing much as in female n. nebulosus except that elytral scales appear subpalmately subplumose. Distribution.- Coastal California from Santa Barbara County southward. USA: California: Big Pines, 14-11-57, D. E, Bright; "S. Madre" in Santa Barbara Co.; Henniger Flats, 22-VI-40, Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, C. R. Bruck; Lytic Ck. in San Bernardino Co.; Switzers Camp, San Gabriel Mts., Santa Barbara Co., 18-IV-62, P. macrocarpa, D. E. Bright; San- ta Monica; West Fork, San Ciabriel Canyon, Los Angeles Co., 29-XII-34, P. macrocarpa. R. Kessinger. Host.— Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. Biology.— Evidently as in n. nebulosus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, seven paratypes, and 11 other specimens. The anatomical differences between n. nebulosus and n. serratus are greater than be- tween most species of the genus. In all proba- bility they are specifically distinct. However, when all factors are considered, particularly the hosts and distribution, it appears best to follow Bright and treat them as subspecies until additional information is available. 3. Pseudohylesinus dispar dispar Blackman Pseudohylesinus dispar Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:11 (Holotype, female; Ve- ronia, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54026) Pseudohylesinus dispar dispar: Bright, 1969, Univ. Cali- fornia Publ. Ent. 54:20 Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from n. nebulosus (LeConte) by the larger average size, by the less strongly developed, less pointed lateral crenulations at the bases of the elytra, by the less strongly elevated, Fig. 52. Psetidohylcsinus n. nebulosus: Dorsal aspect. (After Bright and Stark 1973:149.) 134 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 less strongly serrate declivital interstriae 9, by the shorter interstrial bristles, by the hosts,, and by the transverse parental galleries. Male.- Length 2.8-3.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, with a variegated surface pattern formed by light and dark scales, light colored scales predominating. Frons essentially as in n. nebulosus except transverse impression just above epistoma slightly deeper; frontal rectangle 1.0 times as long as wide. Pronotum essentially as in n. nebulosus except pale scales more evident. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline as in n. nebulosus except more broadly rounded behind; basal crenulations not higher later- ally or pointed; sculpture essentially as in n. nebulosus except interstrial tubercles more nearly transversely crenulate, declivity some- what more broadly convex, with interstriae 1, 3, and 9 more feebly elevated; declivital tu- bercles on interstriae 3, 5, and 7 evidently av- eraging slightly larger; interstriae 2 as wide as 1 or 3, usually not impressed. Erect inter- strial bristles short, their length equal to about half distance between rows of bristles. Pale scales predominate over tan and occa- sional darker scales. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; frontal rectangle 0.90 times as long as wide; pronotal scales up to twice as long as wide, their margins tending to be fringed; elytral scales more elongate, distinctly less than twice as long as wide, their margins fringed. Distribution.— S Oregon to California. USA: California: Numerous records from the couuties of Amador, Eldorado, Fresno, Lassen, Madera, Mari- posa, Modoc, Placer, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, Tuo- lumne. Nevada: Washoe Co. Intermediate specimens were from coun- ties in Oregon: Harney, Jackson, Klamath. Hosts.— Afoies amabilis, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. maganifica, and Tsuga mertensiana. Biology.- Transverse parental galleries are constructed in the bole and larger limbs. One sample was taken from large roots. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 339 specimens. There appears to be a clinal gradient in the color of this species beginning at the south end of the distribution where scales are a mixture of pale (almost white) and light tan. Toward northern California the patches of white scales become smaller in size as the tan scales increase in number and intensity of color, some of them being rather dark brown. In material from southern Oregon, the tan scales have entirely been replaced by dark brown scales. Specimens from central Oregon to Washington have the white scales reduced to smaller patches, with dark scales covering the remaining areas. Bright (1969:21), appar- ently arbitrarily, placed all specimens from Abies procera in a northern subspecies, d. pullatus, and all other material in a southern subspecies, d. dispar. His distribution map (p. 19), however, shows such extensive overlap, with almost no exclusive range for the north- ern race, that his argument for their contin- ued recognition is virtually eliminated. How- ever, as stated by Bright (p. 21), the northern and southern extremes are so strikingly differ- ent some recognition should be given to them. In view of the material before me, I follow Bright's division of the species and recognize all California specimens as d. dis- par. Specimens from the southern third of Oregon exhibit a transition in pattern and color in which many individuals are not clearly assignable to either race. Specimens from central Oregon northward I assign to d. pullatus, although occasional specimens in a series are not as dark as one making an iden- tification might wish. 4. Pseudohylesinus dispar pullatus Blackman Pseudohylcsinus pullatus Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:9 (Holotype, female; Mount Rainier Nat. Pk., Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54025) Pseudohylesinus dispar pullatus: Bright, 1969, Univ. California Puhl. Ent. 54:21. Diagnosis.— For distinguishing characters refer to the above key and to the taxonomic notes under d. dispar Blackman. Male.- Length 2.6-3.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, with surface color pattern of predominantly dark brown scales with small scattered patches of white scales. As in d. dispar except for the scale color pattern. Female.- Similar to male except differing as female d. dispar differs from male. Distribution.- Central Oregon to British Columbia. 1982 TOMICINI 135 CANADA: British Columbia: Vancouver. USA: Ore- gon counties: Baker, Benton, Clackamas, Columbia, Douglas, Hood River, Lane, Linn, Umatilla. Washington counties: Pierce, Skamania. Hosts — Afofes amabilis, A. grandis, and A. procera. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on several paratypes, and on 54 other specimens. The status of this sub- species is discussed under d. dispar. 5. Pseudohylesinus magnus Wood Pseudohtjlesinus magnus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:247 (Holotype, female; 25 miles or 40 km W Ciudad Hidalgo, Michoacan, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— The large size, the black col- or, and the rugose,- reticulate inner surface of the strial punctures distinguish this species from other representatives of the genus. Male.- Length 4.4-5.8 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black, with surface pat- tern of predominantly black scales and small patches of white scales. Frons broadly, evenly convex above, lower half more nearly flattened below weak, ar- cuately, transversely impressed line, rather strongly, transversely impressed just above epistoma; a fine, subacutely elevated median carina on lower half; vestiture of rather short, coarse, moderately abundant hair, on upper half intermixed with scales; frontal rectangle 1.0 times as long as wide. Segment 1 of an- tennal club only slightly longer than 2 or 3. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging only slightly before rather strong constriction just behind broadly rounded an- terior margin; surface with dense, small, moderately deep punctures, except sub- granulate on anterior fifth, partly obscured by scales. Vestiture of moderately abundant black scales, with small patches of white scales toward base; each scale about twice as long as wide. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; anterior margins each armed by about 12 low crenulations; striae rather weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, deep, their interiors conspicuously ru- gose-reticulate; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, crenulations much as in other species but small, narrow, punctures small, deep, rather abundant. De- clivity convex, steep; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 weakly convex toward apex, otherwise essen- tially as on disc. Interstriae covered by abun- dant scales, each scale about twice as long as wide; erect interstrial bristles rather stout, half as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly convex, scales absent from upper frons but present on vertex; scales evidently always absent from pronotal disc; elytral scales slightly smaller, evidently more abundant. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 25 miles or 40 km W Ciudad Hidalgo, 15-Vn-5,3, 2900 m, Abies religiosa, S. L. Wood; 33 miles or 53 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, .3000 m, No. 48^ A. religiosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Abies religiosa. Biology.— The lower bole of very large trees is selected for attack. This species is ag- gressive and probably is capable of killing overmature trees. The transverse parental galleries are straight and longer than in other species. After this species was well estab- lished it was joined by the less aggressive var- iegatus (Blandford). Larval mines evidently wander as in other species; only first instar larvae were observed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two female paratypes and on 34 other specimens. 6. Pseudohylesinus maculosus Blackman Pseudohylesinus maculosus Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:12 (Holotype, female; Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54027) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles sericeus (Mannerheim), to which it is not closely related; it is distinguished by characters presented in the above key. Male.- Length 2.7-3.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated surface pattern of pale, tan, and brown scales. Frons with general contours as in magnus Wood except lower half slightly more con- vex; surface shining, punctures rather coarse, close, deep, only slightly smaller on lower half; vestiture of short, moderately abundant hair; frontal rectangle 1.0 times as long as 136 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 wide. Antennal club similar to but more elon- gate than in dispar Blackman. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; out- line and surface about as in inagnus except disc more convex, median line evident; scales large, moderately abundant, each about twice as long as wide. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in magnus; basal margins each armed by 12 crenulations, lateral ones slightly higher; striae slightly im- pressed, pvmctures rather large, deep; inter- striae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, crenulations coarse, high, those at bases of 2-4 larger, confused, uniseriate on bases of 5 and 6, pimctures fine, deep, rather abundant. Declivity rather steep, convex; in- terstriae about equally, weakly convex except 9 slightly higher, 2 slightly depressed; crenu- lations modified to slender, rather widely spaced denticles, denticles slightly larger on odd-numbered interstriae. Vestiture of ground cover of abundant scales, each only slightly longer than wide, pale and brown about equal in numbers, arranged in irregular patches, a few tan scales on some specimens; bristles short, rather stout, each about half as long as distance between rows, bristles pres- ent on declivital interstriae 2. Female.- Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; pronotal scales less abundant, each about four times as long as wide, many of them subpalmately subplumose. Distribution.— Utah to Arizona and New Mexico. USA; Arizona: Grand Canyon N. P., 30-V-69, A. lasiu- carpa, W. G. Harwood; Jacob's Lake, 31-V-69, A. con- color, A. kisiocarpci, W. G. Harwood; Graham Mts., 28- VII-33, lot 64, Parker; Grand Canyon; Mt. Lemon, Pima Co., 5-VIII-68, A. lasiocarpa, D. E. Bright; Rustler's Pk, Chiricahiia Mts., 7-VI-69, A. concolor, S. L. Wood; Mill- er Canyon, Hviachuca Mts., 7-VI-69, A. concolor, S. L. Wood. Pinaleno Mts., 15-VII-68, A. concolor, D. E. Bright; Santa Catalina Mts., 5-VIII-68, A. concolor, D. E. Bright. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, 2-VI-69, 29(K) m. No. 58, A. concolor, S. L. Wood. Utah: Payson Canyon, 25-VII-62, Abies concolor, S. L. Wood; Beaver, 22-IV-50, A. concolor, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Afoies concolor, rare in A. lasiocarpa. Biology.- The bole of fallen, cut, or un- thrifty trees is selected for attack. Parental tunnels are transverse. They are found most commonly at the butt of dying standing trees. They can reproduce in Alpine fir, but prob- ably cannot sustain a breeding population in it. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 124 other specimens. Bright (1969:22) treated maculosus as a synonym of variegatus (Blandford), but in- cluded (p. 37) a note from my observations suggesting a need for further study of these forms. In view of the very slight anatomical differences presented above, including the distinctly smaller average size, and the differ- ence in larval habits, I prefer to recognize them as specifically distinct. The larval mines in maculosus are always exposed at the cam- bium on the surface of peeled bark; they are comparatively short and wander rather indiscriminantly. 7. Pseudohylesinus variegatus (Blandford) Hijlastes variegatus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 145 (Holotype, female, erroneously said to have come from Volcan de Chiriqui, Pan- ama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Pseudohylesinus mexicanus Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 461:13 (Holotype, female; Dis- trko Federal, Mexico: U.S. Nat. Mus., 54028); Bright and Stark, 1973, Univ. California Pub. Ent. 54:22. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is very similar to maculosus Blackman, but it is distinguished by the larger average size, by the more abun- dant, confused, submarginal crenulations at the bases of interstriae 5 and 6, by the more finely, more shallowly punctured lower half of the frons, by the' slightly smaller, more rounded interstrial tubercles on the declivity, and by the xylophagous mining habit of the larger larvae. M.\LE.- Length 3.4-4.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated surface pattern of pale to tan and dark brown scales. In addition to characters mentioned in the above diagnosis, this species differs from maculosus in having some scalelike setae on upper half of frons; and more dark brown scales present on elytra. Female.- Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; scalelike setae absent from upper half of frons; pronotal scales mostly abraded, each about four times as long as wide, mostly subpalmately 1982 TOMICINI 137 subplumose; interstrial scales largely abra- ded,more slender, mostly subplumose. Distribution.— Michoacan to Tlaxcala and Oaxaca. MEXICO: Hidalgo: E! Chico, Pachuca. Mexico: 6 km W Rio Frio, 14-VII-53, Abies religiosa, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 33 miles or 53 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 3000 m. No. 48, A. religiosa, S. L. Wood. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 3-V-71, .3300 m, Abies, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: 53 miles or 85 km S Valle Nacional, 24-V-71, Abies reli- giosa, D. E. Bright. Tlaxcala: 18 km N Tlaxco, 2900 m. No. 21, A. religiosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Abies religiosa. Biology.— This species was common in the bole of large fallen, cut, and unthrifty trees. The parental galleries are transverse and rather long. Larval mines are almost straight, very long and parallel to the grain of wood; for about half their length they are vis- ible in the phloem on the surface of peeled bark, then they turn abruptly into the wood. The remaining half of their length is about 1 cm below the wood surface and parallel to the fibers; pupation occurs in the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 123 specimens. The holotype is labeled Volcan de Chi- riqui, Panama, but Abies does not grow south of Honduras. This specimen probably came from southern Mexico or Guatemala. 8. Pseudohylesinus granulatus (LeConte) Hylastes granulatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:175 (Holotype, male; blue disk signifying Oregon; Mus. Comp. Zool., 956) Pseudohylesinus granulatus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Can- ada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14 (2):74 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tsugae Swaine by the larger size, by the larger, deeper, subasperate, pronotal punc- tures, and by the more slender body form. Male.- Length 4.0-5.4 mm, 2.2-2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a sparse covering of light and dark scales. Frons about as in maculosus Blackman ex- cept more elongate, punctures somewhat coarser, impressed area above epistoma slightly stronger and more extensive; frontal rectangle 1.1 times as long as wide. Segment 1 of antennal club as long as 2 and 3 combined. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides on basal two- thirds rather strongly arcuate, rather strongly constricted on anterior third, broadly rounded in front; surface shining, rather coarsely, closely, deeply punctured, lateral margins of most punctures at least weakly subasperate. Vestiture of sparse, short, rather stout hair; a few scales at base, each about four times as long as wide. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in maculosus; striae weakly impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, very deep, smaller to- ward base; interstriae about as wide as striae, weakly convex, each armed by a row of coarse, tuberculate crenulations, crenulations confused toward base on 2-5, punctures fine, subgranulate, confused, moderately abun- dant. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 rather weakly convex, 2 depressed, fine tubercles on odd-numbered interstriae. Vesti- ture of sparse, slender scales, each about four times as long as wide, more abundant on de- clivity; erect bristles rather short, stout, each about half as long as distance between rows, absent on 2 on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; pronotum devoid of scales; scales on elytral disc largely abraded. Distribution.— Alaska to California. ALASKA: "Nauacin." CANADA: British Columbia: Bowser, Nonausco, Steelhead, 12 miles or 19 km S To- fino. USA: California: .Alpine Lake, Badger Pass, Car- mel, Chester, Cisco, Eldorado Co., Eureka, Facht, Fall- en Leaf Lake, Fieldbrook, Giant Forest in Tulare Co., Humboldt Co., Kaweah, King's River in Fresno Co., Meadow Valley in Plumas Co., Mendocino Co., Philips, Placer Co., Sequoia N. P., Shingletown, Trinidad, Tuo- lumne Co., Yosemite Valley. Idaho: Couer d'Alene, Mos- cow. Oregon: Blue Mts., Bly. Branden, Cannon Beach, Corvallis, Hood River, Mary's Peak, Odell Lake, Prine- ville, Santiam Junction, Stayton, Sweet Home in Linn Co. Washington: Carlyon Beach, Clear Lake, Kanaskut, La Grande, Lyman, Mineral, Moclips, .Mt. Rainier, Seattle, Satsop. Hosts.— Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica, A. procer, and Tsuga Heterophylla. Biology.— This species constructs trans- verse parental galleries at the base of un- thrifty standing trees or near the ground in large cut or fallen trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male holotype and on 94 other specimens. 138 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 9. Pseudohylesinus tsugae Swaine Pseudohylesinns tsugae Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 11 (Holo- type, female; Vancouver, British Columbia; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 93.38) Pseudohylesinus obesus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1); 15 (Holo- type, female; Inverness, British Columbia; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9.341); Bright, 1969, Univ. Cali- fornia Publ. Ent. 54:25. Si/nont/mi/ Pseudohylesinus keeni Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:17 (Holotype, female; Cannon Beach, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 20569); Bright, 1969, Univ. California Publ. Ent. 54:25. Synonymy Pseudohylesinus similis Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:18 (Holotype, female; Par- adise Vallev, Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54030); Bright, 1969, Univ. California Publ. Ent. 54:25. Synonymy Diagnosis- This species is allied to gran- uJatus (LeConte), but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the stouter body, by the smoother, more finely punctured pronotum, by the narrower striae, and by the slender in- terstrial bristles. Male.- Length 2.6-4.0 mm, 2.0-2.1 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, with an obscure surface pattern of pale and dark cinereus scales. Frons more broadly convex than in granu- latus, with transverse, arcuate impression near middle stronger, carina higher; frontal rectangle 1.1 times as long as wide. Segment 1 of antennal club much longer than either 2 or 3. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides moderately arcuate on posterior two-thirds, strongly constricted on anterior fourth, broadly rounded in front; sur- face shining, pimctures moderately small, dense, rather deep, their lateral margins usu- ally not at all granulate. Vestiture of very slender, pale scales, each at least eight times as long as wide, and slightly longer, suberect hair of about equal abundance. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in maculosus Blackman; striae distinctly im- pressed, punctures rather small, very deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, distinctly convex, crenulations rather fine, confused to- ward base on 2-7, punctures minute, con- fused, subgranulate, rather abundant. Decliv- ity steep, convex; essentially as in granulattis. Vestiture of abundant ground cover of small scales, each about twice as long as wide, mostly pale, with darker areas; interstrial bristles fine, length very slighdy more than half as great as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons slightly more strongly convex; pronotum de- void of scales except for a few palmately pul- mose scales at base; elytral scales much less abundant (usually abraded), each about four to six times as long as wide. Distribution.- S Alaska to N California. ALASKA: Juneau. CANADA: British Columbia; Bow- ser, Duncan, Emerald Mine, Grouse Mt., Inverness, Mt. Mahleach, Nanaimo, Stanley Park, Steelhead, Van- couver, Victoria, Whonnock Lake. USA: California: Crescent City, Fieldbrook. Oregon: Astoria, Batterson, Boyer, Cannon Beach, Clatsop, Corvallis, Crater Lake, Gold Lake, Marchfield, Marion Forks, Mary's Peak, Mohler, Reedsport, Waldport. Washington: Concrete, Glacier, Hoquiam, Mountlake Terrace, Naselle, Paradise Valley, Sappho, White River. Host.- Tsuga heterophylla, T. merten- siana, and less commonly in Abies procera. Biology.- The parental galleries are basi- cally transverse. These beetles attack the bole and limbs as small as 5 cm in diameter. They normally attack cut, broken, or fallen trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of tsugae, obesus, similis, and keeni, and on 126 other specimens. 10. Pseudohylesinus nobilis Swaine Pseudohylesinus nobilis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):12 (Lecto- type, female; Santiam N. P., Oregon; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9340, designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:679) Pseudohylesinus furnissi Blackman, 1942, U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Publ. 461:21 (Holotype, female; Mount Rainier N. P., Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54031); Bright, 1969, Univ. California Publ. Ent. 54:27. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from sericeus (Mannerheim) by the more slender scales on the pronotum. Female.- Length 2.7-3.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; as in sericeus except pronotal scales slender, varying from almost hairlike to about eight times as long as wide, except stouter near scutellum; strial punctures ten- ding to be larger (not consistent). Male.- Similar to male sericeus except pronotal scales two to six times as long as wide, their apices usually not palmately divided. 1982 TOMICINI 139 Distribution.— Oregon and Washington. USA: Oregon: Bandon, Abies amabilis- Crater Lake N. P., A. a7nabilis. Gold Lake, Willamette N. F., 16-VI- 61, A. amabilis, S. L. Wood; Lost Lake, Hood River Co., 25-VII-64, A. amabilis, D. E. Bright; Mary's Peak, Sius- law N. F., 19-VI-6L A. procera, S. L. Wood; Mt. Hood; Santiam Pass, Linn Co., 19-VI-6L A. amabilis, S. L. Wood. Washington; Easton; Longmire, 23-V-35, Hopk. U.S. 20579-A, A. amabilis, F. P. Keen; Mt. Rainier N. P., A. procera; Spirit Lake, A. amabilis; White Pass, Yakima Co., 20-VIII-62, A. grandis, D. E. Bright; White River; Yakima Park. Hosts.— Abies amabilis, and A. procera. Biology.— Basically as in sericeus, but the parental galleries vary from transverse to subvertical. Notes.— This species is exceedingly diffi- cult to distinguish from sericeus. Both species vary considerably and often cannot be recog- nized unless series- are available for study. The above treatment was based on the holo- type of nobilis, on my homotype, on two specimens from Blackman's series, on four from Bright's series, and on 209 other speci- mens. At the time the holotype of furnissi was examined I did not regard nobilis as a distinct species; consequently, I rely on Bright's (1969:28) synonymy for treatment of this name. 11. Pseudohylesinus sericeus (Mannerheim) Hylurgus sericeus Mannerheim, 184.3, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 16(2):296 (reprint p. 124) (Holotype, fe- male; Sitka, Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mus., Helsinki) Pseudohylesinus sericeus: Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat 29:116,31:69 Pseudohylesinus grandis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 13 (Lecto- type, female; Saanichton, British Columbia; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 9339, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:679); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:116. Synonymy Pseudohylesinus yasumatsui Nobuchi, 1971, Bull. Gov. For. Expt. Sta., Tokyo 238:160 (Holotype, male; Takanishi, Nagano, japan; Gov. For. Expt. Sta., Tokyo); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:387. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from sitchensis Swaine by the broader frontal rectangle in both sexes, with the arcuate, transverse impression poorly developed, by the much stouter, discal, interstrial scales on the female, and by the more numerous, con- fused, interstrial crenulations at the base of the elytra. It is distinguished from nobilis Swaine by the stouter pronotal scales. Male.- Length 2.4-3.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a varie- gated surface pattern of pale and of dark brown scales. Frons broadly convex above, somewhat flattened below, but not impressed on ar- cuate line; surface very slightly more rugose than granulatus (LeConte) or tsugae Swaine; vestiture of moderately coarse, rather short hair. Segment 1 of antennal club as long as 2 and 3 combined. Pronotum 0.77 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in maculosus Blackman; scales on disc about one and one-half times as long as wide; much more slender near anterior margin. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; outline essentially as in maculosus; striae rather narrowly impressed; punctures moderately coarse, deep; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, moder- ately convex, crenulations rather small, sub- tuberculate, at bases of 2-4 rather crowded, confused. Declivity as in maculosus except interstriae 1, 3, and 9 usually more strongly convex, 2 somewhat depressed and devoid of tubercles and bristles. Scales ovate to sub- circular, each slightly longer than wide, abundant; bristles stout, half as long as dis- tance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex, frontal rectangle 0.95 times as long as wide; pronotal scales about two to six times as long as wide, mostly sub- palmately subplumose; elytral scales one and one-half to two times as long as wide (up to four times as long as wide near suture on bas- al half of disc), widest at or beyond their middle, their apices broadly rounded. Distribution.— Alaska to central California. ALASKA: "Sitka." CANADA: British Columbia: Bear Lake near Pender Harbor, Dog Lake near Penticton, Garibaldy Park near Haney, Grouse Mt. near Van- couver, Lake Cowichan, Massett, Matacatla, Mission City, Pender Harbor, Queen Charlotte Islands, Saanich- ton, Sidney, Stanley Park, Steelhead, Vancouver, Wel- lington. USA: California: Carson Ck. in Marin Co., Cres- cent City, Duncan Mills, Facht, Ferndale, Ft. Bragg, Gasquet, Grassy Lake Humboldt Co., Inverness, Kla- math, Lagunitas, Lake Pilarcitas in San Mateo Co., Mt. Tamalpais, Noyo River in Mendocino Co., Orick, Pa- raiso Hot Springs, San Francisco, Santa Cruz Mts., Warner Mts., in Modoc Co. Oregon: Alsea, Ashland, As- toria, Bear Springs, Bly, Boyer, Cannon Beach, Cor- vallis. Crater Lake N. P., Diamond Lake, Florence, 140 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Glenada, Junction City, Lake of the Woods, Lost Lake, Marshfield, Mary's Peak, McMinnville, Myrtle's Point, Otis, Pinchurst, Pistol River in Curry Co., Santiam Junc- tion, Santiam N. F., Santiam Pa.ss, Scio, Taft, Waldport, Willamette Pass. Washington: American Lake, Bruce Port, Chase Lake, Clear Lake, Forks, Lake Crescent, Longimire, Loveland, Mt. Rainier N. P., Nancotta, Na- selle, Puget, Puyallup, Quinault, .Seattle. Hosts.— Abies amabilis, A. grandis, A. procera, Pseudotsug,a menziesii, and Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.— The somewhat variable trans- verse parental tunnels are cut in the limbs and bole of imthrifty, cut, or fallen trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes, on my homotypes or se- riceus, grandis, fumissi, and yasumatsui, and on 319 other specimens. Confusion concerning the identitv of this species resulted when the specimen, not a type, imder this name in the LeConte collec- tion was thought to be correctly determined. The LeConte specimen and the species treated as sericeiis bv Swaine (1917, 1918), Blackman (1942), and Bright (1969) were transferred to pint Wood (1969, 1971). 12. Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Swaine Fig. .54 Pseudohylesinus sitchensis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 12 (Holo- type, male; Menzies Bay, Vancouver Island, Brit ish Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9342) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sericeus (Mannerheim) by the less crowded basal crenulations that are almost always imiseriate to the base on interstriae 2, 4, and 5, by the much more slender, non- plumose (except on extreme basal margin) setae on the female pronotum, by the more slender interstrial scales in the female, by the stronger, transverse, frontal impression, and by the narrower frontal rectangle. Male.— Length 2.5-3.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color as in sericeus. Frons as in sericeus except transverse im- pres.sion near middle of frons much stronger; frontal rectangle 1.20 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; as in sericeus except scales about two to three times as long as wide on disc, more slender near anterior margin. Elytra as in sericeus except crenulations at bases of interstriae 2, 4, and 5 almost always uniseriate; scales on disc two to three times as long as wide; interstrial bristles almost as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frontal rectangle 1.03 times as long as wide; pronotal .scales very slender, about eight or more times as long as wide, not .subplumo.se except near basal margin; interstrial scales on di.sc each about four times as long as wide, widest near its base and tapered toward its apex. Distribution.— Alaska to N California. Fig. 53. Pseudohylesinus n. nehulosus: .\ntenna of female. Fig. 54. Pseudohylesinus sitchensis. .\ntenna of male. 1982 TOMICINI 141 ALASKA: Afognak Isl., Juneau, Prince of Wales Isl. CANADA: British Columbia: Menzies Bay, Port Ren- frew. USA: California: Oescent CAiy, Delnorte, Eureka, Klamath, Trinidad. Oregon: Cannon Beach, Mt. Hood, Marshfield, Otis, Seaside. Washington: Hoquiam. Host.— Picea sitchensis. Biology.— The parental galleries are lon- gitudinal and lack a nuptial chamber. The bole of cut and fallen trees is selected for attack. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 79 other specimens. 13. Psetulohylesinus pini Wood Psetidoht/lesinus pini Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:122 (Holotype, female; Pacific Grove, Califor- nia, Wood Coll'.) Diagnosis.— This species is very similar to sitchensis Swaine, but it is distinguished by scale characters presented in the following description. Male.— Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown with a varie- gated surface pattern of pale and or dark brown scales. Frons as in sitchensis except transverse im- pression stronger; frontal, rectangle 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum as in sitchensis ex- cept scales broadly oval, each very slightly longer than wide. Elytra as in sitchensis ex- cept interstrial crenulations slightly smaller, discal scales subcircular, each about one to one and one-half times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression less well developed; frontal rec- tangle 1.06 times as long as wide; discal in- terstrial scales each one and one-half to two times as long as wide, widest at their middle, apical end rather broadly rounded. Distribution.— British Columbia to cen- tral California. CANADA: British Columbia: Massett; Metlaktla. USA: California: Albion, 9-\T-62, Pinus miiricata, Car- mel, 5-IV-25, P. radiata, F. O. Ballon; Carson Ck. in Ma- rin Co.; Cypress Ridge in Marin Co.; Mendocino; Mon- terey, 2-IX-30, P. radiata; Pacific Grove, 12-XII-2.3, P. radiata; San Francisco; San Mateo; 14 miles N and 18 miles N Santa Cniz, P. radiata. Oregon: Florence, 20- VI- 64, P. contorta, D. E. Bright; Glenada; Lane Co., P. con- torta; Newport; Sand Lake; Seaside. Washington: West port. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. muricata, and P. radiata. Biology.— The longitudinal parental gal- leries normally have a nuptial chamber. Pre- sumably they attack the same types of host material as sitchensis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 4 specimens and on 46 other specimens. Prior to 1969 it was treated under the name sericeus. Genus HYLURGOPINUS Swaine Hylurgopinus Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):74 (Type-species: Hy- lastes rufipes Eichhoff, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is allied to Pseudo- hylesinus and Dendroctonus, from which it is easily distinguished by septate sutures 1 and 2 in the antennal club, by the long, straight, transversely elevated epistomal process above the premandibular lobe, by the small size, and by many other characters. Description.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex; epistomal process broad, over- riding epistomal margin. Eye elongate-oval, entire. Antennal scape rather short, not reaching posterior margin of eye; funicle 7- segmented; club conate, slightly flattened, su- tures 1 and 2 septate, sutures 1, 2, and 3 marked by rows of setae. Scutellum small, transversely oval. Elytral bases armed by a row of moderately high, overlapping crenula- tions; elytra striae conservatively sculptured. Vestiture of stout, almost scalelike ground setae and a row of erect bristles on each in- terstriae. Fore coxae rather widely separated; precoxal lateral ridge of prothoracic sternum obsolete. Third tarsal .segments broad, some- what bilobed. Declivital armature poorly developed. Distribution.— One .species occurs east of the Rocky Mountains in temperate North America. Biology.— Cut or dying boles and limbs of various elms are selected for attack. The bi- ramous parental galleries usually are trans- verse or primarily so; they are primarily in the phloem tissues but may engrave the wood slightly. The larval mines are also in the phloem and are exposed on peeled bark; they tend to follow the grain of the wood. 142 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff Fig. 55 Hylastes rufipes Eichhoff, 1868 (May), Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 (Lectotype, sex?; Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mas., 53824, present designation) Hylesinus opaculus LeConte, 1868 (September), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:170 (Two syntypes; Pennsylva- nia; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Schwarz, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:606. Synonymy Hylurgops rufipes: LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:.390. Hylurgopinus rufipes: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agr. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):74 Diagnosis.— Although not closely related, this species frequently is confused with Hy- lastinus obscurus (Marsham). This species is easily distinguished from it by the long, straight, elevated epistomal process that part- ly overlays the epistomal margin and by the absence of an elevated ridge between each prothoracic coxa and the anterior margin of the pronotum. Female.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex from vertex to weak trans- verse impression immediately above epistom- al process; epistomal process smooth, slightly elevated, straight; premandibular median epistomal lobe large, depressed below level of epistomal process, its lateral extremities overridden by or merged with epistomal pro- cess; surface smooth, shining between punc- tures, coarsely, very closely, rather shallowly punctured, flattened inner surface of punc- tures with obscure indications of reticulation; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous, hairlike, except a conspicuous tuft along lower margin of epistomal process. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; widest toward base, sides almost parallel on basal half but weakly arcuate, narrowed, and moderately constricted just behind rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface unarmed, smooth, shining, punctures coarse, very close, deep, interspaces not wider than half diameter of a puncture; vestiture con- sisting of short, semirecumbent, stout, almost scalelike setae, and slightly longer, erect bristles. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, rather broadly rounded behind; striae slightly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, convex, punc- tures coarse, deep; interstriae slightly nar- rower than striae, convex, punctures tubercu- late (narrow crenulations), uniseriate except somewhat confused on basal half of 3; two or three tubercles at base of each interstriae (ex- cept 1) enlarged to form small submarginal crenulations. Declivity convex, steep; striae wider than on disc, interstriae more strongly convex, with tubercles larger, pointed. Vesti- ture consisting of short, stout, almost scale- like setae each about five or six times as long as wide, and rows of stout erect bristles each about twice as long as ground vestiture; both types of setae extend to base. Male.— Apparently identical to female ex- cept for differences in posterior abdominal terga. Distribution.— SE Manitoba, S Quebec, and Maine to Kansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. CANADA: SE Manitoba, S Ontario, S Quebec. USA: Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Mary- land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylva- nia, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia. Hosts.— Ulmus spp.; records also exist from Fraxinus, Prunus, and Tilia, although these attacks undoubtedly resulted from ab- normal conditions. Biology.— Cut or dying limbs or bole of the host are selected for attack. They over- winter either as larvae or adults that com- plete development and emerge in the spring. They emerge in May and fly to living trees, where they feed briefly before seeking a Fig. 55. Hylurgopinus opaculus: Lateral aspect of adult; A, anterior face of left protibia; B, posterior face of left antenna. (After Kaston 1936:614.) 1982 TOMICINI 143 dying tree. The monogamous beetles con- struct transverse or somewhat obhque, bi- ramous tunnels in the cambium region, scor- ing the wood lightly. The eggs are deposited in niches along margins of the egg galleries and the larvae radiate out from them in the general direction away from the parental tunnels and parallel to the grain of the wood. There appear to be up to two generations each year in the south, but only one in the north. This species is not aggressive in its at- tacks and had limited economic importance prior to the introduction of Dutch Elm dis- ease. Since then it has been studied rather intensively. Notes.— Because the loss of the Hamburg Museum evidently destroyed all other syn- types, the syntype labeled with a small blue paper triangle, with "nifipes, Carolina, Ger- mar," with "no. 4," with a red "cotype" label no. "53824," and with "Hylastes rufipes Eichhoff, type, = Hylastes opaculus" in the U.S. National Museum, is here designated as the lectotype of this species. In addition to the lectotype of rufipes, the two syntypes of opaculus and 321 other specimens were used to prepare the above treatment. The priority of the name opaculus over ru- fipes was pointed out by Blandford (1898:5) and Wood (1979). Rabaglia and Lanier (1981), in an attempt to correct the error in priority, contributed additional confusion. The name rufipes was validated in May 1868, opaculus in September 1868. Genus XYLECHINUS Chapuis Xi/lechinits Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 36 (Type-species: Hylesinus pilostis Ratzeburg, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is very closely al- lied to Pseudohylesinus Swaine and Xyle- chinosoma Schedl, but it may be distin- guished by the 5-segmented antennal funicle and by the shallowly emarginate eye; it also exhibits prothoracic precoxal ridges, although these are obscure in the North American and European species. Description.— Length 1.5-3.5 mm, 2.0-2.4 times as long as wide; frons flat to weakly convex, sculpture simple, usually with a median carina on lower half. Eye dis- tinctly sinuate to shallowly emarginate; elon- gate. Antennal scape rather short, not extend- ing to posterior margin of eye; funicle 5- segmented; club rather small, symmetrical to slightly asymmetrical, slightly flattened, dis- tinctly longer than wide, with three sutures marked by rows of setae. Pronotum unarmed, punctured. Scutellum small, round; elytral margins armed by one row of rather coarse crenulations; elytra striate, punctures coarse; interstriae variously punctured; declivity convex, rather simply sculptured. Vestiture consisting of an abundant ground cover of small scales and rows of longer, erect bristles. Prothoracic precoxal ridge varying from prominent to absent. Third tarsal segments bilobed. Distribution.— Worldwide. More than 20 species have been described, about two-thirds of them from tropical America; 2 species oc- cur in Canada and the United States, 8 spe- cies occur in Mexico and Central America. Biology.— All the species treated here are monogamous and cut transverse, biramous, parental tunnels in the cambium region of the host tree, engraving the wood rather deeply. The larval tunnels are almost entirely in the phloem tissues, where they appear to wander at random. Key to the Species of Xylechinus 1. Declivital interstriae 2 narrowed, impressed, bearing a row of low tubercles on its lateral side, and devoid of row of bristles; Guatemala; 3.0 mm 1. scabiosus Blandford — Declivital interstriae 2 similar to 1 and 3, usually bearing similar bristles 2 2(1). Base of discal interstriae 2 to 5 each bearing two or more submarginal crenula- tions; row of elytral bristles of setae not longer than distance between rows; Costa Rica; Oreopanax nubigenus; 2.4-3.3 mm 2. avarus Wood — Discal interstriae devoid of submarginal crenulations; either elytral bristles considerably longer than distance between rows or body shorter than 2.0 mm 3 144 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 3(2). Striae at least as wide as interstriae, punctures very deep, close; erect inter- strial bristles spaced within each row by distances averaging about equal to length of a bristle; Canada and the United States; in Picea; 2.3-2.7 mm 4 — Striae not wider than interstriae, punctures rather small, not strongly im- pressed or close; erect interstrial bristles spaced within each row by distances averaging two or more times length of a bristle; tropical species in Oreopanax 5 4(3). Discal interstriae as wide as striae, strial punctures distinctly smaller; erect in- terstrial bristles more slender, about 8 to 10 times as long as wide; Ontario to Maine; Picea glauca; 2.3-2.4 mm 3. americanus Blackman — Discal interstriae distinctly narrower than striae, strial punctures very coarse; erect interstrial bristles stout, about four to six times as long as wide; Picea eng- ehnannii; Alaska and Saskatchewan to California and New Mexico; 2.3-2.7 mm 4. montanus Blackman 5(3). Erect elytral bristles much longer, equal in length to twice width of interstriae, distance between bristles within a row often two to four times width of inter- striae; striae more narrowly, deeply impressed; patches of dark and light scales about equal 6 — Elytral bristles shorter, usually not longer than distance equal to width of one interstriae, spaced within a row by one to two times this distance; striae more feebly impressed, wider; dark and light patches less definite, light scales usually predominant 7 6(5). Size much larger; erect elytral bristles much longer, finer, and much more closely spaced; sides of pronotum on anterior half strongly, arcuately con- stricted; longer pronotal setae slender, almost hairlike; Guatemala; 3.2 mm 5. irrasus Blandford — Size smaller; erect elytral bristles stouter, more widely spaced, none longer than twice distance between rows; longer pronotal setae short, stout; Oaxaca to Guatemala; 1.7-2.0 mm 6. tessallatus Blandford 7(5). Larger; striae distinctly narrower than interstriae; declivital bristles a little more slender and distinctly shorter than distance between rows of bristles; Cos- ta Rica and Panama; 1.9-2.2 mm 7. fuliginosus Blandford — Smaller; striae wider, almost as wide as interstriae; declivital bristles coarser, fully as long as distance between rows of bristles 8 8(7). Pronotum with some scalelike setae; pronotum stouter, more regularly sculp- tured; interstrial bristles stouter, slightly shorter; strial punctures smaller; Guatemala; 1.5-1.8 mm 8. marmoratus Blandford — Pronotum without scalelike setae; pronotum more slender, more irregularly sculptured; interstrial bristles longer, more slender; strial punctures larger; Chiapas; 1.6-1.9 mm 9. mexicanus Wood 1. Xylechinus scabiosus Blandford set, rounded tubercles, by the reticulate sur- face of the elytral declivity, and by the much Xylechinus scabiosus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. shorter vestiture Anier., Coleopt. 4(6): 158 (Lectotvpe, female; _ , .1 o /\ r, r\ ,.■ VolcandeAgua. 8500-10,500 ft, Guatemala; Bnt- FemalE.- Length 3.0 mm, 2.0 times as ish Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) long as wide; color very dark brown, with an Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished indistinct pattern of dark and light scales. from irrasus Blandford by the more strongly Frons convex above, flattened to slightly impressed declivital interstriae 2, which has impressed on lower two-thirds, a sharply ele- on its lateral half a series of about 10 closely vated, low median carina on impressed 1982 TOMICINI 145 area; surface minutely granulate, small punc- tures obscurely indicated; vestiture hairlike, fine, sparse, moderately long. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; widest slightly in front of middle, sides on posterior half very feebly arcuate, abruptly rounded in front, then constricted just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface evidently rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, obscured by rather abun- dant scales (encrusted, character of scales not clear). Elytra 1.35 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by about 12 small crenulations, submarginal crenulations evidently absent; striae weakly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, evidently slightly irregular but not granulate (obscured by an in- crustation). Declivity steep, convex; striae about as on disc; interstriae 1 moderately and 3 slightly elevated, 2 narrowed, impressed, its lateral margins rather coarsely granulate, about 10 low, rounded granules present, 9 moderately elevated on posterior half. Vesti- ture of abundant, short scales (encrusted) and interstrial rows of longer bristles, each bristle about equal in length to distance between rows, closer within a row; bristles absent on decli vital interstriae 2. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agiia, 8500-10,500 ft, by G. C. Champion. Notes.— The first female in Blandford's series of four female syntypes has been re- garded as the type. It was used to prepare the above description and it is here desig- nated as the lectotype for this species. 2. Xylechinus avarus Wood Xylechinus avarus Wood, 1968, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 1 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Of the species known to me, this one is perhaps more closely allied to fu- liginosus Blandford, although the relationship is remote. The large body size, the stout form, the submarginal crenulations on the elytral bases, the elevated declivital inter- striae 1 and 3, and the fine, low, frontal ca- rina serve to distinguish this species. Female.— Length 2.4-3.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; body color brown, usually cov- ered by an incrustation. Frons convex, with a feeble, transverse im- pression just below upper level of eyes, a low, acutely elevated, median carina extend- ing from this impression to epistomal margin; entire surface coarsely reticulate, punctures fine, inconspicuous; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; sides widest and almost parallel on middle half, strongly constricted one-fourth length from anterior margin, rather broadly rounded in front; surface finely granulate and with rather sparse, round, small, vulcanate punc- tures; vestiture consisting of short, rather stout, moderately abundant bristles. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight, very slightly wider at declivital base, narrow- ly rounded behind; striae impressed, punc- tures deeply, not sharply impressed; inter- striae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, irregular, punctures fine, abundant, confused, with a median row of larger, mar- ginally granulate punctures, crenulate toward base on interstriae 1 to 5. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae impressed; interstriae 2 impressed, strongly narrowed, ending before apex, 1, 3, and 9 elevated, about half as high as wide, 3 and 9 join apically, the elevation continued to 1; granules not as large as on disc. Vestiture of short, rather abundant, stout setae, and interstrial rows of long bristles, spacing between bristles within a row and between rows equal to length of a bristle. Male.— Similar to female except frons flattened on lower half, and ground vestiture of pronotum and elytra evidently more abundant. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-X-63, 2300 m, Oreopanax nubigenus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from bi- ramous, transverse, parental galleries in limbs 7-20 cm in diameter in a host that was para- sitic on a felled oak tree. Larval mines were not fully developed. 146 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The type series of 207 specimens was available for preparing the above treatment. 3. Xijlcchimis anicricanus Blackman Xylechimis (imericantts Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For. Tech. Pub. 16:117 (Holotvpc, iiialo; Orono, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 26630) Diagnosis.— This .species is distinguished from the very closely allied pilosus (Ratze- burg) by the more strongly impressed, much wider striae. Female.— Length 2.3-2.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color medium to dark brown, pronotum slightlv darker. Frons convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma; epistomal margin slightly elevated, epistomal lobe small; surface finely, subgranulatelv punctured, a fine median ca- rina extending from just below upper level of eyes to base of epistomal lobe; vestiture hair- like, short, moderately abundant, longer and more conspicuous toward epistoma. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and con- verging slightly on posterior two-thirds to a prominent constriction, rather broadly rounded in front; sinface rather finely, close- ly punctured, narrow interspaces smooth, with a few points; vestiture covering entire surface, consisting of short, rather slender scales, rather abimdant. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to base of declivi- ty then narrowly rounded behind; crenula- tions at elytral bases narrow and high, sub- marginal crenulations almost totally absent; striae slightly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae convex, as wide as striae except slightly wider at base of declivi- ty, punctures moderately small, granulate on anterior margin, in irregular median rows, with small, supplemental, simple pimctures along margins. Declivit) convex, moderately steep; striae deeper and narrower than on disc; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 very weakly ele- vated. Vestiture consisting of rather abun- dant, .short, narrow, almost scalelike, inter- strial setae, and median rows of erect, stout bristles, each bristle about twice as long as scales and six to eight times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons less convex, almost flat on median half. Distribution.— Ontario to Maine. CAN.\D.\: Ontario: "Near" Ottawa. Quebec; Chelsea, 17-V-54, Picea glattca, S. L. Wood; Creat Whale River, ,30-Vl-49, J. R. Vockeroth. USA; Maine; Camp Caribou, Hopk. U.S. .3.32a, Picca; Orono, 13-X-19, M-171, P. olauai. M. W. Blackman. New York: Cran- berry Lake, 17-VII-21, M. W. Blackman. Hosts.— Picea gUiucci. Biology.— Usually small, suppressed, shaded out, standing trees less than 15 cm in diameter are selected for attack. The attacks most commonly are within 1 m of the ground. Occasionally they attack shaded out branches of dominant trees. The habits basi- cally are as outlined above imder the generic treatment. Notes.— The above treatment of the fe- male was based largely on Blackmail's ,.^J-A '^A^i'*" Fig. 56. Xylechinus montanus: Dorsal aspect, (.\fter Bright 1976:206.) 1982 TOMICINI 147 allotype, the male was based on the holotype; 81 other specimens were also studied. 4. Xylechinus montanns Blackman F.g. 56 Xylechinus montunua Blackman, 1940, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washinf^ton 42:123 (Holotype, female; Sula, Montana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 54024) Diagnosis.— TTiis species is distinguished from americanus Blackman as indicated in the above key and in the description. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide. Frons and pronotum as in americanus ex- cept in most specimens punctures not as close, their interspaces obscurely reticulate to minutely rugose. Elytra as in americanus except strial punc- tures distinctly larger, interstriae distinctly narrower than striae, about half to two-thirds as wide; interstrial ground vestiture less abundant; erect interstrial bristles much stouter, each about four to six times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons less distinctly convex, almost flat on median half. Distribution.— Alaska and Saskatchewan to California and New Mexico. AL.'\SK.'\: Kenai Penin.sula. 14-21-VI-74, M. M. Fur- niss. CANAD.A: Alberta: Banff, Waterton. British Co- lumbia: Lorna. Saskatchewan: Cypress Hills. USA. Colo- rado: Cross Creek in Rio Grande N. P., Dolores Peak in Uncompahgra N. F., iNewcastle. Montana: Anaconda, Blackfeet xN. F., Columbia Falls. Nevada: Charleston Mt. Oregon: Gold Lake in Willamette N. P., Suttle Lake, Toll Gate. Utah: Logan Canyon. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— As in americanus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 117 other specimens. 5. Xylechinus irrasus Blandford Xylechinus irrasus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. .^mer., Coleopt. 4(6): 157 (Lectotype, male; Volcan de Agua, 8500-10,.500 ft, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from scabiosus Blandford by the less strongly impressed declivital interstriae 2 which has not more than three or four minute, widely spaced tubercles, by the smooth, declivital surface, and by the much longer vestiture. Male.— Length 3.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a variegated pattern of light and dark setae. Frons broadly impressed from epistoma to level of antennal insertion, then broadly con- cave to upper level of eyes; epistomal lobe large, flat; median carina on lower half acute, obsolete above, a pair of lateral calluses just above level of antennal insertion; surface ret- iculate, becoming granulose above, with fine, sparse punctures; vestiture of long, coarse bristles laterally, shorter in other areas. Pronotum 0.77 times as long as wide; widest near middle, sides diverge rather strongly from base, rather strongly arcuate in front of middle and converging to con- striction just before rather broadly anterior margin; surface at least partly shining, punc- tures close, rather fine, at least some of those in summit area feebly vulcanate; median line acutely elevated in area of indefinite summit; vestiture of rather abundant, moderately short bristles (almost scalelike) and must less abundant, very long bristles, each up to five times as long as ground setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides somewhat straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather nar- rowly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by about 10 small crenulations, sub- marginal crenulations absent; striae weakly impressed toward declivity, punctures mod- erately coarse, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, weakly convex at least posteri- orly, punctures close, confused, mostly very fine, a few larger punctures intermixed, none granulate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures deeper; interstriae more nearly convex, 2 not as high as 1 or 3, all devoid of granules. Vestiture consisting of rather abun- dant, short, scalelike bristles and less abun- dant, very long, interstrial bristles, long bristles in indefinite rows, up to twice as long as distance between rows, separated within a row by about half that distance. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATE.MALA: Volcan de Agua, between 8500 and 10.500 ft elevation, by G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above description was pre- pared from the male of Blandford's two syn- types. It is here designated as the lectotype for this species. 6. Xylechinus tessellatus Blandford Xylechinus tessallatus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 159 (Holotype, female; 148 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Volcan de Agiia, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is of the same general size and sculpture as fuliginosus Blandford, but it is distinguished by the much longer, more widely spaced erect, elytral bristles, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; body color dark brown, with a dense mottled covering of dark and light scales, dark and light areas almost equal in extent. Frons convex with a weak, transverse im- pression immediately above level of ocular emargination; narrowly, transversely im- pressed just above the weakly elevated epis- tomal margin; epistomal lobe large; an acute- ly elevated carina extending from midfrontal impression to base of epistomal lobe; surface coarsely reticulate, with a few fine punctures on lower third toward margins, a few fine granules toward center; vestiture fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides on basal half almost straight, diverging very slightly to middle then strongly arcuate to rather strong con- striction just behind very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface finely, closely punc- tured, obscured by scales; vestiture consisting of scales of two sizes, smaller ones more abundant, very short, rather narrow, larger ones but little longer at base, becoming two or more times as long anteriorly. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae nar- rowly, rather strongly impressed, punctures small, somewhat obscure; interstriae twice as wide as striae, convex, closely covered by squamiferous punctures. Declivity convex, steep; interstriae 1-3 equally convex, 9 more strongly elevated, angle between 3 and 9 somewhat impressed, granules not evident. Vestiture consisting of abundant small scales and interstrial rows of erect bristles to base; bristles widely spaced, mostly spaced at least by three or more times distance between rows, bristles on declivity mostly one and one-half to two times as long as distance be- tween rows, except slightly shorter on inter- striae 2. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons flat, transverse impression some- what stronger. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuitz, 19-V-69, J. M. Campbell. Oaxaca: 83 km N Oaxaca, 17-V-71, D. E. Bright; 64 km S Valle Nacional, 25-V-71, H. F. Howden. GUATEMALA: Volcan Zunil, Quezaltenango, 27-V-64, 1000 m, Oreopanax, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agua, G. C. Champion. Biology.— The small, terminal branches of living host trees were attacked. Often these branches would break and fall to the ground and, although appearing largely decayed, sometimes contained large numbers of speci- mens. The galleries were as described above under the generic treatment. Notes.— The unique type was examined and compared directly to my Volcan Zunil homotypes. The above treatment was pre- pared from the four homotypes and 74 other specimens. The original description gives the length of the type as 2.3 mm; actually it is 2.0 mm long. 7. Xylechinus fuliginosus Blandford Xylechintis fuliginosus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr.- Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):158 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— Characters summarized in the above key distinguish this species from al- lied forms. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with abun- dant dark and light scales, dark scales usually predominating. Frons as in tessallatus. Pronotum as in mannoratus except stout scales almost twice as long as small ones, only slightly longer anteriorly. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outline as in marmo- ratus; striae moderately impressed, punctures small, rather obscure; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, punctures small, confused, some of median ones granulate toward base. Declivity as in marmoratus except interstriae less strongly elevated or convex. Vestiture consisting of abundant small scales and inter- strial rows of erect, rather slender bristles to base; each declivital bristle as long as dis- tance between rows and separated within rows by about twice this distance. 1982 TOMICINI 149 Male.— Similar to female except frons flattened on lower half. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cortago, 28-VI-63, 2,800 m, and 26-IX-63, 23(K) m, Orcopanax xalapense, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion; Cerro Piinta, Chiriqii i, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Oreopanax, S. L. Wood. Host.— Oreopanax xalapense. Biology.— Terminals of shaded-out branches on standing trees or cut branches up to about 10 cm in diameter were attacked. The gallery systems were as described above for the genus. Notes.— The unique holotype was com- pared directly to 2 of my homotypes; from these 2 and 96 other specimens the above treatment was prepared. 8. Xylechinus marmoratus Blandford Xylechinus marmoratus Blandford, 1897, Biol Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 159 (Lectotype, female; Capetillo, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This is the smallest Central American representative of the genus; it is also the one most closely allied to american- us. It may be distinguished by its small size and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with abun- dant dark and light scales, dark ones usually predominate. Frons weakly convex, with a rather promi- nent transverse impression just above the slightly elevated epistomal margin; epistomal lobe well developed; surface minutely granu- late above, with fine punctures; vestiture of short coarse bristles. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; out- line and sculpture as in tessellatus except posterior half of sides more nearly arcuate; vestiture but little longer anteriorly, abun- dant, consisting of slender and stout bristle- like scales, stout ones only slightly longer. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outline as in tessellatus; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost one and one- half times as wide as striae, rather weakly convex, punctures fine, squamiferous. Decliv- ity convex, moderately steep; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 weakly elevated, 2 feebly impressed. Vestiture consisting of abundant small scales and interstrial rows of erect, stout bristles to base; each bristle as long as distance between rows, separated within rows by twice that distance. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons flattened. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agiia, 19-V-64, 1,000 m, Oreopanax, S. L. Wood; Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m, Oreopanax, S. L. Wood; Panajachel, Solola, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Oreopanax spp. Biology.— Small, shaded out branches are selected for attack. The habits appeared to be as described in the above treatment of the genus. Notes.— Blandford's series of four syn- types and 44 other specimens were used to prepare the above treatment. From Bland- ford's four syntypes a female from Capetillo was selected and is here designated as the lectotype of the species. 9. Xylechinus mexicanus Wood Xylechinus mexicanus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):7 (Holotype, male; Yerba Buena, 32 km or 20 miles N Bochil, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from marmoratus Blandford by the more slender, more irregularly sculptured pro- notum that lacks scalelike setae, by the slightly coarser strial punctures, and by the much more slender interstrial bristles. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown, vestiture pale. Frons as in marmoratus but broader, vesti- ture finer, without scales. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in marmoratus but anterior constriction not as strong; surface shining, irregular throughout, punctures fine, shallow, most subvulcanate. Vestiture of short, coarse hair of moderate abundance; scales absent. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in mar- moratus except bases of interstriae 2-5 each bearing 1-4 submarginal crenulations, strial punctures very slightly larger. Ground vesti- ture shorter than in marmoratus, apparently less abundant, much more slender on sutural interstriae than elsewhere; erect bristles slen- der, blunt or pointed, their length and spac- ing as in marmoratus. 150 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except sub- marginal crenulations at bases of elytra most- ly absent. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Verba Buena 32 km or 20 mi N Bochil, 21-V-69, 2600 m, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. Genus DENDROCTONUS Erichson Dendroctonus Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):52 (Type-species: Bostrichus micans Kuge- lann, subsequent fixation by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 1963:276) Diagnosis.— This genus is related to Hy- lurgus Latreille and Tomicus Latreille, of Eu- rope and Asia, to Pachijcotes Sharp, of Aus- tralia and New Zealand, and to Hijlurgonotus Schedl, of South America, but it may be dis- tinguished by the 5-segmented antennal fu- nicle, by the unique epistomal process, by the total absence of a male frontal impression, and by the more strongly flattened antennal club. Among North and Central American genera it is related to Pseudohylesinus Swaine and Hylurgopinus Swaine, but may be easily distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key to genera. Description.— Length 2.5-9.0 mm, 2.3-2.6 times as long as wide; body color dark brown to black, some species with red- dish brown elytra. Frons convex, usually modified by grooves, elevations, or tubercles; sexual dimorphism pronounced in some spe- cies. Eye ovate, entire. Antennal scape rather long; fimicle 5-segmented; club rather strong- ly flattened, subcircular in outline, three weakly procurved, aseptate sutures indicated by setae. Pronotum wider than long, unarmed, punctate. Scutellum small. Elytra more than twice as long as pronotum, basal margins armed; striate, interstriae variously crenulate; declivity steep, variously, conserv- atively sculptured, sexually dimorphic in some species. Vestiture hairlike. Fore coxae contiguous; precoxal prothoracic ridges ab- sent. Third tarsal segments bilobed. Distribution.— Arctic North America to northwestern Nicaragua (16 species), north- em Europe and Asia (2 species). Biology.— These monogamous beetles breed in coniferous hosts larger than six inches in diameter. Collectively they are the most destructive natural biological agent in American coniferous forests. Most species breed only in standing trees, although en- demic populations of rufipennis (Kirby) and murrayanae Hopkins may breed in prostrate trees. All species, with the possible exception of approximatus Dietz, are capable of killing healthy, vigorous trees. The entrance tunnel is formed by the fe- male; the male joins her when the tunnel is about 1-7 cm long. The attraction of the male and of other females to the host tree is by pheromones released by the female. The egg galleries may be either sinuate or longi- tudinal and are characteristic of the species. Eggs are deposited individually in niches, in small clusters, or in rows in long grooves. The larval mines of most species are individual and radiate from the parental mine, or the larvae may feed in congress for part or all of their development. They pupate in individual cells and emerge through separate exit holes. The length of the life cycle varies within the genus; ordinarily it occupies one year, but in arctic regions it may be extended to two or more years, or in tropical areas be shortened to as little as three or four months in certain species. Apparently all species are associated with symbiotic fungi that modify host physiology and greatly accelerate the rate at which host resistance to attack can be overcome. It is this factor that has made them so tremen- dously successful as agents of destruction. Notes.— Since my previous treatment of this genus (Wood 1963), a great deal of infor- mation pertaining to it has accumulated. Pheromone and karyology studies have been made, the types of rufipennis and paral- lelocollis were located, all types in the genus except terebrans (Olivier) were reexamined, and additional field data of taxonomic signifi- cance has been gathered. This has resulted in a number of modifications presented below, including the removal of jeffreyi Hopkins and rnexicanus Hopkins from synonymy. The Chinese armandi Tsai and Li was omitted from the following key; it is a unique species very different from the remainder of the genus that compromises characters of species in couplets 14 to 16 of the key. 1982 ToMiciNi 151 Key to the Species of Dendroctonus (Modified from Wood 1963) 1. Frons with a rather deep, narrow, median groove extending from just above epistomal process to upper level of eyes; if median impression obscure in male, then lateral areas of frons rather strongly protuberant and usually armed by one or two tubercles (except adjunctus); if protuberance obscure in female, then anterior constriction of pronotum with a transverse elevated callus later- ally and dorsally (obscure laterally in adjunctus); epistomal process very broad with the lateral margins prominently raised; smaller species 2.5-7.4 mm, in Pinus 2 — Frons without a median groove or impression below upper level of eyes; later- al elevations of frons and transverse elevated callus of pronotum never present in either sex; epistomal process usually narrower and less prominent, lateral margins raised or not; larger species 5.0-9.0 mm (rarely as small as 3.7, or even 3.4 in simplex), in Pinus and other conifers 7 2(1). Punctures and/ or granules of declivital interstriae 2 more abundant, confused; declivital interstriae 2 as wide as 1 and 3, not constricted apically; smaller species, 2.5-5.0 mm 3 — Granules of declivital interstriae 2 rather sparse, uniseriate; declivital inter- striae 2 narrower than 1 and 3 or strongly constricted apically; larger species, 3.8-7.4 mm 6 3(2). Declivital pubescence rather abundant and uniformly short, not longer than a distance equal to half width of an interstriae; transverse discal rugae on poste- rior half of discal interstriae almost never longer than half width of an inter- striae; declivital striae usually not impressed, obscure; punctures of declivital interstriae more abundant and feebly if at all granulate; British Columbia to Chihuahua and W Texas; Pinus ponderosa, P. coulteri; 2.5-5.0 mm 1. brevicomis LeConte — Declivital pubescence less abundant, at least some hairs twice as long as width of an interstriae; at least a few rugae on posterior half of elytral disc as wide as an interstriae; declivital striae usually impressed, punctures larger and distinct from those of interstriae; punctures of declivital interstriae less abundant and more coarsely granulate 4 4(3). Lateral thirds of pronotum with punctures finer, closer, their diameters rarely equal to more than twice diameter of a facet of eye, usually with several tu- bercles, posterolateral areas with at least one-third of area granular, granula- tion often obliterating punctures; male epistomal process wider, its lateral arms more strongly elevated; male frontal tubercles less numerous, smaller; elytral crenulations, particularly on declivity, smaller; mature color almost black; Guatemala; 2.6-4.6 mm 2. vitei Wood — Lateral thirds of pronotimi with punctures larger, not as close, some punctures equal in diameter to at least three times diameter of facet of eye, tubercles and granulation inconspicuous or absent; male epistomal process slightly narrower; male frontal tubercles more numerous, larger; elytral crenulations averaging larger; mature color dark brown; smaller species 5 5(4). Female frons more finely punctured, area immediately above epistomal pro- cess flat, male arms of epistomal process less strongly elevated; strial grooves on disc usually wider, strial punctures larger and without crenulate tubercles 152 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 between strial punctures; interstrial crenulations averaging smaller and less nu- merous; mature color light brown to medium brown; Oklahoma and Pennsyl- vania to Arizona, New Mexico, E Texas, Florida, and Honduras; inus; 2.2-3.2 mm 3. frontalis Zimmermann — Female frons more coarsely punctured, area immediately above epistomal pro- cess concave (due to elevation of lateral arms), male arms of epistomal process more strongly elevated; strial grooves on disc usually narrower, punctures usu- ally smaller or obsolete, their anterior margins finely crenulate; interstrial crenulations usually averaging larger; mature color medium brown to black; Chihuahua to Honduras; Pintis; 2.4-3.7 mm 4. mexicanus Hopkins 6(2). Granules on declivital interstriae 1 and (usually) 3 more abundant, confused; transverse elevation of female pronotum very prominent laterally; male frons with prominent lateral tubercles; stouter, 2.5 times as long as wide; central Utah and Colorado to Honduras; Pintis; 4.5-7.4 mm 5. approximatus Dietz — Granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 sparse, uniseriate; transverse callus on female pronotum obscure laterally; male frons without lateral tubercles; more slender, 2.65 times as long as wide; central Utah and Colorado to Guatemala; 3.8-6.0 mm 6. adjunctus Blandford 7(1). Declivital interstriae dull (minutely rugulose) or shining, if shining punctures virtually all granulate in both sexes and strial punctures distinct and larger; epistomal process rather broad, distance between eyes not more than 2.2 times its basal width; epistemal area of prothorax more coarsely granulate; punctures obscure or absent 8 — Declivital interstriae smooth and shining, most punctures impressed, a few of them granulate in female; epistomal process rather narrow, distance between eyes three or more times its basal width; episternal area of prothorax punctate, granules minute or entirely absent 12 8(7). Surface of declivity dull (usually rugulose); declivital interstriae 2 impressed, usually flat, interstriae 1 strongly and 3 weakly elevated; declivital interstriae usually uniseriately granulate and with scattered fine punctures 9 — Surface of declivity usually shining, interstriae 2 not impressed and sutural in- terstriae weakly if at all elevated; virtually all of rather numerous punctures on declivital interstriae granulate, granules close, confused 10 9(8). Punctures on pronotum rather coarse, close, separated by distances averaging less than diameter of a puncture, inner floor of a puncture usually flat or bear- ing a granule; California specimens averaging conspicuously smaller, 96 per- cent of them smaller than 5.0 mm; S British Columbia and W South Dakota to Baja California and New Mexico; Pinus; 3.7-7.5 mm 7. ponderosae Hopkins — Punctures on pronotum usually minute, separated by distances averaging at least twice diameter of a puncture, inner floor of puncture usually concave and without a granule; S Oregon to Baja California; Pinus jeffreyi; 5.0-7.5 mm (6 percent are smaller than 5.0 mm) 8. jeffreyi Hopkins 10(8). Epistomal process broad, flat, its margins not elevated; strial punctures rather small and obscure, rugae of discal interstriae very coarse, many as wide as in- terstriae, a few crossing striae; frons strongly, evenly convex; pronotum gradu- ally narrowed anteriorly, without an abrupt constriction; Chihuahua and Sinaloa to Honduras; Pinus; 5.2-6.9 mm 9. parallelocolUs Chapuis — Epistomal process broad, transversely concave, margins strongly elevated; strial punctures larger, never traversed by smaller discal rugae; frons irregu- larly, less strongly convex; pronotum feebly if at all narrowed anteriorly, with an abrupt constriction just behind anterior margin 11 1982 ToMiciNi 153 11(10). Body color of mature specimens black; punctures on disc of pronotum rather coarse, those near lateral margin much larger; declivital tubercles usually larger, apparently more numerous; E Massachusetts to E Texas and Florida; Pitius; 5.0-8.0 mm 10. terebrans (Olivier) — Body color of mature specimens reddish brown; punctures of pronotum not as coarse, those near lateral margin similar to those on disc; declivital tubercles usually smaller, apparently less numerous; Northwest Territories and Nova Scotia to Honduras; Pinus, rarely other conifers; 5.4-9.0 mm (see also 12. rhizophagus Thomas &c Bright) 11. valens L.eConie 12(7). Declivital striae weakly if at all impressed, 2 apically curved toward sutural striae; declivital interstriae 1 feebly elevated, 2 as wide or wider than 1 or 3 (except near apex); discal striae less than half as wide as interstriae; epistomal process usually transversely concave (except micans), rather broad, lateral margins moderately oblique (less than 55 degrees from horizontal) 13 — Declivital striae strongly impressed, 2 straight; declivital interstriae 1 strongly elevated, 2 weakly impressed and narrower than 1 or 3; discal striae almost as wide as interstriae; epistomal process flat or convex, narrow, its lateral margins strongly oblique (about 80 degrees from horizontal) 16 13(12). Frons smooth and polished, with deep close punctures, but almost entirely without granules between punctures; strial punctures on declivity rather large, three or more times as large as those of interstriae 14 — Frons rather finely granulate between close, deep punctures (granules some- times obscure in murrayanae); strial punctures on declivity usually minute, seldom more than twice as large as those of interstriae 15 14(13). Epistomal process flat; body stouter, 2.3 times as long as wide; strial punctures more strongly impressed; northern Europe and Asia; 6.0-8.0 mm micans (Kugelann) — Epistomal process shallowly, transversely concave; more slender, 2.4 times as long as wide; strial punctures shallowly impressed; Alaska and Alberta to New York and West Virginia; Picea; 5.4-6.5 mm 13. punctatus LeConte 15(13). Frons coarsely, distinctly punctured, granules between punctures usually iso- lated from one another, often very sparse; male genitalia distinctive; British Columbia and Ontario to Utah, Colorado, and Michigan; Pinus banksiana, P. contorta; 5.0-7.3 mm 14. murrayanae Hopkins — Frons very closely, more coarsely granulate, punctures usually obscure in cen- tral area; male genitalia distinctive; Alaska and Newfoundland to Arizona, New Mexico, and Pennsylvania; Picea; 4.4-7.0 mm 15. rufipennis (Kirby) 16(12). Frons moderately protuberant, smooth, with rather coarse, deep pimctures; punctures of pronotum rather large; discal interstriae with fine punctures in- terspersed with small rugae; Alaska and NE British Columbia to New- foundland and West Virginia; Larix; smaller, 3.4-5.0 mm 16. simplex LeConte — Frons strongly protuberant, irregular, granulate, with rather fine, deep punc- tures; punctures of pronotum rather small; discal interstriae without fine punc- tures dispersed among rugae; S British Columbia and SW Alberta to California and Chihuahua; Pseudotsuga, Larix; 4.7-7.0 mm 17. pseudotsugae Hopkins 154 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte Figs. 1, 3, 4, 57, 58 Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:386 (Holotype, female; middle California; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Dendroctonus barheri Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1):85 (Holotype, female; Williams, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7444); Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:31. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related frontalis Zimmer- mann by the uniformly short declivital pub- escence, by the less strongly impressed de- clivital striae, by the more numerous, more finely granulate punctures of the declivital interstriae, by the larger average size, and, in part, by the distribution. Male.— Length 2.0-4.7 mm (average about 3.5 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; ma- ture color very dark brown. Frons convex, a pair of lateral elevations on median half just below upper level of eyes separated by a deep median groove, summits of elevations armed at their dorsomedian margins by one or two prominent, somewhat dorsomedially oriented granules; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shin- ing; epistomal process half (0.50 times) as wide as distance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 40 degrees from horizontal) and elevated, horizontal portion about half its total width, transversely concave, over- lapping and ending just above epistomal mar gin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of conspicuous yellowish setae; surface granulate-punctate above eyes, more deeply punctured and subgranulate below. Vestiture, except epistomal brush, short, sparse, inconspicuous. Fig. 57. Dendroctonus brevicomis: A, male head; B, female head; C, elytral declivity; D, male genital capsule; E, male seminal rod; F, egg galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 155 Pronotum 0.70 times as wide as long, widest on basal third; sides rather strongly ar- cuate on basal three-fourths, rather strongly constricted just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate anterior margin; surface smooth with rather fine, shallow, close punctures on median third, becoming more finely punc- tured laterally; an indistinct median line ap- parent. Vestiture very short, rather sparse, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate, bear- ing a row of about nine moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on in- terstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather small and shallow; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, armed by abundant, confused, small, transverse crenu- lations, each averaging about one-third width of an interstriae, never more than half as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity mod- erately steep, convex with a feeble impres- sion between striae 1 and 3; strial punctures reduced in size; interstrial punctures ranging from finely granulate to not at all granulate, abundant, confused (about three to four ir- regular ranks across width of an interstriae). Vestiture rather abundant, short, averaging about half as long as width of an interstriae, never as long as its entire width. Female.— Similar to male except lateral elevations of frons less prominent and unarmed, with median groove consequently less conspicuous; arms of epistomal process less strongly elevated; pronotal constriction largely filled by a prominent transverse ele- vated callus both laterally and dorsally; punc- tures of pronotal disc very slightly larger and deeper; transverse crenulations of elytral disc very slightly larger; and declivital granules much finer, only a few punctures with a min- ute granule on upper margins. Distribution.— British Columbia to Baja California, Chihuahua, and W Texas. CANADA; British Columbia; Aspen Grove, Little Shuswap Lake, "Midday Ck. " in Indian Meadow, Mid- day Valley, "Spious Ck.," Summerland, "Trepan Ck.," and "Trepanier Ck." USA: Arizona; Carr Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mts., Coconino N. F., Crow King, "Deadmans Flat" (Coconino Co.), Flagstaff, Ft. Apache, "Fort Val- ley," Grand Canyon N. P., Groom Ck. (Prescott N. F.), Huachuca Mts., "Pleasant Valley," Prescott, San Fran- cisco Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Springerville, Walnut Canyon N. M., Williams, "Willow Rock," and Young. California: All counties. Colorado: Dolores, Ft. Garland. "Vallecito R. S." (La Plato Co.), Monte Vista, and Unconipahgre N. F. Idaho: Boise, Ce- dar Mt., Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Garden Valley, Kooskia, Moscow, Pioneer, Placerville, Smith's Ferry, Stites, and Troy. Montana: Missoula. Nevada: Las Vegas. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Cloudcroft, Datil, Gloriela Mesa, Mescalero, Mimbres, Ruidoso, Santa Fe, Santa Catalina Mts., Zuni Mts., and Jeremejo Park. Ore- gon; .Ashland, Bend, Blue Mts., Bly, Burnt River, Chilo- quin. Cold Springs, Colestin, Corvallis, "Dutch Ck.," Fremont N. F., Ft. Rock, Grants Pass, Jenny Ck., Jo- seph, Keno, Klamath Falls, Klamath Indian Res., Prine- ville, "Pringle Falls," Siskiyou Mts., Sisters, Sumpter, Wallowa Mts. Texas: Big Bend, Davis Mts. Utah: Daves Hollow (Dixie N. F.), Escalante, Panguitch, Pin Hollow (Fish Lake N.F.), Ashley N. F. Washington: Blue Mts., Buckeye, Chelan, Dayton, Kooskooskie, Northport, Pull- man. Toppenish. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Tres Rios. Hosts.— Pinus ponderosa, P. coulteri, and uncommon in other Pinus except during epidemics. Biology.— This species probably has killed more merchantable timber in North America than any other organism in historic time. Miller and Keen (1960:1) estimate that ap- proximately one billion board feet of stand- ing timber have been destroyed annually in Fig. 58. Dendroctonus brevicomis: Distribution map. 156 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pacific Coast states since studies commenced over half a century ago; this estimate may al- most double if losses in British Columbia and the mountain states are included. Overwintering parent adults and brood may become active at any period when sub- cortical temperatures become sufficiently high, probably somewhere in the vicinity of 45 to 50 F. The dates at which favorable con- ditions for flight occur in the spring vary considerably from year to year and from lo- cality to locality depending on exposure, alti- tude, latitude, weather, and other ecological factors. In general the first of the over- wintering adults and brood emerge to attack new trees about the first of May. Attacks from these beetles ordinarily continue until the latter part of June. A particularly early or late season, or a change in latitude north or south of the center of distribution may alter these dates by as much as a month. In the ex- treme southern limits of distribution it is pos- sible that some flight activity may continue throughout the year. Because beetles do not emerge simultaneously, but do so slowly over a considerable period of time, and because of overlapping broods, some flight activity con- tinues throughout the summer season; periods of greatest flight activity coincide with the emergence of each new brood. Flight activity is discontinued in October or November when daytime temperatures fall below 50 F. Trees selected for attack usually are living, standing, and larger than 12 inches (30 cm) DBH. Prostrate trees are seldom attacked. In the absence of competing species the attack normally is distributed from the ground level upward to areas as small as four to eight inches in diameter, where cork plates of the bark have formed. Younger bark of limbs or upper bole and of smaller trees where cork plates have not developed are rarely at- tacked. In the presence of competing species of Dendroctonus, particularly adjunctus Blandford, and to a lesser extent ponderosae Hopkins, the area of attack by brevicomis is forced upward from the ground level a vari- able distance depending on the comparative abundance of competing species. The attack usually begins in the upper midbole area of the host tree then progresses upward and downward. The attack is slow and continuous, without any sudden or con- certed swarming of the beetles. Its duration is variable, evidently depending upon resist- ance of the host, or upon climatic or other ecological factors peculiar to the season or locality. It may be completed in as little as seven days, or it may continue over the greater part of a year. Characteristically the attack will be concentrated on one particular tree until it is overcome, even when the beetle population is high, before an attack is started on a second nearby tree. There is no attempt to occupy all available bark; the density of individual attacks may be as low as an average of about five per square foot of suitable bark on a susceptible tree, or higher than 20 per square foot on a vigorous or re- sistant tree. In general, single tree attacks suggest an endemic condition, while group attacks suggest an epidemic condition. The winding egg galleries are constructed almost entirely in the inner bark or phloem tissues; they are in continual contact with and very lightly score or stain the woody or xylem tissues. Their total lateral dis- placement usually is equal to or greater than the total longitudinal displacement, although an occasional gallery may be decidedly longitudinal. The diameter of an individual egg gallery is slightly greater than the width of a beetle; it averages approximately 35 cm in length, although exact measurements of fully formed galleries are virtually impossible to obtain because of the tendency for the winding gal- leries to branch, to anastomose, and to cross and recross one another. It is not uncommon for more than one pair of beetles to occupy one gallery, usually each pair being found in different branches that use the same entrance hole. Presumably this habit has suggested a tendency toward polygyny to some workers, particularly when the male was late in arriv- ing or failed to arrive at all. The initial attack is made by the female, usually in a crevice of the bark. About the time she reaches the phloem tissues where the pitch begins to flow she is joined by the male, who then assists her by pushing the ex- cavated frass out of the entrance hole. Con- tinuation of the parental or egg gallery is performed entirely by the female beetle. Af- ter several inches of gallery have been 1982 TOMICINI 157 cleared and the frass ejected from the en- trance hole, the male then packs the frass in the lower regions of the gallery, thereby clos- ing the entrance hole and tightly filling the gallery except for a few inches in the area where the beetles are working. It has been estimated (Miller and Keen 1960:16) that about two-thirds of an inch (2 cm) of new gallery is formed each day. Mating occurs only after the female has been joined by the male, never on the surface of the tree before the attack begins. Although seldom seen, mating evidently occurs repeatedly, because it has been observed in various stages of gal- lery construction. Ordinarily, but not always, the entrance tunnel is without a nuptial chamber or other means of turning afound until the first venti- lation tunnel or branch in the gallery is reached. Ventilation tunnels are placed at ir- regular intervals and are not always present. Their presence appears related to the stage of gallery construction, thickness of the bark, and activity of the beetles. Usually they are not constructed before the entrance hole is plugged by frass; they are less abundant or sometimes entirely absent in trees having comparatively thin bark; and they appear to be more numerous in galleries constructed by unusually active beetles. Seldom are they spaced at intervals of less than 5 cm. Oviposition ordinarily begins about eight days after the attack and continues for ap- proximately 10 to 49 days (Miller and Keen 1960:20), except when egg-laying is inter- rupted by winter, in which case it is greatly extended. Although estimates of the number of eggs produced by a female based on the average number of eggs per inch of gallery have suggested a figure much higher, the highest number actually reported is 41 (Mill- er and Keen 1960:19). Usually a majority of the eggs are deposited in the first third of the gallery, the number declining significantly in the final third. Egg niches are symmetrical and ordinarily are constructed on the sides of the gallery, usually in contact with the cambium. They are broad and deep, the depth being equal to about one-fourth to one-third the diameter of the egg gallery. The deepest point is rounded, matching rather well the anterior profile of the parent beetle as seen from the dorsal aspect. Unfilled egg niches often can- not be distingviished from the beginning of a new branch of the gallery. The number and spacing of niches depends on many factors, but usually the minimum distance between eggs on a particular side of a gallery is 1 cm. When considering both sides of the gallery and the alternating placement of eggs, this distance is reduced by half. Eggs are depos- ited individually in the niches; each niche is then filled by specially prepared frass packed to the original level or contour of the gallery. Following the period of oviposition, the gallery may be continued in an irregular feeding tunnel of somewhat greater diameter than usual until death of the parent beetle; or the beetles may construct an exit tunnel, of- ten independent of one another, by extending one of the ventilation tunnels and emerge to attack another host tree. It has been esti- mated that up to 50 percent of the parent beetles reemerge to produce a second brood, and a few of these reemerge to produce their third brood of the season (Miller and Keen 1960:18). Of those beetles that reemerge from the host, males predominate significantly. The incubation period has not been deter- mined precisely. Available figures suggest that 7 days are required for hatching under optimum conditions (Miller and Keen 1960:20), presumably with longer periods re- quired when less favorable conditions exist. The newly hatched larvae mine the phloem next to the cambium for approximately 1 cm at right angles to the egg gallery. They then move into the inner bark and end their tun- nels near the outer bark, where an area is cleared for pupation. Under optimum condi- tions larval development may be completed in as little as 30 to 35 days (Miller and Keen 1960:24); however, they do not develop at the same rate and some may require as much as 300 days to complete the larval stage of development. In the pupation cell the larva undergoes physiological changes to become a quiescent prepupa for about two to seven days before pupation occurs (Miller and Keen 1960:30); mature larvae may overwinter as prepupae, apparently never as pupae. Under normal conditions about 6 to 20 days are re- quired to complete the pupal stage (Miller and Keen 1960:31); unfavorable conditions 158 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 may extend this period. A maturation period between attainment of the adult stage and emergence from the host varies from 7 to 14 days (Miller and Keen 1960:31), except in the spring months when it may be somewhat longer. The number of generations each year is complicated by peculiarities of a particular season, by reemergence of parent adults to produce a second or a third brood, and by overlapping generations. In the northern parts of its range one complete and a partial second generation appears normal; in south- ern California and in Arizona three complete and perhaps a partial fourth generation might be expected. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of brevicomis and barberi, and on about 2500 other specimens. The Ari- zona, Utah, and Colorado specimens tend to be slightly larger and with slightly coarser elytral crenulations than those from the Pa- cific Coast. However, series with equally coarse elytral crenulations came from north- ern California. 2. Dendroctonus vitei Wood Fig. 59 Dendroctonus vitci Wood, 1975(1974), Great Basin Nat. ■34:289 (Holotype, male; Pat!zun, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tnexicanus Hopkins by the larger size, by the darker color, by the sculpture of the pronotum and elytra, and by other characters indicated below. Male.— Length 2.6-4.6 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons similar to mexicanus except epistom- al process wider (67 percent of epistomal width, 58 percent in mexicanus), its lateral arms much more strongly elevated; area from epistomal process to lateral summits on frons more strongly, more broadly impressed (often subconcave), more finely sculptured; largest Fig. 59. Dendroctonus spp., distribution map; A, frontalis, open triangles; B, mexicanus, solid triangles; C, vitei, open circles. 1982 TOMICINI 159 tubercles at and near lateral summits less nu- merous, smaller than in mexicanus. Pronotum similar to that of mexicanus ex- cept punctures averaging much smaller, closer, interspaces averaging less than half di- ameter of a puncture; interspaces over most of surface minutely granular, subshining, smooth shining areas usually restricted to less than one-fifth of total surface (in mexicanus interspaces average more than half diameter of a puncture, their surface smooth, brightly shining over almost entire surface, granula- tion rare and restricted; small tubercles some- times occur in lateral areas). Vestiture more uniformly distributed, slightly coarser and longer than in mexicanus. Elytra similar to mexicanus except discal striae less strongly impressed, punctures aver- aging smaller, obscurely impressed to obso- lete in most specimens (larger and rather dis- tinctly impressed in most mexicanus); interstrial crenulations narrower, lower, more numerous, rarely as much as one-third of cre- nulations at least half as wide as an inter- striae, a few extend entire width of an inter- striae). Declivity with striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures usually obsolete (striae and punctures rather strongly impressed in mexicanus); interstriae feebly if at all convex, crenulations less numerous and much smaller than in mexicanus. Vestiture slightly more abundant and coarser than in mexicanus, par- ticularly at sides. Female.— Similar to male except epistom- al process narrower, not as high, frontal sum- mits more poorly developed, usually not tu- berculate; pronotal callus more poorly developed than in female mexicanus. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Patzun, 19-IX-74, 12-III-74, 22-V-74, 9-X-74, 14-X-74, Pinus tenuifolia, "P. inaximinoi," J. P. Vite, R. Liihl; Puente Tzantzir, Solola, 2-II-72, P. mon- tezinnae, E. W. Clark. Hosts.— Pinus pseudostrobus, P. tenuifolia. Biology.— This species occurs mostly at elevations above 2000 m. Its habits are very similar to mexicanus, but it apparently has a shorter life cycle. The pheromones are unique (Vite, Islas, Renwick, Hughes, Kleiforth 1974). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 355 specimens. 3. Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann Figs. 59, 60, 61 Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:149, 17.3 (Holotype, male; Carolina; Miis. Comp. Zool.) Dendroctonus arizonicus Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1 ):95 (Holotype, female; Williams, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7446); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:188. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related brevicomis LeConte by the longer declivital pubescence, by the more strongly impressed declivital striae, by the more sparsely but more coarsely granu- late punctures of the declivital interstriae, by the smaller average size, and, in part, by the distribution. Male.— Length 2.0-3.2 mm (average about 2.8 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; ma- ture color light brown to dark brown. Frons convex, with a pair of lateral eleva- tions on median half just below upper level of eyes separated by a deep median groove, summits of elevations armed at their dorso- median margins by one or two prominent, somewhat dorsomedially oriented granules; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process slightly wider than half (0.58 times) distance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 40 degrees from hori- zontal) and elevated, horizontal portion about half its total width, transversely con- cave, ending just above epistomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of conspicuous yellowish setae; surface gran- ulate-punctate above eyes, coarsely, rather deeply punctured and subgranulate below. Vestiture, in addition to epistomal brush, rather long, sparse. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide, widest on basal third; sides rather weakly ar- cuate on basal three-fourths, rather feebly constricted just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate anterior margin; surface smooth with rather coarse, moderately deep, close punctures; punctures somewhat shallower and less abundant laterally but not reduced in size; a raised median line not apparent. Vesti- ture rather long, fine, sparse. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about nine moderately 160 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae rather strongly impressed, punctures rather small, moder- ately deep; interstriae moderately convex, about one and one-half times as wide as striae and armed by a single very irregular row of rather coarse transverse crenulations, each averaging well over half width of an inter- striae. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae rather strongly impressed, punctures only slightly smaller than on disc; interstriae convex, virtually all punctures rather coarsely, transversely tuberculate, arranged in an irregular single or partly double rank (never more than two ranks across an Fig. 60A. Dendroctonus frontalis: A, female head; B, male head; C, male head and pronotum (left); D, female head and pronotum (right); E, elytral declivity; F, male seminal rod; G, galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 161 interstriae). Vestiture rather abundant, rather long, length of most hairs equal to width of an interstriae, a few twice as long. Female.— Similar to male except lateral elevations of frons less prominent and unarmed, with median groove consequently less conspicuous; arms of epistomal process flat; pronotal constrictions largely filled by a prominent transverse elevated callus both lat- erally and dorsally; punctures of pronotal disc very slightly larger and deeper; trans- verse crenulations of elytral disc very slightly larger; and declivital granules somewhat fin- er, a few punctures along edges of interstriae often without granules. Distribution.— Oklahoma and Pennsylva- nia to E Arizona, Florida, and Honduras. USA: Alabama: Calhoun, Montgomery. Arizona: Cop- per Basin Road near Prescott, Flagstaff, Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Walker, Williams. Arkansas: Hampton. District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Haw Ck., Tavlor Ck. Georgia: Clvo, Deniorest, Thomas- ville. Louisiana: Singer, Wilson. Maryland: Cumberland. North Carolina: Asheville, Biltmore, Black Mts., Board- man, Fletcher, "Mt. Graybeard," Pisgah Ridge, Tryon. Oklahoma: "Westeni Indian Terr." Pennsylvania: Mt. Alto. South Carolina: "Ben Quan," Clemson, George- town, Pregnall. Tennessee: Ducktown. Texas: Beau- mont, Call, Dewev'ville, Kirbyville. Virginia: Arlington, Auburn, Chase City, Cob Island, Glen Allen, Green Bay, King and Queen Co., Port Republic, Virginia Beach. West Virginia: Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hardy, Ka- nawha, Monongalia, Pendleton, Pocahontas, Raleigh, Randolph, Tucker, Wood cos. HONDURAS: Yuscaran. Hosts.— Pinus echinata, P. engelmannii, P. glabra, P. oocarpa, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. taeda, and P. virgi- niana. Contrary to the statement of Thatcher et al. (1980), five series from P. ponderosa were examined from northern Arizona where P. engelmannii does not occur. Biology.— The winter is passed in all stages, including eggs, with larvae pre- dominating. As with brevicomis, activity might resume whenever subcortical temper- atures become favorable during or following the winter months. There are three gener- ations each year in the north (Thatcher et al. 1980), but, because all stages overwinter and emerge from the host as they mature, there is an extreme overlapping of generations, re- sulting in an almost continuous period of flight from April, when the first flights of overwintering adults begin, until December, when activity ceases in the northern parts of the range. In Honduras it is expected that flight activity is continuous throughout the year without interruption. In any particular locality, however, there are periods of great- est flight activity that tend to coincide with the emergence of each new brood. According to Hopkins (1909b:62), a peculiarity of this species is its tendency to migrate consid- erable distances from the brood tree to begin a new attack; subsequent workers (Dixon and Osgood 1961:6) also indicated that trees se- lected for attack may be either nearby or considerable distances from the point of emergence, but they tend to be scattered, not clustered. Trees selected for attack ordinarily are liv- ing, standing, and larger than about six inches DBH. The attack usually is concentrated on the upper half of the bole but may reach the Fig. 60B. Dendroctonus sp., posterior half of left side of pronotum: I, frontalis; 2, litei. (Both photographed at 200X.) 162 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 ground level. The attack is slow and contin- uous, its durations depending on numerous factors such as the size and resistance of the host, the population density of beetles in the area, and the climatic and other ecological factors peculiar to the area. The duration and general pattern of attack on a host tree evi- dently are similar to those of brevicornis. The egg galleries are almost entirely in the phloem tissues, not engraving, but staining the xylem slightly. They are winding, elon- gate galleries, often branching, anastomosing, or crossing one another. The complicated in- terwoven series resembles rather closely that of brevicornis, except that there is a greater tendency for the galleries to be longitudinal; that is, for the total longitudinal dis- placement to exceed the total lateral dis- placement. The diameter of each egg gallery is slightly greater than the width of a parent beetle; in length they average approximately 30 cm, although the winding, complex char- acter of the galleries makes accurate mea- surement virtually impossible. As with other species of the genus, the in- itial attack is made by the female, usually in a crevice in the bark. The male joins the fe- male about tlie time the pitch begins to flow; he then pushes the frass from the entrance hole while the female extends the gallery. Af- ter the gallery has been extended several cen- timeters he packs the lower areas with frass, thereby blocking the entrance hole, leaving only the area where the beetles are working free for their activities. The gallery may or may not have a nuptial chamber; ventilation tunnels may be spaced irregularly as in brevi- cornis. Extension of the egg gallery may oc- cur at the rate of about 2.5 cm per day. (Dix- on and Osgood 1961:6). The small amount of published data per- taining to the period of oviposition, egg pro- duction by individual females, and details of gallery formation are not sufficient for con- clusive statements concerning them; how- ever, it does permit the following comments. Drawings, photographs (Hopkins 1909b:58-68, Fronk 1947:9; Dixon and Os- good 1961:7; etc.), and limited personal ob- servations of egg galleries indicate that egg niches are placed alternately along the sides of the gallery in contact with the cambium. They are symmetrical and about one-third as deep as the width of the gallery and slightly wider than deep. The spacing of niches ap- pears variable, but evidently they may be as close as 6 mm, with an average of 17 mm be- tween niches on one side (accurate measure- ments should provide figures much lower than these). Eggs are deposited individually and each is packed in its niche with specially prepared frass to the original contour of the gallery. Fronk (1947:10) found that under optimum conditions the eggs hatch in 3 to 9 days, with an average of 5.5 days; unfavorable condi- tions such as occur during the winter evi- dently may lengthen the incubation period to several months. Each newly hatched larva mines the phloem in contact with the cam- bium, approximately perpendicular to the egg gallery. This mine of the first instar larva is of uniformly thin diameter for about 1 cm, or several times this length in an unfavorable environment (Hopkins 1909:61); it then wid- ens abruptly into a short, irregularly oval Fig. 61. Dendroctonus frontalis: A, egg; B, larva; C, pupa; D, adult. (After Bennett and Ciesla 1971:5.) 1982 TOMICINI 163 area, where the remaining larval instars are passed (Fronk 1947:8). This enlarged area may be in contact with the cambium and vis- ible on peeled bark, or in thick bark it may be entirely in the inner bark, as in brevicomis. Toward the end of the fourth instar the larva bores into the outer bark, where it clears a pupal chamber and enters the quiescent pre- pupal stage. The larval period under opti- mum conditions varies from 25 to 38 days and the pupal period about 8 to 11 days (Fronk 1947:6); either or both stages might be lengthened several months by unfavorable conditions. In Virginia the life cycle was completed under near optimum conditions in from 40 to 54 days (Fronk 1947:7). The number of generations completed in one year varies from 3 to 5 in the eastern United States; in Honduras the number may be greater. Notes.— Recent studies of pheromone at- traction in Mexico and Honduras by J. P. Vite indicate that frontalis occurs in Hon- duras at elevations below 1000 m. It is re- placed by a sibling species, mexicanus, at higher elevations. Due to the recent discov- ery of this differential pheromone attraction, the only other biological character noted in the Honduras frontalis population is that the life cycle is completed in about 60 days; the life cycle is significantly longer in mexi- canus. The two populations often can be dis- tinguished anatomically only when long series are studied. The holotype of frontalis and about 700 other specimens were examined. Based on anatomical characters mentioned in the above key, I grouped material from Arizona, New Mexico, the southeastern United States, and part of that from Honduras under fron- talis. Reliable observers also reported this species from elevations less than 700 m in eastern Mexico, but I have not seen speci- mens that document the reports. Specimens taken above 700 m elevation from Mexico to Honduras are of mexicanus (Wood 1975:288). Because the Arizona specimens are distin- guished from mexicanus with extreme diffi- culty, it is possible that some gene flow be- tween these forms occurs in northern or eastern Mexico; however, in Honduras both forms may breed in the same trees in the area of altitudinal overlap, with the mexicanus population having a distinctly longer life cycle. In Honduras they behave as distinct species. A third species in this complex, vitei Wood, from Guatemala, is distinguishable by several characters. 4. Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins Fig. 59 Dendroctonus mexicanus Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:80 (Lectotype, fe- male; Sacramento, Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7518, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with difficulty, from frontalis Zimmermann by the larger than average size, by the darker mature color, by the concave area on the fe- male frons above the epistomal process, by the smaller or obsolete strial punctures that usually have fine crenulations between them, and by the longer life cycle. Male.— Length 2.3-3.7 mm (average about 3.2 mm); 2.3 times as long as wide; col- or medium brown to black. Essentially identical to frontalis except as noted in diagnosis and key. Distribution.— Chihuahua to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: Huixtla. Chihuahua: Tres Ri'os. Distrito Federal: Mexico, Tacubaya. Hidalgo: Jacala. Mexico: Amecameca, Chapingo, San Rafael, Texcoco, Tlalmanalco. Michoacan: "Michoacan." Morelos: Cuernavaca, Tlayacapan. Puebla; Texmeiucan. Tlaxcala: Tlaxcaia. Zacatecas: Laguan Balderama. GUATEMALA: Godenez, Santa Cruz del Quiche. HONDURAS: Yuscaran. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. lawsoni, P. leiophylla, P. montezumae, P. oocarpa, P. ponderosa, P. pseudotrobus, P. rudis, P. teocote. Biology.— Evidently as in frontalis except the life cycle is longer than 90 days. The al- titudinal distribution evidently is above 700 m; in frontalis it is mostly below 700 m, but both species have been taken from the same tree in Honduras. Trees selected for attack usually are clustered; in frontalis they tend to be scattered. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of mexicanus, and on about 600 other specimens. This species was re- garded (Wood 1963) as a synonym of fron- talis because of the extreme variability of series from Honduras. When Vite (pers. comm.) was unable to attract all segments of the population in Honduras and none of it in 164 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Mexico with frontalis pheromones, the spe- cies was reexamined. Differences in life cycle, attack pattern, and morphology then became apparent. The two species are ex- tremely difficult to distinguish using anato- mical characters unless series are examined. See the above notes under frontalis for ad- ditional information on this species. 5. Dendroctonus approximatus Dietz Figs. 62, 63 Dendroctonus approximatus Dietz, 1890, Trans. Ameri- can Ent. Soc. 17:28 (Lectotype, female; Colo- rado; Philadelphia Acad. Sci., designated by Hop- kins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1): 102) Dendroctonus parallelocoUis: Of all authors except Chapuis; Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:121 (Erroneous identification corrected) Fig. 62. Dendroctonus approximatus: A, female head; B, male head; C, female head and pronotum; D, male head and pronotum; E, male seminal rod; F, galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 165 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from frontalis Zimmermann and mexicanus Hopkins by the larger size, by the more nearly flattened declivital interstriae with 2 weakly impressed, by the uniseriate, rounded granules on declivital interstriae 2, and by the larger, more closely set crenulations of the elytral disc. From adjunctus Blandford it is also distinguished by the more strongly im- pressed declivital striae, by the interstrial granules being uniseriate only on declivital interstriae 2 (rarely also on 1) and much more closely spaced, by the much larger, more nu- merous crenulations of the elytral disc, and by the more prominent transverse pronotal callus of the female and the large, almost hornlike, frontal tubercles of the male. Male.— Length 4.5-7.0 mm (average about 5.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; ma- ture color very dark brown to black. Frons convex, with a pair of lateral eleva- tions on median half just below upper level of eyes separated by a deep median groove, summits of elevations armed at their dorso- median margins by one or two prominent, somewhat dorsomedially oriented tubercles; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process slightly wider than half (0.57 times) distance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 40 degrees from hori- zontal) and elevated, horizontal portion about half its total width, transversely con- cave, ending just above epistomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of conspicuous yellowish setae; surface punc- tate-rugulose above eyes, coarsely, rather deeply punctured and subgranulate below. Vestiture, in addition to epistomal brush, rather long, sparse. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides feebly arcuate and con- verging very slightly to almost imperceptible anterior constriction just behind broadly, very shallowly emarginate anterior margin; surface smooth and shining, punctures rather small, moderately deep, close (size, depth, and arrangement variable in a series); a raised median line feebly indicated ante- riorly. Vestiture sparse, inconspicuous; mod- erately long at sides. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about nine moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures usually rather small and shallow with anterior margins raised, sub- crenulate; interstriae about twice as wide as striae and armed by abundant, confused, transverse crenulations, each averaging at least half width of an interstriae, some as wide as an entire interstriae on posterior half of disc. Declivity moderately steep, convex, with interstriae 2 weakly impressed; striae narrowly, moderately impressed, punctures smaller than on disc, distinctly impressed, 1 and 2 almost straight, 3 curving away from suture on upper half, toward suture on lower half; interstriae scarcely if at all convex, about equal in width (except for expanded portion of 3), each bearing a series of moder- ately large rounded granules, those on 1 and 3 usually confused, uniseriate on 2, usually with a few to many fine punctures in addi- tion to granules; granules on interstriae 2 sep- arated from one another by an average dis- tance equal to one-half width of an interstriae. Vestiture not abundant, longer on sides and declivity, longest setae about one and one-half times as long as width of an interstriae. Fig. 63. Dendroctonus approximatus, distribution map. 166 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except lateral elevations of frons less prominent and unarmed, with median groove consequently less conspicuous; arms of epistomal process less strongly elevated; pronotal constriction largely filled by a prominent, transvere, ele- vated callus both laterally and dorsally; punc- tures of pronotal disc very slightly larger and deeper; transverse crenulations of elytral disc and declivital granules somewhat larger. Distribution.— Central Utah and Colo- rado to Honduras. USA: Arizona: Black Mesa F. R., Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Fort Apache, Graham Mts., Grand Canyon N. P., Kaibab N. F., Paradise, Pine, Portal, Prescott, Rincon Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Show Low, Tucson, Williams. Colorado: Brookvale, Glen Haven, Las Animas, La Veta, Monte Vista, Palmer Lake. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Carson N. F., Cloudcroft, Lin- coln N. F., Santa Fe, Sierra Blanca. Utah: Bryce Canyon N. P., Dixie N. F., Escalante, Kamas, Long Hollow, Pan- guitch, Panguitch Lake, Pin Hollow in Fishlake N. F. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Chuichupa, Tres Rios. Durango: El Salto, Sierra Durango. Distrito Federal; Mexico. Mex- ico: Ixtaccihuatl. Michoacan: Jacona. Morelos: Jonacate- pec. Oaxaca: Oaxaca. Puebla: Texmelucan. Tlaxacala: Tlaxacala. Veracruz: Jalapa, Veracruz. GUATEMALA: Quezaltenango, Santa Cruz del Quiche, Tecpan. HON- DURAS; San Pedro Sula. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. chihua- hiiana, P. engelmannii, P. hartwegii, P. leio- phylla, P. montezumae, P. ponderosa, P. teocote. Biology.- This is not an aggressive spe- cies; consequently, damage caused by it is comparatively minor. It is a secondary enemy of pine, entering the host only after the tree has been overcome by the more ag- gressive species of Dendroctonus or of Ips. Adults and larvae in all stages of devel- opment overwinter in their galleries at the base of the host tree, or, in the case of felled trees, on the lower side of the trunk next to the ground. They become active somewhat later than other species and usually extend their old galleries for a period, with the adults resuming egg-laying activities, before emerging from the host. In the northern parts of the range the flight period begins early in June and continues until October, with the principal period of activity occurring in June and early July. In southern Mexico and Guatemala activity probably continues throughout the year without seasonal inter- ruptions. Emergence from the host occurs gradually over a long period of time; con- sequently, large numbers of beetles are not in flight at the same time, making a concerted attack on one tree by this species exceedingly difficult. The trees selected for attack are those pre- viously selected by and largely overcome by other species, or those felled more than six weeks prior to the attack. This species usual- ly occupies the basal portion of the bole from the ground level up to a height of six or eight feet. In the northern parts of its range, where it competes with adjunctus for space in the basal parts of the host, its galleries seldom ex- tend more than two or three feet above the level of the ground. It also breeds in felled trees (Blackman 1931:30), usually only on the lower side, particularly in those areas in con- tact with the ground. The smallest trees ob- served in which this species was breeding were 12 inches DBH, although this probably does not represent the minimum size accept- able to this species. Ordinarily the attack is directed at the butt of the tree in areas of bark not occupied one to three weeks previously by other species. In an injured tree the attack may extend over a rather long period of time as successive gen- erations slowly girdle it. Basically the galleries are longitudinal and winding; they are coarser than those of asso- ciated species, particularly ad^inctus, and present a strikingly different overall pattern. Branch galleries, many of which cross or join other galleries, are numerous, causing the en- tire network of galleries to form an apparent- ly aimless crisscross pattern. As with other species, the galleries are almost entirely in the inner bark, very faintly grooving or at least staining the cambium. The egg galleries are rather coarse, aver- aging about 5 mm in diameter. Gallery sys- tems may be extensive, but because of their branching and anastomosing character it is virtually impossible to measure the work of individual beetles. The initial attack is made by the female, and soon after she reaches the phloem tissues she is joined by the male. He then expels ex- cess frass from the entrance hole or later packs the lower or more remote areas of the gallery with excess frass to keep clear the area where the female is working. Egg niches 1982 TOMICINI 167 are very different from other species; they are not in contact with the cambium, but are located alternately on the sides of the wall farthest from the cambium. The niches are cup-shaped, larger than usual, and extend into the nonliving portion of the bark. Each niche may contain one to four eggs (Black- man 1931:30); no more than one egg per niche was found during my study. The larval mines are entirely in the bark, mostly in the outer bark, and do not contact the cambium at any time. Their length is variable and not easily measured, but evidently they are rather short. Pupal chambers are almost al- ways in the outer bark. Oviposition apparently begins about a week before the attack and probably contin- ues over a substantially longer period than is the case with related species. The position of the egg niches and the possible deposition of several eggs in each makes it difficult to count with any degree of accuracy the num- ber of eggs produced by any one female, be- cause many of the eggs are destroyed by the observer's attempt to locate the niches. From the number of niches found, however, it is es- timated that the number is not large, prob- ably seldom exceeding 40 eggs per female. As with other species, a majority of the eggs ap- parently were deposited in the first third of the egg gallery. The exact spacing of egg niches, and the periods of incubation and lar- val and pupal development were not determined. In the northern parts of its range one gen- eration per year appears to be normal. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on about 550 other specimens. Due to misidentification of the type of parallelocollis by other authorities and to my inability to locate it for my revi- sion of the genus, most of the literature treat- ing this species prior to 1969 was published imder the name parallelocollis. 6. Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford Figs. 64, 65 Dendroctonus adjttnctiis Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 147 (Lectotype, male; Toto- nicipan, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Dendroctonus convexifrons Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1):87 (Holotype, female; Williams, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7445); Wood, 1963, Great Basin .Nat. 23:52. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species occupies a posi- tion between the two major groups within the genus, more or less compromising the characters of approximatus Dietz and ponde- rosae Hopkins. It is distinguished from ap- proximatus by the more slender body form, by the more widely spaced, uniseriate gran- ules on declivital interstriae 1-3, by the more finely sculptured elytral disc, and by the ab- sence of frontal tubercles in the male and the more poorly developed transverse pronotal callus in the female. In many respects it is similar to ponderosae but may be distin- guished by the more slender form, by the smooth, shining, declivital interstriae, by the stronger median frontal groove, and, in the female, by the transverse pronotal callus. Male.— Length 3.0-5.5 mm (average about 4.8 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; ma- ture body color rather dark brown. Frons convex, with a pair of unarmed lat- eral elevations on median half just below up- per level of eyes separated by a rather incon- spicuous median groove; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epis- tomal process half (0.50 times) as wide as dis- tance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 40 degrees from horizontal) and elevated, horizontal portion about half its total width, transversely concave, ending just above epis- tomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of conspicuous yellow- ish setae; surface punctate-rugulose above eyes, more deeply punctured and sub- granulate below. Vestiture, except epistomal brush, sparse, inconspicuous, rather long. Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide, widest on basal third; sides rather strongly ar- cuate on basal three-fourths, rather strongly constricted behind broadly, shallowly emargi- nate anterior margin; surface smooth with rather fine, shallow, close punctures on me- dian third, becoming more finely punctured laterally; an indistinct median line apparent. Vestiture rather sparse, long, becoming coarse laterally. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about nine moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with 168 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 64. Dendroctonus adjunctus: A, male head; B, female head; C, male seminal rod; D, galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 169 several smaller submarginal onces particu- larly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather small, shallow; in- terstriae about twice as wide as striae and armed by rather abundant confused, trans- verse crenulations, each averaging about one- half width of an interstriae, a few almost as wide as interstriae on posterior half of disc. Declivity moderately steep, convex, with in- terstriae 2 weakly impressed; striae weakly impressed, punctures greatly reduced, 1 straight, 2 curving slightly toward suture on lower third, 3 diverging from suture on up- perhalf, curving toward suture on lower third; interstriae 1 slightly raised, 2 impressed and flat, 3 feebly convex, each bearing a uniseriate row of sparse, rounded, or pointed granules and in addition several confused, minute punctures; granules on 2 separated from one another by an average distance equal to width of an interstriae. Vestiture rather sparse, longer on sides and declivity, longest setae about one and one-half or two times as long as width on an interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except lateral elevations and median frontal groove poorly developed; arms of epistomal process less strongly elevated; pronotal constriction with a feebly developed transverse elevated callus; punctures of pronotal disc very slightly larger and deeper; and transverse crenulations of elytral disc and granules of declivity very slightly larger. Distribution.— S Utah and Colorado to Guatemala. USA; Arizona: Flagstaff, Fort Apache, Graham Mts., Grand Canyon N. P., Jacobs Lake, Kaibab N. F., Para- dise, Rustler Park, Santa Catalina Mts., Show Low, Wil- liams. Colorado: Durango, Ft. Garland, Las Animas Co., La Veta, Monte Vista, Rye, San Isabel N. F., "Vallecito R. S." New Mexico: Capitan, Carson N. F., Cloudcroft, Ft. Wingate, "Hermit Peak," Las Vegas, Lincoln N. F., Sierra Blanca, Vermejo. Utah: Escalante, Long Hollow in Dixie N. F., Manti-La Sal N. F., Panguitch Lake, San- ford Canyon. MEXICO: Mexico: Nevada de Toluca, Pe- nuela la Gavia. GU.ATEMAL.\: Cerro Quemado, Chn- chumatanes, Guatemala, La Esperanza, Las Trojadas, Montana de las Niibes, Poptimi, Qiietzaltenango, Sierra Maria Tecum, Tecpan, Totonicapan. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. hartwegii, P. leiophylla, P. montezumae, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrobus, P. tenuifolia. Biology.— This species generally works in concert with other species of Dendroctomis to overcome a tree. Its galleries resemble, su- perficially at least, those of other species and. consequently, the resulting misidentifications have attributed much of the damage actually done by this species to others having more formidable reputations as tree killers. In the absence of an epidemic of other species it ap- pears much more aggressive than the avail- able literature would indicate, frequently in- itiating the primary attack on a tree. Although any stage of development may be represented, the winter usually is passed as half-grown larvae or else as adults starting a new attack in the fall but without com- mencing oviposition. Larval development is resumed and egg deposition is started or re- sumed as soon as spring temperatures become sufficiently high. The brood, both young adults and larvae, completes it development and begins to emerge to seek new hosts in May or early June, usually several weeks af- ter the emergence of brevicomis and possibly of ponderosae. Its habits of commencing at- tacks in the fall and the late emergence in the spring are important factors in the appar- ent lack of aggressiveness of this species, be- cause the timing of its flight activity coin- cides with the period when other species have overcome host trees but have not yet occupied the lower portions of the bole. (This could indicate a lack of seasonal synchrony in the life cycle that does not occur every year.) Fig. 65. Dendroctonus adjunctus, distribution map. 170 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Although some flight activity occurs through- out the summer months, two periods of in- creased activity occur. The first is in May and early June; the second and greatest oc- curs between the later part of August and the middle of October. The attack on a particu- lar tree is spread over a considerable period of time and usually involves a relatively small population of this species. Trees selected for attack are weakened standing trees larger than about 10 inches DBH. Galleries have been observed in stumps, but not in prostrate trees or logs. In the absence of competing species the area of attack may extend from ground level to a height of about 3 or 5 m (10 or 12 ft). When competing species, particularly ponderosae, are present in large numbers this species may be restricted to less than the lower three feet of the bole. The attack appears to begin in the upper parts of the area occupied by this species; that is, the bole about 1 to 4 m (4 to 12 ft) above the ground level, with successively newer attacks occurring below this area until the level of the ground is reached. The attack may be completed in a few days when popu- lations are high, or it may extend over the greater part of a year, particularly when the first attacks are made in the fall. Egg galleries are sinuous and almost al- ways extend upward from the entrance hole. As with other species of this genus they are almost entirely in the phloem, very lightly scoring or at least staining the wood. The to- tal longitudinal displacement of an egg gal- lery usually is about three to four times as great as the total lateral displacement. Or- dinarily the gallery extends horizontally ei- ther right or left from the entrance hole about 4-7 cm then curves upward; about two to four broad sinuous curves are included in its vertical ascent. From the principal longi- tudinal axis of the gallery the first of these curves diverges about 4 to 6 cm from this axis. Of 36 egg galleries studied in the Pan- guitch, Utah, area during the last week of June 1960, the average gallery length was 31 cm and the maximum was 89 cm; the aver- age width was about 4 mm. Although it ap- peared that an effort was made by the beetles to avoid doing so, galleries did cross or anato- mose occasionally. Approximately one gallery in 25 descended vertically, evidently to avoid crowding or crossing neighboring galleries; more rarely one was primarily transverse. Branching or side galleries extend- ing from the main egg tunnel were uncom- mon. When such branches did occur they usually did not exceed 3 cm in length and did not contain egg niches. The initial attack is made by the female. As with other species this usually occurs in a crevice of the bark, ordinarily she is joined by the male about the time the entrance tun- nel reaches the cambium, then the male ejects frass from the entrance hole while the female extends the gallery. When sufficient working space is available, he then packs the lower portions of the gallery with the excess frass. Ventilation tunnels occur at irregular in- tervals; the minimum observed distance be- tween two of them was 1.7 cm; in trees hav- ing relatively thin bark they may be entirely absent. The average distance between venti- lation tunnels in the 36 galleries measured for this study was 5.2 cm. The first most com- monly is placed within 1 cm either above or below the first egg niche; the average dis- tance from the entrance hole to the first egg niche was 3.5 cm. Egg niches are arranged alternately in the phloem on the sides of the gallery in contact with the cambium. Each is symmetrical, slightly deeper than wide, and, compared to the foregoing species, is rather small. Each niche is very slightly larger than the egg it contains. The number and spacing of egg niches is variable; the minimum observed dis- tance between two niches located on the same side of a gallery was 1.5 mm; the aver- age distance was about 3.5 mm. The average number of egg niches in the 36 galleries men- tioned above was 44.1; the maximum was 119. About one-tenth of the niches were lo- cated exactly opposite one another on the different sides of the gallery; this was a no- table departure from the consistently alter- nate placement of niches in the preceding species, where such an occurrence was ex- ceedingly uncommon. Eggs are deposited in- dividually in the niches; each niche is then filled by specially prepared frass to the origi- nal level of the gallery wall. 1982 TOMICINI 171 The period of incubation has not been de- termined precisely, but evidently it requires about a week under optimum conditions. The newly hatched larvae construct narrow tun- nels in the cambium region perpendicular to the egg gallery. The larval mine extends about 1 to 4 cm along a straight to winding route, without increasing in diameter. It then expands abniptly into an oval to irregular feeding chamber approximately 0.5-1.0 cm wide and about 1 or 2 cm long. The entire larval mine usually is in contact with the cambium and is visible on the inner surface of peeled bark. Some of the larvae pupate in this chamber; most of them, however, mine into the outer bark for pupation. The number of generations may vary from one complete and' a partial second generation per year to one generation in two full years (Hopkins 1909b:55). Although not reported, it appears possible that two generations might be completed in favorable years and localities in the southern parts of its range (Becker 1954). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of adjunctus, the holotypes of convexifrons, and on about 700 other spec- imens. The male syntype labeled "Type" is here designated on the lectotype of adjunctus Blandford, as indicated above. 7. Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins Figs. 66, 67, 68, 69 Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, 1902. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 32:10 (Lectotype, female; Spearfish, South Dakota; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7448, present designation) Dendroctonus monticolae Hopkins, 1905, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. 56:11 (Lectotype, female; Kootenai, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7447, present designation); Wood, 196.3, Great Basin Nat. 23:58. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished with difficulty from jeffreyi Hopkins by the larger, closer deeper pronotal punctures and, in the area of sympatry, by the smaller aver- age size. It is remotely allied to adjunctus Blandford but lacks the median frontal groove and the female pronotal callus, and the elytral declivity is minutely granular and dull. Male.— Length 3.5-6.8 mm (average about 5.5 mm; size varies geographically as well as within local population), 2.2 times as long as wide; mature body color black. Fronx convex from eye to eye, from vertex to epistoma, median line narrowly impressed above upper level of eyes, rather broadly protuberant over an indefinite median area below upper level of eyes, often with rem- nants of a narrowly impressed median line; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process half as wide (0.50 times) as distance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 30 degrees from horizon- tal) and elevated along their median halves, horizontal portion about half its total width, transversely concave, overlapping and ending just above epistomal margin and bearing un- der its distal margin a dense brush of con- spicuous yellowish setae; surface punctate- rugulose above eyes, coarsely, rather deeply punctured and subgranulate below. Vestiture in addition to epistomal brush, rather long, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides feebly arcuate, almost straight on basal two-thirds, converging Fig. 66. Dendroctonus ponderosae: A, eggs; B, larva; C, pupa; D, adult. (After Evenden, Bedard, and Struble 1943:6.) 172 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 slightly toward well-developed constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate an- terior margin; surface smooth, shining, with very close, rather small, moderately deep punctures (variable), becoming granulose lat- erally; a median line feebly indicated, more prominent anteriorly. Vestiture scanty, usual- ly evident only at sides. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about nine moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several small submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather small, rather deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae and armed by rather coarse, confused, transverse crenulations, each averaging about half width of an interstriae. Declivity rather steep, con- vex, with interstriae 2 rather strongly im- pressed; striae rather narrowly impressed, punctures smaller than on disc; striae 1 slightly, 2 rather strongly, 3 very strongly curved toward suture; interstriae usually at least slightly convex, minutely rugulose, dull, punctures fine, confused, distinct to obscure or subgranulate; each interstriae with a sparse, more or less definite median row of rather large granules. Vestiture scanty, longer and more conspicuous on declivity, longest setae slightly longer than a distance equal to width of an interstriae. Female.— Very similar to male, but evi- dently epistomal process less well developed, and elytral crenulations and declivital gran- ules a little larger. Distribution.— S British Columbia and E South Dakota to Baja California and New Mexico. CANADA; British Columbia: Adams Lake, Alleyne Lake, Arrowhead, Aspen Grove, Babine Lake, Bkie Riv- er P. O., Big Loon Lake, Cowichan Lake, Downie Ck., Forester Ck., Frances Ck., Grand Forks, "Hope Mts.," Kamloops, Kootenay N. P., Little Fish Ck., Little Shusway Lake, Midday Valley, Morrison Lake, Mud Lake, Na Kusp, "Nehalliston For.," Peachland, Prince- ton, Puntchesakut Lake, Revelstoke, Seymour Narrows, Shuswap Lake, Steamboat Mt., Sugar Lake, Sugarloaf Mt., Takla Lake, Tarnezell Lake, "Trepan Ck.," Trout Lake, Upper Arrow Lake, Whitetail Lake, Windermere, Yoho N. P. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., "Crook N. F.," Flagstaff, Fredonia, Kaibab N. F., San Francisco Mts. California: Altura, Amador Co., Bass Lake, Bear Ck. R. S., Bailey Ridge, Blogett For. in El Dorado Co., Echo Lake, Eiler Lake, Hackamore, Hope Valley, Hume, Idyllwild, Kingston in Placer Co., Lake Ostran- der, Leland Meadow, Tuolumne Co., Kern Co., Mari- posa Grove, Miami R. S., Modoc, Myers, North Fork, Fig. 67. Dendroctonus ponderosae. A, female head; B, male seminal rod; C, galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 173 Onion Valley, Pinecrest, Sequoia N. P., Snowline Camp in El Dorado Co., Soda Springs, Sonora Pass in Mono Co., Summit Lake, Tenaya Lake, Three Rivers, Wa- wona, Wright's Lake in El Dorado Co., Yosemite. Colo- rado: Bailey, Brookvale, Cascade, "Cat Mt.," Cuch- etopa, Durango, Eagle, Elictra Lake, Estes P., Florissant, Ft. Garland, Glenwood Springs, Gunnison N. F., Gould, Green Mt. Falls, Hahns Pk., Husted, Idaho Springs, "Indian Ck.," Jones Ranch, "Kennedy Sta.," Larkspur, Las .\ninias. La Veta, Longs Pk., Manitou, Medicine N. F., Meeker, Monte Vista, Montrose, Mon- tezuma N. F., "Ouray N. F.," Pogosa Springs, Palmer Lake, Pikes Pk., Pine, Pingre Pk., Poncho Springs, Por- ter, Saguache, San Isabel, San Juan N. F., Uncompahgre N. F., "Ute Pass,' Westcliff, White River N. F. Idaho: Cedar Mt., Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Coeur d'Alene N. F., Collins, Kootenai, "Moscow Mts.," Sandpoint, Smith's Ferry, Weiser. Montana: Apgar, Bigfork, Black- feet Indian Res., Columbia Falls, Helana, "Iron Mt.," Lame Deer. Lewis and Clark N. F., Logan Pass, Lolo, Madison N. F., Missoula, Saltese, Sula. Nevada: Baker, Crystal Bay, Glenbrook, Las Vegas. New Mexico: Gila N. F., Tres Ritos, Verniejo P. Oregon: .\shland, "Au- burn," Austin, Baker, Bly, Buck Lake, Cold Springs, Crater Lake N. P., Diamond Lake, Elk Ck., "Ferris Ranch," Grants Pass, Haines, "Highland Mine, " Joseph, Keno, Klamath Falls, Klamath Indian Res., "Loves Sta., " Meryl Ck., North Powder, Ochoco N. F., Pinehurst, "Pokegama, " Round Lake, Sparta, Sumpter, Wallowa. South Dakota: Black Hills, Custer, Deadwood, Elmore, Hill City, Lead, Nemo, Piedmont, Sylvan Lake. Utah: Ashley N. F., Bryce Canyon N. P., Duck Lake, Esca- lante, Kamas, Logan Canyon, Manti-La Sal N. F., Pan- guitch Lake, Uinta and Ouray Indian Res., Wasatch Mts., Wasatch N. F. Washington: Crescent Lake, Day- ton, Fairfax, "Kamiak Butte," Longmire Spring, Metal- ine Falls, Moran, Mt. Rainier, Mt. Rainier N. F., North- port, "Pialschie," Pullman, Randle, Seattle, Washington N. F., White River. Wyoming: Bear Lodge in Black Hills N. F., "Downington," Elk Mt., Encampment, Fre- mont Lake, "Keystone," North Fork, Wapiti. MEXICO: Baja California: Sierra San Pedro Martir. Hosts.— Piniis albicaulis, P. balfoiiriana, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi (rare), P. lumbertiana, P. monophylla, P. monticola, P. murrayana, P. ponderosa, P. strobifomiis. During an epidemic it was re- corded from Picea engelmannii. Biology.— This has been referred to (Craighead et al. 1931:1009) as the most de- structive species of Dendroctonus. Estimates of losses in our timber resources due to this insect are scattered, conflicting, and confused by the fact that this species has been known concurrently by two separate scientific names. Considering all factors, the average annual loss attributed to it .since 1895 possi- bly may approach 1.5 billion board feet. For the most part the winter is passed as second and third instar larvae, although a few parent adults may survive hibernation and a few larvae may reach the prepupal stage. Ac- tivity is resumed in the spring whenever tem- peratures become sufficiently high, probably about 50 F. A small fraction of the over- wintered parent adults may resume egg lay- ing activity in the spring, but usually most of them extend their galleries without oviposit- ing; very few of them reemerge. Ordinarily by mid-June half the immature stages have pupated (Blackman 1931:14) and by mid-July most have matured. The young adult beetles do not emerge immediately from the brood tree, but enlarge the pupal chamber, often removing sufficient of the inner bark that their excavations join one another. One of these enlarged chambers may contain as many as 50 beetles. The period of flight is concentrated, seldom beginning before 15 July and rarely continuing later than 25 Au- gust. In those areas of California where more than one generation occurs each year there may be notable departures from the usual ac- tivity cycle. Whether these deviations are the result of genetic or ecological factors is uncertain. Trees selected for attack by endemic popu- lations of this insect usually are overmature or weakened standing trees larger than 6 inches DBH. Windfalls or cull logs occasion- ally may provide favorable breeding places (Evenden et al. 1943:7), particularly when the bole is inclined. During epidemics the more vigorous, rapidly growing trees may be preferred (Beal 1939:2), and coniferous host species not belonging to the genus Pinus may be attacked. Under endemic conditions the area of a particular tree attacked by this spe- cies may be restricted or forced upward from the base of the bole by such competing spe- cies as adjunctiis, or downward from upper parts of the bole by brevicomis. Under en- demic conditions in a given area the local population may exhibit a strong preference for one-host species even though other ac- ceptable host species may be intermixed. The preferred host in a given area may be ponde- rosa, lodgepole, limber, western white, or other pine species. In a given area during an epidemic any acceptable host, or sometimes any conifer, may be attacked, and following the epidemic the attacks usually are again confined to the same host species originally 174 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 favored. Climatic factors or competition usu- ally reestablish the original conditions. These local races perhaps may indicate the exis- tence of genetic factors that could lead to the formation of distinct species of beetles, but all available data suggests that the present stage of their evolution has not reached the point where geographical races (subspecies) can be recognized. The attack evidently may follow either of two patterns, depending on the age and vigor of the host tree and on the presence or ab- sence of certain competing species of bark beetles. In mature sugar pine, where aggres- sive competing species are virtually absent, the attack usually begins in the upper crown; the lower sections of the tree may then be at- tacked by one or more successive generations over a period of two or more years (Evenden et al. 1943:9). In younger trees of this and other species the attack usually begins at or near the base and extends upward. Compared to other species the attack is concentrated into a relatively short period of time. It coin- cides with the period of emergence from about 15 July to 25 August, seldom requiring more than five weeks and possibly requiring as little as three or four days during an epi- demic. The beetles strike the tree individ- ually, not in dense swarms as some popular accounts of the attack might suggest. Accord- ing to Blackman (1931:21), the number of en- trance tunnels per square foot of bark surface of a successful attack on an average tree ranges from about four to nine. He also ob- served that the number of attacks was higher in trees where four to nine trees were killed in a group (5.90 per sq ft) than where only one to four trees were killed in a group (5.23 per sq ft). The vertical linear egg galleries usually are almost straight, although occasionally an en- vironmental peculiarity may cause some to wind slightly. They are constructed primarily in the soft inner bark of phloem, continually in contact with the cambium and very lightly scoring the wood. The diameter of an individual egg gallery is slightly greater than the width of the beetle that constructed it. Its length varies considerably, but evidently it depends more on environmental than on hereditary factors. In lodgepole pine in the Wasatch National Forest in Utah, 35 egg galleries selected at random averaged 32.6 cm and the maximum length was 67.5 cm; in ponderosae pine on the Dixie National Forest in Utah 34 egg gal- leries averaged 47.5 cm and the maximum length was 79.0 cm. Both series of measure- ments were made in drought areas in July 1960. Measurable galleries in ponderosa pine in California and Oregon and in western white pine in Oregon gave comparable re- sults, but were too few in number to provide reliable data. Presumably, the character of galleries observed during a severe epidemic Fig. 68. Dendroctonus spp., posterior half of left side of pronotum: 1, ponderosae; 2, jeffreyi. (Both photographed at 200X.) 1982 TOMICINI 175 of this species in the Black Hills area led Hopkins (1909a: 112) to assume that a com- pletely different species existed in that area as compared to an endemic Pacific Coast form, which apparently constructed much longer galleries. Actually, under endemic conditions in comparable environments, the eastern, western, northern, and southern pop- ulations appear indistinguishable when mea- surements, bark samples, or photographs of gallery systems are compared. The initial attack is made by the female, usually in a crevice in the bark. About the time she reaches the cambium tissues where the pitch begins to flow she is joined by the male, who then assists her by pushing the ex- cavated frass out of the entrance hole. Con- tinuation of the egg gallery is performed en- tirely by the female beetle. After several centimeters of gallery have been cleared and the frass ejected from the entrance hole, the male then packs the frass in the lower regions of the gallery, thereby closing the entrance hole and tightly filling the gallery except for a few centimeters in the area where the bee- tles are working. It is not uncommon, follow- ing mating, for the male to leave the gallery, either before the entrance is blocked or through a ventilation tunnel, in order to join a second female. From the entrance hole the gallery usually ascends diagonally about 3-5 cm before turn- ing directly upward. In about half the gallery systems studied this diagonal portion extend- ed to the right of the entrance hole, about a third went to the left, and in the remainder the diagonal portion was absent. This oblique part of the tumiel ordinarily is more irregular in width than the remainder of the egg tun- nel and ordinarily is sufficiently wide to per- mit turning or to act as a nuptial chamber. Ventilation tunnels usually are placed at ir- regular intervals along the egg gallery but are not always present. Their presence ap- pears to be related to the stage of gallery construction, to the thickness of the bark, and to the activity of the beetles. Evidently they are not constructed until after the entrance has been plugged. In thin-barked lodgepole pine 18 of the 35 galleries measured (see above) included ventilation chambers, and of these 18 only 3 contained more than 2 venti- lation timnels, with the maximum number being 4 in one gallery. In the relatively thick- barked ponderosa pine 33 of the 35 galleries measured (see above) included ventilation tunnels and only 3 of the 33 included fewer than 5; the maximum number in one gallery was 13. The initial part of gallery construction progresses rapidly. Oviposition usually begins when the gallery is about 1-2 cm above the oblique portion, probably about four to five days after the attack. Egg-laying evidently continues until interrupted by cold weather. The eggs are deposited individually in com- paratively small niches, although it is not un- common for two eggs to be in one niche. Egg niches are comparatively small, each is just large enough to accommodate an egg and a very small amount of specially pre- pared frass. The niches are both more narrow and shallow than those of the foregoing spe- cies. They are distributed in a pattern pecu- liar to this species and jeffreiji, with alternat- ing groups of one to eight niches placed along the sides next to the cambium. The size and spacing of these groups varies tremen- dously from gallery to gallery and even with- in the same gallery, depending upon the pre- vailing environmental conditions. Ordinarily about half these "groups" consist of one niche each; seldom do they exceed five in number. It is not uncommon for one or two niches to occur opposite one of these groups, a departure from their strictly alternate ar- rangement. In a third of the galleries studied there were no niches in the upper or last half of the gallery; in an additional one-tenth there were none in the last third. When nich- es occurred in the terminal regions of the gal- lery it appeared, in many cases, that the adult female either abandoned the gallery prior to the onset of cold weather or died be- fore or during the winter months, and the usual feeding area at the end of the tunnel was not represented. Following oviposition the parent beetles may continue the gallery, often ending it in a somewhat irregular feeding tunnel, or they may abandon the gallery to commence a new attack. Evenden (1943:12) estimated that 10 to 30 percent of the parent adults from sugar pine and almost 100 percent of those from western white pine reemerged to begin a sec- ond attack. These values appear to be higher 176 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 than the estimated reemergence rate ob- reemergence to occur when the bark of the served during this study, but support the ob- host tree is either comparatively thin or sub- servation that there is a greater tendency for ject to rapid drying for various other reasons. Fig. 69. Dendroctonus spp., distribution map: ponderosae, open circles; jeffreiji. closed circles. 1982 TOMICINI 177 The length of the incubation period has not been determined precisely, but has been estimated by various workers to require about 7 to 10 days. The larval mines are con- tinuoiLsly in contact with the cambium and are somewhat irregular, but usually their main axis tends to be perpendicular to the egg gallery. Their length varies considerably with the amount of moisture or crowding present. They may be only 1 to 2 cm in length, increasing very slightly in width be- fore reaching the suddenly expanded irregu- lar feeding area where the last two or three instars and pupation are passed, or they may extend 10 to 20 cm and increase substantially in width before the pupal cell is formed. It is not uncommon to find both extremes in the same system of galleries. The larvae may pass the winter in any instar, but apparently sec- ond and third instar larvae predominate. Be- cause of overwintering in this stage and be- cause only one generation usually occurs each year, the average length of the larval period is near 300 days. During the latter part of the larval period a pupal cell is cleared of the frass in the enlarged feeding area, still in contact with the cambium. Here the prepupal and pupal stages are passed, the later evidently requiring about two to four weeks for completion. A maturation period of about one month usually follows the pupal stage before emergence occurs. Notes.— The names ponderosae and 7non- ticolae were based on syntypic series. The fe- males referred to by Hopkins (1909a,b) as types of their respective species are here des- ignated as lectotypes of those species as in- dicated above. The size of specimens of this species ap- pears to be influenced by the thickness of the phloem of their host and by moisture and temperature factors. Populations from Pacific Coast areas are almost always smaller than 5.0 mm, and those from eastern areas are al- most always larger than 5.5 mm in trees with siifficiently thick phloem. Due to three mixed series and to two series in which the host labels were reversed, all collected in northern California by the same individual, I (Wood 1963) concluded that ponderosae and jeffreyi were synonymous. Whether that mixing and apparent falsifica- tion of data was deliberate or accidental has not been determined. It was detected during my subsequent studies involving several long series of both forms from the area where the supposed intergradation occurred. It is now obvious that both ponderosae and jeffreyi are good species (Lanier and D. L. Wood 1968). Lanier and D. L. Wood (1968) and others have cited Hay (1956) as establishing the original synonymy of ponderosae and mon- ticolae; however, they overlook the fact that monticolae was named from Finns monticola, not from P. ponderosae or P. contorta. The possibility that beetles attacking adjacent stands of P. monticola and P. ponderosa were either the same or different species was never investigated by Hay. He hybridized Idaho beetles reared from P. ponderosa with others from Utah and Colorado also from P. ponde- rosa. He did not investigate the fundamental nomenclatural question, although he did con- tribute important biological data. The above treatment was based on the lec- totypes of ponderosae and monticolae and more than 6000 other specimens. 8. Dendroctoniis jeffreyi Hopkins Figs. 68, 69 Dendroctoniis jeffrei/i Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1);114 (Holotype, fe- male; Little Yosemite, California; U.S. Nat. Mus.. 7449) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished with difficulty from ponderosae Hopkins by the smaller pronotal punctures that are sepa- rated by spaces averaging at least twice as large as the diameter of a puncture, and, in the area of sympatry, by the larger size {pon- derosae specimens from South Dakota to Ari- zona may average as large as jeffreyi). Male.— Length 4.6-6.8 mm (average about 6.0 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; col- or black. Essentially identical to ponderosae except as noted in diagnosis and key. Female.— Similar to male except epistom- al process less well developed and elytral cre- nulations and granules averaging slightly larger. Distribution.— S Oregon to N Baja California. USA: California: Big Bear Lake, Big Bend R. S., Big Pine, Big Springs in Shasta Co., Black's Mt. in Lassen Co., Butte Lake, Cisco, Cottabe Springs in Calaveras Co., Darrington, Donner Lake, Eiler Lake in Lassen Co., 178 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fallen Leaf Lake, Hat Creek, Kingvale, Lassen N. P., Old Station in Shasta Co., San Bernardino N. F., Sands Flat, Sequoia N. F., Scaffold Meadows, Shasta N. F., Strawberry in Tuolumne Co., Wolfhorn, Vade, and Yosemite N. P. Oregon: Bly. MEXICO; Baja California; Sierra San Pedra Martir. Hosts.- Pinus Jeffrey i, and very rarely P. ponderosa (probably accidental). Biology.— The galleries and basic habits are as in ponderosae. Eaton (1956) indicates the principal attack occurs in June and July with a lesser peak in late September and Oc- tober. He reports the volume of standing tim- ber killed by this species as 55 million board feet annually from 1932 to 1951. One gener- ation per year is normal in the northern part of its range; a partial or complete second generation may occur in southern areas. The attack is directed at the lower half of the bole. In June 1961, 34 gallery systems averaging 41.7 cm per gallery were measured in Jeffrey pine on the Tahoe National Forest in Califor- nia. The maximum length was 66.0 cm. These figures agree with those for ponderosae; the number and position of egg niches also ap- peared to be indistinguishable from ponde- rosae. Perhaps a more extensive statistical analysis conducted imder both endemic and epidemic conditions would reveal significant differences. The above treatment was based on the holotype and on more than 500 other specimens. 9. Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis Figs. 70A,B Dendroctonus parallelocollis Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 36 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Brussels Mus.) Dendroctonus aztecus Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:69 (Holotype, male; San Raphael, Mexico, Mexico; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:121. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from terebrans (Olivier) by the subcylindrical pronotum that lacks a conspicuous anterior constriction, by the more coarsely sculptured elytral disc, and by the distribution. Male.- Length 4.9-6.3 mm (average about 5.5 mm), 2.65 times as long as wide; mature body color black. Frons almost uniformly convex between eyes from vertex to epistomal process with a small, rather indefinite median impression on lower third well above base of epistomal pro- cess; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process slightly narrower than half (0.44 times) dis- tance between eyes, its lateral margins oblique (about 45 degrees from horizontal) and not at all elevated, horizontal portion slightly more than half its total width, flat, overlapping, and very slightly exceeding epistomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of conspicuous yellow- ish setae; surface rather coarsely, closely, deeply punctured with rather abundant, iso- lated granules interspersed. Vestiture, in ad- dition to epistomal brush, moderately long, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide, widest on basal half; sides weakly arcuate, al- most subparallel on basal half, then con- verging gradually to rather poorly developed transverse constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate anterior margin; sur- face smooth and shining with moderately small, close, rather deep punctures, becoming rather shallow laterally and very minutely granulate on lateral rim; a median line ob- scurely indicated anteriorly. Vestiture scanty, becoming more abundant, longer, and rather coarse anteriorly and laterally. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 2.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of nine moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on in- terstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather small and moderately deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae and armed by abundant, confused, transverse crenulations, each averaging about two-thirds width of an interstriae, a few wider than an interstriae and sometimes crossing striae. De- clivity steep, uniformly convex; striae 1 to 3 straight, punctures almost as large as on disc; interstriae 1 to 3 about equal in width and bearing rather abundant, somewhat confused (usually arranged in widely staggered single row), moderately large tubercles. Vestiture much longer and more abundant on declivity, a few setae twice as long as width of an interstriae. 1982 TOMICINI 179 Female.— Similar in all respects to male except pronotum evidently a little more coarsely punctured and the elytra somewhat more coarsely sculptured. Distribution.— Chihuahua and Sinaloa to Honduras. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Garcia-Dublan Road, VII-31, D. E. Beck. Mexico: San Raphael, n-IX-49, No. 16028, Pintts leiophi/lla, J. P. Perry, Jr., Tlalmanalco, 1, 8-1, and 16-IV-50, P. Iciopln/lla, J. P. Perrv, Jr. Michoacan: 6 km W Quiroga, 17-IV-65, 2200 m, Pinus. S. L. Wood; 10 km E Volcan Pan'ciitin, 19-VI-65, Pinus, S. L. Wood; Urua- pan, 12- VII. Sinaloa: 32 km or 20 miles NE Copala, 22- VII-53, Pinus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: "Guate- mala." HONDURAS: San Lucas, Paraiso, 22-IV-64, 800 m, P. oocarpa, S. L. Wood; Tegucigalpa, 9-III-64, P. oo- carpa, S. L. Wood; Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m, P. oocarpa; S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Finns leiophylla and P. oocarpa. Biology.— The stumps of dying trees larger than 12 inches DBH were attacked near the groimd level, with the parental tun- nels extending upward or downward from that point. The parental gallery systems form a complex crisscross system very similar to approximatus Dietz; however, alternating egg niches are in contact with the cambium and larval mines are exposed on peeled bark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of parallelocollis and az- tecus, and on 61 other specimens. It is a rare species that is easily confused in the field with other species. 10. Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier) Figs. 71, 72 Scolytus terebrans Olivier, 1795, Entomologie ou His- toire Naturelle des Insects, Coleopteres 4(78):6 (Syntypes ?; Amerique septentrionale; presum- ably Paris Museum, but not located) Dendroctonus terebrans: Erichson, 1836, Archiv Na- turgesch. 2(1):53 Fig. 70A. Dendroctonus parallelocollis, head and pronotum of female: 1, anterior; 2, dorsal; 3, lateral. 180 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis — This species is distinguished from the closely related valens LeConte by the black body color, by the much larger punctures on the lateral areas of the pro- notum, by the larger, more abundant declivi- tal tubercles, and, in part, by the distribution. Male.- Length 5.0-7.5 mm (average about 6.0 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; ma- ture body color dark brown to black. Frons rather evenly convex, with a shallow median impression about a third of distance from upper level of eyes to epistomal margin, very feebly elevated lateral to impression; epistomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process broad, about half as wide (0.50 times) as distance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 30 degrees from horizontal), elevated only at median angles of arms, horizontal portion about two-thirds its total width and broadly, transversely con- cave, overlapping and ending just above epis- tomal margin and bearing vmder its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae. Ves- titure, in addition to epistomal brush, moder- ately long, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.70 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides weakly arcuate and con- verging very slightly toward moderately strong constriction just behind broadly, shal- lowly emarginate anterior margin; surface smooth and shining, punctures moderately large, rather shallow, close, becoming two to three times larger in diameter near lateral margins; bottom or floor of each puncture ir- regularly reticulate; a partly impunctate, feebly raised median line indicated on poste- rior two-thirds; vestiture scanty, longer and more evident laterally. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 12 moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on in- terstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly impressed, punctures small and rather shallow; inter- striae more than twice as wide as striae and armed by abundant, confused, transverse crenulations each averaging about half width of an interstriae, a few about two-thirds as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity rather steep, convex; strial punctures slightly smaller than on disc; interstrial punctures confused and all rather coarsely granulate, largest granules forming a somewhat definite Fig. 70B. Dendroct07}us pamUelocoUis. distribution map. 1982 TOMICINI 181 largest granules forming a somewhat definite median row on each interstriae. Vestiture moderately abundant, longer on declivity, length of longest setae slightly greater than a distance equal to width of an interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except a median frontal elevation evident at upper level of eyes; epistomal process less well developed; pronotal punctures very slightly larger; discal crenulations and declivital granules a little larger. Distribution.- E Massachusetts to E Texas and Florida. USA: Alabama: Auburn, Barton, Calhoun, "DeSoto S. P.," Grand Bay, Mobile, 'Redland." Arkansas: Hot Springs. Delaware: "Delaware." District of Columbia: "Taxoma" Florida: Baker Co., Dunedin, Ft. Lauderdale, Gainesville, "Juniper Springs," Largo, Levy Co., Miami, Nassau Co., O'Leno S. P.,"Opa Locka, Tampa, Winter Park. Georgia: Clayton, Cornelia, Ft. Valley, Kingsland, Myrtle, Thomasville, Waverly. Louisiana: "Hart." Mas- sachusetts: Woods Hole. Maryland: "Baden." New Jer- sey: Clementon, lona, "Lahaway," Lakewood, Mt. Mis- ery, New Brunswick. New York: Islip, Rockaway Beach and Bay Shore on Long Island. North Carolina: Ashe- ville. Southern Pines. Pennsylvania: Chinchilla. South Carolina: Chicora Place, Lumber, "New Landing, ' Pregnall, Spartanburg. Texas: Austin, Call, Deweyville, Kirbyville, Turlington. Virginia: Ashland, "Camp Pick- ett," Falls Church, "Glenn," King. West Virginia: Ka- nawha Station, Marion Co., Morgantown, Romney, "Roosevelt," Crow. Hosts.— Pmu5 echinata, P. ellioUii, P. pa- lustris, P. rigida, P. serotina, P. strohus, P. taeda. Biology.— This is a secondary enemy of pines, and, less commonly, other coniferous trees; consequently, economic damage attri- buted to it is slight when compared to some of the other species of Dendroctonus. Since this species has not been observed by me during the course of this study the follow- ing comments are based on personal observa- tions made on two occasions two decades ago, and on the reports of Hopkins (1909b: 147) and of Blackman (1922:57). The principal overwintering stage is the adult, either in the bark of the brood tree or in newly started galleries of a newly attacked host; they may also pass the winter as partly grown larvae. In the spring the adults be- come active in March or April and either be- gin or extend their new galleries as the peri- od of oviposition commences. Overwintering larvae complete their development in the spring and evidently emerge from the brood tree prior to mid-July. The period of flight activity evidently continues more or less gradually from March to December. In the southern parts of its range, activity may con- tinue without intermption throughout the year. Stumps more than four inches in diameter of recently cut trees or of injured or weak- ened trees are selected for attack. Their gal- leries ordinarily extend downward into the Fig. 7L Dendroctonus terebrans: A, female head; B, female declivity; C, male seminal rod. 182 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 roots; occasionally they extend upward as much as two or three feet above the ground level, except in the southwestern parts of its distribution, where they may extend more than 12 ft above the ground (Smith and Lee 1972:5). Frequently the attacks are made in the vicinity of a wound at the base of the tree. Even though such attacks do not kill the host immediately, they may interfere with normal growth and reduce vitality, thereby inviting other insect or disease-causing agents to attack the tree. The attack ordinarily begins at or just above the ground level, usually with only a few pairs of beetles participating. The female constructs the entrance tunnel and normally is joined by the male shortly after she reaches the cambium. If the amount of pitch encoun- tered is excessive, the gallery usually is ex- tended upward; otherwise it is extended downward after ascending 1 or 2 cm. The egg gallery varies considerably in length, but seldom exceeds 30 cm. It may be linear, slightly wider than the beetle making it, or it may be branched; ordinarily it is irregularly widened at various places. As with other spe- cies, the male removes the frass from the working area, ejecting it from the entrance hole at first, then later packing it into the unused areas. There are no individual egg niches. Groups of eggs are deposited rather loosely at one side of the gallery in one of the widened areas. These groups are then separated from the main areas of the gallery by a rather tightly packed partition of frass. The periods of incubation and of larval de- velopment have not been precisely deter- mined. The larvae do not construct individ- ual tunnels, but work together in the phloem tissues in contact with the cambium, extend- ing the cavity started by the parents. In some instances these cavities are said to cover sev- eral square feet of the inner bark (Blackman 1922:58). These extensions by the larvae ap- pear to wander aimlessly, favoring no par- ticular direction. Larvae from eggs laid in the spring evidently pupate by mid-July and emerge in the fall. There is one complete and partial second generation each year in most areas; two complete generations may occur in the extreme southern parts of its range. Notes.— The above treatment was based on about 300 specimens. The type evidently is in the Paris Museum, but it has not been located. This species is very similar to valens in anatomical characters and in habits; con- sequently, much confusion exists in the liter- ature pertaining to the identity of these spe- cies (Hopkins 1909b: 148). In coastal areas from New Jersey to Massachusetts and, ap- parently, in the mountains of North Carolina, these species occur in adjacent areas in dis- tinctive habitats without hybridization. 11. Dendroctonus valens LeConte Figs. 72, 73, 74 Dendroctonus valens LeConte, 1860, Pacific R. R. Ex- plor. 5(2):59 (Holotype, male; San Francisco, Cal- ifornia; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Dendroctonus beckeri Thatcher, 1954, Coleopt. Bnll. 8:4 (Holotvpe, female; Totonicapan, Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 196.3, Great Basin Nat. 2.3:78. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related terebrans (Oli- vier) by the reddish brown body color, by the smaller punctures on the lateral areas of the pronotum, by the smaller, less abundant granules on the elytral declivity, and, in part, by the distributions. Male.- Length 5.3-8.3 mm (average about 7.3 mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; ma- ture body color uniformly reddish brown. Frons irregularly convex, with a pair of lat- eral protuberances about a third of distance below upper margin of eye to epistomal mar- gin, these protuberances separated by a broad, shallow, subconcave impression; epis- tomal margin elevated, its surface smooth and shining; epistomal process very broad, equaling about two-thirds (0.60 times) dis- tance between eyes, its arms oblique (about 20 degrees from horizontal), elevated only at inner angles of arms, horizontal portion about two-thirds its total width, broadly con- cave, overlapping and ending just above epis- tomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae. Ves- titure, in addition to epistomal brush, moder- ately long, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate, almost subparallel on basal two-thirds, then moderately constricted just 1982 TOMICINI 183 behind broadly, shallowly emarginate ante- rior margin; surface smooth and shining, punctures very close, rather shallow but sharply impressed, rather small but irregular in size, not larger laterally; an impunctate, sometimes feebly raised median line in- dicated on posterior three-fourths; vestiture scanty, longer and more evident laterally. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 12 moderately large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on in- terstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather small and deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae and armed by abundant, confused, small, transverse crenulations, each averaging about one-third width of an interstriae, almost nev- er more than half as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity moderately steep, convex, with a feeble impression between striae 1 and 3; strial punctures slightly smaller than on disc; interstrial punctures confused and finely to coarsely granulate, largest granules form- ing an indefinite median row (in a few males Fig. 72. Dendroctonus spp., distribution map: terebrans, open squares; valens, open circles. 184 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 only this median row of granules represent- upper level of eyes; pronotal punctures very ed). Vestiture moderately abundant, longer slightly larger; and discal crenulations and on declivity; longest setae slightly exceed a declivital granules a little larger, distance equal to width of an interstriae. Distribution.- Northwest Territories and Female.- Similar to male except a Nova Scotia to Honduras, except not in SE roimded median frontal elevation evident at USA. Fig. 7.3. Dendroctomts valens: A, male head; B, female head; C, head and pronotum; D, female declivity; E, male .seminal rod. 1982 TOMICINI 185 CANADA: Alberta: Athabasca Falls, Ft. Chipevvyan, Waterton Lakes N. P. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Campbell River, Canford, Kamloops, Little Shuswap Lake, Middav Ck., Nicola, O'Kanagan Landing, Oliver. Peachland, Princeton, "Spious Ck.," Summerland, Tri- nity Valley, Vernon, Westwold. Northwest Territories: Ft. Smith. Nova Scotia: Kentville. Ontario: Ottawa, Prince Edward Co., Toronto, Quetiquo Pk. Quebec: Du- parquet, Ft. Coulonge, Montreal, Saint Anne, Saint Johns. USA: Arizona: Apache N. F., Chiricahua Mts., Flag.staff, Ft. Apache Indian Res., Fredonia, Graham Mts., Grand Canyon N. P., McNary, Oak Ck. Canyon, Paradise, Portal, Prescott, Ramsey Canyon, Rincon Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Williams. California: All counties. Colorado: Bailev, Cheyenne Mts., Estes Park, Ft. Gar- land, Douglas Co., Longs Peak, Manitou Park, "Mt. McClellan," Palmer Lake, Placer, "Powder River," Red Mts., San Isabel N. F., Vallecito R. S. in La Plata Co. Idaho: Beaver Creek in Logan Canyon, Cedar Mt., Cen- terville, Coeur d'Alene, Farragut, Grangeville, Grimes Pa.ss, Harris Ridge, Moscow, Pioneerville, Priest River, Smiths Ferrv. Illinois: "Illinois." Kansas: "Kansas." Maine: Brimswick, Casco Bav. Limerick, Orono, Paris, Peak Island, Portland. Massachusetts: Cambridge, Fram- ingham, Lynn, Stoneham. Michigan: Grand Island, Marquette. Minnesota: Aitkin, Cloquet, Duluth, Grand Rapids, Itasca Park, Olmsted. Phmimer, Roseau Co., Two Harbors. Montana: Helena, Missoida, Sula. Ne- vada: Reno. New Hampshire: Durham, Manchester, Webster. New Jersey: Lakehurst, Milltown. New- foundland. New Mexico: "Bright Angel," Capitan, Capi- tan Mts., Carson N. F., Cloudcroft, Coolidge, "Cul- dridge," Ft. Wingate, Las Vegas, Lincoln N. F., Ruidoso, Sierra Blanca, Vermejo. New York: Hamburg, Ithaca, Svracu.se, West Point. North Carolina: .Asheville. Balsam, Biltmore, "Pink Beds." Ohio: Hocking Co. Ore- gon: Albany, "Anthony Ck.," Ashland, Aspen Lake, Bak- er, Bourne, Clover Ck., Cold Springs, Colestine, Cor- vallis, Crater Lake, Hood River, Joseph, Kirby, Klamath Lake, LaGrande, Mt. Hood, Prineville, Pringle Falls, Sis- kiyou Mts., "Slate Ck.," Sumpter, "Sutton Ck.," Talent. Pennsylvania: Chambersburg, Milford, Philadelphia. South Dakota: Black Hills, Custer, Deadwood, Elmore, Lead, Spearfish. Utah: Ashley N. F., Escalante, Eureka, Kamas, Logan Canyon, Mammoth Mt., Navajo Mt., Pan- guitch Lake. Virginia: Fredericksburg. Vermont: Fair- lee. Washington: Blewett Pass, Buckeye, Dayton, East- on. East Satsop River, Fairfax, "Gra,ss Prairie," "Half Moon," Maiden, Metaline Falls, Newman, Northport, Olympia, Pullman, Satus Ck., Seattle, Snohomish River, Snohomish, Toppenish. West Virginia: Bretz, Cranes- ville. Crow, "Deckers Ck.," Dellslow, Hardy Co., Ka- nawha Station, "Mayfield Hill," Moorefield, Morgan- town, Randolph, Pendleton, Romnev, "Roosevelt," Tucker Mine. Wisconsin: Ashland, Bavfield, Madison. Wyoming: "Lvnn," Moskee, Wvoming in .\lbanv Co. MEXICO: Baja California: Sierra San Pedro Martir. Chi- huahua: Cerrocahui, Chihuahua. Distrito Federal: Mexi- co. Durango: El Salto. Hidalgo: Jacala. Mexico: Chalco, Ozumba Mt., Tlalmanalco. Morelos: Cuernavaca. Puebla: Texmelucan. GUATEMALA; Cerro Quemado, Ciichumatenes Mts., El Baul, Guatemala City, Heu- heutenanto. La Esperanza, Momostenango, Patzun, Pan- ajachel, Quezaltenango, Totonicapan, Uruapan. HON- DUR.\S: Cerro Peiia Blanca. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. coulteri, P. ech- inata, P. edtilis, P. hartwegii, P. jeffreyi, P. lambertiana, P. lawsonii, P. leiophylla, P. monticola, P. murraijana, P. oocarpa, P. pon- derosa, P. pseudostrobiis, P. radiata, P. resi- nosa, P. rigida, P. sabiniana, P. sylvestris, P. strobifomiis, P. strobus, P. tenuifolia, and P. virginiana, Abies concolor, Larix laricina, Picea glauca, P. excelsa, and P. rubens. Biology.— In general, this is a secondary enemy of pine and spruce, but on occasion it attacks and kills apparently healthy trees. It usually works in conjiuiction with other more aggressive species and, consequently, com- paratively little economic loss is attributed to it. Fig. 7.3 continued, F, egg galleries. 186 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 This species may overwinter either as young or mature adults or as partly grown larvae. There is an extreme overlapping of generations, which is reflected by these in- sects being seen in flight any month of the year during their period of activity. In the northern parts of its range this period of ac- tivity evidently is from May to October; in the southern areas the species is active throughout the year. Ordinarily stumps and injured, weakened, or dying trees larger than 20 cm DBH are se- lected for attack, although in some areas ap- parently healthy trees may be selected. The attack usually is concentrated at or near the ground level at the base of the tree, but in some areas it may extend 6 or more ft above the level of the ground. Generally this species arrives quite some time after other species have attacked a particular tree. The attack on any one tree ordinarily in- volves only a few pairs of this species. It usu- ally begins a few centimeters above the ground level then progresses above and be- low the point. It is not concentrated and, in fact, may involve two or more successive generations before the host succumbs. The egg galleries of this species are ex- ceedingly variable. The female, as with other species in the genus, constructs the entrance tuimel. After reaching the cambium region the tunnel extends upward for a short dis- tance. If the amount of pitch encountered is excessive, it may continue upward; if not, it may curve downward into the roots. The egg gallery may be linear, slightly wider than the length of the beetle constructing it, or it may be branched or of a broad, irregular cave type. The linear pattern is more common in warmer parts of the range. In southern Mexi- co, Guatemala, and Honduras egg galleries exceeding 40 cm in length were common; however, it should be mentioned that broad cave-type excavations were found in the same tree with linear galleries, as were all de- grees of intergradation between these ex- tremes. Usually one side of the gallery is ex- panded somewhat, either continuously or irregularly, for deposition of the eggs. Oviposition in most areas of the United States evidently begins in late May or early June and continues throughout the warm months. Egg-laying in northern or southern areas might begin earlier or later than this. The eggs are deposited along the far side of the expanded parts of the gallery, away from the main area of activity, either loosely packed in frass or in layers, in groups of 10 to 40 or more. They are then covered with a more or less compact layer or partition of frass. There are no individual egg niches. According to Swaine (1914:20) the larvae hatch in about 10 days. They do not con- struct individual tunnels but mine in congress in the phloem next to the cambium in a gen- eral direction away from the egg gallery. Be- hind them the large flat cavity is filled by a reddish frass. The length of the larval period has not been determined precisely, but prob- ably exceeds two months; it is suspected that in northern areas it may exceed a year. Pupal cells generally are formed in the frass, al- though occasionally a larva will construct a short individual tunnel in the phloem adjoin- ing the common cavity where the pupal cell is formed. In the southern parts of its distri- bution there is one complete and at least a Fig. 74. Dendwctonus valens: A, eggs; B, larva; C, pupa; D, adult. (After Smith 1971:5.) 1982 TOMICINI 187 partial second generation each year; in north- em areas a generation evidently may require more than one year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of valens and beckeri and on more than 3000 other specimens. Specimens emerging from crowded or unusually dry, hot environments frequently are abnormally small, pale, and occasionally abnormal in sur- face features. Those from the northeastern parts of the range may be strikingly different from specimens originating from California or from Central America. The synonym beck- eri was named from imusually dark speci- mens. Vite (pers. comm.) suggested that data from pheromone tests indicate valens could be a composite of several species. Additional studies are needed to clarify this problem. 12. Dendroctonus rhizophagus Thomas & Bright Dendroctonus rhizvplmgus Thomas & Bright, 1970, Ca- nadian Ent. 102:479 (Holotype, male; 16 km or 10 miles SW El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Cana- dian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— Biologically, this species is distinct from valens LeConte; anatomically, they intergrade to such an extent that separa- tion is difficult. Although the characters are not absolute, they may be distinguished as described below. These comparisons were based on specimens from El Salto, Durango, for both species. Male.— Length 5.0-6.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, elytra of fully mature individuals almost al- ways lighter in color. Frons about as in valens except sub- crenulate granules almost never present, sparse and much finer when present. Pronotum about as in valens except punc- tures tending to be less uniform in size, those on basal half separated by distances aver- aging greater than diameter of a puncture (about half this distance in valens), middle third with a few very large punctures inter- spersed with others; median line more broad- ly impunctate and moderately to acutely carinate at least on basal half (feebly, if at all elevated in valens). Elytra as in valens except strial punctures tending to be larger, especially on declivity. and interstrial crenulations tending to be smaller. Female.— Similar to male, with frons re- sembling female valens except median sum- mit at upper level of eyes forming a more definite, subacutely elevated, longitudinal ca- rina, its crest impunctate (more broadly rounded and with median line randomly punctured in valens). Distribution.— Chihuahua to Durango. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito (David Cibrian and M. M. Furniss, pers. comm.); Mesa del Huracan, 24- VII-64, Pinus engehnannii, J. B. Thomas. Durango: 16 km W El Salto, 15-VI1-64, P. durangensis, J. B. Thomas. Hosts.— Pinus durangensis, P. engel- mannii, P. spp. Biology.— Seedlings as small as 2 cm in basal diameter to poles 8 cm DBH are at- tacked near or below the surface of the ground. Two generations per year occur in the same area where valens has only one gen- eration per year. Parental galleries tend to be more linear than valens and there are differ- ences in egg deposition and larval mines (Cibrian and Furniss, pers. comm.). A de- tailed treatment of these differences will be described later by these authors. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series and on several other speci- mens. This species was treated by me as va- lens until the biological differences became known. 13. Dendroctonus punctatus LeConte Figs. 75, 76 Dendroctonus punctatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:173 (Holotype, female; northern New York; Miis. Comp. Zool.) Dendroctonus johanseni Swaine, 1919, Canadian .Arctic Exped. Kept. 1913-1918, 3(E):5 (Holotype, fe- male?; Sandstone Rapids, Coppermine River, Northwest Territories; Canadian Nat. Coll, 9248); Wood. 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:86. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from murrayanae Hopkins and rufipennis (Kirby) by the uniformly brown color, by the smooth, polished frons, which is deeply punc- tured but entirely devoid of granules, and by the much larger punctures of the elytral de- clivity. It is almost identical with the Eura- sian micans (Kugelann). Male.— Length 5.4-6.8 mm (average about 6 mm), 2.41 times as long as wide; body color uniformly brown to dark brown. 188 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons convex, protruding very slightly at center just below middle; epistomal margin elevated, smooth, shining; epistomal process a third (0.32 times) as wide as distance be- tween eyes, its arms strongly oblique (about 55 degrees from horizontal) and slightly ele- vated, horizontal portion about two-thirds its total width, shallowly concave, overlapping and ending just above epistomal margin and bearing imder its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae; surface smooth and shin- ing from vertex to epistoma, punctures. rather close, deep, coarse, sharp, interspersed with very few minute punctures, with no in- dication of granules or tubercles. Vestiture fine, long, inconspicuous, rather sparse. Pronotum 0.71 times as wide as long, widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and con- verging toward rather strong constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate ante- rior margin; surface smooth and shining, punctures rather fine but irregular, close, deep, with a few very minute points inter- spersed; median line impunctate posteriorly; Fig. 75. Dendroctonus spp.: A, punctattts, head; B, murrayanae, head; C, miirrayanae, seminal rod; D, 7?i(/r- nnjanac, galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 189 vestiture moderately abundant, fine and rather short on disc, longer and coarse laterally. Elytra 2.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 12 mod- erately large, raised, overlapping crenula- tions, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly impressed, punctures large and rather deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae and armed by rather abundant confused, small, transverse crenula- tions, each averaging about one-fourth width of an interstriae, never more than a third as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity rather steep, convex, with sutural interstriae slightly elevated; strial punctures almost as large as on disc; interstriae smooth, with nu- merous confused punctures less than one- third as large as those of striae, about a third of them minutely granulate on their upper rims. Vestiture rather long and abundant; slightly longer on declivity, longest setae about one and one-half times as long as width of an interstriae. Female.— So verv similar to male that sexes recognized only with difficulty; female very slightly more coarsely sculptured, par- ticularly declivital granules very slightly larger. Distribution.— Alaska to New York and West Virginia. ALASKA: Bonanza Ck. near Fairbanks, Circle, Haines Rd. (mile 27), Rampart House, Savonoski. CANADA: Al- berta: Cypress Hills, McKenzie Highway (25th baseline). Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Ft. Smith, Sandstone Rapids of the Coppermine River. Ontario: Frater. Yu- kon: Alaska Highway (mile 1152), Carcross, Carmaks (mile 8, Mavo Rd.), Rampart House, Watson Lake, Whitehorse, Wolf Ck. USA: New York: "N. Y." Pennsyl- vania: Mt. Alto. West Virginia: Randolph Co. Hosts.— Picea glaiica, P. rubens, P. sitchensis. Biology.— This species evidently is rare in forests accessible to commercial logging; con- sequently, it is not presently recognized by forest interests as an important species. Struc- turally and (apparently) biologically it is so similar to rufipennis that field observers usu- ally do not distinguish it from that species. It is known to infest the lower bole and stumps of spruce from West Virginia to Alaska. Structurally it is almost in- distinguishable from micans and is very sim- ilar to murrayanae; therefore, it is presumed that its biology is equally similar to these spe- cies. Collectors who took punctatus in two different areas of northern Canada and in Alaska suspected that at least two years were required to complete the life cycle in those areas; one year evidently is sufficient in the Great Lakes area and in the eastern United States. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of punctatus and johanseni, and on about 250 other specimens. It is a geographical replacement of the Eurasian micans that is distinguishable only by means of minute characters. Because the reduction of these forms to the level of subspecies would serve no useful purpose and tend to confuse the literature relating to them, both are treated here as valid species. 14. Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins Figs. 75, 76 Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1):140 (Holotype, female; Keystone, Wyoming; U.S. Nat. Mus., 74.54) Dendroctonus rufipennis: Hopkins, 1909 (nee. Kirby, 18.37), U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17il):1.38; Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:88. Misidentification corrected Diagnosis.— This species is very closely al- lied to punctatus LeConte and rufipennis (Kirby) and is distinguished from them with considerable difficulty. From punctatus it differs by the more closely punctured, sparsely granulate frons, by the more coarsely pimctured pronotum, by the sub- equal size of strial and interstrial punctures of the declivity, by the reddish brown elytra with dark brown pronotimi, and by the hosts. From rufipennis it differs by the distinctly punctured, finely, more sparsely granulate frons, by the male genitalia, by the galleries, and by the hosts. Male.— Length 5.0-7.3 mm (average about 6 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; body color dark brown, with reddish brown elytra. Frons convex, protruding slightly on lower half; epistomal margin elevated, smooth, shining, epistomal process a third (0.32 times) as wide as distance between eyes, its arms strongly oblique (about 55 degrees from the 190 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 horizontal) and moderately elevated, hori- zontal portion about two-thirds its total width, shallowly concave, overlapping and ending just above epistomal margin and bear- ing under its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae; surface shining from vertex to epistoma, punctures very close, deep, coarse, about half of them with a small rounded granule on median or lower rim (usually). Vestiture fine, long, inconspicuous, rather sparse. Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides weakly arcuate and con- verging toward rather strong constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate ante- rior margin; surface smooth and shining, pimctures rather fine, but irregular, close, deep; median line impunctate posteriorly. Vestiture moderately abundant, fine, and rather short on disc, longer and coarse laterally. Elytra 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds. rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 12 mod- erately large, raised, overlapping crenula- tions, with several submarginal ones particu- larly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae very weakly impressed, punctures rather large and deep, usually decreasing in size toward base; interstriae slightly more than one and one- half times as wide as striae and armed by rather abundant, confused, small crenula- tions, each averaging about one-fourth width of an interstriae, never more than half as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity rather steep, convex, with sutural interstriae slightly elevated; striae impressed, punctures half as large as on disc, usually three times as large as those on interstriae (except in a few examples having unusually large interstrial punctures); interstriae almost smooth, sub- shining, punctures rather abundant, confused (very irregularly three-ranked), median series very finely granulate on upper rims. Vesti- ture rather long and abundant; slightly longer Fig. 76. Dendroctonus spp., distribution map: punctatiis, solid squares; murnnjanae, open circles. 1982 TOMICINI 191 on declivity, longest setae about one and one- half times as long as width of an interstriae. Female.— Very similar to male except arms of epistomal process less strongly ele- vated and declivital granules distinctly larger. Distribution.— British Columbia and On- tario to Utah, Colorado, Minnesota, and Michigan. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Cypress Hills, Edmonton, Hillsdale, Jasper N. P., Lake Louise. British Columbia: Stanley, Wvcliff. Manitoba: Clear Lake Trail in Riding Mts. Ontario: Black Sturgeon Lake, Frater. USA: Colo- rado: Jefferson, Kenosha Pass, Wheeler Basin. Idaho: Targhee N. F. Michigan: Grand Lsland, Whitefish Point. Minnesota: International Falls. Montana: Wisdom. Utah: Logan Canyon, Wolf Ck. Pass. Wyoming: Bighorn Basin, Dubois, "Homestake," Keystone, Saratoga, Sho- shone N. F. Hosts.— Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, and P. strobus. Biology.— Ordinarily this is not an aggres- sive species, although available data indicate that it has contributed to bark beetle epidem- ics more commonly than published data would suggest, and that it has killed healthy, vigorous lodgepole pine. Because of the close superficial resemblance to rufipennis some losses actually caused by this species have been attributed to the destructive sprvice beetle that supposedly infested lodgepole pine. In all cases where specimens were pre- served for study the "spruce" beetles in- festing lodgepole pine actually were this species. The overwintering young and old adults and larvae in all stages of development be- came active when subcortical spring temper- atures became sufficiently high, probably about 45 to 50 F. Flight activity probably does not begin before June at the high alti- tudes in Utah where lodgepole pine grows. The earliest attacks observed during this study were found in the second week of July. Becau.se of overlapping generations it is sus- pected that attacks probably continue from late June to early September. Stumps, windfalls, and overmature or weakened trees larger than about 8 inches DBH are selected for attack by this species. Trees dying from the attacks of ponderosae apparently provide a favorite breeding place. In standing trees the area under attack sel- dom extends higher than about 60 cm above the level of the ground; in addition, it usually extends downward into the roots. In prostrate trees the lower side of the bole is preferred. The attack evidently begins at or near the ground level at one side of the tree and prog- resses upward, downward, or around the tree from that point. At times two or more succes- sive generations may be involved in progres- sively girdling a living tree. Ordinarily only a few pairs of beetles are involved in the attack on a particular tree. The egg galleries are irregularly vertical, slightly wider than the beetle making them, with two or three irregular but shallow ex- panded areas along one or both sides; often short branch galleries may also be present. The galleries observed during this study aver- aged about 12 cm in length; the longest ones were 20 cm in length; they were constructed entirely by the female. As with other species, they were excavated in the phloem in con- tact with the cambium. In a number of in- stances it was observed that the female exca- vated the complete egg gallery before the male appeared; evidently this is not a normal habit. In such instances there were no eggs or larvae in the gallery. When the male was present the lower part of the gallery was packed with frass, thereby closing the en- trance hole. Copulation was observed twice; in both instances it occurred near the middle of the gallery in one of the expanded areas. In the Wasatch National Forest in Utah eggs were found during 1960 from 12 July to 9 September; it was not determined whether or not these were the first or last eggs of the season. The eggs are deposited in the ex- panded areas in groups of about 20 to 50 or more. A more or less loose covering or parti- tion of frass separates them from the main parts of the egg gallery. In the galleries ob- served, from one to three such groups oc- curred in each gallery. Hatching time varied considerably with the season, but probably averaged about 10 days in the galleries stud- ied. There were no individual egg niches in any of the galleries. Evidently a female may reemerge to construct a second set of gal- leries; this is supported by the fact that in September about a fourth of the galleries studied contained only the female; there were no adults present in an additional fourth. 192 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 The larvae feed in congress in a general transverse direction away from the egg gal- lery. About 6 to 10 cm from the egg gallery the excavated area turns either upward or downward and continues in that direction for an additional 20 to 30 cm or more. It appears characteristic of this species, just before or just after the vertical turn is made, for a few small groups of larvae to become separated from the main body of larvae and mine inde- pendently for short distances before rejoining them. This leaves irregular islands of unexca- vated phloem in the general cavity. When near maturity, several of the larvae may con- struct short independent mines where pupa- tions occurs; however, most of the pupal cells occur in the frass of the principal larval exca- vation. It appeared that the eggs laid in early July were represented by third and fourth in- star larvae in September and probably did not mature until the following June; eggs laid in September evidently matured the follow- ing July. Evidently there may be one com- plete and a partial second generation each year in Utah. In the northern parts of the dis- tribution it is possible that less than one com- plete generation occurs each year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 425 other specimens. Various reports (Massey and Wygant 1954) have indicated that during epidemics of rufi- pennis lodgepole pine has been killed by that species. An effort was made to locate and ex- amine all voucher specimens on which those reports were based. In every case I in- vestigated those specimens proved to be of murrcnjanae. Apparently all lodgepole pine allegedly killed by rufipennis actually was killed by this species. Minute differences in size and punctation on tlie elytral declivity are evident between eastern and western parts of the distribution (Wood 1963:90). Based upon specimens and other data at hand, I do not consider these features sufficiently important to justify the recognition of separate races. 15. Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) Figs. 77, 78, 79 Hijluraus rufipennis Kirby, 1837, in Richardson, Fauna Boreali Americana 4:195 (two syntypes, female; Boreal North America; British Miis. Nat. Hist.) Dendroctonus rufipennis: LeConte, 1868, Trans. Ameri- can Ent. Soc. 2:17.3 Hijlurgus ohesus Mannerheim, 1843, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody. Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 16:296 (Holotype, female; Sitka Island, Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mus., Helsinki); Wood. 1963, Great Basin Nat. 2.3:9.3. Si/noni/wii/ Dendroctonus similis LeConte, 1860, Pacific R. R. Ex- plor. 5(2):59 (Lectotype, female?; Oregon; Mus. Comp. Zool., present designation); LeConte, 1868, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:173. Si/nonymy Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopkins, 1901, U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 28:16 (Neotype, female; Camp Caribou, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7451, present designation); Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:94. Sijnotiijmij Dendroctonus engehnanni Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1): 130 (Holotype, female; Capitan, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7452); Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:95. Si/nont/)?!(/ Dendroctonus borealis Hopkins, 1909, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1): 133 (Holotype. fe- male; Eagle, Alaska; U.S. Nat. Mus.,' 7453); Wood, 1963, Great Basin Nat. 23:96. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related murraijanae Hopkins, with great difficulty, by the more coarsely, more closely granulate frons, by the distinctive male genitalia, by the galleries, and by the host. Male.— Length 4.4-7.0 mm (average about 5.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; ma- ture body color very dark brown with red- dish brown elytra, old adults usually uni- formly black. Frons convex, protruding slightly on lower half; epistomal margin elevated, smooth, .shining; epistomal process a third (0.35 times) as wide as distance between eyes, its arms rather strongly oblique (about 45 degrees from horizontal) and moderately elevated, horizontal portion almost two-thirds its total width, shallowly concave, overlapping and ending just above epistomal margin and bear- ing under its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae; surface shining, punctures very close, deep, rather fine, largely obliter- ated in central area by fine, abundant gran- ules, at least one or two granules for each puncture in central area, less numerous in surrounding areas. Vestiture fine, long, incon- spicuous, rather sparse. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides weakly arcuate and con- verging toward rather strong constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate ante- rior margin; surface smooth and shining. 1982 TOMICINI 193 punctures rather fine but irregular in size, close, deep; median line impunctate posteri- orly. Vestiture moderately abundant, fine and rather short on disc, longer and coarse laterally. Elytra 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 12 mod- erately large, raised, overlapping crenula- tions, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae very weakly impressed, punctures rather large and shallow, usually decreasing slightly in size to- ward base; interstriae slightlv more than one and one-half times as wide as striae and Fig. 77. Dendroctontis rufipennis: A, female head; B, male seminal rod; C, galleries. 194 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 armed by rather abundant confused, small, transverse crenulations, each averaging about one-fourth width of an interstriae, never more than a third as wide on posterior half of disc. Declivity rather steep, convex, with su- tural interstriae slightly elevated; striae usu- ally not impressed, punctures minute, sub- equal in size to and often confvised with those of interstriae; interstriae almost smooth, sub- shining, punctures rather numerous, con- fused, median series on each interstriae very minutely granulate on upper rims. Vestiture rather long and abundant; slightly longer on declivity, longest setae about one and one- half times as long as width of an interstriae. Female.— Very similar to male except arms of epistomal process less strongly ele- vated and declivital striae usually weakly im- pressed, with interstrial granules rather large and usually pointed. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoundland to Arizona, New Mexico, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. ALASKA: Chichagof Isl., Circle, Eagle, Eklutna, Ft. Yukon, Homer, Juneau, Kenai Peninsula, Klutina Lake, Matanuska, Nutzotin Mts., Ruby, St. James Bay, Sav- onoski, Seward, Skagway, Tanana, Yakutat. CAN.^DA; Fig. 78. Dendroctonus rufipennis: A, eggs; B, larva; C, pupa; D, adult. (After Massey and Wygant 1954:4.) Alberta; Babine Lake, Banff, Calgary, Cypress Hills, Ed- monton, Exshavv, Harlech, Jasper N. P., Kanaskis For. Sta., Lake .Athabasca, Lake Louise, Lesser Slave Lake, Nordagg, Smoky Lake. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Babine Lake, Bloom Ck. Valley, Boundary Lake, Creigh- ton Valley, Emerald Lake, Glacier, Lorna, Lower Post, Lumberton, Lumby, Ootsa Lake, "Paxton Valley," Priest River, Princeton, Queen Charlotte Isl., Salmo, "Seymour Ck.," Stanley, Trinity Valley, Vancouver, Ver- non, Vermilion Summit on Banff Rd., Victoria, Ymir, Yoho N. P. Manitoba: Churchill, "Northern Manitoba," Riding Mt. N. P. New Brunswick: Nictor Lake, Fred- ericton. Saskatchewan: "Northern Saskatchewan." Northwest Territory: Aklavik, Coppermine River, Ft. Norman, Ft. Smith, Yellowknife. Nova Scotia: Cape Bre- ton Isl., St. Peters. Ontario: Black Sturgeon Lake, Egg Lake in Algonquin Pk., Frater, Hearst, "Nighthawk Lake," North Bay, "Remi Lake," Timmins. Quebec: An- ticosti Isl, Cascapedia, Puparquet, Gaspe Peninsula. Yu- kon: Teslin, Whitehorse. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., San Francisco Peak. California: Crescent City. Colorado: Argentine Pa.ss, Boulder, Clyde, Ft. Collins, Glenwood Springs, Gore Pass, Gunnison, Hahns Peak, Holy Cross Mts., Leadville, "Leavinworth Valley," Mee- ker, New Castle, Ouray Peak, Pingree N. P., Rabbit Ears Pass, San Isabel N. F., Silver Plume, Steamboat Springs, Twin Sisters, White River N. F. Idaho: Beaver Ck. of Logan Canyon (Utah), Collins, Lieber Ck. in Coeur d'Alene N. F. Maine: Beaver Pond, Camp Caribou, Cupsuptic, "Meadows." Michigan: Grand Island, Isle Royal, Marquette, Munising. New Hampshire: Cole- brook, West Stewartstown, Wonalancet. Minnesota: Itasca St. Pk., International Falls, New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Cloudcroft, Las Vegas, Pecos Wilderness Area, Sandia Mts., Santa Fe Basin, Sierra Blanca. New York: Pleasant Lake. Oregon: Batterson, Cannon Beach, Cas- cade Head Expt. For., Coos Bay, Gold Lake, "Highland Mine," Hood River Meadows, Joseph, Marshfield, "Mt. Misery," Mt. Ashland, Santiam Pass. Tolgate. Pennsylva- nia: Rickets. South Dakota: Black Hills N. F., Spearfish Canyon. Utah: Alta, Ashley N. F., Cedar Breaks N. M., Ephraim, Escalante, LaSal Mts., Logan Canyon, Lost Lake, Panguitch, Paradise Pk., Parowan Canyon, Wolf Ck. Pass. Washington: Aberdeen, Easton, Fairfax, Ho- quiam, Lake Wenatchee, Metaline Falls, Morse Ck., Mt. Rainier, Neah Bay, Parkway, Sappho, "Tieton R. S.," Wanatchee Lake, White Pass, White River, Winthrop, Yakima. Hosts.— All species of Picea within its range. Biology.— This is the most destructive of the spruce-inhabiting bark beetles. It is re- sponsible for killing an estimated average of approximately .33 to .50 billion board feet of standing spmce timber each year. It is also reported to have inflicted substantial losses of lodgepole pine (Massy and Wygant 1954:1), but this was not substantiated by my exam- ination of the beetles collected from the in- fested trees (see murrayanae, above). The life cycle of the spruce beetle is com- plicated by an apparently unique habit of 1982 TOMICINI 195 adult hibernation that contributes toward adapting this species to cold habitats. It may overwinter in any stage of development, but adults and half-grown larvae predominate. A one-year life cycle is more common in south- em and warmer sites; a two-year cycle is the most common habit, but a three-year cycle is more common throughout the range of the species than is the one-year cycle; and a four- year cycle may be possible at very cold sites (Schmid and Frye 1977:4). Local climatic factors or peculiarities of a given season may accelerate or delay development. In a typical two-year cycle, activity may begin as early as May when subcortical tem- peratures reach about 45 to 50 F. Flight ac- tivity of second-year (breeding) adults may begin in late May, but usually it occurs in June and July. Under endemic conditions the trees se- lected for attack consist of windfalls or other prostrate dying green trees or of overmature or weakened standing trees larger than about eight inches DBH. During an epidemic al- most any spruce tree in the stand may be se- lected regardless of size or vigor. The attack usually begins on the lower third of the bole, except for the first two or three feet above the ground. It ordinarily progresses to in- clude the upper bole and stump later in the season. In prostrate trees only the lower half next to the ground is attacked. The upper bole smaller than eight inches in diameter and limbs generally not subject to attack by this species. The attack is slow and contin- uous, without any sudden or concerted swarming of the beetles; its duration may vary from a few days to many months, de- pending on the population density of beetles in the area, upon the resistance of the host, or upon climatic or other ecological factors pe- culiar to the season or locality. The number of attacks per square foot of bark surface may be as high as 24, but averages between 6 Fig. 79. Dendroctonus nifipcnnis, distribution map. 196 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 and 9; the density of the attacks evidently is greater at the base of the tree and gradually decreases upward (Massey and Wygant 1954:13). The egg galleries are constructed by the female beetle mostly in the phloem tissues, but they engrave the wood more deeply than other species of Dendroctomis; the thinness of spruce bark may have some bearing on this habit. Tlie egg galleries are parallel to the grain of the wood, almost straight, or- dinarily with the lower 1 or 2 cm next to the entrance hole hooked diagonally to either the right or left. The average length of 13 cm and the maximum length of 23 cm for egg galleries observed during this study, made in 1960 in the Wasatch National Forest of Utah, agree with that reported by Massey and Wy- gant (1954:13). The egg galleries are slightly wider than the width of the beetle making them and, in addition, there usually is an egg groove along the side next to the cambium about 1-2 cm deep. Ventilation tunnels are placed at irregular intervals, but are not al- ways present. Oviposition evidently begins less than a week after the attack; there is some question as to its duration because most of the beetles reemerge to construct a second or third set of galleries. Massey and Wygant (1954:15) re- ported a maximum of 144 eggs in one gal- lery; they also reported that there was an av- erage of 20.5 eggs per inch of gallery (excluding the diagonal first inch). In the present study it was found that the number of eggs per inch of gallery where eggs occurred was equal to that found by Massey and Wy- gant, but this rate of deposition was seldom maintained for more than a third the length of the gallery. The largest number of eggs counted in one gallery during this study was 53 in an area where a small epidemic was be- ginning on the Wasatch National Forest. There is considerable variation in the way eggs are deposited. In some galleries all or part of the eggs are placed individually in separate niches. These niches may be length- ened sufficiently to accommodate two or more eggs, or extended into elongate grooves as much as 8 cm in length. The niches, or the more typical grooves, ordinarily are placed alternately on the sides of the egg tunnel in contact with the cambium. Ordinarily, indi- vidual niches are formed when the gallery enters a moderately unfavorable environ- ment. Each egg or group of eggs is covered by a layer or partition of frass that separates them from the main gallery. Following oviposition the gallery may be extended a short distance in an irregular feeding tunnel. When both parents are repre- sented, separate feeding tunnels may give the gallery a characteristic Y-shaped ending. Evi- dently most of the beetles reemerge to form a second or third set of galleries. Reemerging beetles may extend the flight and oviposition periods beyond the July date indicated above. At the high altitudes where this species oc- curs in Colorado, incubation is thought to re- quire three to four weeks (Massey and Wy- gant 1954:16); it probably takes much less time in Pacific Coast areas, where suitable hosts enable this species to live at or near sea level. The newly hatched larvae feed in the phloem in contact with the cambium, either individually or in groups, in a general direc- tion at right angles away from the egg gal- lery. Ordinarily, communal feeding is the rule during the second instar. When about one-third grown, all larvae form separate feeding tunnels that wind throughout the phloem, frequently crossing one another. Some larvae tliat hatch from the first eggs deposited in June may become callow adults by late August to October; however most of them overwinter as larvae and complete their development the following spring or summer. Pupal cells are formed at the ends of the lar- val mines or in frass of a previously exca- vated area, either next to the cambium or en- tirely in the bark. The pupal period in the late spring or early summer may be com- pleted in about 10 to 15 days (Massey and Wygant 1954:17); however, completion of this stage may be extended if pupation begins in the late fall. A normal life cycle requires one year at low elevations on favorable sites or two years at higher, colder sites. Under unfavorable conditions three or even four years may be required to complete a life cycle (Schmid 1977). The low temperatures that prevail throughout much of the year in many areas 1982 TOMICINI 197 where this species occurs may have a pro- found effect on the length of the Hfe cycle of this insect. Collectors who took it in the McKenzie River area in northern Canada and in north central Alaska estimated that at least two vears were required for larval development. In the two-year cvcle, newlv transformed first-year adults (those hatched the previous year) emerge from standing trees primarily in August and September and move to the pre- viously iminfested base of the brood tree, where they reenter the bark and overwinter in feeding tunnels. They reemerge the fol- lowing summer as breeding adults. First-year adults in prostrate trees remain in their brood tunnels, without emerging, through their sec- ond winter. This habit normally places the overwintering beetles below the snow line, where they are protected from the extremely low winter temperatures that characterize their habitat. Schmid (1977:4) indicates that a varying percentage (from 3 to 88 percent) of the beetles in a given generation at a particu- lar site may exhibit this hibernation habit. The existence of a three-year life cycle has been suggested (Wygant 1954, Schmid 1977), but has not been fully documented. If it does occur, it is apparently achieved by pro- longation of the larval period. Notes.— The above treatment was based on tlie holotypes of rufipennis, obesus, engel- nianni, and borealis, on the known syntypes of similis, and on the neotype of piceaperdo. The syntype of siiyiilis in the LeConte collec- tion labeled "type" is here designated as the lectotype of that species; the female speci- men labeled type no. 7451 in the U.S. Na- tional Museum and referred to as the type by Hopkins (1909a: 126) is here designated as the neotype of piceaperda. Because this specimen was collected in 1902, it could not possibly have been a syntype. In addition to these types more than 6,000 other specimens were examined. 16. Dendroctonus simplex LeConte Figs. 80, 81 Dendroctonus simplex LeConte, 1868, Trans. .American Ent. Soc. 2:17.3 (Lectotype, male; Canada; Miis. Comp. Zool., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related pseudotsiigae Hopkins by the much smaller size, by the less strongly protuberant, smoother, but more coarsely punctured frons, by the more coarsely pvmctured pronotum, by the larger punctures on the declivital interstriae, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 3.4-5.0 mm (average about 4.2 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; ma- ture body color dark brown, elytra often with a reddish cast. Frons broadly convex, protruding some- what on lower half, inflated area arising abruptly just above smooth, elevated rim of epistomal margin; epistomal process less than a third (0.30 times) as wide as distance be- tween eyes, its arms very strongly oblique (about 80 degrees from horizontal) and usual- ly not elevated, horizontal portion about three-fourths its total width, flat, overlapping and apparently flush with epistomal margin (actually ending just above .slightly extended margin), and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae; surface shin- ing, smooth, with rather coarse, deep, very close punctures and a very few minute gran- ules. Vestiture sparse, rather short, fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and con- verging toward the rather strong constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate an- terior margin; surface .smooth and shining, punctures rather coarse, irregular in size, close, deep; median line narrowly impunc- tate posteriorly. Vestiture moderately abun- dant, fine and rather short on disc, longer and coarse laterally. Elytra 2.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 10 rather B Fig. 80. Dendroctonus simplex: A. male frons; B, male seminal rod. 198 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather large and deep, usually decreasing slightly in size toward base; interstriae less than one and one-half times as wide as striae and armed by an ir- regular row of transverse crenulations, each averaging about one-third width of an inter- striae, a few half as wide on posterior half of disc, a few fine punctures interspersed with crenulations. Declivity rather steep, convex, with sutural interstriae very strongly elevated and interstriae 2 weakly impressed; striae rather deeply, narrowly impressed, punctures greatly reduced; interstrial punctures rather coarse, numerous and confused on 1, unise- riate on 2 and 3; none of punctures granulate. Vestiture rather coarse, slightly longer on de- clivity, longest setae equal in length to about one and one-half times width of an interstriae. Female.— Very similar to male except de- clivital interstriae with minute confused punctures and each with a median row of coarse, somewhat pointed tubercles, tu- bercles spaced by a distance slightly less than width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoundland to NE British Columbia, Minnesota, and West Virginia. ALASKA: College, Fairbanks, McGrath. CANADA: Alberta: Bilby, Edmonton, Mitsue, Smith. British Co- lumbia: Wildmare Ck. New Brunswick: Fredericton, Nictor Lake. Newfoundland: "New Foundland." Nova Scotia: Sydney. Ontario: Deili, Pine Springs, Wooler. Quebec: Gaspe, Natashqiian, Ungara Bay. USA: Maine: Fig. 81. Dendroctonus spp., distribtition map: simplex, open circles; pseudotsugae, solid circles. 1982 TOMICINI 199 Cupsiiptic. Michigan: East Lansing, Grand Island, Grand Ledge, Mackinac Isl., Marquette, Munising, Port Huron, Seney. Minnesota: Carlton Co., Hennepin Co., Itasca St. Pk., Lake Itasca, Mille Lacs Co., Pine River, St. Paul. New Hampshire: Pittsburg, West Stewarts- town. New York: Erie Co. West Virginia: Cranesville. Hosts.— Larix luricina. Biology.— This species prefers dying or injured trees and, consequently, is not gener- ally regarded as having major economic im- portance. However, it is known to have suc- cessfully attacked and killed healthy mature larch trees. This species was not observed during this study; all comments that follow are based on Hopkins (1909b:103-106), Simpson (1929:274-279), and Prebble (1933:146). The galleries illustrated by Hopkins for this spe- cies are used as the" basis for the qualified de- scription of the galleries below. Because the placement of eggs in his figure lacks detail and the system appears to resemble that of the very closely related psendotsugae, and because of the general phyletic position of simplex in the genus, it is presumed that egg grooves, not niches as illustrated, would nor- mally be constructed by this species. The principal overwintering stage is the yoimg adult in the brood gallery, although it is not uncommon for some larvae to over- winter. Flight activity begins early in May and continues at a relatively low level until late August; the period of greatest activity apparently is from the last week of May to the second week of June. Adult beetles may reemerge to construct a second or third set of galleries during the season, but none of their progeny leave the brood tree imtil the fol- lowing spring. Trees selected for attack include windfalls, snow breaks, stumps, or other weakened or severely damaged material. The exact pat- tern of the attack and details of the galleries and habits have not been reported. Hopkins (1909b: 103) indicated that the galleries are vertical and slightly sinuate. Evi- dently they average about 20 to 25 cm in length. The eggs are deposited in groups of three to six or more, presumably in grooves rather than in individual niches. The larvae mine individually in continual contact with the cambium, away from the egg gallery and without crossing one another. Evidently the larval mine increases only slightly through the first and second instars then expands sud- denly into an irregularly oval feeding area, where the last two larval instars, pupation, and hibernation occur. Oviposition ordinarily begins about the last week of May. The eggs hatch in about 11 days (Prebble 1933:146) and complete larval development in approximately 27 days; about 7 days are required for the pupal stage during the early summer months. Simpson found young adults in the first set of galleries completed during the season by 1 August; in the second set of galleries young adults were present by 17 September; larvae produced in the third set of galleries formed by these same parent adults passed the winter as lar- vae. The young adults produced in the first and second sets of galleries overwintered in those galleries and emerged the following May and early June. The overwintered larvae from the third set of galleries matured in June and emerged during July. Notes.— Two male syntypes are in the Le- Conte collection; the first of these syntypes is labeled type and is here designated as the lectotype of simplex. The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on about 360 other specimens. 17. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins Figs. 81, 82, 83 Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, 1905, U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. 56:11 (Neotype, female; Grants Pass, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7450, pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related simplex LeConte by the larger size, by the more strongly pro- tuberant, more finely punctured, sub- granulate, irregular surface of the frons, by the more finely punctured pronotum, by the finer punctures of the declivital interstriae, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 4.4-7.0 mm (average about 5.5 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; body color very dark brown, with reddish brown elytra. Frons broadly convex, protruding rather strongly on lower half, inflated area arising abruptly just above smooth, elevated rim of epistomal margin; epistomal process about a fourth (0.24 times) as wide as distance be- tween eyes, its arms very strongly oblique 200 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 (about 80 degrees from horizontal) and usual- ly not elevated, horizontal portion about three-fourths its total width, flat, overlapping and apparently flush with or exceeding epis- tomal margin and bearing under its distal margin a dense brush of yellowish setae; sur- face irregular, rather finely, closely punc- tured and becoming granulate on lower half. Vestiture sparse, rather short, fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide, widest at base; sides weakly arcuate and converging toward strong constriction just behind broadly, shallowly emarginate ante- rior margin; surface smooth and shining, punctures rather small, irregular in size, close, deep; median line narrowly impunc- tate posteriorly (usually); vestiture moder- ately abundant, fine and rather short on disc, longer, coarse laterally. Elytra 2.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins arcuate and bearing a row of about 10 rather Fig. 82. Dendwctontis pseiidot.sugac: A, male frons; B, seminal rod; C. galleries. 1982 TOMICINI 201 large, raised, overlapping crenulations, with several smaller submarginal ones particularly on interstriae 2 and 3; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather large and moder- ately deep, usually decreasing slightly in size toward base; interstriae about one and one- half times as wide as striae and armed by abundant, confused, transverse crenulations, each averaging almost half the width of an interstriae, a few two-thirds as wide on poste- rior half of disc. Declivity rather steep, con- vex, with sutural interstriae very strongly ele- vated and interstriae 2 weakly impressed; striae rather deeply impressed, punctures half as large as on disc; interstrial punctures rather fine, abundant and confused on 1 and 3, almost uniseriate on 2; none of punctures granulate. Vestiture rather coarse, slightly longer on declivity, longest setae equal in length to about one and one-half times the width of an interstriae. Female.— Very similar to male except de- clivital interstriae with smaller punctures and each with a median row of very coarse, somewhat pointed tubercles, tubercles spaced by a distance slightly less than width of an interstriae. Distribution.- British Columbia and Al- berta to California and Chihuahua. CANADA; Alberta: Waterton. British Columbia: Aus- tralian, Babine Lake, Barriere, Bestwick, Boston Bar, Britain River, Buttle Lake, Campbell River, Canim Lake, Cowichan Lake, Cumberland. Fernie, Fraser Riv- er Valley, Grant Lake, Hamilton Lake, Kaniloops, Kettle River Valley, Lae LaHache, Lillooet River Valley, Lum- by, MaCallister. Merritt, Nimpkish Valley, Okanagan Lake, Prince George, Quesnel, Seymour Narrows, Soda Ck., Trinity Valley, Upper Campbell Lake, Vancouver, Vernon, West Kettle River Valley, Williams Lake, Windermere Lake, Wogs Lake. USA: Arizona: Chiri- cahua Mts., Flagstaff, San Francisco Mts., Santa Cata- lina Mts. California: Alameda Co., Alma, Bean Ck., Big Basin, Boulder Ck., Callahan, Camp Meeker, Chester, Coulterville, Dead Horse Summit in Siskiyou Co., Field- brook, Foresthill, Gaberville, Green Point, Guerneville, Hackamore. Half Moon Bay, Happy Camp in Siskivou Co., Lagimita.s, La Honda, Lights Ck., McCloud, Mead- ow Valley, Moffat Ck. in Siskiyou Co., Mohawk, Palo Alto, Placerville, Point Reyes, Quincy, Santa Cruz, Tri- nity Co., Upper Lake in Lake Co., Wrights, Yellow Ck. Colorado: Colorado Springs, Ft. Garland, Gunnison N. P., Moffat, Pagosa Springs, Palmer Lake, San Isabel N. F., San Juan N. F., Saguache. Idaho: Beaver Canyon in Nez Perce Co., Beaver Ck. in Logan Canyon (Utah), Henry's Lake, Kooskia, Kootenai, Pioneerville, Priest River, Sandpoint, Smiths Ferry, Stites. Montana: Apgar, Belton, Bozeman, Columbia Falls, Fish Ck. Station, Ka- lispell, Lake McDonald, Middle Ck. in Gallatin Co., Ovando. New JVIexico: Capitan, Gloudcroft, Santa Fe, Tres Ritos, Vermejo Pk. Oregon: .A.shland, Clover Ck.,' Cloud Springs, Corvallis, Detroit, Dixie Pass, Elk Ck.! Forest Grove, Grants Pass, Hood River, Jewell, Klamath N. F., MacDonald Forest, Mary's Peak, Mistletoe, Mt. Angel, Myrtle Point, Newport, Oregon Caves, Otis, Philomath, Pinehurst, Portland, St. Helens, Salmon Riv- er, Santiam N. F., Siskiyou Mts., Sumpter, Tillamook, Tiller, Waldo. Utah: Cache N. F., Logan Canyon, Pan- guitch, Parowan Canyon, Provo Canyon, Sanford' Can- yon. Washington: .\shford. Buckeye, Curlew, Des Moines, Easton, Fairfax, Grays Harbor City, Hoodsport, Hoquiam, Kent, Keyport, La Grande, Longmire, Mered- ith, Metaline Falls, Monroe, Mt. Rainier N. P., North Bend, Northport, Orting, Port Angeles, Port Williams, Pullman, Puyallup, Quiault, Sappho, Satsop, Seattle! Shelton, Stimpson Ck. in Mason Co., Vancouver. Wyom- ing: Saratoga. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 68 km W San Juanito, La Magdalena. Hosts.— Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. macro- carpa, and less commonly from Larix occi- dentalis and Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.— This is a primary insect enemy of Douglas fir. Although estimate of damage inflicted by it are not available for all regions where it occurs, it may be responsible for an average annual loss approaching .5 billion board feet of timber. The winter is passed chiefly as young adults, although some larvae and parent adults also overwinter successfully. Flight ac- tivity may begin as early as the first of April and evidently continues at least until early September. Two principal periods of flight activity occur: the first during May or June is composed of overwintered young adults; the second during July or August is composed of beetles that overwintered as larvae and of parent adults reemerging from their first set Fig. 83. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae: A, adult; B, eggs; C, larva; D, pupa. (After Bedard I950:,3.) 202 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 of galleries. The exact timing of each princi- pal flight period may vary from locality to locality with altitude, latitude, exposure, pe- culiarities of a particular season, or other lo- cal ecological factors. Ordinarily the material selected for attack includes stumps, windfalls, broken logs, or other injured or prostrate trees larger than eight inches in diameter. However, when populations are high or when assisted by drought, healthy, vigorous standing timber may be selected. The attack on a standing tree usually begins in the upper midbole area and progresses upward and downward from that point. In prostrate material, at least when the bark is relatively thick, the beetles attack the sides and upper surfaces as well as Fig. 83 continued, E, adults and eggs in gallery. (After Bedard 1950:5). the lower. The attack is slow and continuous, without any sudden or concerted swarming of the beetles. Its duration is variable, evi- dently depending on the population density of beetles in the area, upon resistance of the host, or upon local climatic or other local ecological factors. It may be completed in a few days or it may continue for more than a year and involve two or possibly more suc- cessive generations. The egg galleries are constructed almost entirely in the inner bark; they are in contin- ual contact with the cambium and may very lightly score or at least stain the wood. They are straight or nearly so, and parallel the grain of the wood. The initial attack is made by the female beetle in a crevice of the bark. Soon after be- ginning the attack she is joined by a male who takes over the fimction of removing frass from the entrance hole. Mating evidently oc- curs within a few hours after the cambium is reached. After the gallery has been extended several centimeters the male may pack the lower areas with the frass, thereby closing the entrance hole, or he may leave the gal- lery in search of another female. Most of the galleries are from about 12 to 30 cm in length, but are known to exceed 90 cm. As with other species, ventilation tunnels are placed at irregular intervals, or they may be entirely absent. The maximum number of ventilation tunnels counted in more than a hundred galleries measured during this study was four; about 80 percent of the galleries had two ventilation tunnels. Oviposition may begin within two or three days after the attack; according to Vite and Rudinsky (1957:157) the first eggs, under controlled laboratory conditions, may appear within 36 hours after the attack begins. Eggs evidently may be found throughout the peri- od of summer activity until about early Sep- tember. According to Chamberlin (1918:20) one female may produce as many as 160 eggs in one gallery; the maximum number counted during this study was 102 in a gallery only partly complete. Eggs are deposited in grooves about 2-4 mm deep along the sides of the gallery, near but not necessarily touching the cambium. The grooves are placed alternately on the sides, without overlapping or without more 1982 TOMICINI 203 than a few millimeters between the end of the groove on one side and the beginning of the next on the other side. The grooves vary considerably in length, ranging from less than 1 to more than 8 cm. The eggs are deposited in a single row in contact with one another and oriented with the long axis perpendicular to the egg gallery and more or less parallel to the cambium. It is presumed that the larvae emerge from the egg at the end farthest from the egg gallery. This habit of orienting the eggs is peculiar in the genus among the spe- cies observed during this study, and presum- ably is associated with the fact that the lar- vae construct independent mines, rather than working in congress as with other species that deposit masses of eggs in common grooves. The eggs are held in position by a rather thick layer or partition of coarse, fibrous frass that separates them from the egg gallery. Following the period of oviposition most of the females reemerge to construct a second set of galleries. The period of incubation varies consid- erably with various factors, particularly tem- perature. Vite and Rudinsky (1957:161) found, imder controlled conditions, that it ranged from about 6 to 28 days. Under field conditions estimates of the incubation period range from 8 to 24 days. Under controlled conditions, Vite and Rudinsky (1957:161) found that larval development required about 19 to 72 days and the pupal period about 5 to 18 days. The larvae construct indi- vidual mines more or less perpendicular to the egg gallery and are in continual contact with the cambium area. They increase gradu- ally in diameter and tend to fan out some- what as they progress. Unless crowding oc- curs, they normally do not cross one another. Near the end of larval development a pupal chamber may be cleared in the cambium area at the end of the larval mine, or the lar- va may bore out into the bark for a variable distance before pupating. The young adults overwinter in the brood galleries and emerge the following spring. Larvae that develop from eggs deposited in the fall may not ma- ture before the onset of cold weather and, therefore, pass the winter as larvae. These larvae mature early in the following summer and may emerge in July or August, or, evi- dently, they may overwinter in the brood galleries (Bedard 1950:9). There is one com- plete generation and possibly a partial second generation each year. Notes.— Since this species was originally validated in 1905 and the type cited by Hop- kins (1909aa:121) was collected in 1908, a type evidently does not exist. For this reason, the specimen considered to be the type by Hopkins (1909a: 121), specified above, is here designated as the neotype of pseudotsugae Hopkins. The above treatment was based on this neotype and on about 2800 other specimens. Tribe PHRIXOSOMINI Phrixosomini Wood, 1978, Ann. See. Ent. France 14:111 (Type-genus: Phrixosoma Blandford, 1897) Anatomical features.— The frons is not sexually dimorphic, the eye is completely di- vided, the antennal hinicle is 6-segmented, the club is unmarked by sutures except that 1 is partly septate, the procoxae are con- tiguous, the scutellar area of the metathorax is separated from the postnotum by a definite suture, and the tibiae are armed by socketed denticles. Biological features.- All species are monogamous and phloeophagous. The paren- tal tunnels are biramous. Eggs are placed in niches. The larval mines follow a definite course and rarely cross one another. Sym- biotic relationships with fungi have not been reported. All known species breed in tropical trees of the family Guttiferae. Taxonomy.— The unique genus in this monobasic tribe occurs in Central and South America and in Africa. The genus appears to be ancient and apparently predates the sepa- ration of South America and Africa. Species differences are minute; some South American forms are scarcely distinguishable from some African species. They are remotely allied to the Asiatic Hyorrhynchini; both tribes appar- ently represent relics of ancient groups now virtually extinct. Genus PHRIXOSOMA Blandford Phrixosoma Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6); 148 (Type-species: Phrixosoma rude Blandford, monobasic) Bothryperiis Hagedorn, 1909, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 6:742 (Type-species: Bothryperiis psaltes Hage- dorn, monobasic); Schedl, 1963, Ent. Abh. Der. Tierk, Dresden 28:258. Synonymy Neohylesinus Eggers, 1920, Ent. Bliitt. 16:118 (Type- species: Neohylesinus qitadrioculatus Eggers, monobasic); Eggers, 1927, Rev. Zool. Afr. 15:196. Synonymy Sphacrosinus' Eggers, 1929, Tijdschr. Ent. 72:40 (Type- species: Sphaerosiniis striatus Eggers, monobasic) Diagnosis.— The completely divided eye, the 6-segmented antennal funicle with pro- curved sutures on the club, the cylindrical third tarsal segments, and the unique sexual dimorphism distinguish this genus. Description.- Length 1.6-2.5 mm; 2.0-2.3 times as long as wide; frons convex, not dimorphic, usually with a fine, long, me- dian carina. Eye completely divided. Anten- nal scape long, funicle 6-segmented; club slightly asymmetrical, with three procurved sutures, lateral two-thirds of 1 septate. Pro- notum unarmed, punctured to obscurely granulate. Scutellum present. Elytra ascend- ing behind on costal margin; declivity con- vex, gradual, short; striae impressed, punc- tures small to obsolete; interstriae finely granulate; vestiture short, mostly hairlike, of- ten coarse. Anterior coxae contiguous; ante- rior margin of pronotum extending as ridge to coxal margin then continuing as an inter- coxal ridge. Vertex sexually dimorphic in two species. Distribution.- About 11 species from Central and South America and eight from Africa are known. Biology.- Representatives of this monog- amous genus attack the limbs and bole of trees of the family Guttiferae, where they construct tunnels in the phloem tissues. Their bi- or triramous parental galleries usually en- grave the wood lightly; the short larval mines appear to wander aimlessly in the phloem. Key to the species of Phrixosoma 1. Slender species, 2.3 times as long as wide; pronotum closely, rather deeply punctured- striae at base of declivity almost as wide as interstriae; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.2-2.3 mm 1- ^ude Blandford 204 ^^^^ Phrixosomini 205 Stout species, 2.0 times as long as wide; pronotum granulate, punctures obscure; striae at base of declivity about half as wide as interstriae 2 2(1). Interstrial granules confused throughout disc, rarely a single row toward de- chvital base; elytral setae much finer, often longer; frons with a fine median carma; vertex not dimorphic; Costa Rica to Panama and Colombia; Sumphonia globulifera 1.8-2.5 mm 2. obesum Blackman Interstrial granules and setae on posterior half of disc distinctly three-ranked- all elytral setae stouter, often almost scalelike; female vertex transversely impressed and ridged r. 3(2). Smaller; interstrial granules confused almost to middle of disc; discal inter- striae usually wider, about twice as wide as striae; anterior slope of pronotum finely granulate; frons commonly devoid of median carina; female impression on vertex weak, its upper margin weakly ridged; Honduras to Panama and Venezuela; Rheedia edulis; 1.6-2.0 mm 3. ^f^^r Wood Larger; interstrial granules three-ranked almost to base; discal interstriae usu- ally three times as wide as striae; anterior slope of pronotum obscurely if at all granulate; transverse impression on female vertex, its upper margin abruptly ridged; Honduras; in C/u.ta/7flrfl; 1.9-2.5 mm 4. clusiae Wood 1. Phrixosoma rude Blandford punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, armed by Phrixosoma rude Bhndiord, 1897. Biol. Centr. Amer., moderately high, isolated, rather close gran- designation) msed. JJeclivity convex, moderately steep; Diagnosis.- This rather unique species is interstriae narrower than on disc, more distinguished from others in the genus by the nearly convex, reticulate, granules reduced in more slender body form, by the very fine, ^^^^ ^"^ number. Vestiture hairlike, three hairlike pubescence, and by the more clearly, ^°^^ °^ ^^*^^ °" ^^*^^ interstriae, middle row more deeply punctured pronotum. slightly less than twice as long as others and Female.- Length 2.2-2.3 mm, 2.3 times as ^^ig^tly shorter than distance between me- long as wide; color black. <^a" ''O^s. Frons broadly convex, a shallow, transverse Distribution.- Costa Rica and Panama. impression just above epistomal margin; sur- ^?-^Jt^^^^ ^!T ''^"^' ^^" ^°'^' ^'^^'^'^^ ^^^ "^' fo^. rofU^ 1^1 '^'6"'' ^"' no. 2o4, Rheedia edulis, S. L. Wood. PANAMA- Volcan face rather coarsely reticulate, with rather de Chinqui, G. C. Champion ^-^ama. voican small, rounded granules, a fine, low, median Host.- Rheedia edulis carina extending from just below upper level Biology.- One female was taken from a of eyes to epistomal margin; vestiture largely newly constructed entrance tunnel in the confined to epistomal area. phloem of a cut limb about 7 cm in diameter. Pronotum 0.85 times as long as wide; Notes.- The above treatment was based widest near base, sides rather strongly ar- on my Santa Ana specimen and on the two cuate on basal half weakly constricted just specimens of Blandford's series of three syn- before rather broadly rounded anterior mar- types now in the British Museum. Because a gin; surface shining, almost smooth, punc- type has not been selected, I here designate tures moderately small, close, rather deep, the first of the two specimens remaining in oval o irregular in shape, becoming finely Blandford's series as the lectotype of the spe- granulate toward base; vestiture very fine, cies as indicated above. ^ hairlike, inconspicuous. as Sf! ^'^ *'T "' ^T^ f "^'^'^ ^l""'"' 2. Phrixosoma obesum Blackman as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and „, . parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly "^''"'T^fm ft 7 '?'' r" ■ "'n ""f.^'''' rr..,r.rl^^ U^u • J ^ • . "'^""'Y 94:393 (Holotvpe, female; Gatun, Canal Zone, rounded behind; striae narrowly impressed, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mas., 56572) 206 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— Although not closely related, this species differs from rude Blandford by the characters summarized in the above key, by the much finer frontal granules, by the more numerous, smaller elytral granules, by the more abundant elytral vestiture, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in rude except frontal granules much smaller and more widely spaced. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, strongly converging to prominent constriction just be- fore broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face rather finely, shallowly punctured near center, punctures largely replaced in basal and lateral areas by small, irregularly formed, roimded granules or rugae, with rather coarse reticulation interspersed in depressions; vesti- ture fine, rather short, hairlike. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae strongly impressed, punctvires rather fine; interstriae three or more times as wide as striae, surface strongly reticulate, rather densely armed by isolated, confused granules. Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, tubercles less definite, uniseriate. Vestiture reddish yellow, consisting of rather abundant fine, short, interstrial hair, and a row of longer bristles on each interstriae; bristles fine toward base, course on declivity, almost twice as long as ground vestiture, about two-thirds as long as distance between rows. Male.— Distinguished from female only by differences in posterior abdominal terga. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama to Colombia and (?)Brazil. COSTA RICA: Moravia, Cartago, 11-III-64, 500 m, no. 470, Symphonia glohiilifera, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Dam- itas, Dota Mountains, San Jose, 18-11-64, 500 m. No. 434, Siimphonia globulifera, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Gatun, Canal Zone, 7-IV-ll, Sehwarz. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, (?)Brazil (one doubtful specimen in the Cana- dian Nat. Coll.). Host.— Symphonia globulifera, Rheedia madruho (Colombia). Biology.— Felled trees about 25-35 cm in diameter were attacked in large numbers. The larvae almost completely consumed the phloem tissues. Apparently the adult galleries were biramous and transverse; they scarcely engraved the wood. Notes.— Examples from Moravia used for the above treatment were compared to the type. For this study 36 specimens were examined. 3. Phrixosoma minor Wood Fig. 98 Phrixosoma minor Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:248 (Holotype, male; La Ceiba, Honduras; Wood Coll.) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from clusiae Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.- Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons below upper level of eyes as in obe- sum except carina shorter, often absent, ves- titure above more conspicuous; lateral area of vertex just above and behind eye with margin of facial sculpture strongly sinuate, very weakly impressed; impression contin- uing along pubescent margin of vertex to a slight sinuation on median line, dorsolateral margin of pronotum with a matching, less well developed sinuation. Pronotum 0.77 times as long as wide; widest at base, weakly arcuate and feebly converging on basal third, then strongly, ar- cuately converging to moderate constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface finely, very closely, shallowly punc- tured, very finely, obscurely granulate be- hind, obscurely reticulate in most areas, min- utely asperate in anterior areas; vestiture of fine, semirecumbent hair and rather coarse, erect hair. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in obesum; striae impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, surface reticulate, armed by closely set, isolated granules, these confused on basal third, in three distinct ranks to declivity, two marginal ranks gradually reduced on declivi- ty and obsolete before middle. Declivity con- vex, moderately steep; interstriae not wider than striae, more nearly convex, each with a median row of obscure granules. Vestiture of coarse, short setae, largely in three rows on each interstriae, median bristle a third longer 1982 Phrixosomini 207 than lateral setae and about two-thirds as long as distance between rows of bristles. Male.— Similar to female except vertex and anterior margin of pronotum not modi- fied by impression or sinuation. Distribution.- Honduras to Panama, Co- lombia, and Venezuela. HONDURAS; La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20, 26, 29-V, 1, 10- VI, 26-VIII-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, 30- VIII, &-IX-63, 1300 m, Nos. 157, 254, Rheedia edulis, S. L. Wood; Playon, Puntarenas, 25 m. No. 453, Symphonia globulifera, S. L. Wood. PAN- AMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 70 m. No. 234, Symphonia globulifera, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela. Hosts.- Rheedia edulis and Symphonia globulifera. Biology.- The bole and branches down to about 3 cm in diameter are attacked. The egg galleries are primarily biramous and trans- verse, although diagonal or even partly longi- tudinal systems were not uncommon and sev- eral were triramous. The larval mines were rather short and wandered indiscriminately. Notes.- The holotype, allotype, six para- types, and 216 other specimens were exam- ined. Those from Costa Rica and Panama tended to have the impression on the female vertex more strongly developed, but the dif- ference was slight. 4. Phrixosoma clusiae Wood Phrixosoma clusiae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): I (Holotype, female; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from minor Wood by the larger size, by the much more strongly impressed female vertex, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Female.- Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly convex with epistomal mar- gin to upper level of eyes; rather strongly. transversely, arcuately impressed from just above upper level of eyes to vertex, upper margin of this groove abruptly angled; lateral angles of groove produced laterally, causing a pronounced sinuation in line where pub- escent and nonpubescent areas meet; vesti- ture hairlike, short, rather abundant, extend- ing to vertex. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides uniformly, convergently arcuate to weak constriction just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; an- terior third very minutely asperate, asperities on margin somewhat larger; surface rather closely marked by low, subtuberculate, short, irregular rugae (remnants of interspaces be- tween obsolete punctures), depressed areas reticulate; vestiture consisting of very fine, short hair. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in obesum; striae narrowly impressed, punctures smalli distinct; interstriae almost three times as wide as striae, reticulate, granules rather large rounded, three-ranked almost to base except on 2, marginal rows of granules be- coming smaller by middle of disc and obso- lete by upper fourth of declivity. Declivity and vestiture as in minor. Male.— Similar to female except frontal carina absent, vertex and anterior margin of pronotum not modified, and asperities on an- terior third of pronotum almost obsolete. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-VI-64, 700 m No. 561, C/i«ia/7flia, S. L. Wood. Host.— Clusia flava. Biology.- Essentially as described above for minor. Notes.— The above treatment was modi- fied from the original description and was based on the type series of 12 specimens. Tribe BOTHROSTERNINI BoTHBOSTERNi Blandfofd, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 120 (Type-genus: Bothrosternus Eichhoff, 1868) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally sexually dimorphic, the eye is entire, the antennal funicle is 6-segmented, the club symmetrical, moderately flattened, the su- tures are indicated, the procoxae are moder- ately separated, the pronotum is unarmed, the protibia bears a bifid process on the outer apical angle that exceeds the inner apical angle, crenulations on the elytral bases are poorly developed, and the metatergum is fused to its postnotum and at least the me- dian half of the suture is obliterated. Biological features.— All species are thought to be monogamous; however, there are indications that some type of parthenoge- nesis occurs in Bothrosternus. Most species are pith borers in twigs and small branches, except Pagiocerus breeds in large seeds and Bothrosternus apparently is mycetophagous in pith tunnels. Cnesinus annectens Wood forms a connecting link between the bi- ramous timnels in the cambium and the pith feeding habits (see the biology of that spe- cies). The eggs are usually placed loosely or packed indiscriminantly in frass in part of the parental tunnel; the larvae usually feed com- munally as they extend the parental gallery. Taxonomy.— This tribe is restricted to the American tropics, although two species ex- tend their ranges into the southeastern United States. Their closest relatives appear to be the Diamerini of Africa and the Indo- Australian area. Although this tribe is unique in the American fauna, the genera within the tribe differ from one another only slightly and may be recognized with difficulty in some instances. Genus CNESINUS LeConte Cnesimts LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:171 (Type-Species: Cnesinus stigicollis LeConte, monobasic) Nemophilus Chapuis, 1869, Synopis des Scolytides, p. 27 (Type-species: Nemophilus strigillatus Chapuis = Cnesinus strigicoUis LeConte, subsequent des- ignation by Hopkins, 1914:125); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:378. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Within the Bothrosternini this genus is distinguished by the rounded lat- eral margins of the pronotum and by the straight, transverse sutures of the antennal club. Description.— Length 1.6-3.5 mm, 2.4-2.8 times as long as wide; male frons flat- tened to moderately excavated on lower half and usually ornamented, sometimes elabo- rately, by setae, female frons shallowly im- pressed to strongly convex, the sculpture of- ten simple, but in many species variously armed by tubercles, carinae, and setae. Eye sinuate to shallowly emarginate on anterior margin, often oval and widely separated, at times very elongate and subcontiguous. An- tennal funicle 6-segmented; club slender, symmetrical, about two to three times as long as wide, about equally divided by three straight, transverse sutures, suture 3 obsolete in some species. Pronotum varying from smooth, with fine punctures, to coarsely, lon- gitudinally strigose; usually unarmed. Scutel- lum small, round. Crenulations on elytral bases small, close, abundant, obscurely de- fined laterally in most species, in most primi- tive species elytral bases transversely carinate with punctures positioned just behind points where crenulations should be located; striae varying from unimpressed with normal punc- tures to narrowly, deeply impressed with confluent or even obsolete punctures; inter- striae usually weakly convex, subcarinate in two species. Declivity convex to shallowly impressed, unarmed except for small tu- bercles in a few species. Vestiture varying from almost total absence to very abundant; usually hairlike, rarely with scales. 208 1"°2 BOTHROSTERNINI 209 Distribution.- Southeastern United construct individual mines. The young adults States and central Mexico to Argentina. Ap- normally emerge through the parental en- proximately 70 species are known; 38 are trance hole. One species (annectens Wood) from Mexico and Central America, one spe- departs radically from the usual habits and cies occiu-s in the United States. provides an interesting and perhaps signifi- BioLOGY.- The adult female bores in small cant behavioral connection to other bark twigs, branches, or woody vines usually beetles. A mated female evidently can con- 0.5-2.0 cm in diameter, where she is joined struct a second or perhaps even a third pa- by a male, then constructs a simple, un- rental gallery without the aid of a male In branched, axial tunnel that may extend in ei- some local populations of certain species ther or both directions from the entrance males are uncommon or entirely absent The tunnel. Eggs are scattered in the frass in the disproportionate number of females suggests tunnel, usually near the ends. The larvae wid- partial parthenogenesis, although this has not en and extend the parental gallery and do not been demonstrated. Key to the Species of Cnesinus (Modified from Wood 1968) 1. Elytral vestiture largely confined to declivity (except degener), hairlike; pro- notal punctures usually elongate but ordinarily not strongly strigose; female frons without a transverse carina, an epistomal elevation may occur in either sex; striae usually less strongly impressed, punctures larger and usually im- pressed individually (except retifer); interstrial punctures tending to be uniseriate (several exceptions) 2 - Elytral vestiture abundant, normally extending to base, essentially scalelike, less commonly hairlike; pronotum longitudinally strigose (except frontalis); frons of one sex or both commonly with a carina or other prominent elevation,' striae commonly abruptly, deeply impressed, punctures usually partly con- fluent or even obsolete; interstrial punctures usually more abundant, confused 23 2(1). Frons devoid of an epistomal elevation in both sexes, male without conspicuous epistomal vestiture; entire frontal area dull, reticulate, lower area at most flattened, upper area rather strongly, broadly convex; small species, 1.6-2.2 mm .... 3 - Frons with a conspicuous epistomal callus or other elevation, male, sometimes also female, with at least one transverse row of stout setae on upper margin or upper slope of callus; frontal area usually partly or entirely shining, moder- ately to strongly impressed on at least part of lower half; size variable, 1.5-3.5 mm f. 3(2). Interstriae on posterior half of disc and on declivity narrowly costate, discal surface dull, minutely nigose-reticulate over striae' and interstriae; pronotal disc with long, fine, rather abundant hair; Costa Rica; 2.5 mm 1. bicostatus Schedl - Interstriae flat to moderately convex, except bicostate from base in costulatus and porcatus a 4(3). Surface of pronotum and elytra reticulate, dull; strial punctures confluent, al- most entirely obsolete; declivital bristles stout, spaced within a row by dis- tances equal to two-thirds length of a bristle, between rows by length of a bristle; Panama; 1.8-2.0 mm 2. retifer Wood - Surface of pronotum and elytra shining; strial punctures distinct; declivital bristles somewhat more slender, spaced within rows and between rows by length of a bristle 5 210 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 5(4). Eyes separated by 2.2 times width of an eye; female frons between upper part of eyes transversely convex and ornamented by abundant, fine, moderately long, yellowish hair; convexity of male frons more pronounced and extensive, not more than lower third flattened; declivital striae 2 and 3 equally im- pressed; interstriae 2 devoid of granules, 3 sometimes with a few minute granules; Honduras to Colombia; 1.8-2.1 mm 3. gracilis Blandford — Eyes separated by 1.5 times width of an eye; female frons transversely flat, ves- titure sparse, inconspicuous; lower half of male frons flattened; declivital striae 1 much more strongly impressed than 2, interstriae 2 and 3 each armed by a row of rounded granules; Guatemala to Panama; 1.5-1.8 mm 4. pullus Blandford 6(2). Male epistomal callus unarmed by tubercles, female callus bearing on dorsal slope a tuft of uniformly short, stout, decorative bristles (except only one row in electus in which eyes separated by much less than width of an eye); smaller species, 1.6-2.9 mm ' - Female epistomal callus armed by a pair of pointed tubercles or by a large, un- paired elevation, male callus ornamented by not more than one uniseriate, transverse row of only slightly modified decorative bristles; eyes always sepa- rated by a distance at least as great as width of an eye; larger species, 2.5-3.9 mm 13 .8 10 7(6). Eyes separated above by less than 1.0 times width of an eye - Eyes separated by more than 2.0 times width of an eye 8(7). Female epistomal callus poorly developed, its lower slope descending gradu- ally, upper slope ornamented by only one transverse row of ornamental bristles; declivital interstriae 1 to 3 feebly if at all convex; declivital interstrial vestiture consisting of rows of erect bristles and moderately sparse, fine, supplemental hair; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.6 mm 5. electus Wood - Epistomal callus of male abruptly precipitous below, its upper slope orna- mented by numerous bristles not confined to a single row; declivital interstriae rather narrowly convex; declivital vestiture consisting entirely of rows of erect, interstrial bristles; smaller species ^ 9(8). Ornamental bristles on female epistomal callus longer, about equal in length, thickness, and color to those on other frontal areas above; punctures on ante- rolateral area of pronotum elongate, rarely confluent; punctures of pronotum and elytra very shghtly larger; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.6-1.9 mm 6. intermedins Schedl - Ornamental bristles on female epistomal callus reddish in color, about half as long as more slender yellowish setae on other frontal areas; punctures on ante- rolateral area of pronotum elongate and many confluent, appearing more nearly substrigose; punctures of pronotum and elytra very slightly smaller, Veracruz to Colombia; 1.7-1.9 mm 7. blackmani Schedl 10(7). Body stout, less than 2.1 times as long as wide; Puebla to Panama; 2.3-3.0 mm 8. punctatus Blandford - Body more slender, at least 2.4 times as long as wide; smaller species, 2.0-2.5 mm 11(10). Pronotum rather deeply, coarsely punctured, punctures mostly very elongate (about three or more times as long as wide), substrigose; interstriae more nar- rowly convex, only slightly wider than striae; Panama; 2.0-2.5 mm 9. niger Wood 1982 BOTHROSTERNINI 211 - Pronotum with rather fine, shallow punctures, punctures oval, rarely as much as twice as long as wide (one specimen very shallowly, minutely substrigose); interstriae less strongly convex, almost twice as wide as striae ' 12 12(11). Lower margin of female epistomal callus sharply, rather precipitously defined along an almost straight, transverse line; body 2.6 times as long as wide, pro- notum with minute points between punctures (at 40X magnification)- striae less strongly impressed; Jalisco; 2.1-2.5 mm 10. electinus Wood - Lower margin of female epistomal callus not sharply defined, with a fine me- dian tubercle (absent in a few specimens) on lower margin; body 2.4 times as long as wide; pronotum with minute points scarcelv visible at 80X; striae more strongly impressed; Puebla; 2.0-2.4 mm [ H. myelitis Wood 13(6). Female epistomal callus armed by a pair of pointed tubercles; declivital interstriae feebly if at all convex, armed by rows of fine setiferous granules 14 - Female epistomal area armed by an unpaired median elevation; declivital interstriae narrowly convex, not high, entirely unarmed 20 14(13). Frons concavely impressed to slightly above upper level of eyes, female epis- tomal tubercles very large; pronotal punctures obsolete, surface strongly, lon- gitudinally strigose; discal interstriae each armed by median row of rounded granules; Michoacan to Morelia; 3.3-3.8 mm 12. bicornus Wood - Frontal impression ending well below upper level of eyes, female epistomal tu- bercles much smaller; pronotum substrigose, elongate punctures distinct; discal interstriae unarmed by granules (except degener); smaller species .' 15 15(14). Elytral vestiture extending to disc, ground vestiture rather abundant, stout; dis- cal interstriae with fine granules; body stout, 2.4-2.5 {brighti 2.7) times as long as wide Elytral vestiture usually absent on disc, ground vestiture (when present) fine, hairlike; body more slender, more than 2.7 {coracinus 2.5) times as long as wide; female frons usually more strongly convex between eyes; mostly larger, 2.1-3.4 mm 16 18 16(15). Discal interstriae almost flat, without evident granules; body slender, 2.7 times as long as wide; discal strial punctures small, separately impressed; elytral ves- titure abundant, rather coarse, length of each seta about equal to width of interstriae; Chiapas; 2.2-2.6 mm 15. hrighti Wood - Discal interstriae each with a row of fine granules; body shghtly stouter 17 17(16). Smaller; interstrial bristles about as long as width of one interstriae; declivity with strial punctures rather coarse and interstriae 2 and 3 with distinct granules; Oaxaca to Veracruz; 2.0-2.3 mm 13. degener Wood - Larger; interstrial bristles at least twice as long as width of one interstriae; de- clivity with strial punctures rather fine, interstriae 1-3 without evident granules; Guatemala; 2.8 mm 14. paleatus Blandford 18(15). Pronotum almost smooth, punctures oval to elongate, rarely confluent; frontal pubescence long, evidently more abundant; Puebla and Veracruz to Panama and Venezuela; 2.4-2.8 mm (see also 17. theocallus) 16. elegans Blandford - Pronotum moderately strigose, most punctures longitudinally confluent; frontal pubescence much shorter, less abundant, rather inconspicuous 19 19(18). Larger, more slender; declivital setae more slender, at least twice as long as distance between rows; declivital interstrial granules almost obsolete; Chiapas to Guatemala; 3.0-3.4 mm 18. elegantis Wood 212 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Smaller, stouter; declivital bristles rather stout, in definite rows, each as long as distance between rows; declivital interstrial granules conspicuous on all interstriae; Chiapas; 2.1-2.3 mm 19. coracinus Wood 20(13). Epistoma armed by a rather small, median tubercle; pronotal punctures oval, not extended by longitudinal strigose lines; punctures obsolete on declivital striae 1-3; Morelos(?); 2.3 mm 20. garrulus Schedl — Median epistomal elevation large, flattened on its summit, its sides precipitous; pronotal punctures elongate, usually extended by longitudinally strigose lines; strial punctures evident on declivity 21 21(20). Epistoma armed by a large, median, pentagonal elevation, its sides precipitous, flattened on its summit, its two dorsal sides pubescent; declivital interstriae 2 convex, its punctures displaced to its mesal base, its convexity impunctate; Costa Rica; 2.8-3.5 mm 23. gibbosus Wood — Epistoma armed by a large, median, subtriangular elevation, its sides precipi- tous, its summit flattened, its lower margin arcuate, its upper margins straight and pubescent; declivital interstriae 2 convex and punctured along its summit 22 22(21). Larger; pronotal punctures oval, feebly if at all strigose, almost never con- fluent; eyes more narrowly spaced; central area of frons smooth, brightly shining; "Mexico"; 3.0 mm 21. quaesitus Schedl — Smaller; pronotal punctures much more strongly strigose, about a third of them longitudinally confluent; eyes more widely spaced; central area of frons minutely, transversely strigose; Costa Rica; 2.4-2.8 mm 22. gibbulus Wood 23(1). Female frons not armed by a transverse carina; male frons rather broadly im- pressed at least on lower half, extending in some species to above upper level of eyes; male epistoma variable, ornamental bristles usually more extensive (entirely absent in annectens) 24 — Female frons armed by a transverse carina well above epistomal area and be- low upper level of eyes; males of several species lack a frontal impression, im- pression never extending more than half distance from epistomal margin to up- per level of eyes; male epistoma ornamented by only one uniseriate, transverse row of bristles (a double row in one species) 27 24(23). Female frons flattened to well above upper level of eyes, lower two-thirds of median three-fourths occupied by a subcircular, very minutely, densely pilose area; male frons broadly, subconcavely impressed on lower two-thirds of area below upper level of eyes; vestiture on pronotum and on elytral disc fine, hairlike; Guatemala to Panama; 2.7-3.3 mm 24. lecontei Blandford — Female frons strongly impressed below, impression ending below upper level of eyes; epistomal callus developed, specialized bristles much less extensive, ei- ther entirely absent or much longer; epistomal callus evident in male and usu- ally ornamented by a transverse row of setae on its upper margin; setae on elytral disc at least partly stout, almost scalelike; smaller 25 25(24). Anterolateral angles of pronotum armed by a row of small, basally contiguous asperities; ground vestiture on elytral disc hairlike, median row of stout bristles on each interstriae at least as long as distance between rows and spaced within rows by similar distances; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.3 mm 25. perplexus Wood — Anterolateral angles of pronotum imarmed; elytral ground vestiture on disc stout, more than half as long as erect bristles, bristles more closely spaced within row, not more than two-thirds as long as distance between rows 26 1982 BOTHROSTERNINI 213 26(25). Female frontal impression extending two-thirds of distance to upper level of eyes, convex above; epistomal callus narrowly carinate, occupying median two-thirds, its upper slope and lower third (or more) of impressed area bearing long, reddish, ornamental bristles; female epistomal callus evident, one trans- verse row of simple setae present; pronotum more coarsely strigose; strial punctures largely confluent; declivital striae rather strongly impressed; Veracruz; 2.2-2.5 mm 26. atavus Wood — Female frontal impression extending to about upper level of eyes; epistomal callus reduced, not occupying more than median half in either sex, not orna- mented by setae, except for long, fine hair on lateral and upper margins in im- pression of male; pronotum obscurely strigose, rather closely granulose; strial punctures mostly distinct; declivital striae only moderately impressed; Honduras; 1.9-2.5 mm 27. annectens Wood 27(23). Elytral striae on disc very strongly impressed, sutural interstriae carinate, others essentially bicarinate, with median area subsulcate and uniseriately punctured between elevated margins, vestiture hairlike; female carina almost straight, extending from eye to eye at level of ocular emargination 28 — Discal interstriae flat or convex, never carinate, punctures confused, vestiture usually abundant, somewhat scalelike; female carina crescent-shaped, its arms extending slightly dorsolaterad, usually shorter and usually located somewhat lower on frons 29 28(27). Smaller, 2.0-2.3 mm; female frons above carina shining, usually with a few minute impressed points; ground vestiture on elytral declivity less abundant, major setae usually finer and longer; pronotal rugae usually slightly coarser; Costa Rica to Panama and Colombia 28. costulatus Blandford — Larger, 2.8-3.1 mm; female frons above carina reticulate, dull; declivital ground vestiture more abundant, major setae usually coarser and shorter; pronotal rugae usually finer; Guatemala to Venezuela 29. porcatus Blandford 29(27). Elytral apices extended posteriorly and broadly emarginate at suture; declivital interstriae 1, 5, and 9 elevated; discal ground vestiture on elytra consisting of broad scales, each scale almost as wide as long; Costa Rica to Panama and Venezuela; 1.7-2.1 mm 30. squamosus Wood — Elytra rather broadly rounded behind, discal vestiture on elytra more slender, each seta at least four times as long as wide; declivital interstriae not conspicuously elevated 30 30(29). Female transverse frontal carina occupying more than two-thirds width of frontal area (at level of antennal bases), its lower margin (in median area) at level of antennal insertion; punctures of pronotum rather large, not oriented in longitudinal rows, rarely confluent; elytral vestiture consisting of rows of long slender bristles to base, very short, sparse, ground vestiture confined to declivity; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.3 mm 31. frontalis Wood — Female carina much shorter, usually located well above level of antennal bases; punctures of pronotum mostly oriented in longitudinal rows of four or more or entirely obliterated by longitudinal confluence; ground vestiture on elytra more widely distributed and usually proportionately longer 31 31(30). Eyes more widely separated, separated by at least 1.8 times width of an eye 32 — Eyes more narrowly separated, separated by less than 1.6 times width of an eye (if doubtful female frontal carina short) 37 32(31). Female transverse frontal carina narrow, width of frons at level of antennal insertion more than 4.0 times transverse length of carina 33 214 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Female carina broad, width of frons at level of antennal insertion less than 2.9 times transverse length of carina 35 33(32). Female frons rather strongly, transversely impressed immediately above carina, rather strongly convex at and above upper level of eyes; female carina very strongly elevated, almost as high as transverse length of its apex; most of setae in declivital ground vestiture amost as wide as long, longer, erect setae almost twice as long as ground vestiture; Costa Rica and Panama to Venezuela; 1.8-1.9 mm 32. denotatus Wood — Female frons more nearly flattened, carina much less strongly elevated; setae in declivital ground vestiture slender, usually four or more times as long as wide and two-thirds or more times as long as major setae 34 34(33). Female frons weakly convex above carina; female carina conspicuously ele- vated; eyes separated by 1.8 times width of an eye; declivital striae feebly im- pressed; Veracruz; 2.5-3.3 mm (see also 34. prominulus Wood, Jalisco) 33. minax Schedl — Female frons flattened from just below carina to above upper level of eyes; fe- male frontal carina low, feebly elevated; eyes separated by 2.2 times width of an eye; declivital striae rather strongly impressed; Honduras; 2.0-2.3 mm 35. adustus Schedl 35(32). Discal vestiture on elytra fine, major erect setae usually pointed, not expanded distally; female frontal carina shorter, distance between eyes 2.4 times length of carina; interstrial granules on declivity absent; Michoacan; 2.5-3.1 mm 38. carinatus Wood — • Discal vestiture on elytra rather coarse, major, erect setae blunt, each seta wider distally; female frontal carina longer, distance between eyes only 1.8 times length of carina; interstrial granules on declivity moderately large 36 36(35). Larger, stouter; erect interstrial bristles much less abundant, each con- spicuously shorter than distance between bristles within a row; female frons below carina less strongly impressed, impunctate area above carina larger; Sinaloa; 3.1 mm 36. pilatus Wood — Smaller, more slender; erect interstrial bristles more abundant, longer, con- spicuously longer than distance between bristles within a row; female frons more strongly impressed below carina, impunctate area above carina smaller; Michigan and New York to Texas and Florida, Chiapas; 2.2-2.7 mm 37. strigicollis LeConte 37(31). Striae on elytral declivitv more strongly impressed, interstriae rather narrowly convex (except lower half of 2 in some specimens) and each armed by a row of small rounded granules; distance between eyes exceedingly variable, 0.6-1.6 times width of an eye, but commonly constant within a series, possibly a poly- typic species; Colima and Tamaulipas to Panama; 1.8-2.6 mm 39. setulosus Blandford — Declivital striae feebly if at all impressed, interstriae not elevated or armed by granules (occasional males with feeble granules on upper half); eyes separated by 1.0 or more times width of an eye; larger species 38 38(37). Frontal carina in female short, low, distance between eyes more than five times greater than length of carina; discal interstriae devoid of granules; long- est bristles on elytral declivity usually much less than twice as long as ground vestitvire; Costa Rica; 3.0-3.5 mm 40. minitropis Wood 1982 BoTHROSTERNINI 215 Frontal carina in female longer, distance between eyes less than 3.5 times as long as carina; discal interstriae armed by sparse rows of very fine, rounded granules; longest declivital bristles usually much more than twice as long as ground scales; Honduras to Colombia; 2.6-3.3 mm 41. adusticus Wood 1. Cnesinus bicostatus Schedl Cnesinus bicostatus Schedl, 1936, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:106 (Holotvpe, male; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species would be placed in Sternobothrus except that the lateral mar- gins of the pronotum are not acutely costate. The costate elytral interstriae resemble those of S. sculpturattis (Blandford), not Cnesinus porcatus Blandford or costulatus Blandford. It is distinguished from all other Central American Cnesinus by the median interstrial costae that begin on the disc one-fourth of the elytral length from the base and continue to near the apex of the declivity, their great- est height being on the declivity. Male.— Length 2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons broadly convex, a rather abrupt, transverse impression just above level of an- tennal insertion; surface rugose-reticulate ex- cept rather obscurely reticulate on median third on upper half; vestiture restricted to sides and lower third, of short, moderately stout hair; vestiture similar to male S/^ procurved, with 2 extending at least to "1 ddle of club; declivital interstriae 2 impressed or at least less strongly elevated than either 1 or 3 and, except at upper margin, devoid of tubercles „ 2 Larger discal interstriae moderately convex, not ending abruptly, posteriorly declivital interstriae 2 and perhaps lower part of 3 somewhat Impressed or fill Pana^r 9 « ? n "^"'^''' ^''^'^'"'^ '"'^^^^^^^ ^"^^"' ^^^^ed; Chiapas to ranama; 2.6-3.0 mm o j ..• m ir i 2. aenttpes Blandford 250 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Smaller; discal interstriae strongly convex posteriorly, almost as high as wide at upper margin of declivity, each elevation ending posteriorly as a small sharply pointed spine, a row of similar pointed tubercles continuing down each dechv- ital interstriae (except 2); Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru; 2.1-2.6 mm ^ ^ ^ 3. afer Eggers 1. Eupagiocerus vastus Wood Fig. 88 Eupagiocerus vastus Wood, 1965, Great Basin Nat. 25:34 (Holotype, female; Puerto Viejo, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to dentipes Blandford but may be dis- tinguished by the characters summarized in the above key. Female.- Length 3.0-3.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons shallowly concave on lower half, feebly convex above, with median third re- markably sculptured; lower half with lateral margins acute and slightly elevated, a narrow marginal and epistomal area irregularly punctured, this area marked dorsally by a deep, narrow, procurved, transverse groove and immediately above this a transversely elevated, low, median carina on median third; remaining area of lower half densely pilose; above groove and elevation a median, subhexagonal, impunctate area densely, very closely reticulate-granulate, a shallow trans- verse groove near lower margin of hexagonal area and immediately above rounded carina; lateral pubescence and median hexagonal area extended to upper level of eyes; dorsal areas of head subreticulate and finely, shal- lowly pimctured. Antennal club narrowly ovate, 1.4 times as long as funicle; suture 1 broadly procurved, extending one-fifth club length from base, 2 narrowly subangulate, ex- tending two-fifths club length from base. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; base bisinuate, sides on basal half straight to dis- tinctly constricted, diverging anteriorly, then abruptly narrowed to a constriction just be- fore very broadly roimded, subemarginate, anterior margin; surface dull, rather closely marked by moderately large, elongate punc- tures, each puncture about twice as long as wide, their size slightly smaller anteriorly and laterally; lateral margins acute on basal two-thirds, pleural areas rather coarsely punctured; glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; basal margins bisinuate, slightly elevated, not at all crenulate or cari- nate; striae very feebly impressed anteriorly on disc, somewhat more strongly impressed toward declivity, punctures indicated but very feebly impressed; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, almost flat anteriorly, weakly convex at base of declivity, surface dull, densely, microscopically reticulate (at 80 diameters) and also finely, closely, con- fusedly punctured, about four to six pimc- tures across width of an interstriae. Declivity moderately steep, convex, surface including striae closely reticulate-granulate, each inter- striae bearing a median row of small but high, rounded granules, each granule as high as wide and spaced by distances about equal to distance between rows of granules. Vesti- ture consisting of rows of erect bristles, each arising from base of a granule, and forming a median row on each interstriae, each bristle almost as long as distance between rows; and irregular rows of shorter bristles about half as long as main rows, located on each side of median row. Interstriae 9 subacutely elevated. Male.- Similar to female except frons subconcavely impressed on lower half and densely pilose in impressed area, special sculpturing absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 50 m. No. 477, and Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 50 m. No. 462, S. L. Wood. Host.- An unidentifiable woody vine (liana). Biology.- Specimens were removed from pith tunnels in the ventral axis of stems 4-5 cm in diameter. From the entrance tunnel, 1982 BOTHROSTERNINI 251 which extended directly to the pith, the bee- tles constricted linear galleries along the cen- tral axis 2-4 cm in each direction. The larvae and young adults extended the parental tun- nel. There was no evidence of fungal growth in the tunnels. The number of males was al- most equal to that of the females. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 53 specimens. 2. Eupagiocerus dentipes Blandford Figs. 21, 88 Eupagiocerus dentipes Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 1.33 (Lectotype, male; El Tumbador, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Eupagiocerus clarus Wood, 1965, Great Basin Nat. 25:3.3 (Rio Viejo, Volcan Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:145. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is allied to ater, but it is readily distinguished by the larger size, by the more slender body form, by the elytral characters indicated in the above key, and by other features of the frons and prothorax. Female.- Length 2.6-3.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; body color black. Frons broadly, evenly convex above and broadly, shallowly concave below level of ocular emargination, abrupt, pseudocarinate line of separateion between diese areas ex- tended orad slightly in median area; upper area reticulate, dull below, subshining above; lower areas shallowly, evenly concave be- tween subacute lateral margins to epistomal margin; epistomal margin slightly raised, shining, with a small bilobed process; con- cave area rather densely, minutely pilose; other vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club 1.8 times as long as wide, sutures procurved, 1 extending to a point one-third club length from base, 2 extending three-fifths club length from base. Pronotum 1.1 times as wide as long, sides almost straight on basal half, slightly wider near middle, then abruptly narrowed to the broadly rounded anterior margin; surface closely, finely, longitudinally strigose over entire dorsal surface; subshining; glabrous. Fig. 88. Bothrostemini genera and species, male heads: A, Pagiocerus frontalis; B Bothrosternus definitus- C Fn pagxocerus vastus; D, Eupagiocerus dentipes; E, Eupagiocerus ater. t^otnrosternus defimtus, G, Eu- 252 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hairlike setae in anterior pleural area longer and conspicuous, but not forming a definite tuft as in ater. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, sides feebly curved, somewhat narrowly rounded behind; basal margins slightly elevated, nei- ther crenulate nor acutely produced; striae narrowly, rather deeply impressed, punctures very obscurely indicated; interstriae feebly convex anteriorly, moderately so at base of declivity, about three times as wide as striae, surface reticulate, subshining, with numerous confused, small, shallow punctures. Declivity moderately steep, somewhat flattened be- tween third interstriae; interstriae 1 slightly elevated, uniseriately punctured, with a few punctures bearing small, obscure, rounded granules, 2 flat, appearing impressed, with confused fine punctures, 3 and 4 convex on upper half and bearing regular rounded tu- bercles on convex portion, becoming flat- tened on lower half and merging into impres- sion of 2, 5 to 9 convex and each bearing a row of rovmded tubercles. Vestiture scanty, restricted to a few hairlike setae in post- erolateral areas. Male.- Similar to female except frons with transition from convex to concave areas gradual, concavity slightly deeper, not pilose, but with a continuous tuftlike row of erect plumose setae on lateral and lower margins, concave area with rather numerous, small, hairlike setae. Distribution.- Chiapas to Panama. MEXICO; Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: El Tumbador, G. C. Champion. PANAMA: Rio Viejo at Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 412, vine, S. L. Wood. Host.— A woody vine. Habits.- The beetles were removed from pith tunnels in the central axis of a stem of a rough-barked woody vine 2 cm in diameter. There was no evidence of an ambrosial fun- gus; the larvae evidently enlarged the paren- tal gallery as they do in most species of Cnesinus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 34 specimens in the type series of clarus and the 3 males in the syntypic series of dentipes, all of which were examined in this study. While I was studying at die British Mu- seum a black female clarus was compared to the teneral, reddish, male syntypes of den- tipes. They differed not only in frontal sculp- ture, but in other features as well. Several years later, when teneral paratypes of clarus were compared to the syntypes, the synony- my was recognized. Because a type has not been designated from Blandford's series, I here designate the first specimen as the lecto- type of dentipes Blandford. 3. Eupagiocerus ater Eggers Fig. 88 Eupagiocerus ater Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 27:14 (Holo- type, male; Caracas, Venezuela; Berlin Zool. Mus.). Eupagiocerus nevermanni Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:350 (Holotype, female ?; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1965, Great Basin Nat. 25:32. Synonyrny Eupagiocerus serratus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:104 (Holotype, male; Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 66509); Wood, 1965, Great Basin Nat. 25:32. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This distinctive species is somewhat allied to dentipes, but it is easily distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.- Length 2.1-2.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons above level of antennal bases con- vex, smooth and polished in central area, coarsely reticulate at sides and above; epis- tomal margin narrowly, weakly elevated, with a flattened, rugose-reticulate, sparsely punctured area immediately above; antennal bases connected by a broad, slightly pro- curved, rather high, acute, yellowish carina, subvertical on its lower side, moderately sloping, ornamentally punctured and pub- escent on its supper slope; vestiture moder- ately abundant, longer and finer below, coarse and relatively short on upper slope of carina, a few setae along lateral margins above. Antennal club with suture 1 extending two-fifths and 2 two-thirds club length from base. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides almost straight, slightly di- verging anteriorly on basal half, then rather strongly, arcuately rounded to broadly rounded anterior margin; surface subshining, with minute, rather obscure, longitudinal lines in interspacial areas, becoming reti- culate laterally and basally, punctures elon- gate, rather coarse, close, shallow; glabrous. 1982 BOTHRO STERNINI 253 Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on more than basal two- thirds, very broadly rounded posterior profile interrupted by declivital serrations and sutur- al emargination; basal margins of elytra acutely elevated along a continuous costa; striae impressed, weakly on anterior third, very strongly toward declivital margin, punc- tures obsolete; interstriae about one and one- half times as wide as striae at base, flattened basally, becoming strongly convex, almost as high as wide, toward declivity coarsely reti- culate and somewhat irregular on basal third, punctures fine, confused, sparse on posterior half. Anterior half of pleural area from coxal flange to elevated margin of pronotum im- pressed, impression filled by dense yellow setae. Declivity steep, flattened; surface granulose-reticulate over both punctures and serrations, strial punctures essentially obso- lete, although position of some punctures in- dicated; sutural interstriae vertically, rather strongly elevated, declining in height on lower third, bearing about ten low, posteri- orly directed serrations; interstriae 2 with a small, pointed serration at declivital base, weakly elevated below and sometimes bear- ing as many as four serrations, lower ones sometimes rounded; interstriae 4 to 9 each bearing about two to four rather coarse, pos- teriorly directed serrations. Vestiture con- sisting of a few short, fine to coarse setae on declivity. Male.- Similar to female except frontal carina entirely absent and replaced by a broad, shallow impression; setae on antennal scape less numerous; and declivital sculpture evidently finer. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Venezuela and Peru. COSTA RICA: Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 50 m. No. 463, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Tiirrialba, Cartago, 800 m, F. Nevermann; Monteverde, Puntarenas, 23-V-79, 140 m, H. and A. Howden. PANAMA: Ft. Clavton, Canal Zone, 22-III-63, 35 m. No. 319, Serjania, S. L. Wood- Paraiso, Canal Zone, 25-1-11, E. A. Schwarz. Specimens also seen by me include the type from Caracas, Vene- zuela, and a cotype from Peru. Hosts.- Serjania sp., and another woodv vine. Biology.- From the entrance hole in a stem 0.5-2.0 cm in diameter, axial tunnels in the pith region may extend in either or both directions from 1 to 3 cm. On the walls of the older tunnels a thick, fluffy mat of fungus mycelium grew on which the larvae fed. The larvae apparently did not extent the parental mine. In galleries containing only eggs the mycelium was not visible. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of serratus (where the sexes were reversed), on the holotype of ater, on the type of neverrnanni, and on 49 other specimens. Genus STERNOBOTHRUS Eggers Sternobothrus Eggers, 1943, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 33:372 (Type-species: Bothrostemus cancellatiis Chapuis, original designation) Diagnosis.- This genus appears more closely allied to Cnesinus than to other gen- era in the Bothrosternini; however, the com- bination of characters employed in the above key places it nearest Bothrostemus. From Bothsternus it is distinguished by the absence of an excavation and dense pubescence on the proepisternal area, by the absence of a transverse carina between the anterior coxae, by the carinate elytral interstriae, and by the pith-feeding habit that does not involve an ambrosial fungus. Description.- Length 2.2-3.6 mm, 2.1-2.2 times as long as wide; color black; frons convex above, subconcavely impressed below and variously ornamented; sexually di- morphic. Eyes sinuate on anterior margin; finely granulate; widely separated. Antennal funicle 7-segmented; club with two straight sutures on anterior face. Pronotum unarmed, surface punctured. Basal margins of elytra marked by an acutely elevated costa or by very indistinct crenulations; striae impressed, punctures obsolete; interstriae weakly convex and punctured toward base, acutely carinate on declvity. Declivity convex, moderately steep. Vestiture minute, sparse. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Argentina. Nine species have been assigned to the genus; two of them occur in Central America. Biology.— Both species construct pith tun- nels in the central axis of small branches where the larvae extended the parental tun- nel, essentially as they do in most species of Cnesinus. 254 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Key to the Species of Sternobothrus Elytral apex neither explanate, emarginate, nor serrate; declivital interstriae 3 near apex distinctly elevated; Costa Rica to Brazil; 2.6-3.6 mm ..^. ^ 1. sculpturatus (Blandford) Apices of elytra produced posteriorly into two short lobes, emarginate at su- ture, costal margins near suture finely serrate; declivital interstriae 3 not ele- vated; Panama to Venezuela, Brazil, and Peru; 2.0-2.5 mm ••■•• 2. bicaudatus (Blandford) 1. Sternobothrus sculpturatus (Blandford) Bothwsternus sculpturatus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6); 132 (Lectotype, female; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Sternobothrus sculpturatus: Eggers, 194.3, Mitt. Mimchner Ent. Ges. 33:373 Diagnosis.- Characters summarized in the above key serve to distinguish this species from bicaudatus (Blandford). Female.- Length 2.6-3.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; mature color black. Frons convex above level of ocular emargi- nation, rather strongly, transversely, subcon- cavely impressed below, deepest just above level of antennal insertion; convex area finely punctured in marginal areas, central two- thirds impunctate, minutely, transversely etched (smooth in a few specimens); im- pressed area bearing a median, submarginal, epistomal tubercle, its dorsal margin contin- uing dorsad as a low median carina in most specimens to lower margin of convex area; lower surface punctured, largely concealed by a rather dense brush of reddish bristles of equal length, tubercles glabrous; punctured portions of convex area bearing less abun- dant, yellowish hair to upper level of eyes. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly ar- cviate on basal half, strongly arcuate in front of middle to moderate constriction just be- hind broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face subshining, minutely reticulate, punc- tures on disc fine, deep, moderately close, at least twice as large and with reticulate cen- ters near lateral margins; glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides very faintly con- stricted at level of middle of disc, widest at base of declivity, then broadly rounded be- hind except profile interrupted by elevated interstriae 3; basal margins finely, almost uniformly elevated on median half, a few small submarginal crenulations on interstriae 2-4; striae broadly impressed, punctures ob- solete; interstriae rather broadly convex and obscurely punctured on basal third, becoming narrowly costiform before base of declivity and continuing to declivity; elytral surface coarsely reticulate except almost smooth and shining toward summits of costae. Declivity convex, rather steep, weakly impressed be- tween third interstriae; striae and interstriae narrower than on disc; interstriae narrowly costiform, 3 very slightly higher, particularly as junction with 5, this elevation continuing transversely after junction with 9 and dimin- ishing in height to junction with 1; interstriae 4, 6, and 8 end short of junctions with adja- cent costae. Vestiture obsolete except for rows of minute hair on either side of each de- clivital costa. Male.- Evidently rare; one specimen pre- sumed to be a male, similar to female except frontal exacavation slightly deeper and ex- tending dorsad somewhat, vestiture greatly reduced, entirely yellowish. Distribution.— Costa Rica to S Brazil. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 9 km S Valle Nacional, 18-V-71, 600 m, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 14-IV-66, 50 m. No. 2; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 149; Volcan, Pnntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 304; all by S. L. Wood, from what appeared to be the same host tree species. PANAMA: Bugaba and Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Host.— A large tree, probably Nectandra Biology.— Pith tunnels were constructed in the central axis of cut or broken branches 2-5 cm in diameter, similar to those of most Cnesinus species. The larvae extended the parent tunnel and fed upon the host tissues. Notes.- The above treatment was based on a female from the type series, on two of my homotypes, on 58 other Central Ameri- can specimens, and on 158 South American 1982 BOTHRO STERNINI 255 specimens. None of the material was as large as the 4 mm length reported by Blandford in the original description. The first female syn- type in the Blandford series is here desig- nated as the lectotype oi sculpturatus. 2. Sternobothrus bicaudatus (Blandford) Bothrostermis bicaudatus Blandford, 1896, Biol Centr Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 133 (Lectotype, Volcan de Chinqui, Chiriqui', Panama; British Mus Nat Hist.) Sternobothrus bicaudatus: Eggers, 1943, Mitt Miinchner, Ent. Ges. 33:373 Diagnosis.- This species is readily distin- guished from the only other Central Ameri- can representative of the genus by characters summarized in the above key. Female.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex above length of ocular emar- gination, impunctate, smooth and polished on central three-fourths, marginal areas punc- tured; lower area transversely impressed as in sculpturatus except tubercle and median ele- vation absent, epistomal process transversely carinate on more than median half, its upper slope to level of antennal insertion densely ornamented by rather long, reddish setae; lat- eral areas almost to upper level of eyes bear- ing shorter, rather sparse, yellowish setae. Pronotum about 1.0 times as long as wide; outline as in sculpturatus; surface reticulate^ punctures deep, rather coarse on disc, smaller laterally, rather close; glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight, very shghtly wider at base of declivity, then arcuately rounded to serrate, produced apices that occupy slightly more than median half, emarginate at suture; basal margins shghtly elevated on a continuous costa; striae reticulate, impressed except at base, narrow on basal half, wider behind, punctures obso- lete; interstriae feebly convex on basal half, rather narrowly convex at base of declivity, at least twice as wide as striae at elytral base' only slightly wider at base of declivity, punc- tures rather small, confused basally, tending to form uniseriate rows toward declivity on both margins of each interstriae except on 1. Declivity convex, rather steep except lower fourth produced posteriorly; striae and inter- striae narrower than on disc; interstriae nar- rowly costiform on upper fourth, becoming serrate below; suture emarginate, costal mar- gin of produced area subserrate. Minute ves- titure confined to declivity on summits of interstriae. Male.- Similar to female except epistom- al callus less well developed; ornamental epistomal setae reduced to one row, much shorter, color yellowish, central area of frons reticulate. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, G. C Champion. Host.— Nectandra sp. Habits.— Specimens of a very closely re- lated species were taken from pith tunnels in twigs of a broken branch. Habits resemble those of most Cnesinus species. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the syntypes of bicaudatus and on 22 other specimens. Tribe PHLOEOTRIBINI PHLOEOTR.BIDAE Chapuis, 1869. Synopsis des Scolytides, p^42 (TXP-genus PWo.o^nfo,,. Latreille^^^^^^^^ Phthorophloeides Niisslin, 1912, Naturwiss. Zeitschr. Forst- und Landw.rtsehaft 1912:273 (Type-genus. Phtho rophloeus Rey, 1883) Anatomical features.- The frons is strongly, sexually dimorphic, with the male variously impressed, the female flat to con- vex; the eye is entire, the antennal funicle is 5-segmented, the club is strongly asymmet- rical and deeply divided into three movable, sublammelate segments, the procoxae are contiguous, the prosternum has the lateral margins rounded, its costa obsolete; the pro- notum may or may not be armed by aspe- rities, and the metatergum is fused to its postnotimi. Biological features.- All species are monogamous and phloeophagous. The paren- tal tunnels are usually biramous, but when monoramous there is a conspicuous turning niche near the entrance tunnel. Larval mines follow a definite course away from the pa- rental gallery and rarely cross one another. Symbiotic relationships with fungi have not been reported. Taxonomy.- This tribe appears to be of American origin. One genus {Aricerus, Aus- tralia, etc.) appears to have reached its pres- ent distribution from South America quite early in the history of the tribe. The other genus, Phheotribus, occurs mostly in America except for a few species that reached Eurasia rather recently. Genus PHLOEOTRIBUS Latreille Phloiotribus Latreille, 1796, Precis des caracteres generiques des insects, p. 50; Latreille, 1802/3, Histoire naturelle, generale et particulaere des Crustaces et des Insects 3:204 (Type-species: Hylesinus oleae Fabricius =Scolytns scara- baeoides Bernard, monobasic) Phloeotribus Latreille, 1804, Mag. f. Insekenk. 3:108 (Justified emendation, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1979:132) Phheophthorus WoUaston, 1854, Insecta Maderensia, p. 299 (Type-species: Phheophthorus perfoliatus Wollaston, monobasic); Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:384. Synonymy Dryotomus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 46 (Type-species: Dryotomus puberulus Chapuis, monobasic) (preoccupied); Schedl, 1962, Beitr. Ent: 12:487. Synonymy Phthorophleous Rey, 1883, Rev. d'Ent. 2:128 (Type-spe- cies: Phheophthorus s~pinuhsus Rey, monobasic); Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:384. Synonymy Elzearius Guillebeau, 1893, Ann. Soc. Ent. France 62:64 (Type-species: Elzearius crenatus Guillebeau, monobasic); Balachowsky, 1949, Faune de France 50:108. Synonymy Eulytocerus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr.-Amer., Co- leopt. 4(6): 161 (Type-species: Eulytocerus cham- pioni Blandford, monobasic); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:.383. Synonymy ComesieUa Del Guercio, 1925, Atti Roy. Acad. Georgo- filo (Florence) 22:218 (Type-species: Comesielh sicula Del Guercio =Bostrichus brevicollis Kole- nati); Balachowsky, 1949, Faune de France 50:112. Synonymy Dryotomicus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:76 (re- placement for Dryotomus Chapuis) Diagnosis.- This widely distributed, high- ly diversified, actively evolving genus is unique among the Hylesininae in having the antennal club divided into three movable segmental units that often have the inner margin very strongly extended in a pseudo- lammelate arrangement. Among American species this genus is allied to Chramesus Le- Conte, from which it is easily distinguished by the very different antennal club, by the broader third tarsal segments (variable), and usually by the hairlike vestiture. Description.- Length L2-4.0 mm, body moderately slender to very stout; color dark brown to black. Frons dimorphic, male vari- ously impressed to concave, female convex. Eye entire. Antennal scape long; funicle 5- segmented; club divided into three segmental units with median margin weakly to very strongly extended. Pronotum wider than 256 Phloeotribini 257 long, armed or not. Scutellum small, visible, and liminari<< as aHnlf« ir. c^ • i uu Elytral bases each armed by 9 to 16 coarse h" '7 , ^^""'^^ hibernation crenulations; striae weakly ^to troxtlyim T t ".1""^ tissue. Adults of lecontei pressed, punctures usually "^oarseTntf stride ,'' ^''" '"^T " '^*^"^^^ ^^^^^ --- ^"^ usually coarsely sculptured; decliWty convex ^ '^^^^omplete parental egg galleries. The steep, conservatively sculptured. Tibiae "^.^'^ begins a new attack and is usually rather broad, bearing several small teeth- "'"'"l ^ ^ ^^^°'^ ^^ '^^"^^^^ *^^ third tarsal segments varying from slender to ^^""^'""^ ^^ t^e host. A biramous gallery sys- deeply bilobed. tern is constructed either transversely or di- DisTRiBUTioN.- Worldwide. A large num- ^S^^^^^X ^i^^ respect to the grain of the ber of names have been published for species ^°°^' ^^^*^^ ** engraves rather deeply. The in this genus; however, the amount of pub- ^§§ niches are usually large and close. Larval lished and unpublished synonymy is so exces- ^^^^^ are usually long, primarily in the sive an accurate estimate of valid species is Phloem tissues, and wander excessively, al- impossible. In North and Central America 27 though they tend to radiate from the parental species were recognized. tunnels parallel to the grain of the wood. Biology.- The winter is passed in north- Two generations annually occur in the em areas by at least two species, frontalis United States for most species. Key to the Species of Phloeotribus Pronotum entirely devoid of asperities, rarely with a few small granules (hus- tnx)- elytral vestiture abundant, confused at least on disc (uniseriate in simplex hTsZT '"'''■'*"^' ^ "'"^"^^ "^* "'"^^^^^ «^ strongly serrate (excepi Pronotum asperate at least at anterolateral angles; elytral 'vestiture" in unise" riate rows (except furvus, scahratus, scabricollis); interstriae 9 commonly 2(1). 3(2). narrowly elevated and serrate Elytral vestiture more abundant, confused on disc; elytral declivity variously moditied;usually much larger than 1.5 mm 3 Elytral vestiture entirely limited to uniseriate interstrial rows of flattened bristles or scales; smaller than 1.5 mm Elytral setae of two types, some short and more abundant, others longer and forming a more or less median row on each interstriae „ 4 Elytral setae of uniform length, occasionally stouter on declivity 7 4(3). Discal striae distinctly wider than interstriae; spines on declivital interstriae 7 and 9 much larger than those of other interstriae; pronotal pmictures shallow much larger; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.0 mm 1. hystrix Wood Discal striae about half as wide as interstriae; declivital interstriae unarmed or equally armed by minute tubercles; pronotal punctures fine 5 Interstriae devoid of granules on both disc and declivity; basal margins of elytra almost evenly costate; male frontal excavation extending to vertex body stouter; Costa Rica to Panama; 3.6-3.7 mm 2. cWp/om (Blandford) Interstriae with at least a few granules or crenulations; basal margins of elytra clearly crenulate; male frontal excavation less extensive, ending at or slightly above upper level of eyes; body slightly more slender g 6(5). Smaller; rows of erect interstrial setae scalelike on declivity; discal interstriae closely, fmely punctured, tubercles uniseriate, each about a third as wide as mterstnae; Veracruz to Panama; 2.2-2.7 mm 3. nubilus Blandford 5(4) 258 7(3). 8(7). 9(8). 10(2). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Larger- rows of erect interstrial setae hairlike on declivity; discal interstriae with broad, confused crenulations, some as wide as interstriae, comparatively few punctures evident; Costa Rica; Clusia, Podocarpus; 3.4-4.0 mm ^ 4. atavus Wood Segments of antennal club not more than twice as wide as long; submarginal crenulations at elytral bases obsolete; punctures on basal half of pronotum rather coarse; Quercus; Durango to Hidalgo; 1.8-2.1 mm 5. querctnus Wood Segments of antennal club more than four times as wide as long; a few sub- marginal crenulations at elytral bases rather well developed; punctures on basal half of pronotum rather fine Declivital bristles confused in female; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather coarsely dentate in male; male frons rather broadly, deeply impressed, with a moderately large, impunctate, epistomal callus; Chiapas to Panama; 1-5-2.5 -^ ^ ... 6. discrepans Blandtord mm ^ Declivital setae in uniseriate rows in both sexes; declivital tubercles small, rounded in both sexes; male frons shallowly impressed on a limited area with ^ or without an epistomal callus Declivital setae long and slender, little if any stouter than on disc, on declivity at least one and one-half times as long as distance between rows; tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 similar to those on 1 and 3; pronotal punctures slightly larger shallow; Manitoba to Mississippi and east to Atlantic Coast; Prtinus, _ , r°o o 7. limtnans (Hams 1.9-2.3 mm Declivital setae much stouter than those on disc, slightly shorter than distance between rows; tubercles on declivital interstriae 2 usually obsolete (very small " granules in some females); pronotal punctures smaller, deeper; North Dakota to Chiapas; Prunus 1.8-2.8 mm «• P'^^' ^««^ Color brown; declivital bristles flattened, at least eight times as long as wide, slightlv longer than distance between rows; Panama; 1.6-1.^ mm ^ ^ ^ 9. simplex Wood Color black; declivital scales about three times as long as wide, two-thirds as long as distance between rows; Costa Rica; 1.2-1.3 mm 10. squamatus Wood 11(1) Lateral margin of male frons armed by a pair of large, sharply pointed tu- bercles at level of antennal insertion, scape devoid of a large tuft of hair (a small tuft in texanus); segments of antennal club usually less than three times as wide as long, terminal segment widest on apical third, apex usually broadly rounded (from Canada and United States, except destructor) i^ Lateral margin of male frons usually elevated but unarmed; male scape bear- ing a tuft of long hair (small in scabratus, scabricollis, furvus); segments of an- tennal club usually much more than three times as wide as long, terminal seg- ment widest near middle, narrowly rounded at its apex (from Mexico and ^^ Central America, except scabricollis) 12(11). Interstriae 9 moderately to strongly convex and serrate, serrations continuing without interruption at or near declivital base to suture Interstriae 9 weakly or not at all convex, serrations, if present, interrupted by ^^ interstriae 2 before attaining suture 13(12) Interstriae 3 and 9 slightly elevated and apically confluent, combined elevation continuing above apex to suture, 2 terminating before apex; vestiture rather coarse; discal interstriae at most finely granulate; on conifers ^^^^ Phloeotribini Interstriae 9 rather strongly elevated, joining costal margin before attaining su- ture, 2 terminating at apex; vestiture rather fine; discal interstriae rather coarsely crenulate; on broadleaf trees 259 15 14(13). Dechvital interstriae 1 and 3 convex, 2 impressed or flattened at least on lower half. Its ubercles reduced, usually obsolete on lower half; strial punctures usu- ally smaller, vestiture coarser; S British Columbia and S Alberta to Arizona and New Mexico; Abies, Pseudotsuga, Picea; 1.6-2.4 mm H. Jecontei Schedl ^unlT^^ interstriae 1 to 3 about equally convex, 2 serrate to its apex; strial 12. piceae Swaine 15(13). Dechvital interstriae 1 to 9 tuberculate; posterior area of pronotum rather closely, coarsely punctured, interspaces marked by minute impressed points- Kansas and Texas to Pennsylvania and South Carolina; Morus Celtis 17-2 4 mm ... •> . 1 ij.-r 13. /ronfa/ts (Olivier) Dechvital interstriae 1 to 4 devoid of tubercles; posterior area of pronotum very coarsely, closely, punctured, very narrow interspaces devoid of points- Michoacan; Prunus; 1.8-2.4 mm 14. destructor Wood 16(12). Dechvital interstriae all armed by small rounded granules; striae feebly if at all impressed, pimctures rather small, narrower than width of interstriae- inter- strial granules on di^sc small, about half as wide as interstriae; North Dakota and lexas to Pennsylvania and Florida; Celtis; 1.2-1.6 mm "" 15. dentifrons (Blackman) Dechvital interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 bearing moderately large, pointed teeth- discal striae impressed toward declivity, punctures coarse, deep, wider than in- terstriae; discal interstrial granules as wide as interstriae; Nuevo Leon and Texas to South Carolina and Florida; Celtis, Condalia; 1.5-1.9 mm 16. texanus Schaeffer 17(11). Posterior margin of pronotum almost straight, not noticeably produced posteri- orly on median fourth (slightly produced in demessus), scutellar notch smaller more acute less than three times as deep (including scutellum) as width of scu- tellum; body more slender, at least 1.8 times as long as wide; smaller 1 4-2 4 mm Posterior margin of pronotum strongly produced on median fourth to fit scu- tellar notch, scutellar notch more U-shaped, four or more times as deep (in- cluding scutellum) as width of scutellum; body very stout, less than 1.7 time as long as wide; larger, 2.5-3.3 mm .18 25 19 ^^^^^^' s^tullTl^lf ''''"'''' ^ "°* '''°"^^^ ^^^""^'^"^^ "°* J^'''^"^ '°'*^^ '"^^g"^ ^^^^'•d wfff''^^'"'"''!-"'' 9 strongly elevated posteriorly, joining "costal "margin' without interruption and continuing to sutural apex „ f 22 19(18). Elytral vestiture abundant, confused on disc, very fine to slender on pronotum 20 Elytral vesti^ture consisting of rows of stout, uniseriate, interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, pronotal setae equally stout 21 20(19). Smaller; elytral vestiture hairiike at base, slender bristles on declivity; dechvi- tal vestiture confused; Ohio to Illinois; Ptelea, Staphylea; 2.0-2.3 mm _ ' 17. scabricollis (Hopkins) .ZK\^^l^'^^ "^^'^o'f ' ""^ ''^"^^' '"^^^^' "'^i^^n^te on all dechvital interstriae except 1; Panama; 2.5 mm 18. ^^^^^^^^^ Bj^^^^^^^ 260 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 23 21(19) Discal interstriae smooth and shining except for uniseriate granules; basal mar- gin of pronotum essentially straight; Jalisco to Costa Rica; ^^^-^^-^^^^ Seqania; 1.4-1.9 mm ■ ^ Discal interstriae with numerous impressed points toward base, becoming min- utely granulate toward and on declivity, dull; pronotum slighdy produced pos- teriorly in median area; Veracruz to Panama; 1.6-2.3 mm •- •• ■' 20. demessus Jolanatora 22(18) Declivital interstriae 2 and 4 devoid of granules or tubercles, 1 and 3 strongly tuberculate, 9 more strongly elevated; Oaxaca to Colombia; 1.9-2.4 mm ......... 21. armatus Blanarora Declivital interstriae 1 to 8 equally, rather finely tuberculate; interstriae 9 somewhat less strongly elevated 23(22) Pronotal asperities confined to small area on anterior fourth, punctures small- er more widely spaced; anterior margin of pronotum armed by very coarse teeth; interstrial crenulations on disc smaller, more widely spaced; Panama to Colombia and Venezuela; Brosimum; 2.0-2.5 mm 22. btguttatus Blandford Pronotal asperities more numerous, more widely distributed on at least ante- rior half; anterior margin unarmed or finely, irregularly armed by one to three teeth; discal interstrial crenulations larger, closer, Veracruz to Costa Rica Z4 24(23) Interstriae 9 elevated and serrate to striae 3; male epistoma with a very strong- ly elevated, straight, transverse carina on median fourth; pronotal disc reticulate; Guatemala to Venezuela; 2.0-2.5 mm 23. subovatus Blandford Interstriae 9 elevated and serrate to suture; male epistoma with a procurved, moderately elevated, transverse carina on more than median half; pronotal disc smooth; Veracruz to Peru and Brazil; Celtis, Croton, Ficus, etc.; 1.9-2.4 mm . 24. setulosus Eichnon 25(17) Elvtral striae almost as wide as interstriae, interstrial crenulations almost as wide as interstriae (except on basal half of 2), interstrial setae uniseriate; Veracruz to Costa Rica; 2.4-3.1 mm 25. maurus Wood Elytral interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, interstrial crenulations less than half as wide as discal interstriae, interstrial setae confused on basal halt of ^^ 2-4 26(25). Pronotal and elytral surfaces rugose-reticulate; declivity with rows of inter- strial tubercles smaller, many obsolete, setae on discal interstriae 3-10 unise- riate except at base; Chiap- to Brazil arid Pern; B«m;^^ Pronotal and elytral surfaces shining, not reticulate; declivity with rows of in- terstrial Uibercles larger; setae on all discal interstriae confused; Guatemala to ^ r, o o o 27. furvus Wood Panama; 2.8-3.3 mm -' 1. Phloeotnbus hystn. Wood by the larger pronotal fm,cXur^.^J^d by the ^ rather coarse declivital denticles on mter- Phloeotribiis hijstrix Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. gtrjae 7 and 9. Sci. Bull. 10(2):7 (Holotype, male; Rio Damitas, Ma.le - Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.1 times as Dota Mounains, San Jose, Costa R.ca; Wood ^^^^ ^^ ^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ DiACNOSis.- Although this species is allied Frons very ^^^"7^^ -"^'elt^^^^ to discrepans Blandford, it is not closely re- level of eyes, f ^ ^f ^^^^^^^^^^y ^ Pair lated It is distinguished from Blandford's armed at level of antennal insert on by a pair species by the muc^h wider discal interstriae, of small tubercles; surface coarsely reticulate, 1982 Phloeotribini 261 punctures small, obscure; vestiture sparse, moderately long, coarse. Antennal club with segment 1 three times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides weakly arcuate, almost parallel on basal half, then convergent to constriction just behind broadly rounded an- terior margin; surface coarsely, deeply, close- ly, irregularly punctured, anterior and lateral areas subgranulate or even very finely aspe- rate; vestiture short, stout, abundant, almost scalelike. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely ang- ulate behind, with lateral declivital spines in- terrupting profile; striae sharply impressed, punctures large, deep, distinct; interstriae distinctly narrower than striae, irregular, each with a median row of fine setiferous granules and additional subgranulate seti- ferous punctures on each side. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 5 with two, 7 with three, 9 with five large pointed tubercles, posteriormost one on each interstriae longer, 9 elevated slightly to final spine; costal margin near apex slightly ele- vated. Vestiture consisting of rather abundant interstrial subsquamose bristles, short except median row twice as long, erect; equally abimdant on disc and declivity. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, imarmed; pronotum more nearly asperate in lateral areas. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mountains, San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 437, S. L. Wood. Biology.- The transverse, biramous egg galleries were primarily in the phloem tissues of the stump 20 cm in diameter of an uniden- tified tree. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 22 specimens. 2. Phloeotribus championi (Blandford) Eulytocerm championi Blandford, 1897, Biol Centr Anier., Coleopt. 4(6): 161 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chinqui, Chiriqui', Panama; British Mus. Nat Hist.) Eiilytocerus siibstriatus Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5344 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:387. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from nubiltis Blandford and atavus Wood by the costate basal margins of the elytra, by the absence of granules and crenulations from the elytral interstriae, and by the much more extensive excavated area on the male frons Male.- Length 3.6-3.7 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons shallowly concave from vertex to epistoma from eye to eye (transversely flat to weakly concave between eyes), margins from level of antennal insertion to epistoma ele- vated, partly costate; a rather deep, short, median groove just above level of antennal' insertion dividing a transverse callus; surface smooth and shining, rather densely, finely, imiformly punctured on upper two-thirds,' less closely punctured on lower third; vesti- ture of fine, rather short, moderately abun- dant hair. Pronotum 0.87 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base' sides strongly arcuate from base, rather nar- rowly rounded in front; surface smooth, shin- ing, densely, deeply, rather finely punctured, entirely devoid of asperities, median line im- punctate on basal half. Disc with a few stout setae, more abundant at margins. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; basal margins costate, sub- marginal crenulations absent; striae dis- tinctly, rather weakly impressed except more strongly impressed toward declivity, punc- tures varying from almost round to sub- quadrate, rather close; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, moderately con- vex, shining, irregularly undulating or wrinkled on basal two-thirds, punctures rather fine, abundant, confused, many of them associated with irregular, transverse, impressed lines except near declivity. Decliv- ity rather steep, convex; sculpture as on pos- terior part of disc. Vestiture of moderately abundant, small, erect scales and interstrial rows of longer bristles; each bristle three to five times as long as scales, half to two-thirds as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row; bristles shorter on lower declivity. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Panama. 262 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 COSTA RICA: Turrialba, 800 m, SLG. Schild. PAN- AMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, ,3.500-4000 ft (about 1200 m), G. C. Champion. Notes- The above treatment was based on the holotypes of cfiampioni (3.7 mm) and biseriatus (3.6 mm). The frontal setae and erect elytral setae of championi are very sUghtly longer, and the interstrial punctures of substriatus are slightly larger and associ- ated with slightly deeper undulations of sur- face contour; however, on the basis of these two specimens I recognize only one species. 3. Phloeotribus nubilus Blandford Phloeotribus nubilus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt 4(6): 163 (Lectotype, female; Cer- ro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to atavus Wood, although the relationship is not close. It is distinguished by the smaller size, by the scalelike, miiseriate rows of erect interstrial setae on the posterior half of the elytra, by the narrow, uniseriate interstrial crenulations, and by the convex area of the female frons extending well below the level of the antennal insertions. Male.- Length 2.2-2.7 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, concavely impressed from upper level of eyes to epistoma, lateral mar- gins armed by a pair of somewhat indefinite teeth at level of antennal insertion; surface reticulate, finely, rather closely punctured. Segments of antennal club four times as wide as long; scape with a small tuft of about a dozen long setae. Pronotum 0.85 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides rather weakly arcuate, converging slightly anteriorly, broadly rounded in front; surface obscurely reti- culate, anterolateral areas with isolated, very fine asperities, punctures moderately small, shallow, close; vestiture consisting of very fine, short, hairlike setae and slightly longer, coarser bristles. Elytra 1.45 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, moderately con- stricted before narrowly rounded posterior margin; scutellum small, round, scutellar notch rather deep; basal margins armed by 14 rather coarse, overlapping crenulations; striae weakly impressed, punctures small, deep, very close, a few confluent; interstriae twice as wide as striae, weakly convex, punc- tures small, deep, confused, abundant, each interstriae bearing a uniseriate row of rather large subcrenulate granules, granules not more than a third as wide as an interstriae. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae slightly deeper; interstriae as on disc except 9 weakly elevated then joining costal margin and continuing to apex. Vestiture consisting of rather abundant ground setae, hairlike at base, subplumose scales on posterior half of disc and on declivity; and uniseriate rows of longer, erect, interstrial bristles, slender at base, scalelike on declivity, on declivity twice as long as ground cover, about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO: Veracruz: Motzorongo, Flohr. GUATE- MALA: Cerro Zunil, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: San Vito, Puntarenas, 21-1-68, 1500 m, H. Hespenheide. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the original Blandford series, and one ad- ditional specimen from Costa Rica. Because a lectotype has not been selected from the syn- typic type series, I here designate as the lec- totype of nubilus Blandford the first speci- men in the series, a female from Cerro Zunil, Guatemala. This specimen has previously been regarded as the type. 4. Phloeotribus atavus Wood Phloeotribus atavus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. 10(2):6 (Holotype, female; Laguna Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to nu- bilus Blandford, but it is distinguished by the larger size, by the hairlike, longer, uniseriate, interstrial setae, and by the coarser pronotal punctures. Male.- Length 3.4-4.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above eyes, flattened to im- pressed below; lateral margins subacutely elevated from level of antennal insertion al- most to epistomal margin, area between flat- tened; surface subreticulate, pvmctures rather coarse, close, very shallow; vestiture very fine, inconspicuous. Antennal club with seg- ment 1 three times as wide as long, about as long as scape. 1982 Phloeotribini 263 Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; widest at or just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcuate, converging very slightly an- teriorly, rather strongly constricted just be- hind rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface completely devoid of asperities, reti- culate, punctures rather small, very close, deep; a faint median line weakly elevated; vestiture consisting of inconspicuous, very fine, short hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded and with apex rather narrowly extended on me- dian third behind; striae narrowly impressed, punctures rather obscure, interstriae twice as wide as striae, crenulate on basal half, some crenulations as wide as interstriae, elevations becoming narrower and uniseriate behind, some fine punctures also present; shining. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae im- pressed; interstriae convex, 1 slightly ele- vated on lower half, apical costal margin and posterior part of 9 also slightly elevated, each interstriae with a row of very small tubercles. Vestiture consisting of moderately sparse, small scales on posterior half of disc and on declivity, and sparse median interstrial rows of fine long hair, longest hairs equal in length to distance between rows and to adjacent hairs within a row. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex to just above level of antennal in- sertion, impression less extensive, lateral mar- gins less strongly elevated, punctures slightly deeper; elytral tubercles often very slightly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Laguna Volcan Poas, 6-X-63 14-VII- 63, 19-VIII-66, 2700 m, Nos. 98 and 170 in ciusia. No. 47 in Podocarpus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Ciusia sp., Podocarpus oleifolius. Biology.— The biramous egg galleries were transverse and almost entirely in the phloem. This aggressive species attacked and apparently killed several Ciusia trees; they also killed several buttress roots of a large Podocarpus tree. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 37 specimens. 5. Phloeotribus quercinus Wood Phloeotrihus quercinus Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat, 29:123 (Holotype, female; Pachuca, Hidalgo Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is closely allied to pruni Wood, but it may be distinguished by the less strongly attenuate lateral exten- sion of segments of the antennal club, by the absence of submarginal crenulations near the elytral bases, by the coarser pronotal punc- tures, and by the host. Female.- Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color black. Frons evenly convex above level of anten- nal insertion, transversely impressed below, smooth epistomal margin slightly elevated;' premandibular epistomal lobe small, distinct- surface strongly reticulate, punctures small^ obscure, rather close; vestiture fine, hairlike,' rather sparse. Antennal club with segments 1 and 2 each very slightly less than twice as wide as long. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to a slight constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface reticulate, devoid of all indications of asperities, punc- tures coarse, moderately deep, separated by distances up to diameter of a puncture; part of median line impunctate in front of middle; vestiture very fine, long. Elytra 1.35 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; scutellum small, rounded, scutellar notch rather deep; basal margins each armed by 14 rather narrow, high crenu- lations, devoid of submarginal crenulations; striae weakly impressed toward declivity, punctures moderately coarse, deep, inter- striae slightly wider than striae, devoid of punctures, moderately large, rounded gran- ules somewhat confused. Declivity convex, steep; striae moderately impressed; inter- striae feebly convex, not elevated, granules almost uniseriate. Vestiture consisting of fine, semirecumbent strial hair, and erect, con- fused interstrial setae of uniform length, fine at base, becoming stout and shorter toward declivity, each almost equal in length to width of an interstriae. Distribution.- Durango to Hidalgo. 264 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 MEXICO: Durango: 32 km E El Salto, 17-VI-71, H. F. Howden. Hidalgo: 16 km E Pachuca, lO-VI-67, 2600 m, No. 5, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Host — Quercus sp. Biology.- Diagonal, biramous galleries were being cut by adult females, engraving the wood rather deeply in small branches and twigs less than 2 cm in diameter. Neither eggs nor larvae were present. It is entirely possible these were maturation feeding tun- nels formed while the males were elsewhere beginning primary galleries. Notes.- The type series of 23 specimens was used to prepare the above treatment. 6. Phloeotribus discrepans Blandford Phloeotribus discrepans Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 163 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to Hmi- naris Harris and pruni Wood, but it may be distinguished by the large epistomal callus of the male, by the armature of the male decliv- ity, and, in the female, by the confused inter- strial setae on the declivity. Male.- Length 1.5-2.5 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, shallowly concave from near upper level of eyes to level of antennal insertion, median two-thirds of epistomal margin occupied by a large reticulate, im- punctate callus extending to level of antennal insertion; remaining surface reticulate, punc- tures fine, deep, rather close; vestiture of fine, short, inconspicuous hair. Segment 1 of antennal club 3.8 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to constriction just before broadly rounded an- terior margin; entire surface reticulate, punc- tures rather fine, shallow to moderately deep, rather close, part of those (perhaps one- fourth) on anterior two-thirds very finely as- perate, asperities not larger in lateral areas; vestiture consisting of rather abundant, fine, short hair. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on posterior two-thirds, rather broad- ly rounded behind, posterior profile inter- rupted by several declivital teeth; scutellar notch rather shallow, broad; anterior margins each armed by 11 to 13 coarse, overlapping crenulations; striae moderately impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, distinct; inter- striae wider than striae, slightly convex, punctures fine, deep, confused, their anterior margins weakly granulate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures deep but smaller than on declivity; interstriae 1 and 3 moder- ately convex, slightly elevated, 1 armed by four,3 by five rather coarse teeth, 2 im- pressed, as narrow as 1, with a uniseriate row of punctures, 5, 7, 8, and 9 each with one to about four small tubercles. Vestiture of sub- erect, stout, abundant bristles of uniform length on disc and declivity, each bristle equal in length to width of interstriae. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, epistomal margin and transverse cal- lus just above antennal insertions slightly ele- vated; interstrial granules on disc con- spicuously larger; declivital interstriae equally, weakly convex, each (including 2) bearing a row of small tubercles; declivital bristles confused on all interstriae except 1. Distribution.- Chiapas to Panama. MEXICO: Chiapas: 11 km E San Cristobal, 13-V-69, D E Bright. GUATEMALA: Quezaltenango, Quezalte- nanso 26-V-64, 1700 m. No. 626, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agna, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 614, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta (Volcan de Chiriqui), Chinqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. 389, .398, 417, 421, S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Several unidentified tree species. Biology.— Similar to liminaris. Notes.- The above treatment was based on my female topotypic homotype and on 240 additional specimens. A distinctive group is formed within the genus by quercinus, dis- crepans, liminaris, and pruni. 7. Phloeotribus liminaris (Harris) Figs. 89, 90 Tomicus liminaris Harris, 1852, A treatise on some of the insects of New England injurious to vegetation, p. 79 (Holotype, female; New England; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Phthorophloeus mississippiensis Blackman, 1921, Mis- sissippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:4 (Lecto- type female; Agricultural College or Starkville, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 569.30, designated by Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:151). Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to pruni Wood, but it may be distin- guished by the much finer, much longer pub- escence, by the larger, less deeply impressed pronotal punctures, by the somewhat coarser 1982 Phloeotribini 265 tubercles on declivital interstriae 2, and by the less strongly impressed male frons and larger epistomal callus. Male.- Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, a very feeble impression im- mediately above transverse callus at level of antennal insertion; epistomal margin slightly elevated with a moderately large, reticulate callus on median third (much as in dis- crepans) extending toward transverse callus above; surface elsewhere reticulate, punc- tures small, rather close, somewhat obscure; vestiture hairlike, fine, moderately long, in- conspicuous. Antennal club segment 1 four times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; out- line as in discrepa'ns; entire surface reticulate, punctures moderately large, shallow, rather close, not at all granulate or asperate; vesti- ture of rather long, fine, abundant hair. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides very feebly ar- cuate, diverging very slightly to declivital base, rather broadly rounded behind; scutel- lar notch rather shallow, broad; basal margins each armed by 10 to 11 coarse, overlapping crenulations; striae weakly impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, all punctures largely replaced by small, rounded, confused granules. Declivity steep, convex; striae more narrowly im- pressed, punctures very slightly smaller, deeper; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, convex, 1 weakly elevated, each equal- ly armed by a uniseriate row of rounded tu- bercles. Vestiture hairlike, very slightly coarser on declivity, length of each seta one to two times greater than width of one interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except frons more nearly convex, reticulate epistomal 5 nL?cic!rr?r '^^r'T'/rpf ^c"*"''"" '^ '- rhododactylus; 2, 8, piceae; 3, 9, frontalis; 4, 10, lir ^' ^^caiicasicu.%, b, i.2, scarabaeotdes. {After Swaine 1911:224.) . , v/, «, 266 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 callus absent; tubercles on elytral declivity evidently slightly smaller. DisTRiHUTioN.— Manitoba to Mississippi and east to the Atlantic Coast. CANADA; Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario, Que- bec. USA; Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, West Virginia. Hosts.— Primus americana, P. angusti- folia, P. persica, P. serotina. Biology.- This is the peach tree bark beetle that occasionally damages peach, cherry, and plum trees in the eastern United States and eastern Canada. Most of the adults overwinter in hibernation tunnels in healthy or injured bark of the host tree; a few evi- dently pass the winter in the brood galleries. In the spring the beetles emerge and attack unhealthy, injured, or cut limbs of the host, where biramous, transverse galleries engrave the wood rather deeply. Larval mines tend to follow the grain of the wood. Normally there are two generations each year, with at least a partial third generation in the southern part of its range. Notes.- The female holotype of liminaris has the pronotum damaged, but it is easily recognized as this species. The above treat- ment was based on my female homotype from Burning Well, Pennsylvania, on the type series of mississippiensis, and on 313 other specimens. It is replaced in the west by pruni. 8. Phloeotribtis pmni Wood Phloeotribus pruni Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88;253 (Holotype, female; Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexi- co; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to liminaris (Harris), but it may be distinguished by the much shorter, stout ves- titure, particularly on the elytral declivity, by the finer, less deeply impressed pronotal punctures, by the somewhat finer punctures on declivital interstriae 2, and by the more strongly impressed male frons with a consid- erably larger median, epistomal callus. Male.- Length 1.8-2.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave on central half, with a pair of lateral calluses just above level of antennal insertion as in liminaris but not connected on median third; epistomal callus reticulate, extending on median half to level of antennal insertion, much larger and more conspicuous than in liminaris, remaining sur- face reticulate (north) to subrugulose (south), rather finely, obscurely punctured; vestiture of fine, sparse, inconspicuous hair. Segment 1 of antennal club 4.0 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; as in lirninaris except surface usually a little more coarsely sculptured with punctures tending to average slightly smaller, vestiture shorter. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; as in liminaris except granules on declivital interstriae averaging smaller, particularly on 2, vestiture stout, of uniform length, bristles not longer than dis- tance equal to width of one interstriae. Female.- Similar to male except frons more nearly convex, upper calluses higher, epistomal callus present, much smaller, its surface indistinctly reticulate. Distribution.— North Dakota to Chiapas. USA: Arizona: 24-III-41, peach. Colorado: Fort Col- lins, 30-VII1-50, Primus virginiana. S. L. Wood; Boulder, Hopk. U.S. 4.32, Prunus, A. D. Hopkins; N. Cheyenne Canyon, 27-VII-15, P. emarginata, G. Hofer. New Mexi- co: Fairacres, ,30-IX-43, peach; Nogal; Silver City, 19-IX- 55, peach; State College, 23-VIII-16. North Dakota; Bot- tineau Co., 16-VII-71, Prunus virginiana, D. A. Tagstad; Hettinger, 16-VH-71, Prunus, M. E. McKnight; McHenrv Co.; 30-V-70, D. A. Tagstad. MEXICO; Chiapas;' Mt. Tzontehuitz, 26-V-69, D. E. Bright. Chi- huahua; 24 km N Chihuahua, 29-VIII-53, Prunus, S. L. Wood; Maguarichic, 13-VI1-60, peach, S. L. Wood. Du- rango; Durango, X-55, durazno, E. Jiminez. Jalisco: Guadalajara. Hidalgo; 8 km W Tulancingo, ll-VI-67, wild cherry, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 19 km E Carapan, lH-Vl-65,' Prunus, S. L. Wood. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Poto.si, 2-V-71, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Prunus persica, P. virginiana, P. sp. Biology.- Apparently the habits are as m liminaris. This rather aggressive species was found in peach and wild cherry at every Mexican locality where an effort was made to locate it. Although commercial orchards were not examined, it probably will be at least as important economically as liminaris is in the eastern United States. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the four paratypes in my collection and on 236 additional specimens. Specimens from the area north of Durango tend to be slightly 1982 Phloeotribini 267 smaller and more finely sculptured than those from further south. 9. Phloeotribus simplex Wood Phloeotribus simplex Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:95 (Holotype, female. Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is not clearly re- lated to any species known to me, but evi- dently it is more nearly allied to squamatus Wood than to other Central American species. Female.- Length 1..3-1.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons convex, with a transverse callus at level of antennal insertion; surface coarsely reticulate, with rather coarse, deep, moder- ately abundant punctures; vestiture fine, hairlike, inconspicuous. Segment 1 of anten- nal club about twice as wide as long. Pronotiim 0.9 times as long as wide; widest one-fourth length from base, sides feebly ar- cuate on basal half, rather strongly con- stricted just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface imarmed, reticulate, punc- tures small, deep, separated by distances one to three times diameter of a puncture; vesti- ture consisting of short, fine, and longer, coarse, hairlike setae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; scutellar notch very shallow; basal margins armed by a single row of 9 rather high crenulations, submarginal crenulations absent; striae not impressed, punctures deep, coarse; interstriae as wide as striae, almost flat and smooth, with median rows of small setiferous granules. Declivity steep, convex, rather narrow; striae and inter- striae narrower than on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of rows of fine, recumbent, strial hair, and longer, erect, uniseriate rows of inter- strial bristles, each bristle somewhat flattened at its apex and spaced in rows and between rows by distances about equal to length of a bristle. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63 30 m, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Barro Colorado Island Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 60 m, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Host.- A large woody vine (liana). Biology.- Little could be determined concerning the habits from the partly decom- posed host except that the brood penetrated deeply into the tissues. Whether the parental or larval mines had or had not been formed initially in the cambium could not be deter- mined. The host was 5-10 cm in diameter. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 female specimens. 10. Phloeotribus squamatus Wood Phloeotribus squamatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):7 (Holotvpe, male; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This unique species is distin- guished from other representatives of this genus by the small size, by the unarmed pro- notum, by the short, uniseriate, squamose, in- terstrial vestiture, and by the shallowly im- pressed male frons. Male.- Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color black, with white squam- ose vestiture. Frons shallowly concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, lateral margins not acutely elevated or armed; epistomal margin weakly elevated, and with a median tubercle; surface coarsely reticulate; vestiture incon- spicuous, mostly confined to marginal areas. Antennal club small, compact; segment 1 about 1.5 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, moderately constricted just behind rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface rather coarsely reticulate, including punc- tures, with close, coarse, shallow punctures; vestiture consisting of suberect, short, stout, almost scalelike bristles, most of them about three times as long as wide. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; scutellar notch rather shallow; basal margins armed by 9 coarse, rather high crenulations, submarginal crenu- lations not evident; striae weakly impressed, punctures large, rather deep; interstriae about half as wide as striae, almost restricted to a narrow row of closely set, subvulcanate, squamiferous punctures. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae somewhat narrower and deeper than on disc. Vestiture consisting of uniseriate rows of erect scales, each scale less than twice as long as wide; separated from 268 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 4. .U.Jaasoii " Fig. 90. Scolvtidae spp..: 1. PkJoeotribus dentifrons. 2. Phloeotrihus linnnari. 3, Fhheosinus dentatus-. 4, Pseudopi- tyophthorus a.sperulus: 5. Pityophthorus lautus; 6, Pityophthorus scriptor. (Blackman 1921:11.) 1982 Phloeotribini 269 adjacent scales in same row by distances equal to less than the width of a scale, and between rows by distances equal to almost twice length of a scale. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, median epistomal tubercle absent; vestiture of pronotum and elytra very slightlv more slender. ' Distribution.- Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 8-VII-63 1300 m dying tree, S. L. Wood. Biology.- The only two known specimens were just entering the bark of a limb of the unidentified host tree. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the male holotype and the female allo- type. Specimens in a series taken from Inga at Colonia Tovar, Aragua, Venezuela, are 1.3-1.7 mm in length, but appear to be of this species. 11. Phloeotribus lecontei Schedl Phloeotribm puberultis LeConte, 1879, nee Chapuis 1869, U.S. Dept. Interior, Geol. Geograph. Surv Bull. 5(3):519 (Holotype, male; La Veta Pass, Col- orado; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Phloeotribus lecontei Sehedl, 1962, Beitr. Ent. 12:487 (re- plaeement name) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to piceae Swaine, but it is distin- guished by the depressed, often flattened de- chvital interstriae 2 on the lower half, with the tubercles reduced, by the somewhat smaller strial punctures, and by the coarser vestiture. The European spinuhsus Rey is a closely related, more finely sculptured species. Male.- Length 1.6-2.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons deeply, rather narrowly concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, lateral margins at level of antennal insertion bearing a pair of rather large, pointed tubercles; sur- face rather smooth, punctures fine, sparse a few isolated granules above; epistomal mar- gm extended on median third into a moder- ately large premandibular lobe; vestiture rather sparse, coarse, moderately long uni- formly distributed. Segment 1 of antennal club twice as wide as long. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide- widest very slightly behind middle, sides rather strongly arcuate, moderately constricted just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface very min- utely granulate, punctures moderately large rather close, often obscure, some punctures on anterior half with their anterior margins very finely granulate; vestiture of coarse, moderately long bristles. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind, several serrations interrupt posterior profile; scutellar notch rather nar- row, moderately shallow; basal margins each armed by 10 coarse crenulations and three submarginal ones near scutellum; striae very weakly impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex, minutely granulose, punc- tures very finely granulate. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae very slightly more deeply impressed; interstriae 1, 3, and 9 mod- erately elevated, 3 and 9 join apically and continue to 1 before apex, 2 narrowed and usually flattened on lower half; all interstriae uniseriately tuberculate except lower half of 2, serrations on 1, 3, 9, and costal margin near apex, larger. Vestiture consisting of very fine, short, strial hair and uniseriate rows of erect, interstriae bristles, each bristle as long as distance between rows, more closely spaced within each row; a supplemental row of bristles on declivital interstriae 1. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, with a slight median impression on upper half; elytral tubercles often slightly larger. Distribution.- British Columbia and Al- berta to Arizona and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Banff. British Columbia: Koo- tenay Pass near Creston. USA: Arizona: Alpine Chiri- cahua Mts., Graham Mts., Santa Catalina Mts. Califor- nia: Areata. Colorado: Del Norte, Fort Collins Fort Garland, Indian Creek, New Castle, Poudre Canyon Rabbit Ears Pass. Idaho: Franklin Co. Montana: Glacier N P. New Mexico: Capitan, Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts.. Sandia Mts., Santa Fe Ski Basin. Oregon: Dixie Pass, Gold Lake. Utah: Alta, Ashley N. F. Bryce Can- yon N. M., Logan Canyon, Parowan Canyon, Settlement Creek in Tooele Co., Wolf Creek Pass. Hosts.- AZ?ie5 lasiocarpa, Picea engle- mannii, P. pungens, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.- This monogamous species evi- dently prefers shaded out branches of large living trees, although it occasionally occurs in branches of fallen trees or slash. The male 270 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 constructs the entrance tunnel and bases of the biramous egg galleries; the female cuts the remainder of the two egg galleries. The tunnels most commonly cut obliquely across the grain of the wood, though they vary from transverse to almost longitudinal. The winter is passed mostly as young adults or almost fully grown larvae; some of the adults are in the brood galleries, others in what appeared to be special hibernation or maturation tun- nels, and others in newly formed parental galleries. Adults and larvae of almost all sizes can be found at any time during the year. Evidently two generations are produced each year at lower elevations. The species is not aggressive and, consequently, is of minor eco- nomic importance. Notes.- The above treatment was based on my male homotype from Rabbit Ears Pass, Colorado, and 215 additional specimens. This species is rather variable within a series. For this reason geographical variations were diffi- cult to detect. The most distinct variation was the almost completely transverse paren- tal galleries of the Graham Mountain, Ari- zona, series. 12. Phloeotribus piceae Swaine Fig. 89 Phloeotribus piceae Swaine, 1911, Canadian Ent. 43:220 (Lectotype, female; Ste. Anne de Bellvue, Que- bec; Canadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:677) Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to lecontei Schedl, but it is distin- guished by the more coarsely, deeply im- pressed strial punctures, by the equally con- vex, serrate declivital interstriae 1 to 3, and by the finer vestiture. Male.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in lecontei. Pronotum as in le- contei except surface more nearly shining, punctures evidently averaging slightly smaller. Elytra as in lecontei except strial punctures larger, deep, interstriae smoother; declivital interstriae 1 to 3 equally convex and serrate, denticles on 2 continued to its apex, all de- clivital tubercles coarser than in lecontei; ves- titure much finer, interstrial setae of eastern specimens almost as fine as those on striae. Female.- Similar to male except frons planoconvex, with a transverse callus at level of antennal insertion; elytral tubercles very slightly larger. Distribution.- Yukon Territory to Que- bec and Maine. ALASKA: Hope, 1978, pheromone trap, R. A. Wer- ner. CANADA: Manitoba: Riding Mts. Northwest Terri- tories: Aklivak, Yellowknife. Ontario: Sudbury. Quebec: Gaspe Co., Isle Perrot, Ste. Anne de Bellvue. Yukon Ter- ritory: Fortymile. USA: Maine: Brunswick, Camp Ca- ribou, Orono. Minnesota: Duluth. New York: Cranberry Lake. Host.— Picea glauca. Biology.— Evidently similar to lecontei. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the lectotype, on 8 paratypes, and on 70 other specimens. 13. Phloeotribus frontalis (Olivier) Fig. 89 Scohjtus frontalis Olivier, 1795, Entomologie, Coleopt. 4(78); 13 (Amerique septentnonale; presumably m Paris Mus. but not located) Bostrichus frontalis: Fabricius, 1801, Systema Eleuthera- torium 1:389. Phloeotribus frontalis: Zimmerman, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:149. Phheophthorus granicollis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:149 (Lectotype, male; Carolma bo- reale, specimen labeled "Am. Bor"; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation); Eichhoff, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:608. Synonymy Phheophthorus moriperda Hopkins, 1905 (preprint), Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:77 (Lectotype, fe- male; Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7515, designated by Wood, 1971, Great Ba- sin Nat. 31:151) Synonymy Diagnosis.- As indicated in the above key, this species is rather closely related to destructor Wood, but it is distinguished by having declivital interstriae 1 to 4 tubercu- late, by the less closely, more finely punc- tured pronotum with minute points densely marked in the interspaces, and by the differ- ent host and distribution. Male.- Length 1.7-2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, shallowly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, center sub- foveately impressed, lateral margins armed by a pair of coarse, pointed tubercles at level of antennal insertion; surface finely rugulose with a few very fine granules on upper half of sides and above eyes, several, fine, obscure punctures below; vestiture of fine, inconspic- uous hair. Segment 1 of antennal club 1.6 times as wide as long. 1982 Phloeotribini 271 Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, very slightly ar- cuate, rather abruptly rounded just anterior to middle, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface densely marked by fine puncturelike points in interspaces between small, moder- ately abundant punctures, fine, rounded granules scattered over almost entire surface, perhaps one-third as abundant as punctures; vestiture of stout bristles, moderately abun- dant, rather short. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; scutellar notch rather shallow, broad; basal margins each armed by 12-13 coarse, overlapping crenulations; striae slightly impressed, punctures rather coarse deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, rather weakly convex, punctures replaced by uniseriate rows of coarse, narrow crenulations. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae narrower and slightly deeper than on disc; all interstriae uniseriately tuberculate, tubercles small on 1, increasing in size later- ally until very coarse on 9, 9 slightly ele- vated, joining costal margin, elevation and tubercles continuing to apex without inter- ruption. Vestiture consisting of uniseriate rows of pointed bristles, each about equal in length to distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex to narrow, transverse impression just above epistomal margin, a median fovea near center, granules not evident. Distribution.- Kansas and Texas to Pennsylvania and South Carolina. USA: Alabama, District of Columbia, Georgia, Il- linois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York,' North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. MEXICO- Guanajuato: Irapuato. Hopk. US1326 (introduced but not established). Hosts.- Ce/fe occidentalis. Moms alba, M. rubra. Biology.- Young adults emerge from the brood tree in the fall and construct matura- tion feeding hibernation tunnels in living host trees, primarily in the outer bark but extend- ing to the outer area of phloem tissue. In some areas considerable damage results from this injury. In the spring the beetles emerge from hibernation and attack unthrifty, in- jured, or cut trees in any area from the stump to the branches. The monogamous beetles construct transverse, biramous parental gal- leries that engrave both the wood and inner bark surfaces; the male initiates the attack and constructs the entrance tunnel. Accord- ing to Blackman (1922:54), the two combined egg galleries of a biramous system varied from 3 to 5 cm in length; the number of egg niches varied from 30 to 90. The larval mines parallel the grain of the wood, engraving both the wood and phloem tissues. Evidently there are two generations each year. Al- though red mulberry appears to be the pre- ferred host, it is not uncommon in hackberry. Notes.- The above treatment was based on my series from Lawrenceville, Illinois; in all 429 specimens were examined. One male syntype of granicollis was sent by Eichhoff to the U.S. National Museum. That specimen is here designated as the lectotype of granicollis Eichhoff and is consistent with what I treat here as frontalis, although I have not seen Olivier's type. A search for Olivier's type was unsuccessful, but it probably is in the Paris Museum. The male and female syntypes of Phloeophthorus moriperda were also com- pared directly to my material. Although the size of these syntypes is at the lower limits for this species, the other characters fall well within the range of its variability. It is quite apparent that the species was introduced into the mulberry (Morus alba) plantation at Ira- puato, but my search gave no indication that it survived there. Cibrian (pers. comm.) ap- parently found it there at a later date. Be- cause Hopkins did not designate a holotype for his species, I here designate his "female type" as the lectotype of Phloeophthorus moriperda. 14. Phloeotribus destructor Wood Phloeotribus destructor Wood, 1969 Great Basin Nat. 29:123 (Holotype, male; Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood. Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from frontalis (Olivier) by the absence of tu- bercles on declivital interstriae 1 to 4, by the much more coarsely punctured pronotum, with the interspaces devoid of fine impressed points, and by the different host and distribution. Male.- Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistomal margin almost to level of upper 272 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 margin of eyes; lateral margins armed by a pair of moderately large, pointed tubercles at level of antennal insertion; surface shining, subreticulate below, almost rugulose above, marginal areas above tubercles with rather abundant, small, rounded granules; vestiture of rather abundant, coarse, short hair. Seg- ment 1 of antennal club 2.6 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides rather weakly, arcuately converging to a feeble constriction just be- hind anterior margin, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface coarsely, very close- ly, rather shallowly punctured, a few gran- ules and fine asperities in anterolateral areas, interspaces between punctures less than half as wide as diameter of a puncture, devoid of impressed points; vestiture of rather fine, moderately abundant, short hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; scutellar notch rather shal- low, obtuse; basal margins each armed by 12-14 coarse, overlapping crenulations; striae moderately impressed, punctures deep, rather fine on basal fourth, becoming coarser toward declivity; interstriae as wide as striae, closely crenulate, crenulations confused, each about half as wide as an interstriae, low ex- cept at base and much larger at base of de- clivity. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae narrowly impressed, punctures rather small; interstriae 1 to 8 equally convex, armed at base by crenulations that increase in size laterally, interstriae on declivital face not at all granulate, uniseriately, finely pimc- tured, except 9 joining costal margin, its ele- vation and course tubercles continuing to apex. Vestiture of slender, interstrial bristles of imiform length, slightly confused on most of disc, becoming uniseriate toward and on declivity, on declivity each equal in length to distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a narrow, transverse impression im- mediately above epistoma, lateral tubercles absent. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 19 km E Carapan, 18-VI-65, wild cherry. No. 76, S. L. Wood; Morelia; 14-VI-65, peach. No. 57, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Primus persica, P. sp. Biology.- This species was misidentified in the field as pruni, with which the Carapan series was intermixed; evidently their habits are very similar. The Morelia series was taken from an apparently healthy peach tree. Although some of the new attacks could very well have been for maturation feeding, at least one new, biramous gallery contained eggs. It is a potential horticultural pest species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 15. Phloeotribus dentifrons (Blackman) Fig. 90 Phthorophloeus dentifrons Blackman, 1921, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:3 (Holotype, fe- male; Agricultural College or StarkviUe, Mis- sissippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56929) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from texanus Schaeffer by the presence of granules on all declivital interstriae, by the less strongly impressed striae with smaller punctures, by the smaller granules on the dis- cal interstriae, and by slightly smaller aver- age size. Male.- Length 1.2-1.6 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons deeply concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, lateral margins armed by a pair of rather large, pointed tubercles, mar- gin subacute immediately above tubercles; surface reticulate, a few granules on upper margins; vestiture of sparse, fine, inconspic- uous hair. Segment 1 of antennal club 2.5 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.85 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging slightly anteriorly, rather broadly rounded in front; surface subreticulate, punc- tures of moderate size and depth, usually not clearly defined, anterolateral area armed by about 15 asperities of varying sizes on each side; vestiture of moderately abundant, rather short, very stout setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; scutellar notch shallow, ob- tuse; basal margins each armed by 9 to 11 coarse crenulations; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep; 1982 Phloeotribini 273 interstriae as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures replaced by rather small, rounded,' uniseriate granules. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae distinctly impressed, punctures smaller, less distinct; interstriae weakly con- vex, granules very slightly larger on inter- striae 1 to 9. Vestiture consisting of very fine, short, strial hair, and uniseriate, interstrial rows of suberect, very stout, almost scalelike bristles; each bristle equal in length to two- thirds of distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, unarmed, a very weak, transverse im- pression immediately above epistoma. Distribution.- North Dakota and Penn- sylvania to Texas and Florida. USA: District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Kansas Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, New Jersey, New Mexi- co, North Carolina, North Dakota, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia. Hosts.- Celtis occidentalis, Celtis sp., Condalis obtusifolia. Biology.- The beetles attack weakened or injured limbs and branches of the host tree. They pass the winter as young adults in the brood tunnels. In the spring they emerge to attack a new host. Their method of attack and gallery patterns resemble /ronta/w. There are two generations each year. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 539 other specimens. 16. Phloeotribus texanus Schaeffer Phloeotribus texanus Schaeffer, 1908, J. New York Ent Soc. 16:222 (Lectotype, male; Esparza Ranch Brownsville, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 42488, pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from dentifrons (Blackman) by the odd-num- bered, alternate, declivital interstriae being armed by pointed tubercles, the even-num- bered interstriae being unarmed, by the more distinctly impressed discal striae, with the coarse punctures wider than the interstriae by the wider, discal, interstrial granules by the larger average size, and by the restricted distribution. Male.- Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in dentifrons except excavation extending slightly above eyes. Antennal scape bearing a tuft of long, yellow hair; segment 1 of club 3.0 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.87 times as long as wide- widest a third of length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate, slightly constricted just behind anterior margin, narrowly rounded in front; surface reticulate, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep, slightly more than anterior half armed by granules and small asperities; vestiture of moderately abundant, short, very stout bristles. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; scutellar notch shallow, ob- tuse; basal margins each armed by eight coarse crenulations; striae distinctly im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae except at base, almost smooth, with uniseriate rather coarse,' rounded granules. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae impressed, punctures much smaller than on disc; interstriae convex, all uniseriately granulate, those on 3, 5, 7, and 9 and sometimes 1 and 8 much larger and sharply pointed. Vestiture of uniseriate rows of suberect, very stout, interstrial bristles, each bristle about equal in length to distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, a median fovea at center; scape without tuft of hair. Distribution.- Nuevo Leon and Texas to South Carolina and Florida. USA: Florida: Biscayne, Lake Worth, Mariana. Loui- siana: Creole, Killona. South Carolina: Charleston Texas: Brownsville, Columbus, Devils River, Hidalgo Co., Southmost. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: 24 km NW Montemorelos, 26-IV-69, D. E. Bright. DOUBTFUL ORIGIN: Intercepted at Mexican border in shelled com lot 36-22399, 16-V-36. A specimen labeled Barro Colo- rado Isl., C. Z., Panama, VI 1942, Fomes sp.. No 4981 J. Zetek, at the U.S. National Museum, almost certainly is mislabeled. Hosts.- Celtis laevigata, Condalia obtusifolia. Biology.- Evidently the habits are similar to dentifrons, with which it was intermixed in one series. Notes.- The above treatment was based on 2 syntypes and on 563 additional speci- mens. Because Schaeffer did not designate a type for his species, I here designate the male syntype in the U.S. National Museum as the lectotype of texanus Schaeffer. 274 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 17. Phloeotribus scabricollis (Hopkins) Phheophthoms scabricollis Hopkins, 1916, in Blatchley and Leng, Rhynchophora or Weevils of North Eastern America, p. 656 (Holotype, male; Hes- sville, Indiana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7485) Diagnosis.- This unique species is distin- guished from other representatives of the genus by the deep, narrow striae, by the very short, abundant, confused elytral hair, by the distinctive pronotum, by the absence of fron- tal tubercles in the male, and by the host. Male.- Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; body color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave, lateral margins subacutely elevated on lower two-thirds, but devoid of tubercles at level of antennal in- sertion; surface minutely rugose-reticulate, with a few minute pimctures; vestiture hair- like, inconspicuous. Segment 1 of antennal club 4.0 times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging very slightly, broadly rounded in front; surface closely, sharply punctured, in- terspaces about equal in width to one-half di- ameter of a puncture, becoming granulate to finely asperate anteriorly and laterally, three coarse asperities at anterolateral margin; ves- titure rather short, abundant, hairlike. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; scutellar notch shal- low, obtuse; basal margins each armed by 15 coarse crenulations; striae narrowly, rather strongly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, tubercles close, con- fused, larger ones in somewhat irregular, uniseriate rows. Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; striae about as on disc; interstriae equally convex, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each bearing a uniseriate row of fine, pointed tubercles, tu- bercles evidently larger laterally. Vestiture consisting of uniformly short, abundant, con- fused, hairlike bristles on disc and declivity, each bristle equal in length to little more than half width of an interstriae. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex; asperities of pronotum slightly larger and more widely distributed; all declivital in- terstriae bearing at least a few minute tubercles. Distribution.— Illinois to Ohio. USA; Illinois: Lyons, 20-VIII-12, G. M. Greene; Lisle, DuPage Co., 8-V11-70, Ptelea trifoliata, J. Appleby. In- diana; Hessville, 14-VII, W. S. Blatchley; Indiana Dunes St. Pk. Ohio: GeorgesviUe, lO-IX-98, boring in axils of leaves of Staphijlea trifolia. Hosts.- Ptelea trifoliata, Staphylea trifolia. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small, unthrifty branches. The egg galleries were transverse. Notes.— The above treatment is based on the holotype and on 19 other specimens. 18. Phloeotribus scabratus Blandford Phloeotribus scabratus Blandford. 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 164 (Lectotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.- The above key places this species near scabricollis Hopkins, although they are not closely related. Among Central American species it is unique in having the pronotal sculpture coarse and in having the elytral vestiture scalelike and confused on the disc but in uniseriate rows on the declivity. Male.- Length 2.5 mm, about 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; lateral margins moder- ately elevated, unarmed; details of surface sculpture largely obscured by debris, evi- dently rugose-reticulate, ornamented by a few coarse bristles. Antennal scape bearing a small tuft of long, dark hair; segment 1 of club at least five times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately ar- cuate, not converging on basal half, distinctly constricted before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface shining, irregularly, very closely, rather coarsely punctured, ante- rior or lateral margins of punctures weakly to subasperately elevated, interspaces marked by minute points; anterolateral areas rather finely asperate, a low, completely marginal row across anterior margin; vestiture of stout, semirecumbent bristles of moderate length. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 14 crenulations; scutellar notch rather broad, shallow; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae rather 1982 Phloeotribini 275 strongly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae wider than striae, with nu- merous, short, confused, acute, setiferous cre- nulations. Dechvity convex, rather steep; in- terstriae equally convex, 1 very slightly higher, each uniseriately tuberculate, except largely confused on 1. Vestiture of suberect scales, each scale rather short, about four to six times as long as wide, very slightly shorter and stouter on declivity. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 4000-6000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.- This species was described from two male syntypes. The first of these speci- mens has been considered to be the type; it is here designated as the lectotype of scabratus Blandford. 19. Phloeotrihus opimus Wood Phbeotribus opimus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Uni- versity Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):7 (Holotype, male; Zomorano, Morazan, Honduras- Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to de- messus Blandford, but it may be distin- guished by the smooth, shining, discal inter- striae, except for the granules, by the almost straight basal margin of the pronotum, and by the slightly smaller average size. Male.- Length 1.4-1.9 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, with light vestiture. Frons deeply excavated from upper level of eyes to epistoma, deepest near center, lat- eral margins acute from middle to antennal bases, surface rather coarsely reticulate; ves- titure largely confined to marginal areas. Antennal scape long, ornamented by a tuft of long yellowish hair. Segment 1 of antennal club three times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate, anterior constriction weak, rather broadly rounded in front; surface coarsely, deeply punctured, spaces between punctures almost smooth, subshining, less than half width of a puncture, with a small rounded, setiferous granule on anterior mar- gin of each puncture; vestiture consisting of short, stout, whitish bristles. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; scutellar notch shallow, obtuse; single row of 9-11 crenulations on each ely- tral base high, coarse; striae slightly im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae convex, narrower than striae, armed by a row of small setiferous tubercles. Declivity steep, convex; striae somewhat narrower and deep- er; interstriae 9 weakly elevated, more coar- sely serrate. Vestiture consisting of uniseriate rows of suberect flattened bristles, each bristle separated within a row by distances equal to its own length, and from those in ad- jacent rows by one and one-half times its own length. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, lateral margins rounded; antennal scape without tuft of hair. Distribution.- Jalisco to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Jalisco: 33 km N Juchitlan, 3-VII-65, Fkus 1300 m, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA; Palm, Esquintla 19-V-64, Ficus, 300 m, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Zamo- rano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 558. Ficus, No. 506, Celtis iguanae. No. 507, Serjania triquetra S L Wood. COSTA RICA: Lower Rio Tempisque, Guana- caste, 25-III-64, 15 m, No. 501, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Ficus spp., less commonly (acci- dentally?) in Celtis iguanae and Serjania triquetra. Biology.- The twigs and small branches of living fig trees are most commonly se- lected, although this species will attack bro- ken branches. They tend to select those branches that have started to die near their terminal ends and rear their broods at the margin of the vigorous living tissues. In at- tacks of this type only one or two mon- ogamous pairs of beetles were found in each branchlet. Presumably several overlapping generations are produced each year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 103 specimens. 20. Phloeotrihus demessus Blandford Phloeotrihus demessus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 165 (Lectotype, female; Toxpam or Tuxpan, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Phloeotrihus tuberculatus Eggers, 1951, Ent Blatt. 45-46:147 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica, U.S. Nat. Mus., 69631); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:181. Synonymy Phloeotrihus eggersi Schedl, 1962, Beitr. Ent. 12:487. Re- placement name 276 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.- This species is allied to opimus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the presence of numerous impressed points toward the base of the discal interstriae, these points becoming granulate posteriorly; by the posteriorly extended posteromedian area of the pronotum; and by the larger aver- age size. Male.- Length 1.6-2.3 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons shallowly concave from epistoma al- most to upper level of eyes, lateral margins at level of antennal insertions moderately ele- vated but vmarmed; surface strongly reti- culate, punctures small, moderately abun- dant, obscure; vestiture of rather abundant bristles of moderate length. Antennal scape ornamented by a small tuft of hair; segment 1 of club about five times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.87 times as long as wide; widest a third of length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate, very slightly con- stricted just before narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; basal margin obtusely produced posteriorly in median area; surface sub- shining, punctures deep, coarse and moder- ately large intermixed, with interspaces rather densely marked by very small, deep punctures; vestiture sparse, of short, very stout bristles. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded be- hind; scutellar notch very broad; basal mar- gins each armed by 15 broadly overlapping, rather low crenulations, a less definite sub- marginal row also indicated; striae rather strongly impressed at least toward declivity, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, uniseriately, closely crenulate, crenulations more than half as wide as an interstriae, intervening spaces marked by rather abundant, deep, fine punc- tures. Declivity convex, steep; striae and in- terstriae slightly narrower than on disc, crenulations narrower, more pointed, often slightly higher. Vestiture consisting of unise- riate rows of suberect, flattened, almost scalelike, interstrial bristles of equal length on disc and declivity; each bristle about equal in length to two-thirds distance be- tween rows, spaced within rows by less than length of a bristle. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, punctures much larger, very shallow; tuft of hair on scape almost entirely absent. Distrirution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO; Veracruz: Jicaltepec, Toxpam (or Tuxpan), Salle. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m, No. 439, unidentified tree; Rio Damitas, Dota Moun- tains, San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 432, stump; Finca Groniaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 84, log. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. 346, tree branch, all by S. L. Wood. Biology.- This species made typical bi- ramous, transverse parental galleries; larval mines paralleled the grain of the wood. Notes.— The five syntypes of demessus and 58 other specimens were used in pre- paring the above treatment. Because this spe- cies was based on a syntypic series of five specimens, the second specimen, a female from Mexico labeled and previously consid- ered to be the type, is here designated as the lectotype of demessus Blandford. The holo- type of tuberculatus was also examined. 21. Phloeotribus artnatus Blandford Phloeotribus armatus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 166 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Phloeotribus mixtecus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1494 (Holotype, female; 26 miles S Jucha- tengo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12609); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:181. Sijnonijmij Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from settilostis Eichhoff by the slightly ele- vated, dentate, declivital interstriae 1 and 3, 2 and 4 being unarmed except at base, and by the distribution. Male.- Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Head and pronotum as in setulosus, except base of pronotum almost straight. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in setulosus, scutellar notch not as deep, more obtuse, bas- al armature similar; striae strongly impressed, punctures coarse, deep, partly confluent; in- terstriae as wide as striae, uniseriately crenu- late, each crenulation almost as wide as inter- striae and evidently coarser than in setulosus, general surface with numerous impressed points. Declivity steep, convex; striae and in- terstriae slightly narrower than on disc; inter- striae 1, 3, 5, and 7 slightly more strongly 1982 Phloeotribini 277 convex and tuberculate, two or three of tu- bercles on 3, 5, and 7 larger than others, 2, 4, and 6 unarmed except at extreme base; inter- striae 9 very strongly, narrowly elevated, much stronger than setulosus, and coarsely serrate, continuing to apex. Vestiture largely abraded on disc; consisting of uniseriate in- terstrial rows of erect bristles of equal length throughout, each bristle equal in length to distance between rows, somewhat similarly spaced within each row; bristles absent on even-numbered declivital interstriae on at least lower half. Female.- Similar to male except frons as in female setulosus. Distribution.- Oaxaca to Colombia 97^n vSP^r?^''^^ ^^^ '"•'^^ °' ^^ 1^"^ S Oaxaca, 27-30-V-71, D. E. Bright, GUATEMALA: San Migxiel Duenas, 29-V-66, J. M. Campbell. HONDURAS- 1940 Z'vnli^lT- PANAMA: Fort Clayton, Canal Zone,' 22-XII-63, 50 m, No. 325, log, S. L. Wood; Cerro Punta Chiriqui, 18-24-VII-61, J. M. Campbell; Darien, e-ll^ yiI-61; Limon Bay, Canal Zone, 30-XII-63, 5 m No 353, tree limb. Biology.- The biramous parental galleries evidently are diagonal and engrave the wood rather deeply. The true character of the gal- leries was not clear. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type of armatus and on 149 other specimens. 22. Phloeotribus biguttatus Blandford Phloeotribus biguttatus Blandford, 1897, Biol Centr Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 169 (Holotvpe. male; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mas. Nat. Hist ) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from setulosus Eichhoff by the broad, short pronotum having the asperities restricted to the anterior fourth, with the anterior margin very coarsely serrate; by the smaller discal interstrial tubercles; and by the less strongly elevated declivital interstriae 9. Male.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 1.73 times as long as wide; dark brown, slightly reddish posteriorly. Frons and antenna as in setulosus except frontal impression extending very slightly above upper level of eyes, and epistomal ca- rina less strongly procurved. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide- widest at extreme base, sides convergently ar- cuate from base to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by two very course, close median teeth, two pairs of submarginal teeth of decreasing size lateral to these; surface as in setulosus, with numerous minute points and moderately large, shallow punctures, punctures distinctly smaller than in setulosus; asperities small, less than a dozen, restricted to anterior fourth on median area; vestiture consisting of a few bristles near anterior margin. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; as in setulosus except discal interstrial crenulations smaller, appear- ing more widely spaced, and declivital inter- striae 9 lower, about two-thirds as strongly elevated. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, scape without tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum with serrations reduced, usually absent in median area. Distribution.- Panama to Colombia and Venezuela. PANAMA: Chiriqui: Bugaba, G. C. Champion OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. ^ Host.— Brosimum sp. Biology.- Specimens were taken from transverse galleries in broken limbs. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the male holotype and on 86 other speci- mens. Three specimens from Panama in the British Museum were assigned to this species but were not mentioned by Blandford. 23. Phloeotribus subovatus Blandford Phloeotribus subovatus Blandford, 1897, Biol Centr Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 167 (Lectotvpe, male; El Reposo, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from setulosus Eichhoff by characters men- tioned in the above key, by the stouter body, by the narrower interstrial tubercles, and by the stouter interstrial setae. Male.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in setulosus except narrower and more pubescent; epistomal transverse carina straight, very strongly elevated, about one- fourth as wide as epistoma, carina about half as high as wide. Antenna as in setulosus. Pronotum similar to setulosus except aspe- rities averaging larger, those on anterolateral margin more consistently present; discal area reticulate, punctures usually not as deep. 278 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra with striae impressed, punctures rather small; interstriae twice as wide as striae, most crenulations half as wide as an in- terstriae, spaced as in setulosus but averaging smaller; interstrial setae slightly shorter and stouter than in setulosus. Declivity similar to setulosus except interstriae three times as wide as striae, 9 moderately elevated and ser- rate to striae 3. Female.- Similar to male except sexual differences as in setulosus. Distribution.- Guatemala to Venezuela. GUATEMALA: El Reposo, 80() ft. Champion. BRIT- ISH HONDURAS: Blancaneaux. VENEZUELA: 20 km SW El Vigia, Merida, 21-XI-69, 50 m. No. 147, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.- Specimens were taken from bi- ramous, transverse tunnels in a large limb. The inner bark of the host had a distinct yel- low color. Notes.- From Blandford's syntypic series of 12 specimens from El Reposo, Guatemala, I here designate a male on a double mount (with a female) as the lectotype of subovatus. The above treatment was based on Bland- ford's material and on 127 other specimens from Venezuela. 24. Phloeotribus setulosus Eichhoff Fig. 16 Phloeotribus setuloms Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:149 (Lectotype, male; Colombia, not Carolina as published; Biiissels Mus.) Phloeotribus rudis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12- 149 (Syntypes? male; Brazil; lost with Ham- burg Mus.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:286. Synoni/mi/ Phloeotribus dubius Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:150 (Holotype?; male; Colombia; Berlin Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:209. Synonymy Phloeotribus aspemtus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 166 (Holotype, male, Pan- ajachel, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:182. Synonymy Phloeotribus lodalis Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer Coleopt. 4(6): 168 (Lectotype, male; Cerro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:286). Synonymy Phloeotribus spinipennis Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 26:168 (Holotype, male; Colombia, Moritz; Berlin Mus.); Wood,' 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:209. Synonymy Phloeotribus bolivianus Eggers, 1933, Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus Nat. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, Mem. 1:5 (Holotype. male; Cochabamba, Bolivia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60862); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:286. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from annatus Blandford by the equally con- vex, equally tuberculate declivital interstriae 1 to 8 and by the somewhat less strongly ele- vated declivital interstriae 9. Male.- Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons somewhat irregularly concave from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes, later- al margins moderately elevated at level of antennal bases, unarmed by tubercles, a slight callus in median area at this level except for narrow, impressed, median line, epistomal margin elevated on median half as a pro- curved, transverse carina, a premandibular lobe developed below this elevation; surface reticulate, very finely punctured; vestiture sparse, of fine, inconspicuous hair. Antennal scape bearing a conspicuous tuft of long, yel- low hair; segment 1 of club more than seven times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; pos- terior margin slightly extended posteriorly in median area, widest a third of length from base, sides strongly arcuate to feeble con- striction just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface rather coarsely but not closely asperate on anterior half, coarsely, irregularly punctured behind, also extending into asperate area, width of inter- spaces averaging less than half as wide as punctures, rather densely marked by deep, impressed points, vestiture consisting of a few stout bristles in marginal areas. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; scutellar notch shallow, obtuse; basal margins each armed by 11 overlapping, ba- sally fused crenulations; striae rather strongly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae • convex, as wide as striae, uniseriately crenu- late each crenulation at least half as wide as interstriae, general surface shining and marked by numerous impressed points. De- clivity steep, convex; striae and interstriae slightly narrower than on disc, interstriae 1 to 8 uniseriately, rather finely tuberculate, 1 feebly elevated, 9 rather strongly elevated and serrate to apex, joining costal margin just before apex. Vestiture usually abraded on disc, consisting of uniseriate, interstrial rows of rather stout bristles of equal length 1982 Phloeotribini 279 throughout, each bristle equal in length to about three-fourths of distance between rows, somewhat similarly spaced within each row. Female.— Similar to male except frons slightly convex, with a rather large, median callus at level of antennal insertion, a weak, transverse impression just above the weakly elevated epistomal margin, punctures larger, shallow. Distribution.- Veracruz to Peru and Brazil. MEXICO: Chiapas: Simohovel. Veracruz: Lago Cate- maco, Tampko. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil Pan- ajachel. Rodeo. HONDURAS: Zamorano. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Moravia, Playon, Puerto Viejo, Rio Damitas in the Dota Mts., Rio Tempisque, San Isidro de Coro- nado, San Jose. PANAMA: Boquette, Bugaba, La Chor- rera. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. Hosts.- Brosimiim sp., Cedreh mexicana, Celtis iguanae, Croton gossypiif alius, Ficus sp., and at least two additional tree species. Biology.— This common species occurred most frequently in limbs and branches larger than 2 cm in diameter, but it also attacked logs and stumps. The gallery system was typi- cally transversely biramous with the larval mines following the grain of the wood. Sever- al overlapping generations appeared to occur each year in Costa Rica. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male holotype of asperatus and the male lectotypes of setulosiis and sodalis, and on 458 additional specimens. The surface sculpture of the pronotum and the elytral disc varies slightly within series. This fact, coupled with the paucity of specimens, has led to the redescription of this species. At least part of Blandford's amiatus also belongs to this species. Because sodalis was based on a syntypic series, the first specimen, a male from Cerro Zunil previously labeled and con- sidered to be the type, is here designated as the lectotype o( sodalis Blandford. Two specimens of rudis in the Chapuis Collection that were identified by Eichhoff are of this species. These specimens could be cotypes. 25. Phloeotribus mattrus Wood PhbeoMbus maurm Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):6 (Holotype, male; Rineon de Osa, Guanacaste, Costa Rica Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- Within the Central American fauna this species is allied to furvus Wood, although it is not closely related; it may be distinguished by the uniseriately crenulate in- terstriae, by the uniseriate, interstrial bristles, and apparently by the smaller average size. Male.- Length 2.4-3.1 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons similar to but much narrower than in furvus; sculpture similar; vestiture above antennal bases much coarser than in furvus. Scape bearing a rather large, dense tuft of dark hair. Pronotum outline as in furvus; surface less uniformly, more deeply punctured, some punctures toward base much larger than in furvus; anterolateral asperities about twice as large as in furvus, vestiture at lateral margins coarser and longer. Elytra 1.03 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides weakly arcuate from base to declivity, somewhat narrowly rounded behind; scutellar notch abrupt, broad, very deep, matching extension of pro- notum; basal margins armed by 12 or more low, overlapping crenulations; striae strongly impressed, punctures clearly indicated; inter- striae distinctly less than twice as wide as striae, punctures subcrenulate on 2 and 3 to declivity, less distinctly so on 4 to 6, crenula- tions uniseriate except somewhat biseriate at base of 2, some of them as wide as an inter- striae; interstriae narrower and more convex toward declivity. Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; interstriae narrower than on disc, each with a median, subserrate row of low tubercles. Vestiture consisting of a row of short, suberect bristles on each interstriae; each bristle not longer than a third distance between rows; largely abraded on basal half; some fine hair also on sutural interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, foveate just above level of antennal insertion; tuft of hair on scape absent. Distribution.- Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 1-3-V-69 D E Bright. COSTA RICA: Rineon de Osa, Puntarenas 11- VII-66, 30 m, No. 63, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ficus sp. Biology.— The type series was taken from irregularly diagonal to almost longitudinal, biramous tunnels that rather deeply engraved the wood. The beetles were just beginning their galleries and very few eggs had been deposited. 280 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes — The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. 26. Phloeotribus pilula Erichson Fig. 91 Phloeotribus pilula Erichson, 1847, Archiv Naturgesch. 13(1): 138 (Lectotype, male; Peru; Zool. Mus. Berlin, designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 3.3:181) Phloeotribus obliquus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 45 (Svntypes; Mexique, Nouvelle-Gre- nada; Brussels Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:181. Si/noriymt/ Phloeotribus obesus Kirsch, 1875, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 19:283 (Holotype, sex? Peru; Dresden Mus.); Eggers, 1929. Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:52. Synonymy Phloeotribus manni Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:.385 (Holotype, female, Rio Madeira, Bra- zil; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:181. Synonymy Phbeotribus australis Schedl, 1953, Mem. Queensland Mus. 13:80 (Holotvpe, male; Queensland, Austra- lia; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37: 209. Synonymy Fig. 91. 1953:80.) Phloeotribus pilula. male. (After Schedl Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from furvus Wood by the rugose-reticulate pronotal and elytral surfaces, by the unise- riate setae on discal interstriae 3-10, and by the finer interstrial tubercles on the declivity. Male.- Length 2.6-3.3 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color almost black. As in furvus except as noted in above diagnosis. Female.- Similar to male except sexual differences as in furvus. Distribution.- Chiapas to Peru and Brazil. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69, D. E. Bright. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela. Host.— Brosirnum sp. Biology.- Transverse, biramous galleries are made in the bole, limbs, and larger branches. It is a very common and widely distributed species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of pilula, on the holotypes of manni and australis, on a syntype of ob- liquus, and on 108 other specimens. 27. Phloeotribus furvus Wood Phloeotribus sukifrons: Blandford, 1897 (nee. Chapuis, 1869), Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 165 Phloeotribus furvus Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:124 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to mau- rus Wood, but it is not closely related; it may be distinguished by the much more numer- ous, three-ranked discal, interstrial crenula- tions, by the confused, minute, interstrial setae, and, apparently, by the larger than av- erage size. Male.- Length 2.8-3.3 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly, shallowly, subconcavely im- pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, lateral margins weakly elevated, except more strongly raised at level of antennal insertions, unarmed, a low, transverse callus at level of antennal insertions; surface strongly reti- culate, with rather close, shallow punctures of moderately small size. Antennal scape with a small tuft of rather short hair; segment 1 of club more than eight times as wide as long. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; basal margin obtusely extended posteriorly with 1982 Phloeotribini 281 median fourth more acutely extended; widest just in front of posterolateral angles, rather strongly, arcuately convergent, weakly con- stricted just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface very densely, rather coarsely punctured, becoming somewhat granulate on anterior third; anterolateral an- gles with two or three coarse asperities, a row of small asperities extending along ante- rior margin to opposite side; vestiture of min- ute, dark setae at least in lateral areas. Elytra 1.03 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides weakly arcuate to base of declivity, rather broadly rounded be- hind; scutellar notch abrupt, deep, broad- basal margins armed by 19 low, overlapping crenulations; striae abruptly, narrowly deeply impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, dense crenulations narrow, rather high, often obscurely three- ranked, general surface evidently minutely punctured. Declivity convex, steep; inter- striae as on disc but slightly narrower, me- dian tubercles larger, others largely absent, 9 moderately elevated from middle of declivity anteriorly. Vestiture of minute, abundant confused hairlike bristles, each about equal in length to one-third width of an interstriae. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, with an indistinct central fovea punctures larger, very shallow, antenna! scape not ornamented by hair; interstriae 9 less strongly elevated. Distribution.- Guatemala to Panama. GUATEMALA: Las Mercedes, Quezaltenaneo, G C Champion. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago 9-III-64' 700 m, No. 459, unidentified trees, S. L. Wood- San Isidro del General, 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 286 in flight S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, G c' Champion. Biology.- This monogamous species con- structed irregularly diagonal, biramous tun- nels in a limb about 15 cm in diameter at Turrialba. Notes.- The above treatment was based largely on the type series; all of Blandford's specimens were also studied. In all 131 speci- mens were examined. Tribe PHLOEOSININI Phloeosinides Niisslin, 1912, Zeitschr. Forst und Landwirtsch. 1912:273 (Type-genus: Phloeosinus Chapuis, 1869) Anatomical features.- The frons is usu- ally sexually dimorphic, with the male frons impressed, the female flat to convex, the eye varied from entire to emarginate to com- pletely divided (some Indo-Australian Phloeosinus), the antennal fimicle is 5- to 7- segmented, the club is flattened, slightly to strongly asymmetrical and with or without sutures, the pronotum is unarmed, the third tarsal segments are stout and bilobed (except slender in Chramesus), the scutellum is vis- ible, and the metanotum is fused to the postnotum. Biological features.- All American spe- cies are monogamous (a few Indo-Australian Phloeosinus are polygamous); all except Den- drosinus and a few Chramesus are phloeo- phagous. Parental tunnels are monoramous with a. conspicuous turning niche or nuptial chamber; some Dendrosinus tunnels are bi- ramous (inconsistent). In the xylophagous Dendrosinus and Chramesus tunnels, fungal alteration of the wood is obvious, although symbionts have not been reported. Eggs are deposited in niches. Larval mines tend to fol- low a definite course and rarely cross one another. Taxonomy.- This tribe consists of a di- verse assemblage of distantly related genera that appear to be reUcs of a former much larger group. Allied genera are largely world- wide in distribution, with a slight concentra- tion in Africa. Cladoctonus occurs in both Af- rica and South America, Dendrosinus is mostly in South America, Carphotoreus is known only from Central America, but allied genera are in Africa, and Phloeosinus is largely restricted to the northern hemisphere. Chramesus occurs only in America, but allied genera occur in Africa; future investigation may require the transfer of this genus to the Hypoborini. The North and Central Ameri- can genera in this tribe are quite easily recognized; the genera might be recognized with greater difficulty in other parts of the world. Genus DENDROSINUS Chapuis Dendrosinus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides. p. 28 (Type-species: Hijlesinus globosus Eichhott, monobasic) Diagnosis.- This small, distinctive, neo- tropical genus is not closely allied to any other genus in North or Central America. Description.- Length 3.3-4.3 mm 1.5-L6 times as long as wide. Frons flattened or weakly convex, variously ornamented by hair; male frons a little more strongly im- pressed than female. Eye elongate-oval, en- tire (broadly emarginate in one South Ameri- can species). Antennal scape short, not reaching posterior margin of eye; funicle 7- segmented; club almost symmetrical, flat- tened, three procurved sutures on basal half. Pronotum unarmed (conspicuous anterolater- al teeth occur in vitti frons Blandford; they are rudimentary in transversalis Blandford), punctate; grooved behind for reception of elytral bases. Scutellum small, rounded; ap- pearing posteriorly displaced. Crenulations on elytral bases in a single row, not well de- veloped; striae very narrow, deeply im- pressed; declivity convex, gradual, unarmed; abdomen ascending posteriorly to meet elytra. Coxae very widely separated; pro- thoracic precoxal ridge not well developed, but present. Third tarsal segments bilobed. Distribution.- Eight neotropical species occur from Florida to Argentina. Biology.- The two species treated here attack woody plants about 3-10 cm in diame- ter where they construct transverse, bi- ramous, parental galleries that extend well into the wood. The larvae are also xylo- phagous. In globosus (Eichhoff) the eggs are 282 1982 Phloeosinini 283 placed in definite, randomly placed niches on are rather long and wander aimlessly through all walls of the egg gallery. The larval mines the wood. ^ tnrougn 1. Key to the Species of Dendrosinus Antennal club slender, conspicuously longer than wide; frons shining, glabrous except ornamented by long hair on lateral margins and on epistomal area- pro- notum rather coarsely, deeply punctured; elytral interstriae with small confused granules; Florida to Puerto Rico; 3.5-4.3 mm 1. bourreriae Schwarz Antennal club broad, much wider than long; frons closely, uniformly covered by short, golden pubescence; pronotum and elytral interstriae minutely granu- late, punctures and tubercles not evident; Veracruz to Costa Rica; 3.3-4.0 mm 2. transversalis Blandford 1. Dendrosinus bourreriae Schwarz Figs. 92, 9.3 Dendrosinus bourreriae Schwarz, 1920, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 22:225 (Holotype, sex?; Marathon, Key Vaca, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Dendrosinus lima Eggers, 1930, Ent. Blatt. 26:166 (Holo- type, sex?; Puerto Rico; Berlin Zool. Mus.); Egg- ers, 19.34, Ent. Nachrbl. 8:27. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is easily distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.- Length 3.5-4.3 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly flattened from just above slightly elevated epistoma to vertex; a nar- row epistomal lobe present; surface smooth, polished, shining on middle half, rather coarsely, closely punctured on upper fourth, on lower fourth, and on lateral margins; ves- titure hairlike, moderately short, yellow on epistomal area and lower half of sides, upper lateral areas bearing a single row of about 20 dark, long hairs lying against frons, curling to median line, then ventrad, ending at base of lower setae of its origin. Eye entire. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; widest at posterolateral angles at middle of total length, sides strongly, arcuately con- verging to broadly rounded anterior margin; posteromedian area angulately extended be- hind, posterolateral margins grooved for re- ception of elytral bases; anterolateral areas unarmed; surface dull, with close, rather coarse, shallow punctures; vestiture of fine, very short, rather abundant, dark hair. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; widest on basal third, arcuately converging toward narrowly rounded, emarginate posterior margin, apex of abdomen usually filling elytral notch; ely- tral bases extended anteriorly, very strongly so at humeral angles, scutellar notch appear- ing very strongly displaced posteriorly; cre- nulations on anterior margins rather small, distinct; striae narrowly, abruptly, rather deeply impressed, punctures fine, rather ob- scure; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, almost flat, dull, armed by numer- ous narrow, rather small, confused, sub- crenulate tubercles, each about a fifth as wide as interstriae, becoming rather coarsely crenulate toward base. Declivity convex, gradual, short, abdomen rising to meet elytra; interstriae narrower than on disc. Vestiture consisting of small recumbent, black hair, one hair arising from each granule; each hair equal in length to about half width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except lower frons very feebly impressed. Distribution.- The Florida Keys to Puerto Rico and Jamaica. USA: Florida: Key Largo, 13-V-39, D. J. and J. N. Knull; Marathon, Key Vaca, 7-III-19, Bourreria hava- nensis, H. S. Barber and E. A. Schwarz, and 29-VI-51, Eugenia huxifolia, Torruhia longifoJia, S. L Wood' PUERTO RICO: "Puerto Rico." JAMAICA: Duncans, 15-VIII-66, H. F. Howden and E. C. Becker. Hosts.— Bourreria havanensis, Eugenia buxifolia, Torrubia longifolia. Biology.— Specimens were taken at the type locality by Hubbard and Schwarz and by myself from host material 5-15 cm in di- ameter mostly from slash piled for burning adjacent to a recently cleared plot of ground. One apparently healthy tree was attacked. Adult tunnels were mostly biramous, al- though one branch was usually much longer. 284 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 The tunnels were cut into the wood. Egg niches were not seen in new tunnels. Schwarz, in the original description, reported seeing a few eggs loose in frass in the egg gal- lery. He also reported that the xylophagous larvae follow the grain of the wood for about 8 cm before they emerge. Notes.- The above treatment was based on my female homotype and on 22 other specimens. The holotype of bourreriae and the cotype of lima were examined. 2. Dendrosinus transversalis Blandford Dendrosinus transversalis Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 156 (Lectotype, female; San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.- This species is easily distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.- Length 3.3-4.0 mm, 1.5 times as long as wide; color black, with legs, an- tennae, and frontal pubescence reddish. Frons broadly planoconcave from vertex to a narrow, weak, transverse impression imme- diately above weakly elevated epistomal margin; epistomal lobe narrow; surface dull, finely, closely punctured in impressed area, minutely granulate at sides and above; vesti- ture short, suberect, abundant to just above upper level of eyes, golden to reddish. Eye entire. Antennal club wider than long, su- tures subangulately procurved, 3 reaching middle. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; out- line as in bourreriae except feebly emarginate in front; anterolateral angles usually with a small cluster of minute, rudimentary aspe- rities (not always present); surface dull, not clearly punctured or reticulate; vestiture short, semirecumbent, black, moderately abundant, hairlike. Elytra 1.15 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; widest one-third from base, sides arcuate from base, rather broadly rounded behind; crenulations on basal mar- gins small, narrow, extended as in bourreriae, scutellar notch also similar; strial grooves narrowly impressed, punctures obsolete; in- terstriae about three times as wide as striae, 1 on right side twice as wide as 1 on left side, surface dull, not clearly marked by punc- tures, bases of 1-5 submarginally crenulate. Declivity convex, gradual, as on disc; abdo- men ascending to meet elytra. Vestiture as in bourreriae. Male.- Similar to female except frons very slightly more strongly impressed. Distribution.— Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO; Veracruz: San Andres Tuxtla, Salle. COS- TA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-VII-66, 100 m , No. 108, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Fig. 92. Dendrosinus bourreriae: A, adult; B, head; C, proleg; D, antenna. (After Schwarz 1920:225. 1982 Phloeosinini 285 Host.— A woody vine (liana). Biology.- The parental tunnels were bi- ramous, about as described for bourreriae. Eggs and larvae were not found in the new galleries. The host was a cut woody vine 8 cm in diameter. Superficially it was very sim- ilar in growth habit and habitat to Celtis iguanae; it had spines on lateral twigs almost identical to that plant, but the leaf was very different. The beetles constructed small ma- turation feeding tunnels in branches less than 2 cm in diameter of the same host. Notes.- This species was named from two syntypes, both of which were examined. One of them, a female, was selected and is here designated as the lectotype of the species. The above treatment was prepared from the lectotype and a series of 61 Costa Rican specimens. Blackman except that the eye is not emargi- nate and the anterolateral areas of the pro- notum are asperate. Within the American Hylesinini it is probably nearest Phheosimis Chapuis, although the antennal funicle and vestiture suggest that the relationship is remote. Genus CARPHOTOREUS Wood Carphotoreus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33.171 (Type-species: Chaetophloeus aini Bright, original designation) Diagnosis.- This genus superficially re- sembles certain Chaetophloeus species, but it is distinguished by the 6-segmented antennal funicle, by the more widely distributed crenulations on the basal margins of the elytra, by the absence of submarginal crenu- lations on the elytral bases, by the visible scu- tellum, by the different arrangement and form of pronotal asperities, and by other characters. Description.- Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.14 times as long as wide. Frons dimorphic, moderately concave in male, flattened or convex in female; eye elongate-oval, entire; scape moderately long, fimicle 6-segmented, club flattened, almost symmetrical, three nonseptate sutures in- dicated. Pronotimi wider than long, anterola- teral areas with a few asperities. Scutellum small, visible. Elytra suturally emarginate at base, a row of marginal crenulations at base, submarginal crenulations entirely absent; striate; declivity simple. Anterior coxae mod- erately separated. Third tarsal segments slender. Distribution.- Oaxaca; only one species is known. Notes.- The position of this genus is un- certain. It could be placed near Carphobius Carphotoreus alni (Bright) Chaetophloeus alni Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent 104:1492 (Holotype, female; 42 km or 26 miles S Juchatengo, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles certain Chaetophloeus species, but it is distinguished by the sutural emargination at the base of the elytra, by the visible scutel- lum, by the absence of submarginal crenula- tions at the bases of the elytra, and by other characters. Male.- Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.14 times as long as wide; color black, vestiture pale. Frons moderately, rather broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface slightly rugose-reticulate, punctures sparse, minute, rather obscure; vestiture of rather short, coarse, uniformly distributed setae. Eye elongate-oval, three times as long as wide, entire; finely faceted. Antennal scape rather short, extending slightly beyond middle of eye; funicle 6-segmented, distinctly longer than scape, club elongate-oval, almost sym- metrical, strongly flattened, three sutures in- dicated, suture 1 evidently partly septate. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging to moderately rounded anterior margin; surface most finely rugose-reticulate, punctures fine, moderately abundant, except anterolateral areas armed by several small, rather high, rounded granules. Vestiture rather short, moderately abundant, of stout and rather fine bristles; plural areas with some bifid hairs. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins suturally emarginate, each armed by a row of 10 crenulations to interstriae 7, submarginal crenulations entirely absent; striae slightly impressed, punctures moderately deep, rather coarse; interstriae distinctly wider than striae, distinctly convex, each bearing a 286 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 row of small, closely set granules. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture in ground cover of short, rather slender, sub- plumose setae, and interstrial rows of erect bristles; each bristle stout, each one-half to two-thirds as long as distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Female.- Similar to male except frons broadly convex, subfoveate at center; some pronotal asperities much larger. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO; Oaxaca; 85 km or 53 miles S Valle Nacion- al 24-V-71, .3300 m, Alnus, D. E. Bright; Highway 131, IM km or 115 miles S Oaxaca, 27-30-V-71, 2000 m, Alnus. D. E. Bright. Fig. 93. Dendrosinus bourreriae: gallery system. (Af- ter Schwarz 1920:223.) Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series. Genus CLADOCTONUS Strohmeyer Cladoctomis Strohmeyer, 1911, Ent. Bliitt. 7:17 (Type- species; Cladoctonus affinis Strohmeyer, monobasic) Hoplites Eggers, 1923 (nee. Dejean, 1833, etc.), Meded. Roy. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden 7; 141 (Type-species; Hoplites banosus Eggers, monobasic) Hoplitontus Wood. 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21;2 (replace- ment name for Hoplites Eggers); Schedl, 1963, Ent. Abh. Ber. Tierk. Dresden 28;264. Synonymy Hoplitophthorus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21;2 (Type-species: Hoplitophthorus sentosus Wood, monobasic); Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:105 (corrected spelling); Schedl, 1963, Ent. Abh. Ber. Tierk. Dresden 28:264. Synonymy Species in this genus are known from Cuba, Jamaica, Guadeloupe, Colombia, Bo- livia, and Brazil, but at the present time they are not known from North or Central Ameri- ca. Eleven species have been described, six from the neotropics, one from the Philippine Islands, and four from Africa. Two of the Af- rican species breed in Acacia trees; one American species was taken from Citrus, and another from Pseiidoolmedia sp. The one spe- cies observed was phloeophagous and mon- ogamous. The genus almost certainly will be found in Central America. Genus PHLOEOSINUS Chapuis Olonthogaster Motschulsky, 1866, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 39:401 (Type-species; Olonthogaster ni- tidicollis Motschulskv, designated by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:126, suppressed, Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1981:67) Phloeosinus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 37 (Type-species; Hylesinus thujae Ferris, desig- nated by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:126) Holonthogaster Geminer & Harold, 1872, Gat. Coleopt. 9:2676. Replacement name Phloeosinites Hagedorn, 1907. Schr. Physik. Oekon, Ges. Konigsberg 47:119 (Type-species; Phloeosinites rehi "^Hagedorn, designated by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:126) Hyledius Sampson, 1921, Ann. Nat. Hist. 7:35 (Type- species; Hyledius asper Sampson, monobasic); Schedl, 1958, Tijd. Ent. 101:152. Synonymy Phloeosinopsis Schedl, 1936, J. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 18:23 (Type-species; Phloeosinopsis armatus Schedl = Phloeosinus spinifer Schedl. mon- obasic); Browne, 1963, Ent. Bericht. 23:53. Synonymy Diagnosis.- Among genera in the western hemisphere Phloeosinus is allied to Cladoc- tonus Strohmeyer, from which it is easily 1982 Phloeosinini 287 distinguished by the 5-segmented antennal funicle and by the obHque sutures of the an- tennal club. The male frons is impressed, the pronotum is unarmed, the asymmetrical an- tennal club is rather strongly compressed, the eye is emarginate, and declivital interstriae 3 is armed in both genera. Description.- Length 1.5-4.1 mm, 1.8-2.1 times as long as wide; sexes usually dimorphic, male frons variously impressed, female flat or convex, male elytral declivity usually more coarsely armed. Eye elongate, moderately to very strongly emarginate; fine- ly granulate; widely separated. Antennal scape elongate, unadorned; funicle 5-seg- mented; club moderately asymmetrical, com- pressed, marked by three oblique, aseptate sutures. Pronotum usually wider than long, unarmed, surface punctate. Scutellum moder- ately large, distinct. Elytral bases armed by a row of marginal crenulations; striate; declivi- ty convex, moderately steep, one or more in- terstriae armed by minute to very coarse teeth. Vestiture hairlike, except scalelike on elytral declivity in some species. Distribution.- North America to Pan- ama, Europe and Asia to North Africa and Australia; 27 species and two subspecies oc- cur in North and Central America, 35 species have been named from the eastern hemisphere. Biology.- These monogamous, phloeo- phagous species construct simple, longitudi- nal, parental galleries that usually engrave the wood rather deeply. The male normally constructs the entrance tunnel and nuptial chamber; the female forms the egg gallery. The egg niches are usually rather large and conspicuous. Larval mines tend to wander in the general direction away from the parental mine. With few exceptions among American species, host plants belong to the Tax- odioideae and the Cupressineae. The habits of some Indomalayan-Indonesian species differ drastically from American forms. Notes.- Except for catalogs, the name Olonthogaster disappeared from the liter- ature from 1866 to 1968, when the type was examined and associated with Phheosinus (Wood 1969:119). In the interest of pre- serving a well-known, established name, an appeal to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was made to con- serve the name Fhloeosinus. 2(1). 3(2). 4(3). Key to the Species of Phheosinus Declivital interstriae 2 broad, armed by several tubercles in female, usually by one or two tubercles near apex in male ^^ Declivital interstriae 2 broad or narrow, entirely unarmed in both sexes ..........".'.".'.'.'.".'.'" 8 Declivital interstriae equally convex, except 2 in male often feebly impressed- interstriae 2 in male normally bearing several tubercles, tubercles subequal in size on al mterstriae; anterior margin of mesosternum precipitous, subv^rtical intercoxal piece protuberant, often conical; anterolateral margins of punctured olrr^-"' '''''^''' ^'^'^^ '^ ^^^^-- ^^^ ^'^^^^-^ ^^-« ^^- Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 more strongly elevated and with larger tubercles U^an 2, 2 on male never with more than two tubercles near apex; anterior slope of mesosternum gradual to rather abrupt, never protuberantf lateral punctures on pronotum almost never asperate; in Cupressineae . 3 Declivital interstriae 4 in male armed by several tubercles near its apex ^bercles on 1 and 3 subequal in size and not laterally compressed; in Taxodium 4 Declivital interstriae 4 unarmed, tubercles on 1 larger and often much less numerous than on 3 and rather strongly, laterally compressed; in Juniperus 5 Interstriae about four times as wide as striae, interstrial tubercles on disc finer and more strongly conhised; declivital scales more slender and not extending ^- taxodtt taxodit Blackman 5(3) 7(6). 288 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Interstriae little more than twice as wide as striae, interstrial tubercles slightly larger and less strongly confused; declivital scales usually extending to middle of disc; male frons flattened, not impressed; Durango to Puebla; 2.0-2^6 mm .... 3. taxodiitaxoducolens yVood Interstriae on disc about twice as wide as striae; male interstriae 1 on declivity anued by three or four small teeth, 3 by six to nine teeth; vestiture very sparse; Durango and Hidalgo to Oaxaca; 2.4-3.2 mm 4. deleom Blackman Interstriae two to four times as wide as striae; male interstriae 1 armed by eight or more teeth, 3 by ten or more teeth; vestiture rather abundant b 6(5) Male declivital interstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, their serrations com- paratively small, more slender; interspaces between pronotal punctures smooth shining; interstrial tubercles on disc generally narrower, more numer- ous higher; vestiture generally more abundant, declivital scales when present on interstriae 2 four times as long as wide; Nebraska and E Texas to Ontario New Hampshire, and Georgia; 1.9-2.8 mm 5. dentatus (Say) Male declivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather strongly elevated, their serrations large very stout; interstrial tubercles on disc generally more broadly crenula e not as pointed, less numerous; vestiture generally less abundant, declivital scales on interstriae 2 less than twice as long as wide Smaller; interspaces on pronotum marked by rather numerous points and/or minute lines; submarginal crenulations at elytral bases smaller, less abundant, marginal ones usually smaller, teeth on male declivital interstriae 1 less strong- ly compressed, their anterior profiles usually evenly arcuate from ^-e to apex ;^^^^ • Chiapas; 1.8-2.5 mm f^ Larger- interspaces on pronotum at most marked by rather sparse points; sub- marginal crenulations at elvtral bases rather coarse, more numerous, marginal ones usually larger; teeth on male interstriae 1 strongly compressed, their ante- rior profiles angulate, distal portion almost straight; Washington and Idaho to Durango and Texas; 2.0-3.7 mm 7. serratus (LeConte) 8(1) Larger species, 2.5-4.3 mm; interstriae 1 on male declivity unarmed or armed only at base of declivity, if armed in female tubercles often much smaller than ^ on 3 or else striae as wide or wider than interstriae Smaller species, 1.6-3.7 mm; declivital interstriae 1 armed to apex in both ^^ sexes, teeth not smaller than those of 3 in females 9(8) Discal interstriae less than twice as wide as striae; male interstriae 1 armed at base of declivity, 1 in female with teeth equal in size to those on 3 i^ Discal interstriae more than twice as wide as striae; male interstriae 1 unarmed throughout, if armed in female then tubercles much smaller than those on 3 IZ 10(9) Discal striae impressed, shallow punctures longitudinally elongate and subcon- fluent; interstriae convex; Alaska to California; Cupressus, etc.; 2^5-3.6 mm - 8. cupresst HopKins Discal striae not impressed, deep punctures circular or transversely oval, not at all confluent, summit of partitions between punctures in a row almost as high ^^ as interstriae; larger species, 3.0-4.6 mm 11(10). Pimcttires of discal striae averaging slightly smaller, surface of interstriae more ^ ^ .gular; pronotal punctures slightly larger; SE Arizona to P^^^K Edo^ 4o and El Salvador; Cupressus; 3.0-4.1 mm 9. baumanm Hopkms irre^ Mexico, 1982 Phloeosinini 2CQ 12(9). 13(8). Punctures of discal striae averaging slightly larger, surface of interstriae less ir regular; male interstriae 9 more acutely elevated; pronotal punctures sShtlv smaller; California; Cupressus; 3.0-4.6 mm punctures slightly ^n.i'. ^ r'^' ''*^"' ^'■^"^'y ^P'-e^^ed, median carina indistinct in both sexes; discal interstriae generally smooth, sculpture irregular w^ sparse transverse lines; declivital punctures generally fine"^ shallow^ obscu 1 fTmaTe SlJ r rT"'%' "'"'"'^ ""^™^^ - -^th ^P^-e, minute tuberTes Alaska to California; Cupressus, Sequoia, Thuja; 3.0-4 3 mm .!...!.. Ma^'i^i^^th;;;.^^ oped ,n both sexes; discal interstriae generally closely subcrenulate with nu- me ou. small tubercles; declivital punctures usually larger and deep;r female kTJ:lt Cahr^ ' T:' '^ "^"'^^^y P^^^^^ '-^^ °f -^" to 'mode a"e ly large size, California and Arizona to Durango; Cupressus; 2.8-4.0 mm „ ^ ,. . " 12. cmfafus (LeConte) Declivital teeth on interstriae 1 of male conspicuously less numerous than si: te"eth'mor:"r'T'''' ^'^"^"^ ^°"^P^^^^'^' ^^"^^'"^^-1 axis irbase of some teeth more than twice as great as their transverse axis; male vestiture hairhke, female with hair and scales; usually larger, 2.2-3 8 mm 14 sthtlvTf alan c"'' " T''''T ' ^'"^^^ '' "^--°- - those 'on ^r^nl^ Slightly if at all compressed; usually smaller, 1.6-3.4 mm ^ I5 14(13). Pronotum and frons very slightly more coarsely, more sparsely punchired-uD per half of frons usually devoid of granules; British Columbia LdXeriaTo ZntLr2.|: 7^^^^ '^^' "^^^ ^^7:^^ ^^^7^^^- ^ I^h° to Texas; 15(13). Vestiture on elytral declivity often sparse, hairlike in male, either hairlike or scalehke m emale; declivital interstriae 2 at least as wide as 1 or 3 Sowed m occasional males oi punctatus) a5> 1 or j (narrowed ^^TotrtT, 1- 'T! P"'^^ --lehke' i^b^A^^^^e^' (dmost' haidike'in '' male hofen); left declivital interstriae 2 narrower than 1 or 3 on lower half (except some flrizomcMs) " ''^'^^" moniv'l^ vestiture hairlike in male, at least partl^scal^like^i^Wle'^r^^ monly abraded m both sexes); male interstriae 1 almost always with ieTer eeth than on 3; interstriae variable, almost smooth and punctate (southernTto N:v™9t43^^ ^ ''-'^ ^^^ ^ ^^^'- ^^^-^^ -d^ W Declivital vestiture hairlike in both sexes; declivital teeth on interstriae 1 and 3 about equal in number (sometimes reduced on 1 in fulger^s) 17 17(16). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 very weakly elevated, their minute tubercles re- duced in number to about two to six; elytra subglabrous, bright shiZg usua W reddish brown, discal interstriae not at all granulate; S Orfgon to CaliforS Libocedrus decurrens; 1.8-2.2 mm S"" 10 ^anrornia, ^ r»«^i •.. 1 . ^"- vanauket Swame n™tmu a'„"dT*'"/ '"' ' """"t ''""^'^ ^'^™'^''- *eir tubercle more numerous and larger; larger species, 2.0-3.4 mm .. jg ''^''^' ^^^^tt^TZ ^7^y P"-^-d' -^f-e irregularbut'^ubci^i^^I^teor bercles laHe.^ Z\ u''^.' P'°""*"* P""^^"^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^l-ital tu- bercles smaller and less abundant; subglabrous; S Oregon to California- Libocedrus decurrens; 2.0-2.7 mm 7-7 rt' . A'- julgens Swame 290 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Discal interstriae tuberculate to base, few punctures visible; pronotal punc- tures not as densely placed; declivital interstrial tubercles larger and more numerous; elytral vestiture longer and more abundant 19(18) Elytral vestiture very fine, rather sparse; male frontal excavation deeper^ lareer- devoid of a carina in both sexes; SW Wyoming to Arizona and New larger, aevoiu u 18 furnissi Blackman Mexico; Jiiniperus; z.6-6.6 mm -' Elytral vestiture moderately coarse, abundant; male frontal excavation less ex- tensive, not as deep; a conspicuous carina on lower half of frons m both sexe ; Ontario and Minnesota to New Brunswick and New York; ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ 2.0-2.9 mm 20(15). Male frons shallowly (rather deep in hoppingi), rather narrowly excavated^ex- ^ cavation ending well below upper level of eyes, with an acutely elevated, wel developed, longitudinal, median carina extending from epistomal margin at least two-thirds of distance to upper level of eyes; declivital interstriae 5 each ^^ usually bearing six or more teeth in both sexes Male frons deeply, broadly excavated, impression extending to or above upper level of eyes, usually devoid of a median carina, less commonly with a rudi- ment on lower third; female frontal carina partly reduced (except keent); declivital interstriae 5 each usually armed by four or fewer teeth ^^ 21(20). Male frons moderately to strongly concave; male declivital ^eeth coarse stout^ ^ conspicuously larger than those on 5 or 7 or those of female; British Columbia to California; Libocedrus, J-^''r^';;^;'^;;i;^^^^^^ Male'frons'feebly toshallowly, transversely impressed; male declivital teeth on interstrial 1 and 3 not larger than those on 5 and 7 or those of female ^^ 22(21). Declivital interstriae 2 glabrous in both sexes, smooth except for nonsetiferous, minute points; declivital striae 1 and 2 usually each wider than interstriae 2 23 Declivital interstriae 2 bearing numerous scalelike setae, scales arising from confused punctures; declivital striae 1 and 2 each distinctly "^^^o^^>" ^han ^^ interstriae 2 23(22) Declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures coarsely, deeply impressed; discal '''' '■ stria, pu„cu.res larger, nrore sharply impressed; Napa to Co usa co t,es,^^^^^ California; Cupressus sargentn; 1.7-2.4 mm Declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures shallowly, rather indefinitely ini- pressed; discal strial punctures somewhat smaller, ^^^^ ^^X:^::^^^ Arizona; Cupressus anzonica; 1.8-2.3 mm ^^• 24(22). Discal interstriae little if any wider than striae; longest erect bdstles on decliv- ^ ital interstriae hairlike; Oregon to California; ^^^ocedrusje^^ens^^e^.^^^ 1.6-2.0 mm ' Discal interstriae twice as wide as striae; longest, erect bristles on discal mter- striae, flattened, scalelike; Hidalgo to Guatemala; C^^^^^^^^^^ 25(20). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather weakly elevated, each armed by three to ^^ five teeth, striae 4-7 weakly if at all impressed " Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather strongly elevated, each armed by eight or more teeth in both sexes, striae 4-7 more strongly impressed posteriorly 26(25). Vestiture on elytral declivity primarily hairlike in both sexes, ^f ;; f ^^ ^^;^_ ^ times as long as wide; male carina short, restricted to ^P^^^,°"^^^^^J^^^^^^^^^^^^^ clivital teeth small, little if any longer than their basal w^dth,^California,^^^^^ Cupressus sargentii; 1.5-2.1 mm Phloeosinini oqi bng as wide "'!'Z^"""'^' ""'''''"■ ""^ ""'^^ ^'°"'- '«=- *an four times as 27 27(26). Male frontal carina reduced to an epistomal tubercle; male declivital teeth on nters nae 1 and 3 unusually long and slender, some two or more t mes loneer than their basal width; Arizona and New Mexico to Chihuahua CuV3 anzomca, Jumperus deppeana; 1.6-2.0 mm oa ^- ^"^'^^^"*, w„i r ^ , . ; ^"- spmosus Blackman Male frontal carma weak, extending from epistomal margin to deepest point of concavity; male declivital teeth on interstriae 1 and 3^smaller, ^t e^ i any longer than basal width; S California; Cupressus; 1.5-2.0 mm ..!^ 28(25). Male frons bearing a short median carina on lower half of lower slope of fron- tal impression; declivital tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 smaller, each interval usually bearing 12 or more; scalelike setae on declivity more abundant BrTtlsh mm .".^^l'^.'^^'^'^" *° "^ ^^^^^ Chamaecyparis nootkatensis; 2 1-28 29. hofen Blackman 1. Phloeosinuspini Swaine Pronotum 0.78 times as long as wide; '^' 'Eldest on basal third, sides strongly arcuate Phloeosinus pini Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:362 »« basal tWO-thirds to verv strong con i5r^^c:::t;^"^S"dS^t :!:^r"" ^"* behind rather b;oadly rLded Bright. 1967, Canadian Ent. 99 677) ^ ' T '"^'^'"'' '""'^^"^^ somewhat irregular, Phloeosinus piceae Swaine, 1934, Canadian Ent. 66:205 ^^"^'"8' of^^n with irregular patches of feeble (Holotype, female; Berry Mountain Brook, Casca- reticulation, punctures rather large deep dfan\^arr^rrw°-.'^Vf.t^\?^"^^^^ ^ana- moderately abundant, some on basal half oc- S9Jlyno:!!i ^"' 'u"""'"y S^"""^^*^^ ^^^^^^-^ h-^like, rather Phbeosinus ahskanus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U S Nat moderately abundant. Mus. 92:409 (Holotype, male; Eagle, Alaska- U S Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.0 times Nat Mm., 55396); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. ^s long as pronotum; sides almost Straight and Dt..; ^"'X-^ P^''^"^^ °" ^^^a' balf, rather broadly rounded Diagnosis.- This appears to be a unique, behind; basal margins each armed by 10 rrXtTrle i'^ '^'^Tf f-^^^P'- ^^^""'^"^"^^ ^^^^- Lrowlj'rather stro'ngly ism except for the impressed male frons; all impressed, punctures rathe^ indistinctly im declivitamterstnae are about equally convex pressed; interstriae about twcfl wide'^ long as wide coir ilvf """"' '"''"' "' P^"""^ ^>' "" '^^^^^^^^^ staggered row of long as wide, color dark brown. rather coarse, subcrenulate tubercles on each Frons concave variably concavity extend- interstriae. Declivity convex steep striae Lss ^ex7 '::^,^^':jr ''''' °'-^^^^, *° n-^^^ l-pressed'than on rc^'i^str^: hin h.f? insertion, occupying less with close, confused, fine punctures- each rea a ratLerT'J "l two-thirds of frontal equally armed by a uniseriafe rowTf' about u uaily present on r'^T'"' "''"" '^""^ "^'! P°"^^^^ *"^^-l-' ^^^^ ^ ^ sometimes Tn surC Z P' ^" T'' 'P""'- P'^'^y '■"^"^^^ ^" '^^ ^"d ^""^ber, 1 weakly area ' o eebl retTt ,°^^^"°"^^. ^^-§"1- f ^^t^d toward suture. Vestiture hairlike on e^ w'h racier f!; ^^"^ftimes pres- disc, changing toward declivity to moder- ent with rather fine, moderately abundant ately abundant, subsquamose short ground CnTeT '^""7^ "^'' '^"^"^ ^'""'^'^^ ''^'^ ^"^ -^-^^-1 --^ of " br "ties Lcon':Lou ^^ ^'^ '''*''"" '"^^^'^' ^^^' '"^^^^ '''^""''y ^^-*- than distance be ^ tween rows. 292 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 .2 S = ^ CO cfl .2 .. -f ii <: CO £ (N CTJ &C rt "2 Sl'H ol — E iJ S -5 ~ _aj t= a. = « = "^ 15 0^ P E 0)' « cfl c t a. c/T ' 0) >, WD as ^ .a t- ca >~ ^E E o CD t; 1982 Phloeosinini 293 Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, carina more consistently present. Distribution.- Alaska to' Quebec and Michigan. .ALASKA: Eagle, Hopk. U.S. 1170c, Picea gkiuca W N. Osgood. CANADA: .Manitoba: Grassy River 27- VII- 72, P. ghuca, D. E. Bright; Riding .Mountains, Pinus bankstana, J. M. Swaine. Northwest Territories Aklavik 27-IV, 10-V, 18-VI-.31, Nos. 206, 222, 234, O. Brvant' Quebec. Gaspe Co., 2-VIII-3I, 16-VIII-,34, Picea glauca, LB. Watson. USA: Michigan: Grande Island, Hopk. U.S. 3 n5 and 3755a. Hosts.- Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana. Biology.- Specimens have been reared from spruce branches and from a broken top of Jack pine. Notes.- The above treatment was based on my male homotype from Gaspe Co. that was compared to the types of both pini and piceae and a female bearing identical data; these types previously had been compared di- rectly to one another. The type series of alas- kanus was examined in addition to 84 other specimens. 2. Phheosinus taxodii taxodii Blackman Fig. 95 Phloeosinus taxodii Blackman, 1922, Mississippi Agric Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:61 (Holotvpe, female- Columbia, Mississippi; U.S. .Nat. Mus., 55410) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from dentatus (Say) by the presence of sever- al small teeth at the base of declivity on in- terstriae 4, by the larger, less numerous gran- ules on the declivital interstriae, and by the slightly narrower, weakly convex, declivital interstriae 2. Male.- Length 1.9-3.0 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons weakly convex, a slight transverse impression just above upper level of antennal msertion; surface shining, punctured above and laterally, most punctures replaced by rather large, rounded granules in central area; a moderately well-developed, acute, median carina extending from upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; vestiture hairlike, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides convergently arcuate, a moderate constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface shining, punctures close, deep, interspaces about half as wide as diameters of punctures; vestiture hairlike, short, rather abundant. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half rather broadly rounded behind; each basal margin armed by 10-11 crenulations; striae narrowly impressed, small punctures obscurely impressed; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, surface shining, with narrow, confused, transverse crenulations. Declivity convex, rather steep; interstriae 1 and 3 moderately elevated and armed by coarse teeth, those on 1 slightly larger and less numerous, eight teeth on 1, 10 or 11 on 3, 2 weakly convex and armed by two or three small granules at base and one just be- fore apical margin, 4-9 each with five or more smaller teeth. Vestiture hairlike, part of ground vestiture on declivity stout, almost scalelike. Female.- Similar to male except frontal impression less pronounced, carina often ab- sent; discal interstrial crenulations slightly higher; declivital teeth on elytra smaller, more slender, slightly more numerous, equal- ly abundant on interstriae 2; ground vestiture on elytra partly scalelike, each scale about two or three times as long as wide. Distribution.- Texas and Virginia to Florida. USA: Florida: Apalchea, Jacksonville, La Bell Ma- riana, Monroe Station, Oneco. Georgia: Sea Island. Loui- siana: Frenier, New Orleans, Patterson. Mississippi- Co- umbus. Holly Springs. North Carolina: Boardman Wilmmgton. South Carolina: Lumber, New Landing' Virgmia: Cape Henry, Franklin, Portsmouth. Host.— Taxodium distichum. Biology.- This species breeds in the limbs and bole of the host species. The gallery sys- tem is essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 109 other specimens. 3. Phloeosinus taxodii taxodiicolens Wood Phloeosinus taxodiicolens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:250 (Holotype, male; Tamazunchale, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- As in t taxodii except discal striae distinctly wider; discal interstrial crenulations lower, wider, less numerous; ground vestiture in male more nearly scale- like, extending to near middle of disc in both sexes; declivital teeth usually slightly smaller. 294 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.- Length 2.0-2.6 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Distinguished from the northern race by characters mentioned above. Distribution.— Durango to Puebla. MEXICO; Durango: 20 km N Rodeo, 22-VI-53, 1400 m Taxodium, S. L. Wood. San Luis Potosi: Tamazun- chale, 21-VI-53, 800 m, Taxodium, S. L. Wood. Puebla: Matamoros, 14-VI-67, Taxodium, S. L. Wood. Host.— Taxodium mucronatiim. Biology.— Essentially as in t. taxodii. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 76 specimens and on 5 other specimens. It was treated as a distinct species until a series from Durango was found to exhibit characters intermediate be- tween those usually seen in series from the United States and from Mexico. 4. Phheosinus deleoni Blackman Phloeosinus deleoni Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:454 (Holotype, male; Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55411) Diagnosis.- This unique species is allied to the following three species as indicated by the armature of declivital interstriae 2 and the sculpture of the male frons; however, it is not closely related to any of them. The sculp- ture is much finer and the elytral tubercles are reduced in size and number, particularly in the male, and the declivity begins at the middle of the elytra. Male.- Length 2.4-3.2 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; dark brown, elytra usually of lighter color. Frons broadly, transversely impressed on middle third, convex above, gradually as- cending to epistomal margin below; a weak, median carina extending from upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; surface shining, closely, rather coarsely punctured, a few pimctures very feebly granulate; vestiture fine, hairlike, rather abundant but noticeable only near epistoma. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; out- line and sculpture essentially as in taxodii. Elytra 1.24 times as long as wide, 1.56 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then slightly, arcuately convergent and rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by 12 crenulations; striae narrowly, moderately impressed, punctures rather fine. deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, shin- ing, punctures usually with their anterior margins higher, about a fourth of them finely crenulate on 1 to 3 and on bases of other in- terstriae. Declivity convex, gradual, begin- ning at middle of elytra; interstriae 1 and particularly 3 weakly elevated, 1 armed by three or four pointed teeth, 3 by seven to nine teeth, middle ones pointed, 5 to 9 each with three to five shorter, blunt teeth; 2 as wide as 1 or 3, armed by one small tubercle near apex in about half of males (tubercle on left elytron most commonly missing). Vesti- ture short, fine on disc, becoming stout to- ward declivity, almost scalelike on lower half, each scale three to six times as long as wide (some more slender setae also inter- mixed with scales). Female.- Similar to male except frons more nearly convex; discal crenulations on interstriae larger and more abundant; declivi- tal teeth slightly smaller, interstriae 1, 2, and 3 each with eight or nine pointed teeth of about equal size. Distribution.- Durango and Hidalgo to MEXICO; Durango; 17 km W El Salto, ll-VII-64, Juniperus, E. E. Lindquist. Hidalgo; Jacala, 18-1-38, No. 662, Juniperus flaccida, D. DeLeon; 30 km N Zimapan, ll-VIl-67, No. 192, Juniperus, S. L. Wood; State of Hi- dalgo (near Jacala), VI-53, Juniperus, S. L. Wood. Ja- lisco; Guadalajara, 22-IV-77, Hopk. 60595, M. M. Fur- niss Michoacan; Km 118 Toluca-Morelia. Oaxaca; 120 km S Oaxaca, ll-V-71, 2000 m, Cupressus, D. E. Bright. Host.— Juniperus flaccida, J. sp., Cu- pressus sp. Biology.- This species breeds in the bole and larger branches. The gallery patterns were essentially as described above for the genus. Notes.- The above descriptions were based on the holotype, allotype, and 3 para- types and on 94 other specimens. 5. Phloeosinus dentatus (Say) Fig. 95 Hiilurgus dentatus Say, 1826, J. Acad. Sci. Philadelphia 5;258 (Syntypes?; presumably Milton, Massachu- setts- tvpe evidently lost) Dendroctoruis (?) graniger Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent^ Zeitschr. 12:147 (Lectotype, male; Texas, labeled "Am. Bor."; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation); Eichhoff, 1895, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:608. Synonymy 1982 Phloeosinini 295 Dendroctonus (?) haagi Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:148 (Lectotype, female; Amerique Boreale, U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation); Blackman 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:452. Synonymy Phloeosinus enixus Blackman, 1921, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:5 (Syntypes; Nachez, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Blackman, 1942,' Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:452. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to taxodii Blackman, from which it is distinguished with some difficulty by the ab- sence (usually) of teeth on interstriae 4 at the declivital base, by the smaller, more numer- ous discal interstrial crenulations, by the wider, flat, declivital interstriae 2 of the male, and by the finer, more slender declivi- tal setae in both sexes. Male.- Length 1.8-2.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, pronotum commonly darker than elytra. Head and pronotum as described above for taxodii. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and crenulations on basal margins as in taxodii; striae narrowly impressed, punctures small, impressed, some- what obscure; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, surface shining, almost smooth except armed by rather abundant setiferous, subcrenulate tubercles, smaller and evidently more numerous than in taxodii. De- clivity as in taxodii except interstriae 2 flatter and slightly wider, two teeth nearest middle (usually second and third from apex) nor- mally slightly larger, and interstriae 4 unarmed. Vestiture hairlike; ground vestiture near apex stout in some specimens. Female.— As in male except frons more convex; elytra more slender, 1.3 times as long as wide; discal tubercles on interstriae slightly higher; declivital tubercles smaller, more slender, usually slightly more numer- ous, interstriae 2 usually also armed; declivi- tal vestiture mostly hairlike above, a few slender scales present on lower half, each scale usually four or more times as long as wide. ^ Distribution.- Nebraska, Ontario, and New Hampshire to Texas and Georgia. CANADA: Ontario: E Ontario. USA: Alabama Mo- bile. Arkansas: "Ark.,- Lyme, Rowayton. District of Co- lumbia: Washington. Georgia: Thomasville. Illinois Lyons. Iowa: Mt. Carmel, Shenandoah. Kansas: Douglas Co., Fowler, Lawrence, Osborne Co., Salina. Kentucky Lexmgton. Maryland: Bladensburg, Glen Echo Piney Pomt, Plummers Island. Massachusetts: Lawrence Wal- pole in Norfolk Co. Minnesota: Monticello. Mississippi Agricultural College, Columbus, Gulfport, Natchez Ripley, Wallerville. Nebraska: St. Paul. New Hampshire- Webster. New Jersey: Anglesea. Bamber, New Milford. New York: Huntington on Long Island, Ithaca New York, Peekskill, Syracuse, West Point. North Carolina Durham, Elizabeth, Tryon. Ohio: Cleveland Gvpsum Pennsylvania: Hummelstown, York Co. South Carolina Greenville, Yorkville. South Dakota: Ft. Pierce Wes- sington Springs. Tennessee: "Tenn." Texas: Austin, Bos- trop, Dallas, Houston, La Grange. Virginia: Ft. Monroe Falls Church, Fredericksburg, Mt. Vernon, Onville, Pen- nington Gap, Richmond, Rosslyn, Virginia Beach. West Virginia: Bayard, Kanawha Station, Wood Co. Hosts.- Chamaecyparis thyoides, Juni- perus virginiana. Thuja occidentalis. Biology.- Both limbs and bole of the host are attacked. The gallery system is as de- scribed above for the genus. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on a male and a female from Long Is- land, New York (Melville and Wayandanch, respectively), that agree with LeConte's rep- resentatives of this species. The type evi- dently is lost. In addition, 552 other speci- mens were examined. Two male syntypes of graniger are in the U.S. National Museum; the first is here designated as the lectotype of graniger Eichhoff. One female syntype of haagi is also in the U.S. National Museum; it is here designated as the lectotype of haagi Eichhoff. All other syntypes of these two Eichhoff species presumably were destroyed with the Hamburg Museum. 6. Phloeosinus palearis Wood Phloeosinus palearis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):2 (Holotype, male; Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas, Mexico; Wood Coll.) ' Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from serratus (LeConte) by the smaller size, by the numerous minute points and/or fine lines in the interspaces between punctures on the pronotal disc, by the less numerous, smaller submarginal crenulations at the elytral bases, and by the less strongly com- pressed teeth on the male elytral declivity, the anterior profile of each tooth usually evenly arcuate (abruptly angled in serratus). Male.- Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 1.95 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons feebly convex, almost flat, lower fourth gradually ascending to epistomal mar- gin; lower half marked by a fine, low, median 296 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 carina; surface smooth, with rather fine, deep, close punctures, some subgranulate in area mesad from upper half of eye; vestiture fine, moderately long, rather abundant. Vesti- ture on antennal club short, more abundant than in allied species. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides strongly, convergently arcuate to moderate constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, with some minute points and lines in interspaces between moderately large deep punctures; width of interspaces one-fourth to equal in width to diameter of a puncture. Vestiture fine, rather short, moderately abundant. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins armed by 12 crenulations on interstriae 2-9; striae nar- rowly impressed, small punctures somewhat obscurely indicated; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, feebly convex, surface smooth but irregular, punctures moderately coarse, close, confused, their anterior margins usually elevated, some rather coarsely crenu- late at base. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae less strongly impressed; interstriae 1 and 3 moderately, 5, 7, 8, and 9 less strongly elevated, these and 6 armed by rather coarse teeth, those on 3 and particularly on 1 larger, 2 bearing two teeth near apex, 2 and 4 flat, finely punctured; interstriae 1 bearing eight teeth, each only slightly compressed and usu- ally with anterior profile evenly arcuate, 3 bearing 13 teeth with none of them com- pressed. Vestiture scanty, but stout, some setae almost scalelike. Female.- Similar to male except frons more strongly convex and more extensively granulate; pronotal lines and points much more abundant; a few elytral crenulations ex- tend almost to declivity; declivital teeth smaller with interstriae 2 and 4 armed by at least a few small teeth; declivital vestiture largely of scales, each only slightly longer than wide. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO; Chiapas; 17 km E Chiapa de Corzo, 17-VI- 64, 2300 m. No. 710, Jimiperus, S. L. Wood; 40 km SE Teopisca, 18-V-69, Jimiperus, D. E. Bright. Host.- Juniperus sp. Biology.— The type series was taken from a broken branch less than 4 cm in diameter. The parental galleries were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above description was based on the type series of 16 specimens, and on 4 other specimens. 7. Phloeosinus serratus (LeConte) Fig. 95 Hijlesinus serratus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:170 (Holotype, male; Middle States; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Phloeosinus utahensis Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:363 (Lectotype, female; Stockton, Utah; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:677); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:150. Sijnonijmij Phloeosinus rtigosus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):9 (Lectotype, fe- male; Scaffold Meadow, Sequoia N. F., Califor- nia, Canadian Nat. Coll., 9259, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:677); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:286. Synonymy Phloeosinus juniperi Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Bull. 14(L:10 (Lectotype, female; Scaffold Meadow, Tulare Co., California; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:677); Wood 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:150. Synonymy Phloeosinus aciculatus Bruck, 1931, Pan-Pacific Ent. 7:127 (Holotype, male; Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona; California Acad. Sci.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:150. Synonymy Phloeosinus neotropicus Schedl, 1939, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 8(1); 12 (Holotype, female; Jamaica; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:387. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is allied to pa- learis Wood, but is easily distinguished by characters included in the above key. It varies geographically as noted below. Male.- Length 2.0-3.7 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; body very dark brown, elytra often reddish brown. Frons convex above, flattened toward cen- ter, transversely impressed just above level of antennal insertion, ascending toward epis- tomal margin; surface shining, with rather abundant, isolated, rounded granules, their size smaller below; vestiture hairlike, fine, rather abundant. Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide; es- sentially as described for taxodii. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by 10-11 crenulations; striae 1982 Phloeosinini 297 narrowly impressed, punctures obscurely indicated; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, shining, punctures rather coarse, confused, their anterior margins weakly to strongly elevated, a few forming small, narrow crenulations (number and height of crenulations greater in specimens from extreme southern part of distribution). Declivity convex, rather steep; interstriae 1 and 3 moderately elevated and coarsely ser- rate, teeth larger and laterally compressed near middle on 1, 1 bearing 7 to 11 teeth 3 bearing 11 to 16 teeth (higher numbers more common in southeastern part of range), 5 and 7 armed by about five to six teeth, 6, 8, and 9 usually bearing a few small tubercles, 2 and 4 unarmed and punctured, 2 impressed. Vesti- ture consisting of hair on disc; ground cover on declivity subscalelike, with median rows of short, interstrial hair. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a small, subfoveate impression at center; discal interstrial crenulations larger, wider, more numerous; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 less strongly elevated, teeth much smaller, all interstriae armed but 2 with few- er smaller teeth; declivital scales more abun- dant, stouter, mostly about twice as long as wide. Distribution.- Washington and Idaho to Hidalgo and Texas, Jamaica. USA: Arizona: Carr Canyon in Huachuca Mts. Chiri- cahua Mts., Dragoon Mts. in Cochise Co., Ft. Apache Grand Canyon, Greer, Lakeside, Paradise, Prescott n' F., Santa Rita Mts., Sycamore Springs, Williams. Califor- nia: Alturas, Angora Lake, Buck Creek near Warner in Modoc Co., Fallen Leaf Lake, Grass Lake in Siskiyou Co Hackamore, Hat Creek, Likely in Modoc Co Madeline, Scaffold Meadow in Tulare Co., Sequoia n' F., Willow Ranch in Modoc Co., Yosemite N. P Idaho- Centerville. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Manzano, San- ta Catahna Mts., Santa Fe, Stevens. Oregon: Beattv Hood River, Klamath Falls, Ochoca N. F Prineville' Redmond. Texas: Dallas, Davis Mts., Jeff Davis Co' Utah: Beaver, Oak Creek Canyon in Millard Co. Stock- ton. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Creel, La Magdalena Du- rango: 16 and 48 km in W Durango, El Salto, La Zarca Hidalgo: Chico N. P. TIaxcala: Capulapan. JAMAICA Chinchona. Hosts.- Juniperus deppeana, J. mon- osperma, J. occidentalis, J. osterosperma, J. scopulomm. Biology.- The bole and larger limbs are attacked by this species. The gallery system is about as described for the genus. Notes.- The above descriptions were pre- pared largely from a male and a female from La Zarca, Durango. The type of serratus was examined and, although it has the large num- ber of teeth more commonly characteristic of the southeastern part of the range, the size and other features suggest it came from Cali- fornia or Oregon. The second specimen in the type series is not of this species. In addi- tion to these two specimens the types of uta- hensis, juniperi, rugosus, and aciculatus, and 431 other representatives of this species were examined. The rugosus of Blackman (1942) is actually punctatus LeConte. Blackman (1942) divided this species into four allopatric units. While certain specimens from each area do fit his morphological defi- nitions of species rather well, he does not in- dicate the variability within series or the overlap in these variations between series Although most of the northern California and Oregon specimens are rather clearly different from the La Zarca, Durango, series, they are not nearly as distinct from the El Salto, Du- rango, series. There appear to be slight clinal differences from northwest to southeast in- creasing the number of declivital teeth on male interstriae 1 and 3 and in the size and number of discal interstrial crenulations (not really measurable). With the limited material at hand, in view of the broad availability of potential hosts over the entire distribution, it appears that only one species should be rec- ognized. When sufficient material is available for study, it may be necessary to reduce pa- leans Wood to subspecific rank; however, at the present time such action is not justified. 8. Phheosinus cupressi Hopkins Figs. 94, 96 Phheosinus cupressi Hopkins, 1903, U.S. Bur. For. Bull. 38:35 (Holotype, male; Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55406) Phheosinus nitidus Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:145 (Holotype, male; Santiam Nat. For., Oregon- Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 730); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:148. Si/noni/mi/ Phheosinus blackwelderi Blackman, 1943, Proc US Nat. Mus. 94:397 (Holotype, male; Circito, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56576); Wood 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:148. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is rather closely related to baumanni Hopkins and variolatus Bruck, but it differs from both bv the smaller 298 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 size, by the more narrowly, more strongly impressed discal striae, by the somewhat more coarsely sculptured discal interstriae, and by the reduced male frontal carina. Male.- Length 2.5-3.6 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black with elytra lighter, usually dark reddish brown. Frons concave on median half from upper level of eyes almost to epistomal margin; sur- face smooth and shining, with a few moder- ately large, isolated granules on margins of concavity on slightly more than upper half, with moderately abundant, rather large punctures at sides and above except in area of granules; a moderately large, median tu- bercle just above epistomal margin; vestiture hairlike, fine, rather short, moderately abundant. Pronotum 0.85 times as long as wide; as in taxodii except interspaces between punctures marked by moderately abundant, fine points. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind, with declivital tubercles interrupting outline; basal margins each armed by 12 crenulations; striae narrowly, moderately im- pressed to base, punctures obscurely im- pressed; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, punctures mostly obscurely impressed, those on 1 to 3 and sometimes 4 crenulate on their anterior margins, varying from low to rather coarse, crenulations on those from northern parts of range tending to be slightly larger. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 2 narrowed and obsolete by upper fourth, 2 anned by 2 to 4 coarse teeth at upper mar- gin, 3 slightly elevated and armed by a row of 8 to 12 coarse, rather blunt, closely set teeth, 5, 7, and 9 usually with about 3 to 5 smaller teeth, 1 below armed area smooth, with sparse, setiferous punctures. Vestiture hairlike, rather short, mostly in rows, not abimdant; fine on disc, stout on declivity. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, with a median fovea near center, a fine, median carina from fovea to epistoma, surface closely, coarsely granulate; interstrial crenulations higher and evidently slightly more abundant; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 equally serrate to apex, all teeth smaller, 2 continued to apex, only slightly narrower than 1 or 3; declivital vestiture consisting of abundant scales, each scale less than twice as long as wide. Distribution.- Alaska to California. Also introduced into Panama, New Zealand, and Australia. ALASKA: Juneau and Petersburg. CANADA; Bntish Columbia; Mt. Benson in Vancouver Island, Vancouver. USA; California; Aptos, Berkeley, Callistoga, Carmel, Cooks Springs in Colusa Co., Costa Mesa, Cypress Ridge near Fairfax in Marin Co., Del Monte, Easton, Ft. Bragg, Los Gatos, Mojave, Montara, Monterey, Mt. St. Helena, Napa Co., Oakland, Pacific Grove, Palo Alto, Paraiso Springs, Pasadena, Redlands, Salinas, San Fran- cisco, San Mateo. Oregon: Klamath Falls. Washington: Fairfax, Mt. Rainier, Ogseagle Pass. OTHER COUN- TRIES; Australia: Northarodge, New South Wales, 4-V- 47 Cupressus torulosa, P. H. Tavlor. New Zealand: St. Heliers, Auckland, 29-V1II-43, D. Spillar. Panama: Ciri- cito. Canal Zone, 4-IV-30, R. E. Blackwelder. Hosts.- Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Cupressus macrocarpa, C. sargentii. Sequoia sempervirens. Thuja plicata. Biology.- The bole and hmbs are selected for breeding; maturation feeding tunnels may also be constructed in tiny living twigs by young adults. When populations are high this species is said to attack and kill healthy trees (Blackman 1942:398). The gallery system ap- pears to be as described for the genus. Notes.- The above descriptions were based on the holotypes of cupressi, nitidus, and blackwelderi and on 521 other specimens. Blackman (1942) divided this taxon into two allopatric species defined by differences in host, by supposedly smoother lateral inter- striae, and by sinuate striae in the northern race. I find the discal interstriae of the north- ern race tend to be more coarsely, closely crenulate in specimens from Washington but finer in those from Alaska; the other charac- ters vary about equally within series from both areas. None of the supposed differences, except host, appear sufficiently constant to be recognized in more than half the available material; therefore, until biological or other supporting evidence becomes available for separation, I must recognize only one species. 9. Phloeosinus bauynanni Hopkins Phloeosinus baumanni Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent Soc. Washington 7:79 (Holotype, male; Ta- cubaya, Distrito Federal, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7517a) Diagnosis.- This species is closely related to variolatus Bruck, but it is distinguished 1982 Phloeosinini 299 with difficulty by characters summarized in the above key. Male.- Length 3.0-4.1 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, elytra usually dark reddish brown. Frons rather weakly, subconcavely im- pressed in central area; lower two-thirds bearing a fine, median carina; surface rather coarsely punctured, with a few coarse, isolat- ed granules at sides above; vestiture fine, hairlike, more conspicuous along epistoma. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide, otherwise as in cupressi. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and basal mar- gins as in cupressi; striae slightly impressed toward declivity only, punctures very coarse and deep, decreasing in size toward base; in- terstriae usually narrower than striae on pos- terior half, equal to or slightly wider than striae on anterior half, surface smooth and shining, undulating but not crenulate, punc- tures rather fine, their anterior margins usual- ly slightly elevated. Declivity steep, convex; armature as in cupressi except interstriae 2 only slightly narrowed and continuing to apex. Vestiture as in cupressi except some scales present on interstriae 1 and 3. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, foveate at center, a median carina extending from fovea to epistoma; interstriae 2 and 3 with a few fine crenulations on disc; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 equally armed to apex, teeth slightly smaller, 4, 6, and 8 usual- ly with fine teeth; declivital vestiture largely scalelike, each scale about twice as long as wide. Distribution.- SE Arizona to El Salvador. USA: Arizona: Rucker Canyon, Chiricahua Mts., 21- VII-68, Cupressus arizonicus, D. E. Bright. MEXICO Distrito Federal: Chapingo, ll-IX-49, C. benthamL J. P Perry; Mexico City, 16-V-49, C. benthami, J. P Perry Tacubaya, Hopkins U.S. 1146. Hidalgo: 32 km E Tulan- cingo, lO-VII-67, 2300 m, C. benthami, S. L. Wood. Puebia: Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl N. P., 9-V-72, 3000 m Cupresms, D. E. Bright. Unknown state: San Juan. 25-1- 36, Cupressus, D. DeLeon. EL SALVADOR San An- dres, 1979, C. lusitanica. Hosts.- Cupressus arizonicus and C. benthami. Biology.- This species bred in the bole larger than 25 in diameter in the two trees observed. Both evidently were primary at- tacks on healthy trees. The tunnels were es- sentially as described for the genus. Notes.- The above descriptions were based on the holotype and on 137 other specimens. This species is very closely related to vario- latus; some female specimens are extremely difficult to distinguish. 10. Phloeosinus variolatus Bruck Figs. 94, 96 Phloeosinus variolatus Bruck, 1931, Pan-Pacific Ent. 7:126 (Mount Saint Helena, Napa Co., CaHfornia; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is so very closely related to haumanni Hopkins that occasional females are distinguished with great diffi- culty. The characters summarized in the above key will serve to distinguish these species. Male.- Length 2.6-4.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra usually lighter. Frons and pronotum as in baumanni ex- cept pronotal punctures slightly larger and closer. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and basal crenu- lations as in baumanni; striae feebly im- pressed, punctures very coarse, deep, de- creasing in size slightly toward base; interstriae distinctly narrower than striae on posterior half of disc, about equal in width on basal third, surface smooth, punctures fine, not at all crenulate, undulations feeble. De- clivity essentially as in baumanni except in- terstriae 2 narrower, almost obsolete below. Vestiture as in baumanni except scales ap- parently more numerous and more widely distributed. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, more coarsely granulate, foveate at center with median carina extending from fovea to epistoma; interstriae 2 to 4 undulat- ing, with an occasional weak crenulation; de- clivity as in female baumanni, interstriae 2 not constricted. Distribution.- Central California. USA: California: Cedar Ridge in Alameda Co., 22-III- 51, Cupressus sargentii- Cooks Springs, C. sargentii- Livermore, 16428, C sargentii, F. H. Herbert; Middle- town, 2-IV-50, C. sargentii; Mt. St. Helena, 20-X-23, C. sargentii. 300 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Host — Cupressus sargentii. Biology.- Except for the host relationship nothing has been recorded. The lower end of the gallery includes a unique J-shaped hook (Bright 1973:135). Notes.- The above description was pre- pared from 81 specimens that included 37 paratypes. 11. Phloeosinus sequoiae Hopkins Fig. 95 Phbeosinus sequoiae Hopkins, 1903, U.S. Bur. For. Bull. 38:33 (Holotype, female; Sonoma Co., California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55408) PMoeosinus squamosus Blackman, 1942 (nee. Schedl 1942), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92;448 (Holotype, male; Naselle, Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55409) Wood', 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:400. Synonymy Phbeosinus bhckmani Schedl, 1950, Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 20:36 (Replacement for squamosus Black- man); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:400. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is rather closely related to cristatus (LeConte), from which it is easily distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.- Length 3.0-4.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra usually lighter, reddish brown. Frons transversely, subconcavely impressed in central area; median carina indicated only by a feebly raised line in deepest part of im- pressed area; surface shining, punctures coarse, close laterally, sparse elsewhere; ves- titure hairlike, fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide; sides on basal third almost straight and parallel, then arcuately rounded to moderate con- striction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures close, deep, usually separated by distances equal to about half diameter of a puncture, some interspaces on posterior half marked by minute points; part of median line near cen- ter impunctate; vestiture hairlike, fine, short, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and basal mar- gins as in cupressi; striae narrowly impressed, punctures obscure, weakly impressed; inter- striae three times as wide as striae, shining, punctures fine, confused, usually with ante- rior margins at least slightly elevated, com- monly with transverse lines (much deeper and more numerous in specimens from north- ern part of distribution). Declivity steep, con- vex; striae not impressed, punctures moder- ately deep, distinct; interstriae 1 and 2 rather narrow, entirely unarmed, 3 elevated and armed by 8 to 12 very coarse, blunt, often laterally compressed (below) teeth (some small teeth often intermixed), 4 unarmed, 5 to 9 usually bearing three to five smaller teeth. Vestiture minute, delicate, usually abraded; sparse, hairlike on disc, declivity with minute, dedicate, scales, each about twice as long as wide; specimens from north- ern part of range more commonly retain vestiture. Female.- Similar to male except frontal impression greatly reduced, carina higher, reaching epistoma; interstrial punctures min- utely (southern) to moderately (northern) cre- nulate on 2 and 3, less commonly crenulate on 1 and 4; declivital teeth slightly smaller; interstriae 1 at least partly armed by a row of fine tubercles. Distribution.— Alaska to California. ALASKA: Kell Bav, Kuiu Island. CANADA: British Columbia: Bear Hill, Blue River, Brower, Genoa Bay near Duncan, Pender Harbor, Sidney, Stanley N. P.. To- fino, Vancouver, Victoria. USA: California: Alameda Co., Berkeley, Big Sur, Carmel, Del Monte, Duncan Mills Eureka, Fieldbrook, Gasquet, GuerneyviUe, Lagu- nitas'in Marin Co., Los Gatos, Marin Co., Mill Valley, Muir Woods, Oakland, Palo Alto, Piercy, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz Beach, Sonoma Co., Sylvania, Tavlorville, Woodside. Oregon: Brookings, Coquelle, Douglas Co., Elk Lake in Santiam N. F., Marshfield, Oak Ridge. Washington: Blaine, Hoquiam, London, Na- selle, Seattle. Hosts.- Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Ch. nootkatensis, Cupressus macrocarpa, Libo- cedrus decurrens. Sequoia sempervirens, Thuja plicata. Notes.- The above descriptions were based on the holotypes of sequoiae and squamosus and on 467 other specimens. Blackman (1942) divided this taxon into two species on the basis of more abundant and larger female declivital scales, and more abundant female punctures on the declivity. Specimens from redwood in northern Califor- nia have the declivital scales just as abundant and as large as do specimens from northern localities from other hosts. I see no difference in the number of punctures from the two areas, although those on specimens from the northern areas are distinctly larger. It 1982 Phloeosinini 301 302 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 appears that slight chnal differences do exist in the coarseness of the decHvital punctures and vestiture and in the sculpture of the dis- cal interstriae in both sexes; however, based on the material at hand, these changes appar- ently are not related to the host nor is the transition sufficiently abrupt to permit recog- nition of geographical races. 12. Phloeosinus cristatus (LeConte) Figs. 22C, 95, 96 Hylesinus cristatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:169, 170 (California; Carnegie Mus.) Phloeosinus chiriccihua Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:444 (Holotype, male; Chiricahua Nat. Mod., Cochise Co., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus.. 55400); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:147. Si/noni/»H/ Diagnosis.- This species is very closely related to sequoiae Hopkins, from which it is distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.- Length 2.8-4.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually lighter. Frontal cavity slightly deeper and narrow- er than sequoiae, carina reaching epistoma; lateral and dorsal areas more coarsely granulate. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; as in sequoiae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline, basal margins, and striae as in sequoiae; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, punctures trans- versely, densely subcrenulate (northern) to rather closely rippled to strongly undulate (southern). Declivity as in sequoiae except upper margin of interstriae 1 usually armed by two or three small granules, 1 and 2 usual- ly more closely, deeply punctured, scalelike vestiture longer, much more abundant, dis- tributed over entire declivity. Female.- Similar to female sequoiae ex- cept frons with rather abundant, isolated granules; interstrial crenulations on disc high- er; teeth on declivital interstriae 1 larger and more regularly placed; interstrial punctures on declivity larger and more abundant; scale- like vestiture on declivity larger, more abun- dant, and more widely distributed, reaching middle of disc in some specimens. Distribution.— California to Arizona and Durango. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Douglas, Gila Valley, Globe, Nogales, Oak Creek Canyon, Phoenix, Safford. Santa Catlaina Mts., Sedonia, Thatcher, Tuscon. Califor- nia: Carlotta, Contra Costa, Fresno, Glendale, Kings Co., Lockwood, Los Angeles, Martinez, Newhall, North Hollywood, North Sacramento, Oakland, Oroville, Palo Alto Paradise Springs, Placerville, Reedley, Rio Linda, Sacramento, San Diego, San Jose, Santa Ana Canyon, Santa Rosa, Sonoma, Vine Hill in Contra Costa Co. MEXICO: Durango: Los Altos. Sonera: Cucuta. Hosts.— Cupressus arizonica, C. forbsei, C. macrocarpa, Junipenis sp.. Thuja sp. Biology.- This species attacks the lower bole and evidently the larger limbs of the host tree, where galleries similar to those de- scribed for the genus are cut. Primary attacks that killed healthy cypress trees have been attributed to this species. The young adults normally construct maturation feeding tun- nels in the pith of small, healthy twigs of liv- ing trees before seeking a new host. Notes.— The above descriptions are based on the holotype of chiricahua, on the series of cristatus studied by Hopkins and Black- man, and on 198 other specimens. Blackman (1942) divided this taxon into two species based on differences in the sculp- ture of the discal interstriae, on the impres- sion of the sutural striae on the declivity, and on the vestiture. The material at hand was the character of the discal interstriae, the re- verse of that reported by Blackman; the sec- ond and third characters I am unable to de- tect. The differences in sculpture of the interstriae are so slight and variable I do not feel separate species or even geographical races can be recognized from the material presently available for study. Until more data are available that will support their separa- tion, I prefer to recognize only one species. It is noted with interest that material of sequoiae from the northern part of its distri- bution (Oregon to British Columbia) resem- bles cristatus from Arizona much more close- ly than do specimens of these species from the zone of overlap in their distributions. 13. Phloeosinus scopulorum scopulorum Swaine Phloeosinus scopulorum Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:148 (Holotype, male; Williams Lake, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.- Superficially this species re- sembles serratus (LeConte), with which it is 1982 Phloeosinini 303 easily confused, but it is distinguished by the more deeply impressed male frons, by the more finely sculptured discal interstriae, by the complete absence of tubercles on declivi- tal interstriae 2, and by the smaller declivital teeth. Male.- Length 2.4-4.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra reddish brown. Frons narrowly, shallowly concave on lower two-thirds; median carina represented only by an epistomal tubercle; shining, punc- tures coarse, rather close laterally, rather sparse in concavity and above, rarely with two or three minute tubercles above; vesti- ture hairlike, fine, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.87 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides arcuately convergent to moderate constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth with rather sparse, minute points, punctures coarse, separated in central area by distances equal to diameter of a puncture; vestiture short, hairlike, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind, posterior outline interrupted by declivital teeth; basal margins each armed by 9 or 10 crenulations; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures moderately large, obscu- rely impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae, 2 and 3 with small, isolated, short crenulations, others feebly, more sparsely crenulate. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 2 impressed, unarmed, finely punctured, 1 and 3 moderately elevated, 1 armed by six, 3 by seven or eight moderately large, recurved, stout teeth, those near middle on 1 strongly compressed laterally, 5, 7, and 9 each bearing two or three smaller teeth. Vestiture con- sisting of fine and stout hairlike setae inter- mixed, stout setae predominant on declivity. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, marked on lower half by a fine, me- dian carina, surface more closely punctured, bearing rather numerous, fine granules- crenulations on discal interstriae higher,' teeth on declivital interstriae smaller, con- ical, pointed, almost twice as numerous; de- clivital vestiture scalelike, much more abundant. Distribution.- British Columbia and Al- berta to Washington. CANADA: Alberta: Lethbridge, 15-V-30, J. H Pep- per. British Columbia: Canyon House, 14-VII-22 /un/- perus scopulorum, R. Hopping; Creston 9-V-58 H Howden; Boswell, 9-V-58, H. Howden; Lumb^ in Creighton Valley, 30-VIII-32, Thuja pHcata, R. Hopping- Pavilion Lake, 8-VIII-72, /. scopulorum, D. E Bright- Salmon Arm, lO-V-32, H. B. Leech; Williams Lake, 21- Vin-21, /. scopulorum, R. Hopping; Wvndel, I5-V-58 H. Howden. USA: Washington: Vantage Bridge, 20-11- 35, /. scopulorum, J. A. Beal. Host.— Junipertis scopulorum. Biology.- Except for the host association and gallery (Bright 1976:216) nothing has been published. Notes.- The above description was pre- pared from the holotype and 138 other specimens. 14. Phloeosinus scopulorum neomexicanus Blackman Fig. 95 Phloeosinus neomexicanus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U S Nat. Mus. 92:460 (Holotype, male; Vermejo! New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55412) Phloeosinus texanus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. 92:462 (Holotype, male; Montell, Uvalde Co Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55413); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:149. Si/noni/mi/ Diagnosis.- This subspecies is probably recognizable only because of the lack of ma- terial from Idaho; it is distinguished from s. scopulorum Swaine by the more finely, more closely punctured frons and pronotum, by the very slightly, more coarsely sculptured discal interstriae, and by the longer male carina ex- tending from epistoma to fundus of impression. Male.- Length 2.2-3.7 mm, 1.93 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra reddish brown. Except as noted in the diagnosis above, I am unable to distinguish these races. Female.— See s. scopulorum above. Distribution.- S Idaho to Texas. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Lakeside, Santa Cata- Ima Mts., Santa Rita Mts. Colorado: El Paso Co Ft Garland, Mesa Verde N. P., Ute Pass. Idaho: Franklin' Montana: Columbia Falls. Nevada: Charleston. New Mexico: Bandelier, Capitan, Vermejo. Texas: Austin Dallas, Gillespie, Grundyville, Montell, San Antonio, So- nora. Utah: Beaver, Kamas, Logan, Logan Dry Canyon, Oak Creek Canyon, Panguitch, Zion N. P. Hosts.- Cupressus arizonica, Juniperus deppeana, J. monosperma, and /. osteosperma. 304 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.- This is perhaps the most com- mon Phheosinus in Utah. It attacks cut or in- jured hmbs and bole of the host trees. The gallery system is as described for the genus. The matvu-ation twig-feeding habit has not been observed. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 188 other specimens. The validity of this subspecies is ques- tioned. When more material from Idaho and neighboring areas is available, the slight dif- ferences that characterize it are almost cer- tain to intergrade with those of s. scopulorum. 15. Phheosinus piinctatus LeConte Figs. 94, 96 Phheosinus pitnctutus LeConte, 1876, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:382 (Lectotype, female; Oregon; Mus. Comp. Zool, 978, present designation) Phheosinus rubicunduhis Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:144 (Holotype, female; Hossack Meadow, Tu- lare Co., California; Canadian Nat. Coll., 729); Wood 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:149. Synonymy Phheosinus buckhomi Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:432 (Holotype, male; Portland, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55403); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:27. Synonymy Phheosinus kaniksu Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:434 (Holotype, male; Metaline Falls, Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55404); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:27. Synonymy Phheosinus rusti Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:435 (Holotype, male; Metaline Falls, Washmg- ton; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55405); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:27. Synonymy Phheosinus chamberlini Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:470 (Holotype, male; Alturas, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55415); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:149. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from s. scopulorum Swaine by the much wider striae, by the more finely sculptured discal interstriae, by the bright, shining elytral surfaces, and by the much finer, usual- ly abraded elytral vestiture. Male.- Length 1.9-3.4 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra reddish brown. Frons rather deeply concave on median half from upper level of eyes to epistoma; epistoma armed by a median tubercle, no other remnant of carina visible; surface shin- ing, rather coarsely, closely punctured, with rather abundant, isolated granules to epis- toma; vestiture hairlike, fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; as in s. scopulorum. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and basal mar- gins as in s. scopulorum; striae impressed, punctures large, confluent, obscurely im- pressed; interstriae about as wide as striae, shining, punctures moderately large, almost uniseriate, most with anterior margin shghtly elevated but not at all granulate. Declivity steep, convex; striae much narrower than on disc; interstriae 2 as wide as 1 or 3, unarmed, shining, a few minute, obsolescent punctures usually present, 1 and 3 moderately elevated and armed by about six coarse teeth on 1, by about seven on 3, each tooth recurved, con- ical, rarely shghtly compressed laterally on 1; interstriae 5, 7, and 9 each with one to three smaller teeth; entire surface brightly shining, interstrial punctures reduced in size and number over entire surface. Vestiture usually abraded; when present it consists of sparse, short, fine, hairlike setae on disc, often be- coming rather stout on declivity. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a median fovea at center, median ca- rina extending from fovea to epistomal mar- gin, granules somewhat larger; anterior mar- gins of interstrial punctures subcrenulate; declivital teeth shghtly smaller and more nu- merous (about eight on 1, 10 on 3); vestiture on declivity, when present, includes scales at least on interstriae 1 and 3. Distribution.- S Alaska and N Idaho to California and E Nevada. ALASKA: Hollis, Petersburg. CANADA: British Co- lumbia: Blue River, Bowser, Chase, Likely, Lumby in Creighton Valley, Pender Harbor, Princeton, Stanley N. P., Steelhead, Trinity Valley, Vancouver. Vernon. USA; California: Alturas, Camp Seely in San Bernardino Co., Carrville, Cascada, Chester, Daulton Meadow, Facht in Lassen Co., Fallen Leaf Lake, Faunskin, Forest Hill in Placer Co., Hat Creek, Hazel Green in Mariposa Co., Hossock Meadow in Tulare Co., Huckleberry Meadow in Fresno Co., Lassen N. P., Mariposa Co., McCloud, Meadow Valley in Plumas Co., Miami R. S. in Madera Co Mill Creek in Tuolumne Co., Mt. Palomar, Norval Flats in Lassen Co., Pine Crest, Placer Co., Placerville, Pyramid R. S., Sequoia N. P., Shasta Springs, Sierra N. f'. in Fresno Co., Siskivou Co., Sugar Pine, Weed, Yose- mite Valley. Idaho: Kamiah, Moscow. Nevada: Reno. Oregon: Brandon, Coos Bay, Corvallis, Florence, Kla- math Lake, Lolo Pass in Clackamas Co., Marshfield, PrineviUe, Redmond, Santiam N. F., Taft, Tolo. Wash- ington: Easton, Metaline Falls, Mt. Rainier, Northbend in King Co., Northport, Wind River. 1982 Phloeosinini 305 Hosts.- Chamaecyparis nootkatensis, Juniperus occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens. Sequoia gigantea, S. sempervirons, Tfiuja oc- cidentalis, T. plicata, Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.- This is the most common Phloeosinus on the Pacific Coast. It attacks from the bole to the small limbs of its host, usually in cut or injured material, although primary attacks have been attributed to it. The tunnels are essentially as described for the genus. Notes.- The above description was based on three syntypes of punctatus, on the holo- types of rubicundulus, buckhorni, kaniksu, rusti, and chamberlini, and on more than 800 other specimens. Blackman's (1942) rugosus is this species. This species is somewhat variable, particu- larly with respect to the details in sculpture of the male frons and the declivital vestiture. The latter character apparently is related more to beetle activity and moisture factors than to distribution or genetics. As a result, six synonyms have been described by Swaine and Blackman. The types and several para- types of each of the synonyms were studied and compared to long series from adjacent localities. Because nothing more than minor variations that should be expected in a long series are represented, only one species is rec- ognized here. LeConte's original series of punctatus was composite (Blackman 1942). The first of three female syntypes from Ore- gon is here designated as the lectotype of punctatus. 16. Phloeosinus vandykei Swaine Phloeosinus vandykei Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent 47:366 (Lectotype, female; Millwood, Fresno Co California; Canadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:677) Phbeosinus mssus Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56- 148 (Holotype, female; San Bernardino Mountains S'.^T"'' Canadian Nat. Coll.); Blackman,' 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:425. Synonymy Diagnosis.- Although allied to punctatus LeConte and fulgens Swaine, this species is not closely related. It is easily distinguished by the bright, shining surfaces, by the fine sculpturing, and by other characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.- Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black elytra reddish brown. Frons rather broadly concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, a moderately large, median tubercle on epistoma but no other evidence of a carina; surface shining, punc- tures rather coarse, moderately close, most of them very finely granulate; vestiture hairlike, fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; otherwise as in punctatus. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by 10-11 crenulations; striae narrowly im- pressed, punctures moderately large, ob- scurely impressed; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, punctures moderately large, uniseriate except somewhat confused on basal two-thirds of 2 and 3, anterior margins of most punctures toward base elevated. Decliv- ity steep, convex; striae not impressed, punc- tures appearing coarse (partly due to color- ation); interstriae smooth, with minute points, 1 and 3 very feebly elevated, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 each with about two to six minute tubercles. Vestiture very sparse, when pres- ent consisting of a few minute, hairlike bristles. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a carina feebly indicated above tu- bercle; discal interstriae 1 to 3 finely sub- crenulate; declivital tubercles tending to be slightly more numerous. Distribution.- S Oregon to California. USA: California: Blodgett Forest near Georgetown in El Dorado Co., Camp Seely, Carrville, Castle Craig, Chiquito Basin, Dardanelles in Tuolumne Co., El Do- rado Co., Fallen Leaf Lake, Fish Camp in Mariposa Co. Forest Hill, Fresno, General Grant N. P., Grass Valley Hazel Green, Huckleberry Meadow in Fresno Co. Lake Arrowhead, Lost Lake, Mariposa Co., Miami R.' S. in Mariposa Co., Millwood, Mt. Shasta, North Fork Pat- terson Mtn. in Fresno Co., Placer Co., Placerville,'sand Flat, Sierra N. F. in Fresno Co., Strawberry in Tuo- lumne Co., Yosemite N. P. Oregon: Klamath Falls Pinehurst. Host.— Libocedrus decurrens. Biology.- This species breeds in branches of the host; the gallery system evidently is similar to that described for the genus. Notes.- The above description was based on the lectotype of vandykei, on the holotype of russus, and on 362 other specimens. 306 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 17. Phloeosinus fulgens Swsiine Figs. 94, 96 Phloeosinus fulgens Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:146 (Holotype, male; Northfork, California; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Phloeosinus splendens Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:428 (Holotype, male; Pinehurst, Oregon, U.S. Nat. Mus., 55402); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:148. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is allied to van- dykei Swaine, but it is easily distinguished by the larger size, by the coarsely, very closely punctured pronotum, and by the more strongly elevated, alternate declivital interstriae. Male.- Length 2.0-2.7 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually a lighter brown. Frons rather narrowly concave below up- per level of eyes; surface shining, coarsely, closely punctured, a few small granules on dorsolateral margin of concavity; carina rep- resented by a median, submarginal sub- tuberculate callosity; vestiture consisting of fine, rather abundant, moderately long, in- conspicuous hair. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; as in scopulorum except punctures much coarser and closer, interspaces usually less than a fourth as wide as diameter of a puncture; glabrous, except at margins. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in vandykei; basal margins each armed by 12-13 crenula- tions; striae narrowly impressed, punctures obscurely impressed; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, coarsely, very closely, somewhat irregularly punctured, interspaces between punctures often narrowly rounded but not at all crenulate. Declivity steep, con- vex; interstriae 1 and 3 slightly elevated, 1 armed by four to six small teeth, 3 by six to nine, 5, 7, 8, and 9 by two or three sub- tuberculate granules, 2 as wide as 1 or 3, smooth, shining, with a few fine, obscure pimctures. Vestiture consisting of minute, confused, interstrial hair on declivity; abraded in most specimens. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex to feebly impressed, carina fine, long, extending from epistomal margin two-thirds distance to upper level of eyes; many pro- notal punctures tend to be subconfluent; tubercles on elytral declivity tend to l^c smaller, interstriae 1 and 3 less strongly elevated. Distribution.— S Oregon to Cahfornia. USA: California: El Dorado Co., Giant Forest, Grass Valley, Hackamore, Madera Co., Mill Creek in Tuo- lumne Co., Northfork, Oakhurst in Madera Co., Paradise Creek in Sequoia N. P.. Placerville, Sequoia N. P., Wa- wona. Willow Ranch in Modoc Co., Yosemite. Oregon: Ashland, Wonder. Host.— Libocedrus decurens. Biology.- Chamberlin (1958:91) indicated dying branches in die tops of the living host were selected for attack. The longitudinal egg galleries were up to 4 cm in length and almost entirely in the bark. Larval mines be- gan perpendicular to the parental gallery, but soon turned parallel to the grain of the wood. They engraved the wood rather deeply. Notes.— The above descriptions were based on the holotypes oi fulgens and splen- dens and on 141 other specimens. 18. Phloeosinus furnissi Blackman Fig. 95 Phloeosinus furnissi Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:469 (Holotype, male; Flagstaff, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., .55414) Diagnosis.- The above key indicated the superficial affinities of this species; it is much more likely to be confused with scopulorum neomexicanus Blackman. From s. neo- mexicanus it may be distinguished by the fin- er elytral vestiture in both sexes, by the con- ical noncompressed teeth on the male elytral declivity, and by the smoother discal inter- striae which have finer granules. Male.- Length 2.3-3.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra partly or entirely brown to reddish brown. Frons transversely impressed on middle half, becoming shallowly concave toward center, surface smooth, shining, rather sparsely, deeply punctured, granulate on dor- solateral margin of concavity; epistomal area ascending toward margin, armed on median line by a fine, somewhat indefinite tubercle; vestiture fine, hairlike, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; as in s. neomexicanus except punctures tending to be slightly larger and more widely spaced, in- terspacial impressed points more con- spicuous; vestiture fine, hairlike, of moderate length and abundance. 1982 Phloeosinini 307 c^-;-- y/*";':^=r^^^n^ '^^^^^ 1938:540.) 1982 Phloeosinini 325 and strial punctures, and by the uniformly pale vestiture. Male.- Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color medium to light brown. Frons deeply excavated from eye to eye from upper level of eyes to epistoma; lateral margins acute from just above level of anten- nal insertion to epistomal margin; surface rather coarsely reticulate above, becoming obscurely reticulate and shining below, armed by a large, pointed, median tubercle immediately above epistomal margin; vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal scape bearing a small tuft of fewer than a dozen long, yellow setae; club small for this genus, 1.9 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate and con- verging slightly on more than basal two- thirds, then rather abruptly constricted just before broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face rather coarsely reticulate, punctures very close, rather shallow, irregular in out- line, anterolateral asperities obscure. Vesti- ture consisting of short, rather abundant, stout, almost scalelike setae. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds to declivital base, then rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins armed by 14 crenulations; striae slightly impressed, large punctures deeply impressed; interstriae as wide as striae, con- vex, each bearing a row of fine, pointed tu- bercles. Declivity moderately steep, convex, essentially as on disc except area at junction of interstriae 3 and 9 slightly elevated. Vesti- ture consisting of moderately abundant, small broad scales, and rows of erect interstrial scales, each scale about three times as long as ground cover, each half as long as distance between rows and almost equal in length to distance between erect scales within a row, each about four times as long as wide; not longer on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, coarsely reticulate to epistoma, me- dian tubercle absent and pronotal asperities slightly larger. Distribution.- Colima and Nayarit. MEXICO: Colima: 25 km W Armeria, 30-VI-65, 20 m. No. 143. Nayarit: Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-6.5 1000 m. No. 201, S. L. Wood. Biology.- The larval and adult mines were in the cambium of a large woody vine (liana), in which the larger stems were square in cross section. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 82 specimens. 4. Chramesus secus Wood Chramesus seciis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):4 (Holotype, male; Laguna Santa Maria, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to varius Wood, but differs by the larger size, by the uniformly pale color of the vestiture, by the more finely sculptured pro- notum, and by the shorter, more scalelike vestiture. Male.- Length 1.7 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color brown with white vestiture on pronotum and interstriae 1, tan elsewhere. Exactly as in varius except as noted above and also setae on all margins of pronotum shorter and stouter; median extension of basal margin of pronotum less pronounced; elytral vestiture appearing more abundant and each seta conspicuously wider. Distribution.- Nayarit and Oaxaca. MEXICO: Nayarit: Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 201, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 6 km N Totola- pan, 20-VI-67, 1100 m, No. 66, Acacia sp., S. L. Wood. Biology.- The holotype was taken with a long series of unicornis Wood from a large woody vine (liana) having the larger stems square in cross section. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. The Oaxaca series apparently represents this species, but the host was thought to be Acacia. 5. Chramesus varius Wood Chramesus varius Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):4 (Holotype, male; Ix- miquilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- A species rather closely re- lated to mimosae Blackman, but distinguished by the absence of interstrial granules, by the predominance of dark scales, and by the moderately concave female frons. 326 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.- Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color brown with light scales on basal fourth and lateral margins of pro- notum and on interstriae 1 and lateral areas of elytral disc, dark scales predominant elsewhere. Frons deeply, broadly concave from eye to eye from well above eyes to epistoma; exca- vated area reticulate-granulate; lateral mar- gin acute only at level of antennal bases, unarmed; epistomal margin bearing a large, pointed median tubercle; vestiture consisting of moderately abundant, stout setae. Scape bearing small tuft of long, yellow, sub- plumose setae; club rather small for this genus, its apex not pointed, 2.1 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides strongly, con- vergently arcuate toward broadly rounded anterior margin; anterolateral areas with a few fine asperities; surface coarsely reti- culate, punctures rather fine, shallow, moder- ately close, many of them subvulcanate on posterior area; basal margin bisinuate; vesti- ture stout, short, essentially scalelike. Elytra 1.14 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; bases each armed by 11 marginal crenulations on interstriae 2 to 9; scutellum depressed, not visible in usual sense; striae weakly impressed, stronger to- ward declivity, punctures small, impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae, convex, surface evidently superficially reticulate, punctures very fine, usually obscured by setae. Declivity convex, steep; striae slightly deeper, interstriae slightly narrower than on disc. Vestiture consisting of moderately abun- dant, stout, almost scalelike, erect setae, and rows of erect scales each about twice as long as ground vestiture and about four or five times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons more narrowly, shallowly concave, with me- dian tubercle very slightly smaller; pronotal crenulations larger and more numerous. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 25 km N Ixmiquilpan, lO-VII-67, 1900 m. No. 188, Acacia S. L. Wood. Biology.- The newly formed parental gal- leries were in a broken branch about 4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 6. Chramestis mimosae Blackman Fig. 97 Chramesus mimosae Blackman, 1938, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:544 (Holotype, female; Brownsville, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 57803) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the closely related varius Wood by the presence of interstrial rows of small, rounded granules, by the predominance of pale scales on pronotum and elytra, and by the much less strongly concave female frons. Male.- Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown with pale scales predominating, dark scales usually on anteromedian area of pronotum and on de- clivity, extending anteriorly on interstriae 2 to 4 to base (variable). Frons as in varius except slightly less strongly concave; antenna as in varius. Pronotum as in varius except surface smoother, punctures finer, deeper, discal granules finer; vestiture shorter, stouter, pale in color. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; basal crenulations and outline as in varius; striae feebly impressed, punctures oval, moderately coarse, deep; in- terstriae less than twice as wide as striae, sur- face smooth, fine punctures confused, median row finely granulate. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae moderately impressed, al- most as wide as interstriae. Vestiture essen- tially as in varius except erect bristles very slightly longer and more slender, each about five to six times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons shallowly concave (much less strongly con- cave than female varius), epistomal tubercle slightly smaller. Distribution.- S Texas to TamauUpas and Nuevo Leon. USA: Texas: Brownsville, 21-V-04, Mimosa lind- heimeri, H. S. Barber; Southmost, 27-III-51, Mimosa, S. L Wood. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Las Norias near San Fernando, 14-VI-53, Mimosa, S. L. Wood. Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, XI-25, E. A. Schwarz. Host.- Mimosa sp.. Cassia lind- heimeriana, Leucaena pulverulenta. Biology.- Specimens were collected from broken branches less than 4 cm in diameter. 1982 Phloeosinini 327 The gallery systems were in the cambium region. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 623 other specimens. 7. Chramesus editus (Bright) Pwchramesus editus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1495 (Holotype,^ female; 20.5 km N Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12610) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from incomptus Wood by the much more weakly rugose-reticulate pronotal surface, by the much shorter, stout pronotal setae, by the shorter, stouter, strongly plumose elytral setae in the ground cover, and by the absence of submarginal crenulations on the elytral bases. Male.- Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra slightly lighter. Frons very similar to incomptus except moderately concave from level of antennal insertion to slightly above upper level of eyes; lateral margins subacutely, feebly ele- vated from epistomal margin to level of an- tennal insertion; median half of lower third reticulate, glabrous. Antennal scape orna- mented by about two dozen long setae; club rather small for this genus. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; sur- face rather rugose-reticulate, setiferous punc- tures very small, rather close, each with a small, rounded granule. Vestiture of short, stout setae, each about six times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outline as in incomptus; striae feebly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, subshining, almost smooth, each with a row of rounded granules from base (without submarginal crenulations at base), punctures fine, obscure, confused. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture similar to disc except strial punctures slightly smaller. Vestiture of short, stout, plumose setae covering less than half of surface, and uniseriate rows of erect bristles, each bristle two to three times as long as ground cover, about eight times as long as wide, spaced be- tween rows and within a row of about one and one-half times length of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, reticulate, with a median fovea; an- tennal scape with setae normal. Distribution.- Durango to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Durango: 14 km (9 miles) E El Palmito Durango, 2500 m, 15-VI-71, shmb, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca' 20.5 km N Oaxaca 31-V-71, 2800 m, leguminous shrub D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on several paratypes. 8. Chramesus annectans (Wood) Fig. 98 Pwchramesus annectans Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:254 (Holotype, female: Nochixtlan, Oaxaca; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the very closely related gracilis Wood by the characters summarized in the above key. Male.- Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather deeply concave from epis- toma to upper level of eyes; lateral margins rounded, armed just mesad of margin just above level of antennal insertion by a pair of subquadrate, rather large, blunt tubercles; surface reticulate, with sparse, minute, ob- scure punctures; vestiture fine, short, sparse. Antennal club apically pointed, 2.1 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.85 times as long as wide; widest at base, basal two-thirds weakly ar- cuate, feeble, converging anteriorly, then moderately constricted just behind rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface subreticulate, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured on disc, punctures partly or largely replaced by rounded granules in lat- eral areas; vestiture short, rather abundant, consisting of fine and moderately stout bristles intermixed. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on very slightly less than basal three- fourths, broadly rounded behind; scutellum small, round; basal margins each armed by 16 small crenulations; striae rather weakly im- pressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex, almost smooth, with uniseriate rows of sub- crenulate, setiferous granules, each granule about half as wide as an interstriae. Declivity 328 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 convex, steep; strial punctures and interstrial granules smaller than on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of short, rather stout, rather abundant ground cover, and interstrial rows of erect, longer, slender bristles; each bristle about two-thirds as long as distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons flattened or feebly convex, tubercles smaller; pronotal granules extend to disc, punctures somewhat reduced. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca; 11 km SE Nochixtlan, 5-VII-53, Nolena, S. L. Wood; 25 km SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 52, Nolena, S. L. Wood; 16 km S Oaxaca, 6-V1I-53, No- lena, S. L. Wood. Host.— Nolena spp. Biology.- This monogamous species at- tacks the dying fruiting stalks of its host. The transverse parental tunnels are in the woody tissue near the periphery. The larval mines follow the grain of the fibers. Notes.- The above treatment was based on 24 paratypes and 36 topotypes. 9. Chramesus gracilis Wood Chramesus gracilis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):2 (Holotype, male; San Jos6, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the very closely related annectans (Wood) by the larger average size, by the much more finely, shallowly punctured pro- notum, by the smaller, shallow, strial punc- tures, and by other characters indicated in the above key. Male.- Length 2.2-2.7 mm, 2.25 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, with white vestiture. Frons rather deeply, concavely impressed from upper level of eyes to epistoma, lateral margins rounded, bearing mesad of margin just above level of antennal insertion a pair of large, squared processes as in annectans; surface coarsely reticulate, with a few fine, obscure punctures; vestiture fine, long, rather sparse. Antennal club acutely pointed, 2.6 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly on basal two-thirds then rather strongly constricted before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface strongly reticulate, with fine, rather widely separated punctures, punctures subasperate in lateral areas; vestiture consisting of stout semirecumbent bristles. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 15 small crenulations; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, round, shallow, dis- tinct; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, almost flat, smooth and shining with rather abundant, minute, setiferous, confused punctures and median rows of fine setiferous granules. Declivity steep, convex; striae weakly impressed; interstriae feebly convex. Vestiture consisting of rather abundant, short, subplumose scales and interstrial rows of somewhat longer erect bristles, each bristle about two-thirds as long as distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons very shallowly impressed, tubercles some- what smaller; pronotal tubercles distinctly larger. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA; University of Costa Rica Campus, San Jose, 12-IX-63, 1300 m, Japanese bamboo, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 19-23-V-77, H. and A. Howden. Host.— Bambusa vulgaris. Biology.- This monogamous species was taken from dying stumps 10 cm or more in diameter. The diagonal, biramous, egg gal- leries were immediately below the surface of the wood. Larval mines were parallel to the grain of the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 85 specimens. 10. Chramesus ingens Wood Chramesus ingens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):3 (Holotype, male; Ta- panti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is unique in hav- ing the antennal bases closer together and displaced more dorsad than usual; in having the elytral vestiture fine and of uniform length; and in having the male frons not exacavated, but the lateral margins elevated with their summits at a point well above the level of antennal insertion and not armed by pointed tubercles. Male.- Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. 1982 Phloeosinini 329 Frons shallowly impressed from upper lev- el of eyes to epistoma, with an indistinct ele- vation between antennal bases; lateral mar- gins elevated on middle third, with a rounded summit just above antennal base; surface reti- culate, with very fine punctures at sides and above; antennal bases closer together than eyes; distance from epistomal margin (omit- ting lobe) to antennal bases 1.6 times greatest width of an eye; frons subglabrous. Antennal scape with small tuft of hair; club 2.7 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; base strongly bisinuate, basal angles broadly rounded, sides strongly arcuate, widest just behind middle, moderately constricted just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; en- tire surface reticulate, with small, sparse, finely subasperate punctures, much finer or absent in posteromedian area. Glabrous. Elytra 1.03 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; scutellum about twice as wide as long; basal margins each armed by about a dozen basally contiguous crenula- tions; sides straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae narrowly im- pressed, punctures small, distinctly im- pressed; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, slightly convex, almost smooth with rather numerous, confused, small, rounded, setiferous granules. Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; about as on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of fine, erect, confused, hairlike setae, all of equal length, each shorter than a dis- tance equal to width of an interstriae (about two-thirds as long). Female.- Similar to male except lateral margin of frons very feebly elevated; pro- notal punctures almost entirely devoid of small asperities. Distribution.- Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m S L. Wood; Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 486, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66 100 m No. 105, S. L. Wood. Host.- Serjania mexicana? (probable error in identification). Biology.- This monogamous species at- tacked a freshly cut vine 2 cm in diameter, and completed its development in less than 20 days. The egg galleries tended to be diag- onal and in the cambium, but in the smaller parts of the stem they cut almost to the cen- tral axis. The host was identified by a plant taxonomist as Serjania mexicana, but the tex- ture of the soft, nonwoody tissues that turned black with age suggests an error in identification. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 272 specimens and on 12 other specimens. 11. Chramesus corniger Wood Chramesus corniger Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):8 (Holotvpe, male; Lago Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is unique in the genus. The male frons is very weakly im- pressed, the lateral margins are not elevated at all, and the lower frons in the male bears a pair of large denticles near but not on the epistomal margin. The elytral ground vesti- ture is absent. Male.- Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, vestiture pale. Frons very shallowly concave from epis- toma almost to upper level of eyes, lateral margins rounded, not elevated; a pair of rather large tubercles just above epistomal margin, their bases separated by about one- third width of frons; surface subshining, fine- ly rugulose, a few small, indistinct granules on upper half; vestiture of sparse, fine, incon- spicuous hair. Antennal club moderately large. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides arcuately converging to rather weak constriction just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; entire surface strongly reticulate; punctures small, widely spaced, those on anterior half granu- late to very finely asperate. Vestiture of short, stout bristles of moderate abundance. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; bas- al margins of elytra each armed by about 15 crenulations, one submarginal crenulation on interstriae 2; striae feebly impressed, punc- tures moderately coarse, close; interstriae slightly wider than striae, uniseriately, finely granulate except slightly confused on 2, punctures not evident. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture of interstrial rows of stout bristles, each 8-10 330 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 times as long as wide, slightly shorter than distance between rows, slightly confused on discal interstriae 2. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, unarmed; pronotal granules smaller in median area, two or three of those on anterolateral angles crenulate. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 16-20-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 12. Chramesus cecropiae Wood Chramesus cecropiae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):5 (Holotype, male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This is a imique species hav- ing the male frons not exacavated, more nearly protuberant at a level just above an- tennal insertion, and with the elytral ground vestiture absent; a row of stout bristles marks each interstriae. Male.- Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown, elytra somewhat lighter. Frons longitudinally flattened on two planes, transversely, weakly convex on upper third, then ascending rather abruptly to an indefinite, strongly arcuate line between an- tennal bases, its median point well above (dorsad) its lateral extremities; lower two- thirds almost flat, lateral margins below very slightly elevated; surface above coarsely reti- culate, lower area transversely strigose; vesti- ture consisting of a few hairlike setae on lat- eral areas on lower half. Antennal club moderately large for this genus, 2.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides arcuately con- verging to a slight constriction just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face shining, subreticulate, with scattered, rather abundant tubercles of variable size on anterior three-fourths, some of those on ante- rolateral areas finely asperate; a few large, obscure punctures evident toward base. Ves- titure rather sparse, consisting of a few stout setae over entire surface. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; elytral bases armed by about 12 crenulations; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures large, moderately deep, distinct; interstriae very slightly wider than striae, very slightly irregular, brightly shin- ing, each bearing a row of small, pointed, setiferous tubercles. Declivity rather steep, convex, sculptured essentially as on disc. Ves- titure consisting of rows of interstrial bristles, each bristle somewhat flattened toward its apex and equal in length to distance between bristles within a row and three-fourths dis- tance between rows; very minute strial hair also evident. Female.- Similar to male except frons more evenly convex, coarsely reticulate throughout, with a median fovea on upper half; pronotal asperities larger, tubercles largely absent but replaced by shallow, rather obscure punctures. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 4 km SW Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 21, 28-11-67, Cecropia petioles, D. D. Sliwa. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 13. Chramesus demissus Wood Chramesus demissus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:93 (Holotype, male; Volcan Pacaya, Esqumtla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from ingens Wood by the smaller size, by the less deeply impressed, wider striae, and by the broad, very shallowly impressed male frons with the lateral margins less strongly elevated on the upper third. Male.- Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, irregularly flattened, lateral margins weakly elevated, a pair of very small, very obscure granules below level of antennal insertion; surface rather coarsely reticulate, punctures minute; vestiture short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides strongly arcuate, moder- ately constricted behind narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface strongly reticulate, dull, with rather numerous small, isolated as- perities uniformly distributed, except median basal area with fine, shallow punctures; vesti- ture consisting of sparse, slender scales. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; scutellum as 1982 Phloeosinini 331 wide as long; basal margins each armed by 15 Granulations; sides straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae moderately impressed, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae wider than striae, essentially smooth, punc- tures very fine, each with a uniseriate row of coarse crenulate tubercles, each about half as wide as interstriae, interstriae 2 with double row of tubercles at base. Declivity steep, convex; declivital granules smaller than on disc. Vestiture consisting of small scales on posterior part of disc and on declivity, each scale longer than wide; and median rows of erect, interstrial bristles, each bristle slightly shorter than distance betweeen rows of bristles. Female.— Similar to male except lateral margins of frons not elevated. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA. Volean Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64 1300 m, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.- Specimens were extracted from new tunnels in the cambium region of twigs less than 1 cm in diameter. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 14. Chramesus quadridens Wood Fig. 98 Chramesus quadridens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:256 (Holotype, male; Atlixco, Puebla, Mexico- Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from pumilus (Chapuis), with some difficulty, by characters summarized in the above key' The primary reasons for maintaining it as a distinct species are the distinctly larger size and the habits. Male.- Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color almost black. Essentially as in pumilus except lateral margins of male frons usually more strongly elevated, frontal impression usually attaining upper level of eyes; pronotal punctures ten- ding to be larger, deeper, more numerous; elytral ground vestiture tending to be slightly longer, each scale two to four times as long as wide, erect bristles stouter, usually less than half as long as distance between rows. 1. Phrixisoma minor cf ^^ 2. Phrixisoma minor 3. Prochramesus annectans cf 7. Chramesus quadridens cf 6. Chramesus crenatus cf ^- :-'.'••'-■- ^ '/'^\-'^"^/ \ 8. Chramesus subopacus c/ ' _, ^ - ) ^- Prochramesus annectans o o. Prochramesus annectans g * 332 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, unarmed. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla; 11 km S Atlixco, 13-VII-53, No. 101, S. L. Wood. Biology.- Adult specimens and larvae were taken from axial pith tunnels in stems about 5 mm in diameter. The host was a climbing vine, having three leaflets on each leaf; the general character of the stem was quite unlike Canavalia. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four paratypes. Mexican specimens of pumilus do not ex- ceed 1.8 mm in length, and characters of body sculpture and vestiture are distinct. The larger specimens and those approaching anatomical similarity to quadridens are from the area south of Guatemala. 15. Chramesus pumilus (Chapuis) Rhopabrleurus pumilus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 47 (Holotype, male; Teapa, Ta- basco, Mexico; Brussels Mus.) Chramesits tumidulus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 170 (Lectotype, female; Las Mercedes, Guatemala, male Bugaba, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., subsequent designation by Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:143. Synonymy Chramesus panamensis Blackman, 1943 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:391 (Holotype, female; Panama Canal Zone; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56569); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:143. Synonymy Chramesus mexicanus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:264 (Holotvpe, female; Comitan, Chiapas, Mex- ico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:143. Synonijmy Diagnosis.- This is a common, widely dis- tributed, somewhat variable species. Except for the doubtfully distinct quadridens Wood, its closest known relatives occur in South America. The two pairs of denticles arming the lateral margins of the male frons dis- tinguish it from most species; characters sum- marized in the above key distinguish it from quadridens. Male.- Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black, vestiture pale. Frons rather deeply, broadly concave from epistoma to a point just below upper level of eyes; lateral margins acute on lower two- thirds, armed by two pairs of tubercles at and just below level of antennal insertion; surface flnely rugose-reticulate, more nearly reti- culate on lower fourth, a few minute, obscure punctures evident below, sparse, fine gran- ules above; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspic- uous. Antennal club large, 2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide; widest one-third legnth from base, sides strongly arcuate, converging toward con- spicuous constriction just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface dull, reticulate, small asperities and small shallow punctures about equally abundant, distributed over entire surface, punctures predominate in posteromedian area, aspe- rities in anterolateral areas; vestiture of inod- eratley short, very stout bristles, a few flne hairs intermixed. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 13 crenulations; sides straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae weakly im- pressed at base, moderately toward declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, slightly convex, shining, with minute obscure punctures and each with a uniseriate row of coarse, rather close tubercles, each tu- bercle not more than half as wide as inter- striae. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae and interstriae slightly narrower than on disc, tubercles narrower and more widely spaced. Vestiture of small, fringed ground scales, each little longer than wide (longer than this south of Honduras); and interstrial rows of erect bristles, each bristle two-thirds as long as distance between rows, separated within a row by length of a bristle. Female.- Similar to male except frons feebly convex, lateral margins neither ele- vated nor armed; pronotal asperities and ely- tral tubercles usually slightly longer. Distribution.— Nayarit to Panama. MEXICO: Chiapas, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Ta- basco. CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama. Host.— Canavalia villosa. Biology.— This monogamous species at- tacks the stems of wild bean vines larger than 5 mm in diameter. The egg gallery tends to spiral diagonally in the cambium region of smaller stems; it is more nearly transverse in 1982 Phloeosinini 333 larger stems. The larval mines are irregular and may consume any portion of the stem. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the types of pumilus, tumidulus, mexi- cantis and panamensis and on 221 other specimens. Because Blandford's species was named from two syntypes, I here designate the female, from Las Mercedes, Guatemala, as the lectotype of tumidulus Blandford. Specimens from Costa Rica and Panama tend to have scales in the elytral ground ves- titure very slightly more slender than those from the northern part of the distribution; the erect bristles may also be slightly longer. ' 16. Chramesus aquilus Wood Chramesus aquilus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1): 10 (Holotype, male; 13 km N Ocasingo, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.- Among Central American forms this species is most nearly allied to de- missus Wood, but it is distinguished by the more deeply concave male frons with the lat- eral margins more strongly elevated, by the more distinctly punctured pronotal disc, by the more rounded interstrial tubercles, and by the different elytral vestiture. Male.- Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 1.5 times as long as wide; color black, vestiture pale. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from epistoma to slightly below upper level of eyes, lateral margins acutely, rather strongly elevated with highest point just below level of antennal insertion, devoid of denticles; sur- face strongly reticulate, smooth on epistoma, minute, obscure punctures on upper half of concavity; vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club large. Pronotum as in demissus except granules smaller, posterior fourth in median area with sparse, shallow, moderately large punctures. Vestiture slightly more slender than in demissus. Elytra 1.02 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; bas- al margins each armed by 11 crenulations, one or more submarginal crenulations on in- terstriae 2-5; striae strongly impressed, punc- tures moderately coarse,' deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, moderately convex, smooth, with rows of rather large, narrowly rounded tubercles, tubercles somewhat confused on 2 and 3. De- clivity rather steep, convex; sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture of ground cover of rows of scales on both margins of each interstriae, each scale up to twice as long as wide; and erect bristles in interstrial rows except mod- erately confused on 2 and 3 on disc, each bristle two-thirds as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by length of a bristle, each about eight times as long as wide, equal in width to scales in ground cover. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, lateral margins rounded; pro- notal granules absent, entire surface with shallow, sparse punctures of moderate size. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 1.3 km N Ocosingo, 2-VI-69 D E Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 17. Chramesus signatipennis Schedl Chramesus signatipennis Schedl, 1962, Mitt. Miinchn. Ent. Ges. 52:97 (Holotype, female; Hamburgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Limon, Co.sta Rica- Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.- The unique female holotype is distinguished from denticuhtus Wood by the slightly larger size, by the stouter body form, by the slightly larger, deeper strial punctures, by the smooth (not reticulate) sur- faces of striae and interstriae on the elytral declivity, and by the near absence of granules on the female frons. Female.- Length 1.4 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in denticuhtus except granules virtually absent, reticulate. Antennal club small (partly concealed); apparently as in denticulatus. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; as in denticulatus; surface strongly reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, obscure; vesti- ture short, of about equal numbers of slender hairs and stout bristles as in denticuhtus. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; basically as in denticu- htus except strial punctures slightly larger and deeper and surfaces smooth and shining (not reticulate) on disc and declivity; vesti- ture as in denticuhtus and as described in 334 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 above key except slightly more abundant and stouter. Male.— Unknown; characters cited in above key were based on male of denticiilatus. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hainburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Union, l-XI-34, at light, F. Nevermann. Biology.- The very closely allied denticu- latus was taken from stems 1-2 cm in diame- ter of a Bignoniaceae vine. Superficially identical vines occur throughout the lowland forests of Costa Rica and could serve as the host of this species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 18. Chramesus subopacus Schaeffer Figs. 97, 98 Chramesus subopacus Schaeffer, 1908, J. New York Ent. Soc. 16:221 (Lectotype, female; Huachuca Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 42934, subsequent desig- nation by Blackman, 1938, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:541) Chramesus canus Blackman, 1938, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:541 (Holotype, female; Tallulah, Loui- siana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43641); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:143. Synonymy Diagnosis.- The male frons of this species is unique in having the lateral margins very strongly, evenly elevated to a level well above the level of antennal insertion; this ele- vation ends precipitously in a small tubercle directed dorsad. The large size and small, weakly impressed strial pimctures also serve as distinguishing features. Male.- Length 1.7-2.4 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons rather deeply, broadly concave from epistomal margin to well above eyes; lateral margins elevated, acutely, very strongly ele- vated on lower half to a point well above lev- el of antennal insertion, strongly elevated portion ending abruptly at this pointed tu- bercle or angle; surface finely rugose- reticulate above, becoming smooth toward epistoma. Antennal club very large, 2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides strongly arcuate, con- verging anteriorly to slight constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; ob- scurely reticulate, punctures fine, rather close, not always clearly defined, their ante- rior margins usually very feebly raised to form a fine granule, a few of those in ante- rolateral areas asperate, granules absent in posteromedian area; vestiture of short, very stout bristles, a few fine hairs intermixed. Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 10 crenulations; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures very small, shallow; interstriae three or more times as wide as striae, feebly convex, punctures minute, confused, each with a median row of slightly larger non- granulate punctures. Declivity convex, steep; essentially as on disc. Vestiture of rather dense, short scales forming a ground cover; each slightly longer than wider; and rows of erect, interstrial bristles, each bristle half as long as distance between rows, separated within a row by distances equal to length of a bristle. Female.- Similar to male except frons moderately convex, often foveate at center; each interstriae bearing a uniseriate row of granules on disc. Distribution.— Florida and Arizona to Honduras. USA: Arizona: Huachuca Mts. Florida: Alachua Co., 15-1X-76, Celtis laevigata, T. H. Atkinson. Louisiana Tallulah, 6-II-11, Hunter No. 1984, G. D. Smith. Texas Brownsville, 26-III-51, Condalia obtusifolia, S. L. Wood Kennedy, 30-III-51, C. obtusifolia, S. L. Wood; La Grange, 1907, Celtis, W. F. Fiske; San Antonio, 1907, Celtis, W. F. Fiske. MEXICO: Colima: 24 km W Ar- meria, 30-VI-65, 40 m, No. 142, Celtis iguanae, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 23 km W Tehuantepec, 8-VII-53, C. iguanae, S. L. Wood. Tamualipas: Encinal 15-VI-53, Condalia, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Mo- razan, 18-1V-64, 700 m. No. 506, C. iguanae, S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Celtis iguanae, Celtis sp., Con- dalia obtusifolia, C. sp. Biology.— This monogamous species con- structs transverse galleries in cut or dying host material larger than 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of subopacus and canus, on a male paratype of subopacus, on the male allotype of canus, and on 126 other speci- mens. The Louisiana specimens have the elytra very slightly more slender (1.06 times as long as wide), but otherwise they agree completely with specimens from other areas. 1982 Phloeosinini 335 19a. Chramesus hicoriae LeConte Figs. 97, 99, 100 Chramesus hicoriae LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:168 (Holotype, male; Pennsylvania; Mus. Conip. Zool.) Rhopalopleiirus lecontei Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 46 (Lectotype, male; Amerique Bo- reale; Brussels Mus., present designation); Le- Conte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:,375. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from asperatus Schaeffer and setosus Wood by the much longer interstrial bristles, by the less extensive male frontal exacavation, by the host, and by the distribution. Male.- Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; lateral mar- gins acutely elevated, armed by a pair of small teeth just below level of antennal in- sertion; surface strongly reticulate, punctures fine, close, obscure; vestiture fine, sparse, in- conspicuous. Antennal club large, 2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotimi 0.74 times as long as wide; pos- terior margin bisinuate, median area moder- ately produced behind; sides widest near base, arcuately converging to a slight con- striction just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface reticulate, small, iso- lated asperities in median area, becoming larger laterally, asperities in posteromedian area usually replaced by a few fine punc- tures; vestiture of stout, rather short bristles intermixed with less abundant hair. Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; anterior margins each armed by 9 crenulations; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures very fine, moderately deep; interstriae feebly convex, almost smooth, punctures very fine, confused, a median row on each interstriae slightly larger and weakly granulate. Declivi- ty steep, convex; as on disc except striae more distinctly impressed. Vestiture of short, slender scales, each about four or more times as long as wide, oriented in a row on both margins of each interstriae, normally a few supplemental scales between these rows; and interstrial rows of erect blunt bristles, each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows, shghtly closer than this within a row. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly, irregularly convex, lateral margins neither elevated nor armed; pronotal tu- bercles and interstrial granules larger. Distribution.- Wisconsin, E Kansas, and E Texas to Quebec and Georgia. CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. USA: Connecticut, Dela- ware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kan- sas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Hosts.— Carya spp. Biology.- Cut and broken hickory branches are selected for attack. The male constructs the entrance tunnel and turning niche, and the female then makes one simple, longitudinal egg gallery about 1-4 cm long that engraves the wood rather deeply. About 15 to 60 eggs (Blackman 1921:51) are depos- ited in niches along the margins in the cam- bium region. The larval mines engrave both bark and wood; they radiate out from the pa- rental tunnel at right angles, then gradually curve to parallel the grain of wood. In small twigs with thin bark, larval mines cut pro- gressively more deeply into the wood. Black- man recorded one generation each year in northern areas, but suggested that two gener- ations might be completed in the southern part of the distribution. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the types of hicoriae and lecontei and on 346 other specimens. From the three male syntypes in the Brussels Museum, the second specimen is here designated as the lectotype for lecontei Chapuis. 19b. Chramesus atkinsoni Wood Chramesus atkinsoni Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:12.3 (Holotype, male; Cerro Chipinque, Mon- terrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from hickoriae LeConte by the different elytral vestiture as described below and by other minor characters. Male.- Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 1.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 336 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons similar to hickoriae except excavated area very slightly wider in proportion to its length (length /width =1.36 compared to 1.42). Pronotum similar to hickoriae except more strongly convex (female does not differ in this character). Am If* J.; 25. Fie. 99. Scolytidae spp.: 25, Chramesus hickoriae; 26, Chramesus chapuisii; 27, Carph^borusbifurcus, 28, Hyle- sinusaculeatus- 29, Hypothenenius dissimdis; 30, Hypothenemus rotundicoUis. (After Blackman 1922: pi. V.) 1982 Phloeosinini 337 Elytra similar to hickoriae except inter- strial setae in ground cover (forming rows at each interstrial margin) more slender, erect bristles stouter and much shorter, bristles spaced between rows by three-fourths length of a bristle, by length of a bristle within a row (bristles slightly longer than either dis- tance in hickoriae); each bristle about eight times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex and unarmed by a pair of tubercles; pronotum more strongly convex and with as- perities averaging larger. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon. Cerro Chipinque, Monterrey 31-V-80, 1350 m. No. S-021, Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 20. Chramesus marginatus Wood Chramesus marginatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 11 (Holotvpe male; "Mexico"; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from setosiis Wood by the larger size, by the larger number of submarginal crenulations on the elytral bases, particularly on interstriae 2, by the presence of interstrial rows of tu- bercles on the male elytra, and by the small- er, less numerous crenulations on the pronotum. Male.- Length 2.5 cm, L65 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons similar to setosus but not as deeply concave on upper half, punctures on upper half slightly larger. Pronotum outline as in se- tosus; surface reticulate, a few asperities in lateral areas, a few minute granules on me- dian part of anterior third, punctures small, moderately close, very shallow on anterior half, somewhat deeper in posterior area. Ves- titure of short, slender bristles of moderate abundance. Elytral outline and basal armature as in se- tosus; striae distinctly impressed, punctures very small, moderately deep; interstriae at least four times as wide as striae, weakly con- vex, smooth, with a central row of fine gran- ules and a row of minute punctures on each margin. Declivity rather steep, broadly con- vex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of sparse, short, erect, slender, bristlelike, ground cover arranged in approximate rows on margins of mterstriae, and rows of interstrial bristles arising from granules, each bristle twice as long as ground cover, two-thirds as long as distance between rows, as long as distance between setae within a row. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, its lateral margins not ele- vated or armed; pronotal asperities larger; in- terstrial tubercles slightly larger. Distribution.— "Mexico." ^MEXICO: Intercepted at Brownsville, Texas, 26-1-49, 67.333, in dead wood coming from Mexico, 49-2948 D t' Smith. ' ■ ■'■ Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 21. Chramesus setosus Wood Chramesus setosus Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:61 (Holotype, male; Madera Canyon, Santa Cruz Co., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from asperatus Schaeffer, by the much more slender elytral setae, both ground cover and bristles, by the finer elytral punctures, and by the host. Male.- Length 1.2-1.8 mm, 1.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Except for the slightly coarser sculpture and much finer vestiture, this species is as in asperatus. The two species were taken side by side in their respective hosts at Oak Creek Canyon, where they clearly maintained their specific identities. Distribution.- Arizona and Chihuahua. USA: Arizona: Madera Canyon in Santa Cruz Co., 1- VIII-60, Rhamnus betulaefolia, S. L. Wood; Oak Creek Canyon in Coconino Co., .30-Vn-60, ll-VI-69 R be- tulaefolia, S. L. Wood; Bear Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., 15-VIII-68, Rhamnus, D. E. Bright; Cave Creek in Chiricahua Mts., 20-VII-68, Rhamnus, D. E Bright- Mingus Mts., 23-VIII-68, Rhamnus, D. E. Bright. MEXI- CO: Chihuahua: Colonia Juarez, 22-VII-60, Morus alba, S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Rhamnus betulaefolia, Morus alba. Biology.- Essentially as in asperatus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 186 specimens and on 98 additional specimens. 22. Chramesus asperatus Schaeffer Fig. 97 Chrainesus asperatus Schaeffer, 1908, J. New York Ent. Soc. 16:220 (Lectotype, female; Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 42486, subsequent 338 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 designation bv Blackman, 1938, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:539) Chramesus gibber Blackman, 1938, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:541 (Holotype, female; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus. 4314.3); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:143. Synonymij Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the very closely related setosus Wood by the much stouter elytral ground setae and bristles, by the slightly coarser elytral punc- tures, and by the host. Male.- Length 1.4-1.9 mm, 1.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in hicoriae except excavated area extending well above upper level of eyes. An- tennal club large, 2.6 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; as in hicoriae except posteromedian punctured area somewhat more extensive, punctures slightly larger, deeper. Elytra as in hicoriae except strial punctures shghtly larger, deeper; interstriae three or more times as wide as striae; ground vestiture apparently more abundant, stouter, each scale two to four times as long as wide; erect bristles stouter, about as wide as ground scales, each equal in length to or slightly shorter than distance between rows of bristles. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, lateral margins not elevated or armed; pronotal asperities and interstrial tu- bercles larger. Distribution.— Arizona to New Mexico. USA; Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Grand Can- yon, Huachuca Mts., Kaibab N.F., Mt. Bigelow in Santa Catalina Mts., Parmalee Pinaleno Mts., Prescott, Se- donia, Williams. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Coolidge, Sandia Mts., Vermejo. Host.— Robinia neomexicana. Biology.— This monogamous species con- structs transverse egg galleries in the cam- bium region of cut, broken, or unthrifty host material usually smaller than 5 cm in diame- ter. The larval mines wander in the phloem tissues until just before pupation, when they cut more deeply into the wood. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the male lectoparatype of asperatus, on the female holotype and male allotype of gib- ber, and on 505 additional specimens. Most of the' specimens from New Mexico have the vestiture very slightly stouter than those from Arizona, but the difference is neither 16. Fig. 100. . Chramesus spp., galleries; 75, hickoriae; 76, chapuisii. (After Blackman 1922; pi. XVII. 1982 Phloeosinini 339 consistent nor significant; those from the Chiricahua Mountains tend to be inter- mediate with respect to this character. 23. Chramesus strigatus Wood Chramesus striatus Wood, 1956 (nee Eggers, 1943), Ca- nadian Ent. 88:256 (Holotype, male; Atl'ixco, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Chramesus strigatus Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:62 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from asperatiis Schaeffer by the rather close- ly, transversely strigose proepimeral area, by the much coarser strial pimctures, and by the near absence of interstrial granules in both sexes. Male.- Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons and pronotum essentially as in aspe- ratiis; antennal club 2.4 times as long as wide; propleural area strongly strigose, about eight transverse (vertical) ridges separated by grooves. Elytra about 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by eight coarse crenulations; out- line as in asperatus; striae weakly impressed, stronger toward declivity, punctures moder- ately coarse, deep; interstriae not more than twice as wide as striae, punctures rather fine, confused, none granulate. Declivity convex, rather steep; essentially as on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex with a slight transverse im- pression just above epistoma; median row of granules on each interstriae very feebly gran- ulate (about as in male asperatus). Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 11 km S Atlixco, 1.3-VII-53, Acacia S. L. Wood. Biology.— The newly formed egg galleries of this monogamous species cut deeply into the wood of branches less than 3 cm in diameter. Notes.- The above treatment was based on six paratypes. 24. Chramesus punctatus Wood Chramesus punctatus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:94 (Holotype, male; Volcan Pacava, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied, but not closely related, to demissus Wood and vastus Wood; it is distinguished by the very coarse strial punctures and interstrial granules, by the longer declivital bristles (except these are absent on interstriae 2), and by the deeper male frontal excavation. Male.- Length 1.5-2.1 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply excavated from upper level of eyes to epistoma; lateral margins rather strongly, acutely elevated, armed just below level of antennal insertion by a pair of small tubercles; epistomal pre- mandibular lobe long and narrow; surface reticulate, finely, obscurely punctured; vesti- ture inconspicuous. Antennal scape orna- mented by a small tuft of hair. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest on basal fourth, sides moderately ar- cuate, feebly constricted just behind narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface reticulate, dull, with numerous small, isolated, shining asperities, posteromedian area with a few small punctures; vestiture consisting of short, stout, semirecumbent bristles. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal half, broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by about 12 crenulations; striae moderately impressed, punctures very large, deep; interstriae about as wide as striae, convex, irregular, punctures minute, each interstriae with a row of very coarse, isolated tubercles. Declivity moder- ately steep, broadly convex; striae and inter- striae somewhat narrower; interstriae 2 and 4 devoid of tubercles (some paratypes with one or more on each). Vestiture consisting of nu- merous small scales on declivity, and median interstrial rows of erect bristles from base to apex; each bristle as long as distance between rows of bristles and between adjacent bristles in a row; declivital interstriae 1 and 4 (usual- ly) devoid of bristles (in a few specimens both bear one or more bristles). Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, lateral margins not elevated or armed, a slight transverse impression just above epistoma. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, 30-V-64, S. L. Wood; Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64, S. L. Wood. Both taken from the same host species. Host.— Probably Canavalia sp. 340 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.- This species attacked recently cut vines larger than 1 cm in diameter. The egg galleries were transverse; larval mines apparently wandered at random. Notes.- Tlie type series of 121 specimens was used to prepare the above treatment. 25. Chramesiis vastus Wood Chraniesus vastus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:92 (Holotype, male; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from all others in the genus by the large size, by the sculpture and hairlike vestiture of the pronotum, and by the scalelike ground vesti- ture of the elytra with median interstrial rows of longer, hairlike setae. Male.- Length 2.4-2.7 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, shallowly excavated from epistoma to a point well below upper level of eyes, lateral margins acutely, rather strongly elevated and armed just below level of anten- nal insertion by a pair of tubercles; epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface rugose-reti- culate, with fine punctures on marginal areas; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides strongly arcuate, moderately constricted just behind anterior margin, broadly rounded in front; surface ret- iculate, dull, with rather numerous small, iso- lated, shining asperities imiformly distributed from base to anterior margin except small and sparse in posteromedian area; vestiture consisting of short, sparse, coarse hair. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotimi; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by 10 crenulations; striae 1 and 2 deeply, others moderately im- pressed, punctures small, occasionally sub- confluent on 1 and 2; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, weakly convex, punctures shallow, minute, confused, each interstriae with a median row of large tubercles except small on base of 1 and often a partial double row at base of 2. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae and interstriae narrower than on disc; tubercles narrower and higher, except absent on lower half of in- terstriae 1 and 2. Vestiture consisting of very small, abundant scales, each scale slightly longer than wide except hairlike along su- ture, and median rows of erect interstrial, hairiike bristles, each bristle slightly shorter than distance between rows. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex; pronotum with punctures on disc im- pressed and feebly or not at all asperate to- ward base, lateral areas more strongly aspe- rate; elytral striae more deeply impressed, interstrial tubercles continuing to apex on 1 and 2. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA; Cerro Pnnta, Chiriqui, 11-19-1-64, 2000 m, Nos. 315, 348, 371, 376, Inga sp.. S. L. Wood. Biology.- This monogamous species at- tacked cut or unthrifty limbs and branches up to about 10 cm in diameter. The sub- transverse parental galleries penetrated di- rectly into the sapwood; the larvae evidently spent their entire period of development in the sapwood. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 26. Chramesus vitiosus Wood Chramesus vitiosus Wood, 1969, Great Basm Nat. 29:125 (Holotype, male; Rosamorada, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the closely related crenatus Wood by the shorter, erect, interstrial bristles, by the complete absence of male strial punctures, and by the greater distribution of pronotal punctures. Male.- Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 1.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vesti- ture pale. Frons broadly, deeply concave from epis- toma to well above eyes, lateral margins acutely, strongly elevated, attaining a sub- serrate summit at level of antennal insertion, lower tubercle usually predominating; sur- face shining, finely reticulate, punctures not clearly evident; vestiture fine, inconspicuous. Antennal club moderately large, 2.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.72 times as long as wide; widest on basal fourth, sides arcuately con- verging to slight constriction just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face subreticulate, rather closely asperate, as- perities largely replaced by fine punctures in 1982 Phloeosinini 341 posteromedian area, a few punctures occur almost to anterior margin in median area; vestiture of moderately abundant, short^ stout, pale bristles over entire surface. Elytra 0.91 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by about 12 partly contiguous, low crenulations; sides straight and parallel on less than basal half, broadly roimded behind; striae distinctly impressed, glabrous, punc- tures obsolete; interstriae as wide as striae, al- most smooth, small punctures close, confused. Declivity convex, rather steep; a few strial punctures obscurely present. Vestiture con- sisting of a ground cover of closely set, short scales, each scale about twice as long as wide; and interstrial rows of erect scalelike bristles, each bristle not more than twice as long as ground scales, about half as long as distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, foveate at center, a weak, transverse impression just above epistoma; punctures on pronotum slightly coarser and more widely distributed; strial punctures small, distinctly impressed; occasional very small interstrial granules evident; scales in in- terstrial ground cover only slightly longer than wide. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 10 m. No. 211, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood; 48 km N Rosamorada 15-VII-65, 100 m. No. 255, 8 km S, 14-VII-65, 100 m" No. 248, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This monogamous species was taken from longitudinal egg galleries in dying branches up to 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was pre- pared from the type series of 65 specimens. Male.- Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vesti- ture pale. Frons as in acacicolens except surface with sparse, minutely granulate, small, obscure punctures. Pronotum as in acacicolens except granules evidently smaller, less conspicuous, punctures much larger, deeper, closer, punc- tures discernible from base to anterior fourth; vestiture slightly more abundant. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; as in aca- cicolens except striae weakly impressed, punctures larger, more distinctly impressed; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae; erect interstrial bristles very slightly shorter and more slender than in acacicolens, each bristle six to eight times as long as wide' half as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, lateral margins not elevated or armed, foveate at center; pronotal aspe- rities in lateral areas larger; interstrial tu- bercles distinctly larger. Distribution.— Mississippi. USA: Mississippi: Bay St. Louis, 12-V-45, Wisteria, 45- 9773, presumably taken by W. H. Anderson. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 28. Chramesus chapuisi LeConte Figs. 97, 99, 100 27. Chramesus wisteriae Wood Chramesus wisteriae Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 11 (Holotype, male; Bay St. Louis, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from chapuisi LeConte by the smaller tuft of hair on the male scape, by the less strongly impressed male frons, by the presence of in- terstrial tubercles on the male elytra, and by the slightly shorter elytral bristles in both sexes. Chramesus chapuisi LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:375 (Holotype, female; Louisiana; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Diagnosis.- This species is allied to per- iosus Wood, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the smaller, stouter antennal club, and by the tuft of hair on the male scape. Male.- Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, deeply concave from epis- toma to above upper level of eyes, lateral margins acutely elevated and armed by a pair of small teeth just below level of antennal in- sertion; surface reticulate, with fine, obscure punctures; vestiture rather fine, inconspic- uous. Antennal scape bearing a large tuft of long yellow hair; club 2.2-2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; out- line as in related species; surface reticulate (somewhat obscure) with isolated asperities 342 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 over entire surface except partly or entirely replaced by moderately fine punctures in posteromedian area (somewhat variable with- in a series), asperities rather coarse laterally; vestiture of mixed stout bristles and fine hair of moderate length. Elytra 1.05 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; anterior margins each armed by 11 crenulations; sides almost straight and subparallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae about two and one- half times as wide as striae, feebly convex, smooth with a few very minute points, punc- tures fine, confused, none granulate. Declivi- ty convex, steep; striae, particularly 1, some- what more strongly impressed, otherwise essentially as on disc. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of rather abundant, confused scales, each scale about twice as long as wide except near suture; and erect, interstrial rows of rather slender bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, spaced within a row by slightly shorter distances. Female.- Similar to male except frons ir- regularly, weakly convex, foveate at center; tuft of hair on antennal scape greatly reduced or absent; pronotal asperities slightly coarser; each interstriae with a median row of point- ed tubercles. Distribution.- Kansas and Pennsylvania to San Luis Potosi and Florida. USA: Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Mis- sissippi, Pennsylvania, Texas. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi. Hosts.- Celtis occidentalis, C. sp., and possibly Robinia. Biology.- Small, cut, broken or unthrifty branches are selected for attack. The egg gal- leries are from 1-3 cm long, longitudinal, and engrave the wood rather deeply. Larval mines radiate out from the parental tunnel and usually gradually curve to parallel the grain of the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 465 other specimens. The holotype is a female, not a male, as has been reported. 29. Chramesus periosus Wood Chramesus periosus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):5 (Holotype, male Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from crenatus Wood by the larger size, by the larger number of fused crenulations on the elytral bases, and by other characters. Male.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 1.4 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly concave from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes; lateral margins acutely elevated from well below upper level of eyes to epistomal margin, bearing a point- ed tubercle at level of antennal insertion; sur- face reticulate, obscurely, finely punctured; vestiture fine, inconspicuous. Antennal scape with several hairlike setae; club 2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; post- erolateral angles one-third pronotum length from base, median area slightly produced posteriorly; sides widest at posterolateral an- gles, strongly, arcuately convergent to mod- erate constriction just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface finely reti- culate, with fine, moderately deep, rather close punctures, about half of those in central area finely asperate on their anterior mar- gins, asperities larger and more numerous to- ward anterolateral angles; vestiture con- sisting of stout, rather short, recumbent bristles and similar, very fine hair. Elytra 0.90 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; anterior margins armed by low, basally fused crenulations that merge lateral to striae 4 into a continuous costa; striae moderately impressed, punctures small, moderately deep, rather widely spaced; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, weakly convex, a median row of rather fine non- granulate punctures and many confused min- ute punctures on each interstriae. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of small nonoverlapping interstrial scales, each slightly longer than wide, and median rows of erect interstrial bristles, each bristle twice as long as ground vestiture and four to five times as long as wide and spaced within a row by slightly more than length of a bristle. Female.- Similar to male except frons not impressed, almost flat, lateral margins not elevated or armed; lateral asperities on 1982 Phloeosinini 343 pronotum coarse, those in posteromedian area somewhat reduced; each interstriae bearing a uniseriate row of coarse, narrow tu- bercles, each almost as high as wide. Distribution — Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 5 km W Jaltipan, 25-VI-67, 10 m. No. 99, S. L. Wood. Host.— A tree awaiting identification. Biology.— This monogamous species at- tacked recently cut branches 3 to 8 cm in di- ameter. The somewhat biramous, transverse parental tunnels extended into the sapwood about 5 mm below the surface. Chramesus crenatus and Scolytus propinguus shared the same host material. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. 30. Chramesus variabilis Wood Chramesus variabilis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):9 (Holotype, male; Lago Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from periosus Wood by the smaller size, by the smaller strial punctures, by the bicolored elytral setae, and by the very different male frons. Male.- Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture forming a slightly variegated pattern in most specimens. Frons broadly, deeply concave from epis- toma to slightly above eyes, lateral margins acutely, rather strongly elevated, armed just above level of antennal insertion by a large triangular dentation; surface reticulate, epis- toma and large premandibular lobe smooth, shining; vestiture of sparse, minute hair. An- tennal club large. Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide; out- line as in disparilis; surface finely reticulate, punctures small, shallow, close, spaced by distances equal to diameter of a puncture, de- void of granules. Vestiture of short hair and equal numbers of scales, each scale four to six times as long as wide; central and anterior setae darker. Elytra 1.05 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; 12 pairs of crenula- tions on basal margins, six submarginal crenu- lations scattered on bases of interstriae 2-4; striae distinctly impressed, punctures small, rather shallow; interstriae three times as wide as striae, smooth, bristle-bearing punctures small, almost uniseriate, those punctures bearing ground scales minute. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of ground cover of small scales, each scale one to two times as long as wide; and rows of erect bristles, each bristle about twice as long as ground cover, half as long as distance between rows, as long as distance between bristles within a row, each bristle about six times as long as wide; in an obscure variegated pattern. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, lateral margins rounded, imarmed, surface rugose-reticulate; anterola- teral areas of pronotum sparsely asperate. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 16-20-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 31. Chramesus microporosus Wood Chramesus microporosus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 10 (Holotype, male; El Sumidero, 24 km N Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from periosus Wood by the deeper male fron- tal concavity that extends slightly above the upper level of the eyes, by the finer pronotal punctures and granules, by the fewer sub- marginal crenulations on the elytral bases, by the minute strial punctures, by the more slen- der, nonsubplumose scales of the elytral ground vestiture. Male.- Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons as in periosus except concavity ex- tending slightly above eyes, much deeper on upper half. Pronotum as in periosus except punctures less than one-third as large as gran- ules, much smaller and less numerous. Elytra as in periosus except submarginal crenulations near base of elytra about half as 344 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 numerous, strial punctures very minute to en- tirely obsolete, striae smooth, shining, inter- strial punctures also minute; scales in ground cover about four times as long as wide, not subplumose; bristles about three times as long as ground cover, scalelike, each about six to eight times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, foveate at center; lateral areas of pronotum asperate; strial punctures very small, but distinctly larger; interstriae each with a row of moderately large, pointed tubercles. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: El Sumidero, 24 km N Tuxtla Gu- tierrez, 7-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 32. Chramesiis xylophagus Wood Chramesus xylophagus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:255 (Holotype, male; Rosario, Sinaloa, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from crenatiis Wood by the larger size, by the slender pronotal setae, by the presence of male interstrial granules, and by the xylo- phagous habit. Male.- Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from epistoma to just above upper level of eyes, lateral margins acutely elevated and armed by a pair of small teeth just below level of antennal insertion; surface minutely reti- culate (almost rugose-reticulate), very finely, obscurely pimctured; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club 2.6 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides strongly, arcuately convergent to moderate constriction just be- fore broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face subreticulate, closely, rather coarsely, deeply punctured, anterior margins of a few anteromedian punctures minutely asperate, anterolateral areas with slightly larger aspe- rities; vestiture of flattened, moderately short bristles, hairlike setae almost absent. Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 11 crenulations; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, weakly convex, each with a unise- riate row of rounded granules, punctures nu- merous, minute, confused. Declivity broadly convex, steep; essentially as on disc. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of small, inter- strial scales, each slightly longer than wide; and uniseriate rows of erect, flattened bristles, each bristle about three times as long as ground scales, at least five times as long as wide, each about half as long as distance be- tween rows and within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, lateral margins not elevated or armed; pronotal asperities and interstrial granules distinctly larger. Distribution.- Sinaloa to Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 8 km S Rosamorada, 14-VII-65, 100 m. No. 248, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood; 48 km N Rosamorada. 15-V11-65, 100 m. No. 255, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood. Sinaloa: Rosario, 21-VII-53, 40 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Broken branches 1-5 cm in di- ameter were attacked. The parental tunnels cut deeply into the wood; larval mines were only partly developed, but they tended to follow the grain deep in the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on seven paratypes and on 59 other specimens. 33. Chramesus crenatiis Wood Fig. 98 Chramesus crenatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:257 (Holotype, male; Veracruz, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., ijniv. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the very closely related vitiosus Wood by the longer interstrial bristles, by the pres- ence of distinct strial punctures in the male, and by the more restricted distribution of pronotal punctures. Male.- Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in vitiosus except with a central fovea. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.75 times as long as wide; as in vitiosus except punctures mostly larger, very shallow, confined to posteromedian fourth, asperities very slightly larger; vestiture of stout and very fine setae intermixed. 1982 Phloeosinini 345 Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in vitiosus except striae more strongly impressed, punctures small, rather deep, interstriae more strongly convex; scales in ground vestiture wider; erect interstrial bristles much longer, more slender, each bristle at least three times as long as ground scales, almost as long as dis- tance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, foveate; pronotal asperities evidently coarser. Distribution.- Veracruz to Yucatan. MEXICO: Veracruz: Veracmz, 30-VI-53, S. L. Wood 5 km W Jaltipan, 25-VI-67, 10 m, No. 99, S. L. Wood Yucatan: "Yucatan," 23-III-61, E. J. Davidson. Biology.— Small branches, up to 4 cm in diameter, of trees cut about three days pre- viously were attacked by this species. The new parental tunnels were transverse, rather deeply engraving wood. This species was as- sociated with Chramesus periosus and Sco- lytiis propinguus in a moderately large tree that awaits identification. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 138 paratypes and on 72 other specimens. 34. Chramesus hicolor Wood Chramesus bicohr Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:91 (Holotype, male; La Lima, Cortez, Honduras- Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished by the unique bicolored pattern of scales. Male.- Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; body color very dark brown, with white scales except dark scales on a sub- cordate area occupying median third of pro- notum anterior to basal fourth, and on elytra a pair of dark areas on posterior half of disc from interstriae 2 to 8 but not extending on declivity. Frons broadly excavated from epistoma to upper level of eyes, lateral margins acute, armed just below level of antennal insertion by a pair of small teeth; surface strongly reti- culate, punctures very fine; vestiture short, sparse. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging^ then distinctly constricted just behind broad- ly rounded anterior margin; surface rather coarsely, deeply punctured, dull; surface largely obscured by scalelike vestiture, each scale at least three times as long as wide, a few fine, slender bristles intermixed. Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 12 crenulations; sides straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded be- hind; striae moderately impressed, punctures large, rather deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, moderately convex, punctures squamiferous, confused, median row weakly subvulcanate, largely obscured by vestiture. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture as on disc except striae and interstriae somewhat nar- rower. Vestiture consisting of short, broad scales, each scale as wide as long; and median interstrial rows of longer erect scales, each about five times as long as wide and almost as long as distance between rows of scales. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, lateral margins not elevated, unarmed; anterolateral areas of pronotum' more coarsely asperate; interstrial granules slightly larger. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 50 m, Ces- trtim scandens, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This monogamous species at- tacks stems less than 5 mm in diameter. The diagonal or longitudinal egg galleries are more or less in the cambium region, although in smaller stems they cut rather deeply. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 63 specimens. 35. Chramesus minuhis Wood Chramesus minulus Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:126 (Holotype, female; La Ceiba, Honduras- Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from acacicolens Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the much short- er, erect, interstrial scales, and by the stouter pronotal scales. Female.- Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons weakly convex, somewhat flattened on upper half, a slight transverse impression just above epistoma; surface minutely rugu- lose-reticulate, fine punctures indistinct; ves- titure short, rather sparse, stout. Antennal club rather small for this genus, 2.0 times as long as wide. 346 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides rather weakly arcuate and converging slightly on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; surface rather fine- ly, closely granulate-punctate (largely ob- scured by scales), becoming finely asperate toward anterolateral angles; vestiture of short, oval almost white scales. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 13 crenulations; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures coarse, sharply impressed, rather shallow; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, moderately convex, smooth with min- ute confused punctures, each interstriae with a median row of very fine granules. Declivity convex, moderately steep; essentially as on disc. Vestiture consisting of a ground cover of short scales, each scale as long as wide, shghtly more than a third as wide as an inter- striae, and median interstrial rows of erect scales, each only slightly longer than ground scales and mostly about twice as long as wide. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida. 29-V, lO-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the two females in the type series. 36. Chramesus acacicolens Wood Chramesus acacicolens Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2);3 (Holotype, male; Canas, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- A species closely related to minulus Wood, but distinguished by the smaller size, by the less slender body form, by the longer, erect, interstrial scales, and by the more slender pronotal scales. Male.- Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 1.65 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons broadly, concavely excavated from above upper level of eyes to epistoma, deep- est point near middle, subfoveate; lateral margins acute below, armed by a pair of tu- bercles just below level of antennal insertion; surface coarsely reticulate, a few minute punctures scarcely visible; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; me- dian basal area slightly produced into scutel- lar notch, sides widest near base, rather strongly arcuate, constricted just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface minutely rugulose, dull, rather finely, shal- lowly punctured, punctures becoming finely asperate toward anterior and lateral areas; vestiture consisting of short, stout bristles in- termixed with similar fine hair. Elytra 1.07 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 11 crenulations; sides straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded be- hind; striae impressed, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, convex, with small, abundant, squami- ferous punctures and median rows of small tubercles that decrease in size posteriorly. Declivity convex, moderately steep, as on disc, except tubercles not evident. Vestiture consisting of abundant short scales, each slightly longer than wide; and interstrial rows of erect scales each slightly more than twice as long as ground vestiture and about three times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma, minute punctures more evi- dent, lateral margins not elevated or armed; pronotal asperities evident only at anterola- teral angles; interstrial granules larger; inter- strial bristles often longer, each up to five times as long as wide. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Venezuela. COSTA RICA: 4 km NW Canas, Guanacaste, 13-VII- 66, 50 m. Acacia sp., No. 10, S. L. Wood. Biology.- This species attacks broken branches and twigs less than 2 cm in diame- ter. The parental tunnels are in tlie cambium region. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 82 specimens. 37. Chramesus disparilis Wood Chramesus disparilis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):9 (Holotype. male; Lagos de Colores, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species superficially re- sembles acacicolens Wood, but the male frons is entirely different; the elytral ground vestiture and erect bristles are broad. It is not 1982 Phloeosinini M7 closely related to any species from North or Central America. Male.- Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons very deeply, broadly concave from epistoma to slightly above eyes; lateral mar- gins subacutely elevated, armed just above level of antennal insertion by a pair of low, blunt, subquadrate denticles having their bases displaced mesad from crest of lateral margins; surface finely rugose-reticulate, shining; vestiture of sparse, minute hair in concavity, a few stout setae of moderate length at margins. Antennal club small for this genus, apex narrowly rounded. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides and anterior margin al- most forming a semicircular arc, anterior constriction almost obsolete; surface finely reticulate, shining, small granules of moder- ate abundance extending from anterior mar- gin to base. Vestiture rather abundant, short, scalelike, each scale about two to three times as long as wide. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded be- hind; basal margins each armed by 13 crenu- lations, about 6 submarginal crenulations scattered from interstriae 2-4; striae dis- tinctly, weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, each with a uniseriate row of fine granules and minute, obscure punctures. De- clivity rather steep, convex; as on disc except interstriae 2 on lower half devoid of granules and feebly impressed. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of short, recumbent, interstrial scales, each scale about twice as long as wide; and interstrial rows of erect, scalelike bristles, each about six times as long as wide, each slightly more than half as long as dis- tance between rows or between bristles with- in a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons feebly convex, lateral margins rounded and unarmed; scales in elytral ground cover only slightly longer than wide. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lagos de Colores, 14-VI-69 Acacia, D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 49 specimens. Tribe HYPOBORINI HVPOBOR.NAE Nusslin, 1911, Zeitschr. w.ssensch. Insektenbiol. 7:376 (Type-genus: Hypoborus Erichson, 1836) Anatomical features.- The frons of some American Liparthrum species is sex- ually dimorphic, with the male frons flat to convex, the female impressed; most species are not dimorphic; in the remainder of the tribe the male frons is impressed, the female flat to convex. In addition, the eye is entire, the antennal funicle is 4-5-segmented, the pronotum usually is armed, the procoxae are contiguous, the third tarsal segments are slen- der, the scutellum is not visible, the elytral crenulations do not extend laterad from striae 5, and the metatergum is fused to the postnotum. Biological features.- All species are monogamous and phloeophagous. Parental tunnels in Liparthrum are a simple cave or enlarged nuptial chamber, with the eggs placed in niches along the margin. In Chae- tophheus short, crude egg galleries may ex- tend from the central chamber, with the eggs placed in obscure niches. Larval mines wan- der considerably, but rarely cross one anoth- er. Symbiotic relationships with fimgi have not been reported. Taxonomy.- Liparthrum is apparently a relic genus with a few rare species scattered almost worldwide except Australia. Cliae- tophheus is largely restricted to southwestern North America, with two species in South America. Allied genera occur in Africa. Members of this tribe apparently prefer arid or semiarid areas and tend to be rather rare. The two American genera are very different and easily distinguished from one another. Genus CHAETOPHLOEUS LeConte Chaetophheus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:382 (Type-species: Hylesinus hystrix LeConte, monobasic) Renocis Casey, 1886, California Acad. Sci. Bull. 6:257 (Type-species: Renocis heterodoxus Casey, mon- obasic); Schedl, 1963, Ent. Abh. Ber. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 28:363. Synonymy Pseudocryphalus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):20 (Type-species: Pseudocryphalus brittaini Swaine, original desig- nation): Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:374. Synonymy Diagnosis.— In the American fauna this genus is most nearly related to Liparthrum. It is distinguished from Liparthrum by the larger size, by the 5-segmented antennal fu- nicle, by the reduced, different pronotal ar- mature, and by other characters. Description.- Length 1.1-2.5 mm, 1.4-2.1 times as long as wide; color brown to black. Frons dimorphic, males transversely impressed to deeply, rather broadly concave, females convex to transversely impressed; epistomal brush very conspicuous; eye elon- gate, sinuate to feebly emarginate; about 3.5 times as long as wide. Antennal scape moder- ately short, not reaching posterior margin of eye; funicle 5-segmented; club slender to sub- circular, usually marked by three, aseptate, transverse sutures. Pronotum wider than long, armed by two or three paired groups of asperities in anterolateral areas. Scutellum absent. Elytral bases armed between suture and striae 4 by coarse crenulations, sub- marginal crenulations present or absent; striate. Third tarsal segments slender. Vesti- ture of plumose to scalelike setae, often in various patterns of dark and light colors. Distribution.— Canada to Brazil. Nine- teen species are known, 15 are from North and Central America, 2 are from South America, and 2 are from Jamaica. Biology.- All species attack branches and twigs of trees and shrubs, particularly in desert areas. They are monogamous; the male constructs the entrance tunnel and a large nuptial chamber in the cambium region; the female constructs from one to three rather short, broad, egg galleries. The eggs are de- posited in obscure, contiguous egg niches at the ends of the egg galleries. The larval mines usually radiate out individually from 348 2(1) ^^^ Hypoborini 3^g the apical half of the egg gallery, usually cur- wood, usually engraving the latter rather vmg so as to parallel the grain of wood by deeply in the late? stagel Evidently two o the later stages of growth. Larval mines are more generations can be completed annually comparatively long and form a definite pat- Notes.- All 19 species were included in tern; they engrave both the phloem and the the key, although four are extratentonal Key to the Species of Chaetophloeus Elytral bases armed by 6 to 8 pairs of marginal crenulations (5 pairs in occa- sional machyi), usually in a continuous marginal line, crenulations 2 and 3 not more widely separated than others, 2 not displaced posteriorly; 1 or 2 pairs of submarginal crenulations often present on interstriae 1 or 2 . £ Elytral bases amed by 3 to 5 pairs of marginal crenulations, 1 and 2 partly or completely fused, lateral margin or all of 2 strongly displaced posteriorly form- ing with 1 a median crescent-shaped elevation, a conspicuous gap between 2 and 3 at least as wide as 3; submarginal crenulations never present 17 Pronotal and elytral setae all long, subplumose, each apically hairlike or at least very strongly acuminate, those on interstriae at least as long as width of an mterstriae; antennal suture 3 at middle of club; female frons armed by a pair of tubercles; larger species; in Rhus 3 Pronotal and elytral setae at least partly scalelike, longer setae'never subplumose or slender at their apices; suture 3 on apical third of antennal club 4 3(2). Elytral declivity strongly sulcate, lateral convexities bearing a series of coarse teeth on interstriae 3; pronotal punctures moderately coarse, deep- S California to Baja California; Rhus; 1.9-2.5 mm I i. hystrix (LeConte) Elytral declivity strongly, shallowly sulcate, all interstriae devoid of granules 1 8-2 5 m^'°"°*^' punctures smaller, rather shallow; Oaxaca to Chiapas; Rhus; 2. lasius Wood 4(2). Male frons abruptly impressed immediately above epistoma, impression not at- taining upper level of eyes, bearing in female (usually in both sexes) a pair of small, widely separated denticles on upper half; elytral declivity shallowly to rather strongly sulcate; submarginal crenulations on elytral bases absent {except sulcatus) Male frons shallowly to deeply concave from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes, female frons convex, neither sex armed by denticles; elytral de- clivity convex; one or two submarginal crenulations at base of interstriae 1 or 2 present except absent in insularis and chapini 8 5(4). Elytral ground cover of sharply acuminate, subplumose, subscalelike setae- all setae on pronotum and elytra white; S California to Arizona; Encelia farinosa- 1.8-2.2 mm o • /^i i 3. prutnosus (Blackman) Scales of elytral ground cover blunt, not at all plumose; dark and light setae variously distributed on pronotum and elytra g 6(5). Erect, elongate scales absent on declivital interstriae 1 and 2; pronotal and ely- tral scales m a distinctive color pattern, white predominating, pronotum with conspicuous dark patches at center and in anterolateral areas- S California; Encelia californica; 1.7-1.9 m 4. ^^^^y,- (gruck) Rows of erect, elongate scales on declivital interstriae 1 and 2 as on other in- terstriae; dark and light setae intermixed on pronotum and elytra except all white on interstriae 1 (except sw/cafus) 350 7(6). 8(4). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Submarginal crenulations on elytral bases entirely absent; declivital sulcus poorly developed; pronotum and elytra without distinct patches of white scales except interstriae 1; erect interstrial scales at least four times as long as wide- British Columbia and Manitoba to California and W Texas; Primus Cercocarpus, etc.; 1.6-2.2 mm 5. heterodoxus (Casey) One pair of small submarginal crenulations present at base of interstriae 2; de- clivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, 3 weakly but distinctly elevated at least apically; small patches of light scales irregularly scattered on pronotum and elytra; erect interstrial scales less than three times as long as wide; Hidalgo; Rhus?; 1.6-2.0 mm 6. sukatus (Wood) Male frons shallowly excavated, longest ornamental setae less than half length of excavated area; female epistomal margin straight (except weakly emarginate in brasiliensis); smaller, less than 1.6 mm; body more slender, at least 1.7 times ^ as long as wide Male frons deeply excavated, upper margin of excavation ornamented by very long hair, some of it attaining epistomal margin; epistoma of both sexes broad- ly emarginate; larger than 1.6 mm; body stout, less than 1.6 times as long as ^^ wide; in mistletoe Base of elytra on interstriae 1 and 2 with one or two pairs of submarginal ^^ crenulations Submarginal crenulations entirely absent from bases of elytra, only marginal ^^ crenulations represented Erect elytral scales and pronotal scales each three or more times as long as wide- male epistomal margin very deeply, broadly emarginate; male frons shal- lowly impressed, impression extending only slightly above upper level of eyes; declivital striae not at all impressed, punctures small, deep; Yucatan; 1.8 mm 7. coronatus (Chapuis) Erect interstrial scales and some pronotal scales each less than twice as long as wide- male epistomal margin straight or weakly emarginate {brasihensts); male frons' more deeply, more extensively impressed; declivital striae 1 at least ^^ weakly impressed 11(10) Setae on pronotum and elytra forming a color pattern of dark and light scales; male frons more abruptly impressed below, epistomal margin straight; Arizona to Guatemala; Eysenhardtia; 1.2-1.6 mm 8. mextcanus (Blackman) All pronotal and elytral setae pale in color; male frons evenly concave, epistomal margin weakly to shallowly emarginate 12(11) Erect interstrial scales almost twice as long as wide; striae more strongly im- pressed,purictures toward s^^^^ Erect interstrial scales almost as wide as long; discal interstriae not impressed, punctures rather deep; Colima; 1.1-1.3 mm 9. rmmmus Wood 13(9) Strial punctures moderately small, rather deep; interstriae as wide or slightly wider than striae; antennal club large, subcircular, its width 1.5 times greater than length of scape; S Florida, Cuba, Virgin Islands; Acras; 1.3-1.5 mm ...^...^ ^ ^ 10. insulans (Blackman) Strial punctures coarse, deep; interstriae mostly slightly narrower than striae; antennal club smaller, narrowly oval, its width and length of scape equal; , 1 c _ chaptnt (Blackman; Jamaica; 1.6 mm ^ 9(8). 10(9). ^^^^ Hypoborini 351 15 16 14(8). Erect mterstrial scales slightly shorter, indistinguishable from setae in ground cover on anterior half of disc; long hair on male vertex yellow, longest setae at- tain epistoma; female frons more strongly convex, more coarsely granulate- anterior mandibular process pointed, smaller Erect interstrial scales longer, distinguishable from setae in ground cover to base; hair on male vertex reddish, longest setae attain tips of mandibles; female frons less strongly convex, more finely granulate; anterior mandibular process pointed or quadrate, larger ^ 15(14). Strial punctures near base of declivity coarse, deep, interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, elytral setae pale; male frons less deeply concave; Jamaica- Phoradendron; 1.8-2.1 mm ... . j • i. • , „ . , nowdent Bright Strial punctures very small, interstriae at least four times as wide as striae- ely- tra setae with irregular small patches of dark brown setae interspersed among pale setae; male frons more strongly concave; Jalisco to Oaxaca Phoradendron^ndStruthanthus; 1.6-2.3 mm H. struthanthi Wood 16(14). Anterior mandibular process pointed; male epistomal margin bidentate near median line; erect elytral bristles on disc slightly longer, broad, about two to tour times as long as wide; Venezuela; Mimosa, etc.; 1.3-1.8 mm andinus Wood Anterior mandibular process quadrate; male epistomal margin obtusely point- ed at median line; erect elytral bristles on disc shorter, more slender, each four to SIX times as long as wide; Honduras to Costa Rica; Phoradendron- 1 5-2 0 mm ,^ I ," , ' 1^- pnoradendri Wood 17(1). Elytral declivity sulcate; declivital interstriae 3 rather strongly elevated- male frontal excavation more shallow, less extensive; S California to S Arizona- Cercidium; 1.8-2.4 mm n i- ■ /«■ i „, , , ^-iiiuii 13. parfcmsomae (Blackman) Elytral declivity convex; declivital interstriae about equally convex- male frontal excavation deeper, more extensive; smaller than 1.8 mm 16 18(17). Median rows of erect, interstrial setae about twice as long and some at least twice as wide as setae in ground cover; setae unicolorous; anterior fifth of pro- notum bearing a pair of small, very long tufts of setae; California and Colorado o Queretaro; Rhus; 1.0-1.5 mm 14. j^enicillatus (Bruck) Median rows of erect, interstrial setae little if any longer or wider than setae in elytral ground cover; setae dark and hght, in a mottled pattern; longest setae on anterior margin of pronotum more generally distributed, increasing in length gradually; S California and Arizona to W Texas and "Mexico"- Larrea Prosopis; 1.4-1.8 mm 15 /a.ciafus (Blackman) 1. Chaetaphloeus hystrix (LeConte) Male.- Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 1.9 times as Figs. 101, 102 long as wide; color black, vestiture pale. Hylesimis hystrix LeConte, 1858, Proc. Acad. Sci. Phila- F^ons strongly, broadly, transversely im- delphia 4:81 (Holotype, male; San Diego, Califor- Pressed (essentially concave) from epistoma nia; Mas. Comp. Zool., 1027) to upper level of eyes; surface almost smooth Diagnosis.- The large size, the sulcate with rather fine, moderately close punctures elytral declivity with dentate interstriae 3, a pair of rather large, widely separated gran- and the long, fringed (subplumose) elytral ules at upper level of eyes; vestiture abun- setae distinguish this species from all others dant, very coarse, moderately long obscuring '"*^'g^^"^- much of surface, epistomal brush 352 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 conspicuous. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide; suture 3 obscure, near middle of club; sutures somewhat procurved. Pronotum 0.74 times as long as wide; basal margin almost straight; widest one-fourth from base, sides strongly arcuate, converging to conspicuous constriction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, shining, closely, rather coarsely, deeply punctured, with two pairs of groups of asperities in anterolateral areas, one to three asperities in each group; vestiture of rather abundant, moderately long sub- plumose setae, some bifid setae in marginal areas. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by six crenulations, increasing in height until very strongly elevated at suture, two or three pairs of submarginal crenula- tions on interstriae 1 and 2; sides almost Fig. 101. Chaetophloeus spp., prosternum and an- tennae: a, g, h, i, j, k, 1, heterodoxus; b, c, parkinsoniae; d, pruinosus; e, f, fasciatus; m, penicillatus; n, mexi- canus; o, braziliensis; p, insularis; q, hystrix. (After Blackman 1940:379.) Straight and parallel on slightly less than bas- al half, broadly rounded and converging to projecting declivital teeth, broadly excavated between these elevated areas; striae 1 weak- ly, others not at all impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae three times as wide as striae, punctures coarse, almost as large as those of striae, close, confused. Declivity steep; broadly, rather strongly impressed be- tween third interstriae; interstriae 3 on middle third strongly, rather gradually ele- vated, armed at summit by about four coarse teeth, 1 and 2 essentially as on disc except lateral half of 2 ascending toward elevated area. Vestiture rather long, abundant, con- sisting of tapered subplumose (fringe often of very inconspicuous) setae. Female.- Similar to male except frontal impression not as deep; antennal club larger, 1.5 times as long as wide; elevation on elytral declivity slightly smaller, usually fewer dentations. Distribution.- S California to Baja California. USA: California: Arrovo Seco near Pasadena, Los An- geles N. F., 12-XI-34, A. T. McClay, 18-IV-62, Rhus ovata, D. E. Bright, B. A. Barr; Peters Canyon, 26-1-32, R. integrifolia, A. T. McClay; San Diego, 17-XII-1890, F. E. Blaisdell, 29-XII-12, R. integrifolia; Agiianga; El Se- gundo; La Canada; Montrose; Pinyon Flat 16 miles SW Palm Desert, R. Imirina. MEXICO: Baja California: 16 km S California border. Hosts.- Rhus integrifolia, R. ovata, R. laurina. Biology.- Presumably as described for the genus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 71 other specimens. 2. Chaetophloeus lasius Wood Chaetophloeus kisius Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:251 (Holotype, female; Nochixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from hystrix (LeConte) by the more finely, shallowly punctured elytra with strial and in- terstrial punctures confused, by the absence of declivital armature, and by the longer, more nearly plumose vestiture. Male.- Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, ves- titure pale brownish. Frons as in hystrix; antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures somewhat procurved. 1982 Hypoborini 353 Pronotum 0.72 times as long as wide; as in hystrix except punctures distinctly smaller, anterolateral areas with three pairs of groups of asperities; vestiture shghtly longer. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; basal armature as in hystrix; sides straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly, shallowly emarginate behind; strial and interstrial punctures subequal in size, confused, rather small, deep, close (very indistinct striae dis- cernible on some specimens). Declivity steep, broadly sulcate; suture weakly elevated, area of striae 1 impressed, ascending to lateral summit at position of interstriae 3; setae in rows where interstriae 1 and 2 normally lo- cated. Vestiture consisting of abundant, very long, tapered, subplumose setae, most setae transversely flattened at their bases. Female.- Similar to male except frons shallowly impressed; antennal club very slightly larger; elytral declivity very slightly less strongly impressed. Distribution.- Oaxaca to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 32 km NW Comitan 17-V1-64 2000 m, No. 708, Rhus, S. L. Wood; 14 km SE Teopisca on Highway 24, .30-V-69, Rhus, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca- 11 km SE Nochixtlan, 5-VII-53, S. L. Wood; 25 miles SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, about 2400 m, No. 53, Rhus S L Wood. ' • ■ Host.— Rhus sp. Biology.- Evidently as described above for the genus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on 53.paratypes and on 266 other specimens. 3. Chaetophloeus pruinosus (Blackman) Figs. 101, 102 Renocis pruinosus Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. 88:3&3 (Holotype, female; San Bernardino Co.! California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 529.50). Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from maclayi (Bnick) by the slightly larger size, by the more strongly impressed elytral declivity, by the acuminate scales of the elytral ground cover, and bv the uniformly white vestiture. Male.- Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color brown, with white vestiture. Frons rather strongly, broadly impressed from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface reticulate above, more irregular be- low, finely pimctured; largely obscured by abundant, coarse, subplumose setae (frontal granules evidently present). Antennal club 2.6 times as long as wide; sutures straight, transverse. Pronotum 0.62 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides mod- erately arcuate and converging very slightly on posterior two-thirds, then rather strongly converging to moderate constriction just be- fore very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface finely, rather deeply, very closely punctured; two pairs of groups of asperities, anterior group with two or three, posterior with four or five dentations; vestiture of small, dense, subacuminate scales, each about two to three times as long as wide, slightly longer on anterior margin. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by five to seven crenulations as in hys- trix; sides almost straight and .subparallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures rather small, moderately deep; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, minutely granulose, fine punctures confused, median row sometimes minutely granulate. Declivity rather steep, broadly, rather shallowly im- pressed between third interstriae; sutural in- terstriae very feebly elevated, remaining sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of ground cover of numerous small, strongly acuminate, semirecumbent scales; and interstrial rows of erect, slightly longer, almost scalelike bristles, each bristle four to six times as long as wide and about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, irregularly but usually more closely spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly impressed, almost flat. Distribution.- S California to Arizona. USA: Arizona: Catalina Springs, Encelia farinosa, H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz. California: Indio, 29- VI- 33, R. H. Beamer; San Bernardino Co., Coquillet; Pi- cacho, 23-11-40; "Cal." Host.— Encelia farinosa. Biology.- The habits have not been re- corded, except for the host. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 14 other specimens. 354 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 4. Chaetophloeus maclayi (Bruck) Pseudocnjphahis nujclmji Bruck, 1936, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 35:35 (Holotype, female; Westwood Hills, Los Angeles Co., California; Ohio State Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from pruinosus (Blackman) and heterodoxus (Casey) by the more broadly flattened elytral declivity, by the absence of erect scalelike bristles on declivital interstriae 1 and 2, and by the definite color pattern of dark and light Male.- Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown with pale and dark brown scales forming a definite color pattern, pronotum pale with dark oval patch- es on central third and anterolateral angles, elytra pale with dark transverse bands at base and on upper part of declivity and posterior part of disc, these two bands sometimes con- nected along interstriae 3 and 5. Fig. 102. Chaetophloeus spp., protibiae: a, b, park insoniae; c, pminosiis; d, fasciatus; e, f, g, h, i, hetew doxus; j, penicillatus; k, inexicanus, 1, m, braziliensis; n insularis: o, hystrix. (After Blackman 1940:381.) Frons transversely, subconcavely impressed from immediately above epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface subshining, minutely punctured, largely obscured by rather abundant, coarse, subplumose setae of moderate length; a pair of coarse, widely sep- arated granules at upper level of eyes. Anten- nal club 2.0 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.71 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides strongly arcuate, converging anteriorly to distinct constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface rather fine- ly, shallowly, very closely punctured; ante- rolateral areas armed by two pairs of groups of asperities, each group with two or three dentations; vestiture of small, abundant scales, each bluntly pointed at its apex and two to three times as long as wide, slightly longer on anterior margin. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins armed as in hystrix by six pairs of crenulations, sub- marginal crenulations absent; striae not im- pressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep, each wider than long; interstriae as wide as striae, minutely, shallowly punc- tured, punctures confused. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex, very feebly impressed between third interstriae; evidently as on disc except strial punctures greatly reduced in size. Vestiture of abundant, short, oval scales in interstrial ground cover, each about two to three times as long as wide; and imiseriate in- terstrial rows of longer erect scales, each erect scale twice as long as ground scales and two to three times as long as wide, about half as long as distance between rows; erect setae absent on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.- Similar to male except frontal impression reduced, almost flat, frontal vesti- ture shorter, less abundant. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Westwood Hills, Los Angeles Co., 8,ll-V-35, .30-XII-35, 9-VII-.36, Encelia californica, A. T. McClay. Biology.- Not recorded except for the Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on more than 48 para- types. A male "holotype" is in the collection of the University of California at Davis. It is ' obvious from Bruck's description that the 1982 Hypoborini 355 holotype was deposited in his collection, which is now at Ohio State University. The label on the Davis specimen is considered to be a labeling error and the specimen should be regarded as a paratype. 5. Chaetophloeus heterodoxus (Casey) Figs. 96, 101-103 Renocis heterodoxus Casey, 1886, California Acad. Sci. Bull. 6:258 (Holotvpe, female; Reno, Nevada- U.S. Nat. Mus., 37489) Pseudocryphalus hrittaini Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1 ):20 (Lecto- type, male; Salmon Arm, British Columbia; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:679); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:402. Synonymy Pseudocryphalus criddlei Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):21 (Lecto- type, male; Aweme, Manitoba; Canadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent 99:679); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:402. Synonijmy Renocis brunneus Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:389 (Holotype, female; Cloudcroft, New Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52952); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:142. Synonymy Renocis fuscus Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:391 (Holotype, female; Williams, Arizona- U.S. Nat. Mus., 52953); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:142. Synonymy Renocis commixtus Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:.392 (Holotype, female; Williams, Ari- zona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52594); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:142. S(/non!/mt/ Diagnosis.- This is the most abundant, most widely distributed species in the genus' It is not nearly as variable as the above list of synonyms might suggest. It is distinguished from pruinosus (Blackman) and maclayi (Bruck) by the much more slender pronotal and elytral ground cover scales, by the more narrowly convex elytral declivity, and by the different coloration. Male.- Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color black, with scale color pattern normally white on pronotum and on interstriae 1, dusky to very dark scales else- where, with a few pale or dark scales scat- tered at random, occasional specimens much lighter or much darker. Frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface very finely punctured, largely obscured by abundant, coarse, sub- plumose setae; a pair of large, widely sepa- rated granules at upper level of eyes; epistomal brush very conspicuous. Antennal club 2.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.62 times as long as wide; out- line and surface sculpture as in maclayi ex- cept often a third paired group of lateral as- perities may occur on anterior margin, rarely consisting of more than one dentation; vesti- ture consisting of small slender scales, usually each scale three or more times as long as wide, occasionally a few larger, broader scales intermixed, setae on anterior margin longer. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; basal margins and out- line about as in maclayi; striae 1 weakly. Fig. 103. Chaetophloeus heterodoxus, galleries. (After Furniss and Barr 1975:17.) 356 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 others not at all impressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, minutely punctured, punctures close, confused. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; striae moderately impressed, more strongly on 1, punctures smaller, not as deep. Vestiture of abundant small, semirecumbent scales, each scale about four to six or more times as long as wide (variable on any speci- men); and uniseriate interstrial rows of erect scalelike bristles, each more than twice as long as ground scales, about three to six times as long as wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons much less strongly impressed. Distribution.- British Columbia and Manitoba to California and W Texas. CANADA: British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatche- wan. USA: Arizona, Cahfornia, Colorado. Idaho, Mon- tana, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. Hosts— Amelanchier utahensis, Cerco- carpus betulifolia, C. ledifolia, C. parvifolius, Cowania mexicana, Peraphyllum ramosissi- mum, Prunus americana, P. virginiana, Pyrus malus, Ribes spp. Habits.- The above generic treatment of habits was based largely on this species. Notes.- The holotypes or lectotypes of heterodoxus, brittaini, criddlei, bnmneus, fus- cus, and commixtus were all examined and used in the preparation of the above treat- ment along with 387 other specimens. The presence of boring dust, body oils, or wear on the surface of specimens of this species can drastically alter their appearance. Its broad distribution and wide host range evidently have also contributed to the description of synonyms. In the southeastern part of its range the elytral ground scales and erect bristles tend to be very slightly wider and there is a ten- dency for two rather than three paired groups of pronotal asperities. These appear to be gradual clinal differences, however, and do not warrant a distinct name. 6. Chaetophloeus sulcatus (Wood) Renocis sulcatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:252 (Holotype, female; Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico; Snow Ent. Coll., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from maclayi (Bruck) by the less strongly im- pressed frons, by the smaller frontal tubercles, by the more strongly elevated lateral areas of the elytral declivity, by the presence of erect scales on declivital inter- striae 1 and 2, and by the different color pattern. Male.- Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with very dark and pale scales forming a variegated pattern with dark and light areas about equal. Frons rather weakly, transversely im- pressed above epistoma, impression ending below upper level of eyes; surface minutely granulate-punctate above, becoming smooth toward epistoma; a pair of widely separated granules at upper level of eyes; vestiture of rather abundant, moderately short, stout, sub- plumose setae. Antennal club 2.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 0.68 times as long as wide; es- sentially as maclayi except scales rather broad, with rounded apeces; distinctly longer on anterior margin. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by six crenulations, median one much larger, higher, one submarginal crenulation; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, broadly subemarginate behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures moderately small, rather deep; inter- striae almost twice as wide as striae, punc- tures very small, shallow, confused. Declivity rather steep, broadly, shallowly sulcate be- tween third interstriae; suture feebly ele- vated, interstriae 1 moderately impressed on its median side, 3 moderately elevated par- ticularly near its apex; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture of small, abundant, ground scales, each from one to three times as long as wide and narrowly rounded at apex; and uniseriate interstrial rows of erect scales each scale about twice as long as ground scales and twice as long as wide, those on de- clivital interstriae 1 smaller, those on 2 small and less abundant. Female.- Similar to male except frons very weakly impressed, almost flat below up- per level of eyes. Distribution.- Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Ixmiquilpan, 23-VI-53, S. L. Wood. , ., J r Biology.- Similar to those described tor the genus. The unidentified host was a shrub having a growth habit much like Condalia. 1982 Hypoborini 357 Notes.- The above treatment was based on 11 paratypes. 7. Chaetophbeus coronatus (Chapuis) Phloeosinus coronatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolyticles, p. 39 (Holotype, male; Yucatan, Mexi- co; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species apparently is more closely allied to brasiliensis (Blackman) than to other known species, but it is distin- guished by the more slender body, by the very deeply, broadly emarginate epistomal margin of the male, with the frontal impres- sion less extensive and shallow, by the less strongly impressed striae, and by the very dif- ferent elytral vestiture. Male.- Length 1.8 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; rather dark brown, elytra lighter, all setae pale, almost white. Frons shallowly concave from epistomal margin to very slightly above upper level of eyes; epistomal margin slightly elevated, deeply emarginate on a broad arc one-fourth as deep as wide; upper two-thirds of frons rather coarsely granulate; marginal fringe of subplumose setae longer above, longest setae about equal to half length of frons. Both an- tennae missing from type except left club loosely clinging to normal position, club 2.1 times as long as wide; three sutures mark ap- proximately equal fourths. Pronotum 0.70 times as long as wide; basal margin somewhat bisinuate, sides widest on basal third, strongly, arcuately convergent on posterior two-thirds, moderately constricted just before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; lateral areas armed by two pairs of groups of asperities; surface minutely sub- granulose, with fine punctures; vestiture scalelike, each about two to four times as long as wide, longer at posteromedian margin. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by six crenulations at bases of interstriae 1 to 4, one submarginal crenulation on 1; striae not at all impressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, subshining, punctures fine. confused, rather close. Declivity convex, moderately steep; as on disc; striae not at all impressed. Vestiture consisting of white scales, each three to four times as long as wide, median row on each interstriae slightly longer and identifiable only toward declivity. Distribution.— Yucatan. MEXICO: "Yucatan, Deyr." Notes.- The above treatment was pre- pared directly from the male holotype. 8. Chaetophloeiis mexicanus (Blackman) Figs. 101, 102 Renocis mexicanus Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:397 (Holotype, female; Guadalajara, Ja- lisco, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52955) Renocis mexicanus Eggers, 1951 (nee. Blackman, 1940), Ent. Blatt. 45-46:149 (Holotype, evidently a male; Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:142. Synonymy Renocis eggersi Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:253 (Re- placement name) Renocis hlackmani Nunberg, 1956, .4nn. Zool. (Warsaw) 16:208 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from minimus Wood by the larger average size, by the stouter, more abundant scales in the elytral ground cover, by the more abun- dant, more generally distributed frontal vesti- ture, by the less extensively excavated male frons, and by the color pattern. Male.- Length 1.2-1.6 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, scales dark brown except pale band across base and usually sides of pronotum, sides of elytral disc mostly pale laterad from interstriae 4 with some pale scales on disc between interstriae 4 (pattern variable). Frons moderately concave from epistomal margin to well above eyes; surface finely punctate-granulate; vestiture of abundant, coarse, moderately long, subplumose setae, particularly concentrated on margins. Club 2.3 times as long as wide; all sutures in- dicated only at margins. Pronotum 0.65 times as long as wide; out- line and surface structure essentially as in maclayi except groups of small granules in- stead of asperities in anterolateral areas; ves- titure of a mixture of short, subcircular scales and equally long, slender, recumbent setae, slightly longer on anterior margin. 358 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 6 to 8 crenulations, increasing in height toward suture, and two rather coarse submarginal crenulations, one each at bases of interstriae 1 and 2; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, punctures close, con- fused, very fine, shallow. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 more distinctly impressed; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of abimdant, interstrial ground scales, each scale three to four times as long as wide; and uniseriate rows of erect interstrial scales, each scale only slightly longer than ground scales, slightly longer than wide. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex, a feeble impression above epistoma; two groups of anterolateral crenulations present. Distribution.— Arizona to Guatemala. USA: Arizona: Phoenix, 16-XII-40, C. D. Lebert. MEXICO: Jalisco, Michoacan, Nuevo Leon. Oaxaca, Tamaulipas. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, LVL64, 1300 m. No. 686, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Eysenhardtia spp. Biology.- As described for the genus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotypes of mexicanus Blackman and mexicanus Eggers and on 587 other specimens. The holotype of Eggers species is badly abraded and in rather poor condition; how- ever, the imique submarginal crenulations at the elytral bases, coupled with other charac- ters, leave no doubt concerning the synony- my with Blackman's species. 9. Chaetophloeus minimus Wood Chaetophloeus minimus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:95 (Holotype, male; Armaria, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- The small size and vestiture of this species are more nearly like Lip- aHhrum than other species in this genus, but the antennal and other characters clearly place it in Chaetophloeus. It is distinguished from mexicanus (Blackman) by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the less strongly impressed striae, by the vestiture, and by the less strongly impressed male frons. Its much closer relationship to braziliensis (Blackman) is treated above under that name. Male.- Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color almost black, with white vestiture. Frons rather shallowly concave from eye to eye and from epistoma to vertex; surface reticulate-granulate, vestiture consisting of moderately long, coarse hair, more abundant and longer at sides and above. Antennal club large, 1.8 times as long as wide; three sutures indicated. Pronotum 0.60 times as long as wide; widest one-fourth of pronotum length from base, sides strongly arcuate on basal half, rather weakly constricted just behind anterior margin; surface subreticulate-granulate, with moderately large, obscure punctures; lateral area armed by one paired group of minute asperities; vestiture consisting of short, stout, hairlike bristles and equally abundant, erect scales, each scale as wide as long. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; basal crenulations as in mexicanus, with two pairs of submarginal ones, one each on interstriae 1 and 2; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae feebly convex, as wide as striae, punctures fine, confused. Declivity steep; convex; striae and interstriae some- what narrower than on disc, interstrial punc- tures evidently subgranulate. Vestiture con- sisting of short, slender interstrial bristles along both margins of each interstriae, each about four times as long as wide; and median, interstrial rows of erect round scales; scales separated within a row by distances equal to length of a scale, and between rows by dis- tances equal to twice length of a scale. Female.- Similar to male except frons weakly convex, minutely granulate, vestiture short, sparse; pronotum armed by two pairs of groups of asperities. Distribution.— Colima. MEXICO: Colima; 3 km E Armaria, 28-VI-65, 70 m. No. 128, S. L. Wood. 1982 Hypoborini 359 Biology.- The small branches of a dead shrub 2 to 3 m tall, from which specimens of this species were removed, were riddled by galleries typical of this genus. The host had a growth habit much like Amelanchier. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 10. Chaetophloeus insularis (Blackman) Figs. 101, 102 Renocis insularis Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:400 (Holotype, female; Key West, Florida U.S. Nat. Mus., 529.57) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from the closely related chapini (Blackman) by the much smaller strial punctures and wider interstriae, by the larger, broad anten- nal club with procurved sutures, and by the distribution. Male.- Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color almost black, with pale vestiture. Frons rather deeply concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex; surface finely punctate-granulate; vestiture of rather long, moderately fine, subplumose hair of moder- ate abundance, longer and more concen- trated on margins above. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures moderately procurved. Pronotum 0.63 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides on posterior two-thirds very strongly ar- cuate, converging to feeble constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face obscurely subreticulate, punctures mod- erately coarse, very close, rather shallow; one paired group of lateral asperities; vestiture short, abundant, consisting of slender and stout bristles, stout setae about four times as long as wide. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by seven crenulations, progressively larger toward suture. No submarginal crenu- lations; outline as in mexicanus; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, shallow; interstriae as wide or slightly wider than striae, punctures fine, shallow, close, confused. Declivity steep, con- vex; essentially as on disc except striae more distinctly impressed, punctures somewhat smaller. Vestiture consisting of small, abun- dant, interstrial scales, each scale one to three times as long as wide; and uniseriate, interstrial rows of erect scales, each slightly longer than ground setae and slightly longer than wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, finely granulate, vestiture short, stout, less abundant; lateral areas of pro- notum with two pairs of groups of asperities. Distribution.- S Florida, Cuba, and the Virgin Islands. USA: Florida: Matacumba Key, 28-VI-51, Acras sa- pota, S. L. Wood; Lower Matacumba Key, 29-VI-51, Acras sapota, S. L. Wood; Key West, H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz; Sugarloaf Key, 9-V-67, D. E. Bright. CUBA: Cayamas, H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz. Host.— Acras sapota. Biology.- This species attacked small bro- ken branches of the host. The gallery systems were similar to those described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, two paratypes, and on 92 other specimens. 11. Chaetophloeus struthanthi Wood Chaetophloeus struthanthi Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:96 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Colima, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to phoradendri Wood, but it is distinguished by the shorter, erect, elytral scales, by the more strongly convex, granulate, female frons, by the shorter, yellow pubescence on the upper part of the male frons, and by the smaller, pointed, mandibular processes in both sexes. Male.- Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather deeply concave from eye to eye from vertex to broadly emarginate epis- tomal margin; surface reticulate, with rather close, fine, shallow, subgranulate punctures; vestiture largely confined to marginal areas, longer on upper margin, longest hairs not reaching epistoma, yellow. Antennal club 2.1 times as long as wide; sutures very obscure. Pronotum 0.60 times as long as wide; widest one-fourth of pronotum length from base, sides very strongly arcuate on basal half, moderately constricted just behind broadly rounded, subemarginate, anterior margin; surface subrugose, rather finely. 360 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 closely punctured, lateral areas armed by three pairs of groups of asperities; vestiture consisting of short, slender, erect scales, about eight much longer ones in median bas- al area, setae along anterior margin slightly longer. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; outlines and basal aspe- rities as in phoradendri; basal margins each armed by seven crenulations, progressively larger and higher toward suture; striae weak- ly impressed, punctures very small, shallowly, distinctly impressed; interstriae convex, two or more times as wide as striae, setiferous punctures small, very close, confused. Decliv- ity convex, steep; striae and interstriae nar- rower and less clearly marked than on disc. Vestiture consisting of short, semierect, small, slender scales of equal length on disc, median row on each declivital interstriae slightly longer. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex above, flattened below, more nearly granulate; mandibular process smaller; anten- nal club 1.7 times as long as wide. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan de Colirna, 23-VI-65, 2500 111, No. 105, Struthanthus probably venetiis, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 17 km N Huajuapan, 15-VI-67, No. 43, Phora- dendron, S. L. Wood; 19 km S Mati'as Romero, 24-VI-67, No. 93, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 13 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2600 m. No. 26, Phoradendron. S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Phoradendron spp., Struthanthus prob. venetus. Biology.— This monogamous species at- tacks the larger stems of unthrifty or dying mistletoe. The parental galleries cut much more deeply into the wood than usual for the genus, and evidently are shorter and with fewer egg galleries than in other species. Lar- val mines are fewer in number, are shorter, and wander more than in other species. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 88 specimens and on 20 other specimens. 12. Chaetaphloeus phoradendri Wood Chaetophheiis phoradendri Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):8 (Holotype, male; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:122 (cor- rected spelling) Diagnosis.- This species has the same ar- rangement of crenulations at the base of the elytra as braziliensis (Blackman), but it differs by the much larger size, by the reduction of elytral striae, by the very different vestiture, and by other characters. Male.- Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 1.4 times as long as wide; color black, vestiture cinereus. Frons broadly, deeply concave from vertex to broadly emarginate epistomal margin, from eye to eye; surface minutely granulose- reticulate; vestiture sparse in concavity, a few erect gray setae along sides below eye, margin above eyes ornamented by a row of very long, reddish hair, tips of which reach mandibles; mandibles each with an anterior quadrate extension a third as large as man- dible. Antennal club 1.9 times as long as wide; two sutures indicated. Pronotum 0.57 times as long as wide; widest at base, strongly arcuate, converging slightly to very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface reticulate, with very small, rather close, setiferous punctures; lateral areas armed by two groups of asperities; ves- titure consisting of mixed slender and stout, short bristles and a few bifid hairs in lateral areas, slightly longer on anterior margin, about eight longer setae in posteromedian area. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; anterior margins each armed by six crenulations, median one twice as wide as others, an additional submarginal pair at base of interstriae 1; striae reduced, obscure, punctures only slightly larger than those of interstriae; interstriae wide, flat- tened, with numerous, confused punctures variable in size. Declivity steep, convex. Ves- titure consisting of short, rather abundant, slender scales, and median rows of erect in- terstrial scales (distinct to base), each scale about three times as long as wide, separated from other scales in same row by distances equal to length of a scale and between rows by one and one-half times length of a scale. Female.- Similar to male except frons flattened, with a small median impression, frontal vestiture short, not specialized; pro- notum armed by three pairs of groups of asperities. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. 1982 Hypoborini 361 HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, I8-VI-64, 700 m. No. 569, Phoradendron robustissimiim, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: 6 km W Canas, Guancacaste, lO-VI-66, 50 m, No. 1, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood; 20 km SE Liberia, Guanacaste, lO-VII-66, No. 16, Phoradendron S. L. Wood. Hosts.- Phoradendron robustissimum, P. sp. Biology.— As in struthanthi. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 45 specimens. 13. Chaetophloeus parkinsoniae (Blackman) Figs. 101, 102 Renoeis parkinsoniae Blackman, 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:378 (Holotype, female; Catalina Spring.s, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52949) Diagnosis.- In this and the following two species, the crenulations on the basal margins of the elytra are reduced in number, and the sutural crenulation is unusually broad and laterally curved away from the margin, leav- ing a distinct gap between the first and sec- ond crenulations; submarginal crenulations are always absent. This species is distin- guished from fasciatus (Blackman) and peni- cillatus (Bruck) by the larger size, by the sul- cate elytral declivity, with interstriae 3 rather strongly elevated, and by the very long, slender, erect, interstrial bristles. Male.- Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture with pale and dark setae intermixed. Frons broadly, very shallowly, concavely impressed from epistoma to above upper lev- el of eyes, shining, very finely punctured; vestiture rather abundant on margins, of moderately long, fine, subplumose hair. An- tennal club 3.3 times as long as wide, three straight, transverse sutures. Pronotum 0.62 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base' sides on basal two-thirds very strongly ar- cuate, strongly converging on anterior third, distinctly constricted just before broadly sub- marginate anterior margin; surface densely, finely, shallowly punctured; three paired groups of asperities on lateral areas; vestiture of short, abundant, erect scalelike bristles of two widths, some two, some four times as long as wide, setae on anterior margin four or more times longer than scales. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind except profile inter- rupted by elevated interstriae 3; basal mar- gins each armed by three crenulations, me- dian one apparently double, much enlarged in width and height, its lateral half curved posteriorly, leaving a distinct gap between it and second crenulation; submarginal crenula- tions absent; striae rather weakly impressed, punctures moderately small, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, minutely rugu- lose, punctures fine, shallow, close, confused. Declivity steep, rather deeply, narrowly sul- cate; strongly impressed between interstriae 3, 1 and 2 slightly narrowed, 3 rather strong- ly, abruptly elevated, elevation ending before apex. Vestiture consisting of rather abundant, short ground scales, each scale slightly longer than wide; and uniseriate, interstrial rows of erect bristles, each bristle about three times as long as ground scales, almost as long as dis- tance between rows on declivity, slightly shorter on disc, more closely spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly, less extensively impressed. Distribution.- S California to S Arizona. USA: Arizona: Catalina Springs, 14-IV-1898, H. G. Hubbard, E. A. Schwarz; Gila Mts., 8-VIII-.36, J. N. KnuU; Hot Springs, 27-VI, H. G. Hubbard, E. A. Schwarz; Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Park- insonia microphylla, G. Hofer. California: Los Angeles 14-III-41. ^ ' Host.— Cercidium microphyllum. Biology.- Essentially as described for the genus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 103 other specimens. 14. Chaetophloeus penicillatus (Bruck) Figs. 101, 102 Renoeis penieiUatus Bruck, 1933, Canadian Ent. 65:239 (Holotype, male; Peter's Canyon, Orange Co., California; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from fasciatus (Blackman) by the smaller size, by the more conspicuous erect, inter- strial setae, by the long, slender tufts of setae on the anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the much more extensively concave male frons. Male.- Length 1.1-1.5 mm, 1.6 times as long as wide; color almost black, vestiture pale to medium brown, unicolorous except usually lighter on sutural striae. 362 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from eye to eye from epistoma to well above eyes; sm-face reticulate-granulate, almost smooth toward epistoma; vestiture short and sparse in concavity, very long, abundant on lateral margins. Antennal club 1.6 times as long as wide; three sutures indicated. Pronotum 0.60 times as long as wide; out- line and general sculpture as in fasciatus ex- cept vestiture of slender and stout, short, abundant setae, stout scales slightly longer than wide, slender ones about four times as long as wide; anterior margin bearing a pair of very long tufts of yellow, subplumose setae, usually fewer than a dozen setae in each tuft. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; general outline and ar- mature of basal margins as in fasciatus; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, weakly convex, surface marked by numerous minute points, punc- tures small, close, shallow, confused. Declivi- ty steep, convex; striae more distinctly im- pressed, sculpture about as on declivity. Vestiture of rather abundant, short scales in ground cover, each scale about twice as long as wide; and uniseriate rows of erect scales, each scale about three times as long as ground scales, two to three times as long as wide, length about half as great as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Female.- Similar to male except frons convex and a slight, transverse impression just above epistoma, frontal vestiture of uni- form length and distribution; pronotum with three paired groups of asperities, tufts of hair on anterior margin usually smaller, scalelike setae more elongate. Distribution.- California and Colorado to Queretaro and San Luis Potosi. USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah. MEXICO; Queretaro: 16 km or 10 miles E Landa de Matamoros, ll-VI-71, 1500 m, Rhus, D. E. Bright. San Luis Potosi: 48 km or 30 miles E San Luis Potosi, 12-V1-71, D. E. Bright. Hosts.- Rhus integrifolia, R. microphylla, R. ovata, R. trilobata, R. sp. Biology.- Essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 18 paratypes and on 282 other specimens. 15. Chaetophloeus fasciatus (Blackman) Figs. 101, 102 Renocis fasciatus Blackman. 1940, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:385 (Holotype, female; Tucson, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52951) Diagnosis.- This species is somewhat al- lied to parkinsoniae (Blackman) and penicil- latus (Bruck), but it is distinguished by the in- termediate size, by the almost indistinguishable erect, interstrial scales, by the deeply, narrowly excavated frons, and by the distinctive color pattern. Male.- Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 1.7 times as long as wide; color dark, almost black, vesti- ture of very dark and white setae, dark on sides and basal fourth of pronotum, on elytral declivity except interstriae 1, and on basal third of elytral disc between fifth striae. Frons deeply concave on about median two-thirds from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface finely punctate- granulate; vestiture of rather abundant, mod- erately long, coarse, subplumose setae. An- tennal club 2.7 times as long as wide; three straight, transverse sutures. Pronotum 0.60 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, strongly arcuate and converging to distinct constriction just before very broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, punctures close, shallow, rather fine; lateral areas with two pairs of groups of asperities; vestiture of abundant, short, scales, each scale about two to three times as long as wide except much longer and more slender on anterior margin. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; basal margins as in parkinsoniae ex- cept median pair bent somewhat posteriorly; striae feebly impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures small, shallow, close, con- hised. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, 2 slightly impressed, sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture of abun- dant, short ground scales, each scale about three times as long as wide, rather narrowly rounded at its apex; and uniseriate rows of erect interstrial scales little if any longer than ground setae, usually clearly discernible only on declivity. 1982 Hypoborini 363 Female.— Similar to male except frons moderately, transversely impressed, frontal vestiture evidently shorter. Distribution.— S California and S Ari- zona to W Texas and "Mexico." USA: Arizona: Benson, mesquite, Chissman; 24 km W Douglas, 15-VIII-58, mesquite, J. H. Russell; Patagonia, 20-V-68, Prosopis, D. D. Lucht; Portal, Larrea tridentata; Redington, lO-IV-13, Prosopis juliflora, M. Chrisman; Tucson, 14-IV, greasewood, Hubbard and Scliwarz, and 17-11-08, mesquite, M. Chrisman. California: Fish Springs, Imperial Co., 1-I-.39, mesquite, A. T. McClay. Texas: Presidio, 14-VII-41, mesquite. MEXICO: Inter- cepted at U.S. border, IO-XII-48, mesquite, J. M. Russell. Genus LIPARTHRUM Wollaston Leiparthrum Wollaston, 1854, Insecta Maderensia, p. 294 (Type species: Leiparthrum bituherculatum Wollaston, original designation) Liparthruin Wollaston, 1864, Catalogue of the Coleop- terous Insects of the Canaries in the collection of the British Museimi, p. 265 (valid emendation, Intemat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1981:64) Erineosinus Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:5.3 (Type-species: Erineosinus squatnosus Blackman, monobasic); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:.399. Synonymy Phloeochilus Schedl, 1953, Ann.' Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)6:292 (Type-species: Phloeochilus palaquius Schedl, monobasic); Schedl 1963, Ent. Abh. Ber. Tierk. Dresden 28:263. Synonymy Phheotrypetus Wood, 1960, Insects of Micronesia 18(1): 16 (Type-species: Phloeotrypetus palauensis Wood, monobasic); Schedl, 1963, Abh. Ber. Tierk. Dresden 28:263. Synonymy Diagnosis.— In the American fauna Chae- tophloeus LeConte is the only group even moderately closely related to this genus. It is distinguished from Chaetophloeus by the much smaller size, by the 4-segmented anten- nal funicle, by the unsegmented antennal club, by the different pronotal armature, and by the much more conspicuous strial setae. Description.— Length 0.75-1.30 mm, 2.0-2.2 times as long as wide. Frons convex in male or in both sexes, females in some spe- cies concave and ornamented by setae. Eye oval, rather short, entire; twice as long as wide. Antennal scape not reaching posterior margin of eye, funicle 4-segmented, club aseptate, without any indications of sutures. Pronotum finely asperate over entire surface, anterior margin in male armed by a pair of teeth. Scutellum not visible; basal margins of elytra armed by five or six pairs of coarse crenulations of about equal size mesad to striae 5; coarsely striate, declivital sculpture simple. Vestiture of rows of very broad, short, interstrial scales and slender, recum- bent, strial setae; interstrial setae uniseriate, broad scales alternating with slender setae. Distribution.— S United States to Vene- zuela; S Europe and Asia, and Micronesia. About 23 species are known; 6 of these occur in North and Central America; 2 are from South America. Biology.— The species are monogamous and phloeophagous. Evidently the male con- structs the entrance tunnel and both sexes contribute to the formation of an irregular cavity about 3 mm wide and 5 mm long, en- graving both wood and phloem. The eggs ap- parently are placed in individual niches. The larvae construct individual mines that en- grave both wood and phloem and wander without definite direction. The larval mines are rather long and frequently join one an- other in the later stages. The parent adults may continue to enlarge the egg cavity long after oviposition is complete. In some in- stances several generations might be com- pleted in the same twig of a living tree. Notes.— Wollaston originally spelled the name of this genus Leiparthrum (1854), then later, evidently deliberately, changed it to Liparthrum (1864). The apparent reason for the change was an oversight in transliteration in converting the Greek leipo to the Latin lipo. I have regarded the change, apparently correctly, as a valid emendation and have used the spelling that has been applied to this genus consistently in the literature for more than a century, except for Bright (1968). I considered the name Leiparthrum Wollaston (1854) to be a noryien oblitum and replaced it with Liparthrum Wollaston (1864) to pre- serve stability. An appeal to the Commission upholds my views (Intemat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl. 1981:64). Among the 11 Palaearctic species present- ly known to me, only arnoldi Semenov shares a distinctive character found in all American species. In these species the uniseriate, inter- strial rows of discal setae include broad scales that alternate, at least in part, with slender, recumbent setae similar to those in the strial rows. This unusual character was not men- tioned in the key to species in Schedl's (1959) revision of the genus. 364 1. 3(2). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Key to the Species of Liparthrum Pronotum with very small, isolated asperities only, devoid of punctures; female frons convex, not ornamented by abundant setae; elytra more slender, 1.4-1.6 ^ times as long as wide ■•""• ' " Pronotum with minute asperities and very fine punctures intermixed; female frons concavely impressed and ornamented by rather abundant setae, elytra ^ stouter, 1.2-1.3 times as long as wide 2(1) Elytra stouter, 1.4 times as long as wide; strial punctures coarse, deep, but smaller, interstriae almost as wide as striae; Arizona to Durango; Arbutus- , " " '' 1. anzomcum Wood 1.0-1.3 mm Elytra more slender, 1.5-1.6 times as long as wide; strial punctures very coarse, ^ larger, interstriae about half as wide as striae Interstrial setae almost all scalelike, rarely alternating with a slender seta, scales closely set within a row by less than length of a scale, almost all wider than long- lower half of elytral declivity not as steep; pronotal asperities aver- aging smaller, more numerous; Oaxaca; ^^^''^'''''^^^^^^-^^^^ Scalelike and slender interstrial setae alternating within a row, scales mostly spaced within a row by two or more lengths of a scale, scales more slender, each at least as long as wide; lower half of declivity steeper; pronotal asperities ^ fewer in number but averaging larger • 4f3) Smaller; punctures on discal striae smaller, not as deeply, sharply impressed; ^ ^' interstrial scales about as wide as long, slender interstrial setae «>n^P^^"°"^y longer than scales; Morelos; Thevetia ovata; 0.8-0.9 mm 3. thevettae Wood - Larger; punctures on discal striae coarse, deeply, sharply impressed; interstrial scales each 1.5-2.0 times as long as wide, equal in length to slender ^f e^^tnal scales; Baja California; shrub; 1.2-1.3 mm 4. albosetosum (Bright) 5(1) Female frons broadly concave from epistoma to well above upper level of ^ ^' eyes, concavity ornamented by dense, very short, fine pile; strial punctures slishtlv smaller; elytra slightly more slender; Costa Rica; Ficus; 0.8 mm siignuy Miidiici, y 5 / 5. amencanum Wood Female frons rather broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes concavity ornamented by fine, rather long, moderately abundant hair, strial punctures slightly larger; elytra slightly stouter; ^^^^^^PP^;^^^^^^^^ mm _ ■ mm 1 Livarthmmarizonicum Wood definite punctures; vestiture rather short 1. Lipartnrurnan^omcu ^^^^^^^ somewhat more conspicuous along epistoma. Liparthrum arizonicum Wood, 1959, Great Basin Nat. Pronotum 0.70 times as long as wide; 19:57 (Holotype, male; Miller Canyon, Huachuca ^.^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^.^^^ arcuately converging tO- strial punctures and slightly wider interstriae. punetores present, "^*'^J'' ^^'^^j"';^^^^ Female.- Length 1 O-l's mm, 2.1 limes as margms unarmed very ^H- ■» ^'^^ aspe long as Wide; bo/y color brown, vestiture and ^^^^J^tlTT.Zr antennae much lighter. short recumbent stout hair and somewhat Frons flattened, slight y impressed above ^j^° ;^;^;^^^^^^^^ very broad scales. epistoma; surface minutely rugulose, without shorter semiereci, veiy 1982 Hypoborini 365 Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by a row of five subcontiguous rather large Granulations mesad of interstriae 4; sides straight and subparallel on basal three- fourths, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, close, deep; interstriae narrower than striae, punc- tures small, uniseriate. Declivity convex, steep; striae somewhat narrower than on disc. Vestiture consisting of rows of rather short recumbent strial hair, and uniseriate rows of somewhat shorter, very broad interstrial scales, each subquadrate scale wider than long and separated from other scales in same row by a space greater than length of a scale, slender setae similar to those of striae alter- nating with scales- in each interstrial row. Male.- Similar to female except frons more convex above; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by a pair of very narrowly sep- arated teeth, about three other successive pairs of pronotal asperities larger. Distribution.- S Arizona to Durango. USA: Arizona: Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 22- VIII-58, Arbutus arizotiicus, S. L. Wood. MEXICO- Chi- huahua: 37 km S Creel, 18-VII-60, Arbutus, S. L. Wood- La Laja, 13-VII-60, Arbutus, S. L. Wood. Durango 16 km W El Salto, 1964, No. 478, J. B. Thomas; La Ciudad 4-Vn-64, Arbutus, D. E. Bright; 14 km E El Palmito 15- VI-71, Arbutus, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Arbutus arizonicus, A. spp. Biology.- This species attacks small, unthrifty, or partly broken branches and twigs on living trees. The tunnels are made in the wood immediately below the micro- scopically thin bark. The above description of timnels for the genus was based largely on this species. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 44 specimens and on 213 other specimens. 2. Liparthrum cracentis Wood Liparthrum cracentis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2);9 (Holotype, female; Niltipec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is rather closely allied to arizonicum Wood, but it is distin- guished by the smaller size, by the more slen- der body form, and by the larger strial punc- tures and narrower interstriae. Female.- Length 0.75-0.85 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons moderately convex, slightly im- pressed on lower half; surface rather coarsely reticulate, vestiture sparse, more conspicuous toward epistoma, consisting of rather fine, subplumose setae. Eye and antenna as in al- lied species. Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate from base, converging on anterior half to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face shining, feebly subreticulate, obscure, setiferous granules rather close, in anterior area their anterior margins very finely aspe- rate. Vestiture consisting of truncate, sub- triangular scales, each about one and one-half times as long as wide, and equally abundant stout, hairlike setae, each about one and one- half times as long as scales. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.96 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by five crenulations mesad of interstriae 4; striae not impressed, punctures very coarse' rather deep; interstriae about half as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, evidently not granulate. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of strial rows of slender, recumbent bristles equal in length to scales in interstrial Fig. 104. Liparthrum spp., dorsal aspect and antenna: 1, arizonicum; 2, 3, albosetosum. (After Bright 1968639 ) See also Fig. 142. 366 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 rows; each subquadrate interstrial scale al- most as wide as a strial puncture and slightly longer than wide, scales alternating within row with slender recumbent bristles less regularly than in other species. Male.- Similar to female except pro- notum bearing a pair of small, often obsolete, median tubercles on anterior margin, a small- er submarginal pair about one-fourth pro- notum length from anterior margin. Distribution.— S Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 29 km W Niltipec, 23-V1-67, about 30 m. No. 87, Tlievetia (?), S. L. Wood. Biology.- Essentially as described for the genus. Specimens were removed from phloem in twig terminals of a tree having narrow, thick, waxy leaves, with the leaves somewhat concentrated in a whorls at the terminals. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 31 specimens. 3. Liparthrum thevetiae Wood Liparthrum thevetiae Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:123 (Holotype, female: Las Piedras Moyote- pec, Morelos, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from albosetosum (Bright) by the smaller size, by the smaller, less strongly impressed strial punctures on the disc, and by the more slen- der interstrial scales. Female.- Length 0.8-0.9 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vesti- ture pale. Frons largely concealed in specimens at hand, convex, apparently about as in albosetosum. Pronotum about as in albosetosum except asperities slightly larger, scales less abundant, shorter, and wider. Elytra about as in albosetosum except only three or four basal crenulations present, first three contiguous (five present in alboseto- sum); strial punctures smaller, less strongly impressed; interstrial scales smaller, little if any longer than wide, spaced within a row by three to five lengths of a scale and alternat- ing within a row with slender setae each about one and one-half times as long as a scale, scales about two-thirds as long as dis- tance between rows. Distribution.— Morelos. MEXICO: Morelos: Las Piedras Moyotepec, 17-VII- 80, 1060 m, Tlievetia ovatu, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of five females. 4. Liparthrum albosetum Bright Fig. 105 Leiparthrum albosetum Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:638 (Holotype, male; 35 km or 22 miles NW Penjamo, Baja California, Mexico; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from arizonicum Wood by the larger strial punctures, by the more slender interstrial scales, by the slightly larger interstrial gran- ules, and by the much more strongly reti- culate pronotum. Male.- Length L3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in arizonicum except more dis- tinctly convex, with a distinct, transverse im- pression above epistoma. Pronotum as in ari- zonicum except surface rather strongly reticulate. Elytra L5 times as long as wide; essentially as in arizonicujn except striae slightly im- pressed, punctures much larger, deeper; in- terstriae about half as wide as striae, inter- strial granules distinctly larger; interstrial scales more slender, about twice as long as wide. Distribution.— Baja California. MEXICO: Baja California: 35 km or 22 miles NW Penjamo, 29-VII-59, light trap, K. W. Radford, F. G. Werner; La Paz, 27-III-74, shrub, M. M. Furmss. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on five other specimens. 5. Liparthrum americanum Wood Liparthrum americanum Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):8 (Holotype, fe- male; Rio Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from squamosum Blackman by the exten- sively concave female frons which has dense golden, pilelike hair over the entire surface, by the slightly smaller strial punctures, and by the more slender body form. Female.- Length 0.8 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide; color rather light brown. Frons shallowly concave almost from eye to eye and from vertex to epistoma; surface reticulate; vestiture largely confined to im- pressed area, consisting of very fine, minute, abundant, pilose hair of uniform length. 1982 Hypoborini 367 Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest one-third from base, sides moderately ar- cuate, rather narrowly rounded in front; sur- face obscured by vestiture, evidently minute- ly subgranulate and with small setiferous granules uniformly distributed; vestiture con- sisting of stout recumbent bristles and erect, broad scales in about equal numbers. Elytra about 1.3 times as long as wide (slightly spread in type), 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; bases each armed by six crenulations mesad of striae 4; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae almost as wide as striae, weakly convex, moderately large, setiferous punctures uniseriate, each very feebly granulate on anterior side. Declivity steep, convex; striae and interstriae some- what narrower than on disc. Vestiture con- sisting of strial rows of short, recumbent, stout hair, and interstrial rows of erect, broad scales; each subquadrate scale almost as wide as long, scales mostly alternating with slender setae similar to those of striae. Male.- Specimen presumed to be male, with very weakly concave frons devoid of pile; anterior margin of pronotum not armed by a pair of teeth; otherwise as in female. Distribution.- Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Lower Rio Tempisque, Guanacaste 25-III-64, 30 m. No. 501, Ficus, S. L. Wood; Dominical' Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 10 ni, No. 297, S. L. Wood. Biology.- The two specimens were taken from new entrance tunnels in small branches. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on a male that is presumed to belong to this species. 6. Liparthrum squamosum (Blackman) Figs. 104, 143 Erineosinus squamosus Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:53 (Lectotvpe, sex?; Agricultural College or Starkville, Mis- sissippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24740, present designation) Liparthrum squamosum Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent 89:399. Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from americanum Wood by the slightly stouter body form, by the slightly larger strial punctures and, in the female, by the less ex- tensively concave frons, with less abundant, longer frontal vestiture. Female.- Length 0.8-1.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color light brown, vestiture pale. Frons rather deeply concave on median three-fourths from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface reticulate, minutely punctured; vestiture largely confined to concavity, of very fine, moderately long, rather sparse hair. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides rather weakly, con- vergently arcuate to broadly rounded' ante- rior margin; surface shining, subreticulate, with small, isolated, rounded granules uni- formly distributed over entire surface, a few minute, obscure punctures intermixed; vesti- ture of rather long, slender, recumbent scales over entire surface, a few erect, very broad, short scales intermixed on posterior areas. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; basal margins each armed by five or six rather coarse crenulations of equal size mesad of striae 4, no submarginal crenula- tions; striae not impressed, punctures very coarse; interstriae about half as wide as striae, punctures fine, imiseriate. Declivity steep, convex; striae very weakly impressed, slightly narrower than on disc; interstriae al- most as wide as striae, weakly convex. Vesti- ture consisting of short, recumbent, coarse strial setae, one from each puncture; and erect, very broad scales in uniseriate, inter- strial rows, each scale subquadrate, as wide as long, scales alternating in a row with slender, recumbent setae similar to those of striae. Male.- Similar to female except frons convex, more coarsely punctured, vestiture reduced in abundance and length; anterior margin of pronotum armed by a pair of teeth, anterior slope of pronotum with about a dozen asperities. Distribution.— Mississippi. USA: Mississippi: Agricultural College (Starkville), 20,21-11, 19-20-V, Toxylon pomiferum, M. W. Black- man; Holly Springs, 25-VIII, 21-IX, Osage Orange, C. J. Drake. Host.— Madura pomifera. Biology.- According to Blackman (1920:53), the habits are about as described for the genus. The tunnels were almost en- tirely in the phloem and larval mines tended to be longitudinal. 3g8 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes -The above treatment was based as no more than '''"^''"^"f, ""^'^'y//,^ J"]" on'Tsyntypes and on .4 other specimen, syntype specimen ^^^ed ^t^pe^^24740,^ m I^IZTZ: titlarCoteT tignated. I here designate that specimen as Holly Springs "paratypes" mnst be regarded the lectotype ol this species. Tribe POLYGRAPHINI PoLYGRAPHiDAE Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 48 (Type-genus: Pohjgraphus Erichson 1836) C.KPHOBOR.O.. Nusslin, 1912, Verh. deutsch. Naturf. Arzte 191L430 i^y^.-JL' Carph^tZE^oil 1864) Anatomical features.— The frons is sex- ually dimorphic, with the male variously im- pressed, the female flat or convex and usually ornamented by hair, the eye is emarginate to divided, the antennal funicle is 5-6-seg- mented, the club is asymmetrical, flattened, and with or without sutures, the procoxae are contiguous, the third tarsal segments are slen- der, the pronotum is unarmed, the scutellum is not visible, and the crenulations at the bases of the elytra extent laterally to the hu- meral angle. Biological features.- All are phloeo- phagous. Carphobiiis is monogamous, the other genera are polygynous. Parental tun- nels have a large nuptial chamber; they are monoramous in Carphohius and of the radi- ate type in the other genera. Eggs are depos- ited in niches. Larval mines have a greater tendency to cross one another than is seen in most other tribes. Symbiotic relationships with other genera have not been reported. Taxonomy.— American Carphoboms and Pohjgraphus are restricted to Abietineae hosts in northern North America and undoubtedly were derived from the Eurasian-African area, where both genera are well represented. Car- phohius is unique to the Cupressineae from Arizona to Guatemala, where it appears to be a relic of a former age. An exchange of Carphoboms and Pohjgraphus species be- tween North America and Asia appears to have taken place rather recently; in fact, Po- lygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) and poligraphus (Linnaeus) are distinguished with consid- erable difflculty. The three American genera are quite distinctive and rather easily distin- guished from one another. Genus CARPHOBIUS Blackman Carphohius Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:398 (Type-species: Carphohius arizonicus Blackman, monobasic) Diagnosis.- This genus superficially re- sembles Phloeosinus, but it is distinguished by the 6-segmented antennal funicle, by the shallowly emarginate eye, and by the trans- verse sutures of the antennal club. It evi- dently is much more closely related to Car- phohorus and Polygraphus. Description.- Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex in female, impressed in male. Eye elongate, shallowly emarginate. Anten- nal scape elongate, not reaching posterior margin of eye; funicle 6-segmented; club with three transverse sutures, first septate. Pronotum wider than long, unarmed. Scutel- lum reduced, not visible. Crenulations at ely- tral bases extending from interstriae 1 to 7; elytra striate, interstriae punctate; declivity unarmed or armed in male. Vestiture hair- like. Fore coxae contiguous; precoxal ridge on prothorax obsolete. Third tarsal segments wide, bilobed. Distribution.— Two species are known; they occur from Arizona to Guatemala. Biology.— These are monogamous, phloeophagous species that occur in small broken or cut branches of their host trees. Key to the Species of Carphohius Elytral declivity rather strongly bisulcate, male interstriae 3 armed by a row of teeth; surfaces subshining, vestiture rather coarse; frons more coarsely punc- tured; Arizona and New Mexico to Durango; Juniperus deppeana, 1.6-2.1 mm 1. arizonicus Blackman 369 370 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytral declivity convex, unarmed; surface appearing brightly polished, vesti- ture finer- frons more finely punctured; Guatemala; Cupressus lucitamca; r, r, n n ' 2. cuvTessi Wood 2.2-3.2 mm f^ 1. Carphobius arizonicus Blackman Fig. 105 Carphobius arizonicus Blackman, 1943, Proc U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:398 (Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Ari- zona; U.S. National Mu.s., 56575) Diagnosis.- This unique species bears a superficial resemblance to some small Phloeosinus, but the body is more slender, the elytral armature quite different; the charac- ters summarized in the above key distinguish it from cupressi Wood. Female.- Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.23 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, central half of area below upper level of eyes flattened to weakly im- pressed; epistomal margin weakly elevated, a broad, short premandibular lobe present but not bilobed; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures fine, deep, rather close, somewhat re- duced toward center; vestiture fine, hairlike, rather sparse, imiformly distributed. Pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging to a rather well-developed con- striction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface unarmed, smooth, shining, punctures coarse, very deep, close, separated by less than diameter of a puncture; vestiture rather fine, hairlike, long, rather abundant. Elytra 1.45 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; bases of elytra arcuate, each armed by nine crenulations, scutellar notch broad, rather well-developed, but scu- tellum not evident on surface of closed elytra; striae 1 shghtly impressed, others not impressed, punctures rather large, moder- ately deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, very feebly convex, surface sub- reticulate, punctures rather fine; confused, a median row on each interstriae very slightly larger. Declivity steep, convex, impressed be- tween third interstriae; interstriae 1 and 3 slightly elevated, unarmed, 2 flat and im- pressed on median side. Vestiture hairlike, short, abundant, with a median row on each interstriae somewhat longer, erect. Male.- Similar to female except frons transversely impressed; third declivital inter- striae more strongly elevated, particularly below, and armed by about four rather large, slender teeth that increase in size posteriorly. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Durango; probably also in W Texas, since the host occurs there. USA: Arizona: Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 8-VIII- 62; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 27-VIII-07, H. A. Kaeber, and 8-VIII-62. New Mexico: Ruidoso, 8-X-40, R. L. Furniss. MEXICO: Chihuahua: .37 km S Creel, 18- VII-60- 37 km E Maguarichic, 13-VII-62. Durango: 37 km w' Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m. No. 19; 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, No. 40. All taken by me from Alligator juniper except as noted. Host.— Juniperus deppeana. Biology.- This beetle usually selects for attack dying branches less than 3 cm in diam- eter on living trees, particularly branches girdled by Cerambycidae. The beetles are monogamous, and they construct a lon- gitudinal, monoramous gallery with nuptial chambers and egg niches essentially as in most Phloeosinus species. The egg gallery en- graves the wood rather deeply and the larval mines do so moderately, due to the thin bark on small branches. Larval mines of moderate length wander in the general direction away from the parental tunnel. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, 3 paratypes, and 56 other specimens. 2. Carphobius cupressi Wood Carphobius cupressi Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1): 12 (Holotype, male; 11 km N San Marcos, San Marcos, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from arizonicus Blackman by the larger size, by the more finely punctured frons, by the convex elytral declivity, by the absence of denticles on the declivity, by the brightly polished appearance, by the finer vestiture, and by many other characters. Male.- Length 2.2-3.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, elytra dark reddish brown. Frons strongly, transversely impressed just below middle, impression extending to upper level of eyes, epistoma strongly raised and bearing a broad premandibular lobe, a small 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 371 median tubercle at base of lobe; surface of impressed area very smooth, brightly shining, very finely punctured on lower third, punc- tures slightly larger above; vertex reticulate, dull. Eye shallowly emarginate, finely granu- late. Antennal scape elongate; fimicle 6-seg- mented, longer than scape; club as long as scape, 1.5 times as long as wide, with three straight, transverse sutures. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides rather weakly arcuate and converging slightly on basal half, rather strongly constricted laterally just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, moderately long, rather abundant hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; scutellum not exposed; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; each basal margin strongly arcuate and armed by about 16 crenulations, submarginal crenulations poorly developed; striae not im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, punctures fine, deep, confused, rather numerous. De- clivity rather steep, convex; sculpture about as on disc except strial punctvires slightly smaller; interstrial punctures devoid of gran- ules. Vestiture of fine, rather short, abundant strial and interstrial hair, and interstrial rows of similar but slightly longer hair. Third tar- sal segments broad, bilobed. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, with a slight central impression. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: 11 km N San Marcos, San Marcos, 2.3- 11-72, Cupressiis liicitanica, E. W. Clark. Host.— Cupressus lucitanica. Fig. 105. Carphohius arizonicus: 41, female; 42, male; 43, female head; 44, male head; 45, antenna. (After Blackman 1943:pl. 17.) Biology.— Specimens were taken from the bark of recently cut branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. Genus CARPHOBORUS Eichhoff Carphoboriis Eichhoff, 1864, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 8:27 (Type-species; Hylesinus tninimus Fabricius, monobasic) Estenohoms Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft):58 (Type-species: Hylesinus perrisi Chapuis, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from Polygraphus Erichson by the 5-seg- mented antennal funicle, by the presence of two sutures on the antennal club, and by the deeply emarginate eye. Description.— Length 1.4-2.6 mm, 2.2-2.6 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons dimorphic, females shallowly concave to moderately convex, ornamented by abundant setae, males impressed above eyes, a conspicuous, transverse, usually bitu- berculate elevation near upper level of eyes, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Eye elongate- oval, about 2.3 times as long as wide, deeply emarginate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club varying from narrow and symmetrical to broad and moderately asym- metrical, two definite sutures, and a third in- definite suture indicated. Pronotum about 0.83 times as long as wide; widest near base, a distinct lateral constriction just before ante- rior margin; sculpture simple; punctures moderately small, abundant; vestiture of small erect scales. Elytra about 1.7 times as long as wide; basal margins armed by about nine crenulations, submarginal crenulations also present; striate, strial punctures coarse; interstriae often subgranulate, dentate on de- clivity, alternate interstriae usually elevated. Vestiture of conspicuous, small, interstrial scales, and minute, inconspicuous strial hair. Third tarsal segments cylindrical. Distribution.— N North America, North Africa, Europe and N Asia; of the 34 species known, 20 occur in North America. Biology.— The species of Carphoborus are polygynous and phoeophagus. They attack small, shaded-out branches of living trees or the boles of small, suppressed, unthrifty trees. Most species live in host tissues drier and more completely dead than those preferred by most bark beetles. An apparent exception 372 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 is pinicolens Wood, which may be capable of brownish frass presumably derived from the killing healthy seedlings in a desert scrub for- phloem. The larval mines wander in- est. The male constructs the entrance tunnel discriminately in the phloem; they are usual- and a large nuptial chamber. Three to about ly very short, but are not always so. The eight females join him and construct straight young adults may feed in the brood tunnels or slightly sinuate egg galleries that radiate for long periods of time before emerging out from the nuptial chamber. These parental from the host. Three successive generations galleries engrave the wood deeply; about were reared in the laboratory from the same two-thirds of the diameter of the tunnel is in piece of wood; it is doubtful this habit would the wood. The large eggs are deposited indi- be repeated in nature except under unusual vidually in niches and packed with a circumstances. Key to the Species of Carphohorus (Modified from Wood 1954) 1. Antennal club large, broad, less than 1.2 times as long as wide (except simplex); female frons impunctate and glabrous on a moderately large median area; transverse impression of male frons more conspicuous and extensive, median elevation large and prominent 2 — Antennal club small, slender, 1.3 or more times as long as wide (also see sim- plex); female frons punctate or granulate, pubescent over entire surface; male frons usually less strongly impressed below, median elevation smaller, often absent 9 2(1). Female frons flattened, frontal pubescence long, setae on or near vertex much more than half as long as scape 3 — Female frons convex, frontal pubescence short, setae on vertex less than one- fourth as long as scape 8 3(2). Declivital interstriae 2 as wide as 1 and 3, usually convex; declivital interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 less strongly elevated, more finely or not at all serrate; California; Pseudotsuga macrocarpa; 1.9-2.2 mm 1. blaisdelli Swaine — Declivital interstriae 2 distinctly narrower than one or three, flat, alternate declivital interstriae usually more strongly elevated, serrations larger 4 4(3). Antennal club smaller, more slender, 1.2 times as long as wide; interstriae 2 be- coming obsolete on upper half of declivity; declivital interstriae 3 more strong- ly elevated; California to Baja California; Pinus lambertiana, P. sabiniana; 1.8-2.4 mm 6. simplex Leconte — Antennal club larger, broad; declivital interstriae 2 narrow, continuing to near apex; declivital interstriae 3 only slightly elevated (except mexicanus) 5 5(4). Sutures on antennal club more strongly oblique, 1 weakly, 2 more strongly prociu-ved; declivital interstriae 3 and 9 weakly convex 6 — Sutures of antennal club transverse, straight to weakly arcuate; declivital interstriae more conspicuously elevated 7 6(5). Female frons almost flat, impunctate, glabrous area occupying central fourth, pubescence more abundant, slightly longer; tubercles on elytral declivity finer; British Columbia to California; Pseudotsuga menziesii; 1.8-2.6 mm 2. vandykei Bruck — Female frons moderately convex, impunctate, glabrous area occupying more than central half; declivital tubercles larger; S California to S Nevada; Pinus edulis, P. monophylla; 1.8-2.5 mm 3. frontalis Wood 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 373 7(5). Declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9 weakly elevated, all less than half as high as wide; discal interstriae very slightly wider than striae; Wyoming and New Mexico to Oregon and California; Pinus; 1.7-2.5 mm 4. pinicolens Wood — Declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9 rather strongly elevated, 3 at least as high as wide; discal interstriae distinctly narrower than striae; Durango; Pinus lumholzii; 1.8 mm 5. mexicanus Bright 8(2). Female frons feebly convex, central impunctate, glabrous area occupying me- dian fourth; declivital interstriae 2 continuing to near apex; Wyoming and Utah; Picea pungens; 1.8-2.2 mm 7. brevisetosus Wood — Female frons more strongly convex, central impunctate, glabrous area oc- cupying more than median half; interstriae 2 becoming obsolete on upper half of declivity; SE Arizona and SW New Mexico to Durango; Pinus edulis, P. leiophylla; 1.8-2.5 mm 8. convexifrons Wood 9(1). Interstriae 9 not elevated or serrate posterior to base of declivity 10 — Interstriae 9 elevated and serrate to junction with 3 12 10(9). Declivital interstriae 3 more strongly, broadly elevated, serrations small, con- fused, more abundant on sides of elevation than on its summit; Michigan to New Bnmswick; Picea rubens, Larix laricina; 1.6-1.9 mm 11. dunni Swaine — Declivital interstriae 3 less strongly, more narrowly elevated, serrations larger, confined to summit 11 11(10). Declivital interstriae 1 moderately elevated, serrate, 3 only slightly more strongly elevated than 1, of almost uniform height or highest near middle of declivity; Alberta to Utah and Colorado; Picea engelmannii, P. pungens; 1.8-2.1 mm 9. sansoni Swaine — Declivital interstriae 1 usually not elevated or serrate (occasional exceptions), 3 much more strongly elevated than 1, height of elevation increasing to its apex, declivital teeth usually more slender; Alaska to Northwest Territories; Picea glauca; 1.8-2.2 mm 10. andersoni Swaine 12(11). Female frons flattened or concave, rather coarsely punctured; declivital teeth on interstriae 3 very coarse, longer than height of elevation of this interstriae; declivital interstriae 2, 4, 6, and 8 never serrate 13 — Female frons flattened or convex, punctate or granulate; declivital teeth fine, those on interstriae 3 much shorter than height of this interstriae; even- numbered declivital interstriae sometimes serrate 14 13(12). Female frons broadly concave, very coarsely punctured; male frons with a prominent, median, tuberculate elevation; declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9 less strongly elevated, teeth less numerous and smaller; California; Pinus radiata; 1.8-2.4 mm 12. radiatae Swaine — Female frons flattened, often with a small, very narrow, deep, median groove, punctures not as coarse; male frons usually devoid of tuberculate elevation; de- clivital teeth more numerous, larger; British Columbia and Montana to Califor- nia and Utah; Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa; 1.8-2.1 mm 13. ponderosae Swaine 14(12). Declivital interstriae 4, 6, and 8 finely serrate; female frons at least weakly convex, finely granulate, never shining and punctured 15 — Declivital interstriae 4, 6, and 8 never serrate (weakly serrate in intermedius); female frons flattened and punctured, or convex and granulate 16 15(14). Declivital interstriae 2 rather broad, serrate; female frons evenly, weakly convex; California; Pinus contorta; 1.7-2.0 mm 14. decUvis Wood 374 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivital interstriae 2 very narrow, not serrate; female frons rather strongly convex; Arizona; Pseiidotsuga menziesii; 2.1 mm 15. pseudotsugae Wood 16(14). Discal interstriae as wide or wider than striae; pronotal and elytral scales distinctly larger, apparently less abundant 17 — Discal interstriae narrower than striae; declivital teeth small to very small; pronotal and elytral scales smaller, apparently more abundant 19 17(16). Female frons more strongly impressed, frontal vestiture finer, much longer in marginal areas than at center; declivital interstriae 3 as high as wide; Alaska to Oregon and Colorado; Picea engelmannii {Pinus contorta?); 1.9-2.1 mm 16. intermedius Wood — Female frons flattened, frontal vestiture coarse, rather short, of uniform length; declivital interstriae 3 wider than high 18 18(17). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 rather weakly elevated, their denticles coarse, much longer than height of interstriae; Utah; Pinus ponderosa; 1.8-2.2 mm 17. perplexus Wood — Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 slightly higher, their denticles small, not as long as height of interstriae; Oregon; Picea engelmannii; 1.7 mm 18. piceae Wood 19(16). Female frons flattened, shining, rather finely, closely punctured, pubescence longer, fine, less abundant; declivital interstriae 3 moderately elevated; inter- striae 5 and 7 fused apically; Alaska and Northwest Territories to Wyoming and New Brunswick; Picea; 1.4-2.1 mm 19. carri Swaine — Female frons convex, opaque, finely granulate, frontal vestiture short, abun- dant; declivital interstriae 3 very strongly elevated, elevation curving after jimction with 9 and continuing to sutural apex; interstriae 5 and 7 ending sepa- rately; Missouri and New York to Mississippi and Florida; Pinus; 1.4-1.8 mm ... 20. bifurcus Eichhoff 1. Carplioborus blaisdeUi Swaine confined to punctured area, rather long and Fig. 108 abundant in peripheral areas, epistomal brush conspicuous. Antennal club moderately Carplioborus blaisdeUi Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. i. • i i. i j o i ui- c^io* /u i . 1 /- D ij c D asymmetrical, sutures 1 and 2 suboblique, 5d:2J4 (Hoiotype, male; Camp Baldy, San Ber- ^ n ' nardino Co., California; Canadian Nat. Coll.. weakly tO moderately arcuate. 820) Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; Carphoborus cressatiji Bruck, 1936, Bull. California widest near base, sides on basal half almost Acad Sci 35:36 (Hoiotype, male; Arroyo Seco, straight, rather Strongly constricted before Los Angeles Co., Caliiornia; California Acad. Sci. in i i . . r Coll.); Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:509. broadly rounded anterior margin; surface Sijnomjmij very closely, deeply, rather coarsely punc- DiAGNOsis.— This species is distinguished tured. Vestiture of abundant, small, erect from vandykei Bruck by having declivital in- scales. terstriae 2 as wide and as high as 1 or 3. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides al- Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.2 times as most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, long as wide; color dark brown to black. rather broadly rounded behind; each basal Frons flattened on central three-fourths margin armed by nine crenulations and sev- from well above eyes to just above epistoma, eral smaller submarginal crenulations at bases epistomal margin elevated, with a moder- of interstriae 2-5; striae weakly impressed, ately large premandibular lobe, surface of punctures rather coarse, close, deep; inter- flattened area reticulate, with rather close, striae slightly wider than striae, weakly con- deep, small punctures except impunctate on vex, punctures close, deep, rather coarse, median fourth, extreme lateral and dorsal confused. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae areas more coarsely sculptured; vestiture 1-3 moderately, equally convex, 3 slightly 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 375 higher on lower half in some specimens, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 armed by small, pointed teeth. Vestiture of abundant, small, erect scales. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, transversely impressed on lower half, with bituberculate, median eleva- tion at upper level of eyes, surface rather coarsely, closely punctured; vestiture short, stout. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Arrovo Seco, Los Angeles Co., 25- XII-33, C. R. Bnick; Mt'. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., 15- VII-24, W. Benedict; Pasadena, Los Angeles Co.; Camp Baldy, San Bernardino, 17-VII-14; Keen Camp, San Ja- cinto Mts.; Santa Paula, Ventura Co.; Sierra .Madre Mts., 15-VIII-24; Switzers Camp, San Gabriel Mts.; all from the same host. Host.— Pseudotsuga macrocarpa. Biology.— Apparently this species breeds only in unthrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, 21 para types of blaisdelli, and 149 other specimens. 2. Carphoborus vandykei Bruck Figs. 107, 108 Carphoborus vandykei Bruck, 1933, Canadian Ent. 65:104 (Holotype, male; Mount St. Helena, Cali- fornia; Ohio State Univ. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species has the antennal sutures weakly procurved as in blaisdelli Swaine, but it is distinguished by having de- clivital interstriae 2 flat and narrower than 1 or 3. Declivital interstriae 3 and 9 are less strongly elevated than in pinicolens Wood, in addition to the antennal character mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 1.8-2.6 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in blaisdelli except frontal vestiture somewhat shorter. Elytral declivity differing from blais- delli as indicated in above diagnosis. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male blaisdelli. Distribution.— S British Columbia to central California. CANADA: British Columbia: Qualicum, I8-n-23; Pender harbour, 8-V-28, G. R. Hopping. USA: Califor- nia: Bumey, Shasta Co., ll-VI-61, S. L. Wood; Calis- toga, 5-X-47, S. L. Wood; Deadhorse Summit, Siskiyou Co., 15-VI-61, s. L. Wood; Del Norte Co., 22-V-37, R. L. Furniss; French Hill 22-V-37, R. L. Furniss; Mt. St. Helena 29-III-39, C. R. Bnick; Quincy; 6 mi (10 km) N Willets, 9-V-46, T. O. Thatcher; Yosemite N. P. All from Douglas fir. Oregon: Ashland; Oregon Caves; St. Helen; Waldo. Host.— Psetidotsuga menziesii. Biology.— This species breeds in the lower, unthrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, 41 paratypes, and 19 other specimens. 3. Carphoborus frontalis W ood Carphoborus frontalis Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:515 (Holotype, female; Ventura County, Cali- fornia; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species has the sutures on the antennal club weakly procurved as in vandykei Bruck, but it is distinguished by the moderately convex female frons, with a much larger, impunctate, central area, and by the very slightly larger strial punctures and de- clivital denticles. Female.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons as in blaisdelli except broadly con- vex, central glabrous, impunctate area oc- cupying more than central half, vestiture Fig. 106. Carphoborus pinicolens, female. (After Bright 1973:155.) 376 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 5. pmicolens Fig. 107. Carphoborus spp.: 1, landijkei, protibia, 2, same, metatibia, 3, same, antennal club; 4, ponderosae, an- tenna; 5, pinicolens, antennal club; 6, bifurciis (setae and strial punctures omitted), 7, same, face of declivity. (After Wood 1954:503.) 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 377 coarser, slightly shorter. Pronotum and elytral disc as in blaisdelli except striae less distinctly impressed, punctures slightly larger, interstriae almost flat. Elytral declivi- ty as in vandykei except denticles averaging slightly larger. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— S California and S Nevada. USA: California: Frazier Mt., 6-IX-40. A. T. McClav; Pasadena, 22-11-24; Valyermo, 17-1-36, 26-1-37, A. T. McClay; Ventura Co., 17-1-05, lot 277g, A. D. Hopkins; Wrightvvood, San Bernardino Co. Nevada: 25 mi (40 km) NW Las Vegas, lO-VI-69, W. G. Harwood. All from the same host. Host.— Finns monophylla. Biology.— Presumably reared from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 16 paratypes, and on 23 other specimens. The series from which the type was se- lected was labeled Pinus edulis; however, the nearest native stand of that host occurs sever- al hundred miles east of the type locality. 4. Carphoborus pinicolens Wood Figs. 106, 107, 108 Carphoborus pinicolens Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:512 (Holotype, female; Logan Drv Canvon, Utah; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Carphoborus tuberculatus Bright, 1964, Pan. Pacific Ent. 40:165 (Holotype, female; Crooked Creek, Mono Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:384. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to vandykei Bruck, but it is distin- guished by the straight suture 1 of the anten- nal club, by the more strongly elevated de- clivital interstriae 3 and 9, and by the larger, more numerous denticles on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.7-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in vandykei except frontal vestiture coarse, shorter, strial punctures very slightly larger, and declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9 usually slightly higher with denticles averaging slightly larger; an- tennal club with sutures 1 and 2 almost straight. Male.— Similar to female except differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— Oregon and Wyoming to California and New Mexico. USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming. Hosts.— Pinus aristata, P. cembroides, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. lambertiana, P. leiophylla, P. monophylla, P. ponderosa. Biology.— This species breeds in unthrifty, cut, or broken branches or tops and unthrifty or injured seedlings. In several instances ap- parently healthy seedlings on poor sites were killed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and 85 paratypes of pinico- lens, on the holotype and a long series of par- atypes of tuberculatus, and on 104 other specimens. Seventy percent of the females taken at the type locality have a small tubercle in the center of the frons. This character also ap- peared in single females from Beaver and Long Hollow, Utah, as well as in the type series of tuberculatus. 5. Carphoborus mexicanus Bright Carphoborus tnexicanus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1491 (Holotype, female; 14 km or 9 miles E El Palmito, Durango, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12605) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pinicolens Wood by the smaller size, by the strongly elevated declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9, and by the larger, deeper strial punctures. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black, vestiture pale. Frons as in frontalis except vestiture long- er, some setae as long as scape. Antennal club as in pinicolens. Pronotum and elytra as in pinicolens, ex- cept strial punctures much larger, deeper, striae distinctly wider than interstriae, inter- striae 1, 5, 7, and 9 more strongly elevated, about half as high as wide, 3 much higher, as high as wide near its apex, 3 and 9 fused at their junction. Scales slightly smaller than in pinicolens. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 9 miles or 14 km E El Palmito, 15-VI-71, 2500 m, Pinus lumhohii, D. E. Bright. Host.— Pinus lumholzii. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 378 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 m 8. blaisdelli u 10. Vandyke! U '- i i%- ] f. i {. -j 12. pinicolens 9. blaisdelli II. Vandyke! 13. p!n!colens \A. simplex 16. convexifrons 15. simplex 18. pseudotsugae 17. declivis 19. intermedius Fig. 108. Carphohonis spp., elytral declivities, dorsal and caudal aspects: 8, 9, blaisdeUi: 10, 11, vandykei: 12, 13, pinicolens: 14, 1.5, simplex; 16, convexifrons: 17, declivis: 18, pseiidotsugae: 19, intermedins. (After Wood 1954:511.) 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 379 6. Carphoborus simplex LeConte Fig. 108 Carphoborus simplex LeConte, 1876, Proc. Anier. Philos. Soc. 15:383 (Lectotype, female; Mojave Desert, California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 979, present designation) Carphoborus stvainei Bruck, 1933, Canadian Ent., 65:105 (Holotype, male; Mt. Diablo, California; Ohio State Univ. Coll.); Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:513. Syrumymy Diagnosis.— This species has the frons es- sentially as in pinicolens Wood, the declivity as in convexifrons Wood, and the antennal club more slender than either of these. Female.— Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons as in pinicolens, with central im- punctate area occupying central half; vesti- ture less abundant, longer, slightly finer. An- tennal club slender, 1.2 times as long as wide; sutures almost straight. Pronotum and elytral disc as in pinicolens; elytral declivity with in- terstriae 2 very narrow, obsolete on lower half; 1 moderately, 3 more strongly elevated, about half as high as wide, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 finely serrate. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— California to Baja California. USA: California: numerous localities southward from Shasta Co. MEXICO: Baja California: San Isidro, 1-XI- 47. Hosts.— Finns sabiniana, one record each from P. jeffreyi, and P. ponderosa. Biology.— This species breeds in small, imthrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— LeConte's species was based on more than one specimen. I here designate the first, a female bearing the type label and type number 979 in the LeConte Collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, as the lec- totype of Carphoborus simplex LeConte. The above treatment was based on the lectotype of simplex, on the holotype and 44 paratypes of stvainei, and on .367 other specimens. 7. Carphoborus brevisetosus Wood Carphoborus brevisetosus Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:514 (Holotvpe, female; Saratoga, Wyoming; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pinicolens Wood by the slightly convex female frons, by the much shorter frontal ves- titure on the female, and by the less strongly elevated declivital interstriae 3 and 9, with their tubercles finer. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons as in pinicolens except feebly con- vex, vestiture short, less abundant, longest setae about equal in length to width of scape; antennal club more slender, 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral disc as in pi- nicolens; declivity with interstriae 3 and 9 less strongly elevated, tubercles finer. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— Wyoming to Utah. USA: Utah: McKee Draw, Ashley N.F., 16-VI-60; Parowan Canyon, 20-VI-60; Sanford Canyon, Dixie N.F., 22-VI-60; all from Picea pungens, by S. L. Wood. Wyoming: Saratoga, 28-VIl, lot 955-2, Picea pungens, D. DeLeon, 17-VIl, Hopk. U.S. 31529e. Host.— Picea pungens. Biology.— All specimens were taken from unthrifty, shaded-out branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 6 specimens and on 90 other specimens. 8. Carphoborus convexifrons Wood Fig. 108 Carphoborus convexifrons Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:516 (Holotype, female; Chiricahua Nat. Mon., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is closely allied to frontalis Wood, but it is distinguished by the more strongly convex female frons, with very short frontal vestiture, by the narrow, almost obsolete declivital interstriae 2, and by the more strongly elevated interstriae 3. Female.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons moderately convex, a narrow, trans- verse impression immediately above epis- toma; central half impunctate and glabrous, peripheral areas rather coarsely, deeply punctured; vestiture coarse, short, setae shorter than thickness of antennal scape, epis- tomal brush longer. Antennal club broad, su- tures 1 and 2 very feebly arcuate. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in frontalis; elytral declivity similar to that of frontalis except interstriae 2 very narrow, al- most obsolete, interstriae 3 and 9 more strongly elevated, about half as high as wide; 380 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 declivital denticles on interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 comparatively small. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— SE Arizona and SW New Mexico to Durango and Coahuila. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Nat. Mon., l-X-36, lot 838- 2, Pinus leiophylki, D. DeLeon; Santa Catalina Mts., lots 7703, 7705, M. Chrisman. New Mexico: Peloncillo N.F., 12-XI-07 (bred 6-1-08), Hopk. U.S. 5593, P. eduHs, J. L. Webb. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Pinta, pinyon. Coa- huila: 18 miles or 29 km SE Saltillo, 21-V-71, P. cem- broides, D. E. Bright. Durango: 30 km W Durango, 19- VI-71, P. cembroides, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Finns edulis, P. cembroides, and P. leiophylla. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type .series of 20 specimens and on 43 other specimens. 9. CarpJioborus sansoni Swaine Fig. 109 Carphobonis sansoni Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:235 (Holotype, male; Banff, Alberta; Canadian Nat. Coll., 822) Carphobonis engelmanni Wood, 1951, J. Ent. Soc. Kan- sas 23:31 (Holotype. female); Logan Dry Canyon, Utah; U.S. Nat'. Mus.); Wood, 1954, 'Canadian Ent. 86:517. Si/nonymij Diagnosis.— This species is very closely al- lied to andersoni Swaine, but it is distin- guished by the more strongly elevated and serrate declivital interstriae 1 and the less strongly elevated declivital interstriae 3, par- ticularly on the apical half. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons flattened on central half; surface closely, deeply, rather finely punctured over entire surface; vestiture coarse, uniformly rather short, uniformly distributed. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide; sutures straight, suboblique. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine except interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7 each with a row of granules on posterior half; elytral declivity with interstriae 1 moderately elevated, rather coarsely serrate, 2 very narrow, flat, 3 more strongly elevated than 1, slightly more than half as wide, rather coarsely serrate, 5, 7, and 9 feebly or not at all elevated, 5 and 7 each with two or three denticles, 9 either unarmed or with one or two denticles at base of de- clivity only. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— Alberta to Utah and Colorado. CANADA: Alberta; Banff, IX-1916, white spruce, N. B. Sanson. USA: Colorado: 40 miles (64 km) SW Del Norte, 25-VI-61, 3100 m, P. engelmannii, W. G. Har- wood; Gould, 12-VI-68, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood. Oregon: Dixie Pass, 23-VI-61, Picea engelmannii, S. L. Wood. L^tah: Beaver, lO-XI-49, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Logan Dry Canyon, 24-VII-46. ,30-V-47, ll-VI-49, P. engebnannii, S. L. Wood; Monte Cristo, 20-VII-49, P. engebnannii, S. L. Wood; McKee Draw, Ashley N.F., 16-VI-60, P. pungens, S. L. Wood. Wyoming: Yellow- stone N.P. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glatica, and P. pungens. Biology.— This species breeds in the bole of unthrifty, suppressed seedlings and in unthrifty shaded out branches of large, living, standing trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of sansoni and engelmanni, on 31 para types of engelmanni, and on 16 other specimens. 10. Carphobonis andersoni Swaine Fig. 109 Carphobonis andersoni Swaine, 1919, Kept. Canadian Arctic Exped. 3:6E (Holotype, female; Sandstone Rapids, Coppermine River, Northwest Terri- tories; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9266) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sansoni Swaine by the less strongly ele- vated, more sparsely serrate declivital inter- striae 1, by the more strongly elevated lower half of declivital interstriae 3, and by the more slender declivital teeth. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in san- soni except frons often shallowly concave, and interstrial granules on interstriae 3, 5, and 7 extend to base; elytral declivity with interstriae 1 weakly elevated, feebly or not at all serrate, 2 very narrow, flat, 3 steadily in- creasing in height from base to junction with 9, as high as wide at highest point, armed by 6 to 10 coarse, rather slender teeth. Male.— Similar to female but sexes differ- ing about as in blaisdelli Swaine. Distribution.— Alaska to Northwest Territories. ALASKA: Ft. Yukon, Salmon River. CANADA: North- west Territories: Aklavik, 20-IX-30, 10-V, 8- VI, 18-V1-31, 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 381 20. radiatae 22. ponderosae 23. ponderosae 4a Ir 24. earn 25. earn 21. radiatae mm u H ^1 fe 1 Ml M vl H 1 1 26. sansoni B*^ '^-J S^-* »•;■•» > j) i- - J Iprui ?^^ ^^^ 'J 28. andersoni 30. dunni 27. sansoni 29. andersoni 31. dunni Fig. 109. Carphobonis spp., elytral declivities, dorsal and causal aspects: 20, 21, radiatae. 22, 2,3, ponderosae; 24, 25, fflrri; 26, 27, sansoni: 28, 29, andersoni; 30, 31. dunni. (After Wood 1954:519.) 382 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 28-VII-32, O. Bryant; Sandstone Rapids on Coppermine River, 15-11-15, Picea canadensis, F. Johansen. Yukon: Long. 142, Lat. 65, 21-VII-55, Picea glauca, W. McCambridge. Host.— Picea glauca. Biology.— Specimens were reared from spruce branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 59 other specimens. Fossilized remains of this species were taken in prehistoric lake deposits estimated to be 10,000 to 70,000 years of age in On- tario, Minnesota, and New York. 11. Carphoborus dunni Swaine Fig. 109 Carphoborus dunni Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:235 (Holotype, female, Nictor Lake, New Brunswick; Canadian Nat. Coll., 821) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to an- dersoni Swaine and sansoni Swaine, but it is distinguished by the granulate female frons, with shorter pubescence, by the higher, wider declivital interstriae 3, with denticles on 3 smaller, more abundant, and confused. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, transversely impressed above epistoma; surface granulate-punctate; vestiture short, sparse. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, sutures straight. Pro- notum essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine, with scales more slender. Elytral disc as in sansoni; declivital inter- striae 1 weakly elevated, finely serrate, 2 very narrow, flat, 3 very strongly, rather broadly elevated, with denticles confused, not confined to summit, 5 and 7 finely ser- rate, weakly elevated, joining apically, this elevation usually continuing to 3, 9 weakly if at all convex, usually devoid of teeth posteri- or to declivital base. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— Michigan to New Brunswick. CANADA: New Brunswick: Nictor Lake, 8-VII-21, red spruce, M. B. Dunn. USA: Michigan: Peach Mt., Washtena Co., XI-1977, Larix laricina, L. Kirkendall. Hosts.— Larix laricina, Picea rubens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 5 specimens and on 21 other specimens. 12. Carphoborus radiatae Swaine Fig. 109 Carphoborus radiatae Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):57 (Holotype, fe- male; Carmel, California; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9430) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ponderosae Swaine by the shallowly concave female frons, by the less strongly ele- vated declivital interstriae, and by the slightly less numerous, smaller, declivital teeth. Female.— Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons moderately concave on central three-fourths, surface closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture rather coarse, abundant, moderately long, uniformly dis- tributed except glabrous on a small central area. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide; sutures straight. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine; elytral declivity with inter- striae 1, 5, and 7 moderately elevated toward their apices, 5 and 7 joining apically; 2 very narrow to almost obsolete on lower half, flat; 3 and 9 rather strongly elevated, almost as high as wide, joining apically, elevation and its denticles continuing to apex of 1, serra- tions moderately coarse, rather close. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing about as in blaisdelli, frontal im- pression stronger, elevation stronger and not bituberculate. Distribution.— Carmel, California. Specimens were taken at the type locality on various dates from 6-n-13 to Vn-19, Pinus radiata, mostly by E. C. Van Dyke and L. S. Slevin. Biology.— Evidently they breed in un- thrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 49 other specimens. 13. Carphoborus ponderosae Swaine Figs. 107, 109 Carphoborus ponderosae Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:236 (Holotype, female; Midday Valley, Mer- ritt, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 823) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from radiatae Swaine by the flattened female frons, and by the much more strongly ele- vated, more coarsely, closely serrate declivi- tal interstriae. 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 383 Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons flattened, elevated toward epistoma; sm-face finely, rather closely punctured; ves- titure of long, rather abundant, uniformly dis- tributed, coarse, subplumose setae. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine, interstriae narrower than striae, odd-numbered interstriae tending to be uniseriately granulate toward declivity. Declivity not as steep as in other species; in- terstriae 1 weakly elevated, rather coarsely serrate, 2 very narrow to obsolete, flat, 3 very strongly elevated, higher than wide, coarsely, closely serrate, 5, 7, and 9 moder- ately elevated, coarsely serrate, 3 and 9 join- ing apically and continuing as a coarsely ser- rate, strongly elevated crest to apex of 1. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli; frontal impression and transverse frontal elevation much more poorly developed than in other species. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to California and Utah. CANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove; Grand Forks, 2-VII-72, Pitius ponderosa, D. E. Bright; Merritt, Midday Valley, 24-VI-23. 17110 lot 1157, R. Hopping. USA: California: Hat Creek, 24-VI-61, P. ponderosa, S. L. Wood. Montana: Bozeman; Clinton. 27-1X-.36, P. ponderosa, T. O. Thatcher; Rockv Boy Indian Reserva- tion, Hill Co., 25-1X-67, P. ponderosa, D. E. Bright. Ore- gon: Ft. Rock. Utah: Elk Park, Ashley N.F., 16-VI-60, P. ponderosa, S. L. Wood; 10 miles (16 km) E Kamas, 9-IX- 60, P. ponderosa, S. L. Wood; Logan Canvon, 13-VI-46, 14-VI-47, P. contorta, S. L. Wood; La Sal Mts., 5-VII-48, P. ponderosa, S. L. Wood; Pin Hollow, Fish Lake N.F., 9-VI-60, P. ponderosa, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. ponderosa. Biology.— This species breeds in the un- thrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 239 other specimens. 14. Carphoborus declivis Wood Fig. 108 Carphoborus declivis Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:522 (Holotype, female; Lake Tenaya, Yosemite N.P., California; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all other American Carphoborus by the finely serrate decli vital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons weakly convex, a narrow, transverse impression above epistoma; surface rather coarsely, deeply, very closely punctured; ves- titure of dense, very fine, moderately long hair. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine; elytral declivity with inter- striae 1 feebly convex near apex, 1 and 2 equal in width and equally serrate, denticles on 2 less abundant, 3 moderately elevated, about half as high as wide, 5, 7, and 9 weakly elevated, 3-9 serrate, denticles on 4, 6, and 8 slightly smaller, less abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Lake Tenava, Yosemite N.P., 11- VIII-18, Hopk. U.S. 15740 a and b, Pinns contorta, J. E. Patterson; 10 miles (16 km) N Westgard Pass, Inyo Co., 6-IX-68, P. aristata, D. E. Bright. Host.— Pinus contorta. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens and on seven other specimens. 15. Carphoborus pseudotsugae Wood Fig. 108 Carphoborus pseudotsugae Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:522 (Holotype, male; Prescott N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from declivis Wood by the rather strongly protruding female frons and by the narrow declivital interstriae 2, which lacks denticles. Female.— Length 2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons rather strongly convex, narrowly, transversely impressed just above epistoma; surface rather finely granulate-punctate; ves- titure evidently short, fine. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as on blaisdelli Swaine; elytral declivity with inter- striae 2 very narrow to obsolete, flat, 3 mod- erately elevated, 1 and 3 to 9 serrate, den- ticles on 3 slightly larger and more numerous. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli. Distribution.— N Arizona. USA: Arizona: Prescott N.F., 29-VII-.30, Hopk. U.S. 204 12E, Pseudotsuga taxifolia, M. W. Blackman. Host.— Pseudotsuga menziesii. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 384 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 16. Carphoborus intermedius Wood Fig. 108 Carphoborus intermedius Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:523 (Holotype, male; New Castle, Colorado; U.S.Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pseudotsiigae Wood by the more strongly elevated interstriae 3, and by the flattened to shallowly impressed female frons with much longer frontal vestiture. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons flattened to well above eyes, some- times shallowly concave just above epistoma; surface smooth, densely, finely, deeply, uni- formly pmictured; vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair, longest setae equal to more than two-thirds length of scape. An- tennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotiun and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine, with striae slightly wider than interstriae, interstriae 1 and 3 with a few indistinct granules; elytral declivity not as steep as in most species, 1 weakly, 3 and 9 strongly elevated, almost as high as wide, 3 and 9 joining apically, 1 and 3 to 9 finely ser- rate, denticles on 3 and 9 slightly larger, more numerous. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in blaisdelli, though transverse impression not as deep or abrupt, and median elevation redviced, sometimes almost entirely absent. Distribution.— Alaska to Oregon and Colorado. ALASKA: Bonanza Creek, 20 miles W Fairbanks, 12- VII-77, pheromone trap, T. Ward. USA: Colorado: New Castle, Hopk. U.S. 31408-2-4, Picea engelmannii, C. L. Massey; Grand Lake, 5-X-38, Hopk. U.S. 31542-J2, Finns contorta. Oregon: Tolgate, 1 to 15-VII-50, on aluminum roof, E. S. McClusky. Washington: Metaline Falls, 15- VII-,32, Hopk, U.S. 22366, flight, T. T. Terrell. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii and Finns contorta. Notes.— The above treatment was based on eight paratypes and on five other specimens. 17. Carphoborus perplexus Wood Carphoborus perplexus Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:59 (Holotype, female; 10 miles or 16 km E Kamas, Utahi Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species closely resembles sansoni Swaine, but it is distinguished by the more strongly elevated, serrate, declivital in- terstriae 9, by the higher declivital interstriae 3, which does not curve toward 1 at its apex as does sansoni, and by the more broadly flattened female frons. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons flattened on median two-thirds from epistoma to well above eyes, epistomal mar- gin distinctly raised, premandibular lobe large; surface shining, finely, closely punc- tured; vestiture of rather short, moderately abundant, subplumose setae. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in blaisdelli Swaine, except interstriae 3 with a row of granules to base, 5 and 7 with gran- ules on posterior third; elytral declivity with interstriae 1, 3, and 9 moderately elevated, 3 and 9 joining apically but not continuing to- ward apex of 1; interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 serrate, denticles averaging smaller than in sansoni. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing essentially as in blaisdelli but con- tours less abrupt. Distribution.— Utah. USA: Utah: 10 miles (16 km) E Kamas, 9-LX-60, 1.3- VII-62, Pinus ponderosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Biology.— This species breeds in the un- thrifty lower branches of the living host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens and on 19 other specimens. 18. Carphoborus piceae Wood Carphoborus piceae Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 11 (Holotype, male; Dixie Pass, Oregon; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perplexus Wood by the absence of gran- ules on discal interstriae 3, by the less strong- ly elevated alternate declivital interstriae, with smaller denticles, and by the more nar- rowly flattened female frons. Female.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons flattened on little more than median half from epistoma to very slightly above eyes, epistomal margin distinctly elevated; surface subrugulose, rather finely, closely 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 385 punctured; vestiture of rather abundant, moderately long, coarse, subplumose setae. Pronotum and elytral disc as in perplexus except interstriae 3 devoid of granules; elytral declivity as in perplexus except inter- striae 1, 3, and 9 less strongly elevated, with denticles smaller, 2 wider. Male.— Similar to female except frons differing as in perplexus. Distribution.— Oregon. USA: Oregon: Dixie Pass, Malheur N.F., 23-VI-61, Picea engebnannii, S. L. Wood. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— This species was taken from an unthrifty branch of a very recently fallen tree. Notes.— Tlie above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 19. Carphoborns carri Swaine Fis. 109 apices. Pronotal and elytral scales broader and apparently more abundant than in other species. Male.— Similar to female except frons much as in blaisdelli, with transverse impres- sion shallow, transverse elevation obsolete. Distribution.— Alaska and Northwest Territories to Wyoming and New Brunswick. ALASKA: Fairbanks. CANADA: Alberta, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Yukon. USA: Montana, South Dakota. \\'voming. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. rub ens. Biology.— This species evidently prefers to breed in the bole of standing suppressed trees up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter, although it is commonly found in the unthrifty, lower branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 316 other specimens. Carphoborns carri Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 16 (Holotype, male; Edmonton, Alberta: Canadian Nat. Coll., 9267) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bifurcus Eichhoff by the less strongly elevated declivital interstriae 3, by the fusion of declivital interstriae 3 and 5, and by the flattened, finely punctured female frons, with much longer vestiture. Female.— Length 1.4-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons flattened on median two-thirds from epistoma to slightly above eyes; epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface shining, closely, deeply, finely punctured; vestiture of rather fine, long, moderately abundant, sub- plumose setae. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum about as in blaisdelli Swaine ex- cept punctures much smaller. Elytra with striae distinctly impressed, punctures very coarse, moderately deep; interstriae narrower than striae, surface irregularly granulate- punctate. Declivity convex, rather steep; in- terstriae 1 moderately elevated, serrate, 2 flat, narrow above, obsolete below, 3 strongly elevated, as high as wide, serrate, 5, 7, and 9 moderately elevated and serrate; denticles on all armed interstriae very small; interstriae 3 and 9 fuse at apices, 5 and 7 also fuse at 20. Carphoborus bifurcus Eichhoff Fi2. 107 Carplioborus bifurcus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 (Syntypes; "Am. bor."; presum- ably destroyed with Hamburg Mus.) Carphobonis bicristatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolvtides, p. 41 (Svntvpes; Carolina; Brussels Mus'.); Wood, 1954, Canadian Ent. 86:525. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from carri Swaine by the convex, densely punctate to finely granulate female frons, with much shorter, finer vestiture, by the much more strongly elevated declivital inter- striae 3, and by declivital interstriae 5 and 7 ending separately at their apices. Female. - Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, surface densely, minutely punctured to densely, finely granulate- punctate to well above eyes; vestiture very fine, moderately abundant, rather .short. An- tennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum much as in other species except lateral constriction near anterior margin al- most obsolete, and surface coarsely, very closely, rather deeply punctured. Elytral striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae narrower than striae, irregular, granulate-punctate. Declivital in- terstriae 1 weakly elevated, feebly serrate, 2 386 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 narrowed, almost flat, 3 very strongly ele- vated, much higher than wide, fusing with apex of 9 and continuing to apex of 1, 5 and 7 weakly elevated, each with two or three denticles, 9 moderately elevated toward apex, with a few, fine serrations. Vestiture much as in carri. Male.— Similar to female except frons more nearly granulate, a slight transverse im- pression above epistoma and a small, trans- verse, median elevation at upper level of eyes; vestiture coarse, short. Distribution.— Missouri and New York to Mississippi and Florida. USA: District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Mary- land, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia. Hosts.— Pinus clausa, P. echinata, P. taeda, and P. virginiana. Biology.— Apparently only small branches are attacked in slash or unthrifty branches of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 191 specimens. The holotype of bifurcus evidently is lost, but this species is easily identified from Eichhoff's descriptions. Three females from Fayette, Alabama, taken in pine in May 1959, exhibit a con- sistent, radical aberration of the frons; the one male is normal. These females have the frons much less convex than normal, the sur- face is finely rugose-reticulate, punctures are absent; just below the upper level of the eyes is a pair of widely spaced, strongly pro- curved, conical, hornlike spines, each twice as high as wide, equal in length to the width of the antennal club; except for a few fine scales, the frontal vestiture is absent. Except for the frons, these specimens are normal rep- resentatives of bifurcus. Because the locality from which they come is neither peripheral nor isolated from the distribution of this spe- cies, they probably are nothing more than mutant curiosities. Genus POLYGRAPHUS Erichson Polygraphiis Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):57 (Type-species: Hylesinus piibescens Fabricius = Dermestes poligraphus Linnaeus, monobasic) Lepisomus Kirby, 1837, in Richardson, Fauna Boreali- Americana 4:193 (Type-species: Apate (Lepi- somus) rufipennis Kirby, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:124); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):55. Synonymy Psetidopolygraphus Seitner, 1911, Centralbl. Ges. Forstw. 37(3): 105 (Type-species: Pohjgraphus grandiclava Thomson, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128); Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 17(2):222. Synonymy Ozophagus Eggers, 1919, Ent. Bliitt. 15:234 (Type- species: Ozophagus camerunus Eggers, present designation); Schedl, 1950, Bull. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. 26(50):2. Synonymy Diagnosis.— The only closely allied Amer- ican genus is Carphoborus Eichhoff. This genus is distinguished from Carphoborus by the completely divided eye (some African and Asian species have the eye very deeply emarginate), by the aseptate antennal club without indications of sutures, and by the much more conservative sculpture of the elytra. Description.— Length 1.8-3.1 mm, 2.0-2.4 times as long as wide; mature color almost black, vestiture pale. Frons dimor- phic; male impressed on lower half above epistoma and below summit, convex above, summit just above center usually armed by a pair of small tubercles; female convex, flat, or impressed, finely punctured and variously ornamented by fine hair. Eye completely di- vided by an emargination into dorsal and ventral halves, a few facets sometimes scat- tered between them along posterior margin. Antennal scape rather long, attaining posteri- or margin of eye; funicle either 5- or 6-seg- mented; club rather asymmetrical, moder- ately flattened, aseptate, very finely, uniformly pubescent, without indications of sutures. Pronotum unarmed, smooth, with close, fine punctures. Scutellum absent; basal margins of elytra armed by 11 or 12 rather coarse crenulations, submarginal crenulations sometimes present on interstriae 2 to 4; striae not impressed, punctures fine; interstriae densely punctured; declivity broadly convex, very conservatively sculptured. Third tarsal segments narrow. Vestiture of abundant small scales. Distribution.— Alaska, Canada, and the northern and mountainous parts of the United States where spruce forests grow; Eu- rope, Asia, and Africa. About 60 species are known; three of these occur in North America. Biology.— Recently broken, cut, or fallen trees are normally selected for attack, al- though these moderately aggressive beetles 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 387 readily attack unthrifty trees or those weak- ened by the primary invasion of other bark beetles. These prolific beetles are polyg- ynous. Either the male or female may con- struct the entrance tunnel and nuptial cham- ber in the phloem tissues (Rudinsky, Oester, and Ryker 1978). Normally the female is joined by a male, he then admits three to five or more females, each of which constructs an egg gallery that radiates from the central nuptial chamber. In most areas the egg tun- nels follow any direction or curve to avoid other galleries or obstacles. In eastern Can- ada the egg galleries of rufipennis (Kirby) have a definite tendency to curve trans- versely across the grain of the wood. Egg gal- leries usually reach the cambium, but nor- mally do not score the wood; they may also be entirely in the phloem and do not show on peeled bark. These variations may occur in any one gallery system. Eggs are deposited in large, individual niches along the margins of the egg tunnels. The larval mines are usually entirely in the phloem and may or may not score the wood. When oviposition is com- plete, parent adults normally abandon their galleries and produce a second, third, or more broods elsewhere on the same or another host. Two or more overlapping generations can be produc- ed each year where climatic factors are favorable. Notes.— In addition to the synonyms of this genus listed above, Schedl (1960:359) also considered Spongotarsus Hagedorn, from the East Indies, to be a synonym. Ozophagus camerunus Eggers is here designated as the type species of the genus Ozophagus because all type material of the other original species, militaris, is lost. 2(1). Key to the Species of Polygraphus Body stouter, less than 2.2 times as long as wide; apex of antennal club more obtusely pointed; female frons less densely punctured in central area, inter- spaces there mostly equal in width to diameter of a puncture; Alaska and Ari- zona to Newfoundland and North Carolina; Picea; 1.8-3.1 mm 1. rufipennis (Kirby) Body more- slender, at least 2.3 times as long as wide; antennal club strongly acuminate at apex; female frons densely punctured in central area, interspaces there rarely half as wide as diameter of a puncture 2 Female frons shallowly concave, at least longitudinally, from epistoma to ver- tex; female frontal vestiture rather abundant, moderately long, longest setae above upper level of eyes longer than distance equal to greatest width of eye; N Arizona; Picea engelmannii; 2.3-2.9 mm 2. hoppingi Swaine Female frons convex or rarely flattened on lower half; female frons commonly glabrous, longest setae rarely as much as half as long as greatest width of eye; Alaska to Utah and New Mexico; Picea engehnannii, P. glauca; 2.4-2.9 mm 3. convexifrons Wood 1. Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) Figs. 110, 111 Apate (Lepisomus) rufipennis Kirby, 1837, in Richard- son, Fauna Boreali-Americana 4:193 (Syntypes; Boreal America. Lat. 65°; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Apate (Lepisomus) nigriceps Kirby, 1837, in Richardson, Fauna BoreaH-Aniericana 4:194 (Holotype, male; Boreal America, Lat. 65°; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:169. Synonymy Apate (Lepisomus) hrevicornis Kirby, 1837, in Richard- son, Fauna Boreali-Americana 4:194 (Holotype, female; Boreal America, Lat. 65°; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:169. Synonymy Polygraphus saginatus Mannerheim, 1853, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 26 (pt. 2, no. 3):237 (Holotype, female; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; Helsinki Mus.); LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:169. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species has been treated as a synonym of poligraphus (Linnaeus), of Europe and northern Asia, by Schedl (1957:150). Although occasional specimens are indistinguishable, the overwhelming ma- jority are clearly separable. This species is 388 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 distinguished from poligraphus by the more coarsely punctured frons, pronotum, and elytra, by the more clearly, coarsely gran- ulose punctures near the lateral margins of the pronotum, and by the more numerous, coarser elytral tubercles, particularly toward the base. Female.- Length 1.8-.3.1 mm, 2.0-2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, vestiture usually pale. Frons transversely impressed above epis- toma, somewhat flattened to upper level of eyes, convex above; epistoma slightly ele- vated, shining; surface deeply, rather coarsely punctured, punctures very close except in central area, interspaces mostly as wide as punctures; vestiture of fine, rather short hair, longest about equal to half greatest width of eye. Apex of antennal club blunt, about equal to a 90 degree angle. Pronotum 0.70 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight and con- verging anteriorly on basal two-thirds, rather strongly constricted just before anterior mar- gin; surface shining, indications of reti- culation evident particularly on anterior third, punctures deep, close, fine to moder- ately coarse intermixed, their lateral margins Fig. 110. Polygraphtis spp., antennae and tibiae: 6, 9, rufipennis; 7, 10, Iioppingi; 8, 11, convexifrons. (After Hilton 1968:27.) 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 389 elevated and sometimes granulate in lateral areas; vestiture of rather abundant, suberect scales, each scale about six times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 2.2 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 12 rather coarse crenulations from suture to humeral angles, submarginal crenu- lations rather abundant medially, a few ex- tending to humeral angles; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; strial and interstrial pimctures confused, moderately small, rather shallow, close; interstriae indicated by rows of granules, uniseriate on and near declivity, moderately confused on central part of disc, strongly confused and crenulate toward base in median area. Declivity rather steep, con- vex; about as on disc. Vestiture of abundant small scales in ground cover, each scale about two to three times as long as wide; and inter- strial rows of slightly longer scales often vis- ible only on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a bituberculate, median elevation at up- per level of eyes, more strongly impressed below and more convex above this point, ves- titure largely obsolete; elytral tubercles per- haps very slightly larger. Distribution.— Alaska and New Mexico to Newfoundland and North Carolina. ALASKA: Numerous localities. CANADA: All prov- inces. USA: Arizona, Colorado, District of Columbia, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, West Vir- ginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. pungens, P. rubra, Abies fraseri, Pinus strobus. Biology.— The winter is passed in any stage except the egg. According to Simpson (1929:146-151), the female constmcts an en- trance tunnel and nuptial chamber; she is then joined by a male; later he admits two or more additional females. I suspect Simpson observed previously mated adults and I would expect newly emerged, unmated males to initiate the attack. (This supposition was confirmed by Rudinsky et al. 1978.) Pre- viously mated females imder stress may exca- vate galleries and develop a brood without a male. Simpson stated that adults may pro- duce as many as four sets of tunnels with brood in a season. Brood from the first tun- nels complete development bvit hibernate as young adults in the brood chambers; from the second tunnels they hibernate as young adults and mature larvae; from the third and fourth tunnels they hibernate as larvae in various stages of growth. The successive sets of gal- leries are formed at about monthly intervals beginning in mid-June. Notes.— The types of rufipennis, nigri- ceps, and brevicornis were all examined. Only one female specimen of saginatus, without a locality label, is in the Mannerheim Collec- tion at the present time, but it is considered to be sufficiently authentic to remove doubt as to the identity of Mannerheim 's species; it could actually be the type of saginatus. All these specimens clearly belong to the same species and are consistent with my North American material, although direct com- parisons were not made. The above treat- ment was based primarily on my series from Patagonia Springs, Colorado, and on more than 3000 other specimens. ^*«:5^ C^]) Fig. 111. Pohjgniphtis spp., heads: 15, 16, rufipennis, male; 17, 18, rufipennis, female; 19, hoppingi, male; 20, hoppingi, female; 21, convexifrons, male; 22, con- cexifrons, female. (After Hilton 1968:27.) 390 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 As indicated in the above diagnosis, the status of this species was questioned by Schedl without citing either characters or the origin or extent of material he studied. It is abundantly clear to me that this species is separable from poligraphus on a statistical base involving a comparison of the pronotal punctures (twice or more as large in most rufipennis) or of tubercles at the bases of the elytra (larger, more numerous, and extending to or lateral to the humeral bulla in rufi- pennis). Of the material used in this com- parison, 144 of the 201 rufipennis were from Alaska and the Northwest Territories and 16 of the 60 poligraphus were from Japan and Siberia. 2. Polygraphus hoppingi Swaine Figs. 110, 111 Polygraphus hoppingi Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:51 (Holotype, female; San Francisco Peak, Coconino Co., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1329) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related convexifrons Wood by the shallowly concave female frons, which is ornamented by rather long, yellow hair, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.3-2.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black, vestiture lighter. Frons impressed above epistoma, becom- ing shallowly concave between eyes in most specimens (flat in some), some impression usually extending to vertex; surface shining, densely, finely, deeply punctured, interspaces averaging much less than half width of a puncture; vestiture very fine, rather abun- dant, long, longest setae equal to one and one-half times greatest width of eye. Tip of antennal club narrowly acuminate. Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; out- line as in rufipennis except sides weakly ar- cuate; surface brightly shining, smooth, punc- tures fine, moderately deep, interspaces averaging slightly larger to twice diameter of a puncture, not granulate laterally; vestiture of small, erect, scales, each scale four to six times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; basal margins each armed by 11 crenulations, fewer submarginal crenulations than in rufipennis; outline as in rufipennis; strial and interstrial punctures confused, small, shallow, close; interstriae in- dicated by uniseriate rows of fine granules. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex; sutur- al interstriae weakly elevated, 2 slightly im- pressed, sculpture as on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male rufipennis, but more finely, closely punctured; declivity slightly more strongly impressed, granules on interstriae almost ob- solete; body very slightly stouter. Distribution.— N Arizona. USA: Arizona: North Rim Grand Canyon, 24-IX-49, Picea engelmannii, S. L. Wood; San Francisco Peak; 20- VI- 18, Picea engehnannii, R. Hopping. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— The habits evidently are about as in rufipennis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 6 topotypes, and on 49 specimens from the north rim of the Grand Canyon. Although intermediates in the usual sense have not been seen, I suspect that hoppingi and convexifrons are subspecies of one anoth- er. However, available specimens from adja- cent parts of their known distributions are distinct, with no suggestion of intergradation. 3. Polygraphus convexifrons Wood Figs. 110, 111 Pohjgraphus convexifrons Wood, 1951, J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 24:32 (Holotype, female; Logan Dry Canyon, Cache Co., Utah; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related hoppingi Swaine by the rather strongly convex female frons, by the shorter or even totally obsolete female frontal pubescence, and by the more distinctly impressed male elytral declivity, with granules on interstriae 2 smaller or obsolete. Female.— Length 2.4-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, vestiture lighter. Frons slightly protuberant above epistoma, moderately to strongly convex to vertex; sur- face shining, densely, finely, deeply punc- tured, interspaces less than half as wide as a puncture; vestiture very fine, varying in specimens from absent to very finely pub- escent, longest hairs equal to about half greatest width of eye. Antennal club as in hoppingi. 1982 POLYGRAPHINI 391 Pronotum 0.76 times as long as wide; as in hoppingi except punctures averaging very slightly larger in southern parts of range. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; essentially as in hoppingi. Male.— As in male of hoppingi except ely- tral declivity slightly more strongly im- pressed; granules on interstriae reduced in size, partly or entirely obsolete. Distribution.— Alaska to Utah and New Mexico. ALASKA: Matanuska, 27-VIII-45, flight, J. C. Cham- berlin; McKinley N.P., 6-III-42, Hopk. U.S. .33676, Picea canadensis, F. Bean, 6-VI-48, P. canadensis, J. S. Stan- ford. CANADA: Alberta: Highwood Pass 40 miles S Ex- shaw, 8-IX-67, P. engelmannii, D. E. Bright. Yukon: Dawson City, lO-VII-68, Campbell and Smitana; 21 mile earmark. Mayo Road, 7-VII-60, P. glaiica. USA: Colo- rado: Del Norte, 25-VI-68, P. engelmannii, W. G. Har- wood; Gould, 12-VI-68, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Mt. Evans, ll-VIl-61, J. R. Stainer; Los Pinos Pass, Saguaehe Co., 24-VI-68, P. engelmannii, W. G. Harwood; Pitkin, 16X15. New Mexico: New Mexico, F. H. Snow. South Dakota: Harney. Utah: Beaver Canyon, Beaver Co., 15- IX-49, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Escalante, Dixie N.F., 26-VIII-56, P. engelmannii, M. D. McGregor; La Sal Mts., 5-VII-58, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Logan Dry Canyon, 6-VII-48, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Puf- fer Lake, Beaver Co., 17-LX-49, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, and P. glauca. Biology.— The habits evidently are very similar to rufipennis. When this species was taken in competition with rufipennis, the egg galleries always passed above (toward the outer bark) those of rufipennis, and the brood almost never completed development. The egg galleries normally are at or near the cam- bium. This is a rare species that is seldom found in disturbed areas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 6 paratypes, and on 62 other specimens. Subfamily SCOLYTINAE ScoLYTARii Latreille, 1807, Genera Cmstaceoruni et Insectorum 2:273. Previous classifications have recognized the tribe Scolytini as a subfamily distinct from the previously recognized Ipinae on the basis of the Scolytiis-\ike tibiae that lack su- pernumerary serrations or socketed teeth and the ascending venter of the abdomen, which rises to meet the elytral apex. In the Cnemo- nyx the tibial character applies only to the protoracic leg, and the abdominal character is of dubious value because it occurs in vari- ous genera of several tribes. The protibia of the Ctenophorini approaches that of the Scolytini so closely that I find it impossible to continue the recognition of separate sub- families for these taxa. AjvATOMicAL FEATURES.— The Subfamily Scolytinae is distinguished from the Hylesi- ninae by the absence of crenulations on the elytral bases and by having the elytral bases form an almost straight transverse or slightly recurved line, without a noticeable scutellar notch. In addition, most of the more highly evolved genera have the head concealed by the pronotum when viewed from the dorsal aspect and the anterior slope of the pro- notum asperate. The Scolytini and some of the Ctenophorini usually lack these two char- acters. A few South American Cnemonyx have primitive crenulations on the basal mar- gins of the elytra, as in the Hylesininae, but this feature in no sense removes them from the tribe Ctenophorini or from the genus Cnenwnyx. Biological features.— Of the 79 genera treated here, 40 are phloeophagus, 4 are xylophagus, 23 xylomycetophagous, I is in a transitional stage, and one breeds in cucurbit vines. Some of the genera include species that breed in pith of twigs or other small stems or in seeds. Taxonomy.— The Scolytinae apparently arose from a primitive curculionoid stock that gave rise to the Platypodidae and to primitive Scolytidae. The Hylesininae evi- dently arose much later from the Scolytinae. The North and Central American Scoly- tinae are here divided into 11 rather distinct tribal groups, the Scolytini, Ctenophorini, Micracini, Cactopinini, Cryphalini, Dryo- coetini, Ctenophorini, Ipini, Xyloterini, Xy- leborini, and Corthylini, with a majority of the species placed in the last two tribes. 392 Tribe SCOLYTINI ScoLVTARii Latreille, 1807, Genera Crustaceorum et Insectoruin 2:273 (Tvpe-geims: Scohjtus Geoffrov. 1762) Camptoceridae Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 49 (Type-genus: Camptocerus Latreille, 1829) EccopTOGASTERiDAE Tredl, 1970, Ent. Blatt. 3:4 (Type-genus: Scolyttis Geoffroy, 1762 = Eccoptogaster Herbst, 1793) Anatomical features.— The frons is strongly, sexually dimorphic, with the male variously impressed, the female flat to con- vex, one or both often ornamented by hair; the posterior area of the head is subtruncate, the eye is entire, the fimicle is 7-segmented, the pronotum is unarmed, its lateral margins costate, the protibia (usually all three tibiae) is unarmed on the lateral margin with the outer apical angle extended into a spine that curves toward and exceeds the inner apical angle, socketed denticles are never present, and the metpleural suture descends sub- vertically to the groove, receiving the groove on the costal margin of the elytra, then turns abniptly and parallels the groove to near the metacoxal process. In most species the venter of the abdomen ascends conspicuously to meet the elytra. Biological features.— All except a few bigamous Neotropical Scohjtus are monog- amous; all are phloeophagous except Camp- tocerus, which is xylomycetophagous. The parental galleries are mostly biramous, a few are monoramous, and Camptocerus has a unique extension into the xylem from a bi- ramous tunnel in the cambium. Eggs are de- posited in niches. Larval mines of phloeo- phagous species follow a definite course and rarely cross one another. Camptocerus larvae are reared in short cradles that are somewhat similar to those of other ambrosia beetles. Taxonomy.— Except for Scolytus, some species of which occur in Eurasia, this tribe is exclusively American. This tribe probably is more nearly like the ancestral group that gave rise to the Hylesininae than any other living representatives of that family. They also appear closely allied to the ancestral line from which the Platypodidae diverged. The four genera assigned to this tribe represent a compact group in which the genera are not always clearly recognizable, largely because characters of the large, diverse genus Cnemo- nyx tend to overlap those of the other three. Genus CNEMONYX Eichhoff Cnemonyx Eichhoff, 1868 (May), Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:150 (Type-species: Cnemonijx glaeritus Eich- hoff, monobasic) Ceratolepis Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 52) Type-species: Ceratolepis jucundtts Chapuis, monobasic); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:140. Synomjinii Loganius Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 52 (Tvpe-species: Loganius flavicornis Chapuis, monobasic); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:140. Si/nonymi/ Minulus Eggers, 1912, Ent. Blatt. 8:206 (Type-species: Minulus harbatus Eggers, monobasic); Eggers, 1923. Ent. Blatt. 19:138. Sytwnymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Camptocerus Latreille and Scolytus Geoffroy by the small, rounded scutellum, by the antennal club that normally has up to three sutures indicated, by the more nearly asymmetrical antennal club, and by other characters mentioned in the key to genera. Description.— Length 1.0-3.9 mm, 2.0-2.7 times as long as wide. Color dark brown to black; vestiture sparse, short, of .scales and/ or hair. Frons variable, shallowly concave to con- vex in female, usually more strongly im- pressed in male; vestiture varying from ab- sent to an elaborate brush of hair, usually longer or more abundant in male. Antennal funicle 7-segmented, ventral margin of flag- ellar segments usually ornamented by small tufts of long setae, more elaborately orna- mented in male. Pronotum large, broad, unarmed, lateral margins acutely marked by an elevated line. Scutellum small, flattened to convex, usually longer than wide, its surface 393 394 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 equal in height to elytral surface (not de- Distribution.— S Florida and Baja Cali- pressed). Elytral bases with a fine, raised line fornia to Argentina; about 35 species have on margin (broken into obscure marginal ere- been named, 20 occur in North and Central nulations in a few species), not emarginate America. toward scutellum; sculpture fine to moder- Biology.— All species are phloeophagous. ate; declivity gradual, armature feebly devel- They construct simple or biramous parental oped if present. Abdomen rather strongly as- galleries that normally engrave both bark and cending to meet elytra at apex. Tibiae as in wood. Eggs are deposited individually in sep- Camptocenis and Scolytus except meso- and arate niches along the margins of the egg metathoracic anterior edge of apical margin tunnels. The larvae construct irregular mines armed by small teeth in most species. mostly in the phloem tissues. Key to the Species of Cnemonyx 1. Antennal club without distinct rows of hair marking sutures (two obscure rows in exiguus), hair usually short, often intermixed with scales; anterior edge of apical margin of hind tibia an acute, continuous, unarmed costa 2 — Antennal club with three sutures clearly marked by rows of long, hairlike setae; hind tibiae armed on anterior edge of apical margin by two or three distinct teeth 9 2(1). Declivital interstriae narrowly convex, subcarinate; interstriae subglabrous, minute scales when present scarcely project above punctures producing them; male frons broadly, rather deeply concave, uniformly ornamented by rather long, dark hair; male epistomal margin armed on median third by a strongly elevated, slightly procurved, transverse carina; Costa Rica to Columbia and Venezuela; 3.5-3.9 mm 1. insignis Wood — Declivital interstriae moderately if at all convex, vestiture if present usually longer; male frons variously ornamented; male carina, if present, very weakly developed or else located at or above level of antennal insertion; smaller species 3 3(2). Frons slightly if at all dimorphic, moderately concave in both sexes (except maculicomis); frontal carina, if present, feebly developed and on epistomal margin; elytral vestiture, if present, sparse and short, usually not longer than distance equal to diameter of a strial puncture 4 — Frons strongly dimorphic, females weakly to moderately convex, males con- cave and with a conspicuous transverse carina at level of antennal insertion or slightly above; elytral vestiture more abundant and much longer 7 4(3). Striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large; interstriae almost smooth, punctures small to rather large, confused; frons shallowly concave, punctures small, ornamented by fine, moderately long hair; epistomal margin distinctly elevated throughout its length 5 — Striae strongly impressed, interstriae moderately to rather strongly convex and at least partly subcrenulate 6 5(4). Strial and interstrial punctures larger, confused on at least anterior half of interstriae; female frons with punctures finer, closer, vestiture continued to up- per limits of impressed area, this upper area punctured; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.0-2.5 mm 2. atratus (Blandford) 1982 ScoLYTiNi 395 — Strial punctures fine, interstrial punctures very fine, uniseriate; female frons with punctures larger, not as close, vestiture in a pair of lateral tufts, obsolete on rugose area at upper part of impressed area; Chiapas; 2.4 mm 3. glabratus (Schedl) 6(4). Epistoma not separated from margin, epistomal brush below margin, median third above epistoma smooth, impunctate, frontal concavity finely punctured, ornamented by dense, coarse yellow hair; pronotum coarsely, closely pimc- tured on disc, lateral punctures indistinctly larger; interstrial crenulations at base as wide as interstriae on 1-3, narrower behind, continuing to declivity; in- terstrial setae uniseriate, of short slender bristles; Brazil (not Mexico); 1.7-1.9 mm 4. errans (Blandford) — Epistoma distinctly elevated above and separate from margin, epistomal brush arising above margin and below epistoma, median third of frons above epi- stoma subinflated, transversely subrugose and coarsely punctured, frontal con- cavity reticulate to reticulate-granulate, rather finely (but sometimes appear- ing coarsely) punctured, vestiture of very fine, moderately long hair; pronotal disc much more finely punctured than in lateral areas; interstrial crenulations small, confused, small and poorly developed on declivity; interstrial setae con- fused, recumbent, somewhat scalelike; Honduras to Colombia; 1.8-2.3 mm 5. maculicornis (Blandford) 7(3). Elytral scales confused or indistinctly three-ranked; interstrial punctures fine, confused, many subcrenulate on basal half; female frons feebly convex above, slightly impressed below, minutely granulate; male frons shallowly concave, ornamented above by tufts of yellow hair on each side, a strong, transverse ca- rina at level of antennal insertion on more than median three-fourths, a median tubercle on epistomal margin; Costa Rica to Panama and Venezuela; Vismia; 1.8-2.3 mm 6. panamensis (Blandford) — Elytral scales in uniseriate interstrial rows, interstrial punctures uniseriate, more or less subvulcanate from base to apex at least in female; transverse fron- tal carina of male slightly above level of antennal insertion, less acute, median epistomal tubercle absent 8 8(7). Pronotal surface longitudinally strigose without any indication of reticulation on posterior half, punctures larger, deeper; interstrial punctures much larger, deeper on disc; declivital surface minutely rugulose-punctate; transverse fron- tal carina of male rather poorly developed, occupying median half, area above carina very shallowly impressed and ornamented by a small, conspicuous pub- escent area; Veracruz to Panama; Vismia; 1.6-1.7 mm 7. minusculus (Blandford) — Pronotal surface reticulate to base, punctures smaller, shallow; interstrial punc- tures finer and more widely spaced on disc; declivital surface reticulate; trans- verse frontal carina of male more strongly developed, much wider, area above carina strongly, broadly impressed, with sparse vestiture more widely distributed; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5-1.9 mm 8. exiguus (Blandford) 9(1). Frons rather conspicuously dimorphic, devoid of a transverse carina in both sexes, upper area more strongly impressed in males; declivital interstriae tend to be equally convex 10 — Frons indistinctly dimorphic, both sexes with a transverse carina just above epistoma; most species with one or more interstriae elevated or depressed 17 396 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 10(9). Epistomal margin very broadly, rather deeply emarginate; mandibles con- spicuously, transversely strigose on median half of visible surface; costal mar- gin near elytral apex entire, not subserrate or tuberculate; S Florida to Virgin Islands; Ficus; 2.2-2.4 mm 9. ficus (Schwarz) — Epistomal margin straight or procurved; costal margin of elytra subserrate to tuberculate near apex; mostly smaller species 11 11(10). Striae not at all impressed, their punctures fine, spaced by distances at least equal to twice diameter of a puncture; interstrial punctures equal in size and spacing to those of striae 12 — Striae weakly to rather strongly impressed, punctures spaced by distances not greater than diameter of a puncture 13 12(11). Frons rather broadly, moderately concave, ornamented by a dense brush of erect, dark yellow hair; declivital interstriae four or more times as wide as striae; interstrial granules minute; color reddish brown; Baja California; Sapium biloculare; 1.5-1.9 mm 10. confinis (Wood) — Frons feebly impressed, indistinctly concave, ornamented by a small brush of pale yellow hair; declivital interstriae twice as wide as striae; interstrial granules moderately fine; color black; Oaxaca; 1.2-1.8 mm 11. nigrellus Wood 13(11). Interstrial punctures close, spaced by distance equal to diameter of a strial puncture, their anterior margins finely crenulate; striae rather deeply im- pressed, interstriae slightly convex; frons broadly concave, entire concavity filled by a dense bnish of hair; Puebla to Oaxaca; 1.5-1.8 mm 12. recavus Wood — Interstrial punctures simple 14 14(13). Interstriae distinctly less than twice as wide as striae; female frons convex, male frons concave 15 — Interstriae distinctly more than twice as wide as striae; male and female frons similar 16 15(14). Striae moderately impressed, punctures deep, coarse; interstrial punctures fine, deep, close, spaced by distances equal to less than diameter of a puncture; de- clivital interstriae rather narrowly convex, armed by uniseriate rows of rather coarse tubercles; "Mexico"; Cybistax donnell-smithii; 1.7-2.2 mm (see also 14. squamifer Wood) 13. splendens (Wood) — Striae indistinctly impressed, punctures moderately large; interstrial punctures widely spaced, spacing equal to two to four diameters of a strial puncture; de- clivital interstriae moderately convex, sparsely armed by fine tubercles; S Flor- ida, Puerto Rico, and Panama; Pisidia piscipala; 1.2-1.7 mm 15. vagabundus (Wood) 16(14). Frons broadly concave; frontal pubescence dense, rather long; strial punctures fine, discal interstriae almost twice as wide as striae; declivital striae moder- ately deep, interstrial tubercles fine; Guerrero; 1.3-1.5 mm .... 16. impressus (Wood) — Frons shallowly, more narrowly concave, frontal pubescence dense, erect, short; interstriae about as wide as striae, strial punctures coarse; declivital striae narrower, deep, interstrial tubercles rather coarse; Veracruz to Honduras; 1.4-1.5 mm 17. prociduus (Wood) 1982 SCOLYTINI 397 17(9). Elytral surface minutely reticulate-granulate from apex almost to base; carina transverse, very strongly elevated, narrow, one-fifth as wide as distance be- tween eyes; Costa Rica; Hippornane mancinella; 2.0-2.5 mm 18. opacus Wood — Elytral surface smooth, shining; frontal carina less strongly elevated, wider 18 18(17). Transverse frontal carina at level of antennal insertion straight, length equal to slightly more than half distance between eyes; epistomal brush broad, dense; declivital interstriae equally, weakly convex; Puebla; 1.4-1.7 mm 19. fastigius (Wood) — Transverse frontal carina on epistomal margin weakly procurved, about one- third as long as distance between eyes; interstriae 9 and usually 1 and 3 slightly elevated 19 19(18). Frontal pubescence in both sexes occupying an area not wider than length of epistomal carina, extending from carina half to two-thirds distance to a point slightly below upper level of eyes; declivital interstriae 1 to 3 equally, very feebly convex, granules of equal size; vestiture on elytral declivity short, stout, almost hairlike; Puebla; 1.3-1.5 mm 20. liratus (Wood) — Frontal pubescence occupying a much wider area, extending to upper level of eyes; declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 9 weakly elevated, lower half of 2 usually impressed, granules on 2 reduced or absent on lower half 20 20(19). Interstrial punctures very small, about half as large as those of striae; interstrial bristles on declivity short, slender, their length equal to half width of one interstriae; Oaxaca; 1.2-1.4 mm 21. gracilens Wood — Interstrial punctures moderately large, at least two-thirds as large as those of striae; interstrial bristles on declivity longer, stout, their length equal to width of one interstriae; Guatemala; 1.3-1.6 mm 22. exilis (Wood) 1. Cnemonyx insignis Wood Cnemonyx insignis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):9 (Holotype, male; Mo- ravia, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species evidently is al- lied to panamensis (Blandford), but it is dis- tinguished by the larger size, by the pro- curved epistomal carina, and by other characters. Male.— Length 3.5-3.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave on median two-thirds from upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface reticulate-granulate, closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured in concave area, shallowly, less closely punc- tured above; slightly less than median half of epistoma armed by an elevated, procurved, transverse carina; vestiture confined to con- cavity, consisting of rather long, erect, rather abundant, dark hair. Pronotum 0.9 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and converging toward rather broadly rounded anterior mar- gin; surface smooth and shining on posterior three-fourths, with minute points and fine punctures, anterior fourth rather coarsely subreticulate, dull, faintly, longitudinally etched in lateral areas, punctures very slightly larger in anterior area, much larger laterally. Glabrous. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; scutellum as wide as long, not depressed; basal margins of elytra with an irregular raised line; outline as for at- ratus Blandford; striae rather strongly im- pressed, punctures fine, shallow, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, at least twice as wide as striae, moderately convex at base, be- coming rather narrowly costiform by declivi- tal base, punctures fine and uniseriate be- hind, confused toward base. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae broadly im- pressed, fine shallow punctures evident; in- terstriae narrowly, acutely, subserrately ele- vated; striae and interstriae minutely 398 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 reticulate-granulate; costal margin rather coarsely serrate. Rows of very minute inter- strial scales evident on declivity. Female.— Presumably female represented by specimens having frons less strongly im- pressed, but otherwise similar to male. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Moravia, Cartago, 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 471, 40 cm cut log, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. Host.— Presumably Virola sp. Biology.— Dead parent adult specimens were removed from longitudinal galleries in the dry peeling bark of an old log of an un- identified tree in Costa Rica. In Colombia and Venezuela they occurred in Virola sp. larger than 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 7 specimens and on 113 other specimens from Colombia and Venezuela. 2. Cnemonyx atratus (Blandford) Loganius atratus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 129 (Lectotype, female; Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Cnemonyx nitens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):9 (Holotype, male; Puerto Viejo, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1972, Bull. Ent. Res. 62:244. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is allied to ma- culicomis (Blandford), but may be distin- guished by characters included in the above key. Male.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.1 times as long a wide; color almost black. Frons moderately to rather shallowly con- cave on median half from upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface reticulate above, punc- tures rather coarse, deep, close, becoming finer and closer below in concave area; vesti- ture short and rather abundant in concave area, longer at sides of this area, evidently glabrous elsewhere. Antennal club sub- triangular, finely, closely covered by hairlike pubescence; sutures not evident. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly to slight constriction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface shining, shallowly etched by minute, longitu- dinally strigose lines, becoming reticulate anteriorly, punctures fine and elongate poste- riorly, almost round and larger anteriorly and laterally. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, then arcuately converging to rather narrowly rounded, suturally sub- emarginate, posterior margin; striae 1 weak- ly, others feebly impressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; interstriae smooth, shining, about twice as wide as striae, punctures about half as large as those of striae, unise- riate behind, moderately confused on ante- rior half of disc; elytral bases with fine raised line; base of interstriae 1 not impressed; scu- tellum small, as wide as long, almost flush with elytral surface. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae and interstriae narrower than on disc, striae narrowly impressed; in- terstriae moderately, broadly convex, shining except sutural half of 1 dull, punctures unise- riate. Vestiture confined to declivity, con- sisting of sparse minute, short, suberect scales arising from interstrial punctures. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, vestiture reduced; strigose lines on pronotum rather obscure; interstrial punc- tures on elytral disc not as confused; surface of declivity less brightly shining. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 485, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba. Biology.— Transverse biramous parental galleries were cut in the cambium region of a fallen limb 10 cm in diameter. The eggs had not hatched; consequently, larval mines were not evident. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two syntypes of atratus and on the type series of 36 specimens of nitens. Of the three syntypes of atratus mentioned by Blandford, one is missing from its pin. The other two are females. The first female syn- type in Blandford's series is here designated as the lectotype of Loganius atratus; it has borne a type label and has been regarded as the type for many years. 3. Cnemonyx glabratus (Schedl) Loganius glabratus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. (Mexico) 1:329 (Holotype, female; Tumbala, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 399 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from atratus (Blandford) by the female frons, by the slightly smoother, more brightly shin- ing pronotum, and by the sculpture of the elytra as noted below. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in atratus except punctures slightly larger, not quite as close; vestiture coarser, shghtly longer, concentrated in a pair of submarginal tufts on upper two-thirds except obsolete on upper margin, area be- tween tufts of hair at upper margin rugulose, obscurely, transversely strigose; epistomal process distinctly elevated near but separate from epistomal margin on median third, this transverse carina low, rounded, of about uni- form height, smooth. Pronotum as in atratus except smoother, minute longitudinal striations much more weakly developed. Elytra about as in atratus except striae rather narrowly, distinctly impressed, punc- tures rather small, less distinctly impressed; interstriae rather weakly convex, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures imiseriate, rather close, very fine except about twice as large at base; declivity similar to disc except punctures re- placed by fine granules. Very obscure declivi- tal vestiture about as in atratus. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Tumbala. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique female holotype. 4. Cnemonyx errans (Blandford) Ceratolepis errans Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 127 (Lectotype, male; in "Mexican" tobacco refuse intercepted at Paris; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1972, Great Ba- sin Nat. 32:192) Ceratolepis brasihensis Schedl, 1936, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rj'o de Janeiro 3:104 (Syntypes; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Schedl Coll. and Vienna Mus.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:192. Synonymy Blandford described this species from sev- eral examples intercepted at Paris in tobacco refuse that supposedly came from Mexico. However, except for his series all known specimens are from southern Brazil or northern Argentina. Because there are no au- thentic records of this species from North or Central America, it should not be included in any consideration of the fauna of this area. 5. Cnemonyx maculicomis (Blandford) Ceratolepis maculicornis Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6): 127 (Lectotype, female; Tole, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— In addition to characters summarized in the above key, this species has most of the posterior half of the elytra reti- culate-granulate. Male.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons moderately, broadly concave from epistoma to vertex; surface reticulate-granu- late except on median area of lower third, punctures small, deep, moderately close; me- dian third of lower fourth transversely ru- gose; median third of epistoma weakly cari- nate, carina smooth, shining; vestiture very fine, moderately abundant, rather short to moderately long, erect, epistomal brush sparse. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, with abundant, minute hair and sparse scales, sutures not indicated. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal fourth, then arcuately converging to moderately rounded anterior margin; surface shining, minutely, longitudinally etched, punctures moderately large, deep, those in lateral areas larger, those in lateral and extreme basal areas tending to be in rows of perhaps three to six punctures each, spaced by distances not greater than diameter of a puncture except more widely spaced near center of disc. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on less than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; raised line on basal margins indefinite, broken; striae narrowly, rather strongly impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae moderately convex, twice as wide as striae, rather closely, transversely, finely crenulate. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae slightly deeper than on disc, punctures ob- scure to obsolete; interstriae as wide as striae, granules minute to obsolete; entire surface finely reticulate-granulate. Vestiture very 400 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 short, seen with difficulty, consisting of re- cumbent interstrial bristles in rows on decliv- ity, confused on disc (usually abraded), each slightly longer than distance equal to diame- ter of a strial puncture. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened below, weakly convex above, pro- notal surface not etched posteriorly, with minute impressed points. Distribution.— Honduras to Colombia. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, 26-VIII-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, l-III- 67, in a Lauraceae. PANAMA: Tole, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion; Biigaba, 275-500 ni. Champion. COLOM- BIA: 27 km NE Montoya, 2-VII-70, 150 m. No. 594, Vi- roJa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Virola sp. Biology.— Colombian specimens made transverse, biramous parental galleries in a recently cut limb 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 16 syntypes in Blandford's series and on 51 other specimens. Because a type has not been selected from the syntypic series, I here designate the re- maining female syntype from Tole in the British Museum (Natural History) as the lec- totype of Ceratolepis maculicornis Blandford. This specimen has been labeled type and considered to be the type for many years. The series from Colombia tends to have the pronotal punctures slightly larger than specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, but the difference does not warrant special recognition. 6. Cnemonyx panamensis (Blandford) FiR. 112 Loganius panamensis Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 129 (Lectotype, male; Tole, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minusculus (Blandford) by the larger average size, by the confused interstrial punctures and setae, by the different frontal carina of the male, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons moderately concave from level of antennal insertion to above upper level of eyes, a strong, long, transverse carina at level of antennal insertion on more than median three-fourths; epistoma subacutely elevated, with a small, median tubercle; surface above carina rugose-reticulate, punctures obscure; a rather small tuft of long yellow hair on upper two-thirds of each half of concavity, other scattered setae on lower half. Antennal club with suture 1 partly septate, other sutures not indicated. Pronotum about as in maculicornis except punctures larger, very slightly substrigose. Fig. 112. Cnemonyx panamensis: 1, lemale; 2, antenna; 3, protibia. 1982 SCOLYTINI 401 Vestiture confined to margins and anterior third, of coarse, seniirecumbent setae. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides feebly arcuate from base, arcuately converging on posterior half, rather narrowly rounded behind, striae narrowly impressed, punctures small, shal- low, distinct; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, finely subrugulose, punctures confused, subcrenulate, rather fine to moder- ately coarse on basal half of disc, smaller be- hind. Declivity convex, rather gradual; inter- striae narrower and more finely sculptured than on disc. Vestiture of short, acuminate, almost scalelike setae of uniformly short length, rather abundant, confused to in- distinctly 3-ranked. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, frontal carina absent, epistomal sculpture and tubercle as in male, frontal ves- titure of rather short, coarse setae uniformly distributed. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-111-64. 70 ni. No. 476, log, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Damitas in Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VIII-63, 250 ni, No. 127, Vismia guianensis, S. L Wood; San Isidro del General, San Jose, 13-XII-63, 1000 m, No. 310, tree branch. S. L. Wood; Finca Gro- maco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 75, tree limb, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Tole, Chi- riqui, G. C. Champion; David, Chiriqui', G. C. Cham- pion. VENEZUELA: Rancho Grande, Aragiia, 9-IV-70, 1100 ni. No. 440, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Host.— Vismia gtiianensis. Biology.— The transverse, biramous egg galleries engrave the cambium area from small branches to large boles. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 11 of Blandford's syntypic series of 16 specimens and on 105 other specimens. Al- though it has been traditional to regard the first specimen in Blandford's series as the type, I here designate a male from Tole, the seventh specimen on the sixth pin of those specimens now in the British Museum (Natu- ral History), as the lectotype of Loganius panamensis Blandford. The first syntype is a female bearing a type label; it is considered to be the lectoallotype of this species. 7. Cnenionyx minusculus (Blandford) Loganius minusculus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 130 (Holotvpe, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Loganius vismiae Eggers, 1929, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:63 (Holotvpe, male; La Caja, 8 km W San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica; Deutschen Ent. Mus.); Wood, 1972. Great Basin Nat. .32:193. Sijnomjmii Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exigiius (Blandford) by numerous char- acters that are summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons flattened from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes, very shallowly impressed near center, an elevated, rounded, transverse carina rather poorly developed on median half just above upper level of eyes; surface rather finely punctate-granulate, punctures rather coarse, close; a conspicuous tuft of coarse, dark, rather short setae on median half between carina and upper level of eyes, setae evidently always absent along median line. Antennal club subcircular, sutures 1 and 2 rather strongly procurved, 2 reaching middle. Pronotum as in exiguus except surface lon- gitudinally strigose, becoming reticulate- granulate near anterior margin, punctures rather fine, deep, moderately close. Sub- glabrous except near margins. Elytra with outline as in exiguus; striae feebly impressed, punctures fine, shallow, not always clearly defined on disc, obsolete on declivity; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, somewhat rugulose on disc, punctures uniseriate, coarse, almost as large as those of striae, very slightly subvulcanate near base. Declivity gradual, convex; inter- strial punctures smaller and almost entirely replaced by granules; strial punctures largely obsolete, surface very minutely rtigulose-reti- culate to punctured by impressed points. Ves- titure of very minute, short, recumbent, strial hair, and suberect, uniseriate, interstrial scales; scales on disc very slender, stouter on declivity, about four to six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frontal callus slightly smaller and frontal vestiture somewhat shorter. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO; Veracruz: 14 km E Huatusco, 7-VII-67, 250 m. No. 174, vismia, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: San Juan, Alta Verapaz, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: La Caja, San Jose, 20-XII-29, Vismia ferruginosa, F. Never- mann. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, below 4000 ft (1.300 m), G. C. Champion; Cerro Campana, Code, 30- VII-70, 1000 m. H. Howden. 402 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hosts.— Probably Visynia gidanensis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of minusculus, on two co- types and several topotypes of vismiae, and on six other specimens. 8. Cnemonyx exiguus (Blandford) Loganins exiguus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 130 (Lectotype, male; Bugaha, Chi- riqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Loganius pmnUus Eggers, 1929, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:65 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus., '60,.392); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:193. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely allied to pananiensis (Blandford), but it is dis- tinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black, with whitish elytral setae. Frons concavely impressed from carina to well above eyes, deepest point immediately above carina, median area above in concavity very feebly elevated; transverse carina thick, broad as concavity, its summit narrow but not acute, located slightly above level of an- tennal insertion; transversely impressed at level of antennal insertion; surface coarsely reticulate above, finer below; punctures small, indistinct, moderately close; vestiture of sparse, coarse, moderately long sub- plumose hair. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 obscurely indicated by long hair; funicular tuft of dark hair rather well developed. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; out- line as in ficus (Schwarz); surface reticulate anteriorly, almost smooth behind, punctures rather small, deep, spaced by one to two di- ameters of a puncture. Glabrous except for a few stout bristles on anterior fourth. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures coarse, deep, rather close; interstriae indistinctly wider than striae, subreticulate, punctures imiseriate, rather coarse, deep, rather close. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae narrower, dis- tinctly impressed; interstrial punctures small. Vestiture confined to posterior two-thirds, consisting of interstrial, uniseriate rows of erect scales; each scale about equal in length to width of an interstriae, about six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons moderately convex from epistoma to vertex; funicular tuft of hair absent; interstrial punc- tures on disc subvulcanate, weakly granulate on disc. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Turrialba. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chi- riqui, G. C. Champion; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1- 64, 70 m. No. 367, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Transverse, biramous, parental tunnels were constructed in the cambium re- gion of a fallen limb 10-20 cm in diameter. Camptocerus auricomus shared the same limb. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's series of 2 males and one fe- male and on 20 other specimens. Because a type has not previously been se- lected from the three syntypes, I here desig- nate a male syntype from Bugaba as the lec- totype of Loganius exiguus Blandford. 9. Cnemonyx ficus (Schwarz) Loganius ficus Schwarz, 1894, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washing- ton 3:44 (Lectotype, male; Key West, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4.538, present designation) Ceratolepis nuhilus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94(3174):380 (Holotype, male; St. Croix, Virgin Islands; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56558); Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:78. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This distinctive species has the epistomal margin broadly, rather deeply emarginate for this genus; the mandibles are transversely etched on the median half of the visible area; and the costal margin near the elytral apex is smooth, not serrate. Male.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly, moderately concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface sub- reticulate, finely, rather closely punctured over entire surface; epistomal margin ele- vated, smooth, shining; epistomal brush broad, rather conspicuous. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, with three strongly procurved sutures conspicuously marked by rows of pale setae; flagellar tuft of hair well developed. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides rather 1982 SCOLYTINI 403 strongly arcuate from base, converging slightly on anterior half, rather broadly rounded on anterior margin; surface smooth, shining, with rather numerous minute points posteriorly becoming reticulate toward ante- rior margin, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep, separated by distances up to twice diameter of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded be- hind; basal margins with a distinctly ele- vated, irregular line; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, close, only slightly smaller than those of striae. De- clivity rather steep, convex; striae narrower, slightly impressed; interstriae feebly convex, surface shagreened, punctures weakly granu- late. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of interstrial rows of short, stout bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons very slightly less strongly impressed; funicu- lar tuft of hair shorter. Distribution.— S Florida to the Virgin Islands. USA: Florida: Key West, 13-III-12, Ficus aurea, E. A. Schwarz. VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. Croix, X-XI-63, at light, L. I. Sanders. Host.— Ficus aurea. Biology.— Except for the very brief notes of Schwarz, nothing is known of the habits of this species. It was reared from fig branches. Notes.— This species was named from a long series of syntypes, of which 185 were ex- amined for the above treatment. The male holotype of Ceratolepis nubihis was also ex- amined and compared directly to my specimens. Because a type has not yet been assigned, I here designate the male specimen in the U.S. National Museum, which for years has been considered to be the type, as the lectotype of Loganius ficus Schwarz. 10. Cnemonyx confinis (Wood) Loganius confinis Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:94 (Holotype, female; 4 miles E La Paz, Baja Cali- fornia; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is somewhat sim- ilar to nigrellus Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters presented in the above key. Male.— Length 1.4-1.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; body color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave, from epistomal carina to upper margin of eyes; a smooth, shining, transverse band im- mediately above epistomal margin elevated and subcarinate, less well developed but sim- ilar to that of fastigius, extending almost from lateral margin to lateral margin; reti- culate-granulate above and at sides, finely punctured in lower part of concave area; ves- titure confined to concave area, fine, rather long, more abundant below and laterally, fine, sparse epistomal brush apparently rising from beneath lower margin of lower slope of transverse carina. Eye and antenna as in pro- ciduus (Wood). Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide, widest on basal third, sides converging some- what toward constriction just behind rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; basal and lateral margins marked by a fine raised line; surface rather dull, indistinctly, minutely, longitudinally strigose, punctures moderately small, narrowly oval, rather close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; humeral angles rounded; striae not impressed except first, punctures very fine, rather close; interstriae at least three times as wide as striae, punctures slightly if at all smaller than those of striae, rather close, in uniseriate rows, surface smooth, dull; elytral bases subcrenulately raised, except impressed near scutellum, sev- eral low crenulations on interstriae 2 to 6; scutellum small, oval in outline, rather strongly depressed. Declivity evenly convex, rather steep; striae feebly impressed, inter- striae 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, and 10 very weakly con- vex with exceedingly minute tubercles in uniseriate rows; interstriae 1 meets costal margin, 2 meets 10, 3 meets fused 7 and 9; weakly elevated costal margin with setose punctures, not at all granulate. Vestiture al- most obsolete, a few minute interstrial bristles on declivity, none longer than dis- tance equivalent to one-third distance separating rows of bristles. 404 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Baja California. MEXICO: Baja California: 4 miles (7 km) E La Paz, 23-XII-58, Sapiiim hiloculare, H. B. Leech. Biology.— The type series was reared from tunnels in the bark of branches of the above host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 90 specimens. 11. Cnemonyx nigrellus Wood Loganhis niger Wood, 1961 (nee. Eggers, 1933), Great Basin Nat. 21:95 (Holotype, female; 26 km W Te- huantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Cnemonyx nigrellus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:278 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.— This minute species is distin- guished from the foregoing species by the black color, by the sexually dimorphic frons, by the simple structure of the elytral declivi- ty, and by the small size. It is more closely al- lied to gracilens (Wood). Female.— Length 1.2-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; body color black, vestiture white. Frons broadly flattened, indistinctly con- cave from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes, transversely impressed on lower third; surface minutely granulose, very finely, close- ly punctured in impressed area and densely pubescent from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes, setae subplumose, moderately long, pale yellow to almost white, epistomal brush not separated from other setae. Eye rather finely faceted, deeply sinuate on ante- rior margin. Antennal club about three- fourths as long as combined length of scape and funicle; suture 1 reaching only one-third club length from base, all sutures rather broadly procurved. Pronotum 0.72 times as long as wide, widest on basal third, sides arcuately con- verging slightly toward narrowly rounded an- terior margin; basal and lateral margins marked by a fine, raised line; surface sub- shining, punctures fine, elongate, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, sides straight and subparallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; humeral angles rather narrowly rounded; striae not impressed, punctures small, dis- tinct, separated by almost twice their own di- ameters, in regular rows; interstriae one to three times wider than striae, 1 and 3 wider than 2 and 4, smooth, subshining, punctures sparse, fine, minutely subgranulate on 1 and 3 to base; basal margins almost straight, im- pressed toward scutellum, finely, irregularly raised from about interstriae 2 to 6, a few submarginal subcrenulate elevations; scutel- lum small, depressed, longer than wide. De- clivity evenly convex, moderately steep; striae weakly impressed, interstriae feebly convex; interstrial granules moderately large, rounded, rather widely spaced, in uniseriate rows on all interstriae except absent on 4, 6, 8, and 10; costal margin finely raised and si- nuate, confluence of interstriae with costal margin or with one another not clear, except possibly 3 and 9, interstriae 10 minutely ser- rate on basal half of elytra, 9 minutely serrate on posterior half. Vestiture scanty, consisting of sparse rows of erect, blunt interstrial bristles on declivity and sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above, impunctate at center, and glabrous. Distribution.— Oaxaca. xMEXICO: Oaxaca: El Cameron, 22-VI-67, 16 miles (26 km) W Tehuantepec, 8-VII-53, 22-VI-67; all from the same host by S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species constructed tun- nels in the cambium region of its host, which was a low, shrubby, leafless, green plant that produced an abundance of white milky fluid when green stems were cut or broken. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 30 specimens and on 80 other specimens. 12. Cnemonyx recavus Wood Cnemonyx recavus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 11 (Holotype, male; 48 km E Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico) Diagnosis.— This distinctive species is somewhat allied to confinis Wood, but it is readily distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from just below upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; concavity densely pubescent, setae moderately, uniformly long; surface of mar- ginal and dorsal areas coarsely reticulate. 1982 SCOLYTINI 405 with fine, close punctures; surface in con- cavity obscured by pubescence. Scape short; funicle bearing a dense tuft of long hair; club obovate, with three strongly procurved su- tures marked by setae, suture 1 extending al- most two-thirds club length from base. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; basal margin bisinuate, marked by a fine, raised line; widest at base, arcuately converging to a slight constriction just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface dull, min- utely, longitudinally etched, punctures fine, oval, close, moderately deep. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; basal mar- gins indistinctly raised along a fine line; striae impressed, - punctures fine, distinctly impressed; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, convex, dull, each with a uniseriate row (confused on 2) of fine, short, transverse crenulations, puncture posterior to each crenulation fine, obscure. Declivity convex, moderately steep; about as on declivity, with interstriae 9 weakly elevated and more coarsely tuberculate, 10 with a row of fine tubercles posteriorly. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of interstrial rows of very short, flattened bristles each about twice as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons very slightly less strongly impressed. Distribution.— Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 48 km E Tehuantepec, 22-VI-67. 120 m, No. 84, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 16 km NW Acatlan, 15-VI-67, 1700 m. No. 36, in "Leche Sillo," S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were attacking re- cently cut limbs 3-8 cm in diameter. The bi- ramous parental galleries were transverse. Notes.— One hundred and sixty-one speci- mens were examined, including the type series. In the Acatlan series the posterior half of the pronotum tended to be smooth and shining and the pimctures behind the inter- strial crenulations were more conspicuous. Because these characters overlapped in the two series, geographical races were not designated. 13. Cnemonyx splendens (Wood) Loganhis splendens Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:88 (Holotype, male; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles ficus Schwarz, but it is much more closely related to vagabundus Wood, from which it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed above epistoma; epistomal submargin with an impressed line on median two-thirds; surface reticulate above, rather coarsely, closely, deeply sculptured, punctures moder- ately close above, very close below; vestiture short, inconspicuous. Eye elongate, weakly sinuate on anterior margin; coarsely granu- late. Antenna as in ficus. Pronotum as long as wide, widest on basal third; sides weakly arcuate and converging toward narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface subshining, punctures rather large, deep, close, oval, somewhat larger in lateral areas. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; elytral bases weakly raised along a continuous, irregular line; scutellum small, rounded; striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, close deep; interstriae as wide as striae, moderately convex, smooth, subshining, punctures small, distinct, close. Declivity steep, convex; all striae more strongly, narrowly impressed and all interstriae more strongly convex than on disc; all interstriae finely tuberculate, tu- bercles becoming progressively larger later- ally, largest on 9; interstriae 1, 2, 3, and 5 meet 10, 4 joins 5, 6 and 8 end short, 7 and 9 fuse apically; 10 very narrow, largely re- duced but bearing a few tubercles. Vestiture consisting of rows of short, narrow, scalelike setae, each seta arising from posterior margin of a tubercle. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened on a broad area to well above eyes and bearing a subcircular brush of moder- ately long hair, shorter toward center, ex- tending from epistomal margin to upper lev- el of eyes. Distribution.— "Mexico." The type series was intercepted at San Pedro, Califor- nia, in the bark of Cifbistax donneU-smithii from Mexico. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 406 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 14. Cnemonyx squamifer W ood Cnemonyx squamifer Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:138 (Holotype, male; Tikal, Peten, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from splendens (Wood) by the smaller size, by the smaller, less strongly impressed strial punctures, by the larger, broader interstrial scales, and by the more strongly impressed male frons. Male.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons similar to splendens except more strongly, more broadly concave, vestiture ex- tending slightly above upper level of eyes and closer to margins of eyes. Pronotum as in splendens except punctures conspicuously smaller. Elytra resembling splendens except more weakly impressed, punctures much smaller, very close, interstriae twice as wide on striae, less strongly convex, punctures only slightly smaller than those of striae; interstrial setae in rows, slightly longer and much wider than in splendens, each about three to four times as long as wide, about half as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by length of a seta; Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Tikal, Peten, 13-IV-56, 100 m, at light. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three males. 15. Cnemonyx vagabundus (Wood) Loganius vagabundus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:89 (Holotype, male; Key West, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to splen- dens Wood, from which it is distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.2-1.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; body color light reddish brown. Frons convex on upper half, flattened on a subtriangular area on lower half, more strongly impressed on a transverse line just above epistoma; narrow epistomal margin smooth and shining; surface reticulate, rather closely, deeply punctured above, punctures setose on flattened area; setae moderately abundant except at center, rather coarse, moderately long. Eye coarsely faceted; outline sinuate on both anterior and pos- terior margins. Segments 2 to 7 of antennal funicle as broad as pedicel, each bearing a tuft of long setae on inner margin; club broad, not septate, conspicuously marked by three strongly procurved rows of setae. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; widest on basal fourth, sides convergently ar- cuate toward rather narrowly rounded ante- rior margin, very slightly constricted just be- hind anterior margin; surface shining, with very feeble indication of minute longitudinal lines, and a few very minute impressed points between moderately coarse, deep, broadly oval punctures. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; elytral bases not raised along a continuous costa, but with a few finely subcrenulate punctures suggesting a partial raised line; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures moderately large, very close, deep; interstriae subconvex, smooth, subshining, about one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures almost as large as those of striae, rather shallow, sparse, spaced at distances about equal to width of inter- striae. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae 1 and 2 more strongly impressed, inter- striae 1, 2, 3, and 9 more strongly convex than others, their punctures closer than on disc and subserrate on anterior margins; in- terstriae 5 and 7 also minutely granulate; in- terstriae 1 and 2 reaching margin, 3, 5, and 7 join 9. Vestiture limited to declivity, con- sisting of sparse, short, narrowly flattened setae. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly, broadly impressed, impression ending well below upper level of eyes; and declivital sculpture finer. Distribution.— Florida, Puerto Rico, and Panama. USA: Florida: Key West, 22, 30-V-12. Ichthyomethia piscipala, No. 9170, E. A. Schwarz. PUERTO RICO: Mona Island, 6,8-lV-27, W. A. Hoff. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, IX-41, No. 41-20624, 20- VI-41,Z-4816, J. Zetek. Host.— Pisidia piscipala. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. Two addi- tional specimens that probably belong to this species were collected at Little Harbor, Brit- ish Virgin Islands, l-IV-58, J. F. G. Clarke. 1982 SCOLYTINI 407 16. Cnemonyx impresstis (Wood) Loganius impresstis Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:90 (Holotype, male; Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexi- co; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to pro- ciduus (Wood), but may be distinguished by characters given in the above key. Description.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; body color reddish brown. Frons very shallowly, broadly concave al- most to upper level of eyes; a rather wide, subtriangular, smooth, shining epistomal area immediately above epistomal brush; surface of impressed area finely granulate-punctate, largely obscured by abundant, subplumose yellow setae of moderate length. Eye large, coarsely faceted; anterior margin sinuate. An- tennal scape short, stout, funicle as long as scape, with segments 2 to 7 each as wide as pedicel and bearing on ventral margin long setae, none of which extend beyond tip of club; club large, broadly obovate, about as long as scape and funicle combined, 1.3 times as long as wide, with three strongly pro- curved sutures indicated by rows of setae, first not quite reaching middle. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; widest on basal fourth, sides evenly, arcuately converging toward narrow, but broadly roimded, anterior margin; basal and lateral margins with a fine, raised line; surface ap- parently minutely, longitudinally strigose on anterior half, becoming smooth posteriorly, and with rather fine, longitudinally elongate pimctures, becoming smaller posteriorly and with a few very minute pores interspersed posteriorly. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; humeral an- gles abrupt; striae 1 distinctly impressed from base, others feebly impressed, punctures fine, distinct, in regular rows; interstriae about two to three times as wide as striae, their sur- face smooth but very dull, punctures in unise- riate median rows, small, all finely granulate; basal margins almost straight and irregularly raised, interstriae 2 to 6 with up to six poorly developed subcrenulate elevations near base; scutellum small, rounded in outline, scarcely at all depressed. Declivity evenly convex. moderately steep, all striae rather narrowly, rather deeply impressed; interstriae 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 moderately convex and tuberculate, costal margin and posterior portion of 10 also tuberculate, tubercles on lateral interstriae appearing somewhat larger; interstriae 1 joins costal margin, 2 joins 10, 3 joins fused 7 and 9, 4 and 6 end short of 5. In dorsal pro- file interstriae 9 appears very finely serrate on posterior half of elytra; 10 finely serrate on anterior half. Vestiture confined to decliv- ity, consisting of rows of short, stout, semi- erect, almost scalelike setae arising from in- terstrial tubercles; longest setae about one- third as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons evidently more strongly impressed. Distribution.— Guerrero. MEXICO: Guerrero: Chilpancingo, 22-X-41, at light, D. M. DeLong. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three specimens in the type series. Nothing more is known of the habits or dis- tribution of this species. 17. Cnemonyx prociduus (Wood) Loganius prociduus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:91 (Holotype, female; La Ceiba, Honduras; Wood Coll.) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from impresstis (Wood) by the more coarsely sculptured elytra, by the longer, more scale- like, recumbent, declivital setae, and by the very different arrangement of the elytral interstriae. Female.— Length 1.4-1.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; body color reddish brown. Frons very shallowly, broadly concave from the sinuate epistomal margin to upper level of eyes; epistomal margin subcarinately raised and obscurely overlapping epistomal brush, with a rather narrow smooth sub- shining area immediately above epistomal brush; surface of impressed area finely granu- late-punctate, largely obscured by abundant, subplumose, yellow setae of short to moder- ate length. Eye and antenna essentially as in impresstis. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides converging some- what toward broadly rounded anterior mar- gin; basal and lateral margins marked by a fine raised line; surface dull, punctures 408 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 moderately abundant, rather small except larger in lateral areas, oval, interspaces with a few very minute pores. Glabrous. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; humeral an- gles abrupt; striae slightly impressed, punc- tures moderately large, in regular rows; inter- striae less than one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures almost as large as those of striae, moderately spaced in rows, those toward base with anterior margin ele- vated, those near declivity appearing sub- vulcanate, surface almost smooth, dull; basal margins slightly impressed toward scutellum, subcrenulately raised, basal area somewhat irregular but not subcrenulate; scutellum al- most round in outline, very slightly if at all depressed. Declivity evenly convex, moder- ately steep, all striae narrower and more strongly impressed than on disc; costal mar- gin and all interstriae except 8 convex and serrate; serrations uniseriate, moderately coarse, evidently larger laterally; interstriae 1, 2, 3, and 5 (usually appearing fused to 7 and 9) all reaching costal margin, 4, 6, and 8 end near middle of declivity; 10 with two to five small tubercles near posterior extremity; interstriae 9 serrate on posterior half of elytra, 10 apparently minutely serrate on an- terior half. Vestiture confined to posterior half of elytra and sides, consisting of inter- strial rows of short, recumbent, spatulate scales arising from interstrial punctures; each scale equal in length to half distance between rows of scales, and each about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Veracruz to Honduras. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 16-20-VI-69, D. E. Bright. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, 29-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the two female specimens that comprise the type series and on nine other specimens. 18. Cnemonyx opacus Wood Cnemonyx opacus Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 10 (Holotype, male; Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species, at least super- ficially, resembles insignis Wood, above, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the narrow frontal carina, by the much more ex- tensively granulate elytra, and by characters mentioned in the key. However, the antennal club has an entirely different shape and has three strongly procurved sutures clearly marked by rows of setae, suggesting that the relationship is superficial at best. It is much more closely allied to flavicornis (Chapuis). Male.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave on median half from upper level of eyes almost to epistoma; surface closely, deeply, rather coarsely punc- tured; median fourth of epistoma bearing a strongly elevated, procurved, transverse ca- rina; vestiture consisting of short, erect, rather abundant, stout hair in concave area. Antennal funicle with inner angle of seg- ments projecting and bearing tufts of long yellow hair; club obovate, longer than wide, with three strongly procurved sutures con- spicuously marked by rows of closely set setae. Pronotum about as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather weakly arcuate, con- verging to weak, transverse constriction just behind rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth and shining behind, becoming reticulate anteriorly and toward lateral margins, punctures rather coarse, deep, close, somewhat larger in lateral areas. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; scutellum very small, rounded, not depressed; basal margins of elytra marked by a fine, irregular, raised line; striae impressed, punctures rather large, deep, clearly impressed in basal area, obscure behind; interstriae convex, finely, completely reticulate-granulate to granulate (including striae) posteriorly, coarsely punctured on bas- al third of disc. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae deeply impressed, punctures obscure; interstriae narrow, strongly convex, minutely granulate, finely subserrate; inter- striae 9 moderately elevated, continuing to apex, highest at junction with 3. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of uniseriate rows of minute interstrial scales. 1982 SCOLYTINI 409 Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly impressed, almost flat. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, 18-X-63. 1 111, No. 233, Hippornane macinella S. L. Wood. Biology.— This aggressive species at- tacked and killed branches up to 8 cm in di- ameter in vigorovis host trees; it also attacked felled trees up to 30 cm in diameter. The bi- ramous parental tunnels were transverse; they engraved both phloem and xylem tis- sues. Larval mines were moderately short and wandered without any special direction. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 68 specimens. 19. Cnemonyx fastigius (Wood) Loganius fastigius Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:93 (Holotype, female; 15 kin NW Acatlan, Puebia, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from prociduus (Wood) by the convex frons, by the transverse frontal carina, by the prom- inent crenulate tubercles of the elytral disc, and by the finer declivital sculpture. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; body color rather dark reddish brown. Frons convex, with a broad, rather sharply elevated, transverse carina just above epis- tomal margin, its length equal to slightly more than half distance between eyes; lower slope of carina more gradual, smooth, shin- ing, upper slope more abrupt, reticulate, and bearing several setae; surface above carina minutely granulose, impunctate in central area, finely, sparsely punctured at sides and above; vestiture longer and more conspicuous along upper slope of carina and along epis- tomal margin, a glabrous area extending from above bases of mandibles across lower slope of carina. Eye and antenna as in prociduus. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide, widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate behind, abruptly converging anteriorly to- ward broadly rounded anterior margin; basal and lateral margins marked by a fine raised line; surface dull, minutely, longitudinally strigose, punctures moderately abundant, rather small, oval, interspaces with a few very minute pores. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and subparallel on slightly less than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; humeral an- gles abrupt; striae 1 moderately impressed, others feebly if at all impressed; strial punc- tures small, in regular rows; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, surface marked by a few irregular lines, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, each bearing on its raised anterior rim a low, transverse cre- nulation about equal in length to half width of an interstriae, except crenulations entirely absent on interstriae 4 and 6; basal margins straight, slightly impressed near scutellum, anterior margins subcrenulately elevated and with a few submarginal crenulations on inter- striae 2 to 4; scutellum round in outline, dis- tinctly depressed below general surface of elytra. Declivity evenly convex, rather steep; striae more strongly, narrowly impressed; in- terstriae feebly convex, crenulations much narrower, very slightly higher; interstriae 4, 6, and 8 entirely unarmed; interstriae 1 evi- dently meets costal margin, 2 meets 10, 3 meets fused 7 and 9, 4 and 6 join 5 and end before meeting fused 7 and 9; 10 bearing four or five small tubercles posteriorly; posterior costal margin with a few punctures, sinuate, not serrate; interstriae 10 subserrate on basal half of elytra, 9 on posterior half. Vestitvire scanty, consisting of stout, sparse, almost scalelike interstrial setae on declivity and posterior portion of disc except on interstriae 4 and 6, each seta equal in length to about half distance between rows of setae. Fifth abdominal sternum bearing a low transverse ridge near middle of segment. Female.— Similar in all respects to male. Distribution.— Puebia. MEXICO: Puebia: 9 miles (15 km) NW Acatlan, 13- VII-53. and 17 km NW Acatlan 15-VI-67, 1700 m. No. .36. "Leche Sillo," S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken in series with recavus Wood from branches of a small tree identified by a local farmer as "Leche Sillo." The parental galleries were biramous and transverse. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 34 specimens including the type series. 20. Cnemonyx liratus (Wood) Loganius liratus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:92 (Holotype, female; 20 km E Matamoros, Puebia, Mexico; Wood Coll.) 410 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to gracilens Wood and exilis (Wood), but it is distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; body color dark reddish brown. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed on lower half, with a rather high, narrow, rounded, transverse carina occupying median half, rising abruptly below, sloping gradually above; epistoma with median por- tion produced in front of mandibles; surface reticulate-granulate, moderately punctured at sides and above; vestiture consisting of a conspicuous brush of short erect yellow hair on median half between carina and a point just below upper level of eyes, epistomal brush emerging from lower margin of smooth, shining, glabrous carina. Eyes and antenna as in prociduus (Wood.) Pronotum equal in length and width; widest on basal third, sides arcuately con- verging to moderate transverse constriction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; almost smooth and subshining posteriorly, punctures moderately coarse and deep, rather close, oval. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; sutural striae weakly, others not at all impressed; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, subgranulate, sparse, surface smooth, sub- shining; basal margins rounded, raised and subcrenulate, with a few small submarginal crenulations on interstriae 2 to 5; scutellum slightly depressed, almost round in outline. Declivity evenly convex; moderately steep; striae weakly impressed, odd-numbered inter- striae more nearly convex; interstriae dull, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and costal margin each bearing a row of fine, rather widely spaced tubercles, those on 7, 9, and costal margin larger, 5 de- void of tubercles on lower two-thirds; inter- striae 1 joins raised costal margin, 2, 3, and 5 separately join fused 7 and 9, 10 virtually ob- solete in declivital region. Vestiture sparse, inconspicuous, confined to declivity, except extending onto disc on odd-numbered inter- striae; each seta fine, blunt, bristlelike, about half as long as space between rows, separated by three to four times their length from near- est bristle in same row. Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 12 miles (20 km) SE Matamoros, 3- VII-53, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were collected from the phloem tissues of branches 1-5 cm in di- ameter in a tree having reddish peeling bark (Euphorbiaceae). Notes.— The above treatment was based on 43 specimens including the type series. 21. Cnemonyx gracilens Wood Cnejnonyx gracilens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 10 (Holotype, male; 57 km SE El Cameron, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to exilis (Wood), but it may be distin- guished by the smaller size, by the more broadly impressed frons with the epistomal carina higher, by the less numerous, more nearly oval pronotal punctures, and by the shorter, finer, less strongly flattened elytral setae. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in exilis but more broadly plan- oconcave, transverse epistomal carina less procurved, slightly higher, occupying at least two-thirds width of epistomal margin; pub- escence perhaps a little more abundant. Pronotum 1.09 times as long as wide; punctures distinctly less numerous than in exilis, each about one and one-half times as long as wide. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; as in exilis except inter- strial bristles on declivity much shorter, very weakly or not at all flattened, narrower, not increasing in width apically. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly impressed. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 57 km SE El Cameron, 22-VI-67, No. 81, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 100 specimens. They were collected from tunnels in the phloem tissues of twigs and small branches up to 3 cm in diameter of a small tree with thin peel- ing bark, simple leaves, and an abundance of white, milky latex (Euphorbiaceae). 1982 SCOLYTINI 411 22. Cnemonyx exilis (Wood) Loganius exilis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:119 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely related to liratus (Wood), but it is distin- guished by the less strongly serrate costal margins of the elytral declivity, by the more strongly elevated alternate interstriae on the elytral declivity, by the poorly developed fu- nicular tuft of hair, and by the somewhat nar- rower frons. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened or very feebly concave on lower half, convex above; surface rather coarsely, closely, deeply punctured in im- pressed area, mor^ sparsely punctured above; median third of epistomal margin bearing a shining, elevated, procurved carina as in li- ratus; vestiture limited to impressed area, consisting of abundant, erect, stout, uni- formly rather short setae. Pronotum equal in length and width; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly toward rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather large, deep, moder- ately close, oval. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, narrowly, subserrately rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae shining, slightly wider than striae, very weak- ly convex, punctures uniseriate, rather small, widely spaced. Declivity rather steep, con- vex; striae narrower than on disc; interstriae subshining, 1, 3, 7, and 9 moderately ele- vated, 7 joins 9 and continues almost to 3, elevated interstriae and 2 (somewhat less) uniseriately granulate, granules moderately large, rounded, rather widely spaced; costal margin subserrate toward apex. Vestiture re- stricted to declivity, sparse; consisting of rows of erect, interstrial scales, each scale about five times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly impressed below, more broadly rounded above. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 592, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species attacked branches and small trees 5-10 cm in diameter. Paren- tal galleries were transverse. The host tree is a Euphorbiaceae very similar to the one de- scribed above for gracilens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 83 specimens. Cnemonyx longicollis (Blandford) Loganius longicollis Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 128 (Holotype, female; "Mexico," tobacco refuse; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) This species was among several species de- scribed by Blandford from material inter- cepted at Paris in tobacco crates that suppos- edly came from Mexico. It is definitely established above that one of these, Cnemo- nyx errans (Blandford), came from Brazil, not from Mexico as reported. The female holo- type of longicollis (Blandford) is very elon- gate and has several characters not seen in any Central or North American species, but it is very closely related to diffonnis (Schedl), from Brazil. It should be removed from the Mexican fauna until proof of its existence there is found. Female (Holotype)— Length 2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. In the above key it goes to couplet No. 5, but it does not fit either of the alter- nate statements. Whether or not it has been redescribed from Brazil under another name has not been determined. Genus CAMPTOCERUS Latreille Camptocerus Latreille, 1829, Regne Animale, ed. II, 5:91 (Type-species: Hylesiniis aeneipennis Fabricius, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is very closely re- lated to certain species of Cnemonyx Eich- hoff, but it is distinguished by the large, broad (1.5 or more times as wide as long) scu- tellum that is not depressed, not are the elytral bases noticeably depressed or notched for its reception; by the antennal club with suture 1 marked only internally by a septum; by the extensively excavated male frons; by the ambrosial habit; by the larger size; and by other characters noted in the key. Description.— Length 2.7-8.5 mm, 1.9-2.0 times as long as wide. Color dark brown to black, a metallic sheen on one 412 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 species; some species, particularly males, or- meet elytra at apex. All tibiae with lateral namented by variegated patterns formed by margins unarmed except for large curved erect scales. spine on outer apical angle. Frons broadly, deeply excavated in male Distribution.— The Neotropical realm; from vertex to epistoma and ornamented by 17 species have been named from Central hair; convex in female and inconspicuously, and South America; 5 of them occur in Cen- finely pubescent. Antennal funicle 7-seg- tral America. mented; club flattened, somewhat asymmet- Biology.— All species are ambrosia bee- rical in outline, suture 1 indicated internally ties. Several species construct a transverse, by a partial septum, surface very finely, biramous tunnel in the cambium region. Near closely pubescent. Pronotum large, broad, the center of this tunnel, but not below the unarmed, actually or apparently wider than entrance tunnel, a radial tunnel is construct- elytra, lateral margins acutely marked by a ed that penetrates deeply into the wood. This fine, raised line. Scutellum flush with elytral inner tunnel normally branches into two to surface, moderately large, very broad. Elytral four timnels along which eggs are deposited bases acutely marked by a fine, continuous, in niches. The larvae expand these into short, raised line, not emarginate toward scutellum; broad, larval cradles where pupation occurs, declivity gradual, unarmed except in one spe- The walls of the tunnels are stained black by cies. Abdomen ascending rather strongly to a conspicuous fungal growth. Key to the Species of Camptocerus 1. Discal interstriae 1 and 2 each ending in a large tooth at a point about one- third of elytral length from , base, bases of these teeth join to form a fold overhanging base of declivity; Panama; 3.1 mm 1. quadridens Blackman — Elytra unarmed by conspicuous spines 2 2(1). Elytra glabrous, usually brightly shining, fully mature specimens, usually with a metallic sheen; posterolateral angles of pronotum acute as seen from lateral aspect; male frons broadly, deeply excavated and uniformly pubescent above antennal insertions, lateral margins strongly elevated below antennal in- sertions; Costa Rica to Brazil and Bolivia; Protium; 4.5-6.4 mm 2. aeneipennis (Fabricius) — Elytra bearing at least a few lateral or declivital scales; posterolateral angles of pronotum obtuse as seen from lateral aspect 3 3(2). Pronotum closely, very finely punctured, interspaces about three times as wide as punctures; punctures of elytral interstriae sparse, uniseriate; Costa Rica; 2.7-3.2 mm 3. infidelis Wood — Pronotum densely, finely punctured, interspaces about equal in width to diameter of a puncture; punctures of elytral interstriae rather numerous, confused 4 4(3). Smaller species; male epistoma unarmed; setae on male declivity of shorter, blunt scales, similar to female; Costa Rica to Brazil; Protium; 2.6-3.5 mm 4. niger (Fabricius) — Larger species; male epistoma with a conspicuous median tubercle and just dorsad from tubercle a low, slightly procurved, transverse carina; setae on lower half of male declivity long, slender, pointed; Nicaragua to Venezuela; Rheedia, Protium, etc.; 3.3-4.0 mm 5. auricomus Blandford I I r.1 1 Cooper's, near source of Ri'o Aejeta, Canal Zone, 1. Camptocerus quadridens Blackman Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56556) ^'S- ^^'^ Diagnosis.— The male is distinguished by ...„,, ,^,, „ ,,„ the large, conspicuous spines on the basal Lamptocerus quadridens Blackman, 194.3, Proc. U.S. , .^ c , i 7 i i ^l u i Nat. Mus. 94(3174):379 (Holotype, male; ^alf of the elytra and by Other characters 1982 SCOLYTINI 413 Fig. 113. Scolytini spp.. Comptocer,.. quadridens, male; 14, Adult; 15, head; 16, antenna; 17, protibia; Cnemonux bohvtae, male 18, adult, 19, head; Scolytodes srvieteniae, 20, adult, 21, antenna, 22, protibia. 23, female head 2A male head; Scolytodes levis- 25, adult. (After Blackman 1943:pl. 16.) ' ' 414 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 described below. The only species that is even remotely related is costatus Chapuis. Male.— Length 3.1-3.4 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly concave from eye to eye from level of antennal insertion to vertex, a rather strongly, acutely elevated transverse carina on median fourth at level of antennal insertion; concave area reticulate, rather coarsely, uniformly punctured, interspaces about equal to diameter of a puncture. An- tenna about as in costatus. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and converging anteriorly very slightly on more than basal half, base weakly bisinuate, anterior margin broadly rounded; basal and lateral margins with a fine, raised line; surface smooth, shining, ob- scurely reticulate in some areas; punctures very fine, distinct. Glabrous except near margins. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; disc limited to basal one-fourth of elytra at suture, increasing to slightly more than basal half at lateral mar- gins; discal surface almost smooth, sub- shining, striae from about 3 to 10 obscurely indicated by fine pimctures, some finer inter- strial punctures, mostly in rows, also in- dicated. Declivity beginning on basal fourth, its margin armed on interstriae 1 by a very coarse, pointed spine directed caudad on plane with disc; base of declivity below these spines abruptly, strongly impressed, basal margin more gradually rounded from striae 3 to 7, basal margin continuous with interstriae 7; strial punctures moderately coarse, dis- tinct, very shallow; interstriae smooth, shin- ing; interstrial punctures rather widely spaced, most at least slightly tuberculate on anterior margins; subapical margin rather acutely costate near suture. Vestiture con- sisting of rows of interstrial setae on declivi- ty; setae near base in median area equal in length to up to three times distance between rows, very slender, gradually decreasing in length and increasing in width posteriorly to about one-fourth maximum length, almost scalelike near apex. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cooper's near source of Ri'o Aejeta, Canal Zone, 19-VIII-23, No. 2198, from felled tree, J. Zetek; Cerro Jefe (9° 12' N, 79° 21' W), Stockwell. Notes.— The holotype and one other male were examined. Zetek took specimens of aeneipennis (Fabricius) at the same locality and on the same date that he took the holo- type of this species. Because the only known host of several species of Camptocerus, in- cluding aeneipennis, is Protium, it is possible that the holotype of quadridens came from this host. 2. Camptocerus aeneipennis (Fabricius) Hylesiniis aeneipennis Fabricius, 1801, Systema Eleutheratorum 2:392 (Lectotype, male; Esse- quibo, British Guiana, Copenhagen Mus., present designation) Hijlesinus gibbus Fabricius, 1801. Systema, Eleutherato- ruin 2:392 (Holotype, female, Essequibo, British Guiana; Copenhagen Mus.); Wood, 1972, Bull. Ent. Res. 62:24. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This distinctive species may be recognized by the submetallic sheen, by the glabrous pronotum and elytra, by the larger size, and by other characters men- tioned in the above key. Male.— Length 4.5-6.4 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color black, elytra with a dis- tinct metallic sheen. Frons deeply concave from eye to eye from vertex to epistoma, floor of concavity in upper area ascending orad at level of anten- nal insertion and continuing as a broad trough to epistomal margin; lateral margins subacute from eye to level of antennal in- sertion then acutely elevated to epistomal margin; surface smooth, minutely punctured; vestiture of abundant, yellow, moderately long hair in upper three-fourths, a few sparse, short, recumbent hairs in troughlike portion. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, de- void of sutures, surface finely pubescent; fu- nicular fringe well developed. Pronotum 0.8 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, converging very slightly on posterior half then abruptly nar- rowed to distinct lateral constriction just be- fore broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face smooth, often wrinkled in posteromedian area, punctures very small, sparse, obscure on disc, larger, more distinct and closer in lateral areas. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides widest at base, al- most straight but converging posteriorly on 1982 SCOLYTINI 415 basal half, narrowly rounded behind; scutel- lum twice as wide as long, flat; basal margins with a distinct, elevated line; striae not im- pressed, pimctures fine, close, shallow; inter- striae flat, smooth, shining, about six times as wide as striae, punctures minute, close, con- fused. Declivity gradual, convex; interstrial punctures largely uniseriate. Apparently glabrous; actually, most interstrial punctures bear a very minute hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, with a very indistinct median carina, surface reticulate, with moderately abundant, short, frontal hair; flagellar fringe absent; pronotal disc smooth, shining. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Brazil and Bolivia. COSTA RICA: Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m. No. 465, S. L. Wood; Haniburgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Li- mon, lO-VI-23, F. Nevermann. PANAM.\: Ri'o Aejeta, Canal Zone, 19-VIII-28, R. Zetek. Host.— Protium spp. Biology.— Limbs and boles larger than 5 cm in diameter are attacked on cut or injured trees. In Costa Rica the male excavated a transverse, biramous tunnel just below the surface of the wood, about 3 cm in length. From this gallery, but not directly below the entrance hole, a radial tunnel is made extend- ing the gallery directly into the xylem, usual- ly about 3 to 6 cm below the cambium. This inner tunnel normally divides into two to four branches, along which egg niches are constructed at about 3 mm intervals. There are two rows of niches above and one row below the egg gallery. The larvae enlarge the niches into cradles as they grow and later use them as pupation chambers, each completed chamber measuring about 3 by 5 mm. All gallery surfaces are stained black by an am- brosial fungus that evidently served as the principal source of food. In most samples ob- served in Venezuela the transverse tunnel in the cambium area was omitted and the en- trance hole led directly into the xylem. Notes.— The above treatment was based on seven syntypes of aeneipennis, on the holotype of gibbus, on 45 Central American specimens, and on more than a thousand South American specimens. A male syntype from Essiquibo is here designated as lecto- type of aeneipennis. 3. Camptocerus infidelis Wood Camptocerus infidelis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 11 (Holotype, fe"- inale; Peralta, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This small and distinctive species may be recognized by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.7-3.2 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather strongly convex above, more nearly flattened below, with a distinct, trans- verse impression just above epistomal mar- gin; surface rather coarsely reticulate and with rather abundant, shallow, indefinite punctures; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Antenna essentially as in auricomus Blandford. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides rather weakly arcuate, converging slightly to rather strongly rounded anterior angles, broadlv rounded in front; surface minutely reticulate and dull on anterior half, almost smooth and subshining behind; punctures minute, sharply impressed, separated by distances equal to two or more diameters of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; widest at base, sides converging posteriorly to narrow, sub- emarginate posterior margin; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow, rather widely spaced; interstriae twice as wide as striae, shining, somewhat irregular, very sparsely punctured, shallow punctures almost as large as those of striae. Declivity gradual, convex; striae weakly impressed. Vestiture consisting of very sparse interstrial scales on sides and declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m. No. 463, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Two adult females and several larvae were removed from the same 15 cm longitudinal pith tunnel in a broken tree seedling 1 cm in diameter. The larval cradles were made on the upper and lower surfaces at an oblique angle to the egg gallery. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two females. 4. Camptocerus niger (Fabricius) Hylesinus niger Fabricius, 1801, Systema Eleutherato- rum 2:393 (Lectotype, male; America meridion- ali, actually Essequibo, British Guiana; Copenha- gen Mus., present designation) 416 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Camptoceriis sqiiamiger Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 51 (Syntypes, a male and a female, Cayenne; Brussels Mus.); Eggers, 1934, Ent. Nachrbl. 8:27. Synontjrnij Camptocerus striatiilus Hagedorn, 1904, Bull. Mus. Paris 10:547 (Syntypes; French Guyana; Paris Mus.); Eggers, 1933, Ent. Nachrbl. 7:20. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from auriccnnus Blandford by the smaller size and by characters of the male frons described below. Male.— Length 2.6-3.5 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons as in auricomus except smooth, de- void of tubercle and carina. Pronotum and elytra as in auricomus ex- cept vestiture usually uniformlv pale and setae on lower half of declivity only slightly more slender than those on disc. Female.— Similar to female auricomus ex- cept interstrial punctures usually more dis- tinctly, more extensively impressed, with their anterior margins finely granulate. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Brazil. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, 24-11-37, in trockenem holz, F. Nevermann. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Peru. Host.— Protium sp. Notes.— Three female syntypes from the Copenhagen Collection and one female and one male syntype from the Kiel Collection, now at Copenhagen, were examined. The male is here designated as the lectotype of Hylesinus niger Fabricius. Four Dejean speci- mens of squamiger Chapius are now in the Chapius collection; of these, two are labeled "Amer. mer." and two are labeled Cayenne. The latter two, a male and a female, are con- sidered to be syntypes. All four specimens are of niger. Schedl (1940:205) reported this species from Costa Rica, although I have not seen Central American specimens. The above treatment was based on the five syntypes of niger, on the four Chapius specimens of squamiger, and on 20 other South American specimens. 5. Camptocerus auricomus Blandford Camptocerus auricomus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 125 (Syntypes; Chontales, Nicaragua, Bugaba, and Volcan de Chiriqui, Pan- ama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the feebly elevated, procurved, transverse, male, frontal carina at the level of the anten- nal insertion, with a conspicuous, median, epistomal tubercle in the male, by the dis- tinctive frontal vestiture in the male, and by other characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 3.3-4.0 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with abun- dant, erect scales in a variegated pattern, sparse scales and no pattern in female. Frons moderately concave from eye to eye, from vertex to level of antennal insertion, as- cending orad to a weakly elevated, pro- curved, transverse carina (precipitous on ven- tral side only), then flat to epistomal margin; epistomal margin armed by a rather large, rounded, median tubercle; surface of con- cavity smooth, dull, finely punctured, vesti- ture of long yellow hair in patches on either side of median line, much longer above, tips of none of hair reaching level of antennal in- sertion. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide; lateral half of suture 1 clearly in- dicated, septate; funicular fringe well developed. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides arcuate, converging very little anteriorly on basal two-thirds, lat- eral margins slightly constricted just before broadly rounded anterior margin; surface dull, very closely, deeply, finely punctured, interspaces equal to less than diameter of a puncture; vestiture of fine, abundant short hair, and a few longer, coarse bristles on an- terior third. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight on basal half, con- spicuously converging posteriorly, narrowly rounded behind; scutellum twice as wide as long, flat; basal margins indistinctly marked by a raised line; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, distinct, close; interstriae about six times as wide as striae, flat, shining, punc- tures rather fine, dense, confused to in- distinctly three-ranked, squamiferous. Decliv- ity convex, moderately steep; strial punctures larger, deeper; interstriae less than twice as wide as striae. Vestiture of abundant erect in- terstrial scales, each about six times as long as wide, except bristlelike and sharply pointed on lower half of declivity. 1982 SCOLYTINI 417 Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, devoid of carina, tubercle, and orna- mental vestiture; funicular tuft absent; pro- notum shining, usually glabrous; elytral scales unicolorous, fewer in number, fragile, usually abraded on basal half, not modified on lower half of declivity. Distribution.— Nicaragua to Venezuela. NICARAGU.\: Chontales, Belt. COSTA RICA: Per- alta, Cartago, 10-III-64, ,500 m. No. 465, probably Pro- tium, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 200 m. No. 435, Rheedia edulis, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Bnis, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m, No. 81, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VI-66, 100 m, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba and Volcan de Chi- riqui, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 70 m. No. .367, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Venezuela. Host.— Reedia editlis, and presumably Cedrela sp. and Protium sp. Biology.— The galleries of this species are basically similar to those of aeneipennis. The transverse timnel was in the cambium region, although as short as 1 cm at times. More than two branches of the brood ttmnel were not observed; and there was only one rank of lar- val cradles above and one below the egg gallery. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Blandford series at the Briti.sh Museum (Natural History), including the syntypes, and on 71 other Central American specimens. Genus SCOLYTOPSIS Blandford Scolytopsis Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 123 (Type-species: Scolytopsis puncticoUis Blandford, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is very similar to Scolytus Geoffroy, but it may be distin- guished by the conspicuously expanded met- episternum that fits into a broadly excised notch on the humeral margin of the elytra, and by the abdomen that ascends abruptly from the posterior margin of sternum 2. Description.— Length 2.0-3.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, punctured in fe- male, in male broadly, subconcavely flat- tened from upper level of eyes to well back on vertex, lower area evidently evenly con- vex, central area above and below impunc- tate, smooth, brightly shining, lateral areas bearing a dense brush of long hair, some setae exceed epistomal margin and conceal most of central area above. Antennal club with suture 1 strongly procurved, represent- ed only by remnants of a septum; fimicle 7- segmented; scape much shorter than funicle. Pronotum large, unarmed, lateral margins acutely marked by a raised line. Elytral bases narrowly, strongly impressed along suture on basal fifth; scutellum reduced, pointed, elytral bases evidently notched for its recep- tion; declivity very gradual, descending to meet strongly ascending abdomen. Abdomen ascending posterior to hind margin of ster- num 2. Tibiae as in Scolytus; tarsi with seg- ment 3 broad, emarginate. Distribution.— Mexico and Cuba to Ar- gentina; seven species have been named. Biology.— These species infest the inner bark, where they construct biramous parental galleries and rather long larval tunnels in pat- terns very similar to those of Scolytus. Key to the Species of Scolytopsis Striae weakly, inter.striae not at all impressed; elytral surface reticulate- granulate on more than posterior half; female frons strongly convex, devoid of a carina, pubescence short, sparse; Veracruz and Cuba to Argentina; 2.0-2.5 mm 1. puncticoUis Blandford Striae and interstriae narrowly impressed at least on declivity; elytral surface brightly shining except near apical margin; female frons rather strongly, trans- versely impressed on lower half, a median carina from upper level of eyes to epLstoma, vestiture long, fine, moderately abundant; Oaxaca; 2.5-3.1 mm 2. laticollis Wood 418 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Scolytopsis puncticollis Blandford Fig. 114 Scolytopsis puncticollis Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 123 (Syntypes; Torola, Las Mercedes,, Zapote, and FUo Maria Linda, Guate- mala; Briti.sh Mus. Nat. Hi.st.) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons strongly convex, moderately, trans- versely impressed above epistoma except for a median callus; epistoma weakly elevated, smooth, shining; surface rather coarsely, closely punctvired, most punctures longitudi- nally strigose; vestiture of very short, stout bristles on lower half, a pair of small, longer tufts of hair on epi.stoma. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, minutely, closely pub- escent; sutures not evident except for rem- nants of a septum on suture 1 . Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; large, widest near base, sides weakly arcuate, not converging on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; surface shining, with many minute, impressed points, punc- tures moderately large on disc, widely spaced, coarse in lateral areas and closer, some reticulation laterally. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; slightly narrower than pronotum; sides conspicuously constricted on anterior third, rather broadly rounded be- hind; elytral bases not distinctly margined; sutural line narrowly, deeply impressed on basal third of elytral length; scutellum great- ly reduced, angulate; striae feebly impressed, pimctures coarse, deep, moderately coarse; interstriae slightly wider than striae, punc- tures almost as coarse as those of striae, deep. Fig. 114. Scolytopsis puncticollis, outline of female. Note the emarginate costal margin of the elytra. close; surface dull, reticulate-granulate on about basal three-fourths (variable). Declivity gradual, descending only slightly more than in Scolytus. Vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of moderately long, slender scales. Male.— Similar to female in all respects except frons as above in generic description. Distribution.— Veracruz and Cuba to Argentina. MEXICO: Veracruz: Malinga, 12-III-80, Laguncularia racemosa, T. H. Atkinson. GUATEMALA: El Zapote, Ri'o Maria Linda, and Torola, Esquintla; Las Mercedes, Quezaltenango; all by G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA; C^anas, Guanacaste, 13-VII-66, 50 m. No. 27, Malpig- hiaceae vine, S. L. Wood. Host.— Malpighiaceae, probably Bauis- teria cornifolia and Laguncularia racemosa. Biology.— This species attacked a recently cut woody vine (liana) 8 cm in diameter. The transverse, biramous, parental tunnels includ- ed a very large nuptial chamber. Each egg gallery was about 2-3 cm long; the longitudi- nal larval mines were usually straight, but some reversed their direction to end near the parent gallery. The mines scored both bark and wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Blandford series in the British Museum (Natural History), one specimen from Costa Rica, three from Cuba, several from Vera- cruz, and four from Argentina. Four specimens, identified as S. argenti- nensis Eggers, from Argentina, were com- pared to the type series of puncticollis and to a series from Cuba. This material suggests that the degree of elytral granulation has no taxonomic significance in this genus. Al- though additional material from other local- ities should be examined before synonymy is recognized, it is probable that argentinensis Eggers and cubensis Wood are no more than indistinct geographical races of Blandford's species. 2. Scolytopsis laticollis Wood Scolytopsis laticollis Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:14 (Holotvpe, female; 31 km SE Cameron, Oaxaca; Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to punc- ticollis Blandford, but it is distinguished by the much smaller lateral punctures on the pronotum, by the narrowly, deeply impressed declivital interstriae, and, in the female, by 1982 SCOLYTINI 419 the more nearly flattened, much more pub- escent frons, with a more prominent median carina. Female.— Length 2.5-3.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex on upper two-thirds, transversely impressed below, epistomal mar- gin rather abruptly elevated, shining; a nar- row, rather strongly elevated median carina extending from upper level of eyes to epis- tomal elevation; surface coarsely, closely, deeply punctured; vestiture consisting of fine, rather long, moderately abundant, hair- like setae on a subtriangular area from epis- toma to upper end of carina. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather strongly arcuate, converging somewhat on anterior half to the rather broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth and shining, with moderately abvmdant minute points and rather widely spaced, oval punctures of mod- erately large size, punctures spaced on disc by about one to two times their own diame- ter except on median line, in lateral areas punctures distinctly less than twice as large as on disc, surface very obscurely reticulate. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum, slightly narrower than pronotum; sides moderately constricted one- fom"th pronotum length from base, then ar- cuate and converging on posterior half to broadly rounded posterior margin; striae nar- rowly, rather deeply impressed from just be- hind base to just before apex, punctures rather small, distinct; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, with punctures as large, deep, and close as those of striae, middle third of each interstriae not impressed on basal fourth of elytra, gradually impressed with increasing depth posteriorly until equal to striae on posterior fourth; general surface shining, with moderately numerous minute points; apical margin elevated, subserrate. Vestiture consisting of stout, short, interstrial setae, becoming almost hairlike on posterior fourth. Male.— Similar to female except frons modified as in males of related species but with longer setae; setae of elytral declivity more nearly scalelike. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 31 km SE Cameron, 21-VI-67, No. 79, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infested logs and cut limbs of at least three very different host species in a disturbed area in a stone quarry. The biramous, transverse parental galleries and longitudinal larval mines were as in the genus Scolytus; both larval and adult mines scored the wood lightly. One of the host spe- cies resembled Phimeria. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens. All were dead specimens recovered from old, dry bark. Genus SCOLYTUS Geoffroy Scolytus Geoffroy, 1762, Histoire abregee des insects . . . 1:309 (Type-species: Bostrichus scolytus Fabri- cius, by designation under the plenary powers) Ekkoptogaster Herbst, 1793, Natursystem aller bekanten in- und auslandischen Insekten, Kafer 5:124 (Type-species: Bostrichtis scolytus Fabricuis, des- ignated by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:121) Coptogaster Illiger, 1807, Mag. Insekenk. 6:321 (Type- species: Bostrichus scolytus Fabricuis, designated by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:118) Eccoptogaster Gyllenhal, 1813, Insecta Svecica descripta Coleopt. 1(3):346 (An isotypical emendation of Ekkoptogaster Herbst.) Scolytochelus Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft):23 (Type-species: Ips multistriatus Mar- sham, present designation); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:4. Synonymy Buguloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 90:20 (Type-species: Bostrichus rugulosus Miiller, present designation). Neiv synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Scolytopsis Blandford by the normal metepisternum, with the costal margin of the elytra entire, and by the abdomen ascending from the posterior margin of sternum 1. It is distinguished from Cnemonijx Eichhoff by the antennal club that has only one or no su- tures and by the depressed basal area of the elytra next to the scutellum. Description.— Length 1.5-5.2 mm, 2.0-2.4 times as long as wide; color dark red- dish brown to almost black. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, male usually less strongly convex or variously im- pressed, often pubescent, female more strongly convex, rarely with impressed areas, usually less conspicuously pubescent. Eye elongate, sinuate to shallowly emarginate; finely faceted. Antennal scape short; funicle 7-segmented; club rather large, oval to 420 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 obovate, usually minutely pubescent, either devoid of sutures or with suture 1 partly or completely septate and with or without a surface groove. Pronotum large, lateral mar- gins marked by a raised line. Scutellum large, depressed, its apex subacute. Elytra depressed toward scutellum, feebly declivous behind; striate. Anterior coxae rather narrowly sepa- rated. Abdomen ascending from posterior margin of sternum 1 to meet apex of elytra, sternum 2 usually ascending abruptly, often impressed, armed, or both; sexually dimor- phic in most species. Distribution.— Most of the northern hemisphere and South America; more than 100 nominate species are known; 28 species occur in North and Central America. Biology.— The species are phloeophagous in both coniferous and broadleafed trees. All temperate species are monogamous; some of the tropical species are bigamous. Tlie en- trance tunnel of the (usually) biramous gal- lery system is formed by the female. The parental gallery system engraves the wood moderately to deeply; it may be parallel, di- agonal, or transverse to the grain of the wood. The larval mines wander aimlessly away from the parental tunnels in many spe- cies; in others they form a very definite pat- tern, usually engraving the wood rather deeply near their ends. Most species pupate in the cambium area; a few pupate 1-2 cm below the surface of the wood. Those species inhabiting the cooler regions produce one generation each year; evidently those in warmer climates may produce two or more generations annually. Notes.— The larger European elm bark beetle, scolijtus (Fabricius) has been inter- cepted in the United States on numerous oc- casions and has been successfully reared in native elm bolts; however, no successful in- troductions of this species are known. It is in- cluded below to avoid possible confusion with other species in the event that it does become established. Key to the Species of Scolijtiis 1. Suture between abdominal sterna 1 and 2 clearly visible, at least in lateral areas; suture 1 on antennal club strongly angulate, marked by a clearly visible external groove; temperate species, including all species north of Mexico and those from coniferous hosts in Mexico 2 — Suture between abdominal sterna 1 and 2 entirely obsolete; antennal club without external evidence of a suture, a shining Hue indicated in one species; tropical species, never in coniferous hosts 23 2(1). Abdominal sternum 2 oblique to subvertical, never armed; sternum 5 with sub- apical, transverse ridge absent in male, rather v/eakly developed in female; elytral disc conspicuously pubescent in two species; in broadleafed hosts 3 — Abdominal sternum 2 vertical to concave, this or other sterna frequently armed by conspicuous spines; sternum 5 with a strongly elevated, transverse, subapical ridge (except male quadrispinosus); elytral disc always glabrous 6 3(2). Profile of abdominal sternum 2 convex; disc of pronotum with punctures coarse, close; strial and interstrial punctures in rows, equally coarse; elytral setae in rows extending to base, each seta about equal in length to distance be- tween rows; S Canada to N Mexico; Mains, Pyrtis, Prunus; 1.5-2.7 mm 1. rugulosus (Miiller) — Profile of abdominal sternum 2 flat to concave; pronotal punctures on disc smaller; larger species 4 4(3). Strial and interstrial punctures moderately coarse, equal in size; elytral disc with rows of fine, very long, interstrial hair; frons rather coarsely aciculate and moderately pubescent in both sexes; North Dakota and Pennsylvania to Texas and Florida; Celtis; 2.8-4.2 mm 2. muticus Say — Strial punctures larger than those of interstriae; elytral disc glabrous 5 1982 ScoLYTiNi 421 5(4). Frons finely aciculate and glabrous in both sexes; Ohio and Ontario to Maryland; Ma/ws, Pyrus, Ulrnus; 3.1-4.1 mm 3. mali (Bechstein) — Frons rather coarsely, closely punctured, not at all aciculate, pubescent from epistoma to near vertex, vestiture shorter and rather sparse in female, rather abundant and longer in male; Illinois to Texas; Fagus, Celtis; 3.5-4.5 mm 4. fagi Walsh 6(2). Antennal club broad 1.3 times as long as wide; transverse subapical ridge on sternum 5 poorly developed; male sternum 2 deeply concave, 3 armed by three coarse spines, 4 armed by one median spine, segment 5 shorter than 3 or 4, female sterna immodified, unarmed, opaque; striae slightly impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, interstrial punctures very fine; Iowa and Quebec to Texas and Georgia; Carya; 2.9-5.0 mm 5. quadrispinosus Say — Antennal club more slender, at least 1.5 times as long as wide; transverse ridge on sternum 5 more strongly developed; sternum 3 never armed 7 7(6). Transition from sternum 2 to 3 oblique or rounded, 2 always with a well- developed median spine in both sexes 8 — Transition from sternum 2 to 3 abruptly angulate, margin often strongly pro- duced in males, those species with male angle poorly developed lack median spine, females either with spine absent or represented by a small granule if margin not produced as in male 11 8(7). Sternum 2 with base of spine touching its anterior margin; striae and inter- striae equally, narrowly impressed, their punctures subequal in size; British Co- lumbia and Nova Scotia to California and Florida; Uhnus; 1.9-3.1 6. multistriatus (Marsham) — Base of spine remote from anterior margin of sternum 2; interstriae never impressed, punctures smaller tlian those of striae; in coniferous hosts 9 9(8). Spine on sternum 2 at middle of segment, its base remote from posterior mar- gin of segment; abdominal sterna more coarsely punctured; male frons flat- tened from eye to eye, rather coarsely aciculate-punctate (about equal to la- nds); Alaska and Nova Scotia to California and New York; Picea; 2.2-2.8 7. piceae (Swaine) — Base of spine on sternum 2 in contact with posterior margin of segment; abdominal sterna more finely punctured 10 10(9). Frons shallowly, finely aciculate, punctures fine, male feebly convex between eyes; female spine on sternum 2 conical, male spine more slender; British Co- lumbia and Alberta to California and New Mexico; Pseudotsuga; 2.0-2.4 mm ... 8. unispinosus LeConte — Frons deeply, rather coarsely aciculate-punctate, male frons flat between eyes; female spine on sternum 2 laterally compressed, male spine stouter; British Columbia and Montana to Oregon;2 .4-3.0 9. laricis Blackman 11(7). Male and female sternum 2 without any indication of a median spine, tubercle, or carina (some male proeceps with a feeble tubercule or carina) 12 — Male sternum 2 with a median spine, tubercle, or carina (rather weakly developed in some species), female usually with a similar but smaller structure 17 12(11). Frons granular, pubescence rather dense, fine, moderately short; abdominal sterna 3 and 4 shining, each armed by a median tubercle on posterior margin; introduced from Europe but not established; Ulmus; 3.5-5.2 mm 10. scolytus (Fabricius) — Frons aciculate or punctured or both, vestiture sparse; abdominal sterna 3 and 4 unarmed (except dentatus); coniferous hosts 13 422 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 13(12). Angle formed at junction of sterna 1 and 2 usually obtuse, margin never pro- jecting caudad, sternum 2 at least weakly convex; posterior apical margin of elytra sometimes with a small, abrupt emargination in line with interstriae 3; crest of transverse carinate ridge on male sternum 5 sometimes as close or closer to anterior margin than to posterior margin of segment 14a — Posterior margin of sternum 1 acutely projecting, 2 concave; apical margin of elytra entire, either smooth or minutely serrate; male sternum 5 with transverse ridge much closer to apical margin than basal margin of segment 14c 14a(13). Transverse carina on male sternum 5 much more strongly elevated, particu- larly on median third, its crest at median line closer to anterior margin than to posterior margin of segment; posterior margin of elytra distinctly notched at a point in line with interstriae 3; largest setae on median half of abdominal ster- num 1 as coarse and as long as those on metasternum; Wyoming to Durango and Nuevo Leon; Pseudotsuga; 2.2-3.5 mm (see also 11. virgatus Bright) 12. reflexus Blackman — Transverse carina on male sternum 5 more uniformly, less strongly elevated, its crest at median line closer to posterior margin than to anterior margin; elytral margin not emarginate at position of interstriae 3; setae on median half of sternum 1 much shorter and finer than longest setae on metasternum 14b 14b(14a). Striae narrowly, distinctly impressed from base to declivity, punctures larger, closer, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture; color uniformly very dark brown; odd-numbered discal interstriae almost never with setae; declivity more gradual, shorter; British Columbia to N California and E Montana; Tsuga; 2.2-3.5 mm 14. tsugae Swaine — Striae not impressed, occasionally part or all of 1 or 2 weakly impressed, punc- tures smaller, spaced by two to three diameters of a puncture; elytra usually of "conspicuously lighter color; odd-numbered interstriae usually with a few setae; declivity more abrupt, slightly longer; British Columbia and N California to Wyoming and N Utah; Pseudotsuga; 2.2-3.0 mm 13. monticolae Swaine 14c(13). Surface of abdominal sterna brightly shining; projecting margin of male ster- num 1 more than twice as high as thick at median line; male frons above upper level of eyes flat to weakly convex 15 — Surface of abdominal sterna dull, reticulate; height of projecting margin of male sternum 1 about equal to its thickness; male frons above eyes moderately to rather strongly convex 16 15(14c). Punctures on elytra and on abdominal sterna much smaller; male frons less deeply, less closely aciculate; Nuevo Leon to Puebla; Abies religiosa; 3.0-3.7 mm 15. hermosus Wood — Punctures of elytra and abdominal sterna rather coarse; male frons more deep- ly, more closely aciculate; Utah and Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico; Abies concolos; 2.5-3.1 mm 16. robustus Blackman 16(14c). Larger species; median length of sternum 2 equal to 1.2 times combined lengths of 3 and 4; male sternum 2 with surface of concave area small, irregu- lar, its anterior margin very thick; male frons below upper level of eyes weakly convex to transversely impressed; Oregon to California; Pseudotsuga; 2.7-3.3 mm 17. oregoni Blackman — Smaller species; median length of sternum 2 equal to 1.7 times combined lengths of 3 and 4; male sternum 2 with floor of concave area flat, extensive, its anterior margin rather thin, particularly in lateral areas; male frons below upper level of eyes more strongly convex; British Columbia and Idaho to California; Afoies; 2.0-2.7 mm 18. praeceps LeConte 1982 ScoLYTiNi 423 17(11). Very large species; apical margin of elytra shallowly to rather deeply emar- ginate at interstriae 3; posterior margin of male abdominal sternum 1 weakly produced, less than half as high as thick (male aztecus not seen), summit of spine at posterior margin of segment 2; abdominal surfaces brightly shining 18 — Smaller species; apical margin of elytra entire, usually minutely serrate; abdominal surfaces dull, usually reticulate 19 18(17). Apical margin of elytra with a weak to moderate emargination in line with in- terstriae 3; strial and interstrial punctures subequal in size; margin of epistomal process almost straight; elytra almost black; Puebla-Tlaxcala to Mexico; Abies religiosa; 3.6-4.5 mm 19. mundus Wood — Apical margin of elytra rather deeply emarginate at interstriea 3 and 6; strial punctures about twice as large as those of interstriae; margin of epistomal pro- cess strongly recurved; elytra reddish brown; Michoacan; Abies religiosa; 4.5-5.3 mm 20. aztecus Wood 19(17). Summit of spine on male sternum 2 at or anterior to middle of segment, carina descending to posterior margin of segment; female sternum 2 with a weak me- dian carina on posterior half present or absent but never with a tuberculate summit at posterior margin of segment (some females apparently in- distinguishable from some females of praeceps and obelus); Oregon and Mon- tana to California and Colorado; Abies, Picea, Tsuga; 2.0-2.6 mm 21. opacus Blackman — Summit of spine on male sternum 2 at posterior margin of segment 20 20(19). Posterior margin of male sternum 1 weakly produced, about half as high as thick, small pointed tubercle on 2 at posterior margin; British Columbia and Montana to California and New Mexico; Abies, rare in other hosts; 2.5-3.8 mm 22. ventralis LeConte — Posterior margin of male sternum 1 strongly produced, about twice as high as thick ' 21 21(20). Smaller species; male frons largely convex, weakly flattened on median third below upper level of eyes, vestiture sparse; epistomal process weakly devel- oped, its lateral angles not elevated; male spine on posterior margin of sternum 2 conspicuous, sharply pointed; Nevada and Colorado to New Mexico; Abies concolor; 2.0-2.4 mm 23. obelus Wood — Larger species; male frons broadly flattened on at least lower half, flat to rather weakly convex to vertex, vestiture moderately abundant, rather long 22 22(21). Male sternum 4 unarmed; female interstrial punctures with their anterior mar- gins elevated to form a tubercle; British Columbia to California; Abies; 2.9-4.4 mm 24. subscaber LeConte — Male sternum 4 with a median spine on posterior margin, 2 and 3 with a feeble tubercle in comparable position; female interstrial punctures normal, unarmed; California; Abies bracteata; 3.2-3.8 mm 25. dentatus Bright 23(1). Male frons flat or convex, without a conspicuous median elevation; abdominal sternum 2 armed or not, if armed then longitudinal basal width of process greater than its height, except male nodatus, which also bears a spine on sternum 4; monogamous species 24 — Male frons with a conspicuous median elevation slightly below center; abdomi- nal sternum 2 with a conspicuous subconical spine arising from its anterior half, sternum 4 never armed; bigamous species 26 424 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 24(23). Male sternum 1 with posterior margin abruptly, subacutely carinate on median half, 2 unarmed; female transition from sternum 1 to 2 rounded, anterior fourth of 2 with a rounded, ovate elevation about half as high as wide, about twice as long as wide; Costa Rica to Brazil; 3.2-3.9 mm 26. costellatus Chapuis — Male sternum 2 armed by a process higher than wide 25 25(24). Sternum 2 armed by a strongly, laterally compressed process, its basal length arising from anterior two-thirds of segment in both sexes, sternum 4 never armed; frons finely aciculate, subglabrous in male, pubescence moderately abundant in female; Jalisco to Venezuela; 2.0-2.6 mm 27. cristatus Wood — Male sternum 2 armed by a blunt spine arising from less than anterior half of segment, sternum 4 armed by a large, rounded, median nodule, female sterna unarmed; transition from sternum 1 to 2 abruptly angulate in both sexes; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.7-3.7 mm 28. nodatus Wood 26(23). Abdominal sternum 2 coarsely, rather deeply punctured, width of interspaces average about half diameter of a puncture; male sternum 2 oblique, spine con- ical; male frons convex, median elevation feebly developed, its width about one-sixth as wide as space between eyes, vestiture in lateral areas short, more generally distributed; female frons weakly convex, with a sparse row of long hair on lateral and dorsal margins; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.4 mm (see also 33. marginatus Chapuis) 34. torulus Wood — Abdominal sternum 2 finely punctured, width of interspaces two or more times greater than diameter of a puncture; abdominal sternum 2 vertical; median frontal elevation of male conspicuous, wider; female frons with vestiture much more abundant 27 27(26). Male frontal elevation dorsoventrally compressed, area between elevation and epistoma concavely impressed, area above eyes convex; female frons weakly convex, reticulate, aciculate, upper and lateral margins ornamented by a dense brush of very long hair; Vera Cruz and Cuba to Venezuela; 2.1-3.2 mm (see also 31. incognitus Eggers) 30. dimidiatus Chapuis — Male frons not concave between epistoma and frontal elevation; female frons shallowly concave, vestiture abundant, uniformly distributed, sparse above upper level of eyes (see also 32. nevermanni Schedl) 28 28(27). Male frons flattened from epistoma to vertex, its surface obscurely, finely reti- culate, median elevation obtusely conical; male abdominal vestiture abundant, short, stout except for tuft of long hair immediately posterior to spine on ster- num 2; Nayarit and Vera Cniz to Costa Rica; 2.4-3.6 mm 29. propinquus Blandford — Male frons moderately convex, strongly reticulate, low median elevation dorso- ventrally compressed; abdominal sternum 2 with vestiture long, without a tuft of hair posterior to spine; Nayarit; 2.4-2.6 mm 35. laetus Wood 1. Scolytus rugulostlS {MuWer) ^'"'y'"' l^"e>norrhou.s Schmidherger, 1837, in Kollar, I? 11- lie 11- Naturgesch. Schadl. Ins., p. 27 (not seen, cited bv Fi2s. 1 Id, 116, J 1 / * ' f V • . - Schedl 1948:12); Ratzeburg, 1837, Die Forstinsek- Bostrichus mguloms Miiller, 1818, Mag. Ent. 3:247 (Svn- ^^^^ ^ jgy ^ynonymij locaTed) ^"™^''' P'"'''""''''''-' ^'""^^"^^ ""^ Eccoptogaster assimilis Boheman, 1858, Kongliga r, r^ , w,,- ^ ^ Svenska Fregatten Eugenies resa omkring lorden tccoptop/ister punctutus Ratzeburg, 183/, Die Forstin- , .,00/ f ■ j\ c 1 ji mtn w lOT /o . ^ 11 • • ■ zoologie 1:88 (not examined; bcnedl, 19o2, sekten, p. 187 Syntypes, Cermanv; not located; ^ „, '^ ,„ ,„, \, ■. A ■ VA , A\ Ent. Blatt. 58:201. Simonumu cited in synonymy, never validated) •' ^ •' 1982 SCOLYTINI 425 Scolytus m^tihstis fauveli Reitter, 1894, Bestimmungs- Tabelle der Borkenkafer, p. 43 (Syntypes; Kauk- asiis, Armenien, Persien; not located); Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Beiheft):22. Synonijmtj Eccoptogaster mediterraneus Eggers, 1922, Ent. Blatt. 18:121 (Lectotype, male; Adana, Asia Minor; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60418, designated by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:19); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:12. Synonymy Scolytus ntgulosus similis Butovitsch, 1929, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 90:52 (Syntypes; Deutschland, Tsche- choslowakien; not located); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:12. Synonymy Scolytus rugulosus caiicasicus Butovitsch, 1929, Stetti- ner Ent. Zeit. 90:.54 (Syntypes; Dshubga, Kauk- asus; not located); Schedl. 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:12. Synonymy Scolytus rugulosus samarkandicus Butovitsch, 1929, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 90:56 (Syntypes; Samarkand, Turkestan; not located); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:12. Synonymy Scolytus rugidosus sanctaluciae Hoffmann, 1935, Trav. Soc. Sav. Seine et Oise, p. 82 (not seen); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:12. Synonymy Scolytus manglissiensis Lezhava, 1940, Bull. Mus. Georgia Tbilissi 10A:71 (Georgia, USSR; not seen): Sokanovskii, 1954, Byull. Mosk. O.I. P. (Biol.) 59(5): 15. Synonymy Scolytus taxicola Lezhava, 1941, Bull. Mus. Georgia 11A:193 (Georgia, USSR; not seen); Sokanovskii, 1954, Byull. Mosk. O.I. P. (Biol.) 59(5): 15. Synonymy Scolytus rugulosus baluchistani Schedl, 1957, Indian For. Rec. 9:165 (Syntypes; Baluchistan, Quetta, hidia; Dehra Dim Forest Research Institute and Schedl Coll.; syntypes seen) Scolytus rugulosus intennedius Sokanovskii, 1960, Ent. Obozr. 39:674 (Bukhara, Central Asia; not seen) Diagnosis.— This introduced species re- sembles certain Cnemonyx species much more closely than it does native American Scolytus species. It is distinguished from other species of Scolytus by the more nearly declivous elytra that are pubescent to their bases and by the gradually ascending abdomi- nal sternum 2. Male.— Length 1.5-2.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, weakly impressed on lower fourth toward median line; surface subshining, rather finely aciculate; punctures fine, rather obscure; vestiture fine, moder- ately abundant, rather long. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides strongly arcuate, converging anteriorly to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face shining, punctures coarse, close, deep, much larger in anterolateral areas, most in- terspaces narrower than punctures, with a few impressed points. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then arcuately con- verging to broad, shallow, sutural emargina- tion; surface shining; striae and interstriae closely, coarsely, equally, uniseriately punc- tured, striae weakly impressed, interstrial punctures setose. Declivity moderately steep for this genus; posterior margin finely sub- serrate. Vestiture of interstrial rows of erect, stout hair to base of elytra, of moderate length. Female.— Similar to male except frons m.ore strongly convex and frontal vestiture slightly less abundant. Distribution.— Cosmopolitan, wherever the hosts are cultivated. CANADA: All southern provinces where apples grow. USA: All states. MEXICO: Chihuahua. Hosts.— Malus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus sp., and less common in Crataegus spp., Cy- donia sp., Ulmus spp., etc. Biology.— Cut, broken, or unthrifty limbs and branches are usually selected for attack. The female forms the entrance tunnel and the uniramous egg gallery without a nuptial chamber. The male joins her early in the pro- cess of gallery formation and removes frass Fig. 115. Scolytus rugulosus: a, b, adult; c, pupa; d, larva. (After Chittenden 1909:1.) 426 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 that she excavates. Larval mines are irregu- lar; pupation occurs about 1-2 cm below the surface of the wood in the overwintering brood chamber, but may take place in the cambium regjon during the summer months. The larvae pupate during the late winter or early spring and emerge from about mid- April to mid-May. Up to four generations may be produced each year in warmer cli- mates; this may be reduced to less than two in the northern areas. Notes.— Several hundred specimens were examined. No attempt was made to locate or evaluate the types of this introduced species. In Europe and Asia distinct geographical races have been reported as indicated in the above synonymy. 2. Scolytus miiticus Say Fig. 117 Scolytus muticus Say, 1824, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia .3(1):323 (Syntypes; Missouri; lost) Diagnosis.— In this species, mali (Bech- stein,) and fagi Walsh the male sternum 5 is inflated and its posterior margin is poorly de- veloped in both sexes. This species is distin- guished from the other two by the very long, fine hair on the elytra, by the sculpture of the frons, and by the male sternum 5. Male.— Length 2.8-4.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons impressed from eye to eye from epis- toma to vertex, flat to obscurely concave on upper half, lower half irregularly, weakly concave, epistoma shallowly, broadly emargi- nate; surface shining, strigose, punctures fine, mostly obscure. Vestiture of very long, fine hair, rather sparse in central area, abundant on margins. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate from base, a narrow, abrupt con- striction immediately behind anterior mar- gin; surface brightly shining, impressed points obscure, punctures rather small, mod- erately close, deep, distinctly larger in ante- rolateral areas. Vestiture confined to lateral areas, of fine hair. Elytra 1.13 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, arcuately converging very slightly on posterior half, then abruptly roimded to broad, feeble emargination on median third at sutural apex; surface brightly shining; striae and interstriae rather narrow- ly, weakly impressed, striae slightly deeper, punctures of equal size, rather small, moder- ately deep, decreasing in size toward declivi- ty. Declivity gradual, short; subapical margin a smooth costa, apical margin subserrate. Vestiture of very long, fine hair in interstrial rows to base; each hair two to four times as long as distance between rows. Sternum 2 ascending abruptly on its basal two-thirds. Sternum 5 with a pair of rather strongly elevated areas on basal two-thirds, subconcavely, rather strongly impressed on posterior third; inflated area with abundant, fine, long hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons less extensively, less strongly impressed, more nearly convex, vestiture greatly reduced; sternum 5 without elevated or impressed areas, weakly concave on median half, sub- apical costa moderately developed, vestiture sparse, rather short; sterna shining. Distribution.— North Dakota and Penn- sylvania to Texas and Florida. US.^: District of Columbia, Florida, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, West Virginia. Host.— Celtis occidentalis. Biology.— This species attacks limbs and boles of cut and unthrifty material. The bi- ramous parental tunnels are transverse. Notes.— The type is lost, but the species is easily identified from the original descrip- tion. My material was comapred to that of LeConte, Blackman, etc., and is of the same species as reported by them. 3. Scolytus mali (Bechstein) Bostrichiis mali Bechstein, 1805, Vollstandige Naturges- chichte der Schadlichen Forstinsekten 3:882 (Syntypes, presumably Germany; not located) Eccoptogaster pritni Ratzeburg, 1837, Die Forstinsekten, p. 186 (Syntypes; presumably Germany; not lo- cated); Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft):19. Synonymy Eccoptogaster pyri Ratzeburg, 1837, Die Forstinsekten, p. 186 (Syntypes; presumably Germany; not lo- cated); RatzelDurg, 1839, Die Forstinsekten, p. 229. Synonymy Eccoptogaster castaneus Ratzeburg, 1837, die Forstinsek- ten, p. 187 (Syntypes; presumably Germany; not located); Eichhoff, 1880, Die Europaischen Bor- kenkafer, p. 154. Synonymy Scolytus sulcatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:167 (Holotype, female; New York; Mus. Comp. 1982 SCOLYTINI 427 Zool.); Brown, 1950, Canadian Ent. 82:203. Synonymy Scolytus nitidultis Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 59 (Holotype, female; France meridion- ale; presumably Bnissles Mus.); Hagedom, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:85. Synonymy Scolytus mali abberation strigilatus Reitter, 1913, Wie- ner Ent. Zeit. 32(Beihett):19 (No status in nomenclature) Scolytus bicallosus Eggers, 1933, Ent. Nachrbl. 7:75 (Holotype, male; Sagver, Ungarn; U.S. Nat. Mus. 60494); Eggers, 1942, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 9:280. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This introduced European species is distinguished from native American species by the obHque abdominal sternum 2, however sternum 5 is very similar to that of fagi Walsh, suggesting at least a distant rela- tionship. From fagi this species is distin- guished by the aciculate frons, by the more finely punctured pronotum, and by the finer strial punctures. Male.— Length 3.1-4.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons shallowly, subconcavely impressed on median two-thirds from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shining, aciculate on impressed area, punctures fine, deep, rather numerous, evident on upper half and in later- al areas; vestiture of fine hair, short and sparse on upper half, longer and more abun- dant below. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in muticus except slightly narrower than in front; punctures fine to minute. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in muticus; striae feebly impressed, punctures fine; interstriae about four times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures about half as large as those of striae, confused toward base, uniseriate on more than posterior half. Almost glabrous. Sternum 2 subvertical to oblique. Sternum 5 subinflated on its apical half before apex as in fagi, not transversely carinate; vestiture of minute hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather strongly convvex, punctures smaller, less clearly impressed; abdominal sternum 5 almost flat, with subapical carina moderately elevated, acute. Distribution.— Ontario and New York to Ohio and Maryland; most of Europe, N Asia, and N Africa. CANADA: S Ontario. USA: Connecticut, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania. Hosts.— Malus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus sp., Ulmus spp. Biology.— This species attacks unthrifty or cut limbs and boles. The gallery system apparently is as in rugulosus except that a large nuptial chamber is formed at the end of the entrance tunnel, from which one longitu- dinal egg gallery extends. Pupation occurs in the wood as in rugulosus. The winter may be passed as partly grown larvae in the cam- bium or as mature larvae in pupation cells (Pechuman 1938). There is one generation each year in New York. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 38 European specimens, on the holotype of sulcatus, and on 16 other specimens. 4. Sco/t/^u5 /agt Walsh Scolytus fagi Walsh, 1967, Practical Ent. 2:58 (Six syn- types; Southern Illinois; not located) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mali (Bechstein) by the closely punc- tured frons, with no indication of aciculation, by the larger pronotal and strial punctures. Fig. 116. Scolytus rtigulosus, galleries. (After Ratze- burg 1837:Taf. XI.) 428 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 and by the imiseriate interstrial punctures on the basal half of the elytra. Male.— Length 3.5-4.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons almost flat on median two-thirds from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shining, punctures close, of irregular size, many with a margin finely granulate; median Fig. 117. Srolytus spp.: 17, 20, 21, quadrispinosus, male, 22, same, female; 18, 23, muticus, female, 24, same, male; 19, rugulosus. (After Blackman 1922:pl. IV.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 429 line almost impunctate; vestiture of rather abundant, uniformly distributed, moderately long, fine hair, not longer or more abundant at margins. Pronotum as in mali except punctures dis- tinctly larger. Elytra as in mali except strial punctures larger, interstriae two to two and one-half times as wide as striae; interstrial punctures about one-fourth as large as those of striae and uniseriate to base. Sternum 2 vertical on its basal half. Ster- num 5 with its apical fourth subvertical, transversely impressed, and modestly pub- escent, subinflated just anterior to this point, entirely devoid of a subapical carina. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, devoid of granules; sternum 5 coarsely, densely punctured, transverse sub- apical carina rather strongly elevated. Distribution.— Illinois to Texas. USA: Illinois: "Southern Illinois." Texas' "Tex." Hosts.— Fagus grandifolia and Celtis sp. Notes.— The types were not located, al- though several specimens from the type series were examined. The above treatment was based on specimens labeled "Tex." 5. Scolytus quadrispinosus Say Fig. 117 Scolytus quadrispinosus Say. 1824, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3(1):323: (Holotype, male; Missouri; lost) Scolytus carya Riley, 1867, Prairie Farmer 19:68, 2 Feb- ruary (Syntypes; Princeton, Illinois; not located); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:371. Synonymy Scolytus caryae Walsh, 1867, Practical Ent. 2:58, in lat- ter part of February (Four female syntypes; Princeton, Illinois; not located; synonymy) Diagnosis.— The sculpture of the male ab- domen of this species is unique in the genus. The female is distinguished from the female of muticiis Say by the glabrous elytra, by the uniformly short, stout setae on the abdomen, by the coarse strial punctures, and by the ser- rate posterior margin of the elytra. Male.— Length 2.9-5.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons as in muticus except epistomal pro- cess more strongly elevated and marginal pubescence longer and much more abundant. Pronotum about as in mtitictts except pimctures much finer, glabrous. Elytra 1.03 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; about as in fagi Walsh except striae more distinctly impressed, punctures larger, deeper; interstriae one to one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate; declivital area shorter and steeper than in fagi and pos- terior margin much more coarsely serrate. Sternum 2 opaque, strongly concave, its anterior margin strongly produced and with an obtuse median prominence, median line weakly carinate on posterior half. Sternum 3 opaque, armed by three large spines, one on median line, others at lateral margins. Ster- num 4 opaque, armed by a median spine. Sternum 5 shorter than 4, a somewhat poorly defined transverse elevation at its middle, its posterior half pubescent. Female.— Similar to male except frons and abdomen about as in female muticus; abdom- inal sterna opaque. Distribution.— Iowa and Quebec to Texas and Georgia. CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. USA: Alabama, Con- necticut, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, In- diana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyl- vania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Hosts.— Carya spp. Biology.— The limbs and bole are at- tacked. The female forms the entrance tunnel and a uniramous, longitudinal gallery without a nuptial chamber. Mating takes place either with the male on the bark surface and the fe- male just inside, or with both just inside the burrow (Blackman 1922:45). The males rarely enter the tunnels and, when they do enter, remain for only a brief time. Egg gal- leries vary from 2-7 cm in length and contain 20-140 egg niches. Larval mines usually be- gin in the transverse direction then curve to parallel the grain of the wood during the late instars. When mature, the larvae bore into the outer phloem tissues, where they pupate. Newly emerged adults feed in the bark of twigs before seeking a new host. Two gener- ations occur annually. This is said to be the most destructive insect in hickory. Notes.— The types of quadrispinosus are lost; however, this species is easily recog- nized from the original description. My ma- terial was compared to that of LeConte, Blackman, etc., and is of the same species. 430 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 6. Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) Figs. 118, 119 Ips multistriatus Marsham, 1802, Ent. Britannica, p. 54 (Syntypes?; presumably England; not located) Scolytus flavicornis Chevrolat, 1838, in Guerin- Meneville, Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier 7:181 (not seen); Hagedorn, 1910, Gen. Lis. 4:86. Synonymy Scolytus ulmi Redtenbacher, 1849, Fauna Austriaca, die Kafer, p. 361 (Syntypes?; presumably Austria; not located); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synontjmy Scolytus javanus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 56 (Holotype, male; Java; Brussels Mus.); Schedl, 1954, Philippine J. Sci. 83:137. Synonymy Scolytus multistriatus var.? triornatus Eichhoff, 1880, Die Europaischen Borkenkafer, p. 160 (Syntypes; Thiiringen, Germany; not located); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonijmy Eccoptogaster orientalis Eggers, 1910, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr., p. 557 (Lectotype, male, Elisabetpol, Caucasiae rossicae; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60419, desig- nated by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithso- nian Contrib. Zool. 94:23); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonymy Scolytus nodifer Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft); 24 (Holotype, male, Walachia, Romania; Budapest Mus.); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonymy Eccoptogaster abhorrens Wichmann, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32:210 (not seen); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonymy Eccoptogaster affinis Eggers, 1914, Ent. Blatt. 11:108 (Holotype, male; Mazedonien; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60409); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonymy Scolytus multistriatus therondi Hoffinann, 1939, Misc. Ent. 11:36 (not seen); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:61. Synonymy Scolytus papuanus Schedl, 19.36, J. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 18:8 (Syntypes; Kap Koenig Wilhelm, New Guin- ea; Berlin Zool. Mus.); Schedl, 1962, Ent. Blatt. 58:201. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This introduced European species is distinguished from other American representatives of the genus by the large me- dian spine on the anterior half of sternum 2 and by the fine tubercles on the post- erolateral margins of abdominal sterna 2-4. Male.— Length 1.9-3.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, elytra often slightly lighter. Frons feebly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface rather coarsely aciculate, punctures not clearly de- fined. Vestiture of fine, rather long, moder- ately abundant, uniformly distributed hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; out- line as in other species; surface brightly shin- ing, punctures moderately coarse, deep, rather close, interspaces averaging about twice diameter of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in most other species; striae moderately impressed, inter- striae weakly impressed, punctures of striae and interstriae uniseriate, rather small, mod- erately deep, close, interstrial punctures of- ten slightly smaller than those of striae; sur- face smooth. Glabrous except for a few setae on declivity. Declivity gradual, rather short; posterior margin smooth. Fig. 118. Scolytus multistriatus, female: a, protibia; b, antenna; c, male head. (After Kaston 1936:615.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 431 Sternum 2 subvertical, anterior half on me- dian margin armed by a coarse cylindrical, projecting spine; posterolateral margins of 2-4 each bearing a small, pointed tubercle; occasional males also with small median tu- bercle on posterior margin of 3 and 4. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather strongly convex, with vestiture sparse, very short. Distribution.— British Columbia and Nova Scotia to California and Florida. Eu- rope and N Asia. CANADA: Southern Provinces, presumably from Brit- ish Columbia to Nova Scotia. USA: All states. Biology.— This species is the principal American vector of the Dutch elm disease fungus, Ceratocystis iilmi; consequently, it is Fig. 119. Scolytus multistriatus, gallery system. (After Welch, Rankin, and Readio 1945:9.)" the most important insect attacking elms. They overwinter as larvae in the brood tree and emerge as adults in May. Emerging bee- tles construct feeding tunnels in healthy elm twigs, at which time disease spores are in- troduced into the living phloem. They then fly to a new host tree to rear their brood. Cut, unthrifty, or diseased trees are selected for attack where uniramous, longitudinal egg galleries are formed by the females. Larval mines radiate from the parental mine along a more or less definite course. Pupation occurs in the bark. From one and one-half (Canada) to three generations (southern U.S.) may oc- cur annually. Notes.— No attempt was made to locate the types of this introduced species. More than 1,000 specimens from Europe and America were examined. 7. Scolytus piceae (Swaine) Fig. 120 Eccoptogaster piceae Swaine, 1910, Canadian Ent. 42:32 (Lectotype, male; "Ste. Ann's" or Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec; Cornell Univ. Coll., desig- nated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:674) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all other American species by the posi- tion of the spine on abdominal sternum 2. Male.— Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, pronotum often almost black. Frons flat to weakly convex to vertex, as- cending slightly toward epistomal process; surface shining, moderately aciculate, moder- ately abundant, fine granules uniformly dis- tributed; vestiture of rather abundant, long hair. Pronotum as in multistriatus (Marsham) ex- cept punctures more widely spaced, varying in size within a series from rather fine to moderately coarse. Elytral outline about as in multistriatus; striae usually feebly impressed, punctures rather small, moderately impressed; inter- striae smooth, shining, about three times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, usually smaller than those of striae (strial and inter- strial punctures vary within and between series from minute to moderately coarse); posterior margin subserrate. Sternum 2, subvertical, its basal margin meeting 1 at an obtuse angle; armed on 432 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 middle third by a coarse, rather long, conical, median spine, its base remote from both ante- rior and posterior margins of segment; sur- face subreticulate, somewhat dull, punctures variable between series, very fine to rather coarse; vestiture of minute, sparse, fine hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather strongly convex, vestiture much less abundant, shorter; spine on sternum 2 dis- tinctly smaller (variable). Distribution.— Alaska and Nova Scotia to California and New York. ALASKA: Several localities. CANADA; Alberta, Brit- ish Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec. USA: California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Mas- sachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, South Dakota, Washing- ton, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Hosts.— Picea spp., rare or accidental in other conifers. Biology.— Longitudinal, biramous paren- tal galleries are constructed in shaded-out branches of living trees. Larval mines radiate 16 15 from the parental mine along a directed course. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 81 other specimens. Fossil fragments of this species were recov- ered from prehistoric lake deposits at East Grand Forks, Minnesota, estimated age 10,000 years; at Scarborough, Ontario, esti- mated age 70,000 years; and from several other dates and localities between these areas. 8. Scolytus unispinosus LeConte Fig. 121 Scolytus unispinosus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:372 (Lectotype, male; Oregon; Mus. Comp. Zool. 965, present designation) Scolytus sobrinus Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:23 (Holotype, male; Kent, Wash- ington; U.S. Nat. Mus.,' 4.3840); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:.30. Synonymy Scolytus fiskei Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:25 (Holotype, male; Capitan Mts., New Mexico; U.S. Nat.' Mus., 43840); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:388. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from piceae (Swaine) by the posterior basal margin of the spine on abdominal sternum 2 attaining the posterior margin of the seg- ment, the spine also being slightly, longitudi- nally compressed in the male; by the reti- culate area on and near the po.sterior margin of the elytra; and by the weakly convex male frons, with the aciculation evidently finer. Male.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide, color very dark brown, elytra usually slightly lighter. Frons feebly concave, rather finely acicu- late, granules not evident, surface shining; vestiture of rather short, fine, uniformly dis- tributed hair. Fig. 120. Scolytus piceae, male: 15, dorsal aspect; 16, antennal club; 17, caudal aspect; 18, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:40.) Fig. 121. Scolytus unispinosus, male: 25, caudal as- pect; 26, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:42.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 433 Pronotum as in piceae except punctures much finer. Elytra as in piceae except punctures on de- clivital area much finer; surface on posterior half of declivital area reticulate (smooth in piceae). Sternum 2 with anterior margin rounded, not angulate as in piceae, spine laterally com- pressed, its base extending from posterior margin to middle of segment; surface dull, reticulate; punctures on all sterna very fine. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather strongly convex, surface feebly acicu- late, puncttu'es fine, clearly impressed; spine on sternum 2 greatly reduced (variable), con- ical, its summit near posterior margin. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to California and New Mexico. CANADA: SW Alberta, British Columbia. USA: Ari- zona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. Host.— Pseudotsuga menziesii, rare or ac- cidental in other conifers. Biology.— This species attacks the un- thrifty tops and limbs of living trees and slash where longitudinal uniramous or biramous parental galleries are formed. Larval mines radiate from the egg gallery along a directed course. Pupation occurs in the phloem. Chamberlin (1958:48) reports two gener- ations annually in Oregon, with flight periods in May and July. One generation apparently is the rule in cooler areas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of sobrinus and fiskei, on the syntypes of iinispinosus, and on 164 other specimens. The species iinispinosus was based on two syntypes, only one of which is now in the LeConte Collection. This syntype, labeled "type," is here designated as the lec- totype of Iinispinosus LeConte. Blackman described sobrinus and fiskei on minor differences in sculpture, which I re- gard as individual variation. Although there is a slight geographical association with the variation in size and shape of the spine on sternum 1 and, apparently, in the vmiramous or biramous parental galleries, both features are variable within a given area. At the pres- ent time there is insufficient evidence to war- rant the recognition of subspecies. 9. Scolytus laricis Blackman Fig. 122 Scolytus laricis Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:24 (Holotvpe, male; Moscow, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43839) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from unispinosus LeConte by the more strongly flattened male frons, by the more coarsely aciculate frons in both sexes, and by the larger spine on the male sternum 2; this spine is also laterally compressed in the female. Male.— Length 2.4-3.0 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, elytra slightly lighter. Frons as in unispinosus except transversely flat at upper level of eyes, feebly concave be- low, surface coarsely aciculate, vestiture more abundant. Pronotum and elytra as in unispinosus ex- cept declivital area near posterior margin smooth, without any indication of reti- culation. Sternum 2 as in uriispinosus except spine much stouter. Female.— Similar to male except sexes differing as in unispinosus; .spine on sternum 2 at least slightly laterally compressed. Distribution.— British Columbia and Oregon to Montana. CANADA: Briti.sh Columbia. USA: N Idaho, W Mon- tana, Oregon, Washington. Hosts.— Larix occidentalis and L. hjallii. Biology.— Apparently as in unispinosus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 54 other specimens. 10. Scolytus scolytus (Fabricius) Bostrichus scolytus Fabricius, 1775, Systenia Entomo- logiae, p. 59 (types not located) Scolytus punctatus Miiller, 1776, Zoologiae Danicae, 57 (types not located); Goeze, 1777, Ent. Beytr. 1:143. Synonymy 21 " 22 Fig. 122. Scolytus kiricis, male: 21, caudal as- pect: 22, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:41.) 434 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Dermestes scolythtis Sulzer, 1776, Gesch. Ins. 1:21 (not located); Fabricius, 1792, Ent. Syst. 1(2):366. Synonymy Dermestes scolytus geoffroi Goeze, 1777, Ent. Beytr. 1:143 (not located); China, 1962, Bull. Zool. Noinencl. 19:6. Status and synonymy Scolytus niger Geoffrey, 1785, in Fourcroy, Ent. Paris., p. 139 (not located); China, 1962, Bull. Zool. Noinencl. 19:6. Synonymy Scolytus destructor Ohvier, 1795, Entomologie 4(78): 1 (Syntypes; Europe; not located); Gyllenhal, 1813, Insecta Svecica Descripta 1(3):347. Synonymy Scolytus californicus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc. 2:166 (Holotype, male; California; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:5. Synonymy Scolytus destructor var. sulcifrons Key, 1892, L'Exchange, p. 20 (a variant form, apparently with no status in nomenclature); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy Scolytus destructor var. ciliatus Rey, 1892, L'Exchange, p. .30 (a variant form, apparently with no status in nomenclature); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy Scolytus eichhoffi Reitter, 1894, Verh. naturf. Ver. Briinn 33:40 (Holotype, male; Talyschgebirge, am Kaspischen Meere; Budapest Mus.); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy Eccoptogaster leonii Eggers, 1908, Nat. Siciliano 20:194 (Lectotype, male; Cerchio, Aquilensi, Italy; U.S. Nat. Mus., 70152, designated by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:17); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy Eccoptogaster triarmatus Eggers, 1912, Ent. Blatt. 8:205 (Holotype, female; origin uncertain, possibly France; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60587); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy Scolytus fuchsi Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. .32(Bei- heft):15 (Two male syntypes; Russisch- armenisches Gebirge, am Alagoes; Budapest Mus.); Schedl, 1948, Zlb. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:45. Synonymy This European species has been introduced on numerous occasions into the United States, but it is not known to be estabHshed here. It is distinguished from estabHshed and native American species by the large size, by the granular frons, and by the armature of abdominal sterna 3 and 4 as indicated in the above key. In Europe it is the most serious vector of Dutch elm disease; consequently, its estab- lishment in America would be of immediate concern. II. Scolytus virgattis Bright Scolytus virgatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1490 (Holotype, male; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mex- ico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from reflexus Blackman by characters of the venter of the abdomen as indicated below. Male.— Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color almost black. As in female reflexus except frons less strongly convex (more strongly convex than in male reflexus, but less strongly aciculate), vestiture as in male reflexus; venter resem- bling female reflexus except posterior margin of segment 1 more angulate, projecting slightly as in female ventralis LeConte, pos- terior margin of 2 at median line with a feeble, elevated, subtuberculate crest, resem- bling poorly developed equivalent of struc- ture seen in ventralis; transverse, elevated ca- rina on sternum 5 as in female reflexus. Female.— Apparently identical to female reflexus except lower frons more evenly con- vex, epistomal process less conspicuously elevated. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 2-V-71, 2800 m, Pseudotsuga menziesii, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 12. Scolytus reflexus Blackman Fig. 123 Scohjtus reflexus Blackman, 1934, Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:13 (Holotype, male; Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43831) Scolytus wickhami Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:13 (Holotype, male; Buena Vista, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43832); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:.388. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from monticolae Swaine by the larger aver- age size, by the marginal notch in line with the apex of elytral interstriae 3, by the much more strongly elevated transverse carina of the male abdominal sternum 5, with its me- dian crest closer to the basal margin than to the apical margin of the segment, and by the longer, coarser hair on abdominal sternum 5. Male.— Length 2.2-3.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Essentially as in monticolae except as in- dicated above. Elytral surface sculpture vari- able, mostly intermediate between mon- ticolae and tsugae. Female.— Similar to male except sexes differing as in tsugae; abdominal sternum 5 with transverse carina as in tsugae. 1982 SCOLYTINI 435 Distribution.— Wyoming to Durango and Nuevo Leon. USA: Arizona: Kaibab N.F., Santa Catalina Mts. Colo- rado: Boulder, Buena Vista, Estes Park, Evergreen. New Mexico: Jeniez Springs. Wyoming: Saratoga, Clarks Fork Road in Shoshone N.F. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito. Durango: Durango. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi. Host.— Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— Longitudinal parental tunnels may occur in shaded-out branches of living trees, but there is a great tendency for this species to occur in slash, tops, and the bole of small trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of reflexus and wickhami and on 108 other specimens. There appears to be a north-south cline in the intensity of elevation of the male abdominal sternum 5 and in the degree to which it is reflexed cephalad. Some series in the southern half of the range also have longer setae on all ab- dominal sterna, but this character is inconsist- ent and apparently without pattern. Host.— Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— Shaded-out branches on living trees are preferred for attack, although they do breed in tops, seedlings, and occasionally in slash. The parental galleries are longitudinal. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two specimens from Midday Valley that were compared to the lectotype and on 72 other specimens. The exact southern limits of distribution for this species are unknown, ap- parently because it breeds largely in shaded- out branches of living trees and is overlooked by collectors. 14. Scolytus tsugae (Swaine) Fig. 1.35 Eccoptogaster tsugae Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):.32 (Lectotype, female; Glacier, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9239, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:674) 13. Scolytus monticolae Swaine Figs. 124, 135 Scolytus monticolue Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):.32 (Lectotype, female; Arrowhead, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9240, designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:674) Diagnosis.— As indicated in the above key, this species is distinguished from tsugae Swaine by the unimpressed striae, by the more widely spaced strial punctures, by pres- ence of setae on some odd-numbered inter- striae (easily abraded), by the lighter color of the elytra, by the host, and by the longitudi- nal egg gallery. Male.— Length 2.2-3.0 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra distinctly lighter. Essentially as in tsugae except as noted above. Female.— Similar to male except sexes differing as in tsugae. Distribution.— British Columbia to N California and N Utah. CANADA: British Columbia: Arrowhead, Merritt in Midday Valley, Trinity Valley. USA: California: Angwin, Callistoga. Idaho: Elk River in Clearwater Co., Fernan Lake in Kootenai Co., Franklin Basin in Franklin Co., Malta, St. Maries. Oregon: Paulina. Utah: Logan Can- yon, Provo Canyon. Washington: Cliffdell. Wyoming: Cody. 12 Fig. 123. Scolytus reflexus, male: 11, dorsal aspect; 12, antennal club; 13, caudal aspect; 14, profile of pos- terior area. (After Edson 1967:39.) 436 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the modestly convex, unarmed abdominal sternum 2, by the emargination on the apical margin of the elytra that is in line with inter- striae 3, by the crest of the transverse carina on abdominal sternum 5 being as close to the anterior margin as to the posterior margin of the segment, by the host, and by other char- acters in the above key. Male.— Length 2.2-3.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, rather weakly convex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface mod- erately aciculate, punctures deep, moderately coarse, rather sparse, uniformly distributed; epistomal process rather strongly elevated on median half; vestiture of coarse, moderately long, uniformly distributed hair. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in piceae (Swaine) except punc- tures much smaller. Glabrous except near an- terior margin. 40 39 ^ '^■', Fig. 124. Scohjtus monticoUie, male: 39, dorsal aspect; 40, antennal club; 41, caudal aspect; 42, profile of poste- rior area. (After Edson 1967:46.) Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in piceae ex- cept posterior margin with a distinct emargi- nation in line with interstriae 3; striae nar- rowly, distinctly, moderately impressed, punctures rather coarse, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture, deep; inter- striae about three times as wide as striae, dis- tinctly convex, smooth, shining, punctures fine, shallow, uniseriate. Declivital area with punctures larger and deeper than on disc, confused. Vestiture confined to declivity, of a few stout, interstrial hairs. Sternum 2 subvertical on basal three- fourths, rather weakly convex; surface smooth, shining to opaque, punctures rather coarse, close; vestiture minute. Sternum 5 with transverse carina arcuate, commencing at anterolateral angles, attaining a point slightly behind middle of segment at median line; area posterior to carina rather closely pubescent. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex, its vestiture much fin- er; sternum 2 more evenly convex; carina on sternum 5 much closer to posterior margin than to anterior margin of segment. Distribution.— British Columbia and E Montana to N California. CANADA: British Columbia. USA: California: Vista Trail, Yosemite. Idaho: Big Sand Creek and Priest River Expt. For. in Latah Co., Deception Creek in Kootenai (]o. Montana: E Montana. Oregon: Crater Lake, Reed- port. Washington: Seattle. Hosts.— Tsuga sp. Biology.— Shaded-out limbs, slash, and tops of trees are selected for attack. The transverse parental gallery is either mono- or biramous. Larval mines follow a directed course away from the parental system. Pupa- tion occurs in the bark. Apparently only one generation each year occurs in most areas, al- though this may not be true in warmer areas along the Pacific Coast. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of tsugae and on 81 other specimens. The shining abdominal sterna found universally in specimens from the southeastern parts of the range is gradually replaced by opacity in those of the north- west, commencing with segment 5 and ex- tending cephalad, reaching its greatest in- tensity in northwestern California. Because 1982 SCOLYTINI 437 the opaque surface feature could be mechani- cally peeled from some specimens, its signifi- cance is not clear. More information on this species is needed before this problem can be settled. 15. Scolytus hermosus Wood Fig. 128 Scolytus hermosus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:12 (Holotype, male; 18 km N Tlaxco (Tlaxcala), Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Scolytus sylvaticus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1489 (Holotype, male; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. •35:22. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is di.stinguished from rohustus Blackman by the larger size, by the more finely punctured pronotum and elytra, by the brightly shining, very finely, densely pvmctured abdominal sterna, and by the somewhat less strongly elevated anterior margin of abdominal sternum 2. Male.— Length 3.0-3.7 mm, 2.1 times as long as v^ide; color black with dark reddish brown elytra. Frons broadly, weakly convex to vertex, with slight transverse impressions just above eyes and just above epistoma; surface shining, rather coarsely punctate-aciculate; vestiture consisting of rather sparse, uniformly dis- tributed, long, dark hair. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide; suture 1 distinct. Pronotum as in rohushis except punctures distinctly smaller. Elytra essentially as in rohustus except strial and interstrial punctures distinctly smaller; interstrial punctures minute, dis- tinctly smaller than those of striae; posterior margin finely serrate on median third. Abdominal sternum 2 with anterior margin about two-thirds as high as in rohustus, gen- eral contours otherwise similar to that spe- cies; surface of sterna 2 to 5 brightly shining, very finely, closely, deeply punctured; each puncture bearing a fine, semirecumbent, short hair about two to three times as long as diameter of a puncture. Female.— Similar to male except frons much more strongly convex; anterior margin of abdominal sternum 2 weakly elevated, ele- vation about as high as thick. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon to Puebla. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 3-V-71, 3300 m, Pseudotsuga menziesii. D. E. Bright. Puebla: 18 km N Tlaxco (2 km N state boundary line), 9-VII-67, 2900 m. No. 182, Abies religiosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ahies religiosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— Specimens were taken from transverse, biramous parental tunnels in slash larger than 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens of her- rnosus and the type series of three specimens of sylvaticus. 16. Scolytus rohustus Blackman Figs. 125, 135 Scolytus rohustus Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:19(Holotype, male; Prescott, Ari- zona; U.S. Nat. Mas., 438.35) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hermosus Wood by the smaller size, by the slightly more coarsely punctured pro- notum and elytra, by the obscurely reticulate abdominal .sterna, and by the more strongly 47 Fig. 125. Scolytus rohustus, male: 47, dorsal aspect; 48, antennal club; 49, caudal aspect; 50, profile of poste- rior area, (.\fter Edson 1967:48.) 438 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 projecting posterior margin of male sternum 1. Male.— Length 2.5-3.1 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, elytra often reddish brown. Frons broadly, feebly convex, deeply, rather coarsely aciculate, punctures obscure; surface shining; epistomal process rather strongly elevated, broadly emarginate; vesti- ture of fine, rather long, moderately abun- dant hair. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; as in tsugae (Swaine). Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in piceae (Swaine) except lateral and posterior margins serrate; striae not impressed, punc- tures fine; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, smooth, punctures fine, unise- riate. Declivital area longitudinally strigose; posterior margin rugose-reticulate, finely serrate. Sternum 1 with posterior margin pro- jecting caudad, projection twice as high as thick; 2 vertical, flat, obscurely reticulate, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, mod- erately close, vestiture minute; 3-5 of similar surface sculpture. Female.— Similar to male except frons much more strongly convex, finely aciculate, small punctures clearly impressed, vestiture less abundant, shorter; sternum 1 weakly projecting, 2 weakly convex. Distribution.— Utah and Colorado to Ari- zona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah. Host.— Abies concolvr. Biology.— This species breeds in limbs, tops, and slash. The biramous galleries are most commonly oblique, but may vary from almost transverse to almost longitudinal. The larval mines tend to be longitudinal. Pupa- tion occurs in the cambium area. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 65 other specimens. 17. Scolytus oregoni Blackman Figs. 126, 135 Scolytus oregoni Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:18 (Holotype, male; Ashland, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43834) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from robustus Blackman by the reticulate. much more coarsely punctured abdominal sterna, and, in the male, by the much thicker, less strongly projecting posterior margin of sternum 1. Male.— Length 2.7-3.3 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in robustus except punctures of pronotum and elytra fin- er; setae on declivital area of elytra much finer. Sternum 1 with thick posterior margin projecting caudad less than its thickness; 2 vertical on slightly more than anterior half, this area irregularly impressed, usually more strongly impressed on anteromedian portion; sterna 2-5 reticulate, dull, much more finely punctured than in robustus. Vestiture minute. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather strongly convex, less strongly acicu- late, vestiture finer, shorter; sternum 1 pro- jecting only slightly, 2 weakly convex. Distribution.— Washington(?) to Cali- fornia. USA: California: Angwin, Fenner Canyon. Oregon: Ashland, Woods. Washington: Seattle. Hosts.— Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, P. menziesii. Biology.— This species breeds in limbs, tops, and slash. The longitudinal parental tunnels are biramous. Apparently its flight period is in August and, consequently, it has been largely overlooked by those studying forest insects. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 21 other specimens. I have seen one specimen labeled Seattle, Washington, but this record should be con- firmed by additional collections before it is accepted. Fig. 126. Scolytus oregoni, male: 45, caudal aspect; 46, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:47.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 439 18. Scolytus praeceps LeConte Figs. 127, 136 Scolytus praeceps LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:373 (Lectotype, female; Calaveras, Cali- fornia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 967, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from oregoni Blackman by the smaller size, by the thinner projecting posterior margin of the male abdominal sternum 1, by the more extensively flattened, vertical, male sternum 2, which often has a weak, subcarinate sum- mit at its posteromedian margin, and by the rather stout, almost scalelike, minute setae as on the other abdominal sterna. Male.— Length 2.0-2.7 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually slightly lighter. Frons as in oregoni except very slightly more strongly convex. Pronotum more coarsely punctured than in oregoni, about as in robustus Blackman. Elytra as in oregoni. Sternum 1 as in robustus except usually aris- ing more abruptly from 2 and projecting less strongly. Sternum 2 flat, as in robustus, but often with a feeble median crest at posterior margin, surface reticulate, dull, punctures fine; vestiture on all sterna of minute, stout, almost scalelike setae. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; posterior margin of sternum 1 poorly developed, projecting very slightly. Distribution.— British Columbia and Idaho to California. CANADA: British Columbia. USA; California, N Idaho, Oregon, Washington. Host.— Abies concolor; records from other conifers may be accidental. Biology.— Apparently as in obelus except that the biramous parental galleries tend to be transverse. Notes.— The LeConte collection contains six specimens under this name, the first four of which are of this species. The first two are females, and the third and fourth specimens are males; one male has no carina whatever on sternum 2, and the other has a weak ca- rina. The first female is labeled as the type, but has never been so designated; I designate that female as the lectotype of praeceps Le- Conte. More than 80 specimens were examined. 19. Scolytus mundus Wood Fig. 129 Scolytus mundus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:13 (Holotype, male; 18 km N Tla.xco (Tlaxcala), Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ventralis LeConte by the larger size, by the more finely punctured elytra, with the surface of the posterior margin smooth and the margin more nearly sinuate, by the sub- emarginate notch on the posterior margin of the elytra, which is in line with striae 3, by the more coarsely punctured abdominal ster- na, and by the larger spine on sternum 2. Male.— Length 3.6-4.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons moderately convex with a shallow, rather broad, median impression just above epistoma; surface longitudinally, rather coarsely punctate-aciculate, with a slight me- dian, longitudinal carina on middle third; vestiture of moderately abundant, uniformly distributed, fine, long hair. 72 7! Fig. 127. Scolytus praeceps. male with maximum de- velopment of spine: 71, dorsal aspect; 72, antennal club; 73, caudal aspect; 74, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:54.) 440 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum essentially as in ventralis. Elytra about as in ventralis except punc- tures smaller, deep; strial and interstrial punctures about equal in size; posterior mar- gin almost smooth, with a weak to moderate notch in line with interstriae 3. Abdominal sternum 2 abruptly declivous (about a 90 degree angle) but margin not projecting posteriorly; posteromedian margin of 2 armed by a rather large, sharply pointed spine, its apex at suture, its anterior slope de- scending gradually to about middle of seg- ment much as in obelus Wood; all sterna shining, rather finely, closely, deeply punc- tured; each puncture bearing a fine, long hair, each hair about equal in length to length of sternum 3. Female.— Similar to male except frons much more strongly convex, impression obso- lete, but with a small median impression on vertex, surface much less strongly aciculate; abdominal sternum 2 more nearly convex, not as steeply declivous, spine rudimentary (not entirely obsolete in any female at hand); abdominal vestiture abraded. Distribution.— Puebla to Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Cerro Tlaloc, 24-IV-8(), T. H. At- kinson. Puebla: 18 km N Tlaxco (2 km N state boundary line), 9-VII-67, 2900 m, No. 182, Abies rcUi^iasa, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from transverse, biramous parental tunnels in slash larger than 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— Tlie above treatment was based on the type series of 34 specimens. 20. Scolytus aztecus Wood Scolytus aztecus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:120 (Holotype, female; 43 km or 27 miles E Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mundiis Wood by the very large size and by other characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 4.5-5.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra reddish brown. Frons convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma, a slight median impression at vertex; surface shining, punctures small, rather close, substrigose above; epistoma with a distinctly elevated, dorsally arched ridge above epistomal brush, its lateral ex- tremities blending into a marginal callus; ves- titure short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides very weakly arcuate, not converging until anterior third, rather strongly constricted at sides just before anterior margin, anterior margin broadly, very feebly emarginate; surface smooth, shin- ing, punctures fine, deep on disc, about twice as large in lateral areas; vestiture confined to lateral areas. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two thirds, then converging very slightly to rather abnipt posterolateral angles; median half of posterior outline (of apical margin) occupied by two pairs of 9. S. hermosus cf 10. S. mundus cf Fig. 128-129. Scolytus spp., males: 128, hermosus; 129, mundus. (After Wood 1968:12.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 441 broad serrations, each serration half as long as wide; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep, regular; interstriae about three to four times as wide as striae, almost flat, shining, punctures moderately large, deep, uniseriate except confused on 2; declivity de- scending slightly; glabrous, except more coar- sely punctured, the feeble, carinate elevation at posterior margin of sternum 2 present on all four specimens. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 43 km (27 miles) E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 2600 m. No. 52, Abies religiosa, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from transverse biranious parental galleries in the bole of a standing tree 60 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 21. Scolytus opacus Blackman Figs. 130, 135, 136 Scohjtus opacus Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:20(Holotvpe, male; Ouray, Colo- rado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43836) Scolytus abictis Blackman, 1934, U.S. Dept. .\gric. Tech. Bull. 431:21 (Holotvpe, male; Sandpoint, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43837); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:388. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other species in the genus by the me- dian, male spine on sternum 2 that increases in height from the posterior margin to a point slightly anterior to the middle of the segment, where it terminates abruptly, and by the more strongly produced posterior margin of the female sternum 1. Male.— Length 2.0-2.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra slightly lighter. Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in praeceps LeConte. Sternum 2 similar to praeceps except ante- rior margin more evenly arcuate, spine con- siderably larger, its crest beginning at post- eromedian margin, rising to a summit about two-thirds of segment length from posterior margin, its shape geographically variable; surface dull, reticulate, apparently more sparsely punctured than in praeceps. Other sterna as in praeceps. Female.— As in female praeceps except posterior margin of sternum 1 more strongly produced, projection at least as high as thick (less than half as high as thick in praeceps). Distribution.— Oregon and Montana to California and Colorado. USA: N .Arizona, N California, Colorado, Idaho, Mon- tana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. Hosts.— Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Tsuga sp. Biology.— This species apparently prefers small branches and tops of weakened, bro- ken, or cut material. The biramous parental galleries vary from oblique to transver.se. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of opacus and abietis and on 69 other specimens. Specimens from the Pa- cific Coast states and northern Idaho have a slightly smaller spine on the male sternum 2, the summit more narrowly rounded and the crest acute, and the vertex of the head more strongly convex. In some male specimens from the southern Rocky Mountain area the spine on sternum 2 may have the crest flat- tened or sulcate, as well as the opposite ex- tremes of the other characters mentioned above. However, these features appear to in- tergrade over a broad area to such an extent that I cannot justify the continued recogni- tion of two names for this taxon. 22. Scolytus ventralis LeConte Figs. 131, 136 Scolytus ventralis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:167 (Lectotype, male, Washington Territory; Mus. Comp. Zool., 970, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all preceding species by the presence of a small, definite, carinate, median tubercle at the posterior margin of male sternum 2 (this elevation is more poorly developed in the fe- male) and by the vertical sternum 2, with the posterior margin of sternum 1 projecting only feebly in the male, not projecting in the female. Fig. 130. Scolytus opacus, male: 57, caudal aspect; 58, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:50.) 442 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 2.5-3.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually lighter. Frons broadly convex, slight transverse im- pressions at vertex and just above epistoma; epistomal process distinctly elevated; surface shining, rather coarsely aciculate, as in ore- goni Blackman; vestiture uniformly dis- tributed, of rather short, fine hair. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; as in allied species, punctures slightly larger than in oregoni, separated by about two to four times diameter of a puncture. Glabrous ex- cept at margins. Elytra as in oregoni. Sternum 1 with posterior margin pro- jecting less than half its thickness, 2 vertical, feebly convex, median area at posterior mar- gin slightly elevated, weakly tuberculate, sur- face dull, obscurely reticulate in some areas, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep, spaced by about two to four diameters of a puncture. Vestiture of very minute, fine hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex, more finely pubescent; sternum 1 with posterior margin much less strongly projecting, sternum 2 more feebly elevated at median line on posterior margin and usually without a tubercle. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to California and New Mexico. C.\NADA: British Columbia. USA: Arizona, Califor- nia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. Hosts.— Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica, probably accidental in other conifers. Biology.— This species infests the bole, tops, and slash larger than 10 cm in diameter. Under certain circumstances it evidently is capable of killing healthy trees. The parental tunnels are biramous and transverse; the lar- val mines are longitudinal. One generation occurs annually. Details of the life history are reported by Ashraf and Berryman (1969). Notes.— This species was based on two syntypes, only one of which, a male, remains in the LeConte collection. This male is here designated as the lectotype of ventralis Le- Conte. The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 134 other specimens. The abdominal sterna of specimens from the Pacific Coast are more finely, less deeply impressed than those from inland areas; how- ever, the difference does not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to warrant taxonomic distinction. 23. Scolytiis obelus Wood Figs. 132, 136 Scolytus obelus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:81 (Holotype, male; Payson Canyon, Utah; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from praeceps LeConte by the much more finely aciculate frons and by the more strong- ly concave male sternum 5, which is sub- shining and armed by a conspicuous median denticle at its posterior margin. Male.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually lighter. Frons as in praeceps except much more finely aciculate. Pronotum and elytra as in praeceps. Sternum 1 with posterior margin more strongly produced than in praeceps, 2 more strongly concave, subshining, punctures dis- tinctly larger, carinate on posterior fourth of median line, carina ending at margin of seg- ment in a moderate to very strong denticle (variable). Vestiture minute, hairlike. Fig. 131. Scolytus ventralis, male: 65, caudal aspect; 66, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:52.) Fig. 132. Scolytus obelus, male: 77, caudal aspect; 78, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:55.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 443 Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly convex; sternum 1 with poste- rior margin projecting slightly more than in female praeceps; sternum 2 weakly carinate on median line at posterior margin. Distribution.— Nevada and Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico. USA: N Arizona, Colorado, W Nevada (Baker), New Mexico, Utah. Host.— Abies concolor. Biology.— Specimens were taken from di- agonal, biramous parental galleries in limbs, tops, and slash 5-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens and on 26 other specimens. 24. Scolytus subscaber LeConte Figs. 133, 136 Scolytus subscaber LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:373 (Lectotype, female; Vancouver, Brit- ish Columbia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 968, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from praeceps LeConte by the much larger size, the flattened male frons, the very finely punctured pronotum, and the much more strongly concave male sternum 2. Male.— Length 2.9-4.4 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra lighter. Frons flat to feebly impressed from epis- toma to vertex, rather finely aciculate; vesti- ture fine, long, moderately abundant. Pronotum as in praeceps except much more finely punctured. Elytra as in praeceps except rather ob- scm-ely reticulate to base. Sternum 2 about as in obelus Wood except surface subreticulate, punctures minute, ca- rina and tubercle at posterior margin rather poorly developed. Female.— Similar to male except frons strongly convex; anterior margin of each in- terstrial puncture finely crenulate; sternum 2 as in female ventralis LeConte. Distribution.— British Columbia to California. CANADA: British Columbia. USA: California, N Idaho, Oregon, Washington. Hosts.— Abies concolor, A. grandis, A. magnifica. Biology.— This species breeds in the shaded-out limbs and tops of overmature trees. It is virtually unknown in slash. The distinctive parental galleries form a some- what rounded E-shape. Larval mines radiate in all directions and do not score the wood until almost mature. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the first two female syntypes in the Le- Conte Collection; the third syntype is of ven- tralis LeConte. I here designate the first syn- type as the lectotype of subscaber. Thirty- one other specimens were also examined. 25. Scolytus dentatus Bright Figs. 134, 135 Scolytus dentatus Bright, 1964, Fan-Pacific Ent. 40:167 (Holotype, male; Cone Peak, Monterey Co., Cali- fornia; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from subscaber LeConte by the more strong- ly convex male frons, by the presence of a median spine on male sternum 4, and by the normal, unarmed female interstrial punctures. Male.— Length 3.2-3.8 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black, elytra dark reddish brown. Frons as in subscaber except feebly convex on lower half, more strongly convex above, vestiture slightly coarser, longer. Fig. 133. Scolytus subscaber, male: 69, caudal aspect; 70, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:53.) Fig. 134. Scolytus dentatus, male: 53, caudal aspect; 54, profile of posterior area. (After Edson 1967:49.) 444 Great Basin Natupalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum and elytra similar to subscaber except pronotal punctures averaging slightly larger; elytra with discal surface smooth, pos- terior margin more strongly serrate. Sterna as in subscaber except more coarsely punctured; sternum 4 armed by a coarse, median spine, sterna 2 and 3 with a small, median, subtuberculate elevation at posterior margin. Female.— Similar to male except frons strongly convex; sterna about as in subscaber except more coarsely punctured, and posteri- or margin of 1 projecting slightly. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Cone Peak, Monterey Co., 29-VI-63, Abies bracteata, C.J. Wray. Biology.— Specimens were taken from longitudinal, biramous galleries in the limbs and bole of a dying tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on more than 40 paratypes. 26. Scolytus costellatus Chapuis Scohftus costellatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolv- tides, p. 58 (Holotype, female; Nova-Fribourg, Brazil; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by characters presented in the above key and by the unique frontal, elytral, and abdominal characters. Male.— Length 3.2-3.9 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons flat from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, epistoma rather deeply emarginate; surface shining, rather finely aciculate over entire surface; vestiture fine, moderately abundant, rather long. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; basal margin conspicuously bisinuate; sides widest slightly behind middle, moderately arcuate on basal two-thirds, then rather strongly con- verging to broadly rounded anterior margin; surface brightly shining, with numerous 95 S. obelus Fig. 135. Scolytus spp., gallery systems: 85, tsugae; 86, monticolae-, 87, oregoni; 88, rohustus; 89, dentatus; 90, opacits. (After Edson 1967:57.) Fig. 136. Scolytus spp., gallery systems: 91, opacus; 92, ventralis; 93, subscaber; 94, praeceps; 95, obelus. (Af- ter Edson 1967:58.) 1982 SCOLYTINI 445 minute points, punctures fine on disc, becom- ing rather coarse laterally; surface longitudi- nally etched in lateral areas. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 0.88 times as long as wide, 0.94 times as long as pronotum; scutellum absent; striae and interstriae strongly, narrowly, equally impressed, interspaces as wide as grooves, smooth and shining, strial and inter- strial punctures fine, distinctly impressed; ap- proximately alternate interstrial punctures each bearing a rather stout, short, dark hair; posterior margin smooth. Junction of sterna 1 and 2 with an abruptly elevated, strongly arcuate costa on median two-thirds extending from anterior margin at median line to middle of segment at its later- al extremities; surface of 2 smooth, shining, punctures coarse, rather close, their interiors reticulate and often with a small granule at their centers; other sterna more finely punc- tured. Vestiture of erect, stout, rather short hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex above, vestiture less abun- dant; elytral punctures evidently slightly larger; junction between sterna 1 and 2 rounded, costa absent, anterior third of ster- num 2 with a low, rounded median elevation half as high as wide, its summit punctured. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Brazil. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-VII-66. 100 m, No. 107, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Tiirrialba, Cartago, 9- III-64, 700 111, No. 468, woody vine, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil. Venezuela. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 84 other specimens. 27. Scolytus cristatus Wood Fig. 1.37 Scolytus cristatus Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 12 (Holotype, male; Lower Rio Tempisque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American species by the convex, finely aciculate frons in both sexes, with a median subcarinate ridge, and by the low ca- rina arising from the anterior two-thirds of sternum 2. Male.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex, somewhat flattened below; surface convergently strigose, grooves usually wider than ridges, median ridge higher, sub- carinate, extending from epistomal margin al- most to upper level of eyes; vestiture fine, long, rather abundant, imiformly distributed. Pronotum very slightly wider than long; widest on basal third, sides moderately ar- cuate and converging slightly to constriction just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; surface smooth, shining, with some very min- ute points and rather widely separated, mod- erately small, deep, oval punctures, punc- tures larger in lateral areas and in front; glabrous. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; striae and interstriae strongly, equally impressed, punctures mod- erately large, shallow, ridges between rows of punctures smooth, shining, convex, almost as wide as grooves; declivity descending slightly; a few scattered, slender scales on de- clivity. Venter with sternum 2 ascending abmptly, not sharply, armed by a median, laterally compressed, rather high elevation extending from near anterior margin of seg- ment two-thirds of its length, highest point on elevation near its posterior limits; sternum 2 very coarsely, shallowly punctured, surface within each puncture reticulate, interspaces subreticulate; sternum 3 with one row of punctures, 4 and 5 not clearly ptmctured, dull. Female.— Similar to male except frons subglabrous; carinate armature of sternum 2 not as high, occupying middle third of length of segment. Fig. 137. Scolytus cristatus, male: posterolateral as- pect of abdomen. (After Wood 1969:13.) 446 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Jalisco to Venezuela. MEXICO: Colima, Jalisco. COSTA RICA: Canas and Rio Tempisque in Guanacaste. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela. Host.— Woody vine. Biology.— This species was taken from transverse, biramous parental tunnels in re- cently cut woody vines (lianas). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 31 specimens and on 47 other specimens. 28. Scolytus nodatus Wood Fig. 138 Scohjtus nodatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 12 (Holotype, male; Santa Ana, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American members of the genus by the armature of the male abdomen as de- scribed below. Male.— Length 3.1-3.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, anterior mar- gin of thorax and bases and apices of elytra may be reddish brown. Frons weakly convex; surface coarsely, somewhat convergently strigose toward shallowly, broadly emarginate epistomal margin; punctures not evident; vestiture con- sisting of fine, rather long, moderately abun- dant hair. Eye emarginate; very finely granu- late. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide; sutures not evident, very finely, closely pubescent. Pronotum equal in length and width; widest at base, sides moderately arcuate and converging to distinct constriction just be- hind broadly rounded anterior margin; sur- face smooth, brightly shining, punctures rather small, deep, oval, larger in lateral and anterior areas; glabrous on disc, sparse hair at sides and in front. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, converging slightly behind to broadly rounded posterolateral angles, al- most straight on median half; posterior mar- gin smooth, striae and interstriae moderately impressed, punctures small, rather deep, those of striae very slightly larger; elytra de- scending very slightly near posterior margin; vestiture confined to scutellar impression. Sternum 2 ascending sharply, margin not Fig. 1.38. Scolytus nodatus: male, left and below; female, right. (After Wood 1969:12. 1982 SCOLYTINI 447 produced, armed by a laterally compressed, median spine, its base extending from ante- rior margin to middle of segment, longitudi- nal length of base and height of spine about equal; sternum 4 armed by a large, rounded tubercle, 2 and 3 each armed at lateral mar- gins by a pair of small teeth; surface finely, obscurely punctured, dull except anterior half of 2 shining; pubescence sparse, hairlike. Female.— Similar to male except frons more nearly flat; all abdominal sterna unarmed. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, 8-XI-63, 1300 m. No. 254, tree limb, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. .328, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The Panama series made longi- tudinal, biramous parental galleries in a large, spiny vine. The Costa Rica specimens apparently were estivating in shallow tunnels in the outer phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens. 29. Scolyttis propinquus Blandford Scolytus propinquus Blandford, 1896, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 121 (Syntypes; Mexico, Guatemala, and Cuba; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Scolytus peniciUus Schedl, 1973, Papeis .\vt^i1osos Zool. 26:165 (Holotype, male; Veracruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:210. Sifnonymi/ Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dimidiatus Chapuis by the very differ- ent frons and abdominal sterna in both sexes as described below. Male.— Length 2.4-3.6 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons almost flat from epistoma to well above eyes, a slight, transverse impression above epistoma; a stout, moderately large, conical, median elevation slightly below middle; surface obscurely reticulate, punc- tures fine, not close, longitudinally elongate; vestiture confined to lateral margins, con- sisting of a dense row of long hair from near base of mandible to slightly above upper lev- el of eyes, setae reduced in size and number on vertex. Pronotum and elytra about as in dimidiatus. Sterna as in dimidiatus except anterior margin of 2 very weakly produced; vestiture of very abundant, short, stout (somewhat scalelike) setae; a conspicuous tuft of long hair immediately posterior to spine on 2 as in dimidiatus. Posterior face of metatibia with a con- spicuous brush of very long hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma al- most to upper level of eyes, obscurely reti- culate, with dense, deep, rather fine punc- tures, vestiture uniformly distributed throughout impressed area, of very long, fine hair; sterna with longer, finer setae, 2 unarmed, subvertical, its anterior margin not projecting, tuft of hair absent. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO; Chihuahua: Rio Urique, 1-1-80, L. Kirk- endall. Nayarit: 8 km N Rosamorada, 15-VII-65, 100 m. No. 251, tree limb, No. 249, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 5 km W Jaltipan, 25-VI-67, No. 99, tree limbs, S. L. Wood; 24 km W Veracruz, .30-VI-53, tree limbs, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Cafias, Guanacaste, l,3-VII-56, 50 m. No. 1.36, leguminous tree, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Inga paterno, etc. Biology.— This species is bigamous; two females are normally associated with each male. Transverse, biramous parental galleries are cut in limbs and boles larger than 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's three syntypes and on 105 other specimens. 30. Scolytus dimidiatus Chapuis Fig. 1.39 Scolytus dimidiatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 57 (Syntypes; Toxpam, Cuba; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from torulus Wood as described below. Male.— Length 2.1-3.2 mm, 1.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons almost flat above upper level of ocu- lar emargination, this area minutely reti- culate, with a few rather widely spaced, fine punctures; lower third strongly, transversely impressed, subconcave on its median third; a rather strongly developed, transverse eleva- tion on median fifth immediately above im- pressed area; transverse axis of elevation 448 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 about twice as great as its longitudinal axis; vestiture confined to lateral margins, con- sisting of a dense row of very long, dark hair from near base of mandible to upper level of eye. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; out- line as in allied species; punctures fine on disc, becoming moderately coarse in lateral areas. Elytra 0.99 times as long as wide, 1.0 times as long as pronotum; outline as in costellatus Chapuis; striae feebly impressed, punctures rather small, spaced by more than diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, three times as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Vestiture of a few long, stout setae on declivity. Sternum 2 with basal two-thirds vertical, flat, anterior margin subangulate, not pro- jecting, armed on anterior third by a coarse, median, subconical spine; surface sub- reticulate, dull, punctures rather fine, moder- ately deep; surface of sterna 3-5 similar; ves- titure of rather short, stout, moderately sparse setae; sternum 2 with a conspicuous tuft of long hair immediately posterior to spine. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly concave from epistoma to vertex, reticulate, median half with coarse, longitudi- nal striations, margins on upper half bearing a dense row of very long hair, tips of some attaining mandibles; sternum 2 weakly con- vex, spine slightly smaller, tuft of hair absent. Distribution.— Veracruz and Cuba to Venezuela. MEXICO; Veracruz: 5 km W Jaltipan, 25-VI-67, 50 m. No. 99; tree limbs, S. L. Wood; 24 km W Veracruz, 30-VI-5.3. tree limbs, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: San Ig- nacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII-63, 1500 m. No. 29, fence post, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, 4-X-63, 1300 m. No. 320, tree bole, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela (in Lonchocarptis margaritensis). Biology.— This species is normally bi- gamous, with two females associated with each male. It attacks the limbs and boles of recently cut or unthrifty trees, apparently in- cluding a rather broad spectrum of host spe- cies. The biramous parental galleries are transverse. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Chapuis syntypes and on 283 other specimens. 31. Scolytus incognitus Eggers Scolytiis incognitus Eggers, 1951, Ent. Blatt. 45-46:154 (Holotype, female; "Mexico"; deposited in but not now in Eggers Collection, presumably on loan to Schedl) Diagnosis.— This species differs from nev- ermanni Schedl only by the sculpture and or- namentation of the frons and, in all probabili- ty, is the female of that species. It is B Fig. 139. Scolytus dimidiatus, head and abdomen: A, B, male; C, D, female. 1982 SCOLYTINI 449 distinguished from dimidiatus Chapuis in de- tails of sculpture as noted below. Female.— Length 1.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; callow cotype yellowish brown. Frons about as in dimidiatus except upper areas very obscurely subaciculate, a distinct median callus in position of nevermanni ele- vation; lateral areas adjacent to dorsomedian margin of eye abruptly, more strongly im- pressed; vestiture confined to margins, hair on lateral margins below eye longer and slightly more abundant than in dimidiatus, hair above eyes much shorter and less abun- dant than in dimidiatus, with tips of longest setae reaching slightly below middle of frons. Pronotum, elytra, and abdominal sterna as in nevermanni. Distribution.— "Mexico." MEXICO: "Mexico, ded. 30-VI-1897, C. H5ge." Notes.— The above treatment was based on a male in the Schedl collection bearing five labels: (1) Scolytus incognitus n. sp. $ type, Eggers 1925; (2) $ ; (3) the locality re- cord quoted above; (4) cotype; (5) ? . The last label was added by Schedl. The first label suggests that this specimen is the holotype al- though label four places doubt on such a con- clusion. This species is not represented in the Eggers collection, although the type and only cotype were deposited there. Schedl (1979:123) lists both type and cotype as being in his collection. 32. Scolytus nevermanni Schedl Scolytus nevermanni Schedl, 1935, Stylops 4:272 (Lecto- type, male; Hamburgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Ebene Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from proximus Chapuis by the larger size, by the more coarsely sculptured frons, by the slightly smaller pronotal and elytral punc- tures, and by the much more slender elytral scales. Male.— Length about 3.4 mm, about 2.0 times as long as wide (slightly crushed); color very dark brown. Frons as in proximus except punctures slightly larger, upper half more strongly sub- aciculate; median elevation positioned as in proximus but higher, slightly wider, its dorsal face subconcave; vestiture finer, slightly less abimdant. Pronotum as in proximus except punctures averaging slightly smaller. Elytra as in proximus except strial and in- terstrial punctures on basal two-thirds much finer; interstrial scales similar but more slen- der and evidently slightly longer (mostly abraded). Abdominal sterna evidently as in proximus (partly obscured by debris). Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, 3-XII-24, Sapiurn, F. Nevermann; Bananito, Limon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the specimen referred to by Schedl as the female; actually, it is a male. The specimen is here designated as the lectotype of this species. 33. Scolytus marginatus Chapuis Scolytus marginatus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolv- tides, p. 56 (Holotype, female; Yucatan; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from torulus Wood by the more strongly con- vex frons, with the surface smooth except for weak reticulation near the elevation, by the larger frontal elevation, and by the obscure to absent impressed points on the pronotum. Female.— Size and proportions as in to- rulus; elytral punctures apparently average smaller; distinguished from torulus as in- dicated in the above diagnosis. Distribution.— Yucatan. MEXICO: Yucatan, Deyr. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 34. Scolytus torulus Wood Scolytus torulus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:25 (Holotype, male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dimidiatus Chapuis by the smaller aver- age size, by the subvertical, somewhat con- vex abdominal sternum 2, by the absence of a tuft of hair on sternum 2 immediately poste- rior to the spine, by the very different male frons, and by other characters described below. Male.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, elytra slightly lighter. 450 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons rather weakly convex above, a dis- tinct, moderately deep, transverse impression just above epistoma, deepest in median area, a distinct but weak, rounded, median eleva- tion immediately above impressed area; sur- face strongly reticulate above, more shining and obscurely aciculate in impressed area, punctures fine, rather deep, sparse in median area, more numerous laterally; vestiture of fine hair on margins and impressed area, a few of them rather long. Pronotum as in dimidiatus except punc- tures in lateral areas considerably larger. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; surface about as in dimidiatus but much more finely pimctured, a few to many longitudinal lines or striations sometimes present. Sparse setae shorter and much stouter than in dimidiatus. Sternum 2 subvertical, moderately convex, spine similar to dimidiatus but smaller; sur- face dull, very coarsely, deeply, closely punc- tured; sterna 3-5 similar but more finely punctured; vestiture of very fine, short hair, without a specialized tuft posterior to spine on 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons without impression or elevation, not strigose, vestiture similar to but finer and about one- third as abundant as in dimidiatus female; spine on sternum 2 about half as large as in male. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 111, No. 72, leguminous tree, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 35. Scolytus laetus Wood Scolytus laetus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:25 (Holotype, male; 48 km or 30 miles N Rosamo- rada, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from torulus Wood by the flattened sternum 2, which is much more finely, sparsely punc- tured, with longer, more abundant hair, and by characters of the frons described below. Male.— Length 2.4-2.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in torulus except elevation wider, area above elevation more distinctly, more broadly impressed, vestiture on lateral mar- gins more abundant, much longer. Pronotum and elytra as in torulus. Sternum 2 vertical, almost flat, surface dull, punctures small, not clearly evident, spines as in torulus, vestiture much longer, some setae as long as spine. Female.— Similar to male except frons as in torulus but with vestiture slightly more abundant and longer, particularly in lower areas; sternum 2 unarmed, spine absent, ves- titure finer, more abundant. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 48 km N Rosamorada, 15-VII-65, 100 m. No. 257, Inga paterno, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were mixed with a series of propinquus Blandford and, presum- ably, have similar habits. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. Tribe CTENOPHORINI Ctenophoridae Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 49 (Type-genus; Scolytodes Ferrari, 1867 = Ctenophorus Chapuis, 1869) Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:298 (Type-genus: Gymnochilus Eichhoff, 1867 =Problechihis Eichhoff, 1878) Hexacolidae Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:306 (Type-genus; Hexacolus Eichhoff, 1868 = Scolytodes Ferrari, 1867) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally sexually dimorphic, with the male im- pressed and the female flat to convex in Pyc- narthrum and Gymnochilus; sexual differences are not readily apparent in Micro- borus; the male is convex and the female var- iously sculptured' and ornamented in Scoly- todes. In addition, the posterior face of the head is truncate, the eye is entire to sinuate, the antennal funicle is 6-7-segmented, the club is usually marked by sutures, the pro- notum is armed or not, its lateral margins are costate, the procoxae are rather widely sepa- rated, the protibiae have one or more non- socketed denticles on the lateral margin, with the apical one extending beyond the level of the tarsal insertion, and the pleural suture is essentially as in the Scolytini. Biological features.— All species are monogamous except for a few Scolytodes, and all except one {Scolytodes multistriatus Wood is xylophagous) are phloeophagous. The parental tunnels vary in Scolytodes from a simple cave to an irregular or elongate cav- ity; in Pycnarthrum and Gymnochilus they are biramous, and in Microborus an in- definite, nondirectional tunnel is excavated after entry is made into the host through the tunnel of another insect. The eggs may be scattered loosely or placed in crude niches in Scolytodes; in Pycnarthrum and Gymnochilus definite egg niches are formed. The larvae usually feed communally and extend the pa- rental galleries in Scolytodes; in Pycnarthrum and Gymnochilus they are individual and fol- low a somewhat definite direction, but com- monly cross one another. Symbiotic relation- ships with fungi are not known. Taxonomy.— This tribe is restricted to the American tropics, except that Microborus boops Blandford was introduced into tropical Africa. Microborus and Scolytodes are closely allied to one another; Pycnarthrum and Gym- nochilus are remotely related to those and to one another. Pycnarthrum could just as easily be placed in the Hylesininae as in its present position. This tribe marks a transition from Scolytini to the more highly evolved tribes in this subfamily. Genus MICROBORUS Blandford Microborus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 175 (Type-species: Microborus boops Blandford, monobasic) Pseudocrypturgus Eggers, 1919, Ent. Blatt. 15:236 (Type-species: Pseudocrypturgus camerunus Egg- ers = Microborus boops Blandford, monobasic); Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:101. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Pycnarthrum Eichhoff by the very large, approximate eyes, by the unsegmented, subglobular antennal club, by the more slen- der body form, and by the hairlike vestiture. Description.— Length 1.1-1.5 mm, 2.7-2.9 times as long as wide; color dark red- dish brown; vestiture hairlike, bristles or oc- casional scales on declivity. Frons convex; eyes narrowly separated above and below, shallowly emarginate, very coarsely faceted. Antennal club subglobular, feebly flattened, unmarked by sutures; fu- nicle 6-segmented; scape short. Pronotum elongate, unarmed, acutely margined later- ally by elevated line. Scutellum small, flush with elytral surface. Elytral striae con- spicuous; declivity rather steep, convex, armed on interstriae 2 in some species. 451 452 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Sexually dimorphic characters usually limited not construct their own entrance tunnel but to elytral declivity. utilize that of another species. The tunnels Distribution.— Guatemala to Surinam; are somewhat nondirectional for both larvae one introduced species in tropical Africa; and adults. Evidently several generations eight species are known, and four of them oc- may be completed in one piece of bark; the cur in Central America. converging brood tunnels become new egg Biology.— Species of this genus live in un- galleries. The tunnels penetrate all parts of usually moist habitats, where they infest logs the phloem, but in thick-barked trees they and limbs previously infested by other bee- are most abundant at the fracture point be- tles. The species are monogamous; they do tween inner and outer bark. Key to the Species of Microborus 1. Pronotal surface smooth, shining, with no suggestion of reticulation, punctures coarse, pronotum less than 1.26 times as long as wide; elytral vestiture more abundant, extending to base on both striae and interstriae, little if any longer on declivity 2 — Pronotum slightly to entirely reticulate, punctures fine to moderately coarse, pronotum more slender, at least 1.27 times as long as wide; elytral vestiture largely absent from disc, strial setae rarely present, interstrial setae conspicuously longer on declivity 3 2(1). Elytral declivity without an acutely elevated carina from junction of interstriae 7 and 9 to sutural apex; frons smooth, shining; pronotum more slender, 1.26 -times as long as wide; Puerto Rico; 1.3-1.6 mm lautus Wood — Elytral declivity with an acutely elevated carina from junction of interstriae 7 and 9 to sutural apex; frons uniformly, strongly reticulate; pronotum stouter, 1.1 times as long as wide; Morelia; Btirsera; 1.0-1.1 mm 1. mexicanus Wood 3(1). Pimctures on at least discal interstriae 3 and 4 minute, almost obsolete, very widely spaced; vestiture absent except sparse and minute on declivity; tubercles on male declivital interstriae 2 small, not larger than in female 4 — Punctures on discal interstriae closer, more regular; elytral vestiture more abundant, longer; one or more tubercles on male declivital interstriae 2 conspicuously wider than on female 5 4(3). Discal striae not impressed, punctures small; pronotal punctures fine, rather sparse; declivital interstrial granules minute, scarcely visible; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.5 2. limatus Wood — Discal striae distinctly impressed, punctures rather coarse; pronotal punctures rather coarse, close; declivital interstrial granules larger, clearly visible; Veracruz to Tabasco; 1.3-1.4 mm 3. ambitus Wood 5(3). Eyes broadly separated above by twice width of an eye; tubercles on male de- clivital interstriae 2 only slightly enlarged; setae on all declivital interstriae uniseriate, none longer than distance between rows; crest of subapical declivi- tal carina of almost uniform height, only feebly serrate; Venezuela; Clusia; 1.4-1.5 mm lectus Wood — Eyes narrowly separated above by half width of an eye; one to four tubercles on male declivital interstriae 2 enlarged; setae (except on a few females) on at least declivital interstriae 2 abundant, confused, most much longer than dis- tance between rows; crest of subapical declivital carina more strongly serrate 6 1982 6(5). Ctenophorini 453 Discal striae more strongly impressed, as wide or wider than interstriae; setae on declivital interstriae as long as distance between rows, those on 3 usually uniseriate; crest of subapical declivital carina strongly serrate; Guatemala to Panama, etc.; Rheedia, lianas, etc.; 1.2-1.4 mm 4. hoops Blandford Declivital striae feebly impressed, narrower than interstriae; setae on declivital interstriae up to two or more times longer than distance between rows, those on 3 abundant and confused; crest of subapical declivital carina only moderately serrate; Venezuela to Surinam; Clusia; 1.3-1.4 mm imitans Eggers 1. Microborus mexicanus Wood Microborus mexicanus Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:123 (Holotype, male; Las Piedras, Moyotepec, Morelia, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lautus Wood by the darker color, by the stouter body and pronotum, by the differ- ent declivity, and by other characters de- scribed below. Male.— Length 1.0-1.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, reticulate; eyes separated above by 2.5 times width of an eye. Antenna typical of genus, with fimicle stouter than normal. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, spaced by less than diameter of a puncture. Short hairlike setae arise from punctures, each about as long as diameter of a puncture. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in lautus except striae more distinctly im- pressed; declivity steeper than but similar to lautus except on declivity interstriae 7 and 9 more acutely carinate, acute carina contin- uing from their junction to apex; strial setae continue to base, only very slightly shorter than those of interstriae; interstrial setae ex- tend to base, close, uniseriate on disc, each three-fourths as long as distance between rows, slightly longer on declivity, slightly confused on 2 and 3. Female.— Similar to male except setae on declivital interstriae 2 and 3 less obviously confused. Distribution.— Morelia. MEXICO: Morelia: Las Piedras, Moyotepec, 17-VII- 80, 1060 111, No. S-077, Bursera, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 2. Microborus limatus Wood Microborus limotus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 13 (Holotype, male; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Bnis, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; body color dark brown, elytra medium brown. Frons narrow and feebly convex between eyes, protruding very slightly just above an- tennal bases; surface smooth and polished, with a few scattered, minute punctures; al- most glabrous. Eyes very large, almost touch- ing below; anterior margin very broadly emarginate; very coarsely faceted. Antennal scape short, about twice as long as pedicel; funicle 6-segmented; club subglobular, su- tures obscurely marked by rows of setae. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, rather broadly rounded in front; an- terior angles not narrowed; surface shining, weakly reticulate, punctures rather small, shallow, separated from one another by one to two diameters of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, narrowly (subangulately) rounded be- hind; striae 1 moderately, 2 weakly im- pressed, narrow, punctures small, separated by distances equal to their own diameters; in- terstriae distinctly wider than striae, smooth, brightly shining, each with a sparse row of minute punctures. Declivity rather steep, not precipitous; striae and interstriae about as on disc, except interstrial punctures very finely granulate; interstriae 7 and 9 acutely ele- vated from declivital base to point of fusion, acute elevation continuing to apex. Vestiture short, sparse, almost entirely 454 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 restricted to declivity; each hairlike seta about equal to half width of an interstriae, and separated from one another by about one and one-half to two times length of a setae. Female.— Similar to male except more finely sculptured; declivital granules scarcely visible. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m, No. 87, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken in series with a species of Gnatholeptus from thick bark of recently cut limbs 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 13. Microborus ambitus Wood Microborus ambitus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 13 (Holotype, female; 25 km E Coatzocoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color of head and pronotum very dark brown, posterior areas and legs reddish brown. Head, pronotum, and elytral disc as in li- matus Wood except as noted in the key. Pro- notal punctures slightly deeper. Elytral de- clivity convex, steep; striae slightly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, very slightly convex, each bearing a uniseriate row of fine granules; interstriae 7 very acutely, strongly elevated, joining 9 and continuing but declin- ing in height slightly along costal margin to sutural apex, 9 narrowly, not strongly ele- vated from level of hind coxae to junction with 7. Vestiture confined to declivity, con- sisting of interstrial rows of fine, short, almost hairlike bristles. Male.— Both sexes probably represented in series at hand but sexual differences not apparent. Distribution.— Veracruz and Tabasco. MEXICO: Veracruz: 25 km E Coatzocoalcos, 26-VI- 67, 30 m. No. 110. Tabasco: 22 km W Cardenas, 26-VI- 67, 30 m. No. 106, all by S. L. Wood. Biology.— Both series were taken from the same host species in cut limbs and boles 10-20 cm in diameter. It was taken in series with a species of Pityophthorus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 4. Microborus boops Blandford Microborus boops Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 175 (Holotype, female; Tamahu, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Pseudocnjpturgus carnerunus Eggers, 1919, Ent. Blatt. 15:236 (Sex ?: Kamerun; Schreiner Coll., de- stroyed with Hamburg Mus.). New synonymy Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Head, pronotum, and elytral disc as in li- matus except as noted in key. Elytral declivi- ty steep, convex; striae slightly impressed, punctures deep, rather coarse; interstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex, shining, most minute punctures finely granulate; interstriae 7 and 9 acutely elevated, converging posteri- orly and continuing to apex, about as high as thick. Vestiture consisting of moderately abundant long hair on declivity, each seta about equal in length to twice width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except striae more strongly impressed on disc, interstriae on disc more coarsely sculptured; declivital interstriae more convex, 2 usually slightly elevated and frequently armed by one to six small teeth, granules on other interstriae slightly larger than in female; lateral costa on declivity slightly higher, often scalloped or subserrate; vestiture coarser. Declivity, par- ticularly interstriae 2, variable within and be tween series, left and right sides of same specimen may differ strikingly. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama, Ja- maica, and Africa. GUATEMALA: Tamahu, Alta Verapaz, G. C. Champion. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, 29-V-49, and Olan- chito, 19-V-49, both at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 469, woody vine; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 434, Rheedia edulis, both by me. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 16-IV-67, H. Hespenheide. 1982 Ctenophorini 455 Hosts.— Rheedia edulis and a woody vine (liana). Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— More than 60 specimens of this species were examined, inckiding the female holotype from Guatemala, 7 specimens from Africa (including a male cotype of Pseiido- crypturgus carneninus), 2 from Jamaica, 2 from Honduras, and 56 from Costa Rica. The females are relatively constant in anatomical features, but the males present a surprising degree of variation. In two males from Rio Damitas, declivital interstriae 2 is armed by two pairs of pointed denticles; the declivital setae are almost as coarse and only slightly longer than on males from Africa and Honduras. Of the 12 males from Turrialba, Cartago Prov., the declivital interstriae 2 is unarmed by denticles on 7 specimens, but on the 5 remaining specimens there are from one to five denticles on each side (the total number on both sides varying from one to seven). In addition, declivital in- terstriae 1 to 7 bear rounded granules in all specimens; these granules vary from minute in some specimens to moderately large, rounded nodules in others. The transition is gradual within the series and is not related to the presence or absence of teeth on inter- striae 2. The vestiture is rather coarse and is about equal in length to twice the distance between rows of bristles. Some specimens clearly are the same as the African and Hon- duras specimens, others are like the Rio Damitas specimens. Because the entire Tur- rialba series came from the same small piece of host material, it is clear that only one spe- cies is represented. In view of this, it appears that carneninus (Eggers), from Africa and Honduras, represents only one variation of a widely distributed, variable species. Genus PYCNARTHRUM Eichhoff Pi/cnarthnnn Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:41, 104 (Type-species: Pycnarth- rum gracile Eichhoff =P. hispidum Ferrari, sub- sequent designation bv Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128) Nemobius Chapuis, 1869 (nee. Serville, 1839), Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 41 (Type-species: Nemobius lambottei Chapuis =P. hispidum Ferrari, sub- sequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128). Preoccupied Monebius Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:125 (Replacement name) Nomebius Njivas, 1915, Bol. Soc. Aragonesa Cienc. Nat. 14:34 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished by the large, very coarsely faceted eyes, by the 6-segmented funicle, by the asymmetrical, flattened antennal club, with two or three suboblique sutures, by the dense, short vesti- ture, and by other characters summarized in the above key. Description.— Length 1.3-2.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color pale yellow to black. Frons dimorphic, flattened to convex in fe- male, flattened to concave in male; eye elon- gate, approximate below, separated above by a distance as great or greater than width of eye, rather coarsely faceted. Antennal scape long; fimicle 6-segmented; club flattened, asymmetrical, sutures 1 and 2 clearly marked by setae, 1 partly septate. Pronotum quad- rate, unarmed, punctured; lateral margins acutely elevated. Scutellum small, oval; elytra striate, declivity rather steep, flattened or convex; unarmed; vestiture short, rather abundant. Tibiae characteristic of tribe. Distribution.— S Florida and Mexico to Brazil. More than a dozen names have been proposed in the genus, but there is a great deal of synonymy; seven species occur in North and Central America. Biology.— These monogamous species construct biramous parental galleries in the cambium region of the host tree, where they deposit eggs individually in .specially pre- pared niches as in other bark beetle groups. The larval mines wander at random. Popu- lations frequently are so dense that gallery patterns are completely obliterated. Key to the Species of Pycnarthrum Interstriae completely devoid of all traces of median rows of bristles; bristles or long hair also absent on head, thorax, or other parts of body; interstrial 456 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 punctures confused, uniformly minute; male frons flattened; Honduras; 1.6 mm 1. inornatum Wood — Interstriae each with a median row of closely set, longer, stouter setae in addi- tion to ground cover; longer setae also present on anterior or lateral areas of thorax and other areas; a median row of interstrial punctures usually evident in addition to fine, confused punctures 2 2(1). Interstrial ground cover scalelike or subplumose on both disc and declivity; erect bristles on anterior half of disc stout, usually less than four times as long as wide, each shorter in length than width of an interstriae 3 — Interstrial ground cover on anterior half of disc very fine, hairlike; erect bristles on anterior half of disc slender, at least six times as long as wide, each equal in length to width of an interstriae 5 3(2). Male frons rather deeply concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, female frons convex, very finely granulate; mature color yellow; elytral declivity more narrowly convex, strial punctures less deeply impressed, somewhat confluent toward apex; Chiapas to Venezuela; Ficus; 1.6-1.7 mm 2. reticulatum Schedl — Male frons flattened; female frons convex, reticulate, clearly punctured; color darker 4 4(2). Striae not impressed, punctures rather small, shallow, distinct; setae in elytral ground vestiture more slender, scarcely if at all subplumose; pronotum more finely punctured; color black; Honduras; 1.3-1.4 mm 3. furnerium Wood — Striae often weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; setae in elytral groimd vestiture stouter, more nearly subplumose; pronotal punctures coarser; color dark brown, elytra often lighter; S Texas and Florida to Panama and British Guiana; Ficws; 1.5-2.1 mm 4. hispidum (Ferrari) 5(2). Male frons flattened; pronotal punctures moderately coarse, not as close; strial pimctures on disc deeper, those toward base wider than long; elytral declivity steeper, strial punctures smaller, not as deep, vestiture shorter, more abundant; color very dark brown; Honduras; 1.3-1.6 mm 5. perditum Wood — Male frons either flattened or concave; pronotal punctures rather dense, fine; strial punctures not as deep or as crowded, circular; elytral declivity not as steep, strial punctures larger, deeper, vestiture less abundant, longer; color yellowish to light brown 6 6(5). Male frons flattened; declivity more evenly convex, including central area; pimctures on male striae 1 smaller, as on 2, granules on male interstriae 2 min- ute; elytral setae averaging stouter, slightly shorter; Costa Rica; Cedrela; 1.5-1.9 mm 6. lucidum Wood — Male frons moderately concave; declivity distinctly impressed in central area; punctures on male striae 1 much larger than those on 2; granules on male dis- cal interstriae 2 larger; elytral setae more slender, slightly longer; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; Brosimtim; 1.9-2.2 mm 7. brosimi Wood 1982 Ctenophorini 457 1. Pycnarthnim inornatiirn Wood Pycntirthnim inonuituvi Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull.. Biol. Ser. 15(3): 11 (Holotvpe, fe- male; OJanchito, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species, at least super- ficially, is verv similar to hispidiwi (Ferrari) except that all long setae or bristles are ab- sent from the entire body; the vestiture con- sists only of the very short ground cover of scales. Female.— Length 1.6 mm, about 2.2 times as long as wide (elytra of type spread slightly); color very dark brown, elytra lighter. Frons weakly convex except indistinctly concave on central third; eyes separated above by distance greater than width of an eye; surface reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, rather close, sharply, not deeply im- pressed; vestiture of minute hair and scales, each not longer than twice diameter of a pimcture. Antennal club and flagellum miss- ing on type. Pronotum about equal in length and width; widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate, broadlv roimded in front; surface shining, subreticulate on anterior surface, with min- ute points moderately abundant, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close, interspaces not wider than distance equal to diameter of a puncture. Vestiture inconspicuous, con- sisting of short, .slender hair and on anterior half some equally short, stout setae intermixed. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others not impressed, pimctures coarse, deep, rather close; inter- striae as wide as striae, subshining, very ob- scurely subreticulate, punctures small, mod- erately abundant, confused. Declivity steep, broadly convex; interstriae 2 somewhat im- pressed, narrower than others. Vestiture con- sisting of minute strial hair on disc only, and short, confused, subplumose, narrow scales equally abundant on disc and declivity; rows of erect bristles found in other species of this genus entirely absent. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Olanchito, Ycro. 7-X-49, at light. E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 2. Pyncnarthnwi reticiikitum Schedl Pycnarthruin reticulatum Schedl, 1940, An. E.sc. Nac. Cienc. Biol. (Mexico) 1:355 (Lectotype, female; Tonala. Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll., desig- nated by Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:287) Pi/cnarthrum fici Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 11 (Holotype, male; 5 km W El Pino, Merida, Venezuela; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34: 287. Sijnonijmij Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles Jiispidtwi (Ferrari), but it may be dis- tinguished by the deeply concave male frons, by the pale yellow, mature body color, by the more narrowly convex elytral declivity, and by the shorter elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color pale yellow. Frons moderately convex to near epi.stoma; surface reticulate to very finely subrugulose, punctures minute, indistinct; eyes rather nar- rowly separated above, separated by distance equal to 1.5 times width of an eye; vestiture of rather fine, short, moderately abundant setae. Antennal club 1.6 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 distinct, 3 obscurely indicated. Pronotum proportions and outline as in hispidiim; surface reticulate on anterior third, obscurely subreticulate behind, punctures uniformly rather small, shallow, close. Vesti- ture very short, of fine and stout setae intermixed. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae weak- ly impressed, punctures very shallow, ob- scurely impressed, of moderate size; inter- striae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, surface not regular, evidently very minutely rugose, punctures minute, many very minutely elevated, particularly along median row. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae and interstriae slightly narrower, striae more distinctly impressed, punctures less dis- tinct. Vestiture consisting of short, stout, moderately abundant ground cover mostly in indefinite marginal rows on each interstriae, not subplumose, and interstrial rows of erect, stout bristles, each bristle about one and one- third times as long as ground setae, very slightly shorter in length than width of an in- terstriae, at least six times as long as wide. 458 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except frons rather deeply concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma; frontal surface perhaps a Httle more granulate. Distribution.— Chiapas to Venezuela. MEXICO: Chiapas: Tonala, 30-VII-32, Dampf. GUATEMALA: Cuyotenango, Suchitepiquez, lO-IV-65, J. M. Campbell. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 15- V, 26-VII1-49, at light, E. C. Becker; Olanchito, Yoro, 21-VL 8-IX-49, at light, E. C. Becker. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Venezuela, Jamaica. Host.— Ficus spp. Biology.— In Venezuela this species at- tacked limbs and bole of the host. Parental galleries were biramous and transverse; larval mines so completely riddled the inner bark that a pattern could not be ascertained. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of reticulatum, on the type series of fici, and on five specimens from Honduras. 3. Pycnarthrum funerium Wood Pycnartlirum funerium Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 11 (Holotype, fe- male; La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hispidum (Ferrari) by the very small size, by the black color, by the small, shal- lowly impressed strial punctures, and by the more slender, less plumose setae in the elytral ground vestiture. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather strongly, evenly convex to epistoma; surface reticulate, becoming sub- rugulose below, punctures fine, shallow, ob- scure; eyes separated by distance greater than width of an eye; vestiture of rather sparse, stout, erect, moderately long, white bristles. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide; two sutures indicated. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; widest at or slightly in front of middle, sides weakly arcuate, very broadly rounded in front; surface strongly reticulate on anterior third, obscurely reticulate behind, subshining, punctures small, close, moderately deep. Ves- titure of fine hair and stout bristles inter- mixed over entire surface, moderately long. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinct, very shallow; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, evidently obscurely subreticulate, median row of punctures unise- riate, very small but almost twice as large as confused supplementary punctures. Declivity rather steep, rather narrowly convex, not at all impressed; essentially as on disc, except strial punctures very slightly deeper. Vesti- ture consisting of short ground cover of rather fine (anteriorly) to stout (posteriorly), semirecumbent, hairlike bristles, a few exhib- it indications of being subplumose; and long- er, erect, uniseriate rows of stout, almost scalelike setae, each slightly less than twice as long as ground vestiture and about four to six times as long as wide; not longer on declivity. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, 27,29-V, lO-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the four females in the type series. 4. Pycnarthrum hispidum (Ferrari) Fig. 140 Hypoborus (?) hispidus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 19 (Sex?; Cuba; lost, missing from its pin at Vienna Mus.) Nemobiiis lambottei Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scoly- tides, p. 42 (Lectotype, female; Teapa, Mexico; Brussels Mus., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:183). Synonymy Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:41, 104 (Lectotype, male; Cuba; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Ba- sin Nat. 33:183). Synonymy Pycnarthrum quadraticolle Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2):8:41, 106 (Lectotype, male; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:183). Synotiymy Pycnarthrum transversum Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6): 177 (Lectotype, female; Mi- randilla, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., des- ignated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:18.3). Synonymy Pycnarthrum reimoseri Schedl, 19.34, Ent. Bliitt. ,30:208 (Female syntypes; Jimenez on Osa Peninsula, and Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica; Vienna Mus. and Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:183. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This very abundant species is taken or seen by almost anyone who collects insects at light within its range for any length of time. The above key summarizes the dis- tinguishing characters. 1982 Ctenophorini 459 Female.— Length 1.5-2.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra, legs, and antennae somewhat lighter, vesti- ture light yellowish white. Frons moderately convex to epistoma; sur- face reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, distinctly impressed, rather close; eyes widely separated; vestiture of fine and stout setae of moderate length intermixed. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, two sutures indicated. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest at or in front of middle, sides weakly arcuate, broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate on anterior third, subshining, with rather numerous, very minute points behind, punctures irregular in size, moderately coarse, close, deep. Vestiture of rather short, fine, and stout setae intermixed. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae usually weak- ly impressed, punctures coarse, deep, rather close; interstriae as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures fine, confused, an in- definite median row (bearing erect bristles) indistinctly larger. Declivity rather steep, broadly flattened; striae more distinctly im- pressed, punctures slightly smaller; interstriae weakly convex, 1 slightly elevated, median rows of pimctures more conspicuous. Vesti- ture of moderately abundant, short. subplumose scales in ground cover, and me- dian rows of erect, stout bristles, each bristle slightly less than twice as long as ground setae, at least six times as long as wide, about equal in length to width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons flat from upper level of eyes to epistoma, feebly concave near center; frontal vestiture dis- tinctly longer. Distribution.— S Texas and Florida to Panama and British Guiana. USA: S Florida, S Texas. MEXICO: Chiapas, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, Piiebla, Tabasco, Tamaiil- ipas, Veracruz, Yucatan. OTHER COUNTRIES: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, El Salvador, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Brit- ish Guiana. Host.— Ficus spp. Biology.— This abundant species occurs in fig trees from sea level to an elevation of about 1300 m; it is rather uncommon at high- er elevations. It infests almost any area of bark on cut or injured limbs or bole larger than 5 cm in diameter. Parental galleries are biramous, transverse, and almost entirely in the bark. Larval mines wander aimlessly and usually completely obliterate parental mines. Development evidently is very rapid, thus permitting more than one generation to at- tack the same felled tree. Notes.— The holotype of hispidtim is miss- ing from its pin and is presumed lost. Eich- hoff (1878:105) appears to have examined Fig. 140. Pycnarthrum hispidum female: 1, dorsal aspect; 2, antenna; 3, metatibia. 460 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Ferrari's specimen and considered it to be synonymous with his gracile. If Eichhoff's ge- neric placement of hispidum is correct, then the synonymy is acceptable because it is the only representative of the genus known from Cuba. The above treatment was based on the lec- totypes of lambottei, gracile, quadraticole, and transversum, on at least 2 syntypes of reimoseri, and on more than 1000 other specimens. This very common species is attracted to light, where it is often collected in large numbers. 5. Pycnarthrum perditum Wood Pijcnarthrum hicidum Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 12 (Holotype, male; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Brus, Punta- renas, Gosta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species and lucidum Wood have the small setae on the basal half of the elytra much more slender, and the erect bristles longer than in other representa- tives of the genus. From lucidum this species is distinguished by the larger, more widely spaced pronotal punctures, by the more abrupt slope of the elytral declivity, and by the less strongly impressed male frons. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra, legs, and antennae lighter, vestiture pale yel- lowish white. Frons convex from upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface reticulate, rather finely, shallowly punctured, a conspicuous median fovea at center; eyes separated above by 1.4 times width of an eye. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 indicated. Pronotum proportions, outline, and sculp- ture as in hispidum except punctures uni- formly rather large, deep, not as close; vesti- ture of fine hair except intermixed with stouter setae on margins and on anterior fifth. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures mod- erately large, rather deep; interstriae as wide as striae, punctures of two sizes, a median row of small punctures and less abundant very minute punctures on margins of inter- striae. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae distinctly impressed, narrower than on disc; interstriae weakly convex. Vestiture of fine strial hair and equally fine, short, recumbent, sparse interstrial hair, and interstrial rows of longer, erect, slender bristles, each bristle one and one-half times as long as ground vesti- ture, equal in length to width of an inter- striae, more than eight times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons more weakly convex, flattened on median area on lower half; frontal fovea present; in- terstrial bristles slightly stouter. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Geiba, Atlantida, 26-VIII-49, at light, E. G. Becker. Notes.— The type series of two specimens was used to prepare the above treatment. 6. Pycnarthrum lucidum Wood Pycnarthrum lucidum Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 12 (Holotype, male; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Bnis, Punta- renas, Gosta Rica; Wood Goll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perdituryi Wood by the concave male frons, by the closer, finer, pronotal punctures, by the more gradual elytral declivity, by the larger, deeper strial punctures, and by the less abundant, finer pronotal and elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color brown, elytra somewhat lighter, vestiture pale. Frons convex from upper level of eyes to epistoma, a feeble, transverse impression near center; surface shining, obscurely reticulate; punctures rather fine, deep, rather close; eyes separated by distance equal to width of an eye. Antennal club 1.6 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 distinct, 3 obscurely indicated. Pronotum proportions and outline as in perditum; surface brightly shining except ob- scurely reticulate on anterior third; minute impressed points present, punctures rather small, deep, close. Vestiture mostly abraded, very fine, a few coarse setae in anterolateral areas. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds. 1982 Ctenophorini 461 rather narrowly rounded behind; striae weak- ly impressed, punctures coarse, close, moder- ately deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, almost smooth, shining, punctures very fine, in three obscure ranks, median row very slightly larger. Declivity rather steep, con- vex; striae narrowly impressed, narrower than on disc; interstriae twice as wide as striae, rather weakly convex. Vestiture con- sisting of fine, short, strial hair and interstrial short ground cover of very fine hair on disc becoming scalelike on declivity, and inter- strial rows of erect bristles, each bristle al- most twice as long as ground cover, equal in length to width of an interstriae, about six to eight times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately concave from upper level of eyes to epistoma, a shining, transverse callus on median half of epistoma, an additional pair of calluses in lateral areas of concavity just above level of antennal insertion. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Playon, San Jose, 9-VIII-63, 20 m. No. 117, Cedro amarga, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Ri'o Coto Bms, 14-VI1-63, No. 60, S. L. Wood. Host.— Cedrela mexicana. Biology.— Large limbs and branches of cut or broken trees were attacked. The bi- ramous, transverse, parental galleries were al- most entirely in the phloem tissues. Larval mines were not oriented in any particular di- rection, but wandered. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens. 7. Pycnarthrum brosimi Wood PycnarthTum brosmii Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 15(3): 14 (Holotype, male; 9 km S Barrancas, Barinas, Venezuela; Wood Coll.). Lapsis calami Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lucidum Wood by the much finer pro- notal and elytral discal punctures, the more strongly impressed elytral declivity, and the flattened male frons. Male.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons flattened from just below upper lev- el of eyes to epistoma; surface shining, ob- scurely reticulate, punctures fine, moderately close; vestiture rather sparse, fine, erect, moderately long. Pronotum about as in hispidum (Ferrari), except surface shining but subreticulate on anterior third; a few minute points, punc- tures fine, rather deep, moderately close; ves- titure of fine, short bristles, a few longer setae on marginal areas. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; outline as in hispidum; striae 1 slightly, others not im- pressed, punctures rather small, moderately close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, al- most smooth, median row of punctures unise- riate, fine, becoming finely then rather con- spicuously granulate in progressing from anterior to posterior areas, supplementary punctures on margins of each interstriae min- ute, irregularly spaced. Declivity rather steep, broadly flattened; strial punctures con- spicuously larger and deeper than on disc; in- terstriae slightly wider than striae, 1 moder- ately elevated, 2 distinctly impressed, all interstriae with upper half uniseriately, rather finely granulate. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of fine, short, moderately abundant strial and interstrial hair, strial setae absent on declivity, interstrial ground cover on declivity of subplumose scales; and interstrial rows of erect bristles, each bristle slightly more than twice as long as ground cover, about equal in length to width of an interstriae, each at least eight times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons moderately convex from upper level of eyes to epistoma. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Isla del Coco, IV-1980, Brosimum, G. Stevens. VENEZUELA: 9 km S Barrancas, Barinas; 8 km SW Bumbum and 10 km SE Miri, Barinas. COLOMBIA: 27 km NE Montoya, Santander; 24 km S Colonia, Valle de Cauca. Host.— Brosimum sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from large limbs and boles of felled or broken trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 54 specimens and 8 other specimens. A printing error in a refer- ence work consulted for the name of the host for this species resulted in a lapsis calami that is corrected above. Genus GYMNOCHILUS Eichhoff Gymnochilus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:399 (Type-species: Gymnochilus zonatus Eich- hoff, monobasic) 462 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Problechilus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:46, 167 (Replacement for Gijmno- chiliis Eichhoff) Meringopalpus Hagedorn, 1905, Bull. Miis. Paris 10:547 (Type-species: Meringopalpus falhix Hagedorn = Gy7ntiochilus zoimttis Eichhoff, monobasic); Eggers, 19.32, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 49:226. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is allied to Scoly- todes Ferrari, but it may be distinguished by the 7-segmented antennal funicle, by the larger, broader antennal club, which usually has sutures indicated, by the different type of sexual dimorphism on the frons, by the abun- dant hairlike ground vestiture on the elytra, and (usually) by the abimdant, coarse, pro- notal asperities. Description.— Length 1.5-2.3 mm, 1.8-2.2 times as long as wide; color light brown or more commonly bicolored. Frons in male broadly flattened to shallow- ly concave, in female convex; vestiture scanty; eye elongate, entire, finely faceted; antennal funicle 7-segmented, club rather large, broad, sutures procurved if present. Pronotum sharply margined at sides and base, asperate, summit well behind middle. Scutel- lum present. Elytral bases obscurely margined; weakly if at all striate; ground ves- titure hairlike, abundant; finely sculptured; declivity rather steep, convex. Tibiae typical of tribe. Distribution.— Neotropical realm; 17 species have been named from Mexico to Brazil and Bolivia; 4 of them occur in North and Central America. Biology.— The species are monogamous phloem inhabiting bark beetles. They attack cut, broken or unthrifty limbs and boles, where they construct biramous parental gal- leries in the cambium region, engraving the wood moderately. The eggs are placed indi- vidually in niches along the margins of the tunnel. The larvae mine entirely in the phloem tissues, where they wander more or less without specific direction. Apparently they are highly host specific. Notes.— Although originally presented in 1867 as Gymnochilus, Eichhoff (1878:167) changed this name to Problechilus because of possible homonymy with Gymnochila Klug, 1834. The two names differ in gender, how- ever; consequently, the name Gymnochilus Eichhoff is valid under the Code of Nomenclature. Key to the Species of Gymnochilus 1. Body stout, about 1.8 times as long as wide; antennal club with two con- spicuous, strongly bisinuate, procurved sutures marked by rows of setae; male frons flattened to below upper level of eyes; female frons more strongly con- vex; strial punctures usually rather coarse, clearly impressed (variable) elytral bristles very coarse, blunt; very common; Durango to Panama; Ficus 1.5-2.3 mm 1. reitteri Eichhoff — Body more slender, 2.0 times as long as wide; antennal club with sutures ob- scure or absent, not marked by rows of setae; male frons distinctly impressed to well above eyes, female frons weakly convex; erect interstrial bristles slender, usually pointed 2 2(1). Body more slender, 2.2 times as long as wide; male frons moderately concave to upper level of eyes; strial punctures minute, interstriae five or more times as wide as interstriae; Mexico to Puebla; Alntis; 2.0-2.2 mm 2. alni Wood — Body stouter, 2.0 times as long as wide; male frons subconcave to well above upper level of eyes; strial punctures larger, interstriae about two to three times as wide as striae 3 3(2). Smaller; asperate area of pronotum rather strongly reticulate on surface be- tween asperities, punctures usually not evident; asperate area of pronotum oc- cupying anterior two-thirds (67 percent), distance from base to asperities great- er in lateral areas than behind summit; erect elytral setae moderately stout; "Mexico" to Costa Rica; Ficus; 1.5-1.9 mm 3. minor (Blandford) 1982 Ctenophorini 463 Larger; surface between pronotal asperities smooth, shining, with very fine, deep punctures; asperate area of pronotum occupying anterior three-fourths (75 percent), distance from base to asperities equal in lateral and median areas; Guatemala and Venezuela; Ficiis; 2.0-2.8 mm 4. consocius (Blandford) 1. Gijrtinochilus reitteri Eichhoff Gymnochilus reitteri Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:169 (Lectotype, male; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation) Problechilus striattis Eggers, 19.32, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 49:227 (Holotype, male; Canelas, probably Du- rango, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 602.37); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:135. Synonymy Problechilus bicolor Eggers, 1932, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 19:228 (Holotype, male; Nicaragua; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60231);' Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:135. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This abundant species is com- monly attracted to light; it is extremely vari- able in size, proportions, and sculpture, but it may be distinguished from the other Central American species by the distinct, procurved sutures 1 and 2 on the antennal club, by the stouter body form, by the larger, deeper strial pimctures, and by the frontal characters. Male.— Length L8-2.3 mm, L8 times as long as wide; color usually dark brown to black, with basal third of pronotum and occa- sionally areas of elytra abruptly lighter. Frons irregularly flattened from just below upper level of eyes to epistoma, convex above; surface strongly reticulate, sub- rugulose, punctures fine, rather shallow, moderately close; epistomal lobe large, broad, impressed medially; vestiture fine, sparse. Antennal club rather large, L3 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 strongly, bi- sinuately procurved, conspicuously marked by rows of setae. Pronotum 0.82 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately ar- cuate from base to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; lateral and basal margins marked by a fine, raised line; summit one- third length from base, anterior area and an- terior margin rather coarsely, closely aspe- rate; transition from asperate to granulate areas gradual, on a recurved transverse line; posterior area rather finely, closely granulate. Vestiture of fine, abundant, recumbent hair, a few coarse bristles in lateral and anterior Elytra LOS times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded behind; striae weakly, dis- tinctly impressed, punctures moderately large, rather shallow; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, very weakly convex, densely, rather finely punc- tured; sutural striae and interstriae impressed near base and to a lesser extent on declivity. Declivity commencing at or slightly anterior to middle, moderately steep, broadly convex; striae more strongly impressed, punctures deeper, occasional specimens with 1 or 3 or both weakly elevated. Vestiture of short, re- cumbent, very abundant hair; and, on odd- numbered interstriae, erect, rather widely spaced, rather long interstrial bristles; bristles stout, blunt, easily abraded. Female.— Similar to male except frons dis- tinctly convex; sutural striae and interstriae not impressed. Distribution.— Durango to Panama. .MEXICO: Durango: Canelas, G. C. Champion. Islas Tres Marias: .\rroyo Hondo, Maria Madre, 17-V-25, H. H. Kiefer. Michoacan: Zirimicuaro, 2-X1-80, 1350 m, T. H. Atkinson. GU.\TEMALA: Cerro Zunil, Quezalte- nango, G. C. Champion; Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19- V-64, 1000 m. No. 606, Ficus, S. L. Wood. NICA- RAGUA: "Nicaragua." COSTA RICA: Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 217, Ficus, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 246, Ficus, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, XI-40, 4669, Zetek. Hosts.— Ficus spp. Biology.— Unthrifty, cut, or damaged limbs and bole of fig were selected for attack. Parental galleries were biramous, largely but not always transverse. Egg niches were large and were placed alternately on sides of the tunnel. Parental galleries engraved the wood lightly; larval mines, which were more or less longitudinal, were entirely in the phloem. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 4 Eichhoff syntypes of reitteri, on Eggers 's specimen that was compared to Eichhoff's syntypes, on the holotypes of striattis and 464 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 bicohr, and on 44 other specimens. The 4 Eichhoff syntypes in the U.S. National Mu- seum are all mounted on one card on one pin. These specimens bear labels with Eich- hoff's No. "61, ' "Mex," and "Problechilus reitteri Eiclih., Type." Of the 2 males, one is marked by the word type and is here desig- nated as the lectotype of reitteri. 2. Gymnochilus alni Wood Gijmnochihts alni Wood, 1971, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 14 (Holotype, male; 10 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from reitteri Eichhoff by the concave male frons, by the elongate body, by the absence or near absence of sutures on the antennal club, and by the obsolescent strial punctures on the disc. Male.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color light brown to bicolored. Frons rather shallowly, broadly concave from well above eyes to epistoma; surface strongly reticulate, a transverse, arcuate cal- lus at and slightly above level of antennal in- sertion, punctures fine, shallow, moderately abundant; vestiture fine, very short, sparse. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, su- tures not clearly evident except basal portion slightly sclerotized to point where suture 1 normally located. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; out- line, sculpture, and vestiture as in reitteri ex- cept posterior area finely, densely punctured. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on more than basal half, narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 dis- tinctly, others feebly or not at all impressed, punctures small, scarcely distinguishable from those of interstriae; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, obscurely sub- reticulate, rather finely, densely punctured. Declivity commencing at middle, moderately steep, convex; strial punctures small, distinct; interstriae 1 weakly elevated. Vestiture of short, recumbent, very abundant, fine hair; and sparse interstrial rows of erect bristles, those on even numbered interstriae only slightly longer than ground vestiture, on disc only, those on odd interstriae slender, equal in length to width of an interstriae on both disc and declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, callus present; short inter- strial bristles on even-numbered interstriae slightly longer, extending to declivity. Distribution.— Mexico to Puebla. MEXICO: Mexico: Ainecameca, 26-IX-1980, 2700 m, Alnus, T. H. Atkinson. Puebla: 10 km (6 miles) NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 141, Alnus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were recovered from stacked cordwood cut from the bole of a tree 40 cm in diameter. The galleries were largely obliterated, but were similar to those of reitteri. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 3. Gymnochihis minor (Blandford) Fig. 141 Problechilus minor Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Anier., Coleopt. 4(6): 172 (Lectotype, male; Guatemala City, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Fig. 141. Gymnochilus minor, antenna. 1982 Ctenophorini 465 Problechilus varius Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:86 (Holo- type, female; Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:281. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied alni Wood by the smaller size, by the less strongly impressed male frons, and by other characters men- tioned in the above key. It is more likely to be confused with reitteri Eichhoff, from which it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, and by the more elongate antennal club with sutures al- most obsolete and much more broadly, even- ly procurved. Male.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color as in reitteri. Frons planoconcavely, irregularly im- pressed from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins slightly, acutely elevated; sur- face sculpture as in reitteri. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, smaller, flatter, more slender than in reitteri, with sutures almost obsolete, more evenly procurved, not marked by rows of setae. Pronotum as in reitteri except asperities less numerous and averaging slightly larger, ending posteriorly rather abruptly on an al- most straight transverse line (gradual and ob- tuse in reitteri); surface of posterior areas closely, clearly punctured. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; surface features variable, essentially as in reitteri ex- cept strial punctures usually more distinct and erect interstrial bristles much more slender. Female.— Similar to male except frons dis- tinctly convex on upper two-thirds, flattened below, lateral margins not elevated, rounded; short bristles on even-numbered interstriae often present (occasionally in male also). Distribution.— "Mexico" to Costa Rica. MEXICO: "Mexico. " GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, G. C. Champion; San Geronimo, Baja Verapaz, G. C. Champion; Vokan de Agiia, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 606, Ficus, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 583, Ficus, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Escasii, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 217, Ficus, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1.300 m. No. 246, Ficus, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, No. 85, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ficus spp. Biology.— As in reitteri. The two species may occur in the same branches and have similar galleries. Ecological specialization probably occurs, but was not noted. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 8 syntypes and on 69 other specimens. I here designate the male syntype, from near Guatemala City, on the first pin in the Bland- ford series now in the British Museum (Natu- ral History), as the lectotype of Problechilus minor Blandford. The card on this pin is shared by a female paralectotype of this species. 4. Gymnochilus consocius (Blandford) Problechilus consocius Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 171 (Holotype, male; Cerro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Problechilus trimaculatus Schedl, 19.35, Arch. Instit. Biol. Veget. 2:91 (Holotype, female; Venezuela, probably Colonia Tovar; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34: 281. Synonijmy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minor (Blandford) by the much larger average size, by the smooth, shining, punc- tured surface between asperities on the ante- rior slope of the pronotum, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.- Length 2.0-2.8 mm, 1.9-2.0 times as long as wide; color as in reitteri Eichhoff. Frons as in minor. Pronotum as in minor except asperate area occupying anterior three-fourths, its posterior margin forming a straight, transverse line, as close to basal margin in lateral areas as be- hind summit; surface between asperities al- most smooth and shining, with moderately abundant, small, deep punctures; posterior areas with dense, very small punctures, evi- dently somewhat deeper and closer than in 7ninor. Elytra essentially as in minor, impression of striae and strial punctures probably aver- aging slightly deeper, punctures indistinctly larger; dense interstrial punctures averaging deeper than in minor, interstrial ground vesti- ture distinctly finer, erect bristles more slen- der and averaging slightly longer. Female.— Similar to male except lower frons less strongly impressed, upper half con- vex; pronotum more strongly convex, aspe- rities averaging slightly larger. 466 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Guatemala and Vene- zuela. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft, (1300 m), G. C. Champion. VENEZUELA: La Carbonera Expt. For., 50 km NW Merida, Merida, 16-IX-69, 2500 m. No. 20, Ficus, S. L. Wood; Merida, Merida, 12-IX-69, No. 8, 7- X-69, No. 42, 1700 m, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ficus spp. Biology.— Essentially as in reitteri. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of consocius and tri- maculatus, and on 102 other specimens. The male frons, in the Venezuelan mate- rial, in the area above the upper level of the eyes, is more broadly impressed, with the lat- eral margins more acutely rounded than in the type of consocius. The type has this area as in minor. The difference is slight and, at the present time, is not regarded as signifi- cant. Perhaps at a future date the difference may be used to characterize geographical races. The male type of fallax Hagedorn (3.2 mm) was examined; it was also compared by Eggers to the type of zonatus Eichhoff (3.3 mm) and declared to be synonymous. Since all type material of zonatus apparently is lost, Eggers's synonymy is accepted as being correct. Gymnochilus zonatus is very similar to consocius and could easily be confused with it, but it may be distinguished by the larger size, the finely reticulate pronotal sur- face both in the asperate and nonasperate areas, the larger punctures on the basal foiu-th of the pronotum, and the much less strongly impressed male frons, which is 1.5 times as long as wide (1.6-1.8 times in consocius). Genus SCOLYTODES Ferrari Scohjtodes Ferrari, 1967, Die Forst- und Baiimzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 77 (Type- species: Scohjtodes laevigatus Ferrari, monobasic) Hexacolus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:399 (Type-species: Hexacolus glaber Eichhoff, mon- obasic); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:141. Synonymy Ctenophorus Chapuis, 1869, Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 49 (Type-species: Ctenophorus laevigatus Chap- uis = Hexacohis levis Blackman, monobasic); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:207. Synonymy Prionosceles Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 177 (Type-species: Prionosceles atratus Blandford, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:141. Synonytny Epomadius Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 179 (Type-species: Epomadius cul- citatus Blandford, monobasic); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:384. Synonymy Erineophilus Hopkins, 1902, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5:34 (Type-species: Erineophihis schwarzi Hop- kins, monobasic); Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:346. Synonymy? Hylocurosoma Eggers, 1940, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:138 (Type-species: Hyhcuro- soma striatum Eggers, monobasic); Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:346. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This large and potentially im- portant genus is closely related to Gymno- chilus Eichhoff, from which it may be distin- guished by the (usually) sparse vestiture, by the small antennal club that is usually devoid of sutures, by the pronotal summit that is ei- ther at or in front of the middle, and by the 6-segmented antennal funicle. Description.— Length 0.9-3.5 mm, 1.9-2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish or reddish brown to black; vestiture hairlike. Frons sexually dimorphic, males usually simply convex, not ornamented, female con- cave to convex or variously grooved, usually ornamented by conspicuous tufts or brushes of hair. Eye elongate-oval, entire; finely fac- eted. Antennal scape moderately long; fu- nicle 6-segmented; club small, sutures if marked either straight or feebly procurved. Scutellum rather small, surface even with that of elytra. Pronotum large, lateral mar- gins acutely marked by a raised line, basal margin usually with a less conspicuous raised line; surface variable, smooth to asperate an- teriorly, variously punctured. Elytral bases transversely straight or weakly sinuate, with a finely raised margin; disc usually striate; declivity rather steep, convex, sculpture very conservative; vestiture usually sparse, hair- like. Tibiae as defined for tribe. Distribution.— Florida and Mexico to Ar- gentina; more than a hundred species have been named in this genus; about half of them occur north of Panama. Biology.— These usually monogamous species ordinarily construct a simple cave- type egg chamber entirely in phloem tissues, where eggs are deposited in clusters at the margins or in large, irregular niches or pock- ets. In some species this chamber is elongate, 1982 Ctenophorini 467 definitely oriented, and with distinct, over- than 20 days. A very few species appear to sized egg niches that may contain one to sev- be polygynous, form radiate parental gal- eral eggs each. Larval mines may be individ- leries, and deposit their eggs in individual ual and wander indiscriminately in the niches. phloem, or communal. In at least two species Notes.— Seven generic names have been the parent beetle bored into the pith while proposed for species now included in this larval development proceeded through the group. This is an indication of the unusual first and second instars; then third instar lar- variation found in the genus. Intergradation vae invaded the pith through the parent tun- between groups within the genus, however, nel, where they passed the remaining stages makes a workable subdivision impossible. Al- of development. Many species are very ag- though there is considerable overlap between gressive and regularly kill living branches, them, three subgenera were tentatively re- where a life cycle can be completed in less tained as indicated in the following key. Key to the Species of Scolytodes 1. Pronotum punctured from base to anterior margin, a few minute asperities sometimes intermixed with punctures on anterior fourth 2 — Pronotum punctured only on basal half, finely to coarsely asperate on anterior area, with no punctures intermixed (see also couplet 8) (Hexacolus) 29 2(1). Anterior tibiae broad, with a very thin, semitransparent extension of lateral margin between lateral teeth 2 and 3 and often between 3 and 4, etc.; stout species, 1.6-3.4 mm; in fallen Cecropia leaf petioles (Prionosceles) 3 — Anterior tibiae with outer margin rounded, lateral teeth free to their bases; stout to slender species, variable in size and habits (Scolytodes) 6 3(2). Strial and interstrial punctures small, confused from base to apex; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; 2.4-3.4 mm 1. glabrescens Wood — Striae weakly impressed, punctures in rows, distinctly larger than those of interstriae 4 4(3). Smaller; elytral declivity convex, steeper; female frons uniformly concave, male frons evenly convex above, becoming flattened below; pronotum strongly reticulate, dull; Oaxaca and Veracruz to Panama and Venezuela; 1.6-2.1 mm .. 2. maurus (Blandford) — Larger; elytral declivity flattened between third interstriae; female frons with large epistomal callus, male frons irregularly inflated on lowerhalf; pronotum subreticulate, subshining 5 5(4). Average size larger; anterior third of pronotum less strongly reticulate, shining; interstrial granules on declivity averaging distinctly smaller; Veracruz to Honduras; 2.4-3.3 mm 3. atratus atratus (Blandford) — Average size smaller; anterior third of pronotum reticulate, subshining; inter- strial granules averaging distinctly larger; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.0-3.0 mm .. 4. atratus panamensis (Wood) 6(2). Interstriae 10 elevated or narrowly convex at least to base of declivity; anterior tibiae devoid of a minute tooth on posterior face (except perditus, amoenus) 7 — Interstriae 10 narrowly convex only on basal third, elevation not extending posterior to level of hind coxae; anterior tibiae armed on posterior face by a small tooth just behind tarsal insertion and between inner terminal mucro and lateral tooth 1 or 2 (see also couplet 11) 18 468 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 7(6). Interstrial punctures numerous, confused (usually uniseriate in levis); female frons flattened, with lower part of lateral margins at most only slightly raised, with a large, central, shining, impunctate area; body stout, 1.9-2.0 (2.2 in amoenus and levis) times as long as wide; larger, 1.9-2.7 mm 8 — Interstrial punctures uniseriate; female frons armed by a pair of longitudinal carinae (except pseudopiceus, vemistus); rather slender species, 2.1-2.4 times as long as wide; smaller, 1.4-1.9 mm 12 8(7). Anterior third of pronotum totally devoid of asperities 9 — Anterior third of pronotum armed by numerous, fine asperities 10 9(8). Pronotum smooth, shining, punctures coarse, deep; female frontal vestiture shorter, less abundant, extending little if at all above upper level of eyes, glabrous central area occupying less than central third of frons; Guatemala to Costa Rica; Pliimeria; 1.9-2.7 mm 5. plumeriae Wood — Pronotum reticulate, dull, punctures very fine, shallow; female frontal vesti- ture extending higher on vertex, much longer, more abundant, glabrous area occupying much more than central half; Costa Rica; Phoebea; 2.0-2.6 mm (see also 7. minutissimus Schedl, 1.2 mm and 8. levis Blackman) 6. phoebeae Wood 10(8). Pronotum longer than wide, anterior margin armed by a continuous costa; fe- male frons rather elaborately sculptured and ornamented by a fringe of long hair; Jalisco to Tamaulipas; Ficus; 1.9-2.3 mm (see also 10. lepidus Wood, 11. genialis Wood) 9. amoenus Wood — Pronotum distinctly wider than long, anterior margin unarmed; female frons simple, glabrous or with a small patch of fine hair on median half 11 11(10). Smaller, more slender body; elytra glabrous; strial and interstrial punctures fine, shallow; female frons flat, finely pubescent on narrow flattened area; Panama; Cecropia; 1.6-2.0 mm 12. perditus Wood — Larger, stouter body; elytra with fine, rather short strial and interstrial hair; strial and interstrial punctures rather coarse, deep; female frons impressed on median third of lower half, glabrous; Costa Rica; Cecropia branches; 1.9-2.2 mm 13. cecropicolens Wood 12(7). Female frons armed by a pair of longitudinal carinae; pronotum smooth, not distinctly asperate anteriorly, punctures not obscured in either sex 13 — Female frons broadly flattened, with no indication of longitudinal carinae; an- terior area of male pronotum usually finely asperate, intermixed punctures sometimes attaining anterior margin only in lateral areas 17 13(12). Strial and interstrial punctures distinctly impressed throughout; female frons armed by two widely spaced or diverging carinae 14 — Strial punctures feebly impressed on basal half, obscure toward declivity; inter- strial punctures obscurely indicated; male frons reticulate, dull, a few very ob- scure punctures; female frons armed by two closely placed, longitudinal ca- rinae, separated by a distance about equal to thickness of one carina; elytra narrowly, but more broadly rounded behind (female of blandfordi not seen) 15 14(13). Anterior third of pronotum finely asperate, disc coarsely, rather shallowly punctured; female frons on lower half with lateral thirds bearing a pair of oblique, diverging carinae, upper half bearing a strong, median carina, vesti- ture on lateral and upper margins long, rather sparse; Guatemala; 1.7 mm (see also 14. costabilis Wood) 15. melanocephalus (Blandford) 1982 Ctenophorini 469 — Anterior third of pronotum devoid of asperities, punctures very fine; female frons bearing a pair of parallel longitudinal carinae dividing frons into approx- imately equal thirds, vestiture on lateral and upper margins long, rather sparse; Costa Rica to Panama; Cecropia petioles; 1.4-1.8 mm (see also subspecies 16. cecropiavorus Wood 15(12). Color black; pronotal punctures moderately large but very shallow; interstrial punctures uniseriate, minute; declivital interstriae 2 strongly narrowed on lower half and depressed; female frons with antennal insertion dorsad of nor- mal position, lower half of frons flattened, yellow, appearing spongy and finely pubescent, with a large, median, black, strongly elevated process from epis- toma to center of spongy area occupying median fourth; Guatemala; 1.8 mm ... 17. unipunctatus (Blandford) — Color brown; pronotal punctures rather deep; interstrial punctures moderately to very coarse; declivital interstriae 2 not depressed or narrowed; female frons devoid of spongy area or elevated median process 16 16(15). Punctures on elytral declivity poorly defined, not impressed; Costa Rica; Cecropia petioles; 1.7-2.0 mm 18. cecropii (Schedl) — Declivital striae and strial punctures feebly but distinctly impressed; Costa Rica; Cecropia petioles; 1.4 mm 19. blandfordi (Schedl) 17(12). Female frons rather coarsely, not closely punctured, pubescence fine, uni- formly distributed, rather sparse; punctures coarse, deep; Guatemala to Costa Rica; Plumeria, etc.; 1.4-1.8 mm (see also 21. striatus (Eggers)) 20. venustus Wood — Female frons rather finely, closely punctured, pubescence uniformly dis- tributed, rather abundant; striae not at all impressed, punctures rather fine, shallow; Costa Rica; Fictis; 1.4-1.9 mm 22. pseudopiceus Wood 18(6). Elytral vestiture abundant, long, confused; meso- and metathoracic tibiae rather broad, each armed by seven socketed, marginal teeth on distal half 19 — Elytral vestiture sparse, short, in uniseriate strial and/or interstrial rows, often entirely absent on disc; meso- and metathoracic tibiae usually more slender, with three to six socketed, marginal teeth confined to distal fourth 21 19(18). Interstrial pimctures on 1 and 2 confused, others uniseriate, interstrial setae particularly on and near declivity coarse, blunt, somewhat flattened; surface of pronotum reticulate, with moderately coarse punctures; striae clearly evident, punctures distinctly larger than those of interstriae; Guatemala; 1.6 mm 23. setosus (Blandford) — All interstrial punctures confused, interstrial setae fine, pointed 20 20(18). Pronotum shining, obscurely reticulate, punctures deep, coarse, interspaces be- tween punctures about equal in width to diameter of a puncture; elytral punc- tures rather coarse, deep, strial punctures clearly larger, closer; Costa Rica; Oreopanax; 1.6 mm 24. punctiferus Wood — Pronotum surface dull, strongly reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, separated by distances averaging at least twice diameter of a puncture; elytral punctures fine, strial and interstrial punctures distinguished with difficulty; Costa Rica; vine; 1.7 mm 25. hirsutus Wood 21(18). Body stout, 1.9 times as long as wide; pronotum convex, wider than long (0.90 times as long as wide); interstrial bristles on alternate, odd-numbered inter- striae of declivity, sparse, widely spaced, rather strongly flattened; Panama; 1.0 mm 26. crassus Wood 470 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Body more slender, 2.2 or more times as long as wide; pronotum at least 1.03 times as long as wide; elytral bristles, when present, more slender, not strongly flattened 22 22(21). Female frons weakly convex to broadly, shallowly concave, vestiture rather uniformly distributed, usually rather inconspicuous; striae usually weakly impressed, punctures much deeper, coarser than those of interstriae 23 — Female frons longitudinally, broadly grooved, lateral margins rather abruptly elevated to conspicuously carinate, vestiture largely confined to tuft at upper limits of sulcus; striae not impressed, strial and interstrial punctures both obscure or of subequal size and not clearly distinguishable 27 23(22). Elytra stouter, 1.3 times as long as wide; mature body color dark reddish brown; strial and interstrial punctures on declivity, rather coarse, deep, subequal in size, confused; Panama; 1.3-1.5 mm 27. venustulus Wood — Elytra slender, at least 1.5 times as long as wide; mature body color black; strial punctures on declivity in rows, distinctly larger than those of interstriae (all declivital punctures obsolete in most clusiae) 24 24(23). Pronotal and interstrial punctures obsolete, strial punctures very small; pro- notum very strongly reticulate, dull; Costa Rica; Clusia; 1.7-1.9 mm 28. clusiae Wood — Pronotal and interstrial punctures clearly impressed 25a 25a(24). Elytra almost glabrous, two or three setae on odd-numbered interstriae; frons convex in both sexes, almost glabrous; anterior fourth of pronotum without in- dications of asperities, punctures on posterior areas rather coarse; Costa Rica; Qiiercus; 1.6-1.9 mm 29. radiatus Wood — Elytra with more abundant vestiture (only on odd-numbered interstriae in vol- canits); pronotal punctures smaller; anterior fourth of pronotum with weak asperities (except volcanus) 25b 25b(25a). Striae moderately impressed, strial and pronotal punctures equally coarse, strongly impressed; interstrial punctures oftne subvulcanate or feebly granu- late; female frons convex, usually almost flat on lower half, vestiture fine, sparse, rather short, only slightly more conspicuous than in male; Michoacan to Honduras; Clusia; 1.8-2.9 mm 30. clusiacolens Wood — Smaller; striae feebly or not at all impressed; interstrial punctures never vulca- nate or granulate; female frons concavely impressed, more conspicuously pubescent 26 26(25). Elytra with erect interstrial setae placed at regular intervals on alternate odd interstriae, strial setae minute but present; female frons shallowly concave, concavity ending well below upper level of eyes, a rather large, impunctate callus just above epistoma; Veracruz to Guatemala; Clusia; 1.3-1.6 mm (see also 32. amabilis Wood and 33. canalis Wood) 31. clusiavorus Wood — Elytra subglabrous, rarely with more than five erect setae on declivity, strial hair always absent; female frons more strongly concave, concavity extending to well above upper level of eyes, punctured throughout to epistoma, pubescence on upper margins more conspicuous; Costa Rica: 1.2-1.4 mm 34. volcanus Wood 27(22). Larger; pronotum strongly reticulate, dull; pronotal and elytral punctures somewhat larger, more distinctly impressed; female frontal carinae extending from slightly below level of antennal insertion to upper level of eyes; brush of hair near vertex poorly developed; Costa Rica; Oreopanax; 1.5-1.9 mm 35. irazuensis Wood 1982 Ctenophorini 471 — Smaller; pronotum subshining, rather obscurely reticulate; pronotal and elytral punctures fine; female frons with lateral ridges or carinae extending well be- low level of antennal insertion, brush of hair rather well developed; in Cecropia petioles 28 28(27). Pronotal punctures very slightly smaller; lateral margins of female frons abruptly elevated, not sharply carinate, crests converging toward a point just below upper level of eyes, tuft of hair occupying upper half of impressed area comparatively small; Veracruz to Costa Rica; Cecropia; 0.9-1.1 mm 36. parvulus Wood — Pronotal punctures very slightly larger; lateral margins of female frons acutely carinate, carinae parallel, tuft of hair dense, large, tips of some setae attaining level of antennal insertions; Guatemala to Panama; Cecropia; 0.9-1.1 mm 37. acares Wood 29(1). Anterior tibiae devoid of a minute tooth on posterior face 30 — Anterior tibiae armed on posterior face by one or two small teeth just behind tarsal insertion and between inner terminal mucro and first or second lateral tooth 39 30(29). Interstriae 10 narrowly convex on basal third only, not extending behind level of metacoxae; interstriae almost devoid of punctures; female frons concavely impressed on lower half, concavity densely, coarsely, almost granulately punc- tured, smooth and shining in central area above, a brush of hair usually overhanging polished area; Costa Rica; Ochroma; 1.3-1.5 mm .. 38. ochromae Wood — Interstriae 10 narrowly convex at least to base of declivity 31 31(30). Anterior half of lateral margins of pronotum concavely impressed on a large, subcircular area and ornamented by a dense brush of moderately long, yellow hair; Panama; 2.4 mm 39. culcitatus (Blandford) — Anterior half of lateral margins of pronotum normal, devoid of unusual pubescence 32 32(31). Stout, 2.1 times as long as wide; minute, sparse punctures on posterior pronotal disc, mostly granulate; female frons with a median elevation; 1.3-1.9 mm 33 — More slender, 2.3 or more times as long as wide (except 2.1 times in obesus) punctures on pronotal disc not at all granulate; female frons flattened on median area; 1.3-3.5 mm, except schwarzi smaller 35 33(32). Male carina not attaining epistomal margin; punctures on pronotal disc larger, deep, close; strial punctures rather coarse, deep; Guatemala; Swietenia 1.8 mm 40. spadix (Blaekman) — Male frontal carina variable; punctures on pronotal disc minute or replaced by granules; strial punctures fine, rather shallow 34 34(33). Both male and female with a median carina acutely elevated (broad above) from just above level of antennal insertion to epistomal margin, a coarsely reti- culate area above its highest point; female brush on vertex dense, rather long; elytral striae 1 impressed; granules on pronotal disc larger, more numerous; Costa Rica; Swietenia, Cedrela; 1.7-1.9 mm 41. swieteniae (Blaekman) — Neither sex with a carina attaining epistomal margin; female median carina low (often double), beginning well above epistoma, evidently ending near up- per level of eyes, devoid of coarse reticulation above carina; elytral striae not impressed; granules on pronotal disc sparse, fine; Costa Rica; Cedrela, Vismia; 1.3-1.5 mm 42. cedrelae Wood 35(32). Interstrial punctures uniseriate, distinctly smaller than those of striae 36 472 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Interstrial punctures confused, often also confused with striae 38 36(35). Pronotal disc shining, punctures coarse, deep; both strial and interstrial punc- tures moderately large, deep; S Florida to Veracruz; Ficiis; 1.3-1.6 mm 43. schwarzi (Hopkins) — Punctures of pronotum and elytra very fine, shallow 37 37(36). Pronotum and elytra reticulate, dull; elytral punctures moderately large, obscurely impressed; Guatemala; Ficus; 1.4-1.6 mm 44. facetus Wood — Pronotum reticulate; elytra brightly shining, without trace of reticulation; ely- tral punctures fine, sharply defined; Costa Rica to Panama; Phoebea; 1.9-2.1 mm 45. piceus (Blandford) 38a(37). Body stout, 2.1 times as long as wide; female frons armed by a pair of longitu- dinal carinae extending from epistomal margin to level of antennal insertion, carinae divided epistomal area into equal thirds; Panama; 1.8 mm 46. obesus Wood — Body 2.4-2.5 times as long as wide; female frons without longitudinal carinae 38b 38b(38a). Larger; all strial punctures small but in definite rows; punctures on disc of pro- notum minute, almost obsolete; Costa Rica; Miconia; 3.5 mm 47. immanis Wood — Smaller; punctures of striae 1 and 2 small, more or less in rows, all others confused with those of interstriae; Costa Rica; Alnus; 2.4-2.9 mm 48. alni Wood 39(29). Interstriae 10 acutely convex at least to base of declivity 40 — Interstriae 10 acutely convex only on basal third, carina not extending beyond level of hind coxae 43 40(39). Pronotum wider than long, its anterior margin unarmed 41 — Pronotum longer than wide, its anterior margin armed by a transverse, serrated elevation 42 41(40). Elytra elongate, 1.5 times as long as wide; strial and interstrial hair conspicuous; Costa Rica; Ficus; 1.4-1.6 mm 49. erineophilus Wood — Elytra stout, 1.2 times as long as wide; elytra essentially glabrous; Guatemala; Ficus; 1.5-1.7 mm 50. ficivorus Wood 42(40). Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; striae not at all impressed; elytral surface strongly reticulate, dull; elytra almost glabrous; Michoacan and Puebla to Morelos; Ficus; 1.5-2.0 mm 51. reticulatus (Wood) — Pronotimi 1.2 times as long as wide; striae rather narrowly, deeply impressed; elytral surface smooth, shining; elytral vestiture fine, long; Chiapas to Costa Rica; 1.5-1.7 mm 52. marginatus Wood 43(39). Anterior margin of pronotum sharply elevated, subserrate; pronotum more slender, at least 1.1 times as long as wide 44 — Anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; pronotum as wide or wider than long 52 44(43). Striae on disc and declivity strongly impressed, punctures large, deep; inter- strial punctures small, distinct, uniseriate; elytral vestiture consisting entirely of imiseriate rows of erect, spatulate, blunt, interstrial bristles; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.7 mm (see also 54. pelicipennis Schedl, 1.2 mm) 53. impressus Wood — Striae not impressed; vestiture rather fine, elytral bristles not flattened 45 45(44). Body rather slender to stout, not more than 2.4 times as long as wide; sides of pronotum straight or weakly, arcuately inflated on basal half 46 — Body very slender, 2.8 times as long as wide; sides of pronotum conspicuously constricted on basal half 50 1982 Ctenophorini 473 46(45). Pronotal asperities exceedingly broad, some a fifth as broad as pronotum, costa arming anterior margin usually an unbroken ridge 47 — Pronotal asperities normal, rather narrow, usually not more than one-tenth as broad as pronotum, armature on anterior margin serrate or broken 48 47(46). Strial and interstrial punctures on disc and declivity small, shallow; female frons with a conspicuous, procurved callus near center occupying median two- thirds, vestiture above callus rather sparse, short; Costa Rica; Ficus; 1.5-1.8 mm 55. rugicollis (Schedl) — Strial and interstrial punctures larger, deeper; female frons flattened on a large, circular area, flattened area minutely pilose, margins with a dense row of long hair; Honduras; 1.5-1.7 mm 56. pannuceus Wood 48(47). Larger; declivital striae in obscure rows, interstriae marked by distinct, uni- seriate granules; strial and interstrial punctures on disc large, deep, in rows, those of interstriae almost as large as strial punctures; Puebla; 1.7-2.2 mm (see also 58. pelicerinus Schedl, 1.3-1.5 mm) 57. multistriatus (Wood) — Smaller; declivital punctures confused, devoid of granules; strial and interstrial punctures on disc smaller, not as deep 49 49(48). Pronotum smooth, shining, with very deep, close punctures separated by dis- tances about equal to one-fourth diameter of a puncture; female frons abruptly concave on central half, impression continuing as a broad trough to epistoma, central area pilose, hair in dense marginal fringe short; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.8 mm 59. pubescens Wood — Pronotum reticulate, dull, punctures rather deep, moderately close, separated by distances averaging about half diameter of a puncture; female frons shal- lowly, evenly concave, pilose in central area, hair in marginal fringe long; Nayarit; Ingo; 1.3-1.7 mm 60. ingavorus Wood 50(45). Pronotum reticulate, subshining, punctures on disc minute; elytral vestiture finer, shorter; female frontal vestiture fine, sparse, uniformly distributed; Panama; Clusia; 1.7-1.9 mm 61. proximus Wood — Pronotuin smooth or reticulate, punctures on disc moderately coarse; elytral vestiture longer, conspicuous; female frontal vestiture abundant, long, in Ficus 51 51(50). Interstrial bristles widely spaced within each row, developed only on alternate, odd-numbered interstriae; interstrial punctures moderately large; central area of female frons pubescent; Jalisco to Honduras; 1.0-1.4 mm 62. tenuis (Wood) — Interstrial bristles closely set, on all interstriae; interstrial punctures very fine; central area of female frons glabrous, shining, Oaxaca to Guatemala; 1.2-1.4 mm 63. micidus Wood 52(43). Body stout, 2.0 times as long as wide; pronotal disc smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse; interstrial bristles coarse, long, spatulate; Costa Rica; Ficus; 1.2-1.3 mm 64. exiguus Wood — Body slender, 2.4 times as long as wide; pronotal disc reticulate, punctures fine, interstrial bristles fine, not flattened 53 53(52). Strial and interstrial punctures rather coarse, deep; female frontal vestiture rather sparse; Costa Rica; Drimys, Miconia; 1.4-1.6 mm 65. pumilus Wood — Strial punctures fine, shallow, interstrial punctures minute to obsolete; female vestiture abundant on upper margins of frons 54 474 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 54(53). Larger; punctures of pronotuni and elytra shallow, not always clearly defined; declivital punctures on elytra minute, in definite rows, interstrial punctures sometimes obsolete; female frons flat; Veracruz; 1.0-1.3 mm 66. obscurus (Wood) — Smaller; punctures of pronotum and elytra more sharply impressed; declivital punctures more numerous, not always in rows; female frons impressed, lateral margins distinctly elevated; Panama; 0.9-1.0 mm 67. nanellus Wood 1. Scolytodes glabrescens Wood Prionosceles glaber Wood, 1961 (nee Eichhoff, 1867), Great Basin Nat. 21:102 (Holotype, male; Sum- mit, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Scolytodes glabrescens Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:152 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to at- ratus (Blandford), but it is easily distinguished by the glabrous pronotum and elytra, and by the confused strial and interstrial punctures. Male.— Length 2.4-3.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color black, antennae and legs somewhat lighter. Frons broadly, uniformly convex, with a slight transverse impression just above epis- tomal margin; surface reticulate, punctures rather fine, deep, moderately close, finer and more abundant on impressed area; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous except for a rather dense brush of moderately long yellow hair directed orad. Eye elongate, entire; finely granulate. Antennal club small, with two weakly procurved sutures indicated by rows of setae. Pronotum about as long as wide; sides straight and parallel, then abruptly narrowed to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; basal and lateral margins marked by a con- spicuous fine raised line; rather strongly arched from basal to anterior margin; surface subshining, obscurely, very finely reticulate; punctures very fine, deep, moderately abun- dant, appearing subcrenulately wrinkled on anterior fourth. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, about 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather abruptly, broadly rounded behind; striae obscurely in- dicated on base of disc, punctures very fine and confused posteriorly, with abundant, confused, interstrial punctures. Interstriae 10 costiform to declivity, interstriae 9 elevated near declivital base. Declivity steep, convex; positions of striae 1 and 2 impressed, inter- striae 1, 2, and 3 convex on middle third; all punctures minute, deep, confused. Elytra en- tirely glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly flattened on lower two-thirds, im- pressed just above epistoma, and bearing a conspicuous brush of rather abundant, mod- erately long, fine, yellow hair uniformly dis- tributed over entire flattened area from just below upper level of eyes to epistomal mar- gin; impressions and elevations of elytral de- clivity obscure. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Turriaiba, Cartago, 5-VII-63, 700 m, No. 19, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, Pan- ama, 26-VII-66, 1000 m. No. 33, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clay- ton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 322, S. L. Wood; Gatun Dam, Canal Zone, 31-XII-63, 15 m. No. 362, S. L. Wood; Limon Bay, Canal Zone, 30-XII-63, No. 356, S. L. Wood; Summit, Canal Zone, X-46, No. 937 and IX- 46, No. 810, N. L. H. Krauss. All from petioles of fallen Cecropia leaves. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. Host.— Cecropia spp. Biology.— This monogamous species in- fests recently fallen Cecropia leaf petioles where adult and larval mines are made in the large, soft pith. As with many other species in this genus eggs are scattered in the frass of the irregular parent gallery. The larvae ex- tend the parental chamber. At times the greater portion of pith in the basal half of a petiole is almost entirely consumed. Notes.— The above treatment was ba.sed on the holotype of glaber (Wood) and 37 other specimens. 2. Scolytodes maurus (Blandford) Prionosceles maurus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 178 (Lectotype, male; Pan- taleon, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Hexacolus ellipticus Eggers, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:80 (Holotype, male; Turriaiba, Co.sta Rica; Institut fiir Phlanzenaschutzforschung Kleinmachnow); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:22. Synonymy 1982 Ctenophorini 475 Diagnosis.— This species is allied to at- rattis (Blandford), but it is distinguished by the much smaller size, the habits, and other characters summarized in the above key. M\LE.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons weakly convex; surface coarsely sub- reticulate, punctures coarse, deep, moder- ately close; vestiture inconspicuous except on epistomal area. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, con- verging slightly on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior third min- utely asperate, asperities low, rather widely spaced; surface reticulate, pvuictures rather fine, spaced by distances equal to about two to four diameters of a puncture, much small- er in asperate area. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, pvmctures small, moderately deep, mostly in definite rows; interstriae almost three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures almost uniseriate to moderately confused, irregular in size within a row, fine to moderately coarse. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae slightly impressed, strial and interstrial punc- tures more definitely imiseriate; interstrial punctures often indefinitely, very feebly granulate. Vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of erect bristles, spacing of bristles be- tween rows and within a row about equal to length of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowlv to rather deeply concave on lower two-thirds (variable within a series), size and density of frontal punctures varying within series; frontal vestiture of moderately long, sparse, yellow hair. Distribution.— Veracruz and Oaxaca to Panama and Venezuela. MEXICO: Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz. GUATE- MALA; Quezaltenango, Esquintla. HONDURAS: Cor- tez, Morazan. COSTA RICA: Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose. PANAMA: Panama (Cerro Campana). VENE- ZUELA: Miranda (El Laurel near Caracas). Host.— Cecropia spp. Biology.— The petioles of fallen Cecropia leaves are selected for attack. The entrance holes commonly were found on the petiole surface that attached the leaf to the tree; the tunnels usually were in the hardened basal portion, rarely more than 5 cm from the base. The habits evidently were typical of the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three syntypic specimens in Bland- ford's original series and on 122 other speci- mens. Because a type has not been desig- nated, I here designate the first male in Blandford's series, from Pantaleon, as the lec- totype for his Prionosceles maurtis; this speci- men previously was labeled as the type and has been regarded as the type of the species. 3. Scolytodes atratus atratus (Blandford) Prionosceles atratus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 178 (Lectotype, male; Senahii, Vera Paz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to gla- brescens Wood, but it is easily distinguished by the regularly striate elytra, the vestiture and other characters. Male.— Length 2.4-3.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex above, impressed on lower hall except median third above level of an- tennal insertions; surface shining, coarsely, deeply punctured, punctures moderately close above, dense on lower half; pubescence restricted to epistomal area. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; out- line and asperities as in maurus; surface fine- ly reticulate, subshining, punctures fine, deep, moderately close, obsolete in asperate area. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae 1 strong- ly, others moderately impressed, punctures fine, close, rather shallow; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, shin- ing, punctures very fine, uniseriate except slightly confused on 2, becoming finely gran- ulate near declivity. Declivity broadly con- vex, rather steep; essentially as on disc, inter- striae 1 indistinctly impressed; interstriae uniseriately granulate, granules fine, rounded. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of uniseriate rows of fine, interstrial hair; each hair slightly shorter than distance between rows or between setae in a row. 476 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except frons abruptly, transversely, strongly impressed just below upper level of eyes to epistoma, a me- dian callus on lower half of impressed area, impressed area clothed by moderately abun- dant, fine, long, yellow hair. Distribution.— Veracruz to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas, Oaxaca, Veracruz. GUATE- MALA: Quezaltenango, Vera Paz. HONDURAS: Cortez, Morazan. Hosts.— Cecropia spp. Biology.— Recently fallen petioles were selected for attack. The tunnels most com- monly were found in the basal half of the pe- tiole, although occasional petioles were al- most completely consumed. The male beetle evidently always constructed the entrance tunnel to the soft pith, where an irregular cavity was formed. The female then exca- vated one or more tunnels from a few mil- limeters in length up to half the length of the petiole. She distributed a few eggs at ran- dom, often mixed with frass, along the tun- nel. The larvae extended the parental gal- leries, often consuming almost the entire pith region. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's seven syntypes and on 126 other specimens. Because a type has not been selected, I here designate a male from Sen- ahu as the lectotype of Prionosceles atratus Blandford. This specimen was labeled "type" and has been regarded as the type for many years. As indicated in the above key, this species is divided into northern and southern geo- graphical races on the bases of distinct differ- ences in average size, in surface sculpture of the pronotum, and in very slight differences in sculpture of the elytral declivity. The min- ute differences between specimens from these areas and the absence of specimens from Nicaragua (due to lack of collecting) suggest the advisability of recognizing sub- species, at least until intergradation can be demonstrated and studied. 4. Scolytodes atratus panamensis (Wood) Prionosceles panamensis Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:103 (Holotype, male; Summit, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— Although intergradation of this taxon with atratus (Blandford) has not been found, the geographical distribution, host, and habits very strongly suggest they are subspecies. They may be distinguished by characters mentioned in the above key. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Limon, Puntarenas, San Jose provinces. PANAMA: Canal Zone and Panama. Host.— Cecropia spp. Biology.— Similar to a. atratus above. It is very abundant. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens, and on 115 other specimens. 5. Scolytodes plumeriae Wood Figs. 17, 26 Scolytodes plumeriae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Uni- versity Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 17 (Holotype, fe- male, Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coil.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from phoebeae Wood by the pronotal surface being smooth and shining, by the pronotal punctures being coarse and deep, and by the female frontal vestiture extending higher on the vertex, more abundant and longer. Female.— Length 1.9-2.7 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons flattened from vertex to epistoma, lateral margins feebly raised below level of antennal insertion; surface densely, rather closely punctured, central area impunctate and very weakly elevated, punctures decreas- ing in size toward this impunctate area; vesti- ture very fine, moderately abundant, except glabrous in impunctate area, pubescent area scarcely extending above upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface smooth and shining, with minute points and with coarse, deep, close punctures, many punctures separated by distances less than di- ameter of a puncture; lateral and anterior surface somewhat wrinkled; glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly impressed, punctures small, impressed; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, surface smooth, with minute points, punctures almost as large as 1982 Ctenophorini 477 those of striae but not as deep, confused. De- clivity steep, convex; striae 1 impressed, all punctures reduced in size, punctures on in- terstriae 1 and 2 uniseriate, punctures lateral to striae 2 confused. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a transverse impression along epistoma and continuing dorsad in lateral areas to level of antennal bases; frontal punc- tures fine, sparse, vestiture scanty, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Rodeo, Esquintla, 4-VI-64, 150 in. No. 677, Phimeria, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, ll-VII-66, 1 m. No. 20, Plumeria rubra, S. L. Wood. Host.— Plumeria rubra. Habits.— This aggressive species is ca- pable of killing healthy branches of its host, although cut or unthrifty material is usually selected for attack. The habits are essentially as in phoebeae. The entire life cycle can be completed in less than 20 days. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 79 specimens and on 17 other specimens. 6. Scolytodes phoebeae Wood Scolytodes phoebeae Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 16 (Holotype, female, Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Allied to cecropicolens Wood, but larger, the anterior third of pronotum en- tirely devoid of asperities, and the female frons ornamented by long hair. It is much more closely related to plumeriae Wood. Female.— Length 2.0-2.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons flattened from vertex to epistoma; lateral margins below level of antennal bases weakly elevated; central area on lower half impunctate, very slightly raised, marginal areas from near epistoma to vertex closely, finely punctured and ornamented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair, hair longer and more abundant above, tips of longest setae on vertex attaining level of antennal bases; pre- mandibular epistomal lobe well developed. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight on basal half and converging slightly, then rounded toward the narrowly rounded anterior mar- gin; entire surface reticulate, finely punctured, punctures separated from one an- other by 2 or more times their own diameters. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures moder- ately coarse, not deep; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, punctures almost as large as those of striae, confused. Declivity rather steep, convex; strial punctures slightly smaller and deeper than on disc; interstrial punctures much smaller than those of striae, almost uniseriate on 2; 10 acutely convex from base to level of basal margin of sternum 5. Glabrous, except a few minute hairs on costal margin. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above, becoming irregularly flattened below, a weakly transverse impression just above epistoma, glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m, No. 241, Phoebea mexicana, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in most other Scolytodes species, this species is monogamous. The adult male constructs an entrance tunnel and begins a nuptial chamber. Both male and fe- male enlarge the oval cavity to about 3-5 mm wide and about 5-8 mm or more long. It is entirely within the thin bark, not engraving the wood at all; only the paper-thin, smooth, outermost layer of bark remains to conceal the tunnel. Eggs are scattered in- discriminately in the chamber; the young lar- vae feed along the margins of the chamber through the first and second instars, enlarging it somewhat. While the young larvae feed, the parent beetles bore from the phloem through the woody tissues to the large pith area. In the pith they construct a new cham- ber that is usually slightly larger than the first. Third instar larvae (as judged by their size) migrate to the pith chamber, where they feed until pupation occurs. Young adults may occur in pith, xylem, or phloem tissues, but most of them remain in the pith until it is entirely consumed. The infested branch stud- ied was cut by me on 17 September; attack occurred after that date, and most of the brood had matured by 24 October. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 153 specimens. 478 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 7. Scolytodes minutissimus Schedl Scolytodes minutissimus Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:355 'Holotype, female; Hamburgfarm on Rio Re- ventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from phoebeae Wood by the much smaller size, by the minute pronotal and elytral punctures, and by the different female frons. Female.— Length 1.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; yellowish brown (probably not fully colored). Frons with eyes separated by 1.7 times width of an eye, broadly convex, median fourth with a longitudinal, smooth, shining callus from level of antennal insertion two- thirds distance to upper level of eyes, mar- ginal areas surrounding callus weakly im- pressed and obscurely punctured, impressed area occupying about half of distance from callus to inner margin of eye; remaining area smooth, shining, with very sparse, fine punc- tures; vestiture confined to impressed area, of moderately abundant, rather short hair; long- est setae about equal in length to half width of eye. Pronotum 0.88 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly converging on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; surface shining, almost smooth, very ob- scurely subreticulate near obscure summit; punctures minute, shallow, widely spaced. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind, surface smooth, shining; striae not impressed, punc- tures minute, close, in irregular rows; inter- striae more than six times as wide as striae, punctures sparse, minute, uniseriate on basal half, confused on 1 and 2 toward declivity. Declivity convex, rather steep; punctures on lower half deeper than on disc and uniseriate. Very minute interstrial setae sparsely scat- tered on declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, im nest von Giton hamatum, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 8. Scolytodes levis (Blackman) Ctenophoriis laevigatus Chapuis, 1869 (nee Ferrari, 1867), Synopsis des Scolytides, p. 49 (Syntypes, males; Colombie; Rrussels Mus.). Preoccupied Hexacolus levis Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94(3174):382 (Holotype, female; Faraiso, Canal Zone, Panama); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:517. Synonymy Scolytodes chapuisi Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:210 (Replacement name for laevigatus Chap- uis); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:517. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely allied phoebeae Wood by the smaller, more slender form, by the unise- riate interstriae, and by numerous other char- acters described below. Female.- Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.2-2.3 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons moderately convex; median fourth from epistoma on lower two-thirds below up- per level of eyes a smooth, brightly shining, weakly elevated callus, its outline moderately constricted just above epistoma; median three-fourths (except for callus) finely, rather closely punctured form epistoma to vertex (one-fourth of punctured area above eyes); vestiture of rather long, moderately abun- dant, reddish yellow hair; lateral and dorsal areas reticulate. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in cecropii Schedl except less strongly con- vex, less strongly reticulate, with no in- dication of asperities on anterior slope. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; very similar to cecropii except strial punctures slightly larger, more distinct, interstrial punctures almost unise- riate, rather indistinct, declivity smoother, with punctures more distinct. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons uni- formly convex and reticulate, without special sculpture or setae. Distribution.— Panama to Venezuela. PANAMA: Paraiso, Canal Zone, 26-1-11, E. A. Schwarz. VENEZUELA: Colonia Tovar, El Laurel (12 km SW Caracas), and Rancho Grande (Pittier National Park) in Aragua. Host.— Cecropia sp. Biology.— All specimens from Venezuela were removed from the petioles of fallen Cecropia leaves. Notes.— The holotype and 113 other spec- imens were examined. 1982 Ctenophorini 479 9. Scolytodes amoenus Wood Scolytodes amoenus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:128 (Holotype, female; 35 km N Juchitlan, Ja- lisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Superficially, this species re- sembles multistriatus Wood, but it is brightly shining, the declivity is more gradual, the fe- male frons is entirely different, and inter- striae 10 is acutely elevated to the declivity. Among species with an asperate anterior slope of the pronotum, continued 10th elytral interstriae, and a tubercle on the posterior face of the front tibiae, this species is unique. The large size, the multistriate elytra, and the unique female frons also help to dis- tinguish this unusual species. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; cOlor of basal third of pro- notum, most of elytra, and most of body yel- lowish brown, with head, anterior two-thirds of pronotum, all margins of each elytron, and some parts of meso- and metasternum dark brown (variable in series). Frons flattened from just above upper level of eyes to epistoma; most of area between eyes occupied by a very finely granulate, perfect circle extending from upper level of eyes to epistoma; lower half of circle bearing on its lower half a smooth, shining, trans- verse, procurved band with small, median, orad extension, this area about equal to half width of circle; area outside of circle rather coarsely, very closely punctured; vestiture consisting of equally long, fine, plumose setae on a continuous band surrounding circular area, numerous additional setae along epis- toma; central area glabrous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very feebly arcuate, almost straight, converging anteriorly very slightly on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; indefinite summit near middle, ante- rior fourth finely asperate; anterior margin armed by a continuous ridge; posterior areas obscurely subreticulate, coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, punctures separated by slightly less than their own diameters. Glabrous except near lateral and anterior margins. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; elytra with basal margin marked by a fine, raised line; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures rather fine, deep; interstriae shining, one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures rather fine, deep, rather abundant, confused. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1 strongly impressed; all punctures reduced, those of striae little larger than abundant interstrial punctures. Glabrous except at sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a transverse impression just above epistoma, surface reticulate with coarse deep punctures above, a few granules below. Distribution.— Jalisco to Tamaulipas. MEXICO: Jalisco: 35 km N Juchitlan, 3-VII-65, 1300 m, No. 177 Ficus, S. L. Wood. Tamaulipas: Bocatoma, 7 km SE Gomez Farias, 25-III-78, E. G. Riley. Biology.— This species infested the phloem tissues of unthrifty and cut branches of a native fig tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 68 specimens. 10. Scolytodes lepidus Wood Scolytodes lepidus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:27 (Holotype, female; .3.3 km or 21 miles N Juchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from amoenus Wood by the slightly larger average size, by the slightly larger elytral punctures, by the presence of a few elytral setae, particularly along sides, and by the very different female frons. Female.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, base of pro- notum usually pale. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, almost smooth, upper half and sides below coarsely, closely punctured and pu- bescent, median third on lower half slightly elevated, smooth, shining, impunctate, glabrous; vestiture long, moderately abun- dant, more widely distributed than in amoenus. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; as in amoenus except discal area reticulate (smooth to subreticulate in amoenus) and moderately pubescent at lateral margins (al- most glabrous in amoenus). Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; as in amoenus except 480 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 strial and interstrial punctures larger, more completely confused, and lateral areas with sparse setae (entirely glabrous in amoenus). Male.— Similar to female, with frons sim- ilar to male amoenus except more coarsely punctured, more protuberant in median area, with no granules. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO; Jalisco: 33 km or 21 miles N Juchitlan, 3- VII-65, 1300 111, No. 177, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the same branches as the type series of amoenus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 27 specimens. 11. Scolytodes genialis Wood Scolytodes genialis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:27 (Holotype, female; Lagima Santa Maria, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lepidus Wood by the absence of punc- tures in the asperate area of the pronotum and by the much finer punctures on the pro- notal disc and on the elytra. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior half of pronotum darker. Frons as in lepidus except vestiture finer, very slightly shorter. Pronotum as in lepidus except punctures very fine, shallow. Elytra as in lepidus except strial punctures fine, shal- low, in definite rows, interstrial punctures very small, confused, striae 1 not impressed on declivity, vestiture on sides of elytra minute. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male lepidus. Distribution.— Nayarit to Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 24 km S Mazamitla, 22-VI-65, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Nayarit: Lagima Santa Maria, 7-VII- 65, 900 m. No. 197, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— All specimens were taken from branches of a Ficus with yellowish bark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 12. Scolytodes perditus Wood Scolytodes perditus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:123 (Holotype, female; Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cecropicolens Wood by the more slen- der body form, by the less deeply impressed, finer punctures on pronotum and elytra and, in the female, by the dense, long brush of frontal hair arising above the eyes. Female.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior fourth of prothorax darker. Frons flattened from well above upper lev- el of eyes to epistoma, with low, submarginal, longitudinal carinae extending from epistoma about half distance to upper level of eye; central area minutely granulate, lateral areas with a few punctures; vestiture consisting of abundant, coarse, long, subplumose setae mostly arising above eyes, none as low as lev- el of antennal bases, some setae sufficiently long to reach epistoma. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, converging very slightly anteriorly, rather narrowly rounded in front; slightly less than anterior half very finely, closely asperate; posterior area reti- culate, punctures rather fine, shallow. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, sharply but not deeply impressed, punctures almost in- distinguishable from similar, abundant, con- fused, interstrial punctures; surface almost smooth, shining. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures deeper than on disc, not reduced; interstrial punctures distinctly smaller, uniseriate except near upper area. Vestiture restricted to a few setae on sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a transverse impression just above epistoma but interrupted by a small subcarinate median elevation; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep; strial punctures on disc deeper and somewhat larger than those of striae. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, 22X11-63. 30 m. No. 321, Cecwpia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Phloem tissues in the branch terminals were infested by this species within a few centimeters of the tip in a broken limb. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 1982 Ctenophorini 481 13. Scolytodes cecropicolens Wood Scolytodes cecropicolens Wood, 1969, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 16 (Holotype, fe- male; Peralta, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— In size and proportions this species is more nearly similar to maurus (Blandford) than to other species known to me, but tibial and other characters are very different. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown or medium brown, with marginal areas darker. Frons rather narrowly flattened below up- per level of eyes, median third on lower two- thirds of flattened area rather abruptly im- pressed, impression wider below and less def- inite; lateral margins indefinitely elevated be- low level of antennal insertion; surface reticulate above, subreticulate in impressed area, punctures coarse, sparse, sharply de- fined but not very deep; vestiture minute, in- conspicuous, a few longer hairlike setae on epistoma. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very slightly arcuate, converging slightly to subabrupt anterolater- al angles, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior third feebly asperate; surface reti- culate, punctures rather coarse and separated by more than their own diameters, much fin- er anteriorly, continuing to anterior margin. Vestiture minute, appearing glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, moderately deep; interstriae slightly more than twice as wide as striae, weakly convex, pimctures al- most as large as those of striae, those on 2 and 4 confused on basal half, almost unise- riate elsewhere. Declivity convex, rather steep; punctures of striae and interstriae smaller, not as deep, and less sharply defined than on disc. Vestiture consisting of rows of short interstrial hair; very minute strial setae visible toward base of elytra. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a slight transverse impression just above epistoma. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA; Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m. No. 464, Cecropia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in the terminal ends of branches of a cut tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens. 14. Scolytodes costabilis Wood Scolytodes costabilis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1); 13 (Holotype, female; Lago Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from melunocephalus Blandford by the differ- ent female frontal sculpture, by the very fine punctures on the pronotal disc, and by the very small strial punctures. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons rather broadly flattened from epis- toma to vertex; a pair of low, subparallel, longitudinal carinae from level of antennal insertion to epistomal margin; surface smooth and shining above level of antennal insertion, a row of punctures around margin; feebly bi- sulcate between carinae, finely reticulate- punctate in sulci, smooth and shining be- tween; vestiture of long, yellow hair on mar- gins above, tips of longest setae reach level of antennal insertion, sulci on lower third with fine, short hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides straight on basal two-thirds, converging very slightly to anterolateral angles, broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate, anterior fourth rather strongly declivous and finely as- perate, fine, almost obsolete punctures be- hind each asperity; punctures on posterior areas very small, shallow, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; basal margins not carinate, abrupt; striae not impressed, punctures very fine, distinctly impressed, spaced within a row by about twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures very fine, three or more times as wide as striae, uniseriate except moderately confused in some specimens. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture essentially as on disc. Distribution.— Veracruz. 482 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 MEXICO: Veracruz; Lago Cateniaco, 16-20-VI-69, 1-3-V-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five females. 15. Scolytodes melanocephalus (Blandford) Hexacolus melanocephalus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 181 (Lectotype, female; Cerro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species was placed in the key near cecropiavonis Wood, although it might just as easily have been placed near schwarzi Hopkins or perhaps even amoenus Wood. Although the true relationships of this species are not entirely clear, it is easily rec- ognized by the very distinctive sculpture of the female frons. Female.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.25 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons flattened, lateral thirds armed by a pair of carinae beginning just below level of antennal insertion, obliquely diverging to near lateral margin, ending midway between level of antennal insertion and upper level of eye, a strong, rather short median carina ex- tending from this level to vertex; surface ob- scured by glue on type but evidently smooth and finely punctured; lateral margins rather sparsely pubescent much as in cecropiavonis. Pronotum about 1.0 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior third very finely asperate, but with punctures intermixed to anterior margin; posterior areas reticulate, dull, coarsely, rather deeply, close- ly punctured. Evidently glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, al- most smooth, pimctures slightly smaller and not as deep as those of striae, uniseriate, as closely spaced as those of striae. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae 1 and 2 slightly impressed; all punctures slightly smaller, but similar to declivity. Glabrous. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA; Cerro Zumil, 4-5000 ft (1300-1700 m), G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two syntypes. This species was based on three syntypes from Cerro Zunil; of these, one is missing from its pin. The first syntype, a female, is here designated as the lectotype of Hexacous melunocephalus Blandford. For many years it has borne a type label and has been considered to be the type. 16. Scolytodes cecropiavorus Wood Scolytodes cecropiavorus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 17 (Holotype, fe- male; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cecropii Schedl by the distinctly im- pressed strial and interstrial punctures, by the shining male frons with fine punctures, and by the more widely separated female frontal carinae. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened from vertex to epistoma, divided on lower half into almost equal thirds by a pair of prominent, subparallel, longitu- dinal carinae; surface finely, rather closely punctured, and punctures somewhat sparse between carinae; lateral and upper areas or- namented by a rather sparse tuft of fine, long, yellow hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate, converging very slightly to anterior fourth, then rather narrowly rounded in front; surface reticulate, with fine, rather sparse punctures. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not at all impressed, punctures small, shallow; inter- striae almost three times as wide as striae, ob- scurely marked by minute points and lines, punctures fine, obscure, uniseriate. Declivity moderately steep, convex; strial and inter- strial punctures obscurely indicated. Glabrous, except for a few setae along costal margin. Male.— Similar to female except frons evenly, rather weakly convex, with a weak transverse impression just above epistomal process, surface subreticulate above, sub- shining below, glabrous, except a few setae near epistoma. 1982 Ctenophorini 483 Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Igiiacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, 1500 m. No. 36; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-V1I-63, 250 m. No. 130; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, No. 58; all from the same host, by S. L. Wood. Host.— Cecropia peltata. Biology.— This species infested recently fallen leaf petioles of the host tree. The tun- nels were immediately below the epidermal layer. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. Two dis- tinct geographical races of this species are known. Scolytodes c. acuminatus Wood (Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., vol. 10, pt. 2:17, 1969, female holotype, Tapanti, Car- tago, Costa Rica, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 207, S. L. Wood) was taken from the same host and has similar habits. In this race the elytral apex is strongly acuminate and the male frons is more strongly convex. Intergradation be- tween the two forms could not be demon- strated with the limited material at hand. Scolytodes c. punctifer Wood (Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser., vol. 10, pt. 2:18, 1969; male holotype, Gatun Dam Canal Zone Panama, 31-XII-63, 15 m. No. 361, S. L. Wood) was taken from a different species of Cecropia and has similar habits. This sub- species is of the same size and proportions as c. cecropiavorus, but the elytral apex is more broadly rounded, the declivital punctures are strongly impressed, and the male frons is sparsely, minutely punctured below and shin- ing. Intergradation between the two forms could not be demonstrated from the limited material at hand. 17. Scolytodes unipunctatus (Blandford) Hexacolus unipunctatus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6); 182 (Lectotype, female; Cubilgiiitz, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— The point of insertion of the antennae, the odd frontal elevation of the fe- male, and the constricted, depressed declivi- tal interstriae 2 are all imique in this genus. The over-all surface sculpture is also un- matched in this genus. Female.— Length 1.75-1.85 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons very weakly, broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; median fourth of lower third occupied by a large, black, subpyriform, abruptly elevated process increasing in height dorsally, its upper limit projecting slightly; surface of concavity on lower half yellow, evidently somewhat spongy, becoming minutely granulate-punc- tate above; vestiture of uniformly distributed, very fine, moderately abundant, rather long hair. Antennal insertion immediately above middle of distance from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes; scape with a small tuft of hair near apex. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides almost straight, converging very slightly on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior fifth slightly more declivous and very feebly aspe- rate; surface subreticulate, with a bright sheen, punctures moderately large near base, small anteriorly, very shallow, continuing to anterior margin. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 impressed, others feebly impressed toward declivity, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep; interstriae three times as wide as striae, very smooth, brightly shining, punctures uniseriate, very fine, shallow. Declivity rather gradual, con- vex; striae impressed, punctures small, shal- low; interstriae 2 rather strongly narrowed, impressed, 1, 3, and 9 convex, slightly ele- vated. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, smooth, with an opalescent sheen, finely, sparsely punctured; scape without tuft of hair; punctures on pronotum not reduced in size anteriorly. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cubilguitz, Alta Verapaz, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on six syntypes. The first female syntype bears a type label but has never been official- ly designated as such. I here designate that female syntype, from Cubilguitz, as the lecto- type of Hexacolus unipunctatus Blandford. 484 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 18. Scolytodes cecropii (Schedl) Hexacolus cecropii Schedl, 1937, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 4:66 (Holotype, female; La Hondura, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to blandfordi (Schedl). Because fe- males of blandfordi are unknown, it can be stated only that the two known males are dis- tinguished from cecropii males only by slight differences in punctation of the elytral de- clivity as noted in the above key. More mate- rial could very well indicate the existence of only one species. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons flattened on a somewhat narrow area from upper level of eyes to epistoma; lower three-fifths with a pair of subcon- tiguous, almost parallel, median, shining, lon- gitudinal carinae, diverging very slightly to- ward epistoma; surface reticulate, largely obscured by a dense brush of long, yellow hair arising from margins of upper third to well above eyes, tips of longest hair reaching epistomal margin. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, converging slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; sur- face finely reticulate, dull, punctures fine, shallow, rather widely spaced, attaining ante- rior margin, asperities entirely absent. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, scarcely evident; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, obscurely wrinkled, subshining, punctures obscure, very shallow. Declivity convex, moderately steep; punctures small, shallow, obscure. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex above, a slight transverse im- pression just above epistoma, glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-6.3, 1300 m. No. 267, Cecropia peltota, S. L. Wood. The tvpe series was labeled "La Palma, 1450 m. La Hondura, Costa Rica, F. Nevermann, 5-VI-36, Cecropia mexicana." It is presumed this locality is in the La Palma area between Volcan Barba and Volcan Irazu in San Jose Province, be- cause Nevermann lived nearby in a suburb of San Jose. Biology.— Five specimens of this species were taken as they walked on or were begin- ning entrance tunnels in a fallen Cecropia leaf petiole. None of the entrance tunnels in- dicated the location of brood chambers. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a male paratype, on two male and two fe- male topotypic homotypes, on 28 other topo- types bearing identical data to the type, and on 5 other specimens. 19. Scolytodes blandfordi (Schedl) Hexacolus blandfordi Schedl, 1936, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio de Janeiro 3:104 (Holotype, male; Ham- burgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is doubtfully dis- tinct from cecropii (Schedl). Male.— Length 1.4-1.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. As in cecropii except frons more coarsely reticulate, transverse impression above epis- toma lacking a feeble median elevation; punctures on elytral declivity very slightly larger, deeper. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, F. Nevermann; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, .50 m. No. 146, Cecropia petiole, S. L. Wood. Biology.— One male was taken from a new tunnel in a Cecropia leaf petiole. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a male that was compared directly to the unique holotype by me. 20. Scolytodes venustus Wood Scolytodes venustus Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 18 (Holotype, female; Rodeo, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pseudopiceiis Wood by the more finely punctured female frons, with the pubescence more abundant and evenly distributed, and by the striae, which are not impressed, their punctures are fine and shallow. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons flattened from upper level of eyes to epistoma (rather narrowly above); surface subreticulate and finely punctured above eyes, subshining and rather coarsely punc- tured on flattened area, a small, shining. 1982 Ctenophorini 485 impunctate, central area on lower half; epis- tomal lobe not evident; vestiture consisting of fine, sparse, moderately long hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides of basal half almost straight and parallel, rather broadly rounded in front; en- tire surface reticulate, punctures coarse, deep, rather close, becoming somewhat smaller in anterior area; not at all asperate anteriorly. Glabrous except at sides. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 rather strongly, others rather weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, deep, very close; inter- striae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, almost smooth, with a few fine points, punctures more than half as large as those of striae, deep, rather close, uniseriate. Declivi- ty steep, convex, about as on disc, except all punctures smaller. Glabrous, except for sparse, short hair on sides and marginal areas behind. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, finely, sparsely punctured, subglabrous; anterior fourth of pronotum finely asperate, punctures in this area obscured. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Rodeo, Esquintla, 4-VI-64, 200 m. No. 20, Plitmeria and No. 678, Ficus, No. 677, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Playa del Coco, Guanacaste, ll-VII-66, 1 m. No. 20, Phtmcria rubra, S. L. Wood. Host.— PJimieria rubra, P. sp., Ficus sp. Biology.— This species was taken from the same branches as plumeriae and evidently has similar habits. Mature, fully colored brood was found 20 days after one branch was cut. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 82 specimens. 21. Scolytodes striatus (Eggers) Hexacolus striatus Eggers, 1934, Ent. Blatt. .30:79 (Holo- type, male; Turrialba, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from venustus Wood by the slightly stouter form, by the total absence of asperities on the pronotum, by the slightly larger strial punc- tures and the more strongly convex inter- striae on the declivity, and by the different elytral vestiture. Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in male venustus except differing as in- dicated above. Elytral vestiture, particularly on declivity, of stout, erect, short, rather abundant setae; each seta slightly longer than distance equal to diameter of a strial puncture. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 22. Scolytodes pseudopiceus Wood Scohjtodes pseudopiceus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 18 (Holotype, fe- male; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to venustus Wood, but it is distinguished by characters summarized in the above diagnosis and key. Female.— Length 1.4-1.9 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons flattened from just above upper level of eyes to epistoma, evidently feebly convex near center; rather coarsely, closely punc- tured; ornamented by a rather scanty brush of fine, long hair, distribution about uniform, except reduced or absent toward center. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging slightly to anterior third, then rather narrowly rounded in front; summit indefinite, near middle; anterior third appearing weakly crenulate from above, but only feebly wrinkled from other aspects; surface sub- reticulate, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured from base to anterior margin. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather fine, deep; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, punc- tures subequal to those of striae, in almost regular, uniseriate rows. Declivity steep, con- vex; striae 1 slightly impressed; all punctures smaller than on disc. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a slight transverse impression 486 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 just above epistomal margin, surface reti- culate and sparsely, rather deeply punctured. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5- XIl-63, 1000 m. No. 278, Ficus sp., S. L. Wood. Biology.— Small, unthrifty twigs in living trees are selected for attack. The habits ap- parently are similar to most other species in the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 23. Scolytodes setosus (Blandford) Hexacolus setosus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Anier., Coleopt. 4(6): 181 (Holotype, female?; Cerro Zu- nil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species evidently is in- termediate in its relationships between hir- suttis Wood and crasstis Wood, but it is dis- tinguished by the elytral vestiture and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 1.6 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide; color brown, anterior half of pronotum darker. Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression on lower third; surface smooth, rather coarsely, sparsely, deeply punctured; vestiture of sparse, fine, long, uniformly dis- tributed hair. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides very weakly ar- cuate on posterior two-thirds, then con- verging rather abruptly to broadly rounded anterior margin; surface weakly reticulate, punctures moderately fine, spaced within a row by one to two diameters of a puncture, moderately deep, smaller and less strongly impressed on anteromedian area. Vestiture rather abundant, of fine, long hair. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide (slightly spread on type); outline as in allied species; striae not impressed, punctures mod- erately fine, rather deep, close; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures very fine, deep, moder- ately confused on 1 and 2, uniseriate on 3-9. Declivity convex, rather steep; sculpture about as on disc. Vestiture consisting of rows of fine, moderately long, semirecumbent strial hair; interstrial setae of two types, some similar to strial setae and alternating in rows with bristles, others form rows of erect bristles each as long as distance between rows, slightly closer to one another within a row, their tips blunt, slightly flattened. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft (1300 m), G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 24. Scolytodes punctiferus Wood Scolytodes punctifer Wood, 1971, (nee. Wood 1969) Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 15 (Holotype, male; Volcan Irazii, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Scolytodes punctiferus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:348. Replacement name Diagnosis.— This pubescent species is dis- tinguished from punctatus Eggers by the much smaller strial punctures, with the inter- strial punctures much smaller than those of the striae, by the smooth pronotal surface, with smaller punctures, and by the more abundant elytral hair. Male.— Length 1.5 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra slightly lighter, abundant vestiture pale. Frons convex, a slight transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; surface obscurely reticulate, punctures rather small, deep, mod- erately close; vestiture fine, sparse, short. Su- tures of antennal club almost obsolete. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; sides parallel, feebly arcuate on basal half, broadly rounded in front; surface obscurely reticulate behind, distinctly reticulate toward anterior margin, punctures coarse, deep, close. Vesti- ture fine, abundant, moderately long. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two- thirds; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, about one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures rather large, uniseriate except slightly confused on 2. Declivity con- vex, rather steep; all punctures distinctly smaller, otherwise similar to disc. Vestiture of rather abundant, fine, erect, strial and inter- strial hair, and slightly longer, uniseriate rows of slightly coarser, interstrial hair; each long hair about one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-63, 2300 m. No. 207, Oreopanax nubigenus, S. L. Wood. 1982 Ctenophorini 487 Biology.— One male specimen was taken from a twig of a broken limb. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 25. Scolytodes hirsutus Wood Scolytodes hirsutus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 16 (Holotype, male; Ta- panti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from punctiferus Wood by the fine, confused, elytral punctures, by the strongly reticulate, dull pronotal surface, and by the much finer pronotal punctures. Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color black. Frons moderately convex, surface strongly reticulate, punctures fine, deep, moderately abundant; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; out- line as in punctiferus; surface strongly reti- culate, dull, punctures fine, rather shallow, moderately abundant. Vestiture fine, rather abundant, moderately long. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; outline as in punctiferus; strial and interstrial punctures equal in size, small, rather shallow, interstrial punctures confused, those of striae distin- guished with difficulty. Declivity convex, rather steep; punctures minute, confused. Vestiture of fine, long strial and interstrial hair, and slightly longer uniseriate rows of in- terstrial hair; each longer hair slightly longer than distance between rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 2300 m. No. 8, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The holotype was removed from an old section of cut vine (somewhat similar to Clematis) that was completely rid- dled by this species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 26. Scolytodes crassus Wood Scolytodes crassus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 16 (Holotype, male; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The position of this small, stout species is problematical, but the rows of very fine strial and interstrial hair suggest a possible relationship to hirsutus Wood. Male.— Length 1.0 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, apparently not fully colored. Frons convex, surface obscurely reticulate, shining, punctures rather large, deep, not close; fine, moderately abundant toward epistoma. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides indistinctly arcuate, con- verging very slightly on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface smooth and shining, punctures small, rather shallow, moderately close, irregularly spaced. Vestiture of short, very fine, moderately abundant, recumbent hair. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures large, moderately deep, close; interstriae almost as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures very fine, unise- riate, close. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures gradually reduced to about two-thirds size on disc; interstriae slightly wider than striae, very feebly convex. Vesti- ture consisting of uniseriate rows of very fine, recumbent, moderately long strial and inter- strial hair; in addition, odd-numbered inter- striae on posterior half of elytra bear widely spaced, erect, spatulate bristles of moderate length, about six such bristles on each interstriae. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, XI-52 to III-53, J. Zetek. Biology.— Unknown. The type evidently was taken at light. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 27. Scolytodes venustulus Wood Scolytodes venustulus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:124 (Holotype, male; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species appears to be closely related to venustus Wood, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the reti- culate, less closely punctured posterior area of the pronotum, by the unimpressed elytral striae, and by the almost equal size of strial and interstrial punctures. 488 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, with a slight reddish cast. Frons convex, with a transverse impression just above epistoma; surface smooth and shin- ing to a level above eyes, punctures very fine; vestiture fine, hairlike, largely confined to epistomal area. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather weakly ar- cuate on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; dorsal profile arched from base, a little more strongly declivous on ante- rior fourth; surface reticulate, with rather coarse, deep, moderately close punctures on basal two-thirds, finely, closely asperate in median area in front, punctures reaching an- terior margin in lateral areas; punctiues on disc separated by distances about equal to their own diameters. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; base of su- ture just behind scutellum acutely but not strongly elevated; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, smooth and shin- ing, punctures fine, distinct. Declivity con- vex, rather steep; strial punctures reduced; interstriae 2 narrow, not wider than diameter of a strial puncture (noticeably wider on one paratype). Vestiture consisting of minute strial and interstrial hair, and longer, erect bristles on declivital interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7. Interstriae 10 ending before level of hind coxa. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 407, S. L. Wood. Host.— Oreopanax probably xalapense. Biology.— This species infested the phloem tissues of cut seedlings of its host about 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 28. Scolytodes clusiae Wood Scolytodes clusiae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 14 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Evidently not closely related to previously known species. It has interstriae 10 ending before level of metacoxae, the pro- tibiae armed by a small tooth on posterior face just before the tarsal insertion and be- tween the terminal mucro and first or second marginal tooth; the female frons is broadly, shallowly concave. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly, shallowly concave from up- per level of eyes to level of antennal in- sertion; surface closely, deeply, somewhat coarsely punctured over entire frontal area in and out of concavity; median epistomal lobe conspicuous, broad, short, continuous with surface of frons; vestiture very fine, not abun- dant, longer above, not evident along epistoma. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, very slightly constricted one-third pronotum length from base, weakly arcuate on anterior half, then broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate, with fine, obscure, rather widely spaced punctures on posterior half, equally fine, sparse, minute granules on anterior third. Almost glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; widest one-third from base, sides feebly arcuate, abruptly rounded at declivital base, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures very small, not deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, shining, irregular due to obscure sur- face lines, punctures not evident. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae 1 weakly im- pressed above, punctures on all striae ob- scurely indicated. Vestiture consisting of a few rather short hairs and, on lower half, more numerous, very short, semirecumbent hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, finely, obscurely punctured, surface reticulate, vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous; strial punctures rather obscure. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-VIII-66, 2600 m. No. 96, Cltisia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infests the phloem and outer bark in unthrifty twigs of living Cliisia trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 1982 Ctenophorini 489 29. Scolytodes radiatus Wood Scolytodes radiatus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:218 (Holotype, female; La Georgiana, 79 km SE San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from clusiae Wood and volcanus Wood by the shghtly larger size, by the much coarser pronotal pimctures, and by the very different female frons. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex and virtually glabrous as in males of allied species. Pronotum much as in volcanus except punctures much larger, each equal to from half to full diameter of a strial puncture (variable). Elytra about as in amabilis Wood except punctures larger and vestiture less abundant; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, less than half diameter of those of striae. Sub- glabrous, a few fine setae on odd-numbered interstriae on posterior half. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: La Georgiana, 79 km SE San Jose, 31- VII-65, Quercus, L. S. Otvos. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens. 30. Scolytodes clusiacolens Wood Scolytodes clusiacolens Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:121 (Holotype, female; 10 km E Volcan Pan'cutin, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is more closely allied to clusiae Wood than to other known species, but it may be distinguished by the larger size, by the coarsely, deeply punctured pronotum and elytra and, in the female, by the weakly convex frons. Female.— Length 1.8-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons planoconvex from a point well be- low upper level of eyes to epistoma, convex above that point, transition rather abrupt; surface reticulate, finely, deeply, rather closely punctured; vestiture inconspicuous, consisting of very fine, moderately abundant, uniformly distributed hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight or very feebly constricted on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; dorsal profile weakly arched from base, more strongly declivous on anterior fifth; surface reticulate, with rather coarse deep punctures from base to near anterior margin, gradually replaced by smaller punctures laterally and minute asperities medially on anterior fifth. Glabrous except near lateral and anterior margins. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae impressed, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae slightly nar- rower than striae, convex, shining, punctures fine, sharply but not deeply impressed, unise- riate, some of them slightly subgranulate on anterior margins (variable in series). Declivi- ty convex, rather steep; striae 1 only dis- tinctly impressed, punctures distinctly small- er than on disc; interstrial punctures minute, clearly impressed. Vestiture fine, hairlike in regular strial and interstrial rows on teneral specimens. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex to transverse impression just above epistoma, punctures larger, deeper, vestiture almost confined to epistomal area; more nearly subgranulate interstrial punctures. Distribution.— Michoacan to Honduras. MEXICO: Michoacan: 10 km E Volcan Paricutin, 19- VI-65, 2500 m. No. 85, Clusia, S. L. Wood. Chiapas: 32 km N Bochil, lO-VI-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, I-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 659, Clusia, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Cerro Peiia Blanca, F. Morazan, 23-V-64, 2000 m. No. 530, Clusia, S. L. Wood. Host.— Clusia sp. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in unthrifty twigs and branches of its living host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 83 specimens. 31. Scolytodes clusiavorus Wood Scolytodes clusiavorus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:122 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Agua, Es- quintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from clusiae Wood by the smaller size, by the more sharply, somewhat more deeply punctured pronotum and elytra, particularly the elytral declivity, and, in the female, by the less deeply, less extensively concave frons. 490 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons shallowly, broadly planoconcave from just below upper level of eyes to epis- toma; surface subshining, closely, finely, deeply, uniformly punctured from vertex to epistoma; vestiture consisting of rather coarse, moderately long, uniformly but rather sparsely distributed hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight or very feebly constricted on posterior two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate, punctures rather fine, deep, moderately close; anterior fifth more strongly declivous, with a few minute asperities in median area, punctures attaining anterior margin only in lateral areas. Vesti- ture confined to anterior and lateral areas. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, almost smooth, with some irregular lines, punctures minute, almost uniseriate, not at all granulate. De- clivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures smaller and shallower than on disc. Vestiture consisting of rows of minute strial hair and longer, erect rows of coarser interstrial hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex, reticulate, punctures rather coarse, sparse, vestiture restricted to epistom- al margin. Distribution.— Guatemala. MEXICO: Veracruz: Matias Romero, 29-VI-67, Clusia, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agiia, Es- quintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 593, Clusia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infests phloem tis- sues of imthrifty twigs and branches of its liv- ing host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 32. Scolytodes amabilis Wood Scolytodes amabilis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:26 (Holotype, female; Mt. Tzontehuitz, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— In general body features, this species is very similar to clusiavorus Wood, but the female frons is much more similar to volcanus Wood. It is distinguished from those species as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons essentially convex, with a very shal- low, subconcave area on median third just below upper level of eyes, this impression continued on median fifth as an abrupt, shal- low sulcus to epistoma, median half of lateral areas bordering sulcus with numerous bead- like granules, remaining areas somewhat dull, with fine punctures; surface of sulcus shining, almost smooth; rather sparse vestiture limited to margins, of fine, long hair, those on dorsal margin attaining level of antennal insertion, shorter laterally and below. Pronotum and elytral outlines as in clii- siacolens Wood; pronotum surface reticulate, punctures as in clusiavorus; strial and inter- strial punctures similar to but slightly larger than in clusiavorus. Strial setae almost obso- lete; interstrial setae almost obsolete on even- numbered interstriae, fine, rather short, and widely spaced on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, vestiture very sparse, short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuitz, 29-V-69, 3000 m, 23-VI-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 38 specimens. 33. Scolytodes canalis Wood Scoh/todes canalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Yoimg Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 13 "(Holotype, female; Mt. Tzontehuitz, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied parvulus Wood by the slightly protuberant, lower female frons, which has a narrow, shallow, median sulcus, with frontal vestiture confined to the upper margins; the discal interstrial punctures are obsolete; and the pronotal and strial punc- tures are moderately course. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather broadly convex, slightly pro- tuberant on lower half, median fourth just be- low upper level of eyes shallowly concave, impression continued on median sixth as a shallow sulcus to epistoma; surface of upper half almost smooth, rather finely, deeply 1982 Ctenophorini 491 punctured, becoming finely granulate on lower half except reticulate in impressed area; vestiture apparently restricted to mar- gins of upper half, tips of some long, yellow, hairlike setae arising on vertex reaching to epistoma. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight on more than basal two- thirds, converging slightly to anterolateral angles, broadly rounded in front; anterior third weakly declivous; surface reticulate, subshining, punctures on posterior half mod- erately coarse, deep, not close, decreasing in size on anterior half, most of them replaced by minute granules on anterior sixth or obso- lete. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides straight on basal two-thirds, very slightly wider at base of declivity, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures obsolete, some with one to three minute granules. De- clivity steep, convex; strial punctures smaller than on disc; a few minute interstrial punc- tures usually present. Vestiture of fine sparse, erect, interstrial hair of moderate length on odd-numbered interstriae, much shorter to obsolete on even-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons evenly, more strongly convex, surface reti- culate, with scattered punctures, subglabrous. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuitz, 26, 29-V-69, 12- VI-69, 3100 111, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 22 specimens. 34. Scolytodes volcaniis Wood Scolytodes volcaniis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 14 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from clusiae Wood by the smaller size, by the small tooth on the posterior face of the protibiae, by the larger strial punctures, and by the female frons being more narrowly im- pressed to the vertex. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons narrowly, shallowly concave from epistomal margin to above upper level of eyes; surface finely, shallowly but distinctly, densely punctate, epistomal lobe mostly shin- ing; vestiture largely confined to margin of impressed area, fine, short below, somewhat longer above, moderately abundant, minute in concavity. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then somewhat arcuate and rather narrowly rounded in front; surface reticulate, punc- tures fine, sparse, rather obscure, devoid of granules. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, shining, with very few impressed lines, punctures obscure, most- ly obliterated. Declivity rather steep, convex; an occasional deep interstrial puncture pres- ent; shining. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, obscurely punctured, ves- titure greatly reduced, inconspicuous; a few interstrial punctures clearly impressed. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-6.3, 2900 111, Nos. 44, 48, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was collected from the phloem tissues of a recently cut woody vine (liana) and from cut tree seedlings. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 35. Scolytodes irazuensis Wood Scolytodes irazuensis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 15 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Cartage, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Rather closely related to par- vtdus Wood but larger, the female frons only shallowly impressed with setae on vertex ex- tending half the distance to the antennal in- sertion, and the general sculpture coarser. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather broadly, longitudinally im- pressed from upper level of eyes to epistoma; lateral margins above level of antennal in- sertion subcarinately elevated almost to up- per level of eyes; surface finely, closely, deeply punctured; vestiture mostly confined to vertex, rather long, moderately abundant 492 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 (largely abraded in type), none of setae long enough to reach half distance to level of an- tennal insertion; only a few setae arise below upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate, rather coarsely, shal- lowly, not closely punctured, punctures inter- mixed with very minute asperities on rather strongly declivous anterior fourth. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, not sharply defined; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, punctures small, deep, almost uniseriate. Declivity con- vex, steep; strial and interstrial punctures smaller than on disc, rather deep. Vestiture consisting of less than a dozen widely scat- tered, erect, hairlike bristles on disc and de- clivity, mostly on interstriae 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex with a slight impression above epis- toma, obscurely reticulate, indistinctly punc- tured; strial and interstrial punctures much less clearly defined on disc and declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-6.3, 2300 m, No. 207, Oreopanax nuhigenus, and 28-VI-63, 2800 m. No. 4 Oreopanax xakipense, and 13-VII-63, No. 41, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Oreopanax nubigenus and O. xakipense. Biology.— This species infests phloem tis- sues in unthrifty and cut or damaged branches and boles of at least four host spe- cies. The egg cavity has the long axis trans- verse. There were several niches resembling over-sized egg niches in which groups of eggs were loosely packed. An occasional beetle bored through the wood to the pith in the smaller branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 101 specimens. 36. Scolytodes parvulus Wood Scolytodes parvulus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2): 14 (Holotype, female; Pandora, Limon, Costa Rica: Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Similar to volcanus Wood but smaller, the female frons is armed by a pair of longitudinal carinae, the strial punc- tures are reduced in size, and the female frontal vestiture is uniformly distributed. Female.— Length 0.9-1.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons flattened from upper level of eyes to epistoma; median half of each side just inside of lateral margin armed by a shining longitu- dinal carina; this pair of carina beginning at level of antennal insertion and ending before upper level of eyes; surface finely, rather closely punctured in impressed and lateral areas, reticulate above eyes; vestiture fine, moderately long around margin, somewhat shorter in central area, moderately abundant. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides very weakly arcuate and feebly converging anteriorly on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; surface reticulate, with sparse, minute punctures extending from base to anterior margin. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly impressed, others not at all impressed, punctures fine, shallow, rather obscure; interstriae wider than striae, not entirely smooth, punctures sparse, fine, obscure. Declivity convex, steep; essentially as on disc but interstriae narrower and punctures smaller, features not sharply defined. Vestiture consisting of less than a dozen moderately long, erect interstrial bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, surface obscurely reti- culate, shining, sparsely punctured, vestiture very sparse, mostly near epistoma; pronotum obscurely reticulate, subshining. Distribution.— Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 16-20-VI-69, D. E. Bright; 16 km NW Sontecomepan, 18-VI-69, D. E. Bright^ Chiapas: 8 km SW El Bosque, 3-VII-69, D. E. Briglit; Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 146, Ce- cropia, S. L. Wood. Host.— Cecropia sp. Biology.— This species infests the petioles of fallen Cecropia leaves. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens and on 91 other specimens. 1982 Ctenophorini 493 37. Scolytodes acares Wood Scolytodes acares Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull.,, Biol. Ser. 10(2); 15 (Holotype, female; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Allied to parvulus Wood, but the female frontal vestiture is longer and much more abundant near the vertex, and the pronotal punctures are more coarsely, deeply impressed in the posterior area. Female.— Length 0.9-1.1 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons narrowly flattened from well above upper level of eyes to epistoma, margined at sides by a pair of shining, longitudinal ca- rinae extending almost from epistoma (half- way between level of antennal insertion and epistoma] margin) to near upper level of eyes; surface sculpture obscure between ca- rinae, evidently smooth and finely punctured; vestiture largely confined to vertex, above upper level of eyes, consisting of a dense, long brush of subplumose, yellow hair, its tips extend to a point below level of antennal bases. Pronotum and elytra as in parvulus except pronotum more narrowly rounded in front and its punctures somewhat larger. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, surface reticulate, sparsely punctured, vestiture reduced to a few setae near epistoma. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama. GUATEMALA: Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 350 m. No. 585. COSTA RICA; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VII-63, 250 m, No. 130; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, .30 m. No. .58. PANAMA; Barro Colorado Is- land, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. .339. All were collected by me from the same host. Host.— Cecropia sp. Biology.— This species infests the petioles of recently fallen Cecropia leaves. A some- what transverse egg chamber is formed im- mediately under the thin outer bark; larval mines follow the grooves between the longi- tudinal fibers. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 44 specimens. 38. Scolytodes ochromae Wood Scolytodes ochromae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 19 (Holotype, female; Playon, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from swieteniae (Blackman), by interstriae 10 not extending behind the level of the meta- coxae, by the interstriae being almost devoid of punctures, and by the absence of a frontal carina. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons almost flattened above to upper lev- el of eyes, shallowly concave below, epistoma somewhat elevated; central area on upper half smooth, impunctate, remaining areas coarsely, densely, deeply punctured; lateral area above level of antennal insertion orna- mented by a scanty tuft of long, yellow hair, a few scattered setae on lower third. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate and slightly converging anteriorly on basal two- thirds, then rather abruptly converging to- ward very narrowly anterior margin; summit indefinite, near middle; anterior three-fourths armed by broad, rather coarse crenulations; basal fourth subreticulate, shining. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, obtusely angulate be- hind; striae 1 weakly, others not at all im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, shallow, rows not entirely straight; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, punc- tures not evident. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures evidently smaller than on disc; occasional interstrial punctures ob- scurely indicated; apex turned or protruding very slightly posteriorly. Vestiture consisting of sparse flattened bristles, mostly on declivi- ty, not more than about six or seven on any one interstriae. Interstriae 10 acutely ele- vated only to level of hind coxae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above level of antennal insertions, transversely impressed between that level and epistomal process, sparsely punctured. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA; Playon, San Jose, 9-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 120, balsa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ochroma velutina. Biology.— This species was taken from newly formed, oval nuptial chambers in the phloem tissues of recently cut balsa limbs. Eggs were scattered indiscriminately in the chamber; larvae were not present. 494 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 39 specimens. 39. Scolytodes culcitattis (Blandford) Epomadiits culcitattis Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 179 (Lectotype, female?; Peha Blanca, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This unique species has the anterior half of the lateral margins of the pronotum concavely impressed on a large, circular area that is densely pubescent. Ex- cept for this unique character, this species is a normal representative of this genus. Female (?).— Length 2.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Sex not determinable in specimens at hand. Frons weakly concave, surface evidently subreticulate, minutely punctured, and al- most devoid of vestiture, as in most males of this genus; frons not fully visible in specimens at hand. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, apparently very strongly con- stricted on anterior half, constriction filled by dense pubescence, anterior margin broadly rounded; anterior half declivous, rather strongly asperate; posterior area strongly re- ticulate, punctures minute, most of them minutely asperate; lateral margin on posteri- or half marked by a raised line, anterior half concavely impressed on a large subcircular area invading tergum and pleuron equally, concavity filled by dense, fine, long, yellow hair. Vestiture on dorsal areas fine, short, rather abimdant. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal half, diverging slightly to base of declivity, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, obscure but discernible, punctures rather small, deep, slightly irregular; inter- striae about three or four times as wide as striae, smooth, punctures as large as those of striae, rather abundant, confused. Declivity rather steep, convex; punctures very small, close, completely confused, striae entirely ob- solete. Vestiture of very fine, rather abun- dant, moderately long hair. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Pena Blanca, Chiriqui, 3000-4000 ft (1000-1300 m), G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was pre- pared from the syntypic series of two speci- mens of the same sex, presumably females. The first of these syntypes is here designated as the lectotype of Epomadius culcitatus Blandford. This specimen bears a type label and has been regarded as the type for many years, although it has not previously been so designated. 40. Scolytodes spadix (Blackman) Prionosceles spadix Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:384 (Holotype, male; intercepted at New York in log from Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56562) Diagnosis.— Apparently rather closely al- lied to swieteniae Blackman, but differing as indicated below. Male.— Length 1.9 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in male swieteniae, except less strongly reticulate. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; slightly more elongate than swieteniae, poste- rior two-fifth devoid of asperities and gran- ules, punctures rather close, coarse, surface mostly smooth, shining. Glabrous. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; outline similar to swie- teniae except more broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal half; striae distinctly im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep; inter- striae 1 constricted near base causing striae to appear sinuate, surface smooth, shining, punctures rather small, close, confused. De- clivity rather broadly convex, striae 1 moder- ately impressed; interstrial punctures smaller than on disc, less strongly confused. Vestiture confined to odd-numbered declivital inter- striae, consisting of rather widely spaced, slender bristles, each about equal in length to width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Guatemala? GUATEMALA: Intercepted at New York, 26-V-41, No. 89860 in hybrid mahogany log from Guatemala. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 41. Scolytodes swieteniae (Blackman) Hexacolus swieteniae Blackman, 1943, Proc. US. Nat. Mus. 94(3174):381 (Holotype, female; Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56559) 1982 Ctenophorini 495 Diagnosis.— This species is doubtfully dis- tinct; possibly it is a geographical race of guyanensis (Schedl); it is distinguished in the female by the more strongly elevated frontal prominence, with the coarsely reticulate area above the prominence not carinate or sharply defined laterally; the male carina just above the epistoma is more sharply defined. Female.— Length 1.7-1.8 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons flattened from epistoma to vertex, with a fine, sharply elevated median carina from epistomal margin to level of antennal insertion, carina ascends abruptly and ends at level of antennal insertion in a central promi- nence occupying central fourth to a point slightly below upper level of eyes, promi- nence sharply riigose-reticulate, remaining surface shining, obscurely reticulate, with a few very fine punctures; area above eyes or- namented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair, tips of some hairs attaining level of an- tennal insertion. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, very feebly, arcuately converging on posterior two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior half rather coarsely, closely asperate, asperities in central area decreasing in size and number but extending to base; surface shining, obscurely reticulate, sparse, fine punctures in lateral areas becoming sub- asperate toward median area. Glabrous. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides feebly arcuate, al- most parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others not impressed, punctures rather fine, deep; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, smooth, brightly shining, punctures minute, deep, irregularly uniseriate. Declivi- ty convex, rather steep; striae 1 strongly im- pressed; interstriae slightly narrower. Almost glabrous, a few very minute hairs somtimes occuring on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex above level of antennal insertion, central prominence absent, median carina on lower third as in female; pronotal asperities slightly larger and more abundant; strial punctures much smaller, equal in size to those of interstriae in one specimen. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Intercepted in mahogany logs from Costa Rica at the New York Quarantine Station, 18-V- 41, and from cedar logs 3-IX-41. Hosts.— Swietenia sp., Cedrela sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on four specimens from cedar logs. Blackman's type is a female, not a male as stated in the original description. 42. Scolytodes cedrelae Wood Scolytodes cedrelae Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 19 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Very closely related to swie- teniae (Blackman), but the frontal carina does not attain the epistomal margin in either sex, and the female carina (somtimes double) be- gins well above the epistoma; in addition, the female of this species has the lower frons more distinctly punctured and ornamented by sparse hair; the tuft of hair on the vertex also extends ventrad to a point in line with the anterior margin of the eye; this tuft in swieteniae ends well above that point. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with an- terior and posterior ends and elytral suture dark. Frons flattened from vertex to epistoma; middle half between upper level of eyes bearing a low median carina of uniform height; epistomal margin and sides near an- tennal bases rather coarsely, deeply punc- tured; vestiture consisting of a dense brush of long, yellow hair on vertex extending down- ward laterally to anteromesal angle of eye; sparse hair scattered on lower area. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides subparallel on basal half, converging slightly to anterior fourth, then broadly rounded in front; summit indefinite, near middle; ante- rior half armed by numerous, close, shining, narrow crenulations; posterior half reticulate, dull, with very fine, obscure punctures, and in discal area with small, transverse, shining granules extending to base. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, shal- low; interstriae almost twice as wide as 496 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 striae, almost smooth, subshining, punctures obscure, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 and possibly 2 weakly impressed, punctures of striae and interstriae small and deeper than on disc. Vestiture consisting of a few flattened bristles on alternate odd inter- striae, mostly on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a weak transverse impression just above epistoma, surface reticulate and sparsely punctured. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rinton de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 100 m. No. 48, Cedro macho; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VII-63, 250 m. No. 1.31, Vismia giiia- nensis; both by me. Host.— Cedrela mexicana, Vismia guianensis. Biology.— This species was collected from the phloem tissues of large logs of three host species, one of which was cedro amargo. The old tunnels were primarily transverse, but were too dense to definitely determine a pattern. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 63 specimens. 43. Scolytodes schwarzi (Hopkins) Figs. 27, 142 Erineophilus schwarzi Hopkins, 1902, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5:36 (Holotype, male; Coconut Grove, Dade Co., Florida; U.S. Nat. Mas., 7.394) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to facetus Wood, but it may be dis- tinguished by the much coarser punctures and shining surfaces of pronotum and elytra. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, often with anterior area of pronotum and lower half of elytral declivity slightly darker. Frons weakly concave, central third smooth, polished, glabrous, remaining area finely granulate-punctate and bearing a brush of long, yellow hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, very indistinctly converging on basal two-thirds, rather broad- ly rounded in front; asperities moderately large, close, on more than anterior half; ante- rior margin armed by a low, irregular, almost continuous row of crenulations; posterior third shining, obscurely reticulate in some specimens, coarsely, deeply, closely punc- tured, interspaces equal to less than half width of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep, close; interstriae al- most twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures coarse, deep, uniseriate, two-thirds as large as those of striae. Declivity convex, rather steep; all punctures smaller than on disc, those of interstriae about equal in size to those of striae. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, dull, punctures minute, sparse, tuft of hair absent. Distribution.— S Florida to Veracruz. USA: Florida: Miami, 23-VIII-60. Pints carica. J. R. McFarlin; Perrine, 23-VI-51, Ficiis aiirea, S. L. Wood; Everglades N.P., 6-VII-51, Ficus aiiria, S. L. Wood; Key Largo, 25-VI-51, Ficus aurea and brcvifolia, S. L. Wood; Plantation Key, ,3-V-67, D. E. Bright.' MEXICO: Vera- cruz: Mandinga, 12-III-80, Ficus. T. H. Atkinson. Fig. 142. Scolytodes schwarzi: 1, 2, adult female; a, antenna; b, maxilla; c, male labium; d, female labium; e, tibia, anterior aspect; f, tarsus; g, epistoma; h, pro- sternum; i, section of elytra; j, section of pronotum; k, apices of elytra and abdomen. (After Hopkins 1902:35.) 1982 Ctenophorini 497 Hosts.— Ficus spp. Biology.— This species infests unthrifty branches in healthy trees and broken or cut branches. The tunnels are typical of the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 73 specimens. 44. Scolytodes facetus W ood Scolytodes facetus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:126 (Holotvpe, female: Pali'n, Esqiiintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ficivorus Wood by the very fine, some- what obscure punctures of pronotum and elytra, by the slightly longer and more abun- dant vestiture on the female frons, and by the more narrowly separated eyes. Female.— Length 1.6 mm, males 1.4-1.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color yellow- ish brown. This species differs from ficivorus in hav- ing eyes separated by 1.6 times width of an eye (2.6 times in ficivorus); elytra reticulate, with punctures shallow, those of interstriae obscure. Obscure, minute pronotal punctures separated by distances at least twice their own diameters (this distance less than diame- ter of a puncture in ficivorus). Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, obscurely punctured; eyes separated by 2.1 times width of an eye (3.1 in ficivorus). Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Palm, Esquintla, 19-V-64, .300 m. No. 584, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species and ficivorus in- fested the same small, broken branch of a mature fig tree. Differences in habits be- tween the two species were not observed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 45. Scolytodes piceus (Blandford) Hexacolus piceus Blandford, 1897, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 183 (Lectotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Miis. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— In the above key this species is placed near facetus Wood and schwarzi Hopkins, but the relationship is remote; the pronotum is much more finely sculptured and the female frons is very different. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons narrow, flattened from epistoma to vertex, central third on lower half smooth, shining, remaining area rather finely, deeply, closely punctured, margins of upper half and on vertex bearing a dense brush of long yel- low hair, tips of some setae attaining epis- tomal margin. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight, converging very slightly on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior third finely asperate, anterior margin unarmed; surface on posterior two- thirds finely, deeply reticulate, rather dull, punctures fine, shallow, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, surface smooth, shining, punc- tures fine, deep, uniseriate. Declivity convex, rather steep; all punctures slightly smaller than on disc, those of interstriae tending to be confused. Glabrous, except some speci- mens with very minute, fragile hair on lower area of declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a broad, transverse impression just above epistoma, surface finely reticulate, a few minute punctures. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 1300 m, 17-IX-63, No. 180, tree branch, 26-X-63, No. 26.5 in Plwebea mexi- cana. No. 266 in Cecropia mexicana branch; all by me. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Cecropia peltata, Phoebea mexicana. Biology.— This monogamous species was taken from tree branches about 5 cm in di- ameter, mostly in the outer bark, although some tunnels reached the cambium region. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male lectotype and on 66 other speci- mens. The first of Blandford's two syntypes is a male that for many years has borne a label identifying it as the type, although it has nev- er been so designated. I here designate that male, from Volcan de Chiriqui, as the lecto- type of Hexacolus piceus Blandford. 498 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 46. Scolytodes ohesus Wood Scolytodes obesus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:26 (Holotype, female; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely related immanus Wood by the smaller size, by the stouter body form, by the pair of carinae on the female frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior third of pronotum darker. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from lev- el of antennal insertion to upper level of eyes (upper area concealed by pronotum), surface smooth and shining except subreticulate near margins; epistomal area from margin to level of antennal insertion longitudinally divided into equal thirds by a pair of rather strongly elevated carinae; premandibular epistomal lobe large, conspicuous, pubescent; vestiture mostly confined to margins of upper half of frontal area, consisting of a row of long, sub- plumose setae, longest setae equal to about one-half to two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly, arcuately con- verging on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior third moderately declivous, finely asperate; posterior areas re- ticulate, very finely, rather closely punc- tured. Glabrous except for an occasional coarse seta on asperate area. Elytra 1.15 times as long as wide, 1.25 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight on basal half, slightly wider at base of declivity, rather broadly rounded behind; disc confined to basal half; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, rather shallowly im- pressed, spaced by distances equal to diame- ter of a puncture; interstriae four times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures small to minute, weakly impressed; inter- striae 10 weakly carinate to level of sternum 5. Declivity convex, moderately steep; sculp- ture as on disc. Vestiture of sparse, moder- ately long bristles on odd-numbered interstriae. Protibiae slender, lacking minute tooth on posterior face near tarsal insertion. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 7- VIII-67, L. and C. W. O'Brien. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 47. Scolytodes immanis Wood Scolytodes immanis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 19 (Holotype, female; Villa Mills near Cerro de la Muerte, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Most of the known species al- lied to immanis are from South America. In the Central American fauna it is most nearly allied to alni Wood, but it may be distin- guished by the larger size, by the uniseriate strial punctures, by the smaller pronotal punctures, and by the stouter body form. Female.— Length 3.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown on head, anterior half of pronotum, elytral suture, and underparts, light yellowish brown on posteri- or half of pronotum, elytra, and legs. Frons flattened from well above upper lev- el of eyes to epistoma, with median third of lower half very feebly impressed; impressed area smooth, shining, remaining lateral and dorsal areas rather coarsely, closely, shallow- ly punctured; vestiture consisting of coarse, long subplumose, yellow hair on punctured area, a majority of setae arising above upper level of eyes, tips of some of those on vertex almost attaining level of antennal insertion. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- fifths, then arcuately converging to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; dorsal profile arched from base to anterior margin, indefinite summit on basal half; minutely, closely asperate in front of summit, reticulate and minutely, rather obscurely punctured be- hind. Glabrous except for a few small setae at anterolateral angles. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight, widest near base of declivity, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures fine, shallow, in definite rows; inter- striae three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures smaller than those of striae, shallow, rather numerous, confused. Declivity convex, rather steep; striae 1 and perhaps interstriae 2 weakly impressed on middle third. Glabrous. Distribution.- Costa Rica. 1982 Ctenophorini 499 COSTA RICA: Villa Mills near Cerro de la Muerte, Cartago, l-VIII-66, 3100 m. No. 44, Miconia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from a pith cavity in a terminal branch of a tree seedling. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two female specimens. 48. Scolytodes alni Wood Scolytodes alni Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):20 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Rather closely related to piceus (Blandford), but larger, and striae 3-5 with punctures somewhat confused. Female.— Length 2.4-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons flattened from vertex to epistoma, surface coarsely, closely punctvired; upper half ornamented by a dense brush of very long hair, tips of some attain epistomal mar- gin; epistomal lobe very small. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides almost straight, converging very slightly to anterior fourth, then rather narrowly rounded in front; summit near middle; anterior half finely, densely asperate; reticulate and finely, rather sparsely punc- tured behind. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind; striae feebly impressed at least toward base, punctures fine, distinct; in- terstriae at least twice as wide as striae, marked by transverse lines, punctures almost equal in size to those of striae, confused, rather close. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures smaller and deeper than on disc, interstrial punctures distinctly smaller than those of striae. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, weakly impressed just above epis- toma, its surface shining, subreticulate, with sparse, fine punctures. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 28-VI-63, No. 3, and 26-X-63, No. 214, 2300 m, both from Alnus, by me. Host.— Alnus acuminata. Biology.— Stumps of recently cut alder trees were selected for attack. The galleries were in green, healthy tissue along the mar- gins of tears or cuts in the bark. The entrance tunnel commenced at or near the cambium where the bark was torn. The galleries were slightly wider than the length of a beetle, somewhat irregular but mostly longitudinal. The upper half of the gallery usually turned transversely and often branched. The wood was engraved very lightly; eggs occurred only on the lower side and were scattered in- discriminately. The larvae fed in congress. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 45 specimens. 49. Scolytodes erineophilus Wood Scolytodes erineophilus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):20 (Holotype, fe- male; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to fici- vorus Wood and marginatus Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color medium brown. Frons feebly convex, almost flat, on a rather narrow area from just below upper level of eyes to epistomal margin; surface etched by minute, transverse lines in central half of flattened area, remainder of flattened area rather coarsely, not closely punctured; convex area above reticulate, with sparse, fine punctures; vestiture consisting of sparse, fine, long hair on punctured part of flattened area, remainder of flattened area rather coarsely, not closely punctured; convex area above reticulate, with sparse, fine punctures; vestiture consisting of sparse, fine, long hair on punctured part of flattened area, not conspicuous. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very feebly arcuate, almost straight, converging anteriorly, then rather strongly, not abruptly rounded to broadly rounded anterior margin; finely, closely aspe- rate on anterior half, asperities decreasing in size and density behind, continued as very fine transverse granules to basal fourth; pos- terior surface and spaces between asperities strongly reticulate, finely, rather sparsely punctured behind, anterior rims of punctures granulate except on basal fourth. Vestiture sparse, inconspicuous, confined to anterior and lateral areas. 500 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly romided behind; striae not impressed, punc- tm^es small, distinct, rather deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, subshining, punctures about two-thirds as large as those of striae, uniseriate. Declivi- ty moderately steep, convex; strial and inter- strial punctures greatly reduced in depth and clarity, obscure. Vestiture rather abundant, consisting of short, fine, semirecumbent strial and interstrial hair, interstrial setae on and near declivity longer, erect, stout, somewhat flattened. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, reticulate, finely, sparsely punctured, frontal vestiture shorter, less abundant; a few scattered, erect bristles on interstriae 1, 3, and 5 almost to elytral base. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 101, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Galleries were made in phloem tissues of unthrifty twigs less than 1 cm in di- ameter in a living native fig tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 22 specimens. 50. Scolytodes ficivorus Wood Scolytodes ficivorus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:125 (Holotype, female, Paulin, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to schwarzi (Hopkins), but it may be distinguished by the more coarsely punc- tured, less shining pronotum and elytra, by the reticulate pronotal disc, by the more fine- ly asperate anterior area of the pronotum, and by the somewhat more coarsely punc- tured marginal areas of the female frons. Ad- ditional data eventually may prove this to be only a subspecies of schwarzi. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Except for the characters noted in the above diagnosis, this species appears to be identical to schwarzi. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, obscurely punctured, with frontal vestiture greatly reduced. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 584, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in a small broken branch of a native fig tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 51. Scolytodes reticulatus (Wood) Hexacohis reticulatus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:98 (Holotype, female; 19 km SE Matamoros, Piiebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to fici- vorus Wood, although the relationship is not particularly close. It may be distinguished by the reticulate elytra, by the much finer punc- tures on elytra and pronotum, and by other characters included in the key. Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons flattened from epistoma to slightly below upper level of eyes, central fourth on lower half smooth, shining, slightly elevated, remaining area rather coarsely, deeply, not closely punctured, punctures separated by distances equal to diameter of a puncture; vestiture of long, yellow hair arising in equal (moderate) density from all margins except epistoma, epistomal brush also present. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, dis- tinctly converging on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by a low, irregular row of contiguous crenulations; anterior third declivous, rather coarsely asperate, a few small asperities to middle; surface strongly reticulate, dull or subshining, punctures rather small, shallow, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, shallow, spaced in a row by width of a puncture; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, entire surface reti- culate, subshining, punctures moderately small, uniseriate. Declivity convex, rather steep; all punctures reduced in size, those of interstriae minute. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex, entire surface reticulate, sparsely, shallowly punctured; asperities on pronotum usually coarser; interstrial 1982 Ctenophorini 501 punctures confused toward declivity on some specimens. Distribution.— Morelos to Puebla and Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: La Gallina, l-IX-80, Ficus, S- 146, T. H. Atkinson. Morelos: Las Piedras, 17-VII-80, Ficus petiolaris, T. H. Atkinson. Puebla: 20 km SE Izucar de Matamoros, 3-VII-63, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were collected from the bark of branches of strangler fig. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 69 specimens. 52. Scolytodes marginatus Wood Scolytodes marginatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):21 (Holotype, fe"- male; Dominical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to reti- culatus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the more slender body form, the more deeply impressed striae, the smooth interstriae, and the interstrial setae. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; body color rather light brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from upper level of eyes to epistoma, a shining median carina beginning as a fine line near center, becoming broader and somewhat higher, then ending abruptly just above epistomal margin; surface reticulate, finely, sparsely punctured, punctures larger and deeper near margins of flattened area; vestiture confined to marginal areas, consisting of fine, rather abundant, moderately long hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, evenly, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by 10 teeth; strongly de- clivous and asperate on anterior third, aspe- rities rather large and broad, many of them arranged in broken subconcentric rows; pos- terior area reticulate, rather coarsely, closely pimctured. Vestiture confined to asperate and lateral areas, disc glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae narrowly impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, moderately convex, smooth, punctures small, rather sparse, some minutely subvulcanate, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 rather strongly impressed, others less strongly impressed than on disc; strial and intrestrial punctures somewhat finer; interstriae 1 slightly elevated. Vestiture consisting of fine, erect, rather long, interstrial hair. Anterior coxae subcontiguous. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, coarsely, closely, deeply punctured, with a smooth, shining, slightly elevated callus on lateral fourth of epistomal margin; elytral vestiture consisting of api- cally flattened bristles. Distribution.— Chiapas to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-IX-63, 3 m, No. 297. S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from phloem tissues of small, unthrifty twigs of a large, unidentified tree. Because of the star- shaped tunnels, this species was thought to be a Pityophthorus species, and sufficiently de- tailed notes were not recorded. Evidently it is polygamous. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 53. Scolytodes impressus Wood Scolytodes i7npressus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):22 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species has large and very strongly impressed strial punctures for this genus, and it has interstrial rows of spatulate bristles. Male.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color rather dark, reddish brown. Frons convex except transversely im- pressed along epistoma; surface obscurely reticulate, subshining, with rather fine, sparse, sharp punctures, except close and deep along epistoma; vestiture largely con- fined to epistoma. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior third finely, closely asperate; posterior half subshining, obscurely reticulate toward in- definite summit, a few minute points present, punctures coarse, close, deep, separated by less than diameter of a puncture; vestiture obscure, on asperate and lateral areas. 502 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others weakly impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, shining, punc- tures fine, some indistinct, uniseriate. Decliv- ity convex, steep; striae, particularly 1, more strongly impressed than on disc; interstriae 1 slightly elevated; punctures not reduced in size; vestiture consisting of apically flattened, interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, dis- tance between rows and between bristles in a row about equal to length of a bristle. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tiirrialba, Cartago, 3-III-64, 600 m. No. 459, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was just entering a large broken limb of an unidentified tree; consequently, galleries were not developed. It was associated in the same limb with Phloeotribus furviis Wood and P. demissus Blandford. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 30 specimens, presum- ably all males. 54. Scolytodes pelicipennis (Schedl) Hexacolus pelicipennis Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:356 (Holotype, male; Jimenez, Osa Peninsula, Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from impressus Wood by the stouter body form and by differences in the sculpture of the pronotum and elytra as indicated below. Male.— Length 1.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons convex, reticulate, punctures fine, rather close; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; as in impressus except asperities much wider, dis- cal punctures much larger, interspaces smooth, averaging less than half as wide as diameter of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; about as in impressus except striae more strongly impressed, punc- tures slightly larger, interstriae narrower than striae, convex, smooth, punctures fine, unise- riate. Declivity convex, steeper than in im- pressus; sculpture as on disc except striae weakly impressed, punctures more deeply impressed. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Jimenez, Osa Halbinsle, E. Reimoser. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 55. Scolytodes rugicoUis (Schedl) Hexacolus rugicoUis Schedl, 1940, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:205 (Lectotype, female; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica, designated by Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:287) Scolytodes plicatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):21 (Holotype, female; 25 km SE Guapiles, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:287. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species and pannuceus Wood are unique in having the pronotal as- perities exceedingly broad and the anterior margin of the pronotum a continuous, ele- vated costa. These two species may be distin- guished from one another by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color rather light brown. Frons mostly convex, subconcavely im- pressed on central third, a broad, shining cal- lus surrounding lower third of impression; surface rather finely punctured at sides and above to well above upper level of eyes; ves- titure fine, hairlike, moderately long and abundant on punctured area. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight on posterior two-thirds, converging slightly anteriorly, broadly rounded in front; anterior third rather strongly declivous, asperities rather low, sharply raised, very broad, some as much as a fourth total width of pronotum; anterior margin armed by a continuous costa; posterior half reticulate, with fine, shallow punctures. Glabrous except for a few bristles on anterior margin. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures small, shallow, not sharply defined; interstriae subreticulate, al- most twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, shallow. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae 1 narrowly impressed; all punctures smaller and somewhat deeper than on disc. Vestiture consisting of a few sparse, erect, de- clivital hairs on odd-numbered interstriae. 1982 Ctenophorini 503 Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, with a few obscure punc- tiires, subglabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 25 km SE Guapiles, Limon, 22-Vni- 66, 100 in, No. 104, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues in the limb of a large, recently cut, native fig tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of rugicollis, on the holotype oi plicatus, and on 11 other specimens. 56. Scolytodes pannuceus Wood Scohjtodes pannuceus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 16 (Holotype, fe- male; La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species and rugicollis (Schedl) are unique in having unusually broad, costiform, pronotal asperities. This species is distinguished from plicatus by the smaller, shallow strial and interstrial punc- tures, and by the very different sculpture of the female frons. Female.— Length 1.7 mm (male 1.5 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons flattened from epistoma to upper level of eyes, surface minutely, densely pilose over almost entire flattened area; epistomal margin very slightly elevated, smooth, shin- ing, a narrow median extension reaching lev- el of antennal insertion; lateral and upper ex- treme margins bearing a row of long, yellow hair. Pronotum and elytra as in plicatus except pronotal punctures slightly larger, strial and interstrial punctures much larger and deeper. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, punctures moderately large, shallow, rather sparse, subglabrous; pronotal asperities slightly larger; pronotal and elytral punctures distinctly finer. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 7, 17-V1-49. at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two specimens. 57. Scolytodes multistriatus (Wood) Hexacolus multistriatus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:97 (Holotype, female; 8 km W Villa Juarez, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This distinctive species is not closely related to any other species known to me. The size, coarse strial and interstrial punctures, and declivital interstrial granules distinguish it from all others. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened from epistoma to upper level of eyes, surface smooth, closely, rather coarsely, deeply punctured over entire sur- face; pubescence rather sparse on lower half, becoming dense and much longer on upper third and to vertex, distributed over entire surface. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, indistinctly con- verging on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by a continuous, undulating, elevated costa; ante- rior half coarsely asperate; posterior areas weakly reticulate, shining, punctures coarse, deep, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly, subobtusely rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, close, deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures equal (occasion- ally slightly smaller) in size, depth and spac- ing to those of striae. Declivity convex, steep; punctures slightly smaller, interstriae armed on upper half by rows of rather widely spaced, rounded granules. Subglabrous, a few interstrial bristles on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above level of antennal insertion, transversely impressed below, a short, longi- tudinal, median carina in impressed area, sur- face reticulate, coarsely, not closely punc- tured above, finely below. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 10 km NE Teziutlan, 2-V11-67, No. 1.34; 8 km W Villa Juarez, 25-VI-53, No. 37; all by me. Biology.— One series was removed from a broken limb about 7 cm in diameter, the other from a tree bole 20 cm in diameter. The larvae and adults were xylophagous. The galleries were of the radiate type and con- tained from one to four females with each male. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 34 specimens and on 48 other specimens. 504 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 58. Scolytodes pelicerinus (Schedl) Hexacolus pelicerinus Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:358 (Holotype, male?; Mexico?; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from multistriatus (Wood) by the much smaller size, by the more slender body form, by the longer pubescence on the female frons, by the more narrowly convex elytral declivity, which entirely lacks granules, and by the sparse elytral setae. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Basically as in multistriatus except as in- dicated in diagnosis. Distribution.— Puerto Rico. PUERTO RICO: 19 km E Mayaguez, 8-II-69, C. W. O'Brien. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, which was thought to have been taken in Mexico, and on five specimens from Puerto Rico. There is no evidence that this species belongs either to the Mexican or Central American fauna. 59. Scolytodes pubescens Wood Scolytodes pubescens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. .Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):21 (Holotype, female; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to in- gavorus Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown, elytra and basal half of pronotum lighter. Frons subconcavely impressed on slightly more than median half, with a pair of shin- ing, rather strongly elevated, longitudinal ca- rinae at lateral margins of concavity; surface of frontal area except carinae finely, closely granulate-punctate; vestiture consisting of rather coarse, moderately long setae, rather sparse in concave area, rather dense lateral to carinae and continuing above to a level slightly above upper level of eyes, not longer above. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; rather coarsely asperate on anterior half, as- perities confused; anterior margin anned by about a dozen low teeth; posterior half shin- ing, coarsely, closely, deeply punctured. Vestiture hairlike, moderately abundant ex- cept glabrous at center of disc. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures close, moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, shining, punctures close, almost as large and as deep as those of striae. Declivity convex, steep; all punctures smaller than on disc, con- fused lateral to striae 2. Vestiture rather abundant, consisting of erect, short, strial hair and slightly longer interstrial hair; not con- spicuously longer on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, obscurely punctured, with sparse, inconspicuous, fine hair; elytral vesti- ture coarser and evidently more abundant. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, IKX) m. No. 29, fence post, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues of a recently cut fence post. From one to three females were associated with each male in star-shaped gallery sys- tems; only the nuptial chamber reached the cambium. Larvae were not present. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 60. Scolytodes ingavorus Wood Scolytodes ingavorus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:126 (Holotype, female; Los Corchos, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely related to ficivorus Wood, but it may be dis- tinguished by the pubescent elytra, by the deeper punctures on the pronotal disc and, in the female, by the much more densely pub- escens frons that lacks a shining glabrous area at the center. Female.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with an- terior half of pronotum darker. Frons flattened from upper level of eyes to somewhat elevated epistoma, with a pair of submarginal, low, longitudinal carinae (or elevations; obscured by vestiture) extending dorsad from epistomal margin, its upper lim- its obscured by vestiture; surface smooth and shining with fine punctures below, becoming finely granulate and obscurely punctured in 1982 Ctenophorini 505 central area above; vestiture consisting of abundant, long, coarse, subplumose setae above upper level of eyes, continuing on lat- eral areas to epistomal margin as somewhat shorter setae, central area bearing shorter, fine, moderately abundant, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; summit just in front of middle, ante- rior area rather coarsely asperate; anterior margin armed by an almost continuous ridge; posterior areas reticulate, punctures coarse, deep, close, separated from one another by less than half diameter of a puncture; scanty hairlike setae confined to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight (feebly arcuate), and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, broadly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, distinctly but shallowly impressed; interstriae slightly wider than striae, punctures unise- riate, almost identical to those of striae. De- clivity steep, convex; all punctures reduced, in rows; surface shining. Vestiture consisting of fine, short, erect, strial and interstrial hair, and longer interstrial hair on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma; short vestiture on declivity stout, almost scalelike. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 10 m, No. 211, /ng«, S. L.Wood. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in small, unthrifty branches of its liv- ing host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 45 specimens. 61. Scolytodes proximus Wood Scolytodes proximus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:127 (Holotype, female; El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely related to tenuis Wood, but it may be distin- guished by the very minute, obscure punc- tures on the pronotal disc, by the finer, shal- lower, elytral pujictures, by the finer elytral vestiture, and by the less abundant vestiture on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons narrowly planoconcave from below upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface reti- culate, obscurely punctured; vestiture scanty, consisting of fine, rather sparse, long hair uni- formly distributed from upper level of eyes to epistoma. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest slightly in front of middle, sides feebly con- stricted on posterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; summit indefinite, about one-third length from anterior margin; sur- face reticulate, minutely, sparsely punctured, anterior third finely asperate; anterior mar- gin armed by a series of low, indefinite teeth. Glabrous except a few setae in asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather fine, shallow, obscure; interstriae as wide as striae, somewhat irregular, subshining, punctures fine, uniseriate, obscure. Declivity convex, steep; punctures obscure, about as on disc. Vestiture consisting of minute, recumbent, strial and interstrial hair, and sparse rows of longer, erect interstrial hair, each about as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui. 11-1-64, 500 m. No. 390, Clusia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in unthrifty twigs of the living host tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. 62. Scolytodes tenuis (Wood) Hexacolus tenuis Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:99 (Holotype, female; 19 km SE Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from micidus Wood by characters included in the above key. Female.- Length 1.0-1.4 mm, 2.7-3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. 506 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons flattened on a rather narrow area from epistomal margin to a point below up- per level of eyes; flattened area finely punc- tured, pubescent, surface largely obscured by moderately abundant, long, yellow hair, long- er and more dense on lateral and upper mar- gins; only a few setae arise above upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.2-1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and almost parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin serrate, not a continuous cos- ta; anterior third declivous and asperate, as- perities decreasing in size posteriorly to well behind middle; surface subreticulate, shining, punctures coarse, deep, rather close. A few setae in anterior area. Elytra 1.4-1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4-1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then gently converging, broadly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, rather close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, shining, punc- tures fine, shallow, uniseriate. Declivity con- vex, rather steep; strial and interstrial punc- tures fine, subequal in size, in rows, striae 1 feebly impressed. Vestiture of strial and in- terstrial ground cover of fine, short, suberect hair arising from almost every puncture on disc and declivity; and interstrial, erect bristles on odd-numbered interstriae, spaced between rows and between bristles within a row by about one and one-half times length of a bristle. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, slightly flattened on lower third, reti- culate, rather coarsely punctured, pub- escence inconspicuous; body stouter, about 2.3 times as long as wide. Distribution.— Jalisco to Honduras. MEXICO: Jalisco: 8 km S La Huerta, l-VII-65, 500 m, No. 168, Ficus. Morelos: Cuemavaca, 18-XII-44, Ficus petiolaris, N. L. H. Krauss. Puebla: 20 km SE Izucar de Matamoros, 3-VII-53, 1200 m, Ficus. GUATEMALA: Pali'n, Esquintla, 19-V-64, .300 m, No. 683, Ficus; Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 692, Ficus. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazdn, 18-IV-64, 700 m, No. 558, Ficus glabrata. All by me, except as noted. Hosts.— Ficus spp. Biology.— This species breeds in unthrifty twigs of living trees and, less commonly, in cut branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 9 specimens and on 92 other specimens. 63. Scolytodes micidus Wood Scolytodes 7nicidus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 15(3): 17 (Holotype, female; 7 km N Totolapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tenuis Wood by the closely set bristles on all interstriae, by the finer interstrial punctures, and by the glabrous central area on the female frons. Female.- Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7-2.9 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons flattened from epistoma to upper level of eyes, median third on lower half smooth, shining, slightly elevated, remaining area coarsely, closely, deeply punctured; punctured area bearing a tuft of long, yellow hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides rather strongly constricted on basal half, otherwise as in tenuis except posterior area smooth, shining (feebly reticulate in a few specimens). Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline and sculpture as in tenuis. Vestiture con- sisting of fine, short strial hair and long, erect interstrial bristles; each interstrial bristle slightly longer than distance between rows and between bristles within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, deeply, narrowly, transversely im- pressed, surface coarsely, deeply punctured. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Guatemala. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 7 km N Totolapan, 20-VI-67, 1100 m. No. 68 Ficus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Pali'n, Es- quintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 683, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Ficus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from unthrifty twigs of living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 31 specimens. 64. Scolytodes exiguus Wood Scolytodes exiguus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):22 (Holotype, male; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll) Diagnosis.— By definition this species should be placed in the subgenus Hexacolus due to the pronotal asperities and absence of 1982 Ctenophorini 507 punctures toward the anterior margin of the pronotum; however, it almost certainly is more closely related to species here placed in the subgenus Scolytodes (s. str.). Its uniformly arched pronotum, pronotal sculpture, ele- vated declivital interstriae 9, and other char- acters serve to distinguish it. Male.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, becoming somewhat flat- tened toward epistoma; surface shining, with small, sparse punctures above, more closely pimctured below except on shining lateral margins below level of antennal insertion; vestiture very sparse except along epistomal margin. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, converging ante- riorly on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; dorsal profile arched from base, but more strongly declivous on anterior third; finely asperate on anterior third, punc- tures intermixed with asperities to anterior tenth but evidently not attaining anterior margin; posterior area shining, with a very indistinct suggestion of reticulation and a few minute points, punctures rather coarse, close, deep, separated by distances about equal to their diameters; vestiture consisting of a few bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then increasingly ar- cuate to rather narrowly rounded posterior margin; basal margins marked by a fine raised line; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, moderately deep; interstriae about as wide as striae, shining, almost smooth, punctures fine, shallow, uniseriate. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae moderately to weakly impressed, punctures somewhat smaller than on disc, deep; inter- striae 1 weakly elevated, 2 and 3 weakly con- vex, punctures about as on disc. Vestiture consisting of erect, apically flattened, inter- strial bristles of moderate length, abraded on disc of type, but present on both disc and de- clivity of paratype. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5- XII-63, 1000 m. No. 278, Finis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Unthrifty, green twigs of a liv- ing, native, fig tree were selected for attack. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two male specimens. 65. Scolytodes pumilus Wood Scolytodes pumilus Wood, 1969, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):23 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to ob- scurus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the coarser strial and interstrial punctures, and by the sparse vestiture on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons rather narrowly flattened from just below upper level of eyes to epistoma; sur- face finely reticulate-granulate, moderately large punctures rather close, only slightly less dense at center; vestiture very fine, moder- ately dense, rather long. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at ba.se, converging slightly on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; dorsal profile arched from base, more strongly declivous on anterior third; asperities small, confused; posterior area reticulate, with very fine, sparse punctures. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost smooth, about as wide as striae, punctures in- definite or absent on basal half, small, unise- riate, becoming distinct toward declivity. De- clivity rather steep, narrowly convex, striae 1 weakly impressed; strial punctures smaller than on disc, deep; interstriae shining, punc- tures rather small, deep. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather weakly convex, surface almost smooth and shining, reticulation obscurely indicated, punctures minute, obscure; striae somewhat confused on basal fourth, interstrial punc- tures more evident on 1 and 2. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-VIII-66, 2000 m, No. 97; 10 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 3-VII-63, 1800 ni. No. 18, Drimys granadensis, 14-VII-63, No. 43, Sapium thelocarpum, 24-IX-63, No. 204, Miconia globu- liflora; all by me. Hosts.— Drimys granadensis, Miconia globuliflora, and Sapium thelocarpum. 508 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— This monogamous species at- tacked cut or unthrifty small branches of its hosts. The egg chamber was longitudinally elongate. Larval mines were short and irregular. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 50 specimens. 66. Scolytodes obscurus (Wood) Hexacoliis obscurus Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:100 (Holotype, female; 5 km SW Martinez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanellus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.— Length L0-L3 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons flattened from epistoma to upper level of eyes, central fourth on lower half smooth, shining, remaining area rather coarsely, closely, shallowly punctured; vesti- tiire of long, rather abundant, yellow hair arising on punctured area, few setae above upper level of eyes. Pronotum LOS times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, con- verging slightly on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded in front; finely asperate on anterior half; posterior half deeply reticulate, shining, pimctures minute, shallow. Glabrous. Elytra L5 times as long as wide, L6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, shallow, rather indefinite; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, surface somewhat irregular, shining, punctures fine, shallow. Declivity convex, rather steep; sculpture as on disc. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons evenly convex; surface reticulate, punctures minute, vestiture inconspicuous. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 5 km SW Martinez de la Torre, 26-VI-53, 300 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The type series was taken from a large herbaceous shrub in radiate parental galleries in the phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 46 specimens and on 21 other specimens. 67. Scolytodes nanellus Wood Scolytodes nanellus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:124 (Holotype, female; Barro Colorado Lsland, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is somewhat al- lied to pumilus Wood, but it is much smaller, much less coarsely punctured, and the female frons is armed by a pair of submarginal, lon- gitudinal carinae below and by a brush of long hair above upper level of eyes. Female.— Length LO mm, male 0.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color medium brown. Frons flattened from upper level of eyes to epistoma, with submarginal, low carina ex- tending from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface subshining, very finely and closely punctured; vestiture consisting of rather abundant, coarse, subplumose setae confined to area near or above upper level of eyes, some of setae almost reaching epistomal margin. Pronotum LI times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides feebly arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; summit dis- tinctly in front of middle, very finely aspe- rate in front, posterior area rather coarsely reticulate, punctures rather fine, not deep. Glabrous. Elytra L4 times as long as wide, L3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures small, not deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, shining, almost smooth, punctures fine, not always clearly impressed. Declivity convex, rather steep; all punctures somewhat reduced. Vestiture consisting of a few scat- tered bristles on or near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, surface subreticulate, minute punctures obscure, vestiture reduced, confined to epistomal area. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27- XII-63, 70 m. No. 347, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species infested phloem tissues in a small branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 1982 Ctenophorini 509 Scolytodes trispinosus Eggers Scolytodes trispinosus Eggers, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:80 (Holotype, female; Amatan; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Scolytodes elongatus Schedl, 1935, Stylops 4:273 (Holo- type, female?; Brazil; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:136. Synonymy The female holotype of Scolytodes trispi- nosus Eggers was compared directly to my specimen identified by Schedl as Scolytodes elongatus Schedl (from Nova Teutonia, Bra- zil, 4-V-50, F. Plaumann) and compared by me to the holotype of elongatus. Two of the three known specimens of this species are from Brazil. The pin bearing the type of trispinosus has the printed label "Amatan" and a handwritten label in ink, "Mexico." Be- cause this species resembles several South American species but none from Central America, because it is not definitely known from any locality outside of South America, and because the label "Mexico" was sub- sequently added to the pin of the type, I have removed this species from the Mexican fauna and added it to that of South America. Tribe MICRACINI MicRACiDES LeConte, 1876, Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:346 HvLOCURiDAE Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, Ser. 2, 8:306 (in part) Anatomical features.— The Micracini are characterized by the 6-segmented anten- nal fiinicle, by the moderately to very strong- ly procurved sutures of the antennal club, by the moderately separated anterior coxae, by the distinctive protibia, which usually has the margins parallel and all or most of the sock- eted teeth on the distal margin, by the rounded margins of the pronotum, and by the somewhat distinctive, subplumose vestiture. Biological features.— With very few ex- ceptions, the members of this tribe breed in small branches and twigs of hardwood trees and shrubs. A majority of them occurs in desert and semidesert areas. The Pseudothij- sanoes, Stenocleptus, and Phheocleptus are primarily phloeophagous and monogamous; Thysanoes, Micracis, and Hylocurus are xylo- phagous and bigamous. The Micracisella are pith boring and monogamous. Details of their life cycle are poorly known except that de- velopment of most species apparently is very slow. Taxonomy.— Most of the species in this group breed in small twigs and branches of trees and shrubs having little or no economic importance; consequently, they are generally regarded as scientific curiosities of minor sig- nificance. For this reason their biology, distri- bution, and classification are inadequately known. The tribe occurs in North and South America and in Africa. Almost every Ameri- can genus has its very similar, but distinct, counterpart in the African fauna. Genus PSEUDOTHYSANOES Blackman Pseudothysanoes Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:46 (Type-species: Pseu- dothysanoes drakei Blackman =Cryphahis rigid- us LeConte, original designation) Cryptocleptes Blackman, 1920 (nee Simon, 1884), Mis- sissippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:51 (Type- species: Cryptocleptes dislocattis Blackman, monobasic); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:141. Synonymy Chalcohyus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93(3165);363 (Type-species: Chalcohyus securi- gerus Blackman, monobasic); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:141. Synonytny Aphanocleptus Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:63 (Type-species: Aphanocleptus coniferae Wood, monobasic) (Retained as a subgenus) Cryptulocleptus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:76 (Replacement name for Cryptocleptes Blackman); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:141. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is closely related to Tysanoes LeConte, but it may be distin- guished by the pronotum being as wide or wider than long, bv the more prominent pro- notal summit, by the more slender protibiae, which are apically tapered or obliquely trun- cate, with the terminal mucro widened or bi- furcate in females of most species, and by the (usually) phloeophagous habit. Description.— Length 0.7-2.0 mm, 2.0-2.8 times as long as wide, males often shorter and stouter than females; color yel- lowish brown to black, vestiture usually pale. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, varying from convex to deeply excavated in either sex, usually more strongly impressed in fe- male. Antennal scape short and broadly ex- panded (subgenus Aphanocleptus) or elongate and slender (subgenus Pseudothysanoes); fu- nicle 6-segmented; club small to large, broad to very slender, with or without sutures. Pro- notum as wide or wider than long, asperate on anterior half, summit usually well devel- oped, anterior margin usually serrate in male, rarely armed in female. Elytra usually sex- ually dimorphic, female sculpture simple, conservative, in some groups with little inter- specific variability; male elytra extremely variable; elytral apex rounded except moder- ately mucronate in one species. 510 1982 MicRACiNi 511 Distribution — Southeastern Canada to Notes — The diversity of species in this Brazil; 61 species occur north of Panama, group is great. Several species groups were and 8 from the Caribbean area and South previously named or treated as distinct gen- America, era, but the recently named species clearly Biology.— All observed species were ei- demonstrate that sutures of the antennal club ther monogamous or bigamous and construct- and characters of the funicle are not reliable ed biramous parental galleries in the phloem characters for separating species groups with- or cambium tissues, except for the xylo- in the genus. These species groups are being phagous heliura group and mucronatus modified in parallel fashion simultaneously Wood, and those species which bore in dying along several different lines of evolutionary Yucca leaves. Larval mines usually wander development not sufficiently distinct to con- indiscriminately and are moderately long. A stitute genera. The bifurcate terminal mucro majority of the known species inhabit arid or of the female protibia also is being developed semiarid country, where they infest desert or suppressed along several different evolu- shnibs. A few species also occur in very wet, tionary lines and should be used in the classi- tropical forests. fication of species with great caution. Key to the Species of Pseudothysanoes 1. Antennal scape short, strongly flattened, commonly as wide or wider than long in both sexes, little if any longer than pedicel; antennal club rather small, widest through basal half, sutures, when present, straight or moderately procurved; subgenus Aphanocleptus 2 — Antennal scape elongate, slender, club-shaped, at least twice as long as pedicel, club variable, with or without sutures; subgenus Pseudothysanoes 13 2(1). Interstriae 3 on declivity not at all elevated, declivity more narrowly convex 3 — Interstriae 3 on declivity distinctly (weakly in female of sedulus and quercicolens) elevated and finely serrate 8 3(2). Frons in both sexes (or in female only) deeply, broadly, concavely excavated from eye to eye, from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes; mandibles either normal or modified 4a — Frons feebly if at all impressed in either sex; mandibles normal 5 4a(3). Frons very extensively impressed, upper margin of concavity slightly pro- jecting orad on median fourth, glabrous; mandibles near middle armed by a strongly developed, transverse ridge; Oaxaca; 1.4-1.6 mm 3. excavatus (Wood) — Female frons less extensively impressed, upper margin of concavity abrupt, not projecting, bearing a row of scales; male frons flat to moderately convex, mandibles normal 4b 4b(4a). Excavated area on female frons glabrous, impunctate, rugose-reticulate; pronotal disc rugose-reticulate; Chiapas; 1.2-1.4 mm 1. recavus Wood — Excavated area on female frons with short, stout setae uniformly distributed, surface smooth, shining, sparsely punctured; pronotal disc smooth, shining; Texas; Prosopis; 1.2-1.4 mm 2. turnbowi Wood 5(3). Posterior area of pronotal disc reticulate to rugulose, punctures granulate; dis- cal interstriae usually with uniseriate rows of granules; Nuevo Leon to Veracruz; Quercus; 1.2-1.5 mm 4. querneus Wood — Posterior area of pronotal disc smooth, shining, punctured; discal interstriae devoid of granules 6 512 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 6(5). Larger; pronotal punctures on disc coarse, deep, close; strial punctures coarse, as wide as interstriae; Chihuahua to Nuevo Leon; Picea, Psetidotsuga; 1.3-1.7 mm 5. coniferae (Wood) — Smaller; pronotal punctures minute, widely spaced; strial punctures fine, less than half as wide as interstriae; 0.8-1.4 mm 7 7(6). Male body stout, 2.0 (female 2.3) times as long as wide; interstrial scales of male almost as long as distance between scales within a row, about three- fourths as long as distance between rows; male declivity broadly convex, sur- face with abundant, minute, points; female frons broadly subconcave; Oaxaca; Gossypium; 1.0-1.4 mm 6. obesus (Wood) — Male body slender, 2.4 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; interstrial scales of male spaced within a row and between rows by two or more times length of a scale; male declivity narrowly convex, almost smooth; female frons flattened on lower half; Durango to Oaxaca; Quercus; 0.8-1.5 mm (see also 8. concentralis Wood) 7. quercinus (Wood) 8(2). Smaller; strial punctures minute, discal interstriae three times as wide as striae; interstriae 3 in male strongly elevated on upper two-thirds of declivity, ending abruptly below, its summit not serrate; Sinaloa; 1.0-1.2 mm 9. thomasi Wood — Larger; interstriae and striae about equal in width; elevation on interstriae 3 extending to junction with 9 9 9(8). Interstriae 3 weakly elevated, 9 feebly, if at all, convex 10 — Interstriae 3 and 9 moderately to rather strongly elevated 11 10(9). Strial punctures comparatively small, spaced within a row by distances greater than diameter of a puncture; interstrial scales slender, about three to five times . as long as wide; body color brown; Arizona to Chihuahua; Quercus; 0.9-1.3 mm 10. brunneus Wood — Strial punctures rather coarse, spaced within a row by distances equal to half diameter of a puncture; interstrial scales broad, less than three times as long as wide; body color black; Arizona to New Mexico; Quercus; 1.4-1.7 mm 11. sedulus Blackman 11(9). Small, slender, 2.7 times as long as wide; male declivital interstriae 3 exceed- ingly strongly, narrowly elevated and continued to apex, elevation more than twice as high as wide, height almost equal to width of interstriae 1 and 2 com- bined, its summit coarsely serrate; interstriae 4-9 on declivity each with two to six rather coarse tubercles; female declivital interstriae 1 and 9 moderately ele- vated, elevation not as high as wide; female frons narrowly, shallowly concave near center; Jalisco; Sfri/f/ianf/i«s; 1.0-1.3 mm 12. vallatus Wood — Larger, stouter species with declivital interstriae only moderately elevated; usually in Quercus 12 12(11). Strial punctures coarse, interstriae narrower than striae; vestiture behind pro- notal summit uniformly slender; Sinaloa and Durango to Michoacan; Quercus; 1.3-1.6 mm (see also 13. securus Wood) 14. quercicolens Wood — Strial punctures smaller, interstriae as wide as striae; vestiture behind pronotal summit largely scalelike, intermixed with slender setae; New York to North Carolina; Quercus, etc.; 1.1-1.4 mm 15. lecontei Blackman 13(1). Antennal club moderately large, with straight sutures clearly indicated; termi- nal mucro on anterior tibia unmodified, slender in both sexes; male elytral de- clivity convex, unarmed by spines or marginal or other elevated ridges, ornamented by rows of interstrial scales; hosts Phoradendron 14 1982 MicRACiNi 513 — Antermal club often small, slender, sutures moderately to strongly procurved if visible, obsolete in many species; terminal mucro on anterior tibia normal in male, in female usually conspicuously widened or bifurcate; male elytral declivity commonly armed by spines or elevated ridges 27 14(13). Female frons rather strongly convex above level of antennal insertion, not or- namented by long hair at vertex; male variable, but frons usually more strongly convex 15 — Female frons rather deeply, broadly concave (shallowly concave in graniticus) from epistoma to vertex, upper margins on or near vertex ornamented by a tuft of long hair; male frons shallowly concave almost to upper level of eyes 23 15(14). Male declivity strongly convex, commencing well behind middle, declivital striae not impressed, punctures moderately small to very fine, interstrial bristles less radically modified 16 — Male declivity broadly convex, commencing in front of middle, striae impressed, punctures coarse, deep, interstrial bristles very long 22 16(15). Strial punctures on male declivity little if any smaller than on disc; male discal interstrial granules usually continued to elytral base, interstrial scales usually shorter 17 — Strial punctures on male declivity minute or entirely obsolete; interstrial granules on disc absent; interstrial scales longer 20 17(16). Interstrial scales on male declivity two to three times as long as wide, each scale distinctly shorter than distance between scales within a row or between rows 18 — Interstrial scales on male declivity at least five times as long as wide, each at least one and one-third times as long as distance between scales within a row or between rows 19 18(17). Interstriae on male disc finely, uniseriately punctured; Phoradendron; Oaxaca; 1.1-1.4 mm 16. furvescens Wood — Interstriae on male disc uniseriately granulate to base; Honduras to Costa Rica; Phoradendron; 1.1-1.4 mm 17. furvus Wood 19(17). Male elytral declivity shorter, steeper, more strongly convex, confined to pos- terior third, interstrial scales each about five times as long as wide, each scale about one and one-third times as long as distance between scales in a row or between rows; Jalisco; Phoradendron; 1.0-1.4 mm 18. furvatus Wood — Male elytral declivity more gradual, almost reaching middle of elytra, more broadly convex, interstrial scales each about six to eight times as long as wide, at least twice as long as distance between scales in a row or between rows; California and Arizona to Chihuahua and Texas; Phoradendron; 1.0-1.5 mm (see also 19a. leechi Wood) 19b. phoradendri Blackman 20(16). Male declivity with fine, uniseriate granules on all interstriae, strial punctures fine, distinct, interstrial scales more closely, regularly spaced on lower half of declivity; Jalisco; Phoradendron; 1.3-1.5 mm 20. funereus Wood — Male declivity devoid of strial and interstrial punctures and granules on central area of lower half, interstrial scales usually absent from this area 21 21(20). Strial punctures on disc rather coarse, about as wide as interstriae; interstriae 3 on male declivity bearing three or four moderately coarse granules; Durango to Coahuila; Phoradendron; 1.4-1.8 mm 21. funebris Wood 514 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Strial punctures on disc very small, scarcely half as wide as an interstriae; male declivity devoid of granules, bearing a large, conspicuous, shining bulla on lower half covering interstriae 2 and 3; Oaxaca; Phoradendron; 1.5-2.0 mm 22. bullatus Wood 22(15). Male elytral declivity occupying slightly more than posterior half of elytra, in- terstriae 8 at base of declivity bearing a double row of scales; scales on male elytral declivity about twice as long as distance between rows, each scale with its sides parallel almost to its apex; Nayarit; Phoradendron; 1.4-1.7 mm 23. viscivorus Wood — Male declivity occupying posterior two-thirds of elytra, scales at base of de- clivity on interstriae 8 uniseriate; declivital scales of male three or more times as long as distance between rows, each widest at base, tapering very gradually to blunt apex; Oaxaca; Phoradendron; 1.3-1.6 mm 24. amassius Wood 23(14). Interstrial scales on disc longer, slender, each more than four times as long as wide; female frons with a dense tuft of very long hair on vertex, tips of some hairs reaching epistomal margin; scales on male declivity more widely spaced within a row than between rows, each scale about eight times as long as wide; Puebla; Phoradendron; 1.4-1.7 mm 25. peniculus Wood — Interstrial scales on disc broad, less than three times as long as wide; hair in tuft on female vertex not more than half long enough to reach epistomal mar- gin, less abundant; scales on male declivity much more closely spaced within a row than between rows 24 24(23). Female frons shallowly impressed from epistoma to vertex, tuft of hair at up- per limits of impression very short, moderately abundant; (poorly developed in . tumidulus); declivital interstriae in male uniseriately, rather coarsely granulate (except tumidulus), scales on lower half of interstriae 1 slightly smaller 25 — Female frons rather deeply concave, tuft of hair on vertex much longer, reach- ing almost half distance to epistomal margin; declivital interstriae in male feebly if at all granulate 26 25(24). Female frontal vestiture only slightly longer on vertex; female elytral scales small; male declivity obtusely subangulate at base, basal half impressed, an ob- scure bulla at middle, declivital face glabrous, interstriae with fine rounded granules; Queretaro; Phoradendron; 1.5-2.0 mm 26. tumidulus Wood — Female vestiture on vertex distinctly longer and more abundant; male declivity convex, with rows of scales 26 25b( 15a). Female frontal impression ending at upper level of eyes, hair on vertex less abundant, yellowish, lower half of frons brightly shining, glabrous except for well-developed epistomal brush; female elytral scales four times as long as wide; Oaxaca; Phoradendron; 1.9-2.0 mm 27. graniticus Wood — Female frontal impression deeper, extending above eyes, hair on vertex dense, white, lower half of frons sparsely pubescent, devoid of epistomal brush; fe- male elytral scales short, about one to one and one-half times as long as wide; Hidalgo; Phoradendron; 1.6 mm 28. verticillus Wood 26(24). Male declivity confined to slightly more than posterior third of elytra; strial punctures fine, shallow; scales on male declivital interstriae similar throughout, each about three to four times as long as wide; tuft of hair on female vertex slightly longer; Tlaxcala to Oaxaca; Phoradendron; 1.3-1.8 mm 29. verdicus Wood 1982 MicRACiNi 515 — Male declivity occupying more than posterior half of elytra; strial punctures rather coarse, rather shallow; scales on interstriae 1-3 on lower half of male declivity about half as long as those on remaining area; tuft of hair on female vertex slightly less dense, shorter; Honduras; Phoradendron; 1.3-1.7 mm 30. viscicolens Wood 27(13). Elytral apices clearly mucronate; general habitus much like Micracis, but tibiae and antennae clearly of Pseudothysanoes; color reddish brown; discal strial punctures small, shallow; declivital interstriae all uniseriately, coarsely granulate; xylophagous; Honduras; 1.2-1.4 mm 31. mucronatus (Wood) — Elytral apices not at all mucronate 28 28(27). Male abdominal tergum 8 narrowly mucronate and projecting beyond elytral apices falsely resembling an elvtral mucro; last visible female sternum narrow- ly projecting to form a mucro resembling that of male; female frons concave or fiat \ ^ 29 — Male tergum 8 and female sternum 5 normal, not mucronate 31 29(28). Female frons flattened, slender median groove on upper half; strial and inter- strial punctures on declivity rather coarse, apparently confused; elytral vestiture of fine hair and slender bristles; Puebla; 1.2-1.4 mm 32. ciispidis Wood — Female frons concave; strial and interstrial punctures on declivity in rows; vestiture usually coarser 30 30(28). Strial punctures moderately large, rather deep, sharply impressed; male strial and interstrial declivital setae scalelike, those on interstriae twice as large, each about twice as long as wide, in female strial setae hairlike, interstrial scales each three to four times as long as wide; female frons deeply concave; Guatemala; 1.3-1.7 mm 33. subulatus (Wood) — Strial punctures obscurely shallowly impressed, not clearly defined, evidently very small; male interstrial declivital scales small, three to four times as long as wide, strial setae hairlike, in female both strial and interstrial setae slender, al- most hairlike; female frons less deeply concave; Panama; 1.5-1.8 mm 34. spicatiis (Wood) 31(28). Sutures of antennal club commonly but not always clearly marked; pronotum commonly with a distinct constriction on anterior half and narrowly rounded in front; pronotal summit usually behind middle, usually narrow, often im- pressed on either side, posterior area tending to be more coarsely sculptured (pronotal characters do not fit heliura group); if antennal and pronotal charac- ters doubtful, then male elytral declivity either armed on interstriae 2 and 4 by coarse spines or else a conspicuous partial or complete circumdeclivital ridge present 32 — Sutures of antennal club obscure or entirely absent; pronotum broadly rounded in front, without a lateral constriction, summit at or anterior to middle, usually broad; male elytral declivity never armed by spines or ridges 51 32(31). Male elytral declivity convex, never armed by an elevated ridge or costa; pro- notum constricted on anterior half, summit narrow, behind middle; if placement doubtful, then elytral scales very slender 33 — Male elytral declivity with a sharply elevated lateral ridge that may continue from apex to suture at base of declivity, forming a complete circumdeclivital ridge; female slender, declivital ridge entirely absent, declivital scales short, broad, each about two to three times as long as wide; pronotal summit broad, in front of middle, posterior area smooth or very finely sculptured 47 516 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 33(32). Male elytral declivity unarmed by spines on any interstriae 34 — Male elytral declivity armed by four or more long, slender, pointed spines 43 34(33). Antennal club large (except hopkinsi), much longer and usually also wider than length of scape, tM^o procurved sutures well developed 35 — Antennal club small, slender, its length less than length of scape, entirely devoid of sutures 40 35(34). Interstrial scales on declivity short, rather broad, separated within a row by more than twice length of a scale 36 — Interstrial scales on declivity separated by distances equal to length of a scale (some male hopkinsi with a few scales more widely spaced) 37 36(35). Elytral scales very small, spaced within a row by distances equal to three times length of scale, between rows by more than twice length of a scale, each scale two to three times as long as wide; frons shallowly concave on lower two- thirds in both sexes; female scape with a conspicuous tuft of hair; Oaxaca; Psittacanthus; 1.4-1.7 mm 35. plumalis Wood — Male frons with a narrow, weak impression near center; male declivital scales separated within a row by distances equal to twice length of a scale, between rows by slightly less than twice length of a scale, each scale broad, less than twice as long as wide; Jalisco; 1.2-1.3 mm 36. coracinus Wood 37(35). Interstrial scales on male declivity elongate, some three or more times as long as distance between rows, normal in female, each scale about three times as long as wide; frons almost flat in both sexes, a very feeble, small impression near center; Michoacan; Phoradendron; 1.3-1.6 mm 37. tenellus Wood — Male interstrial declivital scales not longer than distance between rows, female scales three or more times as long as wide 38 38(37). Frons flattened to weakly convex, devoid of any impression; interstrial scales on declivity 3 to 6 times as long as wide in male, 6 to 10 or more times in fe- male; antennal club small, 1.6 (male) to 1.8 (female) times as long as wide; Durango; Yucca leaves; 1.1-1.3 mm 38. yuccavorus Wood — Frons flattened to shallowly concave, with a large, strongly impressed, shining fovea within concave area; interstrial scales on declivity about three to four times as long as wide in male, four to five times as long as wide in female; antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide or less 39 39(38). Discal interstriae uniseriately granulate, rather coarse in female; male inter- strial scales about six times as long as wide; S California; Fremontia; 1.3-1.5 mm 39. hopkinsi Blackman — Discal interstrial punctures not at all granulate in male, feebly granulate in fe- male; male interstrial scales each about four times as long as wide; Michigan and Ontario to Kansas and Pennsylvania; Tilia; 1.3-1.6 mm 40. rigidus (LeConte) 40(34). Antennal club not more than 1.5 times as long as wide, three times as wide as width of pedicel; male and female body form similar, slender 41 — Antennal club small, slender, 2.0 times as long as wide, about twice as wide as width of pedicel; body form sexually dimorphic, male very stout 42 41(40). Discal interstrial vestiture of blunt, slender scales; declivital interstrial scales slightly shorter than distance between rows; frons transversely impressed at level of antennal insertion, with a distinctly impressed median fovea; Puebla; Arbutus; 1.0-1.3 mm 41. arbuti (Wood) 1982 MicRAciNi 517 — Discal interstrial vestiture of pointed, stout hair; declivital interstrial bristles distinctly longer than distance between rows; frons weakly convex; Panama; 1.2-1.3 mm 42. caritus (Wood) 42(40). Male discal interstriae devoid of granules; pronotal summit very narrow; Oaxaca; leguminous shrub; 0.8-1.2 mm 43. crassinus Wood — Male discal interstriae uniseriately coarsely granulate; pronotal summit rather broad; Arizona; Yucca leaves; 0.8-1.2 mm 44. frondicolens Wood 43(33). Male elytra with recurved spines on declivital interstriae 2, 3, 5, and 7 of about equal size, slightly longer than very broad scales; Chiapas; Acacia; 1.0-1.2 mm 45. contrarius Wood — Male declivity with spines on either interstriae 2 or 3, spines directed caudad 44 44(43). Male declivity with major spines on interstriae 3; female frons at least partly concave; larger, darker, more coarsely sculptured species 45 — Male declivity with major spines on interstriae 2; female frons convex; smaller, lighter in color, more finely sculptured 46 45(44). Male declivital interstriae 3 armed by two coarse spines, 5 and 7 each with one smaller spine, 1 imarmed; female frons abruptly, rather deeply concave on me- dian third; discal interstriae feebly if at all granulate; California; Sphaeralcea; 1.2-1.4 mm 46. bartoni Bruck — Male interstriae 1, 3, and 5 each bearing one or more spines, those on 3 largest; female frons concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex; discal inter- striae uniseriately, finely granulate; Florida; Tilia; 1.2-1.4 mm 47. multispinatus Wood 46(44). Male elytral declivity normally convex, commencing well behind middle of elytra; spines on male interstriae 2 equal in length to little more than half width of interstriae 2; interstrial granules finer and scales slightly narrower in both sexes; Costa Rica; Acacia; 1.0-1.3 mm 48. acacicolens Wood — Male elytral declivity rather strongly impressed on upper half, commencing in front of middle; spines on male interstriae 2 as long or longer than width of in- terstriae 2; interstrial granules slightly larger and scales broader in both sexes; Oaxaca; 0.9-1.3 mm 49. spinatus Wood 47(32). Male elytral declivity with elevated lateral ridge extending from apex to inter- striae 9, ending near declivital base; strial punctures coarse, deep, interstriae about half as wide as striae in male; female frons shallowly impressed on lower half; Arizona; Quercus; 1.0-1.2 mm 50. costatus Wood — Male elytral declivity completely encompassed by circular, elevated ridge ex- tending from sutural apex along ventrolateral margin of declivity to suture at base of declivity; female frons more strongly impressed over greater area 48 48(47). Face of male declivity broadly, evenly convex, punctures coarse, confused; female frons shallowly concave, median fovea obscure if present 49 — Face of male declivity more strongly impressed near ridge, more irregularly protruding toward interstriae 2, interstriae 2 bearing a series of four or more coarse bristles, strial punctures small, more or less in rows; female frons with median fovea very deeply impressed, strong concavity includes part or all of frons 50 49(48). Smaller, more slender; male circumdeclivital ridge feebly or not at all elevated near apex; female frons broadly concave from epistoma to vertex, a patch of fine, short pubescence on upper third; Colima; 0.9-1.1 mm 51. vesculus Wood 518 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Larger, stouter; male circumdeclivital ridge strongly elevated near apex, about twice as high as thick; female frons shallowly concave on lower half, devoid of pubescence; Texas; Condalia; 1.3-1.5 mm 52. heliura Wood 50(48). Impressed area immediately inside circumdeclivital ridge on male declivity poorly developed, central convex area occupying three-fourths of declivity, in- terstriae 2 usually not at all granulate at bases of bristles; female frons with strong, narrow, transverse impression at level of antennal insertion connected to deep, narrow, median impression; Arizona to Chihuahua; Ceanothiis; 1.1-1.3 mm 53. spinura Wood — Impressed area near inner margins of male declivity broad, strongly developed, central, strongly convex area occupying half of declivity, interstriae 2 granu- late at base of bristles; female frons deeply concave from epistoma to vertex; Colima; 1.0-1.2 mm 54. mancus Wood 51(31). Interstrial setae on female declivity very slender, bristlelike, those on male declivity four or more times as long as wide; female frons largely convex 52 — Interstrial setae on both male and female declivity about two to six times as long as wide; female frons broadly, shallowly impressed 53 52(51). Female frons convex above, somewhat flattened on lower third; elytral punc- tures minute, very obscure; male declivital scales about six times as long as wide; Puebla; Yucca leaves; 0.8-1.2 mm 55. yuccae (Wood) — Female frons convex, with a small, narrow, shallow, median impression on lower half; elytral punctures minute, distinct; male declivital scales about four times as long as wide; Oaxaca; 0.7-1.0 mm 56. minulus (Wood) 53(51). Male strial punctures on disc coarse, deeply impressed, striae much wider than interstriae; female frons broadly, shallowly, evenly concave 54 — Male strial punctures smaller, not as deep, interstriae distinctly wider than striae; female frons usvially less extensively, more abruptly impressed at least on upper half of impressed area 55 54(53). Male discal interstriae smooth, with minute, uniseriate punctures; male elytra more slender, 1.7 times as long as wide; female frons shining, glabrous; S Texas to Tamaulipas; Mimosa, Acacia; 0.9-1.1 mm 57. acaciae (Blackman) — Male interstrial punctures on posterior half of disc rather coarsely, uniseriately granulate; male elytra stouter, 1.4 times as long as wide; female frons with rather dense, subpilose hair on upper half of concavity; Oaxaca; 0.8-1.0 mm .... 58. subpilosus (Wood) 55(53). Male declivity with strial punctures moderately coarse on upper half, smaller but distinct below, similar differences in females but much more difficult to detect 56 — Male declivity with striae obsolete or nearly so, punctures confused if distinct 59 56(55). Male declivity with strial punctures very close, separated by much less than di- ameter of a puncture, deeply impressed, interstrial punctures very close, moderately coarse; female frons rather deeply concave 57 — Male declivital striae not impressed, strial and interstrial punctures rather widely spaced, interstrial punctures much smaller than those of striae 58 57(56). Male declivital striae apparently impressed, interstriae weakly elevated, very indistinctly granulate; female frons more extensively excavated to well above upper level of eyes; Oaxaca; leguminous tree; 1.1-1.4 mm 59. acares (Wood) — Male declivity with striae not impressed, interstriae not elevated, smooth; fe- male frontal excavation ending at upper level of eyes; Oaxaca; leguminous shrub; 1.0-1.4 mm 60. mtrus (Wood) 1982 MiCRACINI 519 58(56). Male strial punctures on disc rather deep, interstriae on disc not all granulate; male anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight teeth; pronotal disc more reticulate-granulate; female frons shallowly, broadly concave almost from eye to eye, lateral margins obtusely angled; Michoacan; Acacia; 1.0-1.4 mm 61. aquilus (Wood) — Male strial punctures on disc of equal size but shallow, interstrial punctures on declivity distinctly, feebly granulate; male anterior margin of pronotum armed by four teeth; pronotal disc more shining; female frons concavely impressed on less than median half, lateral margins indefinite, rounded; West Virginia to Florida and Louisiana; Canja; 1.0-1.3 mm (see also 63. perseae Wood) 62. dislocatus (Blackman) 59(55). Sutures of antennal club clearly developed and marked by setae; male strial punctures on disc larger, interstrial scales on declivity about four times as long as wide; larger; Arizona; 1.0-1.4 mm 64. huachucae Blackman — Sutures on antennal club obsolete; male strial pvmctures on disc smaller, interstrial scales on declivity wider, about twice as long as wide; smaller species ... 60 60(59). Strial punctures on male disc fine, shallow, almost obsolete on declivity; fe- male concavity ending below upper level of eyes; Colima; 0.9-1.3 mm 65. mendicus (Wood) — Strial punctures on male disc larger, on declivity fine, distinct, confused; fe- male frontal concavity extending above upper level of eyes; Colima; 0.8-1.1 mm 66. pumilus (Wood) 1. Pseudothysanoes recavus Wood Pseiidothysanoes recavus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 14 (Holotype, fe- male; 8 km or 5 miles S Simojovel, Chiapas, Mex- ico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dimorphits (Schedl), from Brazil, by the larger, deeper strial punctures, by the more deeply excavated female frons, with the im- pression extending only slightly above the eyes, by the presence of a dense fringe of short setae on the upper margin of the female frontal concavity, and by the stouter elytral scales. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm (males 1.2 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons deeply, rather broadly concave from epistoma to slightly above eyes; pre- mandibular epistomal lobe rather well devel- oped; surface of concavity reticulate on up- per two-thirds, smooth below; upper margin of concavity bearing a dense fringe of scale- like setae on median two-thirds; epistoma with a few long, subplumose setae in lateral areas. Antennal scape strongly triangular, two and one-half times as wide as long, bearing a dense brush of long hair somewhat more elaborate than in dimorphus; club mod- erately large, elongate-oval, minutely pub- escent, entirely devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; as in dimorphus except posterior areas more finely reticulate, and granules between summit and basal margin slightly larger. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as in dimorphus; striae not impressed; punctures rather fine, distinctly impressed, interstriae rather smooth, shining, almost twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uni.seriate. De- clivity steep, convex; interstrial punctures re- placed by rounded granules of similar size and appearance to those of dimorphus, but more widely spaced. Vestiture of rows of minvite, fine, recumbent, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each white scale about five times as long as wide, almost as long as distance between rows, slightly longer than distance between scales within a row. Male.— Similar to female except body 1.9 times as long as wide; frons rather weakly convex, rugose-reticulate, vestiture sparse, less conspicuous; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by eight small teeth; interstrial 520 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 punchires on disc finely granulate; interstrial scales less than one and one-half times as long as wide. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 8 km S Simojovel, 4-VII-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 64 specimens. 2. Pseudothysanoes turnbowi Wood Pseudothysanoes turnbowi Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:217 (Holotype, female; Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, Hidalgo Co., Texas; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from recavus Wood by the smoother, more brightly shining pronotum and elytra, by the less deeply, more extensively excavated fe- male frons, which has punctures and small, stout setae in the excavated area, and by the more slender scales on the male declivity. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vesti- ture pale. Frons similar to recavus except less strong- ly, more extensively impressed, surface of im- pressed area smooth, shining, with sparse punctures and stout setae. Pronotum as in recavus except smoother, interstrial setae slightly longer, more slender. Elytra as in recavus except smoother, in- terstrial setae slightly longer, more slender. Male.— Similar to male recavus except differing by smoother frons, pronotum, and elytra and by the much more slender declivi- tal setae, each seta about three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Texas. USA: Texas: Bentsen-Rio Grande State Park, Hidalgo Co., emerged 29-XII-75 to 8-VIII-76, Prosopis glandii- losa, R. H. Turnbow. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 66 specimens. 3. Pseudothysanoes excavatus (Wood) Cryptuloclepttis excavatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):33 (Holotype, male; 30 km SE El Cameron, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This remarkable species is imique in the genus. It is distinguished by the remarkably extensive frontal excavation of both sexes; its larger size and the short, tufted scape also aid in distinguishing it. Male.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons very broadly, deeply, concavely ex- cavated from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, upper margin acute, with its median fourth projecting cephalad slightly; surface reticulate, glabrous. Mandibles near middle armed by a transverse, strongly developed ridge. Antennal scape slightly longer and twice as wide as pedicel; club twice as long as wide, devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide; widest two-fifths pronotum length from base, sides and anterior margin equally rounded on an almost circular arc; anterior margin armed by two small teeth; summit at middle, broad; anterior slope very coarsely asperate; posteri- or areas almost smooth, obscurely reticulate, shining; small scales almost obsolete except at margins. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; widest at base, sides straight on basal two-thirds, very feebly con- verging posteriorly, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low, somewhat obscure; interstriae wider than striae, minutely subrugulose, shining, punctures fine, obscure. Declivity steep, con- vex; strial punctures greatly reduced, becom- ing obsolete; interstrial punctures finely gran ulate. Vestiture consisting of minute, fine, strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale on disc slender, elongate, slightly longer than distance between rows, becoming shorter but not narrower toward declivity, on declivity each scale equal in length to little more than half distance between rows, about twice as long as wide. Posterior margin of sternum 5 narrowly rounded, projecting slightly. Female.— Similar to male except 2.3 times as long as wide; frontal excavation slightly deeper, with median area near epistoma slightly elevated; mandibular ridge absent; scape wider, bearing a small tuft of hair; margin of pronotum unarmed; discal scales on elytra slightly shorter; sternum 5 less strongly produced. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 30 km SE El Cameron, 21-VI-67, 1000 m. No. 78, S. L. Wood. Host.— Gossypium sp. 1982 MiCRACINI 521 Biology.— This species was taken from twigs of a small tree with obesus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 4. Pseudothysanoes querneus Wood Pseudothysanoes querneus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):20 (Holotype, male; 17 km E Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather closely related to quercinus Wood, but it may be dis- tinguished by the more coarsely punctured, rugulose pronotal disc, by the coarser strial punctures, and by the much wider elytral scales. Male.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, a slight transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; surface obscurely, rather coarsely punctured, rugulose; vestiture of moderately abundant, rather short, coarse setae. Antennal scape short, broad, slightly longer than pedicel; club rather small, widest through segment 2, sutures 1 and 2 slightly procurved, 1 marked by setae only at sides. Pronotum 0.87 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides arcuately con- verging toward broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by six low teeth; summit at middle, moderately high; anterior slope asperate; posterior area coarsely, indistinctly punctured, rugulose. Vestitiu-e moderately abundant, stout. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep; interstriae as wide as striae, somewhat irregular, punctures rather fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; striae ir- regularly, weakly impressed, interstrial punc- tures with coarse, low granules; most of sur- face obscurely subgranulose. Vestiture of semirecumbent strial hair, and rows of equal- ly long, erect interstrial scales; each scale about twice as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape as wide as long, bearing a tuft of very long white hair; teeth on anterior margin of pronotum smaller, some obsolete; interstrial scales slightly longer and more slender, each about three to four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon to Veracruz. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Chipinque Mesa, Monterrey, 26-IV-69, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: 17 km E Pachuca, 10- VI-67, 2500 m. No. 5; 8 km W Tulacingo, ll-VI-67, 2400 m. No. 10, both from Quercus by me. Queretaro: 129 km NE San Juan del Rio on Highway 120, 9-VI-71, 2700 m, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: Huatusco, 7-VII-67, 300 m. No. 173, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of twigs of three different spe- cies of oak. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 44 specimens and on several other specimens. 5. Pseudothysanoes coniferae Wood Aphanocleptus coniferae Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:64 (Holotype, female; 30 km W La Laja, Chi- huahua, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This is the most distinctive species of those here placed in the subgenus Aphanocleptus. It is somewhat allied to querneus Wood and quercinus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the shining, coarsely punctured pronotal disc, by the coarse strial punctures, by the more abundant vestiture, by the host, and by other characters. Male.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.5 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma, a very weak impression in central area; surface obscurely reticulate, finely, rather closely punctured; vestiture of moderately abundant, coarse, moderately long setae. Antennal scape short, as wide as long, not longer than pedicel; club small, 1.7 times as long as wide, widest through seg- ment 2, with two straight sutures. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide; sub- circular, widest just behind middle; anterior margin armed by four teeth; summit at middle, anterior area asperate; posterior area smooth, shining, coarsely, very closely, rather deeply punctured. Vestiture of rather abun- dant, coarse, long setae. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae narrower than striae, smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; striae 522 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 weakly impressed; interstrial punctures very feebly granulate. Vestiture of stout strial hair, and rows of slightly longer, abundant inter- strial scales; each scale from one to three times as long as wide, each shorter than dis- tance between rows but longer than distance between scales within a row. Female.— Similar to male except usually slightly larger and more slender; frons more distinctly impressed; scape more broadly ex- panded and ornamented by long hair. Distribution.— Chihuahua and Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 30 km W La Laja, 16-VII-60, about 2500 m, Picea, S. L. Wood; 26 km NE San Juanito, 19-VII-60, Douglas fir, S. L. Wood. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi. Hosts.— Picea chihuahuensis, Pseudotsuga menzeisii. Biology.— Shaded out branches about 2-6 cm in diameter in living trees were selected for attack. Parental galleries consisted of an irregular nuptial chamber, from which two transverse egg tunnels extended in opposite directions, each about 1 cm in length. Both nuptial chamber and egg galleries engraved both wood and phloem. Larval mines en- graved the wood very lightly, parallel to its grain, and extended up to 4 cm from the egg tunnel. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens and on 3 other specimens. 6. Pseudothysanoes ohesus (Wood) Cryptulocleptus ohesus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):33 (Holotype, male; 30 km SE El Cameron, Oaxaca; Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercinus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length L0-L2 mm (females L2-L4 mm), 2.0 (female 2.3) times as long as wide; color reddish brown, elytra black (lighter in less mature specimens). Frons planoconvex almost to upper level of eyes; minutely punctate above, becoming smoother below; vestiture consisting of a few short subplumose setae over flattened area. Scape short, little longer than pedicel, bear- ing a small tuft of hair; club moderately large, oval. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate, converging to- ward narrowly rounded anterior margin; an- terior margin armed by four teeth, median pair larger; summit behind middle, well de- veloped; anterior area coarsely asperate; pos- terior area very minutely rugose, punctures obscure. Vestiture largely scalelike. Elytra L15 times as long as wide, L4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, obscure; interstriae wider than striae, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, broadly convex; surface min- utely rugose, as on disc, except interstrial punctures closer. Vestiture consisting of in- terstrial rows of erect scales, each scale less than twice as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 2.3 times as long as wide, frons shallowly concave to upper level of eyes; scape larger, broadly triangular, bearing a large tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytra minutely rugose, all punctures obscure. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 30 km SE El Cameron, 2I-VI-67, 1000 m, No. 79, Gossijpium, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from dying twigs of a small shrubby tree identified as Gossypium sp. The beetles were removed from the cambium region. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens. 7. Pseudothysanoes quercinus (Wood) Cryptulocleptus quercinus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):.30 (Holotype, male; 37 km W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished by characters summarized in the above key, although it is not closely related to any known species. Male.— Length 0.8-Ll mm (females L2-L5), 2.4 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, narrowly, transversely im- pressed just above epistoma; surface rugose- reticulate, punctures fine; vestiture moder- ately abundant, conspicuous, subplumose. 1982 MiCRACINI 523 moderately short. Scape only slightly longer than pedicle, bearing several long setae. Pronotum 0.81 times as long as wide widest near middle, subcircular in outline anterior margin armed by four small teeth summit at middle, rather high, anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior area smooth, shining, punctures sparse, very min- ute; vestiture consisting of stout, erect hair posteriorly, of bifid scales in asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures of moderate size and depth; interstriae almost smooth, as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity rather steep, con- vex; essentially as on disc but surface more ir- regular. Vestiture consisting of fine, short, strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale one and one-half times as long as strial hair, about two-thirds as long as dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within each row, each scale about twice as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 2.8 times as long as wide; frons as in male; scape very slightly larger, bearing a large, long tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures not as deep, more widely spaced; declivity less clearly punctured; elytral scales more closely spaced within rows, very slightly longer, each scale about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Durango to Oaxaca. MEXICO; Durango: 37 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m. No. 10, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: Putla, 14- V-71, Quercus. D. E. Bright. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— The Durango series was taken from tunnels in the phloem of an unthrifty branch 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 34 specimens and on several other specimens. strongly impressed frons, by the greatly re- duced elytral punctures, and by the wider elytral scales. Female.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons rather strongly concave on median two-thirds of area below upper level of eyes, surface subrugose, with sparse granules ex- cept almost smooth on lower half of con- cavity; vestiture short, sparse. Antennal scape as wide as long, as long as pedicel, bearing a small tuft of long hair; club about as in quercinus. Pronotum 0.73 times as long as wide; out- line as in quercinus; summit at middle; ante- rior slope on median third armed by six con- centric, uniform, transverse carinae, other asperities absent, carina 1 submarginal, sixth at summit; posterior areas shining, almost smooth, punctures almost obsolete. Vestiture consisting of a row of scales posterior to each of first five carinae, and rather sparse, coarse hair in remaining areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in querciiius; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low; interstriae almost smooth, about twice as wide as striae, punctures almost obsolete; surface usually covered by a thin in- crustation. Declivity convex, steep, sculpture as on disc but punctures even more obscure. Vestiture mostly abraded, consisting of wide- ly spaced, short, interstrial scales, each scale one and one-half to two times as long as wide. Male.— Length 0.8 mm; similar to female except smaller, slightly stouter; frontal con- cavity not as deep; pronotal asperities not fused or clearly concentric. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 10 km SE Totolapan, 21-VI-67, 1000 m. No. 73, leguminous roadside shnib with a yel- low flower, possibly Cassia, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 8. Pseudothysanoes concentralis Wood Pseudothysanoes concentralis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:27 (Holotype, female; 10 km or 6 miles SE Totolapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercinus Wood by the concentric, carinate pronotal asperities, by the more 9. Pseudothysanoes thomasi Wood Pseudothysanoes thomasi Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:.38 (Holotype, male; Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexi- co; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is placed near brunneus Wood and sedulis Blackman, although it is not closely related. The small 524 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 size and the unusual elevation on the male declivital interstriae 3 serve to distinguish it. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons broad, weakly convex below upper level of eyes, with epistomal area distinctly elevated, more strongly convex above eyes; surface finely rugose and with a small, rounded granule at base of each seta; vesti- ture consisting of moderately long, abundant, fimbriate setae, those above directed dorsad, those on epistoma directed orad. Antennal scape short, subcircular, scarcely longer than pedicle; club 1.4 times as long as wide; pub- escent, sutures indistinctly indicated. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; sides strongly arcuate, widest just behind middle; summit distinct, asperities moderately large; anterior margin armed by eight coarse, basally separate teeth; surface behind summit minutely reticulate, with a few small, rounded, squamiferous granules; vestiture consisting of semierect scales and a few in- conspicuous bristles. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae feebly impressed, punctures minute, distin- guished with difficulty from those of inter- striae; interstriae subrugose, punctures in- distinct. Declivity convex, moderately steep; interstriae 2 strongly narrowed below, 3 with large unarmed elevation extending about two-thirds length of declivity from base, end- ing abruptly below, its base as wide as 1 and 2 combined, its height slightly less than its basal width. Vestiture consisting of rows of short, recumbent, hairlike, strial setae, and slightly longer scalelike setae; each scale on posterior half at least as wide as long. Female.— Similar to male except frons more strongly impressed; strial punctures more strongly impressed; elytral declivity de- void of elevation; interstriae 2 almost normal; elytral scales slightly more slender. Distribution.— Sinaloa. MEXICO; Sinaloa: Mazatlan, VIII-64, J. B. Thomas. Biology.— Ejccept that it was taken from the bark of a tree, nothing is known of the habits of this species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two male and two female paratypes in my collection. 10. Pseudothysanoes brunneus Wood Pseudothysanoes brunneus Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:72 (Holotype, male; Miller Canyon, Hua- chuca Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sedulus Blackman by the smaller size, by the more widely spaced strial punctures, by the more slender elytral scales, and by the lighter body color. Male.— Length 0.9-1.3 mm, 2.4 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color brown. Frons convex, a transverse impression just above epistoma; surface rather coarsely, closely, subrugulosely punctured; vestiture of moderately abundant, coarse, short setae. Scape very slightly longer than wide, as long as pedicel; club small oval, suture 1 indicated by setae only at sides, 2 weakly procurved. Pronotum 0.86 times as long as wide; sub- circular, anterior margin armed by about four to six small teeth; summit high, anterior slope asperate; posterior area shining, with fine, close punctures and granules. Vestiture of stout, rather short, moderately abundant setae. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae narrow- er than striae, almost smooth, fine, uniseriate punctures on anterior half of disc replaced by fine granules on posterior half. Declivity con- vex, steep; interstriae 1 slightly, 3 and 9 dis- tinctly elevated, all interstriae with a row of fine granules. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale two to three times as long as wide, shorter than distance between rows of scales or between scales within a row. Female.— Similar to male except body more slender, 2.7 times as long as wide, scape slightly wider and ornamented by a small tuft of hair; strial punctures much smaller, inter- striae wider than striae and devoid of gran- ules on disc; elytral scales about four to five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Arizona to Chihuahua. USA; Arizona; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 10- VII-52, Qucrcus, Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 10-VII- 52, Qtiercus. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 40 km S Creel, 18- VII-60, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. 1982 MiCRACINI 525 Biology.— Small, broken oak twigs were selected for attack. Specimens were removed from phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based on tlie type series of 19 specimens and on 13 other specimens. 11. Pseudothysanoes sedulus Blackman Pseudothijsanoes sedulus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:204 (Holo- type, male; Bear Canyon, Catalina Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 27138) Pseudothijsanoes gambetti Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:205 (Holo- tvpe, male; Pelonillo Reserve, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:151. Sijnonijmij Pseudothysanoes harheri Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:206 (Holo- type, male; Williams, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 271,37); Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:151. Sijnonijmij Diagnosis.— This species is allied to brunneus Wood, but it may be distinguished as noted in the diagnosis of brunneus and in the key. Male.- Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.3-2.4 (fe- male 2.5) times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotum as in brunneus except anterior margin of pronotum armed by six to eight teeth, disc closely, rather coarsely, sub- rugosely punctured. Elytra 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures uniseriate, finely granu- late. Declivity convex, steep; striae with punctures smaller, rather obscure; interstriae 3 weakly to moderately elevated, all inter- striae uniseriately, rather coarsely granulate, 3 often with a partial double row; declivital surface obscurely rugose. Vestiture consisting of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of erect scales, each scale one to two times as long as wide, two-thirds as long as distance between rows, slightly longer than distance between scales within a row. Female.— Similar to male except body more slender, 2.5 times as long as wide, scape much wider; bearing a tuft of long hair; strial punctures slightly smaller, interstrial punc- tures finer, not at all granulate on disc or declivity; elytral scales about two to almost three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Arizona to New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Bear Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., 4- 11-08, Hopk. US 7175-2, Qucrcus, .30-111-08, Hopk. US 7189, Q. emonji, Q. gambelii, 20-VIII-14, Hopk. US 12687, Oak, M. Chrisman; Prescott N.F., 17-V-30, Hopk. US 20403-k, Quercus, M. W. Blackman; Tucson, 9-1-08, Q. emortji, M. Chrisman; 6 km S Prescott, 5-VI-69, 1700 m, No. 29, Quercus, W. G. Haiwood; Williams, 26-IX- 01, Quercus, 11-02, 9426-29, Oak, Schwarz and Barber. New Mexico: Mayhill, 4-VI-69, No. 47, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Peloncillo Reserve, bred 12-XI-07, 6-1-08, Hopk. US 5589, Quercus, J. L. Webb. Hosts.— Quercus emoryi, Q. gambelii, and Q. spp. Biology.— Dying or unthrifty, standing host material about 2-6 cm in diameter was selected for attack. Specimens were removed from phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holo types of sedulus, gambetti, and barberi, and on 167 other specimens. 12. Pseudothysanoes vallatus Wood Pseudothysanoes vallatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):24 (Holotype, male; Volcan Colima, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This remarkable species is en- tirely unique in the genus. Presumably it is allied to lecontei Blackman, but the male de- clivital interstriae 3 are exceedingly strongly elevated and very coarsely serrate, the height of the elevation exceeds the combined widths of interstriae 1 and 2, 1 is neither elevated nor serrate, and in the female the elevation on 3 is only moderately developed. Male.— Length 1.0-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, a slight transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; surface rather coarsely reticulate except almost smooth on epistomal area; vestiture rather sparse, mod- erately long, consisting of subplumose setae. Scape short, only slightly longer but dis- tinctly wider than pedicel, club small, oval, two weakly arcuate sutures indicated by setae. Pronotum subcircular in outline, anterior margin armed by two subcontiguous teeth; anterior slope asperate, summit at middle; posterior area transversely substrigose- reticulate with a few very small granules, more regularly reticulate laterally; vestiture 526 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 consisting of rather sparse, slender scales and hair of equal length intermixed. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then rounded to meet broadly truncate apex; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, distinct; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, each bearing a uniseriate row of small, rounded, squami- ferous granules. Declivity rather steep; flat- tened to weakly excavated between very strongly, very narrowly elevated interstriae 3, 1 feebly elevated toward apex, punctures of striae 1 and 2 more strongly impressed than on disc; interstriae 3 elevated to sutural apex, armed by 10 very coarse, contiguous, blunt teeth that increase in size to just below middle of declivity; interstriae 1-9 each bear- ing one to three rounded nodules at base of declivity, those on 7 largest. Vestiture con- sisting of rows of interstrial scales and smaller strial hair; scales longer on declivity, particu- larly tliose on summit of elevated crest of in- terstriae 3. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly impressed to upper level of eyes and more finely sculptured; scape slightly larger and bearing a small tuft of hair; anterior mar- gin of pronotum unarmed; declivital inter- striae 3 only moderately elevated and imarmed, nodules at base of declivity also absent. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 105, S. L. Wood. Host.— Struthanthus venetus. Biology.— This species was taken from dying branches of mistletoe in series with large numbers of Micraciselki tnonadis Wood and of another Pseudothysanoes; con- sequently, it was overlooked at the time of collection and nothing was recorded of its habits. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 13. Pseudothysanoes securus Wood Pseudothysanoes securus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:216 (Holotype, female; 8 km or 5 miles W Tulacingo, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercicolens Wood by the much longer, more slender, flattened process on the female scape, by the more slender, more acutely pointed antennal club, by the more slender, more isolated pronotal asperities, and by many other characters. Female.— Length 1.5 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide, color black, vestiture white. Frons about as in quercicolens except sur- face rugose-reticulate. Scape acutely triangu- lar, twice as wide as long, ornamented by a conspicuous tuft of rather long hair; club small, twice as long as wide, acutely pointed at apex, sutures obscure. Pronotum about as in quercicolens except anterior margin unarmed, asperate area smaller, asperities smaller, more slender. Elytra about as in quercicolens except strial punctures not as deep, interstriae more irregular, punctate granules larger, closer; declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures re- duced, interstriae 2 narrower, flat, 3 with weak elevation not reaching junction with 9. Vestiture white, closer, interstrial scales on disc one and one-half to two times as long as wide, on declivity about as long as wide. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 8 km W Tulancingo, ll-VI-67, 2400 m. No. 12, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two specimens. 14. Pseudothysanoes quercicolens Wood Pseudothysanoes quercicolens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:2.35 (Holotype, male; 50 km SW El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lecontei Blackman and sedulus Black- man by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color darker brown to almost black. Frons as in hrunneus Wood. Scape short, longer than wide, as long as pedicel; club moderately large with two weakly procurved sutures. Pronotum as in sedulus. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, subrugose, punctures very fine, uniseriate, becoming granulate to- ward declivity. Declivity convex, steep; strial 1982 MiCRACINI 527 punctvires smaller, less distinctly impressed; interstriae 3 and 9 elevated, almost as high as wide; all interstriae uniseriately granulate. Vestiture consisting of fine, semirecumbent, strial hair and rows of slightly longer, erect interstrial scales; each scale as long as dis- tance between rows, separated within a row by a slightly shorter distance, each about four to six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons more finely punctured; scape as wide as long, bearing a tuft of long hair; declivital inter- striae 3 and 9 less strongly elevated, all inter- strial granules finer. Distribution.— Sinaloa and Durango to Michoacan. MEXICO: Durango. ,5() km SW El Salto, 23-VII-53, 2700 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 10 km E Volcan Pan'cutin, I9-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 86, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Sinaloa: 30 km NE Copala, 27-VII-53, 1000 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of recently cut or broken oak branches about 2-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 24 paratypes and on 31 other specimens. 15. Pseudothysanoes lecontei Blackman Pseudothysanoes lecontei Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:4 (Holotype, male; Washington, D.C.; Mus. Comp. Zool., 14357) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sediilus Blackman by characters sum- marized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.1-1.4 mm, 2.5 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark brown. As in sedulus except punctures on pronotal disc very slightly larger; declivital interstriae 2 more narrowly elevated, 2 and 4-8 each with a row of granules, 2 also bearing a row of scales; elytral scales each three to almost four times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except differing in same way female of sedulus differs from male. Distribution.— New York to North Carolina. USA: District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia. Hosts.— Castenea dentata, Celtis sp., and Quercus spp. Biology.— Reared from the bark of twigs and branches of the host trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 133 other specimens. 16. Pseudothysanoes furvescens Wood Pseudothysanoes furvescens Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):21 (Holo- tvpe, male; 18 km N Huajuapan, Oaxaca, Mexi- co; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is in the phora- dendri group and is very closely related to furvus Wood. From furvus it is distinguished by the absence of granules on the male discal interstriae, and by the shorter elytral scales. Male.— Length 1.1-1.4 mm, 2.3 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, transversely impressed above epistoma; surface finely rugose, punc- tures not evident; vestiture of sparse, coarse, short setae. Antennal scape elongate; club moderately large, oval, widest at middle, su- ture 1 straight, 2 obscure. Pronotum as in furvus. Elytral proportions and outline as in fur- vus; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae slightly wider than striae, smooth, punctvires very fine, not at all granu- late or elevated. Declivity convex, steep; striae as on disc; interstriae each with a row of fine granules. Vestiture consisting only of rows of interstrial scales, each scale about three times as long as wide, slightly shorter than distance between rows, spaced within a row by about one and one-half times length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except more slender, 2.8 times as long as wide, frons less strongly convex; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed; strial punctures much small- er, obscure; occasional strial hair present. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 18 km N Huajuapan, 15-VI-67, No. 42, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Unthrifty or injured mistletoe was selected for attack by this species. The gallery systems were in the phloem tissues. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 528 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 17. Pseudothtjsanoes furvus Wood Pseudothysanoes furvus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):26 (Holotype, male; Cafias, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ftirvattis Wood by the presence of gran- ules on the discal interstriae of the male. These two species may be recognized from other species in the phoradendri group by the short scales on the male elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.1-1.4 mm, 2.2 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color black with white scales. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed from just above level of antennal in- sertion to epistomal margin; surface finely granulate; vestiture consisting of moderately abundant, coarse, short, subplumose hair. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; widest about one-third pronotum length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate on basal half, laterally constricted on anterior half, narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by eight serrations that decrease in size laterally; summit just behind middle, rather high; coarsely asperate from summit forward; posterior area minutely punctuate- subgranulate and with obscure, fine punc- tures, more nearly reticulate laterally; vesti- ture of minute hair and longer, broad scales, those on asperate area longer. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, minutely irregular, sub- vulcanate squamiferous punctures weakly elevated, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity convex, steep; sculpture about as on disc, but punctures and granules some- what smaller. Vestiture consisting of inter- strial rows of erect scales; each scale as long as distance between rows and between adja- cent scales in a row, about three times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except slightly larger, more slender, 2.8 times as long as wide; frons less coarsely sculptured, vestiture more abundant, finer; antennal scape bearing a small tuft of subplumose hair; sculpture of pronotum finer, anterior margin unarmed; elytral punctures and granules greatly re- duced except only slightly smaller on declivi- ty; elytral scales smaller. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 569, Pfioradendron robustissimum. COSTA RICA: Finca La Pacifica, Cafias, Guanacaste, 13-IV-66, 50 m, No. 1, Phoradendron; 20 km SE Liberia, Guanacaste, 10- VII-66, 50 m. No. 16, Phoradendron; all by me. Hosts.— Phoradendron spp. Biology.— This species breeds in the phloem tissues of dead and dying twigs of mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 72 specimens and on 30 other specimens. 18. Pseudothysanoes furvatus Wood Pseudothijsanoes furvatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci.' Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):26 (Holotype, male; 35 km N Juchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from furvus Wood by the much coarser and deeper male strial punctures, this difference only slight in the female; by the larger, closer, interstrial granules on the male disc; and by the slightly longer, more slender male declivital scales, the female declivital scales being more slender but slightly shorter. Male.— Length 1.0-1.4 mm, 2.3 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, with summit of pronotum reddish. Frons and pronotum as in furvus. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, smooth, each with a uniseriate row of rather small, rounded, squamiferous granules, each granule as wide as its interstriae. Declivity beginning at or just behind middle, rather steep, con- vex; sculpture as on disc except granules smaller, many obscure. Vestiture consisting of rows of erect interstrial scales, each scale on disc two to three times as long as wide, each equal in length at base to two-thirds distance between rows at base of declivity; each scale on declivity about four to six times as long as wide and slightly longer than distance be- tween rows. 1982 MiCRACINI 529 Female.— As in female oi fiirvus except as noted in the diagnosis above. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 35 km N Juchitlan, 3-VII-65. 1300 111, No. 18.3, Phoradetidron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in ftirvus, except the host tree of the mistletoe was not identified. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. 19a. Pseudothysanoes leechi Wood Pseudothijsanoes leechi Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:356 (Holotype, male; 3 km NNE Angwin, Napa Co., California; Calif. .Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from phoradendri Blackman by the larger size, by the much shorter, stouter male de- clivital scales, and by the much longer setae on the female vertex. From the more closely related verdicus Wood it is distinguished by the stouter scales on the male declivity, by the much less strongly impressed female frons, with the setae on the vertex distinctly shorter and less abundant, and by other char- acters cited below. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, females 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.4 (females 2.5) times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vestiture pale. Frons as in verdicus except median third on lower half of frons more distinctly, con- cavely impressed. Elytra 1.45 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; as in verdicus except strial punctures on disc slightly larger, inter- strial granules distinctly larger, extending to base, interstrial scales closer, shorter, those on declivity about twice as long as wide, each half to two-thirds as long as distance be- tween rows. Female.— Similar to female verdicus ex- cept frons shallowly concave on median two- thirds of lower two-thirds, setae on vertex shorter, less abundant, tips of longest attain- ing middle of frons; posterior areas of pro- notum without reticulation; strial punctures slightly deeper, interstrial punctures and scales closer, scales distinctly shorter. A very small tuft of hair on scape. Distribution.— California. USA: California: North side Howell Mt., 3 km NNE Angwin, Napa Co., 18-VI to 27-VIII-80, Phomdendron flavescens var. villosum (on Querciifi kelloggii), H. B. Leech. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. 19b. Pseudothysanoes phoradendri Blackman Psexidothijsanoes phoradendri Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:202 (Holotvpe, male; Victoria, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 27139)' Diagnosis.— This is one of about a dozen species in this genus entirely restricted to mistletoes of the genus Phoradendron, nine of which form a rather compact group. This species is most closely allied to furvatus Wood, from which it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.0-1.5 mm, 2.2 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color black, sum- mit of pronotum usually reddish brown. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed just above epistoma and with a small concavity on median third of lower half; granulate-punctate above, becoming smooth and shining in concave area; vestiture sparse, consisting of coarse, erect, moderately long setae. Antennal scape long, slender; club moderately large, oval, two weakly pro- curved sutures. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; sub- triangular, widest at base, slightly arcuate, converging toward narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; anterior margin armed by six teeth; summit high, behind middle; anterior slope asperate, posterior area reticulate, sub- rugulose, punctures fine, obscure, a few fine granules directly behind summit. Vestiture sparse, of a few scales and stout bristles. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight on basal two-thirds, slightly wider at declivital base, obtusely angulate behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, close; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, al- most smooth, uniseriately, finely granulate. Declivity broadly convex, beginning at middle of elytra; strial punctures slightly smaller than on disc. Vestiture consisting of rows of interstrial scales; each scale at base about three times as long as wide, increasing in length toward declivity, on declivity each scale about six to eight times as long as wide, at least twice as long as distance between scales within a row or between rows. 530 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except more slender, 2.7 times as long as wide; frontal im- pression a bit more extensive; antennal scape bearing a small tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum miarmed; strial punctures small- er, not as deep; declivity confined to posteri- or third of elytra; strial hair present on de- clivity, interstrial scales about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— S California and Arizona to Chihuahua and W Texas. USA: Arizona; Catalina Springs, Hubbard and Schwarz; Santa Catalina Mts., Hopk. US 7554, mistletoe. California: Mt. Laguna, San Diego Co., 7-XII-40, Hopk. US 32545, Phoradendron on Qtiercus kelloggii, D. De- Leon; Ventura Co., 9-IV-06, Hopk. US 2762. Texas: Menard, 13-V-46, mistletoe, L. S. Bottomer; Victoria, 6- III-09, corn stalk (?), and 16-III-11, Phoradendron flaves- cens, J. D. Mitchell. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 39 km S Creel, 13-VII-60, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Host.— Phoradendron flavescens. Biology.— This species breeds in the phloem tissues of dying branches of mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 28 other specimens. 20. Pseudothysanoes funereus Wood Pseudothysanoes funereus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):21 (Holotype, male; Volcan Colima, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This .species is very closely related to phoradendri Blackman, but it may be distinguished by the more slender body form, by the more rugose pronotal disc, by the much smaller strial punctures on both disc and declivity, and by the near absence of interstrial granules. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; body color black. Head and prothorax as in phoradendri ex- cept pronotal disc slightly more rugose. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, nar- rowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, separated by two or more diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, at least twice as wide as striae, punc- tures uniseriate, very small, feebly if at all granulate. Declivity beginning well behind middle, convex; interstrial granules small, regular. Vestiture as in phoradendri. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 108, Phoradendron longifolium, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were just entering the bark of a dying mistletoe that grew in an oak tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 21. Pseudothysanoes funebris Wood Pseudothysanoes funebris Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):27 (Holotype, male; 27 km W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bullatus Wood by characters of the male elytral declivity as indicated in the above key. Male.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black, summit of pro- notum reddish. Frons transversely impressed below upper level of eyes, central area shallowly concave; finely granulate-punctate above eyes, finely punctured below; vestiture consisting of moderately abundant, subplumose setae of moderate length. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; out- line and sculpture as in verdicus except gran- ules in posterior area reduced and setae finer. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in verdicus; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, shallow, distinct; interstriae wider than striae, surface somewhat irregularly marked by lines, punctures fine, uniseriate, becoming granulate near declivity. Declivity confined to posterior third, rather steep, convex; strial punctures greatly reduced above, obsolete below; interstriae 1 devoid of granules on lower three-fourths and 2 on lower half, up- per half of 2, all of 3 and 4 and lateral areas armed by moderately large, somewhat point- ed, isolated, squamiferous granules. Vestiture consisting of erect scales; each scale on disc about four times as long as wide, almost equal in length to distance between rows, more slender, one and one-half times as long and more widely spaced than on disc; spac- ing of scales within row on declivity slightly greater than spacing between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frontal concavity slightly deeper and wider; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytra 1.7 1982 MiCRACINI 531 times as long as wide, surface of disc some- what more irregular; elytral declivity sculp- tured to apex as on disc; interstrial scales about six times as long as wide, not longer or more widely spaced on declivity. Distribution.— Durango to Coahuila. MEXICO: Coahuila: 28 km SE Saltillo, 21-VI-71, 2(X)() m, mistletoe on jimiper, D. E. Bright. Durango: 27 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m. No. 9, Phoradendron boleanttm, S. L. Wood; 70 km W Durango, 18-VI-71, 2600 m, mistletoe on oak, D. E. Bright. Host.— Phoradendron boleannm. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues in the dying twigs of the above mistletoe that grew in Arbutus trees. An error occurred in the original description in host designation. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 130 specimens. A series from 5 km N Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, on High- way 175, 4-VI-71, 3100 m, in mistletoe on al- der, by D. E. Bright in the Canadian National Collection is assigned to this species, al- though it represents a slight deviation. 22. Pseudothysanoes bullatus Wood Pseudothysanoes huUatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):28 (Holotype, male; 42 km SE Nichixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from funebris Wood by the large, shining bulla on the male elytral declivity and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, posteri- or half of elytra usually lighter. Frons moderately, transversely impressed on lower half, convex above; surface rather coarsely granulate-punctate above, finely ru- gose on lower third; vestiture consisting of stout, rather sparse, short, subplumose setae. Scape with about a dozen long setae. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides arcuately converging from base to narrowly rounded anterior mar- gin, with a slight constriction one-third pro- notum length from anterior margin; anterior margin armed by six small teeth; summit be- hind middle, well developed, broad; posterior area very finely rugose-reticulate, minute punctures obscure; vestiture of scales and hair intermixed. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in verdicus Wood; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinctly impressed; interstriae wider than striae, minutely, irregularly marked by obscure liqes and points, squamiferous punc- tures rather fine, usually distinct, not granu- late. Declivity occupying slightly more than posterior third, convex, rather steep; strial and interstrial punctures reduced, becoming obsolete by middle of declivity; points largely replace obscure lines on interstriae, surface shining; interstriae 3 with a large, low bulla on upper part of lower half of declivity, extending slightly to interstriae 2 and 4. Ves- titure consisting of erect, interstrial scales, each about two to three times as long as wide, slightly longer toward declivity, those on upper declivity spaced within and be- tween rows by a distance equal to length of a scale; lower two-thirds of declivity glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly concave on median three-fourths from epistoma to above upper level of eyes, upper area bearing rather numerous, moder- ately short, yellow setae; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed and more broadly rounded; declivital interstriae each bearing a uniseriate row of fine granules to apex, bulla obscure; declivity shorter, steeper; vestiture more abundant, extending to apex, each scale more slender, above five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 42 km SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, 2300 m. No. 55, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues of a dying mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 1 1 specimens. 23. Pseudothysanoes viscivorus Wood Pseudothysanoes viscivorus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):25 (Holotype, male; Volcan Ceboruco, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is in the phora- dendri group; it is distinguished from amassius Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, sum- mit of pronotum reddish. 532 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons convex, transversely impressed on lower half, subconcave toward center; sur- face finely reticulate-granulate, with small, obscure punctures; vestiture of sparse, sub- plumose setae of moderate length. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides strongly arcuate on basal half, strongly constricted one-third length from narrowly rounded anterior mar- gin; anterior margin armed by six small teeth; summit behind middle, well developed; ante- rior slope coarsely asperate to summit; poste- rior area coarsely reticulate, fine punctures obscure; vestiture of intermixed fine hair and slightly longer, erect scales, each scale about four to six times as long as wide. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae very weakly im- pressed toward declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, rather coarse, subgranulate on anterior margins especially toward declivity. Declivity beginning slightly in front of middle, moderately steep, broadly convex; striae weakly impressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc; interstrial punc- tures usually not at all granulate. Vestiture consisting of minute strial hair and rows of interstrial scales; each scale on disc slightly shorter than distance between rows, each about three to four times as long as wide; scales on declivity equal in width to those on disc, but three times as long; scales on decliv- ital interstriae 8 and 9 in partial double rows and equal in length to one another. Female.— Similar to male except anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, declivity restricted to posterior third, more narrowly rounded, steeper; strial punctures smaller, similar on disc and declivity; interstrial granules larger and more regular; declivital vestiture only slightly longer than on disc, each declivital scale about four to six times as long as wide. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit; Volcan Ceboruco, 5-VII-65, 1100 m, No. 191, Phoradendron probably robinsonii, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of the above mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 24. Pseudothysanoes amassius Wood Pseudothysanoes amassius Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):25 (Holotype, male; 20 km S Matias Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with some difficulty, from viscivorus Wood, and it eventually may become a subspecies. It is distinguished by a slightly more strongly impressed frons, by the shorter, uniseriate scales on the male declivital interstriae 9 and a reduced number of scales on 8, and by the much broader interstrial scales of the female. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, sum- mit of pronotum reddish. As in viscivorus except frons more broadly, more deeply impressed; strial punctures near declivity somewhat finer, interstrial granules finer; scale son declivital interstriae 9 unise- riate and distinctly shorter than those on 8. Female.— As in the female of viscivorus except frons broadly, more strongly im- pressed; interstrial granules much smaller; in- terstrial scales much broader, each about two to two and one-half times as long as wide. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 20 km S Matias Romero, 24-VI-67, 700 m. No. 93, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in viscivorus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 25. Pseudothysanoes peniculus Wood Pseudothysanoes peniculus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. I0(2):28 (Holotype, male; 13 km W Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The male of this species re- sembles funebris Wood, but the female has the frons excavated and elaborately deco- rated by setae. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, part of elytra and summit of pronotum lighter in some specimens. Frons rather strongly, broadly, transversely impressed on lower half, convex above, epis- toma gradually raised to margin; surface fine- ly granulate-punctate, finer in impression; vestiture consisting of moderately abundant, short, subplumose setae. 1982 MiCRACINI 533 Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; out- line as in verdictis Wood; surface behind summit rather coarsely reticulate, minute, sparse punctures obscure; vestiture of scales and stout hair intermixed. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in verdicus; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low, obscure; interstriae about as wide as striae, irregularly marked, punctures fine, ob- scure, very feebly granulate, squamiferous. Declivity on slightly more than posterior third, convex, moderately steep; sculpture es- sentially as on disc. Vestiture of rows of erect scales; each scale at base about four times as long as wide, at least eight times as long as wide on declivity, each slightly longer than distance between rows at base, increasing in length toward declivity until about twice as long as distance between rows on declivity, spacing within each row equal to or slightly less than length of scale. Female.— Similar to male except frons concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, area above eyes ornamented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair, tips of some setae extending to epistomal margin; scape with a rather large fringe of long hair; ante- rior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, declivity confined to posterior third; elytral surface, particularly on declivity, more nearly minutely rugose; elytral scales shorter (about two-thirds as large) and closer. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 13 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2600 m. No. 26, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of dying mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 1 1 specimens. 26. Pseudothysanoes tumiduhis Wood Pseudothysanoes tumiduhis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .3.5:28 (Holotype, male; 129 km NE San Juan del Rio on Highway 120, Queretaro, Mexico; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the distantly allied graniticiis Wood by the different female frons, by the smaller ely- tral scales, and by the very different male de- clivity as described below. Male.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened on lower two-thirds, with small concavity on median fifth ascending slightly to epistomal margin, convex above; subshining and almost smooth on flattened area, more coarsely punctate-granulate above; vestiture confined to epistomal area and to convex area. Pronotum similar to graniticus except an- terior margin narrowly rounded and armed by six teeth and posterior areas rather strong- ly reticulate. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather abruptly rounded, then broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, moderately deep, spaced by dis- tances equal to diameter of a puncture; inter- striae three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures minute, granulate, unise- riate except confused near declivity. Declivi- ty with basal margin abrupt, basically convex except upper half flattened to striae 4, a moderate bulla just below middle from in- erstriae 2-4; strial punctures smaller and not as deep as on disc, closer, in indistinct rows, of same size and shape as confused interstrial granules, interstrial punctures obsolete; bulla covered by same surface sculpture as else- where. Vestiture of interstrial rows of scales, each slightly longer than wide on disc except scales confused, more abundant, much long- er, and more slender at base of declivity; de- clivity glabrous; rows of fine, recumbent strial hair on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly, shallowly concave from epistoma to well above eyes, vestiture on upper area slightly more abundant (less abundant and shorter than in graniticus); anterior margin of pronotum more broadly rounded, unarmed; declivity convex, sculpture as on disc except strial punctures obsolete; rows of interstrial scales continued to apex, each scale equal in length to three-fourths distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row, each about three to four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Queretaro. MEXICO: Queretaro: 129 km SE San Juan del Rio on Highway 120, 9-VI-71, 2500 m, mistletoe on oak, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 29 specimens. 534 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 27. Pseudothysanoes graniticus Wood Pseudothysanoes graniticus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):21 (Holotype, fe- male; 43 km SE Nochixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from verdicus Wood and viscicolens Wood by the shallowly impressed female frons, with setae on the vertex short, and by the more coarsely granulate male declivital interstriae, with scales on lower half of interstriae 1 smaller. Female.— Length 1.9 mm (male 1.8 mm), about 2.7 times as long as wide, color very dark brown. Frons shallowly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, flattened to vertex, sur- face of concave area smooth, shining, im- punctate, finely punctured above, somewhat strigose at sides; epistomal bmsh conspicuous at sides; flattened area above eyes bearing rather abundant, moderately short, coarse hair. Antennal scape elongate, ornamented by abundant, long hair; club about 2.5 times as long as wide; antenna as long as pronotum. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, feebly converging on basal half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit rather high, at middle; anterior area asperate; posterior area rugose-reticulate, with fine, obscure punctures, fine granules behind sum- mit. Vestiture sparse, of fine and coarse short hair. Elytra about 1.6 (slightly spread) times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punc- tures rather small, deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, imiseriately, finely granulate. Decliv- ity convex, steep; interstrial granules slightly larger, confused on 2 and 3. Vestiture of very fine strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale on disc three to four times as long as wide on disc, four to five times as long as wide on declivity, each scale slightly longer than distance between scales within a row or between rows. Male.— Similar to female except stouter, about 2.5 times as long as wide (estimated); frons not visible; pronotum distinctly con- stricted on anterior half, anterior margin armed by 10 teeth; strial punctures coarser, interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, much more coarsely granulate; elytral scales slightly longer, proportions as on fe- male; scales on lower half of interstriae 1 conspicuously smaller; granules on declivital interstriae 2 and 3 uniseriate. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 43 km SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 55, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from bark of a dying branch of mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was pre- pared from the holotype and allotype; no other specimens are known. 28. Pseudothysanoes verticillus Wood Pseudothysanoes verticillus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):22 (Holotype, fe- male; 27 km N Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely al- lied to viscicolens Wood, but it may be dis- tinguished by the more shallowly concave fe- male frons, with a more dense tuft of hair on the vertex, and by the much shorter elytral scales. Female.— Length 1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black, pronotal summit reddish brown. Frons as in viscicolens except less deeply concave, tuft of hair on vertex slightly short- er, more dense. Antenna and pronotum as in viscicolens. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep; in- terstriae about twice as wide as striae, punc- tures uniseriate, finely granulate. Declivity as in graniticus Wood, with indistinct granules and punctures on interstriae 2 and 3 con- fused. Vestiture of fine, short strial hair, and rows of erect, short, interstrial scales; each scale one to one and one-half times as long as wide, half as long as distance between rows, equal in length to distance betwen scales in a row. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 27 km N Ixmiquilpan, lO-VII-67, 1900 m, probably Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Presumably due to an error, this specimen was associated with the same field collection number (No. 188) as another series from Acacia. It evidently was taken in 1982 MiCRACINI 535 flight and dropped in the vial with the series from Acacia without noting that it represent- ed a different species. Phoradendron was in the area. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 29. Pseudothysanoes verdicus Wood Pseudothysanoes venlktts Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull.. Biol, Ser. 10(2):27 (Holotype, male; 7 km N Tlaxco, Tlaxcala, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is alhed to vis- cicolens, but it is distinguished by the more slender body form, and by other characters included in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.8 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, pronotal summit reddish. Frons convex above, moderately, trans- versely impressed just above epistoma, with a slight dorsal extension of impression toward center; surface finely rugose; vestiture sparse, rather short, widely distributed. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate and con- verging on basal three-fifths to a conspicuous constriction, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four small teeth; summit rather high, behind middle; posterior area coarsely reticulate, with small, sparse, rounded, squamiferous granules; vesti- ture of intermixed fine, short hair and longer, slender scales. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures minute, distinct; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, irregularly marked by lines and obscure points, punctures finely granu- late, squamiferous. Declivity confined to pos- terior third, convex, rather steep; sculpture as on disc except granules smaller, obscure. Ves- titure consisting of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale on declivity four to five times as long as wide, about equal in length to distance between rows, very slightly shorter on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly concave almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, upper margin orna- mented by a dense tuft of long yellow hair, tips of setae reaching .slightly beyond middle of concavity; scape with a small tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral scales slightly smaller. Distribution.— Tlaxcala to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 42 km SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 65, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Tlaxcala: 7 km N Tlaxco, 6-VI-67, 2700 m, No. 24, mistletoe, S. L. Wood. Host.— Phoradendron spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of dying mistletoe that was growing in Juniperus deppeana at Tlaxco. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 65 specimens. 30. Pseudothysanoes viscicolens Wood Psctidotht/sanoes viscicolens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):25 (Holo- tvpe, male; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to ver- dicus Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black, pro- notal summit reddish. Frons convex, with a feeble impression above epistoma; an obscure subfoveate im- pression indicated near center; reticulate be- low, becoming minutely subgranulate above; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate, converging very slightly on basal two-thirds then broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six small teeth; summit well developed; posterior area minutely rugulose, with sparse, small, sub- granvilate punctures; vestiture consisting of rather sparse, small, scale- and hairlike setae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, deep; interstriae wider than striae, punctures small, uniseriate. De- clivity beginning well before middle of elytra, moderately steep, broadly convex; su- tural striae only feebly impressed, punctures distinctly larger and deeper than on disc; in- terstriae narrower, otherwise as on disc. Ves- titure consisting of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale on disc about twice as long as wide, about two- thirds as long as distance between rows; each scale on declivity as wide or slightly wider 536 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 than those on disc, and on upper half at least three times longer than those on disc, de- creasing in length on interstriae 1 and 2 on lower half to size of scales on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather deeply concave from epistoma to ver- tex, concavity clothed with moderately abun- dant, short, stout setae, upper margin bearing a tuft of long, yellow hair equal in length to half diameter of concavity; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity confined to posterior third of elytra; strial punctures somewhat reduced; interstrial granules small, regularly placed on disc and declivity; decliv- ity more narrowly convex, sculpture and ves- titure as on disc, each scale three to four times as long as wide. Distribution.'— Honduras. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 569, Phoradendron robustissimum, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in phloem tissues of dying mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 31. Pseudothysanoes mucronatus (Wood) Crtjptulocleptus mucronatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):.34 (Holo- type, male; La Lima, Cortez, Hondiira.s; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Although most of the generic characters of Pseudothysanoes clearly fit this species, it is unique in having the elytral apices acuminately extended to form a short mucro, as seen in Micracis or possibly Micra- cisella. The mucro appears to be a secondary acquisition that should not have a bearing on the generic placement of this species. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex, with a feeble impression just above epistoma; surface rather coarsely ru- gose above, more finely below, with a small, median, smooth area on lower third; vestiture short, sparse. Scape elongate, with fewer than a dozen setae; club broadly oval, un- marked by any indication of sutures. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest two-fifths pronotum length from base, sides weakly arcuate, moderately constricted a fourth of pronotum length behind broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four minute teeth; summit at middle, moderately high; anterior slope armed by many small asperities; posterior areas rather coarsely reticulate, with moder- ately abundant, fine, isolated granules behind summit; vestiture of stout, hairlike setae. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind except for very short, sutural mucro; striae not impressed, punctures fine, distinct; interstriae minutely subrugose, wider than striae, punctures small, obscure, becoming granulate toward declivity. Decliv- ity convex, very steep; strial punctures larger than on disc but very obscure; interstrial punctures replaced by rather large rounded granules. Vestiture consisting of very fine, moderately long strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; scales slightly shorter and more slender on disc; each scale on declivity spaced within and between rows by distances equal to length of scale, each scale about four times as long as wide. Apex with a very short mucro. Female.— Similar to male except 2.6 times as long as wide; frons less strongly convex, less coarsely rugose, with median fovea near center; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral scales more slender, at least six times as long as wide on declivity. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 70 m. No. 572, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from tunnels in the xylem of stems 1 cm in diame- ter from a shrubby, woody vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 46 specimens. 32. Pseudothysanoes cuspidis Wood Pseudothysanoes cuspidis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):22 (Holotype, fe- male; 10 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to sub- ulatus Wood and spicatus Wood, but it may be distinguished by the smaller size, by the flattened and grooved female frons, by the coarser punctures on the elytral declivity, and by the slender, rather long elytral setae. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 1982 MiCRACINI 537 Frons transversely flattened, longitudinally concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, median line narrowly sulcate from level of antennal insertion to upper level of eyes; surface smooth and shining on epistomal area, then finely substrigose, becoming more coarsely reticulate-granulate above eyes; ves- titure sparse, fine, inconspicuous. Antennal scape elongate; club moderately large, su- tures very obscure. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcute, subparallel on basal half, dis- tinctly constricted on anterior half, broadly rounded in front; summit at middle, moder- ately high; sparsely asperate on anterior slope; finely rugose-reticulate behind, a few minute granules. Vestiture of sparse hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae not smooth, less than twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, obscured by surface sculp- ture. Declivity convex, steep; interstriae uniseriately, finely granulate. Vestiture of rows of very fine strial hair and rows of slightly longer, coarser, interstrial setae, not at all scalelike; interstrial setae about as long as distance between rows. Last visible ster- num narrowly produced to form a mucronate process. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 10 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, No. 144, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region of a tree branch 3 cm in di- ameter. The biramous parental tunnels paral- leled the grain of the wood. The species is bi- gamous. Females pack the egg tunnels with frass as they progress; males evidently leave the nuptial chamber soon after the females begin the egg galleries. A sample of the host tree has not yet been identified. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 female specimens. 33. Pseudothysanoes subulatus (Wood) Cnjptulocleptus subulatus Wood, 1969, Brigliam Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):34 (Holotype, male; Volcan Pacava, Esquintia, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species, cuspidis Wood, and spicatus Wood form a unique group in the genus in which the last visible tergum of the male and the last visible sternum of the female form a mucro that projects beyond the elytral apex. This species is distinguished from the closely related spicatus as indicated in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, pronotal summit reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in spicatus except part of pronotal vestiture stout. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in spicatus; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, deep, sharply impressed; interstriae almost smooth, shining, one and one-half times as wide as striae, uniseriate punctures finely granulate. Declivity steep, convex; striae very feebly impressed, punctures more ob- scure. Vestiture consisting of short, fine strial hair (some flattened on declivity), and rows of longer, interstrial scales; each scale slightly more than half as long as distance between rows, separated within rows by distances equal to length of scale, each about twice as long as wide. Tergal mucro about as in spicatus. Female.— Similar to male except 2.6 times as long as wide; frons rather deeply concave on median three-fourths from epistoma to vertex, a small, smooth, median area on lower half, most females ornamented by a small, sparse tuft of hair at upper margin of concavity; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures not as deep, per- haps smaller, interstrial scales very slightly longer and more slender, each scale about four times as long as wide; tergal mucro re- placed by sternal mucro as in spicatus. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1.300 m, No. 700, Caldo de Frijol, S. L. Wood. Host.— Possibly Eschweilera sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the phloem of branches less than 8 cm in diame- ter of a recently cut tree known locally as Caldo de Frijol. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 59 specimens. 538 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 34. Pseudothysanoes spicatus (Wood) Cryptuloclepttis spicatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):33 (Holotype, male; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from suhulatus by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown, summit of pronotum reddish brown. Frons convex above, becoming more nearly flattened on lower third; surface ru- gose-reticulate and obscurely punctured; an indefinite, median, subfoveate impression just below upper level of eyes; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous, except long and con- spicuous along epistomal margin. Scape elongate. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest a third of pronotum length from base, sides arcuate, a weak constriction on anterior third, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about eight small teeth; summit just behind middle, moderately high; asperities on anterior slope rather large; posterior area rugose-reticulate, a few fine granules behind summit. Vestiture hairlike. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures very small, obscure; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, very finely rugose, punctures very fine, their anterior margins very finely granulate. Declivity convex, steep; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vesti- ture consisting of fine, moderately long strial hair and rows of slightly longer interstrial bristles; each bristle about two-thirds as long as distance separating rows, separated within rows by distances equal to length of bristle, bristles becoming scalelike on declivity, each scale there at least three times as long as wide. Last visible tergum narrowly produced into a mucrolike process that projects beyond elytral apex. Female.— Similar to male except 2.6 times as long as wide; frons shallowly concave to vertex, lower, median half smooth, shining, and ascending toward epistomal margin; an- terior margin of pronotum unarmed; inter- strial setae on disc fine, hairlike, bristlelike on declivity; mucro formed by last visible sternum; last tergum rounded on posterior margin. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, No. 382, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from tunnels in the cambium region of a log 1 m in diameter. The galleries tended to be longitudinal. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 50 specimens. 35. Pseudothysanoes plumalis Wood Pseudothysanoes plumalis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):29 (Holotype, male; 18 km N Huajuapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from coracinus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave almost to upper level of eyes, convex above; surface rugose- reticulate, with a few fine granules in convex area; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Scape with fewer than a dozen setae. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; out- line as in verdicus; posterior area reticulate, very fine punctures obscure; vestiture of fine and stout hairlike setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.65 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae narrow- er than striae, almost smooth, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity largely confined to posterior third, convex, steep; strial punc- tures greatly reduced, interstrial punctures very finely granulate. Vestiture consisting of rows of small, erect, interstrial scales of about equal size on disc and declivity; each scale about three times as long as wide, about one- half as long as distance between rows of scales, spaced within rows by distances equal to about three times length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly, somewhat more deeply con- cave; scape bearing a large, dense tuft of long, yellow hair; pronotum armed by two teeth on anterior margin; declivity slightly 1982 MiCRACINI 539 shorter and steeper; declivital interstrial granules obsolete. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 18 km N Huajuapan, 15-VI-67, 2000 ni. No. 43, Psittacanthus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens of this species were taken from phloem tissues of the above- named mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. interstrial scales; each scale about twice as long as wide; not longer on declivity. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: .34 km N Juchitlan, 3-VI1-65, 1300 m. No. 182a, S. L. Wood. Biology,— Specimens were taken from the cambium region in twigs of an imidentified tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four male specimens. 36. Pseudothysanoes coracinus Wood 37. Pseudothysanoes tenellus Wood Pseudothysanoes coracinus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):29" (Holotype, male; .34 km N Juchitlan, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The male of this species is distinguished from hopkinsi Blackman by the more nearly flattened frons, by the more weakly impressed strial punctures, and by the much broader interstrial scales. Male.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color almost black, pronotal smiimit reddish. Frons convex above, weakly, transversely impressed just above epistoma, with a narrow impression extending dorsad to center of frons; surface rugose-reticulate; vestiture sparse, consisting of coarse, subplumose setae of moderate length. Pronotum 0.84 times as long as wide; widest a third of pronotum length from base, sides rather strongly arcuate on basal two- thirds, then weakly constricted before rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four broad, low teeth; sum- mit high, behind middle; posterior area reti- culate, punctures sparse, minute, obscure; vestiture of stout and slender, short, hairlike setae. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinct but not deep; interstriae about as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, finely granulate. Declivity on slightly less than posterior half, convex, rather steep; as on disc except strial pimctures slightly smaller, interstrial granules very slightly higher. Vestiture consisting of minute, fine, strial hair and rows of erect Pseudothysanoes tenellus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):23 (Holotype, male; 33 km W Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hopkinsi Blackman by the very elongate interstrial scales on the male declivity and by the flattened frons with a feeble central im- pression in both sexes. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons almost flat from transverse impres- sion just above epistoma to upper level of eyes, convex above, a small median impres- sion at upper level of eyes; smooth and shin- ing near median line, becoming rugose- reticulate in lateral areas, rugose-punctate above eyes; vestiture of sparse, coarse setae. Scape elongate, slender; club longer than scape, broadly oval, two sutures clearly marked, rather strongly procurved. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides strongly arcuate, very strongly constricted on anterior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six coarse teeth; summit behind middle, aspe- rate on anterior slope; reticulate-granulate in posterior area, with sparse, fine, obscure punctures, a few granules behind summit. Vestiture of sparse, short, stout setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, obtusely ang- ulate behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, almost smooth, uni- seriately, coarsely granulate on posterior third, punctures feebly to not at all granulate to base. Declivity broadly convex, rather steep; striae weakly impressed on upper two- 540 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 thirds, punctures smaller; uniseriate inter- strial granules rather coarse at base, decreas- ing in size posteriorly on upper two-thirds, almost obsolete below. Vestiture consisting of rows of interstrial scales, short on disc, each about three times as long as wide, increasing in length toward declivity, very long and delicate on declivity, some about four times as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more extensively flattened, more finely sculp- tured; pronotum similarly, almost equally armed; interstrial granules slightly smaller; declivital scales little longer than those on disc, each about three times as long as wide, those on interstriae 1 and 2 smaller. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 33 km W Morelia, 16-VI-65, 2300 m. No. 64, Phdradendron, S. L. Wood; Patzcuaro km 32, 31-X-80, S-130, Psittacanthtts, T. H. Atkinson. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues in dying branches of mistletoe. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens and on 5 other specimens. 38. Pseudothysanoes yuccavorus Wood Pseudothysanoes yuccavorus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):23 (Holo- type, male; 15 km W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hopkinsi Blackman by the flattened frons with the absence of a central fovea, by the smaller, more slender antennal club, and by the shorter, stouter interstrial scales. Male.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.2 (female 2.5) times as long as wide; color black. Frons weakly convex, almost flat to upper level of eyes, a weak transverse impression just above epistoma; epistoma shining, re- maining area rather coarsely reticulate- granulate, punctures fine, obscure; vestiture of sparse, short, coarse setae. Antennal scape elongate, slender; club small, 1.6 (female 1.8) times as long as wide, sutures very obscure, weakly procurved. Pronotum 0.92 times as long as wide; sub- triangular, widest at base, sides weakly ar- cuate, converging toward narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four coarse teeth; summit high, narrow; ante- rior area coarsely asperate; posterior area rugulose, a few fine granules behind summit; vestiture of sparse, coarse setae of moderate length. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, al- most smooth, uniseriately, rather coarsely granulate. Declivity rather steep, convex; as on disc. Vestiture consisting of minute, fine strial hair, and erect, interstrial scales; each scale three times as long as wide, separated between rows and within a row by distances slightly greater than length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except body form more slender; antennal club longer; an- terior margin of pronotum more broadly rounded, unarmed; interstrial granules almost obsolete on disc; interstrial scales slightly longer, very slender, each eight or more times as long as wide. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 15 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 1300 m. No. 1, Yucca leaves, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from dying leaves of a large, healthy, branching Yucca. The parental galleries apparently were biramous and transverse. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 47 specimens. 39. Pseudothysanoes hopkinsi Blackman Psudothysanoes hopkinsi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:200 (Holo- type, male; Piru Ck., Ventura Co., California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 27140) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from yuccavorus Wood and rigidus (Le- Conte) by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.3 (female 2.5) times as long as wide; color black. Frons flattened to very shallowly concave, with a very large, deep, central fovea; other- wise as in yuccavorus. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum essentially as in yuccavorus except posterior area more brightly shining, less coarsely rugulose, with punctures clearly evident. Elytra as in yuccavorus except strial punc- tures larger, interstriae as wide as striae; 1982 MiCRACINI 541 interstrial scales each about four to six times as long as wide, spaced between rows and within rows by^ distances slightly less than length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except body more slender; frons narrowly, deeply concave on lower half; teeth on anterior margin of pronotiim reduced in size and number. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Big Pines Pk., Los Angeles Co., 18- IV-40, Fremontia californica; 3 km (2 miles) E California Hot Springs, XII-68, 18-IV-40, F. californica, H. B. Leech; Piru Ck., Ventura Co., 4-VI-04, Hopk. US 2782, Sa/i.t; San Bernardino Co.; Sequoia N.P., 19-IV-34, Hopk. US 21069, Fremontia; Tejon Pass near Lebec, Ventura Co., 4000 ft, Fremontia. Host.— Fremontia californica. Biology.— Except for host preference nothing on the habits of this species has been reported. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 125 other specimens. 40. Pseudothysanoes rigidus (LeConte) Fig. 143 Crijphalus rigidus LeConte, 1876, Proc. ."^mer. Philos. Soc. 15:362 (Lectotype, male; Canada; Mus. Conip. Zool., 1031 present designation) Pseudothysanoes drakei Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:48 (Lectotype, male; Syracuse, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24746, present designation); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:402. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hopkinsi Blackman by characters sum- marized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.2 (female 2.4) times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black, pronotal summit red- dish brown. Frons as in hopkinsi. Pronotum about as in hopkinsi except anterior area broader, poste- rior area more finely sculptured, sub- reticulate, punctures very fine. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct; interstriae wider than striae, smooth, punctures fine, uni- seriate, not at all granulate. Declivity convex, moderately steep; striae very feebly im- pressed; interstriae weakly convex, punctures not granulate. Vestiture of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of erect scales; each scale on declivity about four times as long as wide, slightly longer than distance be- tween scales between rows or within a row. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, deeply, narrowly impressed at center of lower half; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral scales very slightly shorter; interstrial punctures on disc and declivity feebly granulate. Distribution.— Ontario to Kansas and Pennsylvania. CANADA: "Canada" (presumably southern Ontario), G. H. Horn. US.^: Kansas: Lawrence, 5, 7-IX-50, Tilia americana, S. L. Wood. Michigan: Detroit, VL Hopk. W.Va. 7599c, Hubbard and Schwarz. New York: Syr- acuse, 6-X-20, basswood, C. J. Drake. Ohio: Deshler, Hopk. US 2301, Tilia, A. D. Hopkins. Pennsylvania: Clark's Valley, 20-III, Tilia americana, J. N. KnuU; Dau- phin, lO-I, J.N. Knull. Host.— Tilia americana. Biology.— Hundreds of specimens were reared from recently cut branches about 3-8 cm in diameter at Lawrence, Kansas. Paren- tal galleries were biramous and transverse. Larval mines tended to follow the grain of the wood, but were entirely within the bark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three syntypes of rigidus, on 15 para- types of drakei, and on 263 other specimens. Because a lectotype has not formally been designated, I here designate the first speci- men in the LeConte series, a male, previously regarded as the type and bearing the label Type 1031, as the lectotype of Cryphalus rig- idus LeConte. Although Blackman's descrip- tion of drakei was based almost exclusively on a particular male, he indicates his species was based on a (syntypic) series of 59 specimens. Because of the ambiguity and to avoid future problems, I here designate the male in the U.S. National Museum from Blackman's series that has been labeled as the holotype, and recognized as such by all who have dealt with this species, as the lectotype of Pseu- dothysanoes drakei Blackman. 41. Pseudothysanoes arbuti (Wood) Cryptulocleptus arbuti Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):30 (Holotype, male; 13 km W Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from caritus Wood by characters summarized in the above key. 542 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 1.0-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above, narrowly, rather strongly, transversely impressed just above epistoma, impression extending slightly dor- sad at center; vestiture confined to epistomal margin. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bear- ing about six setae; club oval, very slightly longer than wide. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in quercinus except posterior area minutely rugose-reticulate, most of punctures minutely granulate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in quer- cinus; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, close, not sharply impressed; inter- striae as wide as striae, minutely irregular, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures slightly re- duced in size, interstrial punctures minutely granulate. Vestiture consisting of very fine, moderately long strial hair and slightly long- er, erect interstrial scales; each scale slender, equal in length to distance between rows, slightly closer within each row, each at least eight times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 3.0 times as long as wide; upper frons bearing rather abundant short, stout setae; scape bearing about a dozen setae; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed; elytral scales a little more slender. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 13 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2600 m. No. 27, Arbutus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 36 specimens. 42. Pseudothysanoes caritus (Wood) Cryptulocleptus caritus Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):30 (Holotype, male; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from arbuti Wood by the less strongly convex frons that lacks a transverse impression, by the smaller, less abundant, pronotal aspe- rities, and by the very different pronotal and elytral vestiture. Male.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex to epistomal margin, a mod- erately large fovea just below center; surface reticulate in marginal areas, smooth and shin- ing on middle half, with a few scattered, small, punctures; vestiture inconspicuous. Scape elongate; club small, oval. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides very weakly arcuate, con- verging slightly to shallow constriction one- third pronotum length from rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four moderately large teeth; sum- mit at middle, moderately high; anterior slope with fine asperities; posterior area min- utely rugose, minute punctures obscure; ves- titure slender, hairlike in both asperate and posterior areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in quercinus; striae not impressed, punctures fine; inter- striae as wide as striae, with abundant, very minute points, punctures very fine, obscure. Declivity steep, convex, as on disc except in- terstrial punctures finely granulate. Vestiture consisting of very fine long, strial hair and erect interstrial setae; each interstrial seta on disc stout, hairlike, one and one-half times as long as strial hair, slightly longer than dis- tance between rows, more closely spaced within each row; interstrial setae becoming scalelike on declivity and very slightly long- er, each scale at least six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 2.9 times as long as wide; frons very weakly, trans- versely impressed just above epistomal mar- gin; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; interstrial granules on declivity very minute; interstrial setae on declivity stout but essen- tially hairlike. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 411, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues in broken branches of an un- identified tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 43. Pseudothysanoes crassinus Wood Pseudothysanoes crassinus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):29 (Holotype, male; 24 km W Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) 1982 MiCRACINI 543 Diagnosis.— This species is allied to fron- dicolens Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 0.8-1.0 mm (female 1.0-1.2 mm), 2.0 (female 2.4) times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotum as in coracinus Wood except teeth on anterior margin of pronotum more slender, summit higher and wider, and posterior areas obscurely reticulate. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.25 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures obso- lete; interstriae each with a uniseriate row of large tubercles, increasing in size toward de- clivity. Declivity beginning at middle, rather steep, convex; a few minute strial punctures obscurely indicated; interstrial granules greatly reduced on upper half, obsolete on lower half and replaced by very minute, ob- scure pimctures. Vestiture consisting of fine, moderately long, suberect, strial hair and in- terstrial rows of longer, erect scales; each scale about four times as long as wide on disc, six times as long as wide on declivity; each scale as long as distance between rows on disc, slightly longer on declivity, spaced within rows by a slightly greater distance. Female.— Similar to male except larger; 2.4 times as long as wide; frontal impression very slightly larger; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed; strial punctures obscurely visible; interstrial granules obsolete; declivity confined to posterior third of elytra, more narrowly convex; interstrial scales slender, at least eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km W Tehuantepec, 22-VI-67, 70 m, No. 35, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region of the bole of a small, dying, thomless leguminous tree having bipinnately compound leaves. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 65 specimens. 44. Pseudothysanoes frondicolens Wood Pseudothysanoes frondicolens Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:73 (Holotype, male; Herb Martyr Camp- ground, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from crassinus Wood by the absence of interstrial granules in the male, by the im- pressed female frons, by the finer pronotal sculpture, and by the less abundant elytral vestiture. Male.— Length 0.8-1.0 mm (female 1.0-1.2 mm), 2.1 (female 2.3) times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons flattened on lower third, convex above, with a conspicuously impressed me- dian fovea; surface rather obscurely reticulate-granulate below, coarser above; vestiture of sparse, coarse hair. Antennal scape long, slender; club small, oval, sutures not indicated. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; sub- triangular, widest near base, sides arcuately converging to narrowly rounded anterior margin, armed by two coarse, median teeth (four teeth present in some specimens); sum- mit slightly behind middle, rather high and narrow; anterior slope rather coarsely aspe- rate; posterior area very finely sculptured, al- most smooth, sparse minute punctures. Vesti- ture sparse, short, rather fine. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; surface usually covered by an in- crustation; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather shallow, not close; interstriae as wide as striae, evidently smooth, punctures fine, not at all granulate. Declivity occupying slightly more than pos- terior third, very broadly convex, rather steep; strial punctures larger than on disc; in- terstriae not at all granulate; somewhat flat- tened between interstriae 3, with suture feebly elevated on upper half. Vestiture of rows of fine, short strial hair, and rows of longer, erect interstrial scales; scales sparse, widely, irregularly spaced, each about four times as long as wide, curved toward elytral apex on apical part; declivital interstriae 3 usually devoid of scales, 1 often with only one, 3 and 4 each with about three to five scales. Female.— Similar to male except body form more slender; frons irregularly concave on rather narrow triangular area from epis- toma to vertex; anterior margin of pronotum armed as in male; strial punctures finer; elytral scales more slender, each about six 544 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 times as long as wide, sparse but more regu- larly placed. Distribution.— S Arizona. USA: Arizona: Herb Martyr Campground, Chiricahua Mts., 7-VII-69, 1900 m, No. 75, Yucca, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species breeds in the dying lower leaves of living plants about 2-3 m in height. The parental galleries were in the form of a transverse "H," apparently with two short egg tunnels formed by each of two females. The straight larval mines were con- stRicted longitudinally between the fibers. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 156 specimens. 45. Pseudothysanoes contrarius Wood Pseudothijsanoes contrarius Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(l):14"(Holotype, male; Lagos de Colores, Chiapas, Mexico; Cana- dian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hartoni Bruck by the more slender, re- curved spines on the male declivital inter- striae 2, 3, 5, and 7, by the coarser strial punctures, by the broader interstrial scales, and by the more broadly rounded anterior margin of the pronotum. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, a weak transverse impres- sion on lower half, subfoveate at center; sur- face rugose-reticulate, punctures not evident; vestiture confined to epistomal brush. Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides moderately arcuate, converging toward rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by 10 small denticles. Vestiture of sparse, short, stout bristles, a few small scales in lateral area. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with unise- riate rows of small granules. Declivity con- vex, gradual, beginning at middle of elytra; strial punctures gradually reduced in size un- til minute near apex; granules on interstriae 1 smaller than on disc, obsolete on 2 except one or two near base enlarged into slender, sharply pointed, recurved spines, 3 with sev- en to nine similar spines, 5 with three, and 7 with about five spines; spines on 3 slightly re- curved, longest spines equal in length to width of an interstriae, slightly shorter than interstrial scales. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine, interstrial hair, and rows of erect, inter- strial scales; each scale about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, about three to four times as long as wide, those arising from posterior surface of spines often slightly larger. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lagos de Colores, 14-VI-69, Acacia, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 46. Pseudothysanoes hartoni Bruck Pseudothysanoes hartoni Bruck, 1936, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 35:32 (Holotype, male; Saddle Peak, Santa Monica Mts., California; Ohio State Univ. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species, contrarius Wood, and multispinatus Wood are the only species in the genus in which male declivital interstriae 3 and 5 are armed by long, slen- der, sharply pointed spines. This species is distinguished from contrarius and multi- spinatus by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, rather weakly, transversely impressed above epistoma; surface almost smooth below impression, rather coarsely granulate-punctate above; vestiture of mod- erately abundant, coarse setae of moderate length. Antennal scape slender, elongate; club moderately large, oval, sutures obscurely indicated. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; sub- triangular, widest at base, sides arcuately converging toward very narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four teeth, median pair longer; summit at middle; anterior slope asperate; posterior area shining, finely punctured, surface irregu- lar but not rugulose. Vestiture rather sparse, short, stout. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, deep; interstriae as wide as 1982 MiCRACINI 545 striae, almost smooth, punctures fine, becom- ing granulate near declivity. Declivity con- fined to posterior third, convex, rather steep; about as on disc except interstrial granules very fine, interstriae 3 armed by two moder- ately large, slender, pointed spines, one at de- clivital base, othre spine two-fifths declivital length from base; interstriae 5 and 7 each with one similar spine just below declivital base. Vestiture of rows of short, fine, strial hair, and rows of interstrial scales; each scale rather slender, six or more times as long as wide at base of declivity, slightly shorter on disc and declivity. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons more broadly flattened, with a deep, shining, oval concavity on median third at and just above level of antennal insertion; pronotum more broadly rounded in front, an- terior margin usually unarmed; elytral decliv- ity devoid of spines. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Saddle Peak, Santa Monica Mts., 16- XII-33, Malvastrum thurberi, C. R. Bruck; Westwood Hills, Los Angeles Co., 26-11-35, 25-VI-39, l,6-IX-40, Malvastrum, A. T. McClay. Host.— Sphaeralcea fasciculata. Biology.— Unknown except for the host association. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, 22 paratypes, and 37 other specimens. 47. Pseudothysanoes multispinatus Wood Fig. 154 Pseudothysanoes multispinatus Wood, 1957, Great Basin Nat. 17:109 (Holotvpe, male; Gainseville, Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus.,'71622) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bartoni Bruck by the discal interstriae being narrower than the striae, with punc- tures finely granulate, by the spines on the male declivital interstriae 1, 3, and 5, and by the more extensively impressed female frons. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons somewhat flattened below, with me- dian third on lower half abruptly, deeply concave, epistomal area elevated; surface granulate-punctate above, almost smooth and shining on epistoma and in concavity; vesti- ture of rather sparse, coarse setae. Antennal scape long, slender; club rather large, oval, sutures obscure. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; basi- cally as bartoni except more broadly rounded in front. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in bartoni; striae feebly impressed, punctures coarse, rather deep; interstriae narrower than striae, uniseriately, subcrenulately granulate. De- clivity occupying slightly more than posteri- or third, convex, moderately steep; about as on disc except interstriae 1, 3, and 5 each armed by one to three long slender spines on upper half, those on 3 usually longer. Vesti- ture consisting of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about three times as long as wide at base of declivity, shorter on disc and lower half of declivity, much longer on upper half of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly impressed exclusive of median excavation on lower half; anterior margin of pronotum usually imarmed; elytral spines ab- sent; interstrial scales of uniform length, each about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Florida. USA: Florida: Gainesville, 17-1-39, No. 8870, Tilia cienserrata, A. N. Tissot; Alahua Co., 21-IV-76, Tilia, T. H. Atkinson. Host.— Tilia cienserrata. Biology.— Unknown except for the host association. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. 48. Pseudothysanoes acacicolens Wood Pseudotliysanoes acacicolens Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):23 (Holo- type, male; Plava del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinatus Wood in the male by the much smaller declivital spines and by the unaltered sculpture and vestiture of the elytral declivi- ty, both being essentially continuous with that of the disc. In the female the pronotum is more coarsely reticulate and the elytral de- clivity more coarsely punctured than in spin- atus, evidently with very fine granules on in- terstriae 3. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm (female 1.1-1.3 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color light brown. 546 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed above epistoma; surface coarsely reti- culate; vestiture consisting of scattered, rather short, subplumose hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sub- circular, with a slight constriction on anterior half; anterior margin armed by six irregular teeth; summit at middle, high; coarsely aspe- rate in front; posterior area rather coarsely reticulate, punctures fine, inconspicuous; ves- titure rather abundant, consisting of suberect slender scales and shorter hair intermixed. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly, evenly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep; in- terstriae as wide as striae, 1 and to a lesser extent 5 bearing a uniseriate row of moder- ately large, low tubercles, punctures on other interstriae weakly if at all granulate. Declivi- ty convex, very slightly flattened on upper half; striae as on disc but evidently somewhat narrower; interstriae 2 bearing a slender spine at upper margin of declivity, and a sim- ilar spine one-fourth of declivital length from upper margin; spines similar in position and shape to those of spinatus but only half as long; interstriae 5 bearing two similar but smaller spines, one just above and one just below level of lower spine on interstriae 2; granules on 2 and 5 not continued below lower spine on each interstriae. Vestiture consisting of fine strial hair and interstrial scales; each scale about four times as long as wide on disc and sides, somewhat shorter on striae 1-3 on lower two-thirds of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except larger, more slender; frons a little less strongly con- vex; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity more strongly convex, imarmed; elytral scales more slender, somewhat shorter and narrower on declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Plava del Coco, Guanacaste, 21-III-63, 10 m, No. 236, Acacia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region in the bole and larger limbs of a dying Acacia tree (a species having slen- der thorns). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 68 specimens. 49. Pseudothysanoes spinatus Wood Fig. 145 Pseudothysanoes spinatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:154 (Holotype, male; 27 km W Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This distinctive species is dis- tinguished from acacicolens Wood by charac- ters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 0.9-1.1 mm (female 1.1-1.3 mm), 2.4 (female 2.5) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, transversely impressed just above epistoma; surface finely granulate, fin- er toward epistoma; vestiture of sparse, coarse, short setae. Antennal scape long, slen- der; club moderately small, oval, devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides arcuate, converging very slightly on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four teeth; summit at middle, rather high; an- terior slope asperate; posterior area shining, obscurely reticulate, finely, sparsely punc- tured. Vestiture of short, sparse, broad scales on disc, a few short bristles at sides and on as- perate area. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, punctures minute, granulate near declivity. Declivity occupying posterior half of elytra, gradual, broadly convex; striae about as on disc, interstriae narrower; inter- striae 2-6 each with a granule at base of de- clivity, 2 with one large, slender spine at base of declivity, another just above middle of de- clivity, length of each spine equal to com- bined width of interstriae 1 and 2; interstriae 5 and 6 each with one slightly smaller spine at margin of declivity. Vestiture on disc of rows of fine, short strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about two to four times as long as wide; scales on de- clivity very small, if present. Female.— Similar to male except body more slender; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity confined to posterior third, more strongly convex, steep, devoid of spines and large granules; elytral scales more uniformly distributed. 1982 MiCRACINI 547 Distribution.— Oaxaca. USA: Oaxaca: 27 km W Tehuantepec, 8-VII-53, 200 m, and 25 km W Tehuantepec, 22-VI-67, 200 m. No. 85, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region in a dying limb 8 cm in di- ameter of a small, spineless, leguminous tree having bipinnately compound leaves. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male and female paratypes in my col- lection and on 33 other specimens. 50. Pseudothysanoes costatus Wood Pseudothysanoes costatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:236 (Holotype, male; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; Snow Ent. Mu.s., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species belongs to the heliiira group of species, but it differs from all other species in the group in having the lateral declivital costa in the male extend only from the elytral apex to interstriae 9. Additional distinguishing characters appear in the above key. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.7 (female 3.0) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons flattened and minutely punctured on lower half, convex and granulate-reticulate above; vestiture of coarse, short setae of mod- erate abundance on upper area. Antennal scape elongate, slender; club small, oval, su- tures obscurely indicated. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides on basal half ar- cuate, not converging, distinctly constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four subcon- tiguous teeth, lateral pair submarginal; sum- mit at middle; anterior slope asperate; poste- rior area almost smooth, punctures minute, sparse. Vestiture on disc consisting of a few erect scales; a few subplumose bristles on an- terior area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep; interstriae less than half as wide as striae, punctures fine. Declivity con- vex, rather steep; strial punctures greatly re- duced in size; interstriae wider, with fine granules; an acutely elevated subcostal mar- gin extends from elytral apex to interstriae 9. Vestiture consisting of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of interstrial bristles; each bristle short, about twice as long as wide, usually entirely abraded on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons shallowly concave to upper level of eyes, impressed area smooth, shining; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures small, interstriae wider than striae; elytral declivity shorter, steeper, more nar- rowly convex; declivital interstriae devoid of granules; interstrial scales more generally dis- tributed on declivity. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 16- VlI-52, Quercus, W. E. La Berge. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the bark of oak twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three male and one female paratypes in my collection. 51. Pseudothysanoes vesculus Wood Pseudothijsanoes vesculus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):24 (Holotype. male; 3 km W Armeria, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from heliitra Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the nonelevated apical margin of the male declivity, and by the excavated female frons that bears a tuft of minute setae toward the vertex. Male.— Length 0.9-1.1 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide, color brown. Frons not visible on only male studied. An- tennal scape long; sutures on club largely obsolete. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate, con- verging slightly before broadly rounded, unarmed anterior margin; summit distinct, asperate on anterior slope, subshining, min- utely, obscurely punctured and with obscure lines in posterior area; vestiture with scales and short stout hair intermixed. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight, increasing very slightly posteriorly to obliquely truncate declivity; striae not impressed, punctures dis- tinctly impressed; interstriae wider than striae, punctures uniseriate, fine, obscure. Declivity obliquely truncate, face evenly. 548 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 weakly convex, an acutely elevated ridge ex- tending from suture at base around margin of declivity about three-fourths distance to su- tural apex, obsolete on this final fourth; strial and interstrial punctures equal in size, very close, moderately deep over entire face. Ves- titure consisting of rows of interstrial scales and short strial hair; scales on disc about three times as long as wide, increasing slightly in length toward declivity; declivital margin bearing a ring of closely set, much larger, stout scales; scales on declivital face Liniform in size, much smaller and more slen- der than on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to vertex, median third of upper half densely pi- lose; strial punctures finer; declivity convex, without elevated margin, sculpture essen- tially as on disc biit slightly deeper; vestiture as on disc and somewhat finer. Distribution.— Colima. MEXICO; Colima: 3 km W Armeria, 28-VI-65, 70 m, No. 136 (not 131), S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a small, cut, thomless tree 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of the male holotype and five females. 52. Pseudothysanoes helium Wood Pseudothysanoes heliura Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:2.37 (Holotype, male; Liiling, Texas; Snow Ent. Mas., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This is the largest known spe- cies in the heliura species group. It is distin- guished from vescidus Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.4 (female 2.6) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons transversely impressed at level of an- tennal insertion, convex above; surface smooth, shining in central area of lower third, rather coarsely reticulate-granulate in convex area; vestiture sparse, rather short, moderately coarse. Antennal scape slender, elongate; club widest on distal half, sutures obscure. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides arcuately con- verging to moderate constriction on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about six small teeth; summit at middle, rather high; anterior slope asperate; posterior area coarsely reticulate, with fine, sparse, obscure punctures. Vesti- ture a mixture of short, fine hair and slender scales in posterior area, a few stout bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely an- gulate behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, minutely irregular, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity margined from ely- tral apex to declivital base by an elevated cir- cumdeclivital ridge; declivital face rather steep, convex; declivital punctures moder- ately large, close, deep, confused; declivital face completely unarmed by tubercles or granules; circumdeclivital ridge a costa of al- most uniform height except slightly higher toward apex. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair on disc and rows of erect interstrial scales; scales on declivital margin longer, wider, closely set. Female.— Similar to male except body more slender; frons more extensively, more deeply impressed almost to upper level of eyes; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; interstrial punctures on disc finely granulate; circumdeclivital ridge entirely absent; decliv- ital striae as on disc, declivital interstriae with fine punctures; declivital vestiture as on disc but slightly longer, scales each about four times as long as wide, equal in length to distance between rows. Distribution.— Texas. USA: Texas: Luling, 30-III-51, Condalia ohtusifolia. S. L. Wood; Brownsville, VI. Host.— Condalia ohtusifolia. Biology.— This xylophagous, bigamous species constructed parental and larval gal- lery systems very similar to Micracis in stems about 3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 18 paratypes and on one other specimen. 53. Pseudothysanoes spinura Wood Pseudothysanoes spinura Wood, 1959, Great Basin Nat. 19:58 (Holotype, male; Oak Creek Canyon, Ari- zona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species belongs to the heliura group; it is distinguished from 1982 MiCRACINI 549 mancus Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.4 (female 3.0) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in helium except anterior margin of pronotum slightly pro- duced medially and armed by only four teeth; pronotal disc almost smooth, obscurely reticulate, punctures minute. Elytral disc as in heliura, declivity more narrowly convex in central area, more broad- ly impressed laterally; strial punctures in rows, obscure on 1; declivital interstriae 1 with four to six coarse, very long, pointed bristles, a fine granule at base of each bristle; circumdeclivital ridge not as high on upper third. Female.— As in female heliura except frons more abruptly impressed above epis- toma, impression extending as a narrow, me- dian groove to a very deep, foveate impres- sion at upper level of eyes; interstrial punctures fine, not granulate; elytral scales shorter, more widely spaced. Distribution.— Arizona and Chihuahua. USA: Arizona: Oak Creek Canyon, 20-VIII-58, 30-IX- 60, Ceanothus integerrimus; Cave Creek, Chiricahua Mts., 7-VI-69, 2.3CX) m, Ceanothus integerrimus. MEXI- CO: Chihuahua: 10 km N Chihuahua, 21-V1I-60, (?) Rhus; all taken by me. Host.— Ceanothus integerrimus. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues of branches about 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens and on 46 other specimens. 54. Pseudothysanoes mancus Wood Pseudothysanoes mancus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):24 (Holotype, male; 3 km E Armeria, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinura Wood in the male by the steep- er elytral declivity, with the circumdeclivital elevated costa higher and more acute par- ticularly on the upper half, and, in the fe- male, by the very deeply excavated frons. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.4 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in spinura except impression slightly deeper. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide, otherwise as in spinura. Elytra evidently 1.5 times as long as wide, as in spinura except declivity slightly steeper, circumdeclivital costa more strongly, sub- acutely elevated from sutural margin above to sutural margin below; spinelike setae on declivital interstriae 1 six in number and at least as large; vestiture similar. Female.— As in the female of spinura ex- cept frons very deeply excavated on median three-fourths from epistoma to vertex, deep- est point at upper level of eyes; general sur- face of elytral declivity more irregular. Distribution.— Colima. MEXICO: Colima: 3 km E Armeria, 28-VI-65, 70 m. No. 131, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of a recently cut limb of an unidentified thorn tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 36 specimens. 55. Pseudothysanoes yuccae (Wood) Cryptocleptes yuccae Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:239 (Holotype, female; Tecamachalco, Puebla, Mexi- co; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This and the following nine species form a more or less distinct group within the genus that is exceedingly difficult to classify. In general, characters that dis- tinguish species are found only in the male; the females differ from one another, but by such minute characters their use in a key is impractical. This species may be distinguished from the closely allied minulus Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.- Length 0.8-1.2 mm, 2.3 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, weakly impressed just above epistoma; surface somewhat rugose-reti- culate, minute punctures and granules ob- scure; vestiture of sparse, coarse setae. An- tennal scape elongate, slender; club small, oval, devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; sub- circular in outline; anterior margin armed by four teeth; summit high, at middle, anterior slope coarsely, sparsely asperate; posterior area almost smooth, with a few minute. 550 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 obscure punctures. Vestiture of sparse, stout setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures minute; interstriae almost smooth, punctures uniseriate, fine on anterior half, becoming granulate posteriorly. Declivity convex, rather steep, as on posterior part of disc. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales, each scale about six times as long as wide, as long as dis- tance between rows, spaced within a row by a slightly greater distance. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons somewhat flattened; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punc- tures virtually obsolete; interstrial punctures small, obscure, not granulate except minutely on declivity; elytral scales slightly longer, more slender, at least eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: Tecamachalco, 2-VII-53, 2100 m, Yucca, S. L. Wood; 3 kin E Tehuacan, 8-VII-67, 2000 m, No. 176, Yucca leaves, S. L. Wood. Host.— Yucca sp. Biology.— Recently dead or dying leaves on a healthy, living plant were selected for attack. Entrance tunnels usually were found on the lower side of the leaf. The irregular larval and adult tunnels mined the tissues be- tween the upper and lower epidermis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 3 paratypes and on 69 other specimens. 56. Pseudothysanoes minulus (Wood) Cryptocleptes minulus Wood, 19.56, Canadian Ent. 88:238 (Holotype, 10 km W Zanatepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished from the closely allied yuccae Wood by characters summarized in the above key and in the following description. Male.- Length 0.7-1.0 mm, 2.3 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in yuccae except more shining and with a small, narrow, median impression. Pronotum also as in yuccae except more brightly shining, vestiture finer. Elytra as in yuccae except interstrial gran- ules very slightly larger and extending to an- terior fourth, larger on declivity. Declivital scales three to four times as long as wide, slightly more slender on disc. Female.— Similar to female of yuccae ex- cept median fourth of frons sharply, rather shallowly impressed from epistomal area to upper level of eyes, shining; strial punctures minute, as in male; interstrial scales about six times as long as wide. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 11 km NE Tapanatepec, 9-VII-53, S. L. Wood; 10 km W Zanatepec, 9-VII-53, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of unthrifty twigs of a small, living Malvaceous tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 10 paratypes. 57. Pseudothysanoes acaciae (Blackman) Fig. 144 Cryptocleptes acaciae Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:362 (Holotype, female; Brownsville, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56413) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from suhpilosus (Wood) by characters sum- marized in the above key. Male.— Length 0.9-1.1 mm, 2.5 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in yuccae (Wood) except more strongly, transversely impressed on lower half; more coarsely granulate above. Antenna and pronotum as in yuccae except asperities slightly smaller and more numerous; disc more nearly reticulate-granulate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline as in yuccae; striae not impressed, punctures very large, deep; interstriae half as wide as striae, smooth, punctures uniseriate, minute. Declivity rather steep, convex; strial punc- tures greatly reduced, obsolete on lower third; interstriae wider than striae, punctures minute, uniseriate. Vestiture of rows of min- ute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale about three to four times as long as wide, spaced within and between rows by distances greater than length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons broadly, very shallowly con- cave to vertex, smooth and shining, a few 1982 MiCRACINI 551 minute punctures on upper half, almost glabrous; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures very small, distinct on disc, obsolete on declivity; interstrial scales very slightly more slender. Distribution.— S Texas and Tamaulipas. USA; Texas: Brownsville, Acacia beriandieri, H. S. Barber; Southmost, Cameron Co., 13-VI-53, Mimosa, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Antiguo Morelos, 20- VI-53, 500 m. Mimosa, S. L. Wood; Llera, 15-VI-53, Mimosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Mimosa sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 29 specimens. 58. Pseudothysanoes subpilostis (Wood) Cryptocleptes sttbpilosits Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:238 (HolotyJ^e, female; 32 km E Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from acaciae Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.- Length 0.8-1.0 mm, 2.2 (female 2.5) times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in yuccae Wood except very slightly more nearly flattened, finely reti- culate-granulate, with a very shallow, nar- row, median groove on lower half. Antenna and pronotum as in acaciae except anterior margin of pronotum armed by 8 to 10 teeth. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; striae weakly impressed near declivity, punctures rather coarse, very deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, shining, fine punctures vulcanate on disc, granules as wide as inter- striae, granules normal near declivity. De- clivity steep, convex; striae not impressed on lower half, punctures decreasing in size and depth, very small near apex; interstrial gran- ules decreasing in size, obsolete by middle of declivity, distinctly impressed punctures con- tinue to apex. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of interstrial scales; each scale about one and one-half times as long as wide, each slightly more than half as long as distance between scales within a row or be- tween rows. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons broadly, shallowly concave to vertex, smooth and shining below, a dense patch of subpilose, coarse, short setae on up- per half; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; striae not impressed, punctures minute, rather shallow; interstriae almost smooth, subreticulate, punctures minute; de- clivital striae and interstriae as on disc; inter- strial scales almost twice as long as wide. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 32 km E Tehuantepec, 8-VII-53, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of cut branches of what pre- sumably was Celtis iguanae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four paratypes. 59. Pseudothysanoes acares (Wood) Cnjptulocleptus acares Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):32 (Holotype, male; 30 km SE El Cameron, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to mirus (Wood), but it may be distinguished by char- acters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm (female 1.3-1.4 mm), 2.2 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, elytra darker. Frons and pronotum as in mendicus, ex- cept posterior area of pronotum almost smooth and shining. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in men- dicus; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse; interstriae as wide as striae, punctures rather large, uniseriate. Declivity steep, con- vex; sculpture about as on disc except inter- strial punctures closer. Vestiture consisting of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale two-thirds as long as dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within rows; each scale twice as long as wide. Female.— Similar to female of mendicus except 2.7 times as long as wide; frons some- what more deeply impressed, with a few minute granules in upper third of impression; strial and interstrial punctures closer and more distinct, general surface more irregular; declivity much more coarsely, deeply punc- tured; interstrial scales much closer, each four to six times as long as wide, very slightly longer. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 30 km SE El Cameron, 21-VI-67, 1000 m. No. 80, S. L. Wood. 552 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of small branches of what ap- peared to be a leguminous tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 27 specimens. 60. Pseudothysanoes mirus (Wood) Cnipiulocleptiis minis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):32 (Holotype, male; .38 km S Matias Romero, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from acares Wood by the more deeply im- pressed upper areas of the female frons, by the more coarsely sculptured posterior areas of the pronotum, and by the much finer de- clivital punctures. Male.— Length 1.0-1.1 mm (female 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.2 (female 2.8) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons similar to acares but more strongly convex. Pronotum as in acares except reti- culation in posterior areas tending to be very slightly more rugose. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in acares; striae not impressed, pimctures rather coarse, more sharply impressed than in acares; inter- striae irregular but much smoother than in acares, as wide as striae, punctures rather small and more widely spaced than in acares. Declivity steep, convex; surface smoother, punctures very slightly smaller than on disc. Vestiture as in acares except interstrial scales very slightly more widely spaced. Female.— Similar to female of acares ex- cept 2.8 times as long as wide; frons more abruptly impressed at upper limits of con- cavity; posterior areas of pronotum more strongly reticulate; elytral surface less rugose; declivital punctures reduced to very fine strial and interstrial punctures; elytral scales similar, but less abundant. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 38 km S Matias Romero, 24-VI-67, 250 m, No. 92, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from phloem tissues of a shrub having a Mimosa- like yellow flower. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 42 specimens. 61. Pseudothysanoes aquilus (Wood) Cryptulocleptus aquilus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):32 (Holotype, male; 26 km E Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mendicus (Wood) by the slightly larger size, by the darker color, by the much more broadly rounded anterior margin of the pro- notum, by the much coarser male strial punc- tures, by the much more coarsely punctured female elytral declivity, and by the more ex- tensive female frontal impression. Male.— Length 1.1 mm (female 1.2-1.4 mm), 2.3 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in mendicus except anterior margin of pronotum much more broadly rounded, bearing eight teeth, and posterior area more clearly punctured. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; outline as in mendicus; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, round, deep, interstriae as wide as striae, al- most smooth, punctures minute, uniseriate. Declivity rather steep, convex; strial punc- tures decreasing rapidly in size, almost obso- lete at apex; interstrial punctures minute. Vestiture consisting of fine, minute, strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale almost as long as distance between rows, each about four times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 2.7 times as long as wide; frons shallowly concave from epistoma to vertex, smooth and shining on median half below, not specially ornamented by setae; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral surface more irregular, strial punctures smaller, but distinct; interstrial punctures minute, mostly obscure; declivity more irregular, more coarsely punctured much as acares (Wood); interstrial scales more closely placed. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 26 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 56, Acacia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of a recently broken branch of a small tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 23 specimens. 1982 MiCRACINI 553 62. Pseudothysanoes dislocatus (Blackman) Fig. 143 Cnjptocleptes dislocatus Blackman, 1920, Mississippi .'Kgric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:51 (Lectotype, fe- male; Agricultural College, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24742, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished from aquilus (Wood) by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.0-1.3 mm, 2.4 (female 2.6) times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons convex, somewhat flattened on lower half, with an irregular median impres- sion extending from upper level of eyes to level of antennal insertion, epistomal margin elevated; surface shining, finely reticulate- granulate, a few rather coarse, shallow punc- tures; vestiture inconspicuous, sparse. Anten- nal scape elongate, slender; club small, oval, devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.91 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather evenly, convergently arcuate to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four teeth; summit at middle, high; anterior slope coarsely, closely asperate; pos- terior area shining, subreticulate, a few min- ute punctures. Vestiture of sparse, short scales and hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep; inter- striae almost smooth, as wide as striae, punc- tures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures smaller than on disc; interstrial pimctures very finely granulate. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine, short strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about three to four times as long as wide, each slightly shorter than distance be- tween scales within a row or between rows. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons concave on median third to above upper level of eyes; scape ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures slightly smaller; in- terstrial scales slightly shorter. Distribution.— West Virginia to Florida and Louisiana. US.\: Florida: Sebring, 20-V1-51, Hickory, S. L. Wood. Georgia: Bnmswick, 12-VI1-51, Hickory, S. L. Wood. Louisiana: Covington, 12-VI-51, Hickory, S. L. Wood. Mississippi: Agricultural College, 10-lV, 6-22-V1-22; Electric Mills, 12-13-X1-19; Durant, MIl-20; Maxie, 24- Xll-19, 23-V-20, Fort Adams, 30-X1I-19; Natchez, 16-111- 20, M. W. Blackman. North Carolina; Tryon. South Carolina; Charleston, 20-X1-04, W. F. Fiske. West Vir- ginia; Morgantown, 6-XI-1898. Host.— Carya spp. Biology.— This bigamous species con- structs longitudinal, biramous parental gal- leries in the cambium region of small, recent- ly cut, or dying twigs or branches. Egg galleries are packed with frass as the female progresses; the male usually dies at the en- trance hole or in the nuptial chamber. Ac- cording to Blackman (1922:74) the eggs are not placed in niches, but are packed in frass along the edge of the tunnel. Each female produces 12 to 53 eggs, or an average of 29.6. Larval mines are long and irregular. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 159 specimens, including the type series. Blackman neglected to designate a type, al- though he labeled a female holotype. That female is here designated as the lectotype of dislocatus Blackman. 63. Pseudothysanoes perseae Wood Pseudothysanoes perseae Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:125 (Holotype, male; Cerro Chipinque, Mon- terrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dislocatus (Blackman) by the more slen- der body, by the more distinct strial punc- tures on the disc, by the longer more slender elytral scales, and by other characters de- scribed below. Male.— Length 1.0 mm (female 1.2 mm), 2.4 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color brown. Frons more broadly, evenly convex than in dislocatus, fovea similar. Antenna as in dislocatus. Pronotum as in dislocatus except more slender and scales stouter. Elytra more slender than in dislocatus, dis- cal punctures more clearly impressed, decliv- ity steeper, declivital punctures not deeper but more clearly formed, interstrial scales distinctly longer, each six to eight times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except much more slender; frons moderately, concavely impressed to upper level of eyes (stronger and more extensive than in dislocatus) and 554 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 foveate at center, without setal ornamenta- tion; scape with a tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; interstrial setae more slender, each at least eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Chipinque, Monterrey, 31-1-80, 1350 m, No. S-021, Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 64. Fseudothysanoes huachucae Blackman Fig. 144 Fseudothysanoes huachucae Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:355 (Holotype, male; Huachuca Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56407, presumably lost) Diagnosis.— This species appears to fit this species group rather well, near dislocatus Blackman, except that the antennal club has two well-defined sutures. Refer to the key for other characters that distinguish these species. Male.— Length L0-L4 mm, 2.3 (female 2.7) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in dislocatus except slightly more extensively impressed. Antennal club elon- gate-oval, sutures 1 and 2 clearly indicated both by grooves and rows of setae. Pronotum as in dislocatus except anterior margin armed by six teeth. Elytra as in dislocatus except declivity not quite as steep or as narrowly convex; declivi- tal striae almost obsolete, strial and interstrial punctures not clearly evident; interstrial scales slightly longer and wider, about four times as long as wide, not present on central part of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons about as in male but more strongly impressed; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed; strial punctures slightly smaller, not as deep, reduced but present on declivity; interstrial scales slightly shorter and narrower, not absent on central part of declivity. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 25-VI- 07, H. A. Kaeber; Talmerlee," 15- VII, H. A. Wenzel. Notes.— The above treatment was based on seven paratypes and on my male homo- type and a female, both labeled Palmerlee, Arizona. At some time between 1952 and 1961 the holotype was dislodged from its pin and was remounted; between 1961 and 1971 it was again dislodged from its pin and lost. Seven paratypes bearing data identical to that of the type remain in the U.S. National Museum. 65. Fseudothysanoes mendicus (Wood) Criiptulocleptus mendicus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):31 (Holotype, male; 11 km S Colima, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pumilus Wood by the smoother elytral surface, by the much more slender elytral scales, and, in the female, by the less strongly concave frons that is devoid of special setal ornamentation. Male.— Length 0.9-1.0 mm (female 1.1-1.3 mm), 2.4 (female 2.9) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, some specimens darker. Frons as in pumilus; pronotum also as in pumilus except six teeth on anterior margin larger, posterior area more finely reticulate. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, fine punctures spaced by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae shining, marked by ir- regular lines, twice as wide as striae, punc- tures distinctly smaller than those of striae. Declivity rather steep, convex; essentially as on disc except punctures much smaller. Ves- titure consisting of very minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale three times as long as strial hair, slightly shorter than distance between rows of scales, each about three times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except 2.9 times as long as wide; frons concave on median two-thirds to upper level of eyes, not espe- cially ornamented by setae; scape bearing a small tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral pimctures much more obscure; elytral scales more slender, each about six times as long as wide. Distribution.— Colima. MEXICO: Colima: 53 km S Colima, 27-VI-65, 700 m, No. 122, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of a broken branch of a shrubby, leguminous desert tree. 1982 MiCRACINI 555 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. 66. Pseudothysanoes pumilus (Wood) Cryptulocleptus pumilus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):31 (Holotype, male; 53 km S Colima, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mendicus (Wood) by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 0.8-0.9 mm (females 1.0-1.1 mm), 2.3 (female 2.5) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, narrowly, transversely im- pressed just above epistomal margin, more strongly in median area; surface shining, rather coarsely reticulate; vestiture confined to epistomal margin. Antennal club rather narrowly ovate; devoid of sutures. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest a third pronotum length from base, sides evenly arcuate to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by four small teeth; summit just be- hind middle, rather well developed asperities on anterior slope coarse; posterior area shin- ing, minutely rugulose-reticulate, fine punc- tures obscure; vestiture largely scalelike. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly romided behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures very small but distinct; interstriae somewhat irregular, shining, twice as wide as striae, squamiferous punctures equal in size to those of striae but more widely spaced. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture as on disc but all punctures very slightly small- er. Vestiture consisting of minute, fine strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale twice as long as strial hair, almost as long as distance between rows, about twice as long as wide, strongly tapered toward their bases. Female.— Similar to male except 2.5 times as long as wide; frons rather deeply concave on median two-thirds to well above eyes, with a row of stout, subplumose setae on up- per margin; scape bearing a small tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; strial punctures equal in size but less distinct; elytral scales three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Colima. MEXICO: Colima: 53 km S Colima, 27-VI-65, 700 m. No. 122, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of an unidentified desert shrub. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. Genus STENOCLEPTUS Blackman Stenocleptus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94(3165):356 (Type-species: Stenocleptus rhois Blackman = Pseudothysanoes sulcatus Bruck, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is closely related to Pseudothysanoes Blackman, subgenus Aph- anocleptus Wood, and eventually may have to be united with that group. It shares many of the Pseudothysanoes characters and has the short, somewhat flattened antennal scape and similar antennal club of Aphanocleptus, but the elytral declivity is subvertical on the lower two-thirds and rather strongly bisul- cate with a rather strong, irregular impres- sion on the lower half. Description.— Length 1.0-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown to black, vestiture pale. Frons sexually dimorphic, flattened to shal- lowly concave, impression strongest in fe- male. Antennal scape short, flattened or not, little if any longer than pedicel; funicle 6- segmented; club small, widest near base, with two straight sutures clearly indicated. Pro- notum as wide as long; asperate on anterior half; anterior margin unarmed, occasional submarginal serrations present. Elytra usually covered by an incrustation, sculpture on disc conservative; declivity subvertical, bisulcate, not sexually dimorphic. Distribution.— California and Puebla. Biology.— The one species taken in the field by me, ruficollis Wood, was bigamous and constructed transverse, biramose paren- tal galleries in the cambium region of small branches. Notes.— This genus is doubtfully distinct from the subgenus Aphanocleptus of Pseu- dothysanoes. In the absence of any inter- mediacy between these groups in the species presently available for study, Stenocleptus is retained as a distinct genus. 556 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Key to the Species of Stenocleptus Elytral vestiture consisting of rather coarse, pointed bristles; antennal scape longer than wide, feebly if at all flattened; female frons flat; mature color of pronotum black; S California; Ceanothus and Rhus; 1.2-1.5 mm 1. sulcatus (Bruck) Elytral vestiture of flattened, subtruncate scales; antennal scape flattened in both sexes, very broad in female; female frons moderately concave; mature color of pronotum reddish brown; Puebla; 1.0-1.3 mm 2. ruficollis Wood 1. Stenocleptus sulcatus (Bruck) Fig. 147 Pseudothysanoes sulcatus Bruck, 1936, Bull. S. Califor- nia Acad. Sci. 35:33 (Holotype, male; Mt. Wilson, Los Angeles Co., California; Ohio State Univ. Coll.) Stenocleptus sulcatus; Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:240 Stenocleptus ceanothi Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:358 (Holotype, female; Yosemite N.P., California; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bright, 1966, Pan Pa- cific Ent. 42:305. Synonymy Stenocleptus rhois Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:357 (Holotvpe, female; Orange, Orange Co., California; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:186. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is much more likely to be confused with species of Pseu- dothysanoes or with females of some species of Cactopinus than it is with ruficollis Wood, the only other representative of the genus recognized here. The confusion results from the similar size and color and elytral in- CRistations rather than from true relation- ship. The very short, antennal scape, together with the subvertical, sulcate elytral declivity, serve to distinguish it. Male.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black, usually covered by an incrustation. Frons transversely impressed above epis- toma, flattened to weakly convex above; sur- face finely sculptured, largely obscured by abundant, coarse, subplumose, moderately long setae. Antennal scape short, slender, slightly longer than pedicel; club small, more than one and one-half times as long as wide, two straight sutures conspicuously marked. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; sub- circular in outline; summit at center, rather high, asperities comparatively few in number except at summit; anterior margin usually armed medially by two submarginal teeth; surface of disc (usually encrusted), when visible, shining and obscurely subreticulate, punctures rather small, sparse. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, very broadly, irregularly rounded behind; surface usually encrusted; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae shin- ing, almost twice as wide as striae, punctures not visible in specimens examined. Declivity confined to less than posterior fourth, vertical on more than lower half; narrowly, rather deeply bisulcate; surface irregular, strial punctures indistinctly impressed. Vestiture of sparse, short, stout interstrial bristles. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape ornamented by about twice as many hairlike setae. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Big Pine Park, 13-IV-.35, Cecrocarpus ledifolius; 1 mile S Pinyon Flats, San Bernardino N.F., 6- VI-59, Rhus lamina, R. W. Stark; La Crescenta, M-35, Ceanothus divaricatus C. R. Bruck; Mt. Wilson, Los An- geles Co., 13-1-34, Ceanothus integerrimus, C. R. Bruck; San Diego Co., 17-XII-90; 4 miles NW Jacumba, San Diego Co., 25-VIII-68, D. E. Bright; Orange, 24-X-34, Rlius integrifolia, W. Ebling; Yosemite, 28-11-34, 3800-4000 ft, C. integerrimus, d" DeLeon. Hosts.— Ceanothus integerrimus, Rhus laurina. Biology.— This species was taken from phloem tissues of small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and 55 paratypes of sulcatus, on the type series of ceanothi and rhois, and on 180 other specimens. 2. Stenocleptus ruficollis Wood Stenocleptus ruficollis Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:239 (Holotype, female; 20 km SE Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished from sulcatus (Bruck) by characters summarized in the above key. 1982 MiCRACINI 557 Male.— Length 1.0-1.3 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color of pronotum reddish brown, elytra black. Frons transversely impressed above epis- toma, subconcave at center, convex above; surface rather coarsely granulate-punctate; vestiture rather sparse, coarse, short. Anten- nal scape short, as wide as long, club moder- ately small, less than one and one-half times as long as wide, with two conspicuously marked sutures. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in sulcatus except some setae on disc scalelike. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; general features as in sulcatus except strial punctures larger, equal in width to interstriae, declivity more broadly impressed on lower half; inter- strial bristles much stouter, slightly flattened. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly, broadly concave, with more abun- dant frontal vestiture; antennal scape orna- mented by a much larger tuft of hair. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO; Puebla: 20 km SE Matamoros, 3-VII-53, 1200 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of unthrifty twigs of a large, living tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 65 paratypes. Genus THYSANOES LeConte Thyfianoes LeConte, 1876, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:369 (Type-species: Thysanoes fimbricornis Le- Conte, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is allied to Pseu- dothysanoes Blackman, but it is distinguished by the pronotum being longer than wide, by the presence of antennal sutures in all species, by the much broader protibiae, and by the xylophagous habit. Description.— Length 1.2-2.3 mm, fe- males 2.6-3.0 and males 2.3-2.7 times as long as wide; color pale yellowish brown to almost black. Frons sexually dimorphic, convex to weak- ly impressed on lower half in males, flattened to deeply, extensively, concavely impressed in females, rarely ornamented by hair. Anten- nal scape elongate, ornamented by sparse to abundant long hair; funicle six-segmented; club moderately large, distinctly constricted at suture 1, often also at 2, both sutures pro- curved, 2 much more strongly arched. Pro- notum asperate on anterior half, anterior margin armed in male. Elytra conservatively sculptured, striate with strial hair and unise- riate rows of erect interstrial scales. Protibiae rectangularly flattened, rather broad, much as in Micracis. Distribution.— E Canada to Costa Rica; 13 species are known. Biology.— All species apparently are bi- gamous, xylophagous, and construct a paren- tal gallery system essentially as in Micracis and Hylocurus, having a central nuptial chamber with two extensions extending in opposite directions with the grain of the wood for a few millimeters, then each branching into two egg galleries. Larval mines usually are rather long and tend to fol- low the grain of the wood. They normally in- fest material about 2 to 6 cm in diameter; light colored, dense woods evidently are preferred. Notes.— Species in this genus exhibit very minor variations from one another and, con- sequently, are very difficult to classify either anatomically or biologically. Key to the Species of Thysanoes Female frons rather weakly impressed, upper limits of impressed or excavated area ending well below upper level of eyes, convex above impressed area; in- terstrial granules on disc absent in both sexes (weakly developed in some females) Female frons more strongly, extensively impressed, excavation or flattened continuation of it extending well above upper level of eyes; interstrial granules on disc well developed except in epicaris and iemale fimbricornis 558 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2(1). Female frontal excavation flattened or feebly concave on lower half, a strong median fovea invading convex area at middle of frons; male frons mostly con- vex; pronotal disc almost smooth, shining; body color rather light yellowish brown; Louisiana and Florida to Veracruz; Quercus, Carya; 1.3-1.5 mm 1. pollens Wood — Female frons convex on lower two-thirds, fovea at fundus of excavation; male frontal excavation less well developed, occupying lower half of frons; pronotal disc strongly reticulate, subshining; body color dark brown; larger species 3 3(2). Scales on elytral declivity spaced within a row and between rows by distances about one and one-half times length of a scale; strial and interstrial punctures rather shallow, interstrial granules on declivity fine; female frons almost glabrous; Aguascalientes to Jalisco; Canavelia, etc.; 1.4-1.7 mm 2. inornatus Wood — Scales on elytral declivity spaced within a row or between rows by distances equal to or less than length of a scale; strial and interstrial punctures very slightly deeper, interstrial granules on declivity moderately coarse 4 4(3). Female frons smooth and polished almost to upper level of eyes, vertex orna- mented by only a few scattered setae; declivital granules fine, strial punctures reduced, almost obsolete in male; New Mexico; Berberus; 1.6-2.0 mm 3. berbericolens Wood — Female frons reticulate on upper two-thirds, vertex ornamented by rather abundant short setae; declivital granules rather coarse, strial punctures rather coarse, distinctly impressed; Hidalgo to Oaxaca; shrubs; 1.5-1.8 mm 4. mexicanus Wood 5(1). Female frontal concave area entirely devoid of a median carina or tubercle on upper half 6 — Female frons with a median carina or tubercle at upper level of eyes (very weakly developed in texanus); striae about as wide as interstriae 12 6(5). Strial pimctures reduced but visible on declivity, interstrial granules either present or absent in female, always present on male interstriae 1 7 — Strial punctures obsolete on declivity, interstrial granules always present except obsolete on lower half of 1 in male 11 7(6). Interstrial scales on declivity four to eight times as long as wide in both sexes; interstrial granules on disc extend to base in both sexes; female frontal excavation not extending above upper level of eyes 8 — Interstrial scales on declivity not more than four times as long as wide (except some specimens of fimbricomis); interstrial granules on disc absent in female, rarely attain base in male; female frontal excavation more extensive above 9 8(7). Smaller; discal interstrial granules moderately large, little if any larger on de- clivity of male; male interstrial scales about as long as distance between rows; Virginia to Florida and Texas; 1.5-1.7 mm 5. berchemiae Blackman — Larger; discal interstrial granules minute, those on declivity very coarse, their diameters as great as that of strial punctures, each as high as wide; interstrial scales on declivity one to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows; Chiapas; 2.3 mm (see also 7. tuberculatus Wood) 6. granulifer Wood 9(7). Female frons conspicuously reticulate, dull from epistomal margin to vertex; strial punctures on disc coarser, deeper; interstriae on male disc devoid of granules; Jalisco; 1.8-2.2 mm 8. epicaris Wood 1982 MicRAciNi 559 — Female frons smooth, polished from epistomal margin to level of antennal in- sertion, reticulate above; strial punctures on disc small, shallow, interstriae on male disc with fine, uniseriate granules 10 10(9). Body color dark reddish brown; strial punctures and interstrial granules on disc slightly larger and deeper; declivital scales broader toward base; tuft of hair on female scape large; Costa Rica; Calliandra confusa; 1.5-2.2 mm 9. neotropicalis Wood — Body color pale yellowish brown (Florida and Mexican specimens darker); strial punctures and interstrial granules on disc finer; declivital scales aver- aging much more slender; tuft of hair on female scape larger; Illinois, Pennsyl- vania, and Florida to Hidalgo and Durango; 1.4-2.1 mm 10. fimbricornis LeConte 11(6). Interstrial granules on male declivity rather small, close except decreasing in size on 1, becoming obsolete on lower half, strial punctures replaced by minute granules on upper half of declivity, becoming obsolete below; scales on male declivity six to eight times as long as wide; Michoacan; Quercus; 1.4-2.0 mm ... 11. adonis Wood — Interstrial granules on male declivity rather coarse except absent on 1, striae immarked by granules; subsulcate between male interstriae 2 and suture on de- clivity; scales on male declivity large, about six times as long as wide; Hidalgo; Qiiercus; 1.9-2.3 mm 12. subsucatus Wood 12(5). Smaller; female frons subglabrous, median carina very weakly developed; strial punctures on declivity moderately coarse, deeply impressed; Texas to Colima and Veracruz; Prosopis, etc.; 1.2-1.5 mm 13. texanus Blackman — Larger; female frons with median carina well developed at upper level of eyes; strial punctures reduced in size, shallow, obscure, almost obsolete 13 13(12). Interstrial scales rather small, slender, each scale about four times as long as wide; female frontal carina long, gradually elevated, rather low; color reddish browTi; Georgia and Florida to Louisiana (and Oaxaca?); Quercus, etc.; 1.4-1.7 mm 14. lobdelli Blackman — Interstrial scales short, broad, each scale about twice as long as wide or less; fe- male frontal carina short, rather high, abrupt; color almost black; Arizona and New Mexico to Durango; Quercus; 1.8-2.2 mm 15. xylophagus Blackman 1. Thijsanoespallens Wood Frons rather strongly convex on upper ^ ,, ,., , ,r.^r ^ , T^ ^r,^^. half, rathcr wcakW imprcsscd bclow, uot cou- Inijsanoes pallens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:234 . , , . , , r (Holotype, female; Sanford, Florida; Snow Ent. ^ave, With a large, impressed, central fovea; Mus., Univ. Kansas) upper area minutely granulate with a few Diagnosis.— This is the most distinctive larger granules intermixed, becoming almost species in the genus, although both sexes su- reticulate below except smooth and shining perficially resemble males oi fimbricornis Le- on median line from fovea to epistoma; vesti- Conte. It is distinguished by the pale yellow- ture sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal scape ish brown color, by the shallowly, less ornamented by a few long hairlike setae, extensively impressed female frons, with a Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; conspicuous central fovea, and by the simple somewhat subquadrate, all margins moder- sculpture and vestiture. ately arcuate, widest just behind middle; an- Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.9 (male terior margin unarmed; summit slightly in 2.7) times as long as wide; color pale yellow- front of middle; anterior slope moderately as- ish brown to light brown. perate; posterior area shining, subreticulate, 560 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 a few small punctures, those behind summit very feebly granulate. Vestiture sparse, of stout, delicate setae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, shallow; interstriae almost smooth to subreticulate, about as wide as striae; punctures fine, uniseriate, becoming finely granulate toward declivity. Declivity very steep, convex; striae very weakly im- pressed; interstrial granules slightly larger. Vestiture of rows of minute, very fine strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale about four to six times as long as wide, spaced within and between rows by distances about equal to length of a scale. Male.— Similar to female except very slightly stouter; frons more coarsely sculp- tured, impression slightly less extensive; ante- rior margin of pronotum more strongly ar- cuate, armed by six small teeth; interstrial granules extend to basal fourth; interstrial scales three to five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Louisiana and Florida to Veracruz. USA: Florida: Dade City. 18-VI-51, Rhizophora mangle, S. L. Wood. Sanford, ll-VII-51, Qtiercus, S. L. Wood; Suanee Springs, 15-VI-51, Pecan, S. L. Wood; Oleno St. Pk., 16-VI-51, Caryo, S. L. Wood. Louisiana: Madisonville, ll-VI-51, Querctis, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Pujal, 20-VI-53, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 5-V-69, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Carya spp., Quercus spp., Rhizo- phora mangle. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 22 paratypes. 2. Thysanoes inomatus Wood Thysanoes inornatus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 15(3):24 (Holotype, female; Volcan Colima, Jalisco, Mexico) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied mexicantts Wood by the greatly reduced strial punctures on the declivity, by the shorter, more widely spaced interstrial scales, by the finer interstrial gran- ules on the declivity, and by the almost glabrous female frons. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.7 (male 2.3) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons moderately, rather broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface above concavity reticulate-granulate, becom- ing reticulate on upper part of concavity, smooth and shining over lower areas; a fovea at center; almost glabrous except near lateral margins of epistoma. Antennal scape bearing numerous long setae. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides ar- cuate, not converging on basal half, rather strongly constricted in front of middle, mod- erately rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six teeth; summit at middle; poste- rior area reticulate to obscurely rugose-reti- culate, a few minute, obscure punctures. Ves- titure sparse, consisting of a few short, stout setae. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low; interstriae almost smooth, with obscure lines, almost three times as wide as striae, punctures sparse, uniseriate, very finely gran- ulate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punc- tures reduced, minute to obsolete; interstrial granules regularly spaced, fine. Vestiture of rows of very minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale three to four times as long as wide, spaced within a row by one and one-half to three times length of a scale, between rows by about one and one-half to three times length of a scale. Male.— Similar to female except stouter, 2.3 times as long as wide; frontal impression smaller, about two-thirds as large, reti- culation extending almost to epistomal area; scape sparsely pubescent; teeth on anterior margin of pronotum larger; interstrial scales wider, each two to three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Aguascalientes to Jalisco. MEXICO: Aguascalientes: Aguascalientes, I2-VI-65, 2100 m. Mimosa, S. L. Wood. Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65. 25(X) m. No. 103, unknown shrub, and No. 106, Rhus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Mimosa sp., Rhus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens. The series of males from Aguascalientes was somewhat 1982 MiCRACINI 561 more variable than those from Jalisco; in some the interstrial scales were as slender as in the females from Jalisco. 3. Thysanoes berbericolens Wood Thysanoes berbericolens Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:73 (Holotype, female; Nogal Lake, Lincoln Co., New Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related inornatus Wood by the more extensively impressed female frons that is smooth and polished to above the up- per level of the eyes, by the unarmed ante- rior margin of the female pronotum, by the absence of interstrial granules on the disc, and by the more closely spaced interstrial scales. Female.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave from epistoma to slightly above eyes, upper fourth minutely punctured, smooth and shining, obscurely fo- veate at center. Scape as in inornatus. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; as in inornatus except very broadly rounded in front; and posterior area obscurely, finely reticulate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outline as in ornatus; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, not at all granulate except at base of declivity. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures minute to obsolete; interstrial punctures finely granulate. Vesti- ture of rows of fine strial hair, and interstrial rows of erect scales; each scale four to five times as long as wide; spaced within and be- tween rows by distances equal to length of a scale. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression not as deep or as extensive; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by six teeth; declivital strial punctures completely obso- lete; interstrial scales slightly shorter, each about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— New Mexico. USA; New Mexico; 16 km (10 miles) SE Bingham, No. 28, and Nogal Lake, Lincoln Co., No. 30, l-VI-69, 2300 m, Berberiis fre7nontii, S. L. Wood. Host.— Berberus fremontii. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 27 specimens. 4. Thysanoes mexicanus Wood Thysanoes mexicanus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:234 (Holotype, female; 40 km SE Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kan.sas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from berbericolens Wood by the slightly less extensive frontal impression, with the surface of the upper area more coarsely sculptured and pubescent, and by the larger punctures on the declivital striae. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in inornatus Wood except upper area more coarsely granulate and pubescence on vertex, longer and more abundant, a mod- erately large tuft of hair on antennal scape. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide, other- wise as in berbricolens. Elytra as in berbericolens except discal strial punctures deeper, declivital strial punc- tures less strongly reduced, and interstrial granules very slightly larger; vestiture identical. Male.— As in male berbericolens except 2.6 times as long as wide; strial punctures on disc deeper, interstrial punctures larger; punctures of declivital striae reduced but vis- ible; declivital scales as long as those of fe- male, each three to four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Oaxaca. MEXICO; Hidalgo: 26 km N Ixmiquilpan, lO-VII-67, 1900 m, Nos. 187, 188, Acacia, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca; 40 km SE Oaxaca, 6-V1I-53, shrub branches, S. L. Wood; 184 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, 27-30-V-71, 2000 m, mistletoe on alder, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Acacia sp. and other shrubs. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 20 paratypes and on three other specimens. 5. Thysanoes berchemiae Blackman Fig. 143 Thysanoes berschemiae Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:44 (Lectotype, fe- male; Vicksburg, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24738, present designation) Thysanoes berchemiae Blackman, 1922, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:73 (emendation) 562 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the aUied epicharis Wood by the small, shining, impressed area just below the female central frontal fovea; interstrial punctures more coarsely granulate; all surfaces more brightly shining; elytral scales much more slender. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons shallowly concave from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface finely reticulate-granulate above, becoming reticulate below except smooth and brightly shining in median area from epistoma to cen- tral fovea, part of this area near fovea weakly impressed. Antennal scape ornamented by more than a dozen long, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near middle; sides very weakly arcuate on posterior two-thirds, almost parallel, very broadly rounded in front; anterior margin imarmed; summit in front of middle, moder- ately high; anterior area asperate; reticulate behind, with a few small, shallow punctures. Vestiture very sparse, of short, stout setae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline as in inomatus; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae shining, two to three times as wide as striae, punc- tures rather coarsely granulate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures slightly re- duced in size, not as deep as on disc; inter- strial granules slightly higher. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale six to eight times as long as wide, each very slightly longer than distance between scales within a row and between rows. Male.— Similar to female except stouter, 2.6 times as long as wide; frontal impression confined to lower half, upper area more coarsely granulate; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by six small teeth; interstrial granules slightly larger; interstrial scales four to six times as long as wide. Distribution.— Virginia to Florida and Texas. USA: Florida: Dade City, East River, Snead. Loui- siana: Greenwell Springs. Mississippi: Agricultural Col- lege, Durant, Vicksburg. Texas: Victoria. Virginia: Len Haver, Princess Anne. Hosts.— Berchemia scandens, Quercus sp., Ulmus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens and on 57 other specimens. In the original publication Blackman misspelled the generic name of the host on which this name was based. He made the correction in 1922; the amended spelling should be continued as the correct name for this species. The female syntype from Vicks- burg that has been labeled as the type is here designated the lectotype of this species. 6. Thysanoes granulifer Wood TJnjsanoes granulifer Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):15 (Holotype, male; San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Cana- dian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from berchemiae Blackman by the larger size, by the smaller discal interstrial tubercles, by the much larger declivital interstrial tu- bercles, and by the much larger declivital scales. Male.— Length 2.3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons on holotype largely concealed by pronotum, evidently as in berchemiae. Pro- notum as in berchemiae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline as in berchemiae; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly narrower than striae, punctures fine, slightly granulate, uniseriate, granules coarse near declivity. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures slightly small- er than on disc, deep; interstrial tubercles as wide as diameter of a strial puncture, as high as wide on interstriae 1-7, very slightly smaller on lower half of declivity. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial scales; scales on disc about three times as long as wide, shorter than dis- tance between rows, on declivity four to eight times as long as wide, one to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: San Cristobal de las Casas, 7-V- 69, J. E. H. Martin. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 1982 MiCRACINI 563 7. Tliysanoes tuberculatus Wood Thysanoes tuberculatus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:29 (Holotype, male; 85 km or 53 miles S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from graniiUfer Wood by the smaller size and by the very different elytral declivity as de- scribed below. Male.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color rather dark yellowish brown. Frons and pronotum as in granuUfer and berchemiae Blackman. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; disc as in granuUfer except granules slightly larger. De- clivity steep, convex; striae 1 and 2 with punctures minute, visible almost to apex; su- ture slightly elevated, with a row of small granules on basal half; interstriae 2 with two or three tubercles on less than basal fourth, broadly impressed below and entirely devoid of punctures and granules; interstriae 3 mod- erately elevated on middle third and armed with a row of six to eight rather coarse tu- bercles, lower third without punctures or granules; lateral interstriae each with a row of tubercles on basal area but none of them attaining normal apex for these interstriae. Vestiture of rows of interstrial scales, scales on disc largely abraded, little if any longer than wide, longer at base of declivity; those on 3 up to three times as long as on disc and four times as long as wide, slightly shorter on other interstriae; declivital interstriae 2, 4, lower two-thirds of 1, and lower half of 3 glabrous. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 85 km or 53 miles S Valle Nacion- al, 24-V-71, 3300 m, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 8. Tliysanoes epicaris Wood Thysanoes epicaris Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):35 (Holotype, female; 39 km S Mazamitla, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to fim- bricornis LeConte, but it is distinguished by the less deeply impressed, more strongly reti- culate female frons, by the more coarsely sculptured elytral disc, by the almost obsolete declivital striae, and by the much broader scales on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed from epistomal margin to well above eyes, a small, median impression just below center; entire surface rather strongly rugose- reticulate; vestiture fine, short, sparse. Scape bearing a rather dense fringe of long hair. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, dis- tinctly constricted on anterior half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle; posterior area re- ticulate, punctures moderately abundant, rather small, shallow; vestiture of fine hair and stout bristles, rather short. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, distinct; interstriae twice as wide as striae, irregularly subrugose, punctures small, obscure. Declivity convex, steep, con- fined to posterior fourth; striae very weakly impressed, punctures minute, distinct; inter- striae almost smooth, with very fine, unise- riate, squamiferous granules, those on 3 very slightly larger. Vestiture of minute strial hair and uniseriate rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale on disc half as long as distance be- tween rows, three times as long as wide; de- clivital scales three-fourths as long as dis- tance between rows, two to three times as long as wide; a partial supplemental row along suture. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression reduced, not reaching upper level of eyes, central impression more pronounced, sculpture of upper half granulate; anterior margin of pronotum armed by six teeth; de- clivital granules very slightly larger. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 24 km S Mazamitla, 22-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 94, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from wood of branches of a leguminous tree with bi- pinnately compound leaves. The tunnels were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 564 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 9. Thysanoes neotropicalis Wood Thysanoes neotropicalis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):35 (Holotype, female; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied fimbricornis LeConte by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm (males 1.5-1.9 mm), 3.2 (male 2.6) times as long as wide; color medium brown. Frons broadly, somewhat transversely im- pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, central area more narrowly impressed, sub- foveate; epistomal area smooth and shining to subfoveate impression, sides and above finely, obscurely punctured and finely, close- ly, subaciculately granulate; vestiture incon- spicuous. Tuft of setae on scape much smaller than in mexicanus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; slightly wider near middle, sides straight and diverging anteriorly on basal half, converging slightly anteriorly toward broadly rounded, subserrate, anterior margin; summit almost one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; posterior area reticulate and very finely punctured; vestiture confined to mar- ginal areas consisting of flattened bristles. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, shallow; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, subshining, irregular but not clearly marked by lines or punctures. Decliv- ity convex, steep; surface dull, strial punc- tures smaller than on disc, perhaps deeper; interstriae with occasional fine granules. Ves- titure confined to declivity, consisting of erect interstrial scales, with an additional, partial row at suture; each scale three to four times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except smaller, stouter, 2.6 times as long as wide; frons less extensively impressed; anterior margin of pronotum armed by 10 serrations; elytra with strial punctures much larger and deeper, in- terstrial punctures uniseriately granulate to- ward declivity, both strial punctures and moderately large interstrial granules contin- uing to apex of declivity; declivital vestiture longer and extending well onto disc. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-V- 63, 1500 m, Calliandra confusa, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens. 10. Thysanoes fimbricornis LeConte Fig. 143 Thysanoes fimbricornis LeConte, 1876, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 15:370 (Lectotype, female; Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania; Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 964, present designation) Diagnosis.— This is the most common and widely distributed species in the genus. It is distinguished from all other species by the pale yellowish brown color, by the large tuft of hair on the female scape, by the female frontal excavation extending above the eyes, and by other characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.4-2.1 mm, 3.0 (male 2.5) times as long as wide; color light yellow- ish brown. Frons shallowly concave to upper level of eyes; rather finely rugose-reticulate above, smooth, shining on lower third, foveate at center; glabrous. Antennal scape ornamented by abundant, long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle; posterior area reticulate, with a few fine, shallow punctures. Vestiture sparse, short, stout, confined to margins and asperate area. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in inornatus; striae not impressed, punctures small, very shallow; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures vmiseriate, minute. Declivity very steep, convex; strial punctures reduced, almost obsolete; interstrial punctures re- placed by very fine granules. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about four times as long as wide, spaced by distances within a row and between rows equal to length of a scale. Male.— Similar to female except not as slender; frons less extensively impressed; scape ornamented by only about a dozen setae; anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight teeth; interstrial granules larger, 1982 MiCRACINI 565 extending almost to base; interstrial scales slightly longer, each about four times as long as wide. Distribution.— Illinois, Pennsylvania, and Florida to Durango and Hidalgo. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Oleno St. Pk., Sebring. Illinois: E St. Louis. Maryland; College Park. New Jersey: Haddon Heights, Westville. Mississippi: Corinth, Duko, Iiika, Trimcane Swamp. North Carolina: Monroe, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Dau- phin, Frankford, Harrisburg Gap, Hummelstown, In- diantown, Iroquois, Linglestown, Philadelphia, Rock- ville, Swarthmore. Texas: Brownsville, College Station, Dallas, Victoria. Virginia: Arlington, Falls Church, Ross- lyn. West Virginia: Kanawha Station, Monongalia. MEXICO: Durango: .32 km SW EL Salto. Hidalgo: 45 km S Jacala. Tamaulipas: 8 km W Aniguo Morelos. Ve- racruz: 35 km SE Jalapa. Hosts.— Acacia sp., Acer ruhrum, Carya sp., Celtis sp., Gleditsia triacanthos, Moms rubra, Quercus spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on LeConte's syntypes and on 287 other specimens. LeConte named this species from a syntypic series. Because a lectotype has never been designated, I here designate the female in his series presently bearing the type label Type No. 964, in the LeConte Collection at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, as the lectotype of Thysanoes fim- hricornis LeConte. Fig. 143. Micracini spp., antenna and protibiae: 23, 23a, Tfiysanoes fitnbricornis, female, anterior and posterior faces, 24, same, male, anterior face, 27, same, female, posterior face; 25, TJiysanoes lobdelli, female, anterior face, 28, same, posterior face; 26, Tfiysanoes berchimiae, female, anterior face, 29, 29a, same, posterior face, tarsus; 30, Pseu- dothysanoes dislocatus, female, 31, same; .32, Liparthrum squamosum, female, posterior face, 33, same, anterior face, 34, same, posterior face; 35, Pseudothysanoes rigidtis, female, anterior face, 35, same, posterior face. (After Blackman 1920:pl. III.) 566 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 11. Thy sa noes adonis Wood Thysanoes adonis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):36 (Holotype, female; 47 km W Quiroga, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the aUied subsulcatus Wood by charac- ters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, summit of pronotum reddish brown. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed on lower half of area below upper level of eyes, a small median, subfoveate im- pression at center, ascending toward epistom- al margin; surface densely, minutely, evi- dently subrugosely punctured in convex area, becoming almost smooth toward epistoma; vestiture of sparse, moderately long, very stout bristles uniformly distributed on convex area. Scape bearing about a dozen long hairs. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, moderately constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; summit at middle, rather broad; asperities on anterior slope rather coarse; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute, sparse, a few behind summit minute- ly granulate; vestiture of stout bristles. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, distinct; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, surface irregular, sub- rugose, punctures small, imiseriate, finely granulate on posterior half. Declivity convex, steep, restricted to posterior fourth; strial punctures obsolete, except some of them very finely granulate; interstriae uniseriately, fine- ly granulate; general surface somewhat dull. Vestiture of very minute strial hair, and imiseriate rows of much longer, interstrial scales; each scale on disc about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, about four times as long as wide; scales on declivity slightly longer than distance between rows, about six times as long as wide, with a small- er supplemental row at suture. Male.— Similar to female except anterior margin of pronotum more distinctly serrate; elytral granules smaller; declivital strial punctures minute but visible; declivital scales broader, about four to five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 29 km W Quiroga, 17-VI-65, 2200 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 12. Thysanoes subsulcatus Wood Thysanoes subsulcatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):35 (Holotype, fe- male; 8 km W Tulancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fimbricomis LeConte by the larger size, by the more deeply impressed female frons, by the rather large interstrial declivital gran- ules, and by the much longer, more slender declivital scales. Female.— Length 1.9-2..3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to vertex, with a small, median im- pression near upper level of eyes; surface strongly reticulate, almost subrugose, except transversely etched on a rather large area above epistomal margin; vestiture short, stout, sparse, uniformly distributed. Scape with a small fringe of hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on slightly less than bas- al two-thirds, very broadly rounded in front, anterior margin unarmed; summit well in front of middle, broad; surface strongly reti- culate, punctures minute, very feebly granu- late behind summit; vestiture fine, hairlike in posterior areas, stout bristles in asperate areas. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures very fine, shallow, dis- tinct; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, minutely irregular, punctures fine, ob- scure. Declivity steep, convex; strial punc- tures almost obsolete; interstriae 2 slightly elevated, each interstriae uniseriately, rather finely granulate, except punctures and gran- ules obsolete on lower three-fourths of 1. Vestiture consisting of very minute, fine. 1982 MiCRACINI 567 strial hair, and uniseriate rows of longer, erect, interstrial scales; each scale on disc about half as long as distance between rows and three times as long as wide, on declivity slightly longer than distance between rows and up to six times as long as wide, obsolete on middle half of declivital interstriae 1. Male.— Similar to female except frontal concavity deeper, extending only to upper level of eyes; anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight small teeth; discal strial punc- tures slightly larger, interstrial punctures granulate on posterior third; declivital gran- ules much larger; declivital scales slightly wider and longer. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 8 km W Tulancingo. ll-VI-67, 2400 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 13. Thysanoes texanus Black man Fig. 144 Thysanoes texanus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 93:353 (Holotype, female; Brownsville. Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56404) Thysanoes vachelUae Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:.353 (Holotvpe, female; Brownsville, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus.', 56405); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:186. Synonymy Thysanoes ratamae Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:354 (Holotvpe, female; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56406); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .3.3:186. Sijnonymy Diagnosis.— The female of this species has a weak longitudinal carina in the upper half of the frontal concavity indicating a relation- ship to lohdelli Blackman and xylophagus Blackman. The relationship to those species, however, is remote. It is distinguished from them by the smaller size, by the weakly de- veloped female frontal carina, by the less ex- tensive female frontal impression, and by the larger, more deeply impressed strial punc- tures on the declivity. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.7 (male 2.6) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, upper half with a weak median carina; finely reticulate-granulate above, gradually reduced until entirely smooth and shining on epistomal area; vestiture fine, minute, incon- spicuous. Antennal scape sparsely pubescent. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate on basal half, slightly constricted anteriorly, then rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit anterior to middle, rather well developed; disc reticulate, with a few very fine granules, lateral areas with an occa- sional, minute puncture. Vestiture of moder- ately abundant, stout, suberect setae. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in inornatiis; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, deep; interstriae smooth, as wide as striae, punctures granulate. Declivity very steep, convex; striae slightly impressed, punctures smaller than on disc, deep; interstriae closely, uniseriately granulate. Vestiture of minute strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale three to five times as long as wide on declivity, spaced by distances within and between rows by length of a scale; scales shorter and more widely spaced on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression not concave, limited to lower half, with several large, isolated granules in convex area above, carina absent; anterior margin of pronotum armed by about six small teeth (variable); interstrial granules slightly larger; declivital scales up to one-half longer, four to six times as long as wide. Distribution.— S Texas to Colima and Veracruz. USA: Texas: BeeviUe, Brownsville, Southmost. MEXI- CO: Colima: 51 km S Colima. Jalisco: 8 km W Juch- itlan, 24 km S Mazamitla, Volcan Colima. Nayarit: Los Corchos, 48 km N Rosamorada. Sinaloa: Isla de la Piedra. Tamaulipas: Jimenez, Llera. Veracruz: Cotaxtia, 5 km E Orizaba, 3 km S Rinconada. Hosts.— Acacia spp.. Mimosa spp., Proso- pis jtili flora. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of texanus Blackman, vach- elUae Blackman, and ratamae Blackman, and on 177 other specimens. 14. Thysanoes lobdelli Blackman Fig. 143 Tfiysanoes lobdelli Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:43 (Lectotype, female; Trimcane Swamp, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 247.39, present designation) 568 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 144. Micracini spp., antennae and protibiae: 11-14, Thysanoes texanus; 15, Psetidothysanoes htiachucae; 16-17, Pseudothysanoes insuluris (Cuba); 18, Psetidothysanoes colombianus (Colombia); 19-20, Psetidothysanoes acaciae; 21, Pseudothysanoes mtirdloi (Colombia); 22-24, Psetidothysanoes securigerus (Puerto Rico). (After Black- man 1943:pl. 30.) 1982 MiCRACINI 569 Diagnosis.— This species evidently is dis- tinguished from texanus Blackman and xylo- phagus Blackman in the female by the shal- low, frontal concavity that extends well above the upper level of the eyes; it is pro- vided with a long, uniformly elevated, me- dian carina on its upper half, by the smaller strial punctures, and by the intermediate size and color. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to well above eyes, upper half with a low, acutely elevated median carina; sur- face finely, obscurely reticulate and minutely pimctured above, smooth and shining on me- dian third of lower half; vestiture fine, mod- erately long, rather inconspicuous. Antennal scape moderately pubescent. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly ar- cuate on more than basal half, weakly con- stricted on anterior half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle, rather high; posterior area strongly reticulate, with a very few minute punctures and granules. Vestiture consisting of a few stout setae, mostly in marginal areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in inornatus; striae not impressed, punctures small, rather deep; interstriae shining, rather irregular, about one and one-half times as wide as striae, uniseriately granulate. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures much smaller, shal- low; interstrial granules slightly smaller. Ves- titure of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale about four to six times as long as wide, spaced with- in a row by distances equal to length of a scale, between rows by three-fourths length of a scale. Distribution.— Georgia and Florida to Louisiana and possibly Oaxaca. USA: Florida: Monticello, 20-11-57, pecan. Georgia: Bninswick, Qtierctis. Louisiana: Greenwell Springs, 10- VI-51, Qiiercus, S. L. Wood. Mississippi: Picayinie, 13-1- 45, Quercus; Nicholson, 8-XII-44, Querciis nigra. 30-1- 45, Castanea pwnila; Trimcane Swamp, 27-III-20; Vicks- burg, 5-1II-20. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Totolapan, 7-V1I-53, 1100 m, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Carya sp., Castanea pumila, Querctis sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 65 other specimens, including 3 females taken in Oaxaca. I see no characters that will separate the Oaxaca specimens into distinct taxa. Presumably fu- ture collecting will narrow the distributional gap. Blackman's "holotype" in the U.S. Na- tional Museum is actually a syntype; it is here designated as the lectotype of this species. 15. Thysanoes xylophagus Blackman Tliysanoes xijlophagus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:198 (Holo- type, female; Williams, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 27135) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all other representatives of the genus by the abundant, short, broad interstrial scales, by the long, conspicuous female frontal vesti- ture, and by the short, strongly elevated, fe- male, frontal carina. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons deeply concave on median three- fourths from epistoma to vertex, upper fourth with a short, strongly elevated, median ca- rina; surface finely granulate above, ob- scurely reticulate in most of concavity, smooth and shining in median area below; vestiture coarse, long, conspicuous, usually concealing upper surface and carina. Anten- nal scape moderately pubescent. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; about as described for lobdelli except posteri- or area very finely, densely granulate-punc- tate. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, short, recumbent setae posteriorly, a few scales near summit, a few coarse bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in inornatus; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae somewhat smooth, shining, slightly wider than striae, punctures uniseriate, close fine. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures less definite, slightly smaller; interstrial punctures finely granulate, gran- ules reduced and confused on lower third. 570 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale as short or shorter than strial hair, about twice as long as wide, spaced within a row by dis- tances less than length of a scale, between rows by about one and one-third times length of a scale. Male.— Similar to female except frontal excavation shallow, less extensive, carina ab- sent; anterior margin of pronotum armed by about 10 teeth; interstrial punctures on disc weakly granulate; interstrial scales slightly shorter, each almost as wide as long. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Durango. USA: Arizona: Graham Mts., 5-VIII-60, 2400 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., lO-VII-62, 7-VI-69, Qiierctis, S. L. Wood; Santa Catalina Mts., 13-IV-08, Quercus; Williams, 1, 6-VI, E. A. Schwarz. New Mexico: Emery Pass, Gila N.F., 5-VI-69, 2600 m. No. 60, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Peloncillo, VI- 1907, Quercus, J. L. Webb. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— This species usually breeds in twigs of branches girdled by cerambycid bee- tles. The gallery system is modified into pith tunnels in tiny twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 paratypes and on 78 other specimens. Genus PHLOEOCLEPTUS Wood Phloeocleptus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:147 (Type- species: Phloeocleptus caudatus Wood, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus superficially re- sembles Hylocurus Eichhoff, but it may be distinguished by the smaller antennal club, with two straight sutures indicated only at the sides, by the absence of tubercles on the posterior face of the prothoracic tibiae, by the phloeophagous habit, and, in those spe- cies with declivital interstriae 9 elevated, by the elevated crest of interstriae 9 continuing posteriorly to join costal margin. Description.— Length 1.0-1.8 mm, 1.4-1.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, shallowly impressed in one species, not conspicuously dimorphic, simple. Antennal scape short, simple to strongly flat- tened, conspicuously sexually dimorphic, much more broadly flattened in female; fu- nicle 6-segmented; club small, narrow, widest on basal half, sutures 1 and 2 indicated by setae at sides, entirely obsolete in central area. Pronotum asperate on anterior slope, anterior margin armed in males of some spe- cies, females unarmed. Elytra striate-punc- tate, declivity sexually dimorphic, varying from simple to elaborately adorned in male of one species. Vestiture of fine hair and slen- der bristles. Distribution.— N Mexico to Costa Rica; 11 species are known. Biology.— The species are bigamous and phloeophagous. Parental tunnels include a nuptial chamber that very lightly scores the surface of the wood and two egg galleries that extend in opposite directions from the nuptial chamber parallel to the grain of the wood. The egg galleries stain the surface, but evidently do not engrave the wood; they are tightly packed with frass as the female pro- gresses. The male remains in the nuptial chamber or abandons the tunnel. The egg galleries are unusually long for a beetle of this size. Larval mines wander in- discriminately and vary from short to rather long, presumably depending on environmen- tal conditions. The beetles infest cut or bro- ken branches 1-7 cm in diameter. Notes.- Schedl (1959:42) proposed that this genus be made a synonym of Hylocurus Eichhoff, presumably without seeing a speci- men. Although the male of the type-species bears a superficial resemblance to males of some Hylocurus, they are sufficiently distinct anatomically and biologically that two gen- era can be recognized without hesitation. Key to the Species of Phloeocleptus Female frons broadly, moderately concave, male (apparently) with at least a slight impression; scape slender, longer than club 2 Frons convex in both sexes; scape strongly compressed, shorter than club 3 1982 MicRACiNi 571 2(1). Vestiture at upper margin of female frontal concavity short, inconspicuous; in- terstriae on posterior half of disc twice as wide as striae; Tres Marias Islands (Mexico); 1.9-2.0 mm 1. tresmariae (Schedl) — Vestiture at upper margin of female frontal concavity dense, one-third as long as diameter of concave area; posterior half of discal interstriae narrower than striae; Costa Rica; tree branch; 1.6-1.7 mm 2. punctatus Wood 3(1). Anterior margin of male pronotum unarmed; male discal interstriae devoid of granules 4 — Anterior margin of male pronotum armed by two to four teeth; male discal interstriae uniseriately granulate 5 4(3). Strial punctures on declivity sharply impressed, interstriae 1 and 2 devoid of granules; declivital surface brightly shining; Nayarit; 1.4-1.8 mm 3. plagiatus Wood — Strial punctures on declivity obscure to obsolete on lower half, interstriae 1 and 2 each with several fine granules; Nayarit; 1.3 mm 4. parvus Wood 5(3). Discal interstriae 9 usually less strongly elevated, elevation apically not joining costal margin; base of male declivity never with a circumdeclivital ring of tubercles; anterior margin of male pronotum with two to four serrations 6 — Declivital interstriae 9 more strongly elevated, elevation apically joining costal margin; base of male declivity (except nanulus) with a circumdeclivital ring of tubercles poorly to strongly developed; anterior margin of male pronotum usually armed by four serrations 8 6(5). Declivital interstriae 9 slightly elevated only at base, 2 reduced and without tubercles or interstrial setae except at extreme base; anterior margin of male pronotum armed by two large serrations; San Luis Potosi; Persea americana; 1.0-1.2 mm 5. obscurus Wood — Declivital interstriae 9 moderately elevated, continuing on a descending course to suture (sometimes represented near suture only by granules), 2 armed by tu- bercles and with interstrial setae at least on upper half; anterior margin of male pronotum armed by two to four serrations 7 7(6). Smaller; declivital interstriae 9 moderately elevated, anterior and posterior ends of crest very gradual; declivity more evenly convex, tubercles on 7 and 8 smaller, extending further from base; strial punctures on disc coarser, interstrial granules larger; Michoacan; Persea; 1.1-1.2 mm 6. atkinsoni Wood — Larger; declivital interstriae 9 strongly elevated, anterior and posterior ends of crest rather abrupt; declivity somewhat impressed in posterolateral areas, tu- bercles on 7 and 8 larger, nearer base; strial punctures on disc smaller, interstrial granules smaller; Morelos; Persea; 1.2-1.4 mm 7. cristatus Wood 8(5). Declivital interstriae 2 armed by a row of fine tubercles, declivital interstrial setae moderately to strongly flattened, at least in male; discal interstriae in male with rather coarse tubercles on more than posterior half; serrations on anterior margin of male pronotum rather coarse, conspicuous 9 — Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed, interstrial setae hairlike in both sexes; male discal interstriae with tubercles much smaller, confined to posterior half; serrations on anterior margin of male pronotum almost obsolete 10 9(8). Male declivity strongly convex, without a circumdeclivital ring of interstrial tubercles; posterolateral margin of declivity feebly serrate; frons convex in both sexes; Nayarit; tree branches; 1.5-1.6 mm 8. nanulus Wood 572 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Male declivity strongly excavated in lateral areas, with a very strongly ele- vated, circumdeclivital ring of large nodules; posterolateral margin of declivity rather coarsely serrate in both sexes; female frons shallowly concave in small median area; Puebla; tree branches; 1.4-1.6 mm 9. caudatus Wood 10(8). Frons more strongly convex and moderately punctured; male scape with a sparse tuft of hair; male declivity with interstrial denticles in circumdeclivital row slightly larger and more sharply pointed; Nuevo Leon; Persea; 1.0-1.2 mm 10. spicatus Wood — Male frons distinctly flattened in central area, punctures sparse, minute; male scape with a large tuft of long hair; tubercles in male circumdeclivital ring smaller, less sharply pointed; Nuevo Leon; Persea; 1.7-1.9 mm 11. ardis Wood 1. Phloeocleptus tresmariae (Schedl) Hylocurus tresmariae Schedl, 1956, Pan Pacific Ent. 32:32 (Holotype, female?; village on Maria Madre, Tres Marias Islands, Gulf of California; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— Generic characters clearly place this species in Phloeocleptus near pla- giatus Wood. It is distinguished, however, by the slender, elongate scape, by the absence of an elevation on declivital interstriae 9, by the more broadly, evenly convex elytral declivi- ty, and by several other characters. Female (?).- Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, vestiture almost white. Frons moderately, rather broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining in concavity, with a few min- ute punctures, marginal areas subreticulately etched; vestiture very fine, sparse, inconspic- uous. Antennal scape long, slender, slightly longer than club, ornamented by several long setae; club with two complete, straight to feebly recurved sutures. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides weakly arcuate, feebly converging at middle, weakly con- stricted on anterior half, rather narrowly rounded on unamied anterior margin; sum- mit at middle, anterior area asperate; posteri- or area reticulate-granulate behind summit, with a few isolated granules, becoming more finely reticulate with a few, fine punctures laterally. Vestiture of sparse, stout setae. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in plagiatus; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, twice as wide as striae, punctures uoniseriate, half as large as those of striae. De- clivity steep, evenly convex except for apical mucro; striae indistinctly impressed, punc- tures slightly smaller; interstriae as wide as striae, each with a uniseriate row of rather coarse, rounded granules. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair, and rows of erect inter- strial scales; each scale about five times as long as wide, spaced between rows by length of a scale, closer within a row. Distribution.— Tres Marias Islands, Gulf of California. MEXICO: Tres Marias Islands: Maria Madre, I5-V- 25, H. H. Keifer. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and a male paratype. In my opinion the holotype could be a male, not a female as stated by Schedl. In the original description Schedl clearly designated a holotype that was deposited in the California Academy of Sciences collec- tion along with one male paratype; therefore, the "holotype" and "allotype" in his collec- tion have status only as paratypes, contrary to the labels they bore when I examined them in 1965. 2. Phloeocleptus punctatus Wood Phlocncleptus punctatus Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:355 (Holotype, female; Santa Rosa N.P., Guanacaste Prov., Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tresmariae (Schedl) by the slightly smaller size, by the fringe of long setae at the upper margin of the female frontal con- cavity, by the coarser strial punctures, and by other characters cited below. Male.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm (female 1.8 mm), 2.4 (female 2.6) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 1982 MiCRACINI 573 Frons convex, a slight transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; surface rugose-reti- culate on lower half, more irregularly rugose above, punctures moderately coarse, rather close. Antennal scape slender, elongate, orna- mented by fewer than a dozen long setae. Pronotum about as in tresmariae except an- terior margin finely serrate and sparse vesti- ture on posterior half a mixture of fine, slen- der hair and stout scales. Elytral outline about as in tresmariae; striae distinctly impressed on posterior third of disc, punctures at base rather small, gradu- ally increasing to twice as large and very deep at base of declivity; interstriae slightly wider than striae at base, narrower than striae at base of declivity, punctures unise- riate, fine at base, becoming replaced by rounded granules near base of declivity. De- clivity broadly, strongly convex, steep; strial punctures decrease in size from base, moder- ately coarse at apex; interstriae as wide as striae on lower half, all uniseriately granulate to apex. Vestiture of erect, uniseriate scales, each three to four times as long as wide, al- most as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by about two-thirds length of a scale. Female.— Similar to male except more slender; frons moderately concave almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, its surface minutely irregular, punctures fine, obscure, its upper margin ornamented by a dense fringe of long hair, these setae equal in length to about one-third diameter of con- cave area; scape with a larger tuft of long setae; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral punctures and granules distinctly smaller, interstrial scales each four to five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Santa Rosa N.P., Guanacaste Prov., 15-XII-79, 6-1-80, phloem of tree branch, G. Stevens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 3. Phloeocleptus plagiattis Wood Phloeocleptus plagiatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):45 (Holotype, male; 7 km W Tepic, Navarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ohscurus Wood by the much larger size. by the transverse impression of the lower frons and presence of a low median elevation above, by the absence of teeth on the ante- rior margin of the male pronotum, and by the somewhat more strongly elevated declivital interstriae 9. Male.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 1.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black in mature specimens. Frons convex above, a moderate, trans- verse impression at level of antennal in- sertion; a short, longitudinal, median carina at upper level of eyes; surface smooth and shining at center below, becoming coarsely reticulate elsewhere, finely punctured toward smooth area, a few fine granules laterally and above; vestiture inconspicuous except near epistoma. Antennal scape short, about two and one-half times as long as wide, bearing a small tuft of hair; club small, two straight su- tures indicated by setae only at lateral margins. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides almost straight on posterior half, converging to a feeble constriction just anterior to middle, rather broadly rounded on unarmed anterior margin; anterior slope asperate to summit; summit at middle; posterior area rather coarsely reticulate, with small, isolated granules decreasing in abundance toward basal margin, granules replaced by minute punctures in lateral areas. Vestiture moder- ately abundant, consisting of stout, hairlike setae, longer in median area behind summit. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, subacutely mucronate behind; striae feebly if at all im- pressed, punctures of moderate size and depth; interstriae shining, as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures reduced, obscured by subgranulate reticulation of entire declivital surface; interstriae each armed on upper half by a series of small tubercles, 1 and 3 feebly elevated, 9 more strongly raised and sub- carinate on basal half; apex gradually extend- ed toward poorly developed mucro. Vestiture on disc and declivity consisting of fine, erect strial hair, and slightly longer, moderately stout interstrial bristles; more conspicuous on declivity. 574 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape triangular and bearing a larger tuft of hair; elytral vestiture finer and somewhat shorter. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 7 km W Tepic, 13-VI1-65, 1000 m, No. 240, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from the cambium region of a cut branch of a large roadside shade tree. The tunnels were biramous, longitudinal, and mostly in the phloem. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 35 specimens. 4. Phloeocleptus parvus Wood Phloeocleptus parvus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):46 (Holotype, male; Los Corchos, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from plagiatus Wood by the more slender an- tennal scape, by the presence of several rather large punctures on the base of the pro- no tum, and by the reduced number of tu- bercles on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown (probably not fully mature). Frons not visible. Scape little if any wider than pedicel, about three times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides feebly arcuate, almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle; posterior area reticulate, a few small, isolated granules near summit, several moderately large, deep punctures toward basal margin and in entire lateral area; vestiture fine, largely abraded. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in plagiatus. Declivity steep, convex, shining to apex; strial punctures slightly confused; inter- striae 1 and 2 unarmed, 2 greatly narrowed near middle, 3 armed by a tubercle at middle and another at junction with 7, 7 also bearing a small tubercle at declivital base, 9 more strongly elevated than in plagiatus. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of very short strial and moderately long, stout interstrial bristles. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 10 m. No. 20e, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The type specimen was taken from a broken branch of an unidentified tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 5. Phloeocleptus obscurus Wood Phloeocleptus obscurus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:148 (Holotype, male; El Salto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanulus Wood by the smaller size, by the presence of granules on the upper part of the declivital face, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons convex, a weak, transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; surface shining, sub- reticulate on marginal areas, almost smooth at center, with moderately sparse, isolated, minute granules widely distributed; vestiture fine, inconspicuous. Antennal scape short, flattened; club about as in caudatus Wood. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; as in plagiatus Wood except anterior margin armed by two coarse teeth, posterior area less distinctly reticulate. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in plagiatus; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, impressed; interstriae shining, narrow- er than striae, uniseriately granulate. Declivi- ty very steep, convex; strial punctures re- duced, rather obscure; interstrial granules extend to upper fourth, obsolete below ex- cept extended to near or below middle on 1 and 3, 9 not joining costal margin. Interstrial bristles on declivity slightly longer and dis- tinctly stouter than in plagiatus. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal scales wider, more strongly pubescent; an- terior margin of pronotum unarmed; inter- strial granules almost obsolete on disc. Distribution.— San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: El Salto, 19-VI-53, Avo- cado, S. L. Wood. Host.— Persea americana. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small, unthrifty twigs of a living avocado tree. 1982 MiCRACINI 575 Notes.— The above treatment was based on nine paratypes. 6. Phloeocleptus atkinsoni Wood Phloeocleptus atkinsoni Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:124 (Holotype, male; Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ohscurus Wood by the elevated crest of dechvital interstriae 9 continuing almost to the suture, by the presence of tubercles on dechvital interstriae 2, and by the presence of four serrations on the anterior margin of the pronotum. Male.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color almost black except sum- mit of pronotum almost reddish brown. Frons broadly convex; surface apparently finely granulate-punctate. Pronotum similar to obscurus except con- striction on anterior half more pronounced and posterior areas conspicuously reticulate- granulate; anterior margin armed by four equal, subcontiguous serrations. Elytra similar to obscurus except strial punctures on disc conspicuously larger, deep- er, interstrial granules larger, moderately ele- vated, crest of interstriae 9 continuing at least to striae 2, declivital interstriae 2 armed by granules and bearing setae .similar to those of 1 and 3, vestiture more slender and longer. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape more strongly expanded and orna- mented by a larger tuft of hair, anterior mar- gin of pronotum imarmed by serrations, and declivital interstriae 9 less strongly elevated. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO; Michoacan; Uniapan, 17-11-80, No. S-026, 1600 m. Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 7. Phloeocleptus cristatus Wood Phloeocleptus cristatus Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41; 125 (Holotype. male; Tepoztlan, Morelos, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obscurus Wood by the larger size and by the very different elytral declivity as de- scribed below. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black except sum- mit of pronotum almost reddish brown. Frons and pronotum about as in obscurus except anterior margin of pronotum armed by four rather widely spaced serrations, later- al pair submarginal. Elytral disc about as in obscurus except most interstrial punctures obscurely or in- completely replaced by granules; declivity more broadly convex, somewhat impressed in ventrolateral areas, interstriae 9 strongly, acutely elevated, anterior and posterior limits of this elevation rather abrupt, elevation end- ing posteriorly at striae 3 but with tubercles on interstriae 1 and 2 suggesting a contin- uation of it, interstriae 2 with a row of fine tubercles and setae on upper half, vestiture more slender. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape slightly larger and with a larger tuft of setae, anterior margin of pronotum unarmed, declivital interstriae 9 less strongly elevated, more conspicuously serrate. Distribution.— Morelos. MEXICO; Morelos; Tepoztlan, 20-VI-80, No. S-071, Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 8. Phloeocleptus nanulus Wood Phloeocleptus nanulus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. I0(2);45 (Holotype, male; 7 km W Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to caud- atus Wood, but it is much more likely to be confused with plagiatus Wood, from which it differs by the uniformly convex frons, by the armed anterior margin of the pronotum in both sexes, by the interstrial granules on the male disc, by the greater development of tu- bercles at the base of the elytral declivity, and by the more strongly elevated interstriae 9. Male.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex except epistomal margin weakly elevated; surface subreticulate, with small isolated granules (except almost smooth in median epistomal area); vestiture incon- spicuous. Antennal scape short, about twice as long as wide, bearing a small tuft of hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; out- line as in plagiatus except anterior margin 576 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 armed by four teeth, median pair larger; sculpture as in plagiatus, vestiture coarser. Elytra about 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in pla- giatus; striae perhaps feebly impressed, punc- tures rather small, deep, larger posteriorly; interstriae almost as wide as striae, punctures finely granulate (subvulcanate), granules slightly larger near declivity. Declivity steep, convex; as in plagiatus except all tubercles slightly larger, particularly those at base of declivity in lateral areas; interstriae 9 much more strongly elevated. Interstrial bristles on declivity longer and coarser than in plagiatus. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape longer, wider, and bearing a larger tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two small teeth; discal interstriae not granulate; lateral declivital tubercles smaller, interstriae 9 not as strongly elevated; declivi- tal vestiture not as coarse. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 7 km W Tepic, 13-VI-65, 1000 m. No. 240, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The type series was taken from the same cut branch that contained the type series of plagiatus. The gallery system was similar to plagiatus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 9. Phloeocleptus caudatus Wood Fig. 145 Phloeocleptus caudatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:147 (Holotype, male; 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied nanulus Wood by the more strongly impressed strial punctures, by the shallowly concave female frons, by the strongly developed circumdeclivital row of tubercles on the male declivity, and by the larger size. Male.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in obscurus except somewhat flat- tened in central area, central area with min- ute punctures rather than granules. Scape weakly flattened. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; as in plagiatus except anterior margin armed by four teeth and granules behind summit larger. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight to widest point at declivital margin, abruptly con- verging behind to obtusely angulate apical mucro; striae impressed near declivital mar- gin, punctures deep, moderately small at base, gradually increasing posteriorly until very large near declivity; interstriae shining, as wide as striae at base, half as wide at de- clivital margin, granules at base fine, moder- ately large toward declivity, last tubercle on each interstriae at declivital margin extreme- ly large, forming part of a circumdeclivital ring. Declivity truncate, very steep, protrud- ing somewhat in median area below; striae 1 and 2 clearly punctured, others confused; in- terstriae 1, 2, and 3 each bearing on upper half a row of small, pointed tubercles; acute elevation of interstriae 9 joining costal mar- gin and continuing to apex, serrate. Vestiture about as in plagiatus but longer and coarser on declivital margin. Female.— Similar to male except central area of frons shallowly concave; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytra as in fe- male of obscurus except strial punctures larger, vestiture longer, and declivity more flattened and impressed in lower, lateral areas. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 8 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 1600 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region of a broken branch of a roadside tree that superficially resembled magnolia. Notes.— The above treatment was based on nine paratypes. 10. Phloeocleptus spicatus Wood Phloeocleptus spicatus Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:125 (Holotype, male; Cerro Chipinque, Mon- terrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from caudatus Wood by the smaller size, by the antennal scape being wider than long in both sexes, by the absence of tubercles on de- clivital striae 2 in both sexes, and by the very different male declivity. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black except sum- mit of pronotum almost reddish brown. 1982 MiCRACINI 577 1. H. equidens 2. H. medius 3. H. inaequalis 10. Ph. caudatus Fig. 145. Micracini spp., elytral declivities, antennae, and protibiae: 1, Hylocurus equidens, male; 2, Hijlocurus medius, male; 3, Hylocurus inaequalis, male; 4, Hylocurus effeminatus, male; 5, Micracis lignator { = truncatus), male; 6, Pseudothysanoes spinati4S, male; 7-10, Phloeocleptus caudatus, 7, 10, male, 8-9, female. (After Wood 1956:145.) 578 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons broadly convex, finely, unevenly ru- gose. Antennal scape as wide as long, orna- mented by a small tuft of hair. Pronotum about as in caudatus except ser- rations on anterior margin poorly, irregularly formed. Elytra with sides almost straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, abruptly sub- truncate at declivity, submucronate behind; striae weakly impressed on posterior half of disc, punctures sharply, deeply impressed, in- creasing in size posteriorly; interstriae slightly wider than striae at base, slightly nar- rower at base of declivity, punctures small, obscure, apparently uniseriate, granulate near declivity, except on 1 and 2 extending to middle of disc. Declivity moderately abrupt, steep, convex; basal margin with a circum- declivital ring of moderately large, sharply pointed spines on 2 to 8, spine on 3 posi- tioned slightly behind others, subserrate on 9 to apex; strial punctures continuing to decliv- ity, coarse deep; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, each with a row of fine denticles on basal half. Vestiture of rows of short strial and longer interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except scape much more strongly widened and with a larger tuft of hair; anterior margin of pro- notum imarmed; strial punctures small, not enlarged posteriorly; declivity more gradu- ally, evenly convex, without a circum- declivital row of spines, interstriae 9 only slightly elevated. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO; Nuevo Leon: Cerro Chipinque, Monterrev, 30-1-80, 1300 m. No. S-020, Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 11. Phloeocleptus ardis Wood Phloeodeptus ardis Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:124 (Holotype, male; Cerro Chipinque, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spicatus Wood by the larger size, by the slightly flattened, smoother, more finely punctured frons, by the less abrupt, more evenly convex male declivity, and by the smaller circumdeclivital male spines. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; almost black except pronotal summit reddish brown. Frons as in spicatus except central third al- most subconcavely impressed, smooth, shin- ing, with a few obscure, minute punctures. Scape broad, with a large tuft of long, yellow hair. Pronotum as in spicatus. Elytra about as in spicatus except discal punctures slightly smaller, base of declivity less abrupt, spines in circumdeclivital ring distinctly smaller, much less sharply pointed, declivital punctures slightly smaller, vestiture finer. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Chipinque, Monterrey, 30-1-80, 1300 n>. No. S-020, Persea, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five males. Genus MICRACIS LeGonte Micracis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:164 (Type-species: Micracis suturalis LeConte, sub- sequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:125) Diagnosis.— This genus is allied to Hylo- curus Eichhoff and Micracisella Blackman, with which it shares the procurved sutures of the antennal club and the strongly acuminate and mucronate elytral apex. It differs from these genera by the more strongly flattened antennal scape, by the much more strongly procurved sutures of the antennal club, and by the more strongly flattened anterior tibiae, with all teeth on the distal margin; its posterior face is smooth. It also differs from Micracisella in having the anterior margin of the eye entire. Description.— Length 1.6-3.4 mm, fe- males averaging very slightly larger than males; females 3.0-3.5, males 2.6-3.0 times as long as wide; color light to dark yellowish or reddish brown. Frons dimorphic, in females broadly im- pressed and shallowly to strongly concave from epistoma at least to upper level of eyes, convex in males; sculpture and vestiture con- servative. Eye elongate-oval, entire; rather coarsely faceted. Antennal scape rather short, triangularly flattened, strongly so in females, and elaborately ornamented by long hair; fu- nicle 6-segmented; club elongate-oval with two strongly procurved sutures indicated by setae, suture 1 extending one-third to two- thirds club length from base. Pronotum 1982 MicRACiNi 579 longer than wide, summit anterior to middle; Biology.— The habits are basically as in anterior area asperate; anterior margin Thysanoes and Hylocurus. Weakened, mi- armed by eight to 12 teeth in male, often thrifty, broken, or cut branches or seedlings unamied in female; posterior area variously about 2-4 cm in diameter are selected for at- reticulate, with a few isolated granules. Scu- tack, except up to 15 cm in lepidus Wood, tellum large. Elytra with sides straight and jYi^ ^^le extends the entrance tunnel parallel on basal three-fourths, strongly through the bark and well into the wood, acuminate and mucronate behind; declivity ^^^^^ ^^ elongated nuptial chamber is confined to posterior fourth; striae usuallv r ju- n-ju.^ r „ . ^ , r- 1 i formed. He is normaiiv lomed by two fe- not at all mipressed, punctures fme but al- , u r u- u ^ \. ^ / .i ^. ^ . . , males, each of which constructs two rather ways present in rows; interstnai punctures , ^ , i. r i i r c- ' ■ ■ . 1 1 1. rA 1- long egg tunnels extending from the ends of fine, uniseriate, commonly granulate. Decliv- , '^ *°. , , , ° , , ... ' ^- 1 1 4- J the nuptial chamber in a more or less diago- ity steep, convex; conservatively sculptured. , , ^ i , , Vestiture of rows of very fine, short strial "^^ direction, always in the xylem but most hair, and rows of longer, erect, interstrial commonly rather close to the cambium. The setae; interstrial setae hairlike to scalelike. ^'"^11 eggs are placed in niches. The larvae Anterior coxae contiguous in a few species, progress very slowly; their mines almost al- separated in most. ways parallel the grain of the wood and they Distribution.- United States to Panama, usually are rather long for a beetle of this South America, and Africa; 18 species are size. Young adults commonly feed just below known to occur north of Panama, and several the cambium for a considerable period of others have been named from South America time before emerging through individual exit and Africa. holes. Key to the Species of Micracis 1. Frons convex in both sexes, female frons often with a large, shining, median elevation on lower half; elytral vestiture partly or entirely of scales, except in torus; mostly larger species 2 — Female frons shallowly to very strongly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, male frons weakly to strongly impressed on a much smaller area; elytral vestiture of hair or slender scales; mostly smaller species 9 2(1). Female frons evenly convex except for a narrow, shallow, transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; some tubercles on male declivity usually larger; larger species 3 — Female frons with a large, median, brightly shining elevation on lower half; tubercles on male declivity usually smaller; smaller species 7 3(2). Male declivital interstriae 9 very strongly, acutely elevated, other interstriae each with a conspicuous tubercle at base of declivity forming a rather definite circumdeclivital ring; female scape elaborately ornamented by long hair, long- est setae three times as long as club; Arizona to Oaxaca; Quercus; 2.2-2.8 mm 1. lignator Blackman — Male declivital interstriae 9 weakly elevated, tubercles on other interstriae smaller, not specially oriented; vestiture on female scape usually less well de- veloped, longest setae seldom as much as twice as long as club (some exceptions in lignicolus) 4 4(3). Costal margin at elytral apex ascending abruptly, eliminating terminal mucro; declivital interstriae 3 weakly elevated, in male armed by a row of pointed tu- bercles; male interstrial nodules at base of declivity, forming a low, indefinite circumdeclivital row; female scape ornamented by abundant, long hair; Chiapas to Honduras; Quercus; 2.5-3.3 mm 2. lignicolus Wood 580 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Costal margin at elytral apex descending or horizontal, terminal mucro well developed; declivital interstriae 3 not elevated, granules rounded; pubescence on female scape much less abundant 5 5(4). Larger; discal striae impressed, interstriae weakly convex; declivital scales less than twice as long as wide; Durango to Hidalgo; Quercus; 3.2-3.3 mm 3. amplinis Wood — Smaller; discal striae not at all impressed, interstriae almost flat; declivital scales more than four times as long as wide (except male lepidus) 6 6(5). Pronotal disc in female with shallow punctures, distinct granules in male; in- terstrial tubercles on declivity larger in both sexes, smaller toward suture; Durango; Quercus; 2.0-2.4 mm 4. incertus Wood — Pronotal disc in both sexes, with a few minute granules; declivital scales in male two to four times as long as wide; interstrial granules almost obsolete in female, small in male, of uniform size; Panama; Inga; 2.3-3.0 mm 5. lepidus Wood 7(2). Elytral vestiture of rather short, coarse, hairlike setae, not flattened, strial setae on declivity much shorter but otherwise similar to those of interstriae; female frontal elevation occupying more than median third on lower two-thirds, all margins declivous but none sharply defined; strial punctures fine, shallow; Jalisco, Quercus; 1.8-2.2 mm 6. torus Wood — Elytral vestiture of rows of minute, fine, strial hair and rows of longer, flat- tened, interstrial scales; female frontal elevation abniptly, angulately margined on lower third; strial punctures rather deep, moderately large 8 8(7). Female frontal elevation occupying median third, sharply defined on lower half, its sides gradually descending on upper half, almost reaching upper level of eyes; suture 1 reaching middle of antennal club; scape narrowly triangular, elaborately ornamented by abundant, long hair; male interstriae near declivity each with two to four rather large, rounded nodules; Durango to Oaxaca; Quercus; 2.1-2.7 mm 7. evanescens Wood — Female frontal elevation ovate, occupying slightly less than median third on lower half, sharply, angulately defined on all sides; suture 1 more broadly arched, not reaching middle of club; scape broadly triangular, almost quadrate, much less elaborately ornamented by long hair; male discal interstriae with a few fine granules near declivital base; Puebla; 1.9-2.4 mm 8. ovatus Wood 9(1). Lower frons in both sexes smooth to epistomal margin, a separate epistoma not evident 10 — Lower frons with a rather conspicuously impressed transverse line between epistomal margin and more or less elevated epistoma (in two species the piece bearing epistomal margin abruptly bent toward mandibles, line seen with difficulty) 13 10(9). Female frons bearing a rather dense tuft of short, white hair on median third between epistomal margin and level of antennal insertion; New York and California to Honduras; many hosts; 1.6-2.2 mm 9. swainei Blackman — Female frons smooth, shining, and glabrous on median third below level of antennal insertion, a few setae often present in lateral areas near epistoma 11 11(10). Female frons rather deeply, more extensively excavated; female scape more broadly triangular, distance from pedicel insertion to base greater than to apex 1982 MicRACiNi 581 of extension; strial and interstrial punctures larger, impressed, discal interstriae subrugose; Chiapas to Costa Rica; Calliandra, Salix; 2.2-2.8 mm 10. grandis Schedl — Female frons less strongly excavated; scape narrowly triangular, distance from pedicel insertion to apex of extension greater than to base; strial and interstrial pvmctures minute, interstriae almost smooth 12 12(11). Female frons toward epistoma moderately protuberant on median third, this area smooth, shining, areas lateral to it minutely reticulate-granulate; anterior margin of female pronotum armed by eight or more small teeth; setae on female vertex short; Chihuahua to Chiapas; 1.8-2..3 mm 11. detentus Wood — Female frons not protruding on median third, smooth and shining on more than median half; anterior margin of female pronotum unarmed, an occasional small tooth sometimes present; setae on female vertex very long; Costa Rica to Panama; fi/jeedifl; 1.6-2.1 mm 12. carinulus Wood 13(9). Female frons less strongly, less extensively excavated, its surface reticulate to reticulate-granulate with fine granules; female epistomal process not forming a sharp margin of concavity, narrow marginal piece between epistomal process and epistomal margin in same plane as lower area of concavity; male interstrial setae either hairlike or scalelike 14 — Female frons rather deeply, extensively excavated to well above eyes, its sur- face reticulate, with fine punctures, devoid of granules; lower third of female frontal excavation with an additional, shallowly concave area; female epistom- al process forming an acute margin of concavity, narrow marginal piece be- tween this process and epistomal margin bent at an abrupt angle to surface of concavity; male interstrial setae on declivity scalelike 17 14(13). Female frons on or immediately above epistomal processes bearing a conspicuous median elevation 15 — Female frons devoid of a median elevation above epistomal process 16 15(14). Epistomal process in both sexes extended into a large, pointed, median tu- bercle; elytral vestiture of coarse, pointed setae; Michoacan; 2.1-2.7 mm 13. unicornis Wood — Elevation above epistoma large, transversely folded or ridged, in female only; interstrial setae of blunt scales; Guatemala; 2.0-2.5 mm 14. inimicus Wood 16(14). Strial punctures rather coarse, moderately deep, interstriae about twice as wide as striae; Michigan, E Kansas, and Mississippi to Pennsylvania and Virginia; 2.1-2.5 mm 15. suturalis LeConte — Strial punctures small, shallow, interstriae about four or more times as wide as striae; epistomal area of female frons virtually glabrous; body more slender, less brightly shining; Chiapas to Honduras; Calliandra, Celtis; 1.7-2.3 mm 16. festivus Wood 17(13). Female frontal excavation with rather numerous, very shallow, small punctures obscurely indicated; female impression just above epistoma shallow, less well defined; anterior margin of female pronotum finely serrate; strial punctures small; interstriae smooth, shining; Arizona; Salix; 1.9-2.5 mm 17. carinulatus Wood — Female frontal excavation devoid of punctures; female impression just above epistoma abrupt, deeper; anterior margin of female pronotum unarmed; strial punctures minute; interstriae minutely subrugose, subshining; Puebla; Salix; 2.2-2.8 mm 18. tribulatus Wood 582 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Micracis ligtiator Blackman Figs. 145, 146 Micracis lignator Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:195 (Holotype, fe- male; Tucson, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 271.34) Micracis tntncatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:152 (Holotype, female; 17 km NE Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:178. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This distinctive species in the male has a circumdechvital row of interstrial tubercles resembling that of some Hylocurus species, with no denticles on the convex de- clivital face; female frons convex and anten- nal scape rather elaborately ornamented by long hair. Female.— Length 2.6-2.8 mm (male 2.2-2.7 mm), 3.2 (male 2.9) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons weakly convex, a feeble, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface reti- culate, more coarsely so in upper and lateral areas, a few minute granules above; vestiture sparse below, of abundant, coarse, moder- ately long setae across area above upper level of eyes. Antennal scape moderately long, rather broadly triangular, extension shorter than distance from pedicel insertion to base, bearing numerous long setae, those at apex of extension more than twice as long as club. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; sides very feebly arcuate and almost parallel on more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin or submargin ir- regularly, finely serrate; summit anterior to middle; anterior area asperate; posterior area rugose-reticulate, dull, a few minute, shining granules toward summit. Vestiture of sparse, elongate scales. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind except apex strongly acumi- nate; striae not impressed, punctures fine; in- terstriae shining, minutely irregular, three times as wide as striae, punctures fine, ob- scure. Declivity steep, convex, apex pro- duced; striae moderately impressed, punc- tures slightly larger, deeper; interstriae convex, punctures confused, almost as large as those of striae. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales; each scale about three to five times as long as wide, slightly shorter than distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, with granules over most of its surface; scape weakly triangular, its vestiture greatly reduced; anterior margin of pronotum coarsely serrate; strial punctures slightly larger, interstrial punctures larger, feebly granulate; each interstriae with a strong nodule at base of declivity forming a circumdechvital ring, interstriae 9 on declivi- ty strongly elevated, apically joining costal margin; declivital interstrial punctures larger, deeper; declivital scales much larger, broader. Distribution.— Arizona to Oaxaca. USA: Arizona: Tucson, Hopk. US 670c, Quercus, Chrisman; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 22-VIII-58, Qucrcus, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Durango: 4 km E El Palmito, 15-VI-71, Querciis, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: 17 km NE Jacala, 22-VI-53, 1700 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood; 16 km E Pachuca, lO-VI-67, 2700 m. No. 6, Quercus, S. L. Wood; 8 km W Tulancingo, ll-VI-67, 2400 m. No. 11, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 51 km SE Nochixtlan, 16-VI-67, No. 51, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Queretaro: 16 km E Landa de Matamoros, ll-VI-71, 1400 m, at light, D. E. Bright. TIaxcala: km 41 Apizaco-Mexico Highway, 9-II-80. Hosts.— Quercus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 11 other specimens from Arizona, and 57 from Mexico. As the disjunct distribution suggests, there are small con- sistent differences between specimens from the two areas; for example, males from the southern area have slightly larger nodules in the circumdechvital ring, and the elytral disc is smoother in both sexes, etc. In all cases the differences are in the degree of development of a character, not in the kind of characters exhibited. 2. Micracis lignicolus Wood Micracis lignicolus Wood, 1969. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):41 (Holotype, male; Cerro Pena Blanca, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lignator Blackman by the less strongly elevated interstriae 9 at the base of the male declivity, and by the less strongly tuberculate interstriae at the margin of the declivity, by the slightly elevated, subserrate, male declivi- tal interstriae 3 on the basal third, by the 1982 MiCRACINI 583 different arrangement of setae on the female frons and scape, and by the narrower inter- strial scales in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.5-3.3 mm, 2.8 (female 3.2) times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex above, transversely im- pressed on lower half, epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface reticulate-granulate, with sparse, smooth granules on convex area; vestiture sparse, limited to lateral areas. Scape about twice as long as pedicel, distal width equal to length, bearing a small tuft of long hair; club 1.8 times as long as wide, su- ture 1 extending three-fifths of club length from base. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, weakly constricted just in front of middle, an- terior margin rather broadly rounded and armed by 12 teeth; summit at middle, broad; posterior areas reticulate-granulate, punc- tures fine, inconspicuous, some minutely granulate; vestiture consisting of minute hair and slender scales. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, narrowly rounded behind; striae moderately impressed on pos- terior third of disc, punctures rather coarse and deep; interstriae as wide as striae, shin- ing, somewhat irregular, pimctures imise- riate, rather fine. Declivity rather abrupt, convex, steep; striae not impressed, punctures smaller and squamiferous; interstriae 1-8 each with one or two rounded nodules at base of declivity, about as in Hgnator, 9 weakly elevated but elevation ending just be- hind base of declivity, 3 bearing a row of about six pointed tubercles on upper two- thirds, 5 bearing two similar tubercles near base; apex extended slightly but terminated by ascending costal margins that form a pseudoemargination; interstrial pimctures coarse, two-thirds as large as those of striae, squamiferous. Vestiture consisting of minute strial hair and interstrial rows of slender, erect scales on disc; on declivity strial setae and some interstrial setae form moderately short scales, each about four times as long as wide, other erect, interstrial scales in rows, much longer at declivital base, some more than twice as long as ground scales. Female.— Similar to male except 3.2 times as long as wide; frons convex to epistoma, median half glabrous, devoid of granules; scape triangularly extended, bearing a much larger tuft of hair, but shorter than in Hgna- tor; striae not impressed toward declivity; de- clivity devoid of tubercles or nodules, 3 weakly convex; vestiture less dense on decliv- ity, scales more slender, not longer than on disc. Distribution.— Chiapas to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km NE San Cristobal, 15-V-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 598, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Cerro Pena Blanca, Morazan, 2.3-IV-64, 2000 m. No. 529 in Micania schlectendalii. No. 533 in Querciis williamsi, S. L. Wood; Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 in, No. 539, Quercus sapotaefolia, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Miconia schlectendalii, Quercus sapotaefolia, and Q. williamsi. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 57 specimens and on one other specimen; 44 additional specimens from the Chiapas series are in the Canadian National Collection. 3. Micracis amplinis Wood Micracis amplinis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):25 (Holotype, male; 5 km W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This is the largest species in the genus; it is also distinguished from all other representatives of the genus by the moderately impressed discal striae, and by the very broad interstrial scales on the declivity. Male.— Length 3.2-3.3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex, with a moderate, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface finely reticulate-granulate, with rather numerous large, low, rounded granules widely dis- tributed on convex area; epistomal area smooth, shining; glabrous except for a few setae lateral to epistoma. Antennal scape only slightly flattened; suture 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate, slightly constricted on anterior third, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10 coarse serrations; summit in front of middle; anterior area coarsely 584 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 serrate; posterior area reticulate- subgranulate, dull, a few small, shining gran- ules to base. A few stout setae in lateral areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, strongly, acutely acuminate and mucronate behind; striae impressed except on basal fourth, punc- tures moderately small, deep; interstriae shin- ing, almost smooth, three times as wide as striae, pimctures very minute, almost obso- lete, each with two or three large granules at base of declivity. Declivity rather steep, con- vex, apex produced; entire surface minutely granulose; strial punctures small, deep; inter- striae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, punctures on all interstriae as large as those of striae, con- fused, deep. Vestiture confined to declivity (possibly abraded on disc), of large interstrial scales; each scale about as wide as long, a few as wide as an interstriae. Distribution.— Durango to Hidalgo and Morelos. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W EI Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 41, Qiierciis. S. L. Wood. Hidalgo: 7 km E Tlahuelumpa, Zacualtipan, 16-X-80, 2050 m, Quercus, T. H. Atkinson. Morelos: Xochimilco, X-1979, Quercus, T. H. Atkinson. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 2 specimens and on six other specimens. 4. Micracis incertus Wood Micracis incertus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(.3):26 (Holotype, female; .37 km W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lepidus Wood by the presence of a few shallow pimctures on the pronotal disc, by the larger interstrial tubercles on the declivi- ty, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, a moderate, transverse im- pression just above epistoma; surface finely reticulate-granulate, dull, upper half with rather abundant, shallow punctures of moder- ate size; a few stout setae in lateral and epis- tomal areas. Antennal scape moderately triangular, ornamented by rather abundant. long hair; suture 1 not quite reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide, as in amplinus except moderately large, shallow, rather abundant punctures intermixed with shining granules on disc. Vestiture of sparse scales and minute hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in amplinis; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large; interstriae shining, subrugose, twice as wide as striae, punctures moderately large; uniseriate, anterior margins finely granulate. Declivity steep, convex, apex produced; sur- face dull; strial punctures small, deep, re- duced toward apex; interstrial punctures on 1 and 2 fine, irregular and reduced on lower half, on 3 and lateral areas moderately large, rounded. Vestiture of rows of interstrial scales, largely abraded on disc, each scale about five times as long as wide, as long as distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, punctures replaced by granules; discal interstrial granules smaller except larger near declivity, declivital gran- ules larger, extending to apices of 1 and 2; in- terstrial scales on upper fourth of declivity longer, some six or eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km and 64 km W Durango, 4- VI-65, No. 4 at 2000 m. No. 18 at 2500 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood; 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 41, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 5. Micracis lepidus Wood Micracis lepidus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):41 (Holotype, female; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is not closely re- lated to any species known to me, although there may be a remote relationship to ligna- tor Blackman. The size, scalelike elytral setae, armed anterior margin of the female pronotum, and the unexcavated female frons distinguish it. 1982 MiCRACINI 585 Female.— Length 2.3-3.0 mm, 3.2 (male 2.6) times as long as wide; color dark brown to black with white scales. Frons convex above, somewhat flattened on lower third; surface reticulate and finely punctured above, smooth, shining on lower part of flattened area; vestiture subplumose, erect, rather abundant to vertex except on shining epistomal area, short below, moder- ately long above. Scape broadly triangular, ornamented by a marginal fringe of long hair; club 1.6 times as long as wide, suture 1 reaching middle. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin amied by 12 low teeth; summit in front of middle, distinct; posterior area reticulate-granulate, very minute granules in- dicated toward summit in median area; vesti- ture short, of minute hair and slender scales. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, rather narrowly mucronate behind; striae not impressed, punctures minute; interstriae about four times as wide as striae, undulating slightly and with numerous indefinite points, punc- tures fine. Declivity steep, convex, confined to posterior fourth; strial and interstrial punctures of equal size, close, confused, rows of minute granules on all interstriae except 1; apex obtusely mucronate. Vestiture consisting of minute strial hair and erect scales; scales on disc in interstrial rows, more abundant and confused on declivity, each scale three to four times as long as wide; base of declivity also with several pointed bristles longer than scales, sides with some slender, long hair. Male.— Similar to female except aver- aging slightly smaller; 2.6 times as long as wide; frons more strongly convex, not flat- tened below, surface with many rounded granules; scale less strongly expanded, tuft of hair smaller; teeth on anterior margin of pro- notum larger; elytral scales shorter, broader, mostly twice as long as wide, bristles and in- terstrial hair also scalelike and slightly larger than other scales. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 19-XII-63, Nos. 315, 371, 387, 404, Inga, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species bred in the bole and larger limbs of standing, partly dying trees up to 15 cm in diameter. The gallery system was as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 52 specimens. 6. Micracis torus Wood Micracis torus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):26 (Holotype, female; Volcan Colima,, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied evanescens Wood by the smaller size, by the stout, hairlike elytral setae, and by the absence of a sharply defined lower margin of the female frontal elevation. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 3.1 (male 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons planoconvex to vertex, median half on lower half elevated and brightly shining, its margins rounded, not sharply defined, re- maining area minutely reticulate-granulate; vestiture fine, short, uniformly distributed on upper area, slightly longer toward vertex. Antenna about as in evanescens except hair on scape slightly shorter. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in evanescens except reticulation in posterior areas finer. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in evanes- cens; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex, apex pro- duced; strial punctures reduced, obscure; in- terstrial punctures small, indistinct. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of longer, coarse, pointed, interstrial hair; slightly longer on declivity, longest interstrial setae equal in length to distance between rows, all setae somewhat confused on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except body stouter; frons convex; a transverse impression on lower third, elevation absent, surface with several rounded granules. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima 23-VI-65, 25()0 m. No. 102, leguminous tree, S. L. Wood. 586 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— As described for the genus. The host was a leguminous tree with bipinnately compound leaves. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 7. Micracis evanescens Wood Fig. 146 Micracis evanescens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:152 (Holotype, female; 48 km SW El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kan.sas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied ovatus Wood by the larger size, by suture 1 reaching the middle of the antennal club, and by the much larger, female, frontal elevation, which is not sharp- ly defined above. Female.— Length 2.1-2.7 mm, 3.2 (male 2.8) times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons weakly convex, with central half oc- cupied by a large, low, smooth, shining eleva- tion, its margins on upper two-thirds de- scending gradually, abruptly margined on lower third; surface at sides and above re- ticulate, several isolated granules above; ves- titure of coarse setae in marginal areas, long- er and more abmidant above. Antennal scape narrowly triangular, distance from pedicel in- sertion to apex of extension almost as long as basal portion, elaborately ornamented by abundant, very long hair; suture 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin finely serrate; posterior area reticulate-subgranulate, a few shining gran- ules behind summit. Vestiture of sparse scales. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, strongly acuminate and mucronate behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately small; inter- striae almost rugose, twice as wide as striae, punctures rather small, uniseriate. Declivity steep, convex, produced at apex; surface granulose, dull; strial punctures reduced in size and depth toward apex; interstrial punc- tures feebly granulate on 1 and 2, more strongly granulate on 3 and lateral areas. Vestiture of rows of interstrial scales, strial hair almost never visible; each scale about four to six times as long as wide, longest about equal in length to distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except slightly stouter and smaller; frons more strongly con- vex, granules larger and more widely dis- tributed, elevation absent; scape weakly triangular with few setae; 10-12 teeth on an- terior margin of pronotum larger; declivital granules and scales very slightly larger. Distribution.— Durango to Oaxaca. MEXICO; Durango: 48 km SW El Salto, 23-VII-5.3, 2800 ni. Michoacan: 33 km W Morelia, 16-VI-65, 2200 m, No. 65, 29 km W Quiroga, 17-VI-65, 2200 m, No. 73. Oaxaca: 51 km SE Nichixtlan, 5-VII-53, 2300 m. Sinaloa: 32 km NE Copala, 22-VII-53, 1900 m. All from Quercus, by me. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 6 paratypes and on 36 other specimens. 8. Micracis ovatus Wood Fig. 146 Micracis ovatus Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:150 (Holotype, female; 8 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied evanescens Wood by charac- ters summarized in the above key and in the diagnosis of that species. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 3.5 (male 3.0) times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in evanescens except elevation smaller, higher, occupying less than median third on lower half, its outline ovate, sharply margined on all sides, its summit flat, smooth, shining. Antennal scape broadly triangular, ornamented by long hair; suture 1 not reach- ing middle of club. Pronotum 1.35 times as long as wide; about as in evanescens except posterior areas more finely reticulate; sparse, short vestiture hairlike. Elytra 2.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; as in evanescens except discal interstriae more nearly smooth and in- terstrial punctures near declivity granulate; declivital surface obscurely reticulate, inter- strial granules on 1 and 2 sHghtly larger. Male.— Similar to female except slightly smaller, stouter; frons convex, finely 1982 MlCRACINI 587 16. truncatus Fig. 146. Micracis spp., female heads, antennae, tibiae; 11-12, evanescens; 13-14, ovatits, 15, swainei (-photo- philus); 16-17, Ji^nator( = truncatus). (After Wood 1956:151.) 588 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 granulate, elevation reduced to a very small epistomal elevation; eight rather coarse teeth arm anterior margin of pronotum; scales on declivity distinctly longer. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 8 kin NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 2- VII-67, 160() m. No. 146, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Both series were taken from broken branches of an unidentified tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 24 paratypes and on 10 other specimens. 9. Micracis swainei Blackman Figs. 146, 148-150 Micracis sicainei Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:32 (Lectotype, female; luka, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24735, desig- nated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:178) Micracis populi Swaine, 1920, in Blackman, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:31 (Holotype, fe- male; Ithaca, New York; Canadian Nat. Coll., 154); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:399. Synonymy Micracis rohustus Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent. 19:576 (Holotype, male; Esmeralda, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:28.3. Synonymy Micracis pygmaeus Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent. 19:577 (Holotype, male; Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedi Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:28.3. Synonymy Micracis photophiliis Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:149 (Holotype, female; El Salto, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:178. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species evidently is dis- tinguished from festivus Wood by the pres- ence of a distinct tuft of pale hair on the fe- male epistoma and by other characters noted in the above key. Female.— Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 3.2 (male 2.7) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons strongly impressed, shallowly con- cave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface reticulate-subrugose, with fine gran- ules above; epistoma with a dense tuft of moderately long yellowish hair, a few setae on marginal areas above. Antennal scape nar- rowly triangular, bearing numerous long setae; suture 1 not attaining middle of club. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in suturalis LeConte except anterior margin unarmed by serrations, posterior area more finely sculptured. Sparse vestiture hairlike. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in suturalis; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures very fine. Declivity steep, convex, apex pro- duced; surface shining, granulate at apex; strial punctures deeper; interstriae about equally, rather finely granulate. Vestiture of moderately coarse hair. Male.— Similar to female except slightly smaller, stouter; frons convex on upper two- thirds, granules on convex area; anterior mar- gin of pronotum armed by eight coarse teeth; punctures on discal interstriae finely granu- late; elytral vestiture slightly longer. Distribution.— S California, S Ontario, and New York to Florida, Texas, and Honduras. CANADA: Ontario (Port Colborne). USA: S Califor- nia, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, E Kansas. Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New York, Pennsylva- nia, Tennessee, Texas, West Virginia. MEXICO: Chiapas, Jalisco, Nayarit, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Vera- cruz. HONDURAS: Morazan (Zamorano). Hosts.— Baccharus sp., Celtis iguanae, Cercis canadensis, Inga sp., Miconia sp., Pop- ulus sp., Salix spp., Trichlia arborea, etc. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of swainei, on the holotypes of populi, rohustus, and photophilus, and on 571 other specimens. The manuscript name mexicanus Schedl has appeared in the liter- ature as a nomen nudum in references to this species. The material south of central Texas has smaller strial punctures, coarser elytral hair, coarser frontal hair, and the female frontal impression does not reach the upper level of the eyes as it does in specimens from the eastern United States. These characters ap- pear to change on a gradual clinal gradient and do not clearly distinguish geographical 10. Micracis grandis Schedl Micracis grandis Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent. 19:575 (Holotype, female; San Jose de Ixtepec, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Micracis costaricensis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):39 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:283. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species may be distin- guished from the allied detentus Wood and 1982 MiCRACINI 589 carinulus Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 3.2 (male 2.8) times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons strongly, transversely impressed and slightly concave from epistoma to well above eyes, upper half of impressed area with a fine, low, median carina; surface coarsely re- ticulate except smooth just above epistoma; vestiture consisting of sparse, short setae in reticulate area, with a fringe of long sub- plumose hair along margin of impressed area above level of eyes. Scape flattened, triangu- lar, ornamented by a fringe of long hair; su- tures of club strongly procurved, 1 reaching middle, 2 extending three-fourths of club length from its base. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides almost straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 12 rather coarse, isolated teeth; summit in front of middle; rather coarsely reticulate behind summit with rather sparse, fine, subgranulate punctures. Vestiture con- sisting of rather short, stout, delicate white setae. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind to short, projecting sutural apex; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, irregular, punctures and other features obscured by irregular surface features. Declivity evenly convex, very steep; striae slightly impressed, punctures deeper than on disc; interstriae weakly convex, with lower half of 2 somewhat impressed; all in- terstriae bearing median rows of fine, rounded granules, those in lateral areas a little larger; terminal mucro as in other spe- cies of this genus. Vestiture consisting of rows of fine strial hair and delicate, very slender interstrial scales of equal length; each scale almost equal in length to distance between rows of scales; easily abraded. Male.— Similar to female except slightly smaller, 2.4 mm, stouter, 2.8 times as long as wide; frons convex with a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, surface finely granulate, vestiture greatly reduced; scape not dilated, tuft of hair almost obsolete; pro- notum and elytra very slightly more coarsely sculptured. Distribution.— Chiapas to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas. San Jose de Ixtepec. HON- DURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m, No. 559, Salix guatemalensis, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-VI-66, 2000 m. No. 7, leguminous shrub, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, 4-X-63, 1400 m. No. 226, Calliandra confitsa, S. L. Wood; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII-63, 1500 m, No. 25, Calliandra confusa, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1400 m. No. 102, Calliandra confusa, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Calliandra confusa, and Salix giiatemalensis. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of grandis, on 89 specimens in the type series of costaricensis, and on 11 other specimens. 1 1 . Micracis detentus Wood Micracis detentus Wood, 1969, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. I0(2):42 (Holotype, female; 24 km S Mazamitla, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to carinulus Wood, but it may be dis- tinguished by the larger size, by the larger granules behind the pronotal summit, by the more deeply impressed female frons with a more prominent median elevation below, and by the coarser interstrial bristles on the declivity. Female.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 3.2 (male 2.7) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons transversely, subconcavely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, median third of epistoma moderately elevated, smooth, impunctate, shining elevation ex- tending about one-third of distance to upper level of eyes; remaining surface reticulate- granulate, punctures minute, obscure; vesti- ture of minute subplumose hair, becoming longer toward upper margin of impression. Scape narrowly triangular, ornamented by a tuft of long hair; club 1.7 times as long as wide, suture 1 extending slightly beyond middle. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle; posterior area reticulate-granulate. 590 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 with rather sparse, fine, isolated granules; vestiture hairlike, inconspicuous. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, acuminate behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, dis- tinct; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, with lines and points, punctures unise- riate, very fine. Declivity steep, convex, con- fined to posterior fourth; surface minutely granulose, strial punctures deeper but some- what obscure; interstrial punctures replaced by fine granules; apex rather strongly acumi- nate. Vestiture consisting of very fine strial hair and rows of erect, interstrial bristles, slightly longer and coarser on declivity; each bristle on declivity slightly longer than dis- tance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except 2.7 times as long as wide; frons convex above, a moder- ate transverse impression on lower half, me- dian elevation obsolete; scape not as wide as long, bearing a small tuft of shorter hair; an- terior margin of pronotum armed by eight teeth; declivital vestiture slightly coarser. Distribution.— Chihuahua to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km N Ocosingo, 2-VI-69, Salix, D. E. Bright. Chihuahua: Magiiarichic, 13-VII-60, at hght, S. L. Wood. JaUsco: 8 km S Atenquique, 25-VI-65, 1000 m. No. 118, shrub, S. L. Wood; 24 km S Maza- mitla, 22-VI-25, 2500 m, No. 94, leguminous tree, S. L. Wood. Host.— Salix sp., etc. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens and on 6 other specimens. 12. Micracis carinulus Wood Micracis carinulus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):40 (Holotype, female; Playon, Pimtarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Similar to grandis Schedl, but smaller, the declivital striae not impressed, the impression of the female frons not reach- ing the upper level of the eyes, with the me- dian carina rather sharply elevated. Female.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons broadly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, upper half divided by a fine, low carina, surface smooth and shining just above epistoma, then finely punctured and becoming coarsely reticulate on upper half; vestiture consisting of short, stout, close setae in concave area, and long, curved, sub- plumose hairs along upper margin of con- cavity. Antenna as in grandis except wider. Pronotum as in grandis except anterior margin unarmed. Elytra as in grandis except surface of disc a little more irregular and strial punctures less distinct. Declivity evenly convex except for terminal mucro; strial punctures very slightly impressed; interstriae with small, rather ob- scure granules. Vestiture consisting of moder- ately long, rather abundant, coarse strial and interstrial setae; those on median row of each interstriae slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex and finely granulate, with a slight transverse impression above epistoma; scape less strongly dilated; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by about eight small serrations; median rows of elytral setae more nearly scalelike. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Playon, Puntarenas, 22-11-64, 50 m. No. 450, Rheedia edulis, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. .331, S. L. Wood. Host.— Rheedia edulis Biology.— This species was taken from branches 2-6 cm in diameter. The galleries were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 22 specimens. 13. Micracis unicornis Wood Micracis unicorrxis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):42 (Holotype, male; 6 km W Quiroga, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species evidently is somewhat allied to inimicus Wood, al- though the relationship appears remote. It is distinguished by the large, pointed epistomal tubercle in both sexes, and by other charac- ters mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 2.1-2.7 mm, 3.2 (male 2.9) times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons moderately concave from epistoma to slightly above eyes; epistoma armed by a large, pointed, median tubercle; surface reti- culate, almost subrugose, a few minute gran- ules obscurely indicated in marginal areas; vestiture rather sparse, fine, except longer 1982 MiCRACINI 591 toward vertex. Antennal scape rather broadly triangular, rather sparsely ornamented by long hair; suture 1 exceeding middle of club. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded on unarmed anterior mar- gin; posterior area reticulate, with moder- ately coarse granules almost to base. Vesti- ture of rather coarse hair. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely pro- duced and mucronate behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow, interstriae almost smooth, about three times as wide as striae, punctures fine. Declivity steep, con- vex, apex acuminately produced; surface ob- scurely reticulate; strial pimctures as large but deeper than on disc; interstrial punctures very finely, obscurely impressed on 1 and 2, more coarsely granulate on 3 and lateral areas. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair and rows of longer, much coarser, point- ed interstrial hair. Male.— Similar to female except very slightly smaller, stouter; frons convex, a rather strong, transverse impression just above epistomal tubercle, a strong median fovea in impression; scape less strongly ex- panded, 10 teeth arm anterior margin of pronotum. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: 6 km W Quiroga, 17-VI-65, Nos. 67, 72, shmbs, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 males in the type series and on 30 other specimens. 14. Micracis inimicus Wood Micracis inimicus Wood, 1969, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):42 (Hoiotype, female; Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Evidently this species is allied to festivus Wood, but it may be distinguished by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 3.5 (male 2.7) times as long as wide; color medium to dark brown. Frons broadly concave to upper level of eyes, lower third with unusual sculpture; epistomal margin slightly elevated, smooth on a narrow band on median fourth, then a slight, narrow ridge, then above this a nar- row, transverse, slit-like impression, rather strongly abruptly, transversely elevated above impression on more than median half, upper slope of this elevation marked by two or three minute, transverse ridges in its grad- ual descent to concavity; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; surface reticulate- granulate. Scape narrowly triangular, orna- mented by a tuft of long hair; club 1.9 times as long as wide, widest on distal half, suture 1 extending two-thirds of club length from base. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in detentus Wood, except some setae stout, al- most scalelike. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.75 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in detentus except strial punctures rather ob- scure. Declivity steep, convex, confined to posterior fourth; striae weakly impressed, punctures larger, deeper; interstrial punc- tures subgranulate, except reduced on 2; granules larger in some paratypes. Vestiture consisting of very fine strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales, slightly longer on de- clivity; each scale on declivity as long as dis- tance between scales, spaced more closely within each row, truncate at their apices, each about five times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to the female except 2.7 times as long as wide; frons convex, trans- versely impressed on lower half, epistoma elevated on median third, without elaborate sculpture of female; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by six teeth; declivital tu- bercles more distinct except on interstriae 2 and 3. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEM.\LA: Volcan de Agua. Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 603, shrub, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 23 specimens. 15. Micracis suturalis LeConte Figs. 148-150 Micracis suturalis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:165 (Lectotype, female; Illinois; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1014, designated by Wood, 197.3, Great Basin Nat. 33:179) Micracis aculeata LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:165 (Lectotype, male; Virginia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1013, present designation); Blackman, 592 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:29. Synoiiymy Micracis meridiainis Blackmail, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:29 (Lectotype, female; Agricultural College, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24733, designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:179) Diagnosis.— Within the species group having an obscure median carina on the up- per half of the female frontal concavity, this species is distinguished by the rather coarse strial pvmctures, by the somewhat larger size, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 3.2 (male 2.8) times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, rather shallowly concave from epistoma to above eyes, upper third with an obscure median carina; surface reti- culate, almost rugose except shining on me- dian third below level of antennal insertion. Antennal scape broadly triangular, orna- mented by abundant, long hair; suture 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; an- terior margin irregularly armed by about eight small serrations; posterior area reti- culate, with a few isolated, small granules. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, acuminately pro- duced at apex; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately fine, impressed; interstriae shining, slightly irregular, less than twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, shallow. De- clivity steep, convex, apex produced; surface less shining; strial pimctures smaller, deeper; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, punc- tiu"es on 1 and 2 feebly granulate, those on 3 and lateral areas larger. Vestiture of rather fine, short strial and interstrial hair. Male.— Similar to female except slightly stouter; frons convex on upper half, granules on convex area large; scape less strongly flat- tened, with fewer setae; anterior margin of pronotum more coarsely serrate; interstrial punctures on disc rather finely granulate to base; declivital granules slightly larger; inter- strial setae scalelike, each scale about four to six times as long as wide. Distribution.— Michigan, Kansas, and Mississippi to the Atlantic Coast. USA: Illinois, Kansas, Maryland, Michigan, Mis- sissippi, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia. Host.— Cercis canadensis. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of suturalis, aculeata, and meridianus and on 139 other specimens. It might also be construed that aculeata was based on more than one specimen, because of LeConte's use of "Southern States" instead of Virginia, where the only specimen now in his collection and fitting his description was taken. As the lectotype of aculeata LeConte, I designate the male from "Va." in the Le- Conte collection and bearing type No. 1013. To my knowledge this male is the only known original specimen; it is designated a lectotype only because LeConte did not state how many specimens were in his series and because he used "Southern States" (plural) in- stead of Virginia, as indicated on his specimen. 16. Micracis festivus Wood Micracis festivus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):43 (Holotype, female; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Apparently the only known species allied to this one is inimicus Wood, but it is easily distinguished by the slender elytral setae and by the very different frontal sculpture of the female. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 3.4 (male 2.7) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons concavely impressed from epistoma to above upper level of eyes; epistomal mar- gin elevated, median half with a narrow, slit- like impression just above margin and a low, elevated, transverse, subcarinate ridge imme- diately above slit; surface reticulate-granu- late, punctures fine, obscure; vestiture sparse, fine, short below, longer above. Scape nar- rowly triangular, ornamented by a tuft of long hair; club 1.6 times as long as wide, su- ture 1 extending beyond middle. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in detentus Wood except granules in posterior areas larger and anterior margin armed by six small teeth. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in detentus except strial punctures very slightly deeper. Declivity steep, convex, confined to 1982 MiCRACINI 593 posterior fourth; striae feebly impressed, punctures deeper and slightly larger than on disc; interstriae each armed by a row of rounded granules similar to but slightly larger than in inimicus; apex strongly acvimi- nate or mucronate. Vestiture consisting of fine strial hair and rows of longer interstrial bristles, slightly longer on declivity; each bristle up to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows of bristles, more close- ly spaced within each row. Male.— Similar to female except 2.7 times as long as wide; frons as in male of inimicus; interstrial punctures on disc as large as those of striae, very feebly granulate; strial punc- tures smaller on disc and declivity, somewhat obscure on declivity; vestiture with interstrial setae on disc rather narrowly scalelike, trun- cate, those on declivity longer, more slender and almost pointed at their apices. Distribution.— Chiapas to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km N Ocosingo, 2-VI-69, Salix, D. E. Bright. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV- 64, 700 m. No. 506 in Celtis iguanae. No. .5.34 in Cal- liandra hotistoniana, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Calliandra houstoniana, Celtis iguanae. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens and on one other specimen. 17. Micracis carinulatus Wood Micracis carinulatus Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:62 (Holotype, female; Cave Creek Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from trihulatus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. These two species are unique in having the female frons very strongly excavated and an additional impres- sion just above the epistoma. Female.— Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 3.2 (male 2.8) times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons very strongly impressed, moderately concave from epistoma to vertex, median half of lower third with an additional impres- sion, median line on upper third acutely cari- nate; surface reticulate, with fine, distinct punctures; epistoma acutely raised at lower limits of concavity, a narrow piece bearing epistomal margin acutely separated from frontal area; vestiture fine, short, sparse, ex- cept very long on vertex. Antennal scape rather broadly triangular, extended portion longer than basal area measured from point of pedicel insertion, with numerous setae; su- ture 1 not reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in suturalis except posterior area shining, sub- reticulate, vestiture of fine and stout setae. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in suturalis; striae not impressed, pimctures moderately coarse, rather deep; interstriae one and one- half times as wide as striae, shining, smooth, punctures fine, feebly granulate. Declivity steep, convex, apex produced; surface sub- shining; strial punctures slightly smaller; in- terstrial granules minute on 1 and 2, moder- ately large on 3 and lateral areas. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and rows of long bristles, some almost scalelike. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex except for median im- pression on lower half, epistomal margin as in female; scape much less strongly flattened, sparsely pubescent; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by 8-10 coarse teeth; interstrial granules slightly larger on disc and declivity; interstrial scales longer, about eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Oak Creek Canyon, Coconino Co., 1- VIII-62, Salix, S. L. Wood; Cave Creek Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mts., 4-VIII-60, Salix, S. L. Wood; Sabino Can- yon, Pima Co., 6-VIII-68, Salix, D. E. Bright. Host.— Salix. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 66 specimens and on 16 other specimens. 18. Micracis tribulatus Wood Micracis tribulatus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):40 (Holotype, female; 26 km W Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to carinulatus Wood, from which it is distinguished by characters summarized in the above key and in the following description. Female.— Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 3.6 (male 2.9) times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 594 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons as in carinulatus except punctures not evident, and impression on lower third more abrupt and deeper. Antenna as in ca- rinulatus. Pronotum as in carinulatus except posterior area strongly reticulate, dull. Elytra as in carinulatus except strial punctures very small, interstriae four times as wide as striae. Male.— Similar to male of carinulatus ex- cept pronotal disc more strongly reticulate, dull; strial pimctiires and interstrial granules on disc much smaller. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 25 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2900 m, No. 29, Salix, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens. Genus MICRACISELLA Blackman Pseudomicracis Blackman, 1920 (December) (nee Eggers, 1920), Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:20 (Type-species: Micracis opacicolHs LeConte, original designation) Micracisella Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:192. Replacement name Diagnosis.— This genus is closely related to Micracis LeConte and, although it is not easily characterized, biologically it is very distinct. From Micracis it is distinguished by the smaller size of most species, by the emarginate eyes, by the extremely large eyes of several species, by the stouter antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 more broadly arched, suture 1 never exceeding the middle of the club, by the poorly developed, often divaricate sutural apex of the elytra, and by the presence of at least one tooth on the out- er apical margin of the protibia. The frontal vestiture is one of the most distinctive gener- ic characters; also the antennal scape is short, and feebly if at all flattened in either sex. Description.— Length 1.2-2.5 mm, 2.8-3.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to black. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, female convex to shallowly concave, impression usu- ally less pronounced, less extensive or sculp- ture coarser in male, frontal vestiture short to moderately long, not abundant or uniquely arranged. Eye emarginate, varying from nor- mal to exceedingly large and coarsely facet- ed. Antennal scape short, not flattened, orna- mented by a large tuft of hair in female, a small tuft in male; funicle 6-segmented; club about one and one-half times as long as wide, two sutures clearly indicated by setae, suture 1 never extending beyond middle of club. Pronotum rather conservatively sculptured, anterior margin armed by two to six teeth. Scutellum present. Elytra elongate, weakly striate, apex slightly produced, usually not clearly mucronate in any species, weakly di- varicate in some. Anterior tibiae moderately flattened, with five subapical teeth, at least one of these on lateral margin. _ Distribution.— United States to Colom- bia; 20 species are known from North and Central America, one of which also occurs in Colombia. Biology.— All species breed in cut, bro- ken, or dying twigs .smaller than 1 cm in di- ameter. The beetles are monogamous. The male constructs the entrance tunnel and a small pith cavity. The pith tunnel is extended in both directions by the female; a few eggs are deposited along its margins, evidently in indefinite niches. The larvae extend the pith tunnel in congress, often entirely consuming the available pith. A pair of adults rarely pro- duces more than a dozen offspring. 2(1). Key to the Species of Micracisella Anterior margin of pronotum armed by four (six in adnata) teeth; elytral apex usually more acutely mucronate; eyes commonly elongate, often very narrowly separated below 2 Anterior margin of pronotum armed by two basally contiguous teeth (widely separated in squamatula); elytral apex commonly weakly to strongly devaricate, mucro usually absent; eyes usually shorter, more widely separated below 12 Eyes rather finely faceted, little more than twice as long as wide, separated below by a distance at least as great as width of an eye 3 Eyes very coarsely faceted, about three times as long as wide, very narrowly separated below by a distance less than half width of an eye 9 1982 MicRACiNi 595 3(2). Declivital interstriae 2 devoid of granules, 3 and usually 1 uniseriately granulate and/or slightly elevated; larger species except subnitida 4 — Declivital interstriae 2 similar in sculpture to 1 and 3, each with a row of small granules; smaller species 7 4(3). Anterior margin of pronotum armed by six teeth; declivital interstriae 3 not at all elevated; interstrial scales on declivity less than three times as long as wide; Veracruz; Quercus; 1.9-2.0 mm 1. adnata Wood — Anterior margin of pronotum armed by four teeth (six in mimetica); declivital interstriae 3 distinctly, rather weakly elevated or not; interstrial scales on declivity more than six times as long as wide 5 5(4). Declivital interstriae 3 very feebly elevated; frons weakly, transversely im- pressed on lower third, several conspicuous granules on upper area, pubescence inconspicuous; elytral vestiture shorter, more slender, not con- spicuously different on declivity; Arizona, New Mexico; 1.7 mm 2. subnitida Blackman — Declivital interstriae 3 distinctly elevated; frons without an evident impression, vestiture rather abundant; elytral vestiture longer, broader, conspicuously longer on declivity 6 6(5). Upper two-thirds of frons with about 30 granules; elytral scales shorter, broad- er; denticles on declivital interstriae 3 smaller to obsolete; Oaxaca; mistletoe on Quercus; 2.3-2.4 mm 3. mimetica Wood — Upper frons without granules; elytral scales longer, more slender; declivital in- terstriae 3 more coarsely serrate; Arizona to Michoacan and Hidalgo; Quercus; 2.0-2.5 mm 4. knulli (Blackman) 7(3). Declivital striae deeply impressed; strial punctures on disc rather coarse, each puncture with its central point elevated, giving appearance of an eye; Oaxaca; Arbutus; 1.9-2.3 mm 5. ocellata Wood — Declivital striae not impressed; strial punctures on disc smaller, normally concave 8 8(7). Strial punctures very small, shallow, interstriae more than twice as wide as striae; interstrial scales about four to six times as long as wide; Michoacan and Puebla to Chiapas; Arbutus, Rubus; 1.7-2.2 mm 6. nitidula Wood — Strial punctures moderately large, distinctly impressed, interstriae as wide as striae; interstrial scales about three times as long as wide; Veracruz; Quercus; 1.5 mm 7. scitula Wood 9(2). Strial pmictures small, but distinctly larger, impressed; interstrial punctures on declivity smaller than those of striae, obsolete in some females, devoid of granules; Chiapas to Honduras; 1.4-1.8 mm 8. hondurensis Wood — Strial punctures minute, shallow; strial and interstrial punctures on declivity rather deeply impressed, subequal in size 10 10(9). Declivital interstriae devoid of granules; scales on declivital interstriae 3 mod- erately to very strongly confused, each scale about two to four times as long as wide; Minnesota and Massachusetts to Kansas and North Carolina; many hosts; 1.6-1.9 mm 11. opacicollis (LeConte) — Declivital interstriae 3 and occasionally others uniseriately granulate; declivi- tal scales in definite rows, except supplemental scales at suture, each scale two to six times as long as wide 11 596 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 11(10). Declivital scales four to six times as long as wide; setae on epistoma, frons and scape less abundant, finer; body 3.1-3.2 times as long as wide; South Carolina and Florida to E Texas; 1.5-1.7 mm 9. nanula (LeConte) — Declivital scales two to three times as long as wide; setae on epistoma, frons, and scape more abundant, longer; body 2.9-3.0 times as long as wide; S Texas to Veracruz; 1.7-1.9 mm 10. opacithorax Schedl 12(1). Strial punctures on disc fine to moderately large, distinctly, concavely im- pressed; interstriae up to one and one-half times as wide as striae; color usually light to dark brown 13 — Strial punctures minute, feebly if at all impressed, their interiors flat; interstriae two to four times as wide as striae; color entirely or mostly black 17 13(12). Strial punctures on disc coarse, rather deep, interstriae very slightly narrower than striae; interstrial punctures very small, diameters less than one-third those of strial punctures, regularly spaced, rather close; frons convex in both sexes, very finely sculptured, reticulate, vestiture confined to lateral areas near eyes, very short; Oaxaca to Honduras; various lianas; 1.2-1.5 mm 12. striata Wood — Strial punctures on disc smaller, interstriae distinctly wider than striae; diame- ters of interstrial punctures about half those of strial punctures; frons of both sexes flattened or impressed (except serjaniae); frontal pubescence more abundant, usually longer 14 14(13). Frons convex in both sexes, a feebly transverse impression just above male epis- toma, frontal vestiture rather sparse, very short; vestiture on pronotal disc of slender, almost hairlike setae, a few scales near base; Honduras; Serjania; 1.2-1.3 mm 13. serjaniae Wood — Frons flattened or impressed in both sexes, vestiture longer, more abundant 15 15(14). Male frons with a narrow, rather deep, transverse impression, impression on median third extending almost half distance to upper level of eyes; female frons broadly flattened to upper level of eyes, glabrous, impunctate, almost smooth; elytral disc subglabrous, scales widely spaced on declivity; Jalisco; Phoradendron; 1.5-1.7 mm 14. monadis Wood — Male frons less strongly, more broadly impressed, female frons less extensively flattened; interstrial scales more closely, more regularly spaced from base to apex 16 16(15). Declivital interstriae uniseriately granulate; interstrial scales on declivity smaller, about half as long as distance between rows; pronotal scales qu disc slender, about four times as long as wide; Nayarit; Serjania, 1.4-1.5 mm 15. similis Wood — Declivital interstriae punctured, not at all granulate; interstrial scales on de- clivity larger, each about three-fourths as long as distance between rows; scales on pronotal disc more abundant, each about twice as long as wide; Veracruz; Serjania; 1.3-1.4 mm 16. vescula Wood 17(12). Strial setae on disc and declivity scalelike, similar in shape to interstrial scales but only half as large; female frons concavely impressed on small area just above epistoma; female scape without tuft of long hair; Puebla to Oaxaca; Serjania; 1.3-1.5 mm 17. squatnatula Wood — Strial setae hairlike if present; female frons flattened or convex; female scape bearing a small tuft of long hair 18 1982 MiCRACINI 597 18(17). Frons convex in both sexes, impunctate and glabrous except near eyes; eyes coarsely faceted, separated above by less than one and one-half times width of an eye; Honduras and Colombia; 1.3-1.5 mm 18. nigra Wood — Frons flattened at least on limited area, pubescence more generally distributed, longer; eyes widely separated, finely faceted 19 19(18). Elytral apex moderately divaricate, emargination joining costal margin at a point in line with granules on interstriae 1; pronotal disc dull, deeply reti- culate, granules fine; male frons convex, narrowly flattened in female, sparsely pubescent in both; Guatemala; shrub; 1.5-1.8 mm 19. nigrella Wood — Elytral apex deeply, broadly divaricate, emargination joining costal margin at a point in line with granules on interstriae 2; pronotal disc subshining, shallow- ly reticulate, granules rather coarse; male frons less strongly convex, flat in fe- male, more conspicuously pubescent in both; Veracruz; Serjania; 1.5-1.6 mm .. 20. divaricata Wood 1. Micracisella adnata Wood Micracisella adnata Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):24 (Holotype, female; 14 km E Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied knulli (Blackman) by the pres- ence of six teeth on the anterior margin of the pronotum, by the finely tuberculate, al- most unelevated declivital interstriae 3, by the wider interstrial scales, and by the me- dian impression on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons convex, with a narrow, sub- triangular, median impression from near up- per level of eyes to level of antennal in- sertion; surface reticulate-granulate, apparently with a few larger granules; vesti- ture of moderately abundant, coarse, moder- ately short setae. Eye slightly more than twice as long as wide; antenna as in knulli. Pronotiun 1.1 times as long as wide; as in knulli except anterior margin armed by six teeth, and posterior area rugulose-reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, obscurely sub- tuberculate. Vestiture abraded in type series. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in knulli; striae not impressed, punctures fine, shallow; interstriae twice as wide as striae, sub- rugosely marked by irregular lines, punctures imiseriate, very fine, shallow, obscure. De- clivity steep, convex, apex protruding, min- utely divaricate, mucro absent; surface on lower two-thirds rugose-reticulate; striae ob- scure but visible; interstriae 1 obscurely, very minutely, imiseriately granulate, 2 with a few granules on upper fourth, 3 with larger gran- ules to junction with 9, 7 and 9 with granules similar to 3. Vestiture abraded on disc; on de- clivity consisting of rows of minute strial hair and rows of suberect, interstrial scales; each scale with a slight arch or curl toward poste- rior, two to four times as long as wide; almost as long as distance between rows, slightly closer within a row, scales absent on lower half of interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except (head concealed) strial punctures slightly deeper; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 feebly elevated, 9 distinctly elevated; interstrial scales aver- aging slightly more slender. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz; 14 km E Huatusco, 7-VII-67, 270 ni. No. 173, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 3 specimens. 2. Micracisella subnitida Blackman Fig. 147 Micracisella subnitida Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:350 (Holotype, male; Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56403) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from knulli (Blackman) by the smaller size, by the slightly impressed frons just above the epistoma, by the less conspicuous frontal ves- titure, by the shorter, more slender vestiture, and by declivital interstriae 3, which is not elevated. Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, pronotum slightly lighter. Frons convex above, distinctly, trans- versely impressed on lower third; surface 598 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 147. Micracini spp., heads antennae, protibiae; 1, Hylocurus bkoncavtis; 2, Hylocurus flaglerensis; 3-4, Hylo- ciirits hirtellus; 5-6, MicraciseUa knuUi; 7-8, Micracisella stibnitida; 9-10, Stenocleptus sidcatits. (After Blackman 1943:pl. 29.) 1982 MiCRACINI 599 rugose-reticulate laterally and above, convex area with several conspicuous granules; vesti- ture sparse, rather inconspicuous except for a conspicuous epistomal brush. Eye large, coarsely faceted, anterior margin sinuate. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in kniilli except surface of poste- rior areas more nearly rugose, with several small, isolated granules behind summit. Vesti- ture of short, slender scales and hair on poste- rior half. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc essen- tially as in kniiUi except interstrial punctures on anterior half replaced by rounded gran- ules, greatly reduced to almost obsolete on posterior half. Declivity about as in knulli ex- cept interstriae 3 indistinctly elevated, with its granules more isolated, not as coarse. Ves- titure of minute strial hair and interstrial rows of erect scales, each scale smaller, more widely spaced, and more slender than in knulli; scales spaced within a row by about tliree times length of a scale, scales on decliv- ity up to twice as long as on disc, of equal thickness, those on interstriae 1 and 3 of about equal length. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Oracle, 13-VII, Hubbard and Schwarz; Santa Rita Mts., H. F. Wickham. New Mexico: Antelope Wells. 21-VIII-6,3. light trap. B. C. Campbell. Notes.— The holotype and two males compared to it were used in preparing the above treatment. 3. Micracisella mimetica Wood Micraciselhi mimetica Wood, 1974, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 15 (Holotype, male; 5 km N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oax- aca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from knulli Blackman by the larger size, by the frontal granules, by the shorter, broader elytral scales, and by the smaller denticles on the elevated declivital interstriae 3. Male.— Length 2.3-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons moderately convex except rather abruptly, strongly, transversely impressed on lower fourth; surface rugose-reticulate in marginal areas, more finely, rather obscurely rugose-reticulate in central area; upper two- thirds with about 30 small, high, isolated granules, two near center much larger; vesti- ture of uniformly distributed, short, coarse setae of moderate abundance. Eye oval, shal- lowly emarginate; twice as long as wide. An- tennal club 1.0 times as long as wide; suture 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line and asperities as in knulli; anterior mar- gin armed by six teeth, lateral pair much smaller; posterior areas rugose-reticulate, dull, with small, low, shining granules of moderate abundance. Vestiture on disc of re- cumbent scales, each scale about four times as long as wide; a few bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; outline as in knulli; disc as knulli except surface irregu- lar, with numerous transverse lines or wrinkles. Declivity as in knulli except inter- striae 1 and 9 slightly more strongly convex but with denticles on summit much smaller. Vestiture recumbent, of interstrial scales ex- cept declivital interstriae 2, 4, and 8 glabrous; scales evidently slightly confused on odd-numbered interstriae, uniseriate on even-numbered interstriae; each scale two to three times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male in all respects; distinguished externally only by terminal ter- ga of abdomen. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 5 km N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, 4-VI-71, 9500 ft, mistletoe on oak, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 4.— Micracisella knulli (Blackman) Fig. 147 Micracis kiuiUi Blackman, 194.3, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 9.3(3165):348 (Holotype, female; Huachuca Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56402) Diagnosis.— This is the only species in the genus with declivital interstriae 3 distinctly elevated and tuberculate; other dis- tinguishing characters were mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed on middle third, convex above, epis- tomal area elevated; surface reticulate-granu- late; lateral areas with abundant, coarse, subplumose setae of moderate length, 600 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 glabrous on median fourth. Eye slightly more than twice as long as wide. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 strongly arcuate, 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides feebly arcuate, almost parallel on more than basal half, rather nar- rowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four teeth (rarely more); summit slightly in front of middle, low; anterior area rather coarsely asperate; posterior area shin- ing, smooth, with fine, isolated, moderately abundant, granulate punctures. Vestiture of moderately abundant, mixed coarse and fine, moderately long setae. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, narrowly sub- mucronate behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather fine, moderately deep; in- terstriae almost smooth, one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures fine, unise- riate, indistinctly granulate. Declivity steep, convex, apex acuminate, not divaricate; strial punctures smaller, deep; interstriae 1 feebly elevated, 2 flat, 3 moderately elevated, 7 and 9 not elevated, 1, 3, and 9 each with a row of moderately coarse tubercles. Vestiture of rows of minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of interstrial scales; each scale on disc about six times as long as wide, slightly longer than distance between rows or between scales within a row, on declivity two to four times longer than on disc and usually pointed. Male.— Similar to female except trans- verse impression on frons absent, frontal pu- bescence more generally distributed but sparse in median area. Distribution.— S Arizona to Michoacan and Hidalgo. USA: Arizona: Ash Canyon, 7-VI-69, 1800 m. No. 84, Miller Canyon, 22-VII-58, 7-VI-69, 1800 m. No. 85, all from Huachuca Mts. in Quercus, S. L. Wood; Miller Canyon, l-VII-07, H. A. Kaeber; Santa Rita Mts., 29- VII-68, Salix, D. E. Bright. MEXICO: Michoacan: 9 km E Volcan Pan'cutin, 19-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 87, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hidalgo: 17 km NE Jacala, 22-VI-53, 1700 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Quercus spp., Salix sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my 2 topotypic homotypes and on 129 other specimens. 5. Micracisella ocellata Wood Micracisella ocellata Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 16 (Holotype, male; 5 km N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidula Wood by the very deeply im- pressed declivital striae and by the moder- ately large punctures on the discal striae, each of which has a small, elevated, central point giving the appearance of an eye. Male.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 3.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, pro- notum usually darker. Frons broadly convex, a slight, transverse impression immediately above epistoma; sur- face finely rugose-reticulate, a few fine punc- tures in lateral areas, a few small granules in median area of upper half; vestiture of very short, stout subplumose setae laterally and on upper half, a few longer setae along epis- toma. Eye feebly emarginate; twice as long as wide. Antennal club as in allied species. Pronotum 1.18 times as long as wide; es- sentially as nitidula except scales on disc dis- tinctly wider. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide; outline about as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punctures large, distinctly impressed, each with a small, central, elevated granule giving appearance of an eye; interstriae as wide as striae, shining, almost smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather close. Declivity rather steep, convex, with apex slightly produced; striae deeply impressed, punctures small, ob- scure; interstriae 1, 2, and 3 equally convex, almost half as high as wide, each bearing a row of low, rounded nodules on its lateral half, granules more obscure and smaller on 3; surface on lower half somewhat rugose-reti- culate. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of recumbent scales; each scale on disc eight or more times as long as wide, about four times as long as wide on declivity. Female.— Similar in all respects to male; presumably those specimens with a few more setae on scape are females. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 20.5 km N Oaxaca, 31-V-71, 9000 ft, Arbutus, D. E. Bright; 24 and 59 km S Valle Nacion- al, 24-V-71, 4000 and 8500 ft. Arbutus, D. E. Bright; 5 km N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, 4-VI-71, 9500 ft. Ar- butus. D. E. Bright. 1982 MiCRACINI 601 Host.— Arbutus sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 57 specimens. 6. Micracisella nitidulu Wood Micracisella nitidida Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2);37 (Holotype, female; 10 km NE Teziutian, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied scitula Wood by char- acters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, less strongly on lower half, epistomal margin weakly elevated, surface very finely reticulate-granulate, reduced to minute points on small median area near epistoma; vestiture consisting of rather sparse, conspicuous, subplumose setae of moderate length to vertex. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bearing a small tuft of hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather strongly ar- cuate, weakly constricted on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six small teeth of equal size; summit near middle, rather broad; posterior area minutely reticulate-granulate, with a few minute, almost flat, granules toward summit; vestiture rather stout, moderately abundant, rather long. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, narrowly acuminate behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae twice as wide as striae, somewhat irregular, punctures very fine, uniseriate. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures slightly deeper than on disc; interstrial punctures replaced by fine granules; apex subacuminate, mucro not de- veloped, not at all divaricate. Vestiture con- sisting of very fine, moderately long strial hair and rows of erect interstrial scales, slightly longer on declivity; each scale on de- clivity slightly longer than distance between rows, similarly spaced within each row, each about six times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly more convex; scape not expanded, sparsely pubescent; strial punctures on de- clivity more distinct, lower ones minutely granulate. Distribution.— Michoacan and Puebla to Chiapas. MEXICO; Chiapas; 40 km SE Teopisca, 18-V-69, Ar- butus, D. E. Bright; 11 km E San Cristobal, 26-V-69, Ar- butus, D. E. Bright. Michoacan; 26 km E Morelia, 14- VI-65, Arbutus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca; 116 km S Oaxaca on Highway 113, ll-V-71, 2300 m. Arbutus, D. E. Bright; 5 km N Suchixtepec, 4-VI-71, 3100 m, Arbuti4s, D. E. Bright. Puebla; 25 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2900 m. No. 28, Arbutus, S. L. Wood; 10 km NE Teziutian, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 142, Rubus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Rubus sp.. Arbutus sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and 57 other specimens. 7. Micracisella scitula Wood MicruciseUu scitula Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2);37 (Holotype, male; 14 km E Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied nitiduki Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.6 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons rather strongly convex, with a nar- row, transverse impression just above epis- tomal margin; surface rather coarsely reti- culate except almost smooth on small median area on lower half, a few very small granules scattered on upper half; vestiture sparse, very short in convex area, longer below. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest near middle, sides very feebly arcuate, almost parallel on more than basal half, rather nar- rowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four small teeth, median pair slightly larger; summit broad, near middle; posterior area coarsely reticulate, a few shin- ing points evidently represent obsolete punc- tures; vestiture reduced to a few very stout bristles in marginal areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded behind except subacuminate at suture; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct, anterior margins of some of them very feebly elevated; inter- striae shining, subrugulose, punctures two- thirds as large as those of striae, shallow, some obscure. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures somewhat obscure; interstrial punctures on upper half replaced by rounded 602 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 granules; subreticulate toward suture near apex. Vestiture largely abraded on disc of type, evidently shorter than on declivity; on declivity consisting of rows of erect, inter- strial scales, each scale almost as long as dis- tance between rows, more widely spaced within each row except on 1, broad, aver- aging about twice as long as wide. Apex acuminate, mucro short; not at all divaricate. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 14 km E Huatusco, 7-VII-67, 1300 m. No. 173, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique male holotype. 8. Micracisella hondurensis Wood Micracisella hondurensis Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:233 (Holotype, female; Olanchito, Yoro, Hon- duras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Except as noted in the above key and in the description below, this species is very similar to nanula (LeConte). Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, pronotum usually darker. Head as in nanula except frontal impres- sion less extensive, shallow, median carina very short, visible only immediately above epistomal margin. Pronotum as in nanula ex- cept granules in posterior area slightly larger and more generally distributed. Elytra as in nanula except strial punctures on disc very shallow, smaller, almost obsolete, on declivity strial punctures larger, very shallow; inter- strial punctures smaller than those of striae, usually devoid of granules; interstrial scales slightly wider. Male.— As male of nanula except frons more strongly convex; granules on pronotal disc very slightly larger; elytral disc with sur- face smoother, strial punctures much larger, very shallow, distinct; declivital surface smoother, punctures larger, deeper, inter- strial scales wider, each about three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Chiapas to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: El Rincon, 13-V-69, M. Camp- bell; 8 km S San Carlos, 6-III-53, R. C. Bechtel, E. I. Schlinger. HONDURAS: Olanchito, Yoro, 19-V-, 21-VI, 7, 30-VII-49, at light, E. C. Becker; Zamorano, Morazan, I8-IV-64, 700 m. No. 511, unidentified shrub, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens and on 2 other specimens. 9. Micracisella nanula (LeConte) Micracis nanula LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:368 (Holotype, female; Haulover, Florida; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1022) Diagnosis.— This species is very closely related to hondurensis Wood and to opaci- collis (LeConte). Refer to the key and to the treatment of those species for distinguishing characters. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black, elytra usually lighter. Frons narrowly, subconcavely impressed on lower half, convex above; surface finely reticulate-granulate except almost smooth on median third of lower half, a fine, median ca- rina from epistoma to deepest point in con- cavity; vestiture of short, stout setae to upper level of eyes. Eye very large, coarsely facet- ed, separated above by 1.1 times width of an eye, separated below by twice diameter of a facet. Antennal scape short, bearing a sparse tuft of long hair; club as described for genus. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four teeth (rarely up to six); summit slightly in front of middle, low; ante- rior area rather finely asperate; posterior area finely reticulate-granulate, dull, with small, isolated, shining granules to base. Ves- titure of mixed fine and stout, short, moder- ately abundant setae. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, obtusely sub- mucronate behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep, spaced by more than diameter of a puncture; interstriae shining, somewhat irregular, more than twice as wide as striae, punctures minute, shallow, obscure. Declivity steep, convex, apex sub- mucronate; surface reticulate-granulate on lower half; strial punctures deeper, perhaps very slightly larger than on disc; interstrial punctures finely granulate. Vestiture of rows of very fine, short, recumbent, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale four to six times as long as wide, about as long as distance between scales between rows and within a row, uniseriate on all declivital interstriae. 1982 MiCRACINI 603 Male.— Similar to female except frons convex to small flattened area immediately above epistoma, median carina very short, near epistoma; tuft of setae on scape smaller; interstrial granules on declivity smaller, often absent on interstriae 2; interstrial scales shorter, each about three to four times as long as wide. Distribution.— South Carolina and Flor- ida to Texas. USA: Florida: Apalchola, Big Pine Key, Biscayne, Gainesville, Hanover, Homestead, Key Largo, Key Vaca, Key West, Marathon, Miami, Missouri Key, Snead, Sug- ar Loaf Key. Georgia: Savannah, St. Catherine Island. Louisiana: Baton Rouge, Covington. Mississippi: Corinth, Natchez, Trimcane Swamp. South Carolina: Charleston, Jacksonboro. Texas: Rockport. Hosts.— Acras sapota, Conocarpus erecta, Dipholia salicifolia. Mimosa sp., Fithecello- biwn guadaloitpense, Prosopis sp., Quercus sp., Rhizopliora mangle, Vitis sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 81 other specimens. 10. Micracisella opacithorax Schedl Micracisella opacithorax Schedl, 1940, .An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:.340 (Syntypes, female; Matamoros and Mante, Tamaulipas, and Cardel, Veracruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanula (LeConte) as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra often lighter. Frons as in nanula except median line usu- ally more conspicuously impressed; setae on epistoma, frons, and scape conspicuously longer and more abundant. Elytral declivity with scales as in nanula except very slightly longer, much wider, each about two to three times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in nanula. Distribution.— S Texas to Veracruz. US.A: Texas: Brownsville, 26-III-51, Prosopis, S. L. Wood; Kingsville, Cornell Univ. Lot 912, C. T. Reid; San Diego, 24-V-9.5, mesquite. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Jimenez, L5-VI-5.3, Mimosa, S. L. Wood; Matamoros, 21- VII-30, at light, S. Flores; Mante, 9-VIII-30, 26-.X-30, A. Dampf, and 13-III-44. Veracruz: Cardel, 3-VIII-32, at light, R. Ruiz Soto. Hosts.— Mimosa and Prosopis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 3 syntypes and on 36 other specimens. 11. Micracisella opacicollis (LeConte) Figs. 148-149 Micracis opacicollis LeConte, 1878, Proc. .\mer. Philos. Soc. 17:625 (Holotype, female, Detroit, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool.^ 1297) Micracis asperulus LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:626 (Lectotype, female; Detroit, Mich- igan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1298, present designa- tion); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 2.5:196. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanula (LeConte) by the absence of in- terstrial granules on the declivity, by the closer, confused, interstrial scales on the de- clivity, particularly on interstriae 3, and by the broader interstrial scales. Further in- vestigation could reduce this form to no more than a geographical race of nanula. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons as in nanula except impressed area slightly stronger and more extensive, median carina very feebly indicated; lateral and up- per areas more coarsely granulate. Pronotum as in nanula except granules in posterior area smaller, reduced posteriorly, usually obsolete near base. Stout setae more nearly scalelike. Elytra as in nanula except strial punctures very slightly larger; declivital reticulation greatly reduced; interstrial punctures on de- clivity as large as those of striae, feebly gran- ulate only near apex and in extreme lateral areas, punctures on 1 and 3 confused; inter- strial scales shorter and stouter, each two to three times as long as wide, usually more dense and confused on 1 and 3. Male.— Similar to female except frontal carina almost obsolete; declivital scales in uniseriate rows except a supplemental sutural row present, no indication of granules in apical portion of lateral areas. Distribution.— Minnesota and Massachu- setts to Kansas and North Carolina. US.\: District of Columbia: Washington. Kansas: "Kansas Knaus." Massachusetts: Framingham, Sherborn. Michigan: Detroit. Minnesota: Ramsey Co. Missouri: Scott Co., St. Louis. New Jersey: Camden, Gloucester Co., Westville. New York: Greenwood Lake, Ithaca, Westbury. North Carolina: Boardman, Tryon. Ohio: Oak Hill. Pennsylvania: Hummelstown, Mont Alto. Vir- ginia: Afton. West Virginia: Monongalia. Hosts.— Carya sp., Castanea dentata, Quercus alba, Q. falcata. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of opacicollis, on the 604 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 syntypes of asperulus, and on 186 other spec- imens. The holotype of opacicoUis and the syntypes of asperulus are females, not males as reported by LeConte. Because a type has not been selected from the 4 syntypes of as- perulus, I here designate the first specimen now bearing the type label and number 1298 as the lectotype of asperulus LeConte. 12. Micracisella striata Wood Micracisella striata Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88;231 (Holotype, female; Olanchito, Yoro, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This distinctive species has coarse, deep, strial punctures, with the inter- striae narrower than the striae, and convex in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons rather strongly convex, a slight, nar- row impression just above epistoma; surface reticulate-granulate, finely below, more coarsely above, except almost smooth near center; vestiture confined to a few short, stout setae near margins of eyes. Antennal scape ornamented by a small tuft of hair; su- ture 1 not attaining middle of club. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; about as in nanula except anterior margin armed by two teeth, posterior area minutely rugu- lose, with a few rounded granules extending to base. Vestiture of a few small, stout setae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, acuminate be- hind, costal margins notched just before apex; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae shining, irregular, slightly narrow- er than striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, their anterior margins slightly elevated. Declivity steep, convex, apex extended; strial punctures reduced, very small toward apex; interstrial punctures slightly larger than on disc. Vesti- ture of rows of minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial scales; each scale about three times as long as wide, slightly shorter than distance between rows or be- tween scales within a row. Male.— Similar to female except tuft of hair on scape smaller; interstrial punctures on posterior half of disc more nearly granulate. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Honduras. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 11 km N Mati'as Romero, 24-VI- 67, 1,50 m. No. 95, liana, S. L. Wood; 29 km N Mati'as Romero, 29-V1-67, 150 m, No. 121, Serjania, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Olanchito, 19-V, 21-VI, 22-VII, 8-1X-49, at light, E. C. Becker; La Ceiba, 18-V, 17,28-Vl-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Hosts.— Serjania sp., and other small vines (lianas). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens and on 36 other specimens. 13. Micracisella serjaniae Wood Micracisella serjaniae Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):25 (Holotype, female; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from striata Wood by the much smaller strial punctures, by the less nearly granulate discal interstriae, by the distinctly, uniseriately granulate declivital interstriae, by the ab- sence of a preapical emargination on the cos- tal margin, and by a distinct sutural emargination. Female.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, pronotum lighter. Frons, antenna, and pronotum as in striata, except segment 1 of antennal club distinctly shorter. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in striata ex- cept apex wider and suturally emarginate; striae not impressed, punctures moderately small; interstriae shining, somewhat irregular, one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, not at all granu- late. Declivity steep, convex, produced api- cally; strial punctures deeper than on disc; interstrial punctures granulate. Vestiture as in striata except interstrial scales very slightly larger; each scale about two to three times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except tuft of hair on scape much smaller; discal interstriae evidently less irregular. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-1V-64, 700 m. No. 547, Serjania racemosa, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 85 specimens. 14. Micracisella monadis Wood Micracisella monadis Wood. 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):.36 (Holotype, female; Volcan Colima, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) 1982 MiCRACINI 605 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the alHed vescula Wood and similis Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons planoconvex from epistoma to well above eyes, epistomal margin slightly ele- vated toward center; surface very minutely, longitudinally etched, approaching reti- culation laterally; glabrous. Scape more than three times as long as pedicel, broad, bearing a large tuft of hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate on posterior two-thirds, weakly constricted on anterior third before rather narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; anterior margin armed by two basally contiguous, small teeth; summit at middle, broad; posterior areas coarsely reti- culate, with a few minute granules near and behind summit; a few scales on marginal areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, nar- rowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures very small, distinct; interstriae marked by lines, shining, three times as wide as striae, punctures fine, obscure. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures larger, deeper, very obscure; interstrial punctures replaced by small rounded granules. Apex of elytra subacuminate. Vestiture consisting of very short, fine, strial hair and rows of long- er, erect, interstrial scales; each scale slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within rows, each scale about four times as long as wide, gradually, strongly nar- rowed toward their bases. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a narrow, transverse impression just above epistoma, surface finely rugose- reticulate, a few short, stout setae in lateral areas; tuft of hair on scape smaller; scape more slender; teeth on anterior margin of pronotum larger; declivital scales very slightly wider. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 105, mistletoe, S. L. Wood. Host.— Struthanthus venetus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 15. Micracisella similis Wood Micracisella similis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):38 (Holotype, female; Volcan Cebomco, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied monadis Wood and vescula Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.4-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color black, summit of pro- notum reddish brown. Frons planoconvex, flattened toward cen- ter, gradually ascending to epistomal margin on lower fourth; surface minutely reticulate- granulate, smoother medially toward epis- toma; vestiture moderately long and abun- dant toward lateral areas, subplumose. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bearing a small tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides on basal half straight, almost parallel, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by two moder- ately large, basally contiguous teeth; summit at middle, broad; posterior areas minutely reticulate-granulate, with a few, fine scat- tered granules; vestiture short, scalelike. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low; interstriae marked by lines, shining, slightly less than twice as wide as striae, uniseriate punctures very fine. Declivity con- vex, rather steep; strial punctures somewhat reduced; interstrial punctures replaced by fine granules on upper half, almost obsolete below; general surface granulose toward su- tural apex; apex acuminate, sutural apex shal- lowly emarginate. Vestiture consisting of minute, fine, strial hair and uniseriate rows of longer, erect, interstrial scales; each scale slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within each row, each scale on declivity about three times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons more nearly convex, frontal vestiture some- what shorter; reduction of interstrial tu- bercles on lower half of declivity less pronounced. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Volcan Ceboruco, 5-VII-65, 1200 m. No. 189, Serjania. S. L. Wood. 606 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 16. Micracisella vescula Wood Micracisella vescula Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):38 (Holotype, female; 2 km N Cerro Gordo, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from similis Wood by the coarser strial punc- tures, by the absence of interstrial granules on the dechvity, and by the large, broader, interstrial scales. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, summit of pronotiim reddish brown. Frons as in sirnilis but less strongly flat- tened. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bearing a tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.17 times as long as wide; out- line as in similis; anterior margin armed by two moderately large subcontiguous teeth; posterior area minutely reticulate-granulate, with obscure, subgranulate punctures; vesti- ture of rather abundant, short scales, each twice as long as wide. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in nitidtila; striae not impressed, punctures rather fine, not always clearly defined; interstriae irregu- lar, almost subrugose, as wide as striae, unise- riate pimctures fine. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures deeper than on disc, interstrial punctures equal in size to those of striae; apex acuminate, shallowly emarginate at sutural apex. Vestiture consisting of very fine, short, strial hair and interstrial rows of erect, uniseriate scales, each scale about as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within each row, each about three times as long as wide; a supplemental row of smaller, sutural scales on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, frontal vestiture short- er; tuft of hair on scape much smaller; teeth on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz; 2 km N Cerro Gordo, 6-VII-67, 1000 m. No. 166, Serjania, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype; no other speci- mens are known. 17. Micracisella squamatula Wood Micracisella squamatula Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):38 (Holotype, fe- male; 10 km S Huajuapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigra Wood and the two preceding spe- cies by the much more widely spaced teeth on the anterior margin of the pronotum, by the scalelike, small, strial setae in addition to those of the interstriae, and by the more strongly divaricate elytra at the sutural apex. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color black, summit of pro- notum reddish brown, vestiture white. Frons convex above, becoming flattened below, then ascending slightly to epistomal margin; surface reticulate-granulate above, becoming almost smooth in central area be- low except for a few fine points; vestiture rather abundant and long in large dorsolater- al areas. Scape about twice as long and slightly wider than pedicel, bearing a small tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides on posterior half almost straight and parallel on basal half, feebly con- stricted on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by two moderately large, rather widely sepa- rated teeth; summit at middle, rather broad; posterior area finely reticulate-granulate, with a few minute granules; vestiture con- sisting of short, broad scales. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punctures small, some- what indistinct; interstriae irregularly marked by fine points and lines, one and one- half times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures evidently slightly deeper; in- terstrial punctures replaced by small rounded granules; sutural apex emarginate. Vestiture consisting of rows of small strial scales, each slightly longer than diameter of a strial punc- ture, about four times as long as wide, and rows of longer interstrial scales; each inter- strial scale one and one-half times as long as strial scales and about equal in length to dis- tance between rows of interstrial scales, each about three times as long as wide. 1982 MiCRACINI 607 Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex on upper two-thirds, smooth area much smaller and subreticulate; tuft of hair on scape reduced. Distribution.— Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 10 km S Huajuapan, 16-VI-67, 2000 m. No. 45, Serjania sp., S. L. Wood. Puebla: 6 km S Atlixco, 14-VI-67, 2300 m. No. .32, Seqania, S. L. Wood. Host.— Serjania sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens and on 24 other specimens. light, E. C. Becker. COLOMBIA: Finca El Bosque near Caicedonia, Valle de Cauca, lO-VII-59, guamo verde, J. Restrepo. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens from Hon- duras and 5 other specimens from Colombia. The Colombia specimens are slightly larger, 1.5-1.6 mm, and the strial punctures are slightly impressed on the disc but smaller and less strongly impressed on the declivity. In view of the very slight differences, without other supporting data, only one species was recognized here. 18. Micracisella nigra Wood Micracisella nigra Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:232 (Holotype, female; La Ceiba, Atlantida, Hon- duras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from serjaniae Wood by the black color, by the reduced granulation on the pronotal disc, by the very shallow strial punctures, and by the reticulate-granulate surface on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons, antenna, and pronotum as in ser- janiae, except teeth on anterior margin of pronotum distinctly separated, and pronotal disc almost devoid of granules and pubescence. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely pro- duced behind, not emarginate at suture; striae not impressed, punctures small, very shallow; interstriae shining, irregular, twice as wide as striae, punctures mostly obsolete. Declivity steep, convex, produced toward apex; surface reticulate-granulate; strial punctures moderately deep, not clearly de- fined; interstriae uniseriately, regularly, rather coarsely granulate. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of rows of very fine strial hair and interstrial rows of erect scales; each scale three to four times as long as wide, each slightly shorter than dis- tance between rows or between scales in a row. Male.— Similar to female except tuft of setae on scape much reduced. Distribution.— Honduras to Colombia. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 15, 29-V, 7, 28-VI- 49, at light, E. C. Becker; Olanchito, Yoro, 8-IX-49, at 19. Micracisella nigrella Wood Micracisella nigrella Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):37 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Agua, E.squintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigra Wood by the coarser sculpture of strial punctures and declivital granules, by the larger, coarser, more abundant interstrial scales, and by the different arrangement of marginal teeth on the pronotum. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color almost black, summit of pronotum reddish brown. Frons convex on upper half, transversely impressed on lower half, an indistinct median impression toward center; vestiture sparse, of very short, fine, subplumose setae. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bearing a moder- ately large tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly ar- cuate on more than basal half, rather narrow- ly rounded in front, anterior margin armed by two rather large teeth; summit at middle, rather broad; posterior area minutely reti- culate-granulate, with moderately abundant, isolated, very fine granules; »vestiture of rather short, broad scales. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in nitidula; striae not impressed, punctures fine, distinct, shallow, interstriae with fine lines, twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, half as large as those of striae. Declivity convex, rather steep; interstrial punctures about as large as those of striae; apex acuminate, su- tural apex distinctly, shallowly emarginate. Vestiture consisting of rows of erect inter- strial scales; each scale very slightly shorter 608 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 than distance between rows, similarly spaced within rows, each about two and one-half to three times as long as wide; a supplemental sutural row of smaller scales on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly more convex; scape without tuft of hair; elytral scales very slightly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 603, shrub, S. L. Wood. Host.— A shmb, possibly Rhus sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 83 specimens. 20. Micracisella divaricata Wood MicraciseUa divaricata Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):39 (Holotype, fe- male; 2 km N Cerro Gordo, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigrella Wood and other representatives of the genus by the deep, broad emargination at the sutural apex of the elytra. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black, central area of pro- notum reddish brown. Frons planoconvex from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface coarsely reticulate above and laterally becoming smooth toward center, punctures fine, moderately abundant; vestiture consisting of moderately long, stout, subplumose setae moderately abundant in lateral areas and above. Scape twice as long as pedicel, bearing a small tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides almost straight and paral- lel then arcuately rounded to constriction on anterior third, narrowly rounded in front; an- terior margin armed by two rather large, ba- sally contiguous teeth; summit rather in- definite, at middle; small asperities continue to just behind summit, isolated granules con- tinue to base; surface of posterior area coarsely reticulate; vestiture of small, short scales. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, then narrowly rounded to blunt apex; striae not impressed, punctures very small; interstriae shining, marked by lines, twice as wide as striae, uniseriate punctures fine, somewhat obscure. Declivity convex, rather steep; strial punctures largely obsolete; interstrial punc- tures replaced by rounded granules; apex di- varicate, emargination as wide as width of antennal club and half as deep. Vestiture con- sisting of very minute, very fine strial hair and rows of longer, suberect, interstrial scales, each scale slightly shorter than dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within rows except closer on 1, each scale about four times as long as wide. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, setae more evenly dis- tributed; elytral scales wider, about three times as long as wide. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 2 km N Cerro Gordo, 6-VI1-67, 1000 m. No. 166, Serjania, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. Genus HYLOCURUS Eichhoff Hylocurus Eichhoff, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeit. 15:133 (Type-species: Hijlocurus elegans Eichhoff, monobasic) Micracisoides Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:19 (Type-species: Micracis rtidis LeConte, present designation); Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:144. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is closely allied to Phloeocleptiis Wood and to Micracis Le- Conte. From Phloeocleptiis it is distinguished by the bisinuate to very strongly procurved antennal sutures, by the presence of tubercles on the posterior face of the protibiae, and by the xylophagous habit. The antennae and prothoracic tibia distinguish it from Micracis. Description.— Length 1.3-3.2 mm, 2.3-2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown to black. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, exca- vated to convex, commonly ornamented by carinae, tubercles, or hair in either sex. Eye small, short, entire; finely granulate. Anten- nal scape rather short, slender, rarely orna- mented by hair (females of four species); fu- nicle 6-segmented; club moderately large, two bisinuate to strongly procurved sutures clearly marked by setae. Pronotum about as long as wide, summit distinct, at middle; an- terior area finely asperate, anterior margin usually rather strongly serrate in male, in fe- male finely serrate or unarmed; posterior area weakly to strongly reticulate, with 1982 MicRACiNi 609 isolated granules, rarely punctured. Scutel- into the xylem tissues, where an elongate lum large. Elytra striate, interstriae uniseriat- nuptial chamber is formed. Normally he is ely punctured; declivity usually sexually di- joined by two females, each of which con- morphic, simply to elaborately sculptured, structs two egg galleries as in Micracis. Lar- Vestiture of hairlike and/or scalelike setae, val mines tend to follow the grain of the Anterior tibiae rather slender, wider apically; wood. Young adults apparently may remain distal margin oblique, armed by several in the brood host long after they mature; in teeth; outer margin sinuate, unarmed; poste- at least one case (inconiptus), an apparent rior face armed by several denticles or rugae. second generation was produced without Distribution.— The United States to Ar- emerging, gentina; two phloeophagous African species Notes.— Blackman (1920) described of doubtful relationship have also been as- Micracisoides as a subgenus of Micracis and signed to this genus; 51 American species later (1922) considered it a synonym of Hylo- have been placed in Hyhciirus. curiis. He (1922) implied, but did not clearly Biology.— The species are xylophagous state, that rudis LeConte was the species on and they breed in imthrifty, injured, recently which his concept of the group was based. In cut, or totally dead branches, limbs, and boles view of the ambiguity, I here designate Mi- ranging from about 2 to 20 cm in diameter, cracis rudis LeConte as the type-species of The male extends the entrance tunnel well Micracisoides Blackman. Key to the Species of Hylocurus 1. Male elytral interstriae each with a series of two or more granules or tubercles at declivital base, none of them particularly more prominent than others, these not formed into a circumdeclivital ring; female frons variable, often pubescent, sometimes bearing an elevation, or deeply excavated 2 — Male elytral interstriae each with one prominent tubercle at posterior end of disc, these forming a conspicuous circumdeclivital ring; supplemental tubercles may also occur on declivity; female frons shallowly concave to convex, almost always with conspicuous pubescence 20 2(1). Both sexes with frons very deeply excavated and variously ornamented by minutely pilose or spongy areas, E United States 3 — Frons flattened or convex, devoid of spongy areas 6 3(2). Frontal cavity bearing spongy areas on lateral walls, median area not at all elevated or bearing unusual prominences 4 — Frontal concavity, at least in female, partly or completely divided by a median elevation, or median area bearing a pair of blunt horns 5 4a(3). Frons moderately excavated, center of each half of excavation occupied by a small circular, convex, spongy area; female declivity with a small protuberance on interstriae 1 near middle (similar to but smaller than in harnedi); Louisiana, Mississippi; Carya (Pecan); 1.8-2.0 mm 1. binodatus Wood — Frons more deeply excavated, spongy areas larger; declivity without protuberance on interstriae 1 4b 4b(4a). Subcircular spongy areas largely flat, lower area sometimes protruding con- spicuously; concavity very large, conspicuously wider than long, its ventrola- teral angles occupied by spongy areas; Michigan and Pennsylvania to Kentucky and Georgia; 1.9-2.1 mm 2. rudis (LeConte) — Spongy areas almost as high as wide, protruding into cavity from lateral areas; frontal concavity about as long as wide, its ventrolateral angles free of spongy areas; Illinois and Maryland to Alabama; 1.8-2.0 mm 3. torosus Wood 610 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 5(3). Spongy areas on median half of concavity, formed as a pair of basally separate median horns in male, in female fused medially and borne on a median eleva- tion, elevation not reaching lower (orad) margin of concavity; Mississippi; Carya; 1.7-2.0 mm 4. bicornus (Blackman) — Frontal concavity completely divided by a median partition, spongy areas absent; Kentucky; 2.0 mm 5. biconcavus Blackman 6(2). Elytral declivity with one large tooth or blunt process on or derived from in- terstriae 1, when process remote from suture striae 1 and 2 obsolete on lower two-thirds of declivity, other declivital granules small; eastern United States 7 — Declivital interstriae 1 either unarmed or, if armed, its denticles smaller than on one or more other interstriae; declivital striae 1 and 2 never radically displaced 8 7(6). Female declivity armed by a pair of pointed, hornlike processes, each about as high as wide, located immediately above middle of declivity, a shallow sulcus between their bases; male declivity armed at suture just below upper margin by a large, slender, fingerlike blunt spine, about three or four times as long as wide; Mississippi; Carya; 1.8-2.2 mm (see also 1. binodatus Wood) 6. harnedi Blackman — Both sexes with a blunt process immediately below middle of declivity, in line with interstriae 3, each bluntly pointed, wider than high, slightly larger and wider in male; Pennsylvania to North Carolina; Carya; 1.8-2.0 mm 7. spadix Blackman 8(6). Frons in both sexes with a conspicuous, transverse, carinate elevation; declivi- tal interstriae weakly elevated, serrations limited to about one tubercle; striae 1 and 2 obsolete on lower half of declivity 9 — Transverse elevation rare on male frons, female frons flattened and strongly pubescent (an irregular elevation in effeminatus); declivital interstriae 9 acute- ly elevated and/or serrate; declivital striae clearly punctured to apex (confused in dilutus) 11 9(8). Transverse frontal elevation equal in length to half width of frons; interstrial granules on male disc small, about two or three rather low tubercles on inter- striae 3; elytra not sexually dimorphic; Chiapas to Guatemala; decaying limb; 2.1-2.5 mm 8. incomptus Wood — Transverse frontal elevation little more than a compressed tubercle, its length equal to considerably less than one-fifth width of frons; interstrial nodules on posterior third of male disc moderate to very coarse, continuing down declivi- ty on 3 and lateral interstriae, about 10 nodules of equal size on interstriae 3; female interstriae finely granulate near and on declivity 10 10(9). Larger; elytral nodules less developed, declivity with a coarse tubercle on interstriae 1, 3, and 9; Florida; 2.2-2.4 mm 9. flaglerensis Blackman — Smaller; elytral nodules in male strongly developed, declivity without tu- bercles conspicuously larger than nodules; Jalisco and San Luis Potosi to Costa Rica; bamboo; 1.6-2.2 mm 10. nodulus Wood 11(8). Declivital interstriae 9 joins costal margin and continues to apex; male declivi- tal interstriae near base each with several nodules; mature color reddish brown 12 — Declivital interstriae 9 separated from costal margin by a rather wide groove; granules or nodules at base of male declivity usually smaller and less numerous 13 1982 MicRAciNi 611 12(11). Larger; male declivital interstriae 1-8 near base with several nodules extend- ing to posterior area of disc; discal interstriae with transverse, irregular lines; strial punctures on declivity very small; declivital setae hairlike; Guatemala to Panama; Inga; 2.7-3.2 mm 11. simplex Blandford — Smaller; declivital nodules fewer, larger, not extending to disc, obsolete or with only one nodule on interstriae 2 and 4; discal interstriae almost smooth; strial punctures on declivity larger; interstrial bristles on declivity broad; Veracruz; 1.8 mm 12. egenus Eichhoff 13(11). Strial punctures on lower half of declivity reduced in size and strongly con- fused; elytral tubercles small in both sexes; color reddish brown; Jalisco to Michoacan; 2.1-2.5 mm 13. dilutus Wood — Striae 1 and 2 with punctures on lower half moderately large, impressed, in rows 14 14(13). Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 continuing to junction with 9, tubercles normally also on 9 to this junction 15 — Tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 obsolete below junction with 5, tubercles also absent on posterior part of 9; mature color black 16 15(14). Larger; color reddish brown; interstrial nodules at base of male declivity very large, coarse tubercles continue to apices of interstriae 1 and 3; female frons with short, dense pile over large area; San Luis Potosi; Robinia; 2.3-2.6 mm .... 14. ruber Wood — Smaller; very dark reddish brown to black; granules at base of declivity very small, granules on interstriae 1 small; female frons pubescent on small area; setae rather long; Washington to Baja California; Salix, etc.; 1.4-1.8 mm 15. hirtellus (LeConte) 16(14). Pronotal disc partly smooth and shining; elytral setae slender; female frons flat- tened and profusely pubescent over large area; Arizona to Michoacan; Quercus; 2.2-2.5 mm 17. femineus Wood — Pronotal disc strongly reticulate, dull; interstrial setae at base of declivity stout in female, scalelike in male (except slender in both sexes of longipennis) 17 17(16). Interstriae 2 impressed on declivity, 2, 4, and 6 devoid of tubercles; tubercles on interstriae subacutely pointed; male frons with a transverse subcarinate ele- vation, more nearly tuberculate in female; Oaxaca; 1.7-2.1 mm (see also 16. longipennis Wood, Durango, 2.5 mm) 18. effeminatus Wood — Interstriae 2 on declivity not impressed, bearing fine tubercles to middle of de- clivity; interstrial nodules on posterior fourth of disc and upper fourth of de- clivity larger, broadly rounded, on interstriae 3-8; frons transversely impressed near epistoma, devoid of a transverse elevation 18 18(17). Male declivital interstriae 9 devoid of tubercles; tubercles on all declivital in- terstriae smaller, lower, and more widely spaced; discal interstriae smooth, with few transverse lines; pronotal disc shining, rather weakly rugose- reticulate; Texas; 2.2 mm 19. schwarzi Blackman — Male declivital interstriae 9 as coarsely tuberculate as 8; tubercles on all de- clivital interstriae coarse, almost as high as wide; discal interstriae with numer- ous strongly impressed irregular lines; pronotal disc strongly rugose-reticulate 19 19(18). Elytral declivity strongly reticulate, dull; discal striae near declivity strongly impressed, tubercles comparatively low; declivital interstriae 2 distinctly tu- berculate to middle of declivity; pronotal disc with shallow punctures; "Mexico"; 2.4-2.7 mm 20. errans Blandford 612 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Elytral declivity smooth, shining; discal striae near decHvity rather weakly im- pressed, tubercles coarse, higher than wide; declivital interstriae 2 unarmed ex- cept near base; pronotal disc almost devoid of punctures; Oaxaca; 2.1-2.7 mm . 21. rivalis Wood 20(1). Male declivital interstriae 9 strongly elevated, terminating abruptly or pro- duced into a conspicuous spine without crossing broad, deep notch or groove at striae 9-10, elytral apex longer, acute; female scape very sparsely if at all pubescent; female frontal pubescent area never divided along median line 21 — Male declivital interstriae 9 acutely, strongly elevated and joining costal mar- gin, a slight notch between costal margin and 9 in one species but striae 9-10 obsolete before notch; female scape bearing a conspicuous tuft of long hair (ex- cept elegans in which frontal pubescent area divided along median line); tropical species 29 21(20). Apices of blunt spines in circumdeclivital ring on male declivital interstriae 1 to 4 equal, or at least their apices forming a straight line (3 out of line in some parkinsoniae) 22 — Apices of spines in male circumdeclivital ring distinctly longer on interstriae 1, 3, and 5 than on 2, 4, and 6; punctures intermixed with granules on pronotal disc 27 22(21). Apices of interstrial spine 5 (and occasionally 3) in male circumdeclivital ring extending beyond (posterior to) 1 to 4, posterior face of spines vertical, rarely projecting; female frons planoconvex, finely punctured, pubescence rather abimdant but not dense; California to Texas; Cercidiwn, Condalia, etc.; 1.7-2.3 mm 22. parkinsoniae Blackman — Apex of male circumdeclivital spine 5 in line with others 23 23(22). Male declivital face with at least one tubercle below circumdeclivital ring on interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and occasionally on others; female frons shallowly concave 24 — Male declivital face with tubercles below circumdeclivital ring only on interstriae 1 and 3; female frons flat to convex 26 24(23). Denticles on declivital interstriae 3 extending lower, final pointed granule in line with 9, slight elevation extending between apices of 3 and 9, this elevation armed by granules in female; circumdeclivital tubercles in male well devel- oped; strial punctures on posterior half of male disc very large, very deep; fe- male frons distinctly convex, with an indistinct, central, transverse callus and moderately abundant vestiture; black; Guatemala; 2.6-2.9 mm 23. cancellatus Blandford — Declivital denticles on interstriae 3 ending higher on declivity, final pointed granule at junction of interstriae 3 and 7 usually on a weak elevation con- necting these interstriae; male circumdeclivital tubercles less well developed, punctures on posterior half of disc much smaller, not as deep 25 25(24). Tubercles in male circumdeclivital ring poorly developed, two or more tu- bercles below this ring on interstriae 5 and 7, punctures on striae 1 and 2 al- most as large as those in lateral areas; male frons flattened, female frons plano- concave, both pubescent on broad area three-fourths as wide as distance between eyes; Texas to Maryland and Florida; Celtis; 1.8-2.3 mm 24. langstoni (Blackman) 1982 MicRACiNi 613 — Tubercles in male circumdeclivital ring well developed, projecting slightly, in- terstriae 5 and 7 never with more than one tubercle each below circum- declivital ring, pimctures on lower half of striae 1 and 2 small, very coarse on all striae near base of declivity; female frons shallowly concave and pubescent on median two-thirds; Tamaulipas to San Luis Potosi, 1.8-2.2 mm 25. medius Wood 26(23). Strial punctures on face of male declivity near apex almost as large as those near circumdeclivital ring; three tubercles on male declivital interstriae 3 smaller than those on 1; female frons broadly flattened and pubescent on median two-thirds or more; Puebla; Salix; 2.5-2.9 mm 26. microcornis Wood — Punctures on face of male declivity on lower half of striae 1 and 2 about one- third as large as punctures near circumdeclivital ring; two tubercles on male declivital interstriae 3 larger than those on 1; female frons flattened and pubescent on median half; San Luis Potosi, 1.8-2.0 mm 27. equidens Wood 27(21). Two or more spines on male circumdeclivital ring projecting more than twice basal width of spine; Honduras; Ficus; 2.2 mm 28. disparilis Wood — None of spines on male circumdeclivital ring projecting more than basal width of spine 28 28(27). All spines in male circumdeclivital ring less well developed, long spines on up- per half of declivity projecting no more than twice distance of short spines; large punctures on face of male declivity in definite rows, with distinguishable interstriae; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.5 mm 29. alternus Wood — All spines in male circumdeclivital ring more strongly developed, longest spines projecting four or more times distance of short spines; large punctures on male declivital face much larger, deeper, confused; Nayarit to Oaxaca; Acacia, Inga; 1.5-2.1 mm 30. inaequalis Wood 29(20). Spines in circumdeclivital row of male blunt, rounded, symmetrical; female scape sparsely pubescent; female frons with pubescent area largely or com- pletely divided into two parts; mature color almost black; Nayarit to Colombia; 1.3-1.8 mm 31. elegans Eichhoff — Spines in circumdeclivital ring of male sharply pointed on lateral side of each spine; female scape bearing a tuft of long hair; female frontal pubescence uniformly distributed; body color reddish brown 30 30(29). Spines in male circumdeclivital ring projecting only slightly; male declivity more distinctly convex, strial rows easily discernible; female frons moderately concave, pubescence abundant; suture 1 on antennal club strongly procurved, extending beyond basal third; Nayarit, 1.9-2.2 mm (see also 35. punctatorugosus Schedl)— 32. dissidens Wood — Spines in male circumdeclivital ring projecting conspicuously, especially in lat- eral areas; male declivity more nearly flattened, strial rows seen with diffi- culty; female frons convex, pubescence rather sparse; suture 1 on antennal club weakly procurved; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.2 mm (see also 33. clarki Wood) 34. aberrans Wood 614 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Hylocurus binodatus Wood Hijlocurus binodatus Wood, 1974, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):17 (Holotype, female; Nicholson, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— The frontal area of this spe- cies has a pair of raised spongy patches some- what hke the rtidis group of species, but the elytral declivity is similar to harnedi Blackman. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons with a large, transversely reniform concavity from midway between epistoma and upper level of eyes to vertex, widest point at upper level of eyes, occupying three- fourths of area between eyes; concavity rather abruptly impressed, moderately deep; central area of each half of concavity occu- pied by a protuberant, oval, spongy area, oc- cupying about half of concave area; spongy areas rather narrowly separated from one an- other; general sculpture as in rudis; subglabrous. Pronotum as in rudis except granules on disc smaller. Elytral disc as in rudis. Declivi- ty as in rudis except tubercles distinctly larger; interstriae 1 with a moderately large protuberance at middle of declivity, slightly displaced from suture, almost as high as wide, similar to but smaller than female harnedi; interstriae 9 not more strongly elevated than in rudis. Vestiture as in rudis. Distribution.— Louisiana to Mississippi. USA: Louisiana: Algiers, 18-1 V-45, No. 45-8751, pe- can, Rau. Mississippi: Nicholson, 15-1-45, No. 45-2357, under hickory bark, W. H. Anderson. Host.— Carya sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 2. Hylocurus rudis (LeConte) Figs. 148-149 Micracis rudis LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:369 (Holotvpe, female?; Detroit, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1020) Micracis biorhis Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:22 (Holotvpe, male; Syr- acuse, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus.,' 58217); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:196. Synoni/my Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from torosus Wood by the larger frontal ex- cavation, the spongy area ventrolateral in po- sition, mostly flat, and distinctly larger. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons deeply, broadly excavated, margins of concavity abrvipt except median area be- low; surface minutely etched to rugulose; ventrolateral areas of concavity occupied by large, subcircular, minutely pilose areas (ap- pearing spongy) of somewhat variable size and position, lower halves of these areas moderately protruding, upper halves almost flat, these areas separated below by a dis- tance about equal to one-fourth width of con- cavity (variable in series); glabrous except for minute pile. Antennal club with two bi- sinuate sutures. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, broadly rounded in front; ser- rations on anterior margin almost obsolete; summit poorly developed, in front of middle; asperities continue as granules to base; poste- rior area reticulate, with a few granules. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, a slight notch at end of elevated interstriae 9, subacutely acuminate and mucronate behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae weakly convex, smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widely spaced. Declivity steep, convex, produced at apex; striae rather obscure, a slight impres- sion below where 3 and 7 join; interstriae 9 rather strongly elevated, its apex declining gradually, all interstriae with several rounded granules; acuminate area tuberculate to its base. Vestiture of fine, moderately long hair, largely confined to declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frontal excavation slightly smaller, not as deep, spongy areas flatter; declivital granules slightly larger except smaller on interstriae 1 and 2. Distribution.— Michigan and Pennsylva- nia to Kansas and Georgia. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Georgia: Black's Mt., Clarksville. Kansas: Ottawa. Kentucky: Humble. Maryland: Jacksons, Plummers Island. Mich- igan: Detroit. New Jersey: Pequest. Ohio: Delaware Co., Franklin Co., Westerville. Pennsylvania: Blain, Harris- burg, Hummelstown, Pittsburgh, University Park. Vir ginia: "Va. 1982 MiCRACINI 615 Hosts.— Carya spp., Fagiis grandifolia, Quercus velutina, Ulmus americana. Biology.— Presumably as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of nidis and biorbis and on 43 other specimens. Apparently there is a great deal of varia- tion in the size of the spongy areas on the frons in this rare species. 3. Hylocurus torosus Wood Figs. 148-150 Htjlocttrus torosus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 15(3):28 (Holotype, female; Florence, South Carolina; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rudis (LeConte) by characters of the frontal excavation and its protuberances as noted below. Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons deeply excavated on median two- thirds from just above epistomal margin to well above eyes, broadly oval in outline, its margins abrupt on all sides; surface etched as in nidis; lateral walls of concavity with a pair of large, protruding, subcircular areas, almost as high as wide, pile longer than in rudis. Antenna, pronotum and elytra as in rudis. Distribution.— Illinois and Maryland to Alabama and South Carolina. ^:^^> Fig. 148. Micracini spp., antennae: 1, Hylocurus torosus, female; 2, Hylocurus rudis { = biorbis), female; 3, Hylo- curus bicornus, female; 4, Hylocurus harnedi. female; 5, Hylocurus longstoni, female; 6-7, Micracis suturalis, female, 8, same, male; 9-10, Micracis swainei (9 is an abnormally slender club), female; 11, Micracisella opacicollis, female. (After Blackman 1920:pl. I.) 616 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 USA: Alabama: Corona Mines, 18-IX-76, B. A. Haw- kins. Illinois: Pine Hills Field Station, Union Co., 15-V- 67. Maryland: Plummers Island, Carija and Celtis, A. D. Hopkins. North Carolina: Tryon, Acer, Carija. Casanea ck'iitata, S. F. Fiske. South Carolina: Florence, 12-V-61, in flight, V. M. Kirk. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 10 other specimens. 4. Hyhcurus bicornus (Blackman) Figs. 148-149 Micracis bicornus Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:23 (Lectotype, female; Mendenhall, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rudls (LeConte) by the very different sculpture of the frons as noted below. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons excavated about as in rudis except bilobed spongy areas borne on a strongly ele- vated median partition; spongy area about one-fourth as wide as frontal concavity. Pronotum as in riidis except posterior area less distinctly reticulate. Elytra as in rtidis ex- cept striae indistinctly impressed, punctures smaller, not as deep; declivity more finely sculptured, more nearly shining. Male.— Similar to female except frontal excavation not as deep, median partition ab- sent, spongy areas borne on paired processes arising from median half of floor of con- cavity, basally, narrowly separated, each pro- cess higher than wide, its basal longitudinal axis about twice as great as its transverse axis. Distribution.— Mississippi. USA: Mississippi: Mendenhall, 26, 30-XII-19, hickory, M. W. Blackman. Host.— Carya sp. Biology.— Apparently as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype, on the lectoallotype, and on 20 other specimens. The female syntype in the U.S. National Museum, labeled as the holotype, is here designated as the lectotype of this species. 5. Hyhcurus biconcavus Blackman Fig. 147 Hyhcurus biconcavus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:344. (Holotype, female?; Kentucky; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56397) Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color almost black. As in bi- cornus (Blackman) except large, deep, trans- versely oval frontal excavation completely di- vided by a narrow median partition; slightly spongy texture limited to summit of this partition. Distribution.— Kentucky. USA: Kentucky: "Ky." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. Insufficient material is avail- able to evaluate the status of this species. 6. Hylocurus harnedi (Blackman) Figs. 148-149, 151 Micracis harnedi Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:24 (Lectotype, female; Mendenhall, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species and the allied spadix Blackman are remotely related to other known Hylocurus. In both species the elytral declivity is armed by only one pair of prominent, blunt elevations, these apparently derived from interstriae 1. In the harnedi male these processes are basally subcon- tiguous at the suture just below the base of the declivity, and in the female they are just above the middle of the declivity about in line with interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons obscured in available specimens; evi- dently moderately convex and finely granu- late, with sparse vestiture. Pronotum essen- tially as in bicornus. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, abruptly rounded, then strongly acuminate behind, with a pair of projecting declivital processes interrupting outline; striae feebly impressed toward declivity, punctures moderately coarse, deep; inter- striae as wide as striae, weakly convex poste- riorly, shining, with occasional transverse lines, punctures fine, often rather obscure, uniseriate, becoming finely granulate on pos- terior third. Declivity very steep, broadly convex; striae 1 and 2 apparently obsolete; a large, pointed elevation just above middle of declivity in line with interstriae 2, higher than wide; a shallow impression between 1982 MiCRACINI 617 homs from base of declivity to base of acumi- nate elytral apex; interstriae lateral to horns bearing uniseriate, isolated, pointed granules; interstriae 9 rather strongly elevated, eleva- tion terminated abruptly behind. Vestiture confined to declivital base, of sparse, stout, almost scalelike setae. Male.— Similar to female except sutural interstriae bearing a rather slender, blunt, fingerlike process near base of declivity, in- terstriae 3 convex and uniseriately granulate to middle of declivity, not bearing a pair of horns at this position; declivital interstriae 9 more strongly elevated. Fig. 149. Micracini spp., protibiae; 12, Hylocurus toro.ms. female; 13, Hylocurtis rudis, female; 14, Hylocurus bi- cornm, female, 15, same, male; 16, Hylocurus harnedi, female; 17, Hylocurus langstoni, female; 18-19, Micracis sutu- ralis, female; 20-21, Micracis swainei. female; 22, Micracisella oparico/fo, "female. (After Blackman 1920:pl. II.) 618 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Mississippi. USA: Mississippi: Mendenhall, 30-XII-19, Carya, M. W. Blackman. Biology.— Specimens were removed from hickory branches. The gallery systems appar- ently were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype, on the lectoallotype, and on three paratypes. The female syntype from Mendenhall, Mississippi, that was labeled "type" by Blackman is here designated as the lectotype of this species. 7. Hylocuriis spadix Blackman Hijlocurus spadix Blackman, 1928, Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse Tech. Bull. 25:188 (Holotype, female; Tryon, North Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mus., 271.31) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from harnedi Blackman by the pair of decliv- ital spines below the middle of the declivity, located in tlie same position in both sexes (in line with interstriae 3). Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons and pronotum as in harnedi. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline as in harnedi; striae feebly impressed at base, more strongly toward declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost as wide as striae, smooth with a few transverse lines, punctures uniseriate, fine, rather coarse, uniseriate granules at declivital base. Declivity very steep, rather broadly convex; a pair of large, blunt, almost mammiform ele- vations at or just below middle of declivity in line with interstriae 3, almost as high as wide, basal width slightly greater than width of an interstriae; lateral areas with granules and in- terstriae 9 as in harnedi. Vestiture of sparse, stout setae at base of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal granules much smaller, interstriae 9 less strongly elevated; mammiform declivital ele- vations with smaller basal width but equal in height. Distribution.— Pennsylvania to North Carolina. USA: North Carolina: Tryon, Hopk. U.S. 3190B, hick- ory, W. F. Fiske. Pennsylvania: Linglestown, 2-VII1-13, hickory, A. D. Hopkins. Host.— Carya. Biology.— Presumably as in harnedi. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, two paratypes, and on one other specimen. 8. Hylocunis incomptus Wood Hylocuriis incomptus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):44 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from noduhis Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons moderately convex, epistomal mar- gin slightly elevated; a conspicuous, trans- verse carina occupying median half at upper level of eyes; surface coarsely reticulate, sparse punctures minute; vestiture inconspic- uous except on epistomal margin. Eye small- er than in related species. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, converging slightly anteriorly on posterior two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; sculpture as in feminetis Wood, with tubercles behind summit finer, becom- ing obsolete at base; vestiture inconspicuous, hairlike. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather abruptly rounded behind, median fourth extending into a rather well-developed mucro; striae not impressed, punctures fine, shallow but distinct; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, marked by irregular lines, almost flat, punctures minute, widely separated, be- coming finely granulate on posterior fourth. Declivity convex, very steep; strial punctures obscure; interstriae 3 weakly, 9 moderately elevated, 1 feebly raised and terminating api- cally in mucro; all interstriae with a row of tubercles on upper third, minute on 2, rather coarse on 3, and last tubercle on 9, those on 3 extend to middle, on 1 two or three minute granules scattered on lower half. Vestiture hairlike, consisting of rows of short strial and slightly longer interstrial setae on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except evi- dently very slightly more finely sculptured; declivital vestiture longer and more abundant. 1982 MiCRACINI 619 Distribution.— Chiapas to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas; 13 km NE San Cristobal, 15-V-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 616, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The original series was taken from an old, decaying, fallen limb, 20 cm in diameter, of an unidentified tree. The y-^. 37. iri?a '^n^o; Fig. 150. Micracini, dorsal aspect: 35, Hylocurus torosus; 36, Micracis swainei, female; 37, Micracis suturalis, fe- male, 38, same, male. (After Blackman 1922, pi. VII.) 620 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 galleries were such that it appeared more than one generation had been completed within this one limb; there were no exit holes or indications that the mature beetles were making tunnels in the direction toward the surface of the limb. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 69 specimens and on one other specimen. 9. Hylocurus flaglerensis Blackman Fig. 147 Hylocurus flaglerensis Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:345 (Holotype, female; Flagler Co., Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56400) Diagnosis.— This species is somewhat in- termediate between incornptus Wood and nodulus Wood, but it is distinguished by the larger size, by the larger upper declivital tu- bercles, and by other characters mentioned below. Male.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in nodulus; pronotum as in in- cornptus except posterior area feebly reti- culate, almost shining, granules narrower. Elytral outline as in incornptus; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; in- terstriae very slightly wider than striae, uniseriate punctures rather coarse, their ante- rior sides elevated to form fine nodules that become distinctly larger toward declivity, largest about half as high as wide. Declivity convex, moderately steep, apex acuminate; arrangement of tubercles basically as in in- cornptus, interstriae 1 armed by a moderately large tooth just below base of declivity, 3 bearing a rather coarse, blunt tooth near middle of declivity, two or more smaller tu- bercles may occur dorsad of this major one, one small tubercle at or near apex of 5 and 7, tubercle at junction of 3 and 9 proportion- ately smaller than in incornptus. Vestiture of rather long, coarse hair of moderate length. Distribution.— Florida. USA: Florida: Marion Co., 31-1-30, fniit fly trap, R. B. Mathews. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and paratype. 10. Hylocurus nodulus Wood Fig. 152 Hylocurus nodulus Wood,. 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:141 (Holotype, male; Pujal, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is in the robustus Schedl group of species, but it is very dis- tinct. It is distinguished from North Ameri- can forms by characters included in the above key. Male.— Length L6-2.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, a moderately deep, rather narrow, transverse impression at level of an- tennal insertion; surface somewhat granulate- punctate, a conspicuous, rather coarse, trans- versely compressed median granule at upper level of eyes. Antennal club subcircular, with sutures 1 and 2 weakly procurved. Pronotum LI times as long as wide; sides very feebly arcuate, subparallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by two coarse, closely set teeth; posterior surface obscurely reticulate, with rather numerous isolated granules to- ward summit. Vestiture of sparse, coarse hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in rudis; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct at base, becoming larger, malformed toward declivity; interstriae smooth, with dis- tinct punctures on basal third, 1 and 2 with large, rounded nodules on middle third, high- er and more acutely rounded behind on all interstriae. Declivity confined to posterior third; steep, convex, produced at apex; strial punctures very small, not always clearly formed; interstriae 1 elevated toward apex, 3 weakly, broadly raised on middle third, 1 and 2 unarmed, others with tubercles on upper two-thirds, lower one or two tubercles on 3 larger, 9 rather weakly elevated, not tubercu- late. Vestiture largely confined to declivity; of coarse, blunt, moderately long interstrial bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression not as deep; teeth on anterior margin of pronotum smaller; all nodules and granules on elytra rather small; vestiture of slender, pointed bristles. Distribution.— Jalisco and San Luis Potosi to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Jalisco: Guadalajara, 26-VII-42, bamboo (Nogales interception No. 55381). San Luis Potosi: Pujal, 20-VI-53, bamboo, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m, bamboo, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, l-VIIl-63, No. 94, bamboo, S. L. Wood; San Jose, San Jose, 12-IX-63, No. 161, 22-X- 63, No. 239, Bambusa vulgaris, S. L. Wood. 1982 MiCRACINI 621 Hosts.— Bamboo. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 15 paratypes and on 33 other specimens. 11. Hylocurus simplex BlsLudiord Fig. 152 Hylocurus simplex Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):222 (Holotype, male; El Tumbador, San Marcos, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species has several equal, uniseriate interstrial tubercles at the base of the declivity, and interstriae 9 joins the costal margin. Male.— Length 2.7-3.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons rather strongly convex, abruptly, transversely impressed on lower third; sur- face brightly shining, smooth, with large, deep, close punctures uniformly distributed from impression to vertex; glabrous. Antennal club subcircular; two weakly procurved sutures. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight, converging slightly on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin irregularly serrate; posterior area subreticulate, with iso- lated granules extending to base. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in rudis; striae distinctly impressed, punctures moderately small, very close, deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, a few transverse lines, punctures small, almost uniseriate; each in- terstriae with two coarse, rounded nodules at base of declivity except 3 and 5 with more. Declivity steep, convex, produced at apex; striae not impressed, punctures small, rather shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, 1 with a few small granules on lower half, 3 with four to eight rather large, rounded nodules on up- per two-thirds, 5 and 7 each with five no- dules at base, 2, 4, 6, and 8 smooth except at extreme base, 9 subacutely, rather strongly elevated and joining costal margin; a few granules on or near apex. Glabrous except for a few hairlike setae near base of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened on median half, transverse impres- sion absent, flattened area finely punctured. with abundant, fine, hairlike setae of moder- ate length; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivital interstrial tubercles slightly smaller, mostly pointed, larger and more abundant on 1, more abundant (10) on 3. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama. GUATEMALA: El Tumbador, San Marcos, G. C. Champion. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, 19-XII-63, No. 315, lM-64, No. 404, 1800 m, Inga, S. L. Wood. Host.— Inga sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Specimens were taken from dying limbs and boles up to 15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 15 other specimens. The holotype is a male, not a female as stated by Blandford. 12. Hylocurus egenus Blandford Hyloctirus egenus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):222 (Holotype, male; Motzorongo, Veracniz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from simplex Blandford by the smaller size, by the elimination of nodules on declivital in- terstriae 2 and their reduction to one on 4, by the coarser declivital strial punctures, by the smoother discal interstriae, and by the scale- hke interstrial setae on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons of type not clearly visible, evidently similar to simplex. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; as in simplex except basal areas more strongly reti- culate, granules finer, less numerous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as* in simplex; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae near declivity, twice as wide as striae near base, smooth, shining, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather sparse, with no transverse lines. De- clivity steep convex; about as in simplex ex- cept strial punctures larger, deeper, inter- striae 2 without nodules, 4 with one, those on 1 and 3 sharply pointed; nodules not extend- ing to disc. Vestiture confined to declivity where nodules, punctures, or tubercles occur, consisting of erect, flattened interstrial bristles, each as long as distance between 622 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 rows, each about six to eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Motzorongo, Flohr. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male holotype. 13. Hylocurus dihitus Wood Hylocurus dihitiis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):29 (Holotype, male; Volcan Colima, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to sim- plex Blandford and ruber Wood, but it is dis- tinguished by the smaller average size, by the smaller interstrial tubercles in both sexes, and by the small, confused strial punctures on the declivity. Male.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons convex, transversely impressed on lower third; surface obscurely reticulate- granulate, convex area with rather numerous, very large, low, shining granules over more than central half; vestiture fine, sparse, in- conspicuous except more abundant along epistoma. Antennal club broadly oval; sutures 1 and 2 strongly procurved, 1 almost reach- ing middle. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in simplex except sides weakly arcuate; anterior margin armed by eight coarse serrations; pos- terior area more strongly reticulate, with iso- lated granules slightly smaller. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in simplex; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, rather deeply, not sharply impressed; interstriae almost smooth, with a few ob- scure, transverse lines, evidently narrower than striae, punctures not clearly defined; each interstriae near declivity with about two low, poorly formed granules. Declivity steep, convex, produced at apex; strial punc- tures small, deep, confused on lower two- thirds; interstriae 1 and 3 weakly elevated, 1 with very small granules on upper two-thirds, 3 with small granules on upper third, 9 rather strongly elevated on basal half, its summit subserrate, a rather broad impression be- tween 9 and costal margin. Subglabrous; very sparse, short, fine hair on some specimens. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened on at least median half, transvrse impression absent, surface reticulate, dull, with rather abundant, small, deep punctures and fine, short, abundant hair; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum smaller, irregu- lar; strial punctures on disc smaller, not as deep, sharply defined; tubercles on declivity evidently slightly smaller. Distribution.— Jalisco to Michoacan. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 2.3-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 102; S. L. Wood. Michoacan: Zirimicuaro, 2-XI-80, 1350 m, T. H. Atkinson. Biology.— As described for the genus. Specimens were taken from a branch of a leguminous tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 14. Hylocurus ruber Wood Hi/hcurus ruber Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:142 (Holotype, male; .32 km NE Ciudad del Mai's, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species resembles sim- plex Blandford, although the relationship may be rather remote; it is distinguished by char- acters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a shallow, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface ob- scurely reticulate, deeply, rather coarsely punctured except rather coarsely granulate at center; vestiture of coarse, short, rather abun- dant setae uniformly distributed. Antennal club elongate-oval; sutures 1 and 2 moder- ately procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in simplex except posterior area with fine granules extending almost to base with moderately large, shallow punctures intermixed. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in rudis; striae moderately impressed toward declivity, punctures rather small and shallow at base, coarse and very deep toward declivi- ty; interstriae as narrow or narrower than striae, smooth, shining, convex, fine punc- tures widely spaced, replaced by nodules at base of declivity on all interstriae. Declivity steep, convex, produced at apex; surface 1982 MiCRACINI 623 smooth, shining, all striae rather coarsely punctured in rows; interstriae 1, 3, and 9. moderately elevated, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 each with one or two large, rounded nodules at base, 1 with moderately small, pointed den- ticles to apex, 3 with large pointed denticles to junction with 9, 7 with five nodules, 9 with a series of contiguous nodules to junc- tion with 5. Vestiture largely confined to de- clivital area, of long, slender, interstrial scales; absent from central face of declivity except on 1 and 3. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, with dense, uniformly short pu- bescence over broad area; anterior margin of pronotum more finely, less regularly serrate; strial punctures on disc slightly smaller, inter- strial nodules much smaller. Distribution.— San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Los Abritos (32 km NE Ciudad del Mai's), 18-VL53, Robinia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four paratypes. 15. Hyloctirtis hirtellus (LeConte) Fig. 147 Micracis hirtellus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:369 (Holotype, female; Southern Califor- nia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1021) Hylocunis crinitus Blackman, 1943, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:347 (Holotype, male; Orange, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56401); Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:304. Synonijmij Diagnosis.— Except for the antenna, pro- tibia, and elytral denticles, this species might easily be confused with Micracis species. Within Hylocunis it might be confused with femineus Wood or efferninatus Wood, ex- cept that the sparse tubercles on interstriae 3 continue to the junction with interstriae 9. Male.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; very dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly convex, a distinct transverse callus near middle, a slight, transverse im- pression just above epistoma; epistomal area shining, upper area rather coarsely granulate- punctate; vestiture rather sparse, moderately coarse, long. Antennal club oval; sutures 1 and 2 moderately, asymmetrically procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin somewhat irregu- larly armed by six to eight coarse teeth; pos- terior area reticulate, with rather abundant, close, small, isolated, shining granules. Vesti- ture of rather abundant, fine, long hair. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in rudis; striae very feebly impressed, punctures coarse, rather deep; interstriae shining, al- most as wide as striae, anterior margins of punctures raised on basal .half, distinctly, finely granulate toward declivity. Declivity steep, convex, apex acutely produced; strial punctures smaller than on disc, distinct; in- terstriae 1 and 3 very feebly elevated, 9 mod- erately elevated, 1 finely, 3 more coarsely, ir- regularly tuberculate, tubercles on 3 attain junction with 9; interstriae 5, 7, and 8 each with about two to four small tubercles near base, others with occasional small granules. Vestiture of rows of fine, rather abundant, strial and interstrial hair, that of interstriae much longer. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, with a dense patch of fine, long, yellow hair on central half on upper two- thirds; anterior margin of pronotum almost unarmed; discal interstriae not as irregular; declivital tubercles somewhat more abun- dant; vestiture evidently finer, slightly shorter. Distribution.— Washington to Baja California. USA: California: Alameda Co., Areata, Berkeley, Con- tra Costa Co., Eureka, Fieldbrook, Los Angeles, Mill Valley, Mt. St. Helena, Mt. Tamalpais, Monterey Co., North Hollywood, Oakland, Orange, Palo Alto, Pasa- dena, Riverside Co., Santa Ana, Scotia, Solano Co., Ven- tura Co. Oregon: Portland. Washington: Hobart in King Co. MEXICO: Baja California: Santa Domingo. Hosts.— Alnus sp.. Arbutus menziesii, Ceanothus sp., Populus sp., Rhus sp., Salix spp. Bright (1973:64) adds Myrica, Quercus, Rhamnus, Umbellularia. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of hirtellus and crinitus and on 142 other specimens. 624 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 16. Hijlocurus longipennis Wood Hyhcunis longipennis Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:141 (Holotype, male; 5 km W El Salto, Diiran- go, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the slender body form and by other char- acters cited below. Although it is more close- ly allied to hirtellus (LeConte) than to other known species, the relationship is not close. Male.— Length 2.5 mm (females 2.8-3.0 mm), 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons with a strong, transverse carina on more than median half midway between lev- el of antennal insertion and upper margin of eyes; surface concealed by pronotum above carina, smooth, shining, with small punctures at sides and below. Antenna about as in hir- tellus except club slightly longer, wider, with sutures slightly more strongly procurved. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in hirtellus except disc longer, more strongly reticulate, with subcrenulate tu- bercles almost twice as large. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal four-fifths, rather abruptly, serra- tely tapered to strong, apical mucro; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae sUghtly narrower than striae, smooth, shining, punctures small, close, their anterior margins slightly elevated, more strongly so near de- clivity. Declivity very steep, convex; about as in hirtellus except smoother, more brightly shining, tubercles at base slightly larger, broader, interstriae 3 without tubercles be- low jimction with 7, 9 higher and without tu- bercles on its posterior half; costal margin near apex finely serrate. Vestiture much as in hirtellus except interstrial setae at base of de- clivity longer, coarser, strial setae much shorter. Female.— Similar to male except frons without a carina, an indefinite callus in its place, upper surface with indefinite punc- tures and fine, sparse granules, vestiture rather sparse; tubercles at base of declivity finer. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO; Durango: El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 41, Quercus branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 17. Hylocurus femineus Wood Hijlocurus femineus Wood, 1959, Great Basin Nat. 19:59 (Holotype, male; Miller Canyon, Hiiachuca Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied effeminatus Wood by the larger size, by the smoother, shining pronotal disc, by the finer elytral setae, and by the more nearly flattened female frons, which is more densely, more extensively pubescent. Male.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex above, a conspicuous trans- verse carina at upper level of eyes on median half, rather strongly, transversely impressed below carina; surface densely, rather coarsely punctured above, finely punctured and trans- versely etched below; vestiture sparse, fine, limited to lateral areas of impression. Anten- nal club subcircular; sutures 1 and 2 rather weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in simplex except posterior area largely shining (reticulate in Michoacan series), with isolated granules to base, most granules with a shallow puncture on anterior margin, granules larger toward summit. Ves- titure of fine, sparse hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in sim- plex; striae very feebly impressed, punctures rather small, deep, some of them connected by longitudinal lines; interstriae wider than striae, smooth, with occasional transverse lines, punctures small, uniseriate. Declivity very steep, broadly convex, produced at apex; strial punctures slightly smaller than on disc, in rows; interstriae 1 with a few minute granules, 2, 4, 5, and 6 with one or two tu- bercles at base, 3 and 8 with tubercles reach- ing middle of declivity, 9 rather strongly ele- vated, subserrate, with one or two fine granules between apex of elevation and ter- minal mucro. Vestiture of moderately coarse hair at base of declivity, few setae on declivi- tal face. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, carina absent, broadly, rather densely pubescent; anterior margin of pro- notum finely serrate; elytral disc smoother; 1982 MiCRACINI 625 major tubercles on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 slightly larger, others smaller, 9 less strong- ly elevated; vestiture finer, more generally distributed. Distribution.— S Arizona to Michoacan. USA: Arizona: Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 22- VIII-58, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Michoacan: Patzcuaro- Ario de Rosales km 32, 31-X-80, S-129, Quercm, T. H. .\tkinson. Biology.— As described for the genus. The host was thought to be a small, uprooted Aes- culiis sp., but native representatives of this genus are unknown at the type locality. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 18. Hyhcurus effeminatiis Wood Fig. 145 Hylocunis effeminatiis Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:143 (Holotype, male; 8 km NW Totolapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied femineiis Wood by the small- er size, by the dull, reticulate pronotal disc, by the coarser elytral setae, and by the trans- verse, female frontal callus. Male.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in femineus except vestiture more conspicuous. Antennal club oval; sutures 1 and 2 feebly arcuate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in femineus except sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, and discal area reti- culate, dull, without punctures. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outhne as in femineus; striae very feebly impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, devoid of lines, punctures small, widely spaced. Declivity steep, convex, acuminate at apex; striae and tubercles essen- tially as in femineus except tubercles average smaller in size and very slightly more numer- ous. Vestiture largely confined to declivital base, consisting of interstrial scales; each scale about four to six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina poorly developed, represented by a transverse callus bearing several coarse gran- ules, vestiture sparse, limited to central area; anterior margin of pronotum less coarsely serrate; declivital tubercles averaging slightly larger; elytral vestiture much more slender and more widely distributed. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 6 km N Totolapan, 3-VII-53, 20- VI-67, 1100 m, Nos. 61, 63, S. L. Wood; 30 km SE Cam- eron, 21-VI-67, legimiinous tree, S. L. Wood. Host.— Leguminous trees. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 8 paratypes and on 64 other specimens. 19. Hyhcurus schwarzi Blackman Hyhcurus schivctrzi Blackman, 1928, Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:189 (Holo- type, male; Victoria, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 27132) Diagnosis.— This species is very similar to effeminatus Wood, but it is distinguished by characters included in the following description. Male.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, weakly, transversely im- pressed above epistoma and in median area; entirely devoid of transverse carinate eleva- tion; surface reticulate-granulate with low, subaciculate rugae in lateral areas; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; as in effeminatus but slightly more shining. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline about as in effeminatus but stouter; strial punctures deeper, transversely larger than ef- feminatus; interstriae weakly convex, on pos- terior fourth of disc each with row of rounded nodules larger and more broadly rounded than in effeminatus. Declivity about as in effeminatus except interstriae 2 not im- pressed, bearing a row of very small tubercles to middle, 3-8 all armed by similar, larger, rounded tubercles, those on 3 and 7 contin- uing almost to middle of declivity, others end on upper fourth. Vestiture as in effeminatus except scales narrower at their apices than at bases, each about six to eight times as long as wide. Distribution.— S Texas. USA: Texas: Victoria, 27-III, E. A. Schwarz. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on one paratype. 20. Hylocurus errans Blandford Hyhcurus errans Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):224 (Lectotype, male; "Mexican" 626 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 tobacco refuse, but probably from Brazil; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) This species was found at Paris in "Mexi- can" tobacco refuse. Virtually all of the Blandford species named from that material that have now been identified in the Ameri- can faima, are from Brazil, not Mexico. Until this species can be identified in the Central American or in the Mexican fauna, it should be regarded as a Brazilian species. The first specimen in the syntypic Bland- ford series has been labeled "Type," although it has never been so designated. I here desig- nate this male as the lectotype of errans Blandford. 21. Hylocurus rivalis Wood Hylociints rivalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):16 (Holotype, male; 5 km or .3 miles N Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Cana- dian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from schwarzi Blackman by the serrate male declivital interstriae 9, with the nodules on all interstriae higher and slightly closer, by the numerous, strong, irregularly transverse, interstrial lines, and by the more strongly ru- gose-reticulate pronotal disc. It is probably more closely related to effeminatus Wood. Male.— Length 2.1-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, some specimens almost black. Frons as in effeminatus, including trans- verse elevation. Antennal club distinctly larger than in effeminatus. Pronotum as in effeminatus. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; outline similar to effeminatus; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, shining, with nu- merous, irregular, coarse, transverse lines giv- ing interstriae a subcrenulate appearance, some of low, transverse ridges continuing across striae; moderately high, rounded no- dules near declivity on all interstriae. Decliv- ity steep, convex, contours about as in schwarzi; striae 1 and 2 continuing to base of mucro; base of each interstriae with three to five rounded nodules, largest as high as wide, 1, 3, and 7 with small, pointed tubercles to middle of declivity, tubercles on 2 and 4 ex- tending to upper third, those on 5, 6, and 8 ending on upper fourth, 9 moderately ele- vated about as in schwarzi but with small no- dules to apex of elevation. Vestiture more abundant than in schwarzi, of rows of minute strial hair, and rows of delicate, coarse, point- ed bristles of same texture as schwarzi; bristles longest near base of declivity, each of longest bristles longer than distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons de- void of transverse elevation; transverse lines and subcrenulate ridges on elytral disc poorly developed; interstrial nodules much less than half as high, extending almost to middle of disc; declivital tubercles smaller; vestiture finer. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: .5 km or 3 miles N Suchixtepec on Highway 175, 4-VI-71, .3000 m, Pimis. D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 54 specimens. 22. Hylocurus parkinsoniae Blackman Hylocurus parkmsoniae Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 22(5): 142 (Holo- type, male; Rav, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 26629) Diagnosis.— This species is somewhat in- termediate between the group of species hav- ing the male circumdeclivital interstrial spines all of equal length and the group hav- ing them alternate between long and short spines. In this species spine 5 (and occasion- ally 3) is slightly longer than the others. Male.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons convex above, abruptly, moderately, transversely impressed on lower third; sur- face of upper area coarsely, very closely punctured, lower area with fine punctures and some transverse striations; vestiture fine, sparse, largely confined to impressed area. Antennal club subcircular; sutures 1 and 2 moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in effeminatus except posterior area subshining, granules decreasing in size posteriorly, some of them with shallow punctures on their an- terior sides. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight, diverging very slightly to declivital base, then abruptly converging, a conspicuous notch at apex of 1982 MiCRACINI 627 elevated interstriae 9, with broad, subacute, produced apex mucronate; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae shining, convex, as wide as striae, punctures rather fine, uniseriate, rather close, each ending precipitously at base of declivity in a large, blunt tubercle. Declivity very steep, subtnmcate, face broadly convex, with a circumdeclivital ring of large tubercles, produced at apex; strial punctures clearly im- pressed, in rows, those near base coarse, be- coming finer toward apex; tubercles or blunt spines 1 to 8 in circumdeclivital ring of equal length, not projecting, except 5 longer (some- times 3 also), 3, 5, and 7 usually with a sup- plemental tubercle immediately below spine and on 3 and 5 sometimes joined to it, 9 strongly elevated and ending abruptly well before apex; interstriae 3 with two coarse tu- bercles on middle third, 1 with a dozen or more fine, pointed tubercles; surface sub- shining. Vestiture confined to declivital base and tubercles on face; consisting of coarse bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, very finely punctured, with rather abundant, coarse, moderately long, sub- plumose setae on central two-thirds; anterior margin of pronotum less coarsely serrate; tu- bercles on pronotal disc larger, punctures al- most obsolete; circumdeclivital spines re- placed by a series of small granules; declivity more convex, strial punctures of equal size, interstriae 9 less strongly elevated; vestiture finer, more generally distributed. Distribution.— California to Texas. USA: Arizona: Fort Yuma, Mesa, Ray, Sabino Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts. California: Mecca, Palo Verde. Texas: Brownsville, Columbus, Davis Mts., Hidalgo Co., Southmost, Victoria. Hosts.— Celtis laevigata, Cercidium micro- phyllum, C. floridum, Condalia obtusifolia. Mimosa sp., and Qiiercus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 172 other specimens. 23. Hylocurus cancellatus Blandford Hylocurus cancellatus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):221 (Lectotype, male; Quiche Mts., Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from medius Wood by the larger size, by the black color, by the much coarser deeper strial punctures on the male disc, by the steeper declivity, by the different arrange- ment of minor tubercles on the declivital face, and by other characters. Male.— Length 2.6-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons convex, rather strongly, transversely impressed below carina; a conspicuously ele- vated, transverse carina slightly below upper level of eyes occupying median half; surface shining rather coarsely granulate-punctate above carina, lower area smooth, shining, im- punctate on median half, finely punctured laterally; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous except along epistoma. Antennal club with sutures more strongly procurved than in al- lied species. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in microcornis Wood. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, slightly wider at base of declivity, abruptly narrowed at base of declivity, acutely mucronate behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures very deep, rather small at base, gradually increas- ing in size toward declivity, those near de- clivity at least three times larger than those at base; interstriae shining, three times as wide as striae at base, half as wide near de- clivity, punctures small, sparse, obscure; de- clivital margin abrupt, margin armed by a circumdeclivital ring of equal, nonprojecting, coarse, blunt tubercles. Declivity steep, mod- erately convex; striae distinctly marked by rows of punctures to near apex, punctures moderately coarse near base, becoming very fine below; interstriae 1 with a row of fine tubercles from base to apex, 2 unarmed, 3 armed by one tubercle just below basal mar- gin and four to five tubercles on lower two- thirds, lowest one in line with 9 and with a weak elevation extending to 9, 6 and 7 each with two tubercles, 9 rather strongly ele- vated, ending rather abruptly near but sepa- rate from costal margin. Vestiture confined to declivity, of sparse, moderately coarse, rather long hair. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina much more poorly developed; frontal vestiture above carina moderately abundant; strial punctures on posterior area of disc only 628 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 twice as large as those at base, not as deep as in male; circumdeclivital ring of tubercles not evident, each interstriae with about three small uniseriate tubercles at base of declivity; declivital face as in male except tubercles ex- tend from apex of interstriae 3 to 9. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Quiche Mts., 5-9700 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four of Blandford's syntypes. The male syntype on the first pin in the Blandford series is here designated as the lectotype of cancellatus Blandford. 24. Hylocunis langstoni (Blackman) Figs. 148-149, 151 Micmcis langstoni Blackman, 1920, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:26 (Lectotype, female; Agricultural College, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 24734, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied mediiis Wood by the smaller interstrial tubercles in the male circum- declivital ring, with two or more tubercles below the ring on interstriae 5 and 7, by the rather coarse, uniform strial punctures on the declivity, and by the less strongly impressed, more broadly pubescent female frons, the male frons similar to that of the female. Male.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly flattened, rather finely punctured, with abundant, erect, coarse, sub- plumose, moderately long setae. Antennal club subcircular; sutures 1 and 2 weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in effeniinatus except basal area with shallow punctures at anterior margin of granules. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in ef- feminatus; disc as in parkinsoniae except in- terstriae feebly convex, punctures rather widely separated, tubercles in circum- declivital ring much smaller. Declivity very steep, broadly convex, apex produced; strial tubercles coarse, deep, in rows, only slightly larger toward base; interstriae 1 with fine, ir- regular granules to apex, 3 with about four larger, pointed tubercles to middle of declivi- ty, 5 and 7 each with two tubercles below circumdeclivital ring, 9 strongly elevated. ending abruptly at posterior end. Vestiture largely confined to declivital base and at tu- bercles on declivital face; consisting of stout bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons slightly impressed; anterior margin of pro- notum minutely serrate; circumdeclivital ring of tubercles absent, other tubercles smaller; vestiture more generally distributed, finer. Distribution.— Texas to Maryland and Florida. USA. Florida: Lake Co. Maryland: Brunswick, Plum- mers Island. Mississippi: .Agricultural College. South Carolina: St. Catherine Island. Texas: Beeville, Browns- ville, Columbus, Gillespie, Karnes City. Virginia: Lovettsville, Rocky Point in Franklin Co. Host.— Celtis pallida, C. sp., Ulmiis sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— Blackman based this species on a long series of syntypes. He selected a female from this series and labeled it as the type and placed it in the type collection at the U.S. National Museum without validating his ac- tion. I here designate that female as the lec- totype of langstoni Blackman. The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 71 other specimens. 25. Hylocurus medius Wood Fig. 145 Hiilocurus mcdiufi Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:144 (Holotvpe, male; 8 km W Antiguo Morelos, Ta- maulipas, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied langstoni (Blackman) by the much larger tubercles in the male circum- declivital ring, by the absence of male frontal vestiture, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, a transverse, granulate callus just below upper level of eyes; surface finely subrugose, finely, shallowly, closely punc- tured; vestiture of sparse, stout, setae of mod- erate length. Antennal club subcircular; su- tures 1 and 2 poorly formed, moderately procurved. Pronotum as in effeniinatus. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as pronotum; outline as in parkinsoniae; disc as in parkinsoniae except some strial punc- tures connected by longitudinal lines, a few transverse lines cross interstriae; circum- 1982 MiCRACINI 629 declivital spines as in parkinsoniae except all of equal length. Declivity as in parkinsoniae except submarginal tubercles on interstriae 3, 5, 7, and occasionally on others distinctly be- low circumdeclivital ring. Vestiture shorter, more nearly scalelike than in parkinsoniae. Ml 34. Fig. 151. Hylocurus, dorsal aspect: 31, langstoni, male, .32, same, female; .33, harnedi, male, 34, same, female. (Af- ter Blackman 1922:pl. VI.) 630 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Similar to male except frons very shallowly concave, with a dense patch of rather long, coarse, subplumose setae on central two-thirds; anterior margin of pro- notum minutely serrate; circumdeclivital ring of tubercles absent; strial punctures on de- clivity of equal size, tubercles smaller, vesti- ture finer and more generally distributed. Distribution.— Tamaulipas to San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Piijal, 20-VI-53, S. L. Wood. Tamaulipas: 8 km W Antigiio Morelos, 20-VI-5.3, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 16 paratypes. 26. Hylocunis microcornis Wood Hyloctirus microcornis Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):45 (Holotype, male; 26 km E Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied equidens Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.5-2.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons weakly convex, ascending slightly toward epistoma; surface very closely, sub- granulately punctured, with a transverse ca- rina occupying median third at level immedi- ately below upper level of eyes. Antennal club very slightly longer than distance equal to width of eye, L7 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate and converging slightly to anterior third, then rather narrowly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by eight teeth; anterior slope asperate, posterior area closely tu- berculate, interstriae rather coarsely reti- culate; vestiture inconspicuous, hairlike. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; striae slightly impressed on posterior third, punctures deep, small at base, increasing in size toward declivity; in- terstriae as wide as striae, weakly convex ex- cept near declivity, terminating abruptly at margin of declivity in a blunt, nonprojecting spine, pimctures rather fine, uniseriate. De- clivity abrupt, somewhat convex within ring of subequal marginal tubercles (except those on 1 smaller); costal margin near apex sub- serrate; strial punctures impressed, in rows; interstriae shining, 1 bearing nine small pointed tubercles, 3 with three small gran- ules, lateral interstriae unarmed, mucro well developed, reticulate. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of minute strial hair and rather long, slender bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons above more nearly flattened, slightly more protuberant below, ornamented on median two-thirds by a conspicuous tuft of rather long, yellow hair from near epistoma to ver- tex, median area immediately above epis- toma smooth and shining, remaining area rather finely reticulate-granulate, punctures obscure, carina absent; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; tubercles on declivital margin absent; declivital striae as on disc, in- terstriae except 2 armed by fine tubercles, those on 1,3, 7, and 9 extending to middle of declivity, others ending on upper fourth; ely- tral vestiture finer, shorter, extending to disc. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 26 km E Texmelucan, 1.3-VI-67, 2900 m. No. 29, Salix, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treament was based on the type series of eight specimens. 27. Hylociirus equidens Wood Fig. 145 Hi/locurus equidens Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:144 (Holotype, male; Los Abritos, 32 km NE Ciudad del Mais, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— Refer to the above key to dis- tinguish this species from the closely allied microcornis Wood. Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, antenna, and pronotum as in park- insoniae except pronotal disc reticulate, with isolated granules to base, punctures absent. Elytral disc as in parkinsoniae exceot blunt circumdeclivital spines slightly larger, all spines of equal length; declivity steeper. De- clivity as in parkinsoniae except less convex, strial punctures near base larger, submarginal tubercles entirely absent except on interstriae 1 and 3; these tubercles as in parkinsoniae ex- cept interstriae 3 weakly elevated near cen- ter, two tubercles slightly larger; setae much coarser. Female.— Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in female medius. 1982 MiCRACINI 631 Distribution.— San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Los Abritos, 32 km NE Ciudad del Mai's, 18-VI-53, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 12 paratypes. 28. Hylociirus disparilis Wood Hijlocurus disparilis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):29 (Holotype, male; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from inaequalis Wood by the exaggerated development of the male circumdeclivital spines. Male.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, antenna, pronotum, and elytral disc as in inaequalis Wood except circum- declivital spines longer, particularly on alter- nate odd-numbered interstriae, spines 1 and 9 conspicuously longer than others; elytral apex much more slender than in allied spe- cies. Declivital face with punctures on lower two-thirds of striae 1 and 2 very small, in rows, all other punctures coarse, deep, con- fused, becoming much larger toward base; in- terstriae 3 not elevated, armed by two blunt tiibercles. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 558, Fictis glahrata, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The unique type was taken from a new tunnel in the wood of a small, broken, fig branch. 29. Hylocurus alterims Wood Hylociirus alternus Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 10(2):43 (Holotype, male; 21 km SE Liberia, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the rather closely related inaequalis Wood, by the less strongly developed spines in the circumdeclivital row of the male, and by the distinct rows of strial punctures in lat- eral areas on the male declivity; and by the less abundant vestiture on the female frons. Male.— Length 1.7-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons convex and granulate above, trans- versely impressed and punctured below a transverse carina formed at upper level of eyes by four basally confluent tubercles; ves- titure inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides feebly arcuate and con- verging very slightly on basal two-thirds, then rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about 12 coarse serra- tions; summit in front of middle; posterior area subshining, rather finely punctured, pos- terior margin of each puncture subasperate, more coarsely sculptured toward summit. Vestiture consisting of short, inconspicuous hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to declivital base; profile of posterior margin interrupted by projection of spines on interstriae 9 and 3 and by sutural apex; striae not impressed, punctures large, deeply im- pressed; interstriae narrower than striae, ir- regularly, sparsely punctured, each ending posteriorly at declivital margin in a tubercle or spine. Declivity abrupt, very steep; upper and lateral margins armed by a row of tu- bercles, those on interstriae 2, 4, and 6 dis- tinctly shorter, all tubercles abruptly de- clivous behind, 9 longer and projecting; declivital face convex, coarsely punctured, with two rather coarse tubercles on inter- striae 3 and about four smaller ones on middle third of 1; apex narrowly acuminate. Vestiture consisting of short, stout, bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina absent, frons more finely sculptured; anterior margin of pronotum finely serrate; elytra not abruptly declivous, without a mar- ginal row of tubercles on declivity; each in- terstriae bearing about three to five small tu- bercles on upper or lateral half of declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 21 km or 13 miles SK Liberia, Guana- caste, lO-VI-66, 50 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 41 specimens. 30. Hijlocurus inaequalis Wood Fig. 145 Hylocurus inaequalis Wood, 1956, Canadian Ent. 88:146 (Holotype, male; 9 km S Tehuantepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) 632 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the alhed alternus Wood by the charac- ters summarized in the above key and in the diagnosis of alternus. Male.— Length 1.5-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons with a subcarinate, irregular, trans- verse row of granules just below upper level of eyes, broadly convex above, transversely impressed below; surface very finely rugose and minutely, rather obscurely punctured above, more finely sculptured below; vesti- ture moderately abundant. Antenna as in al- lied species. Pronotum as in alternus. Elytral disc and declivity as in alternus ex- cept odd-numbered spines in circumdeclivital ring projecting about four times or more as far as even-numbered spines and more than twice as far as in alternus, and punctures in lateral areas of declivital face considerably larger, confused, general relief more exagger- ated, tubercles on interstriae 3 higher, vesti- ture similar. Female.— As in female alternus except frons shallowly concave on median third of lower half, more finely sculptured, more closely pubescent. Distribution.- Nayarit to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Colima: 3 km W, No. 136, and 24 km W Armeria, No. 151, 50 m, thorness shrub, S. L. Wood; 53 km S Colima, 27-VI-65, 700 m. No. 123, shrub, S. L. Wood. Nayarit: 8 km S Rosamorada, 14-VII-65, 100 m, No. 248, Inga paterno, S. L Wood. Oaxaca: 9 km S Te- huantepec, 8-VII-52, Acacia, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Acacia sp., Inga paterno, etc. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 26 paratypes and on 97 other specimens. 31. Hylocurus elegans Eichhoff Fig. 152 Hylocurus elegans Eichhoff, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 15:134 (Holotype, male: Teapa, Ta- basco, Mexico; Brussels Mus.) Hylocurus minor Wood, 1961, Great Basin Nat. 21:4 (Holotype, female; Finca Alto Bonito, Caice- donia, Valle de Cauca, Colombia; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:195. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles microcornis Wood and its allies, but it is distinguished in the male by the absence of an abrupt notch at the posterior end of elevated interstriae 9; instead interstriae 9 joins the costal margin. In the female the frontal pubescence is limited to the upper half of the facial area and is almost com- pletely divided along the median line into two parts. Fig. 152. Hylocurus spp., males: A, simplex; B, nodulus; C, elegans. 1982 MiCRACINI 633 Male.— Length 1.3-1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in alterniis Wood except trans- verse carina continuous, rather well devel- oped. Pronotum as in alterniis except punc- tures absent. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on more than basal three-fourths, then abruptly rounded to sub- acute, rather strongly produced apex; striae feebly impressed toward declivity, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, weakly convex, punc- tures moderately convex, rather widely spaced, their anterior margins slightly ele- vated, interstriae all ending in a circum- declivital ring of large, rounded nodules of equal length and size at abrupt base of de- clivity. Declivity very steep, broadly, weakly convex, produced at apex; surface shining; strial punctures larger and in rows toward base, smaller and confused on lower half; a few small, obscure granules on interstriae 1, two small teeth on 3, 9 rather strongly ele- vated, joining costal margin and continuing to apex as a continuous ridge (allotype of mi- nor with a slight notch at end of interstriae 9 rarely seen in Mexican material). Vestiture largely confined to declivital area, consisting of interstrial scales; each scale about four times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons very shallowly, rather narrowly concave be- low upper level of eyes, convex above, upper area bearing a pair of dense patches of erect, coarse, rather long, yellow, subplumose setae on median half, patches often connected at upper extremities; anterior margin of pro- notum imarmed; elytral disc more conserva- tively sculptured, circumdeclivital nodules absent; declivity more strongly convex, basal area with several interstrial tubercles, two tu- bercles on interstriae 3 near middle of decliv- ity larger, interstriae 9 ending abruptly, not joining costal margin; declivital scales more slender, longer. Distribution.— Nayarit to Colombia. MEXICO: Colima: 3 km W Arnieria, 28-VI-65, 70 in, No. 136, tree branch; 24 km W Armeria, 30-VI-65, 30 m, No. 151, shrub; 6 km S Cihuatlan, 30-V1-65, 70 m. No. 158, tree branch; all by S. L. Wood. Nayarit: Lo.s Cor- chos, lO-VII-65, 7 m. No. 211, Inga, and ll-VIl-65, 10 m, No. 218, Acacia, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Zamo- rano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 546, Acacia pcnna- hilo, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Dominical, 9-VII-63, 3 m. No. 296, .shrubby vine (hana), S. L. Wood. COLOM- BIA: Finca Alta Bonito, Caicedonia, Valle de Cuaca, 30- IV-59, vine, J. Restrepo; Finca El Bosque, Caicedonia, Valle de Cauca, VI-59, Coffea, J. H. Losso. Hosts.— Acacia spp., Inga sp., Coffea ara- hica, etc. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens and on 219 other specimens. 32. Hylocttnis dissidens Wood Hi/lociirits dissidens Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):30 (Holotype, male; La- guna Santa Maria, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aberrans Wood by the slightly smaller spines in the male circumdeclivital ring, by the more strongly convex male declivital face, by the more abundant pubescence on the female frons, and by the more strongly procurved suture on the antennal club. Male.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in aberrans. Antennal club with sutures moderately procurved. Pronotum as in aberrans except granules in discal area slightly larger, punctures not indicated. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; widest at base of declivity, sides straight on more than basal three-fourths, abruptly, serrately rounded behind, obtusely produced at apex; striae not impressed except near declivital margin, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae almost as wide as striae, smooth, punctures small, sparse; each interstriae end- ing at margin of declivity in a coarse nodule of equal length, 3-9 acutely pointed on their lateral margins and projecting slightly. De- clivity abrupt, very steep, broadly convex, produced behind; strial punctures in rows, tho.se near base of declivity larger, interstriae minutely granulate, 1 slightly elevated to apex and bearing about five small granules on middle third, 3 rather weakly elevated on up- per two-thirds, with four closely set, acutely pointed teeth on middle third; interstriae 9 acutely elevated, joining costal margin, but with a very small notch at its apex as it joins costal margin. Glabrous except for a few minute, hairlike setae at declivital margin. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly concave on central half, upper 634 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 two-thirds of concavity with dense, erect, coarse, subplumose setae, surface minutely reticulate-granulate, devoid of larger gran- ules; anterior margin of pronotum more fine- ly serrate; strial punctures slightly smaller; circumdeclivital ring of nodules absent, de- clivity more strongly convex; declivital face similar, more finely sculptured, all interstriae with a few minute granules near base, 9 rather weakly elevated, ending remote from costal margin; vestiture rather widely dis- tributed, sparse, coarse, moderately long. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Laguna Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 111, No. 197, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. The host was a large, square-stemmed, thorny, shrubby vine (liana). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 33. Hylocurus clarki Wood Hijlocurus clarki Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:141 (Holotype, male; between Sicabe and San Miguel Ixtahuaean, San Marcos, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aberrans Wood by the more coarsely tuberculate pronotal disc, by the smaller dis- cal strial pimctures, and by the very different male elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Head about as in aberrans. Pronotum as in aberrans except disc much more strongly reticulate, rounded tubercles conspicuously larger. Elytra similar to aberrans except strial pimctures smaller, interstriae slightly wider than striae and marked by more numerous transverse lines, declivity with spines in cir- cumdeclivital ring blunt, conspicuously more strongly projecting, particularly on upper half, degree of projection about equal to width of spine, punctures on declivital face confused, vestiture on circumdeclivital ring conspicuously longer, more slender, setae on declivital face short, of stout hair. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Between Sicabe and San Miguel Ixta- huaean, San Marcos, 24-11-72, Pinus tentiifolia, E. W. Clark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two males. 34. Hylocurus aberrans Wood Hylocurus aberrans Wood, 1969, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2):44 (Holotype, male; Do- minical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied dissidens Wood by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, with a slight trans- verse impression just above epistomal mar- gin; surface finely, regularly granulate. An- tennal club with two procurved sutures, 1 extending two-fifths of club length from base, 2 extending four-fifths from base. Pronotum L2 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides feebly arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 16 or more serrations; summit in front of middle; posterior area reticulate, with small, subgranulate punctures of moder- ate abundance. Vestiture consisting of short, erect scales with a few bristles in asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to base of declivity, then slightly wider at middle of declivity; posterior out- line interrupted by declivital spines on inter- striae 7, 8, and 9 and by short, broad, sutural apex; striae slightly impressed, punctures deep, coarse, much smaller toward base; in- terstriae about half as wide as striae, punc- tures on 1 moderately large, others mostly minute. Declivity abrupt, very steep, almost entirely margined by a row of tubercles or spines; tubercles at base of declivity on inter- striae 1 and 2 not pointed, abruptly declivous behind, those on 2 to 8 produced into in- creasingly large and pointed toothlike spines, 9 similar but lower and extending nearer ely- tral apex than normal for this genus; apex not strongly produced, its margin subserrate, small dentations about half as high as apex of elevation on interstriae 9; central area coarsely punctured, interstriae 3 slightly ele- vated near center and bearing three small teeth, 1 on lower third gradually elevated to apex and finely serrate. Vestiture consisting of a few stout bristles or scales at margin and on interstriae 1 and 3. 1982 MiCRACINI 635 Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly convex, finely punctured, orna- mented by stout, short, rather sparse setae; scape flattened and bearing a tuft of long, coarse setae; anterior margin of pronotum al- most unarmed; elytra more finely sculptured, declivity convex, without marginal ring of tu- bercles, striae regularly punctured, odd- numbered interstriae bearing several rounded granules; rows of broad scales on upper half of all declivital interstriae. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Presumably as described for the genus; the tunnel was not fully developed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. Hylocurus retusipennis Blandford Hylocurus retusipennis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):223 (Holotype, male; "Mexi- can" tobacco refuse intercepted at Paris; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) It has been assumed since its description that retusipennis Blandford was a Mexican species. The type is identical to a series of males from southern Brazil (Santa Catarina) that have been in my collection under the name Hylocurus bidentatus Schedl, as deter- mined by Schedl. The suspected synonymy has not been confirmed. 35. Hylocurus punctatorugosus (Schedl) Micracis punctatorugosus Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent. 19:575 (Holotype, female; Huetamo, Michoacan, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— The antennal scape and cer- tain other features superficially resemble cer- tain species of Micracis; however, the frons, protibia, elytral declivity, and other features clearly indicate an affinity to aberrans Wood and to the South American singitlaris Wood, dimorphus (Schedl), and allied species. It is the only Central American species in this sec- tion of the genus with a triangularly ex- panded, elaborately pubescent antennal .scape. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons flat on slightly more than median half from level of antennal insertion to well above eyes, epistoma rather strongly ascend- ing to margin; flattened area smooth, brightly shining, impunctate, its lateral margins with a rather dense row of very fine, moderately long hair from epistoma to upper level of eyes (upper areas concealed by pronotum). Scape narrowly triangular, one-fourth of its length projecting beyond insertion of pedicel; ornamented by a tuft of long hair arising from anterior margin from base to level of in- sertion of pedicel, a separate tuft arising from apex of extended portion; longest setae more than three times length of scape. Antennal club about 1.5 times as long as wide, very similar to some Micracis. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on more than basal half; summit at middle; anterior slope asperate as in allied species, anterior margin rather nar- rowly rounded, armed by six serrations; pos- terior areas almost smooth, shining, punc- tures rather coarse, moderately deep. Vestiture hairlike. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in female aberrans; disc about as in aberrans except strial punctures slightly smaller. Declivity convex, rather steep, mucro rather poorly de- veloped; surface smooth, shining; striae slightly impressed, punctures about as on disc; alternate interstriae each armed by a row of fine, pointed tubercles, 9 subcostate, unarmed, and joining costal margin; rugose- reticulate at mucro. Vestiture of fine, short strial hair and rows of fine, erect interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, each as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Michoacan. ME.XICO: Michoacan: Huetamo, 328 m. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. Hylocurus beckeri Hedquist Hylocurus beckeri Hedquist, 1954, Ent. Tidskr. 75:8 (Holotype, female; Chimaltenango, Guatemala; Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm) Diagnosis.— This species was based on three females, two of which are virtually un- recognizable; the holotype also is in rather poor condition. The slender form suggests a relationship to the elegans species group, but the granulate, nonpubescent frons and the fine, hairlike declivital vestiture cannot be 636 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 associated with any species presently before me. Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.75 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, much as in female effemi- nattis Wood except rounded granules more numerous and more widely distributed, vesti- ture finer, less abundant. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; very similar to bicornis (Blackman) except discal area more strongly rugose, tubercles more nearly circular in outline. Elytra as in male bicomis except interstriae 1 with several fine tubercles of equal size, vestiture shorter, fin- er, two tubercles on interstriae 3 slightly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Chimaltenango, Chimaltenango, 1951, 1250 m, Pinus, G. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three female specimens. Hylocurus spinifex Blandford Hylocurus spinifex Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):225 (Lectotype, male; "Mexican" tobacco refuse, but probably from Brazil; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This aberrant species, named from specimens found at Paris in "Mexican" tobacco refuse, almost certainly does not be- long to the Mexican fauna. It probably came from Brazil. There is some doubt that it be- longs to Hijlocurus, although it shares several characters with that genus. It is unique in having the antennal insertion on the frons, with the insertions separated by slightly more than half the distance between the eyes. The scape is unusually long, the club apparently of the Hylocurus type, but it can be seen only at an extreme angle on the type. The anterior margin of the pronotum is serrate, the pro- notal disc is deeply punctured, the declivity is as illustrated by Blandford except the apex is emarginate, not mucronate, and the emar- gination is filled by the peculiar apex of ster- num 5; the tibiae are unusually small. The first syntype in the Blandford series, a male, has been labeled "Type," although it has never been so designated. I here desig- nate this male as the lectotype of spinifex Blandford. Tribe CACTOPININI Cactopinae Chamberlin, 1939, The bark and timber beetles of North America, p. 243 (Type-genus; Cactopinus Schwarz, 1899) Anatomical features.— The frons is sex- ually dimorphic, with the male impressed and armed by a pair of (usually confluent) hornlike spines of large to enormous size, the female is convex and unarmed, the post- erodorsal area of the head is slightly pro- duced caudad, the eye is small and entire, the antennal funicle is 5-segmented, the club is almost conical to rather strongly flattened, the pronotum is asperate, its summit is at or near the posterior margin, the procoxae are contiguous, and the elytral sculpture is some- what unique and almost always coated by a film of host origin. Biological features.— All species are monogamous, and those species in hosts other than cactus are phloeophagous. Those in cac- tus breed in dry tissue immediately below the epidermis, or {hubbardi Schwarz) in scar tis- sue in deep womids. The parental galleries consist of an irregular cave, often with in- definite, broad egg galleries. The eggs are de- posited individually in niches. Larval mines may be individual or lost in a criss-crossing maze. Successive generations have been bred in the same piece of dry cactus for four years. Symbiotic relationships with fungi have not been reported. Taxonomy.— This unique tribe is restricted to the Mexican plateau region. Its nearest relationships appear to be with Micracini, but that connection is remote. They are ex- ceedingly rare. Genus CACTOPINUS Schwarz Cactopinus Schwarz, 1899, Psyche 8 (Suppl. 1):11 (Type- species: Cactopinus hubbardi Schwarz, monobasic) Cactopinorus Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:918 (Type- species: Cactopinus cactophthorus Wood, original designation); Wood, 1969, Coleopterists Bull. 23:42. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This unique genus is remotely related, at best, to other known genera of Scolytidae. The paired epistomal male horns, the distinctive antenna, pronotum, and elytra are unmatched in the family. Description.— Length L2-2.3 mm, 2.0-2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black, often covered by an in- crustation; vestiture hairlike except for epis- tomal brush. Frons profoundly dimorphic; male with a pair of separate or contiguous epistomal hornlike spines varying from short to half length of body, frontal area moderately to profoundly excavated; female frons simple, unarmed, convex to shallowly concave, vesti- ture usually sparse. Eye moderately small, finely faceted, anterior margin entire or broadly sinuate. Antennal scape moderately short, slender; funicle 5-segmented; club very small and slender to rather large and broad, two sutures straight to strongly procurved, indicated by rows of setae. Pronotum with summit well behind middle, projecting be- hind posterior margin in some species; ante- rior slope armed by narrow asperities. Scutel- lum small, laterally compressed, much longer than wide, somewhat depressed. Elytra striate, conservatively to coarsely sculptured; declivity abrupt, usually somewhat bisulcate. Anterior coxae contiguous. Distribution.— S California and S Utah to Oaxaca; 14 species are known. Biology.— These monogamous species breed in certain species of giant cacti. Yucca, Biirsera, Pinus, and Rhus. They excavate an elongate, cave-type tunnel having large, ir- regulary formed egg niches along its margins. Little effort is made by the beetles to remove frass from their tunnels, thereby making it necessary for them to wallow in the frass. Presumably the male horns were developed 637 638 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 as tactile organs to facilitate excavation of it is common for several successive gener- the tunnel or location of his mate. Larval ations to be completed in a piece of host ma- timnels mine surrounding tissues; ordinarily terial without adult emergence between they are rather long and winding. Apparently generations. Key to the Species of Cactopinus (Adapted from Wood 1968:43-45) 1. Body stout, 2.0 times as long as wide; male epistomal horns widely separated, space between them at least as wide as one horn; antennal club large, circular, sutures procurved; strial punctures coarse and very deep 2 — Body more slender, more than 2.2 times as long as wide; male epistomal horns contiguous at least on basal half; antennal club small and oval to large and cir- cular, sutures either straight or procurved; strial punctures smaller, usually not as deep 3 2(1). Male frons shallowly concave, its upper margin rounded; male horns very short, their height usually not greater than their basal width; lateral convexities on elytral declivity moderate, with striae 2 clearly marked before summit; in- terstrial nodules on disc continue to base of elytra; Oaxaca; giant cactus; 1.5-1.9 mm 1. microcornis Wood — Male frons broadly, deeply concave, its upper margin abrupt; male horns each three or more times longer than its basal width; lateral convexities of elytral declivity abruptly, strongly elevated, striae 2 obsolete toward summit of lateral elevation; interstrial nodules largely obsolete on basal half of disc; Jalisco; giant cactus; 1.3-1.6 mm 2. mexicanus Wood 3(1). A majority of pronotal asperities on anterior half, including anterior fourth; posteromedian area of pronotum weakly conical, usually not projecting behind posterior margin; pronotal asperities irregular in size, mostly fine, close, abun- dant; male frons deeply, broadly concave (except excavated but transversely flat to feebly concave in cactophthorus) 4 — A majority of pronotal asperities on posterior half, anterior fourth usually imarmed; posteromedian area of pronotum strongly projecting over scutellum; pronotal asperities coarse, isolated, comparatively sparse; male frons transversely flat or convex 10 4(3). Pronotal asperities more widely distributed, supplemented in lateral areas by rounded granules extending to lateral margins; posteromedian margin of pro- notum narrowly elevated into a small cone projecting very slightly above scutellum; body never covered by an incrustation 5 — Pronotal asperities more narrowly distributed on posterior half, lateral areas devoid of granules; posteromedian area not narrowly elevated or produced into a cone; body usually largely covered by an incrustation 9 5(4). Antennal club rather small, distinctly longer than wide, sutures straight; male frons more narrowly excavated, upper half not wider than distance between eyes (except cactophthorus); usually smaller, 1.2-1.9 mm 6 — Antennal club rather large, about as wide as long, sutures rather strongly, sub- angulately procurved; upper half of male frontal excavation distinctly wider than distance between eyes; usually larger, 1.3-2.3 mm 8 1982 Cactopinini 639 6(5). Male frons strongly excavated but transversely almost flat, anterior margin of eye touching excavation when viewed from lateral aspect; frontal horn of male longer than median length of frontal excavation; strial punctures slightly small- er, not as deep; interstriae slightly wider, punctures fine, somewhat confused; Puebla; giant cactus; 1.2-1.4 mm 3. cactophthorus Wood — Male frons more narrowly concave, anterior margin of eye not reaching exca- vation when viewed from lateral aspect; frontal horn of male much shorter than length of frontal excavation; strial punctures slightly larger, deeper; interstriae narrower, punctures somewhat coarser, usually uniseriate 7 7(6). Discal interstriae uniseriately punctured to margin of declivity; Oaxaca; giant cactus; 1.6-1.9 mm 4. niger Wood — Discal interstriae uniseriately, closely, rather coarsely granulate on slightly less than posterior half; Oaxaca; giant cactus; 1.3-1.6 mm 5. granulifer Wood 8(5). Frons devoid of a median carina, sometimes feebly, obtusely raised in male; su- tures of antennal club strongly, obtusely bisinuate; elytral punctures and pro- notal asperities slightly larger, posteromedian marginal cone on pronotum rather well developed; Puebla to Oaxaca; giant cactus; 1.4-1.7 mm 6. nasutus Wood — Upper half of frons bearing an acutely elevated median carina in both sexes; sutures of antennal club angulate, 1 acute (more pronounced in male); elytral punctures and pronotal asperities slightly smaller, posteromedian marginal cone on pronotum poorly developed; Hidalgo; giant cactus; 1.5-1.8 mm 7. carinatus Wood 9(4). Strial punctures fine, shallow, interstrial punctures minute, confused; declivity rather gradual, more narrowly sulcate above, elytral apex narrowly rounded behind; lateral convexities of declivity entirely devoid of granules or teeth; San Luis Potosi to Hidalgo; Yucca leaves; 1.3-1.5 mm 8. depresstis Bright — Strial punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae 1, 3, and 5 uniseriately granu- late to base; elytra broadly rounded behind; declivity steep, rather broadly ex- cavated, lateral convexities each armed by about three to five coarse teeth; Jalisco to Oaxaca; Bursera, etc.; 1.4-1.7 mm 9. spinatus Wood 10(3). Elytral declivity shallowly sulcate, lateral convexities armed by minute gran- ules; elytra rather narrowly rounded behind; male horn shorter than half length of pronotum; body slender, more than 2.5 times as long as wide 11 — Elytral declivity rather deeply sulcate, lateral convexities armed by small to very large denticles; elytra very broadly rounded behind; male horn usually longer than half length of pronotum 12 11(10). Elytral declivity not sulcate except for feeble impression on interstriae 1, inter- striae 1-3 not granulate; Utah to Baja California; Pinus; 1.3-1.5 mm 10. koebelei Blackman — Elytral declivity shallowly sulcate, interstriae 1-3 uniseriately, coarsely granu- late; S California; Rhus diversalobata, R. trilobata; 1.3-1.8 mm 11. rhois Blackman 12(10). Body slender, 2.6 times as long as wide; sulcus extending anterior to declivital base between sutural striae; lateral convexities of declivity armed by fine, rounded granules; setae on sides of elytra very long, coarse; S California to S Nevada; Pinus; 1.6-2.0 mm 12. pini Blackman 640 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Body stout, 2.4 times as long as wide; sulcus not extending anterior to declivital base; lateral convexities of declivity armed by pointed denticles 13 13(12). Declivital interstriae 3 armed by small, pointed denticles; declivital sulcus deeper, narrower; antennal club larger, at least three times as wide as last fu- nicular segment, 1.1 times as long as wide; S Arizona; Carnegia gigantea; 1.6-2.3 mm 13. hubbardi Schwarz — Declivital interstriae 3 armed by a row of about three to eight long, slender teeth; declivital impression almost flat; antennal club small, not more than twice as wide as last funicular segment, 1.3 times as long as wide; S California to Baja California; Bursera; 1.6-2.1 mm 14. desertus Bright 1. Cactopinus microcornis Wood Fig. 153 Cactopinua microcornis Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 23:45 (Holotype, male; 10 km S Hiiajuapan, Oax- aca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mexicanus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons rather narrowly concave on median half, about two-thirds of concave area above upper level of eyes, lower area halfway be- tween epistomal margin and upper level of eyes armed by a pair of hornlike tubercles, distance between tubercles and height of each tubercle about equal to its basal width; surface subreticulate, with rather sparse fine punctures; vertex rather coarsely rugose-reti- culate, vestiture rather sparse, hairlike, abun- dant, and coarse on epistomal margin. Anten- nal club circular in outline, sutures moderately bisinuate. Pronotum 0.89 times as long as wide; widest a third of length from base, posterior two-thirds of sides very strongly arcuate, nar- rowly rounded in front; basal margin slightly produced behind in median area; summit on basal fourth; asperities begin on median third just behind anterior margin and extend to pointed posteromedian extremity projecting above scutellum, closely set but not high, as- perate area rather abruptly subinflated on posterior half; lateral areas almost smooth, with isolated, setiferous, rounded granules of moderate size; vestiture hairlike, rather sparse, of moderate length. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, broadly subemarginate behind; sutural striae feebly, others not at all impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae narrower than striae, uniseriately granulate to base, nodules increase in height posteriorly. Declivity short, very steep, strongly sulcate; striae 1 rather strongly impressed; interstriae 1 mod- erately elevated, areas lateral to striae 1 as- cending to broad summit on 4, tubercles ab- sent on 1 and 2, of moderate size on 3 and 4, coarse on 5 to 9. Vestiture consisting of inter- strial rows of moderately long hair on 3, 5, 7, and lateral areas, setae on other interstriae minute if present. Female.— Similar to male except frontal concavity not as deep and extending further toward epistoma, tubercles entirely absent; elytral tubercles very slightly smaller. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 10 km. No. 44, and 32 km. No. 47, S Huajuapan, 16-VI-67, 2000 m, giant cactus, S. L. \V'ood. Biology.— As described for the genus. When competing for space with granulifer, this species tended to occupy the summits of the cactus ridges. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. 2. Cactopinus mexicanus Wood Fig. 153 Cactopinus mexicanus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:37 (Holotype, male; 21 km N Juchitlan, Ja- lisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied microcornis by the much longer epistomal horns and the more deeply concave frons of the male, by the much more strongly sulcate elytral declivity, and by the smaller elytral tubercles. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. 1982 Cactopinini 641 Frons deeply, broadly excavated from ver- tex to epistomal area; epistoma armed by two widely spaced hornlike spines, each spine about four times as long as its basal width, separated from one another by basal width of a spine; excavated area glabrous, a few setae on spines, epistomal brush conspicuous. Eye, antenna, and pronotum as in microcornis ex- cept posterolateral areas of pronotum more coarsely granulate. Elytra as in microcornis except interstrial granules largely obsolete on anterior half of disc, smaller in posterior areas; lateral con- vexities on declivity abruptly elevated and much higher, sulcus between them deep; striae 2 usually obsolete in vicinity of lateral convexities of declivity; sutural interstriae on declivity with low, rounded granules. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, transversely impressed just above epistoma, horns absent. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 21 km N Juchitlan, 2-VII-65, 10()0 m. No. 176, giant cactus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Probably Pachycereus pecten- ahoriginum. Biology.— This species infested dry, yel- lowing tissues immediately below the epi- dermis of a large, dying arm of its host. The tunnels were so crowded their pattern could not be ascertained, but evidently they were similar to related species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 114 specimens. 3. Cactopiniis cactophthorus Wood Fig. 154 Cactopiniis cactoplithorus Wood, 1957, Great Basin Nat. 17:105 (Holotype, male; 16 km SE Tehuitzingo, Piiebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied niger Wood and granulifer Wood by the very different frontal excava- tion in the male and larger epistomal horns, and by other characters mentioned in the above key. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons very deeply excavated from vertex to epistoma, including lateral margins; exca- vated area almost flat to rather shallowly concave in transverse direction, very deeply concave on longitudinal axis; upper margin abrupt; surface minutely subrugose; epistom- al horns fused except at tips, length about equal to length of frontal excavation (vari- able); tubercle at lateral margin near anten- nal insertion rather well developed. Antennal club rather small, 1.2 times as long as wide; sutures straight. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; summit on basal fourth; asperities narrow, high, extend- ing from base to anterior margin; lateral areas minutely granulose, devoid of granules. Vestiture of sparse hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind except lateral con- vexities of declivity project to give a sub- emarginate appearance; striae 1 feebly im- pressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae distinctly narrower than striae, minutely ir- regular, punctures small, uniseriate. Declivity very steep, rather broadly sulcate; strial punctures much smaller than on disc, rows except 1 not clearly discernible; interstriae 2 strongly impressed, 1 convex, slightly Fig. 153. Cactopiniis microcornis, male head and ely- tral declivity. (After Wood 1969:46.) Fig. 153 continued. Cactopiniis mexicaniis, male head and elvtral declivity. (After Wood 1969:46.) 642 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 elevated, lateral areas strongly, rather abruptly elevated in central area, not on lower fourth; granules small, confused except on interstriae 3. Vestiture largely confined to sides, of moderately coarse, short, interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons moderately, transversely impressed on cen- tral half, its sides rounded, epistomal horns absent; lateral convexities on elytral declivity less strongly elevated, granules smaller. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO; Puebla: 24 km SE Acatlan, 16-VI-67, No. 41, giant cactus, S. L. Wood; Tehuitzingo, 3-VII-53, gi- ant cactus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for mexicanus. A small piece of exceedingly dry cactus was kept to preserve an example of the tunnels of this species. It was examined six weeks later and found to contain an active colony of this species, presumably derived from unhatched eggs or previously imnoticed larvae. Three flights of beetles were preserved from this colony, emerging at about one- to two-month intervals. The piece of cactus was almost re- duced to powder by the beetles before it was fumigated. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 79 paratypes and on 19 other specimens. 4. Cactopinus niger Wood Cactopinus niger Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 23:46 (Holotype, male; 32 km S Huajiiapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cactophthortis Wood by characters sum- marized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons deeply, broadly concave from base of horns to vertex, upper margin acute; ba- sally contiguous pair of horns arise just above epistoma, fused on their basal half, diverging distally, their total length slightly less than distance equal to longitudinal axis of frontal concavity; lateral margins armed by a pair of small tubercles just above antennal insertion; surface of concavity smooth to subreticulate, with a few minute punctures, area above concavity rugose-reticulate; vestiture of fine, short hair above horns, slightly longer on horns, much longer and somewhat reddish on epistomal margin. Antennal club rather small, oval, sutures straight. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, dis- tinctly constricted on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; posterior margin produced behind in median area; asperate area beginning just behind anterior margin on median third, expanding laterally toward middle, then narrowed to median process at base, not inflated laterally, transition to aspe- rate area gradual; lateral areas smooth, with isolated rounded granules, granules transcend gradually into asperities above; vestiture hairlike, longer anteriorly. Elytra 1.26 times as long as wide, 1.34 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly subemarginate behind; striae 1 weak- ly, others not impressed, punctures coarse, close, deep; interstriae smooth but undulat- ing, punctures uniseriate, moderately large, deep, their anterior margins slightly higher, a few weak granules toward declivity. Declivi- ty short, steep, strongly, broadly sulcate; striae 1 strongly impressed on upper two- thirds; interstriae 1 slightly elevatd, lateral areas ascending to broad summit on 4, lower fourth of 2 flattened, 3-9 each bearing a uniseriate row of moderately large, high, rounded tubercles. Vestiture consisting of a few short, interstrial, hairlike setae on decliv- ity and sides. Female.— Similar to male except frons feebly convex with a shallow impression on median third, horns entirely absent. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 32 km S Huajuapan, Oaxaca, 16- VI-67, 2000 m. No. 46, giant cactus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. The host species had a distinctive bluish color. Note.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 82 specimens. 5. Cactopinus granulifer Wood Cactopinus granulifer Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 23:48 (Holotype, male; 6 km S Huajuapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— As indicated by the charac- ters summarized in the above key, this spe- cies is very closely related to niger Wood. Male.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.36 times as long as wide; color black. Frons deeply, broadly concave from epis- tomal horn to vertex, upper margin abrupt. 1982 Cactopinini 643 subacute; epistomal horns similar to but smaller than in niger, about two-thirds as long as longitudinal axis of concavity; sur- faces and vestiture as in niger. Antennal club rather small, subcircular in outline; suture 1 straight, 2 feebly bisinuate. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; as in niger except asperities begin well behind an- terior margin and do not extend as far later- ally, granules in lateral areas smaller and less abimdant, intermixed with numerous, close, fine, deep punctures; vestiture hairlike, long- er anteriorly. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline essentially as in niger; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close, with inter- spaces between punctures uniseriately granu- late, granules increasing in size posteriorly until almost as large as those of interstriae at declivital margin; interstriae narrower than striae, irregular, uniseriate granules increas- ing in size toward declivity. Declivity short, very steep, broadly, deeply sulcate; general sculpture as in niger except lateral con- vexities higher, granules higher, much more numerous (including those on striae), granules reduced on striae 1 and interstriae 1 on lower two-thirds. Vestiture consisting of uniseriate rows of erect interstrial hair of moderate length, except minute on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, with a slight transverse im- pression near upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO; Oaxaca: 6 km N Totolapan, 20-VI-67, 1200 m. No. 67; 6 km. No. 44, and 32 km. No. 47, S Huajua- pan, 16-VI-67, 2000 m- all from giant cactus by S. L. Wood. Host.— Giant cactus. Biology.— As described for the genus. When in competition for space with micro- cornis, this species tended to avoid the sum- mits of ridges on the host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 97 specimens. 6. Cactopiniis nastitus Wood Cactopimts nasutus Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 23;49 (Holotype, male; 16 km S Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cactophthorus Wood by the broad an- tennal club, which has bisinuate sutures, and by other characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color black. Frons extensively excavated from epistom- al horns to well back on vertex, reaching in- ner margins of eyes and exceeding width of eyes above, upper margin acute; surface of excavation smooth, shining, a feebly median elevation on lower half; horns rather large, as long as longitudinal axis of excavation, their proximal half fused, diverging slightly api- cally, subapical tufts of hair well developed; a pair of small tubercles located on lateral margins just above antennal insertion; vesti- ture confined to horns and epistomal margin. Antennal club large, circular in outline, su- tures very strongly bisinuate. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; out- line as in niger; asperities attain anterior mar- gin and blend laterally with rounded gran- ules; a few, fine, punctures evident laterally; vestiture hairlike, longer anteriorly. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in niger; striae 1 weakly, others not at all impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae al- most as wide as striae, shining, undulating slightly, punctures uniseriate, rather coarse, deep, close, not at all granulate. Declivity steep, broadly, rather shallowly sulcate; gen- eral sculpture as in niger, tubercles on inter- striae 3-9 uniseriate, comparatively small, those on lower half of 1 and 2 obsolete. Vesti- ture consisting of uniseriate rows of inter- strial hair; not evident in impressed area of declivity. Female.— Similar to male ^except frons weakly convex, flattened below, with a pair of low, subtuberculate, raised areas in posi- tion of male horns. Distribution.— Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 6 km N Totolapan, 20-VI-67, 1200 m. No. 67, giant cactus, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 16 km S Matamoros, 14-VI-67, 1700 m, No. 36, giant cactus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Giant cactus. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 81 specimens. 644 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 7. Cactopinus carinatus Wood Cactopinus carinatus Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 2.3:50 (Holotype, male; 26 km N Ixmiqiiilpan, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nasutus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in nasutus except excavation slightly less extensive above, and divided by a distinctly elevated, median carina; horns slightly smaller. Antennal club large, sub- circular in outline, sutures very strongly bi- sinuate, 1 angulate. Pronotum and elytra as in nasutus except strial punctures smaller, in- terstrial punctures on disc minute, declivital granules of reduced size, and declivital sulcus narrower, lateral convexities more abruptly elevated. Female.— Similar to female of nasutus ex- cept frons with a median carina on upper half, transverse impression at upper level of eyes more pronounced, and subepistomal ele- vations somewhat more extensive. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 26 km N Ixmiquilpan, lO-VII-67, 1700 m. No. 190, giant cactus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 48 specimens. 8. Cactopinus depressus Bright Cactopinus depressus Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:921 (Holotype, male; 46 miles or 7.3 km N San Luis Potisi, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9391); Wood, 1969, Coleopt. Bull. 23:51 (female) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the very small, shallow strial punctures, by the absence of interstrial granules, and by other characters mentioned in the key. Its relationship to other species is not close. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons very deeply concave from vertex to epistoma, but somewhat less extensively than in most other species; fused epistomal horns slightly shorter than longitudinal axis of exca- vation; surface minutely granulate. Antennal club small, about 1.4 times as long as wide; two very obscure sutures indicated by rows of setae. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly arcuate, sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded in front, almost straight on median half of anterior margin; summit on basal fourth, narrow, high asperities on triangular elevated area, a few extending to anterior fourth; lateral areas almost smooth. Vestiture confined to marginal areas, of coarse hair, a few exceedingly long. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on more than basal two- thirds, obtusely subangulate behind, slightly produced; striae not impressed, punctures very small, shallow; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, ex- cept entire surface usually covered by a thin, dull incrustation, punctures fine, shallow. De- clivity moderately steep, deeply, rather nar- rowly sulcate, sulcus extending almost to middle of elytra; surface essentially as on disc; lateral convexities on upper half rather abrupt, moderately high. Vestiture largely confined to sides, of sparse, coarse, rather long, hairlike setae. Female.— Similar to male except frons ir- regularly convex, finely granulate; declivital sulcus very shallow. Distribution.— San Luis Potosi to Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 26 km N Ixmiquilpan. lO-VII-67, 1900 m. No. 189, Yucca, S. L. Wood. San Luis Potosi: 73 km N San Luis Potosi, 2-IX-58, Yucca, E. Mockford. Host.— Yucca sp. Biology.— This species infested the yel- low, dying leaves of a very large, branching, living Yucca tree. The entrance tunnels were mostly on the lower surfaces. The transverse adult galleries were essentially as described for the genus; straight, longitudinal larval mines were made between fibers of the leaf and were rather long. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and 121 other specimens. 9. Cactopinus spinatus Wood Fig. 154 Cactopinus spinatus Wood, 1957, Great Basin Nat. 17:106 (Holotype, male; 2 km SE Cameron, Oaxaca, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species has large declivi- tal spines comparable to those of desertus Bright, but the pronotal asperities are much 1982 Cactopinini 645 more widely distributed, the pronotal summit is not at all conical, the declivital sulcus is much deeper and wider, and the declivity lateral to interstriae 3 is armed by several coarse tubercles. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frontal concavity essentially as in cactoph- tJioriis except surface rather coarsely punc- tured; fused epistomal horns longer than lon- gitudinal axis of concavity; lateral angles above antennal insertion coarsely bitubercu- late, a smaller tubercle on epistomal margin near median line; vestiture of fine, short setae on acute upper margin of concavity, con- spicuous on horns and epistomal margin. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, converging very slightly on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; summit at base, not conical or projecting, asperate area some- what elevated, rather sharply defined on a rather definite, narrow triangle from base to anterior margin; asperities narrow, high, less numerous on anterior fourth; lateral areas shining, with fine punctures and granules. 7 SPINATUS •.MULTISPFNATUS Fig. 154. Cactopinus and Pseudothysanoes: C. cac- tophthorus, 1, male, 4, antenna, 5, scape, 6, protibia; C spinatiis, 2, male, 3, male head, 7, parental gallery with egg niches; P. multispinatus, 8, lateral aspect of male elytra. (After Wood 1957:108.) Vestiture of fine and coarse, short and very long, moderately abundant hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, posterior margin straight on median two-thirds; striae 1 mod- erately impressed toward declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae about half as wide as striae, minutely granulate, somewhat convex, odd-numbered interstriae regularly granulate, granules slender, moderately high, other interstriae irregularly granulate. De- clivity steep, rather broadly, deeply exca- vated; punctures in excavated area small, confused except on striae 1; interstriae 1 strongly depressed, rather weakly convex, with a row of very fine granules; excavated area rather narrow above, broad below, later- al elevations very high, median margins of their summits armed by a row of four to sev- en coarse, slender teeth, lateral margins of summits armed by similar smaller teeth; lat- eral areas with several smaller denticles, pre- sumably on interstriae 3 to 9. Vestiture of strial and interstrial hair, short and fine to long and very coarse; rather abundant. Female.— Similar to male except frons very shallowly impressed, all tubercles repre- sented but smaller, those in position of horns widely separated and each about as high as wide; declivital spines slightly larger. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO; Jalisco; 1 km N Atenquique, 21-V1-65, 1000 m, No. 112, Bursera, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 2 km SE Cameron, 7-VI1-53, 800 m, twigs of large tree; 57 km SE Cameron, 22-V1-67, No. 83, Bursera; 6 km N Totolapan, 20-VI-67, 1100 m. No. 62, Bursera; all by S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Bursera spp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small dying branches on living trees of three species of Bursera and of one other tree genus. The galleries evidently were similar to those described for the genus. Resins from the tree and beetle activity from this and Den- droterus species greatly complicated observation. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 14 paratypes and on 79 other specimens. 10. Cactopinus koebelei Blackman Cactopinus koebelei Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:156 (Holotvpe, male, .\rgus Mts., Inyo, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52796) 646 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rhois Blackman by the very shallowly impressed dechvital sulcus, and by the ab- sence of granules on declivital interstriae 1-3 (fine granules on upper half in some specimens). Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons presumably as in rhois (concealed in specimens at hand); lateral areas unarmed by tubercles; honis straight, fused, less than half as long as pronotum. Antennal club very small, 1.5 times as long as wide, sutures straight. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide (pro- jecting summit excluded); widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate and subparallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; summit projecting rather strongly behind base above scutellum, asperate area abruptly, strongly elevated on narrow triangular area to ante- rior fourth, anterior fourth neither elevated nor asperate; lateral areas finely, closely, shallowly, irregularly punctured. Vestiture abraded in specimens at hand. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, nar- rowly rounded behind; striae impressed, punctures coarse, moderately deep; inter- striae half as wide as striae, slightly irregular, punctures fine, obscure, uniseriate. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex with a slight sul- cus; striae 1 impressed on upper half, lateral convexities on upper half moderately high, rounded; strial punctures slightly smaller than on declivity; interstriae 1 and 3 with ir- regular, obscure indications of very fine gran- ules. Vestiture largely confined to lateral areas, of sparse short and sparse coarse, long hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex above eyes, a transverse impression on lower half, horns represented by a pair of widely spaced, large, blunt tubercles about as high as wide. Distribution.— Baja California to SW Utah. USA: California: Argiis Mts., V-91, A. Koebele; Lock- wood Canyon, 13-V-13, Pinus monophyUa, A. D. Hop- kins; Mt. Hawkins, 13-VI-40, P. lambcrtUina, C. R. Bruck; Mt. Pines, 30-Vni-41, P. motwphi/lhi, C. R. Bnick; Pith Creek, 13-V-13, P. monophijlla, A. D. Hop- kins; Valyermo, l-I, l-V-37, P. monopJu/Ua, A. T. McClay. Utah: Deep Creek Mts. near Calleo, Juab Co., 24-VII-57, P. rnonophylla, D. E. Bright. MEXICO: Baja California: Laguna Hanson, 27-Vin-58, E. L. Sleeper. Host.— Pinus monophylla and P. lambertiana. Biology.— Presumably this species breeds in small twigs of pinyon pine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 93 other specimens. 11. Cactopinus rhois Blackman Fig. 96 Cactopinus rhois Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington 40:154 (Holotype, male; Ventura Co., Cal- ifornia; U.S. Nat. Mus. 52795) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied koebelei Blackman by the more strongly sulcate elytral declivity, and by the presence of moderately coarse gran- ules on declivital interstriae 1 to 3. Male.— Length 1.3-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons strongly excavated from epistoma to vertex, upper margin obtusely angulate; very shallowly concave at middle on transverse line; surface shining, rather coarsely, closely, shallowly punctured; horns equal to slightly less than half length of pronotum; lateral epistomal tubercles absent. Antennal club as in koebelei. Pronotum as in koebelei. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline about as in rhois; striae 1 moderately im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, moderately deep; interstriae shining, slightly more than half as wide as striae, punctures very fine, evidently supplemented by rather numerous, confused, impressed points almost as large as punctures. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex, with a moderately impressed sulcus; striae 1 strongly impressed; interstriae 1 de- pressed, convex, area lateral to striae 1 as- cending rather abruptly to rounded summit; all interstriae with small, high, rather closely set granules. Vestiture of moderately abun- dant, fine, short and long, coarse hair. Female.— Frons as in koebelei except fron- tal tubercles smaller; otherwise as in male. Distribution.— S California. USA: California: Montrose, 16-XII-34, Rhus trilobata, and lO-XlI-33, Rhus ovata, C. R. Bruck; Henniger Flats, Mt. Wilson, 21-VI-40, R. ovata. C. R. Bruck; Coyote Creek in Ventura Co., 20-VI-40, R. trilobata, C. R. Bruck. 1982 Cactopinini 647 Hosts.— Rhus diversilobata, R. trilobata. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 266 other specimens. 12. Cactopinus pini Blackman Cactopinus pini Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington 40:153 (Holotvpe, male; Griffen, Kern, California; U.S. Nat. Mus.. 52794) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied rliois Blackman by the less strongly impressed male frons, by the longer male horns, by the steeper, more strongly sulcate elytral declivity, and by the absence of elytral granules particularly on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in rhois except flattened or weak- ly convex on a transverse line, surface more finely punctured; epistomal horns straight, longer, about half length of pronotum. Pro- notum as in rhois. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly roimded behind; disc as in rhois except evidently impressed interstrial points reduced or absent (obscured by incrustation). Declivity steep, very strongly sulcate; sutural interstriae very strongly impressed above, im- pression expanding to interstriae 3 below; lat- eral areas abruptly, very strongly, broadly elevated; granules not evident. Vestiture of coarse, very long, rather sparse, interstrial hair, and more abundant, finer, short hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons not excavated, rather narrowly flattened, horns absent. Distribution.— S California and Nevada. USA: California: Ventura Co., 13-XI-05 (or 17-XI-06?), Hopk. US 2775, Jeffrey pine, A. D. Hopkins; Frazier Mt., 6-IX-4(), Pinus monophijUa, C. R. Bruck; Mt. Pinos, .30-VIII-41, P. monoplnjUa. C. R. Bruck. Nevada: Reno, Melrose Highway, 5-IV-74, P. jeffreyii, M. M. Furniss. Hosts.— Pinus jeffreyii and P. monophylla. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded out branches of the host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 73 other specimens. 13. Cactopinus hubhardi Schwarz Cactopinus hubhardi Schwarz, 1899, Psyche 8(Suppl. 1):11 (Lectotvpe, male; Tucson, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation); Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:152 (redescription) Diagnosis.— This species probably is more closely allied to rhois than to other known species, but it is distinguished by the stouter body form, by the steeper elytral declivity, by the smaller declivital granules, which are absent on interstriae 1 and 2, by the stouter pronotal asperities, and by the longer male epistomal horns. Male.— Length 1.6-2.3 mm, 2.2-2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons as in pini, epistomal horns often much longer. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide (pro- truding summit omitted); essentially as in rhois except asperities stouter and obsolete on anterior fourth. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly subemarginate behind; striae 1 moderately impressed, strial punctures coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, weakly convex, almost smooth, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity very steep, rather deeply sulcate; sutural striae deeply impressed, impression wider below; lateral areas abruptly, rather strongly ele- vated; interstriae 2 armed by granules only at base, 3 and 4 tuberculate to their apices, lat- eral areas with occasional smaller granules. Vestiture of moderately long, coarse, rather abundant hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex above, very shallowly concave on narrow area below, epistomal horns absent. Distribution.— S Arizona. USA: Arizona: Tucson, 31-XII-1896, Cereus giganteus, H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz; Sabino Canyon, Pima Co., 9-VIII-62, Carnegiea gigantea, S. L. Wood; Santa Catalina Mts., 17-IX-64, saguaro. Host.— Carnegiea gigantea. Biology.— This species differs in habits from all other giant-cactus-inhabiting species. It breeds only in scar tissue formed in the liv- ing host on the inner walls of deep cavities, such as those made by woodpeckers. The tun- nels are very shallow in the scar tissue. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype, about 240 paratypes, and on 14 other specimens. The male in the type collection at the U.S. National Museum has 648 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 been regarded as the type, but it has never been officially designated. It is here desig- nated as the lectotype of this species. 14. Cactopinus desertus Bright Fig. 96 Cactopinus desertus Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:923 (Holotype, male; 7 miles or 11 km S Ocotillo Wells, Anza-Borrego Desert Park, San Diego Co., California; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— The declivital armature of this species superficially resembles that of spinattis Wood, but the pronotal characters are as in hubbardi and its allies. The dis- tinguishing characters were summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.4-2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in rhois; epistomal horns straight, usually more than half as long as pronotum. Pronotum as in rhois, anterior fourth devoid of asperities. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind, outline in- terrupted by projecting declivital spines; striae 1 moderately impressed, strial punc- tures coarse, deep; interstriae about half as wide as striae, somewhat convex, punctures fine. Declivity steep, rather broadly, deeply sulcate; striae 1 clearly indicated, 2 and 3 ob- solete; lateral convexities high, armed by a row of six to nine large, spinelike teeth be- ginning at base on interstriae 2 but diverging to what probably is interstriae 3 (judged from tubercles on other species), alternate teeth of- ten smaller. Vestiture of sparse short and very long, coarse hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons as in female hubbardi, epistomal brush espe- cially well developed. Distribution.— S California to Baja California. USA: California: 7 miles or 11 km S Ocotillo Wells, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, 11-111-65, Bursera microphijlla, C. W. O'Brien. MEXICO: Baja California: 50 km N La Paz, 27-III-74, Bursera, M. M. Furniss; 11 km SW Mission San Borja, .31-111-73, Bursera, J. Doyen; Santa Rosalia, 29-III-74, Bursera, M. M. Furniss. Host.— Bursera microphylla. Biology.— As described for the genus. Specimens were taken from small branches, limbs, and bole; evidently several generations were produced in the same tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 male and 2 female paratypes and on 37 other specimens. Tribe IPINI Ipim Bedel, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors serie 6:386 (Type-geniis: Ips DeGeer, 1775) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally sexually dimorphic, the eye is sinuate to shallowly emarginate, the antennal funicle is 5-segniented, the club is either obliquely truncate or the sutures on the posterior face are strongly displaced toward the apex, the pronotum is declivous and asperate on the anterior half, its lateral margins are rounded, the coxae are contiguous, and the declivity is usually strongly impressed or excavated, with the lateral margins armed by spinose denticles. Biological features.— All are polyg- amous and phloeophagous. Eggs are depos- ited in niches. Larval mines are individual and rarely cross one another. Symbiotic fungi apparently are associated with them, but not in a mycetophagous sense. The northern gen- era are restricted to coniferous hosts, Acan- thotomicus occurs in broadleaf trees. Taxonomy.— Because only a minor frac- tion of the species groups found in Eurasia are represented in American Pityogenes and Orthotomicus, it is presumed that these gen- era originated in Eurasia and reached North America rather recently. The reverse situa- tion is found in Pityokteines and Ips, where a North American origin is postulated; the an- cestral stock from which both were derived presumably reached North America from Eu- rasia in an earlier migration. Acanthotomicus occurs in tropical America, Africa, and the Indo-Australian area; species groups common to both South America and Africa suggest a faunal exchange well after the basic generic features were fixed. The Ipini are a compact group, closely allied to the Dryocoetini, in which the generic limits may be obscure. The separation of Ips and Orthotomicus is par- ticularly difficult and may not be justified. Genus PITYOGENES Bedel Pityogenes Bedel, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors ser. 6:.397 (Type-species: Dennestes chalcographus Linnaeus, original designation) Eggersia Lebedev, 1926, Ent. Blatt. 22:121 (Type-spe- cies: not designated); Schedl, 1962, Centralbl. Forstw. 79:132. Synonymy Pityoceragenes Balachowsky, 1949, Faune de France 50:244 (Type-species: Bostrichus bidentatus Herbst, original designation); Schedl, 1958, Tijdschr. Ent. 101:145. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Within the tribe Ipini this genus is distinguished by the very short, ob- tuse intercoxal piece on the prosternum, and by the large spines on the elytral declivity. The females of all American species, except meridianus Blackman, have a large fossal ex- cavation on the frons; this character does not occur in most European or Asian species. Description.— Length L8-3.7 mm, 2.5-2.7 times as long as wide; light brown to almost black. Frons sexually dimorphic, male convex, fe- male with a large central fossa (except meri- dianus); vestiture hairlike, sparse, inconspic- uous. Eye elongate-oval, weakly sinuate on anterior margin; finely granulate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club oval, two sutures on anterior face, 1 reaching basal half, posterior face with one suture well below apex. Pronotum slightly longer than wide; anterior slope asperate, punctured on posterior areas; anterior margin serrate. Scu- tellum well-developed, flat. Elytra with small, widely spaced strial and interstrial punctures in somewhat obscure rows; declivi- ty gradual to steep, sulcate, armed by two or three pairs of denticles, those in male much larger. Vestiture hairlike, rather inconspicuous. Distribution.— North America, Europe, and Asia where native pine forests grow; 19 649 650 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 species are known; 7 occur in North region that radiate out from the nuptial America. chamber. Eggs are deposited in individual Biology.- The American species infest niches made by the female for that purpose, trees of the genus Pinus. They breed primari- Larval mines radiate away from the egg gai- ly in slash and in cut or fallen limbs and ^ -^ ^ ^^^^ ^^ 1^^^ irregular pattern; they branches, although they are not uncommon . ., , ., r r i j i i . .111 ,. J- J • X. All are visible on the surface of peeled bark in the bole or m standing, dying trees. All , , i . i i t^ species are polygamous. The male forms the throughout their length. Pupation occurs in entrance tunnel and nuptial chamber; the fe- ^he cambium region, and young adults males cut long egg galleries in the cambium emerge from individual exit holes. Key to the Species of Pityogenes 1. Male elytral declivity armed by three pairs of coarse denticles; female declivi- ty rather gradual, armed by three pairs of denticles of about equal size and equally spaced; female frontal fossa large, undivided; in 5-needle pines 2 — Male elytral declivity armed by two pairs of teeth, upper pair long, slender, hooked; female declivity very steep, armed by three pairs of denticles, upper pair much smaller and much closer to second pair; female fossa divided by a median septum, except undivided in carinidatus and absent in meridianus 3 2(1). Pronotal disc more deeply, closely punctured; female frontal fossa large, ex- tending well above upper level of eyes; male elytral declivity more strongly impressed, denticles distinctly larger; British Columbia and California to Ari- zona and Colorado; Pinus monticola, P. flexilis; 1.8-2.5 mm 1. fossifrons (LeConte) — Pronotal disc less deeply, very sparsely punctured; female frontal fossa much smaller, ending well below upper level of eyes; male elytral declivity shallowly impressed, denticles distinctly smaller; Minnesota and Newfoundland to Tennessee and North Carolina; Pinus strohus; 1.8-2.1 mm 2. hopkinsi Swaine 3(1). Punctures on elytral declivity coarse, rather deep; female frons convex, devoid of fossal excavation 4 — Punctures on elytral declivity fine to obsolete; female frons with a conspicuous fossal excavation 5 4(3). Smaller species; upper male declivital spines less strongly hooked; discal inter- striae with punctures more confused; female elytral declivity less strongly con- vex, sulcus wider; North Carolina to Mississippi; Pinus echinata, P. taeda; 2.5-3.0 mm 3. meridianus Blackman — Larger species; upper male declivital spines more strongly hooked; discal in- terstriae more regularly punctured; female elytral declivity more strongly con- vex, sulcus narrower; Mexico; Pinus hartwegii; 3.2-3.4 mm 4. mexicanus Wood 5(3). Larger; lower fourth (variable) of posterolateral margin of male elytral declivi- ty carinate, carina ending in lower tooth; female frontal fossa very large, ex- tending well above upper level of eyes, undivided; British Columbia and South Dakota to California and Chihuahua; Pinus; 2.3-3.7 mm 5. carinulatus (LeConte) — Smaller; posterolateral margin of male declivity rounded; female frons with fossa smaller, not extending above upper level of eyes, divided by a median partition 6 1982 6(5). Ipini 651 Female frontal fossa usually smaller, not as deep, often poorly formed; elytral surface and surface of vertex tending to be smoother; elytral vestiture aver- aging very slightly longer; E Alberta and Quebec to North Carolina; Pinus; 1.9-2.5 mm 6. plagiatus (LeConte) Female frontal fossa larger, deeper; elytral surface and vertex tending to be wrinkled to subrugose; elytral vestiture averaging slightly shorter; British Co- lumbia, Alberta, and South Dakota to California and Colorado; Pinus contorta; 1.9-2.9 mm 7. knechteli Swaine 1. Pityogenes fossifrons (LeConte) Pityophthorus fossifrons LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:353 (Lectotype, female; Van- couver Island, British Columbia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1028, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to clwlcographus (Linnaeus), of Europe and Asia, but it has the elytral declivity less strongly impressed, with the lateral denticles slightly smaller, and it has the female frons slightly narrower, with the frontal spongy area and fossa distinctly smaller. Male.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons broadly convex; surface shining, punctures rather small, close, moderately deep, some very feebly granulate; vestiture of fine, sparse, inconspicuous hair. Eye 2.0 times as long as wide; antennal club with suture 1 straight. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, converging to- ward narrowly rounded anterior margin; an- terior margin armed by eight subcontiguous teeth; summit at middle; anterior slope aspe- rate; posterior area smooth, shining, surface marked by many minute points, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close, inter- striae about equal to diameter of a puncture; median line impunctate, distinctly elevated. Vestiture restricted to marginal areas; sparse. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, ob- scure, pimctures very small, not deep; inter- striae about four to six times as wide as striae, somewhat irregularly marked by shallow lines, minute points, etc., punctures equal in size and appearance to those of striae, widely spaced. Declivity moderately steep, broadly sulcate, lateral margins armed by three pairs of coarse, equally spaced, pointed teeth; strial and interstrial punctures in impressed area obsolete, part of surface near suture sub- reticulate. Vestiture hairlike, sparse. Female.— Similar to male except central third of frons with a very deep, cone-shaped cavity extending well above upper level of eyes, area between cavity and epistomal mar- gin spongy and finely pubescent; elytral de- clivity steeper, less strongly, less broadly im- pressed, lateral denticles much smaller but of equal size to one another. Distribution.— British Columbia and Cal- ifornia to Arizona and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Adam's Lake, Cow- itchan, Rossland, Sugar Lake, Trinity Valley. USA: Ari- zona: Hannagan Camp in Greenlee Co. California: Big Pines, Blancos Corral, Callahan in Siskyou Co., Glen Al- pine, Grassy Lake in Lassen Co., Inyo N.F., Onion Val- ley in Inyo Co., White Mt. in Mono Co., Yosemite. Col- orado: Long's Peak, Manitou Mt., Pingree Park. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Franklin Basin Road in Franklin Co., Kellogg, Kootenai, Krassel, Sand Point. Montana: Sheri- dan. Nevada: Lee. Oregon: Santiam Pass. Utah: Bright- on, Logan Canyon, Logan Dry Canyon. Washington: Easton, Metaline Falls. Wyoming: Saratoga. Hosts.— Pinus albicaulis, P. balfouriana, P. flexilis, monticola, P. strobiformis, rarely in other hosts. Biology.— This locally abundant species breeds mostly in slash and broken limbs and branches. In Utah the egg galleries are almost exclusively transverse; the only two gallery systems observed in Oregon were of the typi- cal unmodified star shape. Larval mines in Utah are parallel to the grain of the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 211 other specimens. The one female syntype remaining in the Le- Conte collection is here designated as the lectotype of Pityophthorus fossifrons Le- Conte, as indicated above. 652 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2. Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine Fig. 155 Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine, 1915, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2:8 (Lectotype, fe- male; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9294, designated by Bright, 1967. Ca- nadian Ent. 99:677) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fossifrons (LeConte) by the smaller av- erage size, by the less deeply, more sparsely punctured pronotal disc, by the smaller fe- male frontal fossa, and by the less strongly impressed male elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons and pronotum as in fossifrons except pronotal punctures less numerous, interstriae averaging about twice as wide as diameter of a puncture. Elytra as in fossifrons except de- clivity less strongly, more narrowly im- pressed, lateral denticles slightly smaller. Female.— Similar to male except differing as female fossifrons differs from male and frontal fossa smaller, ending well below up- per level of eyes, spongy area smaller; decliv- ital sulcus not as deep, narrower. Distribution.— Minnesota and New- foundland to Tennessee and North Carolina. Fig. 155. Pityogenes hopkinsi: 1, male; 2, female. (After Blackman 1915:pl. I.) CANADA: Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec. USA: Connecticut, Illinois, In- diana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Hosts.— Piniis strobus. Biology.— Essentially as in fossifrons (Blackman 1915). Notes.— The above treatment was based on 553 specimens; the lectotype was also examined. 3. Pityogenes rneridianus Blackman Fig. 156 Pityogenes rneridianus Blackman, 1921, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:15 (Lectotype, male; Meridian, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished from all other American representa- tives of the genus by the coarsely punctured elytral declivity, by the absence of a fo.ssal excavation on the female frons, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 2.5-3.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown to al- most black. Frons as in knechteli Swaine except more strongly convex, punctures very close, deep, rather coarse, tubercles slightly more abun- dant. Pronotum as in knechteli except punc- tures on disc larger and without evident granules on their margins. Elytra about as in knechteli except discal punctures distinctly larger. Declivity similar except punctures in excavated area much coarser and deeper; posterolateral margin of declivity with two small teeth, margin be- tween these denticles and upper spine with about five small granules; upper spines and vestiture as in knechteli. Female.— Similar to male except frontal punctures and granules much smaller; not ex- cavated as in the other American species; de- clivity as in female knechteli except more broadly impressed, punctures coarse and deep. Distribution.— North Carolina to Mississippi. USA: Mississippi: A&M, 3-XI-19, Mi. 10, M. W. Blackman (also Meridian, Hattiesburg). North Carolina: Durham, 6-X-39, Pinus taeda. J. A. Beal. 1982 Ipini 653 Biology.— This rare species evidently lives in shaded-out branches of living, standing trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypic type series of 11 specimens and on one other specimen. I here designate Blackman's male type, on which his descrip- tion was based, as the lectotype of this species. 4. Pityogenes mexicanus Wood Pityogenes mexicanus Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:356 (Holotype, female; Parque Nacional Zoquiapan, Mexico, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from meridianus Blackman by the much larger size, by the shorter, more strongly hooked upper spines on the male elytral de- clivity, by the more regularly punctured dis- cal interstriae, and by the much more strong- ly convex female elytral declivity. The female frons of this species and meridianus differs from all other American Pityogenes in lacking a deeply excavated central area. Male.— Length 3.2-3.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly granulate, a few fine punc- tures interspersed; vestiture of fine, long, moderately abundant hair. Pronotum essentially as in meridianus ex- cept minute, impressed points much more numerous. Elytra essentially as in meridianus except interstrial punctures regular, about equal in size to those of striae; upper declivital spines slightly shorter, more strongly hooked, series of tubercles on lower fourth of lateral margin much lower and rounded except lowest one larger and pointed (male meridianus not at hand; comparison based on Blackman's drawing). Female.— Similar to male except median line on upper half of frons shallowly concave; epistomal area on median third slightly pro- tuberant, granulate, and ornamented by mod- erately abundant, fine, short hair; frontal tu- bercles smaller; declivity shallowly, narrowly sulcate (more shallowly impressed than any other American Pityogenes), declivity with stouter, more abundant vestiture than in meridianus. Distribution.— Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Parque Nacional Zoquiapan, VIII- 79, Pinus hartwegii branch, T. H. Atkinson. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 5. Pityogenes carinulatus (LeConte) Fig. 158 Cnjphahis carinulatus LeConte, 1874 Trans. Anier. Ent. Soc. 5:70 (Lectotype, female; California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1005; present designation) Xylebortis hamatus LeConte, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:72 (Lectotype, male; Mojave desert, Cali- fornia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1004, present designa- tion); LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:624. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American representatives of the genus by the large size, by the very large, un- divided female frontal fossa, and by the cari- nate ventrolateral margin of the male elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-3.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. lO. Fig. 156. Pityogenes meridianus: 7, female; 8-9, male; 10, female? (After Blackman 1921:1.3.) 654 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons broadly convex, with a slight central impression; surface shining, closely, rather coarsely granulate-punctate; vestiture of fine, long hair of moderate abundance. Eye 2.3 times as long as wide. Antennal club with su- tures 1 and 2 bisinuate, slightly procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather abruptly, arcuately narrowed to distinct constriction just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; an- terior margin armed by about 10 small teeth; summit at middle; anterior slope coarsely as- perate; posterior area smooth, shining, punc- tures rather small, moderately close, deep, those near summit somewhat granulate; me- dian line impunctate, subacutely elevated. Vestiture of sparse hair. Elvtra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then arcuately narrowed to lower denticles, broadly, shal- lowly emarginate on median third; striae not impressed, punctures small, widely spaced, rows not always regular; interstriae smooth, shining, six or more times as wide as striae, punctures as those of striae but rows more ir- regular. Declivity rather steep, broadly, rather shallowly excavated; upper margin arnied on interstriae 2 by a pair of long, slen- der, hooked, hornlike spines; lower denticles of moderate size, pointed, on ventrolateral margin on interstriae 2, ventrolateral margin strongly, acutely elevated from lower tooth about one-fourth of distance toward upper spine, remaining margin rounded; declivital face smooth and shining, punctures sparse ex- cept on striae 1, minute. Female.— Similar to male except frons deeply excavated on median area from just above epistoma to vertex, epistomal area minutely, densely punctured; declivity steep- er, more narrowly, very shallowly sulcate, lateral margins rounded, armed by three small teeth, distance from denticle 1 to 2 half as great as from 2 to 3, 1 much smaller. Distribution.— S British Columbia and W South Dakota to California and Chihuahua. CANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Midday Valley, Princeton, Shingle Creek, Vernon. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, Kaibab N.F., Prescott, Sunset Crater, Wil- liams. California: Alpine Co., Blanco's Corral, Cannel Meadows, Chester, Cisco, El Dorado Co., Faunskin, Fresno Co., Grass Lake, Guernevville, Humboldt Co., Hat Creek, Huntington Lake, Kern Co., Lake Tahoe, McCloud, Myers, Norval Flats, Plumas N.F., San Ber- nardino Co., Shasta Co., Ventura, Weaverville. Colo- rado: Colorado N.F., Durango, Estes Park, Poudre Can- yon. Idaho: Athol, Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Moscow. Montana: Columbia Falls, Pine Grove. Nebraska: Nan- zel, Norden, Valentine. Nevada: Kyle Canyon in Clark Co., Lake Tahoe. New Mexico: Capitan, Las Vegas, Meek. Oregon: Grants Pass, Hood River, La Grande, Sis- ters. South Dakota: Black Hills, Custer, Elmore, Hill City, Lead, Spearfi.sh. Utah: Kamas, Long Valley Junc- tion, Panguitch Lake, Pin Hollow in Fishlake N.F., San- ford Canyon in Di.xie N.F. Washington: Buckeye, Spo- kane. Wyoming: Buffalo, Lusk. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito, 15-in-74, Fi'iihs, M. M. Furniss. Hosts.— Finns jeffreyi, P. ponderosa; less common in other species of Pinus, rare in other conifers. Biology.— This species is very common in slash. The habits are essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The first syntype in the LeConte series of carinulatus, a female, is here desig- nated as the lectotype of Cryphalus carinu- latus LeConte. The first syntype in the Le- Conte series of Xijleborus hamatus, a male, is here designated as the lectotype of hamatus LeConte. The above treatment was based on the LeConte series of 10 specimens and on 341 other specimens. 6. Pityogenes plagiatus (LeConte) Xiileborus plagiatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:161 (Lectotype, male; Maryland; Mus. Cqnip. Zool., 1003, present designation) Pittjogencs lecontei Swaine, 1915, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2:10 (Holotype, male; Marquette, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:400. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species has the female frontal fossa divided by a median partition; the ventrolateral margin of the male elytral declivity is rounded. It is almost in- distinguishable from knechteli Swaine, as in- dicated in the above key and in the diagnosis of that species. Male.— Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown to very dark brown. Frons broadly convex; surface shining, coarsely granulate below upper level of eyes, becoming punctate above; vestiture of fine, long, moderately abundant hair; epistomal bru.sh conspicuous. Eye and antenna as in fos- sifrons (LeConte). Pronotum as in carinulatus (LeConte). 1982 Ipini 655 Elytra as in carinulatus except ventrola- teral margin of declivity rounded, not at all carinate near lower tooth. Female.— Similar to male except median third of frons below upper level of eyes exca- vated, excavation divided by a median parti- tion, epistomal area somewhat spongy and minutely, densely pubescent; declivity as in female carinulatus. Distribution.— Alberta and Quebec to North Carolina. CANADA; Alberta: Smith. Manitoba: Marchand, Molson. Ontario: Constance Bay, Geraldton, Larch- wood, Low Bush, Marson, Ottawa, Petawawa Res., Red Lake, Wavell. Quebec: Ft. Coulogne, Maniwaki. USA: District of Columbia: Brightwood, Washington. Mary- land: Beltsville. Michigan: Camp Raco in Chippewa Co., Marquette. Minnesota: Cass Lake, Cloquet, Lake Ita,sca, Lake of the Woods. North Carolina: Durham. Pennsylvania: Kansas Valley in Perry Co., Mt. .\lto, York. Virginia: .\rlingt6n, Chatham, Garrisonville, On- ville, Rixey. West Virginia: Hampshire Co., Kanawha Station, Ridgeville, Romney, Roosevelt, Wood Co. Hosts.— Pinus hanksiana, P. echinata, P. resinosa, p. virginiana. Biology.— The habits are essentially as de- scribed for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of plagiatus, on the holo- type of lecontei, and on 236 other specimens. From the syntypic series of LeConte I here designate the first specimen, a male, from Maryland, labeled "Type No. 1003," as the lectotype of plagiatus. Swaine described the seventh specimen in this series as the holo- type of lecontei. This species is almost indistinguishable from knechteli and may hybridize with that species; see the taxonomic notes under that name. Male.— Length 1.9-2.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown to almost black. Virtually identical to plagiatus except fe- male with frontal fo.ssa slightly larger, much deeper than plagiatus; surface of elytral disc tending to be wrinkled and, toward declivity, subrugose; elytral vestiture averaging slightly shorter. Female.— See above. Distribution.— British Columbia, Alberta, and W South Dakota to California and Colorado. CANADA: Alberta: Banff Springs, Cypress Hills, Ex- shaw, Jasper Park, Smith. British Columbia: Chetwynd, Creighton Valley, Hope Mt., Kooteney Valley, Lorna, Merritt, Peachland, Stanley, Trinity Vallev. Saskatche- wan: Cypress Hills. US.^: California: Big Pines Park, Clover Valley in Lassen N.F., El Dorado Co., Fresno Co., Lone Pine, Madera Co., Mariposa Co., Mono Co., Myers, Rowell Meadow in Tulare Co., San Bernardino Co., Shasta Co., Tulare Co., Tuolumne Co., Yosemite. Colorado: Camp Hale, Colorado N.F., Estes Park, Fra- ser, Gould, Grand Lake, Leadville, Pingree N.P., Rocky Mt. N.P., Troga Pass. Idaho: Cascade, Krassel, Smith's Ferry, Soda Springs, Tuttle. Montana: Big Horn N.F., Columbia Falls, Glacier N.P., Mullan, Polaris, Ramshorn Canyon near Sheridan, Rocky Boy Indian Res. in Lake Co., Sula, Wisdom. Oregon: Chemult, North Powdery Peaks, Ochoco N.F., Warner Mts. in Lake Co. Utah: Elk Park in Ashley N.F., Hoop Lake in Wasatch N.F., Kamas, Logan Canyon, Mirror Lake in Summit Co. Wyoming: Keystone, Minview, Sheridan, Teton N.F., Wood's Landing in .Albany Co. Hosts.— Pinus contorta. Biology.— Very abundant in slash and fall- en trees. The habits are essentially as de- scribed for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 357 other specimens. 7. Pityogenes knechteli Swaine Figs. L57-158 Pityogenes knechteli Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):106 (Holotype, female; Beau Vent Lake, Jasper Park, .\lberta; Canadian Nat. Coll., 929.5) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with difficulty, from plagiatus LeConte by minute differences in the sculpture and vesti- ture, and by the female frontal fossa as in- dicated in the above key. It is entirely pos- sible they are only geographical races of one another. Fig. 1.57. Pityogenes knechteli, galleries: A, nuptial chamber; B, egg gallery; C, egg niche. (After Reid 1955:.318.) 656 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 This is either an allopatric sibHng species or a poorly differentiated subspecies of pla- giatus. One series from Peace River, Alberta, in the zone of host hybridization, is inter- mediate between knechteli and plagiatus. If additional material from that region supports that indication of intergradation, then they must be treated as subspecies, as was done by Bright (1976:142). Genus PITYOKTEINES Fuchs Pityokteines Fuchs, 1911, Morphologische Studien iiber Borkenkafer: I. Die Gattungen Ips DeGeer und Pityogenes Bedel, p. 33 (Type-species: Ips curvi- dens Germar, subsequent designation by Hop- kins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:127) Orthotomides Wood, 1951, J. Ent. Soc. Kansas 24:32 (Type-species: Orthotomicus Uisiocarpi Swaine, original designation); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:21. Synonymy Diagnosis.— In this genus the antennal club is obliquely truncate, as in Orthoto- micus. From Orthotomicus it is distinguished by the narrowly excavated elytral declivity, with the lateral margins rounded, the lower margin narrowly, poorly developed, about half as long as distance between third pair of spines; by the absence of a spiracle on ab- dominal tergum 7; and by the long, abun- dant, conspicuous vestiture on the head and anterior parts of the pronotum in the female. Description.— Length 1.6-2.9 mm, 2.5-2.8 times as long as wide; color brown to very dark brown. Frons rather strongly convex and sparsely pubescent (males) to weakly convex and densely pubescent (females, except moder- ately in ornatus, sparse in lasiocarpi). Eye very shallowly emarginate, rather small. An- tennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club obliquely truncate, two sutures evident on anterior face, none, one, or two on posterior face. Pronotum slightly longer than wide; summit near middle, anterior area declivous and asperate, posterior area punc- tured. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra weakly to moderately striate; declivity sul- cate to rather deeply excavated, impression deeper in males; lateral margins armed by three pairs of denticles, denticles larger in males; apex of declivital excavation sub- acutely, transversely elevated near suture, transverse length of this elevation equal to about half distance between lowest (third) denticles. Prosternal intercoxal piece acuminate. Distribution.— N North America and N Eurasia; nine species are known, six of them occur in North America. Biology.— These polygamous species con- struct radiate or star-shaped parental gal- leries in the phloem of the larger limbs or bole of cut, fallen, or dying trees. Their tun- nels may or may not show on the surface of peeled bark. The larval mines are rather short, somewhat irregular, and they may or may not be in contact with the cambium. Re- ports as to their aggressiveness vary from a primary enemy of balsam fir (sparsus) to a secondary invader following the attack of Ips in ponderosa pine (ornatus). Notes.— This genus is not sharply sepa- rated from Orthotomicus when only females are compared. However, when males are compared and all species are considered on a worldwide basis, two distinct cluster of spe- cies, without intermediates, are apparent. I prefer to recognize both as distinct genera. Schedl (1964) went to the opposite extreme and grouped Ips, Orthotomicus, Acanthoto- micus, and Pityokteines into one large genus. In my opinion the grouping of such diverse species groups is not justified at the present time. Key to the Species of Pityokteines 1. Larger; pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; base of second declivital tooth in male enlarged, making this tooth appear much larger than 1 or 3; female frons strongly convex, rather coarsely granulate-punctate, vestiture rather sparse, about as in male; British Columbia and South Dakota to California and Colorado; Pinus ponderosa, etc.; 2.1-2.9 mm 1. ornatus (Swaine) 1982 Ipini 657 — Smaller; pronotum 1.05-1.20 times as long as wide; second declivital tooth in male little if any larger than third, its base moderately inflated or not; female frons very weakly convex, minutely, densely punctured, usually devoid of gran- ules, pubescence dense and very long except greatly reduced in lasiocarpi; Abies 2 2(1). Elytral declivity of male weakly to moderately impressed, with lateral den- ticles small; in female weakly impressed, with denticles minute to obsolete; body 2.8-3.0 times as long as wide 3 — Elytral declivity of male strongly impressed, with lateral denticles rather coarse, in female moderately impressed, with denticles moderately large (as large or larger than male minutus); body 2.5-2.6 times as long as wide 5 3(2). Female with dorsal half of frons and anterior fourth of pronotum ornamented by abundant, very long setae; posterior face of antennal club with suture 1 at apical margin; elytral punctures modertely coarse; British Columbia and Al- berta to Arizona and New Mexico; Abies lasiocarpa; 1.7-2.3 mm 2. minutus (Swaine) — Female with setae on dorsal half of frons and anterior fourth of pronotum rather sparse, short; posterior face of antennal club with suture 1 subapical, 2 at apical margin; elytral punctures fine 4 4(3). Lower third of female frons with a dense brush of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum more narrowly rounded; declivital sulcus more deeply, more nar- rowly impressed; Washington; Abies amabilis; 1.7-2.1 mm 3. mystacinus Wood — Female frons with sparse, short pubescence; anterior margin of pronotum broadly rounded; declivital sulcus more broadly, more shallowly impressed; British Columbia and Alberta to Utah; Abies, Pseudotsuga; 1.6-1.9 mm 4. lasiocarpi (Swaine) 5(2). Strial punctures averaging slightly larger, deeper, closer; surface near lateral margins of pronotum subreticulate; British Columbia and N Idaho to California; Abies concolor, A. magnifica, A. procera, 1.9-2.6 mm .. 5. elegans Swaine — Strial punctures averaging slightly smaller, not as deep and more widely spaced within a row; pronotal surface near lateral margins smooth; shining; E Alberta and Newfoundland to Wisconsin and West Virginia; Abies balsamea; 1.6-2.1 mm 6. sparsus (LeConte) 1. Pityokteines omatus (Swaine) strongly convex, granulate female frons, and Fig. 158 by the host. Orthotomicus ornatus Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. MalE.— Length 2.1-2.9 mm, 3.0 times as 48:185 (Lectotype, female; Williams, Arizona; long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Canadian Nat. Coll., 9298, designated by Bright, pj.Qj^^ convex, a weak, transverse impres- 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:676) . , , ,f r , . . ^.i r,.. ,, . t \H7 A iQ«« r- f n NT f sion on lower hair; surface shmmg, rather Pityoktemes ornatus: Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. ' r 26:27 coarsely granulate-punctate from epistoma to Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished vertex; vestiture of fine, rather abundant, from other American species in the genus by moderately long hair. the larger average size, by the basally en- Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; sides larged, submammiform spine 2 on the male almost straight and parallel on basal two- elytral declivity, by the less abundant vesti- thirds, anterolateral angles rather abrupt, ture on the female frons, by the more rather broadly rounded in front; summit at 658 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 158. Ipini spp., heads and elytral declivities: a, Pityogenes carinulatus, female; b, Pityogenes knechteli, fe- male; c, Pityokteines ornatus. female, d, same, male; e, Orthotomicus caelattis, female, (.\fter Bright 1976:146.) 1982 Ipini 659 middle; strongly declivous and rather coarsely asperate on anterior slope; posterior area smooth, shining, with obscure, minute points, punctures rather coarse, deep, moder- ately close. Vestiture of moderately abun- dant, fine, rather long hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly roimded behind, with lower declivital spines interrupting outline; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punctures moder- ately large, deep, very close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with minute, obscure points, punctures uniseriate, moder- ately coarse, deep, widely spaced. Declivity abrupt, very steep, rather broadly, deeply ex- cavated; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, finely, closely punctured, striae 1 deeply, coarsely punctured, lateral afeas gradually, strongly elevated, with large, deep, confused punc- tures; a small denticle on interstriae 2 at base of declivity, spine 2 large, on an inflated, ele- vated, submammiform base, in line with in- terstriae 3, on upper third of declivity; ele- vated, rounded, lateral margin continued to spine 3 on lower third, spine 3 rather large, conical, slightly smaller than 2; subapical margin a rather weakly, subacutely elevated costa at apex of interstriae 1, two sub- tuberculate calluses on margin between costa and spine 3. Vestiture of moderately abun- dant, long strial and interstrial hair, longer at declivity. Female.— Similar to male except lateral margins of declivity much less strongly ele- vated, spines 2 and 3 little if any larger than 1; vestiture slightly shorter. Distribution.— S British Columbia and W South Dakota to California, Arizona, and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Merritt, Midday Valley, Summerland. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, Kaibab N.F., Pre- scott. Walker, Williams. California: Bass Lake, Bear Lake, Bumey, Carrville, Charlton, Chiquita Basin, Crys- tal Lake, Fallen Leaf Lake, Faunskin, Hackamore, Hat Creek, Idyllwild, Little Yosemite, Mather, Madrone, McCloud, Modoc N.F., Moffit Creek near Ft. Jones, Mt. Lagiina, Northfork, Pinehurst, Placerville, San Jacinto Mts., Sugar Pine, Swayne, Tehachapi Mt. in Kern Co., Trinity Co., Tulare Co., Yosemite. Colorado: Bailey, Cascade, Colorado N.F., Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, Gunnison, Las Animas, Larkspur, San Isabel N.F., Un- compahgre N.F. Idaho: Centerville. Montana: Bighorn N.F., Pine Grove, Riggins. New Mexico: Albuquerque, Bandelier Mts., Capitan, Cloudcroft, Ft. Wingate, Lin- coln N.F., Los Alamos, Sandia Mts. Oregon: Ashland, Ft. Rock, Keno, Klamath N.F., Klamath Falls, Ochoco N.F. South Dakota: Black Hills, Elmore, Hill City. Utah: Beaver, Bryce N.P., Elk Park in Ashley N.F., Pin Hollow in Fishlake N.F., Panguitch Lake, Long Hollow in Dixie N.F., Sanford Canyon in Dixie N.F., Parowan. Hosts.— Pinus ponderosa, less common in P. attenuata, P. contorta, P. edulis, P. jeffreyi, and Picea pungens. Biology.— This species attacks the bole of dying, standing, cut, or fallen trees usually in association with Ips species well after the Ips are established. It infests the islands of phloem that remain. The gallery system may be entirely or partly in the phloem, or it may contact the cambium and be visible on peeled bark. Because the tunnels may be en- tirely concealed in peeled bark, it commonly is overlooked. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 234 specimens, several of which I had compared to Swaine's type series. 2. Pityokteines minutus (Swaine) Dryocoetes minutus Swaine, 1912, Canadian Ent. 44:352 (Lectotype, female; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9370, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:674) Pityokteines minutus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 124 Pityokteines ja^peri Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:181 (Lectotype, female; Jasper Park, Alberta; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9296, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:677); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:401. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the more poorly developed declivital spines, by the slender body form, and by the host. Male.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum about as in ornatus (Swaine) except pronotum 1.20 ttmes as long as wide. Elytra as in female ornatus except striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures smaller, more widely spaced, lateral margin of declivity on interstriae 6 and 7 with small, subtuberculate calluses, and denticles more sharply pointed. Female.— Similar to male except frons very weakly, broadly convex, minutely, densely punctured over entire area, granules absent, densely covered by very long hair, 660 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 anterior margin of pronotum ornamented by similar hair; elytral declivity somewhat sim- ilar but shallowly, narrowly excavated, later- al areas rounded, not elevated, denticles re- duced to small granules, sometimes entirely absent; elytral vestiture slightly shorter. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to Arizona and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Jasper Park, Tidier. British Co- lumbia: Hope Trail (46 mile camp), Lorna, McGillivary. USA: Arizona: Grand Canyon N.P., Kaibab N.F., Pina- leno Mts. Colorado: Gould, Rabbit Ears Pass, Rico, Ridgeway, Wolf Creek Pass. Montana: Columbia Falls, Glacier N.P. New Mexico: Grants, Sandia Mts. Oregon: Crescent, Grant Co., Odel Lake. Utah: Hobble Creek in Utah Co., Horse Valley in Dixie N.F., Kamas, Logan Canyon, Logan Dry Canyon, Manti, Soapstone Creek in Wasatch N.F. Washington: Metaline Falls. Wyoming: Saratoga. Hosts.— Abies lasiocarpa. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 228 specimens, several of which were com- pared directly to the type series of minutus and jasperi. 3. Pityokteines mystaciniis Wood Pityokteines mystacinits Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .3.5:29 (Holotype, female; Mount Rainier National Park, Washington; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minutus (Swaine) by the smaller size, by the very different ornamentation of hair on the female frons, by the finer pronotal and elytral punctures, and by other characters. It is probably much more closely related to lasiocarpi (Swaine). Female.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons similar to lasiocarpi except more broadly convex, surface not as smooth, some- what dull, punctures averaging smaller and, on lower third, becoming almost obsolete; vestiture on lower third abundant, rather long, epistomal brush very broad, rather dense; setae on upper half of frontal area sparse, short. Antennal club almost as in lasiocarpi. Pronotum as in lasiocarpi except anterior margin more narrowly rounded; vestiture uniformly short as in lasiocarpi. Elytra as in lasiocarpi except pimctures on disc slightly larger, very slightly more confused on basal half, and declivital striae 1 more strongly im- pressed, with punctures on striae 1 slightly larger, subapical transverse elevation at apex of sulcus more distinct (but still rather ob- scure); position, number, and size of tubercles as in lasiocarpi. Vestiture similar in abun- dance, but very slightly longer than in lasiocarpi. Male.— Similar to female except upper half of frons more strongly convex, vestiture on lower third greatly reduced in abundance and length; elytral declivity with sulcus slightly deeper (about as in male lasiocarpi) but narrower. Distribution.— Washington. USA: Washington: Mt. Rainier N.P., 21-VIII-62, silver fir, D. E. Bright. Host.— Abies amabilis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 5 specimens. 4. Pityokteines lasiocarpi (Swaine) Fig. 160 Orthotomicus lasiocarpi Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:183 (Lectotype, female; Rogers Pass, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9.300, subsequent designation by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:676) Orthotomides lasiocarpi: Wood, 1951, J. Ent. Soc. Kansas 24:32. Pityokteines lasiocarpi: Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:21 Diagnosis.— This species is rather easily distinguished from other Pityokteines species by characters of the antennal club, by the vestiture of the female, and by the much smaller declivital spines in the male. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex; surface smooth, shining, with rather fine, close, deep punc- tures below, becoming larger and rather sparse toward vertex; vestiture of fine, rather sparse, short hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides feebly arcuate, sub- parallel on posterior two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; summit very slightly in front of middle; anterior slope rather strongly declivous, moderately, closely asperate; pos- terior area smooth, shining, deeply, rather closely punctured. Vestiture of fine, incon- spicuous hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly 1982 Ipini 661 rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures small, spaced within a row by about twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine, unise- riate, spacing about equal to those of striae. Declivity rather steep, shallowly impressed; sutural interstriae rather weakly elevated, with a row of minute subgranulate punctures, shallowly impressed from position of striae 1, gradually ascending to position of striae 3, surface shining, sparse, minute punctures confused, no indication of rows; all margins rounded, armed by three pairs of small, pointed denticles. Vestiture of rows of short, erect strial hair, and rows of distinctly longer, fine, interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except elytral declivity less strongly, more narrowly im- pressed, lateral denticles minute. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to Utah. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Blairmore, Edmonton. Brit- ish Columbia: Kootenay Pass, Rogers Pass. USA: Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Collens, Franklin Basin Road in Franklin Co. Montana: Glacier N.P. Oregon: Gold Lake in Will- amette N.F. Utah: Brighton, Kanias, La Sal Mts., Logan Canvon, Logan Drv Canyon, Mt. Nebo. Washington: Mt. Rainier. Hosts.— Abies amabilis, A. lasiocarpa, Picea engehnannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— This polygamous species breeds in the bole and large limbs of cut, fallen, or dying trees. The parental tunnels are in the cambium region and feebly scar the surface of the wood. They are of the radiate or star- shaped type. Larval mines are relatively short, and show on the phloem surface of peeled bark. It is not an aggressive species and rarely becomes abundant. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Swaine's type series and on 265 other specimens. 5. Pityokteines elegans Swaine Fig. 160 Pittiokteines elegans Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:182 (Lectotvpe, female; Hood River, Oregon; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9297, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:677) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ornatus (Swaine) by the sexually dimor- phic frons, in the male virtually devoid of granules, by the more widely spaced strial punctures, by the smaller base of declivital spine 2, with well developed marginal tu- bercles between spines 2 and 3, and by the host. Male.— Length 1.9-2.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in ornatus except almost entirely devoid of granules. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; essentially as in ornatus except punctures immediately behind summit sub- granulate to granulate; surface near lateral margins subreticulate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in ornatus except striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures more widely spaced; declivital spine 2 with base only slightly inflated; lateral mar- gin of declivity with rounded granules on in- terstriae 5 and 6 between spines 1 and 2; ves- titure shorter, less abundant. Female.— Similar to male except frons feebly concave, densely, minutely punctured from epistoma to vertex, surface on lower half minutely subgranulate; frons covered by abundant, long, fine hair, similar hair on an- terior margin of pronotum; elytral declivity as in female ornatus. Distribution.— British Columbia and N Idaho to California. CAN.\DA: British Columbia: Genoa Bay at Duncan, Qualicum. USA: California: El Dorado Co., Grassy Lake, Humboldt Co., Lake Tahoe, Lassen N.F., Lassen N.P., Madera Co., Mariposa Co., Modoc Co., Mt. Ray- mond Trail, Placer Co., Plumas Co., Sequoia N.F., Ner- val Flats in Lassen Co., Shasta Co., Trinity Co., Tulare Co., Tuolumne Co., Yosemite. Idaho; Deception Creek, Coeur d'Alene, Potlatch. Oregon: Ashland, Corvallis, Hood River, Pinehurst. Washington: Metaline Falls, Spokane. Hosts.— Abies concolor, A. ynagnifica, less common in other hosts, except apparently re- stricted to Pseudotsuga menziesii in northern Idaho. Biology.— Evidently more common in dying, standing trees up to about 25 cm in di- ameter. Habits apparently are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 132 specimens, several of which were compared to Swaine's type series by me. 6. Pityokteines sparsus (LeConte) Xyleboriis sparsus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:160 (Holotype, female; Point Keweenaw 662 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 on Lake Superior, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1002) Pityokteines sparsus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 12.3 Tornicus halsameus LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. See. 17:625 (Lectotype, male; Central New York; Mus. Comp. Zool., present designation); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 12.3. Synomjmij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with difficulty, from elegans Swaine by the shghtly smaller, more widely spaced strial punctures, by the smooth, shining, non- reticulate lateral areas of the pronotum, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Evidently identical to elegans except as noted in above diagnosis. Female.— Differing from female elegans as male and female of that species differ from one another. Distribution.— Alberta and New- foimdland to Wisconsin and West Virginia. CANADA: Alberta: Lesser Slave Lake. Manitoba: Whiteshell Prov. Park. New Brunswick: Acadia Station, Bathurst, Fredericton, Hillsboro, McGraw Brook, Plaster Rock, Riley Brook. Newfoundland: Comerbrook, Pasa- dena. Nova Scotia: Kejimukuyik, Kemptown. Ontario: Algonquin N.P., Barrie, Boys, Calandar, Caramat, Go- gama, Lanark, Matatchewan, Pass Lake, South March, Whitney. Quebec: Gaspe Co., Hudson, Kazabazua, La- niel, Montreal, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Stoke. Saskatche- wan: Prince Albert N.P. USA: Maine: Bnmswick, Camp Caribou, Guilford, Monmouth. Massachusetts: Fitch- burg. Michigan: Charlevoix, Grand Island, Harbor Spring, Ingleside, Mackinaw, Marquette, Point Kewee- naw, Seney. Minnesota: Atkin, Ely Lake, Itaska Park, St. Louis Co. New Hampshire: Dartmouth, Gorham, Wa- terville. Went Loc. New York: Axton, Cranberry Lake, Elka Park, Saranac Inn. Pennsylvania: Tamarack. West Virginia: Kanawha Station. Wisconsin: Cedar Island, Clintonville. Host.— Abies balsamea. Biology.— As in elegans. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of sparsus, on the type series of halsameus, and on 613 other specimens. Because a type has not been selected, I here designate the first male syntype in the Le- Conte series as lectotype of halsameus LeConte. Genus ORTHOTOMICUS Ferrari Onthotomicus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumsuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 44 (Type- species: Bostrichiis laricis Fabricius, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:126) ' Orthotomictis Ferrari, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:256 (correlation of lapsus calami) Neotomicus Fuchs, 1911, Morphologische Studien uber Borkenkafer, I. Die gattungen Ips DeGeer und Pitijogenes Bedel, p. .3-3 (Type-species: Bostrichiis laricis Fabricius, subsequent designation bv Hop- kins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:125); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 121. Sijnonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is intermediate between Pityokteines Fuchs and Ips DeGeer. It shares with Pityokteines the obliquely trun- cate antennal club, the more abrupt, sexually dimorphic elytral declivity, with a more poorly developed apical margin. It differs from Pityokteines in having the apical margin of the elytral declivity transversely longer than the distance between the third pair of spines, with the lateral margin more strongly, more continuously elevated, and in having the frons sexually dimorphic. It differs from Ips by the structure of the antennal club, by the more striking sexually dimorphic elytral declivity, and by the third (lowest) pair of de- clivital spines being distinctly mesad of the lateral margin. Description.— Length 2.4-3.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons convex, granulate-punctate in both sexes; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Eye elongate-oval, shallowly emarginate. Anten- nal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club obliquely truncate, two recurved sutures in- dicated on anterior face. Pronotum slightly longer than wide; summit indefinite, near middle; anterior area strongly declivous and asperate, posterior area punctate. Scutellum rather large, almost flat. Elytra striate; de- clivity abrupt, broadly excavated, lateral margins elevated, dentate, apical margin broadly, acutely elevated, forming a contin- uous costa as long transversely as width of entire excavated area, last (lowest) denticle placed mesad of lateral margin; declivity moderately sexually dimorphic. Tibiae as in Ips. Distribution.— Coniferous forests of northern North America, Europe and Asia; about a dozen species are known; one occurs in North America. Biology.— The species are polygamous and phloeophagous. They construct modified 1982 Ipini 663 radiate parental gallery systems in the cam- bium of coniferous hosts. They attack the bole or large limbs of dying, standing, cut, or fallen trees. They are of secondary ecological importance. Notes.— This genus has been of doubtful validity since it was first proposed. It oc- cupies an intermediate position between Pityokteines, from which it is doubtfully dis- tinct, and Ips, with which it intergrades somewhat. It is recognized here because these three groups are about equally distinct from one another and, in my opinion, it is not in the interest of either taxonomy or forestry to group Pityokteines and Ips in the same genus. If they are not grouped, the only alter- native appears to be to give equal status to Orthotomicus. The reduction of one or all these groups to subgeneric status only rele- gates the problem to a different level and solves nothing. Although most of the pub- lished discussion on this problem has involved the relationship of Orthotomicus and Ips, it is my opinion that Orthotomicus genetically and structurally is much more closely allied to Pityokteines. Orthotomicus caelatus (Eichhoff) Fig. 158, 160 Toiniciis caelatus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:402 (Syntypes; Pennsylvania, Carolina; pre- sumably lost in Hamburg Mus.) Tomicus decrettts Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:402 (Lectotype, female; New Orleans, Loui- siana; Brussels Mus., present designation); Le- Conte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:177. Synonymy Xyleborus vicintis LeConte, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:72 (Holotype, female; British Columbia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 985); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:.360 and Wood, 197,3, Great Basin Nat. 33:179. Synonymy Xyleborus punctipennis LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:624 (Holotype, female; .Marquette, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1293); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:179. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This is the only American species of this genus. Male.— Length 2.4-3.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse elevation near epistoma; surface granulate- pimctate, at least part of surface above eyes usually reticulate. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; summit indefinite, slightly in front of middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; poste- rior area shining, often subreticulate later- ally, rather coarsely, deeply punctured, those near summit granulate to subasperate. Vesti- ture hairlike, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, subtruncate behind with third pair of denticles inter- rupting outline; striae 1 distinctly, others feebly impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, rather widely spaced. Declivity abrupt, very steep, broadly excavated; face of declivity deeply, broadly excavated, smooth, shining, punctures on striae 1 in an indistinct row, rather coarse, shallow, not clearly formed, punctures in lateral areas similar, confused; lateral margins rather strongly elevated from interstriae 2 at base to sutural apex; spine 1 at base on interstriae 2 moderately large, acutely pointed; spine 2 basally separate from 1, in line with interstriae 3, its base en- larged and united with a prominence in line with interstriae 4, spine 2 rather large, acute- ly pointed; margin at interstriae 5 and 6 armed by separate rounded nodules, nodule at 7 poorly formed; spine 3 at level of a point between interstriae 6 and 7, set well mesad of lateral margin, as large as spine 1; subapical margin formed by a subacutely elevated un- dulating costa from suture to a point between nodule of interstriae 7 and spine 3. Vestiture of rows of coarse interstrial hair, supple- mented near base of declivity by shorter, strial hair. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal excavation not as deep, lateral margins not as high, declivital spines distinctly smaller. Distribution.— Alaska and Nova Scotia to California and Florida. ALASKA: Numerous localities. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, New- foundland, Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Saskatchewan, Yukon. LTSA: Ala- bama, .-Krizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Con- necticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Mary- land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jer- sev, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, 664 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Ver- mont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. Hosts.— Probably any species of Finns, Picea, or Larix within its range. Biology.— This common species attacks stumps, boles, limbs, and branches of dying trees, slash, etc. It is more common in the lower bole in thick bark. It is of secondary importance and usually accompanies the at- tack of more aggressive species. The habits are as described for the genus; egg galleries are short. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of vicinus and punctipennis, on Eichhoff specimens in the U.S. National Museum, possibly syntypes, of caelatus, on 3 syntypes of decrettis, and on 1,209 other specimens. The first female syntype in the Chapuis series in the Brussels Museum is here designated as the lectotype for decretus Eichhoff. Genus ACANTHOTOMICUS Blandford Acanthotomicus Blandford, 1894, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lon- don 1894:89 (Type-species; Acanthotomicus spin- osus Blandford, monobasic) Mimips Eggers, 1932, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 22:33 (Type- species: Ips pilosus Eggers, original designation); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:191. Synomjmy Diagnosis.— As in Ips DeGeer, this genus has the antennal club strongly flattened, the lateral margin of the elytral declivity acutely to subacutely elevated, with all denticles on its summit, and the acutely elevated, trans- verse, subapical lower margin of the declivity broad. From Ips it is distinguished by the very strongly procurved sutures of the anten- nal club, by the large, coarsely faceted eyes, by the much smaller average size, and by the hosts. Description.— Length 1.6-2.7 mm, 2.5-2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to very dark reddish brown; vestiture hairlike. Frons in American species dimorphic, con- vex or partly impressed in males, more broadly flattened to impressed and pubescent in females. Eye very large, coarsely faceted; shallowly emarginate. Antennal scape elon- gate; funicle 5-segmented; club moderately subcircular, large, strongly flattened, sutures (when visible) very strongly procurved. Pro- notum slightly longer than wide; summit near middle; anterior slope moderately, closely as- perate, rather strongly declivous, anterior margin armed or not; posterior area punc- tate. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra striate; declivity rather steep, broadly exca- vated, lateral margins elevated, dentate, sub- apical margin rather strongly elevated, broad, usually more strongly sculptured in males. Distribution.— Tropical areas of Central and South America, Africa, and the Indo-Ma- layan area to Australia; more than 30 species are known, of which 10 occur in Central and South America, 3 of them from Central America. Biology.— These phloeophagous, pre- dominantly polygamous species infest limbs and branches of cut or fallen trees. The pa- rental galleries are of the radiate type with short egg galleries. Larval mines are in the phloem and may or may not show on peeled bark. Up to 11 females were associated with one male (hidens Wood), although the aver- age number for that species was about 5; ocu- laris (Wood) apparently is monogamous. Notes.— Judging from recent additions to this genus and its discovery in tropical Amer- ica, many more species remain to be de- scribed and much information on habits and behavior of named species must be gathered before a meaningful classification can be devised. Key to the Species of Acanthotomicus 1. Elytral declivity armed on upper two-thirds by at least three pairs of marginal denticles, ventrolateral margins encompassing an arc of less than one-third of a circle 2 — Elytral declivity armed on upper third by one or two pairs of marginal den- ticles, combined ventrolateral margins encompassing an arc of more than half of a circle 3 1982 2(1). Ipini 665 3(2). Smaller; male frons weakly impressed on lower half; anterior margin of pro- notum finely serrate; pronotal disc partly reticulate; declivital setae on sutural interstriae stout, blunt; basal area of spine 2 on elytral declivity weakly devel- oped; Veracruz and Jamaica to Venezuela; Spondias mombin; 1.6-2.0 mm 1. mimicus (Schedl) Larger; male frons very strongly impressed on lower half; anterior margin of pronotum devoid of denticles; pronotal disc smooth, shining; declivital setae on sutural interstriae longer, slender, pointed; basal area of spine 2 on elytral de- clivity more strongly elevated; Venezuela; Spondias mombin; 1.9-2.4 mm 2. analogus (Wood) Lateral margins of elytral declivity armed by two pairs of spines; Costa Rica to Panama; Spondias mombin; 2.3-2.5 mm 3. fortis (Wood) Lateral margins of elytral declivity armed by one pair of spines: Panama; 2.3-2.6 mm 4. chiriquensis (Blandford) 1. Acanthotomicus m,imicus (Schedl) Fig. 159 Mimips mimicus Schedl, 1961, Pan Pacific Ent. 37:227 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with difficulty, from analogus (Wood) by the smaller size, by the weakly impressed lower frons of the male, by the finely serrate ante- rior margin of the pronotum, by the more poorly developed basal area of spine 2 on the elytral declivity, and by the shorter, stouter, blunt setae on the sutural interstriae of the declivity. Male.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, moderately, transversely im- pressed on slightly less than lower half, less strongly toward median line; surface mostly shining, rather coarsely punctured above, more finely and with sparse granules below; vestiture of rather sparse, coarse, long hair. Antennal club subcircular, with two rather strongly procurved sutures clearly marked by rows of setae, suture 1 not attaining middle of club. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly arcuate, an- terior margin broadly rounded; anterior mar- gin armed by about 10 small serrations; sum- mit not clearly defined; anterior slope moderately asperate; posterior area rather coarsely, not deeply punctured, shining ex- cept obscure reticulation toward summit on some specimens. Vestiture hairlike, confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then con- vergently arcuate and truncate on slightly more than median half behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, equal in size and appearance to those of striae but not quite as deep. Declivity steep, broadly exca- vated as in Ips; face of declivity broadly con- cave, punctures large, shallow, concave, su- tural interstriae feebly elevated; lateral margins rather strongly elevated from inter- striae 2 to sutural apex; interstriae 2 at base armed by a moderately large, pointed den- ticle, 3 armed by a slightly larger denticle; 4 and 5 armed by a rounded nodule, bases of denticle 2 on interstriae 3 and nodule on 4 connected, denticle 3 on margin at interstriae 6 as large as denticle 1; ventrolateral margin forming a continuous undulating costa from lateral margin at interstriae 7 to sutural apex. Vestiture of coarse, blunt, moderately short, interstrial setae, supplemented toward decliv- ital base by shorter strial setae; sparse setae on declivital face short, blunt. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly convex, impression scarcely in- dicated, finely, densely punctured, devoid of granules, ornamented by abundant, fine, long hair; denticles and nodules on elytral declivi- ty slightly smaller. Distribution.— Veracruz and Jamaica to Venezuela and Brazil. 666 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Cateniaco, 1-3-V-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, dry wood, F. Nevermann. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. 340, evidently Spondias mombin, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clayton, 22-XII-63, 35 m. No. •323, evidently Spondias mombin, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: 9 km S Barrancas, Barinas, Venezuela, 5- XI-69, 1.50 m. No. 115, Spondias mombin, S. L. Wood; 40 km E Canton, Barinas, Venezuela, 8-III-70, 70 m. No. .394, Spondias mombin, S. L. Wood; Try., Good Hope, Jamaica, II-VIII-66, A. T. Howden. Host.— Spondias monibin. Biology.— This species was taken from slash and from broken, fallen limbs and branches. The habits are essentially as de- scribed for the genus. About three to five fe- males were associated with a male. Parental and larval mines penetrated the entire phloem tissue; they were not confined to the cambium region. When in competition with analogus for space in the same branches, this species restricted its activity to branches 2 to 3 cm in diameter. In the absence of com- petition in Panama, it attacked limbs up to 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 155 other specimens. This species bears a very strong resem- blance to Ips and, except for the antennal club, could very well be placed in that genus. 2. Acanthotomicus analogus (Wood) Mimips analogus Wood, 1971, Brigham Yoimg Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):40 (Holotype, male; 40 km E Canton, Barinas, Venezuela; Wood Coll.) Although this Venezuelan species has not been reported from Central America, it is mentioned here because its host does occur there and because it probably would be over- looked if special attention were not called to its very close resemblance to mimicus Schedl. Information that will permit identification of it is presented in the above key and in the treatment of mimicus. It attacks the broken limbs and branches of Spondias mombin larger than 3 cm in diameter. 3. Acanthotomicus fortis (Wood) Fig. 159 Mimips fortis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):40 (Holotype, male; Finca Taboga, about 15 km SW Cafias, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is easily recog- nized by characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in analogus except transverse im- pression much weaker; vestiture sparse, fine. Pronotum as in analogus except anterior margin indistinctly serrate, discal punctures slightly larger, not as close. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; disc as in analogus but punctures very slightly smaller, deeper; strial and interstrial punctures equal in size. Declivity very steep, truncate, broad- ly concave; lower two-thirds margined by an Fig. 159. Acanthotomicus spp., male elytral declivity: A, mimicus; B, fortis; C, granulatus. (After Wood 1971:39-41.) 1982 Ipini 667 elevated, subacute, continuous, slightly undu- lating ridge, upper third armed by two coarse teeth (directed caudad), one in line with interstriae 2, second in line with inter- striae 4; face of declivity shining, with mod- erately abundant, large, shallow punctures. Vestiture of rather long, fine, interstrial hair, a few supplemental setae near declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Finca Taboga, about 15 km SVV Canas, Guanacaste, 8-II-67, presumably Spondias mom- bin. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-6.3, .35 m, No. 340, presumably Spondias momhin, S. L. Wood. Host.— Presumably Spondias mombin. Biology.— The one specimen from Pan- ama was taken with a series of mimicus (Schedl) from a limb presumed to be Spondias mombin.. The habits evidently are very similar to those of mimicus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four male specimens. 4. Acanthotomicus chiriquensis (Blandford) Xijlocleptes chiriquensis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6): 189 (Lectotype, male; Brit- ish Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Mimips chiriquensis: Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:24 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from granulatus (Ferrari) by the smooth, shining posterior areas of the pronotum, by the smaller punctures on the elytral disc, by the larger, stouter, posteriorly directed spines that are in line with striae 2 at the basal mar- gin of the declivity, by the three or four min- ute denticles on the lateral margin of the male declivity, and by the smaller declivital punctures. Male.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in fortis (Wood) ex- cept anterior margin of pronotum more coarsely serrate, 1.1 times as long as wide, posterior area smooth, shining, punctures small, rather close, moderately deep. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures very small, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, 2 very shallowly impressed; interstriae slightly irregular, shining, at least six times as wide as striae, pimctures almost uniseriate, as large as those of striae but less clearly formed. De- clivity rather abrupt, steep, broadly, shallow- ly concave; declivital face smooth, shining, with small, confused, rather close punctures, suture distinctly elevated; lateral margin dis- tinctly, subacutely elevated on a circular arc from sutural apex to striae 3 at base of de- clivity, a large, stout, pointed spine at decliv- ital base on interstriae 2, about one and one- half times as long as its basal width, its apex directed toward elytral apex; central half of lateral margin bearing three widely spaced, pointed granules. Vestiture of coarse, moder- ately long, interstrial hair, similar setae on su- tural interstriae of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except major spine at base of declivity about half as large; lateral margin of declivity less strongly ele- vated (frons partly concealed by pronotum, remainder covered by glue). Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 3-4,000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's three syntypes. The first syn- type, a male, is here designated as the lecto- type of Xylocleptes chiriquensis Blandford. Genus IPS DeGeer Ips DeGeer, 1775, Memoires pour servir a I'histoire des insectes 5:190 (Type-species: Tomicus typo- graphus =Dennestes tijpographus Linnaeus, sub- sequent designation by Bergroth, 1884, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 28:230) ' Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 44 (Type- species: Bostrichus stenographus Duftschmidt = B. sexdentatus Boerner, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:119); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopteronmi Catalogus 4:47. Synonymy Cyrtotomicus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 44 (Type- species: Ips acuminatus Gyllenhal, subsequent designation bv Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:120); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, ser. 2, 8:254. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Orthotomicus Ferrari, as indicated in tlie diagnosis of that genus, and from Acan- thotomicus Blandford by the strongly flat- tened antennal club, with sutures strongly to moderately bisinuate (except in concinnus and mexicanus), by the smaller, finely granu- late eye, by the larger average size, and by the coniferous hosts. 668 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Description.— Length 2.1-6.9 mm, 2.4-2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to almost black, vestiture hairlike. Frons simple to strongly, sexually dimor- phic. Eye finely faceted; small, shallowly emarginate, its width much less than length of scape, its length much less than twice length of scape. Antennal scape elongate; fu- nicle 5-segmented; club subcircular to oval, strongly flattened, two sutures on anterior face weakly bisinuate to strongly angulate. Pronotum about equal in length and width; summit near middle, not strongly developed; anterior slope strongly declivous, coarsely as- perate, anterior margin not serrate; posterior area punctate. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra striate, declivity concavely excavated, lateral margins dentate, all teeth on summit, transverse length of ventrolateral subapical margin as wide as declivital excavation, strongly elevated. Tibiae as in other Ipini. Distribution.— Coniferous forests of North America south to northern Nicaragua, Europe and Asia south to North Africa, India, and Australia; more than 60 species have been assigned to the genus; of these 25 occur in North America. Biology.— All American species attack coniferous trees of the genera Piniis and Picea. Although most of them breed in slash, broken, fallen, or dying trees, some species under favorable conditions are capable of making successful primary attacks on healthy trees. They are polygamous and phloeo- phagous; the elongate egg galleries are in the cambium; eggs are deposited in individual niches (two exceptions). Larval mines are short to very long, straight to irregular, and always visible on peeled bark. From one to several generations per year may be produced. Notes.— This genus intergrades with Or- tliotomicus and with Acanthotomiciis. For the most part these groups are distinct and easily characterized. Exceptions occur with latidens (LeConte) and spinifer (Eichhoff), from North America, and erosus Wollaston, from Europe, which form a compact group having the general features of Orthotomicus, but the antennal club and the position of teeth on the elytral declivity place them in Ips. To make these genera definable, they are placed in Ips. The species concinnus (Mannerheim) and mexicanus (Hopkins) are very closely related to one another, but they are intermediate in characters between Ips, Acanthotomiciis and, perhaps, Orthotomicus. The antennal club is much as in some Acanthotomiciis, the elytral declivity is somewhat like Orthotomicus, and the size, eye, hosts, frons, and other minor characters are as in Ips. Three possible solu- tions might be used to settle this problem: (1) accept an unsatisfactory grouping with the intermediate species grouped in definable, es- tablished genera; (2) group all these genera into one large genus, thus relegating the problem from the suprageneric level to the infrageneric level and, in my opinion, there- by magnify the problem that should be over- come; or (3) describe each of the inter- mediate groups as undefinable taxa that are even more difficult to recognize than those now available. As unsatisfactory as it is, the first alternative is followed below. Since it often is desirable to divide a well- known, economically important group into species groups, the following are suggested: concinnus group {concinnus and mexicanus), latidens group {latidens and spinifer), per- turhatus group {perturbatus, perroti, ivoodi, and hunteri), tridens group {tridens, pilifrons, and borealis), pini group {pini, avulsus, and bonanseai), plastographus group {plasto- graphus and integer), emarginatus group {emarginatus and knausi), calligraphus group {calligraphus), and grandicollis group {grandi- collis, lecontei, montanus, paraconfusus, con- fusus, and hoppingi). Of these nine species groups, that portion of the Palaearctic fauna known to me does not include representatives of the concinnus, tridens, or grandicollis groups. The Eurasian fauna includes representative of the latidens {erosus Wollaston), perturbatus {ajnitinus Eichhoff, cembrae Heer, duplicatus Sahlberg, fallax Eggers, subelongatus Molschulsky), pini {mannsfeldi Wachl), plastographus {hauseri Reitter, longifolia Stebbing, nitidus Eggers, stebbingi Strohmeyer, typographus Linnaeus), emarginatus {acuminatus Gyllen- hal), and calligraphus {sexdentatus Boerner) groups. There are no Eurasian species groups of Ips known to me that are not represented in North America. The much greater diver- sity of the Nearctic fauna, coupled with the complete absence of unique Eurasian species groups, suggests an American origin of Ips. 1982 Ipini 669 Key to the Species of Ips 1. Elytral declivity steep, rather short, distance from anterior margin of elytra at scutellum to base of declivity on interstriae 1 much greater (more than 1.25 times) than distance from base of declivity to sutural apex of declivity; ven- trolateral subapical margins of elytral declivity moderately produced, trans- versely much wider, circumscribing at least one-third of a circle, its lateral ex- tremity ending near third (last and largest) denticle; antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 feebly or very strongly, broadly procurved 2 — Elytral declivity more gradual, distance from anterior margin of elytra at scu- tellum to base of declivity on interstriae 1 about equal to or less than distance from base of declivity to sutural apex of declivity; ventrolateral margin of ely- tral declivity very strongly produced, narrower, circumscribing an arc much less than one-third of a circle, its lateral extremities ending remote from largest denticle (normally denticle 3), one or more additional denticles usually occur- ring between this point and denticle 3 (except emarginatus); sutures 1 and 2 of antennal club weakly bisinuate to strongly angulate 5 2(1). Larger; sutures on antennal club very strongly procurved; strial and interstrial punctures subequal in size, not always in clearly definable rows; spine 3 on declivity subcapitate, a distinct constriction before its apex; concinnus group 3 — Smaller; sutures on antennal club weakly procurved, almost straight; strial punctures at least twice as large as those of interstriae, in clearly defined rows; spine 3 on declivity cylindrical or conic il, not constricted before its apex; latidens group 4 3(2). Punctures on posterior third of pronotum fine, close, those behind summit of- ten finely granulate or connected by longitudinally strigose lines; pronotal ves- titure more abundant, coarser; Alaska to N California; Picea sitchensis; 3.5-4.6 mm 1. concinnus (Mannerheim) — Punctures on posterior third of pronotum moderately coarse, usually not at all granulate or strigose; pronotal vestiture finer, apparently less abundant; Alaska and Alberta to Guatemala; Pinus; 3.6-5.0 mm 2. mexicanus (Hopkins) 4(2). Frons granulate-punctate, granules small, inconspicuous; antennal club slightly larger, scape length about 1.2 times width of club; spine 3 on elytral declivity smaller, tapered from its base, usually not larger than 2, pointed; British Co- lumbia and Quebec to California, Chihuahua, and West Virginia; Pinus; 2.3-3.6 mm 3. latidens (LeConte) — Frons granulate-punctate, a pair of large granules near center; antennal club slightly smaller, scape length about 1.3 times width of club; spine 3 much larger than 2, not tapered on its basal two-thirds, usually blunt; California; Pinus sabiniana; 2.6-3.4 mm 4. spinifer (Eichhoff) 5(1). Lateral margins of elytral declivity armed by four pairs of spinelike denticles (spine 3 in emarginatus group bifid); antennal club with sutures feebly to strongly bisinuate (angulate in integer group); frons with or without a prominent median tubercle, devoid of foveate impression 6 — Lateral margins of declivity armed by five or six pairs of spines; antennal club with sutures strongly angulate; frons with a conspicuous median denticle (ab- sent in some females) and, in most species, a subfoveate impression (impression always present when denticle absent) 27 6(5). Smaller species; spine 3 on elytral declivity somewhat cylindrical, constricted or not 7 670 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Larger species; spine 3 on elytral declivity very large, strongly flattened and conspicuously emarginate at its tip (in some female knaiisi it may appear as two small denticles); emarginatus group 26 7(6). Discal interstriae irregularly, uniseriately punctured {perturbatus almost im- punctate); spine 3 on male elytral declivity subcapitate, usually sharply point- ed at its apex and directed caudodorsad; frons sexually dimorphic or not; hosts Picea (except woodi and perroti in Pinus) 8 — Discal interstriae impunctate except near declivity in some species; spine 3 on male declivity usually blunt, its apex slightly bent and directed somewhat caudoventrad; frons feebly if at all dimorphic; hosts Pinus 21 8(7). Frons similar in both sexes, broadly, almost uniformly convex, granulate- punctate, not unusually pubescent in female; perturbatus group 9 — Frons slightly to profoundly dimorphic, broadly convex and granulate-punctate in males, slightly to profoundly protuberant in females; tridens group 12 9(8). Discal interstriae impunctate except near declivity; discal interstriae two to three times as wide as striae; strial punctures small, not noticeably reduced near declivity; punctures on pronotal disc small, shallow; Alaska and New Brunswick to Montana and Michigan; Picea; 4.0-4.7 mm 5. perturbatus (Eichhoff) — Discal interstriae at least sparsely punctured; discal interstriae distinctly less than twice as wide as striae; strial punctures near declivity about half as large as on disc 10 10(9). Smaller; slender, 2.7 times as long as wide; antennal club more slender, sutures almost straight; Alberta and New Brunswick to Minnesota and Michigan; Pinus; 2.7-3.5 mm 6. perroti Swaine — Larger, stouter, 2.4-2.5 times as long as wide; antennal club wider, its sutures rather strongly bisinuate 11 11(10). Strial punctures coarse, deep, interstrial punctures at least half as large as those of striae; interstriae only slightly wider than striae; pronotal punctures rather coarse, deep; Alberta to Nevada and New Mexico; Pinus flexilis, P. strobiformis; 3.5-4.7 mm 7. woodi Thatcher — Strial punctures moderately fine, interstrial punctures fine, less than half as large as those of striae; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae; pronotal punctures rather fine; Utah, Colorado, and Arizona; Picea pungens; 3.3-4.0 mm 8. hunteri Swaine 12(8). Smaller, 2.6-3.8 mm; surface of female frons above eyes smooth, even, punc- tures minute, lower frons weakly, rather broadly protuberant, its surface with small granules, sparse or absent {borealis Swaine) 13 — Larger, 3.3-5.0 mm; surface of female frons above eyes smooth; rather irregu- lar, punctures moderately coarse, poorly defined, lower frons weakly to profoundly protuberant, part or all its surface usually rather coarsely granulate .... 16 13(12). Female frons weakly protuberant on lower half, surface, at least at sides below and entire area above eyes, with very minute, almost obsolete punctures, granules minute or obsolete; epistoma without conspicuous granules 14 — Female frons almost evenly, broadly convex, sparsely pubescent over entire area below upper level of eyes, punctures small, distinct from epistoma to vertex; epistoma with a transverse row of granules 15 1982 Ipini 671 14(13). Female frons entirely glabrous, rather weakly inflated below, entire surface smooth, with sparse, minute punctures, entirely devoid of granules; Alaska and Montana to Newfoundland and Maine; Picea ghuca; 3.0-3.7 mm 9. borealis borealis Swaine — Female lower frons feebly to moderately inflated (variable), moderately to densely pubescent on median half below upper level of eyes, punctate area mostly very finely granulate; S British Columbia; Picea glauca, P. engelmannii; 2.6-3.4 mm 10. borealis swainei R. Hopping 15(13). Female frontal pubescence rather short, very fine, lower frons not inflated, granules very small; SE Wyoming (?) and W South Dakota to Colorado; Picea glauca; 3.0-3.8 mm 11. borealis lanieri Wood — Female frontal pubescence longer, coarser, lower frons feebly inflated, gran- ules distinctly larger; Nova Scotia; Picea glauca; 3.2-3.6 mm 12. borealis thomasi G. Hopping 16(12). Average size smaller, 3.3-4.3 mm; strial punctures smaller, not as deep, inter- striae at least twice as wide as striae; Alaska to California and W Montana; tridens (Mannerheim) 17 — Average size larger, 4.4-5.0 mm; strial punctures coarse, deep, interstriae very slightly wider than striae; S Idaho and Montana to Arizona and New Mexico; pilifrons Swaine 18 17(16). Female frons feebly if at all elevated, granulate, sparsely pubescent; Alaska to California; Picea sitchensis; 3.8-4.3 mm 13. tridens tridens (Mannerheim) — Female frons moderately to profoundly protuberant from epistoma to upper level of eyes, granulate or not, glabrous to densely pilose; Alaska and North- west Territories to California and Wyoming; Picea engelmannii, P. glauca; 3.3-4.3 mm 14. tridens engelmanni Swaine 18(16). Female frons weakly if at all protuberant on lower half, granulation similar to male, vestiture sparse, partly or entirely fine and long; Wyoming and Utah to Colorado and Arizona; Picea engelmannii, P. pungens; 4.4-5.0 mm 17. pilifrons utahensis Wood — Female frons moderately to very strongly protuberant below upper level of eyes, glabrous or vestiture of minute pile, granulation very different from male 19 19(18). Female frons strongly protuberant but elevated area strongly sulcate on me- dian line, sides of sulcus glabrous to densely pilose; S Colorado to New Mexico; Picea pungens, P. engelmannii; 4.4-5.0 mm 16. pilifrons suU^ifrons Wood — Female frons moderately protuberant, without a deep median sulcus, pile, when present, more broadly distributed 20 20(19). Female frontal protuberance occupying lower 80 percent (maximum devel- opment) of distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes, pilose area confined to median 50 percent of distance between eyes, lateral areas more sparsely, finely granulate; Mt. Wheeler, Nevada; Picea engelmannii; 3.9-4.9 mm 18. pilifrons thatcheri Wood — Female frontal protuberance occupying 115 percent (maximum development) of distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes, pilose area confined to me- dian 80 percent of distance between eyes, lateral areas more coarsely, closely granulate; north central Colorado to SW Wyoming; Picea engelmannii; 4.0-5.0 mm 15. pilifrons pilifrons Swaine 672 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 21(7). Sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club broadly bisinuate; lower frons regularly gran- ulate, without a median tubercle, fovea, or carina; smaller, 2.1-4.3 mm; pini group 22 — Sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club strongly bisinuate, acutely angulate at middle; lower frons with a median tubercle, carina, or fovea; larger, 4.2-5.4 mm; plastographus group 24 22(21). Interstriae little if any wider than striae; ventrolateral margin of elytral decliv- ity moderately, subacutely extended; declivital spines forming short, blunt cones, spine 3 not capitate in male; Wisconsin and New Jersey to E Texas and Florida; Pinus; 2.1-2.8 mm 19. avulsus (Eichhoff) — Interstriae at least one and one-half times as wide as striae; ventrolateral sub- apical margin of declivity very strongly, acutely extended; declivital margin usually higher, more acutely pointed, spine 3 capitate in male 23 23(22). Major median frontal tubercle connected by a carina to epistomal tubercle; pronotal disc usually more uniformly punctured, punctures in posterolateral areas little if any larger than those behind summit; punctures on pronotal disc usually less than one-third as large as strial punctures; S Arizona to Honduras; Pinus; 2.9-3.4 mm 20. bonanseai (Hopkins) — Frons without a major median tubercle or elevation; pronotal punctures be- hind summit less dense and much smaller than those in posterolateral areas, largest punctures at least two-thirds as large as those of striae; Alaska and Newfoundland to Chihuahua and North Carolina; Pinus; 3.3-4.3 mm 21. pini (Say) 24(21). Median epistomal and frontal tubercles usually connected by a continuous carinate elevation; strial punctures at middle of disc often subquadrate or wider than long; interstriae 3-5 rarely with punctures near declivity, those present uniseriate; British Columbia and South Dakota to Guatemala; Pinus; 4.6-5.7 mm 22. integer (Eichhoff) — Median epistomal (if present) and frontal tubercles rarely connected by a ca- rina; strial punctures usually smaller, circular; interstriae 3-5 commonly punctured on posterior third of disc, those present usually confused; smaller 25 25(24). Median frontal tubercle moderately developed; striations on female stridula- tory organ (pars stridens) on vertex more closely spaced; struts on male ae- deagus proportionately longer; British Columbia and Wyoming to central Cali- fornia; Pinus contorta; 4.0-5.2 mm 23. plastographus plastographus (LeConte) — Median frontal tubercle rather poorly developed; striations on pars stridens more widely spaced; struts on male aedeagus proportionately shorter; Oregon and California coasts; Pinus radiata, P. murricata, P. contorta, 4.0-5.1 mm 24. plastographus maritimus Lanier 26(6). Interstrial punctures absent; declivital spine 4 absent (rarely present in female); British Columbia and E Montana to Baja California; Pinus; 5.5-6.9 mm 25. emarginatus (LeConte) — Interstrial punctures present; declivital spine 4 present; S Nevada and E South Dakota to Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus ponderosa; 4.9-6.4 mm 26. knausi Swaine 27(5). Subapical margin of elytral declivity transversely short, equal to about two- fifths distance between largest (third) spines; lateral margins armed by six pairs of spines; California and Quebec to Jamaica and Honduras; Pinus; 3.8-5.9 mm 27. calligraphus (Germar) 1982 Ipini 673 — Subapical margin of elytral declivity longer, equal to three-fourths distance between largest (third) spines; lateral margins armed by five pairs of spines 28 28(27). Distance from spine 2 to spine 1 on elytral declivity conspicuously greater than from spine 1 to suture 29 — Distance from spine 2 to spine 1 equal to or less than from spine 1 to suture 30 29(28). Male frons armed by one median tubercle placed well above epistoma; Mani- toba and Quebec to Florida and Honduras; Finns; 2.9-4.6 mm 28. grandicollis (Eichhoff) — Male epistoma armed at median line by a pair (transverse) of tubercles; Arizona and New Mexico to Honduras; Piniis; 4.0-4.7 mm 29. lecontei Swaine 30(28). Frontal fovea poorly developed in both sexes; upper margin of enlarged me- dian tubercle on male frons comparatively remote from epistoma, attaining upper level of eyes; frontal vestiture usually not as long or as abundant; British Columbia and W Montana to California; Pinus monticola\ 4.6-5.4 mm 30. montanus (Eichhoff) — Frontal fovea usually deeply impressed in both sexes; enlarged median tubercle on male frons almost on epistoma, remote from upper level of eyes; frontal vestiture usually more abundant, longer; smaller than 4.3 mm 31 31(30). Frons almost always with a few small, often obscure punctures in central area among granules; major tubercle on male frons usually larger, more broadly romided; punctures on elytral declivity smaller, more widely spaced; S Oregon to California and W Nevada; Pinus ponderosa; 3.8-4.3 mm 31. paraconfusus Lanier — Frons almost always entirely devoid of punctures; major tubercle on male frons usually smaller, more acutely pointed; punctures on declivity slightly larger, their abundance greater and spacing closer; S California and Colorado to Baja California and W Texas; pinyon pines; 3.5-4.2 mm 32. confusus (LeConte) and 33. hoppingi Lanier 1. Ips concinnus (Mannerheim) Frons broadly convex, a large, somewhat D ,., X, u- ^aK.■y \4^i^.. subfovcatc, median imprcssion just below up- Bostncluis concmntis Mannerheim, 1852, Moskov. ' i v Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. per level of eyes; epistomal margm rather Imp. Nat. Moscou) 25:358 (reprint p. 76) (Lecto- shallowly emarginate, a slight impression in type, sex?; Sitka Island, Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mus. lateral area above epistoma; surface shining, Helsinki, present designation) ^ ^ ^ . . closelv, rather coarsely granulate, granules Tomictis hirstitm Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. , ,, , i i i .. 11;402 (Svntypes?; Sitka, .\laska; presumably lost gradually replaced above eyes by punctures; with Hamburg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. median area between fovea and epistoma oc- Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:233. Synonymy cupied by a large, blunt tubercle; vestiture Ips chamberlini Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:196 sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club with SU- (Holotype, female?: Astoria, Oregon; Canadian ^ , r j . „i., ,^^„ .^,,^^ .... Nat. Coll, 1376); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. tures poorly formed strongly procurved, su- 89:397. Synonymy ture 1 reachmg middle. Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; from the closely allied mexicanus (Hopkins) widest at base, sides feebly arcuate, con- by the finer, closer punctures on the pro- verging very slightly on basal half, broadly notum, with those behind the summit often rounded in front; summit at middle; anterior finely granulate or connected by longitudinal slope rather finely asperate; posterior area strigose lines, by the slightly more abundant shining, finely, deeply, rather closely punc- pronotal vestiture, and by the host. tured, a few punctures behind summit sub- Male.- Length 3.5-4.6 mm, 2.5 times as asperate. Vestiture of fine, long, rather abun- long as wide; color dark reddish brown. dant hair. 674 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, narrowed slightly before broadly truncate apex; striae not impressed; strial and interstrial punctures of equal size and ap- pearance, small deep, confused or (some- times) strial punctures in indistinct rows. De- clivity steep, deeply, broadly excavated; surface of concavity shining, punctures small, confused, rather close; lateral margins armed by three pairs of spines; spine 1 rather small, acutely pointed, in line with striae 2; spine 2 larger, acute, in line with striae 3, its ele- vated basal area extending as a crest two- thirds distance to spine 3; spine 3 much larger, cylindrical, subcapitate, evidently in line with striae 6; posterolateral subapical margin strongly, acutely elevated from suture to just below and equal to lateral margin of spine 3. Vestiture of rather abundant, fine, long hair. Female.— Similar to male except major, median, frontal tubercle greatly reduced or absent; declivital spines 1 and 2 very slightly smaller, 3 distinctly smaller and usually not subcapitate. Distribution.— Coastal margin of Alaska to N California. ALASKA: Edna Bay on Kosciusko Isl., Hollis, Hower, Juneau, Seagull Creek, Seward. CANADA: British Co- lumbia; Massett on Queen Charlotte Isl., Stanley Park. USA: California: Crescent City. Oregon: Astoria (prob- ably accidental), Currie Co., Florence, Mary's Peak (in flight), Newport, Otis, Seaside. Washington: Hoquiam. Host.— Picea sitchensis. Biology.— The bole of cut or fallen trees is selected for attack. The parental galleries are constructed mostly in the phloem, scoring the wood very lightly. The three to five egg tunnels associated with each male are strong- ly curved. The egg niches are very large and each may contain about three to six (usually four) eggs. The larval mines radiate from the parental galleries on a somewhat long, ir- regular course. Pupation occurs in the bark. Young adults may feed for an extended peri- od before emerging from the brood host. Notes.— Of the five specimens of this spe- cies in the Mannerheim collection, only the two collected by Frankenhaeuser are eligible for consideration as syntypes. Of these one has been labeled Bostrichtis concinnus sp. n. by Mannerheim and has subsequently had a red type label attached to its pin. I designate this specimen as the lectotype of B. con- cinnus Mannerheim. In addition to the Man- nerheim series, the holotype of chamberlini and 206 other specimens were examined. Au- thentic specimens of hirsutus have not been located; I see no reason to question the syn- onymy proposed for this name by Eichhoff, because mexicanus is not known to occur as far north as the type locality of hirsutus and the description eliminates the possibility of confusing it with any other species. The type series of chamberlini was taken at Astoria, Oregon, from Douglas fir. This in- land record from an abnormal host suggests that infested logs of Sitka spruce might have been transported to Astoria, where specimens emerged and, under stress, entered the abnor- mal host. Both the locality and the host are abnormal for this species. 2. Ips mexicanus (Hopkins) Fig. 160 Tomictis mexicanus Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:75 (Lectotype, female; Mexico City, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 751.3, pres- ent designation) Ips radiatae Hopkins, 1915, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 17:54 (Holotype, female?; Berkeley, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7461); Hopping, 196.3, Canadian Ent. 95:1094. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This .species is distinguished from the closely allied concinnus (Manner- heim) by the more coarsely punctured pro- notal disc, the punctures usually not at all granulate, by the slightly less abundant pro- notal hair, and by the host. Male.— Length 3.6-5.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in concinnus except tubercles arming epistomal process much coarser and central fovea averaging deeper. Pronotum as in concinnus except punctures in posterior area distinctly larger, not as dense, those be- hind summit not granulate; vestiture slightly less abundant. Elytra as in concinnus except punctures averaging slightly larger. Female.— Similar to male except differing as in concinnus. Distribution.— Alaska and Alberta to Guatemala. ALASKA: Douglas Island, Juneau. CANADA: Alberta: Cameron Lake. British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Field, Hope Mts., Kane Valley, Nahun, Pender Harbor. USA: Arizona: Williams. California: Alameda Co., Berkeley, 1982 Ipini 675 Contra Costa Co., Del Monte, Del Norte Co., El Dorado Co., Gasqiiette R.S., Inverness, Lake Eiler in Lassen N.F., Lake Valley, Los Angeles, Meyers, Monterey, Oak- land, Pacific Grove, Palo Alto, Placerville, San Ber- nardino Co., San Franci-sco, Santa Barbara Co., Santa Clara Co., Santa Cruz Co., Trinity Co., Tulare Co., Yosemite. Colorado: Gould, Hahn's Peak, Littleton, Poudre Canyon in Larimer Co. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Krassel, Payette, Priest River, Utah Co. Montana: Boze- man, Columbia Falls, Glacier N.P., Sula. Oregon: Fig. 160. Ipini declivities and heads: 19, Ips erosits (Europe); 20, Ips latidens, male; 21, Ips spinifer, female; 22, Orthotoinicus caelattis, female; 23, Ips plastographus, male; 24, Ips mexicamis; 25, Pityokteines lasiocarpi, female; 26-27, Pityokteines elegans, female. (After Hopping 1963:65). 676 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Badger Creek, Crater Lake N.P., Joseph, Ochoco N.F., Santiani Pass, Seaside. Utah: Elk Park in Ashley N.F., Kamas, Logan Canyon, Mirror Lake in Summit Co., Soapstone Creek in Uinta N.F. Wyoming: Bighorn N.F., Cheyenne, Cody, Keystone, Saratoga, Teton N.P., Wa- piti, Washakie. MEXICO: Baja California: Guadeloupe Isl. Distrito Federal: Mexico City. Chiapas: San Cristobal. Durango: La Ciudad, El Salto. Hidalgo: Tu- lancingo, Zacatlan, Zimapan. Mexico: Amecameca. Michoacan: Carapan. Puebla: Texmelucan. Veracruz: Perote, Las Vegas, Jacal. GUATEMALA: San Cristobal, Totonicipan. Hosts.— Finns attenuata, P. contorta, P. cooperi, P. durangensis, P. hartwegii, P. leio- phijlla, P. monteztimae, P. muricata, P. pseu- dostrobus, P. radiata. Biology.— Although consistent anatomical characters are not apparent, the habits of the Canadian-United States population is differ- ent from the Mexican-Guatemalan popu- lation. In the United States stumps or the butt of dying, standing trees are attacked at or near ground level. The gallery systems are essentially as in concinnus except they en- grave the wood more deeply. The Mexican- Guatemalan form attacks the bole of standing trees well above the ground level (2 m or more) and may occur in felled material. The egg galleries are straight (longitudinal) for at least two-thirds of their length, with the ter- minal third curved. Notes.— The holotypes of both mexicanus Hopkins and radiatae Hopkins were exam- ined in addition to 147 specimens from Can- ada and the United States, and 42 specimens from Mexico and Guatemala. Several characters, such as the biology, coarseness of elytral punctures, length and texture of declivital setae, and height of the subapical margin of the declivity, might be used to separate mexicanus and radiatae into allopatric species. However, these characters are not sufficiently consistent in the material at hand to warrant such a separation. A more detailed analysis of additional material is re- quired before a final conclusion should be made concerning the taxonomic status of these populations. 3. Ips latidens (LeConte) Fig. 160 Tomicus latidens LeConte, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:72 (Holotype, female; California; Mus. Comp. Zool, 1015)' Ips longidens Swaine, 1911, Canadian Ent. 47:214 (Lec- totype, male; Ithaca, New York; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9299, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:676); Hopping', 196.3, Canadian Ent. 95:64. Synonymy Ips gtiildi Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syr- acuse, Tech. Publ. 16:1.37 (Holotype, female; Grand Lake, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Hopping, 1963, Canadian Ent. 95:64. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied spinifer (Eichhoff) by the smaller, less conspicuous frontal granules, by the larger antennal club, and by the small- er, tapered spine 3 on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-3.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, weakly concave, a shallow, transverse impression on lower half; surface smooth, shining, with small, rather sparse granules, granules intermixed with punctures above eyes; epistomal margin shallowly emarginate, vestiture of sparse, long hair, epistomal brush conspicuous. Antennal club flattened, sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight on basal half, broadly rounded in front; summit slightly anterior to middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; poste- rior area smooth, shining, punctures moder- ately coarse, deep, moderately close. Vesti- ture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, slightly narrowed at declivity, trun- cate behind, with median half feebly sub- emarginate, spine 3 projecting; striae 1 mod- erately, others weakly impressed, punctures, coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, weakly convex, punctures fine, uniseriate. Declivity steep, broadly, deeply excavated; surface of concavity smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close; lateral margins strongly elevated, armed by "three pairs of denticles; spine 1 moderately large, acutely pointed, in line with striae 2, spine 2 slightly larger, acutely pointed, its basal margin con- tinuing two-thirds of distance to spine 3, spine 3 much larger, conical, tapered from its base to subacute apex; subapical ventrolater- al margin rather strongly, acutely elevated, extending from suture to just below spine 3, occupying more than one-third of a complete circle. Vestiture of fine, long, rather abun- dant hair, except very short on declivity. 1982 Ipini 677 Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal excavation not quite as deep, spines 1 and 2 slightly smaller, spine 3 distinctly smaller. Distribution.— S British Columbia and Quebec to California, Chihuahua, and West Virginia. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, Que- bec, Saskatchewan. USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Wash- ington, West Virginia, Wyoming. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Cusarara, San Juanito. Hosts.— Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. lambertiana, P. monticola, P. ponderoso, P. strobus. Biology.— Unthrifty or broken limbs are most commonly selected for attack, although the bole may also be utilized. The egg gal- leries are comparatively short; they tend to be longitudinal; there are from two to about five egg galleries associated with each large nuptial chamber. The eggs are deposited in individual niches. The larval mines are mod- erately long. Notes.— The holotypes of latidens and guildi, the lectotype of longidens, and 267 other specimens were examined. Due to an error in the identification of latidens, Blackman named guildi and placed spinifer as a synonym of latidens. This error also led to the description of sabinianae, a synonym of spinifer. The anatomical differences between east- em and western populations of this species appear to be of insufficient magnitude or im- portance to justify the recognition of geo- graphical races. Frons as in latidens except slightly more strongly concave, with lateral impressions immediately above epistoma slightly deeper, granules averaging slightly larger; a trans- verse pair of very coarse, submedian tu- bercles just below upper level of eyes; epis- tomal margin armed by a uniseriate row of granules, lateral ones rather coarse. Antennal club apparently averaging larger than lati- dens, with sutures less strongly procurved. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in latidens. Declivity as in latidens except spine 3 larger, cylindrical, not tapered from base, apex appearing somewhat subcapitate or bent ventrad. Female.— Similar to male except major tu- bercles at center of frons and on epistoma slightly smaller; spine 3 on declivity usually slightly smaller. Distribution.— California and possibly S Oregon. USA: California: Alameda Co., Amador Co., Arroyo Valley, Auburn, Butte Co., Calaveras Co., Colusa Co., Contra Costa Co., Shingle Springs in El Dorado Co., Kern Co., Lake Co., Los Angeles Co., Madera Co., Mari- posa Co., Monterey Co., Morgan, Mt. Diablo, Napa Co., Nevada Co., North Fork, Placerville, Red Bluff, Red- ding, Riverside, Sacramento, San Andres, San Diego, San Diego Co., San Luis Obispo Co., Santa Barbara Co., San- ta Clara Co., Shasta Co., Siskiyou Co., Solano Co., Tri- nity Co., Tuolumne Co., Weaverville, Yolo Co. Host.— Pinus sabiniana. Biology.— Basically as in latidens except that apparently only the lower bole and stump are attacked. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 19 paratypes of sabinianae and on 95 other specimens. 4. Ips spinifer (Eichhoff) Fig. 160 Tomicus spinifer Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:499 (Holotype, sex?; Califor- nia; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Orthotomicus sabinianae G. Hopping, 1963, Canadian Ent. 95:64 (Holotype, male; Middletown, Lake Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:177. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related latidens (LeConte) by a pair of enlarged frontal tubercles, by the larger antennal club, and by the larger, unta- pered spine 3 on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.6-3.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. 5. Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff) Fig. 161 Tomicus perturbatus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:274 (Syntypes?; Amerique boreali; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Tomicus hudsonicus LeConte, 1876, Proc. .\mer. Philos. Soc. 15:366 (Lectotype, female; Hudson Bay Ter- ritory; Mus. Comp. Zool, 26, present designa- tion); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canadian Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):115. Synonymy Tomicus interpunctus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:241 (Syntypes?; Sitka, Alaska; pre- sumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:.386. Synonyjny Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pini (Say) and hunteri Swaine by the larger body size, and by the smaller strial 678 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 161. Ips spp.: 1-3, perturbatus, male, 4, same, female; 5, hunteri, male; 6, woodi, male, 7-8, 11, same, female; 10, pilifwns utahensis, female. (After Hopping 1965:536.) 1982 Ipini 679 punctures with proportionately wider interstriae. It has some interstrial punctures near the declivity, fewer than hunteri, but more than pini. Male.— Length 4.0-4.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, rather evenly convex, shin- ing; surface rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, punctures gradually replaced by moderately large, isolated, rounded tubercles below, a transverse pair near center distinctly larger; a imiseriate row of tubercles on epis- tomal margin; vestiture of rather sparse, fine, long hair. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; summit at middle; anterior slope rather coarsely aspe- rate; posterior area smooth, shining, punc- tures rather small, deep, moderately close. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair, except glabrous on small discal area. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, converging slightly before broadly rounded posterior margin, apex slightly produced, then narrowly emarginate at suture; striae feebly impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, weakly convex, im- punctate on basal half, posterior half with fine, uniseriate punctures at least near decliv- ity, commonly extending anteriorly as far as middle of disc. Declivity moderately steep, broadly excavated; face of concave area smooth, pimctures rather sparse, coarse, con- fused; lateral margins strongly elevated, armed by four pairs of spines; spine 1 imme- diately mesad of striae 2, pointed, moderately coarse, 2 in line with striae 3, slightly larger than 1, sharing base with spine 3; spine 3 dis- tinctly larger than 2, capitate, with apex pointed, not bent; spine 4 as large as 2, blunt, intermediate in position between spine 3 and lateral end of elevated, transverse, subapical costa; subapical costa strongly, acutely ele- vated, equal in total transverse length to dis- tance between mesal surfaces of spine 3, its arc completing about one-fourth of a circle. Vestiture confined to sides and base of decliv- ity, of long, slender hair. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines very slightly smaller. Distribution.— Alaska and New Bruns- wick to Montana and Michigan. ALASKA: Fairbanks, Glennallen, Kenai Peninsula, Larstrum, Mentasia, Middle fork of Chandler River, Sheenjek River, Talkeetna. CANADA: Alberta: Ath- abasca Landing, Andrew, Banff Springs, Calgary, Ed- monton, Lesser Slave Lake, Nordegg, Whirlpool River at Jasper. British Columbia: Fort John, Glacier, Hope Mt., Kaslo, Likely, Lower Post, Polly River Crossing, Nicola, Stanley, Trinity Valley. Manitoba: Aweme, Gillan, Onah, Red Deer. New Brunswick: Bathiirst, Nictor Lake. Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Ft. McPherson. Ontario: Frater, Lake of the Woods, Monteith, Nakina, Ogoki, Ottawa, Petawawa. Quebec: Aylmer, Gaspe, Mistassini, Rupert House, Trinity Bay. Saskatchewan: Cypress Hills, Regina. Yukon Territory: Elsa, Kluane Lake, Rampart House, Snag, Swim Lake, Whitehorse. USA: Maine: Camp Caribou. Michigan: Marquette, Lake Superior. Minnesota: Duluth, Ely in Lake Co. Montana: Arlee. Host.— Picea glauca, one record from P. engelmannii. Biology.— Apparently the boles of un- thrifty, cut, or fallen trees are selected for at- tack. The parental tunnels are of the typical tuning fork pattern; the moderately long lar- val mines radiate from them. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of hudsoniciis and on 351 other specimens. The first syntype of hudso- niciis in the LeConte collection bears a "type" label and another "Type No. 21." That specimen is here designated as the lec- totype of Tomicus hudsoniciis LeConte. Ap- parently other representatives of the original series were sent by LeConte to Eichhoff, who (Eichhoff 1878:250) referred them to per- turbatus. The size and original description also make it possible to recognize this species in the absence of a type. The type locality of interpunctus is Sitka, Alaska. The original description indicates that the type was 4.0 mm long, it had a trans- versely arranged pair of coarse tubercles on the frons, and the basal parts of the elytral in- terstriae were impunctate. Because only per- turbatus and tridens (Mannerheim) occur on Sitka Island, and because size and both char- acters fit perturbatus, but not tridens, inter- punctus is placed in synonymy. This species is very similar to typographus (Linnaeus) of Eurasia, but that species has only one median frontal tubercle and a dull surface on the elytral declivity. 680 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 6. Ips perroti Swaine Fig. 165, 166 Ips perroti Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:356 (Holo- tvpe, male; Isle Perrot, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9301) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ivoodi Thatcher by the smaller size, by the more slender form, and by the more slen- der antennal club with the sutures almost straight. Male.— Length 2.7-3.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons essentially as in perturhatus except with only one major tubercle on median line almost on epistoma; epistomal tubercles pro- gressively larger toward median line. Pronotum 1.23 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in perturhatus except entire discal area devoid of pubescence. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in perturhatus; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, basal half impunctate, posterior half with sparse, coarse, rather deep punctures. Declivity about as in perturhatus except punctures in concave area larger; spine 1 in line with striae 2; spine 2 with apex curved more nearly caudad, its base more closely associ- ated with base of spine 3, spine 3 very stout, not capitate, with a small point at apex; spine 4 as large as 2 but blunt. Vestiture restricted to sides and base of declivity, of very long, rather abundant hair. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines slightly smaller, more slender, spine 3 much more slender, conical, pointed. Distribution.— Alberta and New Bruns- wick to Minnesota and Michigan. CANADA: Alberta: McLeod, Peace River, Strachen, Watino. Manitoba: Awenie, Victoria Beach. New Brunswick: Salmon River. Ontario: August, Constance Bay, Nester Falls, Petawawa. Quebec; Aylmer, Ft. Cou- longe. Isle Perrot. USA: Michigan: Roscommon. Min- nesota: Cloquet, Lake Itasca, Itasca Park, Wandena Co. Hosts.— Pinus hanksiana, P. resinosa. Biology.— The bole and larger limbs of unthrifty, cut, or fallen trees are usually se- lected for attack. The parental gallery pat- tern is essentially as in perturhatus; however, the larval mines are very short and usually curve back toward their origins, with pupa- tion occurring near the egg tunnel. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 194 other specimens. 7. Ips woodi Thatcher Fig. 161 Ips woodi Thatcher, 1965, Canadian Ent. 97:493 (Holo- type, female; Beaver Creek, Logan Canyon, Utah; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perroti Swaine by the larger size, by the stouter body form, by the bisinuate sutures of the antennal club, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 3.5-4.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black. Frons moderately convex, with a weak, narrow, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface shining, coarsely, closely granulate from epistoma to well above eyes, coarsely punctured toward vertex; vestiture of sparse, fine hair. Antennal club with suture 1 strongly bisinuate, 2 obtusely angulate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in perturhatus except punctures on posterior areas rather coarse. Vestiture of fine, long hair, except disc glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in perturhatus except apex evenly rounded, sutural notch almost obsolete; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep, except distinctly smaller at base and near declivity; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly wider than striae, impunctate on basal fourth of disc, sparsely, uniseriately, rather finely punctured behind. Declivity as in perturhatus. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines slightly smaller. Distribution.— S Alberta to Nevada and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Bellevue R.S., Burmis. USA: Ari- zona: 20 miles S Alpine in Greenlee Co.; San Francisco Peaks. Idaho: Elk City in Nezperce N.F. Montana: Coal Creek in Glacier N.P. Nevada: Bear Creek Summit in Elko Co. New Mexico: Cloudcroft. Utah: Huntington Canyon, Logan Canyon. Wyoming: Atlantic City. Hosts.— Pinus flexilis and P. strohiformis. Biology.— The large limbs and bole of unthrifty, cut, and fallen trees are selected for attack. The gallery patterns are typical of the genus, with the parental system longitu- dinal, resembling a narrow tuning fork. 1982 Ipini 681 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 13 paratypes, and on 160 other specimens. 8. Ips hunteri Swaine Fig. 161 Ips hunteri Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):31 (Holotype, female?; Creede, Colorado; Snow Ent. Mils., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perturbatus (Eichhoff) by the smaller size, by the larger strial punctures and pro- portionately narrower interstriae, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 3.3-4.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black. Frons as in perturbatus except pair of ma- jor tubercles usually much smaller. Pronotum as perturbatus except punctures slightly coarser, but finer than in ivoodi Thatcher. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; as in woodi except strial punctures slightly smaller; interstriae usually with more minute, im- pressed points, about one and one-half times as wide as striae; a greater tendency for in- terstriae 1 to bear a series of rounded tu- bercles on posterior half. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines slightly smaller. Distribution.— Utah and Colorado to N Arizona. USA: Arizona: Kaibab N.F., Safford, White River. Colorado: Creede, Poudre Canyon in Larimer Co., Rico in Dolores Co. Utah: Beaver, Huntington Canyon, Pan- guitch, Parowan Canyon, Sanford Canyon in Dixie N.F., Wolf Creek Pass. Hosts.— Picea pungens, less common in P. engelmannii. Biology.— The boles of unthrifty, cut, or fallen trees are attacked. The egg galleries are comparatively short and are not oriented with the grain of the wood; they may be di- agonal, transverse, or longitudinal, curved or straight. The normal host is Picea pungens; records from P. engelmannii usually prove to be roosting records, misidentified host, or result from unusual local conditions. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 3 paratypes, and on 96 other specimens. 9. Ips borealis borealis Swaine Fig. 162 Ips borealis Swaine, 1911, Canadian Ent. 45:213 (Lecto- type, female; St. Anthony, Newfoundland; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9302, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:675) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tridens Mannerheim by the smaller size, and by the very different sculpture of the fe- male frons. The female frons is glabrous and entirely smooth. Female.— Length 3.0-3.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex above, moderately pro- tuberant from just below upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface dull, entirely smooth, devoid of all indications of punctures and granules; glabrous except for conspicuous epistomal brush. Antennal club with suture 1 weakly, 2 moderately bisinuate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in perturbatus except punctures in posterior areas slightly larger and less regular in size. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; essentially as in perturbatus except posterior margin slightly more narrowly rounded; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punc- tures rather small, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, feebly convex, twice as wide as striae, sparsely, uniseriately punctured, ex- cept punctures on 1 replaced by granules or tubercles. Declivity as in perturbatus except spine 3 stouter, not capitate. Male.— Similar to female except frons more evenly convex, feebly protuberant, sur- face with a few fine punctures above, a few fine granules on lower half; sparsely pub- escent; declivital spines very slightly larger. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoundland to Montana, Minnesota, and Maine. ALASKA: Ohmer Lake on Kenai Peninsula, Rampart House. CANADA: Alberta: Alexander Falls on McKenzie Highway, Banff, Canada Prairie, Cypress Hills, Edmonton, Kananaskis, Mitsue, Peace River below Cherry Point, Pidniondon, Smith, Wabamun. British Co- lumbia: Kootenay Valley. Manitoba: Aweme, Clear Lake, Red Deer, Riding Mts., Winnipeg. New Bruns- wick: Halcomb, McGraw Brook, Plaster Rock, Riley Brook. Newfoundland: Pasadena, St. Antony. Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Great Bear Lake, Ft. Simpson, Ft. Smith, Reindeer Depot on McKenzie River Delta. On- tario: Hawk Junction, Lake Abitibi, Low Buck, Radiant, Smoky Falls on Mattagami River. Quebec: Gaspe Co., Godbout, Lake Opasatika, Mt. Albert, Rupert House. Saskatchewan: Big River, Canoe Lake, Prince Albert 682 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 bo re g li s (^ bo re a lis 9 tho mo si (5^ thomasi ^ s wg i nei 9 Fig. 162. Ips borealis subspecies: 1, thomasi. male, 8, same, female; 2, 4-5, 7, borealis, male, 3, 6, same, female; 9-10, swainei, male, 11, same, female. (After Hopping 1965:195.) 1982 Ipini 683 N.P. USA; Maine: Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Minnesota: Itasca Park. Montana: Gillam. Host.— Picea glauca. Biology.— Essentially as in perturbatus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 937 other specimens. One female specimen from Ohmer Lake on Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, has fine pu- bescence on the epistoma. The significance of this hair could not be determined. 10. Ips borealis swainei R. Hopping Fig. 162 Ips swainei R. Hopping, 1939, Canadian Ent. 71:169 (Holotype, female; Creighton Valley, Lumby, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from b. borealis Swaine by the slightly more protuberant female frons, with rather dense, long pubescence on the lower half, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.6-3.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; as in b. borealis Swaine except for female frons. Frons below upper level of eyes rather weakly to abruptly, rather strongly pro- tuberant; this protuberance densely, deeply pimctured (granules often present) and pu- bescent; vestiture moderately long, varying from rather sparse to dense. Male.— As in male b. borealis or some- times with larger frontal granules. Distribution.— Creighton Valley and Tri- nity Valley, British Columbia. CANADA: British Columbia: Lumby Creighton Val- ley, 18-VI-22, Picea engelmannii, R. Hopping; Trinity Valley, 6-VIII-54, P. engelmannii, J. M. Kinghorn; Ver- non, VII-22, R. Hopping. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— As in b. borealis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 93 other specimens. This, presumably, is a geographically vari- able race of borealis. Some female specimens are indistinguishable from b. borealis except for the presence of a few punctures and setae on the lower frons. Other specimens in the same series exhibit the maximum expression of frontal protuberance and vestiture. 11. Ips borealis lanieri Wood Ips borealis lanieri Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Ser. 19(1):27 (Holotype, female; 1 mile S Brownsville, Lawrence Co., South Dakota; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This subspecies differs from b. thomasi G. Hopping by the less strongly inflated lower female frons, with smaller granules and shorter, less abundant, finer ves- titure, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.0-3.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; as in b. borealis except for the female frons. Frons as in b. borealis except much less strongly protuberant on lower half, entire frons with small, distinct punctures and, on lower half, a few fine granules; epistomal margin bearing a row of rather coarse gran- ules. Frontal vestiture short, very sparse. Male.— Similar to female except frontal punctures and granules much larger, more numerous. Distribution.— Black Hills in South Da- kota to Colorado. USA: Colorado: 20 miles (32 km) NW Pagosa Springs, Hinsdale Co., 28-V1-68, Picea engelmannii, S. L. Wood; Newcastle, VIl-46, P. engelmannii, C. L. Massey. South Dakota: 2 miles (3 km) SW Lead, 18-VI-68, P. glauca, S. L. Wood; Brownsville, 18-VI-68, P. glauca, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii and P. glauca. Biology.— As in b. borealis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 121 specimens, including the type series. 12. Ips borealis thomasi G. Hopping Fig. 162 Ips thomasi G. Hopping, 1965, Canadian Ent. 97:193 (Holotype, female; Ingonish, Nova Scotia; Cana- dian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from b. lanieri Wood by the more strongly inflated lower part of the female frons, with larger granules and much more abundant, longer, coarser vestiture, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.2-3.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; as in b. lanieri except for frons. Frons feebly to weakly protuberant on lower half, inflated area rather coarsely, closely granulate-punctate and pubescent; pubescence moderately to very abundant, long; epistoma bearing a row of moderately coarse tubercles. Male.— Similar to female except lower frons feebly protuberant, more sparsely pub- escent, granules less abundant, slightly larger. Distribution.— Nova Scotia. CANADA: Nova Scotia: Ingonish, 30-X-61, Picea glauca, J. B. Thomas. 684 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Presumably as in h. borealis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 24 paratypes, and on 26 other specimens. 13. Ips tridens tridens (Mannerheim) Fig. 163 Bostrichus tridens Mannerheim, 1852, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biiil. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 25;.357 (reprint p. 75) (Lectotype, fe- male; Sitka Lsland, Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mvis., Hel- sinki, present designation) Bostrichus interruptiis Mannerheim, 1852, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 25:.357 (reprint p. 75) (Lecto- type, female; Sitka Island, .Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mus., Helsinki, present designation); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:115. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from borealis Swaine by the larger size and by the more strongly granulate female frons. This subspecies is distinguished from t. engel- manni Swaine by the feebly protuberant fe- male frons, which is almost as coarsely granu- late and as sparsely pubescent as in the male. Female.— Length 3.8-4.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons convex, feebly protuberant below upper level of eyes, contour of upper area somewhat irregular; surface shining, rather densely, rather finely granulate with few, fine punctures interspersed below, granules largely replaced by punctures toward vertex; epistomal margin with a row of coarse gran- ules; vestiture of rather sparse, fine, long hair. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; as in b. borealis except punctures in posterior areas averaging smaller, slightly closer. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; as in b. borealis except strial punctures smaller, inter- striae almost three times as wide as striae. Male.— Similar to female except lower frons less distinctly protuberant, granules larger, particularly those on epistomal mar- gin; declivital spines very slightly larger. Distribution.— Coastal area from Alaska to N California. ALASKA: Seward, Sitka Island. CANADA; British Co- lumbia: Agassiz, Mission Inn, Revelstoke Mts., Van- couver. USA: California: Crescent Citv, Del Norte. Ore- gon: Astoria, Branden, Clatsop, Hebo, Jackson, Marshfield, New Denmark. Washington: Hoquiam, Kent, Spokane. Hosts.— Picea sitchensis, a few records from P. glauca in Alaska. Biology.— Basically as in perturbatus (Eichhoff) except egg galleries usually longer, with parallel galleries closer together. Notes.— Five specimens are in the Man- nerheim collection under the name Bos- trichus tridens Menetries. Three of these, all from Sitka, are with other type material and consist of (1) a female taken by Pippingskold, and (2 and 3) two males taken by Holmberg. The other two specimens are with duplicates and unsorted material and consist of (1) a fe- male t. engelmanni from Sitka without the name of the collector, and (2) a specimen of pini (Say) from another location and received from Chapius. The female from Sitka taken by Pippingskold bears Mannerheim 's label and is here designated as the lectotype of tri dens. Five specimens of Bostrichus inter- ruptiis Mannerheim are in the Mannerheim collection from Sitka; only one was taken by Frankenhaeuser and bears a type label; it is marked as a male, but is actually a female, and it is here designated as the lectotype of interruptus. The female lectotypes of tridens and interruptus were compared directly to one another and to my female from Oregon. The above treatment was based on my homo- type and on 194 other specimens. 14. Ips tridens engelmanni Swaine Figs. 16.3-164 Ips engelmanni Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):30 (Lectotype, female; Rogers Pass, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.. 9308, designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:675) Ips yohoensis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):31 (Lectotype, female; Yoho Valley, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9309, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:676); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:396. Synonymy Ips diibius Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. .\gric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 119 (Holotype, male; Rogers Pass, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:397. Synonymy Ips seinirostris G. Hopping, 1963, Canadian Ent. 95:213 (Holotype, female; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:386. Synonymy Ips aviiskwiensis G. Hopping, 1963, Canadian Ent. 95:216 (Holotype, female; Amiskwi River, Yoho Nat. Pk., British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:.386. Synonymy 1982 Ipini 685 Fig. 16.3. Ips spp.: 7-8, tridens engelmanni, male, 10-11, same, female; 9, tridens tridens, female; 12-13, pilifrons stdcifrons, female; 14, pilifrons pUifrons, female. (After Hopping 1965:163.) 686 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from t. tridens (Mannerheim) by the moderately to profoundly protuberant female frons, with frontal vestiture varying from glabrous to densely pilose and from minute pile to long hair. Female.— Length 3.3-4.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; as in t. tridens (Mannerheim) except for frons. Frons below upper level of eyes varying from moderately to abruptly, profoundly protuberant, protuberance granulate to ru- gose, glabrous to pilose; vestiture, when pres- ent, varying from minute to long and very abimdant. Epistomal tubercles minute or ob- solete (highly variable within or between series). Male.— Similar to female except frons as in t. tridens male. Distribution.— Alaska and Northwest Territories to N California and NW Wyoming. ALASKA: Echo Cove, Fick Cove at Chichagoff Isl., Hollis, Juneau, Kenai Peninsula, Lastrum, McKinlev N.P., Rogers Point, Seward, Sheenjek, Sitka Island. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Blairmore, Carbondale Road near Crowsnest, Exshaw. British Columbia: Barkerville, Emerald Lake, Glacier, Kooteney, Limiberton, Marble Canyon, Nahun, Nicola, Quesnel, Queens Lake, Pine Pass, Stanley, Terrace, Trinity Valley, Two Sisters Mt., Vermillion. Yoho N.P. Northwest Territories: Aklavik. Yukon: Otter L^ke, Rancheria, Swim Lakes. USA: Cali- fornia: Callahan in Siskiyou Co. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Krassel, Lakeview. Montana: Banfield, Cable Creek at Libby, Cedar Lake in Lake Co., Columbia Falls, Eureka, Glacier N.P. Oregon: Dixie Pass, Gold Lake in Will- amette N.F., Suttle Lake, Tollgate. Washington: Park- way. Wyoming: Yellowstone N.P. Hosts.— Picea glauca, P. engelmannii, and, in Alaska, P. sitchensis. Biology.— As in t. tridens. Lanier (1966) reported partial gynogenetic parthenogenesis and abnormal sex ratios in this subspecies. Notes.— The type series of engelmanni, duhius,o and yolioensis and the holotypes of amiskwiensis and semirostris were examined, as well as 580 other specimens. The female frons of this subspecies varies radically in protuberance and in vestiture. This variability, coupled with partial parthe- nogenesis, has produced anatomically uni- form local populations adjacent to uniform local populations of other very different anatomical forms. It is also possible to find three or more anatomically different forms of females in the same parental gallery system with one male, or in the brood of a single fe- male. It must be concluded, therefore, that the female frons in this subspecies is gen- etically unstable and can take a wide variety of forms unrelated to geographical origin or host relationships. 15. Ips pilifrons pilifrons Swaine Figs. 163, 164 Ips pilifrons Swaine, 1912, Canadian Ent. 46:353 (Holo- type, female; Colorado; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from t. tridens (Mannerheim) by the larger size, by the larger, deeper strial punctures and proportionately narrower interstriae, by the different modifications of the female frons, and by the distribution. From p. sul- cilfrons Wood it is distinguished by the sculp- ture of the female frons. Female.— Length 4.4-5.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in t. tridens except contour of ver- tex more regular, more sharply punctured; area below upper level of eyes feebly to moderately protuberant, granules much more numerous, particularly in lateral areas; row of epistomal tubercles present at least later- ally; vestiture of dense, minute velvetlike pile with no long hair. (Intergrades between p. pi- lifrons and p. utahensis often with a com- bination of pile and long hair.) Pronotum as in t. tridens except punctures in posterior areas averaging slightly larger. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; as in t. tri- dens except striae more distinctly impressed, punctures larger, interstriae one to almost two times as wide as striae, rarely with min- ute impressed points; declivity slightly more deeply concave, lateral margins slightly more strongly elevated (distinctly more than in t. engelmanni), spine 3 longer, distinctly capitate. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male t. tridens but surface much more ru- gose in addition to granules; declivital spines slightly larger, 3 capitate with apex subacute. Distribution.— North central Colorado and adjacent Wyoming. USA: Colorado: Craig, Glenwood Springs, Rabbit Ears Pass; those from Pingree Park and Redfeather Lakes more or less intergrade with p. utahensis. Wyoming: Snowy Range west of Laramie. Host.— Picea engelmannii. 1982 Ipini 687 18 S Fig. 164. Ips spp., dorsal and lateral aspects of declivity: 15, 18-19, tridens engelmannu female, 16, same, male; 17, pilifrons sidcifrons, male; 20, pilifwns pilifrons, male, (.\fter Hopping 1965:165.) 688 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— As in t. tridens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of pilifrons and on 61 other specimens. Specimens of this species from Wyoming, the eastern part of the Uinta Mountains in Utah, and from northwestern Colorado are assigned to p. utahensis al- though intergradation with p. pilifrons is ap- parent. Females from these areas may have a certain amount of dense frontal pubescence, but the pile is usually considerably longer, particularly at the margins, than is seen in specimens from Rabbit Ears Pass, Colorado. A population with similar minute velvetlike pile on the female frons, from Mount Whee- ler, Nevada, has other frontal characters that were used to define the subspecies p. thatcheri. 16. Ips pilifrons sulcifrons Wood Figs. 163-164 Ips sulcifrons Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:67 (Holotype, female; Santa Fe Ski Basin, New Mex- ico; California Academy of Sciences) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from p. pilosus Swaine by the strong- ly protuberant female frons, which is deeply, narrowly sulcate, with the sides of the sulcus varying from glabrous to densely, minutely pubescent. Female.— Length 4.4-5.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; as in p. pilifrons except for fe- male frons. Frons rather strongly to profoundly pro- tuberant below uppper level of eyes, pro- tuberance deeply divided by an abrupt me- dian sulcus; surfaces (exclusive of sulcus) smooth, shining, finely, rather closely punc- tured, most of punctures on protuberance ac- companied by a minute granule; surfaces of sulcus rather finely granulose, either glabrous (rare) or densely covered by minute velvet- like pile. Male.— Apparently indistinguishable from male p. pilifrons. Distribution.— SW Colorado to New Mexico. USA: Colorado: 20 miles (32 km) SW Del Norte, 26- VI-68, Picea engehnannii, W. G. Harwood. New Mexico: Coyote: 23-VIII-67, P. engehnannii, C. J. Germain; Pocos, 18-IX-67, P. engehnannii, C. J. Germain; Santa Fe Ski Basin, 13-VIII-62, P. pungens, P. engehnannii, S. L. Wood; near Santa Fe, 6-X-49, O. Bryant; Sandia Mts., 30-V-69, P. engehnannii, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. pungens. Biology.— As in t. tridens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 11 para types, on 71 topotypes, and on 43 other specimens. This is apparently a distinct geographical race of pilifrons; however, I have seen no in- tergrades or indications of sympatry. Hop- ping (1965:166) reports specimens from Ce- dar Breaks Nat. Mon. and Beaver, Utah, but my examination of those specimens indicates they are of p. utahensis. It appears that p. pi- lifrons and p. sulcifrons arose simultaneously from p. utahensis from a stock that then be- came subdivided through isolation. 17. Ips pilifrons utahensis Wood Fig. 161 Ips utahensis Wood, 1960, Great Basin Nat. 20:66 (Holo- type, female; Logan Canyon, Utah; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from other subspecies of pilifrons by the very weakly protuberant, much more strongly granulate, more sparsely pubescent female frons. The pilosity of the female frons tends to integrate somewhat on the margins of p. pilifrons distribution. Female.— Length 4.4-5.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons on lower half only slightly more in- flated than in male, granulation almost as coarse and dense as in male; vestiture usually only slightly more abundant in male, fine, long, a small amount of short pilose pu- bescence often present at margins of p. pili- frons distribution, but setae at margins of pi- lose area much longer than in p. pilifrons. Pronotum and elytra as in p. pilifrons. Male.— As in p. pilifrons male. Distribution.— Wyoming and W Colo- rado to N Arizona. US.'\: Arizona: Grand Canyon N.P., Kaibab N.F., San Francisco Mts. Colorado: Boulder, Cochetopa, Gould, Holy Cross N.F., Leadville, Los Pinos Pass in Saguache Co., Montezuma N.F., Newcastle, Pagosa Springs in Hinsdale Co., Pingree Park, Steamboat Springs. Idaho: Franklin Basin Road in Franklin Co., Viola. Utah: Alta, Ashley N.F., Beaver, Dixie N.F., Fishlake N.F., La Sal Mts., Logan Canyon, Mammoth Mt., Monte Cristo, Monticello, Park City, Spirit Lake in Uinta Mts., Wolf Creek Pass. Wyoming: Buffalo, Hayden, Saratoga. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— As in p. pilifrons. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 661 other specimens. 1982 Ipini 689 In the east central part of its range this sub- species tends to intergrade with p. pilifrons. It appears that p. utahensis is the parental population that gave rise to all of the other subspecies of pilifrons. 18. Ips pilifrons tliatcheri Wood Ips pilifrons thatcheri Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:29 (Holotvpe, female; Mt. Wheeler, Nevada; Wood Coll.)' Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from p. pilifrons Swaine by charac- ters of the female frons as indicated below. The comparisons are based on females having the maximum expression of frontal characters. Female.— Length 3.9-4.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons similar to p. pilifrons except less strongly, less extensively elevated, elevation occupying lower 80 percent of median dis- tance from epistoma to upper level of eyes (115 percent in p. pilifrons) and pubescent area occupying less than 50 percent of me- dian area between eyes (80 percent in p. pi- lifrons); lateral areas much more sparsely, more finely granulate than in p. pilifrons. Pronotum, elytra, and other features essen- tially as in p. pilifrons. Male.— Similar to male p. pilifrons except frontal vestiture less abimdant and shorter, particularly along epistoma. Distribution.— Mt. Wheeler, Nevada. USA: Nevada: Mt. Wheeler at Baker Creek, 8-VIII-38, Picea engehnannii, T. O. Thatcher; Mt. Wheeler, 10- VIII-74, 10,000 ft elevation, P. engehnaimii, S. L. Wood. Host.— Picea engelmannii. Biology.— As in p. pilifrons. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 50 specimens and on 3 other specimens. 19. Ips avuhus (Eichhoff) Fig. 165 Tomicus aviilsus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:402 (Syntypes?: Amerique boreali; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied pini (Say) and bonanseai (Hopkins) by the smaller size, by the poorly developed, subacute ventrolateral margin of the elytral declivity, by the wider striae and proportionately narrower interstriae, and by the smaller, noncapitate spine 3 on the male declivity. Male.— Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, rather weakly, transversely impressed above epistoma; sur- face shining, coarsely, deeply, closely punc- tured, with a few granules intermixed, a large, rounded, median tubercle just below center; epistoma with a row of coarse gran- ules; vestiture of sparse hair. Sutures of an- tennal club moderately bisinuate. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on posterior two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; .sum- mit in front of middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior area smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, mod- erately close. Discal area glabrous, sides and asperate area with rather sparse, moderately long hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; outline as in perturbatus (Eichhoff); striae 1 slightly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, smaller near base and near de- clivity; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impunctate except two or three punctures on each near declivity. Declivity about as in female perturbatus; lateral mar- gins armed by four spines as in perturbatus, but smaller, spines 2 and 3 with a moderately developed basal connection; subapical mar- gin subacute, less strongly elevated than in related species. Female.— Similar to male except basal connection between spines 2 and 3 more poorly developed. Distribution.— Wisconsin and New Jer- sey to E Texas and Florida. USA: Alabama: Mobile. Arkansas: DeQueen. District of Columbia: Wa.shington. Florida: Baldwin, Dade Co., Gainesville, Lake Co., LaBelle, Oleno St. Pk., Orlando, Tampa. Georgia: Cornelia, Clarke Co., Everett, Rebun, Tybee. Louisiana: Bogalusa. Mississippi: Hattiesburg. New Jersey: Trenton. North Carolina: Ashville, Broad- man, Flat Rock, Horse Cove, Pink Beds, Southern Pines, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Arendtsville, Chambersburg, Mt. .\lto. North Mt., Philadelphia, York. South Carolina: Chicora, Greenville, Lumber, Spartinsburg. Texas: Call, Karnack, Kirbyville, Nacogdoches, Sourlake. Virginia: Camp Pickett in Nottoway Co., Richardsville. West Vir- ginia: Kanawha Station, Morgantown, Pendleton, Roose- velt. Wisconsin: Madison. OTHER AREAS: Bahama Islands. 690 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 165. Ips spp.: 1, 3, avulsus, male, 2, same, female; 4, bonanseai, female, 5-6, same, male; 7, pini, female, 8-9, same, male; 10, perroti, female, 11-12, same, male. (After Hopping 1964:973.) 1982 Ipini 691 Hosts.— Pinus spp. Biology.— As in pini. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 528 specimens, including the specimens of LeConte and Schwarz, some of which may have been examined by Eichhoff. This spe- cies is easily identified from the original de- scription. Eichhoff (1878:256) gives Carolina as the type locality. 20. Ips bonanseai (Hopkins) Fig. 165 Tomicus bonanseai Hopkins, 1905, Preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:76 (Lectotype, male; Ta- cubaya, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7514, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pini (Say) by -the smaller size, by the differences in pronotal punctures cited in the above key, by the distribution, and by the larger frontal tubercle, which is connected by a low costa to a smaller epistomal tubercle. Male.— Length 2.9-3.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons essentially as in pini except frontal granules less abundant, larger but lower, few- er than one-fourth of them above upper level of eyes; median tubercle distinctly larger, and connected by a weak costa to a slightly smaller median tubercle on epistoma. Pronotum as in pini except punctures on disc and lateral areas about equal in size. Elytra as in pini except strial punctures evi- dently average very slightly larger. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines slightly smaller, 3 usually not capitate. Distribution.— S Arizona to Honduras. USA: Arizona; Graham Mts., Pima Co., Pinaleno, Por- tal, Rustler Peak in Chiricahua Mts., Safford, Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts. MEXICO: Chiapas; San Cristobal. Distrito Federal; Mexico City. Durango: El Salto, La Ciudad. Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Jalisco: El Tala. Mexico; Aniecameca. Michoacan; Bosenchene. Puebia: Texmelucan. Temescaltepec; Real de Arriba. Veracruz: Las Vigas. GUATEMALA: Guatemala. HONDURAS; Buenos Aires in Cortez. Hosts.— Finns inontezumae, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrobus, P. spp. Biology.— Evidently as in pini, but found more commonly in limbs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of bonanseai and on 964 other specimens. Hopkins based this species on a syntypic male and female. Although his male is in poor condition, its characters are more diagnostic; therefore, I here designate that male as the lectotype of bonanseai. 21. Ips pini (Say) Figs. 165, 166 Bostrichus pini Say, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5:257 (Syntypes?; probably Pennsylvania; evi- dently lost) Bostrichus dentattis Sturm, 1826, Catalog meiner In- secten-Sammlung, Erster Theil, Kafer, p. 76 (Amer. Bor.); Eggers, 1931, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 47:185. Synoniftny Bostrichus pallipes Sturm, 1826, Catalog meiner In- secten-Sammuiung, Erster Theil, Kafer, p. 76 (ap- parently as nomen nudum); Eggers, 1931, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 47:185. Synonymy Tomicus praefrictus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Syntypes?; Amerique boreali; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:252. Synonymy Tomicus oregonis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:274(Hoiotvpe, male; Oregon; Brussels Mus.); Hopping, 1964, Canadian Ent. 96:974. Synonymy Tomicus rectus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:365 (Lectotype, female; Oregon, only a blue paper disk on lectotype; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1023, present designation); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 117. Synonymy Ips laticolUs Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2);116 (Lectotype, male; Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9303, designated By Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:675); Wood, 1957, ^Canadian Ent. 89:398. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related bonanseai (Hopkins) by characters summarized in the above key and in the diagnosis of bonanseai. Male.— Length 3.3-4.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown to al- most black. Frons broadly convex, moderately, narrow- ly, transversely impressed above epistoma; surface shining, irregular, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured on vertex, inter- mixed with and gradually replaced by rather coarse, rounded granules toward epistoma, at least a third of granules above upper level of eyes; a moderately large major tubercle on median line midway between upper level of eyes and epistoma; epistomal margin with a row of rather coarse tubercles, without a ma- jor tubercle on median line; vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair. Sutures of antennal club moderately bisinuate. 692 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in avulsus except punctures in discal area slightly smaller, those near lateral mar- gins slightly larger. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; as in per- turbatiis except striae 1 weakly, others not impressed; interstriae smooth, shining, im- punctate, usually each with one or two punc- tures near declivital margin; four spines on lateral margins as in perturbatus except apex of spine 3 bent slightly ventrad. Female.— Similar to male except major frontal tubercle slightly smaller; declivital spines slightly smaller, particularly 3, spine 3 usually not capitate. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoimdland to Chihuahua and North Carolina. ALASKi\: Two localities at southern tip. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, Sas- katchewan, Yukon. USA: .\rizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Idaho, Maine, Mas- sachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Is- land, South Dakota, Utah, Vermont, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Laja. Hosts.— Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. strobus, rarely in other hosts. Biology.— Unthrifty, fallen, or cut trees and large limbs are selected for attack. It fre- quently infests the tops and larger limbs of trees being attacked by Dendroctonus and thereby may accelerate and intensify an epi- demic. They rarely are able to sustain a pri- mary attack without the association of Den- droctonus. The parental galleries are Y- shaped and longitudinal, usually with three females associated with each male. The egg galleries are comparatively long. From three to four generations may be completed each year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of rectus and laticoUis, on the LeConte series oi pint, on the holotype of oregonis, and on 3,834 other specimens. The identity of pini was established by LeConte from notes and specimens of T. W. Harris, who saw Say's types. Based on specimens sent Fig. 166. Ips spp., galleries: 13, pini. 14, perioti. (After Hopping 1964:975.) 1982 Ipini 693 by LeConte, Eichhoff placed his praefectus in synonymy. The first specimen of rectus now in the LeConte collection and labeled Type No. 1023, is here designated as the lec- totype of rectus LeConte. 22. Ips integer (Eichhoff) Figs. 167, 168 Toinictis integer Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:27.3 (Syntypes?; Mexico; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from plastographus (LeConte) by the larger average size, by the carinate ridge con- necting the major median frontal tubercle to the epistomal margin, and by other charac- ters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 4.6-5.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown to almost black. Frons convex, with a weak, transverse im- pression above epistoma; surface shining, coarsely, closely granulate from epistoma to vertex, punctures almost obsolete except on vertex; a coarse major median tubercle inter- mediate in position between epistoma and upper level of eyes connected by an elevated costa to another smaller major tubercle on epistoma; epistoma with a transverse row of coarse tubercles. Vestiture fine, sparse, long. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 acutely angulate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in perturbatus except pimctures on posterior half moderately coarse, close, rather deep, those on posterior part of disc decreasing in size imtil rather small near posterior margin. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in perturbatus; striae 1 slightly, others not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, one to one and one-half times as wide as striae, impunctate at least on anterior two- thirds, fine, uniseriate punctures near declivi- ty, sometimes extending almost to middle of disc. Declivity basically as in perturbatus, with spine 3 larger, capitate, apex usually not bent. Vestiture as in perturbatus. Female.— Similar to male except major tu- bercles on frons slightly smaller; declivital spine 3 smaller, not capitate. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to Guatemala (eastern slopes only of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California). CANADA: British Columbia: Armstrong, Beaverdell, Canal Flats, Coldwater Creek, Cottrell, Jerome, Kim- berley, Lorna, Lumby in Creighton Valley, Merritt in Midday Valley, Nicola, Oliver, Peachland, Princeton, Skookumchuck, Summerland, Vernon, Wasa, Westwold. USA: Arizona: Alpine in Greenlee Co., Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Ft. Valley, Globe, Gila N.F., Grand Canyon, Jerome, Kaibab N.F., Kendrick Mt., Lake Mary, Mormon Lake, Mt. Lemon, Paradise, Portal, Prescott, Safford, San Francisco Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Spring- vale, White Mt., Williams. California: Alpine Co., Ante- lope Creek in Siskiyou Co., Clio in Plumas Co., Down- ieville in Sierra Co., Norval Flats and Poison Lake in Lassen Co. Colorado: Bailey, Boulder, Colorado N.F., Fish Creek in Montezuma Co., Hustead, Larkspur, Mon- tezuma N.F., Norwood, Pagosa Springs, Pingree N.P., San Isobelle N.F., Trichere, Waldo Canyon, Woodland Park. Idaho: Cascade, Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Crag- mont, Moscow, Nezperce, Orofino, St. Joseph N.F., Smiths Ferry. Montana: Bull Mts., Darby, Drummond, Havre, Pine Grove, Rocky Boy Indian Reservation in Hill Co., Warland. New Mexico: Capitan, Cloudcroft, Jemez Springs, Las Vegas, Lincoln N.F., Mescalero In- dian Reservation, Parsons, Ruidoso, Sacramento Mts., Santa Fe, Vermejo. Oregon: Baker, Bend, Dallas, Grant Co., Hidaway, Jackson Co., Kirk, Sparta, Summit Prairie, Willowa. South Dakota: Harnev. Utah: Long Hollow in Dixie N.F., Long Valley Junction, Navajo Mt., Pangiiitch. Washington: Buckeye, Mt. Adams, Palouse, Soda Falls, Spokane, Yakima. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Laja, Mesa del Huracan. Durango; Buenos Aires, El Sal- to. Hidalgo: Tulancingo. Jalisco: Mt. Colima, Mazamitla. Mexico: Lagima de Zempodla. Michoacan: Carapan. Puebia: Texmelucan. Tlaxcala: Desierto Leones. Vera- cruz: Las Vigas, Perote. Zacatecas: "El Gardo," Val- paraiso. GUATEMALA: San Cristobal, Solola. Hosts.— Pinus arizonica, P. chihuahuana, P. cooperi, P. durangensis, P. engelmannii, P. leiophylla, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. pseu- dostrobus, and P. tenuifolia; rarely P. contorta and other conifers. Biology.— Thick barked fallen trees or logs are usually selected for attack. From one to five elongate, longitudinal egg galleries are associated with each nuptial chamber. Larval mines are moderately long. Young adults do not tunnel into the wood at or near the pupal cells as in plastographus. Notes— The above treatment was based on 1,276 specimens. The identity of this spe- cies was based on the series of Chapuis, Le- Conte, Hopkins, Swaine, Blackman, and Eggers. 694 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 23. Ips plastographus pkistographus (LeConte) Fig. 160 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male holotype and on 176 other specimens. Tomicus plastographus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2; 163 (Holotype, male; California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1016) Ips plastographus plastographus: Lanier, 1970, Canadian Ent. 102:1415 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from integer (Eichhoff) by the smaller aver- age size, by the absence of a connecting ca- rina from the major median frontal tubercle to the epistomal margin, and by the smaller, circular strial punctures. From p. maritimus Lanier it differs by the larger major frontal tubercle and by other minor characters in- cluded in the above key. Male.— Length 4.0-5.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; as in integer except as noted in diagnosis and below. Major median frontal and epistomal tu- bercles smaller, not connected by an elevated costa; sutures of antennal club angled at about 90 degrees, not acute; strial punctures smaller than in integer, interstriae one and one-half to two times as wide as striae. Female.— Similar to male except major frontal tubercles smaller; declivital spine 3 distinctly smaller, usually not capitate. Distribution.— S British Columbia and NE Wyoming to central California. CANADA: British Columbia: Cranbrook. USA: Cali- fornia: Numerous localities in the following counties (Lanier 1970): Alpine, El Dorado, Fresno, Lassen, Ma- dera, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Riv- erside, San Bernardino, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity, Tulare, Tuolumne. Idaho: Targhee Pass in Fremont Co. Oregon: Crater Lake, Diamond Lake in Douglas Co., Fly Creek in Union Co., Florence, Lake of the Woods in Klamath Co., Sand Lake in Siuslaw N.F., Warner Mts. Montana: Drimimond, Missoula N.F., Parsnip Mt. in Lincoln Co., Georgetown Lake in Deer Lodge Co., Whitefish in Flat- head Co. Wyoming: Old Faithful in Yellowstone N.P., Shoshone N.F. Host.— Piniis contorta, rarely in P. ponderosa. Biology.— The upper side of fallen or cut logs is usually selected for attack. Two or three longitudinal egg galleries extend from each nuptial chamber. When two egg tunnels extend in the same direction, they are paral- lel and less than 5 cm apart. Larval mines wander irregularly; young adults have the unusual habit of boring into the wood to a depth of about 1 cm (Lanier 1967). 24. Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier Ips plastographus maritimus Lanier, 1970, Canadian Ent. 102:1417 (Holotype, female; Rio del Mar, Santa Cruz Co., California; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is distin- guished from p. plastographus (LeConte) by the near absence of the major median frontal tubercle, and by other minor characters in- cluded in the above key. Male.— Length 4.0-5.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; as in p. plastographus except for the smaller major frontal tubercles, more widely spaced striations on the pars stridens, and proportionately shorter struts on the male aedeagus. Female.— Apparently similar to male ex- cept declivital spine 3 smaller. Distribution.— The coastal margin of Oregon and California. USA: California: Carmel, Cambria Pines in San Luis Obispo Co., Crescent City, Del Monte, Ft. Brag, In- verness, Myers Flat, Monterey, Oakland, Pacific Grove, Palo Alto, Rio del Mar, San Mateo. Oregon: Seaside, Tillamook. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. muricata, P. radiata, one authentic record from Picea sitchensis. Biology.— Apparently as in p. plastographus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 87 other specimens. This is not a well-marked subspecies and its validity is very doubtful. 25. Ips emarginatus (LeConte) Figs. 167, 168 Tomicus emarginatus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:364 (Lectotype, female; Oregon; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1024, present designation) Diagnosis.— This very large and dis- tinctive species is easily recognized by char- acters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 5.5-6.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a slight impression above epistoma; surface shining, coarsely, closely granulate from epistoma to well above eyes, granules gradually replaced by punctures toward vertex; epistoma with a 1982 Ipini 695 Fig. 167. Ips spp.: 1-2, emarginatus, male, 3, same. 9, same, female. (After Hopping 1963:1204.) female; 4-5, knausi, male, 6, same, female; 7-8, integer, male, 696 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 row of granules a major rounded tubercle on median line. Vestiture fine, long, sparse. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line essentially as in perturbatiis; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures rather large, close, deep. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in perturbatiis except posterior margin obtusely subangulate; striae 1 moder- ately, others weakly impressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impunctate except near declivity. Declivity broadly, deeply excavated, much as in allied species; spine 1 rather small, in line with striae 2; spine 2 conspicuously larger than 1, in line with striae 3; spine 3 enlarged, laterally com- pressed, apically emarginate, longer than 2; spine 4 usually obsolete although occasion- ally present in rudimentary form; subapical margin strongly produced, its summit undu- lating slightly; surface of declivital face dull. Vestiture confined to sides, base, and margins of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spine 3 somewhat smaller. Distribution.— S British Columbia and E Montana to Baja California. CANADA; British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Merritt in Midday Valley, Kingsvale, Spious Creek, Summerland, Vancouver. USA: California: Numerous records from the following counties: Alpine, Calaveras, El Dorado, Glenn, Humboldt, Kern, Lassen, Los Angeles, Madera, Mari- posa, Modoc, Mono, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, San Ber- nardino, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity, Tulare, Tuolumne. Idaho: Boise, Cascade, Centerville, Idaho City, Kooskia, Moscow, Priest River, Smiths Ferry, Troy, Warm Lake. Montana: Columbia Falls, Flathead Lake, Hamilton, Kila (Sedan), Nelson, Pine Grove, St. Regis, Sula. Ore- gon: .Ashland, Baker, Cold Springs, Ft. Rock, Grant Co., Grants Pass, Hidaway, Joseph, Klamath Co., Minam N.F., Sisters, Wallo Mt. in Baker Co. Washington: Co- lumbia Co. MEXICO: Baja California: San Pedro Martin Mt. Hosts.— Pinus jeffreyi, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, less common in P. contorta, and rare in other conifers. Biology.— The base and stumps of mature, dying, or cut trees are usually selected for at- tack. The egg galleries are longitudinal, par- allel, and may extend more than 1 m from the nuptial chamber. They may be connected by transverse tunnels. Larval mines are short, with pupation occurring close to the egg gal- lery. Chamberlin (1958) indicates that a Fig. 168. Ips spp., galleries: 10, emarginatus; 11, integer. (After Hopping 1963:1205. 1982 Ipini 697 generation may be completed in about 10 weeks. Notes.— The one female remaining in the LeConte collection, labeled Type No. 1024, is here designated as the lectotype of emargi- natus LeConte. The original description im- plies that there were other syntypes. The lec- totype and 323 other specimens were used in preparing the above treatment. 26. Ips knausi Swaine Fig. 167 Ips knausi Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:355 (Holo- type, male; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9305) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from eniarginatus LeConte by the presence of interstrial punctures, by the presence of spine 4 on the elytral declivity, and by the distribution. Male.— Length 4.9-6.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in emarginatus. Elytra as in emarginatus except interstriae finely, uniseriately punctured to base, lower point on declivital spine 3 usually slightly longer than upper point; spine 4 almost al- ways present. Female.— Similar to male except major epistomal tubercle smaller; spine 3 on decliv- ity smaller, sometimes appearing as two sepa- rate denticles. Distribution.— S Nevada and E South Dakota to Arizona and New Mexico. USA; Arizona; Chiricahua Mts., Crook N.F., Flagstaff, Huachuca Mts., Jacobs Lake, Kaibab N.F., Santa Cata- lina Mts., Tucson. Colorado: Aliens Park, Bailey, Colo- rado N.F., Estes N.P., Electra Lake near Durango, Ever- green, Jones Ranch near Durango, Las Animas, Lyons, Pine River in La Plata Co., I'nconipahgre N.F., Valle- cito in La Plata Co., Williams. Nevada: Austin. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Lincoln N.F., Ruidosa. South Da- kota: Black Hills, Elmore. LItah: Panguitch. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Biology.— Evidently similar to emarginatus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 141 specimens, several of which were compared to the holotype. 27. Ips calligraphus (Germar) Fig. 169 Bostrichus calligraphus Germar, 1824, Insectorum spe- cies novae autinius cognitae, descriptionibus illustratae, p. 461 (Syntypes?; Kentucky; pre- sumably in the Berlin Museum). Bostrichus exesus Say, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 5:255 (Syntypes; presumably Pennsvlva- nia; evidently lost); LeConte, 1876, Proc. .\mer. Philos. Soc. 15:363. Synonymy Tomicus praemorsus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Syntypes?; Amerique boreali; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1876, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 37:378. Synonymy Tomicus intersfitialis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:273 (Holotype, male; Jamaica; Brus- sels Mus.); Hopping, 1965, Canadian Ent. 97:803. Synonymy Ips ponderosae Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:197 (Holotype, male; Coconino N.F., Arizona; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 1377); Hopping, 1965, Canadian Ent. 97:803. Synonymy Diagnosis.— The six pairs of spines on the elytral declivity distinguish this species from all other American Ips. Male.— Length 3.8-5.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, weakly impressed above epistoma; surface shining, rather coarsely, closely granulate below upper level of eyes, more sparsely granulate above and intermixed with obscure punctures, a major median tubercle equal distance between epis- tomal margin and upper level of eyes, anoth- er smaller major median tubercle on epis- toma; epistoma with a transverse row of tubercles. Vestiture of fine, long, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; summit indefinite, well in front of middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures very fine on disc, slightly larger toward lateral margins. Disc glabrous; fine, long hair moderately abundant on re- maining areas. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, declivital spines 3, 5, and 6 interrupting out- line, transverse subapical margin one-third as wide as declivity; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punctures moderately small, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine, sparse on anterior half. Declivity broadly, deeply excavated as in allied species; spine 1 small, pointed, slightly mesad of striae 2, spine 2 in line with striae 2, moderately large, somewhat pointed but with elevated enlarged base extending from near its apex to 698 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 169. Ips caUigraphus: 1, 3, 5, male; 2, 4, female. (After Hopping 1965:804.) 1982 Ipini 699 base of spine 3; spine 3 large, capitate, tip bent ventrad; spine 4 rather small, pointed, spine 5 conical, in position occupied by later- al extremity of elevated subapical margin; spine six usually basally subcontiguous with subapical margin; subapical margin short, about one-third as wide as distances between third spines; face of concavity essentially as in perturbatus. Vestiture of fine, long hair, more abundant on sides and declivity. Female.— Similar to male except declivi- tal spines, particularly 3, slightly smaller. Distribution.— California and Quebec to Jamaica and Honduras. CANADA: Ontario, Quebec. USA: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Louisiana, Mary- land, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyom- ing. MEXICO: Chiapas, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Mich- oacan, Sinaloa. CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Brit- ish Honduras, Honduras, Nicaragua. OTHER COUNTRIES: Bahama Islands, Dominican Republic, Jamaica. Hosts.— Pinus caribaea, P. echinata, P. el- liottii, P. michoacana, P. montezumae, P. occi- dentalis, P. oocarpa, P. ponderosa, P. pseu- dostrobus, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. taeda. Biology.— The habits apparently are about as in integer. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of ponderosae, on the holo- type of interstitialis, and on more than 1,000 other specimens. The name calligraphus was based on the series of Hopkins, Blackman, Eggers, and Swaine. Lanier (1972) divided this species into in- terstitialis (Mexico, Central America, and one Arizona series) and calligraphus (USA) with different subspecies of the latter in the east- em and western areas. Using the characters employed by Lanier, I am neither able to confirm his results, nor am I able to find other characters that subdivide this species. His hybridization results must be evaluated and interpreted as any other taxonomic char- acter. Until considerably more information is available only one species should be recognized. 28. Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) Fig. 170-171 Tomicus grandicollis Eichhoff, 1868 (January), Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:402 (Syntypes?; Amerique bo- reali; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Tomicus cacographus LeConte, 1868 (September), Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:162 (Lectotype, sex?; Il- linois, lectotype bears orange disk; Mus. Comp. Zool., present designation); Blandford, 1898, Ent. News 9:6. Synonymy Tomicus cribricollis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:273 (Holotype, male; Mexico; Brus- sels Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:385. Synonijmy Ips chagnoni Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:186 (Holo- type, male; Montreal Island, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll. 9310); Hopping, 1965, Canadian Ent. 97:423. Synonymy Ips cloudcrofti Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:70 (Holo- type, female; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 699); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:397. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lecontei Swaine by the presence of only one major frontal tubercle, which is placed on the median line well above the epistomal margin. It is somewhat variable geographically. Male.— Length 2.9-4.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in calligraphus (Germar) except lower, median, epistomal tubercle absent, all granules averaging slightly larger, not quite as abundant. Pronotum 1.26 times as long as wide; as in calligraphus except punctures on disc varying from moderately fine to rather coarse on disc, rather coarse in lateral areas. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline about as in calligraphus except subapical margin wider, with fewer dentations; striae 1 moderately, others feebly impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep, close; interstriae about one and one-half timas as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine to rather coarse, usually extending from declivi- ty to base on 5-9, variable on 2-4 but almost always present at least on posterior fourth (see taxonomic notes below). Declivity essen- tially as in calligraphus except spine 1 on in- terstriae 2; spine 3 stout, blunt, with a dis- tinct ventral hook at apex; spines 2, 4, and 5 in normal positions; subapical margin wider than calligraphus, ending laterally near base of spine 5. Anterior tibia usually with three teeth. Female.— Similar to male except major frontal tubercle evidently slightly smaller; 700 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 declivital spine 3 slightly smaller, devoid of ventral hook. Anterior tibia usually with four teeth. Distribution.— S Manitoba and S Quebec to Honduras and Florida; introduced into Australia. Fig. 170. Ips spp., dorsal and lateral aspects of male declivity: 1, 4, grandicoUis; 2, montanus; 3, 5, paraconftisus; 6, lecontei. (After Hopping 1965:425.) 1982 Ipini 701 CANADA: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec. USA: Ala- bama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mis- sissippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jer- sey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vir- ginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. MEXICO: Chiapas, Chihuahua, Durango, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Mich- oacan, Morelos, Puebla, Sinaloa. CENTRAL AMERICA: Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Bahama Islands, Dominican Republic, Australia (introduced). Hosts.— Pinus banksiana, P. caribaea, P. durangensis, P. echinata, P. montezumae, P. oocarpa, P. palustris, P. ponderosa, P. pseu- dostrobus, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobi- formis, P. sylvestris, P. taeda, P. tenuifolia, P. virginiana. Biology.— The habits evidently are very similar to calligraphus except that it is able to breed successfully in smaller limbs, as well as in larger material. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of cacographus, chagnoni, and cloudcrofti, on the holotype of cribri- collis, and on 1,334 other specimens. The first of two syntypes in the LeConte collection, labeled Type No. 1017, is here designated as the lectotype of cacographus LeConte. There is distinct geographical variation in the number and position of punctures on dis- cal interstriae 2-4. Specimens from eastern Canada and the northeastern United States rarely have any pimctures on the anterior three-fourths; specimens in my series from Georgia are punctured to the middle of the disc; those from New Mexico to Honduras are sparsely punctured to the base at least on interstriae 3. Males from a series from DeQueen, Ar- kansas, and others from Carapan, Michoacan, were dissected for study of the genitalic structures. In both series the apex of the ae- deagus resembled Lanier's (1970:1154) Fig- ure 37, of grandicollis, but the basal struts were short, as in his Figure 35, of cribricollis. Five males from each series gave ae- deagus/ struts ratios of 1.11-1.17 for the Ar- kansas specimens, and 1.10-1.17 for the Michoacan series. Evidently Lanier's grandi- collis specimens were larger than normal; in- creased body size is often associated with proportionately longer struts. It should be noted that specimens from Canada and the Great Lakes area average slightly larger in size than those from the southern two-thirds of the range. 29. Ips lecontei Swaine Figs. 170-171 Ips lecontei Swaine, 1924, Canadian Ent. 56:70 (Holo- type, male; Arizona; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1025, second specimen in LeConte series of confusus) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American 5-spined Ips by the ab- sence of a major median frontal tubercle in the male; it is replaced by a pair of sub- median tubercles on the male epistoma. Male.— Length 4.0-4.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, weakly impressed above epistoma; surface shining, rather coarsely, moderately closely granulate to above upper level of eyes, granules above eyes gradually replaced by fine, deep punc- tures; central area often with a pair of trans- verse tubercles; epistoma bearing a row of tubercles, median pair conspicuously en- larged. Vestiture of fine, sparse, long hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in calligraphus (Germar) except sum- mit more distinct; posterior area smooth, shining, punctures small to moderately large, close, not larger in lateral areas. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline as in grandicollis (Eichhoff); striae 1 moder- ately, others obscurely impressed, punctures moderately large, deep; interstriae almost twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, dis- tinct, regular on posterior half, very sparse on anterior half of disc. Declivity as in gran- dicollis; spine 1 on lateral half of interstriae 2, spine 2 on interstriae 4; spine 3 large, with a dorsal hump on is basal half, a ventral notch and hook on its distal half; spines 4 and 5, declivital face, and subapical margin essen- tially as in grandicollis except lateral end of subapical margin with a feeble notch sug- gesting a sixth spine. Vestiture essentially as in allied species. Anterior tibia with three teeth. Female.— Similar to male except major frontal tubercles, particularly on epistoma, reduced in size; declivital spine 3 slightly smaller with dorsal hump and ventral notch usually less conspicuous; anterior tibia with four teeth. 702 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— N Arizona and S New Mexico to Honduras. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Coconino N.F., Je- rome, Prescott, Santa Rita Mts., Tonto N.F. New Mexi- co: Lake Roberts. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Mesa del Huracan, Olingas. Durango: El Salto. Colima: Colima. Jalisco: Mazamitia, Mt. Colima. HONDURAS: Buenos Aires in Cortez. Hosts.— Pinus ponderosa and P. pseudostrobus. Biology.— Apparently about as in calligraphus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 433 other specimens. 30. Ips montanus (Eichhoff) Figs. 170-171 Tomiciis montanus Eichhoff, 1880, Die Europaischen Borkenkafer, p. 219 (Lectotype, female; Califor- nia; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation) Ips vancouveri Swaine, 1916, Canadian Ent. 48:188 (Holotype, male; Quathiaski Cove, Vancouver Is- land, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9304); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:398. Synomjmij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from paraconfiisus Lanier by the larger size, by the poorly developed or absent frontal fovea in both sexes, by the position of the major male median tubercle being much higher on the male frons, and by the host. Male.— Length 4.6-5.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, a slight impression above epistoma; surface shining, rather coarsely granulate to well above eyes, gradually re- placed above by small punctures; a coarse median tubercle with its upper margin at up- per level of eyes; epistoma with a row of coarse tubercles except at median line; vesti- ture of fine, sparse, long hair. Pronotum L13 times as long as wide; as in lecontei except punctures in posterior areas moderately coarse. Elytra L5 times as long as wide; outline and disc about as in lecontei. Declivity much as in lecontei except spine 1 on median half of interstriae 3 (closer to spine 2 than to su- ture), other spines evidently slightly more slender, and subapical margin without a feeble notch near its lateral end. Anterior tibia with three teeth. Female.— Similar to male except frons with a shallow median fovea at upper level of eyes, a feeble major tubercle often between fovea and epistomal margin; gran- ules on epistomal margin much smaller; de- clivital spine 3 slightly smaller, with dorsal hump and ventral notch less distinct; anterior tibia with four teeth. Distribution.— S British Columbia and W Montana to central California. CANADA; British Columbia: Campbell River, Cour- tenay, Kaslo, Qualicum, Trinity Valley. USA: California: Avalanche Meadow in Tulare Co., Badger Flat in Lassen Co., Callihan, Caribou Lake in Siskiyou Co., Cisco, Deadfall Lakes in Siskiyou Co., Fallen Leaf Lake, Grassv Lake in Lassen Co., Kingvale, Klamath, Mt. Brewer, Old Soda Springs, Trinity Center, Weed, Yosemite. Idaho: Avery, Coeur d'Alene, Collins, Deception Creek Experi- mental Forest, Evansville, Kootenai, Nickle Plate Mt. in Kaniksu N.F., Pierce, Priest Lake, Priest River, Prichard, St. Joseph. Montana: Kootenai N.F. Oregon: Crater Lake, Lake of the Woods, Prospect, Willamette Pass. Washington: Metaline Falls, Mt. Rainier, Naches, Spo- kane Falls. Host.— Pinus monticola, uncommon in P. albicaulis, P. balfouriana. Biology.— Apparently very similar to paraconfusus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 288 specimens and on one female cotype from the original series. Eggers (1933:20) examined the syntypic original series before the Hamburg Museum was destroyed and indicated that the speci- mens were labeled either "Cisco" (California) or "Cal." Schedl (pers. comm.) indicated that all specimens he saw in this series in the Hamburg Museum were labeled as cotypes. There is one female in the Swaine material at the Canadian National Collection (Wood 1957:398) bearing a small triangular blue-col- ored label, a rectangular label with the word "Cal.," apparently in Eichhoffs hand, a rec- tangular label with "14" in Eichhoffs hand, another "au confusus Lee?" apparently writ- ten by E. A. Schwarz, and one "Tomicus montanus Eich., Type," written by E. A. Schwarz. This was species no. 14 in a series of more than 100 species sent to Schwarz by Eichhoff prior to 1896; it was borrowed by Swaine (pers. comm.) prior to 1920 for an in- tended revision of the genus. Because Eich- hoff did not designate a type, this specimen, and others in his series, could have been no more than syntypes regardless of the "Type" label. Because the labels on this specimen are similar to those seen on other original Eich- hoff type material of other species in the U.S. 1982 Ipini 703 National Museum and in the Eggers and Schedl collections, because part of the origi- nal series was from California, and because Swaine (pers. comm.) had borrowed several types for an intended revision of the genus about 1920, without returning them (as cura- tor of the Swaine collection, I returned in 1955 to the USNM all except the Eichhoff type. I did not realize until 1974 that the Eichhoff type had also been borrowed from the USNM), I regard this specimen as a syn- type and here designate it as the lectotype of montaniis Eichhoff. A second specimen in the Canadian National Collection, labeled "Cisco, Julio '69," and "Ips montanus Eich- hoff, mit type vergleichen, Eggers det.," is probably from the original series also, but there are no labels suggesting status as a co- type. The lectotype is to be returned to the U.S. National Museum. 31. Ips paraconftisus Lanier Figs. 170-171 Ips paraconfusiis Lanier, 1970, Canadian Ent. 102:1145 (Holotype, female; Avery, Calaveras Co., Califor- nia; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from montanus (Eichhoff), as noted in the above diagnosis for that species. It is distin- guished from confiisus (LeConte) with great difficulty by the small, often obscure punc- tures on the frons, by the larger, more broad- ly rounded median major tubercle immedi- ately above the epistoma, and by other minor characters. Male.— Length 3.8-4.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in montanus except with a rather deep, median fovea at upper level of eyes, major median tubercle near, almost on epis- tomal margin. Pronotum and elytra as in montanus. Anterior tibia with three teeth. Female.— Similar to male except major median frontal tubercle absent, epistomal granules much smaller; frons and anterior area of pronotum with more abundant pub- escence; declivital spine 3 slightly, smaller, with its dorsal hump and ventral hook less distinct; anterior tibia with four teeth. Distribution.— SW Oregon, W Nevada, and California. USA: California counties; Alameda, Butte, Calaveras, Contra Costa, Del Norte, El Dorado, Fresno, Glenn, Kern, Lake, Lassen, Los Angeles, Madera, Marin, Mari- posa, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Riverside, San Ber- nardino, San Diego, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Shasta, Sierra, Siskiyou, Trinity, Tu- lare, Tuolumne. Nevada: Minden. Oregon: Ashland, Black Rock in Polk Co., Central Point, Corvallis, Grants Pass, Soda Creek. Hosts.— Pinus attenuata, P. coulteri, P. jef- freyi, P. lambertiana, and P. ponderosa; rarely in P. contorta. Biology.— Unthrifty, fallen, or cut trees are usually selected for attack, although healthy trees have been killed under certain conditions. The longitudinal parental gallery systems usually include three to five elongate egg galleries in a rather broad tuning fork pattern. Larval mines are comparatively long. Chamberlin (1958) reports three to five generations per year. More detailed studies are reported by Cameron and Borden (1967), Chansler (1964), Gara (1963), Silverstein, Ro- din, and D. L. Wood (1966), Strubble and Hall (1955), D. L. Wood (1963), D. L. Wood and Bushing (1963), and D. L. Wood and Vite (1961). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on about 1,200 other specimens. Literature prior to 1970 treated this species under the name confusus. 32. Ips confusus (LeConte) Tomicits confusus LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:364 (Lectotype, female; Southern Califor- nia; Mns. Comp. Zool., 1025, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from paraconfusus Lanier by characters sum- marized in the above key and in the diagnosis of that species. It is not distinguishable by ex- ternal characters from hoppingi Lanier. Male.— Length 3.5-4.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in paraconfusus except frons usually de- void of punctures to well above eyes; major median frontal tubercle usually slightly smaller, more acutely pointed, declivital punctures slightly larger, more abundant, closer. Female.— Differing from male as in paraconfusus. Distribution.— S California and Colorado to Arizona and W Texas. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Grand Can- yon, Prescott, Seligmans, Sweetwater, Tucson, Walnut 704 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Canyon, Williams, Window Rock. California: Backus, Chiichupate Ranger Station in Ventura Co., Coleville, Frazier Park in Kern Co., Gorman, Joshua Tree N.M., Mono Co., Mt. Pinos, Pinyon Flat in Palm Desert, Sum- merville, Valyermo, Ventura Co., Wrightwood. Colo- rado: Canyon Citv, Cortez, Colorado N.M., Crestone, Ft. Garland, Grand Junction, Mancos, Manitou, Mesa Verde N.P., Norwood, San Isabel N.F., Turkey Creek in El Paso Co., Uncompahgre N.F. Nevada: Austin, Sum- mit, Baker, Charleston, Pequop Pass. New Mexico: Capitan, Cloudcroft, Corona, Datil Mts., Grants, King- ston, Lake Roberts, Lincoln N.F., Los Alamos, Fig. 17L Ips spp., male heads: 8, IL grandicollis: 9, paraconfusus; 10, montanus; 12, lecontei. (After G. Hopping 1965:427.) 1982 Ipini 705 Magdalena, Ruidosa. Santa Fe. Utah: Beaver, Dave's Hollow in Dixie N.F., Gooseberry in Fish Lake N.F., La Sal Mts., Lofgreen, Mercur, Mt. Carniel, Panguitch, Parowan Canyon. Texas: Davis Mts. Wyoming: Atlantic City (one dead specimen in an incomplete tunnel in Pinits flexilis 50 miles from the nearest known Piniis ediiHs). MEXICO: Baja California: Tecate. Chihuahua: Mesa del Huracan. Hosts.— Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, and rarely in other hosts. Biology.— Apparently as in paraconfusus except that egg galleries evidently average much shorter. Notes.— This species was based on three specimens, only one of which remains in the LeConte .collection. That female, bearing the labels "Cala." and "Type No. 1025" and "dis- sected by Lanier," is here designated as the lectotype of confiisus. The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 233 other specimens. The female pars stridens and the male gen- italia are mentioned below under the pre- sumed sibling species hoppingi Lanier. 33. Ips hoppingi Lanier Ips hoppingi Lanier, 1970, Canadian Ent. 102:1145 (Holotype, female; 20 miles or .32 km S Chiri- cahua Nat. Men., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— Lanier (1970) established this as a sibling species of confusus on the basis of its wider female pars stridens with narrower striations, and its comparatively longer struts on the male genitalia. Male.— Exactly as in confusus with the possible exception of the characters cited by Lanier. Female.— Differing from the male as in confusus. Distribution.— S Arizona and E Texas to Mexico and Hidalgo. L'SA; Arizona: .\,sh Canvon, Huachuca Mts., Chiri- cahua N.M. Texas: Big Bend N.P. MEXICO: Chi- huahua: Mesa del Huracan. Hidalgo: Zimapan. Mexico: Temaxcaltepec. Host.— Pinus cembroides. Biology.— As in confusus. Notes.— This species was established on the basis of three characters, none of whose validity is fully established. In the male gen- italia, Lanier's measurements of strut length /aedeagus length overlap even though series data were not presented separately; in Scolytidae generally strut length may be re- lated as much to overall beetle size as it is to taxonomic difference. The differences in striations of the female pars stridens possibly mav present a valid character, but Lanier presented a composite series in his data that confuses geographical variation with possible taxonomic differences. Although the karyo- types of these series may present valid specif- ic differences, their validity as a taxonomic character is not yet fully established and must be verified by other workers. The at- tempted hybridization of hoppingi and con- fusus, based on five mated females, is sugges- tive of the validity of hoppingi but should be confirmed. Either hoppingi is a valid sibling species or else a synonym of confusus. Tribe DRYOCOETINI Dryocoetoideae Lindemann, 1876, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 51:165 (Type-genus: Drijocoetes Eichhoff, 1864) Thamnurginae Nusslin, 1911, Zeitschr. wissemch. Insektenbiol. 7:377 (Type-genus: Tliarnmirgiis Eichhoff, 1864) Taphrorychini Reitter, 191.3, Wiener Ent. Zeit. .32(Beiheft):29 (Type-genus: Taphronjchus Eichhoff, 1878) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally sexually dimorphic, with the male some- times impressed (Dendrocranulus), the female is sometimes ornamented by setae (some Dryocoetes), the eye is sinuate to emarginate (or completely divided in one African genus), the antennal funicle is 4-5-segmented, the club is either obliquely truncate {Dryocoetes, Coccotrypes) or the sutures on the posterior face are very strongly displaced toward the apex, the pronotum is weakly to moderately declivous on the anterior face and asperate (smooth in one African genus), its lateral mar- gins are rounded, the anterior coxae are con- tiguous, and the declivital sculpture is simple. Biological features.— All are polyg- amous; American Dryocoetes are phloeo- phagous, the species of Lymantor are semi- xylophagous, the Dendrocranulus are stem borers in cucurbit vines, and the Coccotrypes may be either phloeophagous or spermo- phagous. All American Coccotrypes apparent- ly have been introduced to America in histor- ic times; Lymantor and Dryocoetes were derived from the Asian fauna rather recently, and Dendrocranulus from tropical America. Dendrocranulus is almost indistinguishable from some African Xyhcleptes. Coccotrypes reproduces by consanguineous polygyny that apparently includes facultative arrheno- tokous parthenogenesis. Eggs are usually placed in niches. Larval mines may be indi- vidual or communal. Taxonomy.— Generic limits in this tribe have not been carefully studied. Because the overwhelming majority of species occur only in the Old World, no attempt was made to resolve the problem at this time. Genus LYMANTOR Lovendal Lymantor Lovendal, 1889, Ent. Medd. 2:25 (Type-spe- cies: Lymantor sepicola Lovendal = Tomicus co- ryli Perris, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished by the 4-segmented antennal funicle, by the very strongly procurved, aseptate sutures of the antennal club, and by other characters in- cluded in the above generic key. Description.— Length L5-L9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons sexually dimorphic, sculpture simple. Eye oval, shallowly emarginate; finely granu- late. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 4-seg- mented; club subcircular, moderately large, sutures strongly procurved, indicated only by setae, 1 reaching middle of club. Pronotum longer than wide, anterior third moderately declivous and finely asperate; margins rounded. Scutellum small. Elytral disc with strial and interstrial punctures confused; de- clivity steep, broadly convex. Vestiture hair- like. Tibiae rather broad, armed by several teeth on outer margin. Distribution.— N North America and Eu- rope; four species, one occurs in eastern Can- ada and the United States and one in Alaska. Notes.— Schedl (1964:306) placed Lyman- tor in synonymy under the older genus Trio- temnus Wollaston. Although I am acquainted with only half the species of Triotemnus, but with all the species of Lymantor, I see no real intergradation between the two groups in those characters that to me are quite signifi- cant. For this reason Lymantor is retained as a valid genus. 706 1982 Dryocoetini 707 Key to the Species of Lymantor Pronotum more slender, 1.25 times as long as wide, disc smooth and shining in both sexes; declivity more uniformly convex, punctures on striae and inter- striae in rows, smaller, vestiture imiformly shorter; Alaska; 1.7-1.9 mm 1. alaskanus Wood Pronotum less slender, 1.1 times as long as wide, male disc partly reticulate; declivital interstriae 2 distinctly impressed, punctures confused, more strongly granulate, vestiture longer, less regularly present; Michigan and Quebec to Kansas and Mississippi; Acer, etc.; 1.5-1.8 mm 2. decipiens (LeConte) 1. Lymantor alaskanus W ood Lymantor alaskanus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:399 (Holotype, male; Bonanza Creek, .30 miles southeast Fairbanks, Alaska; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from decipiens (LeConte) by the larger size and more slender body, by the different male frons, by the smaller, less deeply impressed pronotal and elytral punctures, and by the different elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons strongly convex from slightly below upper level of eyes to vertex, lower two- thirds of area below upper level of eyes transversely impressed (less strongly but much more extensively than in decipiens); surface shining, pimctures rather fine, moder- ately close except very sparse on median fourth; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; out- line about as in decipiens except sides more strongly converging posteriorly on posterior half; surface smooth, shining, punctures slightly finer, not as deep as in decipiens. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; as in decipiens except discal punctures slightly smaller, much less strongly impressed, declivity more evenly convex, striae 1 and 2 not impressed, with punctures in rows, smaller than on disc, inter- striae 1 much less strongly elevated, 2 not im- pressed, 2 and 3 each with a sparse row of very fine punctures, their upper margins much more feebly granulate, vestiture finer, shorter, more regularly present from base to apex. Female.— Similar to male except trans- verse frontal impression not as deep, upper area less strongly convex. Distribution.— Alaska. ALASKA: Bonanza Creek, .30 miles SE Fairbanks, 18- VII-78, No. 51, sticky trap baited with Ipenol and alpha- pinene, R. A. Werner. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 2. Lymantor decipiens (LeConte) Xylocleptes decipiens LeConte, 1878, Proc. .^mer. Philos. Soc. 17:624 (Holotype, female; Detroit; Mas. Comp. Zool., 1294) Diagnosis.— This species may be recog- nized from characters included in the above key. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes, convex above; a slight median eleva- tion at upper level of eyes; surface finely punctured, most punctures finely sub- granulate; vestiture hairlike, inconspicuous except small epistomal brush. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides moderately arcuate, con- verging equally anteriorly and posteriorly, rather broadly, equally rounded on anterior and posterior margins; anterior third moder- ately declivous and armed by numerous, small asperities; posterior areas smooth, with moderately abundant minute points and rather sparse, coarse, deep punctures. Glabrous except near margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; discal punctures confused, rather coarse, deep, separated by one or two diameters of a puncture. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex, somewhat flattened; punctures of striae 1 and 2 in rows, smaller than on disc; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 708 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 broadly, weakly impressed, punctures on 1-3 feebly granulate. Vestiture hairlike, sparse and short on disc, moderately long and ap- parently more abundant on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression much smaller, not as deep, frontal punctures rather coarse. Distribution.— Michigan and Quebec to Kansas and Mississippi. CANADA: Ontario: Toronto. Quebec: Laniel, La Trappe, St. Etienne. USA: Iowa: Ames. Kansas: Law- rence. Kentucky: Morehead. Maine: Monmouth. Mas- sachusetts: Framingham, Petersham. Michigan: Detroit. Minnesota: DuUith. Mississippi: luka, Trimcane Swamp. New Jersey; Lahaway. New York: Axton, Ithaca, Syr- acuse. Pennsylvania: Clark's Valley, Dauphin, Pocono Lake. Virginia: Rosslyn. West Virginia: "Hopk. W. Va. 7113" and "7123." Hosts.— Acer ruhrum, A. sacdiarinum, A. sp., Hamamelis virgiiiiana, Rhus typhina, Sa- lix sp. Biology.— These polygynous beetles at- tack only small, completely dead, dry branches of living maple trees and seedlings, rarely in other hosts. The entrance tunnel ex- tends through the bark to a point within the wood where two to four egg galleries radiate, usually following the grain of the wood. There is little or no nuptial chamber. The egg galleries may have short branches lead- ing either deeper into the wood or to the sur- face of the sapwood. The eggs are deposited in niches and the short larval tunnels are transverse. Whether or not the adults and lar- vae utilize the dark fungal growth in their nutrition has not been determined. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 33 other specimens. Genus DENDROCRANULUS Schedl Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:165 (Type-species: Dendrocranulus tardus Schedl, subsequent designation bv Schedl, 1938, Archiv. Naturgesch., n.s., 7(2): 169)' Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished with some difficulty from the Old World Xylocleptes Ferrari by the less strongly pro- curved, much less distinct sutures of the antennal club, by a different type of frontal sculpture, and by the much more conserva- tive sculpture of the elytral declivity. Description.— Length 1.2-2.7 mm, 2.5-3.0 times as long as wide; color light yel- lowish brown to very dark reddish brown. Frons usually dimorphic, male feebly im- pressed to strongly excavated, female flat- tened to convex; female often with abundant vestiture. Eye oval, emarginate; finely granu- late. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-seg- mented; club rather small, subcircularly flat- tened, with two obscure, moderately procurved sutures indicated by setae. Pro- notum longer than wide; finely to coarsely asperate on anterior half, punctured to aspe- rate behind; summit poorly defined; basal and lateral margins rounded. Scutellum small. Elytra elongate, striate; declivity con- vex to broadly excavated, devoid of denticles. Tibiae rather broad, armed by a series of marginal teeth. Distribution.— Central United States to Argentina; about 30 species are known; 23 occur from Utah, Kansas, and Florida to Panama. Biology.— These species infest unthrifty, overmature, or recently cut stems of various representatives of the Cucurbitaceae. The at- tack evidently is initiated by the male at a leaf node, where an entrance tunnel and small nuptial chamber are formed. Evidently at least some species are polygynous; others may be monogamous. The fibrous nature of the host, the longitudinal, elongate egg gal- leries, and the very short life cycle have made this and other items in behavior diffi- cult to determine. Notes.— The status of this genus might be questioned. None of the American species ex- hibit the structure of the male declivity found in related European and African gen- era, nor do any of them have sutures of the antennal club as well defined as in Xylo- cleptes. In spite of the closeness of the two groups, I prefer to maintain them as separate genera. Key to the Species of Dendrocranulus Posterolateral margin of elytra acutely elevated from apex to interstriae 7, declivital face convex to moderately flat 2 1982 Dryocoetini 709 — Posterolateral margin of elytra rounded, declivital face convex to broadly concave 5 2(1). Discal punctures on pronotum largely replaced by granules; Nayarit to Honduras; 1.2-1.5 mm 1. consimilis Wood — Discal pimctures on pronotum clearly impressed 3 3(2). Elytral declivity rather strongly convex, striae 2 and 3 straight to their apices; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.0 mm 2. limus Wood — Elytral declivity somewhat flattened, striae 2 and 3 curve toward suture near apex 4 4(3). Pronotal and elytral punctures smaller, not as deep; elevated posterolateral margin of declivity short, sharply defined only near apex; Costa Rica; 1.4-1.5 mm 3. tardulus Wood — Pronotal and elytral punctures coarse, deep; posterolateral margin of declivity longer and acutely elevated; Honduras to Costa Rica; 1.9-2.0 mm 4. tardus Schedl 5(1). Declivity usually steeper, more narrowly convex, lateral margins more gradu- ally rounded in both sexes, if impressed, interstriae 1 elevated and impression not extending lateral from interstriae 3 in either sex; female frons usually much more strongly pubescent, male frons devoid of excavation or prominent tubercle on vertex 6 — Declivity often more gradual, more broadly convex to shallowly concave, at least in male, impression often extending from suture to striae 4, if convex, male frons strongly impressed and armed by a median elevation on vertex; fe- male frons sparsely pubescent; male mandible usually with inner cusp directed cephalad 14 6(5). Pronotal disc clearly, rather deeply punctured over at least median half 7 — Pronotal disc with transverse or flat, rounded granules, occasionally with a few punctures near median line 12 7(6). Smaller, more slender, at least 2.7 times as long as wide 8 — Larger, stouter, less than 2.5 times as long as wide 17 8(7). Pronotal surface rather strongly reticulate, discal punctures not accompanied by an elevation; male frons feebly impressed; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.4 mm 5. pumilus Wood — Pronotal surface shining, obscurely subreticulate, most discal punctures accom- panied by an elongate, transverse, low elevation; male frons strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes 9 9(8). Declivital interstriae punctured, devoid of granules; strial punctures small, rather deep; male frons more strongly impressed, with a large, shining, impunctate area on lower half; Honduras; 1.2-1.3 mm 6. vinealis Wood — Declivital interstriae 1-3 each with a row of fine granules; strial punctures very small, shallow; male frons somewhat less strongly impressed, impunctate area much smaller, lateral areas with fine granules; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.7 mm 7. vicinalis Wood 10(7). Pronotal disc obscurely reticulate; declivital setae on interstriae 1 and 2 stout, distinctly shorter than distance between rows; male frons reticulate, punc- tured; female frons moderately convex, reticulate, rather coarsely punctured, with rather sparse, long, fine hair; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.1 mm 8. securus Wood 710 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Pronotal disc shining, not at all reticulate; male frons shining, with sub- aciculate sparse rows of fine granules; female frons very finely punctured, with moderately to very abundant, long, fine hair 11 11(10). Pronotum shining; declivity only slightly impressed; female frons feebly con- vex, with very fine, long, moderately abundant hair; Chiapas to Honduras; 1.8-2.0 mm 9. maurus (Blandford) — Pronotum partly reticulate in posterolateral areas; declivity rather strongly im- pressed; female frons slightly impressed, with abundant, long, rather coarse, yellow hair; Honduras to Costa Rica; 2.1-2.8 mm 10. costaricensis Schedl 12(6). Larger; interstrial setae on disc and lateral areas of declivity very fine, slender; vestiture on female frons long, sparse; male frons shallowly impressed, a low median elevation above upper level of eyes; Panama; 1.8-2.3 mm 11. fulgidus Wood — Smaller; interstrial setae on disc and declivity moderately to very coarse, slightly flattened, male frons evenly convex 13 13(12). Female frons convex, with a few minute granules, sparsely pubescent; elytral declivity less strongly, more narrowly impressed; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.7 mm 12. schedli Wood — Female frons somewhat flattened, finely punctured, with abundant, long fine pubescence; elytral declivity more strongly, broadly impressed; Honduras to Costa Rica; 1.4-1.7 mm 13. vicinus Wood 14(5). Male declivity feebly, broadly impressed to broadly convex, frons strongly im- pressed and with a prominent median elevation on vertex; female declivity usually more strongly convex than male, frons moderately convex 15 — Male declivity broadly sulcate to rather strongly, broadly concave, male frons less strongly impressed, median elevation absent (except moderately to weakly developed in knaiisi); female declivity usually similarly but usually less strong- ly impressed, interstriae 1 never elevated; female frons variable but usually somewhat similar to male 17 15(14). Pronotal disc with coarse, subcrenulate granules, punctures obscurely evident only near median line, obsolete laterally; male frons below upper level of eyes almost flat, median elevation on vertex moderately developed, little if any higher at its lower end; Durango to Michoacan; 1.6-1.9 mm 14. rudis Wood — Pronotal disc with crenulations smaller, punctures clearly evident, obscure but usually present almost to lateral margins; male frons more strongly impressed, median elevation on vertex higher or projecting slightly at its lower end 16 16(15). Pronotal disc subreticulate between crenulations, crenulations shorter, thicker, less acutely elevated, more regularly spaced; male frontal impression not as deep, more extensive, elevation on vertex blunt; Panama; 1.5-2.0 mm 15. confinis Wood — Pronotal disc shining, crenulations longer, thinner, more acutely elevated, sur- face appearing more wrinkled; male frontal excavation deeper, less extensive, elevation on vertex acute; Utah and S California to Michoacan and Morelia; Cucurbita; 1.5-2.2 mm 16. cucurbitae (LeConte) 17(14). Elytral declivity narrower, rather broadly bisulcate, sutural interstriae as strongly elevated as lateral convexities; average size smaller 18 — Elytral declivity broad to very broad, moderately to very strongly impressed, lateral convexities distinctly higher than suture, interstriae 1 usually not elevated; average size larger 22 1982 Dryocoetini 711 18(17). Pronotum rather strongly reticulate over entire surface, asperities on anterior half small, rather widely separated, punctures small, most of them sub- granulate; interstrial setae rather coarse, blunt; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.8 mm 17. declivis Schedl — Pronotum rather coarsely asperate and shining on anterior half, rather coarsely punctured or asperate and either shining or partly, obscurely reticulate on anterior half; interstrial setae more slender 19 19(18). Larger, stouter; pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; pronotal and elytral punctures larger, deeper; discal striae as wide as interstriae; pronotum shining, entirely devoid of reticulation; declivital strial and interstrial punctures very small; female frons with moderately abundant pubescence; Guatemala; 2.3-2.5 mm 21. limbatus (Blandford) — Smaller, more slender; pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; pronotal and ely- tral punctures smaller; discal interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae 20 20(19). Interstrial setae on disc longer, very fine, pointed, on declivity each seta one and one-half times as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by distances half as great as between rows; strial setae in posterolateral areas fine, more than half as long as interstrial setae; body slender, 3.0 times as long as wide; Veracruz to Costa Rica 1.7-2.0 mm 18. macilentus (Blandford) — Interstrial setae about as on declivity, blunt, those on declivity as long as dis- tance between rows, spaced within a row by distances slightly less than their length; strial setae very short, almost obsolete; body stouter, about 2.6 times as long as wide 21 21(20). Pronotum at least partly reticulate on posterior half in marginal areas or near punctures; transverse granules on pronotal disc finer, not reaching posterior margin; elytral punctures averaging slightly smaller; Veracruz and Honduras to Guadaloupe; 1.7-1.9 mm 19. guatemalensis (Hopkins) — Pronotum shining, devoid of reticulation; transverse granules on pronotal disc coarser, more widely distributed; elytral punctures averaging slightly larger; Florida to Cuba and Jamaica; 1.6-1.7 mm 20. carbonarius (Ferrari) 22(17). Interstriae about as wide as striae, strial and interstrial punctures coarse, of equal size and spacing; pronotal disc shining, punctures coarse, deep; vestiture fine, very long; New Mexico and Kansas to Chihuahua; 1.7-2.3 mm 22. knausi (Hopkins) — Interstriae about twice as wide as striae, punctures smaller, more widely spaced; pronotal disc at least partly reticulate in lateral areas, punctures small- er; vestiture much shorter; Honduras to Costa Rica; 2.0-2.9 mm 23. diversus Wood 1. Dendrocra nidus consimilis Wood Frons convex, with a slight transverse im- pression on lower half; surface shining, close- Dendrocranulus consimilis Wood, 1974, Brieham Young ? , i .i i ^ j . -j Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):23 (Holotvpe: ^X' deeply, rather coarsely punctured at sides male; Los Corchos, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) and above, becommg almost impunctate on Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished median fourth of lower half; vestiture of fine, from limns Wood by the smaller size, by the sparse, long hair uniformly distributed, more slender form, and by the shorter inter- Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, sides strial setae on the declivity. on more than posterior two-thirds sub- Male.- Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as parallel, feebly arcuate, anterior margin long as wide; color yellowish brown. broadly rounded; anterior third moderately 712 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 declivous, finely asperate, asperities decreas- ing in size but attaining base in lateral areas; disc shining, rather coarsely punctured, most punctures partly granulate; surface on poste- rior half very slightly subreticulate. Vestiture of sparse hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, abruptly, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small; inter- striae almost smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity very steep, transversely flattened between interstriae 3, longitudi- nally slightly convex; posterolateral margin from suture to about interstriae 3 subacutely elevated; striae 1 and 2 distinctly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 very slightly depressed, punctures of 2 and 3 finely granu- late, obscurely granulate in lateral areas. Ves- titure of rows of minute, obscure, recumbent, strial hair and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle about one and one-third times as long as distance between rows or be- tween bristles within a row, except shorter, slightly more than half as long on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly, evenly convex, with frontal pubescence about twice as abundant. Distribution.— Nayarit to Honduras. MEXICO: Nayarit: Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 7 m, No. 207, climbing vine, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Lima, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 579 in Cayaponia microdonta. No. 580 in Sicydttm tattinifoliiim, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Cayaponia microdonta, Sicydum tamnifoliiim. Biology.— Specimens were taken from broken stems of climbing vines. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 42 specimens and on 8 other specimens. 2. Dendrocranulus limns Wood Dendrocranuhts limits Wood, 197L Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):38 (Holotype, male; Rio Damitas in the Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied tardus Schedl by the rather .strongly convex elytral declivity, by the less strongly elevated posterolateral margin of the declivity, and by the more widely spaced strial punctures. Male.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide, color light reddish brown. Frons weakly convex, surface reticulate and rather coarsely, not deeply punctured, reticulation and punctures reduced toward center on lower half; vestiture rather sparse, consisting of fine, long hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides of middle third almost straight and parallel, posterior angles broadly rounded, anterior angles arcuately converging toward broadly rounded anterior margin; dorsal profile ar- cuate from base, a little more strongly de- clivous on anterior third; surface shining, with few points, punctures rather coarse, deep, separated by distances equal to width of a puncture, lateral margin of each punc- ture very finely asperate, tubercles becoming larger laterally. Vestiture hairlike, inconspic- uous except laterally and in asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind, striae not impressed, punctures large, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, almost smooth, shining, punctures two-thirds as large as those of striae, spaced by one to two times diameter of a puncture. Declivity steep, distinctly con- vex; posterolateral margin acutely elevated from apex to interstriae 7; striae weakly im- pressed; interstriae weakly convex, punctures reduced and feebly granulate. Vestiture con- sisting of erect, interstrial bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons bearing a rather dense fringe of long, yellow hair to well above eyes, except central area glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COST.^ RIC-K: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- n-64, 250 m. No. 44L vine, and 447 Sechiimi edule, S. L. Wood; Playon, Puntarenas, 22-11-64, .50 m. No. 454, cu- curbit vine, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Sechinm edule, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. 3. Dendrocranulus tardulus Wood Dendrocranulus tardulus Wood, 197L Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 1.5(.3):37 (Holotype, male; Rio Damitas in the Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) 1982 Dryocoetini 713 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tardus Schedl by the smaller size, by the smaller, less strongly impressed pronotal punctures, and by the shorter costa on the posterolateral margin of the declivity. Male.— Length 1.4-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons convex above eyes, rather shallowly, transversely impressed below; surface shin- ing, closely, subgranulately punctured; vesti- ture very fine, long, rather sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; summit in- definite, well in front of middle; surface al- most smooth, with a few minute points, punctures on disc rather coarse, close, sepa- rated by distances about equal to their diam- eters, becoming somewhat finely asperate in lateral areas. Vestiture consisting of rather sparse, erect hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and feebly dilated on basal two-thirds, then slightly narrowed to just before apex, and abruptly rounded to very broadly rounded, almost straight posterior margin; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, deep; in- terstriae slightly wider than striae, smooth and shining, punctures almost as large and deep as those of striae, separated by distances about equal to twice diameter of a puncture. Declivity steep, almost flat; posterolateral margin subacutely elevated from apex to in- terstriae 7, interstriae 2 almost flat, im- pressed, 1 and area lateral to 2 moderately elevated; strial and interstrial punctures somewhat smaller than on disc, those of in- terstriae very finely granulate. Vestiture con- sisting of erect, blunt, rather long, interstrial bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons evenly convex and more closely pubescent; declivital interstriae 2 feebly if at all im- pressed, weakly convex, 1 and lateral areas less strongly elevated; vestiture finer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m. No. 448 in a vine, No. 447 in Sechium ediile, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens and on 25 other specimens. 4. Dendrocranulus tardus Schedl Dendrocranulus tardus Schedl, 1937, Arch. Instit. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro .3:165 (Holotype, female?; La Caja, 8 km W San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tardulus Wood by the larger size, by the larger, deeper pronotal punctures, and by the longer costa on the ventrolateral margin of the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in tardulus except more nearly granulate. Pronotum as in tardulus except punctures on disc larger, closer, deeper, those in lateral areas each with a lateral sub- crenulate granule. Elytra as in tardulus except strial punc- tures slightly larger, deeper; declivity more broadly flattened, posterolateral margin sub- acutely elevated from suture to interstriae 7, a lower pseudocosta associated with it on 5 and 6, strial punctures larger, deeper. Female.— Essentially as in male. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 579, Cayaponia macrodonta, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: La Caja, 8 km W San Jose, San Jose. Host.— Cayaponia macrodonta. Note.— The above treatment was based on a male in my collection that was compared directly to the female holotype. The holotype is 1.90 mm long, the male 2.05 mm. 5. Dendrocranulus pumilus Wood Dendrocranulus pumilus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):38 (Holotype, male; Ri'o Damitas in the Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles consimilis Wood, but it is distin- guished by the absence of an acute ventro- lateral margin of the elytral declivity, by the larger strial punctures, and by the absence of granules on the pronotal disc. Male.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, a slight transverse impres- sion on lower half; surface obscurely reti- culate, punctures fine, with small granules; vestiture sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides feebly arcuate, con- verging very slightly anteriorly, anterior 714 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 margin rather broadly rounded; finely aspe- rate on anterior fourth; surface subreticulate, punctures rather coarse, close, not at all granulate. Vestiture hairlike, confined to areas near margins. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then gradually narrowed to broadly rounded posterior mar- gin; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep; interstriae equal to or slightly narrower than striae, punctures about two-thirds as large as those of striae and slightly less abun- dant. Declivity steep, flattened between striae 3; strial punctures almost as large and as deep as on disc; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, 2 impressed (at least medially), gradually ascending laterally to interstriae 3; interstrial punctures less abundant than on disc, not at all granulate. Vestiture consisting of rows of erect interstrial bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression feebly developed; elytra! declivity weakly, more narrowly impressed. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m, No. 446, vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype and on 13 other specimens. 6. Dendrocranulus vinealis Wood Dendrocranuhis vinealis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):24 (Holotype, male; La Lima, Cortez, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied pumilus Wood by the shining pronotal disc, by the subcrenulate granules accompanying each puncture on the pronotal disc, and by the much more strongly impressed fnale frons. Male.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above upper level of eyes, strongly, transversely impressed below that level; surface smooth and shining, with mod- erately fine, subgranulate punctures in con- vex area, almost impunctate in impressed area; vestiture of sparse hair. Pronotum outline as in pumilus, anterior area more coarsely asperate; surface shining, punctures moderately coarse, deep, rather close, each with a low lateral, subcrenulate. transverse granule. Vestiture confined to margins, sparse, hairlike. Elytra outline about as in pumilus; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, rather widely spaced. Declivity steep, rather broadly flattened; strial punc- tures deeper, slightly larger than on disc, in- terstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly de- pressed, punctures not at all granulate; ventrolateral margin rounded. Vestiture of interstrial rows of flattened bristles, each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows or within a row. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m, No. 579, Cayaponia microdonta, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 2 male specimens. 7. Dendrocranulus vicinalis Wood Dendrocranidtis vicinalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):24 (Holotype, male; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vinealis Wood by the much smaller strial and interstrial punctures, by the more gradual elytral declivity, and by the inter- strial granules on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide, color yellowish brown. Frons as in vinealis except impression not as abrupt, impunctate area much smaller, small granules more conspicuous in lateral areas. Pronotum as in vinealis except discal punctures slightly smaller, granules not as slender. Elytra as in vinealis except strial and interstrial punctures smaller, very shallow; punctures on declivital interstriae 1-3 re- placed by small granules. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression not as strong, sculpture finer, ves- titure finer, more abundant but not as conspicuous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m, Nos. 440, 441, climbing vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 1982 Dryocoetini 715 8. Dendrocranulus securus Wood Dendrocranulus securus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):25 (Holotype, male; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from maurtis (Blandford) by the partly reti- culate posterolateral areas of the pronotum, by the reticulate, more finely punctured frons, and by the shorter, stout setae on de- clivital interstriae 1 and 2. Male.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex, a shallow, transverse impres- sion from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface reticulate, punctures moderately fine, deep, close, not at all granulate, less abun- dant near median line on lower half; vesti- ture sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest well behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on posterior half, feebly constricted one-third length from anterior margin, anterior margin rather narrowly rounded; asperities small, abundant; surface of disc and lateral areas subreticulate, pimctures rather small, deep, a low, transverse, rounded granule lateral to each puncture. Vestiture fine, sparse, hairlike. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on less than basal two-thirds, posteri- or margin straight on median half; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, deep, close; interstriae almost smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widely, regularly spaced. Declivity steep; striae 1 weakly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated; interstrial punctures min- utely granulate; central half flattened, broad- ly convex in all marginal areas as in maurus. Vestiture of rows of minute, recumbent, strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle almost as long as distance be- tween rows and between bristles within a row, slightly shorter and coarser than in maurus. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression less distinct, vestiture very slightly more abundant. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m. No. 446, vine, S. L. Wood; Playon, Punta- renas, 22-11-64, 50 m, Nos. 454, 455, vine, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 460, vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens. 9. Dendrocranulus maurus (Blandford) Dnjocoetes maurus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):191 (Holotype, female; El Tumba- dor, San Marcos, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Dendrocranulus huehuetanus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:344 (Lectotype, male; Huehuetan, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll., designated by Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:280). Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely allied securus Wood by the shining, more granulate frons, by the complete absence of reticulation on the pro- notum, and by the slightly longer, more slen- der interstrial setae. Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in securus except transverse im- pression slightly deeper, surface smooth, shin- ing, punctures in lateral areas finely granu- late. Pronotum as in securus except entirely devoid of reticulation. Elytra as in securus except interstrial granules on declivity very slightly larger; elytral bristles finer, distinctly longer. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, finely punctured, with pu- bescence fine, long, much more abundant. Distribution.— Chiapas to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: Huehuetan. Veracruz: 13 km N Sontecomapan, 20-VI-69, J. M. Campbell. GUATE- MALA; El Tumbador, San Marcos, G. C. Champion. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 579, Cayaponia microdonta, S. L. Wood. Host.— Cayaponia microdonta. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of maurus and huehuetanus and on seven other specimens that were com- pared directly to the type. 10. Dendrocranulus costaricensis Schedl Dendrocranulus costaricensis Schedl, 1939, Archiv Na- turgesch. 7:171 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Car- tago, Costa Rica; Eggers, Coll., apparently on loan to Schedl) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related maurus (Bland- ford) by the larger size, by the reticulation on 716 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 the posterolateral areas of the pronotum, by the more strongly impressed elytral declivity, and by the more abundant frontal vestiture of the female. Male.— Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in maurus except summit on me- dian area of vertex not as high. Pronotum as in maurus except granules on median discal area smaller, and posterolateral areas partly reticulate. Elytra as in maurus except declivi- ty more strongly impressed in central area; on declivity sutural interstriae moderately elevated, striae 1 and median side of inter- striae 2 impressed, gradually ascending to striae 3. Vestiture as in securus but slightly shorter on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, with a tuft of abundant, long, yellow hair from epistoma to vertex. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 579, Cayaponia microdonta. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 483, vine; Rio Dam- itas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m, Nos. 440, 446, 448, vines; Playon, Puntarenas, 22-11-64, 50 in, No. 455, cucurbit vine; Pandora, Limon, 23-V1I1-63, 50 m, No. 148, cucurbit vine. All by me. Hosts.— Cayaponia microdonta, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Schedl's male holotype of costaricensis and on 103 other specimens. Although the holotype was to have been deposited in the Eggers Collection, according to the original description, it is in the Schedl Collection, ap- parently on loan. 11. Dendrocranulus fulgidus Wood Dendrocramihts fulgidus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):25 (Holotype"^ male; Volcan de Chiriqui, near Cerro Punta, Chi- riqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied maurus (Blandford) by the discal granules on the pronotum, by the narrower elytral declivity, by the more strongly impressed male frons, and by the more coarsely punctured female frons, with less abundant vestiture. Male.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, elytra lighter. Frons as in maurus except transverse im- pression distinctly deeper, median summit on vertex slightly higher. Pronotum as in maurus except granules extend to impunctate median line; posterolateral areas reticulate. Elytra as in maurus except more slender, declivity nar- rower, strial punctures much smaller, not as deep, interstriae 2 more distinctly impressed, surface brightly shining; granules as in mau- rus:, declivital setae on interstriae 1 and 2 very short, less than half as long as on 3 or on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex, more coarsely punctured on lateral thirds than in female maurus, vesti- ture fine, long, slightly less abundant than in female maurus. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. 378, 408, 418, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 99 specimens. 12. Dendrocranulus schedli Wood Dendrocranulus cucttrbitae Schedl, 1939 (nee. LeConte, 1879), Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 6:45 (Syntypes: Hainburgfarm on Rio Raventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Deutschen Ent. Inst, and Schedl Coll.) Dendrocranulus schedli Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:23 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.— This species is almost in- distinguishable from vicinus Wood except for secondary sexual characters on the frons. In this species the male frons is distinctly, trans- versely impressed on the lower half; the fe- male frons lacks this impression and the fron- tal vestiture is sparse. In vicinus the male frons is as the female frons of schedli and the female frons is somewhat flattened, rather coarsely punctured, and with a brush of abundant, fine, hairlike setae. Male.— Length 1.5-1.7 mnj, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons convex, moderately, transversely im- pressed on lower half; surface shining, punc- tures rather fine, moderately deep, finely granulate, somewhat more finely sculptured in median half of impressed area; vestiture of sparse, long hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; rather finely asperate on anterior third, changing to low, oval, rounded granules and extending to base; 1982 Dryocoetini 717 some granules near median line accompanied by small, deep punctures; surface shining. Vestiture confined to marginal areas, sparse. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae almost smooth, twice as wide as striae, punctures about half as large as those of striae. Declivity rather steep, nar- rowly flattened; striae 1 and 2 weakly im- pressed, interstrial punctures replaced by fine granules, interstriae 2 weakly impressed; marginal areas broadly convex. Vestiture of rows of fine, very short, recumbent strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial bristles; each bristle slightly longer than distance be- tween rows or between bristles within a row, each very slightly flattened on its apical half. Female.— Similar to male except trans- verse frontal impression absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Daniitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 2.50 m. No. 440, vine, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Car- tago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 458, vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my male that was compared to Schedl's male syntype and on 14 other specimens. 13. Dendrocranulus viciniis Wood Dendrocranulus vicinus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):25 (Holotype, fe- male; La Lima, Cortez, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— See the diagnosis of schedli Wood, above, and the following description. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in female schedli. Pronotum as in schedli except granules in median area of disc slightly larger and evidently never associated with punctures. Elytra as in schedli except striae 1 and 2 and interstriae 2 usually less strongly impressed. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly convex, more closely punc- tured, punctures not at all granulate, orna- mented by a tuft of long, fine, abundant, yel- low hair. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m, No. 579, Cayaponia microdonta, S. L. Wood; La Ceiba, Atlantida, 29-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 103, Polakowskia tacaco, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 9- III-64, 700 m. No. 458, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood; Pan- dora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 148, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Cayaponia microdonta, Pola- kowskia tacaco, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens and on 5 other specimens. This species is virtually identical to schedli except for the secondary sexual characters of the frons. Because both were taken from the same vine. No. 548, at Cartago, it indicates that sibling species or else dimorphic females of one species are represented. One female of vicinus and seven specimens of schedli were in that sample. 14. Dendrocranulus rudis Wood Dendrocranulus rudis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):26 (Holotype, male; 19 km E Carapan, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is allied to cucur- hitae (LeConte), but it is distinguished by the slightly larger rugae on the pronotal disc, with the punctures obscure to obsolete, and by the less deeply excavated male frons with the median elevation on the vertex less well developed. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons somewhat flattened, transversely im- pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, weakly ascending above; median elevation on summit rather well developed, highest at its dorsal extremity, gradually descending be- low; surface smooth, with an occasional fine puncture or minute granule; vestiture sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides rather strongly ar- cuate on posterior two-thirds, rather narrow- ly rounded in front; anterior third rather coarsely asperate, low, transverse crenula- tions continuing to base, some crenulations in median area associated with obscure punc- tures. Vestiture fine, long, moderately abundant. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, moderately impressed, 718 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 spaced by about two diameters of a punc- ture; interstriae smooth, twice as wide as striae, equal in size and spacing to those of striae. DecUvity steep, broadly flattened; striae 1 and 2 feebly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly impressed, lateral areas about as high as suture; interstrial punctures not granulate. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, recumbent strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle rather slender, about one and one-fourth times as long as distance between rows, slightly short- er on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons rather coarsely punctate-granulate, granules mostly arranged in rugae, vertex devoid of median elevation; declivity more nearly con- vex, impressions and elevations obscure. Distribution.— Durango to Michoacan. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2600 m, No. 32, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 19 km E Carapan, 18-VI-65, 2300 m. No. 75, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 53 specimens. 15. Dendrocranulus confinis Wood Dendrocranulus confinis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):26 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related cucurbitae (Le- Conte) by the subreticulate pronotal surface between crenulations on the disc, and by the slightly shallower, more extensive frontal ex- cavation of the male. Male.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, pronotum black in some specimens. Frons as in cucurbitae but very slightly less strongly excavated, impression extending higher in lateral areas, median projection on vertex equal in size. Pronotum as in cucur- bitae except discal punctures slightly larger, surface subreticulate, evidently less irregular. Elytra as in cucurbitae except discal punc- tures very slightly larger. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression just above epistoma; surface subreticulate, punctures rather small, shallow, vestiture sparse; declivity more evenly convex, inter- striae 2 not as strongly impressed. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, near Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 378, cucurbit vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens. 16. Dendrocranulus cucurbitae (LeConte) Fig. 172 Xylocleptes cucurbitae LeConte, 1879, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey 5:519 (Holotype, female; Utah; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Xylocleptes californicus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:44 (Holotype, female; Pomona, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7610); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:176. Synonymy Xylocleptes ventiirina Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:44 (Holotype, female; Ventura Co., Cali- fornia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7611); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:176. Synonymy Xylocleptes punctattis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:44 (Holotype, female; Mesilla, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7421); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:176. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from confinis Wood by the more deeply, less extensively excavated male frons, with the median elevation on the vertex more acute, by the absence of reticulation on the pronotal disc, and by other characters noted in the above treatment of confinis. Male.— Length 1.5-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons transversely excavated from emargi- nate epistomal margin to well above upper level of eyes, convex on vertex, with median area of vertex acutely elevated at upper mar- gin of excavation; surface of excavated area smooth, brightly shining, almost impunctate; glabrous except at margins. Pronotum as in rudis except punctures larger, deeper, crenulations smaller; devoid of reticulation. Elytra as in rudis except strial punctures slightly larger, declivity flatter; vestiture sim- ilar but very slightly longer. Distribution.— New Mexico, S Utah, and S California to Morelia. USA: Arizona: Bonita. California: Azusa, Desert Cen- ter, Laguna, Martinez, Newton, Pjfrnona Mts., Pasadena, (* Playa del Rey, Sierra Madre, Ventura Co. New Mexico: Mesilla. Utah: St. George. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 100 km NE Meoqui. Mexico: San Miguel Tlaixpan, 4-1-80, Sechium edulis, T. H. Atkinson. Michoacan: Lombardia, l-XI-80, S-141, Luffa acutangula, T. H. Atkinson. More- lia: Cuernavaca, 6-XII-79, T. H. Atkinson. 1982 Dryocoetini 719 Hosts.— Cucurbita digitata, C. foetidis- sima, Echinocystis mocrocarpa, L,iiffa acutangula. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of cucurbitae, californicus, venturina, and punctatus and on 169 other specimens. 17. Dendrocranuhis declivis Schedl Dendrocranuhis declivis Schedl, 1937, Arch. Instit. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:166 (Holotype, female; Tiir- rialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— The broadly impressed, sub- concave male elytral declivity and the reti- culate pronotal disc distinguish this species from the preceding species. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, with a slight trans- verse impression between epistoma and up- per level of eyes; surface almost smooth, pvmctures moderately coarse, obscurely ar- ranged into subaciculate rows except central third impvmctate; vestiture sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides rather weakly arcuately con- if-, verging to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; asperities on anterior third very small; posterior areas reticulate, finely punc- tured, a minute granule associated with each puncture. Vestiture sparse, fine, hairlike. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep, close; inter- striae smooth, twice as wide as striae, punc- tures small, uniseriate. Declivity rather steep, broadly, subconcavely impressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 broadly impressed, lat- eral areas gradually ascending to 4, 4 very slightly higher than 1, lateral elevations con- tinued toward suture near apex; punctures on interstriae 2 and upper part of 3 replaced by small granules. Vestiture of rows of very fine, recumbent, short, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial bristles; each bristle about as long as distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression poorly developed, impunctate area greatly reduced in size; elytral declivity Fig. 172. Dendrocranuhis cucurbitae: 1, anterior half of male; 2, female protibia; 3, female antenna; 4, male declivity. 720 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 narrower, impression not as deep, interstrial granules smaller, some obsolete. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m. No. 427, Sechium edtile; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-&3, 1300 m, No. 103, Potakowskia tacaco; Tur- rialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 457, Sechium edule; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 114, cucurbit vine; Pandora, Limon, 23-VI1I-63, 50 m. No. 148, cucur- bit vine; all by me. Hosts.— Potakowskia tacaco, Sechium edule, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 84 other specimens. 18. Dendrocranuhis macilentus (Blandford) Dryocoetes macilentus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 190 (Lectotype, female; Ja- lapa, Veracruz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .3.3:176) Dendrocranuhis grossopunctatus Schedl, 1937, Arch. In- stit. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:166 (Holotype, fe- male; San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:176. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Only the female is known. It is distinguished by the very slender body form and by the fine, long interstrial setae. Female.- Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 3.0-3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons about as in male declivis, except transverse impression stronger. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly ar- cuate on posterior two-thirds, rather narrow- ly rounded in front; anterior third rather coarsely asperate, rather finely, deeply punc- tured in discal area, each puncture associated with a small, low, rounded, transverse gran- ule, these granules much larger in lateral areas. Vestiture of fine, moderately long hair, much more abundant than in allied species. Elytra 1.85 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, punctures uniseriate, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity essentially as in female declivis except strial punctures slightly larger, deeper, interstriae 2 more distinctly impressed, interstrial granules obsolete. Interstrial setae very slender, at least one and one-half times as long as dis- tance between rows. Distribution.— Veracruz and Costa Rica. MEXICO: Veracruz: Jalapa, Hoege. COSTA RICA: San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose, 17-1-29, 1400-1500 m, F. Nevermann; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-&3, 1300 m. No. 244 vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of macilentus, on the holo- type of grossopunctatus, and on my female that was compared to both types. All three specimens are females of an unusually slender form. The strial punctures are very slightly smaller in my specimen than in the speci- mens of Blandford and Schedl. Until addi- tional material is available, including males, that provides characters for distinguishing two populations these names will be consid- ered synonyms. 19. Dendrocranulus guatemalensis (Hopkins) Xylocleptes guatemalensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:44 (Holotype, female; Panzos, Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7612) Dendrocranuhis parallelus Schedl, 1938, Archiv Na- turgesch. 7:172 (Holotype, sex?; Trois Rivieres, Guadeloupe; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60.353); Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. ,36:348. Sijnonymy Diagnosis.— This species is somewhat sim- ilar to rudis Wood, but it is distinguished by the less extensively impressed male frons, with the summit on the vertex higher but more broadly rounded, by the punctured pro- notal disc, and by the more strongly im- pressed elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons transversely impressed on lower half, almost flat on median half of lower half, sur- face smooth and shining on impressed area, impunctate except laterally, *»subreticulate and rather coarsely punctured on convex area; summit on vertex broadly rounded, moderately high. Pronotum as in confinis Wood except granules in discal area greatly reduced, sur- face brightly shining. Elytra as in declivis Schedl. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex, impression obscure; elytral declivity less strongly impressed. Distribution.— Veracruz to Honduras and Guadeloupe Island. 1982 Dryocoetini 721 MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco: 16-VI-69, D. E. Bright. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m, No. 579, Cayaponia microdonta, S. L. Wood; La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. GUADE- LOUPE. Trois Rivieres. Host.— Cayaponia microdonta. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my female that was compared to the type of parallelus, on the holotype of qua- tenialensis, and on eight other specimens. 20. Dendrocranulus carbonarius (Ferrari) Xylocleptes carbonarius Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und BaumziictschadHchen Borkenkafer, p. 41 (Holo- type, male; Cuba; Vienna Mas.) Xylocleptes floridensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:43 (Holotype, female; Biscayne Bay, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Ba- sin Nat. 33:176. Synonymy Xylocleptes anonae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:43 (Holotype, female; Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:176. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quatenialensis (Hopkins) by the much less strongly impressed male frons, which bears fine granules and whose summit on the vertex is broadly rounded, by the larger gran- ules of the pronotal disc, and by the slightly larger punctures on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons shallowly, transversely impressed on lower half, broadly convex above, without a definite elevation on vertex; surface shining, with isolated, moderately clo.se granules in impressed area, intermixed with punctures above; vestiture sparse. Pronotum about as in confinis Wood ex- cept reticulation absent. Elytra as in qiia- temalensis except declivital punctures slightly larger, deeper, granules obsolete. Female.— Similar to male except frons more evenly convex, granules largely re- placed by punctures. Distribution.— S Florida to Cuba and Jamaica. USA: Florida: Biscayne Bay, 17-V, Hubbard and Schwarz; "Florida," 14-V, Anona (error?), E. A. Schwarz. CUBA: Cayamas, 3-n, E. A. Schwarz. JA- MAICA: Bright (pers. comm.) saw specimens from Poms, 23-11-37, Chapin and Blackwelder (at the U.S. Nat. Mus.). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holo types of carbonarius, floridensis, and anonae and on 12 other specimens. Hopkins reported one series of this species from Anona. Because this genus occurs ex- clusively in Cucurbitaceae, Hopkins's host re- cord must have been accidental or in error. 21. Dendrocranulus limbatus (Blandford) Dryocoetes limbatus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 190 (Lectotype, male; Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from macilentus (Blandford) and qua- tenialensis (Hopkins) by the larger size, by the stouter, more coarsely punctured pro- notum, by the strial punctures being coarse on the elytral disc but very fine on the de- clivity, and by the moderately pubescent fe- male frons. Male.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra dark reddish brown. Frons of lectotype visible only to upper level of eyes, almost flat, epistomal margin very weakly elevated; surface smooth, shin- ing, with very small, isolated, setiferous gran- ules uniformly distributed; vestiture of fine, moderately long, uniformly distributed hair. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; widest slightly behind middle, sides moder- ately arcuate, converging on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; indefinite summit on basal third; anterior half rather coarsely asperate; posterior third coarsely, deeply punctured, with transverse lines be- tween punctures accompanied by weak cal- luses; surface shining, with no indication of reticulation. Vestiture of fine long hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, slightly nar- rowed, then very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, very slightly wider than striae, punctures deep, coarse, superficially appearing almost as large as those of striae. Declivity steep, flat, longitudinally, very feebly concave trans- versely; impression extending to median area of interstriae 3, interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed, 3 slightly higher than 1; strial punctures greatly reduced, minute on lower half of 1, interstrial punctures very minutely granulate; lateral margins rounded. Vestiture 722 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 of fine, long interstrial setae; shorter on de- clivity, setae about as long as distance be- tween rows (except largely obsolete on 2). Female.— Similar to male except granules on frons slightly larger, frontal vestiture more abundant, longer, particularly on upper half; declivital impression not as distinct. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA; Volcan de Agua, 8500-10500 ft (2600-3200 m), G. G. Ghampion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four of five syntypes remaining in the British Museum (Natural History). The first of these four syntypes is here designated as the lectotype of Hmbatus Blandford. 22. Dendrocranuliis knaiisi (Hopkins) Xylocleptes knausi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:44 (Holotvpe, female; Ashland, Kansas; U.S. National Mus.,' 7613) Diagnosis.— This species has the male ely- tral declivity much more strongly, broadly impressed than any of the preceding species; it differs from diversus Wood by the larger strial and interstrial punctures, which are subequal in size to one another, and by other characters summarized in the above key. Male.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes; upper area convex, with subaciculate rugae to upper margin of impressed area, impressed area mostly smooth, shining, a few small granules and a short, indefinite, subcarinate, median, longitudinal elevation just above epistoma; summit on vertex, with a short, rather strongly elevated, median carina; ves- titure sparse. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest well behind middle, sides on posterior two- thirds rather sharply arcuate, a weak con- striction on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; finely asperate on anterior third, rather coarsely, deeply punctured be- hind, each puncture bearing a minute gran- ule on its lateral margin. Vestiture of fine, long, moderately abundant hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded to subemarginate behind; strial punctures coarse, deep; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, punctures almost as large as those of striae and equally spaced. Declivity steep, broadly, shallowly concave; sutural in- terstriae weakly elevated, 2 impressed, as- cending laterally to 4, at 4 distinctly higher than at suture; punctures slightly smaller than on disc, devoid of granules. Vestiture of fine, long, hair, each two or more times as long as distance between interstrial rows, about half as long on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression and elevations less well devel- oped, surface granulate-punctate to epis- toma; elytral declivity more narrowly, less strongly impressed, interstriae 1 less dis- tinctly elevated. Distribution.— New Mexico and Kansas to Chihuahua. USA: Kansas: 5 miles (8 km) S Waldo, Russell Go., 1952; Ashland, 8-V-08, wild gourd, W. Knaus; Garden Gity, Ghittenden no. 2429. New Mexico: 8 mi (13 km) NE Portales, 30-VII-53, Cucurbita, S. L. Wood. Okla- homa: Woodward, 30-VII-53, Cucurbita, S. L. Wood; "Oklahoma," 27-III-67, pumpkin stems, G. E. Langston. MEXIGO: Chihuahua: 40 km SE Ghihuahua, 27-VII-53, Cucurbita, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Cucurbita pepo, C. sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of knausi and on 21 other specimens. 23. Dendrocranulus diversus Wood Dendrocranuliis diversus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):37 (Holotype, male; Puerto Viejo, Limon, Gosta Rica; Wood Goll.) Male.— Length 2.0-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above eyes, rather strongly, transversely impressed from upper level of eyes to epistoma; epistomal margin broadly emarginate, upper tooth on mandibles pro- jecting anteriorly and partly filling this emar- gination; surface reticulate almost to epis- tomal margin, rather closely, deeply punctured, many punctures granulate; vesti- ture consisting of rather long, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides strongly arcuate from base to rather narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; posterior surface almost smooth and shining, punctures moderately large, deep, close, each puncture with a very min- ute lateral granule (almost imperceptible at 1982 Dryocoetini 723 center), granules increasing in size laterally. Vestiture bristlelike, almost entirely limited to lateral and asperate areas. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides arcuately nar- rowed from level of declivital base to level of sutural apex, posterior margin straight or feebly, broadly emarginate over about two- thirds of elytral width; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures small, close, rather deep; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, surface obscurely etched by minute points and lines, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae and about half as numer- ous. Declivity rather abrupt, steep, broadly, shallowly concave; posterolateral margin ob- tusely rounded, strongly elevated from apex to interstriae 4, conspicuously higher than 1; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 wider and impressed, all interstriae with a median row of fine granules; striae 1, 2, and 3 with punc- tures rather strongly impressed. Vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of erect bristles. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly impressed, granules reduced, more strongly reticulate; elytral declivity narrow- er, less strongly impressed. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: La Lima, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 579, Cayaponia micwdonta. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Limon, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 483, vine; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 148, vine; Turrialba, Cartago, 9- III-64, 700 m. No. 460, vine; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 446, vine; Playon, Punta- renas, 22-11-64, 50 m. No. 459, cucurbit vine. .-Ml taken by me. Hosts.— Cayaponia micwdonta, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 39 specimens and 11 other specimens. Genus DRYOCOETES Eichhoff Anodius Motschulsky, 1860, in Schrenck, Reisen und For.schungen in Amur-Lande 2:155 (Type-spe- cies: Bostrichus autographus Ratzeburg, sub- sequent designation by Wood, 1974, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 31:232); Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1979, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 36:149. Name suppressed Dryocoetes Eichhoff, 1864, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 8:38 (Type-species: Bostrichus autographus Ratzeburg, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:121); Internat. Comm. Zool. Nomencl., 1979, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 36:149. \amc conserved Dryococtinus BalacJwwsky, 1949, Faune de France 50:180 (Type-species: Bostrichus villosus Fabri- cius, original designation); Schedl, 1958, Tidj. Ent. 101:143. Synonymy Diagnosis.— In the North American fauna this genus is distinct and easily recognized by antennal, tibial, and elytral characters pre- sented in the key to genera, and by the ex- ceedingly broad oral region. Description.— Length 1.7-4.4 mm, 2.3-2.6 times as long as wide; color dark red- dish brown. Frons broadly convex, punctate to granu- late; vestiture hairlike, rather sparse except moderately to exceedingly dense in females of some species; oral region unusually broad. Eye oval, emarginate. Antennal scape elon- gate; funicle 5-segmented, club obliquely truncate, basal area corneous. Pronotum 1.0-1.3 times as long as wide, rather evenly arched from anterior to posterior margin; an- terior area finely to coarsely asperate, aspe- rities reaching base laterally in most species, reaching median area in some. Elytra weakly to strongly striate, declivity convex to flat- tened, conservatively sculptured. Vestiture hairlike. Meso- and metathoracic tibiae rather slender, abruptly narrowed on less than apical one-fifth, armed on lateral and apical margins by three to seven socketed teeth. Distribution.— North America, Asia, Eu- rope, and Africa; about 90 species have been named, although most of them have been transferred to other genera; 7 species occur in North America. Biology.— The lower bole of standing, unthrifty trees is usually selected for attack, except betulae evidently prefers limbs of its host. The beetles are polygynous and phloeo- phagous, with the parental galleries of a radi- ate type that do not score the wood. Larval mines are entirely in the phloem, rather short, and wander indiscriminantly. Evi- dently from one to two years is required to complete a life cycle. They may pass the winter as larvae or adults. Parent adults may produce more than one brood. Notes.— This genus apparently originated in the eastern hemisphere and migrated to North America in comparatively recent 724 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 geologic times. The hosts of all seven North both continents, although minute anatomical American species are typical of the northern differences are evident. coniferous forest. With the exception of sech- Several closely related groups that occur in elti and catyi each species is more closely re- Africa and in the Indo-Malayan region are lated to an Asian species than to any Ameri- doubtfully distinct from Dryocoetes. A thor- can species. One species, autographus, is ough worldwide study of the Dryocoetini is considered to be the same species on needed. Key to the Species of Dryocoetes (Modified from Bright 1963) 1, Larger, 2.8-4.4 mm; pronotum widest at or near middle, sides rather strongly arcuate, 1.0-1.1 times as long as wide 2 — Smaller, 1.7-3.1 mm; pronotum either widest at base or sides weakly arcuate, subparallel, 1.1-1.3 times as long as wide 4 2(1). Female frons sparsely pubescent, small median area smooth, impunctate; male frons more sparsely pubescent, surface distinctly granulate; elytral declivity al- most evenly convex, interstriae 1 very feebly elevated; pronotum rather finely asperate on anterior half and sides, disc rather coarsely, deeply punctured; spruce forests of North America south to New Mexico and North Carolina, etc.; Picea, Pinus, etc.; 2.8-4.4 mm 1. autographus (Ratzeburg) — Female frons with dense, conspicuous pubescence; elytral declivity steeper, in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 broadly impressed; pronotum rather coarsely asperate over more than anterior half 3 3(2). Female frons very finely granulate, vestiture moderately dense, very fine, shortest setae on lower half twice as long as width of eye, longer above; disc on posterior third of pronotum punctured; discal interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, strial punctures coarse, punctures on interstriae 3 uniseriate; British Columbia and Newfoundland to Louisiana and Florida; Betula, rarely other hosts; 2.8-3.8 mm 2. betulae Hopkins — Female frons densely, finely punctured, not at all granulate, vestiture dense, fine, longest setae about equal in length to width of eye, shorter below; pro- notum asperate or subasperate to base; discal interstriae about three times as wide as striae, strial punctures rather small, punctures on interstriae 3 con- fused; British Columbia and Alberta to Arizona and New Mexico; Abies lasiocarpa, rare in other Abies and Picea; 3.2-4.3 mm 3. confusus Swaine 4(1). Declivital striae 1 deeply impressed, punctures large, deep, decliv-ital inter- striae 1 strongly elevated, uniseriately granulate; discal striae wider than inter- striae, strial punctures coarse, deep; pronotum 1.2-1.3 times as long as wide, with sides parallel on basal two-thirds; Quebec to Arkansas and North Carolina; Picea; 2.2-2.4 mm 4. granicollis (LeConte) — Declivital striae 1 impression and pvmctures about as on 2, declivital interstriae 1 only slightly elevated, granules feebly developed or absent; discal striae dis- tinctly wider than interstriae, strial punctures smaller, not as deep; pronotum 1.1-1.2 times as long as wide, widest behind middle 5 5(4). Female frons with moderately long, abundant pubescence, male frons sparsely pubescent; declivity more strongly flattened; pronotum less strongly arched along median line, disc more finely punctured, granules appearing smaller and more widely spaced; Alaska and New Mexico to Newfoundland and North Carolina; Picea, rarely other hosts; 2.3-3.1 mm 5. affaber (Mannerheim) 1982 Dryocoetini 725 — Female frons only slightly more pubescent than male; elytral declivity more strongly convex on longitudinal axis; pronotal disc more coarsely punctured, granules appearing closer, slightly larger, general surface of disc on some specimens appearing subgranulate; smaller 6 6(5). Interstriae on disc twice as wide as striae, striae 1 on declivity weakly im- pressed, its pimctures small, rather shallow, declivital interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated; British Columbia and Montana to Utah and Colorado; Abies lasiocarpa; 1.6-2.2 mm 6. sechelti Swaine — Interstriae on disc as wide as striae, striae 1 on declivity impressed, its punc- tures rather coarse, deep, declivital interstriae 1 distinctly elevated; Alaska and Quebec to Wyoming and North Carolina; Picea; 1.9-2.3 mm 7. caryi Hopkins 1. Dryocoetes autographus (Ratzeburg) Fig. 173 Bostrichus autographus Ratzeburg, 1837, Die Forstinsek- ten 1:160 (Syntypes; presumably Cerniany; ap- parently lost with the Hamburg Museum) Dryocoetes autographus: Eichhoff, 1864, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 8:39 Bostriclius septentrionis Mannerheim, 1843, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 16(2):298 (reprint p. 126) (Syntypes; Sitka Island, Alaska; lost?, not at Hel- sinki' Mus.); Eichhoff, 1876, Stett. Ent. Zeit. .37:378 (Synonymy); Bright, 1963, Ann. Ent. Soc. .\mer. 56:108. Synonijtny Bostrichus semicasteneus Mannerheim, 18,52, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 2,5(2):.358 (reprint p. 76) (Holotype, sex?; Sitka Island, Alaska; Helsinki Mus.); LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:161. Synonymy Bostrichus victoris Mulsant and Rey, 1853, Opusc. Ent. 2:91 (Syntypes?; Faillefeu, Basses-Alpes, France; not located); Bedel, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors serie, 6:416. Synonymy Dryocoetes americanus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:51 (Holotype, female; Cheat Bridge, Randolph County, West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 76.32); Bright, 1963. Ann. Ent. Soc. Americ. .56:108. Synonytny Dryocoetes pseudotsugac Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:.360 (reprint p. 5) (Lectotype, female; Stanley Park, Vancoiiyer Island, British Columbia; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9293, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:674); Bright, 1963, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. .56:108. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American representatives of the genus by the larger size, by the punctured, nonasperate pronotal disc, by the more even- ly convex elytral declivity, and by the sculp- ture and vestiture of the female frons. Male.— Length 2.8-4.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining, with moder- ately coarse, rather close, deep punctures, their margins feebly granulate at least in lat- eral areas; vestiture of very sparse, long hair; epistomal brush wide, conspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides evenly, strongly arcuate from base to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior two-fifths and lateral areas to base finely asperate, remaining area coarsely, deeply, closely punctured; a smooth, shining, impunctate median line on posterior half usually present. Vestiture con- fined to marginal areas, of long hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, punctures moder- ately fine, deep, uniseriate. Declivity steep, broadly convex; sculpture about as on disc; interstrial punctures finely granulate or not; interstriae 1 feebly elevated. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair; and rows of much longer, rather fine, interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons with a weak, transverse impression just below middle (variable), impunctate at center, re- maining area with sparse granules; interstrial punctures on declivity finely granulate. Distribution.— North American con- iferous forests south to New Mexico and North Carolina, and northern Europe and Asia. ALASKA: Numerous localities. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Quebec, 726 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fig. 173. Dryocoetes spp., pronotum, antenna, and male genitalia: 1, 7, granicollis; 2, 4, 8, affaber; 3, 11, auto- graphus; 5, caryi; 6, sechelti; 9, betulae; 10, confusiis. (After Bright 1963:112.) 1982 Dryocoetini 727 Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory. USA: California, Colo- rado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Ne- vada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Ten- nessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wis- consin, Wyoming. Hosts.— Abies sp., Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, Pinus contorta, P. monticola, P. strobus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. They occur most commonly in the stumps and large roots of standing, dying trees. Notes.— The syntypes of autographus evi- dently were destroyed. The above treatment was based on specimens compared by Eggers to them prior to their destruction, on a Man- nerheim female of septentrionis in the Cana- dian National Collection, on the holotypes of semicastaneus and americanus, and on the lectotype of pseudotsngae. The Mannerheim collection does not contain a specimen of septentrionis. Because Mannerheim regarded it as only a variety of semicastaneus, it is pos- sible that the type was sent to LeConte be- cause his 1852 treatment of the species lists LeConte, not Mannerheim, as its author. In all, 1,107 American and 35 European speci- mens were examined. The American specimens tend to have the frons more sparsely granulate, the strial pimctures slightly larger and not as deep, and the elytral declivity slightly more convex than the European material. The differences are slight, variable, and not suitable for statis- tical analysis; therefore, I prefer to follow Bright (1963) and recognize only one species. 2. Dryocoetes betulae Hopkins Fig. 173 Dryocoetes eichhoffi Hopkins, 1894 (nee. Ferrari, 1867), Canadian Ent. 26:279 (reprint p. 5) (Syntypes; evidently eastern United States; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Dryocoetes betulae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:50 (Holotype, female; Grant County, Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7630). Replacement name Dryocoetes liquidambaris Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:51 (Holotype, female; Virginia Beach, Virginia; U.S. Nat! Mus., 7631); Black- man, 1922, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:120. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from autographus (Ratzeburg) by the more finely, more closely granulate male frons, by the very different sculpture and pubescence of the female frons, by the more coarsely and extensively asperate pronotum, and by the more strongly impressed elytral declivity, with the interstrial granules much more conspicuous. Male.— Length 2.8-3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons sexually dimorphic; male as in auto- graphus except much more closely granulate. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; as in autographus except widest slightly behind middle, asperities larger, asperate area ex- tending two-thirds of pronotum length from anterior margin in median area, to base in lateral areas. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in autographus ex- cept declivity more flattened due to inter- striae 2 being broadly, moderately impressed, 1 distinctly and 3 feebly elevated; declivital interstrial granules distinctly larger. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly convex, surface finely, very closely granulate, punctures not evident, ornamented by a rather dense brush of fine, long hair from epistoma to vertex, length of hair near epistoma twice as long as width of eye, three times as long near vertex. Distribution.— British Columbia and Newfoundland to Louisiana and Florida. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec. \JS.\: District of Co- lumbia, Florida, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Mis- sissippi, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia, Washington. Hosts.— Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. papyri- fera; less common in Fagus grandifoUa, Liq- uidambar styraciflua, etc. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. It may attack stumps and the bole and limbs of recently cut and unthrifty trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of betulae and liquid- ambaris and on 344 other specimens. 3. Dryocoetes confusus Swaine Fig. 173 Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, 1912, Canadian Ent. 44:351 (Holotype, female; Colorado, 18, Cornell U. lot 302, sub. 35; Cornell Univ. Coll.) 728 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Dryocoetes abietis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:52 (Holotype, female; Lake N4acDonald, Montana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7628); Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 131. Synomjmy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied hetulae by the much smaller strial punctures, by the strongly con- fused punctures on discal interstriae 3, and by the finely, densely punctured female frons, with a more dense, shorter brush of hair. Male.— Length 3.2-4.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons much as in autographus but not as wide, punctures smaller, almost devoid of granules; mandibles not as elongate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in hetulae except asperate area extending to base in median area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures small, deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures deep, only slightly smaller than those of striae, moderately con- fused on 2, strongly confused on 3. Declivity essentially as in hetulae except interstriae 2 slightly more strongly impressed, 1 more strongly elevated; granules moderately coarse. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly convex, surface densely, very finely pimctured, devoid of granules, vestiture of dense brush of reddish hair, hair length near epistoma slightly shorter than width of eye, distinctly longer near vertex. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to Arizona and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta; Jasper Park, Lesser Slave Lake. British Columbia: Hope Summit, Lorna, Mt. Apex, Stanley Park, Terrace, Trinity Valley. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, San Francisco Mts. Colorado: Aspen, New- castle, Norwood, Rabbit Ears Pass, Ridgeway, Rifle. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Lakeview, Riggins. Montana: Big Hole Co., Glacier, Phillipsburg. New Mexico: Coyote, Sandia Mts. Oregon: Gold Lake in Willamette N.F., Sil- ver Creek, Sumpter, Tollgate. Utah: Brighton, Cedar Breaks N.M., La Sal Mts., Logan Canyon, Logan Dry Canyon, Manti N.F., Mirror Lake in Summit Co., Mon- ticello. Wyoming: Wapati, Yellowstone N.P. Hosts.— Afoies lasiocarpa; less commonly in A. amahilis, A. concolor, and Picea engehnannii. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. The lower bole of standing trees is usually selected for attack. Evidently this species is moderately aggressive and capable of killing overmature or unthrifty trees. Most commonly the attack is made on one side or area of the bole, then successive generations girdle the remaining area over more than one season. Less commonly, cut or fallen trees are attacked by this species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of confusus and ahietis and on 318 other specimens. 4. Dryocoetes granicollis (LeConte) Fig. 173 Xylehorus granicollis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:162 (Holotype, sex?; Sullivan County, Pennsylvania; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1018) Dryocoetes granicollis: LeConte. 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:643 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied sechelti Swaine and caryi Hopkins by the elongate pronotum that has straight subparallel sides, by the very strong- ly impressed declivital striae 2 that have un- usually large punctures, and by the strongly elevated, subserrate declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex above, almost flat below; surface obscurely reticulate, finely granulate-punctate; vestiture sparse, fine, long. Pronotum 1.2 (female 1.3) times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds; rather finely asperate on an- terior two-thirds and sides, fine punctures subasperate on posterior discal area. Vesti- ture fine, hairlike, long on marginal areas, short on disc. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae distinctly, others feebly if at all impressed, punctures very coarse, deep; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine, uniseriate, a few of them obscurely sub- granulate. Declivity steep, bisulcate; striae 1 very deeply, broadly impressed, punctures unusually large, much larger than on other striae; interstriae 1 rather abruptly, strongly 1982 Dryocoetini 729 elevated, its height about equal to 2 and 3, each interstriae with a uniseriate row of fine granules. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair; and rows of much longer, rather coarse, interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons with pubescence more abundant (about twice that of male), pronotum more elongate, and declivital granules distinctly larger. Distribution.— Quebec to Arkansas and North Carolina. CANADA: Quebec; Chelsea, Gaspe. USA: Arkansas: Senton Co. District of Columbia: Washington. Ken- tucky: Noble. Louisiana: Talhilah. Missouri: Dent Co. New Jersey; Orange Mt. New York: Jamaica. North Carolina: Tryon. Ohio: Wooster. Pennsylvania: Arendts- ville, Germantown, Pen Mar, Sullivan Co. Virginia; Falls Church, Grover Camp. Hosts.— Picea glauca, etc. Biology.— Evidently as described for the genus. Specimens were removed from the lower bole of a small dying spruce about 20 cm in diameter. Castanea and Juglans have been recorded as hosts, but these records have not been confirmed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 56 other specimens. 5. Drijocoetes affaber (Mannerheim) Figs. 17.3, 174 Bostrichus affaber Mannerheim, 1852, Moskov. Obshch Lsp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow) 25(2):359 (reprint, p. 77) (Holotype, fe- male; Sitka Island, Alaska; Helsinki Mus.) Drijocoetes affaber: LeConte, 1876, Proc. .^mer. Philos. Soc. 15:361 Drijocoetes piibescens Swaine, 1912, Canadian Ent. 44:350 (Holotype, female; Colorado, Cornell U. lot 302, sub.' 37; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9291); Bright, 1963, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56:111. Si/rioni/??ii/ Drijocoetes piceae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:51 (Holotype, female; Cranesville, West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7627); Bright, 1963, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56:111. Synonijinij Diagnosis.— Contrary to what might be expected from the above key, this species is much more closely allied to confusiis Swaine than to other American species, but it is dis- tinguished by the smaller size, by the unise- riate punctures on discal interstriae 3, by the less strongly impressed elytral declivity, and by the different vestiture on the female frons. It is much more closely allied to pini Niijima, from Japan. Male.— Length 2.3-3.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in granicollis LeConte. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in confusus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in granicollis; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, rather deep, uniseriate. Declivity steep, very broadly convex; interstriae 2 weakly impressed, 1 moderately elevated; in- terstrial granules rather small. Vestiture es- sentially as in confusus. Female.— Similar to male except frons finely, closely punctured, with a moderately dense brush of rather long hair from epistoma to vertex, each hair slightly greater in length than width of eye; declivital interstriae 2 less strongly impressed, 1 less strongly elevated. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoundland to New Mexico and North Carolina. ALASKA; Numerous localities. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Ter- ritory. USA; Arizona (Hannagan Camp, Greenlee Co.), Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Fig. 174. Dryocoetes affaber, female. (After Swaine 1925:pl. VI.) 730 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. mariana, P. rubra, P. sitchensis; rare in Abies fraseri, Pinus monticola, P. strobus, and other conifers. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. This species attacks unthrifty, cut, fall- en, and injured trees, particularly the lower bole, but stumps and limbs are also infested. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of affaber, pubescens, and piceae, and on 1,709 other specimens. 6. Dryocoetes sechelti Swaine Fig. 173 Dryocoetes sechelti Swaine, 1915, Canadian Ent. 47:359 (Lectotype, female?; Sechelt, British Columbia, Canadian Nat. Coll., 9292, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:674.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely allied caryi Hopkins by the narrower discal striae and by the weakly impressed declivital interstriae 1 with its much smaller punctures. Male.— Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, with median line obtusely elevated on lower half; surface ob- scurely subreticulate, rather coarsely, deeply punctured; vestiture of fine, sparse, long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate, converging slightly toward rather narrowly rounded an- terior margin; finely asperate to base, rather coarse punctures intermixed with small aspe- rities on median area on basal third. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in affaber (Mannerheim); striae 1 weakly, others not im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures two-thirds as large as those of striae, deep, uniseriate. Declivity steep, broadly convex; interstriae 1 moderately ele- vated; striae 1 normal, similar to 2; interstrial punctures feebly granulate toward base. Ves- titure as in other species, of rows of strial and interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male except frontal vestiture slightly more abundant; declivital interstrial granules very slightly larger and more widely distributed. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to Utah and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Lorna, 3-VII-24, Abies lasiocarpa, R. Hopping; Sechelt. USA: Colorado: New- castle, l-VIII-44, Picea engelmannii, C. L. Massey; Un- compagre N.F., 13-VIII-54, P. engelmannii, R. Sluss. Montana: Glacier N.P., 23-VIII-23, J. C. Evenden; West Yellowstone, 12-VII-72, G. Lasch. Oregon: Santiam Pass, 19-VI1-46, Pinus contorta (accidental?), S. L. Wood; Suttle Lake, 1-VIIl, Abies lasiocarpa. Utah: Geyser Pass in La Sal Mts., .300 m, V. M. Tanner; Logan Canyon, 24- VII-46, A. lasiocarpa, S. L. Wood; Logan Dry Canyon, 16-V1-46, A. lasiocarpa, S. L. Wood. YHosTs.— Abies lasiocarpa. Biology.— Essentially as described for the genus. Specimens were taken from the lower bole of standing, dying trees 20-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of sechelti and on 47 other specimens. 7. Dryocoetes caryi Hopkins Fig. 173 Dryocoetes caryi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:50 (Holotype, male; Camp Caribou, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7629) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sechelti Swaine as indicated in the above diagnosis and from granicollis (Le- Conte) by the stouter pronotum, by the slightly smaller strial punctures, by the less strongly impressed striae 1 with smaller punctures, and by the less strongly elevated interstriae 1. Male.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in sechelti. Elytra as in sechelti except strial punctures larger; discal interstriae as wide as striae; declivital striae 1 very slightly deeper than 2, its punc- tures slightly larger than those of 2; declivital granules slightly larger. Female.— Similar to male except frontal vestiture very slightly more abundant; gran- ules on elytral declivity slightly larger. Distribution.— Alaska and Quebec to Wyoming and North Carolina. ALASKA: Homer, 25-VI1-45, Picea, J. C. Chamberlin; Seward, 31-VIII-56, Picea lutzii, G. L. Downing. CAN- ADA: Alberta: Crowsnest, 3-VII-51, No. A2039, P. glauca. British Columbia: Lorna, 3-VII-24, P. engel- mannii, R. Hopping; Trinity Valley, 4-VII-54, P. engel- mannii. Quebec: Chelsea, 17-V-54, P. glauca, S. L. Wood; Gaspe, 12-VIII-32, P. glauca, E. B. Watson. USA: 1982 Dryocoetini 731 Maine: Caribou, 25-V-OO, Picea, A. Gary; Maine Agricul- tural Experiment Station, lO-IX-14, M. W. Blackman. New York: Cranberry Lake, 25-VI-15, M. W. Blackman. North Carolina: Cherokee, 19-VII-51, P. rubra, S. L. Wood. Wyoming: Laramie, 8-VIII-47, P. B. Lawson. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, and P. rubra. Biology.— As in sechelti. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on the 36 other speci- mens. Variations in this species and in sech- elti are such that when more material is available for study it may become necessary to place the name sechelti in synonymy. Genus COCCOTRYPES Eichhoff Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:57, 308 (Type-species: Bostrichus dactyli- perda Fabricius, subsequent designation by Hop- kins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:118) Peocilips Schaufuss, 1897, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 42:110 (Type-species: Poecilips sannio Schaufuss, mon- obasic); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:171. Synonymy Cryphabides Formenek, 1908, Ent. Blatt. 4:91 (Type- species: Cryphaloides donisthorpei Formenek = Bostrichus carpophagus Hornung, monobasic); Schedl, 1962, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 52:95. Synonymy Tliamnurgides Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:45 (Type-species: Thamnurgides persicae Hop- kins = Coccotrypes advena Blandford, original designation); Schedl, 1938, Ent. Berichten 10:9. Synonymy Spermatoplex Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:48 (Type-species: Spermatoplex rhizophorae Hopkins, original designation); Schedl, 1952, Ent. Blatt. 47-48:160. Synonymy Dendrurgus Eggers, 1923, Zool. Meded. 7:144 (Type- species: Dendrurgtis rhizophorae Eggers = Sper- matoplex rhizophorae Hopkins, present designa- tion); Eggers, 1927, Treubia 9:390. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Dryocoetes Eichhoff by the less exten- sive corneous part of the antennal club, by the more gradual, more narrowly convex ely- tral declivity, by the convergently aciculale frons, by the pronounced sexual dimorphism, and by the habits. Description.— Length 1.2-2.5 mm, 2.1-2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown to almost black; pronounced sexual di- morphism, males much smaller, deformed, flightless. Frons broadly convex, convergently acicu- late; vestiture sparse, hairlike. Eye elongate, shallowly emarginate; finely granulate. An- tennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club more or less obliquely truncate, with or without sutures on posterior face. Pronotum variable, weakly to strongly arched, asperate to smooth. Elytra smooth, shining, striate; de- clivity convex, simple. Tibiae moderately slender, essentially as in Dryocoetes. Distribution.— Essentially circum- tropical, but transported through commerce to all parts of the world; more than a hun- dred nominate species exist in the literature, but there is a great deal of synonymy and confusion of names; eight occur in North and Central America. Biology.— Most species infest large seeds, although a few forms are phloeophagous. The females mate with sibling males in the brood tunnels then emerge to seek a new host. The female enters the seed and constructs a short cave-type tunnel in which eggs are deposited in clusters. Larval development is very rapid. The larvae usually extend or enlarge the pa- rental tunnel, often consuming the entire contents of the seed. Evidently more than one generation can develop in one fruit. Some species are exclusively phloeophagous and apparently many other spermophagous species can survive periods of stress in bark. Notes.— Coccotrypes and Poecilips have been recognized as separate genera on the basis of the sculpture and degree of convexity of the pronotum. The extremes within the group are strikingly different from one an- other in general appearance as well as in habits; however, the variation is so great and intergradation between the groups is so com- plete I see no hope of recognizing more than one genus on either a morphological or bio- logical basis. The literature indicates consid- erable confusion among taxonomists as to the generic placement of their species. The only possible means of separating them I see is the presence or absence of strial hair; in other groups this is not a reliable character. Most of the American species have been introduced from the Eastern Hemisphere, and I suspect, when the world fauna is thor- oughly known, all of them will fall into this category. The classification and nomenclature of this genus are chaotic and desperately in need of a comprehensive study. 732 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Key to the Species of Coccotrypes (females only) 1. Strial setae entirely obsolete, interstrial bristles rather coarse; pronotum usual- ly much more broadly convex both longitudinally and transversely, its anterior margin more broadly rounded and devoid of serrations 2 — Rows of strial setae conspicuously present between rows of longer, fine, inter- strial hair; pronotum more strongly, narrowly convex both longitudinally and transversely, its anterior margin more narrowly rounded and partly serrate 4 2(1). Pronotimi smooth, shining, entirely devoid of asperities, punctures fine, deep, a few of them with one margin minutely granulate; sides of pronotum on ante- rior third converging rather abruptly; S Florida and Antilles Islands to Suri- nam, Hawaii to Indonesia, etc.; fruit or phloem of many hosts; 1.4-2.0 mm 1. advena Blandford — Anterior half of pronotum finely asperate, devoid of punctures in asperate area; sides on anterior third of pronotum broadly rounded; larger species 3 3(2). Pronotal asperities fine, more widely spaced, minute to almost obsolete on bas- al third; surface on posterior half of pronotum etched, subreticulate, shining; strial ptmctures rather coarse, striae almost as wide as interstriae; S Florida, VeracRiz, etc.; Rhizophora mangle fruit; 2.2-2.5 mm 2. rhizophorae (Hopkins) — Pronotal asperities moderately coarse, close, extending to base, surface be- tween asperities smooth, shining; strial punctures small, interstriae twice as wide as striae; Florida, Antilles Islands, Costa Rica to Panama, N South America, Java to India; fruit or phloem of many hosts; 1.7-2.3 mm 3. cyperi (Beeson) 4(1). Body slender, 2.5 times as long as wide; strial hair erect, almost as long as those of interstriae, both very fine; strial and interstrial punctures equally small, each with a fine granule on anterolateral margin; Cuba to Puerto Rico; Eutrepe globosa; 1.3 mm 4. robustus Eichhoff — Body stouter, 2.1-2.2 times as long as wide; strial hair semirecumbent, shorter and finer than interstrial hair; strial punctures never with granules on margin 5 5(4). Pronotal asperities small, rather sparse, those at summit averaging less than twice as long (transversely) as thick, those at summit as high as those on anterior slope 6 — Pronotal asperities larger, closer, those at summit at least four times as long (transversely) as thick, higher on anterior slope than at summit 7 6(5). Smaller; interstrial bristles blunt, their apices often slightly flattened, each bristle only slightly longer than distance between interstrial rows; strial punc- tures small, very shallow, spaced within a row by two to three diameters of a pimcture; Costa Rica to Brazil, etc.; 1.2 mm 5. aciculatus Schedl — Larger; interstrial bristles pointed, each about twice as long as distance be- tween interstrial rows; strial punctures shallowly impressed, separated by dis- tances equal to diameter of a puncture; Florida, Honduras, Hawaii to Ceylon; 1.7-2.3 mm 6. distinctus (Motschulsky) 7(5). Smaller; mature color dark brown to almost black; strial punctures very slightly smaller, shallow; interstrial granules on disc averaging smaller, more widely spaced; interstrial setae on declivity shorter, each only slightly longer than distance between rows; almost cosmopolitan; in palm fruits; 1.5-1.9 mm .. 7. carpophagus (Hornung) 1982 Dryocoetini 733 Larger; mature color reddish brown; strial punctures slightly larger, very slightly deeper; interstrial granules averaging slightly larger, closer; interstrial setae on declivity longer, each almost twice as long as distance between rows; almost cosmopolitan; in palm fruits; 1.8-2.3 mm 8. dactyliperda (Fabricius) 1. Coccotrypes advena Blandford Coccotnjpes advena Blandford, 1894, Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1894:100 (Holotype, female; Nagasaki, Japan; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Thamnurgides persicae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rapt. 99:45 (Holotype, female; Honolulu, Hawaii; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7614); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:174. Synonymy Thamnurgides setosus Beeson, 1929, Insects of Samoa, Coleopt. 4:228 (Holotype, female; Fagasa, Tu- tuila, Samoa; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Schedl, 1961, Rev. Ent. Mozambique 4:728. Synonymy Thamnurgides cubanus Eggers, 19.34, Ent. Bliitt. 30:79 (Holotvpe, female; Cuyajabas, Sierra Rosario, Cuba; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60195); Wood, 1960, In- sects of Micronesia 18(1 ):48. Synonymy Poecilips nuciferus Schedl, 1938, Ent. Berichten 10:10 (Syntypes; Paramaribo, Surinam); Schedl, 1961, Rev. Ent. Mozambique 4:738. Synonymy Thamnurgides vicarius Beeson, 19.39, Indian For. Rec. 5:285 (Holotype, female; Samsing, Kalimpong, Bengal, India; Dehra Dimn); Schedl, 1961, Rev. Ent. Mozambique 4:728. Synonymy Poecilips niger Schedl, 1939, J. Fed. Malaya St. Mus. 18:345 (Syntypes; Malaya); Wood, 1960, Insects of Micronesia 18(1):48. Synonymy Poecilips subnitidus Schedl, 1954, Philippine J. Sci. 83:147 (Holotype, female; Buitenzorg, Java; Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 1961, Rev. Ent. Mocam- bique 4:728. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Among American species this one is distinguished by characters summa- rized in the above key. It is distinguished from the African sannio Schaufuss by the longer, more slender interstrial bristles, par- ticularly on the declivity, and by the much smaller, almost obsolete granules on the ante- rior half of the pronotum. Female.— Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; mature color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, rather weakly, con- vergently aciculate on lower third, sparse, fine, granulate punctures above, shining, sub- reticulate toward vertex; median line broad- ly, rather indistinctly elevated; vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, converging rather strongly on ante- rior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface smooth and brightly shining to sub- reticulate (variable in series), finely, rather sparsely punctured, most punctures on ante- rior half minutely granulate, asperities ab- sent. Vestiture sparse, of fine, long hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight on basal half, slightly wider near base of declivi- ty, narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures moderately large, rather shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, about one and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, minutely granulate on their anterior margins. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of rows of interstrial bristles only; each bristle slightly longer than dis- tance between rows or between bristles with- in a row; each bristle slender, either slightly flattened on its apical fourth or not. Distribution.— Florida, Cuba to Suri- nam, and Hawaii to India. Specimens have not been reported from North or Central America (except Florida); however, because it is well established in the Antilles, in Surinam, and in Hawaii, it may soon become established in Central America, Mexico, or on the Gulf of Mexico coast in the USA. One series taken at Coral Gables, Flor- ida, may have been from a breeding population. Hosts.— Numerous tropical trees having large seeds. Biology.— This species breeds in bark and fruits of its hosts. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of advena, persicae, setosus, nuciferus, vicarius, and cubanus, on syntypes of niger, and on about 300 other specimens. Schedl (1963:267) listed subnitidus as a syn- onym of this species; I have not seen authen- tic specimens to confirm his observations. Schedl also treated sannio Schaufuss and bambesianus Eggers as synonyms of this spe- cies. Cotypes or syntypes of both were exam- ined and I agree that they are synonyms of one another, but they are distinct from advena. 734 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2. Coccotrypes rhizophorae (Hopkins) Fig. 175 Spermatoplex rhizophorae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:48 (Holotype, female; Miami, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus. 7626) Dendrurgus rhizophorae Eggers, 1923 (nee Hopkins, 1915), Zool. Meded. Roy. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leiden 7:149 (Syntypes; Insel Saleyer and Moeara Antjol, Sumatra) Poecilips rhizophorae: Schedl, 1952, Ent. Blatt. 47-48:160. Synonymy Thamnurgides nephelii Eggers, 1936, Tijdschr. Ent. 79:84 (Holotype, female; Buitenzorg, Java; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Kalshoven, 1958, Tijdschr. Ent. 101:176. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American representatives of the genus as indicated in the above key. Female.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm (male 1.6 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons essentially as in advena Blandford. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; out- line about as in advena; surface shining, subreticulate; slightly more than anterior half with fine, low, isolated, transverse asperities; posterior area with sparse, minute punctures, most of them minutely granulate or sub- asperate (see taxonomic notes). Vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures moderately large, rather deep; in- terstriae smooth, shining, very slightly wider than striae, punctures uniseriate, fine, most of them finely granulate. Declivity rather grad- ual, broadly convex, more narrowly convex toward apex; sculpture as on declivity except striae 1 slightly more strongly impressed. Vestiture of rows of erect interstrial bristles; each bristle as long as distance between rows, or between bristles within a row; each bristle very slightly flattened on its apical third. Fig. 17.5. Coccotrypes rhizophorae: 1-3, damage to seedling; 4, female. (Woodruff 1970:1. 1982 Dryocoetini 735 Distribution.— S Florida, Veracruz, Gala- pagos Islands, and Indonesia. USA: Florida: Homestead, 19-VII-39, P. B. Lawson; La Belle, 16-VII-39, P. B. Lawson; Little River, 22-VIII- 18, Rhizaphora nuingle; Key West, 20-Vn-39, P. B. Law- son; Miami, 4-IX-70. MEXICO: Veracruz: Mandinga, 12-III-80, T. H. Atkinson. GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: Al- bermarle Isl., 4-14-III-06, F. X. Williams. Hosts.— Rhizophora mangle. Biology.— The viviparous seeds of the host are attacked soon after they fall to the ground (Woodruff 1970). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of rhizophorae (Hopkins), on 2 syntypes and 2 "homotypes" of rhizophorae (Eggers), and on 93 other specimens. One co- type and one other specimen of nephelii (Eggers) were also examined. The pronotal disc of rhizophorae (Eggers) is smooth, shin- ing, rather coarsely, deeply punctured, and devoid of granules. Under ordinary circum- stances it would be placed in a species differ- ent from that of Hopkins; however, the two specimens of nepheUi are almost exactly in- termediate between the two. All three agree completely in all other characters. In the ab- sence of adequate Indonesian material, and in view of the similar habits, I reluctantly fol- low the synonymy proposed by Schedl and add nephelii as another synonym. 3. Coccotrypes cijperi (Beeson) Tliainnttrgides cijperi Beeson, 1929, Insects of Samoa, Coleoptera 4(4): 230 (Holotype, female, Apia, Sa- moan Islands, British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Thamnurgides indicits Eggers, 1936, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10) 17:631 (Holotype, female; Sakalaspur, Mysore, India; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:397. Synonymy Xyleborus conspeciens Schedl, 1936, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:110 (Holotype, female; lo- cality not given, presumably Brazil; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:179. Synonymy Dryocoetes insularis Eggers, 1940 (nee. Eggers, 1940:129), Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:127 (Svntypes; Guadeloupe and Martinique); Schedl, 1962, Caribbean J. Sci. 2:63. Synonymy Coccotrypes insularis Eggers, 1940 (nee. Eggers, 1940:127), Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:129 (Lectotype, female; Trois-Rivieres, Guade- loupe; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60612, designated by An- derson and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:15); Schedl, 1962, Caribbean J. Sci. 2:63. Synonymy Dryocoetes subimpressus Eggers, 1940, Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:127 (Holotype, female; Trois Rivieres Guadeloupe; deposited in Eggers Collection, apparently on loan to Schedl); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:384. Synonymy Poecilips caraibicus Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:345 (Re- placement name for Dryocoetes insularis Eggers) Poecilips eggersi Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:347 (Replace- ment name for Coccotrypes insularis Eggers) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American representatives of the genus by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm (males 1.1-1.2 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, convergently, rather finely aciculate from epistoma to upper level of eyes, with fine, rather deep punctures in- terspersed, rugose-reticulate above; vestiture of sparse, fine hair. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; out- line as in advena Blandford; surface smooth, shining, rather closely, somewhat coarsely as- perate to base, those on posterior half de- creasing in size, a few punctures interspersed near base of disc. Vestiture of sparse, fine hair; usually abraded. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in rhizophorae; striae not impressed, punctures small, rather shallow; interstriae smooth and shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, fine, minutely granulate. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of rows of erect, blunt, interstrial bristles; each bristle about one and one-half times as long as distance between rows or be- tween bristles within a row; each very slightly flattened at extreme tip. Male.— Similar to female except much smaller, callow, more strongly convex, usual- ly somewhat deformed, eyes reduced or absent. Distribution.— Florida, Costa Rica to Panama, Antilles Islands to Surinam, Java to India. USA: Florida: Coral Gables, 6-III-56, in imported bird seed, C. F. Downing. Louisiana: lO-VIII-34, Persea americana seed from Honduras. COSTA RICA: San Jose, San Jose, 16-11-38, Prionia capaifera seeds, F. Never- mann; Finca La Lola, Limon, 22-VI-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m, No. 189, Cynometra hemitohophylla, S. L. Wood; Do- minical, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 294, legume tree, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, No. 346, Entada giga, S. L. Wood; Limon Bay, Canal Zone, .30-XII-63, 3 m. No. 357, fallen fruit, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Puerto Rico, Surinam, 736 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Martinique, Guadeloupe, Trinidad, Brazil, Hawaiian Is- lands, Fiji, Tahiti, Indonesia, India, French Indo-China. Hosts.— Eugenia sp., Mangifera indica, Mammea americana, Orbignya oleifera, Cynometra hemitobophylla, Persea ameri- cana, Phytelephas macrocarpa, Pronia cop- aifer, TJieobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— This species breeds in large seeds of fallen fruit; it is also capable of re- producing in bark. Browne (1961) records it from nine host species in Malaya. New at- tacks are made by females. Field observations indicate the habits in fruit are as described for the genus. Several males, so recently emerged they were entirely white and almost totally unsclerotized, were observed to mate repeatedly with sibling females in the brood galleries. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of cyperi, indicus and con- speciens, to the lectotype of Coccotrypes in- sularis, and to two syntypes of Dryocoetes in- stilaris. This species was evidently introduced to America from the Indo- Malayan area prior to 1915. The earliest known American speci- mens were taken at San Jose, Costa Rica, 6- V-15. 4. Coccotrypes robustus Eichhoff Coccotrypes robitstiis Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:58, 313 (Syntypes?; Cuba; presum- ably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Coccotrypes cylindricus Schedl, 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:116 (Holotype, female; Crucos, Cuba; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:393. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other species of this genus known to me by the slender body form, by the very minute strial granules, and by the fine strial hair that is almost as long as the equally fine interstrial hair. Female.— Length 1.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, convergently acicu- late from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a few fine, obscure punctures in upper areas; vestiture of sparse, fine hair of moderate length. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, converging on anterior half to rather narrow- ly rounded anterior margin; asperate to base. asperities rather fine, close, those on posteri- or third associated with fine, shallow, obscure punctures; surface between asperities smooth, shining; median line obscurely devel- oped. Vestiture of very fine, rather abundant, moderately long hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, those on 1 and 2 with anterolateral margins slightly elevated forming obscure, fine, granules; interstriae four times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine, uniseriate, close, each with a small granule on anterolateral margin, granules equal in di- ameter to strial punctures. Declivity steep, broadly convex; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture of rows of fine, erect, strial and interstrial hair of equal length and ap- pearance; each hair slightly longer than width of an interstriae on disc, slightly longer on declivity. Distribution.— Cuba and Puerto Rico. Not recorded from Mexico or Central America, al- though appropriate hosts apparently occur there. Hosts.— Eutrepe globosa. Biology.— This species has been reared from the fruits of its host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 females of robustus that were compared by Hopkins to a syntype, on the holotype of cylindricus, and on 18 other specimens. This is the only American member of this genus not known from some part of the Eastern Hemisphere. It will be most surprising if this actually is a native American species. 5. Coccotrypes aciculatus Schedl Coccotrypes aciculatus Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:360 (Holotype, female; Hamburgfarm on Rio Re- ventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from distinctus (Motschulsky) by the small size, by the more widely spaced strial punc- tures, and by the stouter, blunt, interstrial bristles. Female.— Length 1.2 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons essentially as in robustus Eichhoff. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate, converging on anterior half to rather broadly 1982 Dryocoetini 737 rounded, subserrate anterior margin; strongly convex, with indefinite summit slightly be- hind middle; asperities on anterior slope small, sparse, intermixed with sparse, fine, shallow punctures; small, sparse, subasperate granules in posterior area to base; surface smooth, shining; an obscure, raised, basal line indicated. Vestiture of rather sparse, blunt hair of moderate length. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures moderately small, distinct but very shallow, spaced within a row by about two to three diameters of a puncture; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures replaced by small, imiseriate, widely spaced granules. Declivity moderately steep, rather broadly convex; sculpture essentially as on disc. Vestiture of short, fine, strial hair and rows of erect, blunt, interstrial bristles, each bristle as long as distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama, Brazil, New Guinea. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, XI-30, F. C. Lutz. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil; Schedl (1950:148, 1955:280) adds Haniburgfarm on Rio Reven- tazon, Limon, Costa Rica (type locality), Brazil, and New Guinea. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a female from Barro Colorado Island iden- tified by Schedl and on 55 other specimens. If Schedl's identifications of the specimens from Panama and New Guinea are accurate, it suggests that this species was introduced to America from another region, possibly from New Guinea or a neighboring area. 6. Coccotrypes distinctus (Motschulsky) Anodius distinctus Motschulsky, 1866, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 31(1):401 (Holotype, female: published as "Des Montagues de Nura-Ellia," the specimen is labeled "Ceylon"; Zool. Inst. Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow) Coccotrypes floridensis Schedl, 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:117' (Syntypes; Winter Park, Florida); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:117. Synomjiuij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aciculatus Schedl by the larger size, by the more deeply impressed, more closely spaced strial punctures, and by the longer, more slender, pointed interstrial setae. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm (male 1.3 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons essentially as in robustus Eichhoff, but usually with median line more promin- ently raised. Pronotum as in aciculatus Schedl except minute asperities very slightly more numer- ous, none of asperities more than twice as long (transversely) as thick (longitudinally); setae finer, slightly longer. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in aciculatus; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinctly impressed, separated within a row by diameter of a puncture; in- terstriae about three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures replaced by small, widely spaced, uniseriate granules. Declivity rather steep, convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of rows of semirecumbent strial hair, each half as long as distance between rows; and rows of fine, pointed, erect inter- strial bristles, each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Male.— Similar to female except much smaller (1.3 mm), slightly deformed, charac- ters usually imperfectly developed; no two males exactly alike. Distribution.— Florida, Honduras, Hawaii to Ceylon. USA: Florida: Apopka, .3-IX-58, Neanthebella palm seeds. Van Pelt; Coconut Grove, VII-60, Coccothrinus seeds; Gainesville, VII-60, Phoenix sylcestris; Hilliard, 6- VIII-39, R. H. Reamer; La Belle, 16-VII-39, R. H. Rea- mer; Miami Beach, 6-VII-56, Phoenix canariensis, L. J. Daigle; Melbourne, 9-VII-51, at light, S. L. Wood; Win- ter Park, 24-X-46, palm seed, H. Y. Gouldman. HON- DURAS: La Ceiba, 29-V, 26-VIII-49, at light, E. C. Becker. OTHER COUNTRIES: Puerto Rico, Rritish Guiana, Hawaii, Micronesia, and Ceylon. Hosts.— Coccothrinus sp.. Phoenix spp., etc. Biology.— This species breeds in a wide variety of palm seeds. Notes.— The female holotype of distinctus was examined, but specimens were not at hand for direct comparison to it. The above treatment was based on syntypes of flori- densis and on 73 other specimens. This is the species treated by me prior to 1970 as car- pophagus (Hornung); the erroneous 738 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 identification was based on the specimens from Guam incorrectly reported by Schedl (1942:148) as carpophagus. 7. Coccotrypes carpophagus (Hornung) Bostrichus carpophagus Hornung, 1842, Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 3:116 (Syn types; intercepted in Germany from Betelniissen of Ostindien origin) Coccotrypes pijgmaeus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:58, 310 (Syntypes; Madagascar; presumably lost in Hamburg Mus.); Schedl, 1959, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 111:486. Synonymi/ Coccotrypes integer Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:58, 311 (Syntype, female; Siam; one in U.S. Nat. Mus., others lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eggers, 1929, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:52. Synonymy Cryphaloides donisthorpei Formanek, 1908, Ent. Blatt. 4:91 (Syntypes, females; Kew Gardens, London, England; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Schedl, 1962, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 52:95. Synonymy Coccotrypes thrinacis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:46 (Holotype, female; Isle of Pines, Cuba; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7617); Schedl, 1964, Rei- chenbachia 2:216. Synonymy Coccotrypes bakeri Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:46 (Holotype, female; Havana, Cuba; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7619); Schedl, 1964, Reichen- bachia 2:216. Synonymy Coccotrypes anonae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:46 (Holotype, female; Cuba; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7624); Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:145. Synonymy Coccotrypes hiibbardi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:46 (Holotype, female; Montserrat, West Indies; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7620); Schedl, 1950, Du- senia 1:146. Synonyjny Coccotrypes liberiensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:47 (Holotype, female; Mount Coffee, Liberia; U.S. Nat.' Mus., 7615); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:.392. Synonymy Coccotrypes rollinae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:47 (Holotype, female; Para, Brazil; U.S. Nat. Mus. 7616); Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:145. Synonymy Coccotrypes nanus Eggers, 1920, Ent. Blatt. 16:33 (Lec- totype, female; Kamenm; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60717, designated by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:21); Schedl. 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:114. Synonymy Coccotrypes punctulatus Eggers, 1951, Ent. Blatt. 45-46:151 (Holotype, female; Insel St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; deposited in Eggers Coll. but now apparently on loan to Schedl); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:392. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dactyliperda (Fabricius) by the smaller size, by the darker color, by the smaller aver- age size of the strial punctures and of the in- terstrial granules on the elytral disc, and by the shorter interstrial bristles. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm (males 1.2-1.3 mm), 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly concave, weakly, trans- versely impressed on lower half; surface shin- ing, rather coarsely, convergently aciculate from vertex to epistoma, a few fine, obscure punctures above; vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; out- line as in distinctus; anterior margin rather coarsely serrate; asperate to base, asperities moderately coarse, close, abundant, those be- hind summit longitudinal and about four to six times as long as thick; punctures not evi- dent. Vestiture of rather sparse hair of mod- erate length. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in distinctus; striae not impressed, punctures small, dis- tinct, very shallow; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures replaced by small, uniseriate gran- ules. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex; sculpture as on disc. Vestiture of rows of short, recumbent strial hair, and rows of erect interstrial bristles, each bristle slender, blunt, very slightly longer than distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Male.— Similar to female except smaller (1.2-1.3 mm), slightly deformed, with charac- ters poorly formed; usually no two specimens exactly alike. Distribution.— Cosmopolitan through commerce, but breeding only in tropical and subtropical areas where hosts grow. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Coconut Grove, VII-60, Coccothrinax, Livistonia chi- nensis and Sabal palmetto seeds. New Jersey: Short Hills, 19-IV-26, intercepted in seeds from Brazil, F. M. Schott. MEXICO: Veracruz. HONDURAS: La Lima, III-67, Annona muricata seeds. GUATEMALA: Guate- mala. OTHER COUNTRIES: Bermuda, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, British Guiana, Surinam, Gre- nada, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Hawaii, France, England, Cameroons, Cevlon, India, Java, Guam, Australia. Hosts.— Annona muricata, Coccothrinax sp., Livistonia chinensis, Sabal causiarum, Thrimax sp., etc. Biology.— This species breeds in large seeds. Evidently the habits are essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of thrinacis, bakeri, anonae, hubbardi, rollinae, liberiensis and punc- tulatus, on syntypes of carpophagus and Cryphaloides donisthorpei, and on more than 1982 Dryocoetini 739 2,000 other specimens. Schedl and Eggers re- port the synonymy of pygmaeus, integer, and nanus with carpophagus; I have not verified their synonymy. Three "types" of carpo- phagus are in the Berhn Museum; all were examined. In all probability they are the only remaining syntypes of this species, but a lec- totype was not selected. Coccotrypes pubescens Schedl (1949:119) is known from one female taken at Sierra Bo- nilla, Cuba. Probably it is of carpophagus, but the interstrial setae are very slightly long- er than normal and the strial setae are almost as long as those of the interstriae. I hesitate to place it in synonymy until more material from this area can be studied. 8. Coccotrypes dactyliperda (Fabricius) Bostrichtts dacti/Iiperdd Fabricius, 1801, Systenia Eleutheratoruni 2:387 (Syntvpes; in date pits in- tercepted in Europe; Copenhagen Mus., Kiel Coll., one in Berlin Mus.) Bostrichus palmicola Hornung, 1842, Stettiner Ent. Zeit 3:116 (Syntypes; intercepted in Germany); Bala- chowsky, 1949, Faune de France 50:182. Sijnonijmi/ Coccotrypes laboiilhenei Decaux, 1890, Etudes sur les in- sects recueillis a I'exposition universal, Paris, 16 p. (Not seen); Bedel, 1891, LWbbeille 27:155. Synonymy Coccotrypes eggersi Hagedorn, 1904, Allg. Zeitschr. Ent. 9:449 (Syntypes; Ecuador; only known syntype in U.S. Nat. Mus., others evidently destroyed in Hamburg Mus.); Schedl, 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:113. Synonymy Coccotrypes bassiavortis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:47 (Holotype, female; Washing- ton, D.C.; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7618); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:392. Synonymy Coccotrypes moreirai Eggers, 1928, .\rch. Inst. Biol. 1:86 (Lectotype, female; Minas Garaes, Guaxupe. Bra- zil; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60613, designated by Ander- son and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:21); Schedl, 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:113. Synonymy Coccotrypes tangantis Eggers, 1935, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27:.307 (Holotype, female; Tanga, Tanga, Tan- ganyika; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Schedl, 1949, Tijdschr. Ent. 91:113. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from carpophagus (Hornung) by the larger size, by the lighter color, by the deeper and slightly larger strial punctures, and by the longer interstrial bristles. Female.— Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in carpophagus. Pronotum as in carpophagus except anterior margin less coarsely, less regularly serrate; asperities more numerous, each smaller in basal area but averaging as high or slightly higher. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; as in car- pophagus except strial punctures averaging very slightly larger, distinctly deeper, inter- strial granules closer, averaging slightly larger; interstrial bristles more slender, point- ed, each about one and one-half to two times as long as distance between rows, more close- ly spaced within a row. Distribution.— Cosmopolitan through commerce, but breeding only in tropical and subtropical areas where hosts grow. USA: Arizona: Mesa. 6-VIII-60, at light, S. L. Wood; Tucson, lO-X-68. California: Los Angeles. Texas: Brownsville. .MEXICO: Baja California: Rancho de la Ventana, Bahi'a de la Ventana, 19-XII-58, in flight, H. B. Leech. 'Mexico." PANAMA: "Panama." OTHER COUNTRIES: Cuba, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, Vene- zuela, Hawaiian Islands, .Australia, New Zealand, In- donesia, .New Guinea, Malaya, India, Japan, .\rabia, Su- dan, Israel, France, Italy, Portugal. Hosts.— Date pits, etc. Biology.— This species breeds mostly in the seeds of various palms, but many other large seeds are also attacked. It commonly in- fests buttons of vegetable ivory even when they are polished and painted. Large quan- tities of these buttons have been destroyed in warehouses in the Indo-Malayan region. The habits are about as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on syntypes of palmicola, eggersi, and tan- ganus, on the holotype of hassiavorus, on the lectotype of moreirai, and on about 200 other specimens. Tribe CRYPTURGINI Crypturgi LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15;387 (Type-genus: Crypturgtis Erichson, 1836) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally not sexually dimorphic, its sculpture is simple, the posterodorsal area of the head is moderately produced caudad, the eye is sin- uate to emarginate, the antennal funicle is 2-3-segmented, the club is moderately flat- tened, with the sutures on the anterior and posterior faces about equal, the pronotum is unarmed (American species) and weakly declivous in front, the lateral margins are roimded, the procoxae are contiguous, and the declivity is simple and unarmed. Biological features.— All species are monogamous and phloeophagous. Crypturgus normally uses the tunnel of another insect to gain entry into the host. The galleries and habits have not been studied in detail. Taxonomy.— The three native North American species in this tribe were obviously derived from the Asian fauna rather recently. All allied forms occur in Eurasia and north- em Africa. More distant affinities appear to be with the Dryocoetini. The American forms are easily recognized. Genus CRYPTURGUS Erichson Crypturgus Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2:60 (Type-species: Bostrichus pusillus Gyllenhal, sub- sequent designation by Thomson, 1859, Skandina- viens Coleoptera synoptiskt bearbetade 1:147) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Dolurgus Eichhoff by the smaller size, by the 2-segmented antennal funicle, and by the solid antennal club with a partial septum where suture 1 should be and an indistinct su- ture near the apex. Description.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Sexes similar. Frons convex, sculpture simple. Eye oval, deeply emarginate; finely granulate. Antennal funicle 2-segmented; club small, solid, an indistinct suture at apex. Pronotum longer than wide, evenly arched, sparsely punctured throughout, summit in- definite. Scutellum small. Elytra striate; de- clivity convex, rather steep; females in two species bearing a spongy area near apex on lower half of declivity. Tibiae rather broad, widest on distal third; outer margin armed by a series of about six coarse teeth. Distribution.— Canada and the United States, Europe, northern Asia, and north Af- rica; about 12 species are known, 3 occur in North America. Biology.— The bole of coniferous hosts is selected for attack. Tlie beetles locate the en- trance hole of another insect, usually a bark beetle, to gain access to the phloem tissues. Here they commence the excavation of their own tunnels, usually at the cambium per- pendicular to the gallery of the host insect. Their irregular tunnels extend 1-3 cm; eggs are deposited along the margins, apparently in niches. Larval mines are difficult to follow, but apparently they wander through the phloem up to 3 cm from their origins. There appears to be one generation per- year. They overwinter as adults in the brood galleries. Key to the Species of Crypturgus 1. Pronotal disc sub reticulate, lines radiating from punctures only; elytra smooth, shining, discal pubescence almost obsolete, very short on sides and declivity; interstriae wider than striae; female without spongy area on declivity; Ontario and Newfoundland to New Jersey, etc.; Abies, Picea; 1.1-1.2 mm 1. pusillus (Gyllenhal) 740 1982 Crypturgini 741 — Pronotum imiformly, strongly reticulate; interstriae slightly narrower than striae, their surface often irregular, subshining; interstrial and strial hair con- spicuous on disc and declivity; female with a spongy area near apex of declivity 2 2(1). Strial punctures rather large, rather sharply impressed; interstriae mostly smooth, shining; interstrial setae short, in rows, each about half as long as dis- tance between rows, strial setae semirecumbent, about as long as interstrial setae; E Texas to New Jersey and Florida; Pinus; 1.0-1.2 mm 2. alutaceus Schwarz — Strial punctures rather small, shallow, not clearly outlined; interstriae with transverse lines, rather irregular, subshining; interstrial setae rather long, close- ly set, in rows, each as long as distance between rows on disc, strial setae semi- recumbent, almost as long as those of interstriae; Alaska and Nova Scotia to Arizona and Pennsylvania; Abies, Picea; 1.0-1.2 mm 3. borealis Swaine 1. Crypturgiis pusillus (Gyllenhal) Bostrichus ptisiUits Gyllenhal, 1813, Insecta Svecica de- scripta, Coleopt. 1(3);371 (Syntypes?; presumably Sweden; presumably at Univ. Uppsala) Bostrichus aphodiodes Villa, 1883, Col. Eur. Suppl., p. .36 (Syntypes; Europe; not located); Hagedorn, 1910: Coleopt. Cat. 4:36. Synomjinij Crypturgiis atomits LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:152 (Holotype, sex?; New York; Mus. Comp. Zool., 983); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:175. Synonymy Crypturgus parallelocoUis Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:73 (Syntypes?; Europe; pre- sumably lost with Hamburg Mus); Schedl, 1946, Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:7. Synonymy Crypturgus gaunersdorferi Reitter, 1885, Deutsch. Ent. Zeitschr. 29:.389 (Syntypes?; Euboea Isl., Greece; not located); Eggers, 1922, Ent. Blatt. 18:118. Synonymy Crypturgus cribreUus Reitter, 1894, Naturf. Vereines Berlin 33:64 (Syntypes?; Ragusa, Dalmatia; not located); Schedl, 1946, Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:7. Synonymy Crypturgus maulei Roubal, 1910, Rev. Russ. d'Ent. 10:203. (Syntypes?; Litauen; not located); Schedl, 1946, Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:7. Synonymy Crypturgus danicus Eggers, 1932, Ent. Medd. 18:80 (Holotype, male; Insel Seeland, Denmark; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Schedl, 1946, Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:7. Synonymy Crypturgus cylindricoUis Eggers, 1940, Centrbl. Ges. Forstw. 66:37 (Holotype, female; Lastua, Dal- matia; not located); Schedl, 1946, Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:7. Synonyrny Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from borealis Swaine and alutaceus Schwarz by the subreticulate, shining pronotal disc, by the subglabrous, shining elytra, and by the absence of a spongy area on the female declivity. Male.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex; surface reticulate, punctures fine, obscure; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest near middle, sides moderately arcuate, con- verging equally anteriorly and posteriorly, anterior and posterior margins equally, rather narrowly rounded; surface reticulate at mar- gins, subreticulate and shining toward disc, punctures moderately coarse, deep, not close. Vestiture hairlike, restricted to peripheral areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures rather small, deep; interstriae wider than striae, smooth, shining, interstrial punctures minute to obso- lete. Declivity convex, moderately steep; strial punctures smaller than on declivity. Vestiture almost obsolete on disc, consisting of rows of minute strial and slightly longer interstrial hair; longest setae on declivity equal to less than half distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male. Distribution.— Ontario and New- foundland to New Jersey; north Africa, Eu- rope, northern Asia. 742 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 CANADA: New Brunswick: Fredricton, St. Stephen. Newfoundland: Middlebrook Prov. Pk. Nova Scotia: Cape North, Kejimkujik Lake, Weymouth. Ontario: Rockcliffe, Wooley. Quebec: Chelsea. USA: Con- necticut: Cornwall. Maine: Bar Harbor, Camp Caribou, Orono, Paris, Portland. Massachusetts: Cambridge, Charlemont, Framingham, Westboro. New Hampshire: Durham, Mt. Washington, Waterville. New Jersey; New Egypt. New York: Cicero Swamp, Cranberry Lake, Elka Park, Kingsbridge, Syracuse, Wanakena. Pennsylvania: Pocono Lake. Rhode Island; Providence. Host.— Abies sp., Picea glauca, P. rtibens. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of atomiis, on 182 other American specimens, and on several hundred specimens from Europe and Asia. The distri- bution suggests an introduction to this conti- nent during the early settlement of North America. Virginia: King William Co., Mt. Vernon. West Virginia: Davis in Tucker Co., Dellslow, Grant Co., Pocahontas Co., Wood Co. Hosts.— Picea mariana, Pinus echinata, P. plustrus, P. taeda. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypic type series of 8 specimens and on 95 other specimens. From the syn- types I here designate a male from Tampa, Florida, as lectotype for Crypturgus alu- taceiis Schwarz; this specimen at the U.S. National Museum has been considered to be the type for many years, but it was never so designated. 3. Crypturgus borealis Swaine Fig. 176 2. Crypturgus alutaceus Schwarz Crypturgus alutaceus Schwarz, 1894, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:17 (Lectotype, male; Tampa, Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4561, present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pusillus (Gyllenhal) by the more strong- ly reticulate pronotum, by the larger strial punctures, by the longer, more abundant ely- tral vestiture, and by the small spongy area on the female elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons and pronotum essentially as in pu- sillus, except pronotal surface uniformly reti- culate, subshining. Elytra as in pusillus, ex- cept strial punctures slightly larger, interstriae with occasional transverse lines; vestiture consisting of rows of erect inter- strial and semirecumbent strial hair, inter- strial setae on disc equal in length to half dis- tance between rows, strial setae shorter. Female.— Similar to male except lower half of elytral declivity on interstriae 1 and 2 appearing spongy (.somewhat variable). Distribution.— E Texas to New Jersey and Florida. USA: Florida; Big Pine Key, Royal Palm St. Pk., Se- bring, Suwannee Springs, Walton Co. Georgia; .'\thens, Camelia, Clarke Co., Everett, Hays, Monroe Co., Tho- masville. Louisiana: La Salle Parish. Maryland; Belts- ville, Bladensburg, Dowell. Mississippi; Baxterville, Lucedale. New Jersey: Lahaway. North Carolina; Boardman, Durham, Tryon. Texas; Kirbyville, Polk Co. Crypturgus borealis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1);7 (Lectotype, fe- male; Winnipeg, Manitoba; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9287, designated bv Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:673) Crypturgus corrugatus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1 ):8 (Lecto- type, female; North Mountain, Pennsylvania; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 9286, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:673); Wood, 1957, Cana- dian Ent. 89:396. Synonyrny Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from alutaceus Schwarz by the smaller, shal- low strial punctures, by the irregular inter- striae, and by the much longer vestiture. Male.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in alutaceus, pro- notal punctures smaller, obscure. Elytra as in alutaceus except strial punctures smaller, less clearly impressed, interstriae with a few transverse lines and impressed points to al- most densely subrugulose in some specimens; strial punctures reduced in size on declivity; vestiture longer, interstrial setae as long as distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except with a spongy area on declivital interstriae 1 and 2 (variable) as in alutaceus. Distribution.— Alaska and Nova Scotia to Arizona and Pennsylvania. ALASKA: Fairbanks, Porcupine River. CANADA: Al- berta; Banff, Edmonton, Lesser Slave Lake, Slave Lake. British Columbia; Likely, Nicomin Ridge, Pine Pa.ss, Trinity Valley. Manitoba: Winnipeg. New Brunswick: 1982 Crypturgini 743 Fredricton. Northwest Territories: Aklavik. Nova Scotia St. Ann. Ontario: Algonquin N.P., Orillia, Ottawa. Que bee: Aylmer, Mt. Lyall, Gaspe, Trinity Bay. Saskatche wan: Prince Albert N.P. USA: Arizona: Ft. Apache In dian Res., Grand Canyon N.P., Whiteriver. Colorado Gould, Newcastle, Poudre Canyon, Rabbit Ears Pass Ridgeway. Idaho: Moscow Mts., Franklin Co. Maine Camp Caribou. Michigan: Grand Island, Seney. Mis souri: Eminence. New Mexico: Sandia Mts. New York Cranberry Lake, Elka Park, Heart Lake in Essex Co Montana: Blackfeet N.F., Dnmimond, Pray. Oregon Gold Lake in Willamette N.F. Pennsylvania: North Mountain. South Dakota: Black Hills. Utah: Logan Can- yon, Logan Dry Canyon, La Sal Mts., Soapstone Creek in Wasatch N.F. Hosts.— Abies balsamea, A. concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, Picea engehnannii, P. glauca, P. rubens, Pinus contorta, P. echinata, P. ponderosa. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of borealis and corrugatus, on my homotypes of both, and on 374 other specimens. Fig. 176. Dorsal aspect of adult: a, Cryphalus rufi- coUis; b, Crijpturgus borealis; c, Dolurgtis pumihis: d, Tnjpodendron betulae. (After Bright 1976:210.) Genus DOLURGUS Eichhoff Dolurgus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 (Type-species: Hijlastes pumihis Mannerheim, monobasic) Diagnosis.- This genus is distinguished from Crijpturgus Erichson by the 3-seg- mented antennal ckib, and by the presence of three feebly recurved sutures on the anterior face of the antennal club. It is distinguished from Aphanarthrum Wollaston by the asep- tate suture 1 on the antennal club, and by the coarsely striate elytra. Description.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide. Sexual differences not apparent. Frons convex, simple. Eye oval, deeply emarginate; finely granulate. Scape rather short; funicle 3-segmented; club small, three aseptate, feebly recurved sutures on distal half of anterior face. Pronotum longer than wide, lateral margins rounded; surface punctured, unarmed. Scutellum small. Elytra striate, sculpture simple. Tibiae rather broad, widest on distal fourth; armed by several coarse teeth. Distribution.— Northwestern North America. Only one species is known. Dolurgus pumilus (Mannerheim) Fig. 176 Ih/lastes pumihis Mannerheim, 1843, Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 16:297 (Holotype, sex?; Sitka Island, Alaska; Univ. Zool. Mus., Helsinki) Dohirgus pumihis: Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:147 Diagnosis.— This distinctive species re- sembles the species of Crypturgits, but it is distinguished by characters included in the above generic key and description. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly concave; surface sub- reticulate, punctures fine, deep, rather close; vestiture of fine hair, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on posterior two-thirds, distinctly constricted on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; surface reticulate, punc- tures rather coarse, moderately deep, rather abundant. Vestiture hairlike, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- 744 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae feebly impressed, punctures coarse, rather deep; interstriae narrower than striae, a few indistinct, transverse lines, shining, very fine punctures forming an almost unise- riate row on lateral side of each discal inter- striae. Declivity steep, convex; essentially as on disc. Vestiture of rows of very fine, short, strial and interstrial hair. Female.— Similar to male. Distribution.— Alaska to California. ALASKA: Gold Creek Road at Juneau, Sitka Island. CANADA: British Columbia: Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands, Stanley Park, Vancouver. USA; California: Crescent City, Del Monte, Inverness, Klamath in Del Norte Co., Montara, Monterey Co., Pacific Grove in So- noma Co. Oregon: Astoria, Coos Bay, Gold Lake in Willamette N.F., Mary's Peak, Mt. Ashland, Newport, Santiam Pass. Washington: Hoquiam, Junction, Quillayute. Hosts.— Abies nobilis, Picea engelmannii, P. sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. muricata, P. radiata, and P. tuherculata. Biology.— This species may enter the host through the entrance tunnel of another spe- cies, but evidently the habit is not obligatory. Their galleries resemble those of Crypturgiis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 153 other specimens. Tribe XYLOTERINI Xyloteroideae Lindemann, 1876, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 51:165 (Type-genus: Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 = Xyloterus Erichson, 1836) Trypodendrinae Tredl, 1907, Ent. Blatt. 3:18 (Type-genus: Trypodendron Stephens, 1830) Anatomical features.— The frons is sex- ually dimorphic, with the male flattened or concavely impressed, the female is convex, the eye is completely divided, the antennal funicle is 4-segmented, the club is unmarked by sutures and is usually pubescent to the base, in some species the base is sufficiently corneous to clearly indicate that it was de- rived from an obliquely truncate club, the pronotum is strongly declivous and asperate, with the anterior margin slightly modified in the male, the female proepimeron bears a mycetangium, the procoxae are contiguous, and in some species the male is slightly small- er than the female. Biological features.— All are mon- ogamous and xylomycetophagous. The male joins the female in the parental gallery. The eggs are deposited individually in niches that are enlarged by the larvae to a size sufficient to accommodate the adult beetle. Both larvae and adults feed primarily upon the spores of symbiotic fungi. Reproduction is always bisexual. Taxonomy.— Trypodendron occurs in Eurasia and evidently reached North Ameri- ca recently. The endemic, monobasic Xylote- rinus is scarcely separable from the Asiatic Indocryplialus and undoubtedly is also a re- cent addition to the North American fauna. This tribe was probably derived very early from the same basic stock that gave rise to the Xyleborini. The three genera that con- stitute the tribe are distinguished from one another with some difficulty due to the inter- mediacy of Indocryphalus; the two North American genera are more easily recognized. Genus XYLOTERINUS Swaine Xyhterimis Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):83 (Type-species: Bos- trichus politiis Say, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from the allied genera by the broadly and weakly procurved subcomeous basal area of the antennal club, and by the rather large, broad, transverse proepimeral excavation of the female. Description.— Female distinctly larger than male. Frons convex in both sexes, al- though somewhat flattened in male. Antennal club with subcomeous basal area much thick- er and broadly procurved. Pronotum sub- circular, with anterior margin strongly pro- curved and armed in both sexes; foveate excavation on proepimeral area of the female rather long and broad, transverse. Elytra with punctures of striae and interstriae distinct; declivity convex. Anterior tibia flattened, with posterior face smooth in both sexes. Distribution.— E North America; one species is known. Biology.— The habits are essentially as in Trypodendron except that two rows of larval cradles occur above and two below the pa- rental gallery. The hosts are mostly de- ciduous trees. Notes.— This genus is very closely related to Indocryphalus Eggers, from eastern Asia, but it differs in having the antennal club in- distinctly subtruncate and the female pro- epimeral excavation transverse. In In- docryphalus the club is of uniform thickness and densely pubescent to its b^se, and the proepimeral excavation is longitudinal. Xyloterinus politus (Say) Fig. 177, 178 Bostrichiis politus Say, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 5:256 (Syntypes; eastern United States; all types lost) Xyloterinus politus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):83. Xyloterus unicolor Eichhoff, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 15:1.36 (Syntypes?; female; Wisconsin; 745 746 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:353. Synonymy Female.— Length 3.3-3.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; body color dark brown. Frons convex, a weak transverse impres- sion just above epistoma, and a feeble median elevation from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface of epistoma smooth and shining, reticulate and sparsely, rather coarsely granu- late above; vestiture sparse, fine, rather long. Eye completely divided, subequal halves sep- arated by a distance equal to width of upper half; finely granulate. Antennal scape rather long; funicle 4-segmented; club as long as scape, oval, basal area thicker, subcorneous and, on anterior face, broadly procurved. Pronotum very slightly wider than long (1.02 times); sides feebly arcuate on basal two-thirds, subcircularly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by four teeth; aspe- rities decreasing in size posteriorly, very fine and rather sparse behind summit; surface of posterior and lateral areas reticulate, shallow- ly, rather finely pimctured; vestiture incon- spicuous, fine, short, sparse. Proepimeral ex- cavation rather large, about four times as long as wide, long axis transverse, extending from posterolateral coxal margin more than two-thirds of distance toward sharply mar- gined posterolateral angles of disc. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, sides sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, distinctly impressed; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, punctures about half as large as those of striae, shallow, in irregular rows. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures somewhat larger than on disc; costal margin sharply raised near apex. Vestiture consisting of sparse, fine, hairlike setae; short on disc, longer and more abun- dant on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except length 2.7-2.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; frons more strongly impressed from epistoma to above eyes, only feebly convex; teeth on an- terior margin of pronotum usually reduced in size, sometimes obsolete; and proepimeral ex- cavation poorly developed and smaller. Male genitalia as figured. Distribution.— Minnesota and New Brunswick to Mississippi and N Florida. CANADA; New Brunswick: Fredericton. Ontario: Hastings Co., Ottawa, Ridgeway, Toronto. Quebec: Chelsea, Granby, He Perrot, Lac Tremblant Nord, Mon- treal, Mt. Orford, Plessiville, Quebec, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Ste. Hilaire. USA: Connecticut: Litchfield, New Canaan. District of Columbia: Washington. Georgia: Haivasee. Illinois: Champlain. Kentucky: Cumberland St. Pk., Louisville. Maine: Brunswick, Orono. Maryland: Bladdensburg, Plummer's Island. Massachusetts: Cambridge, Framingham, W Springfield, Sherborn. Michigan: Detroit, Grand Ledge. Mississippi: luke. Minnesota: Itasca Park, Hennepin Co., Washing- ton Co. New Hampshire: Claremont, Waterville, Web- ster. New Jersey: Axton, Boonton, Clemonton, Morris- town, Ft. Lee, Middlesex Co., Hopatcong. Montclair, Orange Mts. New York: Brooklyn, Buffalo, Catskill Mts., Cranberry Lake, Ithaca, Pelham, Lacey, New Rochelle, Syracuse, West Point. North Carolina: Pink Beds. Ohio: Ashland, Cleveland, Delaware Co., Franklin Co., Hock- ing Co., Ira in Summit Co., Lake Co., Lake Winola, Or- rville, Pickaway Co., Scioto Co., Wooster. Pennsylvania: Angora, Burning Wells, Castle Rock, Charter Oak, Frankford, Germantown, Harrisburg, Hummelstown, In- glenook, Laport, Lawndale, Lehigh Gap, Mt. Alto, Peck's Pond, Perry Co., Rickets, Roxborough, Sommer- set Co., Sweden Valley, Tinicum. Virginia: Jones Creek. West Virginia: Bayard, Grant Co., Hancock Co., Little Falls, Monongalia Co., Morgantown, Pendleton Co., Raleigh Co., Randolph Co., Taylor Co., Wood Co. Wis- consin: Antigo, Clintonville, Madison, Prince Edward Co. Hosts.— Various species of Acer, Alnus, Betitla, Carya, Castanea, Fagus, Fraxinus, Quercus, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga, and Ulmus; rare in the coniferous hosts. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The identity of this species is based on the Fitch and LeConte specimens that apparently were compared to the types of politus. The synonymy of unicolor was based on a study of the Eichhoff descriptions and Eichhoff 's (1878) statement that politus and its description were unknown to him. About 400 specimens were examined. Genus TRYPODENDRON Stephens Trypodendron Stephens, 18.30, Illustrations of British Entomology, Mandibulata 3:353 (Type-species: Dermestes domesticiis Linnaeus, subsequent des- ignation by Westwood, 1838 (1840), Synopsis of the Genera of British Insects, p. .39) Xylotems Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):60 (Tvpe-species: Bostrichus lineatus Olivier, sub- sequent designation by Thomson, 1859, Skandina- viens Coleoptera synoptiskt bearbetade 1:146); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:412. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Xyloterinus Swaine by the strongly, 1982 Xyloterini 747 narrowly procurved subcorneovis basal area of the antennal club, by the inflated, tubercu- late posterior face of the female protibiae (in the male it is flat and finely tuberculate), by the deeply, concavely excavated male frons, by the subquadrate male pronotum, and by the longitudinal proepimeral excavation in the female. Description.— Length 2.7-4.6 mm, 2.5-2.6 times as long as wide; color brown to black or bicolored. Frons dimorphic, convex in female, exten- sively, deeply concave in male; eye com- pletely divided into two parts; antennal scape elongate, fimicle 4-segmented, club with subcorneous basal area strongly, nar- rowly procurved; pronotum subcircular in fe- male, subquadrate in male, anterior margin armed or not; female proepimeral excavation longitudinal. Scutellum present. Elytra feebly striate, interstrial punctures usually obsolete. declivity convex, usually feebly sulcate, sub- apical costal margin sharply elevated. Ante- rior tibia subinflated and rather coarsely as- perate on posterior face in female, flattened and finely asperate in male. Distribution.— America north of Mexico, N Asia and Europe; about a dozen species are known; five species occur in North America. Biology.— These monogamous ambrosia beetles attack the bole of unthrifty or dying trees larger than 10 cm in diameter. The en- trance tunnel is formed by the female before the arrival of the male. It penetrates the bark and continues into the sapwood, where it may branch several times. The larvae are reared in cradles that are arranged in single series above and below the parental gallery. These cradles are enlarged by the larvae as they grow and serve as pupation chambers when the larvae are mature. Key to the Species of Trypodendron (Modified from Wood 1957:345) 1. Pronotum asperate over entire surface, including posterolateral areas; elytral striae with punctures regular, rather deep, sharply defined on both disc and de- clivity; Minnesota and New York to Arkansas and Mississippi; Pinus, Tsuga; 3.5-4.1 mm 1. scabricollis (LeConte) — Pronotum with posterolateral areas punctate; elytral striae rather obscure, punctures very shallow, usually visible but not sharply defined on either disc or declivity 2 2(1). Frons of male armed by a rather large, sharply pointed, median tubercle be- tween upper halves of eyes; posterolateral areas of pronotum more closely and deeply punctured (particularly on females); pronotum dark brown to black in color; mature color of elytra dark brown to black, usually with a pale area ex- tending from elytral base to declivital margin between interstriae 2 and 7; sur- face of pronotum and elytra minutely reticulate; N Idaho, Manitoba, and Que- bec to South Dakota and New Jersey; Bettila, Alnus; 2.7-3.5 mm 2. betulae Swaine — Frons of male without a tubercle at center; posterolateral angles of pronotum very finely, less closely punctured (particularly on females); color pattern variable, pronotum often with at least part of basal area pale 3 3(2). Larger; female pronotum usually not asperate on median area at base; mature color black, young adults pale on an area between interstriae 2-7 from base to declivital margin and continuing on sides of declivity between interstriae 5-7 from base to apex; surface of elytra smooth, shining; Alaska and New Bruns- wick to California, New Mexico, and West Virginia; Populus; male 3.6-4.3 mm, female 3.8-4.6 mm 3. retusum (LeConte) 748 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Smaller, males 2.7-3.3 mm, females 3.0-3.7 mm; median area of pronotum as- perate to basal margin on both sexes; color variable, but almost never uniformly black; from coniferous hosts 4 4(3). Elytral surface smooth, shining, interstriae usually very minutely and irregu- larly punctured; elytra more broadly rounded behind, declivity abrupt, and subapical margin appearing broadly rounded from above; color dark brown to almost black, with pale yellowish brown markings on base of pronotum and on elytra on interstriae 2-4, 7, and on declivity (five dark alternating with four pale longitudinal stripes); transition in color from light to dark abrupt; Alaska and Newfoundland to California, New Mexico, and North Carolina; coniferous hosts; 2.7-3.5 mm 4. lineatum (Olivier) — Elytral surface rather dull, minutely reticulate; elytra more narrowly rounded behind, declivity not as steep, subapical raised margin appearing subacuminate from above; color brown, anterior and lateral areas of pronotum and sides of elytra usually a darker brown, transition from light to dark gradual; Yukon and New Brunswick to California and Minnesota; Pinus banksiana and P. contorta; 2.9-3.7 mm 5. rufitarsus (Kirby) 1. Trypodendron scabricollis (LeConte) Figs. 177, 178 Xyloteriis scabricollis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:158 (Holotype, male; Washington, D.C.; Mus. Conip. Zool., 991). Trypodendron scabricollis: Provancher, 1878, Additions et corrections a la faune coleopterologique de la Quebec, p. 13, also 1878, La Nat. Canad. 10:381. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the finely, sparsely asperate posterolateral areas of the pronotum, by the sharply im- pressed strial punctures, by the smooth and shining elytral surface, and by the coloration. Female.— Length 3.6-4.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; body brown, basal one-fourth of pronotum and elytra between interstriae 2-7 usually somewhat lighter in color. Frons convex, weakly impressed above epistoma; a short, broad carina on lower half reaching epistomal margin; surface rather coarsely granulate; vestiture moderately long, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, with mediodistal margin very slightly produced. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate and converging toward broadly roimded anterior margin; anterior margin arnied by four teeth, median pair larger; asperities on anterior slope decreasing in size posteriorly to basal margin; post- erolateral areas usually finely punctate- asperate; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides sub- parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; strial punctures sharply. deeply impressed on both disc and declivity; interstriae more than twice as wide as striae, surface smooth, shining, with extremely min- ute, rather abundant, confused punctures (vis- ible at a magnification of 70 diameters or more). Declivity convex, moderately steep; strial punctures as on disc, but usually a little smaller; interstriae 2 impressed, narrower than 1 or 3; subapical margin giving elytra a subacuminate appearance when viewed from above. Vestiture visible only on declivity, very short. Male.— Similar to female except 3.5-3.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; frons broadly excavated from epistoma to vertex, more or less foveate at center in most specimens, lat- eral margins ornamented by longer, more abundant hair; pronotum subquadrate, 0.71 times as long as wide, anterior margin straight and unarmed. Distribution.— Minnesota aftd New York to Arkansas and Mississippi. US.'V: Arkansas: Jasper, Pulaski Co. Maine: Agricul- tural Experiment Station. Minnesota: Cass Lake, Ely. Mississippi: State College (Starkville), Trimcane Swamp. New Jersey: Brown's Mills Junction, Grenlock, lona, La- haway. North Carolina: .\sheville, Durham, Pisgah Ridge, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Hazelton, Mt. .\lto. North Mt. Virginia: Gloucester. West Virginia: Davis, Dells- low, Monongalia Co., Morgantown, Pocahontas Co. Hosts.— Pinus banksiana, P. echinata, P. resinosa, P. taeda. Biology.— Cut, unthrifty, or dying trees are selected for attack. The habits are essen- tially as described for the genus. 1982 Xyloterini 749 l7.T.betulae I8.T. retusum l9.T.llneatum 20.T.rufilarsis 2I.T.scabricollis 22.X.polilus Fig. 177. Trypodendron, Indocryphalus, Xyloterinus spp.: 1-6, lateral or sublateral aspects of body, pronotum, or declivity of 1, X. politus; 2, 5, female and 4, male T. lineatum, 6, /. aceris; 7-9, posterior face of protibia of 7, male lineatum, 8, female lineatum, 9, female A', politus; 10-11, male frons of 10, T. betulae, 11, X. politus; 12-16, anterior or lateral face of antenna of 12, male T. rufitarsis, 13, 15, female T. rufitarsis, 14, 16, female X. politus; 17-22, male genital capsule, dorsal aspect of 17, T. betulae, 18, T. retusum, 19, T. lineatum, 20, T. rufitarsis, 21, T. scabricollis, 22, X. politus. (After Wood 1957:339.) 750 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 166 other specimens. 2. Trypodendron hetulae Swaine Figs. 176, 177, 178 Trypodendron betulae Swaine, 1911, Canadian Ent. 43:216 (Lectotype, male; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9288, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:679) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the more coarsely punctured post- erolateral areas of the pronotum, by the dull, minutely reticulate surface of the pronotum and elytra, by the color pattern of the mature beetle, by the presence of a rather large, sharply pointed median frontal tubercle be- tween the upper halves of the eyes of the male, and by the distinctive male genitalia. Female.— Length 3.1-3.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; body color dark brown to black, with a pale yellowish brown area be- tween interstriae 2 and 7 extending from base to declivital margin (pale area larger or smaller depending on age of specimen). Frons convex, a weak transverse impres- sion just above epistoma; a broad, low me- dian carina extending from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface rather coarsely and sparsely granulate; vestiture sparse, in- conspicuous. Antennal club oval, symmetrical in outline. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide, slightly wider than elytra; sides feebly ar- cuate and indistinctly converging on posteri- or half; anterior margin armed by two rather large and two small median teeth; asperities decreasing in size posteriorly to base; surface of posterolateral area minutely reticulate and punctured, punctures comparatively coarse, close, some of them subgranulate; vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, sides straight, subparallel on basal two-thirds; striae indicated by indistinct, feebly im- pressed punctures; surface rather dull, ap- pearing minutely reticulate (magnification at least 70 diameters). Declivity convex, moder- ately steep, interstriae 2 narrower than 1 or 3 and rather strongly impressed; interstriae 1 and 3 sometimes bearing a few minute gran- ules; subapical margin a raised line appearing rather narrowly rounded from above. Male.— Similar to female except 2.7-3.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; frons broadly excavated from epistoma to vertex, a median carina at center ending dorsally between up- per halves of eyes in a rather large, pointed tubercle; lateral margins of frontal excava- tions ornamented by more numerous, longer hairs; pronotum subquadrate, 0.67 times as long as wide, anterior margin straight, unarmed. Distribution.— British Columbia and Quebec to South Dakota and New Jersey. C.\NADA: Manitoba: Aweme. Ontario: Black Stur- geon Lake, Ottawa, Rockcliffe. Quebec: Chelsea, Gaspe Co., He Perrot, Laniel, Lac Tremblant, Montebello, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. Bright (1976:118) adds British Colum- bia, Alberta, Northwest Territories, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. USA: Idaho: Sandpoint. Maine: Cupsupic. Massachusetts: Arlington, Cambridge. Minnesota: Itasca Park. New Hampshire: Mt. Washington, Waterville, Webster. New Jersey: Springfield. New York: Cranberry Lake. South Dakota: Savoy in Lawrence Co. Wisconsin: Clintonville. Hosts.— Betida lenta, B. papyifera. Biology.— Specimens were taken from unthrifty, standing trees larger than 10 cm in diameter. The habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series and on 262 other specimens. 3. Trypodendron retusum (LeConte) Figs. 177, 178 Xtjloterus retusits LeConte, 1868, Trans. .\mer. Ent. Soc. 2:158 (Holotype, male; Canada; Mus. Conip. Zool., 992) Trypodendron retusum: Swaine, 1913, Rept. Ontario Ent. Soc. 43:89. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the larger size, by the smooth and shining surface of the elytra, by the coloration, by the absence of asperities in the median basal area of the female pronotum of most speci- mens, and in the male by the genitalic chracters. Female.— Length 3.8-4.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; body color uniformly black when fully mature, young adults with pale yellowish brown areas at base of pronotum and on elytra between interstriae 2-7 from base to declivital margin and continuing on sides of declivity between interstriae 5-7 to apex, extent of pale areas depending upon age of specimen. Frons convex, moderately impressed above epistoma, with a short, broad, rather 1982 Xyloterini 751 indefinite median carina above epistoma; surface rather coarsely, sparsely granulate; vestiture sparse, rather long, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, with mediodistal portion very slightly produced. Pronotum 0.83 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate, anterior half of pronotum semicircularly rounded; anterior margin armed by four teeth, median pair larger; as- perities decreasing in size posteriorly to be- hind summit, very finely, sparsely asperate in basal area (basal area entirely devoid of aspe- rities in about two-thirds of available speci- mens); posterolateral areas feebly reticulate, finely and sparsely punctured, punctures not at all granulate; vestiture rather short, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides sub- parallel on basal' two-thirds, narrowly rounded behind; strial punctures very fine, rather indistinctly, shallowly impressed; in- terstriae smooth and brightly shining, with extremely minute, rather abundant, confused punctures (visible at a magnification of 40 or more diameters). Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; strial punctures reduced; inter- striae 2 impressed and narrower than 1 or 3; subapical margin sharply elevated and pro- duced on a small portion at apex, giving the elytra a subacuminate appearance from above. Vestiture sparse, short, fine. Male.— Similar to female except 3.6-4.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; frons broadly excavated from epistoma to vertex, lateral margins ornamented by longer, more abun- dant hair; pronotum subquadrate, 0.67 times as long as wide, anterior margin feebly re- curved, unarmed, asperities extending to base of median area. Distribution.— Alaska and New Bruns- wick to California, New Mexico, and West Virginia. CANADA: Alberta: Cypress Hills, Edmonton, Medi- cine Hat. British Columbia: Bowman Lake, Kaslo, Quamechan Lake on Vancouver Island. Manitoba: Aweme, Riding Mt. N.P. New Brunswick: Bathurst, Fredericton, Oak Bay. Ontario: Ottawa, Sudbury. Que- bec: Ft. Coulonge, He Perrot, Laniel, Ste. Anne de Bel- levue. Saskatchewan: Indian Head. Bright (1976:119) adds Alaska, Yukon. USA: Arizona: Grand Canyon. Cali- fornia: Chester, Lassen N.P., Plumas Co. Colorado: Pagos Springs in Hinsdale Co., Norwood in Montrose Co., Cheyenne Canyon. Connecticut: Hampton. Idaho: Priest River. Michigan: Huron Mts. Minnesota: Henne- pin Co., Itasca Pk., Lake Co. Nevada: Baker. New Hampshire: Webster. New Mexico: Cloudcroft. New York: Elka Park, Forestburg, West Point. Oregon: Fort Klamath, Klamath Falls. Pennsylvania: Promised Land. South Dakota: Cheyenne Crossing in Lawrence Co., Hill City. Utah: Logan Canyon, Payson Canyon, Long Hol- low in Dixie N.F. Vermont: Hancock. Washington: Seattle. West Virginia: Dellslow, Morgantown. Wiscon- sin: Dane Co. Hosts.— Populus deltoides, P. grandi- dentata, P. tremuloides. Biology.— Unthrifty standing trees larger than 10 cm in diameter are usually selected for attack. The habits are essentially as de- scribed for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 362 other specimens. 4. Trypodendron lineatum (Olivier) Figs. 177, 178 Bostrichiis lineattts Olivier, 1795, Entomologie ou his- toire naturelle des insects, Coleoptera 4(77): 18 (Syntypes; northern Europe; d'Orey Coll., Paris Mus.?) Trypodendron lineatum: Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Liege (2)8:417 Apate bivittata Kirby, 1837, in Richardson's Fauna Bo- reali-Americana 4:192 (Lectotype, female; Boreal America; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present desig- nation); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:349. Synonymy Bostrichiis cavifrons Mannerheim, 1843, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 16:297 (reprint p. 125) (Syntypes, male; Sitka Island; Univ. Zool. Mus., Helsinki); Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. 29:114. Synonymy Trypodendron vittiger Eichhoff, 1880, Die europaischen Borkenkafer, p. 298 (Syntypes?; California; pre- sumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Schwarz, 1886, Ent. Amer. 2:41. Synonymy Trypodendron borealis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):21 (Lecto- type, female; Athabasca Landing, Alberta; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 9289, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:679); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:.349. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the smooth, shining elytral surface, by the steeper elytral declivity, with the raised sub- apical margin appearing broadly rounded when visible from above, by the coloration, and in the male by the genitalic characters. Female.— Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; body color very dark brown to black, with base of pronotum and interstriae 2-4 and 7-8 light yellowish brown to dark brown, transition from light to dark color abrupt, pale areas quite variable in extent, apparently depending upon the age of the 752 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 23.T.scabricolliso' 27.T. betulaco" 3I.T.rufitarsisc^ 24.T scabricollis. 28.T. betulaej 32.T.rufifarsis8 25.1. retusumo" 29. T. lineatumrf' 33. X. polifus 2 Fig. 181. Xylosandrus crassiusculus: 1, dorsal aspect of female; 2, galleries. (After Anderson 1974:864.) 768 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Xyleborus, where it is usually treated. This problem in placement emphasizes the neces- sity for a thorough worldwide revision of the Xyleborini to redefine genera and to establish phyletic relationships. An abundance of us- able characters have never been utilized in classifying this enormous group. 3. Xylosandrus gennanus (Blandford) Xyleborus germanus Blandford, 1894, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 1894:106 (Syntypes; Japan; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xijhsandrus gennanus: Hoffman, 1941, J. Eeon. Ent. .34:.38 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other American species of the genus by the larger size, by the absence of strial setae, and by the feebly impressed declivital striae. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm (male 1.5-1.7 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in mori- gerus except pronotvim 1.0 times as long as wide; pronotum with posterior areas com- monly with some obscure, longitudinal, min- utely etched lines and a few additional fine punctures; vestiture on pronotal disc of fine, rather short, sparse hair almost uniformly distributed. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures replaced by min- ute, uniseriate, rather widely spaced gran- ules. Declivity commencing very slightly be- hind middle, rather steep, broadly convex; subapical ventrolateral margin acutely ele- vated from apex to interstriae 7; striae usual- ly very feebly impressed, pimctures deeper than on disc. Vestiture of moderately long, rather sparse, interstrial hair at least on de- clivity; strial hair entirely obsolete. Male.— Not represented in material at hand. Distribution.— Illinois and Connecticut to West Virginia; Japan, Taiwan, Korea, China, Vietnam. USA; Connecticut; New Canaan, Yalesville. Illinois; Alexander Co. Indiana; Jefferson Co. Kentucky; Leslie Co., Noble. New Jersey; Bloomfield, East Orange, Essex Co., Millbum, New Bmnswick, Norwood, Rachwood, West Caldwell. New York; Kingston, New Rochelle, Oyster Bay, Suffolk Co. Ohio; Burlington, Chillicothe, Clinton Co., Delaware Co., Tuscarawas Co. Pennsylva- nia; Delaware Co., Morristown. West Virginia; Chesa- peake, Morgantown. Hosts.— Acer sp., Carya sp., Cornus flor- ida, Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus sp., Juglans sp., Myrica, Liriodendron tulipifera, Pinus sp., Frunus sp., Pyrus sp., Quercus spp., Ulmus sp., Vitis sp. Biology.— This species usually infests unthrifty, cut, or broken branches, boles, and stumps of a wide variety of hosts (Hoffman 1941). The female parental tunnels extend to a depth of about 1 cm in the wood, where they may branch into three or more arms. In each branch tunnel, the longitudinal, tabular, brood tunnels are developed as typical for this genus. Normally the females attack in May and produce up to 140 eggs each over a three-week period. Apparent overlapping generations continue to produce brood until September. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 126 specimens from the United States and 4 from Japan. The types were examined but were not compared directly to my material. 4. Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) Xyleborus compactus Eichhoff, 1875, Ann. Ent. Soc. Belg. 18;201 (Syntypes, female; Japan; one syn- type in Schedl Coll.) Xylosandrus compactus: Nunberg, 1959, Beitr. Ent. 9;4.34. Xyleborus morstatti Hagedorn, 1912, Ent. Blatt. 8;37 (Syntvpes, female; Amani, Deutsch-Ostafrica, now Tanganyika; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Murayama and Kalshoven, 1962, Ent. Ber- icht. 22;247-250. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from zinimermanni (Hopkins) by the darker color, by the slightly larger, more slender form, by the uniformly arched elytra from the middle of the elytral disc tathe apex, and by the transversely oriented tuft of hair at the base of the pronotum. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm (male 1.0-1.1 mm), 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in morigerus except punctures in posterior areas very slightly more numerous, more distinct. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; disc oc- cupving posterior half of elytra weakly arched; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct, rather shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, four times as wide as striae, punc- 1982 Xyloborini 769 tures small, uniseriate, not at all granulate. Declivity evenly arched; sculpture as on disc except interstrial punctures finely granulate; posterolateral margin acutely elevated from apex to interstriae 7. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of longer, slender, pointed, interstrial hair; slightly longer on declivity. Male.— Dwarfed, convex, somewhat sim- ilar to female but all characters poorly formed; anterior slope of pronotum flattened to feebly concave, weakly asperate. Distribution.— Louisiana to Alabama and Florida, Brazil, Hawaii to Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Africa. USA; Alabama: Several localities. Florida: Coconut Grove, 21-IV-44, Jacohina, C. A. Bass; Ft. Lauderdale, 7- VI— 41, Avocado, W. D. Wolfenbarger; Key Largo, 25- VI-51, IcI)thijometbia communis, Vitis, Ardesia pan- icuhita, Ficiis, Cajamis cajon; Miami, 12-IX-43, mahoga- ny, J. G. Curtis; West Palm Beach, 27-I-6L Louisiana: New Orleans. Mississippi: Biloxi, 2()-VIII-68, Azalea, M. M. Price. OTHER AREAS: Brazil, Cuba, Hawaii to Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Africa. Hosts.— Himdreds of trees and shrub spe- cies have been recorded. Biology.— This species, known as the black twig borer, most commonly attacks healthy, vigorous twigs of living trees and shrubs. It is of primary economic importance in horticultural and ornamental plants. The adult females bore into twigs about 3 mm in diameter or larger and form a small cavity in the pith. The larvae feed mostly on the am- brosial fimgus, but they also extend the pith tunnel slightly. Under favorable circum- stances the life cycle may be completed in less than a month. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 106 Florida specimens and on 67 other specimens. The identity of this species was based on the material of Eggers and Schedl. 5. Xylosandrus zimmemianni (Hopkins) Anisandrus zimmermanni Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:68 (Holotype, female; Biscayne, Fbrida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7420) Xylosandrus zirnmennanni: Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from compactus (Eichhoff) by the slightly stouter body form, by the more abruptly arched elytra, and by the longitudinally ori- ented median tuft of hair at the base of the pronotum. It is almost identical to curtulus (Eichhoff) except as noted in the diagnosis of that species. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm (male 0.9-1.1 mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in morigerus, ex- cept anterior margin of pronotum more nar- rowly rounded, armed by four to six serra- tions; posterior areas reticulate, subshining, punctures sometimes more distinct; tuft of hair at base confined to median line, extend- ing from basal margin about one-half dis- tance to summit. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide; disc ex- tending to middle of elytra; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; in- terstriae smooth, shining, four to six times as wide as striae, punctures minute, shallow, uniseriate. Declivity steep, broadly convex, more strongly arched near base; sculpture about as on disc except strial punctures slightly larger; posterolateral margin acutely elevated from apex to interstriae 7. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair and rows of moderately long, fine, pointed, interstrial hair. Male.— Essentially as in male compactus except anterior margin of pronotum more narrowly rounded, subserrate; anterior slope of pronotum feebly convex, more coarsely as- perate in lateral areas; pronotal disc reticulate. Distribution.— S Florida and Chiapas to Venezuela. USA: Florida: Sebring, 20-VI-51, Ardesia, Acer rub- rum. S. L. Wood. MEXICO; Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 22-VI-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m, tree twig, S. L. Wood; Palin, Es- quintla, 19-V-64, No. 588, Anonillo, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, l-VIII-63, No. 92, Cupania guatemalensis, S. L. Wood; San Ignacio de Acosta, 5- VII-63, 1600 m. No. 38, tree twigs, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 102, Calliandra con- fusa, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 116, liana, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 147, twig of .shrub, S. L. Wood. VENE- ZUELA: Rancho Grande, Pittier Nat. Pk., 9-IV-70, 1100 m. No. 431, Nectandra, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Acer rubrum, Ardesia sp., Cal- liandra confusa, Cupania guatemalensis, etc. Biology.— Cut, broken, and unthrifty twigs and small branches are attacked by this species. The habits are essentially as in mori- gerus (Blandford). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of zimmermanni and on 48 other specimens. This species is almost iden- tical to curtulus (Eichhoff). 770 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 6. Xylosandrus curtulus (Eichhoff), n. comb. Xyleborus curtulus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:281 (Holotype, female; Brazil; Brus- sels Mus.) Xyleborus curtuloides Eggers, 1941, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 8:102 (Holotype, female; Gourbeyre, Guadeloupe; Eggers Coll., apparently on loan to Schedl). New synonymy Xyleborus biseriatus Schedl, 1963, Reichenbachia 1:226 (Holotype, female; Nova Teutonia, Santa Cata- rina, Brazil; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Ba- sin Nat. 33:187. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the almost identical zimmermanni (Hopkins) by the smooth, shining posterior areas of the pronotum, and by the shorter, stouter, blunt, interstrial setae on the declivity. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm (male 1.0 mm), 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Identical to zinmiemianni except as noted in diagnosis; blunt interstrial setae on declivi- ty equal in length to distance between inter- strial rows of setae. Male.— As in male zimmermanni except posterior areas of pronotum shining, and de- clivital interstrial setae shorter. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Colima: 2 miles (3 km) W Armeria, 28-VI- 65, 70 m. No. 135, Phoradendron, S. L. Wood. Nayarit: 5 miles (8 km) N Rosamorada, 28-VI-65, 100 m. No. 252, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 195, liana, S. L. Wood. San Luis Potosi: El Salto, 19-VI-53, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 12 miles (19 km) S Matias Romero, 24-VI-67, No. 93, Phoradendron. S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 16 miles (25 km) S Tecolutla, 25- VI-53, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA; Rodeo, Esquintla, 4- VI-64, 150 m. No. 673, liana, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 569 in Phora- dendron robitstissirnum. No. 544 in Serjania, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil. Hosts.— Ficus sp., Phoradendron spp., Ser- jania sp., etc. Biology.— As in zimmermanni. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of curtulus, on a cotype of curtuloides, on my homotype of biseriatus, and on 39 other specimens. Because of a series from Caicedonia, Valle de Cauca, Colombia, having the posterior areas of the pronotum mostly reticulate and the declivital interstrial setae slightly longer than normal for this species, it was placed in synonymy (Wood 1966) with zimmermanni. However, since then several additional series have been taken indicating broadly over- lapping distributions with no indications of intergradation except for that one series. Based on material now at hand, curtulus and zimmermanni are both recognized as valid species. Genus THEOBORUS Hopkins Tlieoborus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:57 (Type-species: Theoborus theobromae Hopkins, original designation.) Diagnosis.— This genus has two separate sutures on the anterior face of the antennal club, both of which are continued on the pos- terior face as in Dryocoetoides Hopkins. It is distinguished from Dryocoetoides by the flat, smooth posterior face of the protibia, and by the somewhat smaller, more finely faceted eyes. Description.— Length of females 1.7-2.9 mm, 2.3-2.8 times as long as wide; males dwarfed, deformed, flightless. Characters essentially as in Dryocoetoides except as noted in the above diagnosis. Distribution.— Neotropical and perhaps elsewhere; the exact limits of the genus have not been defined. Biology.— Not recorded, evidently similar to Dryocoetoides. Notes.— Because of the exceedingly large number of tropical species of Xyleborini known largely from inadequate and in- accessible type series, a thorough revision of the generic classification of the tribe is im- possible at the present time. Apparently characters are available that will serve to subdivide this enormous group into recogniz- able taxa. Although the present inadequate effort to accomplish this leaves much to be desired, it may stimulate others to recognize the problem and to contribute toward its solution. Key to the Species of Theoborus Elytral declivity strongly convex, its posterolateral margin rounded and devoid of crenulations; striae and interstrial punctures on disc small, shallow, 1982 Xyloborini 771 confused, in definite rows on declivity; declivital interstrial punctures replaced by minute granules; vestiture of fine, abundant, long hair on disc and declivity 2 — Elytral declivity very broadly convex to weakly impressed, its posterolateral margin subacutely elevated and carinate or crenulate from sutural apex to in- terstriae 7; strial punctures in definite rows easily distinguishable from interstrial punctures 3 2(1). Smaller; punctures on pronotal disc smaller, shallow; elytral punctures larger, more distinctly granulate on declivity; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.8-2.1 mm 1. theobromae Hopkins — Larger; punctures on pronotal disc larger, deeper; elytral punctures smaller, about half as large, very feebly granulate on declivity; Guatemala to Bolivia and Brazil; 2.3 mm 2. villosulus (Blandford) 3(2). Elytral declivity broadly convex, its posterolateral margin unevenly, somewhat crenulate; interstriae four to six times as wide as striae, strial punctures very small, usually little if any larger than those of interstriae (except molestulus); color dark brown 4 — Elytral declivity moderately impressed at least on interstriae 2, its post- erolateral margin a continuous costa; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, strial punctures moderately large, at least twice as large as those of interstriae; color yellowish to light reddish brown 8 4(3). Body more slender, at least 2.6 times as long as wide 5 — Body stouter, less than 2.3 times as long as wide 7 5(4). Declivital interstriae 2 impressed, unarmed on lower two-thirds, 1 and 3 slightly elevated, tubercles on 1 confused; Panama; 2.3 mm 3. incultus (Wood) — Declivital interstriae 1 to 3 uniseriately tuberculate, 2 not impressed, 1 and 3 not elevated 6 6(4). Strial punctures very small, spaced within a row by three to four diameters of a puncture; declivity rather abmpt, steep, its surface somewhat shagreened, cusps on ventrolateral margin higher, those near suture coarse, declivital inter- strial vestiture of long, fine hair two to three times as long as distance between rows, strial hair up to half as long; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.7-2.0 mm 4. pristis Wood — Strial pimctures somewhat larger, spaced within a row by one to two diame- ters of a puncture; declivity more gradually, more broadly arched, shining, cusps on ventrolateral margin low, not particularly larger near suture; inter- strial declivital vestiture stout, very slightly longer than distance between rows, strial hair fine, at least half as long as that of interstriae; Costa Rica; 1.8-2.0 mm 5. micarius Wood 7(4). Interstrial punctiires on disc confused, not granulate; declivital vestiture more abundant, consisting of strial rows and confused interstrial hair; Panama to Venezuela; 1.9-2.3 mm 6. crinitulus (Wood) — Interstrial punctures uniseriate, replaced by small tubercles to base; elytral setae in uniseriate rows; Panama; 2.0-2.2 mm 7. molestulus Wood 8(3). Smaller; elytral declivity shorter, steeper, occupying 30 percent of elytral length, more narrowly impressed particularly on lower half; interstrial setae on declivity very stout, short, as long as distance between rows or less; Veracruz to Brazil; 2.3-2.5 mm 8. solitariceps Schedl 772 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Larger; elytral declivity more gradual, occupying 40 percent of elytral length, more broadly impressed on lower half; interstrial setae on declivity slender, pointed, about one and one-half times as long as distance between rows; Costa Rica to Colombia and Brazil; 2.5-2.9 mm 9. coartatus Sampson 1. Theoborus theohromae Hopkins Theobonis theohromae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. .\gric. Rept. 99:57 (Holotype, female; Dominicana, West Indies; U.S. Nat. Mus., 76.37) Xijleboriis pseudococcotrypes Eggers, 1941, .\rb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin - Dahlem 8:105 (Holotype, fe- male; St. Jean do Maroni, French Guiana; Paris Mus.); Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79. Synont/iny. Xyleborus hirtellus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:271 (Syntypes, females; St. Vincent Island, British West Indies, and Trinidad; British Mus. Nat. His. and Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 19.52, Ent. Bliitt. 47-48:163. Synoi^yiny Diagnosis.— This small, stout, pubescent species has the elytral declivity rather strong- ly convex, with its ventrolateral margin broadly rounded and imarmed. It is closely allied to villosiilus (Blandford). Female.— Length L8-2.1 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly convex; surface reticulate, a few small granules below upper level of eyes; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum LO times as long as wide; sides moderately arcuate and not converging on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six to ten rather coarse serrations; summit broad, at or slightly behind middle; anterior slope coarsely asperate; posterior area reticulate, finely, shallowly, rather sparsely punctured. Vestiture of rather abundant, fine, moder- ately long hair. Elytra L3 times as long as wide, L3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow, in rows; in- terstriae smooth, shining, about six times as wide as striae, punctures confused, of same size and appearance as those of striae and not easily distinguished from them. Declivity convex, steep, occupying posterior half of elytral length; strial pimctures indistinctly deeper, interstrial punctures uniseriate, each accompanied by a small granule; post- erolateral margin rather broadly rounded, its granules not distinctly larger elsewhere. Ves- titure of fine, rather long, abundant hair, more conspicuous on declivity. Male.— Dwarfed (L2 mm), flightless, and deformed; essentially as female but with characters less perfectly formed, except pro- notum as in male Dnjocoetoides. Distribution.— Veracruz and British West Indies to Colombia and Venezuela. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins. Veracruz: Dos .\mates. COST.\ RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11- VIII-66, 30 m. No. 55, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m, No. 298, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 5-VII-63, 700 m. No. 20, Erythrina coataricensis, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. Ill, liana, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, 9-III-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. PAN- AMA: Barro Colorado Island, 27-XII-63, 70 m, No. 344, liana, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clayton, 22-XII-63, 30 m, tree limb, S, L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Dominica, Barbados, Trinidad, Colombia, Venezuela. Hosts.— Erythrina costaricensis, Ochroma sp., Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— This species infests unthrifty, cut, or broken branches about 2-5 cm in di- ameter. The gallery system evidently is as in Dryocoetoides, but notes were not taken on a mature system. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of theohromae, on the "type" of hirteUus, and on about 300 other speci- mens. Evidently more than one specimen has been labeled as the type of hirteUus, as is a common feature of Schedl's species. The one in the British Museum (Natural History) is here considered to be the type. 2. Theoborus villosulus (Blandford) Xyleborus villosulus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. .A.mer., Coleopt. 4(6):204 (Holotype, female; Rio Naranjo, San Marcos, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xyleborus coccotrypoides Eggers, 1943, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 33:388 (Holotype, female; Coch- abamba, Bolivia; Paris Mus.); Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:349. Synonymy Xyleborus villosus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:270 (Syntypes, female; Nova Teutonia, Brazil; Schedl and Plaumann Colls.); Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:349. Synonymy 1982 Xyloborini 773 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from theobroniae Hopkins by the larger size, by the coarser punctures on the pronotal disc, and by the finer punctures on the elytra. Female.— Length 2.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color brown. As in theobromae except punctures on pro- notal disc slightly larger and deeper; elytral punctures about half as large as those of theo- bromae, punctures appearing very feebly granulate on declivity. Distribution.— Guatemala to Brazil and Bolivia. GUATEMALA; Rio Naranjo, San Marcos, G. C. Champion; Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-65. 300 m. No. 588, Anonillo, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, and Venezuela. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of viUosulus, coccotrypoides, and villosus and on 10 other specimens. 3. Theoborus incultus (Wood) Xyleboriis incultus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:400 (Holotvpe, female; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, Pan- ama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pristis Wood by the larger size, by the more distinctly impressed strial punctures, and by the declivital sculpture as described below. Female.— Length 2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in mi- carius Wood except anterior margin of pro- notum weakly produced at median line and armed by two larger serrations, punctures on posterior areas larger, at least twice as large as in micarius. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal 60 percent, narrowly rounded behind, a slight emargination at su- ture; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinctly impressed, spaced within a row by one to two diameters of a puncture; inter- striae almost smooth, punctures fine, less than half as large as those of striae, moderately confused on basal third of disc, uniseriate be- hind. Declivity rather steep, convex; surface minutely granular on lower two-thirds, dull; interstriae 1 moderately elevated to near apex, armed by 15 or more small, pointed, confused denticles, 2 rather strongly im- pressed, armed on upper third by 4-6 similar, uniseriate denticles, 3 slightly elevated, armed as in 1 except denticles almost unise- riate, 4-9 each with a row of fine denticles, 3 and 9 join and continue submarginally to apex as a moderately strong elevation, its crest armed by a row of about four denticles. Vestiture largely confined to sides and decliv- ity; of fine, short strial and slightly longer in- terstrial hair, longest setae about equal in length to width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, Ce- cropia branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 4. Theoborus pristis Wood Xyleborus (Theoborus) pristis Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):.32 (Holo- type, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The antennal club of this spe- cies is clearly as in theobroinae Hopkins, but the relationship is not close. It differs from theobromae by the more slender form, by the less strongly serrate anterior margin of the pronotum, by the more broadly convex ely- tral declivity, and by the different sculpture of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak, narrow, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate, punctures sparse, obscure, coarse; vestiture of sparse, fine, in- conspicuous, long hair. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in theobromae except surface more strongly reticulate, including anterior area between asperities, and anterior margin weakly serrate. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair on sides and asperate area, disc almost glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind, ser- rate near weakly, narrowly emarginate su- ture; striae not impressed, punctures minute, shallow, distinct, spaced within a row by three to four diameters of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, about eight times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, almost indistinguishable from those of striae. 774 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Declivity confined to posterior fourth, steep, broadly convex; striae 1 weakly, others feebly impressed, punctures slightly larger, deeper and much closer than on disc; interstriae with punctures closer and uniseriately granulate, granules often obsolete near apex; suture nar- rowly emarginate, margin with a row of two to four coarse cusps near suture, this row continued along margin as four to eight somewhat smaller granules, margin rather narrowly rounded to interstriae 8. Vestiture confined to sides and declivity; on declivity consisting of rows of fine hair; strial hair short; interstrial hair two to two and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Male.— Length (1.5-1.8 mm); essentially as in female, but with characters more poorly formed; pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide and essentially as in male theobromae. Distribution.— Co5ta Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: 6 km S San Vito, Piintarenas, 19-21- III-67, dead tree; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 305 in huarumo. No. 308 in tree limb; S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m, No. 184, Mi- conia caudata, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, 26-VII-66, 1000 m, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Miconia caudata, etc. Biology.— Tunnels were constructed in limbs and saplings 10-15 cm in diameter in rather hard wood. Mature gallery systems were not observed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 62 specimens. 5. Theoborus micarius Wood Xyleboriis (Tlieoborits) micarius Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):33 (Holo- tvpe, female; Guapiles, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is closely related to pristis Wood, but it is distinguished by the slightly larger, more closely spaced strial punctures, by the more gradual, more broad- ly arched elytral declivity, by the smaller cusps near the suture on the ventrolateral margin of the declivity, and by the very stout, short, declivital setae. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in pristis except pronotum outline somewhat more sub- quadrate and 1.1 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline es- sentially as in pristis; disc as in pristis except strial punctures slightly larger, spaced within a row by two to three times diameter of a puncture; interstriae about five to six times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, distinctly smaller than those of striae. Declivity oc- cupying 50 percent of elytral length, more gradual and more broadly convex than in pristis; sculpture as in pristis except post- erolateral margin subacute, its summit rather weakly crenulate from weak sutural emargi- nation to interstriae 7. Vestiture of rows of strial and interstrial setae, finer and shorter on disc; declivital strial hair very fine and short, interstrial setae coarse, blunt, each about one to one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m, No. 182, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22- VII-66, 100 m. No. 120, Cordia, S. L. Wood. Host.— Cordia sp. Biology.— Specimens were attacking branches 5-7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 6. Theoborus crinitulus (Wood) Xijleborus crinitulus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):,34 (Holotype, female; 46 km SE Socopo, Barinas, Venezuela; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from micarius Wood by the larger size, by the more closely, more deeply punctured pronotal disc, by the confused discal inter- strial punctures, and by the steeper elytral declivity that has different sculpture. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons as in micarius except with moder- ately numerous, small, rounded gf^nules. Pro- notum as in micarius except serrations on an- terior margin larger and punctures on disc more numerous and deeper. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punctures small, rather shallow, spaced with- in a row by one or two times diameter of a puncture; interstriae four to five times as wide as striae, shining, with irregular lines, punctures fine, moderately deep, confused on basal two-thirds, uniseriate toward declivity. 1982 Xyloborini 775 Declivity steep, broadly convex, occupying 42 percent of elytral length; strial punctures almost twice as large as on disc; interstriae uniseriately tuberculate, tubercles rather widely spaced, pointed, moderately fine ex- cept rather coarse on lower half of 1; suture slightly produced just before apex; subapical posterolateral margin acutely, subcrenulately elevated from suture to interstriae 8. Vesti- ture hairlike, rather abundant, of variable length, mostly rather short. Distribution.— Panama and Venezuela. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27- XII-63, 70 m, No. 345, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 317, tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 7. Theoborus molestulus Wood Xyleborus (Theoborus) molestulus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:400 (Holotype, female; Barro Colo- rado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from crinitulus Wood by the interstrial gran- ules on the disc, by the uniseriate rows of ely- tral setae, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in crinitulus except less strongly reticulate, more sparsely punctured. Pronotum about as in crinitulus except an- terior margin armed by eight serrations, pos- terior areas very finely, shallowly punctured. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, shallow, distinct, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture; interstriae al- most smooth, three times as wide as striae, each with a uniseriate row of fine tubercles from base to apex. Declivity occupying pos- terior half of elytral length, moderately steep, broadly convex; sculpture as on disc except striae 1 feebly impressed; post- erolateral margin acutely, subcrenulately ele- vated from apex to interstriae 7. Vestiture of interstrial rows of long, erect hair from base to apex, alternate setae twice as long as dis- tance between rows, alternating with setae half that length on disc and declivity. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27- XII-63, No. 348, tree branch; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, .30 m. No. ,363, tree branch; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1-64, 70 m. No. 365, tree seedling; 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, tree seedling; all taken by me. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens. 8. Theoborus solitariceps Schedl Xyleborus solitariceps Schedl, 1954, Dusenia 5:45 (Lec- totype, female; Rondon, Parana, Brazil; Schedl Coll., designated by Schedl 1979, Kataloge wiss. Sam. Nat. Miis. Wien 3(2);2.32) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related coartatus (Sampson) by the smaller size, by the shorter, steeper elytral declivity, by the more narrow- ly impressed declivity, and by the much stouter declivital setae. Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in theobromae (Hopkins) except more shining and with rather abundant, small, rounded granules on lower third. Pro- notum 1.04 times as long as wide; essentially as in theobromae except punctures rather coarse, shallow, rather sparse; surface slightly more shining; glabrous in discal area. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; disc oc- cupying basal 70 percent of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather shallow; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, about half as large as those of striae. Declivity steep, shallowly, rather broadly impressed; sutural interstriae slightly elevated, striae 1 and interstriae 2 rather strongly impressed; interstriae 3 mod- erately elevated except near its apex; strial punctures about as on disc; subapical ven- trolateral margin acutely costate from suture to interstriae 7. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and rows of erect, interstrial setae, those on disc rather fine, those on de- clivity very coarse, short, each about equal in length to distance between rows. Distribution.— Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Veracruz: Rancho Tepetates, 21-III-80, S- 043, 50 m, T. H. Atkinson. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 565, Dioclea megacarpa. 776 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 S. L. Wood; La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m. No. 573, Swietenia, S. L,. Wood. COSTA RICA: Playa del Coco, 18-X-63, 8 m. No. 23L Citrus, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 24-IX-64, Tlieobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Guapilcs, Limon, 22-Vin-66, 100 m. No. 122 in Inga, No. 119 in Tenninalia, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, 4-III-63, Theobronia cacao, J. L. Saunders. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil. Hosts.— Citrus auranti folia, Dioclea mega- carpa, Swietenia sp., Terminalia sp., and The- obrorna cacao. Biology.— This species was taken from dying branches 3-7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Schedl's syntype and on 22 other specimens. 9. Theoborus coartatus Sampson Xyleborus coartatus Sampson, 1921, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9)7:32 (Holotype, female; Trinidad; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xyleborus artecuneolus Schedl, 1939, Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 8:14 (Holotype, female; Trinidad; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:31. Synoni/mif Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related solitariceps Schedl by the larger size, by the longer, more gradu- al declivity, by the more broadly impressed declivity, and by the longer, more slender de- clivital setae. Female.— Length 2.5-2.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in solitariceps. Elytra as in solitariceps except disc oc- cupying only 60 percent of elytral length; in- terstriae 2 usually with punctures confused; lower half of declivity more broadly im- pressed; declivital interstrial setae finer, long- er, pointed, each one and one-half to two times as long as distance between rows. Distribution.- Costa Rica to Brazil. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas. Dota xVlts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m, No. 431, Theobroma, S. L. Wood; Tur- rialba, Cartago, 5-VII-6.3, 700 m. No. 22, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon. 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 102, tree bole, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 145, Mimosa, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, 4-III- 63, nieobrorna cacao, J. L. Saunders. PANAMA; 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 1000 m, tree sap- ling, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Brazil. Hosts.— Mimosa sp., Theobroma cacao, T. sp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the bole of small trees 8-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of coartatus and artecu- neolus and on 26 other specimens, 3 of which were compared directly to both holotypes. Genus XYLEBORUS Eichhoff Phloeotrogus Motschulsky, 1863, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 36(I):512 (Type-species: Phloeotrogus obliquecaudata Motschulsky, subsequent designa- tion by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:127); Wood, 1974, Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 31:230. Appeal for suppression pending. Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864, Berliner Ent. Zeit.schr. 8:37 (Type-species: Bostrichus monographus Fabricius, subsequent designation by Lacordaire, 1866, His- toire Naturelle des Insects. Genera des Coleop- teres 7:.381) Anisandrus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschalichen Borkenkafer, p. 24 (Type- species: Apate dispar Fabricius, monobasic) Anaeretus Duges, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. Beige 31:140 (Type-species: Anaeretus guanajuatcnsis Duges, monobasic) Progcnius Blandford, 1896, Ann. Soc. Ent. France 65:20 (Type-species: Progenius fleutiauxi Blandford, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128) Mesoscolytus Broun, 1904, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)14:125 (Type-species: Apate inurbanus Broun, monobasic) Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1912:355 (Tvpe-species: Cyclorhipidion pelliculo- sum Hagedorn = Xyleborus perlaetus Schedl, monobasic) Heteroborips Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. .32(Bei- heft):79, 82 (Type-species; Bostrichus crypto- graphus Ratzeburg, monobasic) Xyleborips Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. .32(Bei- heft):lll (Type-species: Xyleborus meuseli Reit- ter, monobasic) Coptoborus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:.53 (Type-species: Coptoborus emarginatus Hopkins = Xyleborus vespatorius Schedl. original designation) Euwallacca Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Depl^. Agric. Rept. 99:54 (Type-species: Xyleborus wallacei Bland- ford, original designation) Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:55 (Type-species: Xyleborus tachygraphus Zimmermann, original designation) Terminalinus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:57 (Type-species: Terminalinus terminaliae Hopkins, original designation) Boroxylon Hopkins,' 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:58 (Type-species: Boroxylon stephegynis Hopkins = Phloeotrogus bidentatus Motschulsky, original designation) Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937, Sarawak Mus. J. 4:550 (Tvpe-species: Cryptoxyleborus naevus Schedl, subsequent designation by Schedl, 1962, Rev. Ent. Mozambique 5:103) 1982 Xyloborini 777 Streptocramis Schedl, 1939, Tijdschr. Ent. 82:52 (Type- species: Streptocranus mirahiUs Schedl, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This exceedingly large and complex genus requires considerably more taxonomic attention than is given here. The diagnosis and description presented here ap- ply only to American forms, which include only a minor part of the subgenera occurring throughout the world. In this restricted treat- ment Xyleborus includes those American Xy- leborini having the antennal club obliquely truncate, with not more than one suture at the extreme apex of the posterior face; the anterior coxae are contiguous, or if narrowly separated the intercoxal piece is deeply notched, the scutellum is moderately large and flat, it attains the general surface level of the elytral bases, and it completely fills the sutural notch at the elytral bases. Description.— Length 1.6-5.9 mm, 1.9-3.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to black. Sexual dimorphism extreme; males exceedingly rare, flightless. Female frons convex, variously covered by punctures and granules; vestiture sparse, in- conspicuous. Eye oval; shallowly to deeply emarginate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club obliquely truncate, not more than one suture may show at extreme apex on posterior face. Pronotum variously sculptured. Scutellum moderately large, flat, flush with surface of elytral bases, completely filling sutural notch. Elytra variously sculp- tured. Anterior coxae contiguous, if appar- ently narrowly separated, then intercoxal piece conspicuou.sly notched on its longitudi- nal axis. Tibiae as characterized for tribe. Distribution.— Worldwide, wherever woody plants grow; about 1,500 nominate species exist; however, perhaps as many as a third of them have been or should be placed in synonymy; about 73 species occur in North and Central America. Biology.— Virtually all parts of almost any woody plant may be attacked by representa- tives of this genus. Some species attack ap- parently healthy tissue, some prefer com- paratively old, sour logs, but most species prefer recently cut, injured, or unthrifty ma- terial. All species culture an ambrosial fungus on the walls of their tunnels. The rare males are flightless; only the female seeks a new host and establishes a new tunnel. Tunnels may be of the cave type or of a simple or highly complex branching system; in certain species groups it is not uncommon for several females to use the same original entrance tunnel. The larvae are reared in the parental galleries and usually participate in the en- largement of the gallery system. If mating oc- curs, it takes place in the brood chambers and usually is between siblings or mother and son. In those species that have been studied (Entwistle 1964, Norris and Chu 1970) the males are haploid and females are diploid. An unmated female evidently produces only male offspring, with which she then mates in order to produce female offspring. Because of this extreme inbreeding and partial parthe- nogenesis, any mutant female is the potential founder of a new morphological race or species. Notes.— The extremely large size and complexity of this genus, coupled with the difficulty of determining exactly what a spe- cies is, due to arrhenotokous parthenogenesis, has produced taxonomic chaos. The following attempt to subdivide the group into sub- genera and species groups that reflect phylo- geny is based on the examination of more than 600 named species from all parts of the world. Many inadequacies in this classifica- tion are readily apparent, but perhaps it will provide a small step toward a more satisfac- tory treatment of the entire genus. In the above, tentative generic synonymy citations of authors establishing synonymy were omitted because there is some hesita- tion about the validity of the synonymy in some instances and in others names are here retained as subgenera. Several generic names treated as synonyms of Xyleborus by Schedl were omitted because they are oriental in distribution and they are being treated differ- ently in a preliminary unpublished manu- script by another author. Certain synonymy can be established, however, including: Xyle- borus {=Anaeretiis, Anisandrus, and possibly Cyclorhipidion), Ambrosiodmus { = Phloeo- trogus, suppressed), Progeniiis { = Boroxylon), Coptoborus ( = Streptocranus and possibly part of Cryptoryleborus). These groups. 778 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 together with Heteroborips (not known to specimen of the European dryographiis Rat- me), Etiwallacea, and Terminalinus, appar- zeburg (Wood 1977:211). These names ently form recognizable genera. should be dropped from the Mexican fauna. Xyleborus signatus Schedl (1949:278) was (Note added in press.) A detailed study of named from Mexico; however, the type is an major groups within the Xyleborini was com- erroneously labeled specimen of nepos menced after the present manuscript was Eggers that does not belong to the American completed. Although that study incorporates fauna (Wood 1975:23). Similarly, the unique radical changes in generic assignments for al- type of vitiosus Schedl (1940:367) appears to most half of the species here placed in Xyle- be an erroneously labeled specimen of adelo- bonis, it is not sufficiently advanced that graphus Eichhoff from Brazil (Wood changes can be made here, except for the 1975:22). Xyleborus linearis Schedl recognition of Theoborus. A preview of com- (1949:273) is an erroneously labeled ing changes is presented in Wood (1980:96). Key to Females of the Species of Xyleborus 1. Anterior coxae narrowly separated, usually a small notch or depression be- tween anterior and enlarged posterior portions of intercoxal piece; body stout, less than 2.0 times as long as wide; elytral declivity variously excavated, com- mencing at or anterior to middle of elytra and variously ornamented by spines on interstriae 3; pronotum wider than long, rather narrowly rounded in front and armed by a series of teeth 2 — Anterior coxae contiguous (intercoxal piece deeply notched if continuous); body more slender, at least 2.2 times as long as wide; declivity and pronotum variable 8 2(1). Elytral declivity deeply, rather broadly sulcate from base to apex, lateral mar- gins equally, rather strongly elevated throughout, their summits armed by a series of three to eight coarse denticles of subequal size 3 — Lower half of declivity much more broadly, shallowly excavated than upper or basal half, its lateral margins much less strongly elevated than on basal half, margins armed on upper half by a pair of coarse submammiform or spinose prominences, a series of smaller denticles variously distributed above and below these major prominences 4 3(2). Declivital face densely, very minutely punctured, with strial punctures shal- low, moderately coarse, close, spaced by less than diameter of a puncture; Guatemala and Panama to Colombia and Venezuela; 2.3-2.8 mm 1. perebeae (Ferrari) — Declivital face devoid of interstrial punctures, smooth, shagreened to shining, strial punctures small, obscure, spaced by more than diameter of a puncture; Costa Rica to Panama; 3.2-3.6 mm 2. salvini Blandford 4(2). Declivity commencing behind middle of elytra, steep, ventrolateral margin on lower half distinctly elevated, subacutely angulate; declivital face closely, deeply covered by confused punctures; surface irregular; major spine on de- clivity stout, pointed, a coarse, pitlike impression just below its apex on posteromedian side; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.7-3.0 mm 3. pandulus Wood — Declivity commencing anterior to middle of elytra, more gradual, its ventrola- teral margin rounded, sulcus distinctly continued to lower half, its surface rather smooth, with sparse, fine punctures; larger species 5 1982 Xyloborini 779 5(4). Major spines on elytral declivity stout, about one-third declivital length from upper margin, its apex blunt 6 — Major spine at or slightly below middle of declivity, comparatively slender, its apex sharply pointed 7 6(5). Larger; largest tooth anterior to major declivital spine closer to major spine than to suture; excavated area above major spine distinctly narrower than area immediately posterior to major spine; major spine much larger; Costa Rica to Panama; 3.8-4.3 mm 4. godmani Blandford — Smaller; largest tooth anterior to major declivital spine closer to suture than to major spine; excavated area of declivity anterior to major spine distinctly wider than excavated area immediately posterior to major spine; Veracruz to Panama; 3.3-3.9 mm (two subspecies) 5. sharpi Blandford 7(5). Prothorax light reddish brown, elytra black in mature specimens; surface of de- clivital excavation dull, very densely, deeply punctured by minute points, strial punctures rather obscure; Pacific slope of Costa Rica and Panama; 3.5-3.8 mm , 6. sanguinicollis Blandford — Prothorax and elytra black in mature specimens; declivital surface smooth, shining, devoid of impressed points, strial punctures small, clearly impressed; Atlantic slope of Costa Rica and Colombia; 3.7-3.9 mm 7. ebenus Wood 8(1). Anterior margin of pronotum procurved and armed by several rather coarse serrations; posterolateral margin of elytral declivity usually rounded, frequent- ly armed by tubercles or spines, if subacutely costate then costa extending from suture to interstriae 3-5 (except only to 7 in couplets 12-13); strial setae usually present 9 — Anterior margin of pronotum straight or procurved, unarmed by serrations (ex- cept subserrate in spathipennis, fornicatus); posterolateral margin of elytral de- clivity rounded or costate, costa never dentate, when present, extending from suture to interstriae 7; strial setae almost never present (for exceptions see couplet 35) 22 9(8). Stouter species; pronotum 1.0-1.1 times as long as wide; elytra with sides sub- parallel on at least basal two-thirds, declivity more broadly convex to excavated 10 — Slender species; pronotum 1.2-1.3 times as long as wide; elytra rather strongly tapered on posterior half, declivity gradual, convex or narrowly excavated; subgenus Coptoborus 17 10(9). Larger, 2.3-4.0 mm; interstrial punctures strongly confused; posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely elevated, almost devoid of denticles 11 — Smaller, 1.7-2.9 mm; interstrial punctures uniseriate; posterolateral margin of declivity more broadly rounded, armed by a series of denticles or spines, inter- striae 1 either unarmed or with a row of small granules; declivital punctures either in rows or very small and shallow; subgenus Neoxyleborus 15 11(10). Elytral declivity convex, striae distinct and in definite rows, interstriae 1 with minute granules equal in size to those of other interstriae 12 — Declivity rather strongly impressed; declivital punctures rather large, close, distinct, strongly confused, sutural interstriae armed by two to four stout denticles 14 780 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 12(11). Subapical posterolateral declivital costa armed by three to five distinct den- ticles; interstrial punctures at base of disc and punctures on pronotal disc aver- aging slightly larger; Minnesota and Quebec to West Virginia; 2.8-3.5 mm 8. obesus LeConte — Svibapical posterolateral declivital costa of uniform height, undulating but unarmed by denticles; interstrial and pronotal punctures averaging distinctly smaller 13 13(12). Anterior margin of pronotum armed by six to eight subequal serrations; strial punctures on declivity larger, deeper, interstriae there one and one-half times as wide as striae; British Columbia and Nova Scotia to Utah and Virginia; 2.8-3.5 mm ^ 9. dispar (Fabricius) — Anterior margin of pronotum armed by two to six serrations, median pair al- ways conspicuously larger; declivital strial punctures smaller, less strongly im- pressed, declivital interstriae at least twice as wide as striae; Ontario and Quebec to Missouri and Georgia; 2.3-2.6 mm 10. sayi (Hopkins) 14(11). Predeclivital impression beginning at or posterior to middle of elytra; elytral pubescence abundant, particularly on declivity; denticles on declivital inter- striae 3 averaging larger; S Texas to Guatemala; 3.8-4.2 mm 11. horridus Eichhoff — Predeclivital impression beginning on basal fourth of elytra; elytral pubescence rather sparse, less abundant on declivity than on disc; denticles on declivital in- terstriae 3 averaging smaller; Costa Rica to Colombia; 3.4-4.0 mm 12. horridatus Wood 15(10). Declivity steeper, moderately flattened, occupying posterior 30 percent of ely- tral length; declivital interstriae 1 armed by a row of minute, pointed granules; declivital vestiture of rather slender bristles; Nayarit to Colima; 1.8-2.1 mm .... 13. palatus Wood — Declivity more gradual, rather strongly excavated, occupying at least 40 per- cent of elytral length; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed except for one or two small denticles at base; declivital vestiture of slender to very stout scales 16 16(15). Punctures on elytral declivity very small, strongly confused, each bearing a short, broad scale, striae obsolete, face of declivity broadly concave, devoid of spines, a few small denticles on basal and lateral areas; Chiapas to Brazil; 1.7-2.3 mm 14. squamulatus Eichhoff — Strial punctures on elytral declivity in rows; declivital vestiture of rather slender scales; margins of declivity armed by two or more pairs of large spines 17 17(16). Largest spine on elytral declivity less than twice as long as its basal width, about equal in length to width of one discal interstriae; declivity less strongly excavated, armed by two to five pairs of spines (variable), although two pairs usually predominate, and several smaller denticles; Jalisco to Brazil, Hawaii; 1.8-2.6 mm 15. spinulosus Blandford — Largest declivital spine at least two and one-half times as long as its basal width, about equal in length to distance from suture to discal striae 3; declivity more strongly excavated, always armed by two pairs of major spines and several minor denticles; Costa Rica to Colombia; 2.4-2.9 mm .... 16. ferox Blandford 17(9). Elytral declivity concavely excavated, interstriae 3 armed by about two to five denticles, posterolateral margin strongly elevated toward apex and emarginate at suture; Veracruz to Argentina; 2.3-2.8 mm 17. vespatorius Schedl — Elytral declivity convex, its posterolateral margin weakly elevated near apex 18 1982 Xyloborini 781 18(17). Declivital interstriae 2 feebly impressed; elytral apex not acuminately pro- duced, not distinctly emarginate at suture, posterolateral margin not elevated along interstriae 9; declivital interstriae 1-7 with fine denticles except 2 usually unarmed; Panama to Brazil; 1.6-1.7 mm 18. catulus Blandford — Elytral apex more narrowly produced and suturally emarginate; declivital interstriae 2 not at all impressed, its sculpture about equal to 1 and 3 19 19(18). Elytral apex obtusely subacuminate, sutural emargination shallow; small tu- bercles on declivital interstriae 1 more widely spaced, an average distance of two or more diameters of a strial puncture between tubercles; granules on declivital interstriae 2 average smaller in size than on 1 or 3 20 — Elytral apex acutely acuminate, sutural emargination deeper than wide; gran- ules, if present, on declivital interstriae 1 spaced by distance equal to diameter of one strial puncture 21 20(19). Elytral declivity slightly more gradual; granules on posterolateral margin of declivity poorly formed, very small; largest tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 small, subequal in size; interstrial setae on declivity moderately long, stout, al- most scalelike; San Luis Potosi and Veracru : to Brazil; 1.8-2.2 mm 19. pseudotenuis Schedl — Elytral declivity slightly steeper; two or three tubercles on posterolateral mar- gin of elytral declivity coarse, almost as large as those on interstriae 1; tu- bercles on declivital interstriae 1 conspicuously larger than those on 3; inter- strial setae on declivity moderately long, rather slender; Panama to Peru; 1.6-1.7 mm 20. cuneatus Eichhoff 21(19). Apex of elytra not at all crenulate or serrate; all elytral interstriae entirely devoid of granules and tubercles; Costa Rica; 1.9 mm 21. exutus Wood — Apex of elytra ending in a conspicuous cusp, lateral margin with about four ad- ditional serrations; declivital interstriae 1-7 uniseriately, very finely granulate; Costa Rica to Brazil; 1.8-2.2 mm 22. tolitnanus Eggers 22(8). Pronotum subcircular to subquadrate, its posterior half asperate, asperities al- most as coarse as those on anterior slope (except scalaris); subgenus Arnbrosiodmus 23 — Posterior half of pronotum smooth, rarely minutely granulate, reticulate or not 33 23(22). Antennal club larger, with two sutures on posterior face; pronotal summit at or slightly in front of middle, anterior slope steeper; elytral declivity slightly im- pressed, interstriae 2 either imarmed or granules smaller than on 1 or 3; smaller species 24 — Antennal club smaller, with not more than one suture on posterior face; pro- notal summit behind middle, arched from base, anterior slope less abrupt; ely- tral declivity impressed or not, interstriae 2 with tubercles as large or larger than those on 1 or 3; larger species 25 24(23). Larger; interstriae 1 on declivity feebly elevated, usually as high as 3, 2 feebly sulcate, its granules as large as those on 1; discal interstriae about three to four times as wide as striae, punctures often granulate; color reddish brown to black; Mississippi and Virginia to Florida and Brazil; 2.0-2.4 mm 23. obliquus (LeConte) — Smaller; interstriae 1 on declivity not elevated, declivital granules absent; ely- tral punctures larger, deeper, discal interstriae twice as wide as striae; color very dark brown; Florida, Puerto Rico; 1.8-2.1 mm 24. devexulus Wood 782 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 25(24). Elytral declivity evenly convex, all interstriae equally granulate 26 — Elytral declivity weakly to rather strongly impressed toward suture, interstriae 1 unarmed or bearing very small granules, 2 rather strongly granulate or dentate 29 26(25). Posterior areas of pronotum weakly granulate; pronotum distinctly longer than wide; interstrial punctures on disc confused, not at all granulate; Costa Rica; 4.0-4.3 mm 26. scalaris Schedl — Posterior areas of pronotum asperate; pronotum wider than long; interstrial punctures weakly confused to uniseriate, finely granulate 27 27(26). Discal interstrial punctures fine, shallow, interstriae three to four times as wide as striae; declivity shallowly bisulcate, punctures fine, fine granules on basal half only; El Salvador; Quercus; 2.7 mm 25. devexus Schedl — Discal interstrial punctures rather coarse, deep, interstriae two to four times as wide as striae; declivital punctures larger, granules larger and more generally distributed 28 28(27). Declivital striae 1 not impressed; strial punctures on declivity only slightly larger than on disc; declivital interstriae three times as wide as striae; Puebla to Chiapas; 3.3-3.5 mm 27. rusticus Wood — Declivital striae 1 slightly impressed; strial punctures on declivity almost twice as large as on disc; declivital interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae; Connecticut to Virginia; 2.4-2.6 mm 28. rubricollis Eichhoff 29(25). Sutural area of declivity feebly impressed, armed by at least a few very fine granules; discal interstriae only slightly wider than striae, strial punctures coarse, deep; declivital striae 2 wider than 1 and 3 combined, its granules coarse, much larger than those on 1 or 3; Florida; 2.4 mm 29. opimus Wood — Sutural area of declivity moderately to rather strongly impressed, interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 rather coarsely granulate or dentate 30 30(29). Strial punctures on disc coarse, deep, interstriae less than one and one-half times as wide as striae; declivity near suture rather strongly impressed, inter- striae 2 armed by two or three coarse tubercles, strial punctures very coarse; Florida and Louisiana to Puerto Rico; 2.5-3.0 mm 30. lecontei Hopkins) — Strial punctures on disc rather small, very shallow, interstriae more than two and one-half times as wide as striae 31 31(30). Smaller; elytral declivity rather strongly impressed toward suture; punctures on declivital striae small, three or more times as wide as sutural interstriae; color reddish brown; Oaxaca and Veracruz to Brazil; 2.4-2.8 mm 31. guatemalensis (Hopkins) — Larger; declivity rather shallowly impressed toward suture; punctures on de- clivital striae coarse, about twice as wide as sutural interstriae; color dark reddish brown to black 32 32(31). Smaller; elytral punctures and minor granules finer; Illinois and Pennsylvania to Alabama and Georgia; 3.4-3.8 mm 32. tachygraphus Zimmermann — Larger; elytral punctures and minor granules coarser; Guatemala; 4.9 mm 33. rugicollis Blandford 33a(22). Posterior face of antennal club with a subapical suture on apical third; Asian species introduced into North America 33b — Posterior face of antennal club without sutures, apical margin usually formed by acute margin of basal corneous area; endemic species 33c 1982 Xyloborini 783 33b(a). Smaller, stouter; elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; pronotum more nearly sub- circular, anterior margin strongly procurved, coarsely serrate; declivity more gradual but more strongly convex; Panama, Hawaii, S Asia, Africa, etc.; polyphagous; 1.9-2.3 mm 34a. fomicatus Eichhoff — Larger, more slender; elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; pronotum subquadrate, anterior margin weakly procurved, serrations weak to absent; declivity steeper, rather weakly convex; New York to Pennsylvania, N Japan; polyphagous; 3.4-3.8 mm 34b. validus Eichhoff 33c(a). Larger, stouter species; pronotum usually less than 1.1 times as long as wide, subquadrate; elytral declivity more gradual, occupying at least 40 percent of elytral length, its armature of fine granules usually on all interstriae; subgenus Eiiwallacea, in part 34 — Mostly smaller, slender species, at least 3.0 times as long as wide; pronotum at least 1.1 times as long as wide, its sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, its anterior margin always strongly procurved; elytral declivity steeper, usually confined to less than posterior 30 percent of elytral length, its interstriae often unequally armed by small to moderately coarse, often unequal tubercles 35 34(33). Anterior margin of pronotum serrate; declivital tubercles equally developed on all interstriae; body 2.2 times as long as wide; elytra 1.5 times as long as pro- notum; Nicaragua and British Guiana to Bolivia and Brazil; 4.4-5.3 mm 34c. spathipennis Eichhoff — Anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivital tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 distinctly larger, those on other interstriae minute to obsolete; body 2.5 times as long as wide; elytra 1.8 times as long as pronotum; Nicaragua to Ecuador; 5.1-5.9 mm 35. princeps Blandford 35(33). Pronotum subquadrate or if anterior margin strongly procurved then pronotum less than 1.15 times as long as wide; interstriae 1-3 similarly sculptured or 2 with tubercles; elytral declivity more gradual, usually occupying at least 50 percent of elytral length, usually more broadly convex, with posterolateral margin more conspicuous; small strial setae commonly present in addition to those of interstriae; mostly larger, stouter species, dark brown to black 36 — Pronotum never subquadrate, at least 1.2 times as long as wide, its sides usually almost straight and parallel on posterior half; declivital interstriae 1 (usually) and 3 armed by tubercles, 2 unarmed (except titubanter); declivity steeper, oc- cupying less than posterior 35 percent of elytral length; strial setae absent (ex- cept in sparsipilosus and some volvulus); mostly smaller, slender species, yellowish or reddish brown (except for a few rare black species) 58 36(35). Pronotum quadrate; elytral declivity usually steeper, more broadly rounded behind; sides of elytra usually subparallel on at least basal two-thirds 37 — Pronotum strongly procurved on anterior margin; declivity usually more grad- ual, often beginning well in front of middle of elytra; sides of elytra usually tapered from middle, more narrowly rounded behind 51 37(36). Striae on posterior two-thirds of elytra deeply impressed, interstriae of this area convex, shagreened (dull), and each with a row of moderately coarse, rounded granules to apex; posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely ele- vated from apex to interstriae 7; Costa Rica to Colombia and French Guiana; 2.7-2.8 mm 36. asper Eggers — Striae equally impressed and interstriae devoid of granules on more than basal half of elytra 38 784 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 38(37). Granules on elytral declivity more widely spaced, usually conspicuously ir- regular in size and spacing, spaced by distances much greater than diameter of an adjacent strial puncture (if size irregular, ignore smallest granules for this measurement) 39 — Granules on declivity of uniform size, uniformly spaced by distances not great- er than diameter of an adjacent strial puncture; interstrial setae on declivity mostly very short 45 39(38). Larger species, larger than 3.0 mm; granules on interstriae 1-3 about equal in size and number 40 — Smaller than 2.5 mm; granules on decli vital face averaging distinctly smaller and usually less numerous on interstriae 2 than those on 1 and 3 44 40(39). Body stouter, less than 2.5 times as long as wide; elytra rather broadly, obtusely rounded behind 41 — Body more slender, more than 2.7 times as long as wide; elytra more narrowly, subacutely rounded behind 43 41(40). Elytral declivity more strongly, more narrowly convex, posterolateral margin suljacutely elevated, feebly concave between crest and interstriae 3; discal striae moderately to rather strongly impressed; Costa Rica to Brazil; 3.2-3.8 mm 37. caraibicus Eggers — Elytral declivity very broadly convex, posterolateral margin more strongly, acutely elevated, concave from its crest to suture; discal striae very weakly impressed 42 42(41). Elytral declivity with transverse impression weak, obscure, suture convex on longitudinal axis on upper half, straight on lower half; posterolateral area of declivity very shallowly concave, Costa Rica to Panama; 3.7-4.0 mm 38. commixtus Blandford — Elytral declivity rather strongly, transversely impressed on lower half, suture distinctly concave on longitudinal axis on lower half; posterolateral area of declivity rather strongly concave; Costa Rica; 4.0 mm 39. lacunatus Wood 43(40). Larger; declivital interstriae 1-3 bearing similar, small, variable granules, each interstriae with at least 15 granules; declivity more broadly convex; Costa Rica to Venezuela and French Guiana; 3.2-3.6 mm 40. politus Hagedorn — Smaller; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by about 4 to 8 granules of variable size, 2 bearing one moderately coarse tubercle just below middle and a series of about 6 to 10 minute granules; declivity strongly convex; Panama to Venezuela; 3.1-3.3 mm 41. improvidus Schedl 44(39). Declivity more gradual, occupying posterior 40 percent of elytra; its surface shining; declivital interstrial bristles largely obsolete, longest setae about half as long as distance between rows; Costa Rica; 2.2-2.3 mm 42. dissimulatus Wood — Declivity steep, occupying posterior fourth of elytral length, its surface usually dull; declivital interstrial hair up to twice as long as distance between rows; Veracruz to Panama and Brazil; 2.2-2.5 mm 43. posticus Eichhoff 45(38). Longitudinal axis of suture on lower half of declivity straight or feebly convex; posterolateral margin of declivity rather weakly elevated, area immediately above its crest slightly convex; more slender, body 2.8 times as long as wide 46 1982 Xyloborini 785 — Lower half of declivity transversely impressed, longitudinal axis at suture slightly to moderately concave; posterolateral margin of elytral declivity more strongly, subacutely elevated, area immediately above its crest flattened to shallowly concave; stouter, less than 2.6 times as long as wide 47 46(45). Smaller; declivital bristles usually less than half as long as distance between rows; Costa Rica to Venezuela; 2.5-2.7 mm 44. concentus Wood — Larger; declivital bristles as long as distance between rows; Panama; 3.6 mm ... 45. quadratus Blandford 47(46). Pronotum subshining, disc with distinctly impressed, sublongitudinal parallel lines (modified reticulation); posterior margin of elytra more narrowly rounded behind; declivital interstrial bristles mostly two-thirds as long as distance be- tween rows; Costa Rica and French Guiana; 2.3-2.7 mm 46. parallelocollis Eggers — Pronotum almost smooth, weakly reticulate, shining; posterior margin of elytra much more broadly rounded behind; declivital interstrial bristles mostly less than one-third as long as distance between rows 48 48(47). Declivity steeper, interstrial granules variable, very minute granules inter- spersed among larger ones; transverse impression on lower half of declivity not as strong; Chiapas to Peru and British Guiana; 2.9-3.3 mm 47. discretus Eggers — Declivity more gradual, interstrial granules of uniformly small size or obsolete; transverse impression on lower half of declivity stronger 49 49(47). Interstriae four to five times as wide as striae, strial punctures only slightly larger than those of interstriae; declivity shagreened, interstrial tubercles most- ly obsolete, small, widely spaced on basal half; Costa Rica to Colombia; 3 4_4.0 mm 48. schildi Schedl — Interstriae less than three times as wide as striae, strial punctures about twice as large as those of interstriae; declivity shining, tubercles regularly, rather closely spaced to apex 50 50(49). Larger; strial punctures on disc and declivity distinctly larger, discal striae 2 distinctly sinuate; interstriae 2 and 3 on disc with punctures confused; punctures on pronotal disc larger; Costa Rica; 3.8 mm 49. tribulatus Wood — Smaller; strial punctures slightly smaller, 2 straight on disc; interstriae 2 and 3 with punctures uniseriate; punctures on pronotal disc very fine; Costa Rica and Colombia to French Guiana; 2.3-2.6 mm 50. semipunetatus Eggers 51(36). Strial punctures on disc confused but distinguishable from interstrial punctures, interstrial punctures confused and at least minutely granulate on their anterior margins; strial and interstrial punctures on declivity confused, in- distinguishable; Costa Rica and French Guiana; 3.5-3.8 mm 51. tumucensis Hagedom — Strial punctures in rows on disc and declivity, easily distinguished from much smaller interstrial punctures 52 52(51). Declivity rather steep (see also titubanter); sides of elytra parallel on at least basal two-thirds, more broadly rounded behind; discal interstriae clearly punc- tured or granulate, sometimes confused on 3; declivital striae moderately con- fused or not; about two to four widely spaced, small denticles on each declivital interstriae 53 786 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivity gradual, occupying about posterior half of elytral length; sides of elytra parallel on basal half, tapered, then more narrowly rounded behind; interstrial punctures largely obsolete on disc (except demissus) 54 53(52). Smaller; elytral declivity gradual, occupying posterior half of declivital length; posterior areas of pronotum smooth, punctures sparse, minute; Costa Rica and Colombia to French Guiana; 2.8-3.1 mm 52. geayi Hagedom — Larger; elytral declivity rather steep, occupying posterior third of elytral length; posterior half of pronotum closely, shallowly punctured, their posterior margins minutely subgranulate; Costa Rica to Colombia; 4.2-4.4 mm 53. grandis Eichhoff 54(52). Declivity commencing behind middle; interstriae punctured on disc; declivity convex or rather strongly, transversely impressed just below middle; interstrial granules on declivity slightly larger 55 — Declivity more gradual, flattened to very shallowly, extensively concave; inter- strial punctures on disc almost obsolete; interstrial granules on declivity fine to obsolete 56 55(54). Declivity evenly, weakly arched both longitudinally and transversely; declivi- tal interstrial setae very short, scalelike; Costa Rica; 2.0 mm 55. demissus Wood — Declivity rather strongly, transversely impressed just below middle; declivital interstrial setae slender, almost hairlike; Costa Rica and Venezuela; 3.3-3.7 mm 54. vismiae Wood 56(54). Declivity commencing slightly behind middle, flattened to feebly convex on less than posterior fifth; declivital surface shining, rows of fine granules present on interstriae 1-3; Costa Rica; 2.8-3.4 mm (see also 56a. praestans Wood) 56b. meritus Wood — Declivity commencing at or anterior to middle, flattened to feebly concave on more than posterior third; declivital surface shagreened (dull); larger species 57 57(56). Declivital interstriae 1-3 each armed by a row of small, widely spaced gran- ules; declivity occupying posterior half of elytral length, more narrowly, less extensively flattened; Costa Rica to Panama; 4.0-4.4 mm 57. costaricensis Blandford — Declivital interstriae 1 and 2 usually entirely devoid of granules (one or more occasionally present); declivity occupying posterior two-thirds of elytral length, shallowly concave or broadly, shallowly bisulcate; Costa Rica; 4.5-4.8 mm 58. prolatus Wood 58(35). Pronotal summit at or near middle, anterior slope of pronotum occupying dis- tinctly more than anterior third; pronotum stouter, about 1.2 times as long as wide; discal interstriae punctured (punctures almost obsolete in titubanter); de- clivital striae clearly indicated (except in imbellis), punctures almost as on disc 59 — Pronotal summit well in front of middle, anterior slope steep, confined to less than anterior third; pronotum at least 1.3 times as long as wide; discal inter- striae devoid of punctures; declivital striae obsolete, declivital punctures confused, very much smaller than those on disc 74 59(58). Declivity not as steep, occupying 33-38 percent of elytral length (except 25 percent in celsus), more broadly convex to flattened, its posterolateral margin narrowly, subangulately rounded to subacutely elevated 60 — Declivity steep, convex, occupying 25 percent of elytral length, except 38 percent in viduus), its posterolateral margins broadly, obtusely rounded 69 1982 Xyloborini 787 60(59). Elytra more narrowly rounded behind, declivity more gradual; approximately alternate interstrial punctures on disc finely granulate almost to base; approx- imately alternate interstrial bristles very coarse on disc and declivity; minute strial hair present on declivity 61 — Elytra more broadly rounded behind, declivity usually steeper; punctures on discal interstriae never granulate, vestiture finer, usually shorter 62 61(60). Smaller; tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 small, little if any larger than those on 1; elytra rather narrowly rounded behind; posterolateral margin of elytra subacutely costate; Costa Rica and Panama to French Guiana; 2.2-2.4 mm 59. sparsipilosus Eggers — Larger; tubercle near middle of declivity on interstriae 3 conspicuously larger; elytra subacuminate behind; posterolateral margin of elytra narrowly rounded; Costa Rica and Panama to French Guiana; 2.5-2.7 mm 60. productus Hagedorn 62(60). Declivital interstriae 2 with pointed granules extending to or slightly below middle, their size equal to those on 1 and 3; interstrial punctures on disc most- ly obsolete or exceedingly small; mature color black; Puebla; 3.0-3.2 mm 61. titubanter Schedl — Declivital interstriae 2 unarmed except for two or three small granules at base in all but imbellis; interstrial punctures on disc distinct 63 63(62). Strial punctures on disc small in semidefinite rows to moderately confused, in- terstrial punctures rather abundant, confused; declivital punctures small, deep, confused, straie not evident; elytral vestiture short, fine, abundant; declivity unarmed; Veracruz to El Salvador; 4.4-4.7 mm 62. imbellis Blandford — Punctures on discal striae and interstriae in uniseriate rows; elytral declivity armed by several denticles 64 64(63). Declivity rather strongly flattened or uncommonly very shallowly impressed, interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed except at base, 3 armed by about three widely spaced denticles, the one near middle conspicuously larger than others; inter- strial setae on disc and declivity of about equal diameter and length (some of- ten broken); color reddish brown; Michigan and Massachusetts to Argentina, pantropical; 2.0-3.3 mm 63. ferrugineus (Fabricius) — Declivity distinctly convex, interstriae 1 armed by one to several small tu- bercles on lower two-thirds; short and long interstrial setae commonly alternate in a row on disc and declivity 65 65(64). Surface of elytral declivity shagreened (dull); declivity not as steep, more gent- ly convex, denticles averaging slightly smaller; color yellowish to light reddish brown; Ohio and Massachusetts to Argentina, pantropical; 2.0-2.7 mm 64. affinis Eichhoff — Surface of elytral declivity shining; declivity at least slightly steeper, convex, denticles averaging slightly larger 65 66(65). Declivity broadly, feebly convex, very steep, interstriae 1 broad, armed by two rather coarse, widely spaced denticles on its extreme lateral margin, 2 broad, flat, 3 armed by about three smaller denticles on its lateral margin, lateral mar- gins moderately abrupt; Iowa and Vermont to E Texas and Florida; 3.6-4.5 mm 65. celsus Eichhoff 788 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivity more strongly convex, interstriae not usually broad, denticles on in- terstriae 1 smaller and not displaced laterally; lateral margins of declivity more broadly rounded; smaller than 3.0 mm (the following three forms are virtually identical and may intergrade) 67 67(66). Striae not at all impressed, strial punctures very small, spaced within a row by two or more diameters of a puncture; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, punctures small, regularly spaced by distances similar to those of striae; Florida and Baja California to Costa Rica 66. volvulus (Fabricius) (s. str.) — Striae feebly to distinctly impressed, strial punctures larger, spaced by average distances less than diameter of a puncture; interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, often weakly convex, punctures usually more irregularly spaced 68 68(67). Color reddish brown; anterior tibia armed by six or seven socketed teeth, basal one rather remote from others; parts of Mexico to South America; 2.1-2.8 mm 66. volvulus (Fabricius) { — torquatus Eichhoff) — Color black; anterior tibia armed by seven socketed teeth, basal (seventh) tooth not noticeably more widely spaced than others; Michoacan and Guatemala to Costa Rica; 2.7-2.9 mm 67. morulus Blandford 69(59). Female pronotum slightly impressed, weakly sulcate on more than basal half, sulcus one-fourth as wide as pronotum at base, half as wide near middle, ante- rior slope without asperities, setae on median two-thirds of anterior half rather abundant, very short, recumbent, sometimes appearing almost scalelike; declivity either flat or strongly sulcate 70 — Basal half of female pronotum convex, anterior half asperate; declivity basically convex, interstriae 1 armed 71 70(69). Declivity somewhat flattened, its surface reticulate-granulate, interstriae 1 as high as 3, 1-3 each with a row of very fine granules; pronotal impression not as strong, lateral setae finer; Missouri to Pennsylvania; 2.3-2.4 mm 68. planicollis Zimmermann — Declivity very strongly sulcate on median half, interstriae 3 much higher than 1, 1 and 2 smooth and shining and unarmed by granules, 3 armed by two coarse tubercles (0-4 smaller tubercles sometimes present); pronotal impression stronger, lateral setae coarser; Missouri to Maryland and Florida; 2.0-2.5 mm .. 69. viduus Eichhoff 71(69). Elytral declivity broadly convex, somewhat flattened, its surface dull, minutely rugose-reticulate, denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 very small; color yellowish brown to light reddish brown; Minnesota and Maine to E Texas and Florida; 2.3-2.7 mm 70. xylographus (Say) — Declivity more narrowly convex, smooth, shining, some denticles on interstriae 1 and 3 larger, color rather light to dark reddish brown; in coniferous hosts (host of californicus unknown) 72 72(71). Elytral vestiture abundant, short, strial setae present; centers of strial punc- tures on declivity reticulate-granulate; interstrial punctures on disc confused; California; 2.0-2.2 mm 71. californicus Wood — Elytral vestiture in interstrial rows; interiors of strial punctures on declivity smooth, shining 73 1982 Xyloborini 789 73(72). Discal striae with punctures distinctly larger, interstriae not more than one and one-half times as wide as striae; denticles on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 smaller, their basal widths and heights equal to less than diameter of a strial pimcture; Ontario and New Jersey to E Texas and Florida; 2.3-2.7 mm 72. pubescens Zimmermann — Discal interstriae at least twice as wide as striae; some declivital tubercles with height and basal width greater than diameter of a strial puncture; British Columbia and New York to Honduras; 2.2-2.7 mm 73. intrusus Blandford 74(58). Larger; strial punctures on disc very small, shallow, interstriae about four times as wide as striae; declivity distinctly flattened on central half; Veracruz to Costa Rica; 4.0-4.4 mm 74. declivis Eichhoff — Smaller; strial punctures larger, deeper, interstriae about twice as wide as striae; declivity feebly flattened on smaller central area; Veracruz to Panama, Venezuela; 2.9-3.3 mm 75. macer Blandford 1. Xyleborus perebeae (Ferrari) Fig. 182 Atnphicrantis (?) perebeae Ferrari, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:252-253 (Holotype, female; Colom- bia; not in Vienna Mus., apparently lost.) Xyleborus perebeae: Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 200 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related fkivipes (Fabri- cius) by the dense, very minute, deep, im- pressed points on the elytral declivity, by the less deeply excavated elytral declivity, with the denticles on the lateral margins averaging much smaller, and by the slightly smaller av- erage size. Female.— Length 2.3-2.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly convex; surface reticulate, rather coarsely, obscurely, sparsely punc- tured; vestiture of sparse, fine, long, incon- spicuous hair. Pronotum 0.97 times as long as wide; sides, subparallel, weakly arcuate on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six to eight small teeth, me- dian denticles slightly larger; summit at middle, anterior slope steep, coarsely aspe- rate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute, sparse. Elytra LI times as long as wide, LI times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly, feebly emarginate behind, with declivital denticles projecting slightly; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae almost smooth, shining, about six times as wide as striae, punctures very small, distinct, moderately confused. Declivity occupying posterior half of elytra, broadly, rather deep- ly excavated; entire face of excavated area minutely, densely punctured by impressed points, striae 2 and 3 clearly indicated, punc- tures slightly larger than on disc; sutural in- terstriae feebly elevated; lateral margins much higher than suture, ascending from striae 2 to moderately acute interstriae 3; in- terstriae 1 and 2 at base of elytra each with two or three moderately large, acutely point- ed denticles, 3 with a row of about 9-12 sharply pointed denticles extending from de- clivital base to near apex, those in middle area moderately large, row usually inter- rupted just below middle; interstriae 4-7 with much smaller denticles. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial and interstrial hair on disc, much stouter on sides of declivital area; declivital face glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except 2.3 mm, pronotal summit at base, anterior slope grad- ual, more broadly convex, more finely aspe- rate, anterior margin unarmed, basal median margin transversely carinate and precipitous behind; elytra similar but less perfectly formed, declivital interstriae 2 with fine granules. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama and Colombia to Venezuela. GUATEMALA: Trece Aguas in Alta Verapaz. COSTA RICA: Moravia and Turrialba in Cartago, Finca La Lola, Guapiles, and Pandora in Limon, Rincon de Osa in Puntarenas, Santa Ana, San Isidro del General, San Ig- nacio de Acosta, and Playon in San Jose. PANAMA: Bar- ro Colorado Island, Ft. Clayton, and Madden Forest in 790 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 the Canal Zone, El Hato del Volcan in Chiriqui, and Cerro Campana in Code. OTHER COUNTRIES: Co- lombia, Venezuela. Hosts.— Coffea robtista, Crotalaria sp., Ochroma sp., Psidium guava, Theobroma cacao, and numerous other woody plants. Biology.— The female usually attacks cut or broken branches and tree seedlings 2-7 cm in diameter. The entrance tunnel extends di- rectly into the wood to a depth of about 1 cm, then bifurcates and follows a growth ring both to the right and to the left, on the same transverse plane, and often meeting and join- ing on the opposite side of the branch. Mas- ses of eggs are deposited in the tunnels. The larvae feed in congress upon the ambrosial fungus and, evidently, also upon the woody tissues, thus expanding the original gallery along the grain of the wood to form a large tabular chamber barely large enough to ac- commodate the mass of growing larvae. As many as 30-50 larvae may be produced by one female. Males are rare. It is a common species in agricultural and other disturbed areas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 101 females and one male. The identity of this species was based on the series of Bland- ford, Eggers, and Schedl. 2. Xyleborus salvini Blandford Xyleboriis salvini Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):200 (Lectotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely allied flavipes (Fabri- cius) by the more broadly, less deeply exca- vated elytral declivity, with denticles on the lateral margins smaller and stouter, by the larger strial punctures on the declivital face, and by the larger size. Female.— Length 3.2-3.6 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. As in perebeae except frontal punctures slightly coarser; punctures on pronotal disc slightly larger; strial punctures smaller, inter- striae about eight times as wide as striae; in- terstrial punctures on disc smaller, almost ob- solete. Declivity as in perebeae except surface smooth, slightly shagreened, devoid of im- pressed points, strial punctures distinctly smaller, very shallow, spaced by two to four diameters of a puncture; denticles on basal and lateral margins averaging slightly small- er. Vestiture slightly longer than in perebeae. Distribution.— Costa Rica to NW Panama. Fig. 182. Xyleborus spp., female declivities with setae omitted: 1, perebeae, normal, 2, same, a variation; .3, san^ uinicollis; 4, godmani; 5, pandulus; 6, ebenus. 1982 Xyloborini 791 COSTA RICA: Escasii, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m, No. 218, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII- 63, 1300 m. No. 10, Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Conostegia oerstediana, etc. Biology.— As in perebeae. It is an exceed- ingly rare species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the four syntypes and on two other fe- males that were compared to the type. The first syntype is here designated as the lecto- type of salvini Blandford. 3. Xyleborus pandulus Wood Fig. 182 Xyleborus pandulus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol' Ser. 19(1):.34 fHolotype, female; Fort Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This rather common species has been incorrectly identified by Schedl, and others, as varians (Fabricius). It differs from varians by the smaller average size, by the steeper elytral declivity, and by the flatter lower half of the declivity with its ventrola- teral margin subacutely elevated and its face irregular and closely, coarsely punctured. Female.— Length 2.7-3.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons and pronotum as in perebeae (Fer- rari) except each minute puncture on pro- notal disc with a minute, smooth, shining spot on its posterior margin. Elytra 1.0 times as long as wide, 1.06 times as long as pronotum; disc limited to basal half; disc as in perebeae except strial punc- tures slightly smaller. Declivity abruptly im- pressed at base, steep, rather broadly, deeply excavated on upper half, lower half more broadly flattened and with its abrupt lateral margin weakly elevated; basal margin abrupt, armed by about 4-8 small, pointed denticles scattered from interstriae 1-3; mar- gin at interstriae 3 bearing a large, stout, con- ical spine one-fourth declivital length from basal margin, a larger setiferous pore just be- low its apex; interstriae 4 with four to six small, pointed denticles on and just before declivital margin, 5 with similar denticles ex- tending along margin to or near sutural apex; declivital face closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured, surface subshining, somewhat ir- regular. Vestiture limited to stout, scalelike bristles on margin and sides of declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 301, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Boston, Limon, IX-64, Tlieobronia cacao, J. L. Saunders; Finca La Lola, Limon, VIII-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. P.\NAMA: Canal Zone: Ft. Clayton, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 320, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Madden Forest, 2-1-64, 70 m, No. 367, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Limon Bay, 30-XII-63, 5 m. No. 354, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in perebeae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 4. Xyleborus godmani Blandford Fig. 182 Xyleborus godmani Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coieopt. 4(6): 197 (Holotype, female; Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xyleborus caelebs Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer. Coieopt. 4(6): 198 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pandulus Wood by the larger size, by the narrower excavated area on the anterior part of the elytral declivity, and by the larger major spine on the elytral declivity, with a different arrangement of minor denticles. Female.— Length 3.8-4.3 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons and pronotum about as in perebeae except punctures on pronotal disc slightly larger. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, very slightly narrowed then broadly rounded behind except broadly emarginate on median fourth; disc occupying basal 40 percent of elytra; striae minute, in- terstrial punctures minute, indistinct, surface slightly irregular. Declivity ^abrupt, rather gradual, broadly excavated; a very large, blunt spine on margin in line with interstriae 3 about one-fifth of declivital length from base; basal inargin between major spine and suture armed by four or more very small den- ticles and one moderately large, pointed den- ticle located closer to major spine than to su- ture; lower half of ventrolateral margin below major spine subacutely rounded and armed by several small denticles, one or two at upper and lower ends slightly larger; de- clivital face smooth, obscurely shagreened, punctures very small, striae 1, 2, and 3 ob- scure, a few confused punctures on interstriae 792 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2. Vestiture of stout bristles on margin and sides of declivity. Male.— Obscurely resembling female; 3.3-4.2 mm; pronotal summit at base, ante- rior slope gradual, somewhat flattened, punc- tured, asperities obsolete, basal margin trans- versely carinate; elytral declivity about as in female but more deeply excavated, major spine smaller, minor denticles reduced or ab- sent, punctures on face of declivity distinctly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama on the Pacific slope. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, 4-X-63, 1300 m. No. 223, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, No. 436, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 295, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VII- 66, 30 m. No. 69, Vismia, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion; Bugaba, Chiriqiii, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Vismia sp., etc. Biology.— As in perebeae. It is a rare species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of godrnani and caelebs, and on 48 other specimens, several of which were compared to the types. 5a. Xyleborus sharpi sharpi Blandford Xijleborus sharpi Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6): 199 (Lectotype, female; Paraiso, prob. Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This subspecies is exactly like s. lenis Wood except the face of the elytral declivity is densely, rather deeply punctured by minute impressed points. Female.— Length 3.3-3.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; as in s. lenis except for surface sculpture of elytral declivity as noted in above diagnosis. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama on the Atlantic slope. COSTA RICA: Limon Province; Beverly, 26-VIII-63, 10 m. No. 154, liana, S. L. Wood; Finca Boston, IX-64, Theohronui cacao, J. L. Saunders; Finca La Lola, 23- VIII-62, Tfieohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Guapiles, 22- VIII-66, 100 m. No. 119, Terminalia, S. L. Wood. Car- tago Province: Tapanti, 17-VIII-63, 700 m. No. 107, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Heredia Province: Puerto Viejo, 12- III-64, 70 m. No. 480, liana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bar- ro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 1938, C. Zetek; Mad- den Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1-64, 70 m. No. 367, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clayton, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 320, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Cerro Campana, Code, 26- VII- 66, 1000 m. No. 32, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Terminalia sp., Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— As in perebeae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three syntypes and on 56 other speci- mens. The female syntype from Paraiso is here designated as the lectotype. Blandford indicated that this specimen came from Guatemala; however, its structure is of the southern form; the country of origin is not in- dicated on the label. Because several reports on this southern race have been published under this name, the Paraiso specimen was selected as the lectotype rather than a repre- sentative of the less common northern race. 5b. Xyleborus sharpi lenis Wood Xijleborus sharpi lenis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):35 (Holotype, fe- male; 29 km E Coatzocoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is almost identi- cal to pandulus Wood. It is distinguished by the much finer punctures on the declivital face, by the smoother declivital surface (the surface is very irregular, with irregular ser- pentine lines in pandulus), and by the small- er, less abundant denticles on the ventrolater- al margin of the declivity. Female.— Length 3.3-3.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in per- ebeae, except punctures on pronotal disc very slightly larger. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline essentially as in godmani except apical emargination wider, not as deep; basic sculpture as in godmani ex- cept major spine stout, conical, pointed, larg- est denticle on basal margin closer to suture than to major spine; declivital area below major spine broadly elevated, denticles on posterolateral margin sparse, low, poorly formed; punctures on declivital face small, shallow, general surface between punctures shining, minutely irregular, spaces between punctures smooth, without impressed points. Vestiture as in godmani. Distribution.— Veracruz to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km N Ocosingo, 2-VI-69; 21 km N Ocozocoautla 2-VII-69, Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69; all bv D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: Valle Nacional. Veracruz: 29 km E Coatzocoalcos, 26-VI-67, 30 m. No. 104, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Dos Amates, 5-V-69, D. E. Bright; 1982 Xyloborini 793 Lago Catemaco, 16-20-VI-69, D. E. Bright; 16 km NW Sontecomapan, 18-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Biology.— As in perebeae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 33 other specimens. It differs from s. sharpi only by the minute surface sculpture of the elytral declivity. 6. Xyleborus sanguinicollis Blandford Fig. 182 Xyleborus sanguinicollis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6); 198 (Holotype, female; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the rather distantly allied sharpi by the much lower position of the major declivital spines on the elytral declivity, by the larger size and more slender, pointed form of the major declivital spine, by the arrangement of minor declivital denticles, and by the rufes- cent pronotum, with black elytra. Female.— Length 3.5-3.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black, with prothorax light reddish brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in per- ebeae except serrations on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger; pronotum color reddish brown. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying 40 per- cent of elytral length, about as in perebeae. Declivity much as in sharpi, broadly exca- vated, sulcate on median third; basal margin abaipt, armed by five pairs of denticles from suture to interstriae 3, middle one distinctly larger; major spine slightly below middle, in line with interstriae 3, very large, moderately stout, sharply pointed, its base rising gradu- ally from more than a third of declivital area on each elytron; a few minor denticles at base of interstriae 4 and 5, those on 5 contin- uing along declivital margin almost to suture, final one slightly larger than others; punc- tures on face of declivity very small, obscure, general surface densely punctured by minute points. Vestiture as in godmani. Male.— Length 3.0-3.6 mm; pronotum as in male perebeae and sharpi; elytra as in fe- male except most minor denticles absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica to NW Pan- ama on the Pacific slope. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, 1600 m. No. 38, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; San Isidro del General, 13-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 280, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 436, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; Finca Gro- maco, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 80, tree seed- ling, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m, No. 305, Humaro, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Punta- renas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 301, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m. No. 69, Vismia, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Vismia sp., etc. Biology.— As in perebeae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on my 2 homotypes, and on 36 other specimens. 7. Xyleborus ebenus Wood Fig. 182 Xyleborus ebenus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull.. Biol. Ser. 15(3):39 (Holotype, female; Guapiles, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sanguinicollis Blandford by the black prothorax, by the smooth, shining surface of the lower elytral declivity, and by the dis- tinctly impressed declivital punctures. Female.— Length 3.7-3.9 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. As in sanguinicollis except as noted in above diagnosis. Male.— Differing from male sanguinicollis in same characters as for females. Distribution.— Atlantic slope of Costa Rica to Pacific slope of Panama and Colombia. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-VII-66, 100 ni. No. 110, 113, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; Zant, Limon, 30- V-48, TJieobroma cacao, Salas; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III- 66, 700 m. No. 460, tree sapling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 2800 m, S. L. Wood; Cerro Campana, Code, 26-VII-66, 1000 m. No. 32, tree branch, S. L. Wood. COLOMBIA: 8 km S Colonia (near Buenaventura), Valle de Cauca, 9-VII-70, 30 ni. No. 619 in Pouteria, No. 6.36 in Protium nervosum, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pouteria sp., Protium nervosum, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— As in perebeae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens and on 32 other specimens. 8. Xyleborus obesus LeConte Fig. 187 Xyleborus obesus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:159 (Lectotype, female; Virginia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 989, present designation) 794 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Xyleborus serratus Swalne, 1910, Canadian Ent. 42:162 (Lectotype, female; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que- bec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9327, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:680); Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:69. Synonymy Anisandrus populi Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):22 (Lectotype, female; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., subsequent designation by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:673); Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 3:314. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dispar (Fabricius) by the presence of three to five denticles on the posterolateral margin of the elytral declivity, and by the slightly larger pimctiires on the pronotal disc. Most specimens appear much stouter than dispar, but this character is not consistent. Female.- Length 2.8-3.5 mm, 2.0-2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons broadly convex, slightly, transversely impressed above epistoma; surface reticulate, pimctures rather small, shallow, moderately close; vestiture inconspicuous, hairlike. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather strongly ar- cuate, broadly rounded anteriorly, slightly produced near median line; anterior margin armed by four (rarely six) rather coarse serra- tions; summit at middle, broad; anterior half rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas reti- culate, fine- and medium-sized punctures in- termixed, rather shallow. Vestiture hairlike, short on disc, long on lateral and anterior margins. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as elytra; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, obtusely subangulate behind; striae not impressed, punctures mod- erately coarse, rather deep; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures rather fine, confused. Declivity steep, broadly convex; striae slightly im- pressed, about as on disc; interstrial punc- tures uniseriate, very finely granulate; sub- apical posterolateral margin subacutely elevated from a point in line with striae 2 to interstriae 7, its crest tuberculate, three to five tubercles moderately coarse. Vestiture of rows of very small strial hair, and of fine, long, moderately abundant interstrial hair; longest setae almost twice as long as an interstriae. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm; dwarfed, strongly convex; head basically as in female; pronotum outline as in female, much more broadly convex, summit indefinite, almost de- void of asperities, surface, smooth, shining, anterior margin unarmed; elytra declivous al- most from base, striae and interstriae as in fe- male, posterolateral margin very feebly ele- vated, granules almost obsolete. Distribution.— Minnesota and Quebec to West Virginia. CANADA: Ontario: Ottawa. Quebec: Ft. Coulogne, He Perrot, Kings Mtn., Ste. Anne's. USA: Connecticut: Hampton. Minnesota: Hennepin Co., Itasca Park, Ram- sey Co. Wisconsin: Clintonville. Hosts.— Fagus grandifolia, Populus tremu- loides, and Quercus sp. Biology.— Evidently as in dispar. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 syntypes of obesus in the LeConte collection, on 4 topotypic homotypes (possi- bly syntypes), and on 81 other specimens. The first syntype in the LeConte series, from Virginia, is here designated as the lectotype of obesus LeConte. It bears a red type label, Type No. 989, and has been regarded as the type for many years, although not previously so designated. 9. Xyleborus dispar (Fabricius) Fig. 187 Apate dispar Fabricius, 1792, Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, secundum classes . . . 1(2):363 (Syntypes; Germany; Copenhagen Mus.; not examined) Bostrichus brevis Panzer, 1793, Fauna Germanica 8:34 (Syntypes?; Germany); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:102. Synonymy Bostrichus thoracicus Panzer, 1793, Fauna Germanica 8:34 (Syntypes?; Germany); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:102. Synonymy Scolytus pyri Peck, 1817, Massachusetts Agric. J. 4(3):207 (Syntypes?; Massachusetts; presumably lost); Schedl, 1960, Coleopterists Bull. 14(1):11. Synonymy Bostrichus tachygraphus Sahlberg, 1834, Dissertatio en- tomologica insecta Fennica enumerans, p. 52 (Syntypes?); Hagedorn, 1910, Coleopt. Cat. 4:102. Synonymy Bostrichus ratzebttrgi Kolenati, 1846, Meletemata Ent. 3:39 (Syntypes?); Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baunzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 27. Synonymy Anisandrus swainei Drake, 1921, Ohio J. Sci. 21:203 (Holotype, female; New York; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Xyleborus cerasi Eggers, 1937, Ent. Blatt. 33:335 (Holo- type, female; Montella, Avellino, Italy; deposited 1982 Xyloborini 795 in but not now in Eggers Coll., presumably on loan to Schedl); Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 2:220. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ohesus LeConte by the absence of den- ticles on the posterolateral margin of the ely- tral declivity, and from sayi (Hopkins) by the larger body size and by the larger numbers of serrations arming the anterior margin of the pronotum. Female.— Length 2.8-3.5 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons and pronotum as in ohesus except anterior margin of pronotum armed by six to eight serrations and punctures on posterior areas of pronotum uniformly small. Elytra as in ohesus except declivity not quite as steep, interstrial granules on declivi- ty averaging slightly larger, and elevated sub- apical posterolateral margin slightly, minute- ly sinuate, not actually serrate or armed by denticles; vestiture hairlike, longest setae little if any longer than width of an interstriae. Male.— As in male of ohesus except ante- rior margin of pronotum feebly serrate and anterior slope of pronotum more coarsely as- perate; setae on median half of elytra very short. Distribution.— British Columbia and Nova Scotia to Utah and Virginia; introduced from Europe. CANADA: British Columbia: Bowser, Creston, Lang- ley Prairie, Nanaima, Royston, Squamish, Vancouver. Nova Scotia: Ann Valley, Cornwallis, Gap Valley, Hali- fax. Ontario: Ridgeway. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Idaho: Coeur d'Alene, Moscow, Plummer. Maine: Orono, Paris, Strong. Maryland: Annapolis, Mel- rose Highlands. Massachusetts: Chicopee, Natick, Peter- sham. Michigan: Agricultural College, Elberta, Mt. Cle- mens, Shelby. New Jersey: Clemton, Jamesburg, Morristown, Newark, Orange Mtn., Rutherford, West- ville. New York: Albany, Cranberry Lake, Forestburg, Lockport, Peekskill, Staten Island, West Point. North Carolina: Wakefield. Ohio: Clarksburg, Euclid, Miner- va, Perry. Oregon: Beaverton, Carlton, Forest Grove, Polk Co., Talent. Pennsylvania: Burning Well, Eagles Mere Park, Forest Dale, Milford, Montebello, Morris- ville. Promised Land, Tannersville. Rhode Island: King- ston. Utah: Logan Canyon, Milton in Morgan Co., Hobble Creek in Utah Co., Salt Lake City. Virginia: Falls Church, Rosslyn. Washington: Blaine, Dole, Enumclaw, Puyallup, Richmond Beach. West Virginia: Bayard, Randolph Co. Hosts.— Acer nigrum, A. platanoides, A. saccharinum, Betula fontinalis, B. papyrifera, Castanea dentata, Corylus sp., Juglans sp.. Malus spp., Prunus sp., Pyrus communis, Quercus spp., Salix sp., Vitis sp. Biology.— Unthrifty or injured limbs and boles 5-20 cm in diameter or larger are se- lected for attack. The female constructs a short, radial entrance tunnel from which two transverse egg galleries branch about 1-3 cm below the surface of the wood. In smaller material the tunnel may spiral rather than follow a transverse pattern. Short branch tun- nels may extend from the main gallery; at times longitudinal branches may again branch on a transverse plane into two gal- leries resembling the original pair. At times this species has been an important pest in fruit orchards. This is the only species of Scolytidae known to have a true diapause. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 7 European specimens and on 414 Ameri- can specimens. They agree with specimens identified as dispar by Eggers, who studied the type series, and with LeConte's speci- mens of pyri, which agree with those of Fitch, Harris, and Schwarz. The holotype of swainei was examined and compared to my material. 10. Xylehorus sayi (Hopkins) Fig. 187 Xylehorus ohesus var. minor Swaine, 1910 (nee. Stebb- ing, 1909), Canadian Ent. 42:164 (Lectotype, fe- male; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Montreal Island, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9315, subsequent designation by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:680) Anisandrus sayi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:68 (Holotype, female; Morgantown, West Vir- ginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7432); Wood, 1957, Cana- dian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Xylehorus neardus Schedl, 1950, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)3:893. Replacement name for minor Swaine Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dispar (Fabricius) by the smaller body size and by the smaller number of serrations arming the anterior margin of the pronotum. Female.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. As in dispar except anterior margin of pro- notum armed by two to six serrations, median pair much larger; declivital striae less dis- tinctly impressed, punctures averaging slightly smaller; elytral vestiture as long as in dispar, slightly more abundant. 796 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 1.3 mm; as in male dispar except anterior margin of pronotum imarmed, asperities on anterior slope smaller; vestiture about as in female. Distribution.— Ontario and Quebec to Missouri and Georgia. CANADA: Ontario: Fletcher, Ottawa, Toronto. Que- bec: Knowlton, Ste. Anne de Bellevue. USA: Con- necticut: Lyme. District of Columbia: Washington. In- diana: Shoals. Kentucky: Cumberland St. Pk. Maine: Strong. Maryland: Great Falls, Silver Spring. Michigan: Detroit. Missouri: Dent Co. New Jersey: .\nglesia. Red Bank. New York: Buffalo, Ithaca, Syracuse, West Point. North Carolina: Cherokee, Pink Beds, Tryon, White- sides Mtn. Ohio: Hocking Co. Pennsylvania: Clark's Val- ley, La Port. Tennessee: Gatlinburg, Tellico Plains. Vir- ginia: Falls Church, Rosslyn. West Virginia: Dellslow, French Creek, Morgantown, Pocahontas Co., Webster Co. Hosts.— Acer rubrum, A. sp., Betula pa- pyifera, B. sp., Castanea spp., Cornus sp., Fagus sylvatica, Kalmia latifolia, Lindera benzoin, Nyssa sp., Sassafras albidiwi. Biology.— Evidently as in dispar except that smaller limbs and branches are attacked. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 4 paralectotypes of minor, on the holo- type of soyi, and on 160 other specimens. 11. Xyleborus horridus Eichhoii Fig. 18.3 Xyleborus horridus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:282 (Lectotype, female; Teapa, Mex- ico; Bnissels Mus., present designation) Xyleborus flohri Schedl, 1972, Koleopt. Rund. 50:69 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:211. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related horridatus Wood by the larger average size, by the absence of a predeclivital impression on the basal half of the elytra, by the much more abundant ely- tral vestiture, particularly on the declivity, and by the larger tubercles on declivital in- terstriae 3, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.8-4.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak, transverse impression above epistoma; surface reti- culate, punctures rather small, close, obscu- rely impressed, subgranulate on lower half; vestiture of fine, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, dis- tinctly converging toward broadly rounded anterior margins; anterior margin armed by 8-12 low serrations; summit broad, slightly behind middle; anterior slope rather coarsely, closely asperate; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, punctures moderately fine, rather deep, close. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, converging very slightly, then very broadly rounded behind; disc occupying very slightly more than basal half of elytra; striae 1 feebly, others not im- pressed, punctures small, distinctly im- pressed; interstriae smooth, shining, obscure indications of impressed lines, four times as wide as striae, punctures strongly confused, rather close. Declivity broadly impressed, rather gradual and narrower on its basal half; steeper and more nearly subconcave on its apical half, surface smooth, shining, and den- sely, coarsely, rather shallowly covered by confused punctures; position of interstriae 1 Fig. 183. Xyleborus spp., female declivities omitted: A, horridus; B, horridatus. with setae 1982 Xyloborini 797 armed by a row of 3-5 rather coarse, stout, pointed tubercles, those near base and apex smaller; position of interstriae 3 armed by a row of 6-8 smaller denticles; lateral areas at- taining a rounded summit at about interstriae 4; posterolateral margin suacutely elevated from apex to about interstriae 5. Vestiture of rather abundant, fine, rather long hair; more abundant on declivity; slightly longer on sides. Distribution.— S Texas to Guatemala. USA: Texas: Brownsville, 3-VI, 11-V, 3-VI-32; Hidalgo Co., 20-III-52, D. J. and J. N. Knull. MEXICO: Tabasco: Teapa, Salle. Veracruz: El Palmar, 4-IV-57, Hevea brasi- liensis, R. Coronado, and 22-111-58, Hevea brasiliensis, E. Topete. GUATEMALA: Pantaleon, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Hevea brasiliensis, etc. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 female syntypes in the Brussels Mu- seum and on 22 other specimens. The second of these syntypes is from Teapa and is here designated as the lectotype of this species. 12. Xyleborus horridatus Wood Fig. 183 Xyleborus horridatus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:135 (Holotype, female; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely related horridus Eichhoff by the smaller average size, by a predeclivital impression that may begin on the basal fourth of the elytra, by the less abundant ely- tral vestiture, by the smaller denticles on de- clivital interstriae 3, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.4-4.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in horridus except anterior margin armed by 10-14 low serrations. Elytra as in horridus except declivity com- mencing anterior to middle of elytral length, a predeclivital impression on interstriae 1 and 2 sometimes extending to basal fourth; denticles on declivital interstriae 1 about 2-4 in number, averaging slightly smaller in size, denticles on other interstriae much smaller, mostly obsolete; vestiture on elytral disc shorter, less abundant, very sparse, almost ob- solete on declivity. Male.— Length 3.3-3.5 mm; head and elytra much as in female except characters poorly formed, elytral declivity commencing on basal fourth, all denticles virtually obso- lete, posterolateral margin rounded; pronotal asperities almost obsolete, anterior half of pronotum deeply, concavely excavated, ante- rior margin smooth, strongly, acutely ele- vated and produced into an acute median process. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, 5-X1I-63, 1000 m. No. 277, Citrus, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m, No. 296, liana, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 125, Theobroma cacao, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VII-63, 50 m. No. 135, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Hamburgfarm on Ri'o Reven- tazon, Santa Clara, Limon, lO-VI-23, Nevermann. PAN- AMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 26-11-29, S. W. Frost. COLOMBIA: Finca El Canto, La Plata, Huila, 28-IV-59, naranjo dulce, B. Humides. Hosts.— Citrus sinensis, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Unthrifty limbs 5-10 cm in di- ameter were attacked. The mature gallery system consisted of a mass of bifurcately branched and rebranched tunnels. The entire system was rather compact, with none of the short branches extending more than a few centimeters from the original entrance tunnel. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 35 specimens and on 5 additional specimens. 13. Xyleborus (Neoxyleborus) palatus Wood Xyleborus palatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):.35 (Holotype, female; 24 km W Armeria, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is but remotely related to other species groups included here in the subgenus Neoxyleborus. It differs from other species treated here in this group by the steeper, flat elytral declivity, and by the arrangement of declivital denticles. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons broadly concave, a slight, transverse impression above epistoma; surface strongly reticulate, punctures small, shallow, sparse. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate, almost parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by 6 to 10 serrations, me- dian one or two pairs distinctly larger; sum- mit at middle; anterior area rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas mostly reticulate 798 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 with some shining areas, punctures rather small, shallow, moderately close. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, short hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; disc occupying basal 60 percent of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep, spaced within a row by one to two diameters of a puncture; interstriae al- most smooth, shining, about three to four times as wide as striae, punctures very fine, slightly confused on basal two-thirds of disc, uniseriate toward declivity. Declivity rather steep, flat on median half from rounded base to near apex; surface shagreened; striae as on disc, apices of 2 and 3 diverge toward suture; interstriae 1-3 flat; all interstriae with rows of small, pointed granules, those near base on all interstriae larger, those on 1 and 2 on face of declivity and on lower half of 5, 7, and 8 minute, others slightly larger; posterolateral margin roimded, marked by a row of small tubercles from apex to interstriae 9. Vestiture of minute strial hair on and near declivity, and interstrial bristles each as long as dis- tance between rows on and near declivity, confused on anterior areas of disc. Distribution.— Nayarit to Colima. MEXICO: Colima: 53 km S Colima, 27-VI-65, 700 m. No. 125 in flight, S. L. Wood; 24 km W Armeria, 30-VI- 65, 30 m. No" 147 in flight. No. 153 in a tree branch, S. L. Wood; 6 km S Cihuatlan, Colima, 30-VI-65, 70 m. No. 157, liana, S. L. Wood. Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 2.3- VI-65, 2500 m. No. 124, shrub limb, S. L. Wood. Naya- rit: Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 193, liana, S. L. Wood; 8 km E San Bias, 12-VII-65, 70 m, No. 232, leguminose tree, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Unthrifty limbs and branches were attacked. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens. 14. Xyleborus (Neoxyleborus) squamulatus Eichhoff Xyleborus squamulatus Eichhofl^, 1869, Berliner Ent. zeitschr. 12:282 (Holotype, female; Brazil; Brus- sels Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the distantly related spinulosus Bland- ford by the broadly impressed, shallowly con- cave elytral declivity on which strial punc- tures are obsolete, by the abundant, short. confused declivital scales, and by the uni- formly small declivital denticles. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black. Frons as in palatus Wood. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides moderately arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 12-16 narrow, rather low serrations; summit rather broad, at middle; anterior slope rather coar- sely, not closely asperate; entire surface reti- culate except asperities; posterior areas with fine, shallow, widely spaced punctures. Vesti- ture of fine, rather sparse, moderately short hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then gradually narrow- ed to just before rather broadly rounded apex; disc occupying slightly less than basal half of elytral length; striae 1 slightly, others weakly to feebly impressed, punctures rather small, close, moderately deep; interstriae smooth, shining, about three times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, replaced by tubercles toward base of declivity. Declivity gradual, broadly, subconcavely impressed; all margins rounded; declivital face with dense, fine, confused squamiferous punctures, striae obsolete; interstriae 1-9, on basal and lateral margins each armed by about two to four sharply pointed denticles, length of largest about equal to one-half width of an inter- striae, those on posterolateral margin contin- uing almost to suture. Vestiture on disc of rows of fine strial and interstrial hair; on de- clivity of small scales, each scale about one and one-half to two times as long as wide. Distribution.— Chiapas to Brazil. MEXICO: Chiapas: 8 km SW El Bosque, 3-VII-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 684, Inga, S. L. Wood; Cerro Zunil, G. C. Cham- pion. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Cartago, 30-X-63, 1900 m. No. 249, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2- VII-63, 1300 m. No. 10, Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil. Hosts.— Conostegia oerstediana, Inga, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 87 other specimens. 1982 Xyloborini 799 15. Xyleborus (Neoxyleborus) spinulosus Blandford Xyleborus spinulosus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):201 (Lectotype, female; San Geronimo, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Xyleborus fusciseriatus Eggers, 19.34, Ent. Blatt. 30:82 (Holotype, female; La Caja, 8 km W San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica; Berlin Mus.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:137. Synonymy Xyleborus spinosulus Schedl, 1934, Stylops 3:178 (Holo- type, female; Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands; F. C. Hadden Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:.32. Synonymy Xyleborus artespinulosus Schedl, 1935, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. Rio de Janeiro 2:93 (Syntypes, females; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Santa Clara, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl and Nevermann colls.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:137. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ferox Blandford by the smaller average size, by the more variable, more numerous, shorter, stouter declivital spines, and by the less strongly excavated declivity. Female.— Length 1.8-2.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in palatus Wood except curvature of anterior margin of pro- notum variable, armed by 8-12 low serra- tions; reticulation on pronotal disc more con- spicuous, smooth areas often obsolete. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and subparallel on slightly less than basal half, gradually tapered to half its width; apex shal- lowly emarginate on median third of elytral width; disc occupying basal 40 percent of elytral length; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, moderately impressed; interstriae smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures rather small, widely spaced, uniseriate. Declivity gradual, rather broadly excavated; striae 1 and 2 clearly in- dicated by punctures similar to those on disc; suture weakly elevated, 2 strongly impressed, gradually ascending to broad, rounded, mod- erately elevated summit on 3 and 4 (much higher than suture), elevation continued to apical margin in line with striae 2; interstriae 1 and 2 armed by one to three small, pointed denticles at base, minute granules may also continue to middle of declivity, 3 armed by about six denticles of increasing size, lower one usually much larger, almost equal in length to width of a discal interstriae, located near middle of declivity; 4 and 5 with series of very small denticles continuing to near apex of lateral elevation, apex of lateral ele- vation armed by one to three larger spines similar to major spine on 3; these major spines may vary within series, between series, and on opposite sides of one specimen. Vesti- ture consisting of interstrial rows of hair on disc, of rows of scales on declivity; each scale about four to six times as long as wide, about half to two-thirds as long as distance between rows. Male.— Length 1.5 mm; basically similar to female except pronotal summit indefinite, asperities obsolete, anterior area punctured, broadly convex, anterior margin unarmed; elytral declivity much less strongly im- pressed, all granules and denticles obsolete; all characters less perfectly formed. Distribution.— Jalisco to Brazil, and Hawaii. MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocozocoautla. Jalisco: Aten- quique. Nayarit: San Bias. Veracruz: Dos Amates, Lago Catemaco, Sontecomapan. GUATEMALA: Palin in Es- quintla. HONDURAS: Zamorano. COSTA RICA: Canas and Liberia in Guanacaste, Dominical and Rincon de Osa in Puntarenas, San Isidro del General, Santa Ana, Ri'o Damitas (Dota Mts.), and Playon in San Jose, Be- verley and Guapiles in Limon. OTHER AREAS: Vene- zuela, Brazil, Hawaii. Hosts.— Bursera simarubra, Cecropia sp., Ochroma sp., Terminalia sp., etc. Biology.— Unthrifty, cut, or broken seed- lings, limbs, and branches of trees and lianas are infested by this species. The tunnels evi- dently are similar to those of Xylosandrus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of spinulosus, on the syn- type of artespinulosus in the Schedl collec- tion and one in the Eggers collection, on the "paratype" of spinosulus in the Schedl col- lection, and on 157 American and 21 Ha- waiian additional specimens, several of which were compared directly to the type material. Of the 5 syntypes now in the British Museum (Natural History), the first, a female from San Geronimo, Guatemala, was labeled "Type" many years ago but has never officially been so designated. I here designate that female as the lectotype of spinulosus Blandford. 800 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 16. Xyleborus (Neoxyleborus) ferox Blandford Xylebonis ferox Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):201 (Holotype, female; Bugaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— The exceedingly large decliv- ital spines distinguish this species; other fea- tures are mentioned in the key and in the di- agnosis of spinulosiis Blandford. Female.— Length 2.4-2.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in spinidosus; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by 10-14 low serrations; shining areas may predominate on pronotal disc. Elytra as in spinulosiis except disc oc- cupying basal 50 percent of elytral length, declivity very slightly steeper, much more broadly excavated; declivity with strial punc- tures clearly impressed on 1 and 2, a few punctures on 3 and 4 indicated; interstriae 1, 2, 3, and 4 each with one or two small point- ed denticles on basal margin, 3 also bearing an extremely large major spine just above middle of declivity, spine at least two and one-half times as long as its basal width and equal in length to distance from discal suture to striae 3; interstriae 5 with about three den- ticles on lateral margin, 6 with about three similar denticles followed near apex by an- other very large major spine similar to that on 3, a final minor denticle on posteromesal side of major spine. Vestiture sparse, con- sisting of rows of interstrial hair on disc, of sparse rows of scales on declivity; each small scale about six to eight times as long as wide, about half as long as distance between rows; all vestiture commonly abraded. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 55, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Playon, San Jose, 9-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 120, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Beverley, Limon, 26-VIII-63, 10 m, No. 154, liana, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Lim6n, 15-III-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. PANAMA: Concepcion, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 100 m. No. 37, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Pearl Is- land, 9-VIII-44, at light, J. P. Morrison. COLOMBIA: Finca Montegrande, Caicedonia, Valle de Cauca, 19-VI- 59, Coffee arabica, ]. Restrepo; Atanguea, lO-XI-31, T. cacao, D. Villegas. Hosts.— Coffea arabica, Ochroma sp., Theobroma cacao. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cfying limbs 5-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of ferox and on 30 other specimens. 17. Xyleborus (Coptoborus) vespatorius Schedl Coptoborus emarginatus Hopkins, 1915 (nee Eichhoff, 1878), U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:53 (Holotype, female; Livingston, Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7636) Xyleborus vespatorius Schedl, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)8:339 (Holotype, female; San Ignacio, Argentina; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Ba- sin Nat. 32:200. Synonymy Xyleborus cornictdatus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:275 (Holotype, female; Santa Catarina, Brazil; Schedl Coll.)- Schedl, 1952, Ent. Bliitt. 47-48:163. Synonymy Xyleborus corniculatuhts Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:275 (Holotype, female; Trinidad; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:200. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is not closely re- lated to other species treated here. It differs by the narrowly, strongly excavated elytral declivity with its lateral margins armed by a series of rather coarse denticles. Female.- Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 3.2-3.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex; surface reticulate, punctures small, shallow, moderately abun- dant, partly replaced on lower half by fine granules. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds; summit well in front of middle; ante- rior third strongly declivous, coarsely aspe- rate; anterior margin armed by about 6-10 low serrations; posterior areas mostly smooth, shining, with some indications of reticulation in most specimens, punctures very small, sparse, shallow. Vestiture hairlike, largely confined to marginal areas. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal third, gradually tapered to level of sutural apex to half greatest elytral width, then abruptly rounded and obtusely, rather deeply emargi- nate at suture; disc occupying very slightly more than basal half of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, dis- tinct; interstriae almost smooth, shining, about three to four times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, rather widely spaced, fine to almost obsolete. Declivity gradual, rather narrowly, strongly excavated, lateral margins weakly elevated at base, becoming strongly elevated toward apex; striae 1 and 2 indicated by very shallow punctures, each 1982 Xyloborini 801 very slightly larger than on disc; suture feebly elevated, interstriae 2 impressed on median side, gradually ascending to narrow summit on 3; interstriae 2 with one or two granules at base, 3 armed by three to five denticles and, usually, a few minor granules, largest denticle usually slightly below middle of declivity, lowest denticle near apex. Vesti- ture of rows of erect, moderately long hair, rather stout on declivity. Male.— Length 1.8 mm; similar to female, with all characters rather poorly formed, ex- cept anterior third of pronotum shallowly concave on median two-thirds; pronotal as- perities reduced in concave area, a slight me- dian tubercle on unarmed anterior margin. Distribution.— Veracruz to Argentina. MEXICO: Veracruz: EI Palmar, 22-III-57, Hevea brasiliensia, E. Topote, COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Car- tage, 5-VII-&3, 700 m. No. 22, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 102, tree bole 30 cm diameter, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VlII- 63, 50 m. No. 135, tree bole 15 cm diameter, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, 14-VIII-62, Theobruma cacao, J. L. Saunders. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Argentina. Hosts.— Hevea brasiliensis, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— This species was taken from dying and recently cut limbs and boles 10-30 cm in diameter. The simple entrance tunnel was expanded by the brood into a small tabu- lar cavity that followed the grain of the wood. Notes.— The holotypes of emarginatus, vespatorius, corniculatus, and corniculatulus were examined and the latter three were all compared to one another as well as to my specimens. Although small differences do oc- cur between the unique types, all fall well within the limits of variation of this species. The declivital denticles on the holotype of vespatorius have been damaged, presumably from the chewing of siblings, thereby making its recognition a bit more difficult. The above treatment was based on 36 specimens in addi- tion to the types. 18. Xyleborus (Coptoborus) catulus Blandford Xyleborus catulus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. .'\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):215 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xyleborus intricatus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:274 (Holotype, female; Santa Catarina, Brazil; Schedl ColL); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:23. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species could easily be placed in the subgenus Xyleborus near vol- vulus Fabricius; however, the small, slender form, the slender scutellum, and the declivity suggest a closer relationship to cuneatus Eichhoff. It is distinguished from cuneatus by the slightly steeper elytral declivity, with the apex slightly more broadly rounded and the marginal granules near the apex much smaller. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons essentially as in vespatorius. Pro- notum 1.14 times as long as wide; essentially as in vespatorius except anterior margin very feebly serrate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, gradually converging on posterior half, nar- rowly rounded behind; disc occupying basal two-thirds; striae not impressed, punctures moderately large, shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as interstriae, punc- tures imiseriate, varying from minute to small on an interstriae. Declivity moderately steep, convex; strial punctures slightly larger than on disc, some punctures on 1 and 2 not in rows; interstriae 2 flat, not impressed, 1 and 3 each armed by two to four small denticles and usually two or three additional smaller granules, 2 with one to four minute granules, lateral interstriae with a few small granules and a total of about three small denticles; posterolateral margin rounded, subacute, and with two or three very small granules at apex of interstriae 1 and 2; apex not produced, more broadly rounded than in cuneatus. Ves- titure largely confined to sides and declivity; on declivity of stout, rather short interstrial bristles, longest bristles about as long as dis- tance between rows. Distribution.— Panama to Brazil. PANAMA: Limon Bay, Canal Zone, 30-XII-63, 3 m. No. 354, tree limb, S. L. Wood; "Panama wood with or- chids," intercepted at Mobile, Alabama, 24-V-49; Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. VENEZUELA: 20 km SW El Vigi'a, Merida, 21-XI-69, 50 m. No. 149 in tree limb, lO-XII-69, No. 187 in liana, S. L. Wood; 9 km S Barrancas, Barinas, 5-XI-69, 150 m. No. 100, Guazuma 802 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 ulmifolia, S. L. Wood. BRAZIL: Nova Teutonia, Santa Catarina, 1944. Hosts.— Guazuma ulmifolia, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from new tunnels in recently cut limbs and in boles 5-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of catulus and intricatus, and on seven other specimens. 19. Xyleborus (Coptoborus) pseudotenuis Schedl Fig. 184 Xyleborus pseudotenuis Schedl, 1936, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veget. 3:109 (Holotype, female; Brazil; Schedl Coll.) Xyleborus tenuis Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:269 (Holotype, female; Cordova, presumably Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1976, preat Basin Nat. 36:349. Synonymy Xyleborus exi/is Schedl, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:209 (Holo- type, female; Halbinsel Osa, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.). Possible synonym Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very similar cuneatus Eichhoff by the more narrowly produced elytral apices, with the posterolateral margin of the apex of interstriae 1 and 2 acutely elevated and al- most entirely devoid of serrations. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons and pronotum as in catulus Bland- ford except pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal half, gradu- ally converging to about one-third of greatest elytral width just before narrowly rounded posterior margin; disc confined to slightly more than anterior half; striae not impressed, punctures very small, shallow, spaced within a row by about two diameters of a punctvire; interstriae almost smooth, shining, about four times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, shallow, very fine. Declivity gradual, convex; strial pimctures shallow, much larger than on disc; interstriae 2 feebly impressed, 1 with about two small denticles and about three to five additional fine granules, 3 with about three small denticles and about three to six additional fine granules, these denticles and those in lateral areas of same size and posi- tion as in catulus; subapical posterolateral margin subacutely elevated at apices of inter- striae 1 and 2, except shallowly, narrowly emarginate at suture, summit of elevation with one to three feeble granules indicated. Vestiture as in catulus. Distribution.— San Luis Potosi and Vera- cruz to Venezuela and Brazil. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: 8 km or 5 miles N Tama- zunchale, 22-XII-48, H. B. Leech. Veracruz: El Palmar, 22-III-58, Hevea brasiliensis, E. Topete; 5 km or 3 miles W Gutierrez Zamora, 25-VI-53, 70 m, S. L. Wood; Lago Catemaco. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Lim6n, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 120, Cordia, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 135, small log, S. L. Wood; Finca Los Diamantes, 7-II-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saun- ders. PANAMA: Cumndu, Canal Zone, 9-X-57, at light. OTHER AREAS: Brazil, Venezuela. Hosts.— Cordia sp., Hevea brasiliensis, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 24 specimens, one of which was compared by me to the holotype of tenuis and on the holotype of pseudotenuis. The female holotype of exilis Schedl (2.1 mm) probably is of this species; however, the elytral declivity is very slightly steeper. Be- cause this species varies in size, in steepness of the elytral declivity, in the size of certain declivital tubercles, and in the coarseness of the elytral vestiture, it appears best to await the collection of additional material before establishing synonymy of these two forms be- cause the doubtful one bears the senior name. 20. Xyleborus (Coptoborus) cuneatus Eichhoff Xyleborus cuneatus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:380 (Holotype, female; "Varinas, Nova Grenada," which presumably now is Barinas, Barinas, Venezuela; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied pseudotenuis Schedl by the slightly less strongly produced elytral apices, with the posterolateral margin rounded and obscurely elevated throughout and armed by three or four rather coarse, somewhat widely spaced granules. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons and pronotum about as in catulus Blandford except pronotum 1.24 times as long as wide. 1982 Xyloborini 803 Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then tapered, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather shallow, spaced within a row by slightly more than diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, punctures unise- riate, rather widely spaced. Declivity moder- ately steep, convex; striae not impressed, punctures equal in size to those on disc, very shallow; interstriae 2 somewhat flattened and devoid of granules except toward base, 1 with two small denticles; one near middle, one on lower fourth, a few granules toward base, 3 usually without denticles (one on left side of one specimen), about two to six small granules may be present; subapical ventrola- teral margin rounded, weakly elevated, armed by three small denticles, one in line with each interstriae 1-3; shallowly emargi- nate at suture. Vestiture about as in pseudotenuis. Distribution.— Panama to Peru. PANAMA: Fort Sherman, Canal Zone, lO-XI-57, at light. PERU: Monson Valley, Tingo Maria, lO-XI-54, E. I. Schlinger and E. S. Rose. The type presumably is from Barinas, Venezuela. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on two other specimens. Evidently it is an extremely rare species. 21. Xylebonis (Coptoborus) exutus Wood Xyleborus exutus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):;36 (Holotype, female; Tur- rialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied tolimaniis Eggers by the com- plete absence of denticles on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, pronotum more yellowish brown. Frons about as in catidus Blandford but surface finely granulate to well above eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; basically as in catulus except anterior margin rather narrowly rounded and more coarsely serrate. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, acutely converging to one-fifth greatest elytral width at narrowly, shallowly emarginate apex; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct, spaced within a row by twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures fine, uniseriate, rather widely spaced. Declivity gradual, narrowly convex; striae feebly im- pressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc; all interstriae equally sculptured, punc- tures distinct, regularly, rather closely spaced, anterior margin of each rather broad- ly, weakly granulate; interstriae 1 weakly elevated near acuminate apex; posterolateral margin weakly elevated and rather narrowly rounded near apex, becoming more broadly rounded anteriorly, entirely devoid of gran- ules and denticles. Vestiture entirely abraded except for a few hairlike setae on sides. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 468, in a fence post, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 22. Xyleborus {Coptoborus) tolimanus Eggers Xyleborus tolimanus Eggers, 1928, Arch. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 1:97 (Lectotype, female; Tolima, Colom- bia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60765, subsequent designa- tion by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithso- nian Contrib. Zool. 94:34) Diagnosis.— This species has the acutely acuminate elytral apex of exutus Wood, but it is distinguished by the acutely pointed den- ticles on declivital interstriae 1-3 and, par- ticularly, on the posterolateral margin near the apex. Frons and pronotum as in exutus except serrations on anterior margin X)f pronotum slightly larger and disc more nearly reticulate. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in exutus except serrate at apex; disc occupying basal half; striae not impressed, punctures small, moderately deep, spaced by almost twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, shal- low, almost as large as those of striae, rather widely spaced. Declivity rather gradual, nar- rowly convex; striae very weakly impressed, punctures shallow, slightly larger than on 804 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 disc; interstriae 1-3 (and to a lesser extent those in lateral areas) armed by rather closely spaced, small, pointed denticles, much small- er toward base, largest near apex; subapical margin strongly, acutely produced near su- ture, its posterolateral margin acute at apex, becoming rounded anteriorly, armed by a series of closely set, acutely pointed denticles that appear continuous with those of inter- striae 3, final denticle at suture usually larger and often forming a flattened cusp. Vestiture confined to sides and declivity; on declivity consisting of rows of minute strial hair and rows of erect, rather coarse, interstrial hair, becoming more abundant and confused near apex, length of longest setae equal to up to almost twice distance between interstrial rows. Male.— Length 1.6 mm; pronotum 1.2 times as long as elytra and 1.7 times as long as wide; pronotum devoid of asperities, ante- rior third strongly excavated, anterior margin acutely elevated, almost straight except for obtuse median extension; elytra resembling female but stouter, with all characters poorly formed. Distribution.— Veracruz to Brazil. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 296, liana, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 14-VIII- 62, Tfieobrotna cacao, J. L. Saunders; Finca Los Dia- mantes (Limon?), 7-II-63, Theobronw cacao, J. L. Saun- ders; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 120, Cor- dia, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, Code, 26- VIII-66, tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER AREAS: Venezuela, Brazil. Hosts.— Cordia sp., Theobrorna cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 29 other specimens, several of which were compared directly to the lectotype. 23. Xyleborus {Ambrosiodmus?) obliquus (LeConte) PityophthoTus obliquus LeConte, 1878, in Schwarz, Proc. American Philos. Soc. 17:432 (Holotype, fe- male; Enterprise, Florida; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1288) Ambrosiodmus obliquus: Blackman, 1928, Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:148 Xyleborus gilvipes Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):205 (Holotype, female; Zapote, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394. Synonymy Ambrosiodmus linderae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:56 (Holotype, female; Rosslyn, Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7418); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:1.301. Synonymy Xyleborus brasiliensis Eggers, 1928, Arch. Inst. Biol. 1:96 (Lectotype, female; Blumenau, Santa Cata- rina, Brazil; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60712, designated by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithsonian Con- trib. Zool. 94:7); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394. Synonymy Xyleborus mexicanus Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 27:19 (Holotype, female; Maravatio, presumably Mich- oacan, Mexico; Zool. Mus. Berlin); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Synonyrny Xyleborus illepidus Schedl, 1941, Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 34:402 (Holotype, female; Deutsch-Ostafrika; Schedl Coll.; Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very similar rubricoUis Eichhoff by the smaller average size, by the smaller, con- fused asperities on the pronotal disc, by the much smaller declivital strial punctures, and by the more broadly convex elytral declivity. However, the antennal club is larger and has two sutures marked on the apical third of the posterior face. Female.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in rubricoUis ex- cept asperities on pronotal disc slightly small- er, confused. Elytra as in rubricoUis except interstrial punctures on disc not granulate, declivity more broadly convex, very weakly impressed on interstriae 2; strial punctures on declivity not larger than on disc; declivital interstriae three times as wide as striae; ventrolateral declivital costa almost smooth. Male.— Length 1.5 mm, 1.4 times as long as wide; head about as in female except eye reduced; pronotum 0.80 times as long as wide, very weakly convex, devoid of aspe- rities, reticulate, with very obscure punc- tures; elytra arched from base, striae and in- terstriae as in female except feebly impressed, declivity evenly convex, devoid of granules; ventrolateral declivital costa absent. Distribution.— Mississippi and Virginia to Florida and Brazil. USA: District of Columbia: "DC." Florida: Enter- prise, Gainesville, St. John Co., Suwannee Co. Georgia: Millner. Mississippi: Nicholson. Virginia: Falls Church, New Iberia, Rosslyn. MEXICO: Michoacan: Maravatio. GUATEMALA: Zapote. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colom- bia, Brazil, Congo, Deutsch-Ostafrika (Zambia). 1982 Xyloborini 805 Hosts.— Bettila sp., Castenia dentata, Lindera sp., "Ironwood." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of obliquus, gilvipes, lind- erae, illepidus, and mexicanus, on the lecto- type of brasiliensis, and on 138 other speci- mens. This species has been carried through commerce over a broad area. Although its origin is not known at present, its arrival in Africa apparently is recent. As in rusticus except punctures on discal interstriae finer, not as deep, interstriae three to four times as wide as interstriae, declivity shallowly bisulcate, with its punctures fine, granules present only on basal half. Distribution.— El Salvador. EL SALVADOR: Metapan, 20-XII-1974, 1600-2200 m, Querciis, H. Schinutzenhofer. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 24. Xyleborus {Ambrosiodmus?) devexidus Wood Xyleborus devexiis Wood, 1977 (nee Sehedl 1977) Great Basin Nat. 37:219 (Holotype, female; Homestead, Florida; Wood Coll.) Xyleborus devexulus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:398. Replacement name Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obliquus (LeConte) by the smaller size, by the coarser, deeper elytral punctures, and by the absence of tubercles on declivital in- terstriae 1 and 3. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in obliquus. Elytra as in obliquus except declivity slightly steeper, less strongly convex; punc- tures on disc larger, deeper, interstriae twice as wide as striae; interstrial punctures near declivity not granulate. Declivity more dis- tinctly impressed between interstriae 3, inter- striae 1-3 without granules. Vestiture as in obliquus. Distribution.— Florida, Puerto Rico. USA: Florida: Homestead, Lake Co., Manatee Co., Orange Co., Orange Heights, Pinellas Co. PUERTO RICO: Vega Alta, Ri'o Grande. Hosts.— Carya sp., Cedrella mexicana. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 31 specimens. 25. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) devexus Sehedl Xyleborus devexus Sehedl, 1977, Zeitschr. Arb. Osterr. Ent. 29:45 (Holotvpe, female; Metapan, El Salva- dor; Sehedl Coll.)' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rusticus Wood by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 26. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) scalaris Sehedl Xyleborus scalaris Sehedl, 1935, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veget. Ri'o de Janeiro 2:95 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Sehedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— Among the American Ambro- siodmus this species is distinguished by the feebly asperate posterior third of the pro- notum, by the evenly convex elytral declivity with all interstriae equally granulate, and by the uniformly short elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 4.0-4.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in rusticus Wood except more strongly reticulate, all punctures obscure. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded anteriorly; summit distinctly behind middle; rather finely, close- ly asperate on anterior half, asperities gradu- ally decreasing in size posteriorly to base, minute on basal third; surface between aspe- rities minutely reticulate. Vestiture hairlike, largely confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in rusticus except interstrial punctures not gran- ulate. Declivity more broadly convex and not quite as steep as in rusticus; strial punctures twice as wide as on disc; interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, granules rather small, of equal size on all interstriae, mostly confused toward base, uniseriate on lower half. Vestiture of moderately coarse, interstrial hair of uniform length on disc and declivity, each seta about two-thirds as long as distance between rows on declivity; strial setae minute. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Moravia, Cartago, 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 491, log, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, Schild. 806 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— The Moravia specimen was taken from a new tunnel in a log 90 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my female homotype that was compared by me directly to the holotype. 27. Xylebortis {Amhrosiodmus) rusticus Wood Xyleboriis rusticus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):36 (Holotype, female; 10 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rubricollis Eichhoff by the larger size, by the proportionately smaller punctures on the declivital striae, and by the uniformly convex elytral striae. Female.— Length 3.3-3.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, irregularly convex; surface reticulate, shining, punctures rather coarse, close, moderately deep above, obscure be- low; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; sub- circular, all margins about equally arcuate, widest slightly behind middle; summit dis- tinctly behind middle; entire surface closely, rather coarsely asperate to base, slightly finer on posterior third; surface between asperities reticulate, dull. Vestiture of fine, rather long, moderately abundant hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal two-thirds, slightly wider at base of declivity, broadly rounded behind; disc occupying bas- al two-thirds; striae 1 feebly, others not im- pressed, punctures rather small, moderately deep, spaced within row by one to two diam- eters of a puncture; interstriae about four times as wide as striae, almost smooth, shin- ing, punctures small, moderately confused, their anterior margins finely granulate. De- clivity steep, evenly, broadly convex; strial punctures slightly wider than on disc; inter- striae three times as wide as striae, granules on all interstriae distinctly larger, pointed. Vestiture of short strial hair and fine, long, abundant interstrial hair; interstrial setae in almost uniseriate rows on declivital inter- striae 1 and 2, confused elsewhere. Distribution.— Puebla to Chiapas. MEXICO; Chiapas; 8 km SW El Bosque, 3-VII-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright; 32 km N Bochil, lO-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 10 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, No. 49, log^and 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 150, log, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Both specimens were taken from new tunnels in logs about 30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the two females in the type series and on one other specimen. 28. Xylebonis {Amhrosiodmus) rubricollis Eichhoff Xyleborus rubricollis Eichhoff, 1875, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel- gique 18:202 (Holotype, female; Japan; presum- ably in Brussels Mus.); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100: 1302 (First American record). Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rusticus Wood by the smaller size, by the moderately impressed declivital striae 1, by the proportionately larger strial punctures on the declivity, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.4-2.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in rusticus. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; slightly more nearly quadrate than rusticus, anterior asperities distinctly larger, asperities posterior to summit somewhat oriented to form low, continuous, transverse ridges. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in rusticus; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, moderately deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures small, shallow, moderately con- fused on 2, uniseriate on 1 to 9, minutely granulate. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex; striae 1 weakly impressed, punctures one and one-half to two times as large as those on disc; interstriae 1 to 7 uniseriately granulate, granules pointed, somewhat ir- regular in size, 8 subacutely elevated, ob- scurely serrate. Vestiture of rows of fine, long, interstrial hair, and minute strial setae. Distribution.— Connecticut to Alabama; Japan and Malaya. USA: Alabama; Corona Mine, 6-VIII-76, B. A. Hawk- ins. Connecticut; Norwalk, 9-VIII-70, dogwood, R. H. Perry. Florida: Ocala, ll-IX-77. Maryland: Ridgely, 15- IX-42, oak stump, W. H. Anderson. Pennsylvania; Dela- ware Co., 7-VIII-80, Carija glabrata, G. Stevens. Ten- nessee: Nashville, 23-IX-80, Juglans nigra, B. C. Weber. Virginia; Chesapeake, 16-V-70, pecan trunk, M. A. Smith. 1982 Xyloborini 807 Biology.— The American series were taken from boles and stumps of trees. In Ja- pan it has been taken from many hosts, in- ckiding Acacia, Castanea, Carya, Ilex, Hovea, Lygustnim, Machilus, Moms, Mijrica, and Rhus. American records add Carya, Cornus, Prunus, and Quercus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 44 American specimens, more than 100 from Japan, and one from Malaya. 29. Xylebonis {Ambrosiodmus) opinius Wood Xyleborus opimus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):37 (Holotype, female; Sebring, Florida, Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lecontei (Hopkins) by the slightly small- er size, by the more strongly arcuate anterior and lateral margins of the pronotum, by the finer, less numerous asperities on the pro- notal disc, by the convex elytral declivity, and by the different arrangement of declivi- tal tubercles. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in lecontei. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide, as in lecontei except anterior and lateral margins more strongly arcuate, summit slightly higher, and asperities behind summit slightly smaller and evidently less numerous. Elytra 1.36 times as long as wide; outline and disc as in lecontei except strial punctures not larger near declivity, interstrial punctures near declivity granulate. Declivity rather broadly, evenly convex, steep; strial punc- tures as large as on disc, deep, smaller than in lecontei; interstriae 1 bearing a row of gran- ules on basal half, those near base rather coarse, 2 with several pointed tubercles on basal half, one or two at or slightly below middle distinctly larger, 3 with thrte to five smaller tubercles; all tubercles smal er than major tubercles of lecontei. Vestiturt as in lecontei. Distribution.— Florida. USA: Florida: Sebring, 20-VI-51, at light, S. L. Wi od. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique female holotype. 30. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) lecontei (Hopkins) Ambrosiodmus lecontei Hopkin.s, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:56 (Holotype, female; Keene, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7419) Xijleborus gundlachi Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 27:20 (Holotype, female; Cuba; Zool. Mus. Berlin); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:199. Sijnomjmij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from opimus Wood as indicated in the above key and in the diagnosis of opimus. Female.— Length 2.5-3.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, irregularly convex, shining, with some indications of reticulation, pimc- tures coarse, deep, close, obscure on lower half; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide, ob- scurely subquadrate, anterior and lateral mar- gins rather weakly arcuate; summit broadly rounded, slightly behind middle; asperities continued to base, those behind summit mod- erately coarse, confused; surface of disc be- tween asperities reticulate. Vestiture of fine, moderately long hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as lorig as pronotum; sides straight on basal three-fourths, slightly wider at base of decliv- ity, broadly rounded behind and with declivi- tal denticles projecting; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close, about twice as long near declivity as at base; interstriae al- most smooth, shining, as wide as striae near declivity, twice as wide at base, punctures small, shallow, uniseriate except slightly con- fused on 2. Declivity broadly convex, shal- lowly impressed between interstriae 3, steep; interstriae 1 vmarmed, punctured, impressed, 2 ascending toward 3, armed by two or three coarse, pointed denticles on middle two- thirds, 3 broadly rounded, armed by one to three smaller denticles, 4, 5, and 6 with a few smaller granules, 7 subacutely elevated to apex, its crest almost smooth. Vestiture of fine, moderately long rather abundant hair. Male.— Length 1.4 mm; as in male ob- liquus except pronotum with a few minute asperities and elytral punctures coarse, mod- erately deep, strial and interstrial punctures almost equal in size; declivital interstriae each with three or four granules, those on 2 slightly larger. 808 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Florida and Louisiana to Puerto Rico. USA: Florida: Bevard Co., Biscayne Bay, Brookville, Everglades N.P., Gulfport, Hillsboro, Homestead, Indian River, Key Largo, Key West, Lake Worth, Marion Co., Miami, Oceola Co., Orange Co., Orlando, Pinellas Co., Plant City, Seminole. Louisiana: "Delta area." OTHER AREAS: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico. Hosts.— Bishofia javanica, Carya sp., Dacryodes sp., Diphysia robinoides, Ichthyo- methia communis, Persea borbonea, Piniis oc- cidentalis, Pleiogynum sp., Terminalia sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken at ground level from stems 3-5 cm in diameter and from tree branches of similar diameter. The main adult gallery consists of a radial en- trance tunnel and a transverse biramous gal- lery that follows a growth ring, in both direc- tions, thus forming an almost complete ring around the stem about 1 cm below the sur- face of the wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 74 other specimens. 31. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) guatemalensis (Hopkins) Ambrosiodmus guatemalensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:56 (Holotype, female; Trece Agiias, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus. 7652) Xyleborus anisanclrus Schedl, 1954, Dusenia 5:44 (Syn- types, female; Rio Claro, Brazil; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Sijmvnpny Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lecontei Hopkins by the much finer punctures on the elytra, by the less strongly arched elytral declivity, and by the smaller denticles on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.4-2.8 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in lecontei. Elytral proportions and outline as in le- contei; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, three times as wide as striae, pimctures usually dis- tinctly smaller than those of striae, uniseriate. Declivity moderately steep, broadly convex, and shallowly sulcate between interstriae 3; sutural interstriae feebly elevated, unarmed (an occasional minute granule sometimes present); rather broadly, shallowly impressed in area of striae 2; interstriae 2 moderately ascending, armed by two or three denticles similar to but smaller than in lecontei, 3 broadly rounded, with one or two smaller denticles; lateral areas with a few scattered granules; strial and interstrial punctures shal- low, similar to those on disc; interstriae 7 subacutely elevated to apex. Vestiture of fine, rather abundant hair of moderate length; strial setae almost as long as those of interstriae. Distribution.— Oaxaca and Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Oaxaca. Veracruz: .37 and 29 km N Matias Romero. GUATEMALA: Trece Aguas in Alta Verapaz. HONDURAS: Zamorano. COSTA RICA: Guapiles in Limon, Playon and Santa Ana in San Jose. PANAMA: El Hato del Volcan in Chiriqui. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela. Hosts.— Cedrella mexicana. Mar gifera in- dica, Ochroma sp., Terminalia sp., Theobroma cacao. Biology.— As in lecontei except all speci- mens were taken from limbs and branches or the bole of trees 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of guatemalensis, on my homotype of anisandrus that was compared directly to Schedl's syntypes, and on 26 other specimens. 32. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) tachygraphus Zimmermann Xyleborus tachygraphus Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. American Ent. Soc. 2:144 (Holotype, female; square tan tag signifying southern states, pub- lished as North Carolina; Mus. Comp. Zool., 990) Diagnosis.— This species is almost in- distinguishable from coffeiceus Schedl (from Surinam); it is very slightly larger, the inter- strial punctures on the disc are less distinctly impressed, and the sutural interstriae on the declivity are slightly narrower, not elevated, and have their surface less smooth. Female.— Length 3.4-3.8 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown to al- most black. Frons and pronotum essentially as in le- contei (Hopkins), except pronotimi slightly narrower anteriorly. Elytra L5 times as long as wide, L5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in obliquus; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low, distinct; interstriae four times as wide as striae, shining, minutely, rather obscurely 1982 Xyloborini 809 subrugose, punctures small, obscure, unise- riate except confused on 2. Declivity broadly convex, steep; interstriae 1 flat, its surface ir- regular, usually marked by obscure, irregular lines, 2 ascending slightly and armed on middle half by two widely spaced, rather coarse, pointed denticles, 3 not higher than 2, broadly rounded, armed by about one to three smaller denticles, lateral areas with a few minute granules, 7 subacutely elevated to apex. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair. Distribution.— Illinois and Pennsylvania to Alabama and Georgia. USA: Alabama: Mobile. District of Columbia: Wash- ington. Georgia: Macon. Illinois: Pine Hills Field Station in Union Co. Maryland: Bell, Bowie, Plummer's Island. New Jersey: Anglesia. North Carolina: Black Mtn., Ce- dar Mtn., Chadbonrn, Durham, Southern Pines, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Castle Rock. South Carolina: Holly Hill, Myrtle Beach. Virginia: Falls Church, Ft. Monroe, Ross- lyn, Vienna. West Virginia: Dellslow. Hosts.— Betula sp., Carya sp., Castanea dentata, Juglans sp., Rhus sp. Biology.— As in lecontei. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 104 other specimens. 33. Xyleborus (Ambrosiodmus) rugicollis Blandford Xijlehorwi rugicoUis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):207 (Holotype, female; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Cuatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tachygraphus Zimmermann by the larger size, by tlie slightly larger and deeper elytral pmictures, and by the slightly larger minor granules on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 4.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. As in tachygraphus except for the larger size and coarser elytral sculpture. Distribution.— Guatemala. CUATEM.\LA: Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, 4000-5000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 34a. Xyleborus fornicatus Eichhoff Xijleborus fornicatus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:151 (Syntypes: Ceylon; not located) Xyleborus fornicatior Eggers, 1923, Zool. Meded. 7:184 (Syntypes; Peradeniya, Ceylon; Hamburg Mus. and Eggers Coll.); Beeson, 1930, Indian For. Rec. 14:59. Variety Diagnosis.— The contiguous procoxae and one suture on the posterior face of the anten- nal club distinguish this from most species; from validus Eichhoff it is distinguished by the smaller size and by the more strongly procurved, more strongly serrate anterior margin of the pronotum. Female.— Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Head and outline of pronotum about as in obliquus (LeConte). Pronotum as long as wide; sides on basal half weakly arcuate, subparallel, semi- circularly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by eight or more rather coarse serra- tions; summit slightly behind middle; surface (except asperities) reticulate; rather coarsely asperate in front of summit, smooth behind, except for reticulation, punctures rather sparse, fine, but irregular in size. Hairlike vestiture limited to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather fine, distinct, shining; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, fine, most of them at least finely granulate except at base. Declivity commencing at middle, broadly, evenly arched; subapical margin narrowly costate from apex to interstriae 7; striae not noticeably curved toward suture, very feebly impressed; sculpture about as on disc except interstrial granules slightly larger. Vestiture of rows of moderately long interstrial hair, each seta distinctly longer than distance be- tween rows or between setae within a row. Male.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm; head and elytra somewhat similar to female, pronotum less strongly declivous in front, asperities greatly reduced in size, anterior margin unarmed; declivity occupying two-thirds of elytral length. Distribution.— Panama, Hawaii to south- ern Asia, Africa. PANAMA: Canal Zone, VII-79, tree branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 42 specimens in my collection that agree 810 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 with specimens in the Blandford, Eggers, and Schedl collections. 34b. Xyleborus validus Eichhoff Xyleboriis validus Eichhoff, 1875, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel- gique 18:202 (Syntypes, female; Japan; apparent- ly Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— The presence of a suture on the posterior face of the antennal club, a con- spicuous segment 2 on the anterior face, and 12 socketed protibial teeth distinguish this in- troduced species from native American spe- cies. From fornicatus Eichhoff it is distin- guished by the larger size and by the more nearly quadrate pronotmn, with the serra- tions on the anterior margin absent or greatly reduced. Female.— Length 3.4-3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Head and pronotum about as in fornicatus except anterior margin of pronotum much more broadly rounded, serrations reduced to almost absent, sides less strongly arcuate. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly roimded behind; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures rather small, distinctly im- pressed; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, brightly shining, small, uniseriate pimctures replaced by fine granules except at base. Declivity moderately steep, very broadly convex, sutural profile feebly convex; striae on apical fourth curved toward suture; strial punctures distinctly larger than on disc except near apex; sculp- ture about as on disc except tubercles dis- tinctly larger; tubercles on lower half of in- terstriae 2 usually obsolete. Male.— Length 2.3 mm; basically similar to female except pronotal asperities greatly reduced, anterior margin unanned; declivity commencing anterior to middle; all features less perfectly formed. Distribution.— New York to Pennsylva- nia, northern Japan. USA: New York; Old Westway, Nassau Co., 12-V- 1976, Fagus. Pennsylvania: Newton Square, Delaware Co., 2-VII-80, Quercus veltttina, G. Stevens. Biology.— In Japan it breeds in logs, stumps, and unthrifty material larger than 8 cm in diameter from 14 broadleaf host genera as well as Abies and Picea. In southern Japan and throughout southeast Asia to Sri Lanka, it is replaced by the superficially sim- ilar interjectus Blandford, with which it is easily confused. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and 67 other specimens from Japan and on 6 from the United States. 34c. Xyleborus spathipennis Eichhoff Fig. 184 Xyleborus spathipennis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:145 (Syntypes, female; Peru and Bra- zil; lost with Hamburg Mus.) Xyleborus coronatus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:348 (Holotype, male; Brasilia interior; Brussels Mus.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:199. Synonymy Boroxylon burgdorfi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:59 (Holotype, female; Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7653); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:199. Synonymy Xyleborus curtus Eggers, 1928, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 1:94 (Lectotype, female; Cachabe, Equa- dor; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60694, subsequent designa- tion by Anderson and Anderson, 1971, Smithso- nian Contrib. Zool. 94:11); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:199. Synonymy Xyleborus femoratus Eggers, 1928, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Sao Paulo 1:95 (Lectotype, female; Bahia, Brazil; Berlin Mus., present designation); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:12. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from princeps Blandford by the smaller size, by the stouter body, by the irregularly serrate anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the equal development of small granules on all declivital interstriae. Female.— Length 4.4-5.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons weakly convex, with median line weakly elevated; surface reticulate, sub- shining, coarsely punctured, closely above, sparsely below; vestiture sparse, hairlike. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate and subparallel on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin irregularly serrate; summit slightly behind middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas smooth to weakly reticulate, punctures fine, deep, rather close. Vestiture confined to mar- gins, sparse. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.3-1.5 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal half; sides weakly arcuate, widest slightly behind middle, broadly rounded 1982 Xyloborini 811 behind; striae sinuate, narrowly impressed, punctures small, rather shallow, very close; interstriae 1 narrow at base, becoming twice as wide at base of declivity, 2 and 3 similarly but less strongly narrowed toward base, sur- face smooth and shining, punctures very fine, confused, those few bearing setae larger and on 1 and 2 these pimctures weakly granulate. Declivity gradual, broadly convex except a broad, weak, transverse impression on lower fourth; surface dull; all striae curve strongly toward sutural apex on apical fourth; all in- terstrial punctures minute granulate, seti- ferous granules on odd-numbered interstriae distinctly larger. Vestiture of sparse, widely spaced interstrial bristles mostly on odd-num- bered interstriae; minute granules usually bearing minute, very short, hairlike setae on younger specimens. Male.— Length' 4.0-5.0 mm; head some- what similar to female except with a con- spicuous, wide, median sulcus, and eye reduc- ed; elytra essentially as in female; pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide, slightly wider than elytra, its sides straight and parallel on basal nine-tenths; slightly less than anterior half very deeply, broadly, concavely excavated, anterolateral angles strongly produced into lateral lobes, median third of anterior margin strongly produced into a blunt process; ante- rior areas devoid of asperities. Distribution.— Nicaragua to Bolivia and Brazil. NICARAGUA: Intercepted from Nicaraguan mahoga- ny, 9-IX-38. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m. No. 3 in Euphorbiaceae log. No. 51 in Bursera simarubra log, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 79, palm log, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VIII-63, 250 m. No. 123, log, S. L. Wood; Ham- burgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Limon, 26-V-35, F. Never- mann. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, British Guiana, Equador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. Hosts.— Numerous tree species. Biology.— This species occurs in wet low- land forests in almost any souring log that is in contact with the soil. The elongate gallery system branches and rebranches and anasto- moses with other systems. Few other Scoly- tidae tolerate the wet souring conditions where this species breeds. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of coronatus and burgdorfi, on the lectotypes of curtus and femoratus, on the Chapuis "syntypes" of spathipennis, and on 74 other specimens. Five females from Cayenne, in the Chapuis Collection, bear the determination label of Eichhoff and a type label. Nevertheless, be- cause they do not come from either Peru or Brazil, they cannot be syntypes. If authentic syntypes cannot be found, the first Chapuis specimen in this series should be designated as the neotype because it was determined by Eichhoff. The first of three syntypes in the Berlin Museum is designated as the lectotype oi femoratus. "^ . "V Fig. 184. Xijlehorus spathipennis: a, Male; b, female; c, female declivity, setae omitted. 812 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 35. Xyleborus princeps Blandford Fig. 185 Xijleborus princeps Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):208 (Lectotype, female; Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Xyleborus spathipennis var. ohaiisi Hagedorn, 1912, Rev. Zool. Afr. 1:345 (Syntypes; Pucay, Equador; lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eggers, 19.3.3, Ent. Nachrbl. 7:20. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This is the largest known American Xyleborus. It is distinguished from spathipennis Eichhoff as indicated in the above key and in the diagnosis of spathipennis. Female.— Length 5.1-5.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black. Frons and pronotum as in spathipennis ex- cept pronotum more nearly quadrate, 1.0 times as long as wide, anterior margin much more broadly rounded and feebly, if at all, serrate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal two-thirds, widest two-thirds elytral length from base, rather narrowly rounded behind; discal sculpture restricted to basal third of elytral length; elytral sculpture as in spathi- pennis except declivity more gradual but transversely more narrowly convex, particu- larly on apical third, strial punctures on de- clivity slightly larger, and setiferous declivi- tal granules distinctly larger. Distribution.— Nicaragua to Ecuador. NICARAGUA: Chontales, Janson. COSTA RICA: Rio Negro, 25 km NE La Union, Puntarenas, 20-11-65, log, J. B. Karren; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1.300 m. No. 179, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Ecuador. Biology.— Evidently as in spathipennis, but much less common. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's three female syntypes, and on eight other specimens. The first syntype in the series from Volcan Chiriqui, Panama, is here designated as the lectotype of princeps Blandford. 36. Xyleborus asper Eggers Fig. 185 Xyleborus asper Eggers, 1933, Trav. Lab. Ent. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Mem. 1(1):30 (Holotype, female; Nouveau Chantier; Paris Mus.) Xyleborus ainoenus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:282 (Holotype, female; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reven- tazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. .32:196. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is not closely al- lied to any other North or Central American species. It is distinguished by the subquadrate pronotum, by the declivital slope and sculp- ture that commence less than one-third of the elytral length from the base, by the dull de- clivity, and by the equally granulate declivi- tal interstriae. Female.— Length 2.7-2.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; very dark brown. Frons essentially as in spathipennis. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; sub- quadrate, anterior and lateral margins weakly arcuate, anterior submargin weakly serrate; summit slightly in front of middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate, posterior areas almost smooth, feebly reticulate, punctures minute, sparse. Vestiture confined to mar- gins, sparse. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather nar- rowly subangulate behind; disc confined to basal third of elytral length; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, moderately deep, spaced within row by two diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, about four times as wide as striae, punctures very small, uniseriate. Declivity commencing one- third elytral length from base, slope gradual on its basal half, steeper behind; surface dull; striae distinctly impressed, punctures rather coarse, close; interstriae smooth, dull, one and one-half to twice as wide as striae, unise- riately granulate; pointed granules variable, small ones bearing a minute, short, hairlike seta, approximately alternating with dis- tinctly larger ones bearing coarse bristles; longest bristles slightly longer than distance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Male.— Length 2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; head and elytra about as in female but with all characters poorly formed; pro- notum 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as elytra, with asperities greatly reduced in size and number, slightly more than ante- rior half shallowly, broadly concave, sides rounded, anterior margin medially produced to a point. 1982 Xyloborini 813 Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia and French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Liinon, 23-III-34, Virola warburgii; Finca La Lola, Linion, 22-\'I-63. Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Guapiles, Limon, 22-Vin-66, 100 m, No. lOL tree limb, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m, No. .351 in tree branch, also in a log, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana. Hosts.— Couma macrocarpa (Colombia), Pithacellobium pinnatutn (Venezuela), Theo- broma cacao, Toulicia pulvinata (Venezuela), Virola warburgii, etc. Biology.— This species breeds in the larger branches, limbs, and bole of a wide va- riety of hosts. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of asper, on my homotypes of amoenus that were compared by me di- rectly to the type, and on 37 other specimens. 37. Xyleborus caraibicus Eggers Xyleborus caraibicus Eggers, 1941, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 8:103 (Holotype, female; Guadeloupe; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60681)' Xyleborus trinidadensis Schedl, 1961, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13)3:5.30 (Holotype, female; River Estate, Trinidad; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:197. Synotiymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from commixtus Blandford by the more strongly, more narrowly convex elytral de- clivity, with the ventrolateral margin more obtusely elevated, and by the more strongly impressed discal striae. Female.— Length 3.2-4.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly convex, broad median line weakly elevated; surface reticulate, with rather coarse, obscurely impressed punctures. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sub- quadrate, margins rather weakly arcuate; summit at middle; moderately asperate on anterior slope; posterior areas almost smooth, punctures minute, obscure, sparse. Glabrous except for a few hairlike setae at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae weakly impressed, punctures rather coarse, shallow; interstriae two and one-half times as wide as striae, weakly convex, almost smooth, punctures very fine, shallow, almost uniseriate. Fig. 185. Xyleborus spp., female declivities with setae omitted: a, princeps: b, commixtus; c, asper. 814 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; striae 1 more distinctly impressed on middle half; strial punctures about as on disc, becoming smaller on apical fifth; apical fifth near su- ture slightly inflated; interstriae shining to slightly dull in some specimens, each armed by a uniseriate row of granules, minute and moderately coarse granules mixed in a row; ventrolateral margin obtusely elevated, me- dian side of this elevation flat, not concave. Vestiture confined to declivity, of interstrial bristles mostly two-thirds as long as distance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Brazil. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 18-IV-63, Theo- broma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m. No. 55, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Pan- dora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m, No. 135, log, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 ni. No. 102, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. 335, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Limon Bay, Canal Zone, 30-XII-63, 3 m, No. 351, tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES; Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Guadeloupe. Hosts.— Ochroma sp., Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— This species breeds in the bole, limbs, and larger branches of trees in wet, tropical, lowland areas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of caraibiciis and trinida- densis and on 24 other specimens. The Costa Rican specimens tend to have the declivital striae less strongly impressed and the gran- ules slightly smaller; however, the differences are so slight and inconsistent they are consid- ered to be minor variations within the population. 38. Xylebonis commixttis Blandford Fig. 185 Xyleborus commixtus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):208 (Lectotype, female, Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation). Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from caraibicus Eggers by the larger average size, by the more gradual, more broadly con- vex elytral declivity, with the posterolateral margin more strongly, more acutely elevated, a slight concavity between its crest and the remainder of the declivity. Female.— Length 3.7-4.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in ca- raibicus except pronotal disc and sides reticulate. Elytral outline and disc as in caraibicus ex- cept striae not impressed, punctures smaller, interstriae three to four times as wide as striae. Declivity not as steep as in caraibicus, more broadly convex, suture on lower half straight; striae not impressed, punctures larger (1.5 times) than on disc; sutural inter- striae slightly impressed on basal half; inter- strial granules similar to caraibicus but aver- aging slightly smaller; ventrolateral margin rather strongly, acutely elevated, distinctly concave between its crest and remainder of declivity, more conspicuous laterally. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, of slender inter- strial bristles, each bristle about one and one- half times as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by length of a bristle. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 52 in a log, and No. 53 in Pouteria, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Pouteria sp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs 35 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's two syntypes and on four other specimens. The first syntype, from Bu- gaba, Panama, has long been regarded as the type, although it has not been so designated. I here designate it as the lectotype of com- mixtus Blandford. 39. Xyleborus lacunatus Wood Xyleborus lacunatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1);37 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from commixtus Blandford by details in sculpture of the elytral declivity as indicated in the description. Female.— Length 4.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in commixtus. Elytral declivity essentially as in comjnixtus except rather strongly, trans- versely impressed on lower third; suture dis- tinctly concave on lower two-thirds; strial punctures larger; interstriae about twice as wide as striae; posterolateral margin much more strongly, acutely elevated than in 1982 Xyloborini 815 commixtus, rather strongly concave from its crest to suture on lower third of declivity. Vestiture as in commixtus. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 18-IV-63, Theo- broma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m, flight, S. L. Wood. Host.— Theobroma cacao. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on one other specimen. 40. Xyleboriis politus Hagedorn Xyleborus politus Hagedorn, 1905, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 6:413 (Lectotype, female; Placers du Carse- venne, French Guiana; Paris Mus., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mutabilis Schedl by the smaller size, by the smaller strial punctures, particularly on the declivity, by the narrower declivity, which is transversely convex, by the smaller, more numerous declivital granules, and by the more abrupt posterolateral margin of the declivity. Female.— Length 3.2-3.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraibicus Eggers. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in mutabilis except more narrowly rounded behind; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures and in- terstriae as in caraibicus. Declivity rather steep, transversely rather broadly convex on median half; suture straight on lower half; striae not impressed, punctures rather large, shallow; interstriae slightly more than twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, part of 2 feebly impressed near middle, granules rather small, pointed, irregular in size, about 12-15 on each interstriae; posterolateral margin ob- tusely subangulate, armed by several moder- ately coarse granules. Vestiture largely con- fined to declivity, of stout interstrial bristles, each slightly more than half as long as dis- tance between rows, spaced within a row by one to two times length of a bristle. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Venezuela and French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rinc6n de Osa, Puntarenas ll-VII-66, 30 m, Nos. 52 and 89 in logs, No. 92 in a liana, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 88, stump, S. L. Wood, Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VIII-63, 250 m. No. 124, stump, S. L. Wood; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 101, tree limb, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Venezuela. Biology.— Specimens were taken from several unidentified lianas, limbs, and logs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the "type" of politus and on 48 other specimens. The first of two syntypes in the Hagedorn series has been considered the type, although it has never been so desig- nated. I here designate that specimen as the lectotype of politus Hagedorn. 41. Xyleborus improvidus Schedl Xyleborus i7nprovidus Schedl, 1935, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg. Ri'o de Janeiro 2:92 (Holotype, female; Mor- itz, 1858, Venezuela; Schedl Coll.) Xyleborus aclinis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):38 (Holotype, female; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. .39:1.36. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mutabilis Schedl by the much smaller size, by the more strongly convex declivity, and by the presence of only one tubercle on declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 3.1-3.3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in meridensis ex- cept pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in meridensis except interstrial punctures more widely spaced. Declivity moderately steep, convex; suture feebly convex on lower half; striae not impressed, punctures little if any larger than on disc; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, 1 and 3 each armed by about three to six pointed granules of variable size, 2 armed by one moderately coarse denticle one-third de- clivital length from apex, a few small gran- ules in lateral areas; posterolateral margin as in mutabilis, narrowly rounded, its crest armed by several small, isolated granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, sparse, one short bristle arising from posterior basal mar- gin of each granule, each bristle about half as long as width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Panama to Venezuela. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan de Chiriqui, Chi- riqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, No. 386, tree stump, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a stump 15 m in diameter. 816 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four female specimens. 42. Xylebortis dissimulatus Wood Xyleborus dissimulatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sei. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):38 (Holotype, fe- male; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mutabilis by the much smaller size, by the smaller strial punctures, by the much smaller granules on declivital interstriae 2, and by the more subangulate, subserrate posterolateral margin of the declivity. It is distinguished, with difficulty, from posticus Eichhoff by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.2-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in posticus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal 60 percent of elytral length. Declivity moder- ately steep, rather broadly convex; strial punctures much larger than on disc, very shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, each with a sparse row of minute granules, 1 and 3 each with about two dis- tinctly larger granules; posterolateral margin subacute, more continuously subserrate than in posticus. Vestiture largely confined to de- clivity, of very short, stout, and fine inter- strial bristles, each bristle about one-third as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m. No. 9, Miconia, 17-IX-63, No. 184, Miconia caudata. No. 178, liana, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Miconia caudata, M. sp., liana. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 8-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 43. Xyleborus posticus Eichhoff Xyleborus posticus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:281 (Holotype, female; Caracas, Venezuela; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.). Xyleborus novateutonicus Schedl, 1954, Dusenia 5:47 (Syntypes, females; Nova Teutonia, Santa Cata- rina, Brazil; Schedl and Plaumann colls.); Schedl, 1962, Ent. Blatt. 58:207. Sijnonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely allied dissimulatus Wood by the shorter, steeper, more broadly convex declivity, which is usually dull, by the smaller strial punctures on the declivity, and by the much shorter declivital vestiture. Female.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons as in caraibicus Eggers. Pronotum 1.10 times as long as wide; usu- ally subquadrate, with all margins rather weakly arcuate, some specimens with ante- rior margin more distinctly arcuate; summit at middle; anterior slope rather coarsely as- perate, posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute, shallow, sparse. Vestiture confined to margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather abruptly rounded, obtusely subangulate be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures moder- ately large, shallow; interstriae three times as wide as striae, subshining, smooth, punctures uniseriate, rather small (sometimes irregular in size). Declivity occupying posterior 25 percent of elytral length, steep, broadly con- vex; surface dull (less commonly shining); striae feebly impressed, punctures very slightly larger than on disc; interstriae twice as wide as striae, each uniseriately, rather sparsely granulate (about 6-8 granules on each), granules rather small, usually pointed, often irregular in size, smaller to obsolete on apical fourth; posterolateral margin abruptly rounded, a few small, scattered granules on its crest. Vestiture of fine, moderately long, interstrial hair, often abraded on disc and sides; each seta on declivity up to twice as long as distance between rows. Male.— Length 1.7 mm; similar to female except eye reduced in size, anterior margin of pronotum more broadly rounded; asper- ities smaller, summit flat or feebly impressed; all details of sculpture poorly formed. Distribution.— Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins. Veracruz: Coatzocoalcos, Lago Catemaco. GUATEMALA; Volcan Pacaya in Esquintla. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Rincon de Osa, and Volcan in Punta- renas, Rio Damitas (Dota Mts.) and San Jose in San Jose, Tapanti and Volcan Irazu in Cartago, Guapiles and Fin- ca La Lola in Limon. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island and Gatun Dam in the Canal Zone, Volcan Chiriqui in Chiriqui. 1982 Xyloborini 817 Hosts.— Erythrina costaricensis, Ficus sp., Spondias purpurea, Theobroma cacao, and numerous other trees, shmbs, and lianas. Biology.— This is an abundant, moder- ately aggressive species that has caused con- siderable economic loss to horticultural crops and to the lumber industry in Central and South America. It occurs in rather moist areas and it may breed in almost any material larger than about 8 cm in diameter. It is evi- dently more successful on slightly drier sites or areas of a log than is normal for ferru- gineus (Fabricius) or affinis Eichhoff. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 116 specimens, two of which were com- pared to Eggers's material that he had com- pared to a cotype of posticus. Schedl's syn- types of novateutonicus were examined, but comparative notes were not recorded. Two specimens in the U.S. National Museum were sent by Eichhoff to Riley; they were labeled "posticus, Mexico, Reitter." These specimens undoubtedly were examined by Eichhoff, but were not part of his original series and can- not be considered syntypes. They are entirely typical of the species and have the dull declivity. Many specimens assigned to this species from southern South America have the ely- tral declivity brightly shining. No attempt was made to determine if that form repre- sents a normal variation within a population or a sibling species. 44. Xyleborus concentus Wood Xyleboriis concentus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):39 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartage, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from parallelocoUis Eggers by the more nar- rowly convex declivity on the transverse axis, by the serrate posterolateral margin of the declivity, and by the shorter interstrial bristles on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.5-2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraibicus Egg- ers except pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, tapered, then narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinctly impressed; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures very fine, uniseriate. De- clivity gradual, transversely convex, suture very feebly convex on lower half; surface rather dull in most specimens; striae not im- pressed, punctures larger than on disc; inter- striae flat, slightly wider than striae, granules small, of uniform size, spaced by distances less than width of an interstriae; post- erolateral margin abrupt, subacute, finely serrate. Vestiture largely confined to declivi- ty, consisting of short, stout, interstrial bristles, each bristle equal in length to about one-third width of an interstriae; a few sim- ilar, much longer bristles on disc. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m, No. 9, liana; Volcan. Puntarenas, n-XII-63, 1000 in. No. 308, tree limb; Tapanti, Cartago, 26-X1-63, 1300 m. No. 26.5, Phoebe niexicana; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VI11-66, 100 m. No. 101, tree limb. VENEZUELA: 30 km E Palmar, Bolivar, 12-VI-70, 200 m. No. 556, Alexa itnperatricis. All were taken by me. Hosts.— Alexa imperatricia, Phoebe mexi- cana, etc. Biology.— Limbs and the boles of trees and lianas from 8 to 20 cm in diameter were attacked. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 45. Xyleborus quadratus Blandford Xylebonis quadratus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):209 (Lectotype, female; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concentus Wood by the larger size, by the longer declivital bristles, and'^possibly, by the slightly less narrowly rounded posterior margin of the elytra. Female.— Length 3.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in concentus except declivital bristles slightly more slender, each almost as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The first of two female syntypes in the Blandford series of quadratus is here designated as the lectotype of this species. The above treatment was based on the lectotype. 818 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 46. Xyleborus parallehcollis Eggers Fig. 186 Xyleborus parallelocollis Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 1(1):33 (Holo- type, female; Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana; Paris Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concentus Wood by the transversely im- pressed, more broadly convex elytral declivi- ty, and by the more acutely elevated, almost smooth, posterolateral margin of the declivity. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraibicus ex- cept pronotum 1.11 times as long as wide, its posterior areas subreticulately etched. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline slightly stouter than in concentus. Declivity moderately steep, broadly convex, suture straight on lower half; svirface smooth and shining; strial punctures and interstrial granules as in con- centus; posterolateral margin acutely, strong- ly elevated, its crest almost smooth, devoid of denticles, a feebly concave impression be- tween crest and remainder of declivity. Vesti- ture largely confined to declivity, consisting of interstrial bristles, each bristle equal in length to from half to two-thirds distance be- tween rows, bristles interspersed with minute hair; sparse setae on disc fine, about twice as long as on declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica and French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m, No. 52, log, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, San Jose, I8-II-64, 250 m, No. 438, log, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m. No, 178, liana, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 497, liana, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, 27-VI-63, Theohroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. OTHER COUNTRIES: French Guiana. Hosts.— Theohroma cacao, and other trees and lianas. Biology.— Specimens were taken from lianas 10 cm in diameter and from logs up to 1 m in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 20 other specimens. 47. Xyleborus discretus Eggers Xyleborus discretus Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 1(1):29 (Holo- type, female; Marcapata, Peru; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60670) Xyleborus usticus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:3 (Holoype, female; Bartica District, British Guiana; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from setnipunctatus Eggers by the distinctly larger size, by the steeper elytral declivity, and by the variable size of the interstrial granules on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in caraibicus ex- cept frons and posterior areas of pronotum more distinctly reticulate; pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; disc and outline as in semipunctatus. Declivity confined to posteri- or 40 percent, rather steep, broadly convex; transversely impressed on lower third, sutural area distinctly concave on lower half of de- clivity; striae and interstriae as in semi- punctatus except interstrial granules with one or two very minute granules alternating with moderately coarse granules; post- erolateral margin subacutely elevated, dis- tinctly impressed between its crest and re- mainder of declivity. Vestiture as in parallelocollis except shorter; length of de- clivital bristles distinctly shorter than half distance between rows, often abraded. Male.— Length 2.7 mm; head and elytra essentially as in female, but with all charac- ters poorly formed; pronotum as in male as- per Eggers except anterior area somewhat more strongly concave. Distribution.— Veracruz to French Guiana and Peru. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, .30 m. No. 52, log, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, Peru. Hosts.— Alexa imperatricia (Venezuela), etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs 30 to 100 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of discretus, on a topotypic paratype of usticus, and on 71 other speci- mens, 2 of which were compared to the holo- type of discretus. 1982 Xyloborini 819 48. Xyleborus schildi Schedl Xylebonts schildi Schedl, 1935, Archiv. Instit. Biol. Veg. 2:94 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles a small spathipennis Eichhoff except that the anterior margin of the pronotum is unarmed. It is distinguished from the dis- tantly related trihulatus Wood as indicated in the above key. Female.— Length 3.4-4.0 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in trihulatus. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline as in trihulatus except stouter; disc occupying slightly less than basal half, shining, except striae and interstriae 1 dull; striae feebly im- pressed, punctures very fine, shallow, inter- striae smooth, four to five times as wide as striae, interstriae becoming distinctly wider toward declivity, punctures confused, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity gradual, broadly convex, dull; very similar to trihu- latus except more broadly convex, surface smooth but shagreened; striae not impressed, punctures as on disc; interstrial punctures uniseriate except confused on 1, two or three punctures on each interstriae finely granu- late; posterolateral margin less acute than in trihulatus. Vestiture restricted to one short, stout bristle at each declivital granule. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA; Turrialba, 800 m, S. L. G. Schild. CO- LOMBIA; 8 km S Colonia, Valle de Cauca, 9-Vn-70, 30 m, No. 647, Rlicedia madrufw. S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on one other specimen. 49. Xylehorus trihulatus Wood Xyleborus trihulatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1);.39 (Holotype, female; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from seniipunctatus Eggers except as noted in the following description. Female.— Length 3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in seniipunctatus except punctures on posterior half of pro- notum distinctly larger, closer. Elytra as in seniipunctatus except discal striae 2 distinctly sinuate; interstriae 2 and 3 on disc distinctly confused; strial punctures on disc and declivity distinctly larger, inter- striae on disc three times as wide as striae (four times as wide in seniipunctatus). De- clivity as in sempunctatus except as noted. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22- VIII-63, 250 m. No. 126, liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype. 50. Xylehorus semipunctatus Eggers Xyleborus semipunctatus Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mas. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris I(l);30 (Holo- type, female; St. Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana; Paris Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from discretus Eggers by the smaller size and by the more gradual declivity with the inter- strial granules of uniformly small size. Female.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in caraihicus Egg- ers, pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; disc as in parallelocollis Eggers; outline as parallelocollis except more broadly rounded at basal and lateral margins of declivity; suture weakly, distinctly con- cave on lower half of declivity; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures and inter- strial granules as in parallelocollis; post- erolateral margin as in parallelocollis except more distinctly impressed between its crest and remainder of declivity. Vestiture as in concentus Wood but slightly shorter, finer. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Colombia to French Guiana. COSTA RICA; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, ,30 m. No. 90, liana, S. L. Wood. COLOMBIA; San Marcos, Valles, VII-59, 550 m, C. Ramos. VENE- ZUELA; 30 km E Palmar, Bolivar, 12-^1-70, No. 543 in Jacaranda copaia. No. 556 in Alexa imperatricia, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Alexa imperatricia, Jacaranda copaia, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5 to 30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 11 other specimens, several of which were compared directly to the type. Apparently a cotype in the Eggers collection and other specimens in the Schedl collection are of parallelocollis and do not agree with the holotype. 820 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 51. Xyleborus tumucensis Hagedorn Xyleborus tumucensis Hagedorn, 1905, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Pari.s 6:414 (Lectotype, female; Riviere Lunier, Tuniuc-Humac, French Guiana; Paris Mus., present designation) Xyleborus guayanensis Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 1(1):28 (Syn- types, male and female; Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana; Paris Mus.); Wood, 1972. Great Basin Nat. .32:200. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished form geaiji Hagedorn by the larger size, by the confused strial punctures on both disc and declivity, and by the slightly stouter body form. Female.— Length 3.5-3.8 mm (lectotype 3.7 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in caraihicus Eggers. Pronotum 1.11 times as long as wide; widest one-third length from base, sides weakly arcuate and converging anteriorly, rather narrowly rounded in front; summit dis- tinctly behind middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior half with lateral areas reticulate, becoming subreticulate to shining behind summit, punctures fine, shal- low, moderately close. Vestiture confined to margins, sparse. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal two- thirds of elytral length; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, rather strongly con- fused except near base; interstriae at base three times as wide as striae, punctures unise- riate, finely granulate, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity rather steep, rather broadly flattened; strial punctures moder- ately large, shallow, confused; interstriae marked only by pointed tubercles, about three or four tubercles on each interstriae ex- cept 2 usually armed only near base and apex; posterolateral margin subacute, armed by a few fine granules. Vestiture of interstrial bristles, those on declivity slightly shorter than distance between rows, longer on disc. Distribution.— Costa Rica and French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, .30 m, No. 63, Bursera simarubra. No. 52, log, S. L. Wood. Host.— Bursera simarubra, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs 30 to 100 cm in diameter. Notes.— The first of three female syntypes of tumucensis has been labeled type. It is in the Paris Museum and is here designated as the lectotype of tumucensis Hagedorn. The lectotype of tumucensis, the male syntype and two female cotypes of guayanensis, and nine other specimens were used as the basis for the above treatment. The female syntype of guayanensis is not in the Paris Museum, where it was originally deposited. Eggers (1933) incorrectly applied the name tumu- censis to specimens of geayi Hagedorn and, as a result, named the synonym guayanensis. 52. Xyleborus geayi Hagedorn Xyleborus geayi Hagedorn, 1905, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 6:413 (Lectotype, female; Camopi, French Guiana; Paris Mus., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tumucensis Hagedorn by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, and by the uniseriate strial punctures on both disc and declivity. Female.— Length 2.8-3.1 mm (lectotype 2.8 mm), 2.55 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons and pronotum as in tumucensis ex- cept pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; posterior area rather dull, obscurely or not at all reticulate, punctures smaller. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.35 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in tumucensis except more slender; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, shallow, very close, slightly confused on posterior half of disc; interstriae almost smooth, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures unise- riate, almost as large as those of striae, granu- late on anterior margins. Declivity about as in tumucensis, strial punctures much larger than on disc, in rows, tubercles similarly placed but slightly smaller. Vestiture as in tumucensis except slightly longer, obsolete on declivital face except where tubercles arise. 1982 Xyloborini 821 Distribution.— Costa Rica and Colombia to French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VHl- 66, 30 m, No. 52, log, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VIII-64, 250 m, tree stump, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. British Guiana, and French Guiana. Host.— Sloania multi flora (Colombia), etc. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 20 to 80 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the first female syntype, labeled type, in the Hagedorn series at the Paris Museum, and on 43 other specimens. The first syntype of geaiji Hagedorn in the Paris Museum has been regarded as the type, although it has not been so designated; I here designate it the lectotype of this species. 53. Xyleborus grandis Eichhoff Xylcbunis grandis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:281 (Holotype, female; Colombia; Brussels Mus.) Diagnosis.— The true affinities of this spe- cies are imcertain. It is distinguished from tumucensis Hagedorn and geayi Hagedorn by the more gradual declivity, by the minute subgranular irregularities on the pronotal disc, and bv the confused punctures on de- clivital interstriae 1, 2, and 3. Female.— Length 4.2-4.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in caraihiciis Eggers. Pronotum 1.10 times as long as wide; widest slightly behind middle, sides weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; summit slightly behind middle; finely, closely aspe- rate on anterior half, asperities gradually de- creasing in size posteriorly to base, area be- hind summit shining, very closely, shallowly punctured, posterior margins of punctures subgranulate. Vestiture confined to marginal areas, sparse. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight on basal half, slightly wider at base of declivity, rather broadly rounded, then rather narrowly rounded behind; disc confined to basal half; striae weakly impressed, punctures very close, rather large, shallow; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures fine, confused, moderately abun- dant, somewhat imiseriate toward base on odd-numbered interstriae. Declivity com- mencing at middle, gradual, very broadly convex; striae not impressed, punctures uniseriate on disc, usually slightly confused near middle of declivity; interstrial punctures confused, larger than on disc except on 1, their anterior margins usually feebly granu- late; about four widely spaced, pointed tu- bercles on each interstriae on basal two- thirds, except only two on 2; posterolateral margin narrowly rounded, its crest finely granulate. Vestiture of rather widely spaced, slender, interstrial bristles, each one and one- half to two times length of a bristle. Only available male with anterior third of pronotum severed, evidently resembling male spathipennis. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-6;3, 1.300 m. No. 181, log, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from a decaying log 80 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on seven other specimens. 54. Xyleborus vismiae Wood Fig. 186 Xyleborus vismiae Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 19(I):39 (Holotype, female; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from costaricensis Blandford by the shorter, steeper declivity, which is strongly, trans- versely impressed on the lower half, by the smooth, shining declivital surface, and by the larger declivital granules. The costaricensis group of species is characterized by the slightly protuberant, smooth, peculiarly reti culate frons that is devoid of punctures, by the tapered posterior half of the elytra, and by the long, rather narrow declivity. Female.— Length 3.3-3.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly, transversely impressed be- tween eyes, weakly inflated below; surface smooth, with very fine reticulation below, more coarsely reticulate toward vertex, punc- tures rather small, sparse, mostly confined to lateral areas, none on lower third; vestiture very sparse, hairlike, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half. 822 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 rather narrowly rounded in front; summit at middle; anterior half rather finely asperate; posterior areas very finely subreticulate, punctures minute, distinct, rather sparse. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then rather strongly ta- pered, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, dis- tinct, spaced within a row by one to two di- ameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, moderately shining, punctures very minute, distinct, uniseriate. Declivity occupying slightly more than posterior third, strongly, transversely impressed on lower half; trans- versely flat; longitudinally concave; striae curved toward suture near apex, punctures almost twice as large as on disc; interstriae shining, armed by rows of small granules, al- ternate granules slightly larger; posterolateral margin narrowly rounded, its crest with a few feeble granules. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22- VIII-63, 250 111, No. 126, Vismia guai/anensis, S. L. Wood. VENEZUELA; Rancho Grande "in Pittier Nat. Pk., Aragua, 9-IV-70, 1100 m. No. 433, Guttiferae (very near but apparently not Vismia), S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Vismia guayanensis, and Gutti- ferae sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small, cut trees 6-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 55a. Xyleborus demissus Wood Xyleborus demissus Wood, 1974, Brighain Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):40 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from deplanatus Eggers by the more slender body form, by the shorter declivity, by the two sizes of interstrial tubercles on the de- clivity, and by the less strongly serrate post- erolateral margin of the declivity. Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in deplanatus ex- cept pronotum 1.21 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, then slightly tapered, narrowly rounded behind, weakly emarginate at suture; disc occupying slightly more than basal half; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, distinct; interstriae smooth, shining, three times as wide as striae, punc- tures uniseriate, slightly smaller than those of striae, their anterior margins feebly granulate at base, becoming more distinctly granulate posteriorly. Declivity rather gradual, moder- ately convex on both axes; striae not im- pressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc, lateral margins of punctures on 2 and 3 weakly granulate; interstriae shining, about twice as wide as striae, each armed by a row of granules, granules mostly small except on 2 and 3 distinctly larger granules alternate with small ones. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and interstrial rows of short, almost scalelike bristles, each bristle one- third to one-half as long as distance between rows, slightly closer within a row, each three to five times as long as wide. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 in. No. 70, log 20 cm in diameter, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 55h.— Xyleborus praestans Wood Xyleborus praestans Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:358 (Holotype, female; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from meritus Wood by the larger size, by the different elytral declivity, and by other char- acters cited below. Female.— Length 3.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in meritus except pronotal summit more subacutely elevated. Elytra about as in meritus except declivity slightly steeper, more nearly convex, more broadly rounded behind; interstrial punctures on disc more nearly obsolete, irregular inter- strial lines on disc more conspicuous; strial punctures on declivity more distinct, not larger than those on disc, interstrial tubercles on 1 and 2 not as close, very slightly larger. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiqirui, 31-V-72, 2000-2500 m, T. L. and L. J. Erwin. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 1982 Xyloborini 823 56. Xyleborus meritus Wood Fig. 186 Xyleborus meritus Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):40 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vismiae Wood by the sHghtly larger size, by the more gradual, more nearly flat- tened elytral declivity, and by the much finer interstrial granules on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.8-3.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, pronotum (1.13 times as long as wide), and elytral disc as in vismiae. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in vismiae. Declivity occupying slightly less than posteri- or half of elytral length, its lower half very shallowly concave; striae not impressed, cur- ving toward suture' near apex, punctures al- most twice as large as on disc; interstriae smooth, shining, with widely spaced fine granules, those on lower half of 2 and 3 smaller, sometimes almost obsolete. Vestiture sparse, of fine hair, length on declivity equal to about half width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 1300 m, 2-VII-63, No. 7, liana, 3-VII-6.3, No. 17, Conostegia oerstediana. 17-IX-63, No. 182, tree branch. No. 184, Miconia caud- ata, 26-X1-63, No. 265, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood; 14 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 204, Mi- conia globuliflora. No. 200, Myrica pubescens, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Conostegia oerstediana, Miconia caudata, M. globidiflora, Myrica pubescens, and Phoebe mexicana. Biology.— This species was taken from material 6-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens. 57. Xyleborus costaricensis Blandford Fig. 186 Xyleborus costaricensis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):210 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Costa Rica; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Fig. 186. Xyleborus spp., female declivities with setae omitted: a, prolatus, b, costaricensis; c, vismiae; d, paral- lelocollis; e, meritus; f, pseudotenuis. 824 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Xyleborus neveniuinni Schedl, 1935, Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veget., Rio de Janiero 2:93 (Syntypes, females; Vara Blanca, Heredia, Costa Rica; Schedl and Nevermann Coll.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:1.36. Sijnonijmij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from meritiis Wood by the larger size and by the longer, dull, more flattened elytral declivity. Female.— Length 4.0-4.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in meritus. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in mer- itus except more broadly rounded behind; disc occupying very slightly less than basal half; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, shallow; interstriae three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining punctures minute, virtually obsolete. Declivity rather gradual, narrowly flattened toward base, more broad- ly, subconcavely flattened on lower third to striae 3; surface dull; strial punctures almost twice as wide as on disc; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, with small vmiseriate, sparse granules on each interstriae from base to apex; spacing for granules about equal to width of an interstriae. Vestiture confined to declivity, of sparse rows of interstrial hairlike .setae, each seta about equal in length to dis- tance between rows, one to two times length of a seta within a row. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, G. C. Champion; 14 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 194, log, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-X-63, 1300 m. No. 178, liana, 24-X-63, No. 265, Phoebe inexicana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 386, tree stump, S. L. Wood; Potrerillos, Chiriqui, 18- IV, 20-V-33. Hosts.— Phoebe mexicana, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut material 8-30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 38 specimens, 2 of which were compared directly to the holotype of costaricensis. The Schedl syntype and the syntype in the U.S. National Museum of nevermanni were exam- ined and are of this species. 58. Xyleborus prolatus Wood Fig. 186 Xyleborus prolatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):41 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished froin costaricensis Blandford by the larger size, by the longer, more strongly impressed declivity, and by the near absence of granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Female.— Length 4.0-4.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in costaricensis. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in cos- taricensis except more strongly tapered on posterior half, more narrowly rounded be- hind; disc confined to basal third, as in cos- taricensis. Declivity very gradual, shallowly, broadly bisulcate; surface dull; strial punc- tures twice as large as on disc; interstriae al- most twice as wide as striae, smooth, 1 dis- tinctly elevated toward suture, 2 broadly, subconcavely impressed, 3 distinctly, gradu- ally elevated toward broad summit at striae 4, 3 and 4 each with a row of widely spaced, moderately large granules, 1 and 2 sometimes with one or two smaller granules near apex (one paratype with five granules on 2 on left side). Vestiture as in costaricensis except al- most entirely absent on declivital interstriae 1 and 2. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 265, Phoebe mexicana. S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from a cut limb 6-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 59. Xyleborus sparsipilosus Eggers Xyleborus sparsipilosus Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. Paris 1(1):34 (Holo- type, female; Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana; Paris Mus.) Xyleborus inconveniens Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent., Rio de Janeiro 19:577 (Holotype, female; Ham- burgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:199. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from productus Hagedom by the smaller size, by the more broadly rounded elytral apex, which is not produced on the apical fourth of the declivity, and by the smaller major den- ticle on declivital interstriae 3. Female.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. 1982 Xyloborini 825 Frons broadly convex, epistomal margin weakly elevated; surface reticulate, punc- tures rather sparse, shallow, not sharply im- pressed, irregular in size. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides weakly arcuate and al- most subparallel on slightly more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; sum- mit at middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas almost smooth and shining, with irregular, sometimes obscure areas of reticulation, punctures fine, sparse. Vestiture sparse, confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; disc occupying basal two- thirds; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, one or two minute punctures alternating with one larger, subgranulate puncture. Declivity moderately steep, broadly convex on trans- verse axis; suture straight on lower half; strial punctures distinctly larger than on disc; in- terstriae slightly wider than striae; interstriae 1 armed by about five pointed granules, one on upper third and one on lower third slightly larger, 2 entirely unarmed, with a row of closely placed punctures, 3 armed by two to seven granules, two on middle third larger, about equal in size to those on 1; lat- eral areas with a few fine granules; post- erolateral margin subacute, crest sinuate, vmarmed. Vestiture consisting of very minute strial hair and rows of interstrial setae; one or two minute interstrial setae alternate with long, coarse, interstrial bristles, bristles each about twice as long as distance between rows, spaced within a row by length of a bristle; bristles absent on declivital interstriae 2. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama to French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, .30 m. No. 52, log, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco in Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63. 500 m, No. 62, Ficiis, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22- VIII- 63, 250 m. No. 124, tree stump, 18-11-64, No. 4.30, in flight, S. L. Wood; Moravia, Cartago, 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 470, log, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 496, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, 28-VI-.34, fliegend bei Virola warburgii, F. .Neverniann. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, 2-VIII-70, 900 m. Hosts.— Ficiis sp., Virola loarburgii, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 10-60 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of sparsipilosus, on my homotype that was compared directly to the holotype of inconveniens, and on 20 other specimens. 60. Xtjleborus productus Hagedorn Xi/leborus productus Hagedorn, 1905, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 6:414 (Lectotype, female; Bas. .Ma- hury, French Guiana; Paris Mus., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sparsipilosus Eggers by the larger size, by the narrowly produced apical third of the elytral declivity, and by the slightly enlarged denticle on declivital interstriae 3. Female.— Length 2.5-2.7 mm (lectotype 3.0 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in sparsipilosus ex- cept frons more coarsely punctured, pro- notum more broadly, subangulately rounded in front, posterior areas more uniformly reticulate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, subacutely acuminate behind; disc occupying basal two-thirds of elytral length; disc as in sparsipilosus. Decliv- ity moderately steep, broadly convex on up- per half, median area of apical fourth pro- duced to sutural apex; striae about as on disc except punctures less distinct; interstriae 1 armed by about five granules, one sometimes distinctly larger, 2 irregular, pimctures some- times feebly granulate, 3 armed by one to about three granules, one near middle of de- clivity distinctly larger, usually larger than those on 1; lateral areas with a few smaller granules; posterolateral margin narrowly rounded, its crest sometimes bearing two or three granules. Vestiture as in sparsipilosus except difference in long and short interstrial setae less pronounced; one or more long setae on declivital interstriae 2. Distribution.— Costa Rica to French Guiana. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 1 m. No. 79, Rhizophora mangle, S. L. Wood. PAN- .^MA: Summit Gardens, Canal Zone, 9-V-71, E. G. Riley. 826 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from a dying mangrove tree 20 cm in diameter. The galleries appeared identical to those of ferru- gineus (Fabricius). Notes.— The above treatment was based on 28 specimens that were compared directly to Hagedorn's type; the type is distinctly larger, but agrees in all other respects. Hage- dom labeled his first of three syntypes as the type; I here designate that specimen as the lectotype of productus Hagedom. distance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1500 m, No. 141 in Alniis, No. 151 in a log, No. 147 in flight, by S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cordwood 40 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of titubanter and on the type series of six specimens of dissidens. 61. Xyleborus titubanter Schedl Xylehoms titubanter Schedl, 1948, Rev. de Ent. 19:578 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Xyleborus dissidens Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. (Holotype, female; 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:23. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is placed here because of the slender pronotum and steep elytral declivity; nevertheless, it probably is more closely related to the species placed in the subgenus EuwaUacea. In addition to the slender pronotum with its procurved anterior margin, this species has the elytral declivity steep, convex, and interstriae 1-3 equally armed by pointed granules. Female.— Length 3.0-3.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in costaricensis Blandford but with lower area less strongly inflated. Pronotum 1.22 times as long as wide; as in sparsipilosiis except posterior areas subreticulate. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc oc- cupying slightly more than basal two-thirds; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, distinct, spaced within a row by diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, min- ute, distinct, almost obsolete. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; striae about as on disc; interstriae 1-3 each equally armed by six to ten pointed granules of slightly irregu- lar size; posterolateral margin obtuse, abrupt. Vestiture confined to declivity, of rows of rather coarse, interstrial setae, each seta about one and one-half times as long as 62. Xyleborus irnbellis Blandford Xyleborus irnbellis Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):211 (Holotype, female; San Juan, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished from other American representatives of the genus by the large size, by the small, deep, confused elytral punctures on both disc and declivity, by the short, fine, abundant elytral hair, and by the different pronotum. Female.— Length 4.4-4.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons moderately convex; surface with close, flat, shining, moderately coarse gran- ules, almost subaciculate, median line smooth, shining; vestiture fine, rather long, epistomal brush conspicuous. Antennal club with one obscure suture on anterior face, none on posterior face. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, slightly wider than elytra; widest at middle, sides feebly arcuate from base, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin imarmed; summit indefinite, anterior to middle; ante- rior slope rather steep, asperities on its ante- rior fourth resembling granules, those at and near summit resembling scales; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures deep, rather close, of irregular, small size. Vestiture of fine, moderately abundant hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, slightly tapered to base of declivity, then rather broadly rounded be- hind; disc occupying basal 65 percent of ely- tral length; striae usually not indicated, punc- tures may be in rows or confused, only slightly larger than those of interstriae; inter- striae smooth, shining, punctures small, deep, rather abundant, confused except almost uniseriate near declivity in some specimens. 1982 Xyloborini 827 Declivity moderately steep, lower two-thirds almost flat on median half; posterolateral margin rounded; surface smooth, shining, pimctures confused, as on disc. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair from base to apex, somewhat more abundant on declivity. Distribution.— Veracruz to El Salvador. MEXICO: Veracruz: El Palmar, 4-IV-57, Hevca brasi- Hensis, R. Coronado. GUATEMALA: San Juan in Vera- paz, G. G. Champion. EL SALVADOR: San Salvador, 2- IV-30, No. 102, S. Calderon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on four other specimens. 63. Xyleborus ferrugineus (Fabricius) Figs. 187-188 Bostrichus ferrugineus Fabricius, 1801, Systema eleuthe- ratorum 2:388 (Lectotype, female; America meri- dionali; Copenhagen Mus., present designation) Xyleborus ferrugineus: Ferrari, 1867, Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 23 Tomicus trypanaeoides Wollaston, 1867, Coleoptera Hesperidum, p. 114 (Syntypes, females; S. lago and Fogo, Cape Verde Islands; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:9. Synonymy Xyleborus fuscatus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:400 (Syntypes; Carolina and Colom- bia; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus impressus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:400 (Syntypes?; Massachusetts; one "type" in Brussels Mus.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus confusus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Lectotype, female; Valli do Ca- racas, Venezuela; Brussels Mus., present designa- tion); Schedl, 1957, Ann. Mus. Congo Beige (8) Ser. Zool. 56:16. Synonymy Xyleborus retusicoUis Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:146 (Holotype, male; Maryland; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:1312. Synonymy Xyleborus bispinatus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:146 (Syntypes; Brazil; eight syntypes in Brussels Mus.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus amplicoUis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:280 (Syntypes?; Puerto Rico; one fe- male syntype in Brussels Mus.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus insularis Sharp, 1885, Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2)3:193 (Syntypes?; Hawaii; British Mus. Nat. Hist.?); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus tanganus Hagedorn, 1910, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1:8 (Syntypes; Tangana, Deutsch- Ostafrika; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:9. Synonymy Xyleborus soltaui Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:66 (Holotype, female; New Orleans, Louis- iana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7415); Bright, 1968, Cana- dian Ent. 100:1312. Synonymy Xyleborus nyssae Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:66 (Holotype, female; Nichols, South Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7417); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:9. Synonymy Xyleborus hopkinsi Beeson, 1929, Insects of Samoa, Coleopt. 4:246 (Holotype, female; Malololelei, Samoan Islands; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus argentinensis Schedl, 1931, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)8:345 (Holotype, San Ignacio, Argen- tina; Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus schedli Eggers, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:83 (Holo- type, female; 12 km from Atlantic Ocean, Limon, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60768); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:9. Synonymy Xyleborus notatus Eggers, 1941, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin. Dahlem 8:107 (Holotype, female; 3- Riv., Guadeloupe; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60766); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:8. Synonymy Xyleborus subitus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:280 (Holotype, female; Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 1960, Coleopt. Bull. 14:9. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This is one of the most wide- ly distributed, common, economically impor- tant ambrosia beetles in the world. It is easily recognized by the rather slender form, by the reddish brown color, and by the moderately steep, flattened elytral declivity that is armed on interstriae 3 by one pair of rather promi- nent denticles. Female.- Length 2.0-3.3 mm, 2.7-3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex; surface reticulate, subshining, punctures rather sparse, small, not sharply impressed; vestiture of sparse, in- conspicuous hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; summit at middle; anterior slope rather coar- sely, closely asperate; posterior areas mostly smooth, shining, often with obscure in- dications of reticulation laterally, particularly near asperate areas, punctures fine, sparse, shallow. Sparse hairlike vestiture confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly ta- pered, rather broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal two-thirds; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures moderately coarse. 828 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 rather deep; interstriae about one and one- half times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, pimctiires moderately coarse to minute or ob- solete, uniseriate, usually widely, irregularly placed. Declivity rather steep, essentially flat (a slight convexity in some specimens); strial punctures usually slightly larger than on disc; interstriae 1 and 2 flat, unarmed except for one or two pointed granules at base of 1, 3 often feebly elevated, armed by one rather k\ ^ ♦ Fig. 187. Xylehoms and Xyleborinus, female declivities: a, Xyleborus obesus; b, Xyleborus sayi\ c, Xyleborus dis- par, d, Xyleborinus saxeseni; e, Xyleborus celsits; f, Xyleborus ferrugineus. (After Bright 1976:132.) 1982 Xyloborini 829 coarse denticle at middle of declivity, one to three smaller pointed granules often present on basal half; a few rounded granules usually present in lateral areas; posterolateral margin narrowly rounded, its crest usually armed by a series of granules. Vestiture of moderately long interstrial hair, mostly obsolete on declivity. Male.— Length 1.8 mm; head and elytra essentially as in female except vertex with a distinct median sulcus, and major denticle on declivity not larger than other granules, all features poorly formed; elytra 1.3 times as long as pronotum; pronotum with asperities almost obsolete, anterior third concavely ex- cavated, lateral margins of concavity rather narrowly rounded, anterior margin obtusely produced with a short acute spine medially. Distribution.— Michigan and Massachu- setts to S Arizona and Argentina; tropical Af- rica; Hawaii to Micronesia. USA: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, District of Colum- bia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Loui- siana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio. Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vir- ginia, and West Virginia. MEXICO: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, and Veracruz. CENTRAL AMERICA: British Honduras, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. Hosts.- Schedl (1962) records 168 host species. The following new American host re- cords are added to his list: Bombacopsis quin- tana, Cedrela sp.. Citrus sp., Couma macro- carpa, Dendropana arboreuin, Eschweilera corriigata, Fagara sp., Fissicalyx fendleri, Inga sp., Lecythia sp., Licania sp., Loncho- carpus margaritensis, Melicoccora bijugata, Ochroma sp., PithaceUobium pinnatum, Pou- teria anibaefolia, Protium sp., Sacoglothia procera, Spondias purpurea, Sivietenia macro- phijUa, and Vismia sp. Biology.- This is probably the most de- structive species of Scolytidae in tropical areas of the world from sea level to an eleva- tion of about 1500 m. It attacks virtually all species of woody plants, although it is rare in conifers. Normally, it attacks material larger than 10 cm in diameter, but on rare occasions it has been taken from sugar cane and other small stems. It usually attacks cut, broken, imthrifty trees, or stumps either on or near the ground. On certain occasions it attacks slightly injured, living trees and either has- tens or causes the death of its host. Its great- est economic effect is produced on cut logs either in the forest or in temporary storage or docking areas, where the tunnels may render all sapwood totally useless within a very few weeks. They are able to tolerate unusually high temperatures and excessive moisture. In addition to their activities of perforating sap\ jod, they are the principal vector of Ce- ratocystis fimbriata, which causes a wilt dis- ease of Cacao (Saunders 1965). As in other Xyleborus, only the female flies to seek a new host. Flight activity occurs pri- marily at night. The multibranching tunnels usually penetrate all of the sapwood of the host whether it is 2 or 30 cm in depth; their galleries are less common in the heartwood. In addition to the deep galleries, this species may form shallow tunnels that are visible on the surface of wood from which the bark has been peeled; however, these surface tunnels are not always present. Saunders and Knoke (1967) successfully cultured this species in vitro on an artificial medium in the absence of the symbiotic fungus. Notes.— In the Copenhagen Museum there are four original Fabricius specimens of ferrugineus. One of these is the Kiel speci- men examined by Eggers, one is of af finis Fig. 188a. Xyleborus ferrugineus, female. (After Schedl ]962:425.) 830 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Eichhoff, and two are of torquatus Eichhoff. A presumed syntype conspecific with the Kiel specimen is in the BerHn Museum. Al- though the Kiel specimen is in very poor con- dition and probably is not the specimen on which the original description was based (the torquatus specimens fit more precisely), I here designate the Kiel specimen as the lec- totype of ferrugineus Fabricius to retain the established concept of this species. I have also examined the syntypes of trypanaeoides, bispinatus, confusus, impressus, amplicollis, and insularis, and the holotypes of soltaui, nyssae, argentinensis, hopkinsi, Scheldt, no- tatus, and subitus. The first of four syntypes Fig. 188b. Xyleborus ferrugineus, galleries. (After Schedl 1962:45.3, 455.) of confusus in the Brussels Museum is here designated as the lectotype of that species. This species is somewhat variable in size and in certain details of elytral structure. Much of this variation is evidently due to en- vironmental factors, but some of it apparent- ly results from genetic differences. Two or more parthenogenetically produced "clones" occupying the same log can be very stri- kingly different. Detailed studies on the biology and gen- etics of this species are seriously needed. 64. Xyleborus af finis Eichhoff Fig. 189-190 Xyleborus affinis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Syntypes; America boreali and Cuba; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus., presumed syntypes in U.S. Nat. Mus.) Xyleborus affinis var. parvus, var. mascarensis, var. fus- cobrunneus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:372 (Syntypes?: no data; one presumed syntype of fuscobrunneus in Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 1959, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 111:504 {Synonymy of parvus, fuscobrunneus); Wood, 1960, Insects of Micronesia 18(1):71 (Syn- onymy of mascarensis) Xyleborus sacchari Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:64 (Holotype, female; St. Vincent, West Indies; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7407); Schedl, 1959, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 111:504. Synonymy Xyleborus subaffinis Eggers, 19.33, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 1(I):36 (Holo- type, female; Nouveau Chantier, French Guiana; Paris Mus.); Schedl, 1959, Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 111:504. Synonymy Xyleborus proximus Eggers, 1943, Pare Nat. Albert, Mis- sion C. F. de Witte 1933-1935, fasc. 43(10):66 (Holotype, female; Leopoldville, Congo; Terveu- ren Mus.); Schedl, 1962, Rev. Ent. Mocambique 5:331. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This abundant pantropical species is distinguished from ferrugineus (Fabricius) by the more gradual, more convex elytral declivity, which has a dull surface, and by the equal, small granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3. Female.- Length 2.0-2.7 mm, 2.6-2.9 times as long as wide; yellowish to reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in ferrugineus ex- cept reticulation more evident. Elytra about 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in ferrugineus; disc occupying slightly less than basal two-thirds of elytral length; striae 1982 Xyloborini 831 not impressed, punctures rather small; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, punctures uniseriate, moderately close to rather sparse, fine to moderately coarse. Declivity moderately steep, feebly convex on sutural axis, moderately convex on transverse axis; surface dull; striae as on disc; interstriae 1 and 3 feebly elevated, 2 weakly impressed and about equal in width to 1 and 3, 1 and 3 each armed by about two to four rather small, pointed granules with a few minute granules interspersed in a uniseriate row, 2 usually with a small, pointed granule near base and another near apex, with a sparse row of very minute granules between, lateral interstriae each with about 1-3 small, pointed granules; posterolateral margin nar- rowly rounded, its crest armed by about four granules. Vestiture of very minute strial hair, and interstrial rows of coarse erect hair, dis- tinctly coarser on declivity; each interstrial seta as long as distance between rows, sim- ilarly spaced within a row, often shorter or abraded on declivity. Male.— Head and elytra similar to female except all characters less perfectly formed; pronotum as in male ferrugineiis except ante- rior slope evidently less strongly concave, median process on anterior margin much smaller. (Based on one badly shriveled specimen). Distribution.— Texas and Massachusetts to Argentina, Hawaii to Malaya, and tropical Africa. USA: Alabama, Delaware, District of Columbia, Flor- ida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. All states of Mexico and all countries of Central America. Hosts.- Schedl (1962) lists 248 host spe- cies. To his list are added: Alexa imperatricia, Bombacopsis qtiinata, Brosimum sp., Bursera simarubra, Cecropia peltata, Cespedesia macrophyla, Clethra hondurensis, Cotima macrocarpa, Dendropanax arboreum, Esch- weilera corrugata, E. grata, Erythrina costari- censis. Idea allisima, Lecythia sp., Licania sp., Miconia globuliflora, Pouteria ani- baefolia, P. egregia, Scaoglothia procera, Schizolobium sp., Sloanea multiflora, Spondias purpurea, Taxodium sp., Terminalia amazonia, Toulieia pulvinata, and Triehilia propingon. Biology.— The ecological distribution is almost identical to ferrugineus except that it apparently is somewhat less aggressive and may attack smaller material. It has caused a serious economic problem in sugar cane. The gallery system is very similar to that of ferrugineus, except that surface tunnels on the peeled surface of the wood are a more common occurrence, with the surface tunnels usually more extensive. Moisture conditions evidently determine whether or not the sur- face tunnels are formed. Adjacent galleries often have connecting tunnels. More than one generation may inhabit and extend the gallery system. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the male and female supposed syntypes of affinis that are in the U.S. National Museum, on the holotypes of sacchari and subaffinis, on Schedl's syntype oi fuscobrunneus, on co- types of proximus, on Eggers's homotypes of parvus and mascarensis, and on 1,467 other Fig. 188c. Xyleboriis ferrugineus, galleries. (After Schedl 1962:453, 455.) 832 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 specimens. Most specimens of this species are with those of average size. In some tropical 2.3-2.5 mm long. In the Ohio Valley it is not areas specimens 2.1-2.3 mm are more com- imcommon to find specimens as large as 2.7 mon. Series from the eastern United States mm, and occasional specimens as large as 2.8 can be confusing, because small, dead, tropi- mm. These larger specimens occur in series cal specimens may be imported in tropical Fig. 189a,b. Xiileborus affinis, galleries, with (arrows note larvae) and witliout tunnels at cambium. (After Schedl 1962:364-365.) 1982 Xyloborini 833 woods, such as balsa, and may be given the same locaHty label as the larger native popu- lation. Other characters are much less variable. The Hawaiian series named nmianus Schedl (1941:114) is identical with affinis ex- cept that the declivity is smooth and brightly shining. It probably is a synonym, but proof of this must await studies of genetics. 65. Xyleborus celsus Eichhoff Fisj. 187 Xyh'horus celsus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:400 (Syntypes, female; American boreali; pre- sumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Xyleborus biographux LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:160 (Holotvpe, male; Illinois; Mus. Comp. Zool, 988); Eichhoff, 1878, .Mem. Soc. Rov. Sci. Uege (2)8:399 (Synonymy?); Hubbard, 1897, U.S. Dept. .\gric. Div. Ent. Bull, (n.s.) 7:24. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Tliis species is distinguished from the rather remotely allied affinis Eich- hoff by the larger size, by the steep, flat de- clivity, and by the very wide declivital inter- striae 1, with its enlarged tubercles strongly displaced laterally and apparently on .striae 1 or even interstriae 2. Female.— Length 3.6-4.5 mm (male 2.3-3.0 mm), 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in ferrugineus (Fabricius) except anterior margins more broadly roimded, and punctures on posterior areas very fine, closer. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal four-fifths, very broadly roimded behind; disc occupying basal three- fourths; sti'iae feebly if at all impressed, punctures rather small, shallow; interstriae three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, pmictures fine, uniseriate except occasional specimens slightly confused on 2. Declivity steep, almost flat; basal margin of declivity aniied by one or two pointed tubercles on each interstriae to about 7; surface dull; strial pimctures rather small, very shallow, clearly marked, rows strongly curved toward suture near apex; interstriae 1 very wide, smooth, a few very minute punctures, armed by two rather coarse denticles, one each on upper and lower thirds, denticles on extreme lateral margin of interstriae 1, often appearing to be on .striae 1; interstriae 2 almost as wide as 1, smooth, with a few very minute punctures, 3 with two or three pointed tubercles forming part of marginal armature; posterolateral margin obtusely subangulate, crest bearing two or three granules. Vestiture of minute strial hair, and interstrial rows of moderately long, rather fine hair on disc, long setae on declivity only where tubercles occur. Distribution.— Kansas, Iowa, and Ver- mont to Texas and Florida. USA: Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mis- sissippi, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Ver- mont. West Virginia. Host.— Carya spp. Biology.— Evidently logs and stumps are attacked. According to Hubbard (1897) the gallery system is deep in the wood, with a palmate branching of tunnels from the end of the radial entrance tunnel. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 418 female specimens, of which one was compared to the male holotype of biograph- us. The description (Eichhoff 1878) of celsus is sufficiently clear that there is no question concerning the synonymy of this species with biographus. 66. Xyleborus volvulus (Fabricius) Bo.strichus volvulus Fabricius, 1775, Systema Entomo- logiae, p. 4,54 (Lectotype, female; America ligno Dom V. Rohr, presumably Cuba; Copenhagen Mus., present designation) Xyleborus volvulus: Eggers, 1929, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:47 Xyleborus torquatus Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:146 (Lectotype, female; Brazil; Brus- sels Mus., present designation); Wood, 1960, In- sects of Micronesia 18(1):69. Synonymy Xyleborus alternans Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:280 (Syntypes, female; Santo Domin- go; one syntype in Brussels Mus.); Eggers, 1929, Weiner Ent. Zeit. 46:43. Synonymy Xyleborus badius Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:280 (Syntypes, female; St. Mauritius; presum- ably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Wood, 1960, In- sects of Micronesia 18(1):69. Synonymy? Xyleborus kraatzii var. philippinensis Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:374 (Syntypes?, fe- male; Philippine Islands; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eggers, 1925, Sbornik Ent. Odd. Mus. Praze 3:154. Synonymy? Xyleborus interstitkilis Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. ' Sci. Liege (2)8:375 (Syntypes?, female; Mexico; 834 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.). New synonymy? Xyleboms hubbardi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:65 (Holotype, female; Biscayne Bay, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7410); Schedl, 1952, Ent. Blatt. 47-48:164. Synonymy Xyelborus schwarzi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:65 (Holotype, female; Key West, Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7411); Bright, 1968, Cana- dian Ent. 100:1318. Synonymy Xyleborus rileyi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:65 (Holotype, female; Capron, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7409); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:1318. Synonymy Xyleborus grenadensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:65 (Holotype, female; Grenada, West Indies; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7408); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. .32:200. Synonymy Xyleborus vagabundus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil Biol. 9:277 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:200. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from affinis Eichhoff by the reddish brown color, by the steeper, more narrowly convex, shining elytral declivity, with the declivital tubercles slightly larger and the post- erolateral margin more acute. See also the di- agnosis of monilus Blandford. Female.- Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.7-2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in ferrugineus (Fabricius). Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; declivity confined to basal two-thirds; striae not impressed, with punctures small, shallow, widely spaced (northern) to distinctly, weakly impressed, with punctures rather small, moderately im- pressed, closely placed (southern); interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, pmictures uniseriate, small punctures more or less alternating with moderately large ones. Declivity moderately steep, rather broadly convex; surface almost smooth, shining; striae and punctures about as on disc, distinctly curving toward suture near apex; interstriae 2 feebly impressed, unarmed, punctures almost obsolete, 1 and 3 each armed by two to four widely spaced, pointed tubercles, each tubercle about as high as wide, lateral interstriae with similar, closer, but less regularly placed tubercles; posterolateral margin obtusely angulate, crest irregularly, finely subserrate. Male.— Length 1.9 mm; head and elytra approximately as in female, but with all char- acters poorly formed; pronotum as in male ferrugineus except anterior impression not as deep, asperities more distinct, anteromedian prominence less strongly developed. Distribution.— Florida and Baja Califor- nia to Argentina; Hawaii to Australia and Malaya; tropical Africa and Madagascar. USA: Florida. MEXICO: Baja California, Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Mexico, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosi, Tabasco, Yu- catan. CENTRAL AMERICA: British Honduras, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Hosts.- Schedl (1962) lists 122 host spe- cies. To his list are added: Anacardium excel- sum, Astronium graveolens, Brownia sp.. Bur- sera simarubra, Cedrela mexicana, Dendropanax arboreum, Enterolobium sp., Eschweilera, Ficus sp., Inga alba, Jacaranda copaia, Melicoccous bijugata, Pinus oocarpa, Pouteria egregia, P. guianensis, Temiinalia amazonia, Theobroma cacao, and Vismia sp. Biology.— The habits of this species are evidently very similar to those of ferrugineus and affinis, although this species apparently is more successful in slightly drier habitats. The deep tunnels appear very similar to those of ferrugineus and affinis; however, the surface tunnels seen on wood from which the bark has been peeled are never present. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the study of the three identical female syntypes of volvulus in the Kiel material of the Fabricius collection in the Copenhagen Museum, on the holotypes of hubbardi, schwarzi, rileyi, grenadensis, and vaga- bundus, on syntypes of alternans and tor- quatus, on Eggers and Schedl homotypes of badius, and on 829 other specimens. The third syntype of volvulus is here designated as the lectotype of Bostrichus volvulus Fabri- cius, and the second syntype in the Chapuis collection is here designated as the lectotype of torquatus. Originally this species apparently existed as two distinct geographical forms. The northern race occurred from the northern half of Mexico to Florida and Cuba, the southern race in Central and South America. The northern race is more slender, the strial punctures are smaller and more widely spaced, and the interstriae are flat. In the southern race the body form is slightly stou- ter, the discal striae are weakly impressed, the strial punctures are slightly larger, deep- er, and closer. Through modern commerce 1982 Xyloborini 835 one or both forms have been spread through- out the tropical regions of the world and into the original territories of one another. The result has been that in most areas one or both forms may exist, but in other areas some or all of the population may be intermediate be- tween the two. Although subspecific names might have been appropriate at one time, they now appear impractical even though a majority of the specimens from many areas can be distinguished on a morphological basis. Specimens compared by Blandford to the type of interstitialis are rather small speci- mens of volvulus of the northern race in which the interstriae are almost impunctate. If Blandford's identification was accurate, then interstitialis is a junior synonym of volvulus. 67. Xyleborus morulus Blandford Xyleborus ntorulus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6);212 (Holotype, female; Costa Rica; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from volvulus (Fabricius) as indicated in the following description. Female.— Length 2.7-2.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Exactly like northern race of volvulus ex- cept averaging larger, much darker in color, and with basal-most socketed tooth on lateral margin of anterior tibia not noticeably sepa- rated from others, occurring at 200-1500 in in elevation. Distribution.— Michoacan and Guate- mala to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Michoacan: Patuan, l-XI-80, 1300 m, Spondias mombin, T. H. Atkinson. GUATEMALA: Pah'n, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 590, Bursera; Ro- deo, Esquintla, 4-VI-64, 200 m. No. 676, tree branch. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, 9-X-63, 1300 m. No. 227, log; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII-63, 1500 m, No. 30, Erythrina costaricensis; San Jose, San Jose, 22-X-63, 1300 m. No. 174, E. costaricensis; Tapanti, Car- tago, 17-VIII-63, 1.300 m, No. 104, £. costaricensis; all were taken by me. Hosts.— Bursera sp., Erythrina costari- censis, etc. Biology.— The habits apparently are as in volvulus except that this species occurs at higher elevations, 200-1500 m. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 31 other specimens. Except for the apparent hybridization of races in volvulus and the sympatry of its southern race with morulus, morulus might be considered a geographical race of the al- most identical northern race of volvulus. Un- der existing circumstances there is no alterna- tive to full species status for morulus. 68. Xyleborus planicollis Zimmermann Xyleborus planicollis Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:145 (Holotype, female; Pennsylvania; Mus. Comp. Zool., 984) Diagnosis.— The head, pronotum, and ely- tral disc are as in viduus Eichhoff, except for slight deviations cited below; the declivity is almost identical to xylographus (Say) except it is not as steep and the strial punctures are smaller and have their interiors smooth and shining. Female.— Length 2.3-2.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Head, pronotum, and elytral disc as in viduus except pronotal impression not as strong, somewhat less extensive, punctures slightly smaller, hair in anterolateral areas finer, not as long; interstrial setae on elytral disc finer. Elytral declivity occupying 33 per- cent of elytral length, not as steep but more broadly flattened than in xylographus, surface reticulate-granulate about as in xylographus; strial punctures very small, weakly im- pressed, their interiors smooth, brightly shin- ing; interstriae 2 feebly impressed, 1 as high as 3, 1-3 each with a row of fine granules; declivital vestiture as on disc, rows of setae on all interstriae, as long as on disc. Distribution.— Missouri and Penn- sylvania. USA; Indiana: W. Lafayette, lO-VlI-81, trap, M. Dey- rup. Missouri: 10 miles E Salem, Dent Co., 19-VII-77, #28, M. P. Roling. Pennsylvania: Pen Mar, 2-VIII, Hub- bard and Schwarz. Notes.— Although the holotype of plan- icollis was examined, it was thought to be a male of xylographus; appropriate specimens were not then available for comparison. Bright (1968:1313) reached the same er- roneous conclusion. When males of xylo- graphus were available and the female of viduus was dissected, it became apparent that the holotype of planicollis is actually a female of a very distinctive species closely al- lied to viduus. Three specimens were examined. 836 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 69. Xyleborus viduus Eichhoff Xyleborus viduus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:391 (Holotype, female; type locality uncertain, Brazil? or America septentrionali; ap- parently lost with Hamburg Mus.) Diagnosis.— This unique, rare species is distinguished by characters of the pronotum and elytral dechvity as described below and in the above key. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons essentially as in xijlographus (Say). Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; widest near middle, sides moderately arcuate on basal two-thirds, strongly, somewhat nar- rowly procurved in front; anterior slope ex- tending to basal third, devoid of asperities, median half just anterior to middle somewhat flattened, this impression becoming a broad, shallow sulcus and extending to base on me- dian fourth; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures rather coarse, close, extending from base to anterior margin, those on ante- rior fourth smaller. Glabrous on basal third, median two-thirds of anterior areas with nu- merous, recumbent, short, rather stout hair, lateral areas with very long, rather coarse hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; disc as in xylographus except strial and interstrial punctures dis- tinctly larger; deeper. Declivity occupying 38 percent of elytral length, very strongly sulcate on median half; striae 1 and 2 dis- tinctly punctured to apex; interstriae 1 unarmed, its profile straight, 2 unarmed, as- cending slightly laterally, 3 rather strongly elevated, armed by two coarse tubercles, 1 one-fourth declivital length from base, 2 at middle, one or two smaller tubercles on basal foiu-th and on apical fourth. Vestiture con- sisting of rows of interstrial hair to base, each slightly longer than distance between rows and between setae within a row. Distribution.— Missouri to Maryland and Florida. US.\: Alabama: Corona Mine near Oakman, 18-IX-76, Plot 75-5-T, B. A. Hawkins. Florida: Ocala, Marion Co., 21-5 to 9-VII-77, blacklight, M. C. Thomas. Maryland; Glen Echo, 12-VII-22, L. L. Buchanan. Missouri: Dent Co., 23-VIII-73, window trap, M. P. Roling. Tennessee: "Ten," Hubbard and Schwarz. Notes.— The identification of this species was based on the original description and on 10 specimens. Although specimens appear to be males, due to the "abnormal" pronotum, dissection has proven them to be females. The "male" type apparently is lost and no authentic specimens could be located. It is exceedingly rare, but apparently breeds in broadleaf trees. 70. Xyleborus xylographus (Say) Fig. 190 Bostrichus xylogmpluis Say, 1826, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 5(2):256 (Presumably eastern USA, type data not published; type series lost); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:1313 (Neotype, female; North Carolina; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9518) Xyleborus xylographus: Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:145 Xyleborus inermis Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Syntypes?, female; Cuba; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Liege (2)8:370. Synonymy Xyleborus canadensis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):24 (Lectotype, female; He Perrot, Quebec: Canadian Nat. Coll., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:680); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pubescens Zimmermann by the slightly stouter body form, by the more broadly con- vex elytral declivity, by the minutely rugose- reticulate, dull, declivital surface, and by the smaller declivital tubercles. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in ferni- gineus except punctures on pronotal disc dis- tinctly larger, discal surface usually obscurely reticulate. Elytra 1.6-1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two-thirds; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded to obtusely subangulate behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae almost smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, shallow, distinctly smaller than those of striae. Decliv- ity steep, very broadly convex; surface dull, finely rugose-reticulate; strial punctures dis- tinctly larger than on disc, very shallow, each surrounded by a small, smooth, shining area; interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by about four widely spaced, small, blunt tubercles, a few 1982 Xyloborini 837 smaller tubercles in lateral areas; post- erolateral margin rounded, its crest unarmed. Minute strial setae almost obsolete; vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of rather coarse, erect setae, each seta about as long as dis- tance between rows and between setae with- in a row. Male.— Length 1.9 mm; head and elytra essentially as in female except all characters imperfectly formed; pronotum about as in af- finis except concave area less strongly im- pressed, anterior margin obtusely produced and without a median tubercle. Distribution.— Minnesota and New Hampshire to Texas and Florida; California?, and Cuba. CANADA: Ontario: "E Ont." Quebec: Isle Perrot. USA: Arkansas: Washington Co. California: China Flat, Eldorado Co., 28-VI-48, L. VV. Quate (one specimen, in- troduction or labeling error?). District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Gainesville, Key West. Georgia: Deniorest. Illinois: Macomb, Monroe Co. Indiana: Perry Co. Iowa: Ames, Columbus, Iowa City. Maine: Port- land. Maryland: Beltsville, Bladensburg, Plummers Is- land, Travilah. Massachusetts: .\ndover, Boston, Chi- cobee, Framingham. Michigan: Alma, Detroit. Minnesota: Hennepin Co., Houston Co., Redwing, Washington Co. Missouri: Salem. New Hampshire: Webster. New Jersey: Boonton, Browns Mills Junction, Palisades, Ramsey. New York: Huntington on Long Is- land, Ithaca. New York, Olcott, West Point. North Caro lina: Trvon. Ohio: Columbus. Pennsylvania: Blair Co. Highspire, Pen Mar. South Carolina: Mt. Rest, Lumber Texas: Liberty. Virginia; Falls Church, Mt. Vernon Portsmouth. West Virginia; Bayard, Cantwell, Kanawha Station, Little Falls, Morgantown, Wood Co. Wisconsin Beaver Dam, Buffalo Co., Clintonville, Madison, Middleton. Hosts.— Quercus spp., rare in other trees. Biology.— The literature treating the name xylographus is so confused that it is un- certain which, if any, references actually re- fer to this species. The habits probably are similar to those of volvulus. Fig. 190. Xijlebonis spp., female declivities: a, xylographus; b, affinis: c, pubescens. (After Bright 1976:1.3.3.) 838 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the neotype of xylographus, on the sup- posed syntypes of inermis sent by Eichhoff to Schwarz and now in the U.S. National Mu- seum, on 7 supposed syntypes of inermis in the Chapuis Collection, on the lectotype of canadensis, and on 132 other specimens. Most of the literature treating xylographus actually refers to Xyleborinus saxeseni (Rat- zeburg), which was thought to be the male of this species for many years. The "syntypes" of inermis in the Chapuis Collection are la- beled as from Brazil, Santa Catherina, West Indies, and Boreal America; because most of them are obviously mislabeled and because none of them are from Cuba, they are not recognized here as syntypes. 71. Xyleborus califomicus Wood Xyleboriis californicus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:399. (Holotype, female; Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species almost certainly was introduced into California from another area. It might be confused with pubescens Zimmermann, but it is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more abundant pu- bescence, and by the reticulate-granulate in- teriors of the strial punctures on the declivi- ty. Allied species occur in southeast Asia and South America. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons rather strongly convex; surface strongly reticulate, a few small granules from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Vestiture of , fine, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin unarmed; summit in front of middle; anterior slope steep, rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas strongly reticulate, punctures small, shallow, rather close. Vesti- ture of fine, short, rather abundant hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; disc occupying basal three-fourths; striae not impressed, punctures small, shal- low, distinct, in rows, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, almost smooth, shining, punc- tures fine, in indefinite rows in some speci- mens, distinctly confused on basal half in others. Declivity steep, convex, general con- tours as in pubescens; strial punctures large, shallow, distinct, their interior surfaces reti- culate-granulate; interstriae only slightly wider than striae, their punctures mostly re- placed by minute granules on all interstriae, a few granules on 1, 3, and lateral areas; posterolateral margin rounded, with an in- definite row of scattered granules. Vestiture of rather abundant, short, fine hair, distinctly longer on margins of declivity. Distribution.— California to Oregon. USA: California: Knight's Landing in Yolo Co., 10-X- 49, at light, J. R. Fowler; Stanford University, 15-25-III- 44, C. D. Duncan. Oregon: St. Paul, Marion Co., 28-IV- 80, trap, D. Overhulser. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. The lo- calized distribution of this species in an ur- ban area near a major port strongly suggests that it was introduced from another area. 72. Xyleborus pubescens Zimmermann Fig. 190 Xyleborus pini Say (??): Eichhoff, 1868, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:401 (Erroneous identification) Xyleborus pubescens Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:145 Lectotype, female; Southern States; Mus. Comp. Zool., 986, designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:187); Schedl, 1952, Ent. Blatt. 47-48:163 (Synonym of pini of Eichhoff) Xyleborus propinguus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:281 (Lectotype, female; Amerique boreali; Brussels Mus., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:187). Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the northern race of volvulus (Fabri- cius) by the more coarsely punctured pro- notal disc that has fine lines radiating from most of these punctures, by the larger strial punctures on the disc, by the finer declivital tubercles, and by the rounded posterolateral margin of the elytral declivity, its crest rounded and unarmed. It is distinguished from the more closely related xylographus (Say) by characters mentioned in the diagnos- is of that species. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in xylographus. 1982 Xyloborini 839 Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly ta- pered, rather broadly rounded behind; disc confined to basal two-thirds; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather coarse; interstriae less than twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, unise- riate. Declivity steep, rather narrowly con- vex; surface smooth, shining; strial punctures slightly larger than on disc, very shallow, in- terstriae 2 unarmed, punctures almost obso- lete, 1 and 3 each armed by about three to five fine, pointed granules, lateral areas with a few similar granules; posterolateral margin roimded, its crest unarmed (except for usual fine granules on interstriae 3 and 4). Vesti- ture as in xylographus. Distribution.— Ontario to Texas and Florida. CANADA: Ontario: Queenston. USA: Alabama: Bir- mingham. Arkansas: Hope, Hot Springs N.P. District of Columbia; Washington. Florida: Crescent, Dade Co., Duval, Enterprise, Gainesville, Lake Lucy, Marion Co., Oak Hill, Paradise Key, Royal Palms St. Pk., Tampa. Georgia: Atlanta, Clarke Co., Clyo, Demorest, Way- cross. Kentucky: Morehead. Louisiana: Bogalusa, Tallu- lah. Maryland: Bladensburg, College Park, Travilah. Mississippi: Laurel, Ocean Springs. New Jersey: Five- mile Beach, New Lisbon, Orange Mtn. New York: Woodbury. North Carolina: .\sheville, Biltmore, South- em Pines, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Angora, Laurel. South Carolina: Aiken, Clemson, Florence, Myrtle Beach, North Landing, Poinsett St. Pk. Texas: Bastrop, Call, Coldspring, Fedora, Nacogdoches. Virginia: Chase City, Falls Church, Ft. Monroe, Nelson Co. West Virginia: Kanawha Station, Roosevelt. Hosts.— Piniis echinata, P. palustris, P. spp. Biology.— Probably similar to volvulus. It is attracted to light in large numbers in pine woods. Due to the taxonomic confusion of species, early references to this name are not reliable. Notes.— Eichhoff (1868) described this species under the questioned name Xyleborus pini Say. When it was recognized that Say's species belonged to a different genus, sub- sequent authors listed this species as Xyle- borus pini Eichhoff, although this name has never been properly described. Article 49 of the International Code of Zoological No- menclature invalidates names based on mis- identification. For this reason, the oldest available name for this species, pubescens Zimmermann, must be used. Two syntypes of pubescens, a supposed cotype of "pini,'' the lectotype of propinguus, and 373 other speci- mens were examined. 73. Xyleborus intrusus Blandford Xyleborus intrusus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):213 (Lectotype, female; San Gero- nimo. Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., pres- ent designation) Xyleborus howardi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. .\gric. Rept. 99:6.5 (Holotype, female; Washington, D.C.; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7412); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Synonymy Xyleborus fitchi Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:66 (Holotype, female; Hyslop, Long Island, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus., 741.3); Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:1318. Synonymy Xyleborus scopulorwn Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:66 (Holotype, female; Black Hills, South Dakota; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7414); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:198. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pubescens Zimmermann by the smaller strial punctures, by the larger declivital tu- bercles, and by the steeper declivity. Female.— Length 2.2-2.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; dark reddish brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in ferru- gineus (Fabricius) except punctures in poste- rior area slightly larger; surface of posterior area partly or mostly reticulate or sub- reticulate, smooth areas usually with minute lines or impressed points. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; disc confined to slightly more than basal two-thirds; striae feebly if at all impressed, punctures small, shallow; inter- striae smooth, shining, two to three times as wide as striae, punctures fine and coarse, more or less alternating, uniseriate. Declivity very steep, rather strongly convex; strial punctures about as on disc; interstriae 2 feebly impressed, unarmed or with one or two small granules near base, punctures re- duced, many obsolete, 1 and 3 each armed by three to six rather coarse tubercles, each as high as wide, lateral areas with a few similar small tubercles; posterolateral margin rounded, unarmed. Vestiture as in xylo- graphus but finer, with some setae slightly longer. Distribution.— British Columbia and New York to Honduras. 840 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 CANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove. USA; Ari- zona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Jacobs Lake, Pinal Mts., Prescott N.F., Williams. California: Jackson Creek in Plumas Co., Lake McK. in Fresno Co., Los Olivos, Mt. Lagima in Cleveland N.F., Madera Co., Pinecrest, Santa Barbara Co., Santa Rosa, Sequoia N.F., Shasta N.F., "Svlvana." Colorado: N Cheyenne Canyon. Dis- trict of Columbia: Washington. Idaho: Moscow Mts. Maryland: Beltsville, Snow Hill. Montana: "Mont." New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Los Alamos, Meek. North Carolina: Bent Creek. Oregon: Dever. Pennsylvania: Mt. Alto. South Carolina: Clem- son. South Dakota: Pringle. Utah: Logan Canyon, Provo, Provo Canyon. Virginia: Falls Church. MEXICO: Chiapas: 20 km SW Cintalpa. Distrito Federal: 24 km S Guarda. Durango: El Salto. Jalisco: Volcan Colima. Mexico: Tlalmonalco, Toluca. Morelos: Cuernavaca, Xochimilco. Oaxaca: Oaxaca. Puebla: Puebla, Texmelu- can. GUATEMALA: San Geronimo. HONDURAS: Zamorano. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. coulteri, P. jef- freyi, P. leiophylla, P. mexicana, P. ponderosa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Biology.— This species attacks the base of recently killed, standing trees in which decay is well under way, at or near the ground lev- el. Tlie gallery system evidently is similar to that of volvulus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's three syntypes of intrusus, on the holotypes of howardi, fitchi, and scopuh- rum, and on 162 other specimens. The first female syntype, from San Geronimo, Guate- mala, in Blandford's series is here designated as the lectotype of intrusus. The population from the eastern United States averages slightly smaller (2.2-2.5 mm) than those from western areas (2.3-2.7 mm). The pronotal and elytral characters men- tioned by Bright (1968) are not consistent and occur in both populations. 74. Xyleborus declivus Eichhoff Xyleborus decUvis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:280 (Holotype, female; Teapa, Ta- basco, Mexico; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Xyleborus pseudoprocer Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:279 (Holotype, female; Guatemala; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1972, Great Basin Nat. 32:197. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from procer Eichhoff by the narrower elytral declivity, which is feebly if at all impressed, and by the very minute declivital punctures. It is less closely allied to celsus Eichhoff, from which it is distinguished by the nar- rower declivity that has fewer marginal gran- ules, and by the obsolete declivital striae. Female.— Length 4.0-4.4 mm, .3.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex; finely rugose-reti- culate, with small, isolated, moderately abun- dant granules below, granules sparse above eyes, vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; summit well in front of middle; rather finely asperate on anterior two-thirds; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures very minute, sparse. Vesti- ture sparse, confined to margins. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.46 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly ta- pered, rather narrowly rounded behind; de- clivity confined to slightly more than basal two-thirds; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures obsolete except very sparse on 1. Declivity rather steep, flattened on central half, otherwise convex; central half flat to feebly impressed, smooth, slightly dull, punc- tures fine, moderately abundant, confused, striae almost obsolete; upper and lower fourths on extreme lateral side of interstriae 1 armed by coarse, pointed tubercles posi- tioned about as in celsus, basal and lateral areas with a few smaller tubercles; post- erolateral margins rounded, unarmed. Vesti- ture confined to declivity and sides; con- sisting of rather sparse, moderately long, interstrial hair. Distribution.— Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 1-.3-V-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Guatemala; Las Mercedes, Za- pote, and Cerro Zunil by G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Limon, 23-VI1I-63, 50 m. No. 135, log, No. 138, at light, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The only available specimen not collected at light was taken from a new tunnel in a tree limb 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 20 specimens, including Blandford's series from Guatemala, the holotype of pseudopro- cer, and three other specimens that were compared to the Blandford and Schedl specimens. 1982 Xyloborini 841 75. Xyleborus macer Blandford Xyleborus macer Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):218 (Lectotype, female; El Tumba- dor, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from declivis Eichhoff by the smaller size, by the larger strial punctures, and by the smaller flattened area on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 3.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons and pronotum as in declivis Eichhoff except frons with fewer granules. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline and proportions as in declivis; disc as in declivis except strial pimctures distinctly larger, interstriae about twice as wide as striae; declivity as in declivis except flattened area slightly smaller, tu- bercles averaging very slightly smaller. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama and Venezuela. MEXICO: Veracruz: Dos Amates, 3-V-69, D. E. Bright; Lago Catemaco, 4-V-69, D. E. Bright. GUATE- MALA: Zapote and El Tumbador by G. C. Champion; Guatemala, 28-III-41, primavera log; Cuvotenango, l-II- 66, J. M. Campbell. NICARAGUA: Chontales, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Dominical, Puntarenas, 9- XII-63, .3 m, in flight, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa. Pun- tarenas, ll-VIII-66, .30 m. No. 76, log, S. L. Wood; Tur- rialba, Cartago, 1970. R. I. Gara. PANAMA: Ft. San Lo- renzo, Canal Zone, lO-X-57, at light; Tole, G. C. Champion. COLOMBIA: Anchicaya, 27-VII-70, J. M. Campbell. VENEZUELA: Finca Monasteries, Cacagua, Miranda, 1971, Tlieobroma cacao. Hosts.— Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens have been taken from logs and limbs. Notes.— Blandford's syntypic series of six specimens and 37 other specimens were ex- amined. The first female syntype in Bland- ford's series, on a double mount, from El Tumbador, Guatemala, is here designated as the lectotype of macer. This specimen has been regarded as the type for many years, but it has not previously been so designated. Xyleborus exaratus Blandford Xyleborus exaratus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):206 (Holotype, male; Bugaba, Chi- riqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This male has not been asso- ciated with any known female. It super- ficially resembles Xyleborus nobilus Eggers. Male.— Length 4.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; immature, color yellowish brown. Head slightly enlarged, broad, frons con- vex, reticulate, punctures fine, obscure; man- dibles moderately enlarged, stout. Eye re- duced, entirely divided by an emargination. Antennal club moderately small, without evi- dent sutures. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sub- quadrate, sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded in front; summit indefinite, on anterior third; anterior slope feebly declivous, asperities minute, al- most obsolete on median two-thirds, fully formed only on anterolateral areas; surface almost smooth, subshining, punctures very small, moderately close. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.0 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two-thirds; basal margins abrupt, precipitous; surface smooth, shining, strial punctures very small, in slightly irregular rows; interstrial punctures minute, almost obsolete, confused. Declivity abruptly, obliquely truncate; sur- face as on disc, very slightly convex on lower half; punctures confused except near upper margin; margin on upper half abruptly rounded, subacute on lower half. Glabrous. Distribution.— Panama. PANAM.\: Bugaba, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. No other American species known to me resembles this one. It is in a imique species group. Genus XYLEBORINUS Reitter Xyleborimis Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Bei- heft):83 (Tvpe-species: Bostrichus saxescni Ratze- burg, subsequent designation by Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):50) Diagnosis.— This genus has been recog- nized by most previous authors either as a subgenus or a synonym of Xyleborus Eich- hoff. Nevertheless, following a review of more than 600 species of the world fauna of Xyleborini, it is obvious that clearly recogniz- able subgroups exist within the tribe that should have generic status. Xyleborinus is one such group. Xyleborinus is distinguished from 842 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Xyleborus by the precipitous basal margins of Biology.— The hmbs and boles of dying or the elytra in the median area, by the conical recently cut material are selected for attack, scutellum that does not fit into the sutural Basic habits are essentially as described for notch, by the conspicuous pubescence in the Xyleborus. Parental tunnels are either of the sutural notch adjacent to the scutellum, and, cave type (saxeseni) or branched (most other in part, by the absence of a carina on the species), posterolateral margin of the declivity. Notes.— Until a world review of the Xy- Description.— Length of females 1.4-3.5 leborini was attempted, I opposed the recog- mm, 2.6-3.0 times as long as wide; males nition of Xyleborinus as anything more than dwarfed, deformed, stouter; color dark a subgenus. It is now evident that it forms a brown. Description as for Xyleborus except clearly definable genus that is allied to sever- as noted in above diagnosis. al Indomalayan species groups (genera?) Distribution.— Worldwide; more than 30 awaiting clarification. A reliable description nominate species are known; 10 species oc- of Xyleborinus cannot be made until a gener- cur in North and Central America. ic revision of the tribe is completed. Key to the Species of Xyleborinus 1. Interstriae 1, 2, and 3 each equally, regularly armed by a row of moderately fine, pointed tubercles; posterolateral margin of declivity rounded and bearing several somewhat larger tubercles; Veracruz to Panama and Venezuela; 1.4-1.6 mm 1. intersetosus (Blandford) — Interstriae 1 and 2 unarmed except at base in some species (1 armed in saxeseni), 3 variously modified 2 2(1). Lateral margins of elytral declivity armed by two or three pairs of large, slen- der spines, spine 1 (often absent) at upper margin, 2 just below middle, 3 just before apex; punctures on declivital face rather larger; 2.4-3.5 mm 3 — Smaller, less than 2.3 mm; punctures on elytral declivity in rows, armature of lateral convexity different 5 3(2). Larger; declivital punctures confused; declivity armed by three pairs of spines (upper pair sometimes absent); declivity distinctly concave; Costa Rica to Colombia; 3.3-3.5 mm 5. dims (Wood) — Smaller; strial punctures on elytral declivity in rows; declivity armed by two pairs of spines; declivity almost flat 4 4(3). Declivity more narrowly, subconcavely impressed, major spines smaller, appar- ently blunt, minor spines on basal half smaller; declivity steeper, shorter; El Salvador; Quercus; 2.5 mm (see also 2. tribuloides Wood) 3. gracilicornis (Schedl) — Declivity more broadly impressed, transversely almost flat, major spines con- spicuously larger, minor spines on basal half much smaller; declivity more gradual, longer; Panama; 2.4-2.5 mm 4. tribulosus Wood 5(2). Lateral margins of declivity strongly, obtusely elevated from sutural apex to well above middle of declivity, summit and lateral areas unarmed or with very minute granules; Costa Rica; 1.6-1.7 mm 6. protinus (Wood) — Lateral margins of declivity and lateral areas armed by several rather large, sharply pointed tubercles 6 6(5). Interstriae 3 armed throughout length of declivity by a row of about eight large, closely set teeth, lateral areas bearing 20 or more similar but smaller teeth; Costa Rica and Panama to Venezuela and Surinam; 1.9-2.2 mm 7. reconditus (Schedl) 1982 Xyloborini 843 — Interstriae 3 armed by fewer or much smaller denticles 7 7(6). Declivity occupying posterior two-thirds of elytral length, broadly, moderately concave; interstriae 3 armed near middle of declivity by a rather large spine, base and sides of declivity bearing 20 or more smaller denticles of various sizes; Costa Rica to Colombia; 1.9-2.3 mm 8. bicornatulus (Wood) — Elytral declivity shorter, rather steep, occupying less than one-third of declivital length; declivity devoid of a large spine 8 8(7). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 equally, weakly elevated; interstriae 3, 4, basal half of 1, and lateral areas with a few small pointed granules, ventrolateral areas weakly elevated; S Canada and United States, etc.; 1.9-2.4 mm 9. saxeseni (Ratzeburg) — Declivital interstriae 1 not elevated or armed by granules, ventrolateral area rather strongly elevated and armed by 15-20 denticles, one or two of those near apex of interstriae 3 often moderately large; S Florida, Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.6-1.9 mm 10. aspericauda (Eggers) 1. Xyleborinus intersetosus (Blandford) Xyleborus intersetosus Blandford, 1898, Biol. Centr. Anier., Coleopt. 4(6):211 (Holotype, female; Ta- mahu. Vera Paz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Xyleborus anabgus Schedl, 1949, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:277 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Eggers Coll., evi- dently on loan to Schedl); Wood, 1966, Great Ba- sin Nat. 26:31. Si/nonymif Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other Central American representatives of the genus by the broadly convex elytral declivity, by the equally, uniformly tubercu- late declivital interstriae, and by the small size. Female.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex; surface reticulate, a few coarse, shallow punctures; vestiture of sparse, inconspicuous hair. ' Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest slightly behind middle, sides very weakly ar- cuate on more than basal half, rather narrow- ly roimded in front, anterior margin armed by about six to eight broad, low, poorly formed serrations; summit at middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, rather close. Vesti- ture hairlike, sparse on disc, mostly confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly more than basal half, then very slightly tapered, rather broadly rounded be- hind; disc confined to slightly more than bas- al half; basal margins and scutellum as described for genus; striae not impressed, punctures minute; spaced within a row by two to four diameters of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, about five times as wide as striae, punctures very slightly smaller than those of striae. Declivity moderately steep, broadly convex; striae feebly im- pressed, punctures often slightly larger than on disc; interstriae each with a row of about six to eight small pointed tubercles of equal size; posterolateral margin rather narrowly rounded. Vestiture of rows of semirecumbent, moderately long strial hair, and rows of erect, coarser, longer interstrial bristles; each bristle slightly longer than distance between rows or between bristles within a row. Male.— Length 1.0 mm; essentially as in female except dwarfed, all characters poorly formed; anterior slope of pronotum less pre- cipitous, most asperities obsolete; elytral de- clivity longer, more gradual, tubercles min- ute to obsolete. Distribution.— Veracruz to Colombia and Venezuela. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 9-V-69, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: Dos Amates, 5-V-69, D. E. Bright; Valle Nacional. GUATEMALA: Tamahii, Alta Verapaz, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, I2-VIII-63, 250 m. No. 124 from tree stump. No. 126 from a liana. No. 127 from Vismia guia- nensis, S. L. Wood; Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Bnis, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 69, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m, No. 308, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, 22- VI-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 124, liana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 23-VII- 66, No. 31, log, S. L. Wood; 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, 844 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 7-1-64, 1000 m, tree sapling, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES; Colombia, Venezuela. Hosts.— Alexa imperatricm, Sloanea multi- flora, Theobroma cacao, Vismia guianensis, etc. Biology.— Cut, weakened, and dying limbs, boles, logs, and stumps larger than 8 cm in diameter were selected for attack. The tunnels appeared to be of a simple branching type. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 94 specimens including several that were compared by me directly to the holotypes of intersetosiis and analogus. 2. Xyleboriniis tribtiloides Wood Xyleborinus trihtiJoide^ Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:218 (Holotype, female; 1.5 miles or 24 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bicornatulus Wood by the uniformly reticulate pronotum and by the much short- er, less strongly impressed, very different de- clivity as described below. Female.— Length 2.1-2..3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum about as in bicorna- tulus except pronotal disc uniformly, strongly reticulate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; declivity confined to posterior third; striae not impressed, punc- tures fine, shallow; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, three to four times as wide as striae, pimctures finely granulate. Declivity gradual, shallowly subconcave; punctures on striae 1 and 2 slightly larger than on disc; interstriae 1 and 2 miarmed except for small granules at base, 3 armed one-third declivital length from base by a moderately coarse, pointed tubercle, as high as wide, a larger, blunt spine two-thirds of declivital length from base, longer than wide, its length about equal to width of an interstriae, a small tubercle at base above spine 1 and another at apex below spine 2; lateral summit at striae 4, lateral areas armed by about a dozen moderately coarse tubercles (smaller and less numerous than in bicornatulus). Vestiture of minute strial hair and distinctly longer interstrial hair, regularly, closely spaced to base, each interstrial seta about equal in length to width of an interstriae. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km S Valle Nacional, 20-V-71, Cecropia leaf petiole, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two specimens. 3. Xyleborinus gracilicornis (Schedl) Xijlehorus gracilicornis Schedl, 1977, Zeitschr. Arb. Os- terr. Ent. 29:45 (Holotype, female; San Francisco Golera, El Salvador; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tribulosus Wood as indicated in the above key. Female.— Length 2.5 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Refer to the above key and to the original description to distinguish this species. Distribution.— El Salvador. EL SALVADOR: San Francisco Golera, 7-V1-74, Quercus, H. Schmiitzenhofer. Notes.— Prior to its description the holo- type was examined and used in the prepara- tion of the key. 4. Xyleborinus tribulosus Wood Xyleborinus tribulosus Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):41 (Holotype, fe- male; Madden Forest, Canal Zone Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dirus (Wood) by the larger size, by the more slender body form, by the smaller, uniseriate strial and interstrial punctures dn disc and declivity, and by the different ely- tral declivity. Female.— Length 2.4-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in dirus except pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; pronotal disc glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide (spines ex- cluded), 1.4 times as long as pronotum; out- line essentially as in dirus; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, uniseriate, close; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, punctures half as large as those of striae, uniseriate. Declivity occupying two-thirds of elytral length; broadly flattened to feebly impressed, its margin armed by about 24 rather coarse, pointed denticles on interstriae 1-6 from base 1982 Xyloborini 845 to near sutural apex; interstriae 3 armed at middle and near apex by two pairs of very large spines, each spine one and one-half times as long as its basal width, about equal in length to discal distance from suture to striae 3; face of declivity with strial punc- tures in rows, slightly larger than on disc, in- terstrial punctures largely obsolete. Vestiture of rows of rather coarse interstrial setae, on disc each seta about as long as distance be- tween rows, distinctly closer within a row, on declivity distinctly longer and less regularly placed. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1-64, 70 m. No. 367, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two specimens. 5. Xyleborinus dims (Wood) Xyleborus dims Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):41 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the large size, by the very coarse declivi- tal spines that superficially resemble Xyle- borus ferox Blandford, and by the confused punctures on the declivital face. Female.— Length 3.4-3.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; mature color black. Frons convex, epistoma slightly elevated; surface reticulate, punctures rather large, im- pressed, indefinite; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide, widest a third of its length from base; sides rather weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, converging very slightly, then rather strongly rounded in front, median area rather narrow- ly produced but unarmed (in many paratypes anterior margin rather broadly rounded); summit very slightly in front of middle; pos- terior area reticulate, except indistinctly so near base, punctures small, distinct, rather close; vestiture rather long and abundant on sides and in asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then arcuately con- verging to apex of ventrolateral declivital spine, rather broadly U-shaped between spines; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep, somewhat confused on 1; interstriae mostly twice as wide as striae, punctures similar to those of striae but deeper, uniseriate except partly confused on 1 and 2. Declivity moderately steep, broadly, shallowly excavated, lateral margins armed by three pairs of major spines; spine 1 at upper margin in line with striae 2, spine 2 on lateral margin two-thirds declivi- tal length from upper margin, spine 3 at ven- trolateral margin; spine 1 slightly more than half as long as 3, 2 slightly smaller than 3, 2 equal in length to width of antennal club; one minor tooth in front of spine 1, two others between 1 and 2; declivital face with confused punctures similar to those on disc. Vestiture consisting of rather long, slender hair arising from interstrial punctures on disc and sides, setae minute on excavated area. Male.— Length 2.5-2.7 mm; similar to fe- male except smaller, eye reduced, pronotum not strongly arched with asperities somewhat reduced; elytral declivity much longer, more gradual, with spine 1 greatly reduced, minor teeth mostly absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Colombia. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 88, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Joe, 22-VII-63, 250 m. No. 88, tree stump. No. 65, liana, S. L. Wood. COLOMBIA: Camp- amento Capote, 27 km NE Montoya, Santander, 2-VII- 70, 150 m. No. 632, Cespedesia macrophylla, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a standing bole 15 cm in diameter and from a stump 25 cm in diameter. The galleries were of a branching type except that some of the ends were enlarged into tabular cavities. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 56 specimens and on one other specimen. 6. Xyleborinus protinus (Wood) Xyleborus protinus Wood, 1972, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):42 (Holotype, female; Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species differs from other North and Central American represen- tatives of the genus by the broadly, shallowly concave elytral declivity, with the lateral margins unarmed. 846 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color rather light brown, the prothorax distinctly lighter. Frons very weakly convex from upper lev- el of eyes to epistomal margin; surface reti- culate, rather coarsely, obscurely punctured; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides weakly arcuate, basal and anterior an- gles more strongly rounded, rather narrowly rounded in front; asperities fine, largely iso- lated; summit indefinite, in front of middle; surface reticulate in front of summit, mostly smooth and brightly shining behind, punc- tures small, deep, not close; vestiture largely confined to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides essentially straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then rather abruptly rounded, shallowly emargi- nate on median third behind; scutellum con- ical; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, punctures small, indefinite; elytra arched from base to apex. Declivity beginning on basal third of elytra, gradual; lateral margins on lower half gradually elevated and contin- uing almost to apex, elevation rather high, not at all acute, evidently entirely unarmed; lower half transversely concave; striae 1 and 2 with punctures larger than on disc, strongly impressed; interstriae 2 wider than 1; inter- strial punctures obscure. Vestiture consisting of stout, hairlike setae, more abundant on de- clivity, particularly on inner slope of lateral elevation. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Limon, 7-II-63, Theo- broma cacao, J. L. Saunders. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 7. Xyleborintis reconditus (Schedl) Xyleborus reconditus Schedl, 1963, Studies on the Fauna of Surinam and other Guyanas 4:60 (Holotype, fe- male; Tambahredjo, Surinam; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other Central American representatives of the genus by the gradual, impressed de- clivity, and by the row of coarse, stout den- ticles of equal size on declivital interstriae 3 from near the base to the apex, interstriae 2 becoming obsolete before the apex. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons broadly, weakly convex, epistoma feebly elevated; surface reticulate, rather closely, coarsely, shallowly punctured; vesti- ture of fine, sparse, inconspicuous hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly arcuate, al- most parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin ir- regidarly, finely serrate; summit broad, slightly anterior to middle; entire surface ret- iculate except irregular, transverse shining area on posterior half, punctures rather fine, moderately abundant. Vestiture confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.45 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then broadly rounded, shallowly subemarginate on median sixth behind; disc confined to slightly less than basal 40 percent; striae not impressed, punctures fine, shallow; interstriae smooth, shining, about five times as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, uniseriate. Declivity gradual, shallow- ly, broadly sulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 about twice as wide as those on disc; strongly impressed, almost flat between striae 2, interstrial punctures on 1 and 2 almost ob- solete; ascending rather strongly from striae 2 to broad rounded summit between striae 3 and 5; interstriae 3 armed from near base of declivity to near sutural apex by a row of rather coarse, stout denticles of about equal size, about 10-12 denticles on each side; lat- eral interstriae with rows of smaller tu- bercles; posterolateral margin rounded. Vesti- ture of rows of minute strial hair, and rows of longer interstrial setae; interstrial setae on disc hairlike, rather coarse on declivity, each slightly shorter than distance between rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama to Venezuela and Surinam. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5- XII-63, 1000 m. No. 287, Eugenia jambos, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m, No. 65, liana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m, S. L. Wood. VENEZUELA: Finca Monasterio, Cacagua, 1971, Theobroma cacao. 1982 Xyloborini 847 Hosts.— Eugenia jambos, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches and limbs 4-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 13 specimens, one of which was compared by me to the holotype of reconditus. 8. Xyleborinus bicomatulus (Wood) Xyleborus bicornatttlus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:137 (Holotype, female; Moravia, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from reconditus (Schedl) by the much smaller denticles on declivital interstriae 3, except one just below middle of declivity that is al- most twice as large as those of reconditus. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons broadly, transversely convex, longi- tudinally straight to well above eyes, the epistoma slightly, gradually raised, surface reticulate, with rather coarse, deep, sparse punctures; vestiture inconspicuous except along epistoma. Eye finely faceted; half di- vided by a narrow emargination. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly arcuate, feebly if at all converging before rather abrupt anterolateral angles, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; summit at middle; posterior area smooth and shining on disc, reticulate laterally, with sparse, very fine punctures; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then broadly rounded, almost straight on median third of posterior margin, arcuate portion strongly serrate; striae not impressed, punctures very small, distinct; interstriae shining, not entire- ly smooth, about four or five times as wide as striae, punctures about as small as those of striae. Declivity beginning very slightly more than one-third elytral length from base, grad- ual, rather broadly excavated, sides moder- ately elevated, rounded; striae 1 and 2 wider than normal, distinctly punctured; interstriae 1 and 2 shining and uniseriately punctured, each with three or four tubercles at declivital base, 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed; inter- striae 3 somewhat elevated, upper third armed by a row of up to five tubercles, an additional much longer spine at middle of de- clivity; apex of interstriae 3 near declivital margin with one or two tubercles; interstriae 4 with a row of rather coarse, pointed tu- bercles on upper third, 5 with a similar series on middle half, 6 and 7 with similar series on most of lower half, a few tubercles extending almost to apex. Vestiture consistinng of rows of interstrial hair, rather fine on disc and sides, stout on declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA; Finca Groinaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-V1I-6.3, 500 m, No. 79, palm log, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VlII-66, 30 m. No. 55, Ochroma, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Damitas, Dota Mts. San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 442, log, S. L. Wood; Mo- ravia, Cartago, 11-111-64, 500 m. No. 472, log, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, 27-X11-62, Tf^eobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. PANAMA: 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 1000 m. No. 371, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; Cerro Campana, Code, 26-VI1-66, tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia. Hosts.— Ochroma sp., Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-20 cm in diameter. The tunnels evidently were of a simple branching type. 9. Xyleborinus saxeseni (Ratzeburg) Fig. 187 Bostrichus saxeseni Ratzeburg, 1837, Die Forst-insekten 1:167 (Syntypes, female; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Xyleborinus saxeseni: Reitter, 1913, Wiener Ent. Zeit. .32(Beiheft):83 Tomicus dohrni Wollaston, 1854, Insecta Maderensia, p. 290 (Syntypes, female; Madera; British Mus. Nat. Hist.); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:362. Synonymy Tomicus decolor Boieldieu, 1859, Ann. Soc. Ent. France (.3)7:473 (Syntypes, female; Peronne, France; Paris Mus.?); Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkiifer, p. 22. Synonymy Xyleborus angustatus Eichhoff, 1866, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 10:278 (Syntypes, female; Volhynia, USSR; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 3:313. Synoni/mi/ Xyleborus sobrinus Eichhoff, 1875, Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel- gique 18:202 (Syntypes?; Japan; Brussels Mus.?); Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 3:313. Synonymy Xyleborus subdepressus Rey, 1883, Rev. d'Ent. 2:142 (Syntypes, male; Lyon, France; Paris Mus.?); Bed- el, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors serie, 6:419. Synonymy 848 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Xyleborus quercus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:63 (Holotype, female; Baxterville, Mis- sissippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., 764.3); Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79. Synonymy Xyleborus pecanus Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:63 (Holotype, female; Waynesboro, Mis- sissippi; U.S. Nat. Mus. 7645); Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79. Synonymy Xyleborus floridensis Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:63 (Holotype, female; Enterprise, Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7646); Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79. Synonymy Xyleborus arbuti Hopkins, 1915, U.S. Dept. Agric. Rept. 99:64 (Holotype, female; Walker, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 9583); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Xyleborinus tsugae Swaine, 1934, Canadian Ent. 66:204 (Holotype, female; Mission, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3815); Wood, 1957, Cana- dian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Xyleborinus libocedri Swaine, 1934, Canadian Ent. 66:205 (Holotvpe, female; Oak Ridge, Oregon; Canadian Nat'. Coll., 3816); Wood, 1957, Cana- dian Ent. 89:403. Synonymy Xyleborus pseudoangustatus Schedl, 1949, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland 60:28 (Syntypes, female; Austra- lia; British Mus. Nat. Hist, and Schedl Coll.); Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 3:313. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other North and Central American rep- resentatives of the genus by the tuberculate declivital interstriae 1, with interstriae 2 unarmed. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in inter- setosus (Blandford) except pronotal asperities slightly larger, punctures on pronotal disc slightly smaller. Elytral outline and disc as in aspericauda (Eggers) except posterior outline straight on median third, not emarginate, and interstrial punctures on disc almost obsolete. Declivity essentially convex, very shallowly bisulcate; strial punctures about as on disc; interstriae 1 and 3 feebly elevated, each armed by a row of about five to seven pointed tubercles, those on lower fifth usually reduced or obso- lete on 1; 2 slightly narrower than 1 or 3, weakly impressed, unarmed, impunctate, one or two minute granules near base, 4-7 each with a few smaller pointed tubercles; post- erolateral margin rounded. Vestiture as in as- pericauda except setae near declivity slightly longer, those on declivital interstriae 2 obsolete. Male.— Length L6-L8 mm; similar to fe- male except smaller, all characters poorly formed, pronotal asperities and declivital granules much smaller. Distribution.— British Columbia and Maine to Baja California, Hidalgo, and Flor- ida; Europe, Asia, Australia, Hawaii, Argen- tina, Brazil, Chile. CANADA: British Columbia, Ontario. USA: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Ken- tucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Penn- sylvania, South Carolina, ennessee, Texas, Utah, Vir- ginia, Washington. MEXICO: Baja California, Hidalgo. Hosts.— Numerous trees and shrubs. Biology.— This species attacks recently cut, injured, and dying material from 5-50 cm in diameter. The attacking female con- structs a radial entrance tunnel through the bark and about 1-7 cm into the wood. In the innermost section, she enlarges the upper and lower walls parallel to the grain of the wood. She then deposits eggs in this section of the tunnel. The larvae apparently feed on a com- bination of ambrosial fungus and wood ob- tained from continuing the tabular excava- tion of their mother. The mature tunnel is of a tabular cave type, with the broad axis par- allel to the grain of the wood. At times the entire cavity is a mass of larvae. One to two months are required to complete a gener- ation under favorable conditions. Blackman (1922) recorded a sex ratio of 1 male to 7 fe- males, but field observations suggest a more normal ratio is 1 to 15. This species is ca- pable of causing rather severe economic damage. 10. Xyleborinus aspericauda (Eggers) Xyleborus aspericauda Eggers, 1941, Arb. Morph. Tax- on. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 8:106 (Holotype, female; Guadeloupe Island; Fleutiaux Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from soxeseni (Ratzeburg) by the absence of an elevation and of denticles on declivital in- terstriae 1, and by the rather strongly ele- vated ventrolateral area of the declivity, which is armed by 15-20 denticles. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black. Frons as in intersetosus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on almost basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded in front; 1982 Xyloborini 849 anterior margin feebly serrate; summit slightly more than one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; anterior slope rather finely asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, moderately abundant. Vesti- ture fine, short, sparse in discal area, longer and rather coarse on asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, then slightly tapered, shallowly, broadly emarginate on median third behind; scutellum as described for genus; disc confined to basal 60 percent; striae not impressed, punctures small, spaced within row by diameter of a puncture; inter- striae almost smooth, shining, about two and one-half times as wide as striae, punctures fine, two-thirds as large as those of striae, those near declivity finely granulate. Declivi- ty rather steep, somewhat flattened on basal half, rather broadly sulcate below; striae 1 weakly impressed, punctures slightly larger than on disc; interstriae 1 and 2 almost flat, unarmed, 2 narrowed, then obsolete on lower third; lateral area on less than lower third elevated, rounded, armed by about 15 pointed tubercles, one or two of those on summit of elevation on interstriae 3 distinctly larger. Vestiture of minute, almost obsolete strial hair, and rows of longer, erect, coarse, interstrial hair, each hair about as long as dis- tance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Distribution.— S Florida and Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. USA: Florida: Bisca\ne Bay. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Ri'o Goto Bnis, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m, No. 87, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m, Nos. 55, 65, liana, S. L. Wood; San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 284, Miconia pubescens, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Gartago, 1970, R. I. Gara; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VII-66, 100 m, No. 119, Tenninalia, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, 4-III-63, Theobwma cacao, J. L. Saunders. PAN- AMA: 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 1000 m. No. 371, tree sapling, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela, Guadeloupe. Hosts.— Terminalia sp., Theobwma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-50 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 39 specimens, 2 of which were compared to Schedl's series of this species. The type was not located. Tribe CRYPHALINI Cryphaloideae Lindemann, 1876, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 51:165 (Type-genus: Cryphalus Erichson, 1836) Ernoporinae Niisslin, 1911, Zeitschr. wissensch. Insektenbiol. 7:375 (Type-genus: Ernoporiis Thomson, 1859) Trypophloeinae Niisslin, 1911, Zeitschr. wissensch. Insektenbiol. 7:375 (Type-genus: Trypophloeus Fairmaire, 1868) EiDOPHELiNAE Murayama, 1954, Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti Univ. 5:200 (Type-genus: Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875) Anatomical features.— The frons is usu- ally convex and is rarely dimorphic, the eye is usually entire (shallowly emarginate in Stegomerus, Cryplialus, Hypocryphaliis, Hy- pothenemus, Cryptocarenus), the antennal fu- nicle is 3-5-segmented, the club is flattened, when present, the sutures on the posterior face are strongly displaced toward the apex, the anterior area of the pronotum is de- clivous and asperate, its lateral margins may be rounded or marked by an acutely raised line, the procoxae are contiguous, the tibiae are rather strongly flattened and usually armed by more than four socketed denticles, the costal margin of the elytra ascends from the base of the declivity to its apex, and the males are dwarfed and deformed in Tris- chidias, Hypothenemus, and Cryptocarenus. Biological features.— All are mon- ogamous and they are either phloeophagous or pith borers. Parental galleries are usually of a modified cave type. Eggs are deposited in the parental gallery. Larvae may make in- dividual mines or extend the parental tunnel. Males of Trischidias, Hypothenemus, and Cryptocarenus are flightless and do not join the female in the construction of parental galleries; these genera practice con- sanguineous polygyny and arrhenotokic par- thenogenesis; the males are presumed to be haploid. Taxonomy.— The generic classification of this tribe is in chaos. Stegomerus, Trischidias, and Cryptocarenus are restricted to tropical America. Trypophloeus, Ernoporicus, Pro- crypJialus, and North American Cryphahis are of Eurasian origin and reached North America rather recently. Scohjtogenes and Hypothenemus are circumtropical, their ori- gins not known. This is one of the largest and most difficult tribes to classify in the family. Genus TRYPOPHLOEUS Fairmaire Trypophloeus Fairmaire, 1868, in Jacquelin du Val and Fairmaire, Genera des Coleopteres d'Europe 4:105 (Type-species: Bostrichus binodiilvs Ratze- burg, monobasic). Ghjptoderus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, ser. 2, 8:34, 44, 137 (Type-species: Bostrichus hinodulus Ratzeburg, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:122); Bed- el, 1888, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors ser., 6:397. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Procryphalus Hopkins by the 5-seg- mented antennal funicle, by the smaller, slen- der, apically pointed, aseptate antennal club, and by the absence of scalelike setae on the basal half of the pronotum. Description.— Length L5-2.1 mm, 2.3-2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown to black; sexes similar; frons convex, conservatively sculptured. Eye entire, finely granulate. Antennal funicle 5-segmented, club elongate, apically pointed. Pronotum with summit at middle; anterior area aspe- rate, punctured posteriorly; anterior margin armed; lateral margins rounded, not marked by a raised line. Elytral striae indicated or not, interstriae and declivity conservatively sculptured; costal margin ascending very slightly toward apex. Vestiture of abundant, short ground cover of scales and/ or hair and interstrial rows of erect setaci^ Prothoracic tibiae broadened distally, armed on distal third of lateral margin by about eight teeth, hind tibiae somewhat similar, armed by about six teeth. Distribution.— Northern areas of North America, Europe, and Asia; four species oc- cur in North America and about a dozen in Europe and Asia. Biology.— The species of this genus are monogamous and phloeophagous. They con- 850 1982 Cryphalini 851 struct cave-type tunnels in the bark immedi- suggesting the presence of fungal growth that ately below the outer surface in unthrifty, may play a significant role in their nutrition, living trees. The cavity is stained black, Larval mines are short and winding. Key to the Species of Trypophloeus (Modified from Wood 1954) 1. Strial punctures impressed, at least on basal third of disc, diameters of largest punctures about equal in width to adjacent interstriae; vestiture hairlike on basal half of disc, either hair- or scalelike on declivity; declivital interstrial bristles distinctly longer than half of distance between rows 2 — Strial punctures obscure, their diameters much less than width of an adjacent interstriae; vestiture scalelike on at least posterior three-fourths of elytra; de- clivital interstrial bristles shorter, their length equal to less than half distance between rows 3 2(1). Strial punctures on more than basal half of disc coarse, deep; punctures on posterolateral areas of pronotum rather large, deep, close; scalelike setae con- fined to elytral declivity; Alaska and Utah to Nova Scotia; Alnus, Salix; 1.6-2.0 mm 1. striatulus (Mannerheim) — Strial punctures greatly reduced except on basal fourth of disc; punctures on posterolateral areas of pronotum rather small, shallow, not as close; scalelike setae covering posterior half of elytra; Washington to California; Alnus, Salix; 1.5-1.7 mm 2. salicis Hopkins 3(1). Apex of interstriae 4 smooth or with minute, rounded granules; elytral scales abundant, broad, their apices rounded; front convex; E Nevada and Arizona to Saskatchewan and New Brunswick; Populus; 1.7-2.1 mm 3. populi Hopkins — Apex of interstriae 4 armed by a row of 1-5 small, slender, pointed teeth, each at least twice as long as its basal width; elytral scales abundant, their apices acuminate; frons usually subconcavely impressed; British Colombia to Cahfornia; Populus; 1.5-1.9 mm 4. thatcheri Wood 1. Trypophloeus striatulus (MsLnnerheim) Female.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.45 times Fig. 194 as long as wide, body color black. Frons convex, with a variable Y-shaped im- Cryphalus striatulus Mannerheim, 1853, Bull Soc. Imp. pression beginning above upper level of eyes, Nat. Moscoii 26:2.35 Holotvpe, sex?; Kenai Pen- f , . , . i • • insula, Alaska; not in Helsinki Mus., presumably branchmg above epistoma and contmumg to lost) margins of antennal insertions; surface Trypophloeus striatulus: Wood, 1969, Great Basin Nat. coarsely reticulate above upper level of eyes, ^^•^^^ coarsely, shallowly, closely punctured below; Tnipovhloeus nitidus Swaine, 1912, Canadian Ent. i ■!.■£■ „• r- 4c\\ed\) Thamnophthorits foveifrons Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Miis. Prey 14:161 (Holotype, male; Guadalajara, Ja- lisco, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Araptus interjectus Wood, 1974, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):44 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:21. Synonijmy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fossifrons Wood by the larger size, by the more elongate form, by the near absence of interstrial punctures, and by the different frons in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.4-2.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons strongly, transversely impressed from eye to eye from middle to well above upper level of eyes, its margins obtuse, its lower lateral angles armed by a pair of rather coarse tubercles and with a large, pointed, median tubercle at same level; lower third of area below upper level of eyes subaciculate; all surfaces shining; vestiture sparse except along epistomal margin. Antennal club as in fossifrons. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides moderately ar- cuate on more than posterior half, weakly constricted on anterior third, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about eight irregular serrations; indefinite summit one-third of pronotum length from anterior margin; asperities fine, confused; posterior areas obscurely reticulate in some areas, numerous minute, impressed points present, punctures rather small, deep, moder- ately close. Glabrous except for a few setae on asperate area and lateral margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed except 1 near de- clivity, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae twice as wide as striae, shining, with rather numer- ous minute points and moderately abundant, subtransverse impressed lines, punctures ob- solete except for an occasional puncture on some specimens. Declivity steep, broadly convex; sutural interstriae distinctly, rather abruptly elevated, 2 slightly wider than 1 or 3 and impunctate, 1 and 3 each with a few small punctures. Vestiture largely abraded, a few short interstrial bristles on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly flattened, weakly impressed near me- dian line, median line with a conspicuous, blunt carina from epistoma to well above eyes; frontal vestiture of moderate abundant, fine, uniformly distributed long hair, dis- tinctly longer at margins. Distribution.— Jalisco to Guatemala. MEXICO: Jalisco: Guadalajara. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agna, 19-V-64, 1000 m, Nos. 609, 612, vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were removed from pith tunnels in a recently cut vine 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of foveifrons and on the type series of 14 specimens of interjectus. 5. Araptus accinctus Wood Araptus accinctus Wood, 1974, Brighani Young Univer- sity Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):44 (Holotype, male; 3 km SE Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fossifrons Wood by the more slender body form, by the sparse discal interstrial punctures, and by the very different frons in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 939 Frons excavated as in fossifrons but with lateral cusps longer, extending ventrad to up- per level of eyes, a sharply elevated median carina extending from deepest point of exca- vation ending on epistomal margin in a small tooth, lateral margins of lower half of excava- tion armed by one or more pairs of small tu- bercles. Antennal club as in fossifrons. Pronotum and elytra as in foveifrons (Schedl) except odd-numbered discal inter- striae punctured, even-numbered interstriae very sparsely punctured, and declivity as in fossifrons except more narrowly convex, punctures smaller. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly concave from eye to eye from epis- toma to vertex, surface shining, finely punc- tured, subaciculate, a distinctly elevated me- dian carina extending from center of excavation to denticulate epistomal margin; margins of frontal excavation ornamented by a rather dense fringe of fine, long hair. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 3 km SE Acatlan. 15-VI-67, 150() in. No. 38, vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in a recently cut vine 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 6. Araptus delicatus Wood Araphts delicatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1 ):44 (Holotype, male; 8 km S La Huerta, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from genialis Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender form, and by the very dif- ferent sculpture of the frons. Male.— Length 1.7-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown except basal half of elytra light brown. Frons deeply impressed on triangular area from epistoma to vertex, upper angle of triangle on vertex an inverted U-shaped area having its margins acutely costate, floor of impressed area obscurely aciculate and with a low, long, acute carina; vestiture fine, short, moderately abundant, with a con- spicuous epistomal brush. Antennal club as in fossifrons Wood. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight and parallel. broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; indefinite summit one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin; asperities small, confused; pos- terior areas shining, with numerous im- pressed points, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of moderately abun- dant, fine, very short hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punctures rather small, deep, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, shining, marked by irregular lines, punctures almost as large as those of striae, irregularly placed. Declivity steep, broadly convex; strial and in- terstrial punctures smaller than on disc; su- tural interstriae feebly elevated, area from striae 1 to 3 flat on middle half. Vestiture of rows of short strial and slightly longer inter- strial hair, longest interstrial setae slightly shorter than distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more extensively, subcircularly impressed, Li- shaped carina as in male, vestiture on mar- gins abundant and very long. Distribution.— Jalisco to Nayarit. MEXICO: Jalisco: 8 km S La Huerta, l-VII-65, 500 m. No. 161, vine. 21 km N. Juchitlan, 2-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 188, vine. Nayarit: Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 192, vine; Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 7 m. No. 222, vine. All were taken by me. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in the stems of a vine having linear leaves. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 64 specimens and on 59 other specimens. 7. Araptus genialis Wood Araptus genialis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):45 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from delicatus Wood by the larger size, by the stouter body form, and by the sculpture of the frons. Male.— Length 2.8-3.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons deeply, triangularly impressed on median three-fourths from epistoma to ver- tex, upper angle more strongly impressed, its 940 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 margin armed by one median and two lateral acutely elevated cusps; floor of impression punctate to obscurely aciculate, with a broad, strongly elevated, median carina from emarginate epistoma to deepest part of con- cavity, both upper and lower ends terminate abruptly. Antennal club as in fossifrons. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; as in delicattis except discal punctures smaller, not as deep. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in delicattis except discal interstriae three to four times as wide as striae and declivital interstriae 3 feebly elevated. Female.— Similar to male except frontal impression more extensive, its margins orna- mented by a dense fringe of long, yellow hair. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 609, vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in stems of a cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 8. Araptus politus (Blandford) Fig. 197 Pityophthorus politus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):244 (Lectotype, male; Mexi- co; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Neodryocoetes mcxicanus Eggers, 1936, Rev. de Ent. 6:391 (Holotype, female; Colonia, prob. Vera- cr\iz, Mexico; deposited in but not now in Eggers Coll.); Schedl, 1938, Archiv Naturgesch. N.F., 7:177. Synonymy Neodryocoetes hubbardi Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:182 (Holotvpe, female; Kingston, Ja- maica; U.S. Nat. Mus. 56000); Wood; 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:173. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tahogae (Blackman) by the larger size, by the reticulate pronotal disc, by the much smaller punctures on pronotum and elytra, and by the different frons in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex above, distinctly, transversely impressed just above epistoma; surface reticulate, with fine obscure punc- tures; a low median carina extending from transverse impression to slightly above upper level of eyes, carina occasionally partly to entirely obsolete; vestiture sparse, short. inconspicuous. Antennal club much as in foveifrons except septum of suture 1 almost complete. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, dis- tinctly constricted on anterior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 14 low serrations; indefinite summit at middle; asperities small, confused; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures very small, spaced by at least two diameters of a puncture. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures in irregular rows, very small, rather shallow; interstriae obscurely subreticulate, about six times as wide as striae, usually with impressed points, punctures very small. De- clivity rather steep, broadly convex; striae 1 distinctly impressed, interstriae 1 very weak- ly elevated; strial punctures deeper than on disc. Vestiture obsolete or of minute setae shorter than diameter of puncture from which they arise. Female.— Similar to male except frontal vestiture moderately abundant, short to rather long, carina present or not. Distribution.— Florida, Mexico to Costa Rica, Cuba, Haiti, and Jamaica. USA: Florida: "Fla."; intercepted at Miami in bird seed. MEXICO: Veracruz: Colonia. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, .5-XI1-63, 1000 m. No. 285, Miicuna andreana, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Mucuna andreana, M. fawcetti (Jamaica), Cola sp. (Haiti). Biology.— Specimens were reared from seeds of the hosts. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 male syntypes of politus, on the holotype of hubbardi, and on 58 other speci- mens. The first of Blandford's 2 syntypes is labeled Type, but has never been so desig- nated. I here designate that male as the lecto- type of politus. 9. Araptus tabogae (Blackman) Fig. 197 Neodryocoetes tabogae Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:184 (Holotvpe, female; Taboga Island, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56002) Neodryocoetes vinealis Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1667 (Holotype, female; Ejipantla, 8 km or 5 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 941 miles S San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12625); Wood, 197.3, Great Basin Nat. .33:174. Si/nonymij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from politus (Blandford) by the smaller size, by the obscurely reticulate to shining pro- notal disc, by the larger pronotal and elytral punctiu-es, and by the different frons. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex, rather finely granulate- punctate, with an acute median carina from epistoma to vertex. Antennal club as in politus. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line and sculpture about as in politus except disc obscurely subreticulate, punctures rather small, deep, their lateral margins form an ob- scure granule, granules become obsolete lat- erally. Subglabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly roimded behind; striae 1 feebly impressed, surface shining, with a few impressed points and irregular lines, punctures moderately large, deep, moderately confused, smaller to- ward declivity; declivity rather steep, con- vex; strial punctures in rows, rather small, striae 1 moderately impressed, interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 feebly impressed; inter- strial punctures small. Vestiture largely con- fined to declivity, of rather sparse rows of short interstrial bristles, all shorter than dis- tance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons flat, shining, very finely, closely, deeply pimctured over broad area from epistoma to well above eyes, vestiture of abundant, fine, long yellow hair uniformly distributed, long- er at margins, carina absent. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO: Veracruz: Ejipantla, 8 km or 5 miles S San Andres Tuxtla, 5-V-69, vine, D. E. Bright. HONDURAS: Olanchito, 30-VII and 8-IX-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Cafias, Guanacaste, 1.3-VII-66, 50 m, No. 29, vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Taboga Island, H. F. Dietz. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels of a cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of tabogae and vinealis, and on eight other specimens. 10. Araptus incommodus (Blandford) Pitijophthorus incommodus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):245 (Holotype, female; Cer- ro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tabogae (Blackman) by the larger size, by the slightly reticulate pronotal disc and elytral declivity, by the much finer punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2, and by the very different elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons apparently as in tabogae (obscured by card). Pronotum as in tabogae except serrations on anterior margin smaller, irregular, disc somewhat reticulate with granules slightly larger. Elytra as in tabogae except punctures on disc closer and apparently smaller punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 much smaller to obsolete, vestiture on interstriae from middle of disc to apex. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft (1300 mm). Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 11. Araptus carinifrons (Blandford) Pitijophthorus carinifrons Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6);244 (Holotype, male; Motzo- rongo, Veracruz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tabogae (Blackman) by the strongly reti- culate pronotal disc, by the impunctate discal interstriae, with the strial punctures in rows, and by the slightly impressed female frons. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in tabogae except punctures larger, deeper, granules obscure. Pronotum as in tabogae except disc more strongly reti- culate, granules slightly larger. Elytra as in tabogae except strial punctures on disc small- er, in rows, interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, impunctate. Female.— Similar to male except frons as in female tabogae except very feebly concave. Distribution.— Veracruz and Panama. MEXICO: Veracruz: Motzorongo. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 318, vine, S. L. Wood. 942 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in the stems of a recently cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 26 other specimens. 12. Araptus confinis (Blandford) Pityophthonis confinis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):241 (Lectotype, male; Ja- lapa, Veracruz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:.39) Neopityophthorus glahricoUis Schedl, 1938, Archiv Na- turgesch. 7(2): 181 (Holotype, male; Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:391. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dentifrons Wood by the smaller pro- notal and elytral punctures and by the very different frons in both sexes. Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons almost flat on median two-thirds from epistoma to well above eyes, surface subaciculate, punctured in marginal areas, with central half bearing a sharply elevated, dentate, longitudinal carina, its highest point at its middle, a small callus on median line at vertex, vestiture of moderately abundant, fine hair. Antennal club as in politus (Blandford). Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly arcuate on posterior half, distinctly constricted on ante- rior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10-14 low serrations; indefinite summit slightly in front of middle; asperities small, confused; posteri- or area obscurely subreticulate, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured. Discal area glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures in rows, small, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, subreticulate, impunctate. De- clivity steep, convex; sutural interstriae weakly elevated, 2 feebly impressed, inter- striae except 2 with fine punctures; remain- ing sculpture as on disc. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of rows of minute strial hair and longer interstrial bristles, bristles equal in length to distance between rows. Female.— Similar to male except frons more broadly flattened, carina absent, vesti- ture abundant, uniformly distributed, longer at margins. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO: Veracruz: Jalapa. GUATEMALA: Guate- mala City, 30-V-64, 1300 m. No. 640, vine, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Olanchito, 19-V to 21-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 395, yine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems of a cut vine 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of confinis, on the holotype oi glahricoUis, and on 17 other specimens. 13. Araptus gracilens Wood Araptus gracilens Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:364 (Holotype, male; 4 miles or 6 km N Mazatlan, Si- naloa, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dentifrons Wood by the smaller size, by the less strongly impressed frons in both sexes, and by the slightly smaller punctures on the pronotum and elytra. Male.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in dentifrons except almost flat, carina and marginal tubercles very slightly smaller. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide, as in dentifrons except anterior margin more broadly rounded, punctures slightly smaller. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; as in dentifrons except strial punctures smaller, more widely spaced. Female.— Similar to male except frons; frons as in female dentifrons except weakly convex, vestiture finer, slightly shorter. Distribution.— Sinaloa. MEXICO: Sinaloa: 6 km N Mazatlan, 31-VII-64, from active oriole nest, E. E. Lindquist. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 14. Araptus dentifrons Wood Breviophthorus mexicanus Schedl, 1963 (nee Eggers, 1936), Ent. Arb. Mus. Prey 14:161 (Holotype, male; Mexico; Schedl Coll.). Probable synonym Araptus dentifrons Wood, 1974, Brigham Yoimg Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):45 (Holotype, male; 3 km SE Acatlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 943 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from confinis (Blandford) by the impressed male frons, with the carina much stronger, and with a series of small tubercles arming the lateral and dorsal margins of the im- pressed area, by the different female frons, and by the coarser elytral punctures. Male.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons subconcavely impressed to upper level of eyes, with median area on lower half very strongly produced into a short, dentate, median carina, upper and lateral margins of impressed area armed by a row of about nine tubercles; surface shining, subaciculate near epistoma; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous ex- cept on epistoma. Pronotum as in confinis except posterior areas with numerous impressed points (ob- scurely reticulate in some specimens), punc- tures coarse, deep. Elytra as in confinis ex- cept discal surface smooth, shining, with impressed points, strial punctures larger, in- terstriae less than twice as wide as striae, de- clivital punctures strongly reduced in size, al- most obsolete. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened, very shallowly concave on median third, with an obscure median impressed line below, a weak carina above, marginal areas subgranulate, not tuberculate, vestiture rather uniformly distributed but more abun- dant and longer on margins. Distribution.— Colima and Puebla to Honduras. MEXICO: Jalisco: Vokan Colima, 2-3-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 104, vine, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 3 km SE Acatlan, 15- VI-67, 1500 m, No. .38, vine, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Olanchito, 21-VI-49. at light, E. C. Becker. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in a cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. The male holotype of Breviophthonis mexi- canus Schedl (1.8 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide) is very similar to dentifrons and may be the same species. Schedl's specimen is more slender, the spaces between the punc- tures on the pronotal disc are smooth, and the strial punctures on the elytral declivity are more strongly impressed. A female para- type of dentifrons in the Volcan Colima series almost matches these characters; that specimen intergrades within its series with normal specimens of dentifrons. A specimen from Texas (Hidalgo Co., 22-III-60, J. N. KnuU) in the Canadian National Collection probably is of this species. 15. Araptus speciosus Wood Araptus speciosus 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:357 (Holo- type, female; 8 km S La Huerta, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) This species is distinguished from facetus Wood by the larger size, by the longer elytral vestiture, and by the different ornamentation of the female frons. Pityophthorus exquisitus (Blackman) has the female frons less broadly flattened, the frontal setae shorter, the pro- notum more reticulate and more coarsely punctured, and the elytral setae slightly longer. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, shining, finely, closely punctured, sparsely pubescent at center, densely orna- mented by long, yellow hair at sides and above, longest setae on vertex extend two- thirds distance to epistoma. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest slightly behind middle; sides on posterior half weakly arcuate, feebly constricted on ante- rior half, then rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 4 to 10 ser- rations; summit poorly developed, slightly in front of middle; asperities on anterior slope moderately large, arranged into dis- continuous, irregular, subconcentric rows, posterior areas mostly smooth, shining, some specimens with very obscure indications of reticulation, punctures moderately coarse, deep, rather close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather small, moderately deep; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, shining, impunctate, impressed points not clearly visible. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; sutural interstriae feebly elevated; strial punctures smaller than on disc, a few very small interstrial punctures also present. Vestiture confined to declivity, 944 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 consisting of a few interstrial bristles, each al- most as long as distance between rows. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 8 km S La Huerta, l-VII-65, 500 m. No. 168, Ficiis, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Ficus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from ax- ial pith tunnels in twigs 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 16. Araptus facetus W ood ArapUis facetus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):46 (Holotype, female; Rio Tempi.sque, Guanacaste, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exqiiisittis (Blackman) by the smaller size, by the shorter or obsolete elytral vesti- ture, and by the ornamentation of the female frons. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in exqiiis- itus except elytra glabrous or setae very minute. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly concave from eye to eye from epis- toma to vertex, surface smooth, impunctate on lower fourth, finely punctured above, ves- titure confined to area above eyes, consisting of a dense brush of long, yellow hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Tempisqiie, Guanacaste, 25-III-64, 1.5 m. No. 501, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small broken branches of a native fig tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 17. Araptus laevigatus (Eggers) Pityophthorus laevigatus Eggers, 1933, Mem. Trav. Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat., Paris 1(1):6 (Holo- type, female; St. Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana; Paris Mus.) Neopityophthorus insttlaris Eggers, 1940, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:1.30 (Holotype, fe- male; Trois Rivieres, Guadeloupe; deposited in but not now in Eggers Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:173. Synonymy Neodryocoetes guadeloupensis Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:73 (Replacement name); Wood, 1973, Great Ba- sin Nat. 33:173. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species and the next present a radical biological departure from the remainder of the genus (see below). It is distinguished from costaricensis (Schedl) by the larger size, by the stouter body form, and by the very slightly larger, deeper punctures on the frons. The males are dwarfed, flight- less, and rare. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, with an obtuse, sub- carinate median crest form epistoma to up- per level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures varying from small to rather large, moderately deep; vestiture of sparse, incon- spicuous hair. Antennal club small, sutures weakly arcuate, 1 septate. Pronotum 1.17 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate on more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 ser- rations, indefinite summit about one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; aspe- rities on anterior slope small, confused; poste- rior area smooth, brightly shining, with low, longitudinal asperities continued as sparse discontinuous ridges almost to base, punc- tures and points almost totally absent. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, spaced within a row by two to four diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, brightly shining, obsolescent points obscurely indicated, impunctate, two to four times as wide as striae. Declivity rather steep, convex; one or more striae sometimes narrowly impressed; interstriae with a few minute punctures. V^estiture of sparse inter- strial bristles on odd-numbered interstriae, al- most as long as distance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Male.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, similar to fe- male except metathoracic wings shorter than elytra; rare. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama to French Guiana. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 13- XII-63, 1000 m. No. .309, Daphnopsis seibertii seeds, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 139, Cynometra hemitomophylla seeds, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, .30 m, S. L. Wood; Do- minical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 294, legume seed pod, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. .346, Entada gigas 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 945 seeds, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Guadeloupe, French Guiana, Surinam. Hosts.— Cynometra hemitomophylla, Daphnapsis seibertii and Entada gigas. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the fallen fruits and seeds of the hosts. The males are dwarfed and, because the flight wings are of reduced size, they are in- capable of flight. Consequently, mating oc- curs in the brood chambers and only the fe- male enters new host material. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a cotype of laevigatus and one of in- sularis, and on 61 other specimens. 18. Araptus costaricensis (Schedl) Neopityophthonis insularis var. costaricensis Schedl, 1938, Archiv Naturgesch. 7:180 (Syntypes, fe- males; Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished, with difficulty, from laevigatus Eggers by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the smaller, shallow frontal punctures, and by the phloeophagous habit. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color light brown. Exactly as in laevigatus except as noted in the diagnosis. Male.— Length 1.0 mm; similar to female except flight wings shorter than elytra. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22- VIII-63, 250 m. No. 122, Cecropia petiole, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 1970, I. R. Gara. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27-XII-63, 70 m. No. 338, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the phloem tissues of a limb 10 cm in diameter and from the petiole of a fallen Cecropia leaf. Notes.— The above treatment was based on one male and 22 females, one of which was compared directly to Schedl's syntypes. An occasional specimen in this series has the same exact form and structure as laevigatus except for the much smaller size. Although it probably represents a valid species, its status should be verified through field studies. 19. Araptus tenellus (Schedl) Neodrijocoetes tenellus Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:109 (Holotype, male; Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Ctenyophthoriis mexicanus Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:162 (Holotype, female; Trampaluz, Escarcega, Campeche, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:392. Synonymy Neodryocoetes granulatus Schedl, 1964, Reichenbachia 3:311 (Replacement name for Ctenyophthoriis mexicanus Schedl) Araptus cuspidis Wood, 1974, Brighani Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):46 (Holotype, female; 8 km E San Bias, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:392. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species and eruditus (Schedl) have a conspicuous median process at the posterior margin of abdominal sternum 5 that distinguishes them from all other spe- cies in the genus. This species is distinguished from cuspidatus by the convex, unarmed ely- tral declivity and by the different female frons. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, shining, surface obscurely, rather coarsely punctured. Antennal club rather small, subcircular, sutures rather strongly procurved, 1 extending one-third, 2 two-thirds club length from base, 1 finely septate. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, con- verging toward rather narrowly rounded an- terior margin; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; summit definite, very slightly in front of middle; asperities moderately coarse, confused; posterior areas strongly reticulate, punctures small, obscure. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, distinct; interstriae three times as wide as striae, almost smooth, impressed points rather obscure, impunctate. Declivity steep, convex; sutural interstriae feebly elevated, 2 indistinctly impressed; strial and interstrial punctures minute, almost obsolete. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, of in- terstrial rows of slender bristles, each slightly longer than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Sternum 5 with a con- spicuous median elevation on posterior margin. Female.— Similar to male except frons shining, convex, slightly flattened on median half below upper level of eyes, this area punctured on its lateral and upper margins. 9^ Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 smooth and shining in central area, punc- tured area with moderately abundant, short, inconspicuous hair. Distribution.— Nayarit to Chiapas. MEXICO: Campeche: Trampaluz. Chiapas: Lazardo Cardenas. Nayarit: 8 km E San Bias, 12-VII-65. 70 m. No. 233, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch of an unidentified tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of tenellus, mexicanus, and cuspidus and on 15 other specimens. Araptus pallidus (Blackman) {? = porori- censis Schedl) is a distinct species having ab- dominal sternum 5 as in tenellus. 20. Araptus schedli (Blackman) Fig. 198 Neodryocoetes schedli Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:195 (Holotype, male; Tampico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55976) Neodryocoetes lenis Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:198 (Holotype, male; Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico; U.S. Nat.' Mus., 55979); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:392. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from micaceus Wood by the very different male frons and by the much smaller punc- tures on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons rather abruptly, strongly, trans- versely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes; upper area convex, coarsely punctured except median line impunctate and transversely etched; surface of impressed area smooth, shining, punctures almost obso- lete, lateral areas with a short, conspicuously subcarinate, diagonal callus extending from near epistomal margin toward dorsomedian part of eye; epistomal margin broadly, rather deeply emarginate; vestiture confined to epistomal margin. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as scape; su- tures 1 and 2 strongly procurved, dividing club into about equal thirds. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides feebly arcuate, gradually converging toward rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin finely, broadly serrate; summit at middle; posterior areas smooth, shining, surface with numerous impressed points, punctures moderately coarse, deep, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture. Glabrous except at lateral margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures slightly larger and very slightly con- fused on basal half of disc; interstriae shining, almost smooth, weak lines and obscure im- pressed points evident, about three to four times as wide as striae. Declivity rather steep, convex; striae not impressed, punctures minute, a few similar interstrial punctures on lower third confused with those of striae. Strial and interstrial setae minute to obsolete, never longer than distance equal to diameter of a puncture. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened and pubescent (concealed in speci- mens at hand). Distribution.— Tamaulipas to Veracruz. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Tampico, 26-XII-09, E. A. Schwarz. Veracruz: Cordoba, 23-IV-08, A. Fenyes. Mexi- can seeds intercepted at New York, 20-XI-45, 46-2193. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of schedli and lenis and on eight other specimens. 21. Araptus obsoletus (Blandford) Pityophthorus obsoletus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):242 (Holotype, female; Las Mercedes, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from placatus Wood by the smaller size, by the more coarsely punctured male frons, by the longer, more abundant female frontal hair, and by the more simple elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, a shallow, broad transverse impression from upper level of eyes to epis- toma; surface shining, coarsely, closely, deep- ly punctured; vestiture fine, sparse, incon- spicuous. Antennal club comparatively small, suture 1 rather weakly procurved, septate, 2 almost obsolete. Pronotum 1.17 times as long as wide; as in tenellus (Schedl) except posterior area weak- ly reticulate, punctures coarse, deep, rather close. Glabrous. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 947 Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in tenellus except de- clivity miiformly convex, densely covered by impressed points, strial punctures sometimes more distinct. Elytra either glabrous or with minute setae shorter than diameter of punc- tures from which they arise. Female.— Similar to male except frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, with abundant, long, yellow hair. Distribution.— Jalisco to Guatemala. MEXICO: Jalisco: 33 kin N Juchitlan, .3-VII-65, 1300 m, No. 177, Ficus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Las Mercedes, G. C. Champion; Lago Amatitlan, lO-VI-64, 700 m. No. 703, vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from transverse tunnels in the phloem. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on 38 other specimens. 22. Araptus micacetis Wood Araptus micaceiis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:29 (Holotvpe, male; Los Corchos, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obsoletiis (Blandford) by the strongly impressed frons, with a pair of epistomal cal- luses at the anterior articulations of the man- dibles, by the smooth surface between punc- tures on the area above the eyes, and by the coarser strial punctures on the declivity. Male.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons as in obsoletiis except much more strongly impressed, punctures in impressed area smaller, surface on area above eyes reti- culate; epistomal calluses at anterior articu- lation of mandibles much larger. Pronotum as in obsoletiis except serrations on anterior margin much smaller (margin subcostate) and reticulation on posterior areas more strongly impressed. Elytra as in obsoletiis except strial punc- tures much larger, interstriae one and one- half times as wide as striae on disc, about twice as wide on declivity; impressed points obsolete on declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons planoconvex on median two-thirds from level of antennal insertion to slightly above eyes, finely, closely punctured except impunctate on median line to upper level of eyes, punc- tured area bearing fine, rather long, moder- ately abundant hair; hair shorter, less abun- dant and covering a smaller area than in female obsoletus. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Los Corchos, lO-VII-65, 7 m, No. 222, vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 23. Araptus crassiis Wood Araptus crassus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:211 (Holotype, female?; 8 km NE Cerro Jefe, Panama Prov., Panama; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species represents a vmique group in the genus that is character- ized by the very stout body form that has the general habitus of Coccotrypes, by the similar frons in both sexes, by the shallow, equally large strial and interstrial punctures, by the unique antennal club, and by the broad tibiae. Female(?).— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 1.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons evenly convex, surface smooth, shin- ing, a few very minute, isolated granules; epistomal margin with a weak, narrow, me- dian suggestion of a premandibular lobe. An- tennal club obovate, about as long as scape, about 1.15 times as long as wide, about equally divided by rather strongly procurved sutures 1 and 2, these weakly grooved and marked by rows of setae, suture 1 septate on lateral half. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides strongly arcuate on basal half, rather strongly constricted, then narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about four, small, indefinite gran- ules; summit indefinite, on basal third; ante- rior slope rather gradual, armed by low, iso- lated, abundant asperities, extending to base in lateral areas, surface between asperities shining, almost smooth; posterior areas shin- ing, not smooth, punctures very fine, in- definite, sparse. Vestiture of short, fine, re- cumbent hair. Elytra about 1.01 times as long as wide; 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal half, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, distinctly impressed, 948 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, almost three times as wide as striae, punctures as large as those of striae, a bit more widely spaced. Declivity broadly convex, very steep; sculpture as on disc. Ves- titure of minute strial hair, length of each less than diameter of its puncture, and erect, flat- tened, narrowly spatulate, closely set inter- strial setae, each equal in length to about two-thirds distance between rows. Sexual differences not apparent, although both sexes apparently represented. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: 8 km NE Cerro Jefe. Panama, 27-III-76. 700 m, H. P. Stockwell. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 24. Araptus nanuhis Wood Araptiis nantdus Wood, 1973, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):54 (Holotype, female; Tam- pico, Tamaulipas, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the small size, by the simple, unadorned frons in both sexes, by the greatly reduced, almost obsolete strial punctures, by the regular, almost scalelike in- terstrial bristles, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex, feebly impressed just above epistoma in lateral areas; surface shining, rather coarsely, sparsely punctured and with more numerous minute points; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, as long as scape, sutures almost straight, suture 1 finely septate. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate on basal half, feebly constricted on anterior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin serrate, about 12 indistinct serrations; summit indistinct; crenulations on anterior slope rather coarse, continued as low, irregu- lar transverse costae to well behind summit; posterior areas shining, with numerous im- pressed points, appearing almost sub- granulate in lateral areas. Vestiture erect, moderately abundant, somewhat similar to elytral setae. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, minute punctures almost obsolete; interstriae shining, setiferous punctures confused, with numerous impressed points of almost equal size. Declivity rather narrowly convex; inter- striae 1 shallowly impressed; surface sculp- ture as on disc. Vestiture of interstrial rows of suberect apically flattened bristles; each bristle about as long as distance between rows, somewhat more closely spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Tamaulipas. MEXICO: Tamaulipas: Tampico, 14-VIII-72, Dish- olcapsis gall on Qtierctis vir^iniana. G. F. Frankie. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 25. Araptus decorulus Wood Araptus decorus Wood, 1974 (nee Bright, 1972), Brig- ham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., ^\o\. Ser. 19(1):47 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Araptus decorulus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:278 (Replacement name) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished by the shallow declivital impression, confused elytral punctures, slender form and fine sculpture, and by the very different fe- male frons. Male.— Length 1.8-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, except weakly flattened on central half below upper level of eyes, a small callus near upper margin of flattened area, a pair of calluses in ventrolateral parts of this area; surface shining, rather finely punctured except impunctate in median area on lower half; vestiture fine, sparse, incon- spicuous. Antennal club oval, sutures moder- ately procurved, suture 1 weakly septate. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; about as in placatus Wood except median serrations on anterior margin distinctly larger, and posterior area reticulate, dull, punctures moderately fine, deep, rather widely spaced. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in placatus; surface shining, with minute points, punc- tures confused, rather small, moderately close. Declivity moderately steep, shallowly impressed, almost flat on median half; strial punctures in rows; interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated, 2 distinctly impressed; interstrial 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 949 punctures fine. Vestiture confined to declivi- ty, consisting of rows of sparse, stout bristles except absent on 2, bristles spaced in all di- rections by distances slightly greater than length of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male except frons flattened almost from eye to eye from epis- toma to vertex, with an elevated, transverse, obtuse summit just below upper level of eyes, area from summit to epistoma on median third smooth, shining, impunctate, remaining area punctured and ornamented by rather abundant, long, yellow hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 111, No. 64, unidentified log, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from phloem tissues of a cut log 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 26. Araptus teres (Blackman) Fig. 198 Neodryocoetes teres Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:190 (Holotype, female; Paraiso, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56007) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from placatus Wood by the smaller size, by the very minute elytral punctures, and by the different female frons. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons flat, perhaps very feebly concave (not visible above eyes); shining, densely, very finely punctured, small median area on lower third impunctate; vestiture of fine, uni- formly, moderately abundant, rather short hair (about as in placatus), apparently little if any longer on margins. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; about as in placatus except punctures slightly smaller. Elytra 1.65 times as long as wide; as in pla- catus except strial punctures very minute, shallow; interstriae six or more times as wide as striae; surface with many fine irregular lines; declivital sculpture as on disc, some punctures apparently obsolete. Vestiture largely abraded, apparently confined to de- clivity, slightly longer and finer than in placatus. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly concave, with a weak, median carina indicated. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Paraiso, Canal Zone, 19 and 26-1-11, E. A. Schwarz. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 27. Araptus tenuis (Blackman) Fig. 198 Neodryocoetes tentiis Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:197 (Holotype, female; Tampico, Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mus.) ' Araptus placatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):46 (Holotype, male; 5 km W Jaltipan, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.). New synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obsoletus (Blandford) by the larger size, by the more strongly impressed, more finely punctured male frons, by the short, sparse fe- male frontal vestiture, by the elytral vesti- ture, and by other characters. Male.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, upper limits attaining a distinct summit on median half; surface shin- ing, rather finely, deeply, closely punctured; an obscure, median carina sometimes pres- ent; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. An- tennal club as in obsoletus. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest just behind middle, sides weakly ar- cuate, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about 10-12 low serra- tions; indefinite summit one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; asperities small, confused; posterior areas smooth to obscurely reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures small, spaced within row by twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae almost smooth, sub- shining, about four times as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; striae 1 distinctly impressed, inter- striae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 weakly 950 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 impressed, interstrial punctures minute. Ves- titure confined to declivity, of rows of stout, blunt interstrial bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Female.- Similar to male except plano- convex, a median callus on lower half, area at upper level of eyes not elevated, surface shin- ing, rather finely, closely punctured, vestiture very fine, moderately abundant, rather short. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO- Veracruz: 5 km W Jaltipan, 25-VI-67, 50 m, No. 117, vine, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS; La Ceiba, VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Biology.- Specimens were taken from the hollow central axis of a recently cut vine. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. 28. Arapttis leptus (Bright) points abundant; interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated, 2 shallowly impressed, lateral con- vexities about as high as 1. Vestiture of min- ute strial setae and an occasional short interstrial hair; none of these longer than dis- tance equal to two or three diameters of a strial puncture. Female.- Similar to male except frons broadly, shallowly concave from epistoma to well above eyes, very densely, minutely punctured over entire impressed area, vesti- ture minute pile in impressed area, margins with a dense fringe of long hair. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz; Ejipantla, 8 km S S.n Andres Tuxtla, 5-V-69, D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on a male and a female paratype. The holo- type was also examined. Neodnjocoetes leptus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1666 (Holotype, female; Ejipantla, 8 km or 5 miles S San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12624) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from micaceus Wood by the convex male frons, without epistomal calluses, by the much finer pronotal and elytral punctures, and by the more strongly impressed declivital interstriae 2. Male.- Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons almost uniformly convex, with epis- tomal margin slightly elevated; surface reti- culate, punctures small, shallow, rather close; vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; basic outline and anterior margin as in micaceus; posterior areas subreticulate, impressed points moderately abundant, punctures small, shallow, rather numerous, spaced by about two to four diameters of a puncture. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in micaceus; striae 1 near declivity weakly, others not im- pressed, punctures very small, spaced by one to two diameters; interstriae smooth, shining, with rather numerous minute lines and im- pressed points, punctures obsolete, about four times as wide as striae. Declivity steep, con- vex; strial punctures reduced, obscure; sur- face shining, minutely irregular, impressed 29. Araptus consobrinus Wood Araptus consobrinus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394 (Holotype, male; 6 km or 4 miles W Tep- ic, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from attenuatus Wood by the evenly convex elytral declivity {attenuatus has striae 1 im- pressed and interstriae 1 weakly elevated), and, on the female frons, by the coarser, more abundant, longer, yellowish vestiture. Male.- Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons similar to attenuatus except more nearly convex, punctures not as coarse, no in- dications of aciculation, median callus at up- per level of eyes smaller, less strongly elevated. Pronotum as in attenuatus except anterior margin armed by about eight serrations. Elytra as in attenuatus except surface less brightly shining, strial punctures slightly larger. Declivity more evenly convex, punc- tures much smaller; striae 1 not impressed, interstriae 1 not elevated. Female.- Similar to male, though frons much as in female attenuatus except frontal hair much more abundant, coarser, slightly longer, yellowish in color. Distribution.- Jalisco to Nayarit. MEXICO- Jalisco; 33 km N Juchitlan, 3-VII-65, 1300 m. No. 177, Ficus, S. L. Wood. Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 241, shrub, S. L. Wood. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 29 specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 951 30. Araptus attenuatus Wood Araptus attenuatus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:30 (Holotype, female; 48 km W Baji'a de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from placatus Wood by the much coarser strial punctures, by the much longer female frontal vestiture, and by other characters cited below. Female.- Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons feebly convex, flattened on median half in some specimens; subshining, rather finely, closely punctured in peripheral areas, central area minutely irregular, often with a few punctures; a weak median carina on lower half; vestiture of fine, long, white, sub- plumose setae in punctured area at sides and above, longest setae equal in length to two- thirds diameter of frons, shorter toward epistoma. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in placatus except anterior margin more nar- rowly rounded, posterior areas more dis- tinctly reticulate, with punctures almost twice as large; minute setae present on disc. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; similar to placatus ex- cept strial punctures almost twice as large, declivity more narrowly convex, interstriae 2 not impressed, 1 more feebly elevated. Min- ute strial setae visible on posterior half of disc and declivity except 1 and 2, interstrial setae confined to declivity, absent on 2, sim- ilar to placatus except usually finer. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, punctures subrugose, obscurely aciculate, a distinct, sub- tuberculate, median prominence at upper level of eyes and continuing toward vertex, its summit transversely etched. Distribution.— Baja California. MEXICO: Baja California Norte: 48 km W Baji'a de los Angeles, 3MII-74, Hopk. 58650, M. M. Furniss; 32 km N Punta Prieta, 29-III-73, Pedialanthus macrocarpus, J. Doyen. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens. 31. Araptus blanditus Wood Araptus blanditus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1);47 (Holotype, female; Fortin de las Flores, Veracruz, Mexico- Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from schwarzi (Blackman) by the smaller size, by the impunctate interstriae, and by the more deeply concave, more finely punctured female frons, with longer, more abundant frontal vestiture. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons moderately concave on central two- thirds from distinctly elevated epistoma to slightly above eyes; surface smooth, shining, very finely, closely, uniformly granulate- punctate; vestiture of uniformly distributed, rather abundant, fine, long hair, marginal setae distinctly larger. Antennal club oval, external sutures obsolete, internal septum of anterior half of suture 1 conspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on basal half moderately arcuate, distinctly constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; broad summit near middle; asperities rather small, confused; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, impressed points very small, moderately abundant, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.55 times as long as wide, 1.65 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 moderately, others not impressed, punctures moderately large, deep, very close, rows slightly irregular; interstriae smooth, shining, points obscure to absent, impunctate. Decliv- ity moderately steep, convex, shallowly sul- cate; sutural striae narrowly impressed, inter- striae 2 moderately impressed, ascending laterally, 3 higher than suture; strial punc- tures slightly smaller than on disc; interstrial punctures small, obsolete on 2. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, in interstrial rows except obsolete on 2, of moderately stout bristles, each as long as distance be- tween rows, similarly spaced within a row. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Fortin de las Flores, 22-V-65, at light, D. Rabago. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, 11-1-64, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 35 other specimens. 952 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 32. Araptiis schwarzi (Blackman) Fig. 197 Thamnophthorus schwarzi Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:178 (Holotype, female; Boquete, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55998) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from blanditus Wood as indicated in the above key and in the diagnosis of that species. Female.- Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, subconcavely impressed from conspicuously elevated, broad epistomal process to well above eyes; surface shining, clo.sely, finely, uniformly subgranulately punctured; vestiture of moderately abundant, very fine, short hair. Antennal club as in blanditus Wood. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on posterior half moder- ately arcuate, distinctly constricted on ante- rior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; indefinite summit well behind middle; asperities moderately coarse, confused; posterior area almost smooth, punctures rather coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, short hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly romided behind; striae not impressed except 1 toward declivity, punctures confused to- ward base, in almost regular rows posteriorly; interstriae smooth, about twice as wide as striae, with few to regularly placed punc- tures. Declivity rather steep, convex, shallow- ly sulcate; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 distinctly impressed, 3 broadly rounded, as high as 1; striae 1 and 2 distinctly impressed, punctures in rows, smaller than on disc; in- terstrial punctures fine. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair, and distinctly longer, fine, interstrial hair, longest setae averaging about two-thirds distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, almost smooth, punctures slightly larger, less abundant, vestiture much less abundant; anterior margin of pronotum more coarsely serrate, armed by 10-12 serrations. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Ecuador. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 17 km NE Jacala, 22-VI-5.3, 1700 m, in flight, S. L. Wood. Quintana Roo:' "Quintana Roo," Aguacate. COSTA RICA: San Jose, San Jose, 6-V- 14, intercepted at New York. Also intercepted at La- redo, Texas, in Annona cherimoki from Mexico. OTHER COUNTRIES: Ecuador. Hosts.— Annona cherimola, Persea americana. Biology.— Specimens were taken in flight in a pine-oak forest and in the seeds of the above host plants. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 73 other specimens. 33. Araptus sobrinus Wood Araptus sobrinus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:287 (Holotype, female; Siquatepec, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from schwarzi (Blackman) by the weakly con- vex, more sparsely punctured female frons, by the different elytral vestiture, and by the more deeply, more broadly sulcate declivity. Female.- Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons weakly convex; surface almost smooth, punctures fine, moderately abun- dant; vestiture of fine, short, moderately abundant hair; frons about as in male schwarzi except for epistomal area. Pronotum about as in schivarzi, except disc with more numerous impressed points and punctures slightly larger and more nearly cir- cular (punctures in schwarzi oval to crescent shaped). Elytra as in schwarzi except with abundant impressed points (usually absent in schwarzi), declivity more deeply, more broadly im- pressed, and vestiture greatly reduced. Strial setae entirely absent, interstrial setae rare on disc, sparse on declivity except at sides. (In schwarzi interstrial rows of erect setae usual- ly extend to elytral base and small strial hairs occur on disc and declivity.) Male.- Similar to female, except frons more strongly convex above, slightly im- pressed on lower half; epistoma broadly, shal- lowly emarginate about as in male schwarzi. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Siguatepec, 25-V-72, Pinus oocarpa rust cones, R. Billings. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 953 34. Araptus mendicus Wood Araptus mendicus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):54 (Holotype, female; Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from medialis Wood by the smooth, poHshed male frons, with much finer, less abundant punctures, by the finely reticulate, much more distinctly punctured female frons, with the pubescence slightly less abundant, finer, and shorter, and by the larger size. Female.- Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, evenly convex, reticulate and finely, distinctly, closely punctured on lower two-thirds, almost smooth and shining in small area above eyes; vestiture fine, mod- erately long, rather abundant, distinctly long- er on margins, particularly above, shining area above eyes subglabrous. Antennal club about as in medialis except slightly wider. Pronotum and elytra as in medialis. Male.— Similar to male medialis except frons glabrous, smooth, polished, shagreened, punctures much smaller, less abundant. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Cartago, XI-65, Persea ameri- cana, N. L. H. Krauss. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens. 35. Araptus medialis Wood Araptus medialis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):48 (Holotype, female; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica, Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the impressed elytral declivity, by the confused punctures on the elytral disc, and by the very different female frons. Male.- Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, a weak median callus at up- per level of eyes; surface subshining, punc- tures small, shallow, rather close; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club small, oval, suture 1 weakly procurved, sep- tate throughout, 2 very obscure. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on posterior half, sides feebly arcuate on pos- terior half, then distinctly constricted, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10 coarse serrations; summit rather broad, at middle; asperities rather coarse, confusd; posterior areas shining, almost smooth to subreticulate, impressed points rather obscure, punctures fine, not sharply impressed, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather small, confused on more than basal half of disc, in rows posteri- orly; surface shining, with numerous im- pressed points. Declivity rather steep, strong- ly sulcate; strial punctures in rows, small, rather obscure; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed, rather abruptly, moderately ele- vated laterally, lateral margins rounded, dis- tinctly higher than suture, interstriae 1 and 3 each bearing a row of small granules. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, consisting of rows of stout, blunt, interstrial bristles (except ab- sent on 2), each bristle distinctly longer than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except 2.7 times as long as wide, frons flattened almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, area be- low eyes dull, densely, finely punctured, cen- tral area above eyes smooth, shining, impunc- tate, entire lower area and marginal areas above bearing abundant, long, yellow hair, longest on upper margin; hair on elytral de- clivity finer and longer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5- XII-63, 1000 m. No. 288, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels in the cambium region of a broken branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 23 specimens. 36. Araptus conditus Wood Araptus conditus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):48 (Holotype, female; Puerto Viejo, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from medialis Wood by the larger size, by the absence of the lateral half of the septum of suture 1 on the antennal club, by the coar- ser punctures on the pronotum and elytra, and by the very different frons in both sexes. 954 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons broadly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a rounded median summit at its upper limits; surface smooth, finely, very closely, uniformly punc- tured; vestiture of rather abundant, fine, short, semirecumbent hair. Antennal club moderately large, subcircular, suture 1 strongly subangulate, its median half septate, suture 2 almost obsolete. Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate and almost parallel on basal half, slightly constricted anteriorly, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin acute, subserrate; summit indefinite, at middle; asperities fine, confused, covering an- terior two-thirds; posterior areas shining, ob- scurely reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, close, deep. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.26 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in medialis except striae 1 impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep. Declivity steep, bisul- cate; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, 2 rather strongly impressed, narrowly above, broadly below, lateral areas rather strongly elevated, rounded, higher than suture, 1 and 3 each with a sparse row of granules; punc- tures in rows, rather small, shallow. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, of interstrial rows (absent on 2) of short, coarse bristles, each almost as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Female.— Similar to male except frons shallowly, evenly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, densely, finely, uni- formly punctured, covered by abundant erect, short, yellow hair of uniform length ex- cept slightly longer at margins. DisTRiHUTioN.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 478, vine, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 1970, R. I. Gara. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate galleries in the cambium of a woody vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 37. Araptus incompositus (Blandford) Pityophthoriis incompositus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):243 (Holotype, female; Coatepeque, Guatemala) Araptus incompositus: Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:426 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from frugalis Wood and laudatus Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, by the less strongly impressed declivity, and by the smaller punctures on the elytral disc. Female.— Length 1.5 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons weakly convex, smooth, punctures fine, rather abundant, margin not elevated; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal half very feebly ar- cuate, rather narrowly rounded in front; an- terior margin armed by about 12 low serra- tions; summit anterior to middle; asperities on anterior slope confused; posterior areas obscurely subreticulate, punctures rather small, moderately abundant. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in laud- atus; striae not impressed, punctures very fine; interstriae at least four times as wide as striae; smooth, shining, punctures, if present, indistinguishable from numerous, confused, impressed points. Declivity steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 of fine tubercles, 2 moderately impressed, slightly wider than 1, almost flat, with numerous impressed points, shining, 3 as high as 1, rather broadly convex, armed as on 1. Vestiture confined to declivity and basal area, consisting of moderately long, rather stout setae in closely set interstrial rows except absent on 2. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Coatepeque, 1300 ft. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 38. Araptus frugalis 'W ood Araptus frugalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1 ):49 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from conditus Wood by the minute pronotal and elytral punctures, by the much more abundant elytral vestiture, by the glabrous fe- male frons, and by the antennal club. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 955 Frons essentially as in male conditus ex- cept more brightly polished, less closely punctured, subglabrous, with a definite me- dian tubercle at upper level of eyes. Antennal club elongate-oval, mesal half of suture 1 represented by a longitudinal septum, ex- tending one-third of club length from base, 2 indicated externally, profoundly procurved, extending three-fourths of club length from base. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in conditus except summit distinctly ante- rior to middle, anterior margin armed by 18 rather coarse serrations, posterior areas with punctures much smaller. Vestiture of moder- ately abundant fine, short hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in conditus; striae not impressed, punctures very fine, mostly in rows; interstriae four or more times as wide as striae, shining, with impressed points and very fine, irregular lines, punc- tures as small or smaller than those of striae, in rows. Declivity steep, sulcate; essentially as in conditus except punctures on striae 1 and 2 obsolete, others minute. Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair, and longer, rather fine, interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, bristles about as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row, absent on declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, median area weakly elevated and impunc- tate; elytral bristles slightly longer, stouter. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 80, vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Canal Zone, VIII, Busck. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a cut vine 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 38 specimens. 39. Araptus laudatus Wood Arapttis laudatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):49 (Holotype, female; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from frugalis Wood by the narrow, convex frons in both sexes, with a distinct impression just above the epistoma in the female, by the more narrowly, deeply sulcate elytral declivi- ty, and by the subtriangular antennal club. Female.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex except lower third rather strongly, transversely impressed; epistoma with median area distinctly elevated; surface dull, reticulate, rather coarsely, somewhat obscurely punctured; glabrous. Antennal club subtriangular, apex somewhat pointed; mesal half of suture 1 septate, sutures not indicated externally. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on bt.sal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10-12 low serrations; sum- mit rather indefinite, one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; asperities rather fine, confused; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, with numerous impressed points, punc- tures rather small, moderately close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel, then slightly tapered, bisinuately truncate on median half behind; striae not impressed; all punctures rather small, con- fused; surface smooth, shining, with minute impressed points. Declivity narrow, steep, broadly, rather deeply sulcate; interstriae dis- tinctly elevated, 2 impressed, lateral areas abruptly, strongly elevated, rounded, armed on inner margin by a series of two to six small denticles, 1 usually with one or more small granules on basal half; punctures on striae 1 and 2 obscure to obsolete. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of a few short, interstrial bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons more evenly convex, transverse impression almost obsolete, punctures coarser, deeper; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger; declivital sulcus deeper, more abrupt, sutural interstriae more regularly granulate. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 1.3- XII-63, 1000 m. No. 313, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate galleries in the cambium region of a tree branch. From two to nine females were associated with each male. 956 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 50 specimens. 40. Araptus eruditus (Schedl) Fig. 198 Neopityophthorus eruditus Schedl, 1938, Archiv Na- turgesch., n.f., 7(2): 182 (Holotype, female; El Cora, Tepic, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Neodryocoetes buscki Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:192 (Holotype, female; Cabima, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56008); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:392. Synonymy Diagnosis.— The elevation on abdominal sternum 5 suggests a much closer relationship to teneUus Schedl than to other similar spe- cies having an impressed and granulate ely- tral declivity. The abdominal elevation and impressed declivity distinguish it from all other members of the genus. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 212. Fig. 198. Araptus. Spermophthorus, Pityophthorus spp., antennae and protibiae: 15, A. eruditus; 16, A. teres; 17, A. pallidas; 18, 20, 22, A. schedli; 19, A. hy- inenaeae; 21, 21a, A. exquisitus; 23, A. tenuis; 24-25, S. caesalpiniae; 26-27, P. pudens; 28, P. robai. (After Blackman 1942 :pl. 21.) Frons weakly convex, epistoma very slightly elevated; surface shining, punctures fine, close, rather shallow; vestiture incon- spicuous, of fine, very short, moderately abundant hair. Antennal club rather small, subcircular, sutures strongly arcuate, suture 1 party septate, 2 obscure, not attaining middle of club. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin costate, feebly serrate; summit rather in- definite, in front of middle; asperities small, confused, confined to anterior half; posterior areas smooth, shining, a few impressed points, punctures rather fine, moderately sparse, deep. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by diameter of a puncture; in- terstriae smooth, shining, impunctate, about one and one-half times as wide as striae. De- clivity moderately steep, sulcate; strial punc- tures small, almost obsolete; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, 2 impressed, 3 as high as 1, rounded, 1 and 3 each armed by a row of about four to six granules. Vestiture mostly confined to declivity, of sparse rows of fine interstrial setae except 2 glabrous, each about as long as distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons more convex above, a feeble impression be- low, punctures larger, rather sparse, subglabrous. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Panama. MEXICO: Chiapas: 32 km N Huixtla. Nayarit: Tepic. Oaxaca: Tuxtepec, 14-XI-37. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 15-V to 28-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker; Olan- chito, Yoro, 19-V, .30-VII-49, at light, E. C. Becker. GUATEMALA: Intercepted at San Pedro, California, in logs imported from Guatemala. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Bnis, Puntarenas, 14-VII-6.3, 500 m. No. 87, tree Umb, S. L. Wood; Moravia, Cartago, 11- III-64, 500 m. No. 474, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bar- ro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 16-IV-67, at light. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels in the phloem of cut limbs and logs 15-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of eruditus and buscki, and on 56 other specimens. The holotype of 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 957 eruditus is a female, not a male as originally stated. 41. Araptus vesculus Wood Araptus vesculus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):50 (Holotype, female; Guapiles, Linion, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exigialis Wood by the smoother elytral surface and by the very different frons, par- ticularly in the female. Female.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons almost flat, median line above eyes weakly elevated, epistomal margin rather weakly elevated medially; surface reticulate, punctures rather coarse, close, sparsely punc- tured toward center; vestiture of rather sparse, very long hair. Antennal club sub- circular, suture 1 moderately procurved, weakly septate, 2 obscure. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in eruditus (Schedl) except posterior areas shin- ing, weakly reticulate, punctures fine, shal- low, rather widely spaced. Almost glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in eruditus; striae not impressed, punctures fine, deep, in- terstriae almost smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, impressed points almost obso- lete, impunctate. Declivity steep, sulcate; es- sentially as in eruditus. Vestiture as in eru- ditus except less abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly, more evenly convex, punc- tures coarser, more evenly distributed, almost glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 121, vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 42. Araptus exigialis Wood Araptus exigialis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1);50 (Holotype, female; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vesculus Wood by the more abundant, more conspicuously impressed lines on the elytral disc, by the more slender form, and by the different frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to above upper level of eyes; sur- face shining, minutely, densely, uniformly punctured; vestiture of fine, very short, abun- dant hair, very slightly longer on margins. Antennal club as in vesculus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in vesculus except posterior areas very finely, rather strongly reticulate, punctures very fine, shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in vesculus except discal surface with points and fine, irregular lines. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex, weakly impres.sed along up- per margin of epistoma; surface reticulate, punctures rather coarse, close, shallow, vesti- tvire fine, short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 318, cut vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels just below the surface of woody tissues in a cut vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 43. Araptus refertus Wood Araptus refertus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):51 (Holotype, female; Volcan Zunil, Guatemala, Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the preceding members of this genus by the much coarser strial punctures, with im- punctate discal interstriae, by the rather strongly bisulcate elytral declivity, and by the frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color light brown (mature color probably dark brown). Frons broadly, weakly convex; surface shining, smooth and impunctate on triangular area on lower, median half, finely, closely, rather deeply punctured on lateral and upper areas; vestiture of rather abundant, moder- ately long, fine hair. Antennal club oval, su- ture 1 moderately procurved, septate, not 958 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 reaching middle of club, suture 2 virtually obsolete, near apical margin. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; as in vescidus Wood except posterior area smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with moderately numerous impressed points, impunctate. De- clivity steep, broadly, rather strongly bisul- cate; strial punctures impressed, slightly smaller than on disc; interstriae 1 moder- ately, gradually elevated, 2 rather strongly impressed, flat, narrow at base, rather broad- ly expanded on middle half, 3 rather abrupt- ly, moderately elevated, 1 and 3 each armed on basal half by about three very small, pointed, semirecumbent denticles; a few pimctures on lower half. Vestiture sparse, hairlike, mostly on or near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly, evenly convex; surface shining, rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, subglabrous except on and near epistoma; elytral declivity more strongly impressed, denticles slightly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Zunil, Quezaltenango, 27-V- 64, 1000 m. No. 625, shrub, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels in a Compositae shrub. Notes.— Tlie above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 44. Araptus trepidus Wood Aniptits trepidus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):51 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Agua, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the closely allied poricollis (Blandford) by the absence of declivital denticles and by the almost continuous transverse epistomal elevation in the male. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, median third of lower half smooth, shining, distinctly elevated, remaining area densely, finely, deeply punctured; vestiture on punctured area abundant, fine, rather long, uniformly distributed. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; as in refertus Wood except median line of posteri- or area impunctate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in re- fertus except impressed points obscure to ob- solete. Declivity steep, bisulcate; interstriae 1 abruptly, distinctly elevated, 2 rather strong- ly impressed, flat, wider than 1 or 3, 3 abruptly, moderately elevated, 1 and 3 finely punctured, not granulate; strial punctures small, rather obscure. Vestiture of rows of very minute strial hair, and longer, slender interstrial bristles on disc and declivity, each slightly longer than distance betwen rows, similarly spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex on upper half, strongly, transversely impressed just below middle, lower margins of impressed area elevated lat- erally, elevations continue to a weak median subcarinate elevation dividing impression; upper area of frons coarsely, deeply punc- tured, vestiture sparse except for epistomal brush. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 608, Menispenna sp., S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems of Menisperma sp. less than 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. 45. Araptus poricollis (Blandford) Pitijophthorus poricollis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):238. (Holotype, male; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from frontalis Wood by the smaller size, by the unarmed anterior margin of the pro- notum, and by the presence of tubercles on the lateral margins of the declivity. Male.— Length 1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons of type above carina largely con- cealed by pronotum; carina as in frontalis. Pronotum and elytra as in frontalis except lateral margin of declivity armed by three tubercles. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 959 Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, Qiiezaltenango, 1300 m, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 46. Araptus frontalis Wood Araptus frontalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):52 (Holotype, female; Volcan Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from trepidiis Wood by the larger size, by the punctured declivital interstriae 2, and by the different frons in both sexes. Female.- Length 2.4-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, weakly concave on small median area above eyes, weakly convex on small, median impunctate area on lower half; surface shin- ing, finely, closely, deeply punctured; vesti- ture of moderately abundant, fine, long hair. Antenna as in trepidiis. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in trepidiis. Elytral outline and disc as in trepidiis ex- cept interstriae near declivity with punc- tures. Declivity about as in trepidus and re- fertiis except interstriae 2 with a row of punctures as coarse as those of striae; lateral margins without granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, of fine, sparse hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons deeply, transversely concave on upper half of area below eyes on median three-fourths, lat- eral and lower margins of concavity strongly, acutely carinate except carina interrupted at median line, vestiture inconspicuous except on epistoma; anterior margin of pronotum rather coarsely serrate; declivity more strong- ly impressed. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Zunil, Quezeltenango, 27-V- 64, 1000 m. No. 626, slmib, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels in the same Compositae shrub as refertiis. Notes.- Tlie above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 47. Araptus concentralis (Schedl) Neodryocoetes concentralis Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:107 (Holotype, male; Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from macer (Bright) by the larger size, by the smaller antennal club, with sutures less strongly arcuate, and by the less abundant, shorter vestiture on the female frons. Female.- Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather broadly flattened from epis- toma to well above eyes, ascending toward epistomal margin, very weakly convex above eyes; surface shining, closely, deeply, rather finely punctured, much closer on upper half; vestiture of moderately abundant, very fine, moderately short hair in central area, longer at margins. Antennal club small, circular, su- tures rather weakly arcuate, 1 septate, 2 and 3 marked by weak aseptate grooves. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin a finely serrate costa; summit at middle; anterior slope (excluding anterior margin) armed by four concentric rows of ba- sally fused asperities, a partial fifth row at summit; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, rather fine, deep, moderately coarse. Posterior half glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punctures small, deep, close; interstriae twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, a few im- pressed lines and obscure points, impunctate. Declivity steep, weakly bisulcate; striae as on disc, 1 narrowly impressed; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly impressed, gradu- ally ascending to rounded 3; 1 and 3 each with a row of fine, rounded granules. Vesti- ture confined to declivity and sides, of sparse, fine, short, strial hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately, transversely impressed on lower half, punctures coarse, deep, not as close, ves- titure sparse, short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Jalisco: 16 km W Tizapan, 18-VII-53, shrub. Oa.xaca: 6 km N Totolapan, 20-VI-67, IICX) m. No. 69, small tree. Puebla: 16 km S Matamoros, 14-VI- 67, 1600 m, No. 37, shrub. All were taken bv me. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate tunnels in twigs and branches of a small shrubby tree, possibly a Compositae. 960 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 58 other specimens. 48. Araptus macer (Bright) Neodrijocoetes macer Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1666 (Holotype, female; 8 km or 5 miles S San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12623) Neodrijocoetes tuberculatits Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1665 (Holotype, female; Lake Catemaco, Ve- racruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12622); Wood, 197.3, Great Basin Nat. 33:173. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concentralis (Schedl) by the smaller size, by the larger antennal club, with suture 1 strongly, angulately procurved, and by the longer, dense frontal vestiture of the female. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons flat from epistoma to vertex, partly impunctate (concealed by hair), marginal areas densely, very finely punctate except median line above; vestiture at margins dense, very long, incurved. Antennal club rather large, oval, suture 1 strongly pro- curved, others not indicated. Pronotum as in concentralis except punc- tures on posterior areas much finer. Elytra as in concentralis except punctures of discal striae not as close, in slightly irregu- lar rows; granules on elytral declivity less nu- merous, larger, pointed; interstrial setae short, spatulate. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex except lower third rather strongly, transversely impressed, sur- face smooth, shining, punctures fine, close, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Veracruz to Honduras. MEXICO: Veracruz: Bright (1972:1665-1666) lists Eji- pantla, Lago Catemaco, and San Andres Tuxtla. HON- DURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20-V and l-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 paratypes of macer, 2 paratypes of tu- berculatus, and on 10 other specimens. The holotypes of both were also examined. 49. Araptus nigrellus Wood Araptus nigrellus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):52 (Holotype, female; 10 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This and the following three species form a distinctive transitional group between Araptus and species previously placed in Sphenoceros Schedl. They have a large antennal club, with finely marked, strongly procurved sutures, the costal apex of the elytra ascends slightly, the declivity is convex, and the elytral vestiture tends to be confined to the declivity, closely spaced, and more or less scalelike. This species is distin- guished from others in the group by the more slender body, by the slender interstrial bristles, and by the subglabrous female frons. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex, a weak, transverse impres- sion above epistoma; surface strongly reti- culate-subgranulate above eyes, almost smooth and with a few small punctures be- low. Antennal club rather large, oval, sutures strongly arcuate, 1 septate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately arcuate, con- verging toward narrowly rounded serrate an- terior margin; summit at middle; asperities moderately coarse, confused; posterior areas shining, partly subreticulate, with low, longi- tudinal subasperate crenulations continuing almost to base, punctures obscure, associated with crenulations. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on slightly less than basal two-thirds, ta- pered then rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punc- tures small, deep, spaced within row by di- ameter of a puncture; interstriae four times as wide as striae, almost smooth, with ob- scure, minute points, impunctate. Declivity moderately steep, convex; striae obscurely impressed, punctures smaller and less distinct than on disc; interstriae each with a row of very fine granules. Vestiture confined to de- clivity, of rows of narrowly spatulate inter- strial bristles, each bristle as long as distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 10 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 3-VII-63, Nos. 13, 15, 24-IX-63, No. 205, 1800 m, Myrica pub- escens, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This locally common species was taken from radiate tunnels in the cam- bium region of limbs and boles of recently cut trees. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 961 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 69 specimens. 50. Araptus vinnithis Wood Araptus linniilus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):53 (Holotype, female; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica, Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigrellus Wood by the smaller size, by the stouter form, by the more widely spaced, stouter interstrial bristles, by the almost obso- lete strial punctures, and by the frons. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons broadly convex, lower third with broad, smooth, shining, median line; surface densely, coarsely, deeply punctured; upper two-thirds on median two-thirds with moder- ately abundant, fine, long hair. Antenna es- sentially as in nigrellus. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; as in nigrellus except less strongly tapered ante- riorly, moderately rounded in front, posterior areas dull. Glabrous. Elytra 1.44 times as long as wide, 1.44 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal half, tapered then rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures minute, shallow, many al- most obsolete; interstriae shining, with many very minute impressed points and shallow, ir- regular lines, impunctate. Declivity rather steep, convex; as on disc except interstriae each with a row of small, rounded granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, of rather stout, spatulate bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, surface strongly reti- culate, subglabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, 1500 m. No. 31, Roupala complicata, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from radiate timnels in the cambium region of branches 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 51. Araptus furvus W ood Araptus furvus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):53 (Holotype, female; Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vinnulus Wood by the larger size, by the more closely spaced interstrial setae, by the presence of strial hair, and by the longer, more abundant setae on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, strongly reticulate, punc- tures rather small, sparse; upper two-thirds with rather dense marginal fringe of long hair, longest setae on vertex extend about two-thirds distance to epistomal margin; dis- tance from upper level of eyes to vertex equal to 1.2 times distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Antenna as in vinnulus. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; as in vinnulus except more distinctly constricted on anterior half. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in vinnulus except strial punctures on basal half of disc more distinct; declivital strial punctures obsolete. Vestiture confined to declivity, of rows of minute, fine, strial hair, and rows of longer, spatulate, interstrial bristles, each bristle slightly shorter than distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row, each bristle very slender on its basal half, flattened on its apical half. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, glabrous. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta (Volcan Chiriqui), Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 422, Roupala limbs, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from longitudinal galleries in the phloem of bro- ken tree limbs. One or rarely two females were associated with each male. Larval mines were entirely within the phloem and did not show on the surface of peeled bark. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 47 specimens. 52. Araptus furvescens yV ood Araptus furvescens Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):53 (Holotype, female; Volcan Pacava, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) 962 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fiirvus Wood by the smaller average size, by the feebly impressed declivital striae, with minute strial punctures indicated, and by the longer female frontal pubescence, with pubescent area extending higher on the vertex. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm; as in fiir- vus Wood except female frontal pubescent area extending higher on vertex, distance from upper level of eyes to upper limits of pubescent area 1.5 times distance from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, longest setae on vertex almost reaching epistomal margin, pubescent area extending ventrad in lateral areas almost to epistoma; declivital striae weakly impressed, punctures very small but usually visible; declivital interstrial bristles more nearly scalelike, each flattened on two- thirds or more of its length. Male.— Similar to female except frons more broadly convex, glabrous. DisTRiRUTioN.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacava, Esquintla, l-VI-64, 1300 111, No. 652, Roupala. S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in fiirvus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 42 specimens. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in vinnuhis Wood, except crenu- lations on ridges on posterior half almost ob- solete, posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures very small, shallow, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, shallow, rows irregular on anterior two- thirds; interstriae smooth, shining, about four times as wide as striae, punctures uniseriate, similar to those of straie. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture essentially as on disc ex- cept punctures slightly smaller, deeper. Ves- titure largely confined to posterior half, con- sisting of interstrial rows of slender scalelike bristles, each slightly shorter than distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, KXX) m. No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the phloem of a broken branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four female specimens. 53. Araptus lepidiis Wood Araptus lepidiis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):54 (Holotype, female; Volcan Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This .species is distinguished from the above three species in this group by the presence of discal interstrial punctures and by the stouter body form. It is distin- guished from aztecus Wood by the narrowly rounded, serrate anterior margin of the fe- male pronotum and by the very different fe- male frons. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.26 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, median area strongly im- pressed from slightly above upper level of eyes to just above epistoma, lower lateral margins of impressed area moderately ele- vated; surface shining, smooth, punctures rather fine, deep, sparse; glabrous except near epistoma. Antennal club very large, about as in nigrellus Wood, only median half of suture 1 septate. 54. Araptus aztecus (Wood) Sphenoceros aztecus Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):.54 (Holotype, female; 6 km W Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lepidus Wood by the larger average size, by the acutely angulate anterior margin of the female pronotum, by the very different female frons, and by the confused punctures on the elytral disc. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, about 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from vertex to slightly below upper level of eyes, a thick, low, transverse elevation between flattened area and emarginate epistoma, its ends ele- vated to form a pair of rather strong tu- bercles; flattened area almost smooth, sub- shining, very minutely, densely punctured; margin of upper half of flattened area orna- mented by a row of very long hair (except on median line), longest setae reaching epis- toma. Antenna as in lepidus. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 963 Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; triangular, anterior angle acutely acuminate; widest near base, basal half of sides rather weakly arcuate; asperities rather coarse, con- fused; posterior areas as in lepidus. Glabrous. Elytra as in lepidus except discal punctures slightly more confused, declivital striae 1 im- pressed, punctures in rows. Vestiture as in lepidus. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather coarsely punctured, median line slightly raised; pronotum as in female lepidus. Distribution.— Nayarit and San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: Nayarit: San Bias. 12-VII-65, 70 ni. No. 235, sapling, S. L. Wood; 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65. 1000 m. No. 240, limbs, S. L. Wood. San Luis Potosi: El Salto, 19-VI-53, Ficus (accidental?), S. L. Wood. Biology.— This monogamous species con- structs transverse, biramous tunnels in the cambium region of cut or unthrifty host ma- terial. Larval mines are longitudinal and en- tirely in the phloem. One dead female speci- men was taken from an abandoned Corihylus gallery, in Ficus, where it had apparently found temporary refuge. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens and on 18 other specimens. Genus CONOPHTHOCRANULUS Schedl Conophthocranulus Schedl. 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:343 (Type-species: Conophthocranulus hiackmani Schedl, monobasic) The status of this genus is uncertain. Of the seven species subsequently assigned to it by Schedl, none are related in even a remote sense to the type-species. An examination of the type suggested that blackmani Schedl is nothing more than a very large Pityophthorus allied to crotonis Wood. Frons concealed on holotype, lower area flattened and with rather short, moderately abundant pubescence at least to level of an- tennal insertion. Antennae missing except for left scape. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; widest one-fourth of length from base; sides rather strongly arcuate on basal two-fifths, strongly converging on anterior three-fifths to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin costate, weakly serrate; sum- mit broad, one-third pronotum length from base; anterior slope closely, rather finely as- perate to summit, low asperities continued to base laterally almost to summit; posterior surfaces somewhat reticulate, with a few im- pressed points; pronotum rather similar to Conophthorus. Short, stout setae in asperate area sparse, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.35 times as long as pronotum; sides feebly arcuate and subparallel on basal three-fourths, rather abruptly rounded behind, then rather shal- lowly emarginate on median fourth; disc oc- cupying slightly more than basal half; discal punctures moderately fine, rather deep, sur- face shining, irregular, weakly subcrenulate; moderately abundant impressed points pres- ent. Declivity broadly sulcate much as in Ips, but lateral margins abruptly rounded, unarmed; posterolateral margins strongly, acutely elevated from striae 2 to about inter- striae 7; face of impressed area with strial punctures indicated, interstriae 2 distinctly impressed; interstrial punctures less clearly impressed, minute granules on 3. Glabrous. Tibiae typical of Pityophthorus. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, 800 m, SLG. Schild. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. It appears to be allied to Pi- tyophthorus crotonis Wood from Venezuela. Conophthocranuhis hiackmani Schedl Conophthocranulus blackmani Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:344 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— The large size and the shape of the pronotum distinguish this species from all other PityophthorusAike species. Female.— Length 3.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Genus SPERMOPHTHORUS DA CosTA Lima Fig. 198 Spcnnophthorus da Costa Lima, 1929, Suppl. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 8:111 (Type-species: Spcnnoph- thorus apuleiae da Costa Lima, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus closely resembles certain seed infesting Araptus except that the small antennal club has sutures 1 and 2 partly septate as in many neotropical Pityophthorus. 964 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 The tibiae are broader and bear more den- ticles than in Pityophthorus, the pronotum also lacks a definite summit, and the transi- tion from the asperate to the punctured areas is gradual. Description.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown to dark brown. Frons dimorphic, male variously exca- vated, female convex, vestiture inconspic- uous. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-seg- mented; club small, largely glabrous, sutures 1 and 2 almost straight, both partly septate at sides. Pronotum without a definite summit, finely asperate anteriorly, transition from as- perate to punctured areas gradual. Elytra striate, conservatively sculptured. Tibiae moderately stout, lateral margin armed by denticles on more than apical half. Fig. 199. Pityophtliorus, Pityoboriis, Gnatholeptus spp., antennae and protibiae: 29-30, Pityophthorus de- leoni, male, 31, same, female; 32, 32a, Pityoboriis se- ciindus; 33, Pityophthorus regularise 34, Pityophtliorus costaUmai; 35, Gnatholeptus subcribratus; 36, Gnatho- leptus shannoni. (After Blackman 1942:pl. 22.) Distribution.— Costa Rica and S South America; three species are known, one from Costa Rica. Biology.— Two species breed in seeds, one evidently in a gall. Spemiophthorus aberrans Wood Spennophthorus aberrans Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:11 (Holotype, male; 6 km S San Vito, Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from both South American species by the re- duced size of the head, by the general con- tour and sculpture of the pronotum and elytra, and by the very different frons in both sexes. Male.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons above upper level of eyes convex, with a low median elevation; rather abruptly, strongly, broadly impressed at upper level of eyes, subconcave area extending from eye to eye to epistomal margin; center of impressed area bearing a pointed tubercle; central part of each ventrolateral fourth of impressed area armed by a large, rounded, strongly devel- oped process about twice as high as its basal width, directed cephalad and very slightly mesad; entire surface dull, above upper level of eyes also clearly reticulate and finely punctured; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then rather abruptly rounded and continued straight to very narrow, narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin a contin- uous, unbroken elevated costa, one pair of low teeth at its ends; dorsal profile a contin- uous, gradual arch from anterior to posterior margins; isolated, small, crenulate asperities extend to basal margin, surface between as- perities irregular, apparently with obscure, coarse reticulation. Vestiture consisting of moderately abundant, erect, slender scales. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, then converging gradu- ally to narrowly rounded posterior margin; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punc- tures small, shallow, not close or clearly evi- dent; interstriae perhaps three times as wide as striae, very irregular, minutely rather den- sely punctured, with median row of small. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 965 subvulcanate, squamiferous punctures. De- clivity convex, rather steep; striae weakly im- pressed, punctures more distinct; interstriae 2 strongly narrowed, abruptly, strongly im- pressed, obsolete before apex; interstrial tu- bercles slightly larger. Vestiture consisting of interstrial rows of rather slender, erect scales. Female.— Similar to male except frons weakly, uniformly convex to epistoma, me- dian elevation continued to epistomal mar- gin, with central tubercle minute, lateral tu- bercles minute but evident. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA; 6 km S San Vito. Puntarenas 19-21- III-67, C. Valencio. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a pear-shaped gall (3.5 by 4.5 cm) that was picked up on the forest floor. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. Genus PSEUDOPITYOPHTHORUS Swaine North and Central America, and one is from Colombia. Biology.— All species except fagi occur in Quercus, although several are capable of breeding in other hosts. Cut, broken, or un- thrifty branches, limbs, or boles are selected for attack. In all species an entrance tunnel and a short longitudinal tunnel are formed in the cambium region by the male; he may also begin two transverse egg tunnels near the middle of the longitudinal gallery. He is nor- mally joined by two females that extend the straight, transverse egg galleries. The larval mines are longitudinal and are entirely in the phloem, although they usually show on the inner surface of peeled bark. In an area where several species occur on the same host tree, each beetle species usually confines its attacks to a particular part of the host, such as small branches, large limbs, or bole. Where only one species occurs on a host, it usually infests all areas of the tree. Pseudopityophthoms Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):93 (Type-species: Crypturgus minutissimus Zimmermann, original designation) Diagnosis.- This genus is distinguished from PiUjophthorus Eichhoff by the strongly reduced or absent striae, by the more abun- dant elytral vestiture, by the tuberculate pos- terior face of the protibiae, by the pubescent frons forming a male character, and by the distinctive biological characters. Description.- Length 1.2-2.6 mm, 2.6-3.1 times as long as wide; color medium brown to almost black; vestiture hairlike to scalelike; rather abundant. Frons usually dimorphic, convex to shal- lowly concave in either sex, abundant frontal vestitvire a male character, in a few species females similarly pubescent, most females subglabrous. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club moderately large, sutures 1 and 2 partly septate, rather weakly to strongly arcuate. Elytral striae weak to obso- lete, surface punctures on disc usually small, confused, abundant; declivity simple, steep, usually convex, very conservatively sculp- tured. Anterior tibiae tuberculate on posteri- or face. Distribution.- Oregon and Quebec to Colombia; 22 species are known; 21 occur in Fig. 200. Pityophthonis spp., antennae and protibiae: 37, leiophyllae; 38, samhiici; 39-40, alni; 41-42, sub- opacus-, 43-44, ciliatus; 45, nocturnus; 46, rudis. (After Blackman 1942:pl. 23.) 966 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Key to the Species of Pseiidopityophthoms 1 Body more slender, more than 2.8 times as long as wide (except 2.7 in hispidus virUis, declivis); strial punctures usually reduced in size, in definite rows, if rows obscure then elytral pubescence in definite rows of shorter strial and longer interstrial setae, setae hairlike or nearly so; elytral declivity sometimes with granules; sutures of antennal club weakly to moderately arcuate; mostly smaller species Body stouter, less than 2.8 times as long as wide; elytral punctures confused on disc, vestiture of uniform length, not in rows, usually almost scalelike; elytral declivity never with granules; sutures of antennal club moderately to strongly arcuate; mostly larger species 2(1). Elytral declivity with either definite rows of strial punctures or with rows of conspicuous granviles on interstriae 1-3 - Elytral declivity entirely devoid of granules (feeble granules on 1 and 3 in Iiondurensis), punctures either obsolete or strongly confused 14 3(2) Elytral declivity moderately to strongly flattened (except hispidus), interstriae 1 moderately elevated, punctures on striae 1 and 2 distinctly impressed, frontal hair a male character — Elytral declivity convex to feebly impressed, punctures obsolete, interstriae 1-3 armed by rows of small granules; both sexes similarly ornamented by frontal hair 4(3) Pronotal disc longitudinally rugose from summit to basal margin; elytral de- clivity narrowly convex, discal and declivital punctures very coarse for this eenus- elytral vestiture unusually long for this genus, coarse; Valle de Mexico; 2.0 mm ■• 1- '^^sH"* Eggers Pronotal disc smooth, finely punctured; elytral declivity rather strongly impressed; elytral vestiture hairlike 5(4) Elytral declivity more gradual, with punctures on striae 1 and 2 and with rows of granules on interstriae 1 and 3, 2 weakly impressed and unarmed; Colombia; 1 3-1 5 mm colombianus Wood Elytral declivity subvertical, striae 1 and 2 punctured, interstriae unarmed; Nayarit to Chiapas; 1.8 mm 2. declivis Wood 6(3) Interstrial bristles slender, shorter, spaced by one to two times length of a bristle; pronotal punctures averaging twice as large as those on elytral disc; frontal vestiture slightly less abundant in both sexes; Arizona; 1.3-1.7 mm ........ 3. granulatus Blackman Interstrial bristles stout, longer, spaced within a row by distances less than length of a bristle; pronotal punctures fine, not larger than those on elytral disc; frontal vestiture slightly more abundant in both sexes ' 7(6) Stout, longer interstrial and fine, short, hairlike strial setae on declivity in defi- nite rows; declivital granules larger, equally developed on interstriae 1-3; Chiapas to Honduras (see also 5. denticulus Wood); 1.6-2.0 mm •":■■„, . ^ 4. granuhfer Wood Strial and interstrial setae on declivity stout, almost scalelike, largely confused; declivital granules smaller, of reduced size or entirely obsolete on interstriae 2; Hidalgo to Veracruz; 1.3-1.6 mm 6. virths 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 967 8(2). Pronotum at least 1.25 times as long as wide; antennal club at least 1 5 times as ong as scape, elytral disc subglabrous on basal half, posteriorly strial setae less than one-tourth as long as fine interstrial bristles Pronotum less than 1.2 times as long as wide; antennal club less than 1 2 times as long as scape; elytral disc pubescent, strial setae at least two-thirds as long as coarser interstrial bristles ^ 12 9(8). Male and female frons subglabrous, female frons with no indication of a me- dian carma; Maine and New York to E Texas and Florida; 1.2-1.4 mm 7. asperulm (LeConte) Male frons bearing a rather sparse tuft of long vellow hair, female frons glabrous or pubescent 10(9). Female frons pubescent as in male; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each with two or three mmute granules, 2 feebly impressed; Chiapas to Honduras- 1 2-1 6 mm (see also 9. cmcinnafu. Blandford) 8. hondurensis Wood Female frons glabrous; declivity convex, with no indication of granules n 11(9). Female frons transversely impressed, coarsely, rather closely punctured- inter- strial bristles longer than distance between rows; Veracruz to Chiapas- 13-16 10. singularis Wood Female frons flattened, a short median carina just below upper level of eyes- interstrial bristles half as long as distance between rows; Hidalgo and Veracruz to Chiapas; 1.2-1.4 mm n , ■ „, , 11. tenuis Wood 12(8). Interstrial setae two to four times as long as distance between rows; all discal setae hairlike, ground vestiture on declivity scalelike; male frons shallowly concave; Virginia and North Carolina; 1.8-2.0 mm 12. puhescens Blackman Interstrial setae shorter than distance between rows; all elvtral setae hairlike- male frons flat 13(12). Punctures on pronotal disc moderately fine; elytral declivity narrowly strongly convex; Pennsylvania to West Virginia; Fagusl 1.4-1.5 mm' 13.^ fagi Blackman Punctures on pronotal disc very fine; elytral declivity more broadly convex less strongly arched; California to Arizona; 1.5-1.9 mm [ 14. agrifoliae Blackman 14(1). Elytral vestiture fine, short, hairlike; elytral declivity convex, smooth, shining devoid of punctures and vestiture (recently emerged specimens sometimes with dechvital scales); Durango and Hidalgo to Oaxaca; 2.0-2.5 mm 15. limbatus Eggers Elytral vestiture rather coarse, not reduced on declivity; confused declivital punctures evident lo 15(14). Smaller; pronotal disc finely reticulate; elytral punctures minute; elytral vesti- ture rather fine, short, of uniform proportions on disc and declivity frons strongly reticulate planoconcave to upper level of eyes; Maine and Minnesota to Louisiana and Florida; 1.5-1.8 mm 16. minutissimus (Zimmermann) Larger; pronotal disc never reticulate, smooth (except coarsely reticulate in squamosus); elytral punctures moderately fine to rather coarse; elytral vesti- ture rather coarse, ground vestiture more nearly scalelike on declivity (except cornosus) ' ,« 16 968 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 usu- 16(15) Pronotum strongly reticulate; elytral vestiture on disc of minute, fine hair, ally abraded, on declivity of abundant small scales, if scales abraded surface densely finely punctured; antennal club small for this genus, sutures almost straight; Durango to Sinaloa; 2.1-2.4 mm 18- squamosus Bright Pronotum smooth, shining; antennal club larger, sutures moderately to strongly arcuate 17(16) Elytral ground vestiture hairlike on disc and declivity; posterior half of elytra with rows of erect slender bristles, each bristle only slightly longer than ground vestiture- male frons glabrous on central half, with a rather dense row of long, dark hair on margins; female frons with rather abundant, moderately short hair except glabrous on median fourth, longest on lower half; Oaxaca; 2.2-2.4 mm .. ^ ^ 17. comosus Bright io _ Elytral setae stout, subplumose to scalelike 18(17). Declivital ground vestiture subplumose, stout, scalelike; elongate setae, if present, stout, blunt, rarely more than twice as long as ground cover 19 Declivital ground vestiture rather strongly plumose, elongate setae slender, almost hairlike, pointed, some at least four times as long as ground cover 21 19(18) Discal vestiture uniformly short, declivital vestiture either similar or setae in position of interstriae 1 and 3 sometimes erect, slightly longer; New York and Michigan to Florida and Honduras; 1.5-2.4 mm 19. pruinosus (Eichhott) Setae on some discal and declivital interstriae conspicuously longer and stouter than setae in ground cover 20(19) Erect scales on all interstriae of disc and all except 2 on declivity, each scale about six to eight times as long as wide; male frons broadly flattened, with no indication of a callus; Sinaloa; 1.6-1.8 mm 20. festtvus Wood Erect scales on alternate odd-numbered interstriae of disc and declivity, each scale more than ten times as long as wide, some pointed on sides and near base of disc; male frons transversely impressed, a distinct median callus well above upper level of eyes; Arizona to Chiapas; 1.8-2.2 mm 21. opacicoUis Blackman 21(18) Elongate elytral setae stout, less abundant, absent on declivital interstriae 2; pronotal disc usually with minute, sparse hair over entire surface (often abraded); Washington to California; 1.7-2.5 mm 22. pubipenms (LeConte) Elongate elytral setae* hairlike, more abundant, on all declivital interstriae; pronotal disc glabrous except at margins; Arizona to Chihuahua; 1.7-2.6 mm ... ^ ^ 23. i/arapatt Blackman 1. Pseudopityophthorushispidt^s Eggers sparse. Antennal club apparently typical of genus. Pseudopityophthonis hispidus Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. Pronotum 1 1 times as long as wide; widest 26:170 (Holotype, fen.ale; Valle de Mexico. Mex,- ^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^^^ D.Z^^:.-tL umc^e species is aistin- more than basal half, rather narrowly guished from all others in the genus by the rounded in front; anterior margm armed by Tre rugose pronotal disc, by the coarser ely- 16 coarse serrations, median o-s ^f inctly tral pimctures, and by the stout, very long larger; summit at middle; anterior slope elvtrdvet^^^^^^^^ armed by closely set, small asperities; posteri- 'fZIT- Length 2.0 mm, 2.7 times as or area subgranulate, with fine, irreguar,lon- long as wide; color brown, pubescence pale. gitudinal rugosities from summit to basa Frons br;adly convex surface shining, margin. Vestiture moderately abundant, of feebly subaciculate; vestiture fine, short, delicate, coarse, moderately long hair. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 969 Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; discal surface shining, with moderately abundant impressed points, punc- tures confused, moderately coarse (very coarse for this genus). Declivity rather steep, narrowly convex; declivital punctures in strial rows, interstriae twice as wide as striae, with very sparse interstrial punctures. Vesti- ture of rather abundant, long, stout but deli- cate setae, and slightly longer, coarser rows of interstrial setae on posterior half of elytra on interstriae 1, 3, 5, and 7, these setae about two-thirds as long as distance between alter- nate rows. Distribution.— Presumably Mexico or the Distrito Federal. Only the type specimen is known; it is labeled "R.d.M. Mexico" but was published by Eggers as "Valle de Mexico, Mex." Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype. 2. Pseudopityophthorus declivis Wood Pseiidopityophthorus declivis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):50 (Holo- type, female; Laguna Santa Maria, Nayarit, Mex- ico, Wood Coll.) Pseudopityophthorus truncatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1673 (Holotype, male; 184 km S Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:184. Synonymy Pseudopityophthorus curtus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1674 (Holotype, female; 13 km or 8 miles N Ocosingo, Chiapas, Mexico, 2-VI-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12634); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:184. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished by the rather strongly impressed subvertical declivity, on which the rather coarse punc- tures of striae 1 and 2 are clearly impressed, and by the hairlike vestiture. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex above eyes, almost flat below, with epistomal area weakly ele- vated; surface very coarsely, deeply punc- tured above and at sides, almost impunctate in median area below; vestiture rather sparse except on epistoma, of fine, long hair. Anten- nal club moderately large, widest through segment 3. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides feebly arcuate and converging very slightly on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by a continuous, elevated, serrate costa, summit at middle; anterior area rather finely asperate; posterior area rather coarsely, deeply, closely punctured, general surface subreticulate. Subglabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly bisinuate behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather fine (coarse for this genus), deep; interstriae three times as wide as striae, with very fine, irregular lines, numerous impressed points, impunctate. Declivity subvertical, flattened, confined to less than posterior fifth; striae 1-3 clearly indicated, punctures shallow; surface almost flat except for strong- ly elevated interstriae 1; very fine punctures on all interstriae except 2. Vestiture confined to posterior third, of very minute strial hair, and rows of erect, moderately long, inter- strial bristles of uniform length. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km or 8 miles N Ocosingo, 2- VI-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Jalisco: 60 km E Guadala- jara, 22-1 V-77, Quercus, M. M. Furniss. Nayarit: Lagima Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m, No. 203 Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oxaca: 184 km S Oaxaca, 12-VI-71, 2000 m, D. E. Bright. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— One specimen was taken from an oak limb 30 cm in diameter. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotypes of declivis and curtus, on two paratypes of truncatus, and on eight other specimens. The declivital punctures of curtus are slightly larger than in declivis; there are also minor differences on the pro- notum, but the head and prothorax of the type of curtus are detached from the remain- der of the body, and their slightly larger size suggests they may not belong to the remain- der of the body. The paratypes of itruncatus have the declivital punctures slightly smaller than in declivis and the declivital setae are slightly longer and more slender. With only 12 specimens available, from four different localities, it is not possible to determine whether these differences are due to normal intrapopulational variation, geographical variation, or to specific differences. In view of the exceedingly close similarity of the 970 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 unique declivity, I consider all to represent the same species. 3. Pseudopityophthorus granulatus Blackman Fig. 202 Pseudopiti/oplithonts granulatus Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:230 (Holotype, male; Prcscott N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43425) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from granulifer Wood by the smaller size, by the shorter, more widely spaced interstrial bristles, by the larger pronotal punctures, and by the smaller average size of declivital granules. Male.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons as in granulifer except setae very slightly shorter and evidently less abundant. Pronotuin 1.2 times as long as wide; as in granulifer except punctures on disc slightly larger, deeper, impressed points less con- spicuous and less numerous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; as in granulifer except declivital granules usually smaller, less nu- merous; vestiture finer, shorter, more widely spaced, length of interstrial bristles shorter than distance between rows, spaced within a row by one to two lengths of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Prescott N.F., lO-VI-30, Quercus, M. W. Blackman; Arivaca Road, 2.3-VIII-58, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Madera Canyon, 24-VIII-58, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Mt. Bigelow,' Santa Catalina Mts., ll-VI-69. Quercus hijpoleucoides, S. L. Wood; Santa Rita Mts., 13- VI, Hubbard and Schwarz. Hosts.— Quercus hijpoleucoides, Q. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut and broken branches less than 5 cm in dia- meter. The habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 53 paratypes, and on 21 other specimens. 4. Pseudopityophthorus granulifer Wood Pseudopityophthorus granulifer Wood, 1967, Great Ba- sin Nat. 27:42 (Holotype, female; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from granulatus Blackman by the larger size, by the stouter, longer, closer interstrial bristles, by the smaller discal punctures on the pronotum, and by the slightly different elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons plano-convex over a broad area, with a dense marginal fringe of long, yellow hair as in male of most species. Segments 2 and 3 of antennal club equal in width. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides gradually, arcuately narrowed toward rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about 14 serrations; summit indefinite, at middle; posterior area smooth and shining, with fine, rather sparse, deep punctures and more abundant minute points; vestiture limited to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and subparallel on basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly impressed, others not at all impressed, punctures very small, shallow, in rather indefinite rows; interstriae obscure, with a few punctures, points, and surface lines. Decliviy convex, rather steep, with in- terstriae 2 impressed; strial punctures obso- lete; interstriae 1, 2, and 3 each armed by a row of rounded granules that decrease in size and number toward apex; declivital surface smooth, dull. Vestiture consisting of rather sparse, erect bristles arranged in fine strial and coarse interstrial rows; some interstrial bristles on declivity strongly flattened. Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Chiapas to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: 8 km SE San Cristobal de las Casas, 5-VII-56, D. D. Linsdale; Verba -Buena, 32 km N Bochil, lO-VI-69, Quercus. D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, 30-V-64, flight, S. L. Wood. HON- DURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, Quercus hondu- rensis and Q. sapotaefolia. S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus hondurensis, Q. sapotaefolia. Biology.— Specimens were taken from broken branches 3-5 cm in diameter. Habits were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens, and on 2 other specimens. A male fron Hochixtlan, Oaxaca, is tenta- tively assigned to this species. The elytral disc near the declivity is more rugosely punc- tured and the interstrial bristles on the de- clivity are slightly stouter and longer. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 971 5. Pseudopityophthorus denticidiis Wood Pseiidopitijophthorus denticulus Wood, 1977, Great Ba- sin Nat. 37:216 (Holotype, female; Boot Springs, Big Bend National Park, Brewster Co., Texas- Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from gramiUfer Wood by the different frons, by the less definite discal striae, by the more widely spaced, more slender interstrial bristles, and by the near absence of granules and bristles on declivital interstriae 2. Female.- Length 1.9 mm (paratypes 1.6-2.0 mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in granulifer except more shallow- ly, more broadly concave, punctures smaller, more widely spaced. Pronotum and elytra as in granulifer ex- cept strial punctures on disc in less definite rows, erect interstrial setae more slender, more widely spaced, spaced by distances equal to length of a seta, setae and granules absent from declivital interstriae 2, one or two granules sometimes present near base or apex. Male.- Similar to female in all respects except antennal club sometimes more slender. Distribution.— Texas. US.\; Texas: Boot Springs, Big Bend N.P., Brewster Co., 20-VII-74, Qiiercus, D. E. Bright. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens. 6. Pseudopityophthorus virilis Wood Pseudopityophthorus virilis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):50 (Holotvpe, male; 1 km W Las Vigas, Veracruz, Mexico Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species has the frons or- namented by setae in both sexes; it remotely resembles granulifer Wood, but it is distin- guished by the smaller size, by the distinctly punctured elytral declivity, and by the pres- ence of granules only on interstriae 1 and 3. Male.- Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons transversely impressed, flattened from above eyes to epistoma; surface some- what coarsely punctured above and at sides; evidently impunctate below in median area- vertex ornamented by a rather dense brush] its longest setae exceeding epistomal margin, a few additional setae at sides and on epis- tomal area. Antenna about as in granidifer. Pronotum as in granulifer except teeth on anterior margin of pronotum larger, punc- tures on disc very slightly larger, impressed points much smaller. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; outline as in granulifer; punctures on disc confused, not in rows except near declivity, small; surface subshining, with a few irregular lines and im- pressed points. Declivity steep, convex; inter- striae 1 and 3 each bearing a row of fine, rounded granules, three indistinct rows of minute, setiferous punctures between rows of granules, lateral areas similarly punctured. Vestiture almost hairlike at base, becoming scalelike toward declivity, those setae appar- ently derived from interstriae distinctly long- er than those derived from striae; longest scales on declivity rather short, about six times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male. Distribution.- Hidalgo to Veracruz. MEXICO: Hidalgo: TIahuelumpa, Zacualtipan, 16-X- 80, Quercus, T. H. Atkinson. Veracruz: 1 km W Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 159, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch 3 cm in diameter. The habits were as described for the genus. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 7. Pseudopityophthorus asperulus (LeConte) Fig. 202 Cnjphahis asperuhis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:155 (Holotype, male; Virginia; Mus Comp. Zool., 1008) Pseudopityophthorus asperulus: Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:244 Pseudopityophthorus gracilis Blackman, 1921, Mis- sissippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:6 (Lecto- type, male; Natchez, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation); Blackman, 1931, J. Wash- ington Acad. Sci. 21:228. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from tenuis Wood by the flattened, unarmed, subglabrous frons in both sexes and by the finer pronotal and elytral punctures. Male.- Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather broadly flattened from epis- toma to well above upper level of eyes; sur- face shining, obscurely, shallowly, coarsely punctured; vestiture very sparse,' short, in- conspicuous. Antennal club moderately large, 972 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 widest through segment 3, segment 1 short, sutm-es 1 and 2 moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in granulatus Blackman except punctures on discal area very fine, rather shallow. Posterior half glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small at base, becoming minute to obso- lete at base of declivity; interstriae sub- shining, with some points and many fine, irregular lines, pimctures evidently obsolete. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures ob- solete on surface, interstriae smoother than on disc, very minute impressed points usually indicated. Vestiture rather short, of rows of minute, fine strial hair, and rows of distinctly longer, fine, erect, interstrial bristles; each Fig. 201. Corthylini spp., dorsal aspect of adult: a, Conophthorus resinosae; b, Gnathotrichus materiarius; c, Pseudopitijophthorus miniitissimtis; d, Pityophthoms confinis. (After Bright 1976:213.) bristle slightly shorter than distance between rows, spaced within a row by one to three lengths of a bristle. Female.— Similar to male. Distribution.— Maine to Florida and E Texas. USA; Connecticut: Lyme. District of Columbia; Washington. Florida; Apalachicola, Oleno St. Pk. Loui- siana: Covington, ZwoUe. Maine: Kittery. Massachu- setts; Middlesex Falls. Mississippi: Natchez, Nicholson. New Jersey: Westville. New York: Jamaica. North Caro- lina: Asheville, Pink Beds, Tryon. Pennsylvania; Cham- bersburg, Clark's Valley, Dauphin. Tennessee; Gatlin- burg. West Virginia: Monongalia, Morgantown. Hosts.— Ostrya virginiana, Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches in tunnels similar to those de- scribed for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of asperulus, on the type series of gracilis, and on 183 other specimens. Blackman named gracilis from a syntypic series but labeled a male as the type; I here designate that male as the lectotype of his species. 8. Pseudopityophthorus hondurensis Wood Pseudopitijophthorus hondurensis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:42 (Holotype, male; Buenos Aires, Cortes, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Pseudopityophthorus montanus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1667 (Holotype, male; Mt. Tzontehuitz, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:184. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from singularis Wood and tenuis Wood by the presence of minute granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 and by the female frons being pubescent as in the male. Male.- Length 1.2-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; body color very dark brown, summit of pronotum somewhat lighter. Frons plano-convex over a broad area, with a marginal fringe of long, yellow hair, median area punctured. Antennal club widest through segment 3. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal half, then moderately constricted before broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about 14 low serrations; summit poorly developed, at middle; posterior area smooth and shining, with rather sparse, coarse, deep punctures and more numerous minute points. Subglabrous. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 973 Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides ap- proximately straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, almost semicircularly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures fine, distinct but not deep, in definite rows; inter- striae almost flat, smooth and shining, with a few fine lines and impressed points. Declivity convex, moderately steep; strial punctures obsolete; interstriae except 2 with a few min- ute setiferous granules. Vestiture mostly con- fined to declivity, consisting of slender, erect, hairlike, interstrial setae. Female.— Almost indistinguishable from male, but evidently with frontal vestiture less abundant and shorter. Distribution.— Mexico to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuitz, 12-VI-69, D. E. Bright. HONDURAS: Buenos Aires, Cortez, 7-V-64, 2300 m, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch 3 cm in diameter. The habits were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 30 specimens. 9. Pseudopityophthoms cincinnatus (Blandford) Pityophthorus cincinnatus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):242 (Holotype, female; Quiche Mts., Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hondurensis Wood by the larger size, by the longer, more closely spaced declivital setae, and by the smoother, slightly wider dis- cal interstriae. Female.- Length 2.2 mm, about 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Head and pronotum missing from type. Elytra as in hondurensis except declivity more broadly convex, interstriae 2 very feebly impressed, punctures obsolete, gran- ules almost obsolete on lower half, vestiture distinctly longer, closer (particularly near base of declivity) and extending to base, slightly coarser. Distribution.- Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Quiche Mts. 7-9000 ft Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type. 10. Pseudopityophthoms singularis Wood Pseiidopityophthorus singularis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):50 (Holo- type, male; 1 km W Las Vigas, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Pseudopityophthorus aciiminatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1671 (Holotype, male; 13 km or 8 miles NE San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:185. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tenuis Wood by the coarser pronotal punctures, by the longer elytral setae, by the weakly impressed male frons with slightly longer and more abundant setae, and by the subconcave female frons that lacks a median carina. Male.- Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened, epistoma weakly elevated, surface indistinctly punctured; vertex bearing a sparse brush of about two dozen very long setae with tips reaching to epistoma, a few additional setae in epistomal area. Antenna as in tenuis. Pronotum much as in tenuis, with anterior margin more broadly rounded; punctures on disc much larger, impressed points moder- ately abundant. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures small, distinct, in rows; in- terstriae almost smooth, at least three times as wide as striae, a few minute, impressed points, a few punctures toward declivity. De- clivity steep, rather broadly convex; punc- tures of striae 1 minute, in a row, others ob- solete; sutural interstriae feebly elevated, 1, 3, and some of lateral interstriae with sparse, minute, setiferous punctures. Vestiture of very minute strial hair and rows of widely spaced, moderately long, fine, interstrial hair on sides and declivity, almost obsolete on disc. Female.— Similar to male except frons convex above eyes, transversely impressed above epistoma, impression extending slightly dorsad at center, surface very coarsely punctured, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Veracruz to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km or 8 miles NE San Cristobal de las Casas, 15-V-69, Qtierciis, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: 1 km W Las Vigas 5-VII-67, No. 159, Quercus, S. L. Wood. 974 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from the same branch as the type series of virilis Wood; the habits were similar. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens of sing- ularis and on the holotype and two paratypes of acuminatus. 11. Pseudopityophthonis tenuis Wood Pseudopityophthoms tenuis Wood, 1959, Great Basin Nat. 19:1 (Holotype, male, 18 km or 11 miles NE Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Pseudopityophthoms hirsutus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104;1668 (Holotype, male; 8 km or 5 miles SE Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:185. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from asperulus (LeConte) by the pubescent male frons, the presence of a small, median carina on the female frons, and by the smoother surface and finer punctures on the pronotum and elytra. Male.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in asperulus except with a con- spicuous tuft of long, yellow hair. Pronotum as in asperulus except surface smoother, punctures smaller. Elytra as in asperulus ex- cept more brightly shining, surface evidently smoother, punctures finer. Female.— Similar to male except frons glabrous, less extensively flattened, a small median carina at upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Hidalgo and Veracruz to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 8 km or 5 miles SE Teopisca, 9- VII-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: 17 km NE Ja- cala, 22-VI-53, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 14 km E Huatasco, 7-Vn-67, 250 m. No. 172, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches 5 cm in diameter. The habits were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 7 paratypes of tenuis, on the holotype and 2 paratypes of hirsutus, and on 22 other specimens. 12. Pseudopityophthorus pubescens Blackman Fig. 202 Pseudopityophthorus pubescens Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:229 (Holotype, male; Tryon, North Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43424) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shallowly concave male frons and by the very long, hairlike elytral vestiture that is in rows. Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, rather shallowly concave from epistoma to vertex; surface shining, ob- scurely punctured, a few short setae in con- cavity; vertex above concave area bearing a dense brush of long, yellow hair, longest setae exceeding epistomal margin. Pronotum 1.17 times as long as wide; gen- eral sculpture as in asperulus (LeConte) ex- cept posterior areas with moderately abun- dant, short, hairlike pubescence. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, somewhat obscure; interstriae ir- regular, four to six times as long as wide. De- clivity steep, convex; surface smooth, with obscure points, setiferous punctures confused. Vestiture on disc hairlike, in rows, of short, semirecumbent hair, and long, erect, inter- strial bristles, each bristle at least twice as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row; declivital setae on cen- tral area short, almost scalelike. Female.— Similar to male except frons more shallowly, less extensively impressed. Distribution.— Virginia and North Carolina. USA: North Carolina: Asheville, 8-VIII-55, Quercus borealis, E. P. Merkel; Tryon, Hopk. U.S. 3040, Castanea dentata, W. F. Fiske. Virginia: E. Woodford, l-X-21, Quercus rubra, R. St. George; Carter Bridge, Quercus alba. Hosts.— Quercus alba, Q. borealis, Q. rubra, Castanea dentata. Biology.— Unknown except for the host records. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens and on 6 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 975 13. Pseudopityaphthorus fagi Blackman Fig. 202 Pseudopityaphthorus fagi Blackman, 1931, J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 21:228 (Holotype, male; Morgan- town, West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43423) Diagnosis — This species is distinguished from asperiilus (LeConte) by the con- spicuously pubescent male frons, by the shorter interstrial bristles, and by the very slightly smoother elytral surface, with the im- pressed points more conspicuous. Male.- Length 1.4-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in asperulus except margins of flattened area more abrupt, pubescence rather abundant, fine, very long. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide, as in asperulus ex- cept basal half with sparse pubescence, par- ticularly on basal margin. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in asperulus except strial punctures small- er, surface smoother, with impressed points more abundant, deeper; interstrial bristles shorter, slightly longer than strial setae, each about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, more closely spaced within a row; de- clivity with very obscure, minute granules. Female.— Similar to male except frons sparsely pubescent (not seen). Distribution.- Pennsylvania and West Virginia. USA; Pennsylvania: Newton, 13-III-15, Fagus atropu- nicea, W. P. Adams. West Virginia: Midland Farm, Morgantown, 26-XI-96, Hopk. W. Va. 7142a, Fagus, A. D. Hopkins. Host.— Fagus grandifolia. Biology.- Only the host record of this rare species is known. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens and on three other specimens. 14. Pseudopityophthorus agrifoliae Blackman Fig. 202 Pseudopityophthorus agrifoliae Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:230 (Holotype, male; Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4.3426) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from fagi Blackman by the larger size, by the more finely punctured pronotal disc, and by the larger, more definite rows of setae on declivital interstriae 1 and 3, with those on 2 entirely absent. Male.- Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, surface subshining, punctures shallow, moderately coarse, rather close; vestiture of fine, very long hair, rather sparse in central area, abundant on upper and lateral margins to epistoma. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; as in fagi except punctures on posterior areas fin- er, impressed points larger, vestiture on disc less evident. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; as in fagi except striae evidently obsolete in some specimens, strial and interstrial setae not always dis- tinguishable; setae on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 slightly larger, in definite rows, those on 2 obsolete, but minute strial setae present (some setae on interstriae 2 present in fagi and those on 1 and 3 smaller). Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.- California and Arizona. USA: Arizona: Madera Canyon, 24-VIII-.58, Quercus, S. L. Wood. California: Golden Gate Park, San Fran- cisco, 20-1 V-99, Q. agrifolia, A. D. Hopkins; Mill Valley, Marin Co., 4-IV-57, Q. wislizeni, H. B. Leech; Santa Lucia Range, 5-VII-,54, 600 m, agrifolia, O. Bryant- Big Pine Pk., 8-IV-40, Q. kelloggi, C. R. Bruck. Hosts.- Quercus agrifolia, Q. kelhggii, Q. wislizenii, Q. sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 92 other specimens. The Arizona specimen's declivity is more strongly convex and the elytral setae very slightly stouter, but it almost certainly be- longs to this species. 15. Pseudopityophthorus limbatus Eggers Pseudopityophthorus limbatus Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 26:169 (Holotype, female; "R.d.M.," Mexico; de- posited in Eggers Coll. but apparently now on loan to Schedl) Pseudopityophthorus micans Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:44 (Holotype, male; 96 km or 60 miles W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished from others in the genus by the large size, by the obsolete striae, with confused dis- cal punctures and minute, fine, strial hair. 976 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 and by the smooth, polished elytral dechvity normally devoid of punctures and setae. Male.- Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons plano-convex on three-fourths of a circle, smooth and shining at center, with a marginal fringe of closely placed, long, erect, hairlike setae, marginal pubescent area close- ly, finely granulate-punctate. Antennal club widest through segment 3. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate, almost parallel on basal half, then moderately constricted before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about 14 small teeth; sum- mit indefinite; posterior area behind summit smooth and shining with rather abundant fine punctures and minute points. Glabrous ex- cept at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, abruptly narrowed at posterolateral angles, rather narrowly rounded behind; elytral punctures largely limited to anterior two- thirds of disc, fine, confused except for striae 1; surface smooth and shining but marked with a few fine lines. Declivity abrupt, with apical and sutural area somewhat produced posteriorly; surface smooth and shining. Glabrous except for a few setae at anterola- teral angles. Female.- Similar to male, though frons finely, deeply punctured except for a narrow median line; frontal vestiture sparse, scat- tered; and declivital punctures minute but evident. Distribution.- Durango and Hidalgo to Oaxaca. MEXICO; Durango; 64 km. No. 15, and 96 km, No. 22, W Durango, 5-VI-65, 2200-2500 m; 5 km W El Sal- to,' 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 32. Hidalgo; 31 km E Tulan- cingo, 12-VI-67, 2200 m, No. 15. Michoacan; 53 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 3000 m, No. 51; 9 km S Carapan, 18- VI-65, 2200 m. No. 78. Oaxaca; Nochixtlan, 16-VI-67. Tlaxcala; 17 km N Tlaxco, 9-Vn-67, 2900 m. No. 178. All were taken by me from Querctis. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from boles and limbs of recently cut or fallen trees. The habits were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of limbatiis, on the type series of 57 specimens of micans, and on 28 other specimens. 16. Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimmermann) Figs. 201, 202, 207 ? Tomicus (?) pusillus Harris, 1837, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hartford 1;82 Cnjpturgus minutissimus Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2; 143 (Lectotype, male; Caro- lina; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1007, present designation) Pseiidopihjophthorus minutissimus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2);93 Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the reticulate frons and pronotal disc in both sexes, by the very fine, confused elytral punctures, and by the uniformly short, confused, slender elytral setae. Male.- Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.74 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very broadly planoconcave from epistoma to vertex; surface strongly, finely reticulate, small punctures confined to mar- ginal areas; lateral and upper margins orna- mented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair; epistomal margin feebly emarginate. Anten- nal club comparative small, sutures 1 and 2 moderately arcuate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides on posterior half very weakly arcuate, sub- parallel, feebly constricted just before broad- ly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about 16 coarse serrations; summit broad, slightly in front of middle; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas finely reticulate (obscure in some specimens), finely, rather closely punctured, impressed points not evident. Usually glabrous. Elytra 1.66 times as long as wide, 1.44 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; surface shin- ing, minutely somewhat irregular, punctures fine, confused, shallow, rather close. Dechvi- ty steep, convex; surface smoother and punc- tures much finer than on disc. Vestiture of short, fine, confused, reclining, moderately stout hair of uniform length, setae often very slightly stouter on declivity. Female.- Similar to male except frons planoconvex on a smaller area, vestiture rather sparse, much shorter, confined to a smaller area; serration on anterior margin of pronotum usually finer. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 977 Fig. 202. Pseudopityophthoms spp., antennae and tibiae: 1-2, aspemlus, 3. fagi; 4, pubescens; 5, 5a, sranulutus- ',0^^"""' ^' ^g"/''^'"^^ 9-10' 13, pruinosus, 11-12, yat^apoii; 14, pubipennis; 15, opactco/fc. (After Black- rn3.n iyoo:^^7.) 978 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Minnesota and Maine to Louisiana and Florida. USA; Arkansas; Camden. District of Columbia: Wash- ington. Florida: Crescent City, Indian River, Oleno St. Pk., Sanford. Georgia: Bninswick, Cornelia. Iowa: "la." Kansas: Lawrence. Louisiana: Greenwell Springs. Maine: Wales. Maryland: Beltsville, Berwin, Bladens- burg. Chevy Chase, College Park, Harper's Ferry, Oak- land. Massachusetts; Middlesex Falls. Michigan: De- troit. Minnesota: Houston Co., Winona Co. Mississippi; Agricultural College, Meridian. Missouri: Dent Co. New Jersey: Alpine, Brunswick, Clementon, Denville, Gren- lock, Montclair, Newark, Orange. New York; Ithaca, Long Island, Syracuse, West Point. North Carolina: Pink Beds, Trvon. Pennsylvania: Chambersburg, Frankford, Lazareth, Lehigh Gap, Mt. Alto, Perry Co., Sullivan Co. South Carolina: Chicora, Paris Mt., Spartinsburg. Vir- ginia: Falls Church, Georgetown, Mt. Vernon. West Vir- ginia: Dellslow, Laurel Hill, Monongalia Co., Morgan- town, Pocahontas Co., Wood Co. Wisconsin; Clintonville. Hosts.— Quercus muehlenbergii, Q. rubra, Q. vehitina, Q. spp. Rare or probably acci- dental in other hosts. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut or broken limbs and branches. The habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— Of the two male syntypes of min- iitissimus in the LeConte collection I here designate the first as the lectotype of Zim- mermann's species. This specimen was com- pared directly to several specimens in my collection that were used for the above treat- ment; 394 specimens were examined. The species named Tomiciis (?) pusillus Harris is unknown. It was assumed by Le- Conte (1868:143) to be identical to min- utissiynus; however, the original description indicated that the elytral declivity of the type was scabrous and that the hairs and bristles on the elytral declivity were in rows. Neither of these features fit minutissimus. 17. Pseiidopityophthorus cornosus Bright Pseudopitijophthorus cornosus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1670 (Holotype, male; Highway 131, 178 km S Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12629) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from limbatus Eggers by the longer coarser vestiture, particularly on the declivity, and by the presence of minute declivital punctures. Male.- Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. All features essentially as in limbatus ex- cept elytral vestiture. Ground setae at least twice as long and slightly more abundant than in limbatus; posterior half of elytra with erect interstrial setae slightly longer and dis- tinctly coarser than hair of ground cover. De- clivity with minute setiferous punctures. Female.— Similar to male except frons as in female limbatus. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca; Highway 131, at 115 km, 178 km, 184 km S Oaxaca, 11-.30-V-71, 2000-2.500 m, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a male and a female paratype. Some series of limbatus have the elytral vestiture intermediate between these two forms. Because the known distributions are separated by a gap of more than 200 km, ad- ditional collecting will be necessary in Oax- aca to determine whether geographical races or distinct species are represented by these names. 18. Pseudopitijophthorus squamosus Bright Pseudopitijophthorus squcwwsus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1670 (Holotype, female; 9 miles or 14 km W La Giudad, Durango, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12628) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from limbatus Eggers by the sculpture of the frons, by the reticulate pronotum, by the smaller antennal club with straight sutures, by the densely, minutely punctured elytral declivity, and, when not abraded, by the presence of declivital scales. Male.- Length 2.1-2.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons transversely impressed, almost flat, to upper level of eyes, a conspicuous, blunt, median, transverse elevation above eyes; sur- face subreticulately, finely punctate-granu- late from epistoma to vertex except elevation almost smooth; vestiture of about two dozen long, yellow, hairlike setae arising on vertex, a few additional setae on lower areas. Pronotum as in limbatus except surface of posterior areas strongly reticulate. Elytra as in limbatus except declivity finely, rather densely punctured; recently emerged specimens with rather abundant, small scales. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 979 Female — Similar to male except long hair on vertex absent. Distribution — Durango to Sinaloa. MEXICO: Durango: 29 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 111, No. 36, S. L. Wood; 59 km W El Salto, lO-VI-64, H. F. Howden; 15 km W La Ciudad, ll-VI-64, L. A. Kel- ton. Sinaloa: 8 km N Mazatlan, 14-VIII-64, H. F. Howden. Notes.- The above treatment was based on two topotypic paratypes and on four other specimens. The four specimens from El Salto were inadvertently designated as para- types of micans Wood and compared to the types of squamosus rather than to true mi- cans. On the basis of this error squamosus was incorrectly placed in synonymy. 19. Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus (Eichhoff) Fig. 202, 207 Pityophthorus pruinosus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:198 (Lectotype, male; published as Carolina, labeled "Am. bor.," no. "11"; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4562, present designation) Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):94 Pityophthorus tomentosus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:201 (Holotype, sex?; America borealis; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:225. Synonymy? Pityophthorus querciperda Schwarz, 1888, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 1:56 (Syn types; New York to Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Eichhoff, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:609. Synonymy Pseudopityophthorus pulvereus Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:232 (Holotype, male; Chiricahua Reserve, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43427); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:185. Synonymy Pseudopityophthorus tropicaUs Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:43 (Holotype, male; Zamorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:185. Synoni/my Pseudopityophthorus convexus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1672 (Holotype, male; 184 km or 115 miles S Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12632); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. •33:185. Synonymy Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from minutissimus (Zimmermann) by the larger average size, by the larger elytral punctures, by the stouter, almost scalelike elytral setae of uniform length, a row of de- clivital scales on interstriae 1 and 3 some- times being erect and very slightly longer, and by the male frons being plano-convex, with the vestiture usually slightly longer and more abundant. Male.- Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons weakly convex except distinctly, transversely impressed above epistoma; finely punctured on marginal areas; margins orna- mented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair, longest setae arising on vertex exceeding epistomal margin. Antennal club as in minutissimus. Pronotum as in minutissimus except poste- rior areas smooth, shining, not at all reti- culate, impressed points rather abundant, conspicuous, punctures small, slightly larger than in minutissimus. Elytra as in minutissimus except declivity more broadly convex, slightly flattened, dis- cal punctures coarser, closer, interstriae little if any wider than punctures, setae very slightly longer, much stouter, laterally com- pressed; punctures on declivity smaller and setae stouter than on disc, some specimens in any series with setae on interstriae 1 and 3 slightly longer, erect. Female.— Similar to male except frons more distinctly convex, transverse impression weaker, vestiture sparse, shorter, fine. Distribution.— Michigan and New York to Honduras and Florida. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Reserve, Prescott, Santa Catalina Mts. Arkansas: Camden. District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Crescent City, Gainesville, La Belle, Mariana, Oleno St. Pk., Orlando. Georgia: At- lanta, Clayton, St. Catherine Island'. Louisiana: Cov- ington. Maryland: Beltsville. Bladensburg. Michigan: Seney. Mississippi: luka, Laurel, Meridian, Nicholson, Summerland, Trimcane Swamp. New Jersey: Newark. New York: New York, Peekskill, Watermill. North Caro- lina: Asheville, Pink Beds, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Chester Hill, Lazareth, Rydal. South Carolina: Clemson, Spar- tinsburg. Tennessee: Knoxville. Texas: Kirbyville, Mon- tell. West Virginia: Dellslow, Kanawha Station, Morgan- town, Roosevelt, Wood Co. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km and 64 km W Durango, 48 km SW El Salto. Michoacan: Morelia, Quiroga. Oaxaca: Nochixtlan, 184 km S Oax- aca. Sinaloa: Copala. Veracruz: Huatasco. GUATE- MALA: Volcan de Agua. HONDURAS: Zamorano. 980 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hosts.— Qtiercus hypoleuocoides, Q. rnari- landica, Q. nigra, Q. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut and broken limbs and branches. The habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of pulvereus, tropicalis, and convexus, on syntypes of pruinosus and querciperda, and on 385 other specimens. The male syntype of pruinosus in the U.S. National Museum is here designated the lec- totype of Eichhoffs species. 20. Pseudopityophtfiorus festivus Wood Pseudopityophtliorus festivus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):55 (Holo- type, male; 11 km NE Copala, Sinaloa, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pruinosus (Eichhoff) by the plano- concave male frons, by the more strongly im- pressed elytral declivity, by the more coarsely pimctured elytral surface, and by the very different elytral vestiture. Male.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly plano-concave from epis- toma to vertex; surface smooth, shining in central area, marginal areas finely punctured and bearing a dense tuft of long, yellow hair. Antenna as in pruinosus. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, as in pruinosus. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in pruinosus; surface smooth, shining, punctures moder- ately coarse, shallow, confused, very close, width of interspaces about equal to diameter of punctures. Declivity steep, flattened; mod- erately elevated at suture, a moderately strong sulcus in area of interstriae 2, lateral convexities rounded; punctures minute. Ground vestiture of fine, short, stout, reclin- ing setae; erect scales in interstrial rows ex- cept obsolete on lower half of 2 on declivity, each scale about as long as distance between rows, similarly spaced within a row, each about four to eight times as long as wide. Female.— Similar to male except frons plano-convex, pubescence sparse, fine, much shorter. Distribution.— Sinaloa. MEXICO: Sinaloa: 11 km or 7 miles NE Copala, 22- VII-53, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 21. Pseudopityophthorus opacicollis Blackman Fig. 202 Pseudopityophthorus opacicollis Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:235 (Holotype, male; Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43429) Pseudopityophthorus aesculirius Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1672 (Holotype, female; 112 km or 70 miles N Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:185. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from festivus Wood by the larger size, by the more feebly impressed elytral declivity, and by the absence of longer, erect, interstrial setae on even-numbered interstriae. Male.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons moderately convex above, trans- versely impressed on lower third, a slight cal- lus at upper margin of impression; surface smooth and shining on lower median area, punctured in marginal areas; margins orna- mented by a dense brush of long, yellow hair. Antennal club as in pruinosus (Eichhoff). Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; about as in pruinosus except more distinctly constricted on anterior third, posterior areas more closely punctured. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; disc as in festivus except punctures smaller. Declivity steep, slightly flattened; sulcus on interstriae 2 feeble; punc- tures smaller than on disc. Vestiture of mod- erately abundant, recumbent, rather stout. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 981 short ground cover, and rows of longer, erect setae on even-numbered interstriae beginning about middle of disc; longest setae about two to three times as long as groimd vestiture, al- most hairlike on disc, becoming scalelike on declivity, those on 9 hairlike throughout. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly convex above, less strongly im- pressed below, vestiture sparse, shorter. Distribution.— Arizona to Chiapas. USA: Arizona: Madera Canyon, 24-VIII-58, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Miller Canyon, 22-VIII-58, Querciis, S. L. Wood; Santa Catalina Mts., 28- VII- 13, Blackjack oak, Hopk. U.S. 10519a, M. Chrisman. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontahuitz, I3-VI-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Du- rango: 56 km SW El Salto, 23-VII-53, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hidalgo: 16 km E Pachuca, lO-VI-67, 2700 m. No. 5, Quercus, S. L. Wood; 8 km W Tulacingo, 11-VI- 67, 2400 m, No. 11, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: Oax- aca, 18-V-71, 2800 m, Quercus, D. E. Bright. TIaxcala: 17 km N Tlaxco, 9-VII-67, 2900 m, No. 179, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from boles, limbs, and branches of cut and broken trees. The habits are essentially as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of both aesculinus and opacicollis, and on 44 other specimens. 22. Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis (LeConte) Fig. 191, 202, 208-209 Bostrichus pubipennis LeConte, 1860, Kept. Expl. Surv. Railroad Mississippi River-Pacific Ocean 9(1):59 (Lectotype, female; San Jose, California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 2022, present designation) Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis: Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. I4(2):93. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from yavapaii Blackman by the less numer- ous, much stouter elytral bristles, which are absent on dechvital interstriae 2, and, usual- ly, by the presence of minute setae on the pronotal disc. Male.- Length 1.7-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, a narrow, abrupt, transverse impres- sion above epistoma, upper margin of im- pression with a moderately strong median callus; surface shining, pimctures mostly in marginal areas; vestiture mostly on margins, of abundant, long, yellow hair, tips of longest setae on vertex exceeding epistoma. Antennal club moderately large, oval, segment 1 very small, sutures 1 and 2 strongly arcuate, 2 reaching middle. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in opacicollis Blackman. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.45 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; punctures on disc abundant, small, confused, surface shining, subrugulose. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; sculp- ture about as on disc, with punctures smaller, surface smoother, numerous impressed points evident. Vestiture consisting of ground cover of abundant, rather short, subplumose setae, and of long, slender, interstrial bristles, bristles sparse on disc, absent on declivital in- terstriae 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons without transverse impression or callus, vesti- ture fine, sparse, short. Distribution.— Oregon to California. USA: California: Alameda Co., Bass Lake, Berkeley, Calaveras Co., Contra Costa Co., Del Monte, Del Norte Co., El Dorado Co., Grass Valley, Halsey, Humboldt Co., Kaweah, Kern Co., Lafayette, Lake Co., Los Angel- es, Los Gatos, Madera Co., Mendocino Co., Montecito, Monterey Co., North Fork, Oakland, Palo Alto, Pasa- dena, Placer Co., Riverside Co., Sacramento, Salyer, San Bernardino Co., San Diego, San Rafael, San Francisco, Santa Barbara Co., Santa Clara Co., Santa Cruz, Shasta Co., Sylvania, Tapia Pk., Ventura Co., Yolo Co., Yose- mite Valley, Yuba Co. Oregon: Ashland, Corvallis, For- est Grove, Hood River, Jacksonville, Portland. Hosts.— Quercus agrifolia, Q. garrayana, and Q. kello^ii. Biology.— Specimens were taken from boles, limbs, and branches. The habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 435 specimens 2 of which were compared to the 4 syntypes in the LeConte collection. The first syntype, a female, is in better condi- tion than the others and is here designated as the lectotype of pubipennis. 982 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 23. Pseudopityophthorus yavapaii Blackman Fig. 202 Psettdopityophthonis yavapaii Blackman, 1931, J. Wash- ington Acad. Sci. 21:233 (Holotype, male; Pres- cott N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4.3428) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pubipennis (LeConte) by the more abundant, more slender elytral bristles, which also occur on declivital interstriae 2, and by the glabrous pronotal disc. Male.— Length 1.7-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum essentially as in pub- ipennis except pronotal disc glabrous. Elytra as in pubipennis except elongate in- terstrial bristles more numerous, more slen- der, some bristles on declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Similar to male except frons slightly convex, more coarsely punctured, im- pression and callus obscure or absent, vesti- ture fine, sparse, short. Distribution.— Arizona to Chihuahua. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Huachuca Mts., Para- dise, Patagonia, Prescott, Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 24 km NW Chihuahua. Hosts.— Quercus hypoleucoides, and Q. spp. Biology.— The bole, limbs, and branches of cut or brokn host material were selected for attack. The habits were as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 paratypes and on 215 other specimens. The holotype was also examined. Genus CONOPHTHORUS Hopkins Conophthorus Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:430 (Type-species: Pityophthorus coniperda Schwarz, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Pityophthorus Eichhoff by the larger size, by the stout body form, by the aseptate antennal club, by the pronotum that has an indefinite simimit on the basal third and the asperities continuing to or near the base in the lateral areas, and by the monogamous, cone-infesting habit (one apparent exception). Description.— Length 2.2-4.1 mm, 2.3-2.4 times as long as wide; color brown to black. Frons simple, essentially convex, sparsely punctured, vestiture sparse, sexual differences inconspicuous. Eye emarginate, finely facet- ed. Antennal scape slender, rather long; fu- nicle 5-segmented; club oval, with lateral constrictions at sutures, sutures 1 and 2 asep- tate, conspicuously marked by grooves and setae. Pronotum longer than wide, indefinite summit on basal third, anterior slope with numerous asperities, asperities descending in height gradually posterolaterally, some ex- tending to or near base in lateral areas. Elytra with punctures in more or less definite strial and interstrial rows, declivity sulcate, rather simple. Vestiture hairlike. Tibiae sim- ilar to Pityophthorus. Distribution.- S Canada to Mexico; 14 species are known. Biology.— These monogamous species in- fest cones of the genus Pinus, except that banksianae McPherson infests twig terminals. Other species are apparently able to survive in twigs when cones are not available. Young cones are usually attacked from May to mid- July in the second year of their growth. When the beetles are under stress, first-year cones are sometimes attacked. In severe in- festations more than half the seed production may be destroyed. The larvae develop in the cones and the young adults do not emerge from them until spring. Occasional specimens may not emerge until the second spring. Notes.— Character diversity in this genus is limited. Characters are poorly developed and variable, making the separation of some species extremely difficult. It is suspected that one or more sibling species occur in the western forms, but their recognition must await detailed biological studies. Key to the Species of Conophthorus Declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures moderately coarse, interstriae 2 not more than twice as wide as 1, less strongly impressed, surface gradually ascend- ing to striae 3, punctures on interstriae 3 usually not granulate; in piny on pines 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 983 - Declivital striae 1 with punctures largely or entirely obsolete, those on 2 usual- ly very small to obsolete, interstriae 2 three or more times as wide as 1, rather strongly impressed, lateral summit at middle of 3, usually armed by small tubercles; on other pines, not pinyon 4 2(1). Discal interstriae about four times as wide as striae, strial punctures on declivi- ty much smaller than on disc; color uniformly very dark brown to almost black; California to W Utah; Pinus monophylla; 2.7-3.1 mm 1. monophyllae Hopkins — Discal interstriae about two and one-half times as wide as striae, strial punctures on declivity only slightly smaller than on disc; elytra reddish brown 3 3(2). Punctures on pronotum and elytra averaging smaller; declivital interstriae 2 less strongly impressed; frons somewhat flattened; Arizona to Hidalgo; Pinus cembroides; 2.2-2.5 mm 2. cembroides Wood — Punctures on pronotum and elytra averaging larger; declivital interstriae 2 more distinctly impressed; frons more strongly convex; Utah and Colorado to Arizona and W Texas; Pinus edulis; 2.3-3.0 mm 3. edulis Hopkins 4(1). Elytral declivity with about 6-12 small tubercles more or less uniformly dis- tributed from base to apex of interstriae 1; male declivity with suture and lateral convexities subequal in height 5 - Elytral declivital interstriae 1 unarmed on at least lower two-thirds, one tu- bercle sometimes present just before apex; lateral convexities on declivity much higher than suture, at least in male 9 5(4). Elytral declivity not as steep, without minute impressed points, interstriae 1 armed by about 6-8 small tubercles; California; Pinus radiata; 3.3-4.1 mm 4. radiatae Hopkins — Declivity much steeper, with numerous, minute, impressed points, interstriae 1 armed by about 8-12 small tubercles 6 6(5). Smaller; punctures on declivital striae 2 slightly larger, more closely, more regularly spaced; punctures on discal interstriae averaging closer, more regular; elytral setae slightly shorter 7 - Mostly larger; punctures on declivital striae 2 slightly smaller, not as close, spacing somewhat irregular; punctures on discal interstriae usually not as close' spacing more irregular; elytral setae slightly longer ' 8 7(6). Smaller; declivity more strongly arched, particularly at suture on middle half, sulcus not as deep, slightly narrower; pronotal and elytral punctures distinctly larger, deeper, interstriae less than three times as wide as striae; transverse frontal impression not as strong; Missouri; Pinus echinata; 2.3-2.5 mm 5. echinatae Wood - Larger; declivity more weakly arched, particularly on middle half, sulcus deeper, wider; pronotal and elytral punctures smaller, interstriae usually four times as wide as striae; transverse frontal impression slightly deeper; Minnesota and Maine to North Carolina; Pinus strobus; 2.4-3.0 mm 6. coniperda (Schwarz) 8(6). Average size smaller; elytral setae slightly longer; breed in twigs; Minnesota and Wisconsin to W Ontario and Michigan; Pinus banksiana; 2.4-2.9 mm 7. banksianae McPherson 984 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Average size larger, 95 percent of them larger than 3.0 mm; elytral setae slightly shorter; breed in cones; Minnesota and New Hampshire to New Jersey, West Virginia, and Wisconsin; Pinus resinosa; 2.6-3.4 mm 8. resinosae Hopkins 9(4). Declivity very strongly, rather narrowly impressed, denticles on lateral summit larger; punctures on discal striae small, interstriae four to six times as wide as striae; discal interstriae without impressed points; female frons with profile convex, without an epistomal tubercle; Puebla; Pinus; 3.3-4.1 mm 9. mexicanus Wood — Declivity moderately impressed, lateral denticles smaller; pimctures on discal striae larger, interstriae about three times as wide as striae 10 10(9). Declivity strongly, broadly impressed, tubercles on 3 larger, punctures on striae 2 rather coarse; disc smooth, punctures larger, somewhat confused; body stouter, elytra 1.4 times as long as wide; Hidalgo and Mexico to Puebla; Pinus leiophylki; 3.3-3.8 mm 10. conicohns Wood — Declivity much less strongly impressed, punctures on striae 2 smaller, less regular, tubercles on 3 small to obsolete; strial punctures on disc in distinct regular rows, interstrial punctures either smaller or widely spaced; body more slender, elytra at least 1.5 times as long as wide 11 11(10). Profile of frons convex, female epistoma without a median, subtuberculate, low elevation (a feeble impression on upper half in michoacanae); average size larger 1"^ — Profile of frons weakly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, female with a median, subtuberculate elevation (obscure or absent in male ponderosae); elytral disc without impressed points; average size smaller 13 12(11). Interstriae on basal half of disc usually wrinkled, punctures much more abun- dant, confused; declivity much steeper, more strongly arched, impression nar- rower; frons more evenly convex; body stouter; Arizona; Pinus engelmannii; 3.7-3.9 mm H- apachecae Hopkins — Interstriae on basal half of disc smooth, punctures sparse, confused only at base; declivity more gradual, less strongly arched, impression much broader; frons with a weak, transverse impression on upper half; body more slender; Michoacan; Pinus michoacana; 3.9-4.2 mm 12. michoacanae Wood 13(11). Male frons never with a median carina, epistomal tubercle reduced to obsolete; declivital striae 2 usually with punctures to near its apex; declivital sulcus usually deeper, narrower; British Columbia and Montana to Michoacan and Mexico; Pinus; 2.5-4.0 mm 13. ponderosae Hopkins — Frons with a conspicuous, subacutely elevated carina in both sexes, its lower end forming a distinct tubercle; punctures on declivital striae 2 obsolete except minute on less than basal fourth; declivital sulcus not as deep, broader; Michoacan; Pinus teocote; 3.1-3.7 mm 14. teocotum Wood 1. Conaphthorusmonophyllae Uopkins elytral punctures on disc and declivity, by the host, and by the distribution. Conophthoriis monophijllae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washing- Female - Length 2 7-3.1 mm, 2.3 times as ton Acad. Sci. 5:433 (Holotype, female; Ventura . " » ^ ui i County, California; U.S. Nat. Mus.. 7474) long as Wide; color almost black. Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished Frons convex, a feeble transverse im- from edulis Hopkins by the slightly larger pression at level of antennal insertion; surface size, by the black color, by the much smaller smooth, shining, punctures small, 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 985 rather sparse; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal two-thirds weakly, arcuately converging to moderate constriction, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin irregularly armed by about 8-12 variable serrations; summit slightly be- hind middle; asperities not attaining base even in lateral areas; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, rather short, moderately abundant hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on slightly more than basal half, then converging slightly and broadly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed except 1 moder- ately on posterior two-thirds, punctures rather small, deep, irregularly rather close; interstriae almost smooth, shining, three to four times as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, closer and slightly confused on basal third, more sparsely uniseriate on posterior half. Declivi- ty steep, convex, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, punctures on 1 and 2 smaller than on disc, distinctly impressed; interstriae 1 dis- tinctly elevated, with a few fine punctures, 2 moderately impressed, ascending slightly lat- erally, lateral convexities slightly higher than suture, their summits at striae 3, punctures on interstriae 3 mesad of summit, very feebly granulate. Strial setae minute, usually abra- ded; interstrial hair of moderate length ex- cept short on 1 on declivity. Male.— Apparently identical to female. Distribution.— California to W Utah. USA: California: Whitney Portal in Inyo Co., Baldwin Lake and San Bernardino N.F. in San Bernardino Co., Ventura Co. Nevada: Baker, Reno. Utah: Iron Co., Saw- tooth N.F. in Box Elder Co. Host.— Pinus monophylla. Biology.— Because new attacks occur in the spring and fall and both larvae and adults overwinter in the cones, it is presumed that one or more overlapping generations occur. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 19 other specimens. 2. Conophthorus cembroides Wood Conophthonis cembroides Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:74 (Holotype, male; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished fro medulis Hopkins by the smaller average size of punctures on the pronotum and elytra, by the less strongly impressed interstriae 2 on the declivity, by the slightly impressed frons, by the host, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra reddish brown. As in edulis except frons more distinctly impressed, median epistomal tubercle aver- aging larger, punctures on frons, pronotum, and elytra slightly smaller, discal interstriae 2 more sparsely punctured, declivital inter- striae 2 less strongly impressed. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression stronger. Distribution.— Arizona to Hidalgo. USA: Arizona: Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 8-VIII- 62, Pinus cembroides, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Coahuila: 53 km SE Saltillo, 25-VII-63, A. T. Howden. Hidalgo: Zi- mapan, 12-VI-60, P. cembroides, F. Islas. Host.— Pinus cembroides. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens and on 2 other specimens. 3. Conophthorus edulis Hopkins Conophthorus edulis Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:430 (Holotype, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7472) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the comparatively small size, by the coarse punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2, by the shallow, broad, declivital sulcus, by the absence of granules on declivital inter- striae 3, by the host, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.3-3.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytra red- dish brown. Frons and pronotum as in monophyllae ex- cept punctures on disc not as close, slightly smaller. Elytra similar to monophyllae except strial punctures on disc larger, interstriae two to 986 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 two and one-half times as wide as striae, in- terstrial punctures almost as large as those of striae, declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures almost as coarse as those on disc and con- spicuously larger than in monophyllae, vesti- ture slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female except weak transverse frontal impression stronger, ex- tending from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Utah and Colorado to Ari- zona and W Texas. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Kaibab N.F., Santa Catalina Mts., Tucson, Walnut Canyon. Colorado: Buena Vista, Colorado Springs, El Paso, Ft. Garland, Trinidad, Ute Pass. New Mexico: Capulin, High Rolls, Las Vegas Hot Springs. Texas: Big Bend N.P. Utah: Bea- ver, Iron Co., Junction, Monticello. Host.— Pinus edtiHs. Biology.— Apparently there is one gener- ation per year; only adults overwinter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 85 other specimens. 4. Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins, 191.5, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:4.32 (Holotype, female; Pacific Grove, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7481) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pojiderosae Hopkins by the presence of a row of tubercles on declivital interstriae 1, by the absence of a low, median, sub- tuberculate elevation on the female epis- toma, by the host, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.1-4.1 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in ponderosae except punctures much finer, median epistomal, subtuberculate elevation usually absent. Pronotum as in ponderosae. Elytra as in ponderosae except declivital interstriae 1 armed by a row of regularly spaced, fine granules, 2 much narrower, about twice as wide as 1, tubercles on 3 usu- ally slightly larger. Male.— Similar to female except trans- verse impression on frons slightly deeper, de- clivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, tubercles on declivital interstriae 3 smaller. Distribution.— California. USA: California: .\ptos, Correlitas, and Watsonville in Santa Cruz Co.; Aromas, Asilomar, Pt. Lobos S.P., Pacif- ic Grove, and Prunedale in Monterey Co.; Strawberry Hills in Alameda Co.; Tunitas Creek in San Mateo Co. Host.— Pinus radiata. Biology.— Overwintered adults emerge from the broad cone in late February or March and attack two-year-old cones. The fe- male enters the cone near the pedicel on the lower side, bores about 1.5 cm, then con- structs a spiral tunnel around the central axis, following which she bores parallel to the axis to near the apex of the cone then turns and bore on the opposite side of the axis toward the base. The cone turns brown and shrinks to two-thirds of normal size. Eggs (1-30) are placed in niches along the tunnel walls and mature in about 40-60 days. Parent adult fe- males may emerge and attack a second cone. There is one generation per year (Schaeffer 1962, 1963, 1964). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 74 other specimens. 5. Conophthorus echinatae Wood Conophthorus echinatae Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:398 (Holotype, female; Winona, Missouri; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from coniperda (Schwarz) by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the more strongly arched elytral declivity, by the coar- ser pronotal and elytral punctures, and by the weaker transverse frontal impression. Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in coniperda except transverse im- pression between epistoma and upper level of eyes not as deep. Pronotum as in coniperda except punctures on disc and near base larger, their lateral margins almost never bearing a granule. Elytra as in coniperda except punctures larger; interstriae two and one-half to three times as wide as striae, declivital sulcus nar- rower and less strongly impressed, vestiture averaging slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons with a distinct, median, sub- carinate summit. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 987 Distribution.— Missouri. USA: Missouri: Winona, VIII-1967, Finns echinata cone. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 6. Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) Fig. 208 Pityophthonis coniperda Schwarz, 1895, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington .3:144 (Lectotype, male; Marquette, Michigan; U.S. Nat. Mus.; designated by Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:.384.) " Conophthorus cluniciis Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:432 (Holotype, female; 13, 122, To- micus clunicus Fitch, Det. No. 12 Hopk., Collec- tion Fitch; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:384. Sijnomjtny Conophthorus taedae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:431 (Holotype, sex?; Ft. Monroe, Va.; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7473.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:385. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the comparatively small size, by the steep elytral declivity, by the presence of tubercles on declivital interstriae 1, by the host, and by the distribution. Female.- Length 2.4-3.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons convex, with a very weak, transverse impression from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather sparse, moderately coarse; vestiture rather short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum essentially as in radiatae Hopkins. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; essentially as in radiatae except punctures closer, declivity much steeper. Declivital striae 1 and 2 with fine, distinct punctures; interstriae 1 distinctly ele- vated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 moderately impressed, about three times as wide as 1, with numerous impressed points, 3 weakly elevated, armed at summit by a few fine tubercles. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly impressed, punctures evidently coarser, median epistomal tubercle more strongly raised. Distribution.— Minnesota and Maine to North Carolina. CANADA: Ontario: Algonquin Park, Angus, Haley Station, Hurkett, Ottawa, Sinicoe. Quebec: Lanorare, Quebec. Nova Scotia: Hants Co. USA: Maine: Bangor, Orono. Massachusetts: Cambridge, Framingham, Mar- ion, Martha's Vineyard, Petersham. Maryland: Ashton. Michigan: Bear Lake, Eagle Harbor, Marquette. Min- nesota: Chippewa Falls, Filmore Co., St. Anthony. New Hampshire: Durham, Pike. New Jersey: Clemonton, Greenwood, Lakehurst, Orange Mt. New York: Ithaca, Olcott, Upper Jay, Westbury, West Point. North Caro Una: Henderson. Pennsylvania: Cooks Forest, Mt. Alto. Virginia: Culpepper, Monroe, Norfolk. Wisconsin: Clintonville. Host.— Finns strobiis, accidental in other hosts. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cones of the host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of coniperda, on the holo- types of clunicus and taedae, and on 113 other specimens. 7. Conophthorus banksianae McPherson Conophthorus banksianae McPherson, 1970, in McPher- son, Stehr, and Wilson, Canadian Ent. 102:1020 (Holotype, male; Fife Lake, Michigan; Michigan State Univ. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from resinosae Hopkins by the habit of in- festing twig terminals rather than cones and by the host. Female.- Length 2.4-2.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. Identical to resinosae except elytral hair evidently slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female except sexes differing as in coniperda. Distribution.— Ontario to Wisconsin and Michigan. CANADA: Ontario: Black Sturgeon Lake, Oba, Franz, Sault Ste. Marie. Michigan: Cadillac, Christensen Nursery, Fife Lake, Fish Lake, Grand Traverse Co., Kal- kaska Co., Wellston, Wexford Co. Minnesota: Cass Lake, Itasca Co. Wisconsin: Three Lakes. Host.— Finns banksiana. Biology.— This species was originally dis- tinguished entirely on the basis of its habits. Its bores into the pith of its host's twig terminals. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 14 paratypes and on 27 other specimens. This could be a valid species, but identifying anatomical characters that distinguish it from resinosae have not been found. Of the 41 specimens examined, the largest was 2.9 mm in length. Of 66 specimens of resinosae mea- sured, all but 4 were larger than 3.0 mm. Nevertheless, it is noted that resinosae may 988 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 also breed in twigs. The less favorable habitat and abnormal host could account for the size difference in what is here recognized as banksianae. Additional studies are needed to confirm its validity. 8. Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins Fig. 201 Conopthorus resinosae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:431 (Holotype, male; Conoph. resi- nosae Hopkins, 1 Harring., Conophthorus resi- nosae; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7483) Conophthorus virginkinae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:431 (Holotype, male, not a female as labeled; Huttonsville, West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7482); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:385. Synonymij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from coniperda (Schwarz) by the larger aver- age size, by the slightly longer elytral setae, by the more closely spaced interstrial punc- tures on the disc, and by the smaller punc- tures on declivital striae 2. Female.— Length 2.6-3.4 mm (95 percent are larger than 3.0 mm), 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. As in coniperda except as noted in diagnos- is and key. Male.— Sexual differences as in coniperda. Distribution.— Minnesota and Wisconsin to New Hampshire and New Jersey. CANADA: Ontario: Burnt River, Camp Borden, Carp, Chalk River, Dorset, Luden, Midland, Parry Sound, Sault Ste. Marie, Temagami. Quebec: Laniel, Kazubazua, Park Reserve. Nova Scotia: Kentville. USA: Michigan: Keweeno Co., Raco. Minnesota: Cass Lake, Itasco Co. New Hampshire: Effingham. New Jersey: Greenwood Lake. New York: East Hampton, Farm- ingdale. West Virginia: Huttonsville. Wisconsin: Chip- pewa Falls. Host.— Pinus resinosa. Biology.— This species breeds in the cones of its host, less commonly in twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of resinosae and virginianae and on 166 other specimens. 9. Conophthorus mexicanus Wood Conophthorus mexicanus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:79 (Holotype, male, Necaxa, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ponderosae Hopkins by the larger aver- age size, by the much more strongly im- pressed elytral declivity, by the smaller elytral punctures, and by the absence of a median epistomal elevation in the female. Female.— Length 3.3-4.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons largely concealed in only available female (allotype), apparently much more strongly convex than ponderosae, a weak, transverse impression near upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures smaller and slightly closer than in ponderosae. Pronotum about as in ponderosae except lateral crenulations extending to base, mar- gins of punctures on disc each bearing a tu- bercle, vestiture more abundant. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures rather fine, moder- ately close, in poorly defined rows; inter- striae about four times as wide as striae, punctures as large and as close as those of striae, in poorly defined rows, largely con- fused on basal third. Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 almost obso- lete, fine punctures obscure; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, usually with tubercles only at extreme base and one just before apex, 2 strongly impressed, three times as wide as 1, shining, surface not smooth, almost subrugose in some specimens, 3 much higher than 1, armed at summit by about eight rather coarse tubercles. Vestiture slightly more abundant than in related species. Male.— Similar to female except declivital tubercles apparently slightly larger. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: Necaxa, 17-III-60, ex cono, J. Carillo. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens and on three other topotypic specimens. 10. Conophthorus conicolens Wood Conophthorus conicolens Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:212 (Holotype, female; 8 miles or 13 km W Texmelucan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ponderosae Hopkins by the convex pro- file of the frons, by the absence of a median epistomal tubercle or carina in either sex, by the presence of numerous impressed points on the elytral disc, and by the slightly deeper declivital sulcus, with the lateral convexities 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 989 very slightly higher than the suture and armed by slightly larger tubercles; margins of punctures on pronotal disc usually less con- spicuously subasperate. From mexicanus Wood it is distinguished by the larger elytral punctures and by the much less strongly sul- cate declivity, with the lateral convexities only slightly higher than the suture and the tubercles much smaller. Female.- Length 3.3-3.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in mexicanus, cre- nulations on pronotal disc distinctly smaller. Elytra about as in ponderosae except nu- merous minute, impressed points present on disc, discal punctures slightly larger, slightly confused, declivital sulcus slightly deeper, lateral convexities very slightly higher than suture, and lateral tubercles very slightly larger. Some specimens with surface of disc undulating conspicuously, other smooth. Male.— Similar to female except punc- tures on frons evidently slightly larger. Distribution.- Hidalgo and Mexico to Puebla. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Tulancingo, 24-VI-53, pine cones, S. L. Wood. Mexico: Tlalmonalco, 24-IX-49, Piniis leio- phylla, # 13A, J. P. Perry. Puebla: 13 km W Texmelu- can, 13-VI-67, Finns cones, S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus leiophylla. Biology.— All specimens were taken from cones of the host. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 11. Conophthorus apachecae Hopkins Conophthorus apachecae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:432 (Holotype, male; Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mas., 7484) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from ponderosae Hopkins by the larger size and by other characters indicated below. Male.- Length 3.7-3.9 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, a weak median summit on lower half, elevation absent. Pronotum about as in ponderosae except more broadly arched, pimctures on disc dis- tinctly larger. Elytra about as in ponderosae except discal surface slightly irregular (ripples occur on disc corresponding to positions of interstrial punctures; this character is variable), punc- tures deeper; declivity more strongly im- pressed, lateral convexities higher than su- ture, vestiture distinctly longer. Female.— Similar to male except frontal summit not evident. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., 6-VI, Hubbard and Schwarz; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., l-VI-78, Pinus engelmannii, S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus engelmannii. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the holotype, and on six other specimens. 12. Conophthorus michoacanae Wood Conophthorus michoacanae Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:354 (Holotype, male; Uruapan, Mich- oacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from apachecae Hopkins by the more slender body, by the less densely punctured, smooth- er basal half of the elytral disc, by the broad- er, more gradual elytral declivity, and by other characters cited below. Male.- Length 3.9-4.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons as in apachecae except never with a median crest or tubercle, a weak, transverse impression usually present on upper half of median half of area below upper level of eyes. Pronotum essentially as in apachecae ex- cept slightly more slender. Elytra resembling apachecae except 1.48 times as long as wide; discal striae with punc- tures not as close, mostly in rows, interstriae sparsely punctured, punctures only slightly confused on basal fifth, surface smooth, not wrinkled; declivity not as steep, less strongly arched, sulcus deeper and much wider, tu- bercles on interstriae 3 very small (less strongly arched and more broadly sulcate than in ponderosae); vestiture less abundant, slightly coarser. Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: Uruapan, 11-80, Pinus mich- oacana cones, A. A. del Ri'o Mora. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 990 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 13. Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins Figs. 203-204, 209 Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:431 (Holotype, female; Ashland, Ore- gon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7479) Conophthorus scopulorwn Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:431 (Holotype, female; Flagstaff, Ari- zona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7480); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:385. Synonymy Conophthorus contortae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:4.32 (Holotype, female; Newport, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7476); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:385. Synonymy Conophthorus monticolae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:432 (Holotype, female; Priest River, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7477); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:.385. Synonymy Conophthorus flexilis Hopkins, 1915, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 5:4.33 (Holotype, female; Mount Ma- nitou, Colorado U.S. Nat. Mus., 7475); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:.385. Synonymy 5 cm Fig. 203. Immature cones of sugar pine attacked by Conophthorus ponderosae. The arrows point to pitch tubes. (After Bedard 1968:3.) Conophthorus lambertianae Hopkins, 1915, J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 5:433 (Holotype, female; Hilt, Cal- ifornia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7478); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:385. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the absence of tubercles on the lower two- thirds of declivital interstriae 1, by the lateral convexities on the declivity being much high- er than the suture, by the presence of a low, median, epistomal elevation in the female, by the host, and by the distribution. Female.- Length 2.5-4.0 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra often brown. Frons transversely convex, longitudinally very weakly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; epistoma with a median sum- mit, usually with a conspicuous, low tubercle, often with an obscure, low carina extending dorsad; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather sparse, of moderate size; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum about as long as wide; as in radi- atae Hopkins and resinosae Hopkins, disc longer and less strongly arched longitudinally than in mexicanus Wood, discal punctures rather coarse, margins not subasperate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed ex- cept 1 near declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep, mostly in rows; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, shin- ing, without impressed points, punctures rather sparse, closer and confused toward base. Declivity steep, convex, broadly, shal- lowly bisulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 smaller than on disc, distinct; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, unarmed except a few fine tubercles at base and one near apex, 2 broadly, moderately impressed, three times as wide as 1, surface shining, with numerous ob- scure, minute impressed points, 3 distinctly elevated, as high as 1, tubercles very fine to moderately coarse. Vestiture as in allied spe cies, not abundant. Male.- Similar to female except frontal tubercle usually absent, transverse impression often more pronounced. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to Michoacan and Mexico. CANADA: British Columbia: Castlegar, Cobble Hill, Cowichan Lake on Vancouver Island, Crawford Bay, Vancouver. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, Kaibab N.F., Santa 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 991 Catalina Mts. California: Alameda Co., Barton Flat in San Bernardino Co., Big Meadows in Calaveras Co., Cy- press Camp in Lassen Co., Dead Horse Summit in Sis- kiyou Co., Fallen Leaf Lake in El Dorado Co., Hilt, Lake Co., Madera Co., Mariposa Co., Mendocino Co., Modoc Co., Mono Co., Norval Flats, North Fork, Pine Crest, Placerville, Shaver Lake, Plumas Co., Riverside Co., San Diego Co., Santa Barbara Co., Shasta Co., Te- hama Co., Tulare Co., Tuolumne Co., Yosemite N.P. Colorado: Buena Vista, Boulder, Cheyenne Mts., Crystal Springs, Colorado Springs, Estes Park, Evergreen, Larks- pur, La Veta Pass, Longmont, Monument, Mountain Home, Mt. Manitou, Woodland Park. Idaho: Bannock Creek in Boise Co., Bonner Co., Coeur d'Alene, Emida, Idaho City, Mica, Priest Lake. Montana: Lodgegrass. Nebraska: Nenzel, Valentine. Nevada: Baker, Mt. Rose. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Gila N.F., Lincoln N.F., Silver City. Oregon: Ashland, Colestein, Ferrin G.S., Fred- erick, Jennie Creek, Klamath, Mistletoe, Pinehurst, Tal- ent, ToUgate, Waldo. Utah: Beaver, Dutch John, Hun- tington Canyon, Logan Canyon. Washington: Longmires, Pullman. Wyoming: Centennial, Saratoga, Shell. MEXICO: Durango: El Salto. Mexico: Zoquiapan N.P. Michoacan: Urviapan. Hosts.— Pintis aristata, P. contorta, P. douglasiana, P. durangensis, P. flexilis, P. jef- freyi, P. lambertiana, P. leiaphylla, P. mon- tezumae, P. monticola, P. strobiformis, P. washoensis. Biology.— Second-year cones are attacked near their base. The parent adults make a spiral tunnel around the axis of the cone, causing its death, then form an egg tunnel along the axis. The attack apparently begins in May and continues until early July. One female evidently may attack more than one cone. The brood matures in late summer and overwinters in the brood cone. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of ponderosae, scopulorum, contortae, monicolae, flexilis, and lamher- tianae, and on 784 other specimens. The vari- ability in this material is difficult to interpret. It is entirely possible that two or more sibling species are represented. The material from five-needle pines could be different. 14. Conophthorus teocotum Wood Conophthoms teocotum Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:354 (Holotype, male; Uruapan, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ponderosae Hopkins by the subacutely elevated median carina on the lower half of the frons in both sexes, by the totally obsolete punctures on declivital striae 2 except near base, and by other characters cited below. Male.- Length 3.1-3.7 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons weakly, transversely impressed as in ponderosae; median line on more than lower half with a conspicuous, subacutely elevated carina, end of carina somewhat tuberculate near epistomal margin. Pronotum as in ponderosae except aspe- rities averaging smaller, serrations on ante- rior margin usually reduced, impressed points rather numerous and sharply, distinctly impressed. Elytra as in ponderosae except punctures on declivital striae 2 obsolete (sometimes re- sent on less than basal fourth), declivity more broadly, slightly less strongly impressed, tu- bercles on declivital interstriae 3 slightly larger. Female.— Similar to male except trans- verse frontal impression more extensive, slightly more conspicuous, carina slightly shorter. Distribution.— Michoacan. MEXICO: Michoacan: Uruapan, III-80, Pimis teocote cones, A. A. del Rio Mora. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. Genus PITYOPHTHORUS Eichhoff Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 1864, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 8:.39 (Type-species: Bostrichus lichtensieini Rat- zeburg, subsequent designation bv Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:127) Trigonogenius Hagedorn, 1912, Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1912:354 (Type-species: Trigonogenius fallax Hagedorn, monobasic); Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:347. Synonymy Hagedornus Lucas, 1920, Cat. Alphabet. Gen. Subgen. Coleopt. 1:683. Replacement name for Trigono- genius; Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3:.347. Synonymy Myeloburus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:16 (Type-species: Pi- tyophthorus ramiperda Swaine, original designa- tion); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:511. Synonymy Gnathophorus Schedl, 1935 (nee Kirby, 1837), Rev. de Ent. 5:342 (Type-species: Gnathophorus spar- sepilosus Schedl, monobasic); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:391. Synonymy Pityophthoroides Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:199 (Type-species: Pityophthoroides pudens Blackman, original designation); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:207. Synonymy Cladoborus Sawamoto, 1942, Insecta Matsum. 16:165 (Type-species: Cladoborus arakii Sawamoto); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:511. Synonymy 992 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Ctenyaphthorus Schedl, 1955, Zeit. Angew. Ent. 38:26 (Type-species: Ctenyophthoriis glabratiilus Schedl, monobasic); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:511. Synonymy Gnathophthorus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:76 (Replacement name for Gnathophorus); Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:391. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This large, diversified genus is distinguished from Araptus Eichhoff by the equally, partly or entirely septate sutures 1 and 2 on the antennal club (sutures some- times marked only at margins; club small and sutures straight when septa almost obsolete). by the reduction or absence of denticles or rugae on the lateral margin of the basal half of the protibia, by the (usually) distinct trans- verse impression behind the pronotal summit, and by a different assortment of habits. Description.— Length 0.8-3.2 mm, 2.0-3.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to almost black. Frons usually sexually dimorphic, male convex to variously impressed, with or with- out a carina, female convex to concave, com- monly ornamented by a tuft of hair. Antennal Fig. 204. Conophthorus ponderosae: A, adult; B, egg; C, larva; D, pupa. (After Bedard 1968:6.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 993 scape slender, elongate; fnnicle 5-segmented (except 3-5 segmented in costatus Wood), usually about as long as scape; club sub- circular to elongate-oval, of moderate size, sutures 1 and 2 straight to rather strongly procurved, partly to entirely, equally septate (when septa strongly reduced, sutures straight and club comparatively small). Pronotum usually elongate, summit usually near middle, usually with a transverse impression behind smnmit; asperities usually on a definite area on anterior half; lateral margins with a fine, raised line. Scutellum rather large, flat' Elytra usually striate, punctures confused in some species groups; declivity moderately to very steep, convex to strongly bisulcate. An- terior tibiae usually armed by two denticles on apical margin and one subapical denticle on lateral margin. Supplemental rugae on lat- eral margin sometimes on distal half. Distribution.- Alaska to Argentina, tem- perate Europe and Asia, Africa; 213 species occur in North and Central America, about 50 in South America, and about 50 in the re- mainder of the world. Biology.— Many of the more primitive species are monogamous; most of the more advanced species are polygynous. A few spe- cies breed in the bole of the host; others characteristically infest unthrifty seedlings, shaded out branches, injured tops, slash or broken branches, or the pith of green twigs. A few ubiquitous species may spread into several of these habitats; others are rigidly re- stricted to one of them. Most species infest the phloem, where the parental tunnels are visible on the inner surface of peeled bark; others occur only in the central axis of pith in tiny twigs. The parental tunnels of most spe- cies are of the radiate type; however, some pith-boring species construct a simple, uni- ramous tunnel. All species deposit their eggs in niches. Notes.- The exact limits of Pityophthorus are somewhat obscure. A certain amount of intergradation with Araptus occurs, but I am unable to justify synonymy of them. Con- ophthocranuhts almost certainly should be made a synonym; Conophthorus, Gnatho- leptus, and Pityotrichus all contain distinctive species groups, but there is a question as to their validity as genera. All four are tentati- vely given generic status here, but future col- lecting and study may modify the classifica- tion of them. Note added in press: In 1965, D. E. Bright undertook a revisional study of Pi- tyophthorus in order that his study might be- come part of this treatise. Our schedule asked that it be completed by 1970. In the early to mid-1970s, I was informed diat he had aban- doned the study and it was left to me to pre- pare the revision of this genus. When my study was nearing completion, his study was revived. He examined the entire manuscript of this treatise prior to submission of his man- uscript (Bright 1981); I examined his manu- script after my manuscript was submitted for publication. We have attempted to work closely together, but some inconsistencies, differences of opinion in interpretation, and oversights remain. Still, it is felt that both treatments are valuable contributions to our knowledge of this large and very difficult group. Key to the Species of Pityophthorus Pronotal asperities confused; punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 rather small or obsolete; male frons usually with a definite longitudinal or transverse carina; on coniferous and broadleaf hosts 2 Asperities on anterior slope of pronotum between anterior margin and sum- mit arranged into two or more definite, concentric rows, adjacent asperities within a row usually basally contiguous (if doubtful, then declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures rather strongly impressed); male frons either without a definite carina or with a transverse carina; sutural apex of elytra never acuminate (see also couplet 136); rarely on coniferous hosts 164 994 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2(1). Elytral apex obtusely rounded at suture (see also acciiminatus, sparsepilosus, tropical); male frons either without a carina, with a longitudinal carina, or with a poorly developed transverse carina (in which case interstrial punc- tures absent on disc); when declivity sulcate, punctures on striae 1 and 2 usually obsolete if on coniferous hosts (except nocturnus) 3 — Elytral apex moderately to strongly acuminate, when acumination poorly developed, punctures on elytral disc confused (except sparsepilosus) and male frons with a conspicuous transverse carina at upper level of eyes 136 3(2). Tropical species in nonconiferous hosts; female frons unmodified, without a tuft of hair, except a small tuft in pudicus and inceptis, male frons never with a carina of any kind (a subcarinate crest in elegans); declivital sculpture usually conservative, with punctures on striae 2 distinct 4 — Temperate and tropical species, mostly in conifers or Quercus; female frons modified from that of male, almost always with a tuft of long setae, male frons either with or without a carina, almost always conspicuously different from female (except ramiperda group, lecontei); declivital sculpture variable 16 4(3). Elytral declivity convex, interstriae 3 never armed by granules 5 — Elytral declivity rather shallowly to strongly bisulcate, interstriae 2 im- pressed and without punctures or granules, 3 armed by small granules in male and usually also in female 10 5(4). Pronotal asperities low, costiform, length of some equal to more than one- fourth width of pronotum; pronotal disc strongly reticulate, punctures fine, sparse; elytra with numerous impressed points, strial punctures small, rather shallow; Costa Rica; woody vine; 1.1-1.2 mm 1. costatus Wood — Pronotal asperities normal, short, not costiform; pronotal disc rather weakly reticulate, coarsely punctured; elytra with points inconspicuous or absent, strial punctures rather coarse and deep; larger species 6 6(5). Smaller; declivital striae 1 and 2 not impressed, punctures smaller; female frons ornamented by a conspicuous tuft of long hair 7 — Larger; declivital striae 1 and 2 weakly to moderately impressed, punctures rather coarse; female frons with vestiture sparse, inconspicuous 8 7(6). Pimctures on pronotum and elytra smaller; male frons less strongly convex; Jalisco; Sambucus; 1.3-1.5 mm 2. pudicus Blackman — Punctures on pronotum and elytra coarser; male frons more strongly convex; Michoacan to Jalisco; 1.5-1.6 mm (generic placement doubtful) 3. exquisitus (Blackman) 8(6). Pronotum rugose-reticulate, rugae on posterior half coarser; elytral surface wrinkled, punctures slightly confused; Chiapas; Quercus; 1.7-2.0 mm 4. melanurus Wood — Pronotal disc almost smooth and with etched, impressed points or reticulate, rugae smaller or absent, less numerous; elytral surface smooth or nearly so 9 9(8). Pronotum smooth, shining; strial punctures coarser, deeper, interstriae on disc smooth, about twice as wide as striae; declivital interstriae 2 with setae; Hidalgo to Veracruz; Alnus; 2.0-2.4 mm 5. alni Blackman — Pronotum reticulate, dull; strial punctures very small, shallow, interstriae with numerous impressed lines, three or more times as wide as striae; Oaxaca; Alnus; 1.5-1.7 mm 6. alnicolens Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 995 10(4). Head and pronotum smooth, shining; frons, at least in male, weakly to very strongly, transversely impressed jj - Head and pronotum reticulate; frons convex in both sexes 15 11(10). Male frons very strongly, transversely impressed just below upper level of eyes; declivity shallowly sulcate, interstriae 3 rather weakly elevated 12 - Male frons shallowly impressed; declivity very strongly bisulcate, interstriae 3 strongly elevated, rather coarsely tuberculate (except without tubercles in female degener) t^ 12(11). Very slender, 3.1 times as long as wide; declivity more broadly flattened on lower two-thirds, sulcus rather wide; male frons rather strongly, evenly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes; color light brown; Guatemala; 1.3 mm 7. gj^gans Schedl - Slender, 2.6-2.8 times as long as wide; declivity more convex, sulcus narrow; male frons more irregularly impressed; color dark brown ' 13 13(12). Larger; pronotal punctures averaging larger; punctures on female declivital interstriae 3 at least weakly granulate; declivital setae slightly longer more slender; Panama; 1.8-2.0 mm 8. timidulus Wood - Smaller; pronotal punctures averaging smaller; punctures on female declivi- tal interstriae 3 not granulate; declivital setae shorter, stouter; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.7 mm 9 tnendosus Wood 14(11). Median line reticulate to transversely etched from upper level of eyes to vertex; male frons somewhat irregular, lateral areas at least partly rugose, fe- male frons finely punctured, finely pubescent; female declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed; Panama; 1.7-2.0 mm (see also 11. punctiger Schedl "Mexico," 1.7 mm) 10. degener Wood - Median line smooth, brightly shining from upper level of eyes to vertex; frons not sexually dimorphic, surface coarsely punctured, neither rugose nor of irregular sclupture; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by tubercles in both sexes; Veracruz to Costa Rica; woody vine; 1.7-1.9 mm 12. amiculus Wood 15(10). Frontal punctures fine; declivity with striae strongly impressed, surface of sulcus ascending from striae 1 to 2; Costa Rica to Panama; woody vine; 1.4-1.6 mm I3 dissolutus Wood - Frontal punctures coarse; declivital sulcus broad, deep, its surface on lower half not ascending from striae 1 to 2; Puebla woody vine; 1.5-1.7 mm 14. explicitus Wood 16(3). Male frons imarmed or with a median carina between epistoma and upper level of eyes, those species having male carina poorly developed or absent with interstrial punctures on at least alternate discal interstriae or with all discal punctures confused; species with male frontal carina poorly devel- oped, usually with declivital sulcus shallowly impressed, its margins weakly tuberculate and punctures on striae 2 visible (except margins spectacularly elevated in cristatus) yj Male frons either with a transverse carina, a weak median carina above up- per level of eyes, or, when absent, strial punctures in definite rows and discal interstriae devoid of punctures (except medialis) 106 996 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 17(16). Male frons either with or without a median carina; female frons simple or pubescent, with or without a median carina; declivital interstriae 2 little if any wider than on disc, either not impressed or narrowly impressed only at or near striae 1, interstriae 1 and 3 usually devoid of granules, very minute granules present in two species; strial punctures very small, usually in rows, interstrial punctures sparse to obsolete; elytra usually with rather abundant, short setae of about equal length arising from strial and interstrial punctures; mostly smaller species 18 — Male frons with or without a median carina; female frons simple or pub- escent, never with a median carina; declivital interstriae 2 much wider than on disc, shallowly to rather strongly impressed, 1 and 3 usually with distinct tubercles; discal punctures confused or in rows, interstrial punctures absent and striae in definite rows only when male frons with a conspicuous median carina; mostly larger species with strial setae obsolete 35 18(17). Anterior margin of pronotum armed by 14 serrations; long hair on female frons extending to vertex; Durango; Pinus cooperi; 1.3-1.5 mm 15. thomasi Bright — Anterior margin of pronotum armed by 2-8 serrations; hair on female frons never extending more than slightly above upper level of eyes 19 19(18). Anterior margin of pronotum armed by six to eight denticles; female frons never ornamented by a tuft of long hair; male frons either with or without a median carina ^^ — Anterior margin or pronotum usually armed by two or four denticles (up to eight if female frons pubescent); female frons either with or without a tuft of long hair, when female hair present then male carina short, occupying about half distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes 30 20(19). Frons with a sharply elevated median carina in both sexes, carina extending from epistomal margin at least to upper level of eyes 21 — Either frons without a definite median carina in either sex or else male with short carina ^^ 21(20). Elytral disc with punctures conspicuously smaller toward declivity, those on basal fourth strongly confused, interstrial punctures moderately abundant; British Columbia and Alberta to California and New Mexico; Pinus; 1.4-2.0 jY\m 16. digestus (LeConte) — Strial punctures on disc in rows to base, not conspicuously reduced in size posteriorly, interstrial punctures sparse to absent; pronotum at least partly reticulate on posterior areas; Arizona and Jalisco to Veracruz; Pinus; 1.3-1.6 jnnri 17. festus Wood 22(20). Male carina absent; elytral disc with punctures confused; pronotal disc usu- ally partly reticulate; Minnesota and Kansas to Nova Scotia and Virginia; Pinus, Abies; 1.2-1.5 mm 18. puberulus (LeConte) — Elytral punctures in distinct rows, interstrial punctures sparse or absent 23 23(22). Strial punctures on disc coarse, interstriae only slightly wider than striae, only slightly smaller on declivity; female frontal vestiture short, male frons with small, subdentate, median carina on lower half; Veracruz; Pinus; 1.5-1.6 mm 19- abstrusus Bright — Strial punctures smaller, interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, punctures on declivity much smaller; frons variable 24 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 997 24(23). Male carina usually absent or poorly defined; female body less than 2.6 times as long as wide; strial punctures larger, interstriae about twice as wide as striae; basal area of elytra not wrinkled; elytra smooth, brightly shining, declivity more strongly convex, sulcus not indicated (punctures of declivita! striae 2 and 3 replaced in one species by minute granules similar to those of interstriae) 25 — Male carina always present; female body more slender, 2.8 or more times as long as wide; strial punctures very small, interstriae about four or more times (only two times in minus) as wide as interstriae, discal surface often subreticulate; female frons punctured, with or without long hair; base of elytra usually wrinkled 26 25(24). Female frons broadly convex, rather coarsely punctured, vestiture short, in- conspicuous; declivital interstriae 2 indistinctly if at all impressed, punctures on 3 not granulate; California to New Mexico; Pinus edulis, P. monophylla, P. quadrifolia; 1.4-1.8 mm 20. punctifrons Bright — Female frons flat to plano-concave, impunctate and brightly shining, with a confused row of punctures on margins, punctures bearing a marginal row of long seta,e; median side of declivital interstriae 2 weakly impressed, on 3 minute granules replacing punctures; California and Baja California to Utah and Durango; Pinus edulis, P. monophylla; 1.5-1.8 mm 21. modicus Blackman 26(24). Pronotal and elytral surfaces often obscurely articulate; discal interstriae im- punctate; odd-numbered declivital interstriae with a few rather long setae; male frons reticulate, a definite median carina on lower half, its highest point at epistoma, female frons with rather sparse, moderately long, almost uniformly distributed setae to upper level of eyes 27 — Pronotal and elytral surfaces smooth; at least some punctures on odd- numbered discal interstriae; declivital setae short; male frons never reticulate ... 28 27(26). Elytral declivity with interstriae 1 and 3 entirely devoid of granules; elytral setae minute, interstrial setae not longer than those of striae; Arizona; 1.8 ^^ 22. minus Bright — Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by a row of very fine granules; odd-numbered declivital interstriae with a few setae two to four times as long as those of striae; Arizona and New Mexico to Durango; Pinus; 1.6-1.9 mm (see also subopacus Blackman) 23. segnis Blackman 28(26). Declivity narrowly, rather deeply sulcate, lateral convexities much higher than suture; female frons never with long hair; Nuevo Leon; Pinus culminicolae; 1.5-1.9 mm 24. cu/mmico^ae Bright — Declivity feebly to weakly sulcate, suture as high as lateral convexities; female frons pubescent or not 29 29(28). Larger; interstrial punctures on disc sparse, but more abundant; pronotal disc without granules behind summit; female frons plano-concave, rather coarsely punctured, ornamented by more abundant, longer hair; British Co- lumbia and Alberta to California and Colorado; Ahies lasiocarpa, Pinus; 1.6-1.8 mm 25. absonus Blackman — Smaller; interstrial punctures on disc minute, sparse, pronotal disc with sev- eral small, distinct granules behind summit; female frons plano-convex to moderately convex, finely to moderately punctured, glabrous to ornamented by a sparse marginal fringe of moderately long hair; Alaska and Nova Scotia to California and West Virginia; Picea, less common in Abies, Pinus; 1.1-1.6 "^"^ 26. opaculus LeConte 998 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 30(19). Pronotiim usually reticulate; male frontal carina extending from epistoma to well above eyes, female vestiture short; punctures on basal third of elytral disc moderately confused; Hidalgo to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.3-1.5 mm 27. pellitus Schedl — Pronotal disc smooth or partly reticulate; male carina short, not extending above eyes (an obscure extension in woodi) 31 31(30). Female frons broadly, shallowly concave; male carina attaining upper level of eyes 32 — Female frons convex, more uniformly punctured; male carina not attaining upper level of eyes 33 32(31). Larger; female frons shallowly concave to well above upper level of eyes, lateral and dorsal margins ornamented by long hair; declivital interstriae 3 armed by a row of fine granules; Utah and Arizona to California; Pinus aristata, P. flexilis; 1.7-1.9 mm 28. mormon Bright — Smaller; female frontal impression not extending above upper level of eyes, vestiture mostly short, sparse; declivital interstriae 3 unarmed; New Mexico; Pinus edulis; 1.1-1.3 mm 29. woodi Bright 33(31). Elytral punctures very fine, usually entirely obsolete on declivity; pronotum often partly reticulate or subreticulate; male carina fine, low, extending to upper level of eyes; female frons broadly flattened, coarsely punctured, and ornamented by moderately abundant, long hair; California; Pinus lamhertiana, P. ponderosa; 1.3-1.5 mm 30. dolus Wood — Elytral punctures rather fine, usually visible on declivity; pronotum surface between punctures smooth; female frons flattened on a smaller area, punctures on lower half fine, with or without long hair 34 34(33). Declivity not as steep, sulcus wider, interstriae 1 and 3 armed by minute granules; strial punctures distinctly larger; female frons more broadly flat- tened, bearing a rather sparse marginal fringe of long hair; Nuevo Leon; Pinus strobiformis; 1.6-1.7 mm 31. c/tcus Bright — Declivity steep, sulcus feeble to moderate, narrow, unarmed; strial punc- tures smaller; female frons less extensively flattened, with or without sparse pubescence; California and South Dakota to Durango; Pinus; 1.3-1.7 mm .... 32. deletus LeConte 35(17). Male and female frons similar, at least weakly convex, rather coarsely punc- tured, with or without a weak median carina on lower half; female frons never ornamented by long hair; antennal club with sutures aseptate; elytral punctures rather fine, in rows; declivity shallowly bisulcate; pith borers in twigs of Pinus 36 — Male frons usually convex, often with a conspicuous median carina, female frons either bearing a tuft of long hair, or, when hair absent, much more densely, more finely punctured than in male and never with a median carina 43 36(35). Frons more strongly convex, carina absent; antennal club subcircular in out- line, suture 2 at or beyond middle of club; interstriae 8 never convexly elevated 37 — Frons less strongly convex, with a weak, median carina on lower half; suture 2 usually attaining middle of club, antennal club distinctly longer than wide (antennal characters obscure in some males); interstriae 8 at base of declivity distinctly convex, weakly elevated 39 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 999 37(36). Interstrial setae very short, not longer than those of striae; decHvital inter- striae without granules, striae 1 strongly impressed, lateral area evenly convex from striae 1; California; Pinus radiata; 1.5-1.9 mm .... 33. trepidus Bright — Interstrial setae four or more times as long as those of striae; declivital interstriae 2 more distinctly impressed, 3 with fine granules 38 38(37). Elytral declivity more nearly convex, very feebly sulcate; declivital inter- striae 2 with a row of setiferous punctures or minute granules; frontal punc- tures much smaller, interspaces mostly twice as wide as a puncture; Califor- nia to Colorado; Pinus monophylla, P. edulis; 1.8-2.2 mm 34. keeni (Blackman) — Elytral declivity weakly sulcate, interstriae 2 without punctures, granules, or setae except at base; frontal punctures very coarse, interspaces mostly nar- rower than punctures; E Nevada and Wyoming to Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus flexilis, P. strobiformis; 1.9-2.3 mm 35. pinguus (Blackman) 39(36). Declivital sulcus very shallow, narrow, interstriae 2 with a row of punctures and/or minute granules, striae 1 and 2 distinctly pmictured; South Carolina; 2.4 mm 36. separatus Bright — Declivital sulcus more strongly impressed, interstriae 2 never with punctures or granules, punctures on striae 1 and 2 strongly reduced or absent 40 40(39). Declivity with convexity on interstriae 8 ending before junction with 3, 3 not convex; margins of punctures on pronotal disc bearing small granules; elytral punctures moderately fine to very fine; frons less strongly convex be- low upper level of eyes, punctures finer; British Columbia and California to South Dakota and Colorado; Pinus; 1.9-2.9 mm 37. boycei Swaine — Punctures on pronotal disc not armed by fine granules; elytral punctures averaging larger; frons very slightly more strongly convex 41 41(40). Declivity with convexity on interstriae 8 ending before junction with 3, 3 weakly if at all convex; elytral punctures rather coarse; declivital interstriae 2 twice as wide as 1; Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus ponderosa; 2.1-3.0 mm 38. amplus (Blackman) — Declivital interstriae 8 convex to jimction with 3, 3 weakly elevated; elytral punctures rather fine; declivital interstriae 2 one and one-half times as wide as 1 42 42(41). Smaller; pronotal disc smooth, shining, punctures larger; lateral convexities of declivity ascending from striae 1, much higher than suture; Wisconsin and Quebec to New York; Pinus; 1.9-2.6 mm 39. ramiperda Swaine — Larger; pronotal disc reticulate, punctures finer; lateral convexities of de- clivity ascending from striae 2, very slightly higher than suture; Nuevo Leon to Puebla; Pinus; 3.0-3.5 mm 40. deleoni (Blackman) 43(35). Declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures small to moderately large, distinctly impressed, with discal punctures coarse, deep, confused; male frons usually without a carina or carina not clearly formed 44 — Punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 obsolete, or, if present {diglyphus group from Mexico and Central America), discal striae in rows and interstriae impunctate; male frons with or without a carina 53 44(43). Pronotum 0.8-1.0 times as long as wide, summit at or posterior to middle; anterior margin weakly serrate; declivity more broadly, more shallowly sulcate, interstriae 1 and 3 never granulate; larger, stouter species 45 1000 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Pronotum 1.1-1.2 times as long as wide, summit at or slightly in front of middle, anterior margin moderately to coarsely serrate; declivity broadly to rather narrowly sulcate, impression shallow to moderately deep, interstriae 1 and 3 either with or without granules 49 45(44). Declivital interstriae 2 three times as wide as 1; male frons with a strong transverse impression but without any indication of a carina in or below this impression; elytral vestiture fine, very long, rather abundant, arising from both strial and interstrial punctures; Arizona and New Mexico to Durango; Pinus ponderosa; 2.3-3.2 mm 41. comosus Blackman — Declivital interstriae 2 less than one and one-half times as wide as 1; male frons with a short median carina dividing impressed area; elytral vestiture shorter 46 46(45). Male frons indistinctly impressed; declivity more strongly impressed, discal punctures less abundant; Durango to Mexico; Arcetithobiiim globosimi; 1.8-2.0 mm 42. arceuthobii Wood — Much larger species, on Pinus; male frons rather strongly impressed; declivital sulcus shallow, discal punctures more abundant 47 47(46). Male frons with transverse impression rather weak, not at all concave; punc- tures on discs of pronotum and elytra moderately fine, spaces between punc- tures equal to one to three diameters of a puncture, vestiture much shorter, less abundant; Mexico to Veracruz; Pinus; 2.3-3.6 mm 43. aztecus Bright — Upper two-thirds of area below upper level of eyes on male frons rather deeply, concavely impressed; punctures on discs of pronotum and elytra coarse, spaces between punctures equal to diameter of a puncture or less, vestiture distinctly longer, coarser, more abundant 48 48(47). Male frons moderately, less strongly, rather narrowly concave, median ca- rina evident only at lower margin, rather weak; female frons irregularly, more narrowly flattened, more finely punctured, vestiture shorter, finer; pronotal disc obscurely reticulate, less closely punctured, interspaces as wide as a puncture; declivital interstriae 1 and 2 with closely spaced, short setae (spacing equal to one-third length of a seta); Chiapas; Pinus; 2.1-2.8 mm 44. dispar Bright — Male frons broadly, very strongly biconcave, median carina conspicuous; fe- male frons more broadly flattened, more coarsely punctured, vestiture coarser, more conspicuous; pronotal disc smooth, shining, much more closely punctured, interspaces about one-fourth as wide as a puncture; setae on de- clivital interstriae 1 and 2 more widely spaced, spaced by more than one- half length of a seta; Nevada and Arizona to Honduras; Pinus; 2.2-2.8 mm ... 45. schwerdtfergeri (Schedl) 49(44). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 punctured, with no indication of granules; fe- male frons with vestiture short to moderately long, less abundant, never extending above upper level of eyes 50 — Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each with a row of granules; female frons with abundant long hair, pubescent area extending well above eyes, male frons with a median callus at upper level of eyes 52 50(49). Declivital interstriae 2 narrow, as wide as 1; male frons evenly convex, fe- male frons ornamented by long hair; Minnesota and Nova Scotia to Texas, Florida, and Cuba; Pinus; 1.5-2.2 mm 46. pulicarius (Zimmermann) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1001 — Declivital interstriae 2 twice as wide as 1; male frons transversely impressed, longitudinally concave in median area between epistoma and upper level of eyes, female frons weakly convex, vestiture rather sparse, a few moderately long setae 51 51(50). Declivital interstriae 2 coarsely, closely punctured, 1 and 3 with obscure rounded granules, 1 higher than 3; declivital sulcus broad, very shallow; Arizona and New Mexico to Chiapas; Pinus; 1.5-2.6 mm 47. solus Blackman — Declivital interstriae 2 impunctate, more strongly impressed; Mexico to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.9-2.5 mm 48. aciculatus Bright 52(49). Elytral declivity shallowly impressed, interstriae 2 twice as wide as 1, tu- bercles on 1 and 3 minute; body slender, 2.7 times as long as wide; California; Pinus; 1.9-2.7 mm 49. carmeli Swaine — Elytral declivity rather strongly impressed, interstriae 2 little if any wider than 1, tubercles on 1 and 3 rather coarse; body stout, 2.4 times as lorg as wide; Nayarit to Honduras; Pinus; 1.9-2.4 mm 50. scabridus Schedl 53(43). Mostly smaller (1.4-2.4 mm), more slender species; strial punctures in rows to base or, if moderately confused, then male frons without a carina, male carina strongly developed when discal interstriae impunctate 54 — Larger (2.1-2.9 mm), stouter species; punctures on elytral disc coarse, deep, very strongly confused; male frons armed by a short, strongly elevated carina; elytral declivity rather strongly sulcate 102 54(53). Lateral margins of punctures on pronotal disc armed by a granule (except scalptor, fuscus); declivity more gradual, occupying 35-40 percent of elytral length, broadly, shallowly sulcate, striae 2 distinctly, regularly, minutely punctured to apex, interstriae 2 at least twice as wide as 1 (except scalptor), granules on 1 and 3 subequal in size, minute; pronotal disc never reticulate (except scalptor); male frontal carina weakly elevated, strongest on epistomal margin; declivital interstriae 8 sometimes feebly convex 55 — Lateral margins of punctures on pronotal disc unarmed (except elatinus); de- clivity steeper, usually occupying less than 30 percent of elytral length, de- clivity variable, punctures on striae 2 obsolete through most of its course (except orarius, sierraensis); interstriae 8 never elevated 62 55(54). Elytral surface at least weakly reticulate; declivital interstriae 2 one and one-half times as wide as 1; punctures on pronotal disc without granules on their lateral margins; female frons very shallowly concave on central half, ornamented by yellow hair 56 — Elytral surface smooth, often with irregular lines; declivital interstriae 2 two to three times as wide as 1; margins of punctures on pronotal disc armed by granules; female frons weakly convex to narrowly plano-concave (except concave in scalptus), epistoma with a weak elevation or fine tubercle 57 56(55). Female frons almost flat to shallowly concave on small area not extending above eyes, vestiture more uniformly distributed, little if any longer on mar- gins, longest setae equal to less than one-third distance between eyes; elytral vestiture more consistently present; declivital tubercles usually slightly larger; California; Pinus ponderosa; 2.0-2.6 mm 51. leechi Wood — Female frons rather strongly, broadly concave, impression extending well above eyes, vestiture sparse and short in central area, dense and very long on margins, longest setae equal to at least two-third distance between eyes; ely- tral vestiture often less abundant to absent; declivital tubercles usually small- er; British Columbia to California; Pinusp; 2.2-2.7 mm 52. scalptor Blackman 1002 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 57(55). Female frons concave, concavity rather sparsely punctured, margin orna- mented by long hair; discal interstriae 2 and 4 impunctate; declivital inter- striae 2 less strongly impressed; British Columbia to Colorado; Pintis ponderosa; 2.3-2.8 mm ; 53. scalptus Bright — Female frons convex; all discal interstriae with at least some punctures (ab- sent on 2 and 4 on posterior two-thirds in nitidus); declivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed 58 58(57). Discal interstriae 2 and 4 impunctate on posterior two-thirds; female frons feebly to moderately convex, with or without long hair, margins near eyes rounded; male frons with carina fine, low, usually long; punctures on decliv- ital striae 1 and 2 usually conspicuous; Alaska and Newfoundland to Oregon, Colorado, and Nova Scotia; Picea, Pinus; 1.6-2.4 mm 54. nitidus Swaine — Discal interstriae 2 and 4 punctured at least on posterior third; female frons either plano-convex and with long hair or convex and with very minute hair; male carina much more strongly developed 59 59(58). Discal punctures on pronotum minute or entirely replaced by granules; dis- cal punctures on elytra minute, interstriae regularly punctured; female frons convex, margins near eyes rounded, vestiture minute 60 — Discal puntures on pronotum moderately coarse, usually larger than gran- ules; discal punctures on elytra moderately fine, interstrial punctures irregu- lar; female frons at least partly plano-concave, margins abruptly subangulate near eyes, lateral and dorsal margins ornamented by long hair 61 60(59). Pronotal and elytral discs with punctures minute, interstriae at least six times as wide as striae; declivital sulcus slightly deeper; Colorado; Pinus contorta; 2.0-2.3 mm 55. indigus Wood — Pronotal and elytral punctures moderately coarse, interstriae not more than twice as wide as striae; declivital sulcus not as deep; British Columbia to Montana; Pinus contorta; 2.0-2.2 mm 56. fuscus Blackman 61(59). Lower half of male frons more shallowly impressed, smoother, more finely punctured; longitudinal crest of carina concave, poorly developed on upper half; female frons dull, more finely punctured, spaces between punctures equal to one to three diameters of a puncture, hair usually longer; declivital striae 1 and 2 finely, distinctly punctured; Alberta to Idaho; Larix lyallii; 2.3-2.7 mm 57. alpinensis G. Hopping — Lower half of male frons more strongly impressed, more coarsely, sub- granulately punctured, longitudinal crest of carina convex, upper half more strongly elevated; female frons more nearly shining, more coarsely punc- tured, spaces between punctures equal to less than diameter of a puncture, marginal hair usually slightly shorter; declivital striae 1 and 2 obsolete or very minutely punctured; British Columbia and Alberta to California and Utah; Pinus; 2.1-2.7 mm 58. toralis Wood 62(54). Male declivity convex or normally sulcate, with minute to moderately coarse granules on interstriae 3 and usually on 1; female frons convex, flat, or shallowly concave, variously ornamented by setae; stouter species 63 — Male declivity entirely devoid of granules, interstriae 3 with middle area rather prominently elevated to almost spinelike process and weakly to very strongly protruding or displaced toward suture; female frons variously, con- cavely impressed and ornamented by spongy areas, carinae, or patches of setae; rather small, slender species from NE North America (see also carinulatus) 96 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1003 63(62). Declivital striae 2 regularly punctured to near apex, these punctures coarse to very minute, but clearly indicated on surface (see also brevis) 64 — Punctures on declivital striae 2 obsolete except near base (an occasional puncture sometimes present, but not in a row, except variable in brevis) 80 64(63). Declivity moderately to strongly, rather narrowly sulcate, striae 2 finely to rather coarsely punctured, striae 1 and 2 almost parallel, tubercles on inter- striae 3 usually more numerous and regularly placed to level of junction with 8, 1 partly or entirely without tubercles, S USA to Honduras 65 — Declivital sulcus moderately impressed to almost absent, rather wide when present, punctures on striae 2 minute but distinct on surface, interstriae 2 much wider near middle of declivity, tubercles on interstriae 3 usually less numerous, often obsolete on lower fourth, 1 always with fine tubercles 74 65(64). Lower third of declivital interstriae 3 convex, rather weakly, narrowly elevated, elevation continued to junction with 8 and along apical part of 8 66 — Lower third of declivital interstriae 3 not elevated or convex 71 66(65). Male frons convex, carina short to long, if long more strongly elevated on its middle third; female frons minutely punctured, vestiture moderately abun- dant, very fine, slightly longer on margins, longest setae equal to less than half distance between eyes; declivital setae rather short 67 — Male frons conspicuously, transversely impressed below upper level of eyes, carina strongly developed (except absent in ineditus), subdentate on its lower half; female frontal vestiture distinctly more abundant and longer 68 67(66). Male frontal carina extending about half distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes; female frons distinctly convex, punctures slightly larger; pro- notal disc smooth; declivital interstriae 2 ascending laterally; declivital setae moderately long; Veracruz; Pinus; 1.5-1.6 mm (see also 60. sapineus Bright) 59. ft fos Bright — Male frontal carina much longer, extending to upper level of eyes; female frons more broadly flattened, punctures minute; pronotal disc reticulate; de- clivital interstriae 2 flat; declivital setae short; Oaxaca to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.7-2.1 mm 61. glabratulus (Schedl) 68(66). Male frontal carina absent; declivital striae 1 impressed, interstriae 2 ascend- ing, little if any wider than 1, tubercles on 3 rather coarse; Veracruz to Oaxaca; Pinus; 1.7-2.0 mm 62. ineditus Bright — Male frontal carina well developed; declivital striae 1 and 2 equally impressed, interstriae 2 flat, twice as wide as 1, tubercles on 3 fine 69 69(68). Female frons with median sixth glabrous from epistoma to vertex, this area usually impunctate; declivital setae short, rarely longer than diameter of an interstriae; punctures on pronotal disc averaging larger; Michoacan to Veracruz and Oaxaca; Pinus; 1.9-2.3 mm 63. leiophyllae Blackman — Female frons with punctures and setae on mesal sixth; either some declivital setae three or more times longer than width of an interstriae or else pronotal disc subreticulate; punctures on pronotal disc averaging smaller 70 70(69). Elytral declivity with setae on interstriae 3 three or more times as long as width of an interstriae; pronotal disc smooth; male frons more strongly im- pressed, carina more strongly elevated, occupying only lower half of im- pressed area; Guatemala; Pinus pseudostrobus; 2.3-2.3 mm 64. diglyphus Blandford 1004 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Elytral declivity with setae short, none longer than width of an interstriae; pronotal disc usually reticulate; male frons weakly impressed, a weak me- dian carina occupying most of length of impressed area; Durango; Pinus; 1.7-1.8 mm 65. vespertinus Bright 71(65). Elytral surface subreticulate; declivity more gradual, setae on interstriae 3 very long; Mexico; Abies religiosa; 2.3-2.7 mm 66. rudis Blackman — Elytral surface smooth; declivity steep, setae shorter 72 72(71). Male carina acutely elevated; declivity more narrowly, less strongly sulcate, its lateral convexities more broadly rounded, granules fine, punctures on striae 2 very fine; British Columbia and South Dakota to California and W Texas; Fintis; 1.7-2.1 mm 67. cenusfus Blackman — Male frontal carina low, long, thick to obsolete; declivity very steep, strong- ly sulcate, its lateral convexities rather abruptly rounded and armed on in- terstriae 3 by a row of rather large tubercles, punctures on striae 2 moderately fine to rather coarse (not clearly visible in male laticeps) 73 73(72). Female frons more distinctly convex, punctures slightly coarser, not as close, vestiture of moderate length; declivity with suture more strongly arched, sulcus deeper, lateral convexities higher, particularly on lower third, margins armed by about six tubercles; Arizona to Oaxaca; Pinus; 1.9-2.6 mm 68. durus Blackman — Female frons weakly plano-convex, punctures smaller, closer, more abun- dant, vestiture much longer; declivity less strongly arched, very weakly in male, margins armed in female by two to four small tubercles, in male areas laterad from interstriae 3 much more massive, causing lower third to appear more broadly flattened; Oaxaca; Pinus; 2.1-2.8 mm 69. laticeps Bright 74(64). Interstriae 2 at base of declivity armed by two or three fine granules, usually a few additional punctures present; female frons not entirely flat, with pubescence sparse, short, inconspicuous; male frontal carina not as high 75 — Interstriae 2 at base of declivity never with tubercles, rarely with punctures; female frons mostly flat, with a conspicuous brush of long hair (glabrous in tumidus); male frontal carina higher, usually subdentate 78 75(74). Declivity shallowly, broadly sulcate, granules on interstriae 1 and 3 very fine; punctures on posterior half of pronotum much closer, surface often sub- rugose in lateral areas; color black; British Columbia; Pseudotsuga; 2.0-2.2 mm 70. orarius Bright — Declivity rather strongly sulcate, granules on interstriae 3 rather coarse; punctures on posterior half of pronotum less numerous, surface regular; color brown 76 76(75). Declivital sulcus rather shallow, suture as high as lateral convexities; elytral and pronotal punctures rather fine; British Columbia; Picea; 1.8-2.0 mm 71. recens Bright — Declivital sulcus rather deep, lateral convexities conspicuously higher than suture; elytral and pronotal punctures rather coarse; Veracruz to Oaxaca; Pinus; 1.4-1.7 mm (see also 72. amoenus, Guatemala, 2.0 mm) 73. decUvisetosus Bright 78(74). Declivital interstriae feebly impressed at striae 1; female frons rather coarsely, closely punctured, subglabrous, male frons with a strong, subdentate carina; pronotal disc very coarsely, very closely punctured; California; 2.1-2.2 mm 74. tumidus Blackman 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1005 — Declivity more distinctly impressed, pronotal disc less closely, more finely punctured; female frons pubescent 79 79(78). Male frontal carina poorly developed, visible only near epistoma; female frons more extensively flattened, about one-third of area above eyes, very closely, rather coarsely punctured, vestiture more abundant, slightly longer; surface of elytral disc more regular, punctures mostly finer, more regularly in strial rows; British Columbia and California to Wyoming; Pinus, Abies; 2.0-2.5 mm 75. sierraensis Bright — Male frontal carina strongly, acutely elevated, subdentate in many speci- mens; female frons flattened on a semicircular area, less than one-sixth of it above upper level of eyes, vestiture much finer, less abundant, slightly short- er; surface of elytral disc often irregular, punctures averaging slightly larger, interstrial punctures more commonly present; Alberta and California to New Mexico; Finns; 1.9-2.2 mm 76. aquilus Blackman 80(63). Male and female frons similar, moderately convex, coarsely, deeply punc- tured, a conspicuous carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes; declivity very broadly, rather shallowly sulcate, upper third of striae 2 strongly diver- gent from suture and armed by a row of very fine granules similar to those on interstriae 1 and 3; Arizona and New Mexico to Chihuahua; Pinus cembroides, P. edulis; 1.7-2.2 mm 77. lecontei Bright — Male and female frons strikingly dissimilar; declivital striae 2 never armed by granules except for one to three at extreme base present in some species 81 81(80). Male frontal carina absent or weakly developed, its summit obtusely rounded; interstriae 2 at base of declivity armed by about one to three tubercles, several punctures sometimes also present 82 — Male frontal carina strongly, acutely elevated; interstriae 2 at base of declivity unarmed and usually devoid of punctures 93 82(81). Discal interstriae 2 impunctate (all interstriae impunctate in some speci- mens), strial punctures in definite rows to base, strial setae obsolete; declivital sulcus deep, rather narrow; Mexico 83 — Discal interstriae 2 punctured, strial punctures on disc usually confused to- ward base, strial setae present to base (abraded in some older specimens); declivital sulcus shallow, broad (except moderately deep in blandus, brevis) 85 83(82). Female frons plano-convex; vestiture sparse, short; posterior areas of pro- notum obscurely subreticulate; elytral declivity with no tubercles lateral to those on interstriae 3; length of setae on lateral areas of declivity three or more times greater than width of an interstriae; Colorado to Durango; Pinus; 1.6-2.1 mm 78. brevis Blackman — Female frons more broadly flattened, more coarsely punctured, vestiture abundant, very long; posterior areas of pronotum almost smooth, impressed points sometimes visible; elytral declivity with two or three tubercles lateral to those on interstriae 3, vestiture about half as long 84 84(83). Female frons densely, finely punctured, vestiture much more abundant; lower declivity lateral to interstriae 3 more fully rounded; Oregon to California; Pinus ponderosa; 2.2 mm 79. electus Blackman — Female frons less closely, more coarsely punctured, vestiture less abundant; lower declivity in lateral areas more narrowly rounded; California to Colo- rado and Arizona; Pinus edulis, P. monophylla; 1.8-2.0 mm 80. blandus Blackman 1006 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 85(82). Declivity very strongly, broadly excavated from base to apex, lateral mar- gins strongly, subacutely elevated throughout, its crest serrate on basal third; Arizona to Michoacan and Veracruz; Piniis; 1.8-2.2 mm 81. cristatus Wood — Declivity rather shallowly sulcate, margins rounded 86 86(85). Pronotal disc reticulate; male frontal carina strongly elevated, subdentate on lower half; declivital sulcus rather shallow, lateral margins armed by small tubercles; Alaska to Arizona and New Mexico; Picea engelmannii, P. pungens; 2.1-2.4 mm 82. carinulatus Swaine — Pronotal disc smooth, often with impressed points; male carina absent or very weakly elevated; declivital sulcus more deeply impressed, tubercles usually larger 87 87(86). Declivital sulcus moderately to rather strongly impressed, lateral convexities strongly elevated, summit of male more broadly rounded, interstriae 1 with granules throughout its length; female frontal pubescence separated frjm margin of eye by space equal to diameter of about two facets 88 — Declivital sulcus strongly to very strongly impressed, lateral convexities in male strongly, subacutely elevated, interstriae 1 unarmed by granules on basal two-thirds; female frontal pubescence usually extending to margin of eye or less than diameter of one facet from it 89 88(87). Female frontal vestiture very little longer on margins, male frons more strongly convex; declivital sulcus narrower, ascending laterally from striae 1, sulcus slightly deeper, areas laterad from interstriae 3 more fully rounded; Chiapas to Guatemala; Pinus hartwegii; 1.9-2.2 mm 83. blandulus Schedl — Female frontal vestiture much longer on margins, male frons less strongly convex; declivital sulcus wider; interstriae 2 flatter, ascending from its later- al third, area laterad from interstriae 3 more narrowly rounded; Veracruz; Pinus; 1.7-2.1 mm 84. ciliatus Blackman 89(87). Smaller; punctures (when present) on interstriae 2 at base of declivity not tu- berculate; lateral convexities on declivity less strongly elevated, summit armed by fine tubercles; anterior margin of pronotum rather narrowly roimded; California; Pinus attenuata; 1.7 mm 85. californicus Bright — Larger; interstriae 2 at base of declivity with a row of 2-5 small tubercles; lateral convexities on declivity strongly elevated, summit armed by several moderately coarse tubercles; anterior margin of pronotum rather broadly rounded 90 90(89). Female frons minutely punctured, interspaces two to five diameters of a puncture; male frons with a broad callus or low carina; lateral margins of declivital sulcus less strongly elevated 91 — Female frons finely punctured, interspaces averaging about one diameter of a pmicture in width, male frons with a definite carina 92 91(90). Pronotal disc dull, reticulate; female frons plano-convex, vestiture on mar- gins less abundant, not as long; male declivity deeply impressed, sulcus not as narrow; male frons with a median callus or carina near and above upper level of eyes; color almost black; Arizona; Abies concolor; 2.0-2.4 mm 86. apachae Bright — Pronotal disc smooth, shining; female frons feebly, transversely impressed near middle, vestiture on margins more abundant, much longer; male decliv- ity much deeper, narrower; male frons with a low, obtuse carina almost from epistoma to upper level of eyes; color dark brown; Mexico; Abies religiosa; 2.0-2.5 mm (see also 88. micans Bright) 87. blackmani Bright 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1007 92(90). Carina on male frons short, at upper level of eyes, female frontal setae more abundant, longer, longest setae equal to almost one-third distance between eyes; declivity not as steep, middle third of lateral margins more abruptly elevated; Durango to Guatemala and El Salvador; Pinus; 2.2-2.4 mm 89. nigricans Blandford — Carina on male frons long, extending from epistoma to upper level of eyes; female frontal setae less abundant, shorter, longest setae equal to less than one-fourth distance between eyes; declivity steeper, suture and lateral mar- gins more evenly arched; Oaxaca to Veracruz; Pinus; 1.6-2.5 mm 90. lepidus Bright 93(81). Female frons very broadly plano-concave, margins abrupt, pubescence red- dish yellow, longest setae equal in length to distance between eyes; male frontal carina almost uniformly elevated, rather low; declivity strongly sulcate, lateral convexities very much higher than suture 94 — Female frons plano-convex, setae shorter; male carina strongly elevated, sub- dentate; declivity less strongly sulcate, suture about as high as lateral convexities 95 94(93). Pimctures on pronotal disc with fine granules; declivital sulcus more strong- ly impressed, interstriae 1 and 3 without definite granules; Michoacan to Tlaxcala; Abies religiosa; 1.8-2.5 mm 91. elatinus Wood — Punctures on pronotal disc without granules; declivital sulcus less strongly impressed, interstriae 1 and 3 with small tubercles; Nuevo Leon; Abies, Pseudotsuga; 1.9-2.7 mm 92. speculum Bright 95(94). Lateral convexities of declivity armed on interstriae 3 by a single row of tu- bercles, rarely one or two supplemental tubercles in lateral areas, vestiture sparse, normal; male frons weakly convex, carina subdentate; female frons almost flat, vestiture less abundant in central area; Alberta and Nova Scotia to North Carolina; Picea; 1.9-2.2 mm 93. dentifrons Blackman — Lateral convexities of declivity armed by numerous small, rounded granules, pubescence much more abundant, forming a conspicuous tuft in female; male frons impressed to upper level of eyes; female frons more strongly con- vex, vestiture more abundant; California; Pinus radiata; 1.8-2.0 mm 94. setosus Blackman 96(62). Male declivity normally bisulcate, lateral summits not noticeably displaced toward suture (except concaviis); female frons highly variable 97 — Male declivity with lateral summits displaced mesally and reaching interstriae 1; female frons variable 99 97(96). Female frons biconcave to upper level of eyes, with elevated median line subcarinate, concavities glabrous, brightly shining, lateral and dorsal margins of frons ornamented by a fringe of moderately long hair; Ontario to New York and Maine; Picea, Pinus; 1.7-2.0 mm 95. biovalis Blackman — Female frons with spongy areas, median line impressed or sulcate 98 98(97). Median half or more of female frons concave to upper level of eyes, lateral areas spongy and protuberant or not; male declivity with lateral convexities almost reaching striae 1; British Columbia, Ontario, and Wisconsin to New Brunswick and Maine; Pinus, Picea; 1.8-2.0 (see also 96. cavatus and 97. hesperius) 97. concavus Blackman — Female frons usually more narrowly sulcate, lateral spongy areas variable, median half of spongy areas sometimes protuberant; if so, then sulcus usually carried on protuberance or occasionally replaced by a median elevation; On- tario and Minnesota to New Brunswick and Pennsylvania; Pinus, Picea; 1.6-1.9 mm 98. briscoei Blackman 1008 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 99(96). Female frons slightly convex, broadly spongy, median line feebly elevated, with or without a median epistomal tubercle; Michigan and Nova Scotia to North Carolina; Picea, Abies, Pinus; 1.6-1.8 mm 99. balsameus Blackman — Female frons biconcave to upper level of eyes, median line strongly ele- vated, elevation commencing at upper level of eyes, ending at epistomal margin in a tubercle, surface of elevation spongy, its crest pubescent or not .... 100 100(99). Median crest on female frons obtuse, rather low, lateral concavities shallow; Ontario and Nova Scotia to North Carolina; Abies, Picea, Pinus; 2.0-2.1 mm 100. angustus Blackman — Median crest on female frons strongly, acutely elevated, forming a thin, rather high partition, lateral concavities deep, rather extensive 101 101(100). Median crest on female frons very thin, its summit glabrous; New Brunswick to New York; Picea; 1.8-1.9 mm 101. carinatus carinatus Bright — Median crest on female frons thicker, its crest pubescent; British Columbia to Alberta; Pinus contorta; 1.9-2.1 mm 102. carinatus monticolae Bright 102(53). Male declivital sulcus very narrow on upper half, lateral convexities appear- ing to arise from interstriae 2, a blunt, hornlike process arising just above middle on lateral convexity and projecting toward suture, often crossing striae 1 (specimens from southern part of range may lack this horn); female frons minutely pilose to above eyes (North Carolina specimens somtimes with longer, less dense setae); Manitoba and Nova Scotia to Kentucky and North Carolina; Picea, Pinus, Abies; 2.1-2.5 mm 103. cariniceps LeConte — Declivity more broadly sulcate, lateral convexities arising from lateral half of interstriae 2, lateral convexities in male armed by small denticles directed caudad; female frons with long to moderately long setae 103 103(102). Male carina consisting of a coarse, blunt tubercle slightly below upper level of eyes and receding to slightly above eyes; female frons convex except flat- tened on median half of lower half, pubescent area extending slightly above eyes; British Columbia and Montana to California and New Mexico; Pinus; 2.2-2.9 mm 104. confinis LeConte — Male carina acute, occupying part or all of median line on lower half, frons transversely impressed at upper level of eyes (except in montezumae); female frons flattened and pubescent to well above upper level of eyes 104 104(103). Male frons not impressed, its surface reticulate; pronotum reticulate; vesti- ture on female frons distinctly longer; interstriae 1 on declivity armed by a row of fine tubercles; Chiapas; Pinus montezuma; 2.3-2.5 mm 105. montezumae Bright — Male frons distinctly impressed below upper level of eyes» its surface shin- ing; pronotum smooth, shining, usually with impressed points; vestiture on female frons distinctly shorter; declivital interstriae 1 usually unarmed 105 105(104). Antennal club larger, subcircular in outline, its width equal to length of scape; male frontal carina very short, subdentate, occupying less than middle third of distance between epistoma and upper level of eyes; male declivital interstriae 3 terminating abruptly at middle of declivity, its summit strongly elevated but short, armed by about three or four granules, granules on lower area confused, not in line with those on elevated area; female frons less ex- tensively flattened above eyes, its surface more finely, more sparsely punc tured; longest setae on elytral disc not longer than width of an interstriae, those on declivity about twice as long; Utah to Tlaxcala; Pinus edulis, P. cembroides, etc.; 1.8-2.5 mm 106. schwarzi Blackman 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1009 — Antennal club smaller, elongate, scape 1.2 times as long as width of club; male frontal carina occupying about two-thirds of median line between epis- toma and upper level of eyes; crest of elevation on male declivital interstriae 3 longer, declining posteriorly more gradually, armed by five to ten gran- ules, most of those on lower half of declivity in line with those on crest; longest setae on disc equal to one to three times width of an interstriae, those on declivity little if any longer; Wyoming to Oaxaca and Veracruz; Pinus; 2.5-2.9 mm 107. crassus Blackman 106(16). Elytral declivity convex to moderately impressed (if moderately impressed then host Quercus), striae 2 distinctly, regularly punctured to near apex; male frons either without a carina or with a weak median carina; in either coniferous or nonconiferous hosts 107 — Declivity moderately to strongly sulcate, striae 2 impunctate or at most with a few minute, irregularly placed punctures near apex; male frons either without a carina or with a transverse carina at upper level of eyes; in coniferous hosts 118 107(106). Male frons convex, without any indication of a carina between epistoma and upper level of eyes; discal interstriae with confused impressed points appearing as minute punctures; tropical species in nonconiferous hosts 108 — Male frons with a short, poorly developed median carina at epistomal mar- gin (occasionally somewhat longer, but absent in anthricinus); declivity convex to narrowly, shallowly impressed; in coniferous hosts 115 108(107). Pronotum less than 1.05 times as long as wide; lateral granules on elytral de- clivity minute to obsolete, declivity convex or very shallowly sulcate; in hosts not Quercus 109 — Pronotum 1.1-1.3 times as long as wide; lateral granules on elytral declivity minute to rather coarse, sulcus feebly to strongly impressed; in Quercus 110 109(108). Declivity convex, lateral granules obsolete; pronotal disc with numerous im- pressed points; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each with a row of about 12 setae; Costa Rica; tree branch; 1.6-1.7 mm 108. laetus Wood — Declivity rather narrowly, moderately sulcate, lateral granules small, dis- tinct; pronotal disc reticulate; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each with a row of about six setae; Costa Rica; woody vine; 1.2-1.4 mm 109. lenis Wood 110(108). Punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 rather coarse, only slightly smaller than on disc; smaller species Ill — Punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 minute, usually less than one-fourth as large as those on disc 112 111(110). Declivity convex, interstriae 1 distinctly, weakly elevated, 1 and 3 with a few fine granules; pronotal disc subreticulate, punctures moderately coarse; female frons with marginal hair rather long, setae in central area uniformly short; Honduras; Quercus; 1.6-1.7 mm 110. parilis Wood — Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate, suture unarmed, lateral convexities armed by two pairs of denticles on upper half; pronotal disc shining, minute and rather fine punctures intermixed; female frons with central pubescence only slightly shorter than on margins; Costa Rica and Panama; Quercus; 1.8-2.1 mm 111. scitulusWood 112(110). Declivity not impressed, granules on 1 and 3 very small; sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club rather strongly procurved; male frons almost flat, shining, more sparsely, more finely punctured; female frons flattened on smaller area, vestiture less abundant; Costa Rica; Quercus; 1.6-1.8 mm 112. conspectus Wood 1010 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivity sulcate, granules on 1 and 3 larger; male frons strongly convex and granulate-punctate above; female frons flattened on a larger area, vestiture rather abundant; sutures on antennal club either straight or moderately procurved 113 113(112). All discal interstriae with a row of punctures subequal to those of striae in addition to confused, minute impressed points; declivity less strongly im- pressed, granules on lateral areas slightly smaller; female frons more exten- sively flattened, with more abundant hair; antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 moderately procurved; Costa Rica; Quercus; 1.9-2.4 mm 113. medialis Wood — Discal interstriae impunctate, minute, confused, impressed points present; declivity more strongly impressed, granules on interstriae 1 and 3 larger; sutures 1 and 2 on antennal club straight 114 114(113). Female frons more distinctly convex, finely punctured only on median half below upper level of eyes, smooth median area on lower third distinctly carinate, vestiture confined to median half below upper level of eyes; Guatemala; Quercus; 1.8-2.7 mm 114. guatemalensis Blandford — Female frons broadly flattened, more coarsely punctured, carina absent, ves- titure confined to median two-thirds, at least one-third of setae above upper level of eyes; Durango to Michoacan and Oaxaca; Quercus; 1.9-2.4 mm 115. quercinus Wood 115(107). Elytral disc reticulate; declivital striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured, punctures almost as coarse as on disc, interstriae 2 weakly impressed; vestiture on female frons less abundant, shorter 116 — Elytral disc shining; punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 very small, sulcus narrow but distinctly impressed; female frontal vestiture more abundant, longer 117 116(115). Declivity more evenly convex, sulcus at striae 1 almost obsolete; male frons more distinctly convex on lower half, carina obtuse to obsolete, female fron- tal vestiture sparse; Durango and Nuevo Leon to Michoacan and Veracruz; Pinus; 1.6-2.0 mm (to 2.2 mm in var. elimatus) (intergrades with segnis) 116. subopacus Blackman — Declivity more distinctly sulcate; male frons more nearly flattened on lower half, carina short, usually acutely elevated, female frontal vestiture more abundant; Durango to Michoacan and Mexico; Pinus; 1.5-2.0 mm 117. impexus Bright 117(115). Female frons flat, male frons without a carina; strial punctures very fine, in- terstriae more irregular, with impressed lines; color almost black; Nuevo heon; Abies; 1.6-1.7 mm 118. anthracinus Bright — Female frons slightly, transversely impressed on middle third, uniformly, rather closely, finely punctured over entire surface; male frontal carina mod- erately long, setae very short, inconspicuous; color brown; Hidalgo to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.7-1.9 mm 119. nocturnus Blandford 118(106). Interstriae 2 at base of declivity smooth, without punctures or tubercles (oc- casionally present in some cascoensis); male with or without a carina, trans- verse carina when present usually rather poorly developed or with a dorsal extension 119 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1011 — Interstriae 2 at base of declivity with a row of punctures and/ or tubercles, in several species these tubercles form a row slightly mesad of lateral crest and supplement those of interstriae 3; male frons with transverse carina strongly, rather sharply elevated, never with a dorsal extension on median line 126 119(118). Male frons convex, coarsely punctured, without a carina; female frons flat, coarsely, closely punctured, setae in central area minute, those on margins very long; pronotal punctures small, elongate; Guatemala; Abies guatemalensis; 1.9-2.2 mm 120. mesembria Bright — Male frons either with a carina or variously impressed, female frons finely or more sparsely punctured; north temperate species 120 120(119). Male frons convex, not transversely impressed on lower half, a weak median carina usually present on lower half; elytral disc feebly reticulate, almost never with impressed points, interstriae 2-5 usually sparsely punctured; de- clivital interstriae 1 with a row of regularly placed setae; female frons vari- able, pubescent or not but marginal setae never longer than those in central area; Northwest Territories to Newfoundland and New York; Picea; 1.6-2.2 mm 121. cascoensis Blackman — Male frons transversely impressed on lower half, never with a median carina on lower half; elytral disc smooth, shining, often with impressed points (reti- culate in some tuberciilatus); declivital interstriae 1 glabrous or with only one or two setae and discal interstriae impunctate, impunctate only when setae in central area of female frons subequal in abundance and length with those on margins 121 121(120). Declivital interstriae 1 glabrous, rarely with one or two setae; discal inter- striae impunctate; female frons variable, glabrous to densely pubescent, setae uniformly distributed; male transverse carina at upper level of eyes present or absent, never with a dorsal extension, interstrial setae on female declivity usually minute 122 — Declivital interstriae 1 with a row of regularly spaced setae; discal inter- striae frequently sparsely pvmctured; female frons with central area sub- glabrous and impunctate to sparsely punctured; male carina usually with a dorsal extension 125 122(121). Female frons glabrous to rather densely pubescent, lateral margins rounded, longest setae equal to up to one-fourth distance between eyes; male trans- verse carina at upper level of eyes obscure or absent; British Columbia and Wyoming to Newfoundland and West Virginia; Picea; 1.4-2.0 mm 122. intextus Blackman — Female frons rather densely pubescent, margins rather abruptly subangulate, longest setae on dorsal margin equal in length to at least half distance be- tween eyes; male transverse carina usually subacutely elevated (not elevated in some species) 123 123(122). Female frontal pubescence rather dense, mostly of uniform length; male ca- rina usually well defined, surface more coarsely punctured; Utah to Wyoming and Colorado; Picea ptingens; 1.6-2.3 mm 123. omatus Blackman — Female frontal pubescence less dense in central area, very long on margins, particularly above, longest setae almost equal in length to distance between eyes; male frons less distinctly carinate at upper level of eyes 124 1012 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 124(123). Pronotal disc usually feebly reticulate, discal punctures without minute granules on margins; female frontal punctures close, rather abundant; Ari- zona to New Mexico; Pinus ponderosa, P. strobiformis; 1.5-2.0 mm 124. infulatus Blackman — Pronotal disc smooth, shining, discal punctures each with a feeble granule on margin; female frontal punctures apparently more numerous; California; Pinus sabiniana; 1.9 mm 125. noreWus Blackman 125(121). Female frons with central area near lateral and upper margins bearing a few rather coarse setiferous punctures, row of marginal setae rather sparse; elytra never reticulate, punctures averaging slightly larger; NE British Co- lumbia and New Brunswick to E Texas and North Carolina; Pinus; 1.6-2.2 mm 126. pulchellus Eichhoff — Female frons almost never Vv'ith punctures or setae in central area, marginal row of setae rather dense and longer; elytra frequently reticulate, punctures averaging smaller; Alaska and Alberta to California and Coahuila; Pinus; 1.7-2.4 mm 127. tuberculatus Eichhoff 126(118). Elytral disc rather strongly, uniformly reticulate; male frontal carina less strongly elevated, female frons smooth, with moderately coarse, rather wide- ly spaced punctures; male declivital sulcus similar to female, punctures at base of interstriae 2 weakly if at all tuberculate; British Columbia and Mon- tana to California and Colorado; Abies, Pseudotsuga, Picea, Pinus; 1.6-2.0 mm 128. pseudotsugae Swaine — Elytral disc shining; male carina more strongly elevated (except montivagus, furnissi), female frons either much more finely punctured or punctures much more abundant; male declivital sulcus much stronger than female and punctures at base on interstriae conspicuously tuberculate and continued on inner margin of lateral crest to middle of declivity in addition to tubercles on interstriae 3 127 127(126). Smaller; male frons without a median carina, transverse carina only moder- ately elevated; declivital sulcus narrow, tubercles on lateral convexities very small 128 — Larger; lower half of male frons with a median carina, transverse carina much more strongly elevated; declivital sulcus deeper, wider, tubercles on lateral convexities larger 129 128(127). Female frons with short hair uniformly distributed; declivity rather narrowly sulcate in both sexes, without an additional constriction near middle; declivi- tal vestiture much more abundant; Mexico; Pinus hartwegii; 1.9-2.3 mm 129. furnissi Bright — Male elytral declivity at middle with sulcus very narrow, lateral margins de- void of tubercles; female frons rather strongly biconcavely impressed, lateral margin on lower half of each concavity with a small tuft of very short hair; Oaxaca; Pinus; 1.9-2.3 mm 130. montivagus Bright 129(127). Hair on female frons uniformly short, longest setae equal to less than one- sixth distance between eyes; declivital sulcus not as deep; declivital vestiture much more abundant; Nuevo Leon; Pinus strobiformis; 1.9-2.1 mm 131. brevicomatus Bright — Hair on female frons long, much longer on margins; declivital sulcus deeper; declivital hair less abundant 130 1982 130(129). CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1013 132(131). 133(132). 134(133). Female frons with punctures very small, less abundant, vestiture on vertex of greater length than distance to epistomal margin 132 Female frons with punctures moderately coarse, rather abundant, vestiture much shorter 135 Elytral setae on disc and declivity short, interstrial setae little if any longer than those of striae, particularly in female; punctures on discal interstriae and striae smaller; declivity less strongly sulcate in male, in female striae 2 with punctures absent; SW Wyoming, SE Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico; Picea engelmannii, P. pungens; 1.9-2.4 mm 132. occidentalis Blackman Strial setae on disc usually absent, interstrial setae on and near declivity at least four times as long as those of striae; punctures on discal interstriae larger; pronotal disc more nearly glabrous; male declivity much more strongly sulcate, female striae 2 with minute punctures through much ol its course (except in cortezi) 133 Smaller; declivity steeper, sulcus not as deep or as wide; Alaska and Califor- nia to Utah and South Dakota; Picea, Pinus; 1.8-2.6 mm 133. nitidulus (Mannerheim) Larger; declivity not as steep, sulcus much deeper, wider 134 Smaller; declivity not as deep, wider on basal half; strial setae on disc usual- ly obsolete; longest female frontal setae equal in length to less than half dis- tance between eyes; Nuevo Leon; Pinus culminicola; 2.5-2.7 mm 134. viminalis Bright Larger; declivity deeper, narrower on basal half; strial setae on disc usually conspicuous, extending to base; longest setae on female frons equal in length to two-thirds distance between eyes; Mexico to Puebla; Pinus hartwegii; 2.4-3.2 mm 135. cortezi Bright Posterolateral areas of pronotum reticulate, rather coarsely punctured; fe- male frons rather closely punctured, punctures spaced by about one diame- ter of a puncture, vestiture finer, slightly shorter, less abundant; Mexico and Puebla to Oaxaca; Abies religiosa; 2.0-2.4 mm 136. abiegnus Wood Posterolateral areas of pronotiuu smooth, finely punctured; female frons densely punctured, interspaces between punctures less than half as wide as a puncture, vestiture moderately coarse, slightly longer, more abundant; Ari- zona to New Mexico; Pinus strobifonnis; 1.9-2.8 mm 137. immanus Blackman 136(2). Tropical and temperate species in coniferous hosts; pronotum smooth, shin- ing (partly, weakly reticulate in perotei); declivity not as steep, punctures on striae 2 smaller to obsolete, interstriae 2 usually less strongly, more broadly impressed 137 — Tropical species in nonconiferous hosts; pronotum strongly reticulate (ex- cept sparsepilosus); declivital striae 2 with punctures strongly impressed, usually larger; declivity steeper, interstriae 2 usually more strongly im- pressed (pronotal asperities in some species either confused or concentric; al- though some species always have confused asperities, all are referred to the division where allied species are placed; see also couplet 1) 164 135(130). 1014 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 137(136). Male frons weakly convex to slightly impressed on lower half, never with a transverse carina at upper level of eyes; strial punctures varying from straight, regular rows to slightly confused; declivital striae 2 usually more strongly punctured; interstriae 2 at base of declivity usually without punctures or tubercles 138 — Male frons with a conspicuous transverse carina at upper level of eyes, area below carina moderately impressed (never finely, densely punctured or with fine, abundant vestiture); strial punctures varying from strongly confused to definite, regular rows; punctures on declivital striae 2 fine to obsolete; punctures or tubercles usually present on interstriae 2 at base of declivity 149 138(137). Male frons punctured similar to female (very fine and dense except in per- otei) and ornamented by moderately long, rather abundant, fine hair (less abundant and shorter than in female), surface (except discretus) finely, densely punctured (as in females of many species), sometimes irregularly to rather strongly impressed; lateral margin of pronotum never grooved 139 — Male frons with vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous, punctures rather coarse, larger and much less abundant than in female; lateral margin of pronotvim sometimes longitudinally grooved 143 139(138). Male frons moderately convex, rather coarsely punctured, female frons plano-convex; pronotal disc either reticulate or else with granules replacing punctures; elytral apex strongly acuminate 140 — Male frons almost flat to irregularly impressed, surface densely, finely impressed; pronotum never reticulate; elytral apex subacuminate 142 140(139). Pronotal disc rather strongly reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, their margins not tuberculate; frons more coarsely punctured, vestiture shorter, longest setae in female equal in length to about one-fifth distance between eyes, shorter in male; declivity slightly steeper, sulcus slightly wider and deeper; Durango to Jalisco and Puebla; Piniis; 1.6-2.2 mm 138. discretus Wood — Pronotal disc smooth and shining, small, rounded tubercles replace most punctures; frons more finely punctured, longest setae in female equal in length to half distance between eyes, shorter in male; declivity more gradu- al, sulcus narrower, not as deep; Veracruz; Pintis; 1.5-1.9 mm 139. perotei Blackman 141(139). Frons coarsely, closely, deeply punctured in both sexes, frontal vestiture less abundant, male frons shallowly impressed on lower half, a conspicuous me- dian callus on vertex, female frons plano-convex; Michoacan to Mexico; Pinus; 2.4-2.5 mm 140. chalcoensis Hopkins — Frons very finely, densely punctured in both sexes, vestiture more abundant, male without a median elevation on vertex 142 142(141). Male and female frons plano-convex, surface sometimes granular in female; female frons with a few marginal setae longer than those in central area; Oaxaca to NW Nicaragua; Pinus; 2.1-2.6 mm 141. miniatus Bright — Male frons subconcavely impressed; female frons flat to feebly impressed, punctures fine, dense, close, pubescence much more abundant, numerous marginal setae conspicuously longer than those in central area; Arizona to Durango; Pinus; 2.3-3.2 mm 142. ingens Blackman 1982 143(138). CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1015 144(143). 145(143). 146(145). 147(145). Lateral margin of pronotum longitudinally grooved (occasionally obscure in males); female frons feebly to moderately concave on more than central two-thirds, marginal vestiture rather abundant, long 144 Lateral margin of pronotum normal, marked by a finely elevated line; fe- male frons flat to moderately concave, vestiture variable, often sparse, short, or absent 145 Larger; female frons rather strongly concave, rather coarsely, closely punc- tured; male frons transversely impressed to moderately concave, closely, rather coarsely punctured; declivital interstriae 2 minutely reticulate; Penn- sylvania and E Texas to Florida, Durango and Jalisco to N Nicaragua; Pinus; 1.9-2.4 mm 143. confusus Blandford Smaller; female frons plano-concave, smooth, shining, punctures minute, rather abundant; male frons rather weakly, transversely impressed, often with a weak transverse carina at upper level of eyes, coarsely, less closely punctured; declivital interstriae 2 smooth, brightly shining; Virginia and West Virginia to E Texas and Florida, Durango and Veracruz to British Honduras; Pinus; 1.3-1.7 mm 144. annectens LeConte Female frons more extensively plano-convex and pubescent to well above eyes, pimctures smaller, vestiture finer and much longer; interstriae 2 at base of declivity often without punctures or tubercles; from Mexico and Central America 146 Female frons usually more strongly convex, short pubescent not extending above upper level of eyes (some variants of murrayanae with frons flat and densely pubescent to vertex); interstriae 2 at base of declivity with a few punctures or tubercles; from America north of Mexico 147 Female frons more broadly, more densely pubescent, flattened area sepa- rated from eye by distance equal to diameter of two facets, punctures much finer, closer; body 2.9 times as long as wide; declivity steeper, apex less strongly acuminate, interstriae 2 minutely reticulate, its lateral margin more strongly impressed; Jalisco to Honduras; Pinus; 1.5-1.7 mm 145. cacuminatus Blandford Female frons more narrowly, more sparsely pubescent, flattened area sepa- rated from margin of eye by at least diameter of four facets, punctures coarser, not as close; body 3.1 times as long as wide; declivity not as steep, apex more strongly acuminate, interstriae 2 smooth, usually shagreened (slightly), its lateral margin not impressed; Oaxaca to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.3-1.7 mm (see also couplet 209) 209. subsimilis Schedl Female frons partly to extensively flattened, more finely, more densely punctured, varying from glabrous to elaborately ornamented by short or long setae; discal interstriae only slightly wider than striae, a few interstrial punctures usually present; body 3.1 times as long as wide; Alaska and Mani- toba to California and Arizona; Pinus; 1.8-2.4 mm 146. murrayanae Blackman Female frons more strongly convex, more coarsely punctured, vestiture usu- ally absent, sometimes short and rather sparse; discal interstriae about twice as wide as striae, almost never with any interstrial punctures; body 2.9 times as long as wide 148 1016 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 148(147). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed or granules very feeble; male frons with elevation obscure to absent, female frons flattened on a larger area, more finely, more closely punctured; NE British Columbia and Nova Scotia to E Texas and Florida; Pinus; 1.3-1.7 mm 147. consimilis LeConte — Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by about two pointed denticles; male frons with subcarinate elevation more prominent, female frons more uniformly convex, more coarsely punctured; Arizona; Finns; 1.4-1.7 mm 148. intentus Bright 149(137). Mostly smaller than 2.3 mm (except grandis); sutural apex subacuminate, sutural profile at least weakly convex, more strongly so near apex 150 — Larger than 2.5 mm; sutural apex very strongly, acutely acuminate (except megas), sutural profile straight, often slightly concave near apex (except female megas) 159 150(149). Male and female frons similarly sculptured, with a conspicuously elevated transverse carina at upper level of eyes; elytral punctures coarse, deep, strongly confused 151 — Male frons with a transverse carina; female frons flattened or weakly con- cave, more finely, densely punctured, with or without a brush of hair, without a carina 152 151(150). Transverse impression on lower frons shallow, sculpture much finer; elytral declivity steeper, sulcus not as wide; Michigan and New York to E Texas and South Carolina; Finns; 1.8-2.6 mm 149. pullus (Zimmermann) — Frons below upper level of eyes rather strongly, transversely impressed, its sculpture rather coarse; elytral declivity more gradual, sulcus distinctly wider; British Columbia and South Dakota to Arizona and New Mexico; 2.3-3.1 mm 150. grandis Blackman 152(150). Discal punctures on elytra rather strongly confused; female pronotum usual- ly stouter 1.0-1.1 times as long as wide; female frons flat or with a trans- verse impression, punctures finer, more dense, vestiture more abundant (usu- ally) and with setae in central area rather long, at least half as long as those on margins 153 — Discal punctures largely or entirely in rows; female pronotum usually more slender, 1.2-1.3 times as long as wide; female frons weakly convex to weakly concave, punctures fine to moderately coarse, less abundant, vestiture variable 154 153(152). Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed by tubercles, lateral convexities very strong- ly elevated, summit conspicuously higher than suture and armed on upper two-thirds by a row of 10-14 moderately coarse denticles; British Columbia and Idaho to California; Finns ponderosa; 2.1-2.2 mm 151. serratus Swaine — Elytral declivity with interstriae 1 armed by a few fine tubercles, lateral convexities about as high as interstriae 1 and armed by about 3-6 fine den- ticles; British Columbia and Montana to California and Hidalgo; Finns; 1.8-2.3 mm 152. confertus Swaine 154(152). Female frons moderately convex to flattened on a limited area extending to only slightly above upper level of eyes, vestiture sparse, rather short to obsolete; declivity usually steeper, sulcus deeper 155 — Female frons broadly flattened to well above eyes, vestiture abundant, long; declivity usually more gradual, sulcus not as deep (except very deep in hassetti) 157 1982 155(154). CoRTHYLINi: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1017 156(155). 157(154). 158(157). 159(149). 160(159). Declivity slightly steeper, striae 1 and 2 clearly punctured, interstriae 2 only slightly wider than 1; female frons with a slight median callus at upper level of eyes, vestiture slightly more abundant and longer in lateral areas; Arizona; Pinus ponderosa; 2.0-2.1 mm 153. clarus Blackman Declivity not quite as steep, striae 1 and 2 with punctures minute, obscure, interstriae 2 about twice as wide as 1; female frons without median callus, vestiture less abundant, shorter 156 Female frontal vestiture extending slightly above eyes, more abundant, long- er; pronotal and elytral discs smoother; declivital sulcus distinctly wider and deeper, more strongly reticulate, vestiture slightly longer; Oaxaca; 1.9-2.2 mm 154. solatus Wood Female frontal vestiture not extending above eyes, vestiture less abundant, shorter; pronotal and elytral discs usually with impressed points or other ir- regularities, not as smooth; declivital sulcus slightly narrower, not as deep, obscurely reticulate, vestiture slightly shorter; Utah to Chihuahua; Abies; 1.5-2.1 mm 155. sobers Blackman Sutural interstriae on declivity unarmed in male, fine, sparse tubercles some- times present in female; lateral convexities of declivity in male much higher than suture, summit armed by 8-12 rather coarse denticles; female frons var- iable, glabrous to rather densely pubescent, longest setae equal to as much as half distance between eyes; Northwest Territories to Chihuahua; Picea; 1.8-2.4 mm 156. bassetti Blackman Sutural interstriae armed by tubercles in both sexes, lateral convexities as high as suture; pronotal asperities either confused or subconcentric; female frons flat to plano-concave, punctures rather fine to very fine, close 158 Female frons more extensively flat to plano-concave, more than one-third of flattened area above upper level of eyes, punctures minute, spaced by one to four diameters of a puncture, vestiture more abundant, longer; pronotal as- perities confused, punctures on posterior areas usually armed by a minute granule on lateral or posterior margin; declivital sulcus deeper, apparently narrower; strial hair longer on posterior half; Chihuahua to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.6-2.1 mm 157. delicatus Wood Female frons flat to plano-convex, one-fourth or less above upper level of eyes, punctures larger, spaced by less than diameter of a puncture; pronotal asperities subconcentric, punctures never with a granule on margins; declivi- tal sulcus not as deep, apparently narrower; strial hair very short, not longer on declivity; Nevada to Arizona and W Texas; Pinus ponderosa; 1.7-1.8 mm 158. arcanus Bright Smaller; discal striae with punctures in definite rows, interstriae without punctures; declivital suture usually as high as lateral convexities 160 Larger; punctures on elytral disc confused or at least with interstriae punctured; declivital lateral convexities usually much higher than suture 162 Declivital striae 1 and 2 strongly punctured, sulcus rather shallow; female frontal vestiture very long, unusually dense; Arizona to Nuevo Leon; Pinus; 2.2 mm 159. zonalis Bright Declivital striae 1 with punctures obsolete, 2 punctured or not; sulcus much more strongly impressed 161 1018 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 161(160). Declivity much less strongly impressed, interstriae 2 less than twice as wide as 1, its base rarely with punctures, almost never with a granule; declivital interstriae 1 usually with more than seven setae; Durango to Mexico and Veracniz; Pintis; 1.6-2.3 mm 160. cuspidatus Blackman — Declivity strongly impressed, interstriae 2 almost three times as wide as 1, its base almost always armed by one or more tubercles; declivital interstriae 1 usually with five or fewer setae; Utah and Colorado to Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus flexilis, P. strobiformis; 2.0-2.3 mm 161. acutus Blackman 162(159). Declivity not as steep, apex very strongly acuminate, interstriae 1 usually unarmed through more than middle half of its length, interstriae 2 reticulate; body more slender, 2.8-3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown; Chihuahua to Oaxaca and Veracruz; Pinus; 2.4-2.8 mm 162. spadix Blackman — Declivity very steep, apex subacuminate to moderately acuminate, interstriae 1 armed throughout (usually); body 2.6-2.8 times as long as wide .... 163 163(162). Smaller; color reddish brown; elytral apex moderately acuminate; body 2.6 times as long as wide; strial setae minute, their length less than twice diame- ter of puncture from which they arise; Arizona to Durango; Pinus engelmannii; 2.4-2.7 mm 163. rubidus Wood — Larger; very dark brown; elytral apex weakly subacuminate; body 2.8 times as long as wide; strial setae very long, some more than four times diameter of puncture from which they arise; Nuevo Leon; Pinus culminicola; 3.5-3.7 mm 164. megas Bright 164(1,136). Base of declivital interstriae 2 with a row of puncture or tubercles or both (not always evident in barberi), punctures may or may not occur on disc . 165 — Interstriae 2 entirely devoid of punctures or tubercles on disc or declivity (except on lower declivity in lautus) (three species with pronotal asperities confused) 175 165(164). Declivital interstriae 2 moderately impressed, only slightly wider than 1 or 3, armed by a row of fine setiferous tubercles or punctures as on 1 and 3, setae equal in length to those on 1; discal interstriae impunctate; frons sim- ilar in both sexes, convex, punctured, vestiture inconspicuous, without a carina 166 — Declivital interstriae 2 without setae, punctures, or tubercles on face of de- clivity, much wider than 1 or 3; frons usually sexually dimorphic, male usually with a transverse carina, female often pubescent 167 166(165). Pronotum reticulate; discal interstriae 1 impunctate; declivital interstriae 2 on upper half with a row of fine granules; color dark brown; Honduras to Costa Rica; Aristolchia anguicida; 1.4-1.8 mm 165. nemoralis Wood — Pronotum smooth, shining; discal interstriae 1 with a row of punctures; de- clivital interstriae 2 with a row of punctures; color yellowish brown; Florida to Cuba; Metopium toxiferum; 1.2-1.5 mm 166. concentralis Eichhoff 167(165). Posterior areas of pronotum reticulate; declivital striae 1 and 2 with punc- tures reduced, much smaller than on disc; basal half of declivital sulcus less strongly impressed, apex rather strongly acuminate 168 — Posterior areas of pronotum smooth, shining; declivital striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured; declivital sulcus often deeper, apex not acuminate (except mexicanus) 169 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1019 168(167). Smaller; female frons less strongly impressed, vestiture yellowish, shorter, less abundant, longest setae equal to less than one-third distance between eyes; lateral convexities of declivity only slightly higher than suture; Jalisco; Samhucus; 1.4-1.9 mm 167. coronarius Blackman — Larger; female frons more strongly impressed, vestiture reddish brown, long- er, much more abundant, longest setae equal to more than half distance be- tween eyes; lateral convexities of declivity distinctly higher than suture; "Plaquepaque, Mexico"; in unidentified wood; 1.7-2.3 mm 168. concinnus Wood 169(167). Declivity shallowly, broadly sulcate, surface of interstriae 2 subreticulate to abundantly marked by minute impressed points, apex rounded, not at all acuminate; female frons sparsely pubescent; host Pinus 170 — Declivity usually more strongly impressed, its surface smooth, brightly shin- ing, elytral apex moderately to strongly acuminate; female frons with moderately to very abundant pubescence; hosts desert shrubs 171 170(169). Discal interstriae regularly punctured; male frons shallowly impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, transverse carina obscure, female similar but more weakly impressed and with a few moderately long setae; granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3 fine; California to Oregon; Pinus jeffreyi; 1.7-1.9 mm 169. jeffreyi Blackman — Discal interstriae mostly to entirely impunctate; transverse carina at or slightly below upper level of eyes, strongly developed in male, rather weak in female; female frontal vestiture short, sparse; tubercles on declivital inter- striae 3 larger; Utah and Colorado to Durango and Nuevo Leon; Pinus edulis; 1.7-2.2 mm 170. barberi Blackman 171(169). Larger species; male frons convex, without a carina; declivity more gradual, apex more distinctly acuminate, interstriae 1 armed by a row of small tubercles (see also coronarius, concinnus) 172 — Smaller species; male frons transversely impressed, a distinct transverse ca- rina at upper level of eyes; declivity steeper, apex indistinctly subacuminate, interstriae 1 unarmed except for one or two small granules near apex 173 172(171). Pronotal disc finely, rather sparsely punctured; all discal interstriae with a few punctures on posterior half; declivity shallowly sulcate, suture as high as interstriae 3, apex subacuminate; New Mexico 171. torridus Wood — Pronotal disc coarsely, closely punctured; discal interstriae impunctate ex- cept 2; declivity strongly sulcate, interstriae 3 much higher than 1, apex strongly acuminate; Coahuila to Jalisco and Tabasco; Parthenium argentatum; 2.0-2.9 mm 172. mexicanus Blackman 173(171). Declivity much more shallowly impressed, lateral areas on lower half not flattened, more regularly rounded, tubercles on lateral margins smaller; Texas to North Carolina and Georgia; Rhus; 1.3-1.5 mm 173. scriptor Blackman — Declivity more deeply, broadly sulcate, lateral areas on lower half weakly to moderately flattened; average size slightly larger 174 174(173). Male declivity obscurely flattened on median half on lower half, lateral mar- gin subacute only near apex; punctures on female frons very fine; Utah and Wyoming to Chihuahua and W Texas; Rhus; 1.4-1.8 mm 174. virilis Blackman 1020 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Male declivity somewhat flattened on lower half, lateral margin from apex to above middle weakly, subacutely elevated; punctures on female frons moderately coarse; Hidalgo; Rhus; 1.4-1.7 mm 175. hylocuroides Wood 175(164). Elytral declivity convex or at most with striae 1 impressed, punctures on striae 1 and 2 often reduced or obsolete, granules on lateral convexities small or absent 176 — Elytral declivity moderately to strongly sulcate, interstriae 2 impressed, striae 1 and 2 usually clearly punctured, granules on lateral convexities small to moderately coarse (see also male nanus) (asperities confused on three tropical species) 189 176(175). Concentric rows of pronotal asperities forming continuous costae; summit of each costa weakly subserrate, clefts between dentations, restricted to distal third of height of costa or less; male frons convex, punctured, without a ca- rina, female frons moderately, flattened, vestiture rather short; declivital striae 1 and 2 much more coarsely punctured in female, punctures minute to almost obsolete in male; pronotum with numerous, deeply impressed points; suture 1 on antennal club clearly septate, 2 obscurely septate 177 — Asperities in concentric rows more strongly serrate, divided to or near their bases 178 177(176). Sutures of antennal club straight to moderately procurved; declivital striae 1 and 2 more finely punctured in both sexes, interstriae 2 weakly impressed in female; male frons subglabrous; Jalisco to Oaxaca; Thevetia; 0.9-1.3 mm 176. costatulus Wood — Sutures of antennal club strongly procurved; declivital interstriae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured in female, interstriae 2 moderately impressed; male epistomal brush rather conspicuous; Jalisco; possibly Thevetia; 1.6-1.8 mm 177. costabilis Wood 178(176). Elytral declivity convex, interstriae 1 weakly, gradually elevated or not, striae 1 not impressed 179 — Elytral declivity convex to weakly sulcate, striae 1 abruptly impressed 181 179(178). Declivity more broadly convex, punctures on striae 1 and 2 minute; male frons moderately, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes; female frons minutely punctured, longest setae on vertex too short for tips to reach epistomal margin, epistomal margin of normal coloration; Michoacan to Queretaro; Rhus; 1.4-1.8 mm 178. detentus Wood — Declivity more narrowly convex, punctures on striae 1 and 2 moderately coarse; male frons convex; female frons with setae on vertex very long, their tips capable of extending beyond epistomal margin, epistomal area pale yellow; antennal club with sutures almost obsolete 180 180(179). Pronotum reticulate; elytral disc with numerous clearly impressed points; frons more finely punctured, male reticulate from epistoma to upper level of eyes; Costa Rica; 1.1-1.2 mm 179. tnops Wood — Pronotal disc smooth, shining; elytral disc with impressed points obscure to obsolete; frons rather coarsely punctured, male without reticulation below upper level of eyes; Chiapas to Costa Rica; Mauria glauca; 1.2-1.4 mm 180. debilis Wood 181(178). Male frons convex, without any indication of a transverse carina; mostly larger species, 1.3-1.9 mm 182 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1021 — Male frons weakly to moderately impressed, usually with a transverse crest or carina at upper level of eyes; mostly smaller species, 1.1-1.5 mm 184 182(181). Sutures of antennal club straight; anterior margin of pronotum armed by about 20 serrations; California and New Mexico to Chihuahua; Jughns; 1.5-1.9 mm 181. juglandis Blackman — Sutures of antennal club moderately procurved; anterior margin of pronotum armed by about 10 serrations 183 183(182). Declivity bisulcate, interstriae 2 moderately impressed; punctures on pronotal disc rather coarse, close; Guatemala; 1.6-1.7 mm 182. tenax Wood — Declivity convex, interstriae 2 not impressed; punctures on pronotal disc fine, rather widely spaced, Costa Rica; Rheedia edulis; 1.3 mm 183. strictus Wood 184(181). Declivital interstriae 1 armed by a row of fine granules; male frons armed by a strongly, subacutely elevated transverse carina; female frons flattened on a rather narrow area, vestiture moderately abundant, uniformly short, uni- formly distributed; color very dark brown; New Mexico; Franseria; 1.2-1.4 mm ., 184. franseriae Wood — Declivital interstriae 1 unarmed; male frontal carina weak if present; color yellowish brown 185 185(184). Female frons with lateral margins rounded, pubescent area less extensive, setae on margins not longer than elsewhere; declivity moderately sulcate 186 — Lateral margins of female frons abruptly subangulate; pubescent area more extensive, extending to vertex, setae on margins conspicuously longer; declivity weakly or not at all sulcate 188 186(185). Female frons rather densely, finely punctured on lower half, this area cov- ered by dense, very long, mustachelike pubescence; male frons more strong- ly impressed, summit at upper level of eyes more conspicuous; female de- clivity shallow, granules almost obsolete on lateral convexities, male sulcus much deeper, lateral convexities conspicuously higher than suture, armed by two to four moderately coarse tubercles; Jalisco to Chiapas; Bursera; 1.2-1.5 mm 185. nanus Wood — Female frons rather coarsely punctured, pubescent area extending to slightly above eyes, setae rather sparse, uniformly rather short; male frons weakly impressed, carina not indicated; declivity shallowly sulcate, lateral convexities sometimes slightly higher than suture, granules minute 187 187(186). Female frons flat, pubescence shorter, surface more finely, more sparsely punctured; pronotal asperities in clearly concentric rows; pronotal disc and elytral declivity shining; declivity more strongly sulcate, lateral convexities higher than suture, granules minute; Costa Rica; Rheedia edulis; 1.1-1.2 mm 186. galeritus Wood — Female frons transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, surface more coarsely, more closely punctured; pronotal asperities largely confused, only first two rows obscurely concentric; pronotal disc and elytral declivity sha- greened; declivity obscurely sulcate, suture and lateral convexities subequal in height, unarmed; Veracruz; Bursera; 1.4-1.7 mm 187. nebulosus Wood 188(185). Declivity more narrowly convex, interstriae 2 weakly impressed on mesal side, punctures on striae 2 distinctly larger; declivital setae usually slightly shorter, stouter; female frontal vestiture apparently shorter, less abundant; Jalisco to Oaxaca; Bursera; 1.2-1.4 mm 188. indigens Wood 1022 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivity more broadly convex, interstriae 2 more broadly, more distinctly impressed, punctures on striae 2 minute; declivital setae longer, more slen- der; female frontal vestiture longer, apparently more abundant; Jalisco; Bursera; 1.5-1.6 mm 189. burserae Wood 189(175). Lower half of declivity much steeper, often subvertical, apex much more broadly rounded, interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, tubercles on 3 usual- ly smaller; body usually stouter; pubescence on female frons sparse, short, inconspicuous (except long in crinalis and liquidambaris) 190 — Lower half of declivity more gradual, apex narrowly rounded to sub- acuminate, interstriae 2 usually less strongly impressed, tubercles on 3 usual- ly larger; body usually more slender; female frons usually ornamented by long, more abundant setae, male frons with few setae, usually transversely impressed (asperities confused on three tropical species) 205 190(189). Female frons with pubescence sparse, short; frons weakly if at all sexually dimorphic 191 — Female frons ornamented by several to many long setae; frons conspicuously sexually dimorphic 203 191(190). Elytral declivity very steep, subvertical on more than lower half, interstriae 2 strongly impressed, not wider than 1, sometimes extending to posterior fourth of disc, lateral areas on lower half broadly elevated, denticles on 3 mesad of crest; on Pintts (except host unknown for germanus); from Mexico to Hondurus 192 — Elytral declivity steep, lateral areas on lower half less strongly elevated, denticles on 3 on crest; never on coniferous hosts (except lautus accidentally) 195 192(191). Larger; tubercles on crest of declivity more numerous, in a staggered row; Oaxaca; 2.5 mm 190. germanus Bright — Smaller than 2.0 mm; tubercles on crest of declivity uniseriate 193 193(192). Larger; body less slender, 2.6 times as long as wide; Nayarit and Hidalgo to Guatemala; Pinus; 1.5-2.0 mm 191. obtusipennis Blandford — Smaller; body more slender than 2.7 times as long as wide 194 194(193). Elytral declivity more deeply impressed, body more slender; frons not at all aciculate; Chiapas; Pinus; 1.5-1.8 mm 192. euterpes Bright — Elytral declivity less deeply impressed; body less slender; lower half of frons aciculate; Nayarit to Honduras; Pinus; 1.3-1.6 mm 193. occlusus Bright 195(194). Male and female frons never dimorphic, with a rather broad, median, trans- versely etched median callus extending from upper level of eyes toward vertex (except in morosus) 196 — Frons often sexually dimorphic, median area above eyes punctured, never transversely etched 200 196(195). Antennal club slightly larger, sutures 1 and 2 distinctly arcuate; median frontal callus above upper level of eyes poorly developed or absent, without a transverse impression at its lower margin 196 — Antennal club smaller, sutures 1 and 2 straight; frontal callus marked on its lower margin by a slight, transverse impression at upper level of eyes 199 197(196). Frons smooth, shining, transversely impressed on lower half; pronotal disc more broadly, transversely arched, smooth, shining, punctures very fine, im- pressed points abundant, rather coarse; declivital interstriae 2 usually narrower; Oaxaca; 1.7-2.0 mm 194. speciosus Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1023 — Frons convex on lower half; pronotal disc weakly to strongly reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, impressed points obscure to absent; declivital interstriae 2 usually wider 198 198(197). Larger, stouter; frons and pronotum reticulate; declivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed on lateral half; Oaxaca to Chiapas; 1.9-2.2 mm 195. assitus Wood — Smaller, more slender; frons without reticulation, pronotum obscurely reti- culate; Chiapas to Honduras; Eupatorium dalioides; 1.3-1.6 mm 196. morosus Wood 199(196). Strial punctures on disc smaller, interstriae two to four times as wide as striae; all declivital setae short, each about equal in length to width of an interstriae; S Florida; Borrichia; 1.1-1.3 mm 197. borrichiae Wood — Strial punctures on disc larger, interstriae one to two times as wide as striae; lateral declivital setae more than twice as long as width of an interstriae; Chihuahua and Michoacan to Chiapas; various shrubs and vines; 1.4-1.8 mm 198. paulus Wood 200(195). Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 armed by small granules, those on 3 distinctly larger 1... 201 — Declivital interstriae 1 and 3 without granules 202 201(200). Frons with a weak, median carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes; San Luis Potosi; Liquidambar; 1.3-1.5 mm 199. molestus Wood — Frons with a slight, transverse impression on lower area, never with a carina, punctures rather coarse; Minnesota and Quebec to Kansas and Mississippi; various hosts; 1.3-1.5 mm 200. lautus Eichhoff 202(200). Declivity less widely impressed, lateral convexities more broadly rounded; frons weakly impressed below, convex above, without a carina, punctures rather coarse; Jalisco; Sambuctis; 1.3-1.4 mm 201. sambuci Blackman — Declivity more broadly impressed, lateral convexities more abruptly rounded; frons weakly impressed, a slight, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, punctures finer; Hidalgo; 1.3-1.5 mm 202. diligens Wood 203(190). Female frons weakly convex, sparsely punctured throughout, sparse vestiture almost imiformly distributed, rather short except moderately long on dorsal margin; male frons rather strongly, transversely impressed below upper level of eyes; Puebla; Toxicodendron; 1.4-1.8 mm 203. corruptus Wood — Female frons broadly plano-convex, shining, moderately abundant vestiture almost all concentrated on margins; male frons rather weakly impressed 204 204(203). Female frons sparsely, minutely punctured in central area, lateral and dorsal margins ornamented by long setae; West Virginia to Arkansas and Florida; Liquidambar; 1.3-1.5 mm 204. liquidambarus Blackman — Female frons impunctate in central area, lateral margins without setae be- low eye; Michigan and West Virginia to Florida; Toxicodendron; 1.3-1.5 mm 205. crinalis Blackman 205(189). Female frons less strongly, less extensively flattened, margins rounded, vestiture variable (asperities confused on three species) 206 — Female frons more extensively flattened, margins more abruptly subangulate, vestiture on margins conspicuously longer than in central area .... 212 1024 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 206(205). Pronotal asperities confused; facets of eye coarse, eye larger than normal; elytral apex acuminate or not 207 — Pronotal asperities concentric (often confused in suhsimilis); facets of eye normal, eye not noticeably enlarged; female frons somewhat flattened, vestiture longer and more abundant than in male 209 207(206). Pronotum reticulate, discal punctures minute; female frons sparsely incon- spicuously pubescent; eye rather coarsely facted; apex of elytra sub- acuminate; Oaxaca to Honduras; in log; 1.2-1.5 mm 206. acuminatus (Schedl) — Pronotal disc smooth and shining, more coarsely punctured; female frons moderately to densely pubescent 208 208(207). Elytral declivity more narrowly, rather weakly sulcate, interstriae 1 and 3 tuberculate in both sexes, apex acuminate; vestiture on female frons of uniform length; Panama; in log; 1.3-1.5 mm 207. vesculus Wood — Elytral apex rounded, not acuminate, sulcus much wider and deeper, inter- striae 1 and 3 unarmed in female, rather coarsely tuberculate in male, each with 2-4 tubercles; female frontal vestiture much longer on margins; Costa Rica; tree limb 1.5-1.7 mm 208. sparsepilosus (Schedl) 209(206). Declivity more gradual, sulcus deeper, punctures on striae 1 small to minute, less than half as large as those on disc 210 — Declivity steeper, sulcus not as deep, punctures on striae 1 subequal in size to those on disc 211 210(209). Pronotal asperities almost always confused; declivital striae 1 rather coarsely punctured; male frons more distinctly impressed, carina moderately strong; female frons usually more coarsely punctured, vestiture coarser, usually longer; Puebla to Chiapas; Pinus; 1.1-1.7 mm (see also couplet 146) 209. subsimilis Schedl — Pronotal asperities almost always concentric; declivital striae 1 with punc- tures small to obsolete; male frons feebly impressed, carina very weak; fe- male frons usually more finely punctured, vestiture usually finer, shorter; Ja- lisco and Veracruz to Guatemala; in shrubs; 1.2-1.5 mm 210. attenuatus Blackman 211(210). Male frons with a fine, low, distinct, transverse carina at upper level of eyes; declivital striae 2 not distinctly impressed; female frons flattened on a small- er area, plano-convex, punctures more numerous; Veracruz to Oaxaca; shrub; 0.8-1.1 mm 211. atomus Wood — Male frons devoid of carina; female frons slightly, transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, sparsely punctured in central area; declivital striae 2 impressed; pronotum finely reticulate on posterior half 212 212(211). Female frons narrowly flattened to upper level of eyes, pubescence moder- ately abundant, rather short, not conspicuously longer laterally; declivity not as steep, more distinctly impressed; "Mexico"; 1.2 mm (see also 213. timidus Blandford) 212. dimidiatus Blackman — Female frons more distinctly, transversely impressed, more sparsely punc- tured, setae in lateral areas longer; declivity slightly steeper, less strongly impressed; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.0-1.2 mm 214. perexiguus Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1025 213(205). Female epistomal margin on median half extended into a pubescent sub- acutely pointed premandibular process; male frons convex without a carina or other elevation at upper level of eyes; Guatemala; liana; 1.2-1.3 mm 215. nugalis Wood — Female epistomal margin normal, almost straight, male frons with a carina or other distinct elevation at upper level of eyes 214 214(212). Pronotum finely reticulate; female frons ornamented by a dense brush of very long hair; Honduras; Eupatorium, Perymanium; 1.0-1.3 mm 216. hermosus Wood — Pronotum smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points; female frons with vestiture less abundant, somewhat shorter 215 215(214). Declivital interstriae 2 less strongly impressed, ascending laterally, striae 2 not impressed, punctures small; female frons plano-convex, longest setae equal to one-third distance between eyes; Guatemala; shrub; 0.9-1.0 mm 217. minutalis Wood — Declivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, flat, striae 2 slightly im- pressed, punctures half as large as on disc; female frons planoconcave on central half, longest setae equal to more than half distance between eyes; Costa Rica; liana; 1.5-1.7 mm 218. sobrinus Wood 1. Pityophthorus costatus Wood Pityophthoriis costatus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:395 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This aberrant species has a variable number of segments in the antennal fimicle; it is also distinguished by the long, costiform pronotal asperities, by the stout body form, by the frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons rather strongly convex, an abrupt, moderately deep impression immediately above epistomal margin, epistomal margin distinctly elevated except for small median notch; surface smooth shining, sparsely punc- tured, punctures rather coarse, area above eyes somewhat reticulate; vestiture very sparse, short. Antennal funicle variable, 3-5- segmented; club ovate, small, sutures almost straight, 1 and 2 septate only at margins. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, weakly arcuate on basal third, rather strongly converging toward narrowly roimded anterior margin; anterior margin continuously costate; summit just behind middle, rather indefinite, asperities long, sub- costate, confused, continued to basal fourth in median area; posterior areas strongly reti- culate, punctures small, not close. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures small, deep, spaced by one to two diam- eters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, two to three times as wide as striae, punctures minute, confused, rather close. De- clivity steep, convex; striae not impressed, punctures greatly reduced to obsolete; inter- striae as on disc except punctures reduced to obsolete. Vestiture confined to declivity, of sparse, short, stout interstrial setae. Male.— Similar to female except epistom- al impression usually more strongly im- pressed in lateral areas, with a weak median elevation dividing this impression. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 13 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 3-VII-63, 1800 m. No. lib, liana, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2- VII-63, 1300 m, No. 11a, liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 2. Pityophthorus pudicus Blackman Pityophthoriis pudicus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:208 (Holotype, male; Guadalajara, Ja- lisco, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55983) 1026 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exqtiisitus Blackman by the smaller size, by the less coarsely punctured pronotum and elytra, and by the less strongly convex male frons. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in exqtiisitus except more nearly flat on lower fourth. Pronotum as in exquisitus except less strongly reticulate, punctures averaging dis- tinctly smaller. Elytra as in exquisitus except punctures averaging smaller, particularly near declivity; interstriae about as wide as striae on basal half of disc (interstriae about twice as wide as exquisitus). Male.— Similar to female, with frons as in male exquisitus except less strongly convex on lower half. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 107, shrub, S. L. Wood; intercepted at New York in Satnbuctis wood from Guadalajara. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 16 other specimens. 3. Pityophthorus exquisitus (Blackman) Fig. 198 Neodryocoetes exquisitus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:196 (Holotvpe, female; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55977) Pityophthorus inceptis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:396 (Holotype, female; 4 miles or 6 km W Quiroga, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.). New synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the simple male frons and declivity, by the female frontal vestiture, and by the coarse pronotal and elytral punctures. It is not closely allied to other known species. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons basically convex except flattened on median half from epistoma to slightly above eyes; surface shining, punctures rather coarse, moderately close; vestiture rather sparse and short except on margins of upper half of flat- tened area, there forming a dense fringe of long, yellow hair, longest setae equal in length to three-fourths distance from their bases to epistomal margin. Antennal club broadly obovate, 1.2 times as long as wide, suture 1 almost straight, 2 moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, moderately arcuate from base to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about six to eight low, basally contiguous teeth; sum- mit at middle; asperities rather coarse, con- fused; posterior areas subrugose-reticulate, punctures coarse, deep, mostly spaced by dis- tances equal to one-half diameter of a punc- ture, median line impunctate. Vestiture of sparse semirecumbent short hair in lateral and asperate areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, somewhat narrowly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, occa- sional punctures not in row, spaced by less than diameter of a puncture; interstriae al- most smooth, shining, impunctate except for an occasional puncture near declivity. De- clivity steep, convex; striae not impressed, punctures reduced, about one-third as large as on disc, distinctly impressed; interstriae as on disc except 1 and 3 each with a row of fine punctures. Vestiture confined to sides and declivity, that on sides of minute strial hair, that on declivity of fine, rather short in- terstrial setae on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons more uniformly convex, without brush of long hair; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger. Distribution.— Michoacan to Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Guadalajara, 30X11-42, in pottery crate wood; Tlaquepaque, 7-XI-41, Samhucus canes in- tercepted at New York 91171. Michoacan: 6 km W Quiroga, 17-V1-65, 2200 m. No. 72, shrub, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. This species should probably be placed in Araptus near speciosus Wood; the type series are not sufficient to adequately place it. 4. Pityophthorus mehnurus Wood Pityophthorus melanurus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:364 (Holotype, female?; 5 miles or 8 km W San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from alni Blackman by the smaller average 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1027 size, by the rugose-reticulate pronotal sur- face, by the coarser pronotal rugae on the posterior half, by the wrinkled elytral sur- face, and by other characters described below. Female(?).— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression immediately above epistoma; sur- face reticulate, punctures fine, rather sparse; vestiture fine, short, sparse. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 straight, not marked by grooves or setae on middle half. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; out- line about as in alni; anterior margin armed by about 16 rather coarse serrations; longitu- dinal rugae extending to base as in alni ex- cept much coarser on disc; surface between asperities and rugae rugose-reticulate, punc- tures not clearly evident. Vestiture restricted to margins and asperate area. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in alni; striae not impressed, moderatejy to strongly con- fused, 1 and 2 often distinguishable on poste- rior half; surface shining, wrinkled, interstrial punctures similar to and largely confused with those of striae. Declivity steep, convex; sculpture as on disc, striae 1 and 2 slightly confused but identifiable, their punctures al- most as large as on disc; interstrial punctures not granulate. Vestiture extending to base, similar on disc and declivity; consisting of moderately coarse, rather long strial hair and similar interstrial setae, interstrial setae on declivity slightly longer. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: San Cristobal de las Casas, 3-10- V-69, beating Quercus, H. F. Howden. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens, appar- ently all females. 5. Pityophthorus alni Blackman Fig. 200 Pityophthorus alni Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:209 (Holotvpe, female; Jalapa, Veracruz, Mex- ico; U.S. Nat.Mus., 55984) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the near absence of secondary sexual char- acters, by the unique pronotum, by the spatu- late interstrial setae, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex on upper half, lower half shallowly, transversely impressed with me- dian area weakly elevated; surface shining, punctures on marginal areas rather coarse, deep, close, becoming smaller and granulate toward central half, central third on lower half rather sparsely punctured, without gran- ules, a few subaciculate lines usually present; vestiture of sparse, fine, rather long hair be- low upper level of eyes. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, slightly wider through segment 3, sutures 1 and 2 weakly prccurved. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal third, then arcuately converging to broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin subserrately costate; summit at middle; aspe- rities moderately large, confused, decreasing in size behind summit, continued almost to base as declining costae in lateral areas; pos- terior areas between costae etched with min- ute points, punctvires moderately coarse, rather close. Glabrous except for a few short setae on lateral margins and in asperate area. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae 1 slightly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, close; interstriae smooth, shining, twice as wide as striae, small, uniseriate, restricted to base and to near declivity. Declivity convex, steep; sculpture similar to disc except inter- striae 1 weakly elevated, striae 1 more strongly impressed, strial punctures less than half as large, interstriae uniseriately punc- tured (sparse on 2), most punctures finely granulate. Vestiture confined to declivity, of minute strial hair and erect, spatulate inter- strial bristles, each two-thirds as long as dis- tance between rows, more widely spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Veracruz. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Tlahuelumpa, Zacultipan, 16-X- 80, Ahius. T. H. .Atkinson. Veracruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII- 67, Altuis, S. L. Wood; Jalapa, 9-II-.36, Alnus, D. DeLeon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on six other specimens. 1028 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 6. Pityophthorus alnicolens Wood Pityophthonts alnicolens Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:21.3 (Holotype, male?; Highway 131, 115 miles or 184 km S Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from alni Blackman by the smaller size, by the reticulate, dull pronotum, by the smaller, less deeply impressed strial punctures, and by the proportionately wider discal interstriae, which have numerous, irregular, impressed lines. Male(?).— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, flattened on lower half, a very feeble median carina from epis- toma to upper level of eyes; epistomal mar- gin slightly elevated; vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Antennal club as in alni ex- cept slightly smaller, slightly more slender. Pronotum much as in alni except discal area strongly reticulate, punctures coarser, margins not asperate; asperities absent from posterior third. Elytra much as in alni except striae not impressed, punctures much smaller, not as deep, interstriae three times as wide as striae, with fine, irregular impressed lines and points, with fine, rather sparse, uniseriate punctures. Declivity about as in alni except punctures much finer. Vestiture about as in alni except much longer. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca; Highway 131, 115 miles or 184 km S Oaxaca, 27-.30-V-71, 6000 ft, Almis, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. punctures rather small, moderately close ex- cept impunctate on a small median area on lower fourth. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front, anterior margin armed by 12 rather low, equal serra- tions; summit anterior to middle; asperities small, rather numerous, confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, impressed points pres- ent (mostly covered by debris), punctures rather small, moderately close. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse; interstriae shin- ing, almost smooth, many impressed points present, almost twice as wide as striae, punc- tures absent. Declivity steep, rather strongly bisulcate, lateral areas superficially appear slightly flattened; punctures on striae 1 evi- dently obsolete, distinctly, rather coarsely impressed on 2; interstriae 1 distinctly ele- vated, with a few fine granules, 2 rather strongly impressed, about one and one-half times as long as wide, somewhat flat, lateral areas rather broadly rounded, upper half very slightly higher than suture, granules fine. Vestiture of stout setae of moderate length on and near declivity on odd-numbered inter- striae, rather close. Distribution.— Guatemala. "Guatemala, Conradt." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 8. Pityophthorus timidulus Wood 7. Pityophthorus elegans Schedl Pityophthorus elegfins Schedl, 1938, Archiv Naturgesch. 7:184 (Holotype, male; Guatemala; U.S. Nat. Mus., 60251) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely allied sparsepilosus (Schedl) by the smaller size, by the more slender form, and by other characters cited below. Male.— Length 1.3 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons moderately, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, upper margin of impression rather abrupt but not carinate, surface almost smooth, shining. Pityophthorus timiduUis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:396 (Holotype, male; Volcan Chiriqui, Chi- riqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mendosus Wood by the larger size, by the coarser pronotal punctures, and by slight differences on the elytral declivity. Both spe- cies are allied to mandibularis Schedl Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex above eyes, upper half of area below upper level of eyes rather abrupt- ly, strongly, transversely impressed almost from eye to eye, a smaller transverse impres- sion in lateral areas immediately above epis- toma; surface shining, coarsely, rather closely 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1029 punctured; vestiture sparse except on epis- toma. Antenna! club oval, 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 moderately arcuate, 2 at middle of club. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight, subparallel, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin anried by about 12 low serrations; summit at middle; asperities on anterior slope rather coarse, close, confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, with moderately abundant minute impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close, irregularly spaced by about one to two diameters of a puncture. Glabrous except a few setae on margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly roimded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures rather small, deep, spaced by diameter of one puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, a few small punctures on 1 near declivity, others impunctate. De- clivity steep, convex, shallowly bisulcate; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by a row of about seven rounded tubercles, 2 moderately impressed, slightly wider than 1, smooth, shining, devoid of punctures, 3 con- vex, as high as 1, armed as on 1, lateral areas with punctures somewhat confused. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of rather short, moderately coarse, sparse, interstrial setae on odd-numbered interstriae. Female.— Similar to male except frons be- low upper level of eyes shallowly, broadly, transversely impressed, surface regular, not granulate, punctures moderately fine, vesti- ture sparse, declivital sulcus much less strongly impressed, granules on interstriae 1 and 3 minute. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 407, sapling, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. The host may have been Oreopanax nubigenus. 9. Pityophthorus mendosus Wood Pityophthorus mendosus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:397 (Holotype, male; San Isidro del General, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from timidulus Wood by the smaller size, by the smaller pronotal punctures, by the short- er, stouter elytral bristles, and by the com- plete absence of tubercles on female declivi- tal interstriae 1 and 3. Male.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in timidulus except callus at level of antennal insertion usually more strongly developed and with a small cusp at dorsome- dian extremity. Pronotal punctures averaging slightly smaller than in timidulus. Elytra as in timidulus except declivital setae slightly shorter and distinctly stouter. Female.— As in female timidulus except frons less distinctly impressed, declivital granules absent, and declivital setae shorter and stouter. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5- XII-63, 1000 m. No. 282, "Fosforo" leaf petioles, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 10. Pityophthorus degener Wood Pitijophthorus degener Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:.397 (Holotype, male; Volcan Chiriqui, Chi- riqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the allied timidulus Wood and men- dosus Wood by the much more weakly im- pressed male frons, by the strongly impressed elytral declivity, and by the finer pronotal punctures. Male.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, but with abrupt, irregular, shallow, transverse impressions just below up- per level of eyes and just above epistoma; surface subshining, coarsely, closely punc- tured; almost glabrous except at epistomal margin. Pronotum and elytral disc as in tim- idulus and mendosus except pronotal punc- tures much smaller, slightly closer; elytral de- clivity strongly bisulcate, interstriae 1 almost as high as wide, 3 higher than 1, each armed by a row of moderately coarse tubercles. Ely- tral vestiture as in timidulus. Female.— Similar to male except median half of frons flattened below upper level of 1030 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 eyes, surface smooth, with punctures rather fine, close, deep, with rather abundant, fine, moderately long hair; declivital sulcus only half as deep, interstriae 1 and 3 unarmed. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqiii, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, No. 384, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 11. Pityophthorus punctiger (Schedl) Neodryocoetes punctiger Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:108 (Holotype, sex?; Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— The placement of the unique specimen of this species is complicated by the complete concealment of the frons by the pronotum. It apparently is allied to degener Wood, but it is" distinguished by the coarser, usually subasperate pronotal punctures on the disc, by the presence of minute strial setae to the elytral base, by the coarser, long- er, interstrial setae on the declivity, and by the elytral declivity. Female.— Lengthy 1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown, basal half of pro- notum darker. Head concealed. Antennal club rather small, segment 1 rather short, sutures 1 and 2 equally marked, rather strongly arcuate. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides on basal half feebly ar- cuate, converging slightly, weakly con- stricted one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin, anterior margin rather narrowly rounded; summit indefinite, ante- rior to middle; anterior slope moderately as- perate, asperities confused; disc smooth, shin- ing punctures moderately coarse, impressed, those on anterior half of disc accompanied on lateral side by a small, subasperate elevation. Vestiture of short hair on disc and asperate areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly roimded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, rather strongly im- pressed, mostly spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae one to one and one-half times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with moderately abundant very minute points, 5 with a few punctures. Declivity confined to posterior fourth, steep; upper three-fourths strongly, rather broadly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 shallowly, rather coarsely punctured; inter- striae 1 moderately elevated, with a row of small punctures, 2 as wide as 1, strongly, broadly impressed but deepest on median side, impunctate, smooth, shining, 3 distinctly higher than 1, abruptly rounded, with a row of punctures. Vestiture consisting of fine, short, strial hair to base; declivity with inter- strial setae except on 2; rather long, moder- ately abundant, these setae extend to middle of disc on 5 and in lateral areas. Distribution.— Mexico. ME.XICO: "Mexico, Flohr coll." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 12. Pityophthorus amiculus Wood Pityophthorus amiculus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:398 (Holotype, male; Guapiles, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from degener Wood by the absence of sexual dimorphism and by the different frons, pro- notum, and other characters. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons convex above eyes, with median line smooth, impunctate, a median callus at upper level of eyes, area below upper level of eyes broadly, shallowly, transversely impressed to epistoma; surface almost smooth, punctures moderately coarse, close, deep; almost glabrous except along epistoma. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; out- line as in degener; asperate area continued slightly into lateral portion of posterior half as weak rugae; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, with rather numerous impressed points, punctures rather fine, moderately close, me- dian line impunctate. Sparse setae confined to asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in timiduhis Wood; striae not impressed, punctures rather small, deep, close, rows occasionally slightly confused; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly irregular, with a few impressed lines, im- pressed points moderately abundant, 1 with obscure subgranulate punctures almost to base, others with an occasional similar punc- ture. Declivity steep, strongly bisulcate, sul- cus commencing slightly behind middle of 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1031 elytral length; striae 1 and 2 with punctures reduced in size but clearly impressed; inter- striae 1 almost as high as wide, 3 higher than 1, each armed by a row of about eight sub- acute tubercles of moderate size, 2 wider than 1, its surface ascending laterally, unarmed. Vestiture consisting of interstrial bristles on declivity, continued to middle of disc on odd-numbered interstriae; longest bristles rather slender, equal in length to twice width of an interstriae. Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO; Veracruz: Coatzocoalcos, 26-VI-67, 30 m. No. 103, liana, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA; Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 100 m. No. 121, liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. 13. Pityophthorus dissolutus Wood Pityophthortis dissolutus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35;398 (Holotype, female; 13 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from explicitus Wood by the finer frontal punctures, by the finer granules on the pro- notal disc, and by the shallower declivital sul- cus that is armed by finer granules. Male.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, a fine median tubercle on epistomal process; surface strongly reticulate, punctures rather fine, deep, spaced by diame- ter of a puncture or more; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides feebly arcuate, sub- parallel, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about eight moder- ately coarse serrations; summit at middle, in- definite; asperities rather fine, confused; pos- terior areas strongly reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately close. Vestiture con- fined to marginal and asperate areas. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures fine, distinct, decreas- ing in size posteriorly; interstriae almost smooth, with some indistinctly impressed lines, about three times as wide as striae on basal fourth, six times as wide near declivity. Declivity rather steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 deeply impressed, punctures small, indistinct, surface ascending gradually to lat- eral convexity, striae 2 obscure; interstriae 1 almost as high as wide, almost smooth, with a row of fine tubercles, 2 and lateral areas shin- ing, rather densely covered by impressed points, 3 slightly higher than 1, similarly armed. Vestiture of minute strial hair, and, on posterior half, interstrial bristles on odd- numbered interstriae; bristles sparse, rather fine, short. Female.— Similar to male except epistom- al tubercle evidently absent and declivital impressed points reduced or absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 13 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 201, liana, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m, No. 244, liana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, lM-64, 1800 m, No. 394, sapling, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 37 specimens. 14. Pityophthorus explicitus Wood Piti/ophthonis explicitus Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. .35:399 (Holotype, female; 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dissolutus Wood by the coarser frontal punctures, by the larger granules on the pro- notal disc, and by the deeper declivital sulcus that is armed bv coarser granules. Male.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in dissolutus except punctures dis- tinctly larger, spaced by less than diameter of a puncture. Pronotum as in dissolutus except granule on lateral margins of discal punctures distinctly larger. Elytra as in dissolutus ex- cept declivital sulcus deeper, wider, inter- striae 2 not ascending laterally on lower half. Female.— Similar to male in all respects. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67. 1600 m. No. 143, liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 15. Pityophthorus thomasi Bright Pityophthorus thomasi Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:443 (Holotype, female; 10 miles or 17 km SW El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) 1032 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the convex, unarmed decHvity, by the minute elytral punctures, by the large num- ber (14) of serrations on the anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the female frontal vestiture, which extends abnormally high on the vertex. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened on median three-fourths from epistoma to very high on vertex; mar- gins subabnipt, spaced by diameters of three facets of eye from margin of eye; surface al- most smooth, punctures minute; vestiture largely confined to margin, most abundant on vertex, longest setae on vertex reaching epis- toma. Antennal club broadly oval; sutures 1 and 2 rather strongly procurved, 2 at middle of club. Pronotum much as in hlandus Blackman except discal punctures smaller; anterior margin armed by 14 small, subequal serrations. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in opa- culus LeConte; striae not impressed, punc- tures minute, spaced within row by three di- ameters of a puncture; interstriae three times as wide as striae, shining, wrinkled near scu- tellum, obscure lines in other areas, semi- obscure impressed points rather abundant, punctures mostly obsolete. Declivity broadly convex, very steep; strial punctures obsolete; interstrial punctures mostly obsolete, one or two on odd-numbered interstriae; surface ob- scurely shagreened. Vestiture of minute strial hair to base, 2-4 short interstrial setae on odd-numbered interstriae on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, punctures rather coarse, a moderate median carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 16 km W El Salto, 7-VII-64, 2600 m, Pinus cooped, J. B. Thomas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens. 16. Pityophthorus digestus (LeConte) Cryphalus digestus LeConte, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:71 (Lectotype, sex?, Mojave Desert, Cali- fornia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 997, designated by Bright 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185) Pityophthorus digestus: LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:355 Pityophthorus idoneus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:55 (Holotype, female; Centerville, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41279); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Pityophthorus hopkinsi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:56 (Holotype, female; Ventura Co., California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41280); Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:.304. Synonymy Pityophthorus ponderosae Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:57 (Holotype, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41281); Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:304. Synonymy Pityophtliorus aplanatus Schedl, 19.30, Canadian Ent. 62:195 (Holotype, female, Athabasca Falls, Al- berta; Canadian Nat. Coll., 31.32); Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:398. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the distinct median carina in both sexes, by the distinctive size and arrangement of elytral punctures and setae, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, less strongly so on lower half; a conspicuous median carina from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes (somewhat variable), its highest point on upper half; surface shining, coarsely, closely, deeply punctured; vestiture of sparse, short, fine, inconspicuous hair. Antennal club broadly ovate, sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides on basal half moderately arcuate, feebly constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six to eight rather coarse, slender serrations, lateral pair notably smaller; summit at middle, a distinct impression behind it; aspe- rities moderately abundant except near ante- rior margin, rather narrow, moderately coarse; posterior areas smooth, shining, rarely with areas of feeble subreticulation, punc- tures usually fine, sometimes irregular, some specimens from northern area rather coarse, close; median line usually impunctate. Vesti- ture of semirecumbent, fine hair, a seta aris- ing from each puncture. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1033 rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 weakly near declivity, punctures varying from very fine (New Mexico to Alberta) to moderately coarse (Pacific Coast), usually larger and slightly confused on basal half, uniseriate and decreasing in size toward de- clivity; interstriae shining, often almost sub- rugose on basal fourth, usually with im- pressed lines, rarely smooth, about two to six times as wide as striae, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, varying from regular on all interstriae (southern) to a par- tial reduction on even-numbered interstriae. Declivity broadly convex, rather steep; striae 1 slightly impressed, strial punctures minute, spaced by three or more diameters of a punc- ture; interstriae shining, almost smooth, 1 rather abruptly, weakly elevated, 2 two to three times as wide as 1, impunctate to very sparsely, minutely punctured, 3 gradually as- cending to height of 1, 1 and 3 rather finely punctured, 3 armed by about four to six fine tubercles reduced in size (Wyoming) to ab- sent (Alberta). Vestiture of rows of minute strial hair and slightly longer interstrial setae; declivital interstrial setae on 3 longer, absent on 2; discal setae on even-numbered inter- striae reduced to absent when punctures obsolete. Male.— Similar to female except carina usually slightly higher. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to California and New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Athabasca Falls. British Colum- bia: Copper Mt., Peachland. USA: Arizona: Carr Can- yon in Huachuca Mts., Chiricahua Mts., Kaibab N.F., Santa Catalina Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Williams. Califor- nia: Big Meadows, Elk Creek in Glen Co., Fallen Leaf Lake in Eldorado N.F., Glass Mt. in Modoc Co., Harvey Valley, Hat Creek, Lake Tahoe, Los .Angeles Co., Mari- posa Co., Mojave Desert, Mt. Laguna, Old Station in Lassen N.F., Plumas Co., Riverside Co., San Bernardino Co., San Diego Co., Shasta Co., Tulare Co., Tuolumne Co., Ventura Co., Whitehorse, Yosemite N.P. Idaho: Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Moscow Mts. Montana: Deer Lodge Co. Nevada: Little Valley in Washoe Co. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Cloudcroft, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Meek, Sandia Mts., San Lorenzo. Oregon: Ash- land, Deschutes N.F., Klamath Falls, Paisley, Salem. Utah: Alta. Washington: Elberton in Whitman Co. Wyoming: Lusk. Hosts.— Finns contorta, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of digestus, on the holotypes of idoneus, hopkinsi, ponderosae, and apl- anatus, and on 446 other specimens. As indicated in the description, this species varies within series as well as geographically. The Alberta population differs rather sharply except that series from New Mexico to Wyoming indicate it is just the extreme end of a gradual cline. I have not recognized that population as a geographical race because of inadequate material, although there may be some evidence for doing so. 17. Pityophthorus festus W ood Piti/ophthortis festtis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:.39 (Holotype, male; 18 miles W El Salto, Du- rango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from digestus (LeConte) by the smaller aver- age size, by the larger, more regular strial punctures, by the near absence of interstrial punctures, and by other characters cited below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in digestus except lower half more distinctly flattened and carina often reduced near epistoma. Pronotum as in digestus except serrations on anterior margin smaller, posterior areas almost always subreticulate in specimens from southern part of range, shining, punc- tures uniformly rather coarse. Elytra similar to digestus except smooth to base, strial punctures more nearly in rows to base, moderately coarse to declivity; inter- striae less than twice as wide as striae, almost entirely impunctate; declivital striae 2 more coarsely punctured, interstriae 2 more dis- tinctly impressed, only twice as wide as 1, 3 with small granules more closely spaced on middle half; interstrial setae absent on even- numbered interstriae, sparse on disc on odd- numbered interstriae, regular on declivity and uniformly as long or longer than those on 3 of digestus. Male.— Similar to female except serrations on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger, elytral punctures slightly more confused. 1034 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Arizona to Jalisco and Chiapas. USA: Arizona: Bear Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Chiricahua Mts. MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocosingo, Teo- pisca. Verba Buena. Chihuahua: 37 km S Creel. Duran- go: .5, 29, .35 km W El Salto, Pahiiito. Jalisco: 23 km NW Guadalajara. Mexico: Nepantla, Ocoyoacac. Veracruz: Las Vigas. Hosts.— Finns ayacahiiite, P. leiophyUa, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens infested the phloem of small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens and on 166 other specimens. The pronotal disc is smooth in specimens from Durango to Arizona, but partly reticulate in those from southern areas. 18. Pityophthorus pubenilus (LeConte) Crifphalus puberuhts LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:157 (Holotype, sex?; District of Columbia; Mus. Comp. Zool'., 998) PityopJithoms pubcrulus: LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:3.54 Pityophthorus mfans Eichhoff, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 15:135 (Holotype, sex?; Amer. Bor. (Civ- itat. unit.); (Apparently lost with Hamburg Mus.); Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:72 (Neo- type, female; Syracuse, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:49. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from opaculiis LeConte and allied species by the partly to entirely reticulate pronotal disc and by the more crowded, more nearly con- fused discal interstrial punctures. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly convex, surface shining, rather closely punctured; vestiture sparse, in- conspicuous; occasional specimens with a weak median carina. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides rather weakly arcuate on basal half, distinctly constricted in front of middle; anterior margin rather narrowly rounded, armed by about six teeth, median ones usually slightly larger; posterior areas partly to entirely reticulate, punctures mod- erately coarse, rather deep, without granules behind summit. Vestiture of fine, semi- recumbent hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather fine, in rows on about posterior third of disc, moderately to strongly confused toward base; interstriae shining, almost smooth, punctures moderately abundant, sim- ilar to and confused with those of striae. De- clivity convex, moderately steep; sutural in- terstriae distinctly elevated, 2 slightly impressed, lateral convexities as high as su- ture, broadly rounded, punctures minute but visible; granules on interstriae 3 very minute. Vestiture of moderately abundant, rather short hair. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Minnesota and Nova Scotia to Kansas and Virginia. CANADA: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec. USA: District of Columbia, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Caro- lina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Hosts.— Abies balsamea, Picea spp., Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, P. silvestris, P. strobus. Biology.— This species breeds in small twigs of its hosts. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of pubenilus and on 981 other specimens. 19. Pityophthorus abstrusus Bright Pityophthorus abstrtisus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:427 (Holotype, female; 25 miles or 40 km W Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 15071) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the coarse strial punctures on both disc and declivity, by the short female frontal ves- titure, and by the short, subdentate male frontal carina. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons very broadly convex, punctures coarse, close, uniformly distributed; vestiture rather inconspicuous, mostly short, about a dozen setae of moderate length. Pronotum and elytra as in petillus Schedl except pronotal disc smooth, shining; elytra with strial punctures coarse, almost as wide as interstriae, those on declivity about two- thirds as long as those on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a short, high, subdentate median carina on lower half. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1035 Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 40 km W Orizaba, 29-IV-69, Finns, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. The paratypes, four from Durango, are not of this species. 20. Pityophthorus punctifrons Bright Pityophthorus punctifrons Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:298 (Holotype, female; Frazier Park, Kern Co., California; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from modicus Blackman by the smaller size, by the very different frons in both sexes, and by the different declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, moderately close, uniformly distributed; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum about as in modicus except with 8-12 serrations on anterior margin, only slightly larger in median area. Elytra as in modicus except punctures on declivital striae 2 minute, distinct, not re- placed by granules, interstriae 2 very feebly impressed on median side (much less than in modicus), 3 with minute punctures, granules entirely absent; vestiture minute but very slightly longer than in modicus. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, more coarsely punc- tured, usually with an obscure, low median carina indicated. Distribution.— California to New Mexico. USA: California: Frazier Park, 9-LX-65, Pinus mon- ophylla, D. E. Bright; Mt. Laguna, 19-III-41, Hopk. 32525B, P. cpiadrifolia, D. DeLeon; Wrightwood, 21-X- 41, P. monoplnjlla, J. M. Miller. New Mexico: Santa Fe, Hopk. US 37219-F, P. edulis. Hosts.— Pinus edulis, P. monophyUa, P. quadrifolia. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 17 paratypes. 21. Pityophthorus modicus Blackman Pityophthorus modicus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:94 (Holotype, female; La.s Vegas H.S., New Mexico; U.S. Na- tional Mus., 41299) Pityophthorus naviis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:95 (Holotype, fe- male; Morgan Hill, California; U.S. National Mus., 41300); Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:304. Synonyrny Diagnosis.— Not closely related to any known species except punctifrons Bright; male frons without a carina, female frons as in tuberculatus; elytral disc usually glabrous (due to abrasion). Declivital striae 2 and 3 each with a row of minute granules. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-concave from eye to eye from epistoma to well above eyes, central area smooth, shining, impunctate (similar to tu- berculatus Eichhoff), lateral and upper mar- gins with a row of coarse punctures; these punctures bearing a marginal row of long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on feebly arcuate basal half; anterior margin rather narrowly rounded, armed by about eight serrations, median pair much larger; disc smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, rather close. Vestiture of fine, short, recumbent hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in puh- erulus; striae not impressed, except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures in rows, moderately coarse, rather deep, close; interstriae smooth, shining, 1, 3, and 5 each with about three widely spaced punctures. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures reduced in size (usual- ly obsolete in California specimens), shallow, those on 2 and 3 replaced by minute gran- ules, interstriae 1 and 3 each with a row of similar granules; interstriae 2 wider than 1 or 3, smooth, impunctate, shallowly, rather broadly impressed. Vestiture of minute strial hair and an occasional similar interstrial hair; abraded on disc in most specimens. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, coarsely, deeply punctured, brightly shining; a feeble, irregular, median carina present in one series from New Mexi- co, entirely absent in others. Distribution.— California and Utah to Baja California and Durango. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Jacob's Lake, Jerome, Parker Canvon in Cochise Co., Sweetwater in Apache Co., Williams. California: Big Bear in San Bernardino Co., Frazier Park, Morgan Hill, Mt. Hamilton, Pine Mt. Summit in Los Padres N.F., Valyermo, Wrightwood in San Bernardino Co. Nevada: Baker, Steamboat in 1036 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Washoe Co. New Mexico: Lake Roberts, Sandia Mts., San Lorenzo, Silver City. Utah: Arches Nat. Mon., Or- derville, Zion N.P. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Pinta. Du- range; .30 km W Durango. Hosts.— Pinus cembroides, P. edulis, P. rnonophylla, P. sabiniana. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 223 specimens. Bright (1966:304) cites the occurrence of this species in Baja California. 22. Pityophthorus minus Bright Pityophthorus minus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:4.37 (Holotype, female; Hannagan Camp, Greenlee Co., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from segnis Blackman by the minute elytral hair and by the complete absence of granules on decli vital interstriae 1 and 3. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color brown. As in segnis except as noted in the diagnosis. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male segnis. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Hannagan Camp, Greenlee Co., 12- VII-68, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 23. Pityophthorus segnis Blackman Pityophthorus segnis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse. Tech. Pub. 25:52 (Holotype, fe- male; Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus. 41278) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from opaculus LeConte by the dull, sub- reticulate to reticulate surfaces of the pro- notum and elytra and by the coarse, erect, sparse setae on the odd-numbered declivital interstriae. It intergrades with subopacus Blackman in Durango. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in opaculus except with fewer than a dozen setae in lateral areas much longer. Pronotum as in opaculus except sur- face dull, at least partly reticulate on disc (varying from shining to strongly reticulate in some series), punctures usually distinctly smaller. Elytra as in opaculus except surface dull, punctures larger but less sharply im- pressed, odd-numbered declivital interstriae each with a sparse row of coarse, erect setae, each equal in length to one or two times width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons less clearly flattened and without long setae, a long, weak, median carina usually present. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Durango. USA: Arizona: Bear Wallow in Santa Catalina Mts., ll-VI-69, 2600 m. No. 92, Pinus strohiformis, S. L. Wood, 31-V1I-74 by D. E. Bright, and 19-VI1I-07, Hopk. 5613a4, J. L. Webb; Sabino Canyon in Pima Co.; San Francisco Mts.; Santa Rita Mts. New Mexico: Sacra- mento Mts., Hopk. 5752, P. strohiformis, J. L. Webb. MEXICO: Durango: 70 km W Durango. Hosts.— Pinus strobiformis, P. engelmannii. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 364 other specimens. his species intergrades with subopacus to a remarkable degree, but it is distinguished by the slightly impressed, shining female frons with punctures indistinct (more strongly con- vex, reticulate, and clearly punctured in sub- opacus), there is also a slight difference in the punctures near the elytral apex. 24. Pityophthorus culminicolae Bright Pityophthorus cubninocolae Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:524 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from absonus Blackman by the much more strongly impressed declivial sulcus, by the ab- sence of long hair on the female frons, by the shorter, less abundant elytral vestiture, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons somewhat flattened on median two- thirds of area below upper level of eyes, con- vex elsewhere; surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely, not closely punctured, a very feeble median carina indicated in most specimens. Pronotum as in absonus except vestiture much less abundant. Elytra as in absonus except disc smoother, strial punctures in more regular, definite rows, declivity much more deeply sulcate, with lateral convexities conspicuously higher than suture, punctures more nearly obsolete. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1037 Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, a distinct, low, median carina occupying at least two-thirds distance between epistoma and upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 4-V-71, D. E. Bright and 19-III-74, Hopk. 58606-B, Finns culminacoh, M. M. Fiimiss. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 135 specimens. 25. Pityophthorus absontis Blackman Pitijophthorus ahsonus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:35 (Holotype, female; Mineral King, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41269) Pityophthorus demissus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:74 (Holotype, female; Glacier National Park, Montana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41289); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513. Synonymy Pityophthorus inyoensis Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:65 (Holotype, female; 1 mile S Onion Valley, Inyo Co., California; Canadian Nat. Coll.; Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from opaculus LeConte by the slightly larger size, by the absence of tubercles behind the pronotal summit, and by the different female frons. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly flattened to well above eyes, plano-concave on about central half; surface shining, coarsely punctured, punctures some- what smaller and less dense on central area of lower half; a sparse brush of long hair extend- ing to center, marginal setae longer and more numerous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line about as in pubendus (LeConte); ante- rior margin armed by six teeth (usually ir- regular); posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures small, usually of irregular size at least near posterior margin, punctures imme- diately behind summit never granulate. Vesti- ture of fine, rather short, semirecumbent hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in pu- bendus; striae not impressed, punctures very fine, in rows on posterior half of disc, moder- ately to strongly confused toward base; inter- striae smooth and shining, with a few lines on posterior half, moderately to strongly wrinkled on basal third, punctures mostly confined to basal half. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures very minute, but vis- ible; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 2 shal- lowly impressed, wider than 1 or 3, impunc- tate, almost smooth, 3 with a row of fine punctures (occasionally some of them feebly granulate). Vestiture of fine, short strial and interstrial hair on disc and declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex below upper level of eyes, more strongly convex above, surface more ir- regular, more finely, sparsely punctured, a strong, rather short, median carina on middle half of area between epistomal margin and upper level of eyes, vestiture spars3, incon- spicuous; teeth on anterior margin of pro- notum larger, regular. Distribution.— British Columbia and Al- berta to California and Colorado. CAN.^D.X: Alberta: Banff, Blairemore. British Colum- bia: Coal Creek in Kootenay District, Creston, Lorna, Nahun, Rossland. USA: California: Hat Creek, Lake Tenaya, Mineral King, Mt. Lassen, Robinson Lake (On- ion Valley), Yosemite N.P., Westgard Pass in Inyo Co. Colorado: Cameron Pass, Evergreen, Gould. Montana: Glacier N.P. Nevada: Wheeler Peak. Utah: Logan Can- yon, Park City, Scofield. Hosts.— Abies lasiocarpa, Pinus albicaulis, P. aristata, P. balfoiiriana, P. contorta, P. monticola. Biology.— This species breeds in small branches and in shaded out seedlings. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 176 specimens. The holotypes of absonus, demissus, and inyoensis were examined. 26. Pityophthorus opaculus LeConte Pityophthorus opaculus LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:623 (Holotype, female; Marquette, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1290) Pityophthorus abietis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:49 (Holotype, female; Silver Lake, Utah; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41275); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:517. Synonymy Pityophthorus albertensis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:50 (Holotype, female; Banff Sp., Alb., presumably Banff Springs, Alberta; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41276)'; Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:517. Synonymy Pityophthorus exiguus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:51 (Holotype, female; Ft. Garland, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41277); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:517. Synonymy 1038 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fitiiophtlioni.s pi/'^nuuiis Scliodl. 19ol. ClaiuKliaii Eiit. (iJiKi'^ (Holotypo. female; Ste. Amies, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll.. 3169); Wood. 1957. Cana- dian Knt. S9:4()l. .Si/n(>Mi/;»i|/ Di.\GNOSis.— This species is distinguished from absonus Blackmail by the smaller size, bv the presence of minute granules on the pronotal disc, and bv the verv different fe- male frons. Fem.\le.— Length 1.1-1.6 mm, 2.6-2.9 times as long as wide; color brown to dark brown. Specimens from eastern part of range distinctl)- stouter than tiiose from west. Frons convex, a weak (variable) transverse impression on lower half; surface shining, rather coar.selv, uniformlv punctured; vesti- ture variable; glabrous to inconspicuously pubescent. Females from Colorado and l^tah verv different, see Notes below. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; out- line about as in piibcrulus LeConte; anterior margin anned by six teeth; posterior areas .shining, rather coarsely, deeply punctmed, punctures on disc each with a minute granule on posterior rim. Vestiture of fine, short, sem- irecumbent hair. Elytra 1.7-1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in ptiberulus: striae not impres.sed, rows of minute punctures extend to ba.se; interstriae minutelv irregular, not smooth, wrinkled on basal fourth. Declivity as in absonus. M.\LE.— Similar to female, frons as de- scribed above. DisTRuu'TiON.— Alaska and Nova Scotia to California and West \'irginia. ALASKA: Fairbanks, Mopo^ c:A\ADA; Alberta. Brit- ish ('ohimbia. Manitoba. New Bnuiswiek. New- foundland. Northwest Territories. Nova Seotia. Ontario, (^lebec. Saskattliew an. Yukon. USA; .\rizona. Califor- nia. Colorado, Idaho. Maine. Michiijan. Minnesota. Ne- vada, New Hampshire. New Mexico. New York. Peiin- svlvania. South Dakota. Utah, West N'irninia. Wyoming. Hosts.— A/)ic,s balsamca, A. concolor, A. hmoc(jri)(i, Picca cngclnuinnii. P. (flatted. P. pun^cns, Pinus sylccstm. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of opaculus. pyg^niactis. and cxiguus and on 881 other .specimens. The onlv two females at hand from Utah and Blackmans females of cxi^uus have the frons almost flat and rather abniptlv angled at the margin near the eye, and the surface is finely, rather sparsely punctured and orna- mented bv moderatelv abmidant, rather lonnis pcllitus Schedl. 1955, Zeitsch. angew. Ent. 38:23 (Lectotype, female; Quezaltenango, Ciiate- niala; .Schedl Coll.. designated bv Bright. 1976: lS(i) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from (ich'tiis LeConte bv the reticulate pro- notum, by the coarser elytral punctures, and by the differences on the frons of both sexes. Fem.\le.— Length 1..3-1.5 nnn, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons feebly convex, shining, finely, rather closely punctured, ornamented by sparse, rather short hair, longest setae equal to less than one-fifth distance between eves. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; similar to (iclctus but more broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed bv four teeth; posteri- or areas reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderatelv close. Vestiture of fine, seini- recumbent hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in pub- cridus LeConte; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures moderatelv coarse, rows slightlv confused on basal half; inter- striae smooth, about two to three times as wide as striae, punctmes sparse. Declivity convex, steep; punctures greatlv reduced; es- sentially as in piibertihis. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, more coarsely punc- tured, armed bv a fine, low, median carina from epistoma to upper level of eye.s, vesti- ture shorter. DisTRiBiTioN.— Hidalgo to Guatemala. MFAICO: Chiapas: 9 km SE San Cristobal. Pinus. D. ¥.. Bright. Hidalgo: 6 km E Zacatlan. 12-VI-67. 25(X) m. No. 19. Pinus. Oaxaca; 184 km S Oaxaca. P. hiwsonii. D. E. Bright; Suchixtepec. P. oocarpa. D. E. Bright. Puebia: 9 km NE Teziutlan. 2-VII-67. 1600 ni. Pinus: 17 km SE Nochixtlan. 17-\'I-67. Pinus. Quer^taro: Pinal del .\moles. Pinus grt'ggii. D. E. Bright. CU.\TEM.\L.\: Guatemala City, 30-V-64. 1300 m. Pinus: Quezalte- nango. 26-\'-64, P. pscudostrohus: Totonicipan. 28-\'-64. 16(K) 111. P. pscudostrohus: San Cristobal. 2S-\"-64. 2300 m. P. pseudostrolyus: Volcan de .\giia. 19-\'-64. KXX) m. P. p.fcudostrohus: all were collected bv me. 1982 CoRTHYLlNl: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1039 Hosts.— Pinus gre^ii, P. lawsonii, P. uo- carpa, P. pseudostrobus, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Schedl's syntypes and on 51 other specimens. 28. Pityophthorus mormon Bright Pityophthortis mormon Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:528 (Holotvpf, female; Parowan Canyon, Utah; Wood Coll,) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the digestus group by the feebly concave female frons, which bears a tuft of long hair, by the distinct tubercles on declivital interstriae 1 and 3, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very broadly, feebly concave from near epistoma to above upper level of eyes; surface shining, closely, rather finely, uni- formly punctured; margins ornamented by rather abimdant, verv long hair. Pronotvun about as in ahsonus except punctures on posterior areas much coarser, closer; anterior margin with four to eight serrations. Elytra as in ahsonus Blackman except de- clivity more broadly impressed, interstriae 1 and 3 each with a row of fine granules, de- clivital vestiture slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons dis- tinctly convex, shining, vestiture inconspic- uous, a sharply elevated median carina from epi.stoma to upper level of eyes, highest just below its middle. Distribution.— California to Arizona and Utah. USA: Arizona: Agassiz Peak, San Francisco Mts., J6- VIII-68, Pinus aristata, D. E. Bright. California: Blancos Corral at Wliite Mts., Mono Co., 23-VI-53, 33(K) in, /'. aristata, ]. W. MacSwainc. Utah: Convulsion, Fishlake N.F., 9-VI-6(), P. flexilis, S. L. Wood; Parowan Canyon, Iron Co., 20-VI-6(), P. aristata, P. flexilis, S. L. Wood; Pin Hollow, Fishlake N.F., 9-VI-6(), P. flexilis, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus aristata, P. flexilis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 56 specimens and on one other specimen. 29. Pityuphtlwrtis woodi bright PitijopUlhorus woodi Bright, 1977, C^anadian Ent. 109:531 (Holotype, female; 11.5 km or 7 mi W Kingston, New Mexico; (Canadian Nat. Coll.) DiAG.NOsis.— This species is distinguished by the small size, by the total absence of punctures and granules on the declivity, by the feebly concave female frons, and bv other characters. Female.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons feebly concave on median two-thirds below upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, vestiture short, incon.spicuous. Pronotum about as in dolus Wood except anterior slope with fewer, higher asperities, anterior margin armed by two to four serra- tions, median pair much larger, posterior areas smooth, shining, rather coarsely punctured. Elytra much as in opaculus; strial punc- tures small, not close, in semidefinite rows; interstriae smooth, shining, punctures sparse, similar to those of striae. Declivity steep, convex, almost smooth, completely without punctures or granules. Vestiture of minute strial and slightly longer, sparse interstrial setae; absent on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, coarsely punctured, with a weak median carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Distribution.- New Mexico. USA: New Mexico: 11 km or 7 miles W Kingston, 5- VI-69, 2200 m. No. 58, Pinus edulis twigs, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 30. Pityophthorus dolus Wood Pitiioplilliorus dolus Wood, 1964, C;rcat Basin Nat. 24:65 (Holotype, female; McCIoiid, Siskiyou Co., Cali- tornia; Wood (a)\\.) Diagnosis.— Declivital punctures and granules obsolete, pronotal and elytral punc- tures on disc very small, male frons with a very low, fine carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes, female frons broadly flattened, coarsely punctured, and ornamented by mod- erately abundant long hair. Fe.male.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened from eye to eye, gradually, transversely impressed above epistoma; 1040 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 surface rather sparsely punctured, punctures distinctly larger than in deletus LeConte; vestiture as in deletus. Pronotum very slightly longer than wide; similar to but more broadly rounded in front than in deletus; anterior margin bearing four serrations, median pair rather widely set but with their bases almost touching; posterior area subshining, with minute points, punc- tures rather large, deep, close; vestiture evi- dent only at sides. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and subparallel on basal two- thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, in ir- regular rows; interstriae almost smooth, sub- shining, with a few scattered punctures equal in size to those of striae. Declivity moder- ately steep, convex; striae 1 strongly im- pressed, punctures only slightly smaller than on disc, other striae not impressed but punc- tures strongly reduced; interstriae 1 abruptly, slightly elevated, unarmed, 2 and 3 smooth, 3 with minute punctures. Vestiture consisting of minute strial and interstrial hair, some- times longer at sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, with a fine, low, median ca- rina on lower half; punctures of pronotum and elytra smaller; punctures on declivity greatly reduced, scarcely visible. Distrihution.— California. USA: California: Bass Lake; Idyllwild; McCloud, 14- VI-61, Pintts ponderosa, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Finns lambertiana, P. ponderosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. Other re- cords are cited by Bright (1973:107). 31. Pityophthorus clivus Bright Pityophthorus clivus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:522 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— The position of this species is uncertain; it could be easily placed in any one of at least three species groups. It is dis- tinguished from deletus LeConte by the more gradual declivity, with minute tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3, by the larger strial punc- tures, and by the different frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, sparsely, rather finely punc- tured; vestiture largely confined to margins, consisting of a moderately closely set row of very long hair. Pronotum as in digestus LeConte. Elytral outline as in digestus; striae not im- pressed except 1 on posterior third of disc, punctures fine, in definite rows on at least posterior half; smooth, shining, slightly wrinkled and with confused punctures to- ward scutellum; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, even-numbered impunctate, others sparsely punctured. Declivity moder- ately steep, convex, shallowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 with punctures very fine, distinct; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, with a row of minute granules, 2 at least twice as wide as 1, smooth, shining, 3 rounded, as high as 1, with several minute granules. Vestiture of minute strial hair, length of each up to twice diame- ter of a puncture, sparse interstrial setae sim- ilar to those of striae. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex, more coarsely punctured, moderate carina extending from epistomal margin two-thirds distance to upper level of eyes, vestiture short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 4-V-71, Pimis strobiformis, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 30 specimens. 32. Pityophthorus deletus LeConte Pityophthorus deletus LeConte, 1879, U.S. Dept. Interi- or, Geol, Geogr. Surv. Bull. 5:519 (Lectotype, sex?; Veta Pass, Colorado; Mus. Comp. Zool. des- ignated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. .30:185) Pityophthorus inquietus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:46 (Holotype, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41272); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:387. Synonymy Pityophthorus monophyllae Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:47 (Holo- type, female; Argus Mts., California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 4127.3); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:.387. Synonymy Pityophthorus socius Blackman, 1928, New York Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:48 (Holotype, fe- male; Argus Mts., California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41274); Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:67. Synoi^ymy 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1041 Pityophthorus piceus Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:297 (Holotype, female; Mount Pinos, Ventura Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:67. Sijnonijmij Pityophthorus praealtus Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:.303 (Holotype, female; Mt. Shasta Ski Area, Siskiyou Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:387. Synonymy Pityophthorus brucki Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:63 (Holotype, female; San Bernardino, Califor- nia; Ohio State University); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:388. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This variable species is most likely to be confused with opaciilus LeConte. It is distinguished from opaculus by the slightly larger average size, by the presence of only two to four teeth on the anterior mar- gin of the pronotum, by the absence of min- ute granules on the posterior margins of the punctures on the pronotal disc, and by fron- tal characters in both sexes. Female.- Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.6-2.8 times as long as wide; color brown to very dark brown. Frons variable, plano-convex to plano- concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; convex above; surface shining, rather coarsely punctured in lateral areas, rather finely to very finely punctured in central area of lower half; vestiture from fine, short, sparse to fine, very long, moderately abun- dant (in Utah and California both extremes may occur in same series). Pronotum as in opaculus except anterior margin armed by two to four teeth (rarely six), punctures on posterior areas usually larger, deeper, more sharply defined, never with granules on posterior rims on disc. Elytra as in opaculus (equally variable). Male.— Similar to female except frons flattened on a smaller area, subconvex, more coarsely punctured, armed by a small, short carina or tubercle (usually lower, shorter, and less well developed than in opaculus). Distribution.— California and Durango to South Dakota and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Bright .\ngel Point, Carr Canyon, Kai- bab N.F., Santa Catalina Mts. California: Argus Mts., Juniper Hills near Valyermo, Mt. Pinos in Ventura Co., Sugar Loaf Mt. in San Bernardino Co. Colorado: Colo- rado N.F., Estes Park, Gould, La Veta Pass, Poudre Can- yon. Nevada: Baker. New Mexico: Kingston, La Flacita, Lake Roberts, Las Vegas, Hot Springs, Meek, Nogal Lake, Sandia Mts., Santa Fe. South Dakota: Cheyenne Crossing, Custer. Utah: Beaver, La Sal, Logan Canyon, McKee Draw in Ashley N.F., Gooseberry in Fishlake N.F., Moab, Monticello. Mt. Carmel. Wyoming: Buffalo. MEXICO: Durango: 35 km W Durango. Hosts.— Finns cembroides, P. edulis, P. monophylla, less common in P. flexilis, P. ponderosa, P. strobifomiis, Pseudotsuga men- zeisii (accidental?). Biology.— This species breeds in small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 syntypes and 8 topotypes of deletus, on the holotypes of inquietus, monophyllae, and socius, on 3 paratypes of brucki, on 2 para- types of piceus, on 2 paratypes of praealtus, and on 439 other specimens. Over much of its range this species might be subdivided into races based on the pres- ence or absence of a brush of long frontal hair in the female and variability in the male frontal carina. The female frontal hair is usu- ally short in most specimens from Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, South Dakota, Wyoming, and southeastern Utah (deletus s. str.). It is usually long in specimens from northern Mexico, California, and northern and western Utah. Nevertheless, series from the Argus Mts., California, and Beaver, Utah, contain both extremes in about equal num- bers. Occasional or frequent intermediates may occur in any area. The male carina is weak to absent in the southeastern parts of the range and stronger in the northwest. Un- til a great deal more is known of the range and variability of this species, geographical races should not be recognized. It is possible that a complex of several species is concealed in this variability in addition to geographical races, but, until a comprehensive analysis of this variability is made, it is considered best to treat all forms under the name deletus. 33. Pityophthorus trepidus Bright Pityophthorus trepidus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:83 (Holotype, female; Ukiah, California; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pinguus Blackman by the smaller size, by the more narrowly impressed striae 2, with the lateral areas more evenly convex, by the complete absence of granules on declivi- tal interstriae 2, and by the very minute in- terstrial setae. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. 1042 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 As in pinguus except as noted in diagnosis. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Ukiah, Hopk. US 20976, Pinus radiata. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens. Since Pinus radiata does not occur naturally at Ukiah, the specimens must have come from an unnatural situation or from a misidentified host. 34. PityophtJiorus keeni (Blackman) Myeloborus keeni Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:19 (Holotype, sex?; Jacumba, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41260) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pinguus Black;nan by the more evenly convex elytral declivity, by the row of punc- tures or granules on declivital interstriae 2, and by the much finer punctures on the frons. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Female as in pinguus except frons much more finely punctured (interspaces mostly two or more times diameter of a puncture) and elytral declivity evenly convex, inter- striae 2 less distinctly impressed, with a sparse row of fine, setiferous punctures (one or two punctures sometimes present at apex in pinguus). Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— California to Colorado. USA: California: Jacumba, 15-VIII-15, Pinus mono- phijUa. Colorado: Colorado N.M., 25-X-.35, P. ediiU.s. Host.— Pinus monophylla, P. edulis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on five paratypes, and on eight other specimens. 35. Pityophthorus pinguus (Blackman) Fig. 209 Myeloborus pinguus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:17, 149, 153, 166, 178 {pinquus, p. 20, a lapsus calami) (Holotype, female; Longmont, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41261) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other members of the ramiperda group by the absence of a frontal carina (obscure in an occasional specimen), by having antennal suture 2 located at or beyond the middle of the club, and by the normal, nonconvex ely- tral interstriae 8. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons broadly convex, surface brightly shining, very coarsely, closely, deeply punc- tured, interspaces narrower than diameter of a puncture; vestiture of fine, short, inconspic- uous hair. Antennal club 1.05 times as long as wide, suture 2 slightly beyond middle. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; out- line about as in boycei Swaine except ante- rior margin more narrowly rounded, armed by six to eight serrations, discal punctures coarser, deeper, their margins not granulate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in boycei; striae 1 slightly impressed toward declivity, others not impressed, punctures rather fine, spaced by one to two diameters of a punc- ture; interstriae smooth, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, almost impunctate. Declivity convex, steep; strial punctures very minute, almost obsolete; interstriae 1 dis- tinctly elevated, with a few minute granules, 2 twice as wide as 1, smooth, impunctate, 3 armed by a sparse row of fine granules. Vesti- ture of fine, short, strial hair on disc, slightly longer on declivital interstriae 1 and 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, teeth on anterior mar- gin of pronotum slightly larger. Distribution.— E Nevada and Wyoming to Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Carr Canyon in Huachuca Mts., Chiri- cahua Mts., Santa Catalina Mts. Colorado: Longmont. Nevada; Baker. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Emery Pass. Utah: Brvce Canyon N.M., Logan Canyon, Logan Dry Canyon, Panguitch, Widtsoe. Wyoming: Casper, Russell Creek in Shoshone N.F. Hosts.— Pinus flexilis, P. strobiforrnis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium of small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 36 specimens. 36. Pityophthorus separatus Bright Pityophthorus separatus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:529 (Holotype, male; Poinsett State Park, South Carolina; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from boycei Swaine by the more finely 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1043 punctured pronotal disc and by the very dif- ferent declivity as described below. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in boycei except punctures slightly smaller. Pronotum as in boycei except punctures on posterior half much smaller, their rims not armed by a granule. Elytra as in boycei except discal punctures not as deep, slightly smaller; declivity con- vex, sulcus feeble or absent, striae 1 and 2 punctured to apex, interstriae 2 indistinctly wider than 1, not impressed, with a row of fine, feebly granulate punctures. Vestiture largely confined to posterior half except on sides, consisting of moderately long, rather fine interstrial setae on all interstriae includ- ing 2. Distribution.— South Carolina. USA: South Carolina: Poinsett State Park, 20-VII-57, blacklight, V. M. Kirk. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 37. Pityophthorus boycei Swaine Fig. 209 Pityophthorus boycei Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:192 (Holotype, male; Cisco, Placer Co., Cali- fornia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1.368.) Myeloborus cattihis Blackinan, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:21 (Holotvpe, fe- male; Clark's Fork, Idaho; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41262); Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:426. Synonymy Myeloborus iniquus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:27 (Holotype, fe- male; Keystone, Wyoming; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41264); Bright, 1976, Great Ba.sin Nat. 36:426. Synonytny Pityophthorus siouxensis Bright, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .36:4.39 (Holotype, female; Black Hills, South Da- kota; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:387. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ramipercki Swaine by the presence of small granules on the lateral or posterolateral margins of discal punctures on the pronotum, by the flat (not elevated) declivital interstriae 3 where it joins 9, and by the less strongly convex frons. Female.— Length 1.9-2.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons longitudinally almost flat from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, transversely rather broadly convex; surface shining, some- what irregular, punctures moderately coarse, close; some specimens with a low, weak me- dian carina of variable length; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous. Antennal club 1.15 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 on bas- al half, slightly procurved, aseptate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, rather weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 teeth; posterior areas shining, indistinctly, feebly wrinkled, punctures moderately fine, several punctures behind summit each armed on lat- eral or posterior margin by a fine granule; median line impunctate. Vestiture of fine, short hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly converging, broadly rounded behind; striae 1 feebly, others not impressed, punctures fine, shallow, spaced within row by three to four diameters of a puncture; interstriae shining, not entirely smooth, about five times as wide as striae, punctures very fine, widely spaced. Declivity steep, convex; strial punctures very fine, but distinct in most specimens; inter- striae 1 rather narrowly, distinctly elevated, 2 shallowly, rather broadly impressed, at middle as wide as 1, narrower below, 3 in- distinctly elevated, armed by a row of about six very fine granules, 8 weakly convex from base of declivity to just anterior to junction with 3. Vestiture restricted to sides; declivity glabrous, a few short setae often present on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, transverse impression above epistoma weakly developed; median serrations on anterior margin of pronotum usually slightly larger. Distribution.— British Columbia and Cal- ifornia to South Dakota and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Weywick Lake at Ca- riboo, 13-VI-62, G. G. E. Scudder' USA: California: Bridal Veil Meadows in Mariposa Co., Cisco, Donner Pass, Ebbetts Pass, Kingvale, Meyers, Mono Hot Springs in Fresno Co., Tuolumne Meadows. Colorado: Fairplay, Jefferson, Pike N.F., Pine, Pingree Park, Poudre Canyon. Idaho: Clark Fork. Montana: Melville. Oregon: Wil- liamson River in Klamath Co. South Dakota: Black Hills. Wyoming: 25 km SW Buffalo, Black Hills, Cody Canyon, Keystone, Sheridan, Yellowstone Lake. 1044 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hosts.— Pintis aristata, P. contorta, P. ponderosa. Biology.— This is apparently a primary enemy of pine. The adult beetles construct pith tunnels in healthy, green, leaf-bearing twigs, where they deposit their eggs. The lar- vae enlarge and extend the parental tunnel and emerge before the needles on infested twigs turn brown. Infested twigs usually are detected when the wind breaks them, thus causing them to fall to the ground. Severe in- festations have been observed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of boycei, iniquus, catulus, and siouxensis, and on 133 other specimens. 38. Pityophthorus ampins (Blackman) Fig. 209 Myeloborus amplus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:18 (Holotype, fe- male; Kaibab N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41259) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ramiperda Swaine by the near absence of a frontal carina, by the coarser elytral pimctures, and by the different elytral decliv- ity as described below. Female.— Length 2.1-3.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually lighter. Frons less strongly convex than in rami- perda, with median carina usually obsolete, punctures finer, sparse. Pronotum as in ramiperda except punc- tures rather coarse. Elytra about as in ramiperda except punc- tures conspicuously larger, declivital inter- striae 2 at least twice as wide as 1 (one and one-half times or less in ramiperda), 8 feebly convex on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except a weak, longer median frontal carina evidently al- ways present. Distribution.— Arizona to New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Flag.staff, 12-V-21, 24-VI-25, 25-V1I-26, Pinus ponderosa, M. W. Blackman; Kaibab N.F., 25- VII- 26, K-219, Pinus ponderosa, M. W. Blackman, same data except 12-VI-25, K-63; Chiricahua Mts. bred 26-IX, P. ponderosa, Hopk. 5793, J. L. Webb; Prescott N.F., 4-VI- 10, Hopk. 20404J; Santa Catalina Mts. New Mexico: Lin- coln N.F., Hopk. U.S. 37218-L, Pinus -flexilis"; Sacra- mento Mts. Host.— Pinus ponderosa, P. strobiformis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 12 paratypes, and on 2 other specimens. 39. Pityophthorus ramiperda Swaine Figs. 208, 209 Piftjophthorus ramiperda Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):28 (Holo- type, female; He Perrot, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3150) Myeloborus fivasi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:23 (Holotype, fe- male; Cranberry Lake, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41263); Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:426. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from boycei Swaine as indicated in the diag- nosis of that species and in the following treatment. Female.— Length 1.9-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in boycei except very slightly more strongly convex. Pronotum as in boycei except discal punc- tures never armed by granules. Elytra as in boycei except discal punctures slightly larger; lower part of declivital inter- striae 3 convex, joining convex apex of 8 (not always distinct.) Male.— Similar to female except differing as in boycei. Distribution.— Wisconsin and Quebec to New York. CANADA: Ontario: Bob's Lake. Quebec: He Perrot. US.\: Maine: Bar Harbor, "Maine Coast. " Massachu- setts: Belchertown, Beverlv, Rozbury, Wellesley. Mich- igan: Manitowoc Co., Romeo. New York: Cranberry Lake, Niagara. Rhode Island: Burville, Gloucester, Washington Co. Vermont: Danbury. Wisconsin: Amery in Polk Co. Hosts.— Pinus resinosa, P. strobus. Biology.— Evidently similar to boycei (Blackman 28:24). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of ramiperda and fivasi and on 56 other specimens. 40. Pityophthorus deleoni (Blackman) Myeloborus deleoni Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:201 (Holotvpe, female; El Seco, Puebla, Mexico U.S. Nat. Mus., 55975) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ramiperda Swaine by the larger size, by the reticulate, more finely punctured elytral 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1045 disc, and by other characters described below. Female.— Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra reddish brown. Frons broadly, transversely convex, weak- ly, transversely impressed above epistoma, then longitudinally almost flat to upper level of eyes, a weak, median carina at epistoma, sometimes ending on lower fourth, occasion- ally extending to upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine, moderately close; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous, longest about equal in diameter to four facets. Pronotum outline about as in ramiperda; surface of posterior areas weakly reticulate, punctures fine, deep, close, a few with a min- ute granule on lateral margin. Vestiture fine, short, moderately abundant. Elytra outline about as in ramiperda; striae not impressed, punctures in slightly confused rows, punctures rather coarse, deep; inter- striae about twice as wide as striae, very ob- scurely subreticulate, 1 and 3 punctured, 2 and 4 with a few punctures at base and near declivity. Declivity steep, shallowly bisul- cate; striae 1 moderately impressed, punc- tures on 1 and 2 almost as large as on disc, impressed; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, shining, a row of very minute granules pres- ent, 2 moderately impressed, flat to ascend- ing very slightly laterally, almost smooth, im- punctate, 3 convex, slightly higher than 1, with moderately abundant, fine, confused punctures near base, becoming minutely granulate below, convexity of 3 joins dis- tinctly convex 8. Disc and declivity usually glabrous; some short setae on sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons shallowly, transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, median carina much stronger, subacute to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon to Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: El Seco, 7-III-36, Pinus, 685, D. DeLeon. Nuevo Leon: Chapinque Mesa near Monterey, 23-VI-71, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on five paratypes, and on three other specimens. 41. Pityophthonis comosus B\ackma.n Pityophthorus comosus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:65 (Holotype, female; Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41284) Pityophthorus foratus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:40 (Holotype, female; 10 miles W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the large size, by the confused elytral punctures, by the very long, fine, elytral hair, and by the distinctive male frons that lacks a median carina. Female.— Length 2.3-3.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, with central third subconcavely impressed, punctures coarse in lateral areas (New Mexico); more broadly im- pressed to upper level of eyes, more finely punctured over greater area, particularly lat- erally (Durango); vestiture rather sparse, long, longest setae equal to about one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides weakly arcuate, converging to- ward rather narrowly rounded anterior mar- gin; anterior margin armed by about 8-12 ir- regular, low serrations; posterior areas smooth, shining with numerous indistinctly impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, long hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; striae 1 weakly im- pressed toward declivity; discal surface smooth, shining, punctures strongly confused, coarse, deep, close, mostly separated by dis- tances less than diameter of a puncture. De- clivity steep, very broadly, shallowly bisul- cate; striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured, punctures in lateral areas con- fused; interstriae 1 rather narrowly convex, 2 three times as wide as 1, smooth, shining, im- punctate, with numerous impressed points, lateral areas convex, as high as 1, unarmed. Vestiture fine, very long hair (in Durango specimens half as long as in New Mexico specimens). Male.— Similar to female except frons with a broad, strong, transverse impression occupying upper half of area below upper level of eyes, area below impression occupied by a strong transverse elevation, surface 1046 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 shining, coarsely punctured, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Durango. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Parmerly in Cochise Co. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mts. MEXI- CO: Durango: El Salto. Host.— Firms ponderosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of comosus and foratus and on 55 other specimens. As indicated above, the length of the elytral hair and the sculp- ture of the female frons differs rather strik- ingly between the series from New Mexico and Durango. Tlie Durango specimens are also smaller. Although different subspecies could be represented, more material is needed from northern Mexico to resolve the problem. 42. Pityophthorus arceuthobii Wood Pityophthorus arceuthobii Wood, 1971, Brigham Young University Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):48 (Holo- type, female; 96 km W Durango, Durango, Mexi- co; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The relationship of this spe- cies to others in the comosus group is remote. It is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the less densely placed elytral punctures, and by the declivital and frontal characters described below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually lighter. Frons plano-convex, with a slight trans- verse impression on lower third, epistomal margin weakly elevated; surface subshining, rather coarsely, closely punctured on a semi- circular area; vestiture of fine, rather long hair of equal length almost uniformly dis- tributed over punctured area. Antennal club with suture 1 straight, segments 2 and 3 about equal in width. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides almost parallel on slightly less than basal half, weakly constricted on an- terior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 small, ir- regularly formed teeth; posterior area reti- culate, punctures coarse, deep. Glabrous ex- cept at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly converging, broadly rounded behind; striae 1 narrowly impressed on posterior half of disc; striae moderately confused, punctures large, deep, only moderately close, equal in size and appearance with slightly less abundant, confused, interstrial punctures; surface shin- ing, not completely smooth. Declivity rather steep, broadly, shallowly sulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 minute but distinct; inter- striae 2 wide, smooth, moderately impressed, 1 sharply, slightly elevated, bearing about six minute granules, 3 gradually, broadly raised, punctures very feebly granulate. Vestiture of sparse, rather short, coarse hair, mostly on sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex above, lower half with a rather thick, low, median carina that gradu- ally increases in height to summit just above epistoma, surface subreticulate, less regularly punctured, frontal vestiture sparse, short; granules on elytral declivity scarcely evident. Distribution.— Durango to Mexico. MEXICO: Durango: 96 km W Durango, 5-VI-65, 2500 m, No. 27, S. L. Wood. Mexico: 5 km W Rio Frio. Host.— Arceiithobium globosum (parasite on Pinus montezuma). Biology.— Specimens were removed from shoots^ 1-3 cm in diameter in tvinnels parallel to but below the cambium. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens and on 7 other specimens. 43. Pityophthorus aztecus Bright Pityophthorus aztecus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:520 (Holotype, female; km 50 Mexico-Puebla, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dispar Bright by the much finer, more widely spaced punctures on the elytral disc. Female.— Length 2.3-3.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown except elytra reddish brown. Frons as in schtverdtfergeri (Schedl) except punctures distinctly smaller. Pronotum as in schtverdtfergeri except disc rather strongly reticulate, punctures slightly smaller. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA. 1047 Elytra as in schwerdtfergeri except punc- tures conspicuously smaller, declivital inter- striae 2 wider, about one and one-half times as wide as 1. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, more coarsely punc- tured, a low median carina on lower half, most specimens with lower half weakly to moderately, transversely impressed (variable). Distribution.— Mexico to Veracruz. MEXICO: Mexico: km 50 Mexico-Puebla, 23-1-60, Pinus, No. 16, 60-115&4, Guerera; Rio Frio, l-IX-69, L. A. Kelton; 32 km N Cuernavaca, 15-VII-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 157, small Pinus branches, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 1 1 para types. 44. Pityophthorus dispar Bright Pityophthoriis dispar Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. .36:431 (Holotype, female; 7 miles or 11 km E San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aztecus Bright by the much coarser, closer, elytral punctures and by the uni- formly dark color. Female.— Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. As in aztecus except pronotal and elytral pimctures much coarser, closer. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in aztecus except median carina reduced to a blunt, indistinct tubercle on epistoma. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 7 miles or 11 km E San Cristobal, L3-26-V-69, Pintis, also 8 mi or 13 km E, P. montezuma, P. ochoterenai, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 45. Pityophthorus schwerdtfergeri (Schedl) Conophthorus schwerdtfergeri Schedl, 1955, Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:28 (Lectotype, male; Rancho Alegre, Strasse Quezaltenango-Huehuetenango, Guatemala; Schedl Coll., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:187) PihjophtJiorus islasi Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:80 (Holotype, female; Temascaltepec, Mexico, Mexi- co; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Ba.sin Nat. 26:28. Synonymij Conophthocraniilus islasi Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Prey 14:163 (Holotype, female; Temascaltepec, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:28. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from comosus Blackman by the very different frons in both sexes, by the more convex, very feebly sulcate elytral declivity, and by the shorter elytral hair. Female.— Length 2.2-2.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from epistoma to above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, less numerous in central area; vestiture of fine, moderately abundant, moderately long hair, a few hairs at margin slightly longer. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 moderately arcute. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as vade; out- line as in comosus; summit poorly defined, as- perities in lateral areas extending to basal fourth; posterior areas obscurely sub- reticulate, punctures rather fine, most not circular, some in lateral part of disc armed by a granule. Vestiture rather sparse, moderately short. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in comosus. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1 and 2 with punctures in rows, almost as large as on disc; interstriae 1 slightly ele- vated, with a row of punctures, 2 flat, not im- pressed, impunctate, with numerous points, slightly wider than 1, 3 broadly rounded, unarmed. Vestiture of erect, moderately long hair, stouter on declivity except absent on in- terstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons deeply excavated almost from eye to eye from upper level of eyes two-thirds of dis- tance toward epistoma, excavation divided by a median carina, carina extending at sum- mit on epistomal margin, surface rather coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous. Distribution.— Nevada and Arizona to Honduras. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., 12-VIII-52, J. N. Knull; Globe R. D. Nevada; Kyle Creek, Clark Co., 24- IX-69, Pinus ponderosa, D. F. Zoller. Texas: Jeff Davis Co., 20-VI-52, J. N. Knull. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lazardo Cardenas, 26-VI-69, Pinus oocarpa, D. E. Bright. Duran- go: El Salto, 25-III-74, Pinus, M. M. Furniss. Mexico: Temascaltepec, 17-VIII-60, P. oocarpa, F. Islas. Nuevo Leon: Chapinque Mesa, 26-IV-69, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Rancho Alegre on the Huehuetenango- Quezaltenango road. HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa, 18-1- 68, P. pseudostrobus, E. W. Clark. Hosts.— Pinus oocarpa, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrobus. 1048 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from de- formed cones and from twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of schwerdtfergi, on the holo- types of islasi Wood and islasi Schedl, and on 32 other specimens. 46. Pityophthorus pulicarius (Zimmermann) Crypturgus pulicarius Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:144 (Lectotype, sex?; Lake Superior, as indicated by small blue card on pin of type; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:187) Cnjphalus pulicarius: LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:155 Pitifophthorus pulicarius: LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:353 Pityophthorus cubensis Schedl, 1972, Koleopt. Rundsch. 50:65 (Holotype, male; Vinales, Pinar del Rio Prov., Cuba;' Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:210. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the coarse, deep, confused punctures on the elytral disc, by the evenly convex male frons that lacks a carina, and by the coarsely punctured declivital striae 1 and 2, with in- terstriae 2 equal in width to 1. Female.— Length 1.5-2.2 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly, transversely convex, very shallowly, transversely impressed between epistoma and upper level of eyes; surface shining, punctures rather coarse, deep, close except finer on median area of lower half, vestiture of rather sparse, fine, moderately long hair to slightly above upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.1-1.2 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides feebly arcuate and con- verging very slightly on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10-12 low serrations; summit not well defined, slightly in front of middle; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numer- ous impressed points (occasional specimens subreticulate), punctures coarse, very close, deep. Hairlike vestiture confined to margins, short. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides sub parallel, very feebly arcuate on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures coarse, deep, strongly confused. mostly spaced by distances less than diameter of a puncture. Declivity very steep, broadly convex; punctures of striae 1 and 2 in rows, rather coarse, deep, those in lateral areas of- ten in indistinct rows; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, with a row of fine punctures, 2 smooth, shining, impunctate, as wide as 1, moderately impressed, 3 and lateral areas broadly rounded, as high as 1, pvmctured, without granules. Vestiture usually confined to sides and declivity, rather sparse, short. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, uniformly convex, more coarsely punctured; glabrous. Distribution.— Minnesota and Nova Scotia to Texas, Florida, and Cuba. CANADA: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia. USA: Ala- bama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Caro- lina, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. CUBA: Pinar del Rio. Hosts.— Piniis carihaea, P. echinata, P. pa- lustris, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. syl- vestris, P. taeda, P. virginiana. Biology.— This species breeds in the pith of small twigs. Notes.— The original description does not specify a locality or type. Of 10 presumed syntypes in the LeConte collection, the first, a male, is color coded for Lake Superior, the second is for the southern states, specimens 3-6 are labeled Tampa, Florida, 8-9 are la- beled Maryland, and 10 is from Illinois. These syntypes and 534 other specimens were used as a basis for the above treatment. 47. Pityophthorus sohis Blackman Pityophthorus solus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:64 (Holotype, male?; Pinal Moimtains, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41283) Pityophthorus cribratus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 92:216 (Holotvpe, female; Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55990); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:518. Synonyjny Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles pidicarius (Zimmermann), but is dis- tinguished by the more slender form, by the distinct pronotal summit, by the very differ- ent elytral declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.5-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1049 Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression between summit and upper level of eyes, epistoma slightly elevated at median line; surface shining and rather coarsely, closely punctured to upper level of eyes; ves- titure of sparse, rather long hair below upper level of eyes. Pronotimi 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line about as in pulicarius except anterior margin more broadly rounded and more coarsely serrate; summit slightly in front of middle, with a distinct posterior impression, posterior areas with surface smooth, shining, impressed points very obscure, moderately coarse, deep, spaced approximately by diam- eter of a puncture. Vestiture absent on disc, of short hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc with coarse, confused punctures as in pulicarius. Declivity steep, broadly convex; striae 1 and 2 coarsely, deep- ly punctured; interstriae 1 distinctly, gradu- ally elevated, 2 much wider than 1, shallowly sulcate, smooth, shining, coarsely, deeply punctured, punctures confused, 3 with a few very obscure, rounded minute granules. Ves- titure of fine, erect, moderately long hair on disc and sides, distinctly longer and coarser on declivital interstriae 3 and lateral areas. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma to well above eyes, coarsely punc- tured, aciculate near epistoma. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Chiapas. USA: Arizona: Pinal Mts., Wickhani, 147. New Mexi- co: Cloudcroft, Hopk. 34218-E2, Penasco, 2-IV-70, 14- VII-70, in flight, J. R. McClellan. MEXICO: Chiapas: San Cristobal, Verba Buena. Distrito Federal: Mexico City. Durango: El Salto, El Palmito. Mexico: Iz- taccihuatl-Popocatepetl N.P. Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Suchixte- pec, Valle Nacional. Hosts.— Pinus spp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of solus and cribratus and on 141 other specimens. 48. Pityophthorus aciculatus Bright Pityophthorus aciculatus Bright, 1976, Canadian Ent. 109:519 (Holotype, female; San Cristobal, Hue- huetenango, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from solus Blackman by the larger size, by the smaller elytral punctures, by the deeper declivital sulcus, and by the very different frons. Female.— Length 1.9-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons weakly convex; smooth, shining, coarsely, closely, deeply punctured, often ob- scurely aciculate, a distinct, short, median ca- rina on lower third; vestiture moderately abundant, a few setae rather long, not form- ing a brush. Pronotum as in solus except punctures on posterior half larger, closer. Elytra as in solus except punctures on disc deeper, slightly smaller, declivity not as steep, sulcus more distinctly impressed, punc- tures on declivity distinctly smaller. Male.— Frons rather strongly, transversely impressed, aciculation much more conspicuous. Distribution.— Mexico to Guatemala. MEXICO: Mexico: Ocoyoacac, 16-V1I-69, Pinus leio- phylla. D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: San Cristobal, Huehuetenango, 28-V-64, 2300 m. No. 637, Pinus pseu- dostrobus, S. L. Wood. Notes.- The above treatment was based on the type series of 46 specimens. 49. Pityophthorus carmeli Swaine Pityophtliorus carmeli Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 100 (Holo- type, female; Carmel, California; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1372) Pityophthorus torreyanae Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 101 (Holo- type, female; San Diego, California; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1370); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:98. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles solus Blackman, from which it is dis- tinguished by the very different frons, by the elytral punctures on the disc being in more or less definite rows, and by the impunctate declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.9-2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons shallowly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, uniformly rather coarsely, closely punctured; vestiture of rather abundant, fine hair, rather short in 1050 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 central area, very long on lateral and dorsal margins. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line essentially as in solus except median teeth on anterior margin distinctly larger; posterior areas smooth to subreticulate, with numerous, minute, impressed points, punc- tures deep, moderately coarse, rather close. Vestiture of fine, short hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in solus; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures moderately large, deep, mostly in rows; interstriae almost smooth, shining, with many transverse lines emanating from strial punc- tures, punctures distinctly smaller than those of striae; rather widely spaced. Declivity steep, broadly convex; punctures on striae 1 and 2 very fine, a few of them evidently re- placed by granules; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, with a row of very minute granules, 2 about twice as wide as 1, moderately im- pressed on mesal side, weakly on lateral side, surface smooth, shining, with impressed points, 3 with a row of very fine granules. Vestiture of minute strial hair and moder- ately long interstrial hair, not longer on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, rather coarsely, more closely punctured, a distinct median callus (often subcarinate) near upper level of eyes, vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Alameda, Lake, Marin, Monterey, San Diego, San Luis Obispo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and Sonoma Counties. Hosts.— Pinus attenuata, P. coulteri, P. muricata, P. radiata, P. torreyana. Biology.— These beetles breed in small twigs and produce at least two overlapping generations each year. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of canneli and torreyanae and on 251 other specimens. 50. Pityophthorus scabridus Schedl Piiijophthorus scabridus Schedl, 1955, Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:24 (Lectotype, female; Qiiezaltenango, Guatemala; Schedl Coll., designated bv Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:186) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely allied canneli Swaine by the stouter body form, by the very different frons, by the subreticulate pronotum, by the coarsely punctured elytra, and by the very different elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened to well above eyes, epistoma ascending toward margin; surface smooth, shining, finely, very closely punc- tured; vestiture rather abundant, uniformly distributed, moderately long, only slightly longer at margins. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line about as in camieli; posterior areas sub- reticulate, impressed points evident, punc- tures rather coarse, moderately close, deep. Glabrous except for short hair at margins. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, surface sub- reticulate, shining, punctures from suture to interstriae 3 strongly confused, in recogniz- able rows in lateral areas, punctures coarse, deep, close. Declivity very steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 distinct, punctures rather fine; interstriae 1 convex, distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine tubercles, 2 strongly impressed, subreticulate, slightly wider than 1, 3 distinctly elevated, higher than 1, armed by a row of about nine rather fine tubercles. Vestiture of minute strial hair and moderately long, coarser interstrial hair, rather stout on declivital interstriae 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, rather coarsely, closely punc- tured, a subcarinate median callus on upper half, vestiture sparse, fine, rather short. Distribution.— Nayarit to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: 6 km N Bochil, lO-V-69, Pinus, D, E. Bright; Lagos des Colores, 17-V-69, P. oocarpa, D. E. Bright; San Cristobal, 26-V-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Ja- lisco: 24 km W Guadalajara, 19-VII-.52, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Mexico: 32 km N Cuernavaca, 15-VII-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Nayarit: Laguna Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m, No. 204, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 41 km SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 56, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Vera- cruz: Las Vigas, 5-VI-62, Pinus, R. Coronado. GUATE- MALA: Quezaltenango, 26-V-64, 1600 m. No. 622, P. pseudostrohus, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 596, P. pseudostrohus, S. L. Wood; San Juan. HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa, 9-III-66, P. oocarpa; Yuscaran, 23-IV-64, 800 m. No. 518, P. caribaea, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa, P. pseudostrobus. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1051 Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Schedl syntypes and on 215 other specimens. 51. Pityophthorus leechi Wood Pityophthorus Iccchi Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:215 (Holotype, female; 3 km NNE Angwin on N side of Howell Mt., Napa Co., California; Cali- fornia Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from scalptor Blackmail by conspicuous char- acters of the female frons as indicated below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons transversely impressed on area be- low upper level of eyes, very feebly concave on median half of impressed area; surface smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, almost uniformly distributed, inter- spaces about equal to diameter of a puncture; a weak epistomal process clearly indicated; vestiture much less abundant than in scalptor, almost uniformly distributed, rather short, only slightly longer in marginal areas, longest setae about equal to one-third distance be- tween eyes. Pronotum and elytra as in scalptor, per- haps less brightly shining and elytral vestiture very slightly longer. Male.— Similar to male scalptor except transverse frontal impression not as strong, median carina less strongly elevated. Distribution.— California. USA: California: 3 km NNE Angwin on N side of Howell Mt., Napa Co., 5-VI-77, Pinus ponderosa, H. B. Leecfi. Biology.— Specimens were reared from small, shaded-out branches on a living host tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 29 specimens. 52. Pityophthorus scalptor Blackman Pityophthorus scalptor Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:30 (Holotype, female; Julian, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41265) Diagnosis.— This speech is distinguished from borealis Swaine and its allies by the ab- sence of small granules on the lateral margins of discal punctures on the pronotum, by the reticulate elytra, and by the shallowly con- cave female frons. Female.— Length 2.2-2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons impressed from eye to eye, from epistoma to well above eyes, central half shallowly concave, ascending toward epis- toma; epistomal process not indicated; sur- face smooth, rather dull, punctures rather fine, close, dense along lateral and dorsal margins; vestiture of fine, yellow hair, rather short in central area, very long on margins, longest setae equal in length to two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides moderately arcuate on basal two-thirds, dis- tinctly constricted on anterior third, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 teeth, median pair rather coarse, rapidly decreasing in size laterally; summit slightly anterior to middle, with a slight posterior impression; disc smooth, shin- ing, impressed points indicated; punctures rather fine, circular, with margins unarmed, moderately close. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures rather small, in definite rows except slightly irregular on basal two- thirds; surface reticulate, moderately shining, interstrial punctures fine, more widely spaced than those of striae, slightly confused on basal half, present on all interstriae. De- clivity steep, convex, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, punctures on 1 and 2 min- ute but visible; interstriae 1 distinctly ele- vated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 al- most one and one-half times as wide as 1, impunctate, flat but ascending laterally, 3 rounded, higher than 1, armed by a row of minute granules similar to those on 1. Usually glabrous except at sides, occasional minute strial or interstrial hair on disc and declivity, without longer setae on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex on upper two-thirds, a shallow, transverse impression below, lower two-thirds with a fine, uniformly, sharply 1052 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 elevated, low, median carina, surface coar- sely punctured, subglabrous. Distribution.— British Columbia to California. CANADA: British Columbia: Elko. USA: California: Ebbetts Pass, Hat Creek, Mt. Julian, Laguna in Mari- posa Co., McCloud, Mt. Wilson, Northfork, Palomar Mountain, Ventura Co., Yosemite Valley. Hosts.— Pinus contorta, P. coulteri, P. Jef- frey i, P. ponderosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches of young trees. Apparently it is rather uncommon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 60 other specimens. 53. Pityophthorus scalptus Bright Pityophthorus scalpttis Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:82 (Holotype, female; Aspen Grove, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 15486) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from scalptor Blackman by the more shallow- ly concave, more sparsely punctured female frons, by the tuberculate punctures on the pronotal disc, by the absence of elytral reti- culation, by the absence of punctures on the even-numbered discal interstriae, and by the different declivity as described below. Female.— Length 2.3-2.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons similar to scalptor except more even- ly, more shallowly concave, punctures small- er, more widely spaced, separated by two to four diameters of a puncture, marginal row of long setae less dense. Pronotum as in scalptor except all punc- tures armed or replaced by a small granule. Elytra as in scalptor except surface smooth, shining, discal interstriae 2 and 4 impunctate, declivital interstriae 2 at least twice as wide as 1, slightly more strongly impressed, tu- bercles on interstriae distinctly larger. Distribution.— British Columbia to Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, 9-V1-31, 17.357 Lot 31, Pinus ponderosa, H. Richmond. USA: Col- orado: Estes Park, 31-VIII-38, P. ponderosa, Hopk. US 31541-V. Montana: Stevensville, 31-VIII-67, P. ponde- rosa, Hopk. 51945. R. McEwan, M. McGregor. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 46 specimens. 54. Pityophthorus nitidus Swaine Fig. 209 Pityophthorus nitidus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):25 (Lectotype, female; Tullochgoram, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3151, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:678) Pityophthorus borealis Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:195 (Holotype, female; Coppermine River, Northwest Territories; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1368); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:516. Synonymy Pityophthorus anceps Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2.5:31 (Holotype, female; Clyde, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41266); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:516. Synonymy Pityophthorus varians Schedl, 1930, Canadian Ent. 62:196 (Holotype, female; Truro, Nova Scotia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3133); Wood, 1957, Cana- dian Ent. 89:401. Synonymy Pityophthorus aquilonius Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:604 (Holotype, female; Rampart House, Yu- kon Territory; Canadian Nat. Coll., 97.33); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:516. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from toralis Wood by the smaller average size, by the more strongly convex frons in both sexes, but with the transverse impression above the epistoma in the male much weak- er, by the more finely punctured male frons, by the less abundant, shorter (variable) vesti- ture on the female frons, and by the near ab- sence of punctures on the posterior two- thirds of discal interstriae 2 and 4. Female.— Length 1.6-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons variable, plano-convex over broad area to moderately convex, margins rounded, not specially marked by marginal punctures, puncture fine to moderately coarse, usually finer on lower half, rather close, deep; glabrous to moderately covered by fine, short setae of uniform length to more abundant, with marginal setae much longer (longest setae equal in length to one-third distance be- tween eyes). Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in scalptor Blackman; 10 serrations on anterior margin rather small, only slightly longer toward median line; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, discal punctures lateral to median line oval, most with a granule on lateral margin. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in scalptor; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity; 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1053 interstriae shining, varying from smooth to moderately wrinkled, three times as wide as striae, odd-numbered interstriae sparsely punctured throughout, even-numbered inter- striae usually impunctate except on basal third. Declivity essentially as in scalptor ex- cept surface almost smooth, interstriae 2 at least twice as wide as 1, more broadly im- pressed, ascending on lateral half only. Vesti- ture as in scalptor. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, more coarsely punc- tured, transverse impression weak, limited to lower fourth, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Alaska and Newfoundland to Oregon and Nova Scotia. ALASKA: Fort Yukon, Hope, Lawing, Seward High- way at mile 60. CANADA: Alberta: Highwood Pass, Smith. New Brunswick: Parkers Ridge, Kedwick Por- tage. Newfoundland: Birch Lake near White Bay, Deer Lake, Middlebrook. Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Coppermine River, Tununuk. Ontario: Beardmore. Que- bec: Ste. Anne's, Tullochgoram. Yukon: Rampart House, Johnson's Crossing. USA: Colorado: Clyde, Dolores. Ore- gon: Dixie Pass, Willamette Pass. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. riuiriana, Pinus resinosa, P. strobus, rare in other Pinus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of nitidus, on the holotype and a topotypic female of borealis taken with the type series, on the holotypes of anceps, varians, and aquilonius, and on 428 other specimens. This species is somewhat variable, particu- larly the female frons, but the material pres- ently at hand is inadequate to properly eval- uate that variation. This species is easily confused with alpinensis G. Hopping and to- ralis. The near absence of punctures on discal interstriae 2 and 4 and the host serve to dis- tinguish this species. 55. Pityophthorus indigus Wood Pityophthorus indigens Wood, 1977 (nee Wood, 1976), Great Basin Nat. 37:214 (Holotype, female; Gould, Colorado; Wood Coll.) Pitipphthorus indigus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:398. Replacement name Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidus Swaine by the replacement of punctures on the pronotal disc by rounded granules, by the minute strial punctures, and by the regularly punctured discal interstriae. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons shining, rather strongly convex, rather coarsely, very closely punctured, up- per margins of many punctures obscurely granulate; lower fourth marked by a blunt median carina, with its summit at its ventral end; vestiture sparse, very short, inconspicuous. Pronotum as in nitidus except all discal punctures entirely replaced by rounded granules. Elytra essentially as in nitidus except sur- face smooth, brightly shining, strial punctures minute, spaced within a row by three to five diameters of a puncture; interstriae about eight times as wide as striae, punctures more or less regular on all interstriae, minute, sim- ilar to those of striae. Declivity about as in nitidus except sulcus conspicuously deeper, granules on interstriae 1 and 3 distinctly larger. Distribution.— Colorado. USA: Colorado: 3 km E Gould, Jackson Co., 12-VI-69, Pinus contorta branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 56. Pityophthorus fuscus Blackman Pityophthorus fuscus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:32 (Holotype, female; Glacier National Park, Montana; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41267) Pityophthorus smithi Schedl, 1931, Canadian Ent. 63:163 (Holotype, female; Copper Mountain, British Co- lumbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3168); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from indigus Wood by the much more coarsely punctured elytral disc, by the very slightly deeper declivital sulcus with the lat- eral granules very slightly larger, and by the more abundant, longer elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in indigus except very slightly less strongly convex, punctures slightly smaller, slightly closer, vestiture slightly longer, slightly more abundant. Pronotum as in indigus. Elytral disc about as in indigus except im- pressed points obsolete, strial punctures 1054 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 slightly larger, interstriae 1 and 3 each with about eight punctures only slightly smaller than those of striae; declivity as in indigus ex- cept very slightly steeper, sulcus very slightly deeper, tubercles on interstriae 3 very slightly larger, interstrial setae slightly longer and more consistently present on sides and declivital interstriae 1 and 3, length of long- est setae equal to two-thirds width of a discal interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a very weak to moderate median carina on lower half. Distribution.— British Columbia to Montana. CANADA: British Columbia; Copper Mt., 29-X-29, 18-III-30, P. contorta, G. S. Smith. USA: Montana: Gla- cier N.P., Hopk. 16968a, reared, 30-VIII-23, Pinus con- torta, J. C. Evenden. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes oi fuscus and srnithi and on 16 other specimens. more finely punctured (differences most con- spicuous in area of distributional sympatry). Distribution.— Alberta to Idaho. CANADA: Alberta: Smishine Lodge, Banff N.P., 1-VI- 60, Larix lyallii, 59A1247-01, G. R. Hopping; Highwood Pass, 24-IX-56; Seebe, l-X-65. USA: Idaho: Salmon Mountain, Bitterroot N.F., 8-VIII-74, L. hjallii, Hopk. 58695-A, M. M. Furniss. Host.— Larix lyallii. Biology.— Reared from a broken top. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 102 other specimens. Bright (1977:516) treated this species as a synonym of nitidus Swaine; however, this species has the even-numbered discal inter- striae punctured, differences in the frons of both sexes, and other minute differences. 58. Pityophthonis toralis Wood Pityophthorus toralis Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:59 (Holotype, female; Beaver Creek, Logan Canyon, Utah; Wood Coll.) 57. Pityophthorus alpinensis G. Hopping Fig. 205 Pityophthorus alpinensis G. Hopping, 1960, Canadian Ent. 92:865 (Holotvpe, female; Highwood Pass, Alberta; Canadian Nat. Coll., 7291) " Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from toralis Wood by the much more finely punctured female frons, by the more gradu- ally impressed male frons on its lower half, by the more strongly elevated male frontal carina, with its crest longitudinally convex, and by the hosts. Female.— Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in toralis except more extensively, more distinctly concave; surface dull, punc- tures usually finer, more widely spaced, in- terspaces about one to three times diameter of a puncture (less than diameter of a punc- ture in toralis), setae usually more abundant, longer, longest setae equal in length to more than half distance between eyes (equal to one-third, rarely one-half in toralis). Pronotum and elytra as in toralis except declivital interstriae 3 usually more distinctly punctured. Male.— Similar to female except frons; frons similar to male toralis except lower half much less strongly impressed, crest of carina longitudinally convex, surface smoother. l.OMM. 0.04MM. 0.7MM. Fig. 205. Pityophthorus alpinensis: 1, dorsal aspect of female; 2, antenna; 3, head of male; 4, head of female. (After G. Hopping 1960:866.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1055 Myeloborus confusus Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:295 (Holotype, female; Mt. Tallac, Eldorado Co., California; Ohio State Univ. Coll.); Bright and Stark, 1973, Bull. California In,s. Surv. 16:105. Sijnonij7ntj Pityophthorus collinus Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:605 (Holotype, female; Terrace Mountain, 15 miles W Nahun, Osoyoos District, British Colum- bia; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:518. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidus Swaine as indicated in the diag- nosis of that species and, in addition, by the longitudinally concave crest of the male ca- rina. It is distinguished from alpinensis G. Hopping as indicated in the diagnosis of that species. Female.— Length 2.1-2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons impressed from eye to eye, from epistoma to well above eyes, shallowly con- cave on central half, ascending slightly to- ward epistoma; margins abruptly angled near eyes; surface shining, densely, closely, rather coarsely punctured, punctures separated by distances less than diameter of a puncture in central area; vestiture of fine, rather short hair in central area, of subplumose, very long setae on lateral and dorsal margins, longest setae at least equal in length to one-third dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum as in sculptor Blackman except punctures on discal area armed on their later- al margins by granules often as large or larger in diameter than adjacent puncture. Discal area with moderately abundant, semi- recumbent hair. Elytral disc as in nitidus except interstriae 2 and 4 with punctures on posterior third or more. Declivity as in nitidus except sulcus slightly deeper, granules slightly larger, punctures on interstriae 1 and 2 usually obso- lete (minute punctures sometimes present). Male.— Similar to female except upper frons strongly convex, lower third occupied by a rather strong, transverse impression, sur- face very coarsely, closely, deeply, almost subgranulately punctured, median carina on lower two-thirds of area below upper mar- gins of eyes, its longitudinal crest concave, rather weakly developed above impressed area. Distribution.— Alberta and British Co- lumbia to California and Utah. CANADA: Alberta: Burmis, Calgary, Cowley. British Columbia: Anahim Lake, Terrace Mountain near Na- hun. USA: California: Ebbetts Pass in Alpine Co., Mt. Tallac in Eldorado Co., Onion Valley, Yosemite N.P. Idaho: Salmon Mountain in Bitterroot N.F. Oregon: Hood River. Utah: Logan Canyon. Wyoming: Laramie. Hosts.— Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta (rare), P. flexilis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the phloem of branches about 2-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of toralis, confusus, and col- linus and on 173 other specimens. Three specimens from 13 miles N and 12 miles E Dolores, Colorado, from Picea engel- mannii, and one male from 9 miles SE Aspen, Colorado, from Abies lasiocarpa, are tenta- tively assigned to this species. The females of the former and the latter male are typical of toralis; the male frons of the former is more nearly like nitidus. Obviously, much more re- mains to be learned about this complex of species. 59. Pityophthorus litos Bright Pityophthorus htos Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:435 (Holotype, female; 25 miles or 40 km VV Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— Apparently allied to glabra- tidus (Schedl), but it is distinguished by the different frons and declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons plano-convex on central two-thirds; surface shining, moderately, rather finely punctured; frontal vestiture moderately sparse, rather short in central area, long on margins, longest setae equal in length to half distance between eyes. Pronotum about as in glabratulus except six serrations on anterior margin much small- er and discal area smooth, shining, with a few impressed points. Elytral disc much as in glabratulus except surface more nearly reticulate, declivital in- terstriae 2 ascending rather strongly from striae 1, interstriae 3 more broadly rounded, setae on declivital interstriae 3 much longer. Male.— Male similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, coarsely, closely punctured, a low, sometimes obscure median 1056 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 carina from epistomal margin half distance to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: 40 km W Orizaba, 29-IV-69, Pimts, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 60. Pityophthorus sapineus Bright Pityophthorus sapineus Bright, 1981, Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 118:194 (Holotype, female; Atenquique, Ja- li.sco, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from litos Bright by the very different frons and declivity, as described below, and by the much finer discal striae. Female.— Length 1.7-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly flattened to well above eyes, with centra! third weakly, subconcavely im- pressed; surface smooth, shining, uniformly, finely pimctured, width of interspaces about one to two diameters of a puncture; vestiture of a rather dense marginal fringe of very long setae, longest setae equal in length to half distance between eyes, much shorter in cen- tral area. Pronotum and elytra as in litos except strial punctures smaller, strial vestiture short- er, interstrial setae obsolete on 8, several setae present on 9. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, a distinct transverse impres- sion on lower third, shining, coarsely punc- tured, carina absent, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivity with four interstrial setae of moderate length on 3, three on 8, and several on 9. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Atenquique, Pinus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four paratypes. 61. Pityophthorus glabratulus (Schedl) Ctenyophthorus glabratulus Schedl, 1955 (1956), Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:26 (Lectotype, female; Quezaltenango, Guatemala; Schedl Coll., desig- nated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:186) Neodryocoetes glabratulus: Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Prey 14:162 Pityophthorus glabratulus: Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:186 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diglyphus Blandford by the smaller size. by the minutely punctured female frons, with less abundant, shorter vestiture, by the more evenly convex male frons, with the carina not dentate, more strongly elevated on dorsal half, and by the short declivital setae. Female.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins extending to three diameters of a facet from margin to eye, epistoma slightly raised; surface smooth, shining, central two-thirds rather sparsely, minutely punctured, punctures slightly larger toward margins; vestiture of fine, rather sparse, yellow hair of moderate length, dis- tinctly longer at margins, longest setae equal to less than half distance between eyes. An- tennal club with suture 1 moderately pro- curved and septate, 2 rather strongly pro- curved, slightly septate at extreme margins, not attaining middle of club. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides feebly arcuate on basal half, distinctly constricted on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10 serrations, slightly larger toward middle; summit slightly anterior to middle, a distinct transverse impression be- hind summit; posterior areas almost smooth to rather strongly reticulate, punctures rather fine, not round, median line broadly impunc- tate. Vestiture of fine, short hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures moder- ately course, rows becoming slightly irregular on basal fourth; interstriae almost smooth, shining, odd-numbered with sparse punctures similar to those of striae, 2 and 4 impunctate. Declivity steep, narrowly, rather shallowly bisulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 im- pressed, half as large as on disc; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 as wide as 1, flat, smooth, im- punctate, 3 rather abruptly, modestly ele- vated, slightly higher than 1, elevation ex- tended to junction with 8 and on apex of 8, 3 armed by a row of 8-10 small granules. Ves- titure of minute strial and short, sparse inter- strial hair, almost obsolete on disc, not longer on declivity. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1057 Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly more strongly convex, punctures slightly larger, closer, median carina extend- ing from slightly above epistoma to slightly above eyes, its longitudinal crest evenly con- vex, its greatest height at upper level of eyes; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km E San Cristobal, 6-VI-69, Piniis aijacauite, P. ochoternal, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: 51 km SE Nochixtlan, 14-VII-69. P. pringlei, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, 30-V-64, 1300 m, No. 650, P. pseudostrobus, S. L. Wood; Quezaltenango, 26- V-64, 1600 m, No. 622, P. pseudostrobus S. L. Wood. 62. Pityophthorus ineditus Bright Pityophthorus ineditus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. .36:434 (Holotype, female; 32 miles or 51 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 15084) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diglyphus Blandford and leiophyllae Blackman by the absence or near absence of a median carina in the male and by the very different declivity. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly plano-convex to well above eyes except plano-concave on central third; surface smooth, very brightly shining, punc- tures small, very sparse; vestiture sparse, moderately long in central area, very long on margins, much longer than in diglyphus or leiophyllae. Pronotum and elytra as in diglyphus ex- cept for declivity. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1 strongly impressed, 2 not impressed, punctures reduced; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 as wide as 1 or 3, ascending laterally, 3 broadly rounded, armed by about three rather coarse tubercles. Vestiture largely con- fined to declivital interstriae, short on 1, ab- sent on 2, 4, and 6, very long on 3, moder- ately long on 5 and 7. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, smooth, shin- ing, punctures fine, sparse, vestiture in im- pressed area rather abundant, moderately long, carina very short, near epistoma, or ab- sent; tubercles on declivity much smaller. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Veracruz. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 51 km S Valle Nacional, 21-V-71, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 156, Pinus branches, S. L. Wood; 11 km SE Las Vigas 15-XII-48, H. B. Leech. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 35 specimens. 63. Pityophthorus leiophyllae Blackman Fig. 200 Pityophthorus leiophyllae Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:205 (Holotype, female; Chalco, Mexico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55981) Pityophthorus auctor Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:214 (Holotype, female; Perote, Veracruz, Mexico; U.S. National Mus., 55988); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diglyphus Blandford by the sub- reticulate surfaces of the pronotum and elytra, by the conspicuous median glabrous line from epistoma to vertex on the female frons, by the less strongly impressed male frons with the carina much higher, and by the short declivital setae. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, elytra usually at least partly lighter. Frons as in glabratulus (Schedl) except me- dian sixth from epistoma to vertex impunc- tate and glabrous; vestiture as in glabratulus except absent on median sixth. Pronotum and elytra as in glabratulus and diglyphus except surfaces on both sub- reticulate to reticulate, punctures on both slightly larger. Vestiture on declivity as on disc and sides, not longer. Male.— Similar to female except surface reticulate, coarsely punctured, distinctly, shallowly, abruptly impressed below upper level of eyes, a very strong, subdentate, later- ally compressed carina on central two-thirds of median line between epistoma and upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Michoacan to Veracruz and Oaxaca. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 6 km E Zacatlan, I2-VI-67, 2500 m. No. 18, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Mexico: Km 20 Texcoco, 5-II-62, Pinus, R. Coronado. Michoacan: Paracuraro, 10- IX-61, Pinus, R. Coronado. Oaxaca: 41 km SE Noch- ixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 56, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 157, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs and small branches. 1058 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes — The above treatment was based on the holotypes of leiophyllae and auctor and on three other specimens. Bright (1977:514) placed this species under di- glyphus Blandford; however, the two are quite different. 64. Pityophthorus diglyphus Blandford Pihjophthonis diglyphus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):240 (Syntypes; Quiche Mts. and Balheu in Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from glabrahtlus (Schedl) by the more coarsely punctured female frons, with longer more abundant vestiture, by the impressed male frons, with a dentate carina, and by the very long, fine, declivital setae. Female.- Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex, as in glabratulus ex- cept pimctures moderately coarse, not larger toward margins, vestiture more abundant, much longer at margins; margin of flattened area separated from margin of eye by dis- tance equal to diameter of one facet. Pronotum as in glabratulus except rarely with any reticulation, punctures distinctly larger. Elytra as in glabratulus. Male.— Similar to female except frons abruptly, moderately impressed below upper level of eyes, carina dentate, at center of lower half, a weak (longitudinally concave) crest extending to above upper level of im- pressed area. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: San Cristobal in Huehuetenango, 28- V-64, 2300 m. No. 632, Pintis pseudostwbus, S. L. Wood; Balheu and Quiche Mountains in Verapaz. Host.— Pintis pseudostrobus. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's 4 syntypes and on 10 other specimens. 65. Pityophthorus vespertinus Bright Pitijophthonts vespertinus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:83 (Holotype, female; 37 km or 23 miles W Diuango, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diglyphus Blandford by the smaller size. by the reticulate or subreticulate pronotal disc, and by the short declivital setae. Female.— Length 1.7-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in diglyphus except punctures slightly smaller, more numerous, more evenly distributed, vestiture finer, shorter. Pronotum essentially as in diglyphus ex- cept posterior areas reticulate. Elytra as in diglyphus except declivity slightly steeper, less strongly sulcate, setae all short, none longer than distance equal to width of one interstriae (mostly less than one- fourth this distance). Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m. No. 6, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 66. Pityophthorus rudis Blackman Fig. 200 PihjophtJiorus rudis Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:212 (Holotvpe, female; Amecameca, Dis- trito Federal, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55987) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the moderately large size, slender form, impunctate interstriae, reticulate elytral sur- face, and the very long declivital setae. Female.- Length 2.3-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened, plano-concave on median half below upper level of eyes; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, rather close in marginal areas, almost impunctate on median sixth of lower half; vestiture sparse but moderately long in cen- tral area, a rather dense row on margins, longest setae equal in length to two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; as in diglyphus Blandford except disc more nearly reticulate. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 2.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures in rows, moder- ately coarse, deep; interstriae about one and one-half times as wide as striae, surface sub- reticulate, shining, impunctate except near declivity and on 1 to middle of disc. Declivi- ty steep, rather strongly sulcate; striae 1 ob- solete, 2 rather finely, shallowly punctured; 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1059 interstriae 1 slightly elevated, armed by a few very minute granules, 2 rather strongly impressed, three times as wide as 1, ascend- ing on lateral third to striae 2, 3 rather strongly elevated and armed by 6-8 coarse tubercles, much higher tlian suture (much like durus Blackman, but not nearly as steep). Vestiture largely confined to declivity on in- terstriae 3 and lateral areas; consisting of very long hair on odd-numbered interstriae, longest equal in length to distance from su- ture to discal striae 4. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male diglyphiis Blandford. Distribution.— Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Amecameca, 2S-I-36, Pinus. 669, D. DeLeoii. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and seven paratypes. 67. Pityophthorus venustus Blackman Pityophthonis vcnusttis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., SyraciKse, Tech. Pub. 25:75 (Holotype, female; Kaibab National Forest, .Arizona: U.S. Nat. Mils., 41290) Pityophthonis artifex Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracu.se, Tech. Pub. 25:76 (Holotype, female; Meyer.s, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41291); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:518. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the diglyphiis group of species bv the absence of an elevation toward the apex of declivital interstriae 3 and 8, and by the pres- ence of tubercles at the base of declivital in- terstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins abruptly sub- angulate, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to diameter of one facet; sur- face smooth, shining, uniformly, closely, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture uni- formly distributed, rather long, slightly long- er at margins, longest setae equal in length to about half distance between eyes. Antennal club rather similar to glabratidus (Schedl). Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; out- line as in glabratidus except anterior margin slightly more narrowly rounded; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures round, rather coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, short hair. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures rather coarse, close, deep, in rows except partly confused on basai fifth; interstriae slightly wider than striae, surface subreticulate, shining, punc- tures irregularly spaced, often absent on 2 and 4, subequal in size with those of striae, often confused with them, basal area near scutellum usually wrinkled. Declivity steep, rather shallowly, narrowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 finely, distinctly punctured; interstriae 1 abruptly, rather weakly elevated, 2 im- pressed, as wide as 1, smooth, shining, im- punctate except a row of about four fine granules at base, 3 gradually, moderately ele- vated on upper two-thirds, much higher than 1, armed by a row of 8-10 fine tubercles. Vestiture of fine, short hair on disc and de- clivity, slightly longer on sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, shining, coarsely punc- tured, median carina from epistoma to above eyes sharply, moderately to very strongly ele- vated, highest on lower third; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum usually larger. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to California and W Texas. C.\NADA: British Columbia: Creston. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Hiiachuca Ms., Kaibab N.F., Pinalino Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Williams. California; Blanco's Corral in White Mts. of Mono Co., Carrville, Hat Creek, Julian, Junipero Serra Peak in Monterrey Co., Lake Ar- rowhead, Lake Tahoe, Meyers, Mill Creek Camp near Strawberry, Mt. Laguna, .Mt. Palomar. Colorado: Breckenridge, Longmont. Idaho: Clarkis. Nebraska: Hal- sey, Norden. New Mexico: Lake Roberts. South Dakota: Black Hills. Texas: Guadeloupe Mts. N.P. in Culberson Co. Utah: Kamas, La Sal Mts. Hosts.— Finns aristata, P. contorta, P. coidteri, P. jeffreyi, P. leiophylla, P. nion- ticola, P. ponderosa, P. strobiformis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of venustus and artifex and on 1 10 other specimens. 1060 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 68. Pityaphthorus durus Blackman Pityophthoms durus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:70 (Holotype, fe- male; Paradise, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mas., 41287) Diagnosis.— This variable species is usual- ly distinguished by the rather large, stout body, by the weakly to moderately conhised, coarse elytral punctures, by the variable male median carina, and by the deeply sulcate, very steep, distinctive elytral declivity. Female.- Length 1.9-2.6 mm, 2.5-2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons flat to plano-convex from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes, lateral margins abruptly subangulate, slightly more than diameter of one facet from margin of eye; surface shining, closely, deeply, rather finely punctured, punctures spaced by about one to two diameters of a puncture, uni- formly distributed; vestiture rather abundant, moderately long, distinctly longer at margins, longest setae almost equal to half distance be- tween eyes. Antennal club comparatively small, 1.2 times as long as wide, suture 1 weakly, 2 moderately procurved, 2 extending slightly beyond middle of club. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; widest at base, rather weakly arcuate on slightly more than basal half, then distinctly constricted, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 8-10 serra- tions, median ones distinctly larger; summit at middle, a distinct transverse impression be- hind summit; posterior areas smooth, shining, with nimierous impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Vesti- ture of fine, rather short hair. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures coarse, deep, close, varying from definite rows to moder- ately confused; interstriae almost smooth, shining, as wide as striae, somewhat regularly punctured (often almost impunctate on 2 and 4), pimctures fine to entirely confused with those of striae. Declivity very steep, strongly bisulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 less than half as large as on disc to very small; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, almost half as wide, varying from unarmed to a row of fine tubercles, 2 slightly wider than 1, almost flat from striae 1 to 2, armed at base by about three small tubercles, 3 strongly elevated on upper two-thirds, much higher than 1, sum- mit rounded to lateral areas, armed by 8-10 rather coarse tubercles. Vestiture of minute strial hair and longer interstrial hair; inter- strial setae on disc sparse, rather short, long and coarse on lateral elevations of declivity and vicinity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex (slightly impressed in occa- sional specimens), shining, closely, rather coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous, short, either entirely withovit a carina or with a variable low median carina of uniform height from epistoma to vertex; serrations on anterior margins of pronotum usually larger. Distribution.— Arizona to Oaxaca. USA: Arizona; Chiricahua Mts., Paradise, Santa Rita Mts. MEXICO; Chihuahua; La Laja. Durango; El Salto, 16, .38, and 96 km W Durango. Hidalgo: Durango, Ja- cala, Tulancingo. Mexico: Chalco. Michoacan; Carapan, 25 km E Morelia, Quiroga, Volcan Pan'cutin. Mexico; Cuernavaca. Oaxaca: Nochixtlan, Oaxaca. Puebia: Tex- melucan. Veracruz: Las Vigas. Hosts.— Pinus leiophylla, P. strobiformis, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from limbs and branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 143 other specimens. 69. Pityophthorus laticeps Bright Pitijophthorus laticeps Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:78. (Holotype, male; 20.5 km N Oaxaca, Oax- aca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ciliatus Blackman by the larger size, by the smoother pronotum and elytra, by the longer female frontal vestiture, and by the very different elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.1-2.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in ciliatus except more uniformly, perhaps more closely punctured, vestiture distinctly longer, longest setae equal to 0.67 times distance between eyes (0.4 in ciliatus). Pronotum and elytra about as in ciliatus except surfaces smoother, all discal interstriae sparsely punctured, declivity not as steep, slightly more broadly sulcate, lower third somewhat more nearly flattened. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1061 Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male ciliatus (including a long, feebly ele- vated median carina); upper half of declivity very similar to male ciliatus, lower half with areas lateral to interstriae 3 much more broadly rounded (subinflated), lower third somewhat broadly flattened (much more con- spicuously than in female). Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 20.5 km N Oaxaca, 6-VI-71, 3000 m, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 70. Pityophthorus orarius Bright Pityophthoriis orarius Bright, 1968, Canadian Ent. 100:607 (Holotype, female; Colwood, Esquimalt District, British Cokimbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 9735) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the irregularly convex female frons, with short, sparse vestiture, by the reticulate-gran- ulate pronotal disc, and by the distinctive elytra. It is unique and cannot be associated with any species group. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex above eyes, lower area trans- versely, broadly convex, longitudinally, shal- lowly concave on central half, epistomal area slightly elevated, a distinct, low, subcarinate, median tubercle immediately above epistom- al margin; surface shining, with impressed points, punctures fine, moderately abundant, spaced by one to three diameters of a punc- ture; vestiture short, rather sparse, longest equal to about one-tenth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on basal half feebly arcuate, converging very slightly, con- striction on anterior half indistinct, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 12 low serrations; summit in front of middle, transverse impression behind sum- mit distinct; posterior areas reticulate-sub- granulate, punctures close, rather coarse, deep, spaced by distances equal to less than half diameter of a puncture. Vestiture short, suberect, moderately abundant. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind on median half; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punctures moderately coarse, close, deep, in slightly irregular rows; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, al- most smooth, shining, punctures slightly smaller than those of striae, irregularly spaced on all interstriae. Declivity steep, rather broadly convex; striae 1 and 2 minute- ly, distinctly, regularly punctured; interstriae 1 rather narrowly, distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 shallowly, broad- ly sulcate, three times as wide as 1, almost smooth, with obscure points and indefinite lines, 3 feebly elevated, armed by a row of fine, rounded granules. Vestiture of moder- ately abundant, minute, erect, strial hair and slightly longer interstrial hair on disc and de- clivity, except absent on declivital interstriae 2, not longer on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons less strongly impressed, more coarsely punctured, with an acutely, rather strongly elevated me- dian carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes, highest on lower half. Distribution.— British Columbia. CANADA: British Columbia: Colwood, Esquimalt District, 9-1-68, Douglas fir twigs, D. Ruth, also 28- VII- 65, A. F. Hedlin; Langley, 22-IV-59, Douglas fir twigs, K. Graham. Host.— Pseudotsuga menziesii. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 39 paratypes, and on 6 other specimens. 71. Pityophthorus recens Bright Pityophthorus recens Bright, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 36:438 (Holotype, female; Pine Pass, British Co- lumbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fuscus Blackman by the very different frons and pronotal disc as described below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons strongly convex, densely, finely punctured, and glabrous much as in some ni- tidus Swaine. Pronotum about as in nitidus except discal punctures not armed by tubercles or granules. Elytra as in fuscus except smoother, more brightly shining. Male.— Similar to female except frons more coarsely punctured, a short, very weak median carina on lower fifth. 1062 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— British Columbia. CANADA: British Columbia: Pine Pass, ll-VII-72, Picea, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 72. Pityophthonis amoenus Blandford ntyophtliorus amoemis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleop. 4(6):237 (Holotype, female; Diieiias, Guatemala; Briti.sh Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the rather short, uniformly distributed fe- male frontal vestiture, by the reticulate pro- notal disc, by the absence of interstrial punc- tures on the elytral disc except on 2 near declivity, and by the moderately impressed declivital sulcus with tubercles on 1 and 3. It is apparently allied to declivisetosus Bright. Female.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons weakly convex on a rather narrow area, slightly, transversely impressed on middle half, margins separated from eye by at least four diameters of a facet; surface shining, closely, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture uniformly distributed, moderately abimdant, of almost uniform length, setae about equal in length to one-fifth distance between eyes. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide; suture 1 straight, mostly sep- tate, 2 feebly procurved, evidently septate only at margins. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides very feebly arcuate and converging very slightly on basal half; ante- rior margin broadly rounded, armed by 14 low, subcontiguous serrations; svimmit at middle; serrations on anterior slope some- what concentric (at least laterally); posterior areas mostly reticulate, punctures rather coarse, not close; impressed points not evi- dent. Discal area glabrous. Elytra about 1.7 times as long as wide (half of right elytron missing from type), 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then broadly rounded, obtusely pointed at apex (not at all acuminate); disc shining, almost smooth; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punc- tures coarse, close, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, 1-4 with a few punctures on posterior fourth, 2 with three fine gran- ules at base of declivity. Declivity steep. moderately bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 punc- tured to apex, punctures less than half as large as on disc; interstriae 1 distinctly ele- vated, armed by about eight rather small, pointed tubercles, 2 rather strongly im- pressed, smooth, shining, impunctate, almost three times as wide as 1, ascending laterally, lateral areas very slightly higher than suture, 3 armed by four tubercles slightly larger than those on 1. Vestiture confined to declivity, rows on all interstriae except 2 on face, rather coarse and long, half as long on 1. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Duenas (6-8 km SW Antigua), G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. This unique species appears to combine the characters of several widely separated groups. Superficially it more nearly resem- bles nigricayis Blandford, but it may not be closely related. 73. Pityophthonis declivisetosus Bright Pityophthonis declivisetosus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:525 (Holotype, female; 51 km or .32 miles SE Nochixtlan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is charac- terized by the frontal and declivital charac- ters cited below, particularly by the coarse declivital setae on the female. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very weakly convex to upper level of eyes, margins rounded; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine to rather coarse, rather shallow; vestiture sparse, rather short, uniformly distributed. Pronotum essentially as in venustiis, poste- rior areas subreticulate, punctures rather coarse, deep. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, distinctly narrowed, then broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, in slightly irregular rows; interstriae obscurely subreticulate, shining, distinctly wider than striae, punctures sparse, similar to those of striae. Declivity steep, rather strong- ly, broadly sulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 reduced, distinct; interstriae slightly ele- vated, fine punctures obscure, 2 twice as 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1063 wide as 1, ascending slightly laterally, 3 dis- tinctly higher than 1, summit abrupt, armed by about eight rather coarse tubercles, 1 and 3 with a few smaller tubercles near base. Ves- titure of minute strial setae and interstrial setae; interstrial setae fine and rather short on disc, those on declivity long and very coarse, small on 1, absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons dis- tinctly convex, more coarsely punctured, a weak median carina on lower half; vestiture on declivity fine and shorter, as on disc. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Veracruz. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 41 kin SE Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67. No. 56, Pimis. S. L. Wood; 51 km SE Nochixtlan, 14-VII- 69, P. pringici, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 31 specimens. 74. PitijophtJionis tumidus Blackman Pitifophthorus tumidus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:58 (Holotype. female; Eureka, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41282) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the absence of female frontal setae and a strong male frontal carina, bv the rather long strial hair, by the impunctate discal inter- striae, and by the steep, unique declivity. Female.— Length 2.1-2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons rather weakly convex to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, pimctures rather coarse, shallow, moderately close; vestiture short, sparse, in- conspicuous, length of longest setae about equal to three diameters of a facet. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; out- hne about as in toralis Wood; posterior area coarsely, deeply, very closely punctured, in- terspaces equal to about one-third diameter of a pimcture, some obscure subreticulation evident in and between punctures. Vestiture fine, short. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures in definite rows, rather coarse; interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, shining, almost smooth, im- punctate except 1 and 3 each with about two punctures on posterior half. Declivity on pos- terior fourth, very steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, 1 and 2 distinctly, rather finely punctured, those on 3 each with a min- ute granule on rim; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, with a row of very fine granules, 2 twice as wide as 1, moderately impressed on median side, gradually ascending laterally, 3 rounded, not quite as high as 1, with about six small, setiferous granules. Strial setae ex- tend to base, each almost as long as distance between rows; setae on odd-numbered inter- striae largely confined to declivity, rather sparse, long. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a strong, subdentate median carina on lower two-thirds. Distribution.— California. US.\: California: Eureka, 25-V' and 1-VI, H. S. Barber; Little River, 31-V-03. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and three para- types. A male that possibly may represent this species is from Carmel, California, 4-XII- 13. 75. Pityophthorus sierrensis Bright Pittjophthorus sierrensis Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:64 (Holotvpe, female; 1 mile S Onion Valley, Inyo Co., California; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species may be a geo- graphical race of nitidus Swaine. It is distin- guished from the Oregon population of ni- tidus by the absence of granules on punctures of the pronotal disc, by the subreticulate ely- tral disc, and by the slightly different elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex on upper two-thirds, a distinct transverse impression just below middle, then ascending slightly toward epis- toma; margins abrupt, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to two to three di- ameters of a facet; surface shining, densely, rather finely, uniformly punctured; vestiture of fine, abundant, uniformly distributed long hair, only slightly longer at margins, longest setae equal to one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum as in nitidus except surface sub- reticulate, discal punctures with lateral mar- gins feebly or not at all armed by granules. 1064 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra as in nitidus except surface ob- scurely reticulate, odd-numbered discal inter- striae evidently more sparsely punctured, 2 and 4 without punctures; declivity as in Ore- gon population of nitidus. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in some male nitidus. Distribution.— British Columbia to Cali- fornia and Wyoming. CANADA: British Columbia: Kooteney Pass 32 km W Creston, 22-IX-67, Finns albicaulis, D. E. Bright. USA: Cahfornia: Onion Valley in hiyo Co., 4-IX-68, Pinus bal- fouriami, and P. flexilis. D. E. Bright. Colorado: Uray, ll-VII-35, Abies lasiocarpa. Nevada: Wheeler Peak, 8- IX-68, P. aristota. D. E. Bright. Wyoming: Bighorn Mts., 7-VII-75, P. balfouriana, D. E. Bright. Hosts.— Pinus albicaulis, P. balfouriana, P. flexilis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 46 paratypes and on 102 other specimens. 76. Pityophthorus aquilus Blackman Pityophthorits aquilus Blackman, 1928, New Y'ork St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:33 (Holotype, female; Kaibab National Forest, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41268) Pityophthorus caelator Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:78 (Holotype, female; Black Hills, South Dakota; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41293); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Pityophthorus aristatae Bright, 1964, Pan Pacific Ent. 40:166 (Holotype, female; Crooked Creek, White Mountains, Mono Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:67. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely related sierraensis Bright by the strong male frontal carina, by the less extensively, more sparsely pubescent female frons, by the reduced elytral vestiture, and by the more coarsely tuberculate elytral declivi- ty. It is much more likely to be confused with carintilatus, but aquilus is smaller and has the smooth and shining male head and other distinguishing characters. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened on a semicircular area from epistoma to very slightly above eyes, margin near eye abruptly subangulate, separated from eye by distance equal to or greater than three times diameter of a facet; surface shin- ing, smooth, finely, rather sparsely punctured in central area, more coarsely punctured at margins; vestiture rather sparse, short to moderately long in central area, con- spicuously longer at margins, longest setae equal to one-fourth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in sierraensis Bright; anterior margin armed by about eight rather coarse serra- tions; posterior areas smooth, shining, punc- tures rather small, spaced by two to four di- ameters of a puncture, median line impunctate; vestiture fine, short, sparse, usu- ally absent on disc. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in sierraensis; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures rather small, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture, rows often slightly irregular; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, surface almost smooth to ob- scurely reticulate, odd-numbered interstriae sparsely pimctured, even-numbered inter- striae usually impunctate. Declivity as in sier- raensis except tubercles on declivital inter- striae 1 and 3 distinctly larger. Vestiture of minute strial hair, each about equal in length to diameter of a puncture (frequently abraded on disc) and very sparse interstrial hair of about equal length, little if any longer on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons more coarsely punctured, often with a slight impression, median carina sharply elevated from just above epistoma to upper level of eyes (sometimes shorter or longer), usually strongly subdentate on lower half. Distribution.— California and Alberta to New Mexico. CANADA: Alberta: Nanton. USA: Arizona: Kaibab N.F. California: Blanco's Corral and Crooked Creek in White Mountains of Mono Co., 16 km N Westgard Pass in Inyo Co., Mt. Lassen. Colorado: Clyde, Colorado N.F., Gould, Larkspur, La Veta Pass, Manitou Moun- tain, Poudre Canyon, Woodland Park. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Mimbres, Vermego. South Dakota: Black Hills, Cheyenne Crossing, Custer. Utah: Kamas, Logan Canyon, Yellowstone R.S. in Ashley N.F., White Rocks. Wyoming: Buffalo, Lusk, Tensleep. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii (rare), Pinus albicaulis, P. aristata, P. contorta, P. flexilis, P. ponderosa. Biology.— This species breeds in twigs and small branches of felled or standing trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of aquilis and caelator and on 418 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1065 77. Pityophthorus lecontei Bright Pityophthorus lecontei Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:525 (Holotype, female; Kitt Peak, Pima Co., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species resembles super- ficially barberi, but is not related. It is distin- guished by the strongly convex frons and me- dian carina in both sexes and by the unique declivity. It is more closely related to jeffreyi Blackman. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons strongly convex, closely, coarsely punctured, a distinct median carina on lower half. Pronotum essentially as in blandus Blackman. Elytral disc much as in blandus except punctures usually more nearly confused. De- clivity rather steep, almost flat, a feeble, broad impression from striae 1 to middle of interstriae 3; striae 1 and 2 obsolete, punc- tures of 3 minute; interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated, with a few very feeble granules, 2 about three times as wide as 1, upper half of 3 with a row of very minute granules; surface shining, with dense, obscure, subimpressed points. Vestiture very short, mostly obsolete on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frontal carina more strongly elevated, particularly on its upper half. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Chihuahua. US.A: Arizona: Kitt Peak in Pima Co., 2-VIII-68, Pinits cembroides, D. E. Bright. New Mexico: Aragon, King- ston, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Magdalena, Minibres, Nog- al Lake. MEXICO: Chihuahua: 5 km S La Pinta, 5-V-77, Pinvon, M. M. Fnrniss. Host.— Pinus edulis, P. cembroides. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 162 specimens and on one other specimen. 78. Pityophthorus brevis Blackman Pitijophthorus brevis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:81 (Holotype, fe- male; Kaibab National Forest, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41295) Diagnosis.— In some respects this species is variable and difficult to characterize. The male frons is either without a carina or with a weak median carina having its greatest height on the upper half; the female frons is usually plano-convex anth 1.6-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons basically convex, central half plano- convex, epistomal margin distinctly elevated; surface shining, punctures at margins coarse, close, becoming finer on central half, usually impunctate on lower fifth in median area; margins near eye rounded; vestiturc:; fine, short, sparse, longest setae equal to about one-fifth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate on basal two-thirds, constriction on anterior half very weak, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about six, small, basally separate serrations; posterior areas shining, very obscurely subreticulate in most speci- mens, punctures moderately fine, mostly spaced by distances equal to one to two di- ameters of a puncture. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair, absent on median area of disc. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures moderately coarse, rows varying from straight to slightly staggered; interstriae al- most smooth, slightly wider than striae, punc- tures similar to those of striae, moderately spaced, on all interstriae, usually confused with those of striae. Declivity steep, moder- ately to rather strongly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete, an occasional puncture sometimes present; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by a few widely spaced, fine granules, 2 three times as wide as 1, broadly, rather strongly impres.sed, smooth, shining, impunc- tate, 3 rounded, distinctly higher than 1, armed by a row of about eight small tu- bercles. Vestiture of fine, short, semi- recumbent strial hair and erect interstrial setae; interstrial setae on disc twice as long as those of striae, about six or more times as long on base and sides of declivity, 2 and usu- ally 1 on declivity glabrous. 1066 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, with punctures much larger, median carina present or absent, sometimes extending from epistoma to above eyes, usually with upper half more strongly elevated; declivital sulcus averaging slightly deeper. Distribution.— Colorado to Durango. USA: Arizona: Carr Canyon in Huachuca Mountains, Chiricahua Mts., Jacob's Lake, Kaibab N.F., Mt. Lem- mon, Pinalino Mts., San Francisco, Santa Catalina Mountains, Walker, Williams. Colorado: Estes Park, Ft. Collins, Pagosa Springs. New Mexico: Capitan Moun- tains, Cloudcroft, Las Vegas, Luna in Catron Co., Ruid- 0.S0, Sandia Mountains, Sapollo. MEXICO: Durango: 96 km W Durango, El Salto. Hosts.— Piniis ayacahuite, P. edulis, P. ponderosa, P. strobifortnis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded-out branches about 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 161 other specimens. 79. Pityophthorns electus Blackman Pitifophthorus electus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:140 (Holo- type, female; Ashland, Oregon; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41.324) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from solers Blackman by the very different female frons, by the row of sparse, fine punc- tures on discal interstriae 1, and by the later- al convexities on the declivity being slightly higher than the suture. It differs from blandus by the finely punctured female frons, by the more finely punctured pronotal disc, and by having the punctures on the discal striae in more nearly regular rows. Female.— Length 2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons plano-convex to slightly above upper level of eyes, lateral margins obtusely an- gulate, spaced from margin of eye by dis- tance equal to diameters of two facets; sur- face shining, very closely, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture of fine, moderately abundant hair of moderate length in central area, twice as long on margins, particularly above, longest setae equal in length to almost half distance between eyes. Pronotum as in solers except discal punc- tures slightly smaller and armed on their lat- eral margins by a small granule; four median serrations on anterior margin slightly larger. Elytra as in solers except interstriae 1 with a sparse row of fine punctures on posterior half and lateral convexities on declivity slightly higher than suture. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather coarsely punctured, a weak median carina usually present from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Oregon to California. USA: California: Mt. Hawkins, 23-VL40, Pinus pon- derosa, C. R. Bruck; Mt. Laguna Rec. Area in San Diego Co., 25-V11I-68, P. jcffreyi, D. E. Bright. Oregon: Ash- land, 16-X-14, P. ponderosa, F. P. Keen. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 26 other specimens. 80. Pityophthorus blandus Blackman Pitijophthorus blandus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:107 (Holo- type, female; Argus Mountains, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41.309) Pityophthorus singularis Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:300 (Holotype, female; 12 miles or 19 km W ,Lone Pine, Inyo Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Bright,' 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513. Sijnonymij Diagnosis.— This species is remotely allied to brevis Blackman, but it is distinguished by the very different frons in both sexes, by the wrinkled surface on the elytral disc, by the finer elytral punctures, and by other charac- ters cited below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex from eye to eye, from near epistoma to well above eyes, epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface smooth, shining, punctures coarse, close in marginal areas, distinctly smaller (but still rather coarse) toward central area on lower half, spaced on median area of lower half by about one to two diameters of a puncture; vestiture moderately abundant, almost uniformly dis- tributed, moderately long in central area, be- coming very long toward margins, longest setae equal to half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- Hne about as in brevis except sides almost straight on basal half; posterior areas shining, almost smooth, subobsolete impressed points 1982 CORTHYHNI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1067 visible, piuictures fine, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture. Vestiture obsolete on disc, of minute setae on sides. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in brevis; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures small, moderately close, rows slightly confused particularly toward base; interstriae at least twice as wide as striae, surface slightly to strongly wrinkled, punctures on all interstriae, similar to those of striae and slightly to moderately confused with them. Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate; similar to brevis except interstriae 2 four times as wide as 1, tubercles on 1 and 3 more numerous, two or three supplemental tubercles lateral to 3 near middle of declivi- ty. Discal vestiture of minute strial and inter- strial hair of equal length; interstrial setae on lateral areas of declivity conspicuously longer (about half as long as in brevis). Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly, transversely impressed on lower half, a short, weak median carina in impressed area in most specimens, surface shining, ir- regular, very coarsely pimctured; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum rather long, slender. Distribution.— California to Colorado and Arizona. USA: Arizona; Bright .\ngel Point in Grand Canyon N.P., Flagstaff, Jacob's Lake, Kaibab N.F., Prescott, San- ta Catalina Mts., Williams. California: Argus Mountains, Bear Lake, Big Bear Lake, Cajon, Doble, Frazier Moun- tain in Ventura Co., Lone Pine in Inyo Co., Westgard Pass in Inyo Co. Colorado: Glade Park, Colorado N.F. Nevada: Baker. Utah: Beaver, Iron Mountain in Iron County, Dead Horse Point, Gooseberry area in Fishlake N.F., Monticello, Mercur, Panguitch Lake. Hosts.— Pinus edulis, P. monophijUa, one pair from P. ponderosa (accidental?). Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches and tops about 3-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of blandus, on 6 para types of singularis, and on 120 other specimens. 81. Pityophthorus cristatus Wood Pityophthoms cristatus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:68 (Holotype, female; 14 km or 9 miles N Per- ote, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This tmique species is distin- guished by the very strongly, broadly exca- vated declivity, with the lateral convexities rather spectacularly, subacutely elevated from base to apex. Female.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, somewhat flattened, surface coarsely punctured above and at sides, some- what more finely punctured below on me- dian half; vestiture inconspicuous, consisting of a few scattered hairs of medium length. Antennal club widest through segment 2, su- tures 1 and 2 weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal half, weakly constricted one-third from broadly rounded anterior margin; asperities confused, summit at middle, transverse impression be- hind summit rather well developed; anterior margin armed by a row of about ten low teeth (somewhat irregular in size); posterior areas subshining, reticulate, punctures deep, close, rather coarse. Vestiture confined to marginal areas. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, then converging very slightly to declivital margin, very broadly rounded behind (me- dian portion almost straight); strial and inter- strial punctures confused, punctures moder- ately large and deep; surface subshining, indistinctly reticulate. Declivity oblique, ex- cavated; an acutely, very strongly elevated subserrulate margin extending above from in- terstriae 2 to apex, area encompassed approx- imately obovate; broad excavated area with strial punctures indistinct but evident, in rows, sutural interstriae moderately elevated and bearing a row of close, rounded granules. Vestiture on sides and particularly on declivi- tal margin moderately long and abundant; minute in declivital excavation. Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly more strongly convex, more coarsely punctured, subglabrous. Distribution.— Arizona to Michoacan and Veracruz. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mountains, Huachuca Mountains, Santa Rita Mountains. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km W Durango, El Palmito, El Salto. Hidalgo: Tulan- cingo, Zacatlan. Michoacan: Carapan, 25 km E Morelia, Quiroga. Oaxaca: Oaxaca. Veracruz: Las Vigas, Orizaba, Perote. Hosts.— Pinus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from broken branches in living trees. 1068 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens and on 45 other specimens. 82. Pityophthorus carinulatus Swaine Pityophthorus carinulatus Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:193 (Holotype, male; Tres Ritos, New Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1369) Pityophthorus opimus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:80 (Holotype, female; Capitan Mts., New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41294); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is probably alHed to the nitidus complex, but it is distinguished by the absence of granules on the margins of the punctures on the pronotal disc, by the ab- sence of punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2, and by other characters. It is more likely to be confused with aquilus Blackman, but it is distinguished by the larger size, by the strongly reticulate male head, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.1-2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons plano-convex, a low, distinct, obtuse, subcarinate summit on lower fourth to epis- tomal margin; margins rounded; surface smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, close, deep, except less abundant in central area; concealed above upper level of eyes; vestiture of fine hair, rather short in central area, about twice as long at margins, longest setae equal to about one-third dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal third, constriction not evident, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 low serrations; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by one to two diameters of a punc- ture. Vetiture of fine, short hair. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in borealis; striae not impressed except 1 on posterior half, pimctures rather small, mostly in rows; interstriae subshining, obscurely subreticulate at least on basal half, at least twice as wide as striae, punctures absent on 2 and 4, fine and rather sparse on odd-numbered interstriae, a few transverse lines on basal half. Declivity rather steep, moderately sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, sparse granules very fine, poorly formed, 2 almost three times as wide as 1, smooth with very minute, shallow points, 3 as high as 1, armed by a row of about six small tubercles. Vestiture of minute, very short strial hair; in- terstrial hair on declivity short, equal in length to about half width of interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons most strongly convex, more coarsely punc- tured, carina acutely, strongly elevated on lower half, almost subdentate, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous; declivital tubercles smaller. Distribution.— Alaska to Arizona and New Mexico. ALASKA: Juneau, 26-V-59, Pinus contorta, D. E. Bright. USA: Arizona: San Francisco Mts., 18-VIII-68, Picea engelmannii, D. E. Bright. Colorado: Clyde, 14- VII-06, Hopk. 6116, and 6117-b (bred 13-IV-06), Picea engehnannii, A. D. Hopkins, Newcastle, Hopk. 31408-J- 20, P. engehnannii, C. L. Massey. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Hopk. 5489, P. engelmannii, J. L. Webb.; Tres Ritos. Utah: Huntington Canyon, l-IX-76, Picea ptm- gens, S. L. Wood. Host.— Picea engelmannii, P. pungens, two Alaskan males from Pinus contorta. Biology.— Specimens were reared from shaded out branches 2-7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of carinulatus and opimus and on 24 other specimens. 83. Pityophthorus hlandulus Schedl Pityophthorus blanduhis Schedl, 1955, Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:19 (Syntypes, female; Las Trojades, Guatemala; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cilia tus Blackman by characters of the frons and declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons essentially as in ciliatus except punc- tures at margins not enlarged, vestiture not longer at sides, only slightly longer above. Pronotum as in ciliatus except declivity slightly more deeply impressed, much nar- rower, ascending from striae 1, declivital setae apparently finer, shorter. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1069 Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex than in cilia tiis, a feeble median carina present or absent; declivital sulcus much stronger, lateral con- vexities higher, their lateral slope much more broadly rounded than in ciliatus male. Distribution.— Chiapas to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km E San Cristobal, 6-VI-69, Pinus ochotcrnai, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Las Trojades. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Bright's homotype and on 27 other specimens. 84. Pityophthorus ciliatus Blackman Fig. 20() Pityophthorus ciliatus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:211 (Holotype, female; Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55986) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigricans Blandford by the smaller size, by the less deeply impressed declivital sulcus, and by the greater distance between the fe- male frontal pubescence and the eye. Female.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually reddish brown. Frons plano-convex almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining, punctures very fine, close, uniformly distributed; vestiture of abundant yellow hair, moderately long in central area, very long on lateral and particularly dorsal mar- gins, longest setae equal to half distance be- tween eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in brevis Blackman, anterior margin armed by about 12 serrations; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, almost subreticulate in some places, punctures rather small, widely spaced on disc. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in brevis; striae not impressed, punctures rather fine, in rows, sometimes slightly confused; interstriae smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, about twice as wide as striae, even- numbered interstriae usually impunctate. odd-numbered interstriae varying from al- most impunctate to regularly punctured. De- clivity steep, moderately to rather strongly sulcate; as in brevis except disc glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, rather coarsely, closely punc- tured, a feeble median carina sometimes present, usually absent, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivity of some spec- imens more deeply impressed. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Jalapa, 9-II-36, Pinus patula D. DeLeon; Las Vigas, 5-VII-67. No. 157, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus patula. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 53 other specimens. 85. Pityophthorus californicus Bright Pityophthorus deleoni Bright, 1966 (nee Blackman, 1942) Pan Pacific Ent. 42:302 (Holotype, female; Bon- nie Doone in Santa Cruz Co., California; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Pityophthorus californicus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. '•36:427. Replacement name for deleoni Bright Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigricans Blandford by the smaller size, by the more narrowly rounded anterior mar- gin of the pronotum, and by the less strongly sculptured declivity. Female.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons somewhat plano-convex to well above upper level of eyes, a slight transverse impression evident near middle, epistoma weakly elevated on median half; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, mod- erately close in upper median area, rather sparse on lower fourth; vestiture of fine, long hair on margins and punctured area, con- spicuously longer on margins, length of long- est exceeds half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; out- line about as in nigricans except anterior margin more narrowly rounded, armed by about eight irregularly spaced serrations, pos- terior area strongly reticulate (obscurely reti- culate in allotype), punctures rather coarse, moderately close. Inconspicuous vestiture confined to margins and asperate area. 1070 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in nigricans; declivity similar to nigricans except less strongly impressed, lateral con- vexities not as high and armed by much finer tubercles, punctures at base on interstriae 2 feebly granulate (not granulate in allotype). Vestiture confined to declivity, similar to nigricans. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, rather coarsely, more uniformly punctured, with a low, fine, uni- form carina extending from epistoma to up- per level of eyes; declivity with lateral mar- gins much more strongly elevated (but less so than male nigricans), summit armed by 4-5 fine tubercles, interstrial punctures on 2 at base not tuberculate. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Bonnie Doone in Santa Cruz Co., 21- V-41, Pimis attenuata, Hopk. 33689, D. DeLeon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and two female paratypes. 86. Pityophthorus apachae Bright Pityophthorus apachae Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:520 (Holotype, female; Rustler's Camp, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigricans Blandford by the slightly dif- ferent frons and declivity as described below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in nigricans except punctures minute, separated by two to five or more di- ameters of a puncture. Pronotum as in nigricans. Elytra as in nigricans except declivity steeper, more evenly, more strongly arched. Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly more strongly convex, punctures fine, rather sparse, a distinct median callus at up- per level of eyes. Distribution.— Arizona. USA; Arizona; Rustler's Camp, Chiricahua Mts., 7-VI- 69, 2600 m, No. 79, Abies concobr, S. L. Wood; Miller Canyon in Huachuca Mts., 23-VI-68, A. concolor, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens and on 29 other specimens. 87. Pityophthorus blackmani Bright Pityophthorus blackmani Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:521 (Holotype, female; Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— Except for the male frons, this species strongly resembles nitidulus (Mannerheim). It is distinguished from the more closely related apacliae Bright by the smooth, shining pronotum, by the flatter fe- male frons, with different vestiture, by the more strongly sulcate male declivity, and by the more distinct male frontal carina. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in apacliae except more distinctly, transversely impressed, vestiture on margins more abundant and much longer, tips of longest setae on vertex exceeding epistomal margin. Pronotum as in apachae except posterior areas smooth, shining, puntures slightly larger, not distorted. Elytra as in apachae except disc smoother, shining, strial punctures slightly larger, de- clivity slightly steeper, slightly narrower. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, rather coarsely punctured, smooth, shining, a low, obtuse carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes, elytral de- clivity more narrowly, much more strongly sulcate, a double or staggered row of tu- bercles at summit; lateral convexity rising abruptly from position of striae 1. Distribution.— Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Amecameca, 28-1-36, 670, Abies religiosa, D. DeLeon. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. All these specimens were treated by Blackman as para- types of rudis Blackman. 88. Pityophthorus micans Bright Pityophthorus micans Bright, 1981, Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 118:188 (Holotype, female; Chiltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— Allied to nigricans Blandford except differing as described below. Female.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons largely concealed by pronotum on type, but apparently similar to nigricans. Pronotum about as in nigricans. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1071 Elytral disc similar to nigricans except strial punctures slightly larger, with sparse punctures on interstriae more numerous (equal in size to those of striae). Declivity similar to nigricans but interstriae 2 slightly wider, much more broadly impressed, as- cending rapidly on its lateral third, crest of 3 more abrupt, armed by eight similar den- ticles, setae almost absent on 2, distinctly longer on 3. Male.— Similar to male nigricans except frons more finely punctured, obscure median elevation on lower third only, without callus above; discal pimctures on elytra slightly larger, more confused; declivital sulcus more strongly impressed on interstriae 2, particu- larly on its anterior third (superficially resem- bling male nitidulus Mannerheim), crest of 3 armed by 10 tubercles, vestiture almost obso- lete on 1, long and conspicuous on 3. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Chiltepec, 1-71, Piniis montezurnae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 89. Pityophthorus nigricans Blandford Pityoplithorus nigricans Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):236 (Lectotype, male; Quiche Mountains, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:184) Pityophthorus chiapensis Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:522 (Holotype, female; 13 km or 8 mi E San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:72. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigricans Blandford by the larger size, by the much more deeply impressed declivi- tal sulcus, and by the narrower distance be- tween the female frontal pubescent area and the eye. Female.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, elytra usually reddish brown. Frons as in ciliatus except lateral margin of impressed area in contact with margin of eye or separated by a distance equal to less than diameter of a facet. Pronotum and elytral disc as in ciliatus. Elytral declivity as in ciliatus except sulcus deeper, lateral convexities slightly to much higher, summit sometimes almost subacuminate, tubercles on summit usually larger. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male ciliatus except with a distinct, trans- verse impression near middle, median carina more strongly elevated; declivital sulcus usu- ally deeper, lateral convexities higher. Distribution.— Durango to Guatemala and El Salvador. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km E San Cristobal. 8-VII-69, Pinus ayacaiiite, D. E. Bright. Durango: 5 km W El Sal- to, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 40, Pinus, S. L. Wood. GUATE- MALA: Quiche Mountains; San Cristobal in Huehuete- nango, 28-V-64, 2300 m, Nos. 633, 635, Pinus pseudostrobus, S. L. Wood; Schedl (1955:22) listed Cuchumatanes, Las Trojadas; Quezaltenango, Sierra Maria Tecum, Totonicapan. EL SALVADOP; Las Pilas, 1976, P. ayacauite. Biology.— Specimens were taken in branches 2-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blandford's 3 syntypes of nigricans, on the holotype of chiapensis, and on 103 other specimens. 90. Pityophthorus lepidus Bright Pityophthorus lepidus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:526 (Holotype, female; 5.6 km or 3.5 mi S Suchixtepec on Highway 175, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nigricans Blandford by the different frons and declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.6-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in nigricans except setae slightly less numerous, slightly shorter, longest setae equal in length to almost one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum and elytra as in nigricans except elytral declivity slightly steeper, more evenly arched, sulcus slightly wider, not quite as deep. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, rather coarsely, closely punctured, a distinct, low, median carina from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Veracruz to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 184 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, 27-.30-X-71, 2000 m, Pinus lawsonii, D. E. Bright; 20 km N Oaxaca, 31-V-71, .3000 m, Pinus, D. E. Bright; 5.6 km S Suchixtepec, 2-VI-71, 2600 m, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Ve- racruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 157, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 73 specimens. 1072 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 91. Pityophthorus elatiniis Wood Pityophthortis elatiniis Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:66 (Holotype, female; 5 miles W Ciudad Hi- dalgo, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the unique elytral dechvity and by the plano-concave female frons that is orna- mented by unusually long reddish brown hair. Female.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytra usually yellowish brown. Frons plano-concavely flattened from eye to eye from epistoma to well above eyes; sur- face smooth with sparse, very fine punctures; vestiture rather short and sparse in central area, long and abundant at margins, longest setae slightly longer than distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; sides almost parallel on basal half, moderately con- stricted on anterior half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; posterior areas irregular, evidently subreticulate with numerous points inter- mixed, most punctures replaced by small, roimded, isolated granules behind summit, finely and irregularly punctured in lateral areas. Vestiture of fine, short, inconspicuous hair except longer at margins. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in brevis Blackman; striae not impressed except 1 weakly, punctures small, close, shallow, in definite rows; interstriae about twice as wide as striae, smooth, impimctate except at mar- gin of declivity. Declivity steep, narrowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete; interstriae 1 abruptly, moderately elevated, more strongly below, armed by about 10 minute granules (some may take form of punctures), 2 strong- ly impressed, smooth, at least twice as wide as 1, 3 strongly elevated on upper half, high- er than 1, forming a small hump near middle of declivity causing sulcus to narrow above; wider below, some punctures on elevated portion minutely, indefinitely granulate. Glabrous except at sides. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather finely punctured, with a fine, low, acute median carina on lower half; de- clivital convexities much more strongly ele- vated, unarmed, interstriae 1 bearing a row of moderately long, stout, semirecumbent setae directed laterad, 3 with a row of short, stout setae on upper third of declivity. Distribution.— Michoacan to Tlaxcala. MEXICO: Mexico: Salazor, 16-V1I-69, D. E. Bright; Iztaccihuatl-Popocatepetl N.P., 7-V-71, D. E. Bright. Michoacan: 40 km W Ciudad Hidaldo, 16-VII-53, 2800 m, 51 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 2900 m, No. 48. Tlaxcala: 17 km N Tlaxco, 9-VII-67, 2800 m. All were taken from Abies religiose! by me, except as noted. Host.— Abies religiosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from limbs and tops 4-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 7 specimens and on 114 other specimens. 92. Pityophthorus specuhim Bright Pityophthorus specuhim Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. •36:440 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from elatiniis Wood by the larger size, by the darker color, and by the elytral declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in elatiniis except disc without granules. Elytra as in elatiniis except declivity much less strongly impressed, declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by a row of small tu- bercles, each interstriae on posterior half with a row of rather long, erect setae, most of them twice as long as distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male elatinus; declivity similar to but more deeply impressed than in female. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 3-V-71, 3600 m, Abies, Pseiidotsuga menziesii, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 41 specimens. 93. Pityophthorus dentifrons Blackman Fig. 206 Pityophthorus dentifrons Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:125 (Holo- tvpe, female; Orono, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species superficially re- sembles ciliatiis Blackman but is distin- guished by the very different frons in both sexes, by the finer elytral punctures, and by the declivity. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1073 Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins sub- angulate, separated from eye by distance equal to three times diameter of a facet; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures very fine, moderately close, uniformly distributed ex- cept absent on small median area above epis- toma; vestiture of fine, moderately abundant hair, rather short in central area, moderately long at margins, longest setae equal in length to about one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in ciliatus except anterior margin more narrowly rounded, armed by 12 low serrations. 14. Fig. 206. Pityophthorus spp.: 20-21, balsameus ( = patchi), dorsal aspect and head of female; 22-23, den- tifrons, dorsal aspect and head of male; 24, intextus, dor- sal aspect of male. (After Blackman 1922:136.) Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in ci- liatus; striae not impressed except 1 narrowly almost to base, punctures in rows to base, fine, spaced by one to two diameters of a puncture; interstriae almost smooth, with a few fine, transverse lines, almost three times as wide as striae, odd-numbered interstriae with a few punctures. Declivity steep, mod- erately sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete, a few punctures often visible near apex; interstriae 1 abruptly, rather narrowly, moderately ele- vated, armed by a row of about 10 fine tu- bercles, 2 two and one-half times as wide as 1, rather strongly, broadly sulcate, surface smooth and shining, minute, impressed points abundant, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, rather broadly rounded, armed by a row of about seven moderately coarse tubercles, a small tubercle usually present at junction of 5 and 7. Vestiture of minute strial hair (usually abraded), and on and near declivity rows of hair on odd-numbered interstriae, longest setae equal in length to width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons abruptly, rather strongly impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, impression divided by an acutely elevated median ca- rina, subdentate near its lower end, surface rather coarsely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Alberta and Nova Scotia to North Carolina. CANADA: Alberta: Cypress Hills. New Brunswick: Portage Vale. Nova Scotia: Halifax. Ontario: Dryden. Quebec: Gaspe Co. Prince Edward Island: Dalway. USA: Maine: Camp Caribou, Orono, Peak Island. Mary- land: Plummers Island. Minnesota: Cass Lake. New Hampshire: Littleton, Mt. Washington. New York: Cranberry Lake. North Carolina: Black Mountains, Pis- gah Ridge. West Virginia: Davis, Randolph Co., Spruce Mt. Host.— Picea glauca, P. rubra. Biology.— Specimens were taken from seedlings and small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 188 other specimens. 94. Pityophthorus setosus Blackman Pityophthorus setosus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:77 (Holotype, female; Monterey, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41292) 1074 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This imique species is distin- guished by the tuft of hair on the lower de- cHvity of the female and by other declivital characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown, elytra slightly lighter. Frons broadly convex, shining and rather finely, closely, uniformly punctured to slightly above eyes, lateral margins rounded; vestiture rather abundant, uniformly dis- tributed, moderately long, longest setae above, their length equal to half distance be- tween eyes. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; out- line basically as in dentifrons Blackman ex- cept summit distinctly in front of middle; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, close, shallow. Vestiture short, semirecumbent. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 narrowly on posterior third of disc, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, as wide as striae, 2 and 4 im- punctate, odd-numbered interstriae usually sparsely punctured at least on posterior half. Declivity steep, moderately sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete or pimctures replaced by fine granules; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of closely spaced fine gran- ules, 2 twice as wide as 1, moderately sulcate, smooth, shining, with numerous, minute, im- pressed points, 3 as high as 1, 3 and summit of lateral areas armed by numerous (about 30) confused, fine granules, each bearing a conspicuous, long, yellow hair (usually ap- pearing on lower third as a tuft). Vestiture confined to sides and declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons abruptly, rather shallowly impressed below upper level of eyes, surface of impressed area more coarsely punctured and armed by an acutely elevated median carina, almost sub- dentate on its lower half; serrations on ante- rior margin of pronotum distinctly larger; de- clivital setae short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Carmel, Del Monte, Inverness, Mon- terey, Pacific Grove, Pt. Reyes, San Francisco, Sharp Peak and Tunitas in San Mateo Co. Hosts.— Pinus radiata, one series from P. muricata. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 149 other specimens. 95. Pityophthorus biovalis Blackman Pitijophthorus biovalis Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:122 (Holo- type, female; Brunswick, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56916) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the female frons, described below, and by the rather normal declivity. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons rather strongly biconcave, concavity on each half extending from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, its surface smooth, brightly shining, dorsal and lateral margins with a fringe of long hair, median line subacutely elevated (but its crest some- times longitudinally concave) and orna- mented by a few short setae; spongy areas entirely absent; longest setae equal to about one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides straight on basal half, con- verging very slightly, constriction not evi- dent, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about 10 low serrations; summit slightly in front of middle, with a distinct posterior impression; posterior areas smooth, shining, obscurely sub- reticulate, punctures rather fine, spaced on disc by two to three diameters of a puncture. Disc glabrous, short, sparse hair in lateral areas. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then con- verging slightly, very broadly rounded be- hind; striae 1 shghtly, others not impressed, punctures rather coarse, close, deep; inter- striae twice as wide as striae, almost smooth, punctures similar to those of striae, rather sparse on all interstriae. Declivity very steep, rather shallowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obso- lete except a few minute punctures near apex; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, unarmed, 2 almost three times as wide as 1, moderately impressed on median half, as- cending laterally, with some impressed points, 3 distinctly higher than 1, its summit 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1075 armed near middle by three conspicuous tu- bercles, two or three much smaller granules usually above or below major tubercles. Ves- titure usually absent on disc, minute strial and short interstrial rows of hair present on declivity and sides except declivital inter- striae glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except lower two-thirds of frons moderately, transversely impressed, with an acute median carina on impressed area, surface smooth, shining, coarsely, closely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous; pronotal disc more strongly reticulate; lateral summits on elytral declivi- ty more subacutely elevated. Distribution.— Ontario to Maine and New York. CANADA: Ontario: Huron, 9-VIII-63, R. Bowser; Kakabeca Falls, 27-V-64, Piniis strobus; Waskesin, 26- VIII-53, Picea glmica. USA:' Maine: Brunswick, 29-VI-19, Picea rubens, M. W. Blackman; Orono, 19-VIII-19, M. W. Blackman; Peak Island, Hopk. U.S. 406, P. rubens, A. D. Hopkins. New York: Adirondacks, 20-XII-16, Finns strobiis, E. P. Felt. Hosts.— Picea glauca, P. riibens, Pinus strobus. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on eight other specimens. 96. Pityophthorus cavatus Bright Pityophthorus cavatus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:74 (Holotype, female; Canoe Lake, Saskatche- wan, Canada; Canadian Nat. Coll., 15492) Diagnosis.— This species differs from hiovalis Blackman by characters of the fe- male frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons concavely impressed (variable), much as in hiovalis except median partition entirely absent; margins fringed by setae as in hiovalis specimens, with reduced concave area sometimes with a profusion of hair, others almost glabrous. Pronotum, elytra, and male as in hiovalis. Distribution.— Saskatchewan to Manitoba. CANADA: Manitoba: Charlottetown, 1.3-Vni-54, Pinus resinosa. Saskatchewan: Canoe Lake, 21-VII-72, Pinus banksiana, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 97. Pityophthorus concavus Blackman Pityophthorus concavus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:85 (Holotype, female; Seney, Michigan, U.S. Nat. Mus., 41297) Pityophthorus hesperius Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:76 (Holotype, female; Hudson Hope, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll. 15491). Possible synonym or subspecies Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hiovalis Blackman by characters of the female frons and male declivity as de.'cribed below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons variable; shallowly concave on me- dian half to very strongly concave on median three-fourths; lateral areas of concavity and crest spongy, median area smooth, shining, with abundant minute punctures (or im- pressed points?); vestiture not evident except for spongy texture. Pronotum and elytral disc as in hiovalis ex- cept punctures slightly finer, not as deep. Elytral declivity as in hiovalis except tu- bercles on lateral convexities much finer. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male hiovalis; elytral declivity devoid of granules, lateral convexities at middle dis- placed mesad, forming a submammiform en- largement on lateral two-thirds of space nor- mally occupied by interstriae 3, this enlargement very narrowly separated from interstriae 1 (in allotype elevation extending mesad almost to suture). Distribution.— (British Columbia?) On- tario and Wisconsin to New Brunswick and Maine. CANADA: New Brunswick: Fredricton, 1.3-VIII-35, L. J. Simpson; one female bears Swaine's field number 2497 (origin?). Ontario: Ottawa, lO-Vni-72, Picea glauca, A. Davies. Quebec: Kazabazua, 24-VIII-66, Pinus banksiana, D. E. Bright. USA: Maine; Peak Island, Hopk. U.S. 406a, Picea; Topsfield, 4-VIII-70, Picea, D. E. Bright. Michigan: Seney, Pinus resinosa, W. F. Fiske. Wisconsin: Boulder Junction; Vilas Co., 19-VII-55, P. resinosa, R. D. Shenefelt. Hosts.— Pinus hanksiana, P. resinosa, Picea glauca. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype and on 42 other specimens. 1076 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 The extreme variability of the female frons in cariniceps LeConte suggests similar varia- bility in the biovalis-balsameus complex. Much more material, particularly long series, are needed before a meaningful evaluation of these species can be made. Two series from British Columbia (13 spec- imens from Hudson Hope, 21-VIII-74 to 6- IX-74, 14-XI-72, Pinus contorta, and one specimen from Hixon, 9-VIII-72, Pinus con- torta, D. E. Bright) look like concavtis but are darker and the female frons is more polished in the lateral areas. Bright (1978:76) desig- nated these specimens as hesperius Bright. More material from other localities must be studied before the status of his name can be determined. 98. Pityophthorus briscoei Blackman Pityophthonts briscoei Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:123 (Holo- tvpe, female; Brunswick, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56915) Pityophthorus miinciiis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:86 (Holotype, female; Littleton, New Hampshire; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from biovalis Blackman by characters of the female frons as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons variable; basically weakly convex to flattened, area from epistoma to upper level of eyes somewhat irregularly, transversely impressed, oval areas on lateral thirds dull, spongy to finely pilose (spongy areas flat to strongly protuberant, occasionally meeting on median line), remaining areas smooth, shining, with upper areas rather coarsely punctured, median third (between spongy areas) moderately to deeply sulcate, a pair of small tubercles sometimes mark margins of sulcus at either dorsal or ventral end or both; glabrous except for texture of spongy areas. Pronotum and elytra as in biovalis except granules on lateral margins of elytral declivi- ty very fine. Male.— Similar to male biovalis except ca- rina on frons greatly reduced, conspicuous only at ventral, subtuberculate end; declivity devoid of granules. Distribution.— Ontario and Minnesota to New Brunswick and Pennsylvania. CANADA: New Brunswick: Riley Brook, 6-VII-70, Pinus strobus, D. E. Bright. Ontario: Manitouwadge, 26- V-64, Pinus banksiana. USA; Maine: Brunswick, 29-VI- 29, M. W. Blackman. Minnesota; Cloquet, 8-IX-36, Nor- way pine, H. R. Dodge. New Hampshire: Crawford Notch, 7-VIII-70, Picea, D. E. Bright; Littleton, 2-VI-22. New York: Cranberry Lake, 5-VII-23, M. W. Blackman. Pennsylvania: Mildred 14-VII-32, Picea mariana, J. N. Knull; Sulivan Co., 10-VIII, J. N. Knull; Ricketts, 31-VII- 31, J. N. Knull. Host.— "Norway pine," Picea rubens, Pinus banksiana, P. strobus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of briscoei and mundus and on 145 other specimens. 99. Pityophthorus balsameus Blackman Fig. 206 Pityophthorus balsameus Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:199 (Holo- type, female; Orono, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Pityophthorus patchi Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:120 (Holo- type, female; Orono, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mundus Blackman by the female frons described below and by the male declivity. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons variable; basically broadly convex, area below upper level of eyes weakly im- pressed on lateral fourths, occasionally with a feeble impression in central area; a con- spicuous median tubercle or summit on epis- toma; median half to three-fourths spongy, usually extending from epistoma to upper level of eyes (variable). Pronotum and elytra as in biovalis Blackman. Male.— Similar to male concavus except enlarged protuberances on declivity more strongly displaced toward suture. Distribution.— Michigan and Nova Scotia to North Carolina. CANADA: New Brunswick: Bass River Road, Jemseg, Portage Vale. Nova Scotia: Halifax. USA: Maine: Chemo Lake, Eastniont, Orono. Michigan: Gibb City, Shingle- ton. New Hampshire: Crawford Notch. New York: Cranberry Lake. North Carolina: Tryon. West Virginia: Cranesville, Morgantown. Hosts.— Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, P. sp., Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, P. strobus. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1077 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of balsameus and patchi and on 108 other specimens. The form represented by this species ap- pears to represent the basic structure from which all others in the biovalis-balsameus complex were derived. It is very doubtful that all represent valid species. It is not im- probable that only one genetically unstable species is represented that is comparable to cariniceps LeConte. 100. Pityophthorus angustus Blackman Pityophthorus angusttts Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracu.se, Tech. Pub. 25:8.3 (Holotype, female; Cranberry Lake, New York; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from balsameus Blackman by the female frons described below and by the male declivity. Female.— Length 2.0-2.1 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons moderately, biconcavely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, with an obtusely compressed, moderately elevated median partition, its ventral end forming an almost beaklike process above epistoma (vari- able); median half spongy; vestiture absent. Pronotum and elytra as in biovalis Blackman. Male.— Similar to male biovalis except declivity with processes comparable to con- cavus Blackman except more extensive (lon- gitudinally) and displaced across interstriae 1 to suture, almost touching one another. Distribution.— Ontario and Nova Scotia to North Carolina. CANADA: New Brunswick: Bass River, 12-VIII-66, Pintis strobiis. Nova Scotia: Halifax, No. 22. Ontario: Huron, 9-VIII-&3, R. Bowser. USA: New York: Adiron- dacks, 20-XII-16, Pinus strobus, E. P. Felt; Cranberry Lake, 5-17-VII-23, Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, M. W. Blackman. North Carolina: Black Mountains, 18-V; Tryon, Hopk. 3154. Hosts.— Ficea rubens, Abies balsamea, Pinus strobus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 53 other specimens. 101. Pityophthorus carinatus carinatus Bright Pityophthorus carinatus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:73 (Holotype, female; Sevey, New York; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 15489) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from angustus Blackman by the sculpture of the female frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons somewhat similar to angustus except median partition very strongly, acutely ele- vated, partition very thin; lateral concavities deeply, rather extensively impressed; median partition partly or entirely spongy, glabrous. Pronotum and elytra as in angustus. Male.— As in male angustus. Distribution.— New Brunswick to New York. CANADA: New Brunswick: 3 km or 2 miles E Wem- sea. Queens Co., 21-VI-65, Pinus strobus branch, F.l.S. 64-1340-01. USA: New York: Sevey, 8-VII1-70, Picea, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 102. Pityophthorus carinatus monticolae Bright Pityophthorus carinatus monticolae Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:74 (Holotype, female; Hazelton, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 15490) Diagnosis.— This form is distinguished from carinatus carinatus Bright by characters of the female frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in c. carinatus except median par- tition twice as thick, its crest pubescent. Male.— As in male c. carinatus. Distribution.— British Columbia to Alberta. CANADA: Alberta: Edmonton, 5-Vn-24, F. S. Carr (four of these lack the name of the collector and have the additional label, A. T. McClay Collection). British Columbia: Hazelton, ll-VI-70, Pinus contorta, F.LS. 70- 569-01. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 11 specimens, including the type series. 103. Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:353 (Holotype, female; Detroit, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool.) Pityophthorus canadensis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):24 (Lecto- type, female; Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 9319, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:678); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll., For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:72. Synonymy 1078 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pityophthorus cognatus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:69 (Holotype, female; Davidson's R., North Carolina; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41286), Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Synonymy. Subspecies? Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the biovalis-balsameus complex of spe- cies by the larger size, by the more confused, more coarsely punctured elytra, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons variable; from broadly, weakly con- vex, with a slight median impression or mod- erate protuberance on median half to rather strongly biconcave from epistoma to upper level of eyes, with a laterally compressed, strongly elevated median elevation, with or without a median -tubercle in any of these variations; part or most of surface spongy or not; pubescence from minute velvet pile to short abundant hair. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; basi- cally as in biovalis except punctures in poste- rior areas coarser, closer. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and sculpture about as in biovalis except discal punctures coarser, slightly confused, sulcus slightly deeper, narrower, tubercles on lateral con- vexities larger. Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in biovalis; declivity as in concavus male except processes at middle more strong- ly projecting, almost attaining suture in some specimens (variable). Distribution.— Manitoba and Nova Scotia to Kentucky and North Carolina. CANADA: Alberta?: Edmonton (1 male). Manitoba: Whiteshell Prov. Pk. New Brunswick: Berwick, Fred- ricton, Jemseg, McCraw Brook, Oak Bav. Nova Scotia; Kejimkujik N.P., Kingston, Welmot. Ontario: Beard- more, Bourget, Carp, Cedar Bay, Geralton, Kakabeka Falls, Longlac, Nestor Falls, Ottawa, Parrv Sound, To- ronto, Wabigoon. Quebec; He Perrot, Old Chelsea, Que- bec, Ste. Anne's, St. Hilaire. Saskatchewan: Meadow Lake Prov. Pk. USA: Kentucky: Hazard. Maine: Orono. Massachusetts: Southboro. Michigan; Charlevoix Co., Detroit, Grand Island, Munising. Minnesota: Cloquet, Crow Wing Co., Washington Co. New Hampshire: Crawford Notch, Deerfield. New York: Bear Mountains, Cranberry Lake, Ithaca, Syracuse. North Carolina: Asheville, Tryon. Ohio: Hocking Co. Pennsylvania: Mil- ford. Wisconsin: "Wisconsin." Hosts.— Abies balsamea, Picea glauca, Pinus banksiana, P. resinosa, P. strobus. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs and small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of cariniceps, cognatus, and vibrissus on the lectotype of canadensis, and on 1103 other specimens. The variability of the female frons and the male elytral declivity in this species is unusu- ally great. The female frons, in a series from North Carolina (type series of cognatus), is plano-convex to well above the upper level of the eyes, with the surface somewhat coar- sely, closely punctured and bearing uniformly distributed, fine, rather long hair (longest equal in length to one-fourth distance be- tween eyes). Females in series from Marian, North Carolina, Kentucky, Virginia, and northward usually contain a mixture of ex- treme and intermediate variants between (1) those with the contours as described above for the female and very minutely punctured and either glabrous or with dense, minute pile on this punctured area, or (2) those with the punctured area protuberant, the lateral areas variously impressed or not, sometimes so extensively impressed that only a strong carinalike median partition remains, the sur- face is minutely punctured and glabrous or with minute pile. The male declivity, in specimens from North Carolina, is much as in crassus Black- man, with the sulcus narrower and appearing deeper (30 percent of elytral width or less; 40 percent or more in crassus). Males in the southern half of the remaining distribution (excluding North Carolina) tend to have the declivity as in the North Carolina material, except, as the point of geographical origin moves northward, the crest tends to peak or come to a summit at or jvist below the middle; the crest of this peak bears tubercles. Exclusively in the northern half of the range and less commonly southward to Virginia, the declivital peak loses the tubercles and be- comes displaced and turned toward the su- ture as a blunt horn, often almost touching at the suture. Series from localities north of Virginia may contain most of the variations described above for both sexes. The only possible divi- sion for a geographical race appears to be based on the female frons of the North Caro- lina population (cognatus), but more material 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1079 should be studied before formal recognition is given. 104. Pityophthorns confinis LeConte Fig. 201 Pityophthorus confinis LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:354 (Lectotype, female; Mojave region, California; Mas. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the rather large size and stout body, by the coarse, deep, strongly confused punctures of the elytral disc, and by characters of the frons and declivity described below. Female.— Length 2.2-2.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown to dark red- dish brown. Frons shallowly, transversely impressed (al- most flat on median half) from epistoma to upper level of eyes, rounded at lateral mar- gins; surface shining, rather finely, closely, uniformly punctured on impressed area, more coarsely punctured at lateral and dorsal margins; vestiture moderately abundant and of uniform distribution and length on im- pressed area, not extending above upper level of eyes, longest setae equal to one-third dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal half moderately ar- cuate, converging anteriorly to slight con- striction just before rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about eight low serrations; summit at middle, with a distinct transverse, posterior impres- sion; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points (sometimes ob- scure), punctures rather coarse, deep, moder- ately close. Glabrous except at margins and on asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds then converging slightly, very broadly rounded behind; disc smooth, shining, striae discernable on some specimens, pmictures coarse, deep, strongly confused. Declivity very steep, broadly, rather strongly sulcate; striae 1 obsolete, 2 with a row of minute punctures completely or incompletely present; interstriae 1 rather narrow, distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine tubercles, 2 at middle three times as wide as 1, somewhat narrower above and below, rather strongly, broadly sulcate, sur- face smooth, shining, with minute impressed points, 3 slightly higher than 1, armed by a row of about four to eight fine tubercles. Disc glabrous; sides and lateral convexities of declivity with sparse, short hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, coarsely punctured, armed just below upper level of eyes by a conspicuous, short, blunt, median carina, feeble extensions of carina may extend longi- tudinally or laterally, vestiture short, incon- spicuous; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to California and New Mexico. CAN.^D.A: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, Clinton, Copper Mt., Grand Forks, Merritt, Nicola. USA: Ari- zona: Alpine in Apache Co., Carr Canyon in Huachuca Mts.. Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Kaibab N.F., Prescott, Pinaleno Mts., Santa Rita Mts., Santa Catalina Mts., Williams, Walker. California: El Dorado, Fresno, Lake, Lassen, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa, Modoc, Mono, Plumas, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, Shasta, Sonoma, Siskivou, Tulare, Toulumne, and Ventura coun- ties. Colorado: Ft. Garland, Veta Pass. Idaho: Center- ville, Coeur d'Alene, Moscow. Montana: Clinton, Helena. Nevada: Baker, Lake Tahoe, Little Valley in Washoe Co. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Las Vegas Hot Springs, San Lorenzo, Taigue in Apache Canyon. Ore- gon: Algoma, Ashland, Deschutes N.F., Prineville, Sis- ters, Paisley, 4-mile creek in Klamath Co. LItah: Beaver, La Sal Mts., Brvce Canyon N.P., Kamas, Pin Hollow in Fishlake N.F., Elk Park in .Ashley N.F., Yellowstone R.S. in Ashley N.F. Washington: Buckeye. Wyoming: Lusk. Hosts.— Finns coiilteri, P. jeffreyi, P. lam- bertiana, P. ponderosa, P. strobiformis. Biology.— This abundant species breeds in the leaf bearing portion of small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the LeConte syntypes and on 763 other specimens. 105. Pityophthorus montezumae Bright Pitijophthorus montezumae Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:81 (Holotype, female; 11 km or 7 miles E San Cristobal, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from schwarzi Blackman by the different frons and declivity as described below and by the reticulate pronotum. Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. 1080 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons flat (not usually impressed as on type), more densely punctured than in schwarzi. Pronotum as in schwarzi except anterior margin more finely serrate, posterior areas reticulate. Elytra similar to schwarzi except declivital interstriae 1 armed by a row of fine granules and bearing setae as long as those on 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather coarsely punctured, reticulate, median carina slightly longer than in male schwarzi. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: 11 km E San Cristobal, 13-V-69, Pinus montezuma. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens. 106. Pityophthoriis schwarzi Blackman Pityophthorus schwarzi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:71 (Holotype, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41288) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from crasstis Blackman by the smaller size, by larger, more nearly circular outline of the antennal club, by the shorter, subdentate ca- rina on the male frons, by the higher, shorter lateral summit on the male declivity, by the hosts, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons plano-convex to almost flat from eye to eye from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes; surface smooth and shining, pimctures very fine, spaced in central area by two to four diameters of a puncture, more closely and more coarsely in marginal areas, lateral margins subabrupt; vestiture moder- ately abimdant, almost uniformly distributed, only slightly longer on margins, longest setae equal to about one-third distance between eyes. Antennal club as long as scape, 1.12 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; out- line as in confinis LeConte; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, moderately close, median line broadly impunctate. Vestiture of fine, rather short hair on disc and sides. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in confinis. Declivity steep, rather narrow- ly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, usually unarmed, a few minute granules sometimes present on upper half, 2 two to three times as wide as 1, mod- erately impressed, ascending laterally from its median margin, surface shining, with nu- merous impressed points, 3 much higher than 1, armed by about six small tubercles, about two smaller tubercles in lateral areas. Inter- strial setae on disc not longer than distance equal to width of an interstriae, up to twice as long on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately, rather abniptly impressed from near epistoma to upper level of eyes, a strongly elevated, laterally compressed, short, dentate carina just below middle, without any indication of a dorsal continuation, vesti- ture sparse, short, inconspicuous; declivity with lateral convexities more strongly, sub- acutely elevated to middle, discontinued be- low middle, summit armed by about four tu- bercles, about two additional tubercles present in lateral areas of lower half, these not in line with tubercles on crest. Distribution.— Utah to Tlaxcala. USA: Arizona: Jacob's Lake, Lake Roberts, Pinelino Mts., Santa Rita Mts. New Mexico: Clines Corners in Torrance Co., Emery Pass, Kingston, Lake Nogal, La Placita, Las Vegas, Magdalena, Mangano N.F., Mim- bres, Quemado, Sandia Mts., San Lorenzo. Texas: Big Bend N.P., Davis Mts. Utah: Beaver, Duchesne, Goose- berry area in Fishlake N.F., Panguitch. MEXICO: Coa- huila: Puesto de Flores, Saltillo. Durango: .37 km, 70 km, and 96 km VV Durango, El Palmito. Hidalgo: Jacala, Tu- lancingo, Zimapan. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, Mon- terey, San Roberto. Quertaro: Landa de Matamores. Tlaxcala: Tlaxco. State?: Canada del Lobo (1969, pino negro, Islas). Hosts.— Pinus cemhroides, P. edulis, P. greggii, P. lumholtzii, P. montezuma, P. teocote. Biology.— This species was taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of schwarzi and on 446 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1081 Following my study of more than 380 specimens of schwarzi it became apparent that a division of the species cannot be based on the female frontal vestiture and body size. Although one series is slightly larger and the female vestiture is much longer and more abundant than normal, it must be recognized that both characters are variable within and between series and cannot be used to dis- tinguish populations. Other characters such as punctation, details in sculpture of the frons and elytra, etc. also vary within and between populations without an apparent pattern. 107. Pityophthonis crassus Blackman Pityophthorus crassus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:67 (Holotype, female; Capitan, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41285) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from schwarzi Blackman by characters sum- marized in the above key and in the diagnosis of schwarzi and by other characters men- tioned below. Female.— Length 2.5-2.9 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in schwarzi except punctures tend to average slightly larger and very slightly more abundant. Antennal club slightly short- er than scape, 1.25 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytra as in schwarzi except discal setae equal in length to one to three times width of an interstriae, those on decliv- ity little if any longer. Male.— Similar to male schwarzi except male frontal carina usually with a weak con- tinuation extending to upper level of eyes; declivity with lateral crests usually declining more gradually toward apex, usually with one or more tubercles on lower half in line with those on crest of upper half. Distribution.— Wyoming to Oaxaca and Veracruz. USA: Arizona: Alpine, Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, San Francisco Mts., Santa Catalina Mts. Colorado: Colorado N.F., Breckenridge, Fort Collins, Halfway, Larkspur, Longmont, Manitou, Woodland Park. New Mexico: Bo- real in the Sierra Blanca Mts., Capitan, Cloudcroft, Manzano N.F., Emery Pass, Meek, Sapollo. Texas: Guadeloupe Mts., N.P. Wyoming: Laramie, Lusk. MEX- ICO: Durango: 96 km W Durango, El Salto, La Ciudad. Mexico: Cuernavaca, Tequesquinahua. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi. Oaxaca: Oaxaca, Valle Nacional. Tlaxcala: Tlaxco. Veracruz: Las Vigas, Orizaba, Texcoco. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. contorta (rare), P. leiophylla, P. ponderosa, P. strobi- formis (rare). Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs and small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of crassus and on 655 other specimens. Two series in the U.S. National Museum from (1) Key West, Florida, 1 Oct. 1903, Hopk. U.S. 288, Pinus, A. D. Hopkins, and (2) Tryon, North Carolina, Castanea dentata, Hopk. U.S. 3033, W. F. Fiske, are considered by me to be mislabeled series of crassus and do not record this species from the eastern half of the USA. 108. Pityophthorus laetus Wood Pityophthorus laetus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .36:.358 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the small, elongate, aseptate antennal club, by the pronotum which has asperities extending to near the basal margin, and by the simple elytra. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color black. Frons flat from eye to eye, from epistoma to above eyes (concealed by pronotum above eyes), epistomal margin narrowly, weakly elevated; surface smooth, shining, punctures very fine, shallow, very sparse on central two-thirds, more numerous toward margins, margins rounded; vestiture of fine long hair on margins, a few sparse, shorter hairs in cen- tral area, longest setae equal in length to about half distance between eyes. Antennal club slightly longer than scape, 1.6 times as long as wide, smooth, shining, glabrous on anterior face, not septate, suture 1 obsolete, 2 very feebly indicated on surface by a pro- curved line on apical half, sutural con- strictions and setae confined to margins. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides moderately ar- cuate on basal third, almost straight and con- verging on middle third, rather narrowly rounded in front, anterior margin armed by 10-14 rather coarse serrations; summit in- definite, at or slightly behind middle; aspe- rities small, numerous, continuing in declin- ing, subparallel, somewhat indistinct rows 1082 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 almost to base; posterior areas shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures small, spaced by two to four or more diameters, those in lateral areas mostly associated with subasperate lines. Vestiture of short, sparse hair, glabrous on disc. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures very fine, shallow, spaced by two to four diameters of a puncture, in rows; inter- striae three to four times as wide as striae, surface smooth, brightly shining, with many obscurely impressed points and irregular lines, a few fine punctures on odd-numbered interstriae on posterior half. Declivity steep, convex; striae not impressed, punctures slightly smaller than on disc; interstriae 1 very feebly elevated, higher than 3, 2 as wide as 1 or 3, very feebly impressed, impunctate, 1 and 3 with a row of minute granules. Min- ute strial setae on declivity, odd-numbered interstriae on disc with rather widely spaced, erect, moderately long, stout hair, declivity with all interstriae except 2 with similar setae. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-XI-63, 2500 m. No. 261, tree branch, 8 cm in diameter, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three female specimens. 109. Pityophthorus lenis Wood PityophtJioriis lenis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36;358 (Holotvpe, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the large, elongate, obovate antennal club with aseptate, rather obscure sutures, by the strongly reticulate pronotal disc, and by the simple elytral sculpture. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons transversely, broadly concave, trans- versely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes (longitudinally concave); surface reticulate, median third impvmctate from epistoma to vertex, lateral areas rather coarsely, closely punctured; punctured areas ornamented by long, moderately abundant hair, longest setae equal in length to about two thirds distance between eyes. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as scape; club 1.3 times as long as wide, obovate, widest on apical third, anterior face shining, glabrous except for short setae along sutures, sutures aseptate, marked by a fine line and a row of short setae. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides on basal half subparallel, feebly arcuate, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin subcostate, armed by 10-12 low, ba- sally fused serrations; pronotum reticulate, punctures in posterior areas rather small, moderately close. Glabrous except in margin- al areas. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel, rather broadly, irregularly rounded behind; striae 1 weakly impressed near de- clivity, others not impressed, punctures fine, becoming minute near declivity, in rows; in- terstriae almost smooth, shining, impressed points appearing as minute, confused punc- tures, punctures absent. Declivity steep, shal- lowly bisulcate; striae obsolete; interstriae 1 moderately, abruptly elevated, 2 almost twice as wide as 1, rather strongly, broadly impressed, smooth, shining, obscure points in- dicated, 3 as high as 1, rounded, armed by about four very fine tubercles. Vestiture con- fined to odd-numbered interstriae, of widely spaced, erect, rather short, slender bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly, evenly convex, coarsely, rather closely punctured, a weak median tubercle on epistoma, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1.300 m. No. 244, liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 110. Pityophthorus parilis W ood Pityophthorus parilis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:359 (Holotvpe, female; Buenos Aires, Cortez, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from guatemalensis Blandford by the more coarsely sculptured female frons, by the more coarsely punctured elytral striae, by the more shallowly sulcate elytral declivity, and by other characters. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1083 Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flat from epistoma to vertex, from eye to eye, subangulate margin separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of three facets; surface smooth, shin- ing, rather coarsely, closely, uniformly, deep- ly punctured; vestiture rather abundant, uni- formly distributed, distinctly longer at margins, longest setae about equal to one- third distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in guatemalensis; posterior areas weakly reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately close. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in guatemalensis except interstriae only slightly wider than striae. Declivity as in guatema- lensis except steeper and much less strongly bisulcate. Vestiture confined to declivity, stouter than in guatemalensis. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Buenos Aires, Cortez, 7-V-64, 23(X) m. No. 578, Quercus S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch 4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three female specimens. 111. Pityophthorus scitulus Wood Pityaphtliorus scitulus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:359 (Holotype, female; Volcan Chiriqui, Chi- riqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from guatemalensis Blandford by the coarser strial punctures, by the steeper, more strong- ly sulcate declivity, and by the much more coarsely punctured declivital striae 1 and 2. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons essentially as in guatemalensis ex- cept more finely punctured, central area on lower half more extensively impunctate, lat- eral margins of flattened area separated from eye by distance equal to width of one facet, vestiture much more abundant on margins, shorter in central area, longest setae equal to more than half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; out- line basically similar to guatemalensis; poste- rior areas with surface smooth, shining, small and minute punctures intermixed. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, rather abruptly rounded, then subacuminate behind; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity; inter- striae smooth, shining, punctures coarse, very close; interstriae smooth, shining, with ob- scure, fine transverse lines, impressed points appearing as fine, confused punctures, punc- tures absent. Declivity steep, rather strongly bisulcate, apex subacuminate; striae 1 and 2 very coarsely punctured, punctures appear confused on some specimens; interstriae slightly elevated, finely punctured, 2 strongly sulcate, narrowly above, broadly below, shin- ing, space almost entirely occupied by strial punctures, 3 slightly higher than 1 and armed by two pairs of pointed denticles on upper half, an additional granule present on lower third, lateral areas rather coarsely punctured. Vestiture of moderately long interstrial hair on base and lateral areas of declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, coarsely, closely punctured, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivi- ty more strongly impressed, lateral denticles distinctly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1.300 m, No. 6, Quercus limb, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1600 m, Quercus limb, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 25 specimens. 112. Pityophthorus conspectus Wood Pityophthorus conspectus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:360 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from guatemalensis Blandford by the less ex- tensively flattened female frons, with the ves- titure much shorter and less abundant, by the coarser pronotal punctures, and by the very different declivity described below. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in guatemalensis except less ex- tensively flattened, margin of flattened area separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of five facets, not extending as 1084 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 high on vertex; vestiture moderately abun- dant on smaller area, longest setae equal to about one-third distance between eyes. An- tennal club larger and more nearly circular than in guaternalensis, sutures 1 and 2 rather strongly procurved (almost straight in guatemalensis). Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in guatemalensis except punctures on posterior areas much coarser. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in guatemalensis. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 and 2 not impressed, punctures very fine; interstriae 1 feebly elevated, armed by two or three very fine granules, 2 flat, as wide as 1, not impressed, impunctate, 3 not elevated, armed by a row of about five small granules. Vestiture consisting of erect, short, interstrial setae on posterior third of disc and declivity except absent on declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, a median callus on upper half, coarsely punctured, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-63, 2300 m. No. 208, tree branch (probably Quercus), S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 113. Pityophthorus medialis Wood Pityophthorus medialis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:361 (Holotype, female; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from guatemalensis Blandford by the moder- ately procurved sutures of the antennal club, by the more posterior position of the summit of the pronotum, by the punctured discal in- terstriae, by the steeper, less strongly sulcate elytral declivity, and by other characters, de- scribed below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons similar to guatemalensis except more extensively flattened, pubescent area separated from margin of eye by distance equal to diameter of three facets, vestiture more abundant, slightly shorter. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; similar to guatemalensis except summit distinctly be- hind middle, low crenulations extending to base on sides and lateral areas of disc, punc- tured area on disc about half as large as in guatemalensis (about one-third width of pronotum). Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in guatemalensis except interstriae each with a sparse row of punctures, punctures about equal in size to those of striae. Declivity steep, convex; similar to guatemalensis but steeper, sulcus perhaps half as deep, tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 slightly larger. Vesti- ture of minute strial hair and moderately long, erect, fine interstrial setae on disc and declivity, except largely absent on declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a slight transverse impression above epistoma, surface shining, closely, deeply, rather coarsely punctured, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivital sulcus deep- er, broader, similar to female guatemalensis. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, l-VIII-66, 3200 m. No. 4.5, Querciis, S. L. Wood; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-63, 2,300 m, Quercus branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from broken Quercus branches less than 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 63 specimens. 114. Pityophthorus guatemalensis Blandford Pityophthorufi guatemalensis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):239 (Syntypes: Guatemala City, Zapote, Calderas, Capetillo, and Quiche Mts. Guatemala; British Mas. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercinus Wood by the smaller size and by the female frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.8-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in quercinus except more dis- tinctly convex, punctured only on median half below upper level of eyes, small, median, smooth, shining, area on lower third dis- tinctly carinate (not at all carinate in quer- cinus), vestiture confined to median half of area below upper level of eyes (in quercinus 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1085 pubescence much more abundant and more widely distributed, occupying at least median two-thirds and at least one-third of setae are above upper level of eyes.) Distribution.— Guatemala, at the sites listed above. Notes.— The above was based on more than a dozen female syntypes. It appears nec- essary to recognize quercinus as a distinct species until clear evidence of intergradation is found rather than follow Bright's (1977:514) recommendation of synonymy. Al- though all females of giiatemalensis do not have an acute frontal carina, all do have a median elevation that is at least subcarinate; the median summit seen in some quercinus females is quite different. 115. Pityophthorus quercinus Wood Pityophthonis quercinus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:40 (Holotype, female; 3 miles W El Salto, Du- rango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other Quercus infesting representatives of the genus by the straight antennal sutures 1 and 2, by the minute declivital striae 1 and 2, and by the sculpture of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins of pubescent area separated from eye by distance equal to diameter of six facets; surface smooth, shin- ing, finely, closely, rather deeply punctured except almost impimctate on small median area on lower half; vestiture moderately abundant, rather long, longest setae slightly longer than one-third distance between eyes, at least one-third of setae above upper level of eyes. Antennal club comparatively small, 1.14 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 al- most straight, 2 at middle of club. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides on more than basal half feebly arcuate, converging very slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin costate, broadly, weakly serrate; sum- mit slightly anterior to middle; low asperities extending to base in lateral areas, disc on me- dian half of pronotum smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures rather small, moderately abundant, spaced by dis- tances about equal to diameter of a puncture. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 moderately, punctures rather small, close, deep; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with moderately abundant, confvised impressed points resembling minute punctures, impunctate. Declivity rather steep, broadly, moderately sulcate; striae 1 and 2 not impressed, punctures distinct, about half as large as on disc; interstriae smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, 1 moderately, abruptly elevated, armed by about four widely spaced moder- ately coarse, rounded tubercles, 2 as wide as 1, flat, rather strongly impressed, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, rounded, armed by about four tubercles similar to those on 1. Vestiture con- fined to base and sides of declivity and inter- striae 1 almost to base, of minute strial hair and rather short, erect interstrial setae, ab- sent on,declivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly convex on slightly more than upper half, lower area rather strongly, transversely impressed, surface smooth, shining, coarsely, very closely, deeply punctured, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivital sulcus much more strongly impressed, tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 much larger, pointed. Distribution.— Durango to Michoacan and Oaxaca. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, l-VII-65, 2500 m, Nos. 32, 33, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 53 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 3000 m. No. 51, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 225 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, 27-.30-V-71, 2000 m, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Host.— Quercus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the lower bole of dying trees about 80 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of quercinus and on 93 other specimens. The Oaxaca series has the female frons less extensively pubescent than normal, but it lacks a median carina. Although this suggests an intermediate condition between this spe- cies and guatemalensis, it is too soon to 1086 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 propose synonymy between these species, as was done by Bright (1977:514). 116. Pityophthorus subopacus Blackman Fig. 200 Pityophthorus subopacus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:210 (Holotype, male?; Chalco, Mex- ico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55985) ^Pityophthorus elimatus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. .36:432 (Holotype, female; 51 mi or 81 km NW Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.). Probable synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the elongate body, with the elytra more than twice as long as the pronotum, by the reticulate elytral disc, with impunctate inter- striae, and by the simple frons and declivity as described below. It intergrades to a re- markable degree with segnis (see Notes under segnis). Female.- Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 2.9-3.0 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons weakly convex on median three- fourths from near epistoma to slightly above eyes, a slight, median, epistomal tubercle or short, low, obscure carina usually present; surface reticulate, rather coarsely, closely, somewhat obscurely, imiformly punctured; vestiture fine, rather sparse, moderately long, not very conspicuous. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on basal half mod- erately arcuate, a feeble constriction on ante- rior half, rather broadly rounded in front; an- terior margin armed by about eight moderately coarse, basally separate serra- tions, median ones distinctly larger; summit at or slightly in front of middle, high; posteri- or areas reticulate, coarsely, deeply, closely punctured. Vestiture fine, short. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 2.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures coarse, deep, close; interstriae feebly to strongly reticulate, as wide as striae, impunc- tate except for an occasional puncture near declivity. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 and 2 feebly impressed, punctures almost as coarse, as on disc; interstriae 2 usually feebly impressed, impimctate, as wide as 1, 1 and 3 feebly elevated and each armed by a row of about four to six rounded granules. Vestiture of fine, short strial hair on disc and declivity and on declivity of rather long, coarse hair on odd-numbered interstriae, shorter on 1. Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, obtuse median carina usually slightly longer and higher, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Durango and Nuevo Leon to Michoacan and Veracruz. MEXICO: Durango: 64 km W Durango; 9 km NE El Salto. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi. Michoacan: 9 km E Volcan Paricutin. Oaxaca: 81 km NW Oaxaca. Puebla: 23 km W Texmelucan; Rio Frio. Tlaxcala: 17 km N Tlaxco. Veracruz: Jalapa, 9-II-.36, P. montezuma, D. DeLeon. Hosts.— Pinus spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of subopacus and on 36 other specimens. The type appears to be a male, not a female as indicated in the origi- nal description. The type series of elimatus consists of material slightly larger (2.0-2.2 mm) and very slightly stouter (2.9 times as long as wide) than most specimens. The fron- tal and pronotal characters are within the limits of variation of this species. It possibly might represent a distinct geographical race, but more material is needed to evaluate its status. 117. Pityophthorus impexus Bright Pityophthorus impexus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:76 (Holotype, female; 10 km S Carapan, Mich- oacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from subopacus Blackman by the more dis- tinctly impressed declivital interstriae 2, by the differences in the frons noted below, and by the much longer vestiture on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color rather dark brown. Frons as in subopacus except less distinctly convex, surface shining, punctures smaller, more sharply defined, without indications of a median carina, vestiture much longer, at least twice as abundant. Pronotum as in subopacus except disc less strongly reticulate. Elytra as in subopacus except declivital striae 1 more strongly impressed, all or part 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1087 of declivital interstriae 2 more strongly sili- cate, and declivital vestiture more abundant, coarser, much longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons. Frons much as in suhopacus male except shining, more nearly flattened on lower half and with a short, acute carina on lower half (somewhat variable). Distribution.— Durango and Michoacan to Mexico. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65. 2.500 m. No. .33, Piniis ayarciliiiife. S. L. Wood. Mexico: Te- quesquinahiia, III-62, Piniis, R. Coronado. Michoacan: 10 km S Carapan, 18-VI-65. 2.300 m. No. 79. Pmus. S. L. Wood; 9 km E Volcan Paricutin. 19-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 89, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-10 cm in diameter, in branches and in seedlings. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 20 specimens from the type .series. 118. Pityophthoriis anthraciniis Bright Pityophthorus anthraciniis Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:428 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nocturnus Blandford by the different frons as described below, by the smaller strial punctures, by the more irregular interstriae, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons flat, with epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface smooth, shining, coarsely, very closely pimctured, interspaces averaging less than half diameter of a puncture; vesti- ture moderately abundant, moderately long, uniformly distributed, little if any longer on margins (not clear, hair matted in type series). Pronotum essentially as in nocturnus ex- cept disc smooth, punctures larger. Elytra about as in nocturnus except strial punctures smaller, interstriae more irregular, with more impressed lines, declivital sulcus not as deep, smoother, punctures smaller, apex more nearly subacuminate. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, obscure punctures rather coarse, carina absent. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi, 21-III-74, Hopk. 58614, Abies, M. M. Furniss. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 119. Pityophthorus nocturnus Schedl Fig. 200 Pitijophthorus nocturnus Schedl, 1938, Archiv Na- tiirgesch. 7:185 (Lectotype, male; San Geronimo, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., des- ignated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt, Bull. .30:186) Pityophthorus hidalgoensis Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:15 (Holotype, female; Jacala, Hi- dalgo, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55989); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:516. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This .species is distinguished by the absence of discal interstrial punctures, by the shallowly sulcate elytral declivity, and by the weak longitudinal male carina. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons usually almost flat from eye to eye from vertex to near epistoma, a.scending to- ward epistoma (some Guatemalan specimens partly concave); surface smooth, shining, very finely, uniformly, densely punctured, margin of pubescent area separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of two facets; vestiture of fine, uniformly dis- tributed hair, rather short in central area, longer on lower lateral margins, becoming very long on upper margin, longest setae equal to half distance between eyes. Posterior base of mandible ornamented by a small, dis- tinctive tuft of setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line essentially as in suhopacus Blackman; posterior areas reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately close. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 narrowly near declivity, punctures rather small, deep, slightly smaller toward declivity; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impunctate. Declivity steep, narrow- ly, shallowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 not im- pressed, punctures minute but distinct; inter- striae 1 narrowly, abruptly, distinctly elevated, armed by a few very fine granules, 2 almost twice as wide as 1, smooth, shining. 1088 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 ascending from mesal margin in some speci- mens, more broadly impressed in others, 3 slightly higher than 1, rounded, armed by about six minute granules. Vestiture confined to sides and declivity, very sparse, short, mostly on odd-numbered interstriae; strial setae obsolete. Male.— Similar to female except frons dis- tinctly impressed below upper level of eyes, an obtuse median carina extending from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, rather finely impressed, vestiture short, inconspicuous; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum much coarser; lateral convexities of elytral declivity distinctly higher. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas; 8 km N Bochil, 3-VII-69, Pinus strobus var. chiapensis, D. E. Bright; 8 km SW El Bos- que, 3-VII-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright, Lagos des Colores, 14-VI-69, Pinus, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: Jacala, 18-1-36, Pinus lawsoni. D. DeLeon. Veracruz: Las Vigas, 5-VII- 67, No. 156, Pinus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Guate- mala City, .30-V-64, 1.300 m, Pinus pseudostrohus, S. L. Wood; San Geronimo, Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 596, P. pseudostrohus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus lawsoni, P. pseudostrohus, P. strobus var. chiapensis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Schedl syntypes of nocturnus, on the holotype of hidalgoensis, and on 48 other specimens. The type series of hidalgoensis consists of specimens smaller than normal and with the pimctures on the pronotal disc much larger than seen in other specimens. The placement of this name in synonymy must be considered tentative until more material is examined. 120. Pityophthorus mesemhria Bright Pityophthorus mesemhria Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:80 (Holotype, female; Cerro Calel, Quezalte- nango, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished by the absence of discal interstrial pimctures, by the evenly convex, coarsely punctured male frons that lacks a carina, by characters of the female frons described be- low, and by the rather strongly sulcate elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly flat from epistoma to well above eyes, a feeble transverse impression on lower half; surface smooth, shining, coarsely, closely, deeply, uniformly punctured, inter- spaces averaging slightly more than half di- ameter of a puncture in width; vestiture fine, minute, inconspicuous in central area, a dense row of very long setae on lateral and upper margins, tips of longest dorsal setae reach epistoma. Pronotum essentially as in pulchellus Eich- hoff except punctures on posterior half much smaller, less numerous, lateral margin of each puncture extended slightly mesad, giving punctures elongate shape. Elytra about as in pulchellus except strial punctures distinctly smaller, interstrial punc- tures absent, declivity slightly steeper with sulcus slightly narrower, declivital striae 2 with fine punctures clearly impressed, inter- striae 1 and 3 each with 8 to 10 fine tu- bercles, vestiture less abundant, slightly shorter. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, coarsely punctured, carina not indicated. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Quezaltenango: Cerro Calel, 26-V-64, 3300 m. No. 621, Abies guatemalensis branches, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 121. Pityophthorus cascoensis Blackman Pityophthorus cascoensis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:99 (Holotype, female; Peak Island, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41303) Pityophthorus pihfer Schedl, 1931, Canadian Ent. 63:166 (Holotype, female; Prater, Ontario; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3170); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:515. Sytionymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from intextus Swaine by the convex male frons with a weak median carina on the lower half, by the presence of regularly spaced setae on declivital interstriae 1, by the sparsely punctured discal interstriae, and by characters on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons variable, from weakly convex, rather coarsely, closely punctured and subglabrous 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTVOPHTHORINA 1089 to flat on median three-fourths from epis- toma to above eyes, punctures fine, dense, vestiture abundant, uniformly distributed, of uniform length, each equal to about one-third distance between eyes; short, recumbent, scalelike setae never present as in intextiis. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, a feeble constriction on anterior half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 rather coarse serrations; summit at or slightly in front of middle; pos- terior areas smooth, shining, impressed points or obscure reticulation indicated in some specimens, punctures rather small, not close. Vestiture short, rather sparse, usually absent on disc. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures rather small, close, in rows except sometimes slightly confused near base; interstriae twice as wide as striae, shining, almost smooth to obscurely sub- reticulate, sparsely punctured (occasional specimens impunctate). Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 varying from almost obsolete to finely, irregularly punctured; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, anned by about 10 almost regularly spaced setiferous granules, 2 about twice as wide as 1, rather strongly sulcate, shining, almost smooth, 3 slightly higher than 1, rounded, armed by about 7 moderately coarse, seti- ferous tubercles. Strial setae mostly obsolete, a few sometimes present on sides or declivity; interstrial setae mostly confined to declivity, largely on odd-numbered interstriae, their length mostly twice width of an interstriae except short on declivital interstriae 1. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, a weak median carina of variable length usually on lower half, more coarsely punctured, usually glabrous. Distribution.— Northwest Territories to Newfoundland and New York. CANADA: Alberta: Banff N.P. Newfoundland: "New- foundland." Northwest Territories: Aklavik. Ontario: Frater. USA: Maine: Boil Mountain, Peak Island. New York: Cranberry Lake. Hosts.— Picea glauca. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of cascoensis and pilifer and on 95 other specimens. 122. Pityophthonis intextiis Swaine Fig. 206 Piti/ophtJiorus intexttis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):29 (Holo- tvpe, male; Athabasca Landing, Alberta; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 3147) Pitiiophthorus shepardi Blackman, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:124 (Holo- type, female; Chamberlin Lake region, Township 7 R12, Piscataquis, Maine; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:51.5. Synonymy Pityophtl)orus tonstis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:101 (Holo- type, female; Grand Island, Michigan; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41304); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:515. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cascoensis Blackman by the smaller av- erage size, by the transverse impression on tlie lower half of the male frons, which also lacks a median carina, by the glabrous decliv- ital interstriae 1, and by the impunctate dis- cal interstriae. Female.— Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown to dark brown. Frons variable as in cascoensis except al- ways finely punctured on a somewhat smaller area, never completely flat or as very finely punctured as in some cascoensis; vestiture minute to moderately long, long setae of uni- form length, but apparently always with moderately abundant, very short, recumbent, scalelike setae in addition to long setae (vis- ible only under oblique light from a subdorsal source; this effect may result from an abrupt curve at base of each seta rather than from short scales, not clear with available equipment.) Pronotum and elytra as in cascoensis ex- cept declivital interstriae 1 with granules minute and devoid of setae (occasional speci- mens with one or two setae, but never regu- larly placed); discal interstriae 2-5 usually impunctate, uncommonly with an occasional puncture on anterior three-fourths, normally with sparse punctures near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons rather strongly, transversely im- pressed, never with a median carina, surface smooth, shining, coarsely punctured, subglabrous. 1090 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— British Columbia and Wyoming to Newfoundland and West Virginia. CANADA: Alberta: Athabasca Landing, Cypress Hills, Edmonton, Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River, Smith, Wabamun. British Columbia: Hixon, Pine Pass, Trinity Valley. New Brunswick: Portage Vale. Newfoundland: Middle Brook Prov. Park, Pasadena. Nova Scotia: Ke- jimkujik. Ontario: Chapleau, Ferndale, Frater, Kenora, Perry Sound, Thessalon. Saskatchewan: Canoe Lake, Cy- press Hills. USA: Maine: Orono, Piscataquis, Topsfield, Wilson's Mills. Michigan: Grand Island, Seney. New Hamp.shire: Franconia, Webster. New York: Cranberry Lake. West Virginia; Randolph Co. Wyoming: Saratoga. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glaiica, P. rubens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of intextus, shepardi, and tonsils and on 1026 other specimens. The paratypes of kenti from Sheridan, Wyoming, are of this species. 123. Pityophthonis ornatus Blackman Pitiiophthoms ornatus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:102 (Holo- type, female; Manitoii, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41.305) Pihjophthorus kenti Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:141 (Holotype, fe- male; Black Hills, Wyoming; U.S. Nat. Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:210. Synonymy Pityophtliorus Umatiis Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:65 (Holotype, female; Sanford Canyon, Dixie Nat. Forest,' Utah; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:516. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from intextus Swaine by characters of the fe- male frons, by lacking most or all of the ely- tral interstrial bristles, and by the host and distribution. Female.— Length 1.6-2.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons plano-convex on median three- fourths from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining, punctures very fine, very dense, uniformly distributed; vestiture of fine, dense, long hair, all setae equal to at least one-fifth distance between eyes (Colorado specimens with a few setae on dorsal margin equal to half distance between eyes); never with any short recumbent scales as in intextus. Pronotum and elytra as in intextus except about half of specimens without any inter- strial setae longer than those of striae, long interstrial setae when present confined to de- clivital interstriae 3 or 9, never on 4-8 (pres- ent in intextus at least on 5 and 7). Male.— Similar to female except frons much as in male intextus except a distinctly elevated, transverse carina almost always present. Distribution.— Utah to Wyoming and Colorado. US,\: Colorado: Manitou, Pinus edulis (accidental?); Ouray, 1-15-VIL97, 7500-8000 ft, H. F. Wickham; Ping- ree Creek, Larimer Co., 14-VL68, Picea pungens, S. L. Wood; Poudre Canyon, Larimer Co., 9-Vni-67, P. pun- gens, S. L. Wood. Utah: Henry Mts., Pinits ponderosa (accidental?); McKee Draw in Ashley N.F., 16-VI-60, P. pungens, S. L. Wood; Parowan Canyon, 20-VL60, P. pnngens, S. L. Wood; Sanford Canyon in Dixie N.F., 22- VI-60, P. pitngens, S. L. Wood. Wyoming: Saratoga, 8-X- 38, P. pungens; Black Hills. Sheridan. Host.— Picea pungens, rare or accidental in Pinus. Biology.— Specimens were taken from boles and branches 3-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of ornatus, kenti, and li- matus and on 111 other specimens. The female frontal vestiture on Utah speci- mens is of uniform length and equal in length to about one-fifth the distance between the eyes. In Colorado specimens setae on the dor- sal margin may attain twice this length. Ap- parently the host of the type series of ornatus was accidental or erroneous, in that this spe- cies otherwise is unknown from Pinus edulis. 124. Pityophthorus infulatus Blackman Pityophthonis infulatus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:103 (Holo- type, female; Sacramento Mountains, New Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mu.s., 41306) Pityophthonis mollis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:104 (Holotype, fe- male; Tortillo Canyon, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41.307); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Pityophthonis hubhardi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:105 (Holo- type, female; Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41308); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ornatus Blackman by the very long fe- male frontal vestiture, by the more nearly reticulate pronotum, and by the less strongly impressed male frons. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1091 Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in ornatus except more exten- sively flattened to within distance of one or two diameters of a facet from margin of eye and to vertex, surface shining, very finely, rather closely punctured; vestiture in central area uniformly distributed, some of moderate length, mostly short, almost scalelike, exceed- ingly long on margins, longest equal in length to four-fifths distance between eyes. Pronotum as in ornatus except usually ob- scurely to strongly reticulate. Elytra as in ornatus except punctures usu- ally finer, surface usually very obscurely reti- culate; vestiture sparse, usually confined to interstriae 3, 8, and 9, very short in most specimens as in ornatus. Male.— Similar to female except much as in male ornatus, but frons much less strongly impressed and without a transverse carina; sparse setae on declivital interstriae 3, 8, and 9 moderately long. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Chiricahiia Mts., 5-X, Hubbard and Schwarz. New Mexico: Sacramento Mts., Pinus strobi- fomiis, J. L. Webb; Tortillo Canyon, P. ponderosa, ]. L. Webb; White Mts., P. ponderosa. J. L. Webb. Hosts.— Pinus ponderosa, P. strobifonnis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of infulatus, mollis, and hubbardi, on 2 paratypes of infulatus, on 12 of mollis, and on 14 of hubbardi, and on 3 other specimens. 125. Pityophthorus novellus Blackman Pitijophtlnmis novellus Blackman. 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2.5:96 (Holotype, female; Tehachipi, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41301) Diagnosis.— This species is doubtfully dis- tinct from infidatus Blackman, but it appar- ently differs by the somewhat more densely punctured female frons, by the smooth, shin- ing prontal disc having the margin of most discal punctures armed by a minute granule, and, apparently, by the slightly more abun- dant, longer vestiture on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown (reared, not fully mature). As in infulatus except as noted above. In addition, median pair of serrations on ante- rior margin of pronotum larger (significance doubtful since some infulatus have some me- dian serrations distincty larger). Declivital setae minute as in female infulatus. Distribution.— California. USA: California: Tehachipi, 28-VI-27, Pinus sabi- niana, M. W. Blackman. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. The male allotype and the female paratype reared with the holotype are of tuberculalus Eichhoff. The type localities of this species and of infulatus and its syno- nyms, the paucity of other records, and the variability of infulatus suggest that the type specimen of novellus could be no more than a variation of infulatus. Additional material is needed to resolve this problem. 126. Pityophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff Piti/ophthorus pulchellus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeit.schr. 12:275 (Holotype, sex?; America .sep- tentr.; presumably lost with Hamburg Mus.; Neo- type, female; Marquette, Michigan; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:72) Pityophtliorus hirticeps LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:623 (Lectotype, male; Marquette, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool. designated bv Bright, 1977, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185); Eichhoff, and Schwarz, 1896, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:609. Synonymy Pityophthorus pusio LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:623 (Holotvpe, male; Marquette, Mich- igan; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1281); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:111. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tuberculatus Eichhoff by the female frons as described below, by the smooth, shin- ing elytra, and by the coarse elytral punctures. Female.— Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex except central third plano-concave, central area much as in tu- berculatus except with sparse, fine punctures, lateral margins more broadly, more coarsely punctured, marginal setae less than half as abundant, longest setae equal to less than two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum as in tuberculatus except punc- tures coarser, granules on their lateral mar- gins reduced or absent. Elytra as in tuberculatus except punctures averaging slightly larger. Surface smooth or with irregular lines, interstrial setae on all 1092 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 odd-numbered interstriae, extending ante- riorly to middle of disc. Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in tuberculatus except median eleva- tion at upper level of eyes poorly developed to absent. Distribution.— NE British Columbia and New Brunswick to E Texas and Florida. CANADA: Alberta: Smith. British Columbia: Chet- wynd. Manitoba: Grass River, Menisino, Sandilands. New Brunswick: Big Cove bidian Res., McGraw Brook, Nepisquit. Ontario: Chapleaii, Cochrane, Connaught, Constance Bay, Cree Lake, Dryden, Elmira, Ft. Wil- liam, Gogama, Iroquis Falls, Kakabeka Falls, Kapuskas- ing, Longlac, Night Hawk Center, Stevens, Tarswell, Timmins, White River. Quebec: Kazabazua. Saskatche- wan: Big River, Meadow Lake. USA: District of Colum- bia: Washington. Florida: Mayport, Punta Gorda, St. Augustine, Trenton. Maine: Brunswick, Orono, Peak Is- land. Maryland: Beltsville, Silver Springs. Massachu- setts: "Massachusetts." Michigan: Marquette. Min- nesota: Cloquet. New Jersey: "New Jersey." New York: Massapequa (Long Island). North Carolina: Asheville, Cherokee, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Chambersburg, Charter Oak, Fayetteville, Mt. Carmel. Texas: "Texas." Virginia: Carrsonville, Falls Church, Great Falls. West Virginia: Bladensburg, Cantwell, Hampshire Co., Hancock Co., Mineral Co., Rosslyn. Wisconsin: Lac du Flambeau. Hosts.— Pinus banksiana, P. palustris, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. strohus, P. virginiana. Biology.— Apparently as in tuberculatus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the neotype of pulchellus, on the syntypes of hirticeps, on the holotype of pusio, and on 221 other specimens. Although the principal hosts, Pinus con- torta (tuberculatus) and P. banksiana (pul- chellus), hybridize in Alberta, the inter- gradation between these species is almost nonexistent over most of their ranges. One series from 5 miles E Chetwynd, British Co- lumbia, is much more like pulchellus than tu- berculatus, but, except for it, I see no reason for reducing them to subspecies of one anoth- er. In view of their extensive distributions, the frequency of reference to them in the lit- erature, and the virtual absence of inter- gradation, they are both retained as valid species. 127. Pityophthorus tuberculatus Eichhoff Pityophthonis tuberculatus Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:498 (Stettiner Ent. Zeit. .39:388) (Syntypes?; California; lost with Ham- burg Mus.; Neotype, female; Black Hills, South Dakota; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:72) Pityophthorus rugicoUis Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:193 (Holotype, female; Glen Alpine, Califor- nia; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Bright, 1971, Pan Pa- cific Ent. 47:67. Synonymy Pityophthorus tuberculatus var. australis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:94 (no status in nomenclature) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pulchellus Eichhoff by the distinctive female frons, by the usually reticulate elytra, and by the smaller elytral punctures. Female.— Length 1.7-2.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, central area mirror smooth, brightly shining, impunctate, often with a few very small punctures near mar- gins, margin abruptly angulate, with a dense, confused marginal band of small setiferous punctures; vestiture confined to margins, very long, longest setae about equal to dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight and subparallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by six serra- tions, median ones conspicuously larger; pos- terior areas smooth, shining, punctures mod- erately small, most of those on disc with a small granule on lateral margin; median line broadly impunctate. Vestiture fine, short. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures rather small, close, moderately deep, in rows except often slightly confused on basal third; inter- striae slightly more than twice as wide as striae, odd-numbered interstriae usually with several small punctures, even-numbered more sparsely punctured, surface shining, usually partly to entirely reticulate. Declivity steep, broadly, moderately sulcate; striae 1 and 2 obsolete, sometimes indicated by min- ute granules; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by about 12 fine granules, 2 two and one-half times as wide as 1, moderately, broadly sulcate, brightly shining, impunctate, 3 very slightly higher than 1, rounded, armed by about 6 small tubercles. Vestiture restrict- ed to sides and to interstrial bristles arising 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1093 from granules on declivital interstriae 1 and 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above, moderately, transversely im- pressed on lower half, surface smooth, shin- ing, subglabrous, with a short, transverse ele- vation at upper level of eyes (appearing as a short carina in some specimens, more nearly longitudinal in others). Distribution.— Alaska and Alberta to Baja California and Coahuila. ALASKA: Juneau, Skagway. CANADA: Alberta: Bur- mis, Lake Louise, Nantan, Robb. British Columbia: Copper Mt., Creston, Mt. Benson on Vancouver Isl., Terrace. USA: Arizona, CaUfornia, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska (40 km W Halsey), Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota (Black Hills, Custer, Hill City), W Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming. MEXI- CO: Baja California: Lagima Hanson. Durango: Ciudad Madero. Nuevo Leon: San Roberto. Coahuila: 45 km SE Saltillo. Hosts.— Pinus aristata, P. attenitata, P. cembroides, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. edidis, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. monophylla, P. pon- derosa, P. sabiniana, P. strobifomiis, rare in Picea engelmannii, P. pungens. Biology.— This is one of the most abun- dant scolytid species in pine in western North America. It breeds in slash, supressed seed- lings, broken branches, etc., mostly in mate- rial from about 2-10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the neotype of tuberctilatus, the holotype of rugicoUis, and on 2526 other specimens. Although minor variations occur through- out the distribution, none of them appear to have taxonomic significance. 128. Pityophthortis pseudotsugae Swaine Pityophthorus pseudotsugae Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2):99 (Holo- type, female; BX Mountain, Vernon District, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1373) Pityophthorus thatcheri Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. .36:442 (Holotype, female; Big Sandy Meadow, S28 T5S R22E, California, Wood Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:516. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the small, slender body form, by the reti- culate elytral surface with impimctate inter- striae, and by the frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.6-2.0 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly, subcircularly plano-convex, more than a third of flattened area above up- per level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures almost uniformly distributed, mod- erately fine, not close, spaced by about one to three diameters of a puncture except a dense row on margin; vestiture rather sparse and moderately long in central area, a rather dense row of very long setae on lateral and dorsal margins, longest setae equal to three- fifths distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal half almost straight, subparallel, converging very slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 8-10 rather coarse serra- tions, descending in size laterally; summit at middle, distinctly elevated; posterior areas subshining, obscurely reticulate, punctures of moderate size, rather close, spaced by one to three diameters of a puncture. Glabrous ex- cept at qiargins and on asperate area. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 (usually) near declivity, punctures rather small, spaced by about two to three diame- ters of a puncture; interstriae weakly to strongly reticulate, two to three times as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep, moderately bisulcate; striae 1 obsolete, 2 usu- ally obsolete on middle third, minute punc- tures often present on upper and lower thirds; interstriae reticulate, 1 distinctly ele- vated and armed by a row of about 10 fine granules, 2 almost three times as wide as 1, moderately, broadly sulcate, 3 slightly higher than 1, rather broadly rounded, armed by about 5 moderately coarse granules. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of minute to short strial and interstrial hair, de- clivital interstriae 3 with granules bearing a row of long, moderately coarse setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a conspicuous transverse carina on me- dian half at upper level of eyes, convex 1094 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 above, shallowly, transversely impressed be- low carina, surface almost smooth, coarsely, closely punctured except punctures slightly smaller in impressed area, subglabrous; serra- tions on anterior margin of pronotum and tu- bercles on elytral declivity distinctly larger. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to California and Colorado. CANADA: British Columbia: Nicomin Ridge, Ter- race, Vernon. USA: California: Alameda Co., Big Sandy Meadows, Biggy Meadows, Del Norte Co., Denning Canyon in Napa Co., El Dorado Co., Fallen Leaf Lake, Hat Creek, Humboldt Co., Inyo Co., Kern Co., Lassen N.P., Loyalton, Madera Co., Marin Co., Mariposa Co., Mt. Raymond Trail, Mt. Shasta, Nelder's Grove, Nevada Falls, Northfork, Plumas N.P., Onion Valley, Porcupine Flat, Pyramid R.S., Riverside Co., San Bernardino Co., San Francisco, Shasta Co., Sierra Co., Siskiyou Co., Swarthout Valley, Yosemite N.P. Colorado: Aspen, Cochatopa N.F., Rabbit Ears Pass. Idaho: Big Creek in Potlatch Co., Coeur d'Alene, Lowell, Moscow Mt. Mon- tana: Columbia Falls. Nevada: Kyle Canyon near Las Vegas. Oregon: Hood River, Klamath Co., Suttle Lake, Umgosh N.F. Utah: Alta, Beaver, Brighton, Logan Can- yon, Mt. Logan, Mirror Lake, Park City, Wolf Creek Pass. Washington: Metaline Falls, Mt. Rainier. Host.— Afotes concolor, A. grandis, A. lasiocarpa, A. magnifica, Picea engehnannii, Piniis kimbertiana, Pseudotsiiga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla. Biology.— This species breeds in twigs, small branches, and seedlings. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 504 other specimens. 129. Pityophthorus furnissi Bright Pityophthorus furnissi Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:433 (Holotype, female, Amecameca, Mexico, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from montivagus Bright by the very different declivity and female frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, about 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very similar to brevisetosus Bright except weakly convex only near median line on lower third, somewhat impressed near marginal areas above, punctures slightly larger; vestiture about as in brevisetosus. Pronotum and elytra as in brevisetosus ex- cept declivity more narrowly, less strongly sulcate, more nearly resembling montivagus, granules on lateral convexities small, not al- ways in rows, vestiture rather abundant (slightly more so than in brevisetosus). Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in male montivagus, with punctures slightly coarser. Distribution.— Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Amecameca, 17-III-54, Pintis hart- wegii, R. L. Furniss. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens. 130. Pityophthorus montivagus Bright Pityophthorus montivagus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:527 (Holotype, female; Km 77 on Highway 175 about 85 km or 53 miles N Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the unique male declivity and by the equally unique female frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather strongly, biconcavely im- pressed from epistoma to slightly above eyes, median line rounded and longitudinally con- cave, upper margin rather abrupt; surface smooth, shining, a few fine punctures in mar- ginal areas; vestiture confined to extreme lat- eral margin of concavities on lower half, con- sisting of a small tuft of short yellow hair, each hair pointed mesad. Pronotum and elytral disc as in pseudo- tsugae Swaine except surfaces smooth, shin- ing, with numerous impressed points. Elytral declivity similar to pseudotsugae except sul- cus much narrower, interstriae 2 ascending laterally, tubercles on lateral summit not as high, not in a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to slightly above eyes, rather coarsely punc- tured in lateral areas and above, transverse carina abrupt, not strongly elevated, vestiture inconspicuous; elytral declivity with sulcus deeper, much narrower on middle third. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 37 miles or 60 km S Valle Nacion- al, 24-V-71. 2800 m, Pinus and P. ayacauite, D. E. Bright; 85 km N Oaxaca on Highway 175, 22-V-69, P. patula, ]. E. H. Martin. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 213 specimens. 131. Pityophthorus hrevicomatus Bright Pityophthorus hrevicomatus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:430 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1095 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidulus (Mannerheim) by the different female frons as described below, by the less strongly impressed declivity, and by the more abundant elytral setae. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons moderately convex; surface finely, very closely punctured; vestiture of abun- dant, short hair, longest setae near center, equal in length to less than one-sixth distance between eyes. Pronotum and elytra essentially as in niti- dulus except declivital suture as high as later- al convexities, interstriae 2 narrower, not as- cending laterally, strial and interstrial setae on declivity much more abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a moderate, transverse carina at upper level of eyes and a weak median carina be- low, surface shining, rather coarsely punc- tured, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous; decliv- ity similar to, except slightly more strongly impressed than, female. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon; Cerro Potosi, 4-V-71, Pinus strobifonnis, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 132. Pityophthorus occidentalis Blackman Pitijoplithorus occidentalis Blackman, 1920, Psyche 27:4 (Lectotype, male; Pitkin, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mas., designated bv Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:183) Diagnosis.— This species is a geographical replacement of nitidulus (Mannerheim), from which it is distinguished by the absence of long setae on the female declivity and by the much shorter, more confused declivital setae in the male, by the less strongly sulcate male declivity, and by the much more nearly obso- lete punctures on female declivital striae 2. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. As in nitidulus except frontal punctures minute, discal strial punctures averaging slightly smaller, declivital sulcus not as deep, pimctures on striae 2 mostly obsolete, gran- ules on interstriae 3 smaller, vestiture minute, interstrial setae on declivity not longer than those of striae, longest setae equal to less than half width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to male of nitidulus ex- cept declivity slightly less strongly sulcate, slightly fewer tubercles on inner margin of lateral convexity, setae more confused, usual- ly slightly shorter. Distribution.— SW Wyoming, SE Utah, Colorado, and New Mexico. USA: Colorado: Clyde, Colorado Springs, Del Norte, Gould, La Veta Pass, Montezuma N.F., Newcastle, Nor- wood, Pingree Park, Pitkin. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Sandia Mountains, Santa Fe Ski Basin, Sierra Blanca Mt. Utah: La Sal Mts., Monticello. Wyoming: Saratoga. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. pungens. Biology.— This species breeds in the tops and limbs of the host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on Blackman's syntypes in the U.S. National Museum and on 246 other specimens. 133. Pityophthorus nitidulus (Mannerheim) Bosirichus nitidulus Mannerheim, 1843, Moskov. Obshch. Lsp. Prirody, Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow) 16:298 (Lectotype, female, Sitka, Alaska; Helsinki Mus., designated by Bright, 1977, Coleopt. Bull. 30:186) Cryphalus atratulus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:156 (Lectotype, male; Cabo de los Beyes, California; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1977, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185);^ LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:354. Synonymy Cryphalus puncticoUis LeConte, 1874, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:71 (Lectotype, female; Calaveras, California; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1977, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:109. St/nonywti Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the row of tubercles on interstriae 3, ex- tending from base of declivity along inner margin of lateral crest to middle of declivity, and by the distinctive female frons described below. Female.— Length 1.8-2.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons essentially as in pseudotsugae Swaine except punctures in central area small to very minute, usually less abundant, setae in central area strongly curved on their basal half, usually less abundant. Pronotum about as in pseudotsugae except surface of posterior areas usually reticulate only in California specimens, those from other areas shining and with impressed points; punctures usually larger. Elytra outline as in pseudotsugae; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity. 1096 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 punctures varying from rather small to moderately coarse, close; interstriae about two to three times as wide as striae, usually smooth (occasionally reticulate, particularly in males), sparsely punctured to impunctate (geographically variable). Declivity about as in pseudotstigae except slightly narrower and deeper, lateral convexities conspicuously higher than suture, suture usually unarmed (variable). Vestiture about as in pseudotstigae except strial setae more nearly absent, long interstrial setae on base and sides of declivity as well as on interstriae 3, setae equal in length to one to two times width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a transverse carina at upper level of eyes and a weaker median carina on lower half, surface smooth, shining, coarsely punc- tured, vestiture sparse, inconspicvious; serra- tions on anterior margin of pronotum larger; declivity much more deeply sulcate, mesal face of lateral convexities very steep, inner margin armed by a row of denticles from in- terstriae 2 at base of declivity to middle of declivity, very near but distinct from tu- bercles on interstriae 3, vestiture on declivity more abundant, confused, slightly coarser. Distribution.— Alaska and California to SW Utah and Wyoming. ALASKA: Kenai, Matanuska, Nenana, Seward, Sitka. CANADA: Alberta: Banff, Highwood Pass. British Co- lumbia: Massett, Hope Trail, Queen Charlotte Islands, Trinity Valley. USA: Arizona: Hannagan Camp in Greenlee Co., Pineleno Mts., San Francisco Mts. Califor- nia: Alameda Co., Berkeley, Carmel, Del Norte Co., Echo Lake, El Dorado Co., Eureka, Humboldt Co., In- verness, Lake Arrowhead, Los Angeles Co., Los Gatos in Santa Clara Co., Marin Co., Mariposa Grove, Men- docino Co., Mokel Hill, Monterey Co., Oakland, Pacific Grove, Palo Alto, Placer Co., Richmond, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, Siskivou Co., Sonoma Co., Tulare Co., Tuolumne Co. Idaho: Franklin Co. Nevada: Baker. Ore- gon: .\lbany, Astoria, Bear Spring on Wapinita Cutoff, Blv, Branden, Cascade Head, Mt. Hood, Newport, Port- land, Push, Sand Lake, Seaside, Woods. Utah: Beaver, Escalante, Logan Canyon, Mirror Lake, Wolf Creek Pass. Washington: Hoquiam, Nahotta, Ocean Park, Sea View. Wyoming: Buffalo. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii, P. glauca, P. sitchensis, Pinus contorta, P. radiata. Biology.— This species breeds in the bole and limbs of the host. Almost all records from Pinus are from the Pacific Coast. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a female of nitidulus in the Helsinki Museum labeled "type" and bearing the type data, although the original description ob- viously is composite; on the syntypes of afra- tulus and puncticoUis; and on 908 other specimens. Most California and some Oregon speci- mens are from Pinus. They are smaller, have the pronotum reticulate, and the discal inter- striae impunctate. That population overlaps the characters of specimens found in Picea in Oregon and northward and may or may not represent a different taxon. It is possible that this material represents a subspecies or even a distinct species, but additional data are needed. The coastal population in Picea usually has the discal interstriae sparsely punctured. In most inland series from Picea these interstriae are impunctate. It is doubtful that this char- acter is sufficiently distinctive to warrant the recognition of subspecies. A series in the U.S. National Museum from Metanuska, Alaska, 30-V-72, has a stouter body, a narrower declivital sulcus, with the lateral convexities much thicker than normal, and conspicuously more dense and longer fe- male frontal vestiture than in other series. If future collecting adds additional support, this popvdation could be given taxonomic distinction. 134. Pityophthorus viminalis Bright Pitifophtfiorus viminalis Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:5.30 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cortezi Bright by the smaller size, by the less strongly impressed, slightly wider basal half of the declivity, and by the shorter setae on the female frons. Female.— Length 2.5-2.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in cortezi except setae not as long, length of longest setae equal to slightly less than half distance between eyes. Pronotum and elytra as in cortezi except declivity steeper, basal half of sulcus not as deep, slightly wider. Strial setae on disc usu- ally obsolete (conspicuously present to base in cortezi when not abraded). Male.— Similar to female except frons slightly impressed, a conspicuous transverse carina at upper level of eyes, median carina 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1097 very weak (rather strong in most cortezi), punctures coarse, setae inconspicuous; elytral declivity stronger, with lateral convexities slightly higher. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon; Cerro Potosi, 4-V-71, 3800 m, Pinus culminicola, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 135. Pityophthorus cortezi Bright Pityophthorits cortezi Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:523 (Holotype, female; Ixtaccihuatl-Popo- catepetl N.P., Mexico-Puebla, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidulus (Mannerheim) by the much larger size and by the more strongly sulcate elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.4-3.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in nitidulus except declivital sulcus much deeper and wider, tubercles on inter- striae 3 larger; elytral vestiture less abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male nitidulus; declivity as in female ex- cept lateral margins more strongly elevated. Distribution.— Mexico to Puebla. MEXICO: Mexico: Amecameca, 17-III-54, Pinus luirt- wegii, R. L. Fumiss. Puebla: Ixta-Popo N.P., 8-V-71, 4100 m, P. harhcegii, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 62 specimens and on 2 other specimens. 136. Pityophthorus abiegnus Wood Pityophthorus abiegnus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:67 (Holotype, female: 4 miles W Ri'o Fri'o, Mexico, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitididus (Mannerheim) by numerous characters, including those described below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in nitidulus except punctures rather coarse, close, abundant; vestiture mod- erately abundant, fine, only slightly longer on margins. Pronotum similar to nitidulus except ante- rior margin armed by about 14 serrations, posterior areas with numerous impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep. Elytra similar to nitididus except punc- tures on the disc slightly larger, deeper. declivity much more deeply sulcate, lateral convexities much higher and armed by coar- ser tubercles. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male nitidulus, serrations on anterior mar- gin of pronotum larger, declivity only slightly more strongly sulcate but armed on interstriae 2 by a row of tubercles from base to slightly above middle. Distribution.— Mexico and Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Mexico: 6 km W Rio Frio, 14-VII-53, 2900 m, Abies religiosa, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 85 km S Valle Nacional, 24-V-71, 3300 m, A. rcHgiosa, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 18 km N Tlaxco, 9-VII-67, 2900 m, A. religiosa, S. L. Wood. Host.— Abies religiosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from limbs. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens and on 22 other specimens. 137. Pityophthorus immanis Blackman Pityo})hthorus imnianis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:98 (Holotype, female; Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41302) Pityophthorus stilcatus Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:528 (Holotype, female; Mt. Lemon, Pima Co., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synoriymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from abiegnis Wood by the flatter, more densely punctured female frons, by the smooth pronotum, and by the slightly steeper declivity. Female.— Length 1.9-2.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in abiegnis except flatter, punc- tures much closer, vestiture slightly more abundant. Pronotum as in abiegnis except posterior areas smooth, with fewer impressed points. Elytra as in abiegnis except strial punc- tures smaller, declivity slightly steeper. Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in male abiegnis. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., 10-V, Hubbard and Schwarz; Rustler's Park, Chiricahua Mts., 7-VI-69, 2700 111, No. 80, Pinus strobiformis, S. L. Wood; Bear Wallow, Santa Catalina Mts., ll-VI-69, 2600 m. No. 92, P. strobi- formis, S. L. Wood; Hannagan Camp in Greenlee Co., 12-VII-68, P. strobiformis, D. E. Bright; Mt. Lemon, 5- VIII-68, P. strobiformis, D. E. Bright. New Mexico: 1098 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Capital!, Hopk. 3953, "P. stwhm" W. F. Fiske. A para- type is labeled "Hopk. US 5489, bred Feb. 1900. J. L. Webb coll." MEXICO: Chihuahua: Basaseachi; Cusa- rara. San Juanito. Host.— Piniis strobiformis, P. lumholzii. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 7 paratypes of im- manis (one paratype from Flagstaff, Arizona, is apparently a small female of crossus Black- man), and on the type series of 86 specimens of sulcatus. 138. Pityophthonis discretiis Wood Pityophthorus discretus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:394 (Holotype, female; 3 miles or 5 km W El Salto, Dnrango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perotei Blackman by the larger average size, by the reticulate pronotum that lacks tu- bercles on the disc, by the more coarsely punctured frons, and by the steeper, more broadly sulcate declivity. Female.— Length 1.6-2.2 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide. Frons plano-convex as in perotei except more coarsely punctured, vestiture shorter (almost two-thirds as long). Pronotum about as in perotei except poste- rior areas rather strongly reticulate, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep (tubercles absent). Elytra about as in perotei except disc less shining, almost subreticulate in some speci- mens; declivity slightly steeper, sulcus slightly wider and deeper. Male.— Similar to female except frontal vestiture shorter and apparently less abundant. Distribution.— EKirango to Jalisco and Puebla. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 33, Pmus aijacuhuite, S. L. Wood. Jalisco: 9 km E Volcan Paricutin, 19-VI-65, 2500 m, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 29 km W Quiroga, 17-VI-65, 2300 m. No. 70, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 25 km W Te.xmelu- can, 14-VII-53, 2800 m, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 139. Pityophthonis perotei Blackman Pityophthorus perotei Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mas. 92:218 (Holotvpe, female; Perote, Veracruz, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55992) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the fine granules on the pronotal disc that replace the punctures, by the very strongly acuminate elytral apex and shallow declivity, and by the distinctive frons in both sexes. Female.— Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytral disc usually pale. Frons flat to plano-convex on a com- paratively small area to a point moderately above eyes, lateral margins rounded to ob- tusely subangulate; surface shining, closely, uniformly, rather coarsely punctured, inter- spaces averaging less than half diameter of a puncture; vestiture rather fine, of moderate abundance, rather long on margins, distinctly shorter in central area, longest setae about equal in length to half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; out- line about as in watsoni Schedl, summit more conspicuous, asperities larger, anterior mar- gin armed by 12 serrations; posterior area shining, weakly reticulate, finely punctured in lateral areas, punctures on disc replaced by transversely elongate granules. Vestiture short, almost obsolete in posterior areas, .slightly Jonger on sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, then converging slightly to declivity base, very strongly acuminate be- hind; striae not impressed except 1 near de- clivity, punctures in rows, rather coarse, shal- low; interstriae almost smooth, shining, impunctate, slightly wider than striae. De- clivity rather steep, moderately bisulcate; striae 1 obsolete, 2 with very fine, shallow punctures; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of moderately coarse tu- bercles, 2 moderately impressed, smooth, shining, impunctate, twice as wide as 1, 3, rather broadly convex, as high as 1, with tu- bercles as on 1. Vestiture of fine, very short strial hair often extending to base, and mod- erately long hair on odd-numbered interstriae on and near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons more finely, less densely punctured, vestiture much less abundant but only slightly shorter; declivital sulcus slightly deeper, apex only moderately acuminate. Distribution.— Veracruz. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1099 MEXICO: Veracruz: Perote, 9-II-36, Pinus tcucote, D. DeLeon; Las Vigas, 5-VII-67, No. 156, Finns. S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus teocote. Biology.— Specimens were taken from broken branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 13 other specimens. 140. Pityophthonts chalcoensis Hopkins Pityophthorus chalcoensis Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc'. Washington 7:73 (Holotype, fe- male; Chalco, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7511) Pityophthorus herrarai Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:74 (Syntypes; A. L. Her- rara number 696, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7512); Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:71. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the somewhat remotely alhed scahridus Schedl by the more slender form, by the much more coarsely punctured female frons, and by the declivity. Female.— Length 2.4-2.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons with basic contours about as in sca- hridus except punctures coarse (about twice as large), close, vestiture slightly less abun- dant, with marginal setae slightly longer. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight and parallel, broadly rounded behind, anterior margin arnied by 12 low serrations; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep, close. Vestiture of fine, moderately abundant, rather long hair except on disc, apparently abraded. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotmn; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind except very obtusely subangulate at suture; striae not impressed except 1 near de- clivity, punctures moderately coarse, deep, in slightly irregular rows; interstriae one and one-half times as wide as striae, all with a few punctures equal in size to those of striae. Declivity steeper than scahridus and more strongly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 distinctly punctured to apex; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of rather coarse tu- bercles, 2 twice as wide as 1, strongly sulcate, smooth below, minutely etched above, 3 rather abruptly elevated, slightly higher than 1, armed by about eight tubercles similar to those on 1 (basically similar to scahridus but declivity steeper, sulcus deeper). Strial setae slightly longer than normal; setae on all in- terstriae on posterior half of disc and on de- clivity except 2, of moderate length, not longer on declivity. Distribution.— Michoacan to Mexico. MEXICO: Mexico: Chalco, Utl., 19-X-03, con 872, Herrera. Michoacan; Rancho San Jeronimo at Hidalgo, 29-1-61, tronco de Pinus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of chalcoensis and herrarai and on four other specimens. Hopkins listed "Chaleo" as the type locality of chalcoensis, but the label on the type clearly reads "Chalco." 141. Pityophthorus miniatus Bright Pityophthorus miniatus Bright, 1981, Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 118:280 (Holotype, female; Cerro Pena Blanca, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ingens Blackman by the smaller size, by the plano-convex frons, with its surface some- times falsely appearing granular, and by the slightly narrower sulcus on the lower half of the declivity. This species and ingens have the male frons sculptured as in the female and almost equally pubescent. Female.— Length 2.1-2.6 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons plano-convex, shining, densely, fine- ly, uniformly punctured almost from eye to eye; a very weak epistomal process indicated; vestiture as in ingens except with fewer long setae on lateral and dorsal margins. Pronotum essentially as in pullus (Ziinmer- mann) and ingens except pubescence con- fined to marginal areas. Elytra as in ingens except declivital sulcus slightly less strongly impressed; declivital in- terstriae 2 about one and one-half times as wide as 1; sparse elytral setae slightly longer and more abundant than in ingens. Male.— Similar to female except frontal vestiture less abundant and shorter. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Honduras. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 184 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, Pinus lawsoni, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Godinez, 29-1 V-56, Pinus pseudostrohus, R. L. Furniss. HON- DURAS: Cerro Pena Blanca, 23-IV-64, 1300 m. No. 528, P. pseudostrohus. S. L. Wood; Tegucigalpa, 9-III-66, P. oocarpa. NICARAGUA: Darrili-Esteli, 12-1-60. pine bark. 1100 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from a bole 1 m in diameter 1.5 m above ground. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 142. Pityophthorus ingens Blackman Pityophthorits ingens Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:124 (Holo- type, female; Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41315) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rniniatus Bright by the larger size, by the slightly impressed to partly concave fe- male frons, with its surface less nearly gran- ular, and by the slightly wider sulcus on the lower half of the declivity. Female.— Length 2.3-3.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons weakly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shining, densely, imiformly, finely punctured almost from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, spaced by less than half diameter of a puncture; vesti- ture very fine, uniformly distributed, rather short in central area, much longer on lateral and dorsal margins. Pronotum as in pullus (Zimmermann). Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, obtusely sub- acuminate behind; striae not impressed, punctures weakly to moderately confused, in- terstrial punctures rather sparse, usually con- fused with those of striae. Declivity steep, bi- sulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 very small but distinct to near apex; interstriae 1 moderately elevated and armed by a row of fine tubercles, 2 rather strongly, broadly im- pressed, slightly more than twice as wide as 1, smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, armed by about 8-10 small tubercles. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, sparse, short, mostly in interstrial rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly concave below upper level of eyes, frontal pubescence finer, shorter, slightly less abundant (general sculpture, punctures, and pubescence as in female). Distribution.— S Arizona to Durango. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Graham Mts., Santa Catalina Mts. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito, 15- III-74, Pinits, M. M. Fumiss. Durango: 24-III-74, M. M. Fumiss. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 21 other specimens. 143. Pityophthorus confusus Blandford Pityophthorus confusus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):237 (Lectotype, female; San Geronimo, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:184) Pityophthorus beUus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:123 (Holotype, fe- male; Monongalia Co., West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41314); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rniniatus Bright and ingens Blackman by the very different sculpture of the frons in both sexes. Fem.\le.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons similar to confertus Swaine except median two-thirds moderately concave; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by distances averaging one di- ameter of a puncture; vestiture fine, moder- ately long and imiformly distributed in cen- tral area, very long on lateral and dorsal margins. Pronotum and elytral disc as in ingens ex- cept strial punctures almost always in defi- nite rows. Declivity about as in ingens except interstriae 2 about one and one-half times as wide as 1, its surface finely, somewhat ob- scurely reticulate, tubercles on 3 slightly larger. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly to strongly concave on central area below upper level of eyes (variable within a series), a feeble transverse carina sometimes weakly indicated at upper margin of im- pressed area, punctures usually slightly closer, vestiture short, less widely distributed (much less abundant and more restricted than in ingens, but definitely similar). Distribution.— Pennsylvania and E Texas to Florida, Durango and Veracruz to NW Nicaragua. USA: Arkansas: Ashley Co. Florida: Baldwin, Gaines- ville. Georgia: Athens, Clark Co., Columbus, Putnam Co., Thomasville. Louisiana: Bogalusa. Mississippi: Leaf, Lucidale, Meadville. North Carolina: .\sheville, Fletcher, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Mt. .\lto. Texas: Call, Hardin Co., Montell. South Carolina: Georgetown, Glen Avon, Spartanburg. Virginia: Camp Pickett in Nottoway 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1101 Co., Gloucester Co. West Virginia: Back Creek Mt., Dellslow, Hampshire Co., Hardy Co., Kanawha Co., Monongalia Co., Pendleton, Randolph Co., Romney, Wood Co. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lazardo Cardenas, junc- tion of Highway 190 and 195. Durango: El Salto. Jalisco: Guadalajara. GUATEMALA: San Geronimo. HON- DURAS: San Lucas and Yuscaran (Paraiso). NICA- RAGUA: Segovia. Hosts.— Finns echinata, P. oocarpa, P. taeda. Biology.— Specimens taken in Honduras bred in boles 10-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of confusus, on the holotype and allotype of bellus, and on 306 U.S. and 62 other specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras. 144. Pityophthorus annectens LeConte Fig. 207 Pityophthorus annectens LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:622 (Lectotype, female; Tampa, Florida; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185) Pityophthorus citus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:137 (Holotype, fe- male; Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41322); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from consimilis LeConte by the more exten- sively flattened female frons and very long frontal vestiture, by the more strongly im- pressed male declivity, and by other charac- ters mentioned above. Female.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to vertex, more than half of flattened area above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, imiformly, very finely, very closely punctured; vestiture of abundant hair, of moderate length in central area, very long on margins, longest setae equal to two-thirds dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; as in consimilis except either minute impressed points or reticulation also present on posteri- or areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in consimilis except surface smoother, shining. Declivity as in consimilis except striae 2 more distinctly punctured, interstriae 2 slightly more strongly impressed. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, a moderate transverse impression on lower half, surface shining, coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous; declivital sulcus much deeper, tubercles on interstriae 1 and 2 slightly larger. Distribution.— West Virginia and Vir- ginia to Arizona, British Honduras, and Florida. USA: Arizona, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas (east- em), Virginia, West Virginia. MEXICO: Hidalgo, Ja- lisco, Mexico, (?) Chiapas. BRITISH HONDURAS: Belise. Hosts.— Pinus caribaea, P. edulis, P. el- liotti, P. pahistris, P. ponderosa, P. taeda, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of annectans, on the holo- type of citus, and on 148 other specimens. The female frontal vestiture tends to vary considerably throughout the range within and between series. The number and length of the setae tend to decrease slightly in mate- rial from Arizona and Mexico. The material from Chiapas in southern Mexico is larger (1.7-2.1 mm), has the decliv- ital sulcus deeper, has the strial hair at the base of the declivity twice as long, and has the discal punctures on the male elytra rather strongly confused. In the absence of speci- mens from the area between Mexico (the state) and Chiapas, an evaluation of the sig- nificance of these characters is not possible. 145. Pityophthorus cacuminatus Blandford Pityophthorus cacuminatus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):237 (Lectotype, female; San Geronimo, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated bv Bright, 1977, Coleopt. Bull. .30:183-188) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from annectens LeConte by the more coarsely punctured female frons, with the vestiture averaging shorter, less abundant, particularly on the marginal fringe. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons flat from epistoma to vertex, epis- toma slightly elevated, lateral margins ob- tusely angled, about two diameters of a facet 1102 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, densely, rather coarsely punctured, inter- spaces equal in width to less than half diame- ter of a puncture; vestiture of uniformly dis- tributed, fine, long hair, conspicuously longer toward dorsal margin, longest setae equal in 4-^-AT?J Fig. 207. Dorsal aspect of adult Scolytidae: 45, Pseudopityophthorus miniitissimus; 46, Pseudopityophthorus pruin- osus; 47, Pityophthorus annectans; 48, Pityophthorus pulliis; 49, Gnathotrichus materiariiis; 50, Hylastes tenuis. (After Blackman 1922 :pl. IX.) 1982 CORTHYHNI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1103 length to three-fourths distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; as in annectens. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum, as in annectens. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a transverse carina usually present at upper level of eyes (varying from obscure to conspicuous), sur- face coarsely, closely punctured, vestiture in- conspicuous; declivity slightly steeper, sulcus slightly deeper. Distribution.— Jalisco to Honduras. MEXICO: Jalisco: Guadalajara. Michoacan: Quiroga. GUATEMALA: San Geronimo, Verapaz, Champion. HONDUFL\S: San Lucas in Paraiso, 22-IV-64, 800 m, No. 525, Pinits oocarpa, S. L. Wood; Tegucigalpa, 9-III- 66, P. oocarpa. Host.— Pinus oocarpa, P. sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a cut top, 10 cm in diameter, and in branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 34 other specimens. 146. Pityaphthorus niurrayanae Blackmail Pityophthorus niurrayanae Blacknian, 1922, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse. Tech. Pub. 16:1.38 (Holo- type, female; Grand Lake, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Pityophthorus elongatus Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:194 (Holotype, female; Merritt, Midday Val- ley, British Coliuiibia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1365); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse. Tech. Pub. 25:1.33. Synonymy Pityophthorus gracilis Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:195 (Holotvpe, female; Grant Co., Oregon; Canadian Nat.' Coll., 1364); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus cutleri Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:195 (Holotype, female; Merritt, .Midday Val- ley, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus exilis Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:196 (Holotype, female; Ochoco N.F., Oregon; Cana- dian Nat. Coll., 1.362); Wood, 1977,. Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus tenuis Swaine, 1925, Canadian Ent. 57:196 (Holotype, female; Merritt, Midday Val- ley, British Columbia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1366); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:401. Synonymy Pityophthorus depygis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:128 (Holo- type, female; Clvde, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41318); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus watsoni Schedl, 1930, Canadian Ent. 62:197 (Holotype, female; Nictor Lake, New Brunswick; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3167); Wood, 1977. Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus aurulentus Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:.301 (Holotype, female; Shell Ridge at Walnut Creek, Contra Costa Co., California; California Acad. Sci.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Pityophthorus acceptus Bright, 1981, Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 118:315 (Holotype, female; Granite Pass, Big Horn Mts., Wyoming; Canadian Nat. Coll.). New synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from consimilis LeConte bv the larger size, by the more slender body form, by the wider discal striae, and by the occasional presence of a few interstrial punctures on the disc. The female frons varies radically within and be- tween series. Female.- Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.9-3.1 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons varying from extensively flattened, with margins abrupt to moderately convex, with margins rounded; varying from uni- formly, very finely, densely punctured to uni- formly, rather coarsely, closely punctured, shining; varying from glabrous to dense mi- cropile to moderately fine, rather abundant setae of moderate length to abundant and very long, with longest setae at margins; most series of one variant only, others sometimes containing all possible variants and intermediates. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10-14 low serrations; summit at middle, distinct; posterior areas smooth, shining, numerous minute impressed points present, punctures sparse, spaced by 2-4 di- ameters of a puncture, rather fine, deep. Disc glabrous, sparse setae on lateral margins and in asperate area. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather abrupt- ly rounded, then subacuminate at apex; striae in rows, not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, spaced by 1-2 diameters of a punc- ture; interstriae shining, varying from almost smooth to obscurely subreticulate (impressed lines or points usually indicated), slightly wider than striae, odd-numbered interstriae usually sparsely punctured, punctures almost 1104 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 as large as those of striae. Declivity steep, moderately bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 minutely punctured to obsolete; interstriae 1 moder- ately elevated, armed by a sparse row of fine granules, 2 moderately, broadly impressed, twice as wide as 1, obscurely subreticulate, impimctate, 3 rather narrowly convex, as high or slightly higher than 1, armed by a few fine granules as on 1. Vestiture of fine short strial hair sometimes extending to base; setae on odd-numbered interstriae on and near declivity varying from absent to short to moderate length. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, uniformly convex, often with a moderate, transverse impression below, more coarsely, less closely punctured, vesti- ture short, inconspicuous; declivital sulcus very slightly deeper. Distribution.— Alaska and Manitoba to California and Arizona. ALASKA: Hope, Richardson Highway mile 295. CAN- ADA: British Columbia: Hixon, Merritt in Midday Val- lev. Manitoba: Winnipeg. New Brunswick: Nictor Lake. Northwest Territories: Aklavik, Reindeer Depot. On- tario: Frater. USA: Arizona: Prescott N.F. California: Shell Ridge at Walnut Creek in Contra Costa Co. Colo- rado: Clyde, Gould, Grand Lake, Pingree Park, Pitkin. Idaho: Payette N.F., Smith's Ferry. Montana: Bozeman, Glacier N.P., Sula. Nevada: Bear Creek Summit in Elko Co., Mt. Wheeler. Oregon: East Lake, Grant Co., Och- oco N.F., Pringle Falls near Bend, Blue Mts. Utah: Elk Park in Ashley N.F., Convulsion area in Fishlake N.F., Hoop Lake in Wasatch N.F., Huntington Canyon, Lo- gan Canvon, Sanford Canyon in Dixie N.F., Wolf Creek Pass. Washington: Metaline Falls. Wyoming: Atlantic Citv, Bighorn Mts., Elk Mt., Frontier Creek in Shoshone N.F., Laramie, Moran in Bridger N.F., Mountain View, Saratoga, Shoshone River, Tensleep. Hosts.— Picea glauca, P. engelmannii, P. piingens, Pinus albicaulis, P. contorta, P. flex- ilis, P. ponderosa, P. radiata. Biology.— This species has been taken in branches 1-4 cm in diameter, but it occurs much more commonly in the bole of small trees up to 20 cm in diameter. Males are rare in most areas. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of mtirrayanae, elongatus, gracilis, cutleri, exilis, tenuis, depygis, wat- soni, and acceptus, on several paratypes of aundenttis, and on more than 2000 other specimens. The large number of synonyms calls atten- tion to the extreme variability of the female frons in this species. This variability is some- what comparable to that seen in camiceps LeConte and allied species and in Ips tridens (Mannerheim). The rarity of males and the variability of the female frons suggests the occurrence of a form of facultative parthe- nogenesis in at least some of the populations. 147. Pityophthorus consimilis LeConte Pityophthonis consimilis LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:622 (Lectotype, male; Marquette, Michigan; Mus. Comp. Zool., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:185) Pityophthorus oranulatiis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):28 (Lecto- type, male; presumably Manitoba, Quebec, or Nova Scotia; Canadian Nat. Coll., .3149, desig- nated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:678); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syr- acuse, Tech. Pub. 25:132. Synonymy Pityophthorus nudus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):.30 (Lectotype, male; Ste. Anne de Bellvue, Quebec; Canadian Nat. Coll., 3148, designated by Bright, 1967, Ca- nadian Ent. 99:678);'^ Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:515. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from annectens LeConte by the less exten- sively flattened female frons with very short to obsolete vestiture and by the less strongly sulcate declivity. Female.— Length 1.3-1.7 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish to dark reddish brown. Frons varying from rather strongly, evenly convex, with a weak, transverse impression immediately above epistoma to flattened on lower two-thirds; surface shining, very den- sely, coarsely, deeply punctured, interspaces equal in width to less than half diaiueter of a puncture; glabrous to very finely pubescent on lower two-thirds, setae equal in length to less than one-fifth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides on basal two-thirds weakly arcuate, converging slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10-12 low serrations; summit at middle, distinct; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, punctures rather fine, moderately abun- dant. Disc glabrous, inconspicuous, short setae on margins and asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather abruptly 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1105 rounded at base of declivity, rather strongly acuminate at apex; striae not impressed ex- cept 1 slightly near declivity, punctures in rows, moderately coarse, rather deep; inter- striae almost smooth to minutely irregular, impunctate, one to one and one-half times as wide as striae. Declivity steep, rather strong- ly bisulcate; striae 1 obsolete, 2 with minute, widely spaced punctures; interstriae 1 mod- erately elevated, armed by a sparse row of fine tubercles, 2 moderately impressed, more than twice as wide as 1, impunctate, almost smooth, 3 rounded, as high as 1, with fine tu- bercles as on 1. Vestiture of sparse, short hair on odd-numbered interstriae on and near de- clivity, sometimes glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except trans- verse impression on lower half of frons usual- ly stronger, sometimes with a transverse me- dian callus at upper level of eyes. Distribution.— NE British Columbia and Nova Scotia to E Texas and Florida. CANADA: Alberta, British Columbia (158 mi House, Alaska Highway), Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Que- bec, Saskatchewan. USA: Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin. Hosts.— Picea glmica, P. sp., Pinus bank- siana, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. vigi- niana, P. spp. Biology.— They breed in twigs and branches up to 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of consimilis, on the lecto- types of granulatus and niidus, and on 382 other specimens. 148. Pityophthorus intentus Bright Pityophthorus intentus Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:77 (Holotype, female; Bear Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from consimilis LeConte by characters of the frons and elytral declivity as described below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons strongly convex above, flattened on lower half of area below upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, coarsely punctured; vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum and elytra as in consimilis ex- cept declivital sulcus slightly deeper, inter- striae 1 and 3 each armed by about four pointed tubercles (much larger than in con- similis), setae on odd-numbered declivital in- terstriae much longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons usually with a conspicuous transverse carina at upper level of eyes, impression on lower frons stronger, minute setae on declivity rather stout, much more conspicuous. Distribution.— Arizona. USA^Arizona; Bear Canyon in Santa Catalina Mts., 15-VIII-68, Pinus engelmannii, D. E. Bright; Santa Rita Mts., 29-VII-68, Pinus strobiformis, Pseudotsuga men- ziesii, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 149. Pityophthorus pullus (Zimmermann) Fig. 207 Cijrpturgus pullus Zimermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:143 (Holotype, female; South Carolina; Mus. Comp. Zool.j; Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:187 (Lectotype?) Cnjphalus pullus: LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:155 Pityophthorus pullus: LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:352 Pityophthorus cribripennis Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr, 12:274 (Holotype, sex?; America sep- tentr.; apparently lost with Hamburg Mus.; Neo- type, sex?; Ripley, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated by Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:72); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:119. Synonymy Pityophthorus bisulcatus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:274 (Holotype, sex?; America bo- realis; apparently lost with Hamburg Mus.); Le- Conte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:352. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from grandis Blackman by the smaller aver- age size, by the more weakly, transversely impressed frons, by the finer frontal sculp- ture, by the steeper, narrower declivital sul- cus, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 1.8-2.6 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons shallowly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a con- spicuous transverse carina at upper level of eyes on median half; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures moderately coarse, rather close; vestiture rather sparse, of moderate length. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides on basal half almost straight, converging slightly, broadly rounded in front; 1106 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 anterior margin armed by about 10-14 serra- tions; summit slightly elevated, slightly in front of middle; posterior areas smooth, shin- ing, with numerous impressed points, punc- tures moderately coarse, rather close. Vesti- ture short, rather sparse, often absent on discal area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather abrupt- ly rounded, then obtusely subacuminate at apex; striae not impressed, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately to rather strongly confused, interstriae not distinguishable on most specimens. Declivity very steep, rather strongly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 indicated by rows of fine punctures; interstriae 1 moder- ately elevated, with a few, fine, irregularly spaced granules, 2 almost twice as wide as 1 below, narrower above, rather strongly, broadly impressed, surface indistinctly to strongly reticulate, impunctate, 3 very slightly higher than suture on upper half, roimded, armed by 4-6 fine tubercles. Vesti- ture rather short on disc, twice as long on de- clivity, moderately abundant, absent on de- clivital interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except usually slightly smaller, frontal vestiture shorter, less abundant. Distribution.— Michigan and New York to E Texas and South Carolina. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Maryland: "Md." Massachusetts: "Mass." Michigan: "Michigan."' Mississippi: Corinth, luka, Ripley. New Jersey: Clenion- ton. New York: Greenwood Lake. North Carolina: Ashe- ville, Boardman, Chadbum, Durham, Raleigh, Tryon. Pennsylvania: Hunters Run. South Carolina: Columbia. Texas: Call, Kirbyville. West Virginia: Dellslow, Char- leston, Doddridge Co., Hampshire Co., Roosevelt, Wood Co. Hosts.— Pinus spp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a specimen of cribripennis compared to the type by Eggers (Bright's neotype) and on 272 other specimens. The lectotype of pullus was not examined. 150. Pityophthorus grandis Blackman Pityophthorus grandis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:119 (Holo- type, sex?; Kaibab National Forest, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41312) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pullus (Zimmermann) by the slightly larger average size, by the more strongly im- pressed, more coarsely sculptured frons, by the more broadly sulcate elytral declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.3-3.1 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in pullus except more strongly im- pressed, punctures slightly coarser, closer, vestiture less abundant, shorter. Pronotum as in pullus except anterior mar- gin slightly more narrowly rounded. Elytra as in pitllus except declivital sulcus wider, three times as wide as interstriae 1 near middle, less strongly narrowed above. Vestiture shorter, less abundant on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frontal carina longer, frontal vestiture shorter, less abundant. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to Arizona and New Mexico. CANADA: British Columbia: Grand Forks, Merritt in Midday Valley. USA: Arizona: Kaibab N.F., Prescott. California: McCloud. Colorado: Colorado N.F., Colo- rado Springs, Ft. Garland. Nebraska: Norden. New Mex- ico: Meek, Sandia Mts. South Dakota: Black Hills, Cus- ter. Utah: La Sal Mts., Long Hollow in Dixie N.F. Wyoming: Buckeye. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded out or broken branches and seedlings 3-8 cm in diameter. It evidently does not oc- cur in slash. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 409 other specimens. 151. Pityophthorus serratus Swaine Pityophthorus serratus Swaine, 1918, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 103 (Holo- type, male; Barkhouse Creek, Siskiyou Co., Cali- fornia; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1374) Diagnosis.— This rare species is distin- guished from confertus Swaine by the very strongly sulcate declivity, with the suture unarmed and the subacutely elevated lateral convexities armed by about 10 moderately coarse tubercles and considerably higher than the suture. Female.— Length 2.1-2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons plano-convex almost from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, epistomal pro- cess obscure or absent; surface smooth, shin- ing, finely, closely, uniformly punctured, 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1107 punctures spaced by slightly less than diame- ter of a puncture; vestiture of fine, long, moderately abundant hair, setae on upper and lateral margins much longer, longest setae equal to more than half distance be- tween eyes. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in confertus. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as elytra; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, abruptly rounded, rather narrowly subacuminate be- hind; striae not impressed, punctures varying from feebly to moderately confused, moder- ately coarse, rather deep. Declivity steep, very strongly sulcate; punctures on striae 1 and 2 minute, many obscure; interstriae 1 rather weakly, narrowly elevated, unarmed, 2 very broad, ascending on lateral half, four times as wide as 1, shining, almost smooth, 3 on upper two-thirds very strongly, subacutely elevated; considerably higher than suture, armed by 8-10 rather coarse tubercles. Vesti- hire of moderately long strial and interstrial setae from base to declivity, much longer on declivity except minute on interstriae 1 and absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed, a transverse carina at upper level of eyes, more coarsely punctured, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous; row of setae on crest of declivital elevation shorter and very strongly compressed. Distribution.— British Columbia and Idaho to N California. CANADA: British Columbia: Aspen Grove, 16-VIII- 31, 17360 Lot 50, Pinus ponderosa, H. Richmond; Mer- ritt. Midday Valley, 17-VIII-22, lot 900-1705, P. ponde- rosa, V. Cutler. USA: California: Barkhouse Creek, Sis- kiyou Co., No. 2933, P. ponderosa, R. Hopping; McCloud, 27-X-72, sticky trap, H. A. Moeck. Idaho: Viola Grade near Moscow, 23-IV-52, 1000 m, W. F. Barr. Host.— Finns ponderosa. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on nine other specimens. 152. Pityophthonis confertus Swaine Pitijophthorus confertus Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):27 (Lecto- type, female; Adams Lake, British Columbia; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll., 1375, designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:678) Pityophthonis agnatus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:125 (Holo- type, female; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41316); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Sijnonipm/ Pityophthonis compttis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:127 (Holo- type, female; Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41317); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:514. Synonymy Pityophthonis burkei Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:129 (Holo- type, female; Meyers, California; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41319); Bright, 1966, Pan Pacific Ent. 42:.304. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This common species is dis- tinguished from serratus Swaine by the stouter body form and by the less strongly sulcate declivity, with interstriae 1 as high as 3 and each armed by about six fine tubercles. Female.- Length 1.8-2.3 mm, 2.8-2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flat to plano-concave, impression confined to central half, epistomal process conspicuous; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures moderately coarse, almost uniformly distributed, spaced by slightly less than diam- eter of a puncture; vestiture fine, uniformly distributed, moderately long in central area, much longer on margins. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in pullus (Zimmermann) except ante- rior margin armed by about eight serrations; posterior areas smooth, shining, impressed points obscure to absent; median line im- punctate; punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Vestiture inconspicuous, confined to margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, obtusely sub- acuminate behind; discal punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately to very strongly confused. Declivity steep, bisulcate; punc- tures on striae 1 and 2 minute, mostly dis- tinct; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of about eight fine denticles, 2 broadly, rather strongly impressed, almost smooth, about three times as wide as 1, 3 rounded, as high as 1, armed by about six small tubercles. Vestiture varying from sub- glabrous to moderately abundant from base to apex; rather short on disc, up to three times as long on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed below a conspicuous, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, 1108 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 surface coarsely punctured, vestiture sparse, short. Distribution.— British Columbia and Montana to Baja California and Hidalgo. CANADA: British Columbia (Creston, Terrace). USA: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana (west- em), Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas (western), Utah, Washington, Wyoming. MEXICO: Baja Califor- nia, Chihuahua, Hidalgo, Nuevo Leon. Hosts.— Pinus albicollis, P. cembroides, P. contorta, P. edidis, P. flexUis, P. jeffreyi, P. monticola, P. ponderosa, P. strobifonnis. Biology.— This common species infests tops, limbs, and seedlings and is particularly abundant in slash. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of confertus, on the holo- types of agnatus, burkei, and comptus, and on 3088 other specimens. 153. Pityophthorus clarus Blackman Pitijophthonis clarus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:1.30 (Holotype, fe- male; Kaibab N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41.320) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from murraijanae Blackman by the less slen- der body, by the rather coarsely punctured declivital striae 1 and 2, by the very different frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons flat to transversely, weakly concave, longitudinally very feebly concave to upper level of eyes, a small, conspicuous, median callus at upper level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, close, uni- formly distributed except impunctate on a small median area above epistoma; vestiture very fine, of moderate abundance, rather short in central area of moderate length on margins, longest setae equal in length to one- third distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.9 times as long as wide; about as in miirrayanae. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in miirrayanae except surface smoother. Declivity similar to murraijanae except steeper, striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punc- tured, interstriae 2 slightly more strongly impressed. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, upper mar- gin transversely subcarinate, surface more coarsely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Arizona. USA: Arizona: Kaibab N.F., lO-VIII-25, K-113 and K- 114, and 17-VIII-25, K-126, Pinus ponderosa, M. W. Blackman; Flagstaff, Hopk. U.S. 507.3a; Prescott, 18-VII- .30, P. ponderosa, M. W. Blackman. Host.— Pinus ponderosa. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 64 paratypes, and on 4 other specimens. 154. Pityophthorus solatus Wood Pityophthorus solatus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:215 (Holotype, female; 51 miles or 81 km NW Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from solers Blackman by the different frons and elytra as described below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons similar to solers except plano- convex, punctured pubescent area extending to well above eyes, vestiture slightly more abundant and longer. Pronotum and elytra as in solers except surface of elytral disc smoother, declivital sulcus slightly wider and deeper, its surface more nearly microreticulate, declivital vesti- ture distinctly longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male solers, declivity similar to male solers except sulcus narrower, lateral elevation dis- tinctly higher. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 81 km NW Oaxaca, lO-V-71, 7500 ft., Quercus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. The host recorded for the type series appears to be ei- ther accidental or in error; all allied species are in coniferous hosts. 155. Pityophthorus solers Blackman Pityophthorus solers Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:1.38 (Holotype, fe- male; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41323) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from clarus Blackman by the darker color, by the minutely punctvired declivital striae 1 and 2, and by the very different frons in both sexes. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1109 Female.— Length 1.5-2.1 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons plano-convex to slightly above eyes, epistomal margin distinctly elevated; surface smooth, shining, punctures rather small, mod- erately close, slightly more concentrated in marginal areas; vestiture rather sparse, mod- erately long, of about uniform length. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; about as in clams except anterior margin more strongly rounded and discal punctures slightly larger. Elytra as in clams except declivity not as steep, declivital striae obsolete, 2 finely pimctured. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes, a strongly elevated transverse carina at upper level of eyes, surface coarsely punctured, sub- glabrous; declivity slightly more strongly im- pressed, tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 slightly larger. Distribution.— Utah to Chihuahua. USA: Arizona: Alpine, Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Graham Mts., Huachuca Mts., Jacob's Lake, Kaibab N.F., Pinelino Mts., Prescott, Santa Catalina Mts., Walker. New Mexico: Capitan Mts., Cloudcroft, Emory Pass, Meek, Sacramento Mts. Utah: Alta, Mt. Nebo Loop, Parowan Canyon, Payson Canvon, Tooele. MEXL CO: Chihuahua: San Jiianito. Nuevo Leon: Cerro Potosi. WoiT s. — Ahies concolor, uncommon in A. lasiocara, A. religiosa, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Pinus. Biology.— This species breeds in small branches. Notes.— Tlie above treatment was based on the holotype and on 506 other specimens. 156. Pityophthoms bassetti Blackman Pityophthortis bassetti Blackman, 1920, Psvche 27:1 (Lectotype, male; Pitkin, Colorado; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright. 1976. Coleopt. Bnll. 30:183) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from solers Blackman by the very different female frons, by the color, by the unarmed declivital interstriae 1, and by the much •deeper male declivity. Declivital interstriae 3 is much higher than 1. Female.— Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons rather broadly plano-convex to well above eyes, lower fourth ascending toward epistomal margin; surface smooth, shining, punctures very fine, rather dense, each with upper rim very minutely granulate; vestiture moderately abundant, very long, longest setae equal to slightly more than one-third distance between eyes. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in solers. Declivity about as in murrayanae Blackman except much more strongly im- pressed, striae 1 and 2 almost obsolete; inter- striae 1 rather weakly to moderately ele- vated, usually unarmed except for two or three fine granules near apex (occasionally with more granules), 2 very strongly sulcate and three times as wide as 1, 3 abruptly, rather strongly elevated, conspicuously high- er than 1, with a row of fine granules. Strial and interstrial setae minute. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a strongly elevated, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, surface coarsely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous; de- clivity more strongly impressed, interstriae usually without any granules, 3 with a row of 10-12 rather coarse tubercles, interstrial setae on declivity rather long. Distribution.— Northwest Territories to Chihuahua. CANADA: Northwest Territories: Aklavik, 10-V, 5 IX- 3L O. Bryant. USA: Colorado: Pingree Park in Larimer Co., 14-VL68, Picea pungens, S. L. Wood; Ft. Garland; 25-1 V, Picea- Pitkin, ,3-Vin-17, lot .360, R. Bassett. Utah: Logan Canyon, 24-Vn-46, P. engelmannii, S. L. Wood; MclCee Draw in Ashley N.F., 16-VL60, P. pungens, S. L. Wood. Chihuahua: La Laja, 16-Vn-60, Picea chihua- hiiana, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Picea chihuahuana, P. glauca, P. engelmannii, P. pungens. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded-out branches 2-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 269 other specimens. 157. Pityophthoms delicatus Wood Pityophthorus delicatus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:399 (Holotype, female, 35 miles or 56 km SW El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cacuminatus Blandford by the larger size, by the much more finely punctured sub- concave female frons, by the sparsely punc- tured discal interstriae 1 and 3, and by other characters indicated below. 1110 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly, shallowly subconcave from epistomal margin to well above upper level of eyes, margins abrupt, about two diameters of a facet from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, very finely, somewhat close- ly punctured, interspaces two or more times diameter of a puncture; vestiture abundant, rather long in central area, conspicuously longer on margins, longest setae equal in length to two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; out- line as in allied species; posterior areas shin- ing, subreticulate, punctures fine, those on disc with a fine granule on lateral rim. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in cacuminatus Blandford except inter- striae 1 and 3 with sparse punctures. Declivi- ty steep, moderately bisulcate, moderately acuminate behind; striae 1 and 2 rather finely pimctured; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of fine tubercles, 2 moder- ately impressed, twice as wide as 1, smooth, shining, 3 rather narrowly convex, armed as on 1. Vestiture of fine, short, strial hair to base, odd-numbered interstriae on and near declivity with rather sparse, moderately long setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons shallowly, transversely impressed from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, upper margin of impressed area with a short, transverse callus or carina, surface rather coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous; declivity more strongly impressed, tubercles distinctly larger. Distribution.— Chihuahua to Honduras. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Magdalena, 26-IV-77, Hopk. 60601-D, M. M. Fumiss. Durango: 40, 48, and 60 km W Durango, El Salto. Mexico: Apizaco-Mexico km 49. Michoacan: Carapan, Volcan Paricutin. GUATE- MALA: Huehuetenango, Putzum. HONDURAS: Tegucigalpa. Hosts.— Finns leiophylla, P. pseudo- strohus, P. tenuifolia, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 46 specimens. 158. Pityophthonis arcanus Bright Pityophthoriis arcanus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:429 (Holotype, female; Bear Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species has the pronotal asperities in somewhat subconcentric rows, but because of the abundant female frontal vestiture it is grouped with those having con- fused asperities. It is distinguished from deli- cattis Wood by the arrangement of the pro- notal asperities, by the flat frons with the punctures slightly larger and much closer, and by the more broadly, more deeply im- pressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.7-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, densely, rather coarsely punctured, interspaces equal to less than half diameter of a puncture; vestiture rather long, abundant, only slightly longer on margins. Pronotum and elytral disc about as in jef- freyi Blackman except pronotal asperities slightly less concentric and odd-numbered discal interstriae each with a row of fine punctures. Elytral declivity broadly, rather deeply sulcate; striae 1 and 2 with reduced punctures; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, with a few small tubercles, 2 three times as wide as 1, its surface subreticulate, 3 dis- tinctly higher than 1, its summit armed by three or four small tubercles. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of sparse, long hair on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, rather coarsely punctured, an acutely ele- vated, transverse carina at upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Nevada to Arizona and W Texas. USA: Arizona: 12 miles or 18 km N Sedonia, Coconino Co., 1.3-VIII-68, Pimis ponderosa, D. E. Bright; Bear Canyon, Santa Catalina Mts., 1.5-VIII-68, P. cembroides, D. E. Bright; Walker, Yavapai, 2;3-Vin-68. Pseudotsuga menziesii, D. E. Bright. Nevada: Kyle Canyon in Toyabe N.F., Clark Co., lO-VI-69, Piniis monophijUa, W. G. Harwood. Texas: Madera Canyon in Davis Co., 19-Vn- 74, P. ponderosa, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 57 paratypes. 1982 CORTHYHNI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1111 159. Pityophthorus zonalis Bright Pityophthorus zonalis Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:443 (Holotype, female; Jerome, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cuspidatus Blackman by the very long, dense, female frontal vestiture, by the more coarsely punctured pronotal disc, by the coarser strial punctures on disc and declivity, and by the narrower declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons largely concealed by very dense, very long vestiture, length of setae equal to at least four-fifths distance between eyes. Pronotiim and elytral disc as in cuspidatus (strial punctures in definite rows) except de- clivity slightly steeper, sulcus moderately deep, punctures on striae 1 and 2 moderately large, impressed, sutural profile convex, in- terstriae 1 and 3 armed by tubercles. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly impressed, coarsely punctured, trans- verse carina at upper level of eyes weak; punctures on discal striae 1 and 2 slightly confused. Distribution.— Arizona and Nuevo Leon. USA: Arizona: Jerome, 22X1-35, Pinus ponderosa. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon: 24 km E San Roberto, 5-V-7]. P. cemhroides, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on a male from Nuevo Leon that is presumed to be this species. 160. Pityophthorus cuspidatus Blackman Pityophthorus cuspidatus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:217 (Holotype, female; Jacala, Hi- dalgo, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55991) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cacuminatus Blandford by the very dif- ferent frons in both sexes, by the deeper, more broadly impressed declivital sulcus, and by other characters indicated below. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, margins rounded, about four diameters of a facet from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely, closely punctured, interspaces aver- aging slightly more than half diameter of a pimcture; vestiture somewhat sparse, rather long, distinctly longer on margins, longest setae equal in length to slightly more than half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; out- line as in allied species; posterior areas smooth, shining, with obscure, minute, im- pressed points indicated, punctures rather coarse, moderately close. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, strongly acuminate behind; striae not impressed ex- cept 1 slightly near declivity, punctures rather coarse, deep, in rows; interstriae smooth, shining, impunctate. Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate, strongly acuminate at apex; striae 1 obsolete, 2 rather finely punc- tured; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by a row of fine tubercles, 2 strongly impressed, twice as wide as 1, subreticulate, 3 moderately elevated, armed by a row of rather coarse tubercles, as high or very slightly higher than suture on upper half. Vestiture restricted to declivity on odd- numbered interstriae, moderately long. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male delicatus; declivity more strongly im- pressed, tubercles slightly larger, interstriae 3 distinctly "higher than suture. Distribution.— Durango to Veracruz. MEXICO: Durango: Durango, 37 and 96 km W Du- rango, El Salto. Hidalgo: Jacala. Mexico: Tequesqu- nahua. Puebla: Texmelucan. Veracruz: Texcoco. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. lumholtzii. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 41 other specimens. 161. Pityophthorus actitus Blackman Pityophthorus acutus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:134 (Holo- type, female; Kaibab N.F., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41321) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cuspidatus Blackman by the larger av- erage size, by the different frons in both sexes, by the more strongly impressed declivi- ty within striae 2 obsolete, and by other char- acters mentioned below. Female.— Length 1.9-2.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes, margins 1112 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 obtusely subangulate, about three diameters of a facet from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, closely, rather finely punc- tured, interspaces about equal to diameter of a pimcture; vestiture moderately abundant, long, distinctly longer on margins. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; out- line as in allied species; posterior area smooth, shining, finely to rather coarsely pimctured (variable), moderately close. Vesti- ture confined to marginal and asperate areas. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in cuspidatus. Declivity steep, strongly bi- sulcate, strongly acuminate at apex; punc- tures on striae 1 and 2 obsolete, interstriae moderately elevated, armed by a row of rather coarse granules; 2 strongly impressed, three times as wide as 1, surface obscurely reticulate, 3 on upper half slightly higher than 1, with a row of moderately coarse tu- bercles. Vestiture of fine, short, strial hair to base and, on declivity, moderately long inter- strial hair except absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to up- per level of eyes, upper margin of impression with a strongly elevated transverse carina, surface rather coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger; declivital sulcus deeper. Distribution.— Utah and Colorado to Ari- zona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona; Carr Canyon in Huachuca Mts., Rus- tler's Park in Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Kaibab N.F., Oak Creek Canyon, Montezuma N.F., Santa Catalina Mts. Colorado: Colorado N.F., Estes Park. New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Emorv Pass, Meek. Utah: Sanford Canyon. Hosts.— Pinus flexilis, Pinus strobiformis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 1 1 1 other specimens. 162. Pityophtliorus spadix Blackman Pitijophthortis spadix Blackman, 1942, U.S. \at. Mus. 92:219 (Holotvpe, female; Ri'o Fri'o, Puebla, Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mus., .5599.3) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aciitus Blackman by the larger size, by the (usvially) confused elytral punctures, by the unarmed declivital interstriae 1, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.3-3.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons plano-convex to slightly above eyes, epistoma slightly elevated, lateral margins rounded, about four diameters of a facet from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, very closely, uniformly, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture moderately abundant, vmiformly distributed, long, a few longer setae on margins. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; out- line as in acutus; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures varying from small to moderately large; sparse vestiture limited to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in acutus; striae usually not evident, punctures moder- ately to strongly confused, rather coarse. Antennae of Corthylini spp.; 49, Psetidopi- ttfophthorus puhipcnnis; 50, Pityotrichtis harhattis: 51, Pihjoborus comattts; 52, Pityophthorus ramiperda; 53, Conophthorus coniperda. (.\fter Blackman 1928:165.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1113 deep. Declivity steep, very strongly sulcate, apex strongly acuminate; striae 1 and 2 obso- lete; interstriae 1 rather weakly elevated, unarmed (two or three fine tubercles some- times present), 2 strongly impressed, twice as wide as 1, finely reticulate, 3 strongly, rather abruptly elevated on upper half, much higher than suture, armed by 6-8 rather coarse tu- bercles. Vestiture of fine, short strial hair to base, interstrial setae on posterior third of disc and lateral areas on declivity rather long, interstriae 1 and 2 glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons strongly, transversely impressed, a strongly elevated, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, coarsely punc- tured, vestiture short, inconspicuous; declivi- tal tubercles usually larger. Distribution. — Chihuahua to Veracruz and Oaxaca. MEXICO: Chihuahua; San Juanito, 16-III-74, Pinus, Hopk 58591, M. M. Furniss. Durango: 17 km W El Sal- to, 7-VI-65, 25(X) m. No. 39, Pinus pseudostrobus, S. L. Wood; 64 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2500 m, No. 20, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Hidalgo: 17 km NE Jacala, 2.3-VI-5.3, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Mexico: Tequesquinahua, III-62, R. Coronado. Michoacan: 9 km E Volcan Pan'cutin, 19-VI- 65, 2500 m. No. 89, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Puebla: Rio Frio, 10-II-.36, Pinus leiophylUi, 692-1, D. DeLeon. Oaxaca: Nochixtlan, 17-VI-67, No. 56, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Vera- cruz: Texcoco, 5-II-62, Pinus, R. Coronado. Hosts.— Pinus pseudostrobus, P. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded-out pine branches 2-7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 34 other specimens. 163. Pityophthorus rubidus Wood Pityophthorus rubidus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:400 (Holotype, female; Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spadix Blackman by the stouter body, by the reddish brown color, and by the con- fused discal pimctures and the less strongly acuminate elytral apex and by other charac- ters indicated below. Female.— Length 2.3-3.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons plano-convex to slightly above eyes, ascending toward epistoma on lower fifth, particularly on median third, margins rounded, about three diameters of a facet from margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, rather finely, closely, uniformly punctured, interspaces in central area equal in width to diameter of a puncture, less than half as great in marginal areas; vestiture of fine, moder- ately abundant long hair, longest setae about equal in length to half distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.12 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides on posterior two-thirds feebly arcuate, moderately converging to rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; an- terior margin armed by about 10-14 low ser- rations; summit at middle, rather high; poste- rior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures coarse, deep, close. Glabrous on disc, sparse hair on sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather abrupt- ly rounded at base of declivity, strongly acuminate behind; striae 1 weakly impressed, rows obscurely visible, largely confused, punctures rather coarse, deep, close. Declivi- ty very steep, rather strongly bisulcate, strongly acuminate at apex; striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured; interstriae 1 mod- erately elevated, armed by a row of small tu- bercles, 2 twice as wide as 1, almost smooth, shining, impunctate, 3 on upper half slightly higher than 1, armed by 6-10 rather coarse, closely spaced tubercles. Vestiture on posteri- or third of disc and declivity long, moder- ately abundant on all interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to up- per level of eyes, a strong, transverse carina at upper level of eyes, surface coarsely punc- tured, vestiture inconspicuous; declivital tu- bercles slightly larger. Distribution.— Arizona to Durango. USA: Arizona: Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 1-VI- 78, Pinus engehnannii, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Durango: 35 km W Durango, 4-VI-65, 2000 m. No. 14, Pinus leio- phylla, S. L. Wood; 40 km W Durango, 23-VII-53, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 77 specimens. 164. Pityophthorus megas Bright Pityophthorus megas Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:436 (Holotype, female; Cerro Potosi, Nuevo Leon, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) 1114 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spadix Blackman by the larger size, by the shghtly steeper, less strongly sulcate ely- tral declivity, and by the less strongly acumi- nate elytral apex. Female.— Length 2.7-3.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in spadix except for elytral declivity, declivity as in spadix except slightly steeper, apex subacuininate, lateral convexities on up- per half not as high, only slightly higher than suture, vestiture distinctly longer. Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in male spadix but with transverse impression deeper; declivital sulcus deeper and lateral convexities higher than in female. Distribution.— Nuevo Leon. MEXICO: Nuevo Leon; Cerro Potosi, 4-V-71, 3800 m, Pinus cuminicola, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 165. Pityophthorus nemoralis Wood Pityophthorus nemoralis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:351 (Holotype, female, Zamorano, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from regularis Blackman by the larger size, by the slightly impressed declivital interstriae 2, and by the larger interstrial granules on the declivity. These two are unique in having a row of normal setae on declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons uniformly convex; rugose-reticulate above eyes and laterally, lower areas smooth, shining, punctures deep, rather coarse, mod- erately close; vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; widest one-third pronotum length from base, sides weakly arcuate on basal half, a slight constriction on anterior half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 low, basally contiguous serrations; summit indefinite, at middle; asperities in three concentric rows supplemented by those at summit, rows a bit irregular on median third; posterior areas reticulate, punctures deep, rather fine, moderately close. Sparse setae confined to margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then slightly, ar- cuately converging, very broadly rounded be- hind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures small, deep, spaced by about two diameters of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, with a few faint ir- regular lines, three times as wide as striae, impunctate except at margin of declivity. Declivity steep, rather shallowly sulcate; striae 1 moderately impressed, punctures on 1 and 2 distinct, smaller than on disc; inter- striae 1 moderately elevated, 2 moderately impressed, more strongly on median side, 3 very slightly higher than 1, rounded, all with numerous impressed points, rows of tubercles on 1 very fine, 2 sometimes irregular, 3 slightly larger than on 1 and 2. Vestiture con- fined to declivity; strial setae very minute but usually present; interstrial setae erect, in regular rows including 2, each very slightly longer than distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except serrations on anterior margin of pronotum and tu- bercles on declivity slightly larger. Distribution.— Honduras to Costa Rica. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-1V-64, 700 m. No. 549, Aristochia anguicida, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: 8 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 1800 m, 29-VII-63 (No. 91), 2-VI1I-63 (No. 100), liana, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 44 specimens. 166. Pityophthorus concentralis Eichhoff Piti/opluhorus concentralis Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:188 (Holotype, sex?; Cuba; apparently lost with Hamburg Mus.; Neotype, female: Biscayne, Florida; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:72)'' Pityophthorus lateralis Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):27 (Lecto- type, female; Key West, Florida; Cornell Univ., designated by Bright, 1967, Canadian Ent. 99:678); Wood, 1957, Canadian Ent. 89:401. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nemoralis Wood by the smooth, shining pronotal disc, by the row of punctures on dis- cal interstriae 1, by the row of punctures on declivital interstriae 2, and by other charac- ters indicated below. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1115 Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons plano-convex to upper level of eyes, margins rounded; surface smooth, shining, rather finely, not closely punctm-ed; vestiture fine, short, sparse. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 serrations; summit at middle, distinct; anterior slope with three to four concentric rows of basally fused aspe- rities; posterior areas smooth, shining, moder- ately numerous impressed points very min- ute, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Disc glabrous, a few short setae at sides; concentric rows of setae arise from posterior margins of asperities. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, 1 usually punctured to base, others with a few punctures at base of decliv- ity. Declivity very steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely punctured, 1 impressed; interstriae 1 abruptly, rather weakly elevated, with a row of fine punc- tures, 2 wider than 1, smooth, shining, as- cending laterally, with a row of fine punc- tures, 3 convex, armed by a row of fine granules. Vestiture of fine short strial hair to base, and short to moderately long interstrial hair on and near declivity on all interstriae, those on declivital interstriae 1 and 2 short (sometimes short on entire declivity). Male.— Similar to female except frons more distinctly convex, with puncture larger. Distribution.— Florida to Cuba. USA: Florida: Biscayne Bay, Dunedin, Everglades N.P., Key Vaca, Key West, Plantation Key, Royal Palm St. Pk., Stock Island, Sugar Loaf Kev. Host.— Metopium toxifertim. Biology.— This species was taken from the bole and larger branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the neotype of concentralis, on the holo- type of lateralis, and on 133 other specimens. 167. Pityophthorus coronarius Blackman Pityophthonis coronarius Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:220 (Holotype, female; Jalisco, Mex- ico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55994) Diagnosis.— This variable species is prob- ably more closely allied to mexicanus Black- man than to those associated with it in the above key. The pronotal asperities vary from subconcentric to completely confused and the elytral apex is moderately acuminate. The reticulate pronotum and the host are useful in distinguishing it. Female.— Length 1.4-1.9 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly flattened from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes, usually weak- ly concave on upper half, ascending slightly toward median area of epistomal margin; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures very fine, al- most uniformly distributed (slightly less abun- dant in central area), interspaces equal to 2-4 diameters of a puncture; vestiture uniformly distributed, rather long, distinctly longer on margins. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in watsoni Schedl; anterior margin arm^d by about 12 serrations; summit at middle, distinct; asperities on anterior slope usually confused, one to three partial rows in concentric arrangement sometimes present; posterior areas strongly reticulate, punctures rather fine, moderately abundant, several of those on anterior half of disc with a shining granule on their posterior rims. Vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in wat- soni except declivity much steeper, more strongly sulcate; striae not impressed except 1 near declivity, punctures in rows (occasion- ally very slightly confused), moderately coarse, deep; interstriae smooth, shining (slightly wrinkled in a few specimens), slightly wider than striae, impunctate except each with a few pimctures or tubercles at base of declivity (including 2). Declivity very steep, rather strongly bisulcate; punctures on striae 1 obsolete, 2 rather coarsely, shallowly punctured; interstriae 1 rather abruptly, moderately elevated, armed by a sparse row of fine tubercles, 2 rather strongly impressed, almost twice as wide as 1, surface subshining, minutely irregular, impunctate, 3 as high or 1116 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 very slightly higher than 1 on basal half, armed by about a half dozen fine tubercles, lateral areas with two or three similar tu- bercles on each interstriae. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, consisting of setae of moderate length on all interstriae except 2 on face. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to up- per level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely, deeply punctured above, more finely below, vestiture fine, short, of moderate abundance; declivital sulcus slightly deeper, lateral tubercles slightly larger. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 23 km NW Guadalajara, 19-VII-53, 1600 m, shrub, S. L. Wood; intercepted at quarantine in Sambiicus bark of a crate. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 65 specimens and on 17 other specimens. 168. Pityophthorus concinntis Wood Pityophthorus concmmts Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:214 (Holotype, female; intercepted at Nogales, Arizona, in wood from "Plaquepaque, Mexico"; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from coronarius Blackman by the larger size, by the more strongly impressed male frons, and by the longer, darker, more abundant setae on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.7-2.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark yellowish brown. Frons similar to coronarius except a bit more strongly impressed, vestiture reddish brown, longer, much more abundant, longest setae equal in length to half distance between eyes. Pronotum and elytra as in coronarius ex- cept lateral convexities on declivity con- spicuously higher than suture. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, upper margin of im- pressed area marked by a conspicuous, trans- verse carina. Distribution. "Mexico." MEXICO: Intercepted at Nogales, Arizona, in un- identified wood from "Plaquepaque, Mexico," 21-X-41, Lot No. 41-18984; and "Mexico," 22-III-62, Crump Coir., in unidentified wood intercepted at Boston 27132, No. 62-11725. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 169. Pityophthorus jeffreyi Blackman Pityophthorus jeffreyi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:113 (Holo- type, female; Invo N.F., Bishop, California; U.S. Nat. Mus. 41311) Diagnosis.— The true affinities of this spe- cies and harberi Blackman probably lie nearer to lecontei Bright than to other species with concentric rows of pronotal asperities. It is distinguished from harberi by the regu- larly punctured discal interstriae, by the finer declivital granules, and by the very weak or obsolete male frontal carina. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons somewhat flattened on median half from near epistoma to above eyes, sometimes transversely subcarinate at upper margin of impressed area; surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely, closely punctured; epistomal process indicated; vestiture fine, rather sparse, inconspicuous, consisting of a mixture of short and moderately long hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides almost straight on basal half, converging very slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about eight serrations; summit at middle, dis- tinctly elevated; asperities in rather in- definite concentric rows, most rows broken at least once, some asperities independent, without bases fused (completely confused in some specimens); posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, close, deep. Vestiture confined to margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; striae not impressed, punctures in rows, fine, rather deep; inter- striae smooth, shining, usually with numerous fine, short, impressed lines, slightly more than twice as wide as striae, pimctures usual- ly regularly spaced, almost as large as those of striae. Declivity steep, very shallow, rather broadly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 with punctures fine, shallow; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, minute granules mostly obsolete, 2 twice as wide as 1, moderately impressed, surface sub- reticulate, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, armed by about six small tubercles. Vestiture of 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1117 short, erect strial and interstrial hair to base, up to twice as long on dechvity. Male.— Similar to female except frontal impression more extensive, slightly deeper, carina more distinct; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger. Distribution.— California to Oregon. USA: California: Bishop, Inyo Co., Hopk. US 8794i, J. D. Coffman; Myers Flat, Humboldt Co., F. B. Herbert; Old Station, Lassen Co., 29-X-47, S. L. Wood; Westgard Pass in Inyo Co., 6-IX-68, P. aristata, P. monopbyUa; all from Pintts jeffretji except as noted. Oregon: Deschutes N.F., 19-IX-30, P. ponderosa, F. P. Keen; Klamath Falls, 1930, Hopk. U.S. 18189-c, P. ponderosa, F. P. Keen. Host.— Pinus jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, prob- ably accidental in other hosts. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded-out branches 2 cm in diameter on a tree about 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 28 other specimens. 170. Pityophthorus barberi Blackman Pitijophthonis barberi Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:112 (Holo- type, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41310) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from jeffreyi Blackman by the almost im- punctate discal interstriae, by the larger de- clivital granules, and by the strongly devel- oped, transverse, male carina. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons about as in jeffreyi except flattened area less extensive, transverse carina at upper level of eyes much more strongly developed. Pronotum as in jeffreyi except anterior margin usualy anned by 10 serrations; discal area sometimes indistinctly reticulate (variable). Elytra similar to jeffreyi except surface of- ten subreticulate or irregular, punctures larger, often slightly confused, even- numbered interstriae with few if any punc- tures, odd-numbered interstriae sparsely punctured. Declivity as in jeffreyi except sur- face reticulate, tubercles slightly larger. Ves- titure of minute strial hair and moderately long interstrial hair; interstrial setae largely confined to odd-numbered declivital interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except lower frons transversely impressed, transverse carina strongly developed; serrations on ante- rior margin of pronotum larger. Distribution.— Utah and Colorado to Du- rango and Nuevo Leon. USA: Arizona: Flagstaff, Carr Canyon in Cochise Co., Pinaleno Mts. Colorado: El Paso Co., Ft. Garland, Ma- nitou. New Mexico: Aragon, Bingham Summit, King- ston, Lake Roberts, Las Vegas, Nogal Lake, Sandia Mts. Utah: Beaver, Gooseberry area of Fishlake N.F., Pan- guitch. MEXICO: Durango: 37 km W Durango. Nuevo Leon: San Roberto. Host.— Pinus cembroides, P. edulis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small shaded out and broken branches of liv- ing trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 248 other specimens. 171. Pityophthorus torridus Wood Pityophthorus torridus Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:76 (Holotype, female; 6 miles W High Rolls, Lincoln N.F., New Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mexicanus Blackman by the smaller size, by the darker color, by the less strongly acuminate elytral apex, and by other charac- ters. It might be more easily confused with franseriae Wood, but the relationship is remote. Female.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, almost black. Frons broadly flattened from eye to eye, central half weakly concave; surface sub- shining, rather finely, uniformly, densely, deeply punctured; evenly, rather densely clothed by fine, long hair, setae near lateral and upper margins slightly longer. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in franseriae Wood except anterior margin armed by 16 serrations and punctures in posterior areas finer. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, subacuminate behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, deep; inter- striae almost smooth, subshining, impunctate. Declivity steep, rather shallowly, broadly bi- sulcate; punctures of striae 1 and 2 very small, rather shallow; sutural interstriae mod- erately elevated, as high as lateral areas, in- terstriae 2 rather broadly, rather strongly im- pressed and impunctate, 1 and 3 each with a sparse row of pointed tubercles. Vestiture 1118 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 confined to posterior half, of rather coarse, moderately long hair of moderate abundance. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, coarsely, sparsely punctured, vestiture sparse, inconspicuous, a very weak median carina on lower half; pronotal punc- tures distinctly larger. Distribution.— New Mexico. USA: New Mexico; 10 km W High Rolls in Lincoln N.F., 2-VI-69, 2000 m, Franseria, S. L. Wood. Host.— Franseria sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter with franseriae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 172. Pityophthorus mexicanus Blackman Pityophthoriis mexicanus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:121 (Holo- type, female; Correen, Coahuila, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41313) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from torridus Wood by the larger size, by the coarser pronotal punctures, by the much more strongly sulcate elytral declivity, and by many other characters. Female.— Length 2.0-2.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons almost flat to well above eyes, lower fourth gradually ascending to epistomal mar- gin, epistoma low, rather distinct; surface smooth, shining, closely, rather coarsely, uni- formly punctured; lateral margin rather abrupt, separated from eye by distance equal to diameters of four facets; vestiture of fine, abundant, uniformly distributed long hair of uniform length, setae equal in length to one- fourth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.07 times as long as wide; widest on basal fourth, sides almost straight and parallel on basal fourth then arcuately converging to rather broadly rounded ante- rior margin; anterior margin armed by 14-16 serrations; summit at middle, low; anterior slope armed by about three concentric rows of asperities, rows usually broken or some- times overlapping slightly at median line; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures coarse, deep, close except on posterolateral areas. Vestiture of fine, short, rather sparse hair. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, then abruptly rounded to strongly acuminate apex; striae not impressed except 1 slightly, punctures rather coarse, deep, usually in defi- nite rows, occasionally slightly confused on posterior half; interstriae smooth, shining, slightly less than twice as wide as striae, usu- ally sparsely punctured near declivity (occa- sionally punctured to base), sparse punctures similar to those of striae. Declivity steep, very strongly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, punctures almost obsolete, 2 not impressed, moderately large punctures clearly impressed to near apex; interstriae 1 abruptly, rather strongly elevated, armed by sparse, moder- ately coarse tubercles, 2 broadly, strongly im- pressed, smooth, shining, impunctate, 3 on upper two-thirds abruptly, strongly elevated, conspicuously higher than suture, summit armed by about six low, often rounded tu- bercles. Vestiture consisting of short strial hair to base and longer interstrial hair on and near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a slight transverse impression on lower half, epistomal process a low fold on median half, procurved almost to epistomal margin, surface much more coarsely punc- tured, vestiture inconspicuous except for epistomal brush; tubercles on lateral margins of declivity slightly larger. Distribution.— Coahuila to Jalisco and Tabasco. MEXICO: Coahuila: Correen, Hopk. U.S. 6094, rub- ber plant; Torreon, 16-VI-45, guayule, V. E. Romney. Ja- lisco: Chapala, Hopk. U.S. 8949, N. D. Cattila. Tabasco: Intercepted at the state border or "frontera" in rubber tree. Host.— Partheniwn argentatum. Biology.— This species breeds in the cut or unthrifty stems of the guayule plant (Lloyd 1911:43-45). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 21 other specimens. Informants report this species from New Mexico and Texas; however, voucher speci- mens have not been located. 173. Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman Pityophthorus scriptor Blackman, 1921, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:7 (Lectotype, fe- male; Agricultural College, Mississippi, U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:184) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1119 Diagnosis.— This species, virilis Blackman, hylocuroides Wood, and crinalis Blackman form a distinctive group, all of which nor- mally breed in Rhus. This species is distin- guished by the less strongly impressed decliv- ital sulcus, with the lateral margins and tubercles less strongly developed, and by the more finely pimctured female frons with less abundant vestiture. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly plano-convex from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins sub- angulate, separated by distance equal to di- ameter of three facets from lateral margin of eye; surface smooth, shining, finely, rather closely, uniformly punctured; vestiture of fine, moderately abundant hair of about uni- form length. Pronotum 1.09 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal half weakly arcuate, converging slightly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 14 serrations; summit at or slightly an- terior to middle, a distinct, transverse impres- sion behind summit; anterior slope armed by three subconcentric rows of asperities, each row usually broken at or near median line, posterior areas smooth, shining, numerous minute impressed points present, punctures coarse, deep, rather close. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and subparallel on basal two-thirds, obtusely sub- angulate behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather coarse, deep; interstriae slightly less than twice as wide as striae, surface al- most smooth, impimctate except 2 near de- clivity. Declivity steep, rather shallowly bi- sulcate; striae 1 almost obsolete, 2 rather coarsely, deeply punctured to apex; inter- striae 1 abruptly, distinctly elevated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 moderately, broadly impressed, twice as wide as 1, three or four fine granules at base, smooth, shining, impunctate, 3 distinctly elevated on upper half, as high as suture, armed by about six fine granules. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, sparse, rather short. Male.— Similar to female exept frons rather strongly, transversely impressed from epistoma to above upper level of eyes, a rather strong, transverse carina at upper mar- gin of impression, punctures sparse, obscure, vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous; declivi- tal sulcus slightly deeper, lateral tubercles slightly larger. Distribution.— North Carolina to Texas and Georgia. USA: Georgia: Macon. Mississippi: Corinth, New Al- bany, Starkville. North Carolina: Tryon. Tennessee: Gat- linburg. Texas: Kerrville, Montell, Pine Springs. Host.— Rhus typhina. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 153 other specimens. 174. Pityophthorus virilis Blackman Pityophthunts virilis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:14.3 (Holotype, fe- male; Vermego, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41327) Pitijophthorus fortis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:142 (Holotvpe, fe- male; Montell, Texas; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41326); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:518. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hylocuroides Wood by the more finely punctured female frons and by the less broad- ly flattened male elytral declivity, with the lateral margin subacutely elevated only near the apex. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons as in scriptor Blackman except punc- tures smaller. Pronotum as in scriptor except with fewer serrations on anterior margin. Elytra as in scriptor except discal inter- striae 2 and 4 punctured at least on posterior half (to base in some specimens); declivity steeper, more strongly sulcate^ lower declivi- ty more broadly flattened, ventrolateral mar- gin subacutely elevated near apex, interstriae 1 unarmed except with one or two granules near apex, 2 almost three times as wide as 1, 3 more strongly elevated on upper half, much higher than suture, tubercles much larger. Male.— Similar to female except slightly stouter; frons as in male scriptor; declivity more strongly sulcate, lateral elevations high- er on upper half. Distribution.— Utah and Wyoming to Chihuahua and W Texas. 1120 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 USA: Arizona; Arivaca Road, Chiricahua Mts., Lake- side. Colorado: Canyon City, El Paso Co., Glen Eyrie, Poudre Canyon in Larimer Co. Missouri: Union. New Mexico: Vermego. Texas: Big Band N.P., David Mts., Montell. Utah: Kanab, Logan, Provo, River Heights, Springville, Tabiona. Wyoming: Lusk. MEXICO: Chi- huahua: La Pinta. Host.— Rhus trilobata. Biology.— This species breeds in the larger stems of the host. The parental tunnels engrave the wood rather deeply; the egg gal- leries are longer than normal for this genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of virilis and fortis and on 371 other specimens. 175. Pityophthonis hylocuroides Wood Pityophthonis hylocuroides Wood, 1964, Creat Basin Nat. 24:69 (Holotype, female; 11 miles NE Jacala, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from virilis Blackman by the more coarsely punctured female frons and by the more broadly flattened lower male declivity, with the lateral margin subacutely elevated from the apex to above the middle of the declivity. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons similar to virilis except slightly more convex, punctures conspicuously larger, in- terspaces much narrower than diameter of a puncture (twice as wide in virilis). Pronotum and elytral disc as in scriptor. Elytral declivity intermediate between scrip- tor and virilis. Male.— Similar to female except frons about as in male scriptor; declivity as strongly impressed as male virilis except lower area more strongly, more broadly flattened, lateral margin subacutely elevated from apex to more than half distance to base, four or five tubercles on interstriae 3 in normal position but appearing displaced mesad from lateral margin, much as in certain male Hylocurus. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 17 km NE Jacala, 27-VI-53, Rhus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Rhus possibly aromatica. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 176. Pityophthorus costatulus Wood Pityophthorus costatuhts Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:351 (Holotype, female; 18 miles or 29 km W Niltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from costabilis Wood by the smaller average size, by the straight suture 1 of the antennal club, and by declivity interstriae 2 being im- pressed only on the mesal side in the female. Female.— Length 0.9-1.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flattened on a rather narrow area to well above upper level of eyes, slightly ele- vated toward epistomal margin, margins ob- tusely subangulate, laterally separated from margin of eye by distance equal to diameters of four facets; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures moderately coarse, deep, close, spaced by distances equal to less than half diameter of a puncture except more widely spaced on median third near epistoma; vestiture very fine, moderately abundant, uniformly dis- tributed, slightly longer at margins, longest setae equal to about one-fourth distance be- tween eyes. Antennal club small, oval; suture 1 straight, mostly septate, 2 moderately pro- curved, usually not septate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides on basal half almost straight, converging very slightly, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin broadly armed by a subserrate continuous costa; sum- mit at middle, distinct; anterior slope armed by three continuous, subserrate costae, a fourth at summit; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures moderately coarse, rather widely spaced. A row of setae behind each costa; posterior area glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures rather fine, close, deep; interstriae smooth, shining, with a few irregular, in- definite surface lines, twice as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep, convex; striae 1 impressed, 2 not impressed, both with punc- tures smaller than on disc, impressed; inter- striae 1 distinctly, abruptly elevated, armed by a row of fine granules, 2 weakly im- pressed, as wide as 1, with one or two punc- tures near apex and at base, 3 not elevated, rounded, armed by about six fine granules. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, con- sisting of sparse rows of short, stout setae on odd-numbered interstriae. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1121 Male.— Similar to female except frons rather strongly convex, more coarsely punc- tm-ed, transverse impression above epistoma deeper, vestiture much shorter, less abun- dant; declivital interstriae 1 without granules, punctures on declivital striae 1 and 2 smaller. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Jalisco: 16 km W Tizapan, 18-VII-53, The- vetia, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 29 km W Niltepec, 23-VI-67, 30 m, No. 87, Tlwvetia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was removed from the cambium region of leaf-bearing terminal twigs, where it was intermixed with Li- parthrum cracentis Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 24 specimens. In some respects the antennal club of this species resembles that of certain Araptiis more closely than that of other Pityoph- thorus. In the closely related costabilis, how- ever, suture 2 is usually at least feebly sep- tate. This fact, the small size of the club, the tibial characters, habits, and other less tan- gible features suggest placement of these spe- cies in Pityophthorus. The two known species of Araptus having the pronotal asperities ar- ranged concentrically are entirely unrelated to costatus and costabilis both anatomically and biologically. 177. Pityophthorus costabilis Wood Pityophthorus costabilis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:352 (Holotype, female: 10 miles or 16 km W Tizapan, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from costatulus Wood by the larger size, by the much more strongly procurved sutures of the antennal club, by the more coarsely punctured declivital striae in the female, and by the more conspicuous epistomal brush of the male. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark brown, almost black. Frons largely concealed in specimens at hand, evidently similar to costatulus except coarsely punctured, vestiture apparently less abundant, shorter. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 rather strongly procurved, 2 weakly, more distinctly septate near margins. Pronotum about as in costatulus except crest of costae more strongly serrate. Elytra as in costatulus except strial punc- tures slightly larger, deeper; declivital striae 1 and 2 more coarsely punctured, interstriae 1 unarmed, 2 more strongly impressed, 3 rounded, slightly elevated, without granules, vestiture similar but more closely spaced, an occasional seta on interstriae 4, 6, and 8. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in costatulus, with all features more strongly developed; strial punctures on disc half as large as in female, those on declivity minute, interstriae 3 with minute granules. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: 16 km W Tizapan, 18-VI-53, The- vetia. S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in stems 1-2 cm in diameter in association with costatulus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 178. Pityophthorus detentus Wood Pityophthorus detentus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:352 (Holotype, female; Carapan, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the broadly convex elytral declivity, with strial punctures 1 and 2 minute and inter- striae 1 not elevated, and by the male and fe- male frons as described below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons flat to well above eyes, ascending slightly toward epistomal margin on lower fourth, lateral margins subangulate, separated from eye by distance equal to diameter of three facets; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures in central area very small, rather widely spaced, larger and more numerous at mar- gins; vestiture sparse and rather short in cen- tral area, moderately abundant and very long at margin. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, septum in suture 2 almost obsolete. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; out- line about as in costatulus Wood except rows of asperities divided to their bases, not costi- form, impressed points largely obsolete, punctures rather small; anterior margin armed by about 18 serrations. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in costatulus; declivity steep, broadly convex, striae 1 feebly impressed, 1 and 2 minutely 1122 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 punctured, interstriae 1 weakly elevated, unarmed, sparse, punctures minute, 2 not im- pressed, almost twice as wide as 1, 3 not ele- vated, punctures small, widely spaced. Vesti- ture of minute strial setae and with interstrial setae as in costabilis Wood. Male.— Similar to female except frons dis- tinctly impressed, its margin forming a dis- tinctly elevated crest outlining a semicircle from lateral margin of epistoma to slightly above eyes, punctures coarse, not close, vesti- ture short, sparse. Distribution.— Michoacan to Queretaro. MEXICO: Michoacan: Carapan, i8-VI-65, 2300 m, woody vine, S. L. Wood; 10 km E Volcan Pari'cutin, 19- VI-65, 2500 m, probably Toxicodendron, S. L. Wood. Queretaro: 16 km E Landa de Matamores, ll-VI-71, 1800 m, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 31 specimens and on 7 other specimens. 179. Pityophthonis inops Wood Pitijophthorus inops Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:353 (Holotype, female; Rincon, Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— In this species and debilis Wood sutures 1 and 2 on the antennal club are virtually obsolete. This species is distin- guished from debilis by the smaller size, by the strongly reticulate pronotum, by the reti- culate frons, and by other characters in- dicated below. Female.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to slightly above upper level of eyes, lateral margins subangulate, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to diameter of one facet; surface apparently reticulate, oral area pale and covered by short, rather abvmdant hair, upper area with fine, uniformly dis- tributed punctures, upper margin above up- per level of eyes bearing a fringe of very long, yellow hair, tips exceeding epistomal margin. Antennal club subcircular, sutures 1 and 2 moderately procurved, marked only by very obscure lines, not marked by setae. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in costatulus Wood; anterior margin subcostate, with about 14 serrations ob- scurely indicated; summit at middle; anterior slope with two concentric rows of asperities. those near summit largely confused; posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, not close. Vestiture confined to lateral margins and as- perate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures very fine, shallow, spaced within a row by two to four diameters of a puncture; inter- striae smooth, shining, with numerous im- pressed points, about three times as wide as striae. Declivity steep, broadly convex; striae 1 and 2 punctured as on disc; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, a few minute granules ob- scurely indicated, 2 as wide as 1, very feebly impressed, 3 not elevated, armed by a row of very fine granules. Strial setae very short, very fine, confined to posterior half; odd- numbered interstriae with rather sparse, nar- rowly spatulate setae on and near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, a slight transverse im- pression above epistoma, fully reticulate, punctures slightly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon on Osa Peninsula, Puntarenas, ll-VII-66, 30 m. No. 85, unidentified tree limb, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 180. Pityophthorus debilis Wood Pitijophthorus debilis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:354 (Holotype, female; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from iriops Wood by the slightly larger size, by the shining lower frons and pronotum, by the longer setae on the female frons, and by the presence of setae on all interstriae. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons about as in inops except marginal fringe of hair extending from dorsal margin to lower lateral margins, short setae in lower central area apparently absent; surface shin- ing from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Pronotum as in inops except serrations on anterior margin more deeply divided, disc usually shining, obscurely reticulate in some specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1123 Elytra as in inops except strial punctiires slightly larger, declivital interstriae 2 weakly, more distinctly impressed; all interstriae on declivity with erect, blunt setae, except ab- sent on 2 below basal margin. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, with punctures coarse and vestiture very short, sparse, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Chiapas to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas; 15 km SE Teopisca, 14-V-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: San Igiiacio de Acosta, San Jose, 4-VII-a3, 1500 m, No. 28 from unidentified branch. No. 32 from Mauria glauca, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs 1 cm in diameter. The short, longitudi- nal egg galleries engraved the wood deeply. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens and on 10 other specimens. The series from Chiapas differs very slightly but almost certainly is of this species. 181. Pityophthonis juglandis Blackman Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:42 (Holotype, female; Lone Mountain, New Mexico, U.S. Nat. Mus., 41271) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by having four to six concentric rows of pro- notal asperities, by the dull (shagreened) de- clivital surface, and by other characters de- scribed below. Female.- Length 1.5-1.9 mm, 2.8-3.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons flat to plano-concave, slightly ele- vated toward epistomal margin, lateral mar- gins rather abruptly rounded, spaced from margin of eye by distance equal to two to three diameters of a facet; surface smooth, shining, rather finely, closely, uniformly punctured; vestiture rather abmidant, much longer at margins, longest setae equal to half distance between eyes. Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 septate, almost straight. Pronotum 1.10-1.16 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 18 serrations; summit at or slightly in front of middle; anterior slope armed by four to six concentric rows of asperities, each usually broken and often overlapping near median line; posterior area smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, punctures moderately large, rather close. Vestiture minute on disc, longer, and arranged in rows with asperities on anterior slope. Elytra 1.8-1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures in rows, moderately coarse, interstriae smooth, shin- ing, impunctate, about one and one-half times as wide as striae. Declivity steep, very shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, 1 and 2 very finely punctured; interstriae 1 rather wide, moderately elevated, with a very sparse row of fine punctures, 2 as wide as 1, slightly impressed on mesal side, surface smooth, slightly shagreened, 3 with a sparse row of fine punctures. Minute, very short strial setae extend to base; interstrial setae largely confined to declivity, in very sparse rows on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons very broad, strongly concave, more coarsely punctured, vestiture short, less abundant; in- conspicuous; declivital interstriae 1 and 2 each with a row of fine granules. Distribution.— S California and New Mexico to Chihuahua. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Miller Canyon in Huachuca Mts., Paradise, Pefia Blanca, Portal. Califor- nia: San Fernando, Tarzana. New Mexico: Lone Moun- tain. MEXICO: Chihuahua: Ciudad Chihuahua. Host.— Jtiglans californica, J. major, J. nigra. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small branches from July to September. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 73 other specimens. 182. Pityophthorus tenaxyV ood Pityophthorus tenax Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:354 (Holotype, female; Volcan Pacaya, Es- quintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from juglandis Blackman by the absence of long hair on the female frons, by the more abundant, longer interstrial setae on all de- clivital interstriae except 2, by the steeper, more shining declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1124 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons broadly convex, epistomal margin distinctly elevated; surface smooth and shin- ing below upper level of eyes, reticulate above, punctures rather coarse, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. (Upper areas on holotype concealed by pronotum, not fully visible.) Pronotum 1.17 times as long as wide; pro- notum as in juglandis except anterior margin armed by about 10 serrations and punctures on posterior areas slightly larger. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in juglandis except sides on posterior third converging more conspicuously, declivital area narrower; striae as in juglandis except punctures slightly larger, interstriae as wide as striae. Declivity much as in juglandis except striae 1 more strongly impressed, interstriae 2 as- cending laterally more strongly, 1 and 3 without granules; surface smooth, shining, not shagreened. Interstrial setae largely con- fined to declivity, on all interstriae except ab- sent on 2, slightly longer and much more closely spaced than in juglandis. Male.— Similar to female except frons very slightly more strongly convex. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 692, unidentified branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 183. Pityophthorus strictus Wood Pityul)tliorus strictus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:354 (Holotype, female; Santa Ana, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tenax Wood by the presence of a few long setae on the female frons, by the much more finely punctured frons, pronotum, and elytra, and by the different declivity as de- scribed below. Female.— Length 1.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in tenax, with punctures much finer, about a dozen long setae in lateral areas on lower half, a somewhat indistinct median callus above upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; about as in tenax except anterior margin cos- tate, its crest weakly serrate, and posterior areas rather finely punctured. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; as in tenax except strial punctures smaller, interstriae one and one- half times as wide as striae, declivity more strongly convex, striae 1 less strongly im- pressed, interstriae 1 and 3 with very fine granules. Male.— Similar to female except frons very slightly more strongly convex and with- out any long setae. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Santa Ana, San Jose, 30-VIII-63, 1300 111, No. 157, Rheedia edtilis branches, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 184. Pityophthorus franseriae W ood Piti/ohthoriis franseriae Wood, 1971, Great Basin Nat. 31:75 (Holotype, female; 6 miles W High Rolls, Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the obsolete declivital striae 1 and 2, by the presence of setae only on the odd- numbered interstriae, by the distinctive frons in both sexes as described below, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown. Frons flattened on a rather narrow area from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins very obtusely subangulate, separated from eye by distance equal to width of four facets; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine, close, uniformly distributed except al- most impunctate on small median area near epistoma; vestiture of very fine, moderately abundant, rather short hair of uniform distri- bution and length. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; widest behind middle, sides moderately ar- cuate on slightly more than basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by eight subcontiguous, coarse teeth; anterior slope armed by three concentric rows of asperities; posterior area shining, punctures rather fine, deep, moderately sparse, median line impunctate. A few small setae at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, abruptly rounded, then feebly acumi- nate at apex; striae not impressed, punctures 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1125 rather coarse, deep; interstriae almost smooth, almost as wide as striae, impimctate. Declivity steep, very shallow, broadly bisul- cate; surface shining, impimctate; sutural in- terstriae distinctly elevated, 2 shallowly im- pressed, 3 weakly elevated, 2 and 3 each armed by widely spaced, very fine granules. Odd-numbered interstriae on declivity each bearing a row of moderately long, fine setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons with a well-developed transverse carina at vertex, frontal area slightly impressed, with moderately coarse punctures in lateral areas, vestiture less conspicuous, sparse. Distribution.— New Mexico. USA: New Mexico: 6 miles or 10 km W High Rolls, Lincoln N.F., 2-VI-69, Franseria, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the cambium region of small stems less than 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 58 specimens. 185. Pityophthorus nanus Wood Pihjophthorus nanus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:64 (Holotype, female; Totolapan, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the unique mustachelike female frontal pubescence, by the absence of granules on declivital interstriae 1, and by other charac- ters indicated below. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons broadly convex; surface smooth, shining, rather densely, finely pimctured on area below upper level of eyes; vestiture of fine, abundant, very long, uniformly dis- tributed hair on lower two-thirds of area be- low upper level of eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides straight and converging very slightly on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin a serrate costa; summit slightly anterior to middle; an- terior slope armed by four concentric rows of basally fused asperities; posterior areas smooth, shining, some very minute impressed points usually present, punctures fine, rather shallow. Vestiture consisting of rows of setae behind asperities and minute, sparse setae on sides, disc glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly roimded behind; striae not impressed, punctures mod- erately coarse, rather close; interstriae smooth, shining, two to two and one-half times as wide as striae. Declivity steep, shal- lowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, punctures not evident, 2 not impressed, punctures about half as large as on disc, clearly impressed, in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, unarmed, punctures not clearly evident, 2 moderately impressed on median side, gradually, weakly ascending laterally, surface smooth, shining, about one and one-half times as wide as 1, 3 convexly rounded, with a few setiferous punctures similar to those of striae. Vestiture confined to odd-numbered declivital inter- striae, short, sparse. Male.— Similar to female except frons shallowly, transversely impressed from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, sometimes sub- concave in central area, a distinct median callus at upper level of eyes, vestiture short, fine, inconspicuous; upper half of declivity more strongly impressed, lateral margins much higher than suture and armed by two or three fine to moderately coarse denticles. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Chiapas: Junction Highways 190 and 195, 12-V-69, D. E. Bright. Jalisco: Barra de Navidad, IX-65, N. L. H. Krauss; 21 km N Juchitlan, 2-VI1-64, 1000 m, No. 180, Btirsera, S. L. Wood; 42 km N Rosamorada, 15- VlI-65, 100 m. No. 253. Bursera. S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 13 km SE Cameron, 21-V1-67, No. 75, Bursera, S. L. Wood; Totolapan, 7-VII-53 and 20-VI-67, 1100 m, Bursera. S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 9 specimens and on 38 other specimens. 186. Pityophthorus galeritus Wood Pityophthorus galeritus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:355 (Holotype, female; Rio Damitas in the Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanus Wood by the more extensively distributed female frontal vestiture, by the less strongly impressed male frons, by the more shallowly sulcate male declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.1-1.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1126 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons plano-convex on a rather limited area from epistoma to well above eyes, later- al margins rounded, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of four fac- ets; surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely, closely punctured; vestiture fine, moderately abundant, uniformly distributed, of uniform length, rather short. Pronotum as in nanus except posterior areas with numerous strongly impressed points, punctures deeper, evidently very slightly larger. Elytra as in nanus except strial punctures on disc closer, deeper, declivity slightly nar- rower, appearing deeper, interstriae 3 higher than 1, 1 and 3 armed by very fine tubercles, vestiture confined to declivital area on all in- terstriae except 2, setae much stouter, more closely spaced. Male.— Similar to female except frons subconcavely impressed on median half of area between epistoma and upper level of eyes, upper margin transversely subcarinate, surface smooth, shining, coarsely pimctured, vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous; declivital setae slightly stouter. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 18- 11-64, 250 m, No. 434, Rheedia edulis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in the cambium region of a tree 25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 187. Pityophthorus nebulosus Wood Pityophthorus nebulosus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:355 (Holotype, female; Lake Catemaco, Vera- cniz, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanus Wood by the very different fe- male frons, by the smaller elytral punctures, and by the much more shallowly sulcate declivity. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons transversely impressed from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, upper margin subangulate; surface shining, rather coarsely, closely punctured except sparsely on small central area; vestiture of moderately abun- dant, rather long hair about uniformly dis- tributed over impressed area. Pronotum as in nanus except asperities in less definite rows, punctures on disc slightly smaller, disc more shagreened. Elytra as in nanus except discal punctures smaller, declivital sulcus very shallow, inter- striae 2 flat, 1 as high as 3, shagreened. Vesti- ture confined to odd-numbered declivity in- terstriae, sparse, each seta flattened on its apical third, appearing narrowly spatulate. Male.— Similar to female except slightly smaller, frontal impression restricted to lower half, deeper, punctures less abundant, more uniformly distributed, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; declivital impression wider, distinctly deeper (but much less strongly im- pressed than in nanus), lateral convexities unarmed or with very minute granules. Distribution.— VeracRiz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 1-3-V-69, Bur- sera, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 188. Pityophthorus indigens Wood Pityophthorus indigens Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:361 (Holotype, female; 2 miles or 3 km W Ar- meria, Colima, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nanus Wood by the much more feebly sulcate elytral declivity, by the very different frons in both sexes, and by other characters described below. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons flattened to well above eyes, ascend- ing slightly at epistomal margin; lateral mar- gins abruptly angulate, separated from mar- gin of eye by distance equal to width of two facets; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine, not close, uniformly distributed; vesti- ture of fine hair, those in central area of moderate length, those on margin twice as long, tips of longest setae on upper margin reach epistomal margin. Pronotum 1.06 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in nanus except anterior margin more narrowly rounded, serrations more re- stricted to median area, punctures on posteri- or areas less numerous, slightly smaller. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum, essentially as in nanus except declivity more strongly convex, striae 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1127 1 narrowly, rather deeply impressed, punc- tures on 1 and 2 smaller, interstriae 2 narrow- er, ascending more abruptly laterally, 1 and 3 without granules. Male.— Similar to female except shallow- ly, transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, its upper margin broadly, obtusely, sub- carinate, surface rather coarsely, sparsely punctured, impressed area ornamented by sparse, very long hair. Distribution.— Jalisco to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Colima: 3 km W Armeria, 28-VI-65, 70 m. No. 129, Bursera, S. L. Wood. Jalisco: 21 km N Juch- itlan, 2-VI1-65, 1000 m. No. 180, Bursera, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 29 km W Niltepec, 2.3-V1-67, .30 m. No. 88, Bur- sera, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small dying branches on the living host tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 189. Pityophthorus burserae Wood Pityophthorus burserae Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:362 (Holotype, female; Atenquique, Jalisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from indigens Wood by the larger size, by the longer, more abundant vestiture on the female frons, and by other characters men- tioned below. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in indigens except central area al- most impunctate and glabrous, extending higher on vertex, marginal setae longer. Pronotum and elytra essentially as in in- digens except elytral declivity narrowly, more deeply sulcate, lateral convexities slightly higher than suture, interstriae setae on all declivital interstriae except upper two- thirds of 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male indigens. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Atenquique, 24-V1-65. 1000 m. No. 114, Bursera, S. L. Wood; 21 km N Juchitlan, 2-VI1-65, 1000 m, No. 180, Bursera, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small, dying branches on living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 190. Pityophthorus germanus Bright Pityophthorus germanus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:434 (Holotype, male?; 154 km or 92 miles N Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll. 15083) Diagnosis.— The large size, the sparse, subconcentric pronotal asperities, and the strongly impressed declivity distinguish this species. Male.— Length 2.7 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons largely concealed by pronotum; lower half broadly convex, its surface smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, spaced by one to three diameters of a puncture, vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, arcuately converging to con- striction just behind rather narrowly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by 12 coarse serrations; summit at middle; ante- rior slope with asperities rather sparse, ob- scurely subconcentric in arrangement; poste- rior area smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points; punctures moderately coarse, spaced by one to three diameters of a puncture. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, abruptly rounded, almost straight on median half behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly, pimctures rather small, close, in rows except 1 and 2 slightly staggered; interstriae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impressed points obscure,a few punctures on posterior half ex- cept to base on 1. Declivity very steep, strongly impressed; striae 1 and 2 impressed to apex, punctures only slightly smaller than on disc; interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, armed by a row of tubercles, 2 as wide as 1, flat, strongly impressed, smooth, shining, two or three small tubercles near apex, 3 abrupt- ly, strongly elevated, a double or staggered row of tubercles on inner margin and slope, striae 3 and interstriae 4 on broadly rounded summit. Vestiture of fine, long, interstrial setae, shorter and stouter in impressed area of declivity. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 154 km N Oaxaca, 18-V-71, black- light, D. E. Bright. 1128 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 191. Pityophthonis obtusipennis Blandford Pityophthonis obtusipennis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):240 (Lectotype, male; Bal- heu, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. .30:184) Diagnosis.— This unique species has the frons convex and without conspicuous vesti- ture or other features; the declivity is also unique as described below. Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression immediately above epistoma; sur- face smooth, shining, punctures coarse, deep, close; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides weakly arcuate, almost parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 serrations; summit at middle, dis- tinct; anterior slope armed by about three subconcentric rows of asperities (variable, oc- casionally confused); posterior areas almost smooth, usually with impressed points, punc- tures fine to rather coarse, moderately close. Vestiture moderately abundant or restricted to margins and asperate areas, sparse. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures in rows, varying from small to moder- ately coarse; interstriae smooth, shining, once to twice as wide as striae, odd-numbered in- terstriae pimctured at least on posterior third (often to base). Declivity steep, broadly im- pressed, sulcus between striae 2 extending to middle of elytra; striae 1 and 2 coarsely, deeply punctured; interstriae 1 weakly ele- vated, usually unarmed, less commonly with a few small granules, 2 as wide as 1, dis- tinctly impressed, impunctate, 3 rather strongly elevated, much higher than suture, reaching summit almost on striae 3, armed by 6-8 rather coarse serrations. Vestiture of fine, rather short strial hair, and interstrial setae on posterior half or more, mostly on odd- numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female in all respects; vestiture evidently more abundant and longer. Distribution.— Nayarit and Hidalgo to Guatemala. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Jacala, 18-1-36, Pinus lawsonii, D. DeLeon. Michoacan: 33 km W Morelia, 16-VI-65, 2300 m. No. 62, Pinus, S. L. Wood; 29 km W Quiroga, 16- VI- 65, 2200 m. No. 74, Pinus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Balhue, Verapaz. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes and on 39 other specimens. 192. Pityophthorus euterpes Bright Pitijophthonis euterpes Bright, 1978, Great Basin Nat. .38:75 (Holotype, male; 21 miles or .33 km W La- zardo Cardenas, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obtusipennis Blandford by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, and by slight differences on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytra as in obtusi- pennis except lateral convexities of elytral declivity higher and usually more narrowly rounded (thinner). Male.— Similar to female except lateral convexities on declivity sometimes more broadly rounded (thicker). Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: .33 km W Lazardo Cardenas, 26- VI-69, Pinus oocarpa, D. E. Bright; Ocosingo Valley, 2- VII-50, L. V. Stannard. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 193. Pityophthonis occhisus Bright Pityophthorus ocdusus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. ■36:437 (Holotype, female; Yuscaran, Paraiso, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obtusipennis Blandford by the smaller size, by the subaciculate frons, and by the slightly different elytral declivity as de- scribed below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons as in obtusipennis except sub- aciculate on lower half. 1982 CoRTHYLIxNl: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1129 Pronotum as in obtusipennis except poste- rior areas very finely punctured (somewhat variable). Elytra as in obtusipennis except declivity less strongly impressed, areas lateral to inter- striae 3 on lower half usually somewhat flat- tened and usually armed by three or four small tubercles. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— Nayarit to Honduras. MEXICO: Nayarit: Laguna Santa Maria, 6-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 204, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: Noch- ixtlan, 17-V1-67, No. 56, Pinus, S. L. Wood. HON- DURAS: Paraiso: San Lucas, 22-IV-64, 750 m, No. 524, P. oocarpa, S. L. Wood; Yuscaran, 23-IV-64, 750 ni. No. 519, P. oocarpa, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 35 specimens. 194. Pityophthorus speciosus Wood Pitijophthorus speciosus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:215 (Holotype, female; 15 miles or 24 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from assitus Wood by the smooth, shining frons that is transversely impressed on its lower half and by differences on the pro- notum and elytra as described below. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons smooth, shining, punctures coarse, close, deep, transversely impressed from epis- toma to slightly below upper level of eyes, upper area convex; vestiture short, inconspicuous. Pronotum about as in assitus except trans- versely much more broadly arched, smooth, shining, with numerous, rather large, im- pressed points, punctures very small. Elytra about as in assitus except surface smooth, brightly shining, declivital interstriae 2 strongly impressed and narrower. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km S Valle Nacional, 20-V-71, 4000 ft, D. E. Bright; 147 km N Oaxaca, 18-V-71, black- light, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was bsed on the type series of 10 specimens. 195. Pityophthorus assitus Wood Pityophthorus assitus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:214 (Holotype, female; Lagos de Colores, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from morosus Wood by the larger size, by the stouter body, by the strongly reticulate head and pronotum, and by the more strongly im- pressed declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 1.9-2.2 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in morosus except strongly reticulate. Elytra as in morosus except strial punc- tures smaller, not as deep, in slightly irregu- lar rows, a few interstrial pimctures present on posterior half of disc, declivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed on its lateral half, strial setae slightly longer. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lagos des Colores, I7-V-69, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: 24 km S Valle Nacional, 20-V-71, 4000 ft, b. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 61 specimens in the type series and on 6 other specimens. 196. Pityophthorus morosus Wood Pityophthorus morosus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. .36:362 (Holotype, female; Zaniorano, Morazan, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from paulus Wood by the distinctly, moder- ately arcuate sutures 1 and 2 of the antennal club, by the absence of a median callus on the vertex, and by other characters men- tioned below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a feeble, transverse impression in some specimens; surface smooth and shining on lower half, reticulate above, reticulation on vertex often trans- versely etched, punctures rather fine, never confluent, median callus feebly developed or absent; vestiture fine, sparse, short, incon- spicuous. Antennal club conspicuously longer than scape; sutures 1 and 2 slightly arcuate. Pronotum as in pauhis except discal punc- tures much smaller, impressed points minute, less abundant; asperities varying from sub- concentric to confused. Elytra as in pauhis except surface smooth- er, punctures much smaller, interstriae twice as wide as striae, impressed points on declivi- ty less abundant and minute to absent, vesti- ture usually shorter, stouter. 1130 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Veracruz to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocozocoautla, Tapilula, Teopisca. Veracruz: 14 km E Huatusco, 7-VII-67, 250 m. No. 175, cut sapling, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 601, woody vine, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Zamorano, Morazan,'l8-IV-64, 700 m. No. 554, Eiipatoriiim dalioides, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The Huatusco series formed large nuptial chambers in the cambium re- gion, from which as many as 18 short egg tunnels radiated. Twenty-two specimens were removed from one system of galleries, including several males. Collections of other series were represented only by brood; con- sequently, this mating habit could not be verified. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 30 specimens and on 48 other specimens. 197. Pityophthorus borrichiae Wood Pityophthorus borrichiae Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:60 (Holotype, female; Key Largo, Florida; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from paulus Wood by the smaller size, by the smaller antennal club, which is as short or shorter than the scape, by the smaller strial punctures, and by the shorter elytral setae. Female.— Length 1.1-1.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in paulus except surface smooth, shining, with punctures small, rather widely spaced. Antennal club smaller, usually short- er than scape. Pronotum as in paulus except surface sub- reticulate, punctures smaller, asperities al- ways in concentric rows. Elytra as in paulus except surface of disc smooth, impressed points almost obsolete, strial punctures smaller, interstriae two to four times as wide as striae, vestiture fine, shorter, more nearly restricted to declivity. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Florida. USA; Florida: Key Largo, 25-VI-51, 2 m, Borrichia ar- borescens and B. frutescens, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. 198. Pityophthorus paulus Wood Pityophthorus paulus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:63 (Holotype, female; 24 miles NE Jacala, Hi- dalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from morosus Wood by the straight sutures on the antennal club, by the presence of a conspicuous median frontal callus above the eyes, by the more coarsely punctured frons with many punctures confluent, and by the more slender, longer, elytral setae. The pro- notal asperities may be either confused or subconcentric. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, with a conspicuous, impunc- tate, transversely etched, median callus from upper level of eyes to vertex, its lower ex- tremity ending abruptly; surface transversly etched above, becoming subreticulate below to near epistoma, punctures coarse, close, many of them confluent; vestiture fine, short, inconspicuous. Antennal club moderately large, as long as or slightly longer than scape. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; out- line as in nanus Wood; asperities on anterior slope varying from one or two concentric rows to entirely confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, impressed points large, very numerous, punctures coarse, deep. Vestiture as in nanus. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures moderately coarse, deep; interstriae shining, somewhat wrinkled, with numerous im- pressed points, varying from once to almost twice width of striae. Declivity steep, rather strongly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely, deeply punctured; interstriae 1 moderately, abruptly elevated, armed by a sparse row of moderately large granules, 2 as wide as 1, deeply impressed, smooth, shining, with impressed points and one or two seti- ferous punctures near apex, 3 rather strongly elevated, summit rather broadly convex, its mesal margin armed by a row of moderately small granules. Vestiture of rather fine, mod- erately long interstrial setae, mostly on or near declivity, except a few in lateral areas extend to base; less abundant on even- numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Chihuahua and Hidalgo to Chiapas. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1131 MEXICO: Chiapas: Ocozocoautla, Tapilula, Teopisca. Chihuahua: Maguarichic. Hidalgo; Jacala, Pachuca. Michoacan: Carapan. San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi. Tlaxcala: Tlaxco. Host.— Apparently Baccharus sp. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens and on 132 other specimens. This species is somewhat variable, and it is possible that morostis and borrichiae are noth- ing more than well-marked geographical races of this form. Much more material from additional localities will be required for a proper evaluation of this complex. 199. Pityophthorus molestus Wood Pitijophthonis rnolestu.s Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:362 (Holotvpe, female; Los Abritos, San Luis Potosi, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from Imitus Eichhoff by the presence of a median frontal carina, by the more shallowly sulcate declivity, and by the longer elytral setae. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons weakly convex, with a weak median carina from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface shining, with indistinct fine lines and punctures, more coarsely punctured above eyes; vestiture of fine, short, sparse, hair. Pronotum and elytral disc as in lautus. Elytral declivity as in lautus except inter- striae 2 very slightly less strongly impressed, vestiture much longer. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— San Luis Potosi. MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: Los Abritos (east of Ciu- dad del Maiz), 18-VI-53, Liquidambar siyraciflua, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 200. Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff Pityophthorus lautus Eichhoff, 1872, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 15:1.35 (Holotype, sex?; Americae bo- reali, apparently lost with Hamburg Mus.; Neo- type, female; Morgantown, West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus.. by Bn^ght, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:427) Pityophthorus rhois Swaine, 1917, Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1):26 (Holotype. sex?; Ithaca, New York; Canadian Nat. Coll., 1379); Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:427. Synonymy Pityophthorus natalis Blackman, 1921, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:8 (Lectotype, male?. Ag- ricultural College, Mississippi; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated by Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:183); Bright. 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:427. Synonytny Pityophthorus rhois var. swainei Blackman, 1922, Mis- sissippi .^gric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:103 (Syn- types; .Agricultural College and Wallerville, Mis- sissippi; U.S. Nat. Mus.). No status Pityophthorus rhois var. hamamelidus Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:39 (Syntypes; Hancock Co., West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus.). No status Pityophthorus rhois var. acerini Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:39 (Syntypes; Monongalia Co., West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus.). No status Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from molestus Wood by the transversely im- pressed lower frons that lacks a median ca- rina and by the shorter elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly convex, transversely im- pressed on lower third, epistoma distinctly elevated; surface shining, closely, rather coarsely, deeply punctured; vestiture of fine, short, sparse hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight and parallel, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; summit at middle, distinct; asperities in sub- concentric rows, not always clearly defined; posterior areas smooth, shining, with numer- ous impressed points, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close. Vestiture confined to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly near declivity, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impimctate except sparse punctures on 1 and at margin of declivity. Declivity steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 rather coarsely, deeply punctured, 1 distinctly impressed; interstriae 1 abruptly, moderately elevated, with sparse, fine gran- ules at summit, 2 as wide as 1, moderately impressed, smooth, shining, impunctate, 3 1132 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 convex, as high as 1, with a row of fine gran- ules. Vestiture largely confined to declivital area, of minute strial setae and moderately short interstrial setae, less abundant on even- numbered interstriae, absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except declivital sulcus slightly deeper. Distribution.— Minnesota and Quebec to Kansas and Mississippi. CANADA: Ontario: Prince Edward Co. Quebec: Ste. Annas, Wakefield. USA: District of Columbia: Washing- ton. Indiana: Shoals. Kansas: Lawrence. Maine: Kittery Point. Maryland: Plummer's Island, University Park. Massachusetts: Springfield. Michigan: Detroit. Min- nesota: Atkin, Houston Co., Winona Co. Mississippi: Starkville, Wallerville. Missouri: Union. New Jersey: Five-mile Beach, Red Bank. New York: Cranberry Lake, Green Lakes, Ithaca, Syracuse, Warrensbury, West Point. North Carolina: Boardman, Durham. Ohio: Pick- away Co. Pennsylvania: Essington, Humnielstown. Vir- ginia: Falls Church, Vienna, Virginia Beach. West Vir- ginia: Charleston, Hancock Co., Little Falls, Kanawha Co., Marion Co., Monongalia Co., Morgantown, Ros- slyn. Wood Co. Hosts.— Acer saccharum, Cercis cana- densis, Hamamelis sp., Juglans nigra, Picea sp., Pinus strobus, Rhus typhina, R. radicans. Biology.— Specimens were taken in stems 2-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the neotype of lautus, on the holotypes of rhois and natalis, on the specimens compared by Eggers to the type of lautus before the type was destroyed, on Blackman's series on which he based his morphological varieties, and on 537 other specimens. The varieties swainei, Iiamanielidis, and acerini were based on intrapopulational variants and, con- sequently, have no status in nomenclature. 201. Pityophthorus sambuci Blackman Fig. 200 Pityophthorits sambuci Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:207 (Holotype, male?; Jalisco, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., .55982) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diligens Wood by the more narrowly impressed declivity, with the lateral con- vexities more broadly rounded, by the weakly impressed lower frons that lacks a carina, and by other characters described below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a slight, transverse impression below upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, rather coarsely punctured; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.03 times as long as wide; out- line essentially as in lautus Eichhoff, except anterior margin armed by 8-10 serrations; posterior areas weakly subreticulate, coarsely, deeply, rather closely punctured. Vestiture as in lautus, disc glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in lautus; striae not impressed, punctures in rows, moderately coarse, rather deep; inter- striae one and one-half times as wide as striae; surface shining, irregular, obscurely reticulate in a few small areas, impunctate except near declivity. Declivity steep, rather shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 with punc- tures half as large as on disc; interstriae 1 rather weakly, abruptly elevated, sparsely, minutely punctured, 2 moderately impressed, one and one-half times as wide as 1, very weakly reticulate, impunctate, 3 very slightly higher than 1, rather broadly convex, with a row of punctures similar to those of striae. Vestiture confined to declivital areas on odd- numbered interstriae except one or two setae at base of declivity on 2. Male.— Similar to female except trans- verse frontal impression slightly stronger. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: state record, 29-IX-39, Sambucus branches. "Mexico at N.Y. 6-V-40." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on six paratypes. 202. Pityophthorus diligens Wood Pityophthorus diligens Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:363 (Holotype, female; 16 km or 10 miles E Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sambuci Blackman by the more broadly impressed elytral declivity, with the lateral convexities more abruptly rounded, by the more strongly, more extensively impressed frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons broadly convex, almost flat on me- dian part of lower half, often with upper margin of impressed area abrupt or obscurely subcarinate; surface smooth, shining, rather finely punctured; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1133 Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; out- line as in sambuci; anterior margin costate; posterior areas almost smooth, shining, very obscurely subreticulate, punctures rather fine, deep, not close. Vestiture as in sambuci, disc glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in sambuci except strial punctures deeper, surface smoother, without any reticulation. Declivity steep, shallowly bisulcate; as in sambuci except punctures on striae 1 and 2 as large as on disc, appearing slightly more broadly impressed, with lateral convexities more abruptly rounded, more deeply im- pressed in some specimens; vestiture finer. Male.— Similar to female except frons and declivital sulcus more distinctly impressed. Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: -16 km E Pachuca, lO-VI-67, 2600 m. No. 186, desert shrub, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 203. Pityophthorus corruptus Wood Pityophthorus corruptus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:363 (Holotype, female; Matamoros, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lautus Eichhoff by the larger size, by the different frons in both sexes, and by other minor differences described below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons plano-convex to upper level of eyes, more strongly convex above; surface almost smooth and shining on lower half, punctures moderately coarse, not close, becoming close- ly granulate-pimctate above eyes; vestiture of rather sparse, almost uniformly distributed, moderately long hair. Pronotum and elytra as in lautus except elytral declivity steeper, interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, interstriae 3 con- spicuously higher than 1. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons moderately, transversely im- pressed, surface more coarsely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 5 km or 3 miles S Matamoros, 14- VI-67, 2000 m, No. 34, Toxicodendron, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a climbing poison ivy vine. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 27 specimens. 204. Pityophthorus liquidambarus Blackman Pityophtliorus liquidambarus Blackman, 1921, Mis- sissippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:14 (Lec- totype, female; Mound, Louisiana; U.S. Nat. Mus., designated bv Bright, 1976, Coleopt. Bull. 30:183) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lautus Eichhoff by the sexually dimor- phic, very different frons and by the narrow- er elytral declivity that is not as steep on the lower half. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Fig. 209. Protibiae of Corthylini spp.: 94, Con- ophthorus ponderosae; 95, Pityophthorus arnplus; 96, Pi- tyophthorus ramiperda; 97, Pityotrichus barbatus: 98, Pi- tyophthorus nitidus { = anceps); 99, Pseudopityophthorus pubipennis; 100, Pityophthorus boycei; 101, Pityoph- thorus pinguus. (After Blackman 1928:179.) 1134 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons plano-convex from epistoma to well above eyes, lateral margins rather abruptly rounded; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures very minute, sparse; vestiture very sparse and short in central area, long and rather sparse on lateral and dorsal margins. Pronotum and elytra as in lautus except posterior third of elytra, including declivity, distinctly narrower, declivity not as steep on lower half; declivital vestiture finer, evi- dently less abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed on lower third, rather strongly convex above, coarsely, closely, deeply punctured; declivity slightly more strongly impressed. Distribution.— Arkansas and West Vir- ginia to Louisiana and Florida. USA: Arkansas: Texarkana. Connecticut: Milford. Dis- trict of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Haw Creek, Mariana, Monticello, Suwannee Springs. Georgia: Rice- boro. Savannah. Louisiana: Mound. Mississippi: Corinth, Fulton, Hattiesburg, luka, Meridian, Ripley, Starksville. North Carolina: Boardman, Chadbourn, Durham, Tryon. West Virginia: Charleston, Jackson Co. Host.— Liquidambar styraciflua. Biology.— Specimens were taken from limbs and boles 6-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype and on 229 other specimens. 205. Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman Pityophthorus crinalis Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:41 (Holotype, female; Washington, D.C.; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41270) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lautus Eichhoff by the more slender body form, by the very different female frons, and by the slightly different elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons basically flat, a slight transverse im- pression on lower half, surface brilliantly shining, smooth, impunctate; dorsal margin with a dense fringe of long, yellow hair. Pronotum (1.1 times as long as wide) and elytra (1.7 times as long as wide) essentially as in lautus except declivital vestiture slightly more abimdant and present on all in- terstriae except 2 on face. Male.— Similar to female except frons as in male liquidambarus. Distribution.— Michigan and West Vir- ginia to Indiana and Florida. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Haw Creek, Mariana. Indiana: Indianapolis. Kentucky: Barbourville. Maryland: Bladensburg. Michigan: De- troit. North Carolina: Fletcher. West Virginia: Jefferson Co., Kanawha Station. Hosts.— Toxicodendron vernix. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 102 other specimens. 206. Pityophthorus acuminatus (Schedl) Neopityophthorus acuminatus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:346 (Syntypes, fe- male; Tuxtepec, Oaxaca and Finca la Florida, Chiapas; Schedl and Dampf colls.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vesculus Wood by the dull, reticulate pronotum, with obscure punctures, by the more slender elytral setae, by the sparse in- conspicuous female frontal vestiture, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons evenly convex from eye to eye from slightly above epistoma to vertex, a distinct, transverse impression immediately above epistoma; surface reticulate on upper three- fourths, smooth, shining below, punctures coarse, rather close; vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.08 times as long as wide; sides almost subparallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about a dozen low, basally subcon- tiguous serrations; summit indefinite, slightly in front of middle; asperities on anterior half rather coarse, confused; posterior areas fine- ly, strongly reticulate, punctures fine, shal- low, somewhat obscure. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in vesculus; striae not impressed, pimctures fine, distinct, spaced by diameter of a puncture; interstriae three to four times as wide as striae, smooth, brightly shining, with moderately abundant impressed points, punctures absent except at base of declivity. Declivity steep, convex ex- cept narrowly, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 impressed, punctures on all striae as on disc but slightly deeper; interstriae 1 slightly ele- vated, armed by a row of about 10 small granules, 2 as wide as 1, with impressed points, no punctures, slightly impressed, 3 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1135 about as high as 1, armed as on 1. Vestiture confined to dechvital interstriae except ab- sent on 2, setae slender, about twice as long as distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Honduras. MEXICO: Chiapas: Finca La Florida. Oaxaca: Tuxte- pec. Tabasco; 23 km or 14 miles W Cardenas, 26-VI-67, 30 m, bark of log, S. L. Wood. HONDUR.^S: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 29-V to 28-VI-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of Schedl and on 21 other specimens. 207. Pityophthorus vesculus Wood Pityophthorus vesculus Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:401 (Holotype, female; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from acuminatiis (Schedl) by the smooth, shining, more coarsely punctured pronotum, by the much stouter, almost spatulate inter- strial setae on tlie elytral declivity, and by the more abundant, much longer pubescence on the female frons. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons flattened to well above eyes, margins rounded, separated from eye by distance equal to diameters of three facets; epistomal margin gradually, distinctly elevated; surface smooth, shining, densely, finely pimctured; vestiture of fine, moderately abundant, uni- formly distributed setae, little if any longer at margins. Eye normal, rather finely faceted. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about 12 low serra- tions; summit rather indefinite, anterior to middle; asperities on anterior slope confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, pimctures moderately coarse, numerous impressed points present. Glabrous except on asperate area. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather strongly acumi- nate behind; striae not impressed, except 1 feebly, pimctures rather coarse, close, deep; interstriae slightly wider than striae, smooth, shining, with a few obscure impressed points, impunctate except near declivity. Declivity steep, shallowly bisulcate; striae 1 and 2 with punctures almost as coarse as on declivity; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, granules min- ute, almost obsolete, 2 shallowly impressed, as wide as 1, smooth, shining, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, armed on upper half by two small, pointed tubercles. Vestiture confined to declivity, of stout, rather short, interstrial setae, absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a slight transverse impression on lower third, surface smooth, shining, coarsely punctured, vestiture inconspicuous; declivital sulcus stronger, tubercles on interstriae 1 and 3 distinctly larger, declivital vestiture much stouter, almost spatulate. Distribution.— Panama. P.\N.\MA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m. No. 325, bole 25 cm in diameter, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 208. Pityophthorus sparsepilosus (Schedl) Gnathophorus sparsepilosus Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:343 (Syntypes, female; Hamburgfarm on Ri'o Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from acuminatus (Schedl) by the larger size, by the shagreened pronotal disc, by the rounded elytral apex, by the abundant vesti- ture on the female frons, and by the very coarsely faceted eyes. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons rather narrow, almost flat on upper three-fourths, moderately ascending on lower fourth to epistomal margin; surface shining rather densely, very finely punctured on mar- ginal areas, more sparsely punctured in cen- tral area; vestiture dense and rather long on lateral and upper margins, much shorter and rather sparse on central area, longest setae equal in length to half distance between eyes. Eyes large, very coarsely faceted. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about a dozen low, basally contiguous serrations; low summit well in front of middle; asperities on anterior slope rather small, confused; posterior areas shagreened, punctures small, shallow, not sharply impressed. Glabrous. 1136 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed except 1 slightly, punctures moderately coarse, shallow; interstriae two to three times as wide as striae, smooth, shining, impressed points minute, obscure, punctures absent. De- clivity rather steep, shallowly bisulcate; strial punctures smaller than on disc, striae 1 im- pressed; interstriae slightly shagreened, 1 dis- tinctly elevated, with two or three punctures, 2 moderately impressed on mesal side, 2 as wide as 1, impunctate, 3 as high as 1, with a row of very fine punctures. Vestiture con- fined to odd-numbered declivital interstriae, sparse, rather stout. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly (transversely) convex, a distinct sum- mit at upper level of eyes, surface smooth, shining, punctures coarse, close, vestiture short, sparse, inconspicuous; serrations on an- terior margin of pronotum much larger in median area, punctures on disc rather coarse, longitudinally almost subaciculate; declivity more strongly, more broadly sulcate, tu- bercles on interstriae 1 and 3 (two or three on each) moderately coarse, pointed. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon; Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m, No. 465, tree limb {Protittm?), S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Schedl syntypes and on eight other specimens. Because my specimens were asso- ciated in the same limb wiihCainptocerus aeneipennis, it is presumed the host was Protium. 209. Pityophthorus subsimilis Schedl Pitijoplithorus subsimilis Schedl, 1955, Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:25 (Lectotype, male; G. Ciudad, Guate- mala; Schedl Coll., designated by Bright, 1976) Pihjophthorus subimpressus Bright, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:441 (Holotype, female; 32 miles or 51 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Oaxaca; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. .37:210. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from delicatus Wood by the flat female frons, by the much narrower declivital sulcus, and by the (frequently) subconcentric arrange- ment of the pronotal asperities. It is probably more closely related to attenuatus Blackman, but the host clearly distinguishes them. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in attenuatus except flattened area a bit more extensive, punctures slightly larger, vestiture moderately abundant, uni- formly distributed, fine, very long (variable). Pronotum as in attenuatus except aspe- rities either confused or concentric (with all degrees of intermediacy represented), poste- rior areas smoother, usually obscurely shagreened. Elytra as in attenuatus except declivital striae 2 much more distinctly punctured, in- terstriae 2 not as wide and impressed only at striae 1, ascending laterally, interstriae 3 with punctures very feebly granulate, surface of declivity usually and disc occasionally shagreened. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to up- per level of eyes, a conspicuous transverse impression at its upper limit, surface smooth, shining, moderately punctured, vestiture in- conspicuous; declivity distinctly more strong- ly impressed, granules on interstriae 3 slightly larger. Distribution.— Puebla to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lagos des Colores, 14-VI-69, D. E. Bright; 15 km SE Teopisca, 14-V-69, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: 51 km S Valle Nacional, 21-V 71, Pinits, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 153, Pintis, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the lectotype of subsimilis and on the type series of 65 specimens of subimpressus. 210. Pityophthorus attenuatus Blackman Pityophthorus attenuatus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:222 (Holotype,female; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55996) Pityophthorus pusillus Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:62 (Holotvpe, female; 9 miles or 14 km S Zimapan, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1978, Great Basin Nat. 38:397. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Among those species with the pronotal asperities arranged in concentric rows, this species is uniquely distinguished by the slender body form and the subacuminate elytral apex. Female.— Length 1.2-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1137 Frons flattened on a rather small, semi- circular area from epistoma to well above eyes, margins obtusely abrupt, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of four facets, epistomal margin slightly elevated; surface smooth, shining, finely, rather closely, uniformly punctured; vestiture very fine, uniformly distributed (sometimes appearing partly divided along median line), short, longest setae equal in length to less than one-fourth distance be- tween eyes (Guatemalan series with slightly longer, more abundant setae). Antennal club small, sutures straight, 1 completely, 2 partly septate. Pronotum 1.14 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 12-14 serrations; summit distinctly in front of middle; anterior slope with three concentric rows of asperities; pos- terior areas shining, usually smooth, limited reticulation sometimes present; punctures rather fine to moderately coarse (variable). Posterior half glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather strongly acumi- nate behind; striae not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, interstriae smooth, shin- ing, as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity rather steep, moderately bisulcate; striae 1 obsolete, 2 with minute punctures; interstriae 1 abruptly, moderately elevated, armed by a sparse row of fine granules, 2 twice as wide as 1, rather strongly impressed but ascending slightly on its lateral half, 3 rather narrowly rounded and armed by about four small gran- ules. Minute strial setae extend to base; odd- numbered interstriae on declivity, each with a sparse row of moderately long setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex to moderately, trans- versely impressed below upper level of eyes, upper margin of impression rounded to trans- versely subcarinate. Distribution.— Jalisco and Veracruz to Guatemala. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima. Hidalgo: Ziniapan. Michoacan: Quiroga. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City. Host.— A composite shrub. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of attenuatus and pusillus and on 1 13 other specimens. The holotype of suhimpressus and the lec- totype of siibsimilis were compared to long series from southern Mexico that are almost or are entirely identical. Nevertheless, series of this form and of attenuatus are sufficiently variable that it is uncertain as to whether subsimilis and attenuatus represent anything more than geographical variants of one an- other. Much more material should be studied before this problem can be resolved. 211. Pityophthorus atomus W ood Pityophthorus atomiis Wood, 1964, Great Basin Nat. 24:61 (Holotvpe, female; Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from attenuatus Blandford by the smaller size and stouter form, by the steeper elytral declivity, with its apex rounded, and by other characters. Female.— Length 0.8-1.1 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color very dark brov.'n. Frons as in attenuatus except setae slightly longer, some at least equal to one-third dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum and elytral disc about as in atte- nuatus except impressed points usually more conspicuously present; pronotal punctures variable in size from rather fine to coarse within series. Declivity not as steep, not at all acuminate at sutural apex; striae 2 more coarsely punctured, interstriae 2 less deeply impressed; vestiture similar but stouter. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex with a weak transverse carina at upper level of eyes, surface rather coarsely punctured, vestiture short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Veracruz to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 184 km S Oaxaca. Veracruz: Vera- cruz, ,30-VI-53, S. L. Wood; Cerro Gordo, 6-VII-67, 300 m. No. 164, shrub, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a small, common, semiherbaceous shrub that grew on sand dunes at the beach on the southern limits of the city. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 1138 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 212. Pityophthorus dimidiatus Blackman Pityophthorus dimidiatus Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:221 (Holotype, female; Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 55995) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from perexiguus Wood by the different fe- male frons as described below and by the more strongly sulcate elytral declivity, which is not as steep as in atoiniis Wood. Female.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown, elytra evidently lighter. Frons as in atteniiatus except flattened on a less extensive, narrower area (as in atomus except more finely punctured), vestiture as in atomtis. Pronotum as in attenuatiis except strongly reticulate, punctures minute, shallow. Elytra as in atomus except not quite as steep, sulcus slightly deeper, lateral con- vexities very slightly higher than suture, ves- titure similar but finer. Male.— Similar to female except shallow- ly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a weak transverse carina at upper level of eyes; setae on declivity short, stout (almost subspatulate). Distribution.— "Mexico, 17-XI-38, Lot No. 38-17192" (intercepted at port of entry into the USA). Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, allotype, and one female paratype. 213. PityophtJiorus timidiis Blandford PitijophOiorus timidus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):241 (Holotype, female; Mex- ico, Salle Coll.; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) The holotype fits my description of dimi- diatus Blackman except that the vestiture on the female frons is shorter and perhaps less abundant, and the punctures on the pronotal disc apparently are larger. The holotype is 1.3 mm long and 2.9 times as long as wide. It is suspected that they represent the same spe- cies, but additional material for study is needed. The differences between the types appear to be no greater than the variations seen within populations of allied species. These comments were based on the holotype of timidus and my notes on the type of diinidiatus. 214. Pityophthorus perexiguus Wood Pityophthorus perexiguus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:355 (Holotype, female; Dominical, Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from atomus Wood by the absence of a fron- tal carina in the male, by the steeper, more broadly impressed elytral declivity, and by other characters described below. Female.— Length 1.0-1.4 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons weakly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, all margins rounded, surface smooth, shining, sparsely, finely punctured; margins at sides and above with sparse, moderately long hair. Pronotum as in atomus except pronotal punctures smaller. Elytra as in atomus except declivity steep- er, more broadly impressed, striae 2 more coarsely punctured, interstriae 2 more broad- ly, more deeply impressed, 3 with granules slightly larger, declivital setae much stouter. Male.— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, transverse impression restricted to lower third, surface more coarsely, more closely punctured, without any long hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Caiias, Guanacaste, 13-VI-66, 50 m. No. 22, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-63, 3 m. No. 297, tree branch, S. L. Wood. PAN- AMA: Limon Bay, Canal Zone, .30-XII-63, 3 m. No. 353, tree limb, S, L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 48 specimens. 215. Pityophthorus nugalis Wood Pityophthorus nugalis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:356 (Holotype, female; Volcan Pacaya, Es- quintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the unique female frons, by the sub- acuminate apex of the elytra, and by other characters described below. Female.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons moderately convex, epistomal area produced on median half into a pre- mandibular lobe; surface subreticulate, punc- tures fine below, moderately coarse near up- per level of eyes; vestiture of fine, long, yellow hair confined to area below upper level of eyes; distributed into three areas, lat- eral areas from base of mandible to upper 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1139 level of eye, median fourth from apex of pre- mandibular process to upper level of eyes. Antennal club small, oval; sutures 1 and 2 straight, indicated at margins by septa and setae; most of anterior face glabrous. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides on basal half straight and parallel, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 14 coarse serrations; summit at middle; anterior slope armed by two concentric rows of asperities, others near summit confused; posterior areas smooth, shining, small areas of reticulation in lateral areas sometimes pres- ent, with numerous fine, impressed points, punctures rather small, moderately abundant. Vestiture inconspicuous, confined to asperate area and lateral margins. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; ^ides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind except sutural apex moder- ately acimiinate; striae not impressed, punc- tures in rows, rather small, shallow; inter- striae twice as wide as striae, smooth, shining, with numerous impressed points, an occasion- al puncture near declivity. Declivity rather steep, moderately bisulcate; striae 1 im- pressed, punctures not clearly evident, 2 with fine, distinct punctures; interstriae 1 moder- ately, abruptly elevated, armed by two to four very fine granules, 2 moderately im- pressed, more strongly on median side, as wide as 1, with numerous impressed points, 3 as high as 1, broadly rounded, armed by about two fine granules. Vestiture of minute strial hair on posterior half, and sparse, mod- erately long interstrial setae on odd-num- bered interstriae, mostly on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rather coarsely punctured, a fine, low, median carina, epistoma normal, vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous; tubercles on ely- tral declivity distinctly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 656, woody vine 1 cm in diameter, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minutalis Wood by the long, abundant vestiture on the female frons, by the reti- culate pronotum, and by other characters de- scribed below. Female.— Length 1.0-1.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons flat from epistoma to vertex, lateral margins obtusely subangulate, separated from margin of eye by distance equal to width of two facets; surface obscured by dense brush of uniformly distributed long hair, marginal setae apparently slightly longer, longest setae equal in length to at least two-thirds distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; out- line essentially as in nugalis Wood; first two rows of asperities usualy concentric, some- times partly confused in median area; poste- rior areas strongly reticulate, punctures fine, moderately abundant. Vestiture confined to margins and asperate area, inconspicuous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline basically as in nugalis; striae not impressed, punctures mod- erately coarse, rather deep; interstriae smooth, shining, a few minute, impressed points present, as wide as striae, impunctate except at margin of declivity. Declivity steep, rather strongly bisulcate; as in nugalis except sulcus slightly deeper, lateral margins on basal half slightly higher than suture, tu- bercles on interstriae 3 conspicuously larger. Vestiture confined to declivity, on all inter- striae except restricted to basal margin on 2, of moderate length. Male.— Similar to female except frons transversely impressed from epistoma to up- per level of eyes, transversely carinate at up- per margin of impressed area, surface rather closely, finely punctured, pubescence of fine, short, moderately abundant hair. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Yuscaran, Paraiso, 23-IV-64, 800 m. No. 517, Penjmanium grande, S. L. Wood; Zamorano, Mo- razan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 565, Eupatorium dalioides, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 47 specimens. 216. Pityophthorus hemiosus Wood Pityophthorus hermostis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:356 (Holotype, female; Yuscaran, Paraiso, Honduras; Wood Coll.) 217. Pityophthorus minutalis Wood Pityophthorus minutalis Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:357 (Holotype, female; Palin, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) 1140 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the small size and slender form, by the acuminate apex of the elytra, and by the dis- tinctive frons as described below. Female.— Length 0.9-1.0 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons plano-convex from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes, lateral margins ob- tusely subangulate, separated from margin of eye by width of two facets; surface smooth, shining, finely, closely punctured; vestiture uniformly distributed, of almost uniform length, longest setae equal in length to one- fourth distance between eyes. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; out- line basically as in niigalis Wood, anterior slope with three concentric rows of aspe- rities; posterior areas shining, almost smooth, punctures small, moderately close. Vestiture confined to lateral margins and asperate area, inconspicuous. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; outline as in niigalis; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep, spaced within a row by twice diameter of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, im- pressed points sparse, a few weak, short, transverse lines, about one and one-half times as wide as striae, impunctate. Declivity steep, moderately bisulcate; as in nugalis except in- terstriae 2 without impressed points. Vesti- ture as in niigalis. Male.— Similar to female except frons shallowly, transversely impressed to upper level of eyes, upper margin of impressed area forming a weak, transverse carina, surface of impressed area with indistinct, fine punc- tures, vestiture fine, sparse, short, inconspicuous. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Pali'n, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 587, shnib, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 12 specimens. 218. Pityophthorus sobrinus Wood Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons flattened on slightly more than up- per half, ascending below toward epistomal margin, lateral margins obtusely angulate, separated from margin of eye by width of two facets; surface smooth, shining, finely, rather closely punctured except impunctate on a small median area on lower third; vesti- ture of fine hair of moderate length in central area, much longer on margins, longest setae equal in length to slightly more than half dis- tance between eyes. Pronotum 1.18 times as long as wide; out- line as in nugalis; anterior slope with three concentric rows of asperities (sometimes slightly confused), others confused near sum- mit; posterior areas smooth, shining, with nu- merous impressed points, punctures fine, rather close. Vestiture confined to lateral margins and asperate area, inconspicuous. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in min- iitalis; striae not impressed, punctures coarse, deep, close; interstriae as wide as striae, shin- ing, smooth, with minute impressed points, impunctate except 1 with a few punctures on posterior third. Declivity steep, shallowly bi- sulcate; not as steep as in minutalis, more broadly impressed; interstriae 2 with minute impressed points. Vestiture confined to de- clivity on odd-numbered interstriae, fine, rather sparse, of moderate length. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather shallowly, transversely impressed from epistoma to upper level of eyes, its upper margin on median third marked by a sub- carinate, transverse, impunctate elevation, surface smooth, shining, coarsely, rather closely punctured; declivital sulcus con- spicuously deeper, tubercles slightly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 3 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 2-VIII-63. 1.300 m. No. 99, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. Pityophthorus sobrinits Wood, 1976, Great Ba.sin Nat. 36:357 (Holotype, female; 3 km SE Cartago, Car- tago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minutalis Wood by characters on the frons and declivity as described below. Genus PITYOTRICHUS Wood Pityophilus Blackman, 1928 (nee BruUe, 1884), Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 24:147 (Type-species: Pityophihis barbatus Black- man, original designation) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1141 Pityotrichus Wood, 1962, Great Basin Nat. 22:76 (Re- placement name for Pitijophihifi Blackman) Diagnosis.— As in Pityophthorus except pregula moderately enlarged and ornamented by a few long hairs in the male, enormously enlarged and ornamented by a large, dense tuft of hair in the female. E>ESCRiPTioN.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons slightly dimorphic, somewhat more broadly impressed and more finely punctured in female. Antennae, pronotum, elytra, and legs as in Pityophthorus. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico; two species are known. Biology.— These monogamous species construct radiate tunnels in the phloem tis- sues without engraving the wood. The egg galleries are short, and the number of off- spring produced by each pair is small. Shaded out twigs and small branches on liv- ing trees are selected for attack. Notes.— This genus is recognized as dis- tinct from Pityophthorus on the basis of the unique pregula and biology that do not ap- pear to intergrade. There is some question as to the validity of this action. Perhaps future collecting will determine whether or not con- tinued generic recognition is justified. Key to the Species of Pityotrichus 1. Male frons without a carina; interstrial setae present on all interstriae and two- thirds as long as distance between rows, at least twice as long as those of striae; Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus edulis; 1.3-1.6 mm 1. barbatus (Blackman) — Male frons armed by a median carina from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; interstrial setae less than one-third as long as width of an interstriae, about equal in length to strial setae, except mostly absent on even-numbered interstriae; Arizona and New Mexico; Pinus strobifomiis; 1.6-1.8 mm 2. hesperius Bright 1. Pityotrichus barbatus (Blackman) Figs. 208-209 PitijophUus barbatus Blackman, 1928, Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:147 (Holo- type, female; Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexi- co; U.S. Nat. Mus., 41328) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hesperius Bright by characters summa- rized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons basically convex, except median third flattened to feebly concave; surface shining, punctures fine, variable in size, mod- erately abundant; vestiture fine, rather sparse, moderately long on marginal areas, very short on impressed area; pregula greatly enlarged, ornamented by a dense brush of very long, yellow hair. Antennal club slightly longer than scape, 1.1 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 septate, moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest on basal third, sides rather weakly arcuate on basal half, moderately rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by six rather coarse serra- tions; summit at middle, a distinct, transverse impression behind summit; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas smooth, shining, punctures moderately coarse, deep, close, interspaces usually nar- rower than diameter of a puncture. Vestiture confined to sides and asperate area. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures fine, in rows on posterior half of disc, slightly confused on basal half, spaced by two to three diameters of a puncture; interstriae smooth, shining, four to six times as wide as striae, punctures similar to those of striae, rather widely spaced. Declivity convex, mod- erately steep, strial punctures minute, almost obsolete; interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 shallowly, broadly impressed, 3 as high as 1, 1 and 3 each with a row of very fine gran- ules. Vestiture of rows of fine, short, strial hair and of rows of interstrial setae, each seta about two-thirds as long as distance between rows, twice as long as those of striae, absent on declivital interstriae 2. 1142 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except frons more broadly flattened, pregula less strongly enlarged, ornamented by less than a dozen long hairs. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Ash Canyon in Hua- chuca Mts. New Mexico: Capitan, Cloudcroft, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Lake Nogal, Meek. Hosts.— Finns cembroides, P. edulis. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 67 other specimens. 2. Pityotrichus hesperius Bright Pityotrichiis hesperius Bright, 1971, Pan Pacific Ent. 47:69 (Holotype, female; Pinaleno Mts., Graham Co., Arizona; Canadian Nat. Coll., 11445) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from barbatus (Blackman) by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in barbatus except central area more distinctly impressed, setae of almost uniform, medium length. Pronotum and elytra as in barbatus except surface weakly reticulate, interstrial punc- tures and setae largely obsolete on even-num- bered interstriae, and interstrial setae much shorter, usually not longer than those of striae, length of none of them greater than one-third width of an interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons more broadly impressed, with a rather sharp- ly elevated, low, median carina from epis- toma almost to upper level of eyes. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico. USA: Arizona: Pinaleno Mts. in Graham Co., 15-VII- 68, Pintis strobiformis, D. E. Bright. New Mexico: Cloudcroft Ski Area, 4-VI-69, 2800 m. No. 52, P. strobi- formis, S. L. Wood; Sandia Peak, Bernalillo Co., 9-VII- 68, P. flexilis, D. E. Bright. Host.— Pinus flexilis, P. strobiformis. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two topotypic paratypes and on 24 other specimens. The holotype was also examined. Genus GNATHOLEPTUS Blackman Gnatholeptus Blackman, 1943, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 33:34 (Type-species: Gnatholeptus mandibularis Blackman = Pitijophthorus shannoni Blackman, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is not clearly de- fined and eventually may be combined with Pityophthorus. It is distinguished from Pi- tyophthorus by the slightly to enormously elongated female mandibles, by the very coarsely faceted eyes, and by other charac- ters cited below. Description.— Length 1.3-1.8 mm, 2.8-3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons sexually dimorphic, male convex, with mandibles normal, female somewhat flattened or variously impressed, with or without vestiture, with mandibles slightly to enormously elongate. Antenna as in Pityoph- thorus. Pronotum with summit rather in- definite, lateral margin usually not marked by a fine, raised line. Elytra finely sculp- tured, about as in Pityophthorus, declivity bi- sulcate, declivital interstriae 3 usually armed in male. Legs as in Pityophthorus. Distribution.— Costa Rica to northern South America; four species have been as- signed to this genus, all occur in Central America. Biology.— These polygamous species form radiate gallery systems as in most Pityoph- thorus. The hosts most commonly are of the genus Protium, but those of certain other gen- era are acceptable. Notes.— A majority of the South Ameri- can species at hand that are assignable to this genus have not been named. They are allied to subcribratus Schedl and do not exhibit the remarkable female mandibular character. Al- though this group of species is distinctive, it is doubtful that generic rank is justified. Key to the Species of Gnatholeptus 1. Discal interstriae with numerous, minute punctures; pronotal asperities con- fused; hair on female frons abundant, long; female mandibles almost normal; Nicaragua to Panama; 1.4-1.8 mm 1. subcribratus (Schedl) — Discal interstriae impunctate; pronotal asperities mostly in concentric rows; female mandibles moderately to enormously elongate; vestiture on female frons shorter, less abundant 2 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1143 2(1). Female without a premandibular epistomal lobe; female frons with moderately long, rather abundant vestiture extending to upper level of eyes; female decliv- ital interstriae 3 armed as in male, 1 unarmed in both sexes; female mandible distinctly shorter than protibia; Panama to Colombia; Dacreoides; 1.3-1.6 mm . 2. shannoni (Blackman) — Female with conspicuous median premandibular epistomal lobe; female frons with vestiture restricted to lower half or absent; female elytral declivity unarmed; female mandible conspicuously longer than protibia 3 3(2). Female premandibular process slender, almost pointed, equal in width to about two facets of eye, about three facets in length; female mandibles slender, sickle-shaped, ornamented on lateral face near base by a tuft of hair; declivital interstriae 2 twice as wide as 1 in both sexes, 1 with a row of tubercles in male; Costa Rica and Panama; 1.3-1.5 mm 3. panamensis Blackman — Female premandibular process subquadrate, equal in width to about three fac- ets, about six facets in length, widest near apex, apical half conspicuously orna- mented by long hair; female mandibles very large, elongate, not ornamented by long hair; declivital interstriae 2 as wide as 1 in both sexes, 1 unarmed in male; Costa Rica to Colombia and Surinam; Protmm, Cedrella; 1.4-1.8 mm 4. semiermis (Nunberg) 1. Gnatholeptus subcribratus (Schedl) Pityophthorus subcribratus Schedl, 1937, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veget. Ri'o de Janeiro 3:168 (Holotype, fe- male; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Giuitholeptus subcribratus: Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513 Pityophthorus zeteki Blackman. 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:226 (Holotype, female; Trinidad River, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56014); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513. Synomjmy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other species in this genus by the con- fused pronotal asperities, by the punctured interstriae, and by the female frons and man- dibles as described below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish to light reddish brown. Frons almost flat from eye to eye from epistoma to slightly above eyes; surface al- most smooth, very closely, rather finely punctured; vestiture of abundant, long, yel- low hair, longer above, longest dorsal setae exceeding epistomal margin; epistomal mar- gin almost straight, without a median lobe; mandibles normal, very slightly elongate. An- tennal club as long as scape, sutures 1 and 2 straight, septate except on middle third. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, very broadly rounded in front; anterior mar- gin armed by 14 low serrations; summit slightly anterior to middle; anterior slope with fine, confused asperities; posterior areas almost smooth, punctures rather fine, shal- low, on disc with fine and very fine punc- tures intermixed. Glabrous except in asperate area. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, subacutely acuminate behind; striae 1 weakly, others not impressed, punctures moderately coarse, rather deep, close; interstriae smooth, shining, almost twice as wide as striae, punctures minute, rather abundant, confused. Declivity very steep, convex; striae as on disc; interstriae 1 and 3 very slightly elevated, 1 with about four minute granules, 3 with two or three pointed denticles; apex rather strongly acuminate. Vestiture confined ta declivity, of rather coarse, close interstrial bristles, each bristle about one and one-half times as long as distance between rows. Male.— Similar to female except man- dibles normal, frons convex, more coarsely, deeply punctured, with vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous; declivital interstriae 2 more distinctly impressed, narrower than 1, denticles on 3 distinctly larger, one or more smaller denticles also on 5 and 7; declivital vestiture stouter, absent on interstriae 2. Distribution.— Nicaragua to Panama. 1144 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 NICARAGUA: Intercepted in cachimbo wood from Nicaragua at Valparaiso, Chile, 27-1X-45. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Linion, 23-VIII-6;3, 50 m. No. 137, limb, S. L. Wood; Hambvirgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, 25- VIII-25, F. Nevermann. PANAMA: Limon Bay, Canal Zone, 30-XII-63, 3 m. No. 352, log (Protium?), S. L. Wood; Trinidad River, 2, 4-V-12, A. Busck; Alhajuelo, 5- IV-11, A. Busck. Biology.— As mentioned for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of subcribratus and zeteki and on 62 other specimens. 2. Gnatholeptus shannoni (Blackman) Fig. 210 Pityophthorus shannoni Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:224 (Holotype, female; Cano Saddle at Gatun Lake, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56015) Gnatholeptus mandibularis Blackman, 1943, J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 33:34 (Holotype, female; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56418); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:134. Synonymy Pityophthorus gentilis Schedl, 1961, Pan Pacific Ent. 37:225 (Holotype, male; Barro Colorado Island, Gatun Lake, Canal Zone, Panama; Cornell Univ.); Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513 and Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. .39:134. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from panamensis Blackman by the absence of a median epistomal lobe in the female, by the armed female elytral declivity, and by other characters cited in the above key and in the following description. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons flattened on slightly more than me- dian half from epistoma to upper level of eyes; surface shining, very finely punctured; surface ornamented by abundant, uniformly distributed, moderately long setae of uniform length. Mandibles distinctly longer than nor- mal. Antennal club as in subcribratus (Schedl) except sutures more distinctly procurved. Pronotum outline as in subcribratus; aspe- rities arranged in subconcentric rows, less definite near summit; summit distinctly ante- rior to middle; posterior areas weakly reti- culate, punctures very fine, shallow, moder- ately close. Glabrous except on asperate area. Elytra outline as in subcribratus except su- tural apex less strongly acuminate; striae not impressed, punctures in indefinite rows; mod- erately coarse, close; interstriae smooth, shin- ing, almost twice as wide as striae, impunc- tate except near declivity. Declivity very steep, shallowly sulcate; striae about as on disc, punctures slightly smaller; interstriae 1 distinctly, rather weakly elevated, unarmed, 2 as wide as 1, moderately impressed, 3 high- er than 1, armed on middle half by two Fig. 210. Gnatholeptus spp., female heads: a, panamensis; b, shannoni; c, semiermis. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1145 moderately coarse denticles, a third smaller denticle at junction of 3 and 7. Vestiture con- fined to declivity, similar to subcribratus ex- cept very short on 1, absent on 2. Male.— Similar to female except man- dibles normal, frons more nearly convex, more coarsely punctured, vestiture sparse, short, inconspicuous; declivital setae stouter. Distribution.— Panama to Colombia. PANAMA: Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 27- XII-63, 70 m. No. 337, limb, S. L. Wood; Cano Saddle at Gati'in Lake; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1-64, 70 m. No. 367, limb S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of shannoni, mandibtilaris, and gentilis and on 61 other specimens. 3. Gnatholeptus panamensis Blackman Fig. 210 Gnatholeptus panamensis Blackman, 1943, J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 33:35 (Holotype, female; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; U.S. Nat. Mus., 56419) Pitijophfhoms epistornalis Schedl, 1961, Pan Pacific Ent. 37:224 (Holotype, female; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, Panama; Cornell University); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. .39:1.34. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from semiermis (Nunberg) by the very differ- ent female frons and mandibles as described below, by the much wider declivital inter- striae 3, and by the other characters cited below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, gradually, transversely im- pressed toward epistoma, impunctate on lower half, a few fine pimctures above; vesti- ture sparse, minute; epistomal margin on me- dian sixth bearing a premandibular lobe, lobe equal in width to one or two facets, length about equal to three facets of eye, narrower at apex than at base, apex usually bearing a few short setae. Mandibles slender, elongate, sickle-shaped, ornamented on anterolateral face by a conspicuous tuft of setae. Pronotum as in shannoni (Blackman) ex- cept posterior areas not reticulate, minute impressed points present. Elytra much as in shannoni except strial punctures distinctly larger, in definite rows, interstriae only slightly wider than striae, with minute impressed points, declivity weakly bisulcate, all interstriae unarmed; in- terstriae 2 twice as wide as 1. Odd-numbered interstriae each with about two to six slender bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, finely punctured throughout, epis- toma and mandibles normal, declivital inter- striae 1 armed by three or four small, pointed granules, 2 more strongly impressed, 3 weak- ly elevated and armed by denticles as in shannoni. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama and Surinam. COSTA RICA: Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., 18-11-64, 250 m. No. 439, tree branch, S. L. Wood. PANAMA; Barro Colorado Island, Canal Zone, 20-VI-41, at light, J. Ze- tek, also 26-III-24; Tres Rios Plantation, Gatun Lake, 1931, T. O. Tschokke. OTHER COUNTRIES: Surinam. Biology.— Habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of panamensis and episto- rnalis and on 29 other specimens. 4. Gnatholeptus semiermis (Nunberg) Fig. 210 Pityoplithorus semiermis Nunberg, 1963, Trans. Wiscon- sin Acad. Sci. 52:98 (Holotype, male; Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica; Univ. Wisconsin) Gnatholeptus semiermis: Bright, 1977, Canadian Ent. 109:513 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from panamensis Blackman by the very large female epistomal lobe and mandibles, by the narrow declivital interstriae 2, and by other characters cited below. Female.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons strongly, transversely impressed to epistomal margin on lower two-thrids of area below upper level of eyes, upper area strong- ly convex; surface almost smooth, impressed area finely, rather closely punctured; im- pressed area with moderately abundant, fine, short, rather inconspicuous setae; epistoma with an enormous subquadrate, pre- mandibular, median lobe, its base equal in width to twice diameter of a facet of eye, its apex three times width of a facet, its length six times diameter of a facet, ornamented on its apical half by numerous very long sub- plumose setae. Mandibles enormously elon- gate, not ornamented by setae. Antennal club 1146 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 obovate, 1.3 times as long as scape, 1.3 times as long as wide; sutures moderately procurved. Pronotum essentially as in shannoni (Blackmail) except posterior areas smooth, shining. Elytra essentially as in panamensis; strial punctures smaller, moderately confused; de- clivity with strial punctures minute, striae 1 impressed, interstriae 1 distinctly, weakly elevated, 2 not wider than 1, median side im- pressed, ascending laterally to rounded sum- mit on 3, 3 higher than 1, 3 with sparse punc- tures. Vestiture confined to declivity, of two to four fine bristles on each of odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons shallowly, transversely impressed, a distinct subcarinate median elevation at upper level of eyes, epistoma normal, slightly elevated toward margin, premandibular lobe absent; declivital interstriae 3 with one to three pointed granules. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Colombia to Surinam. COSTA RICA: Peralta, Cartago, 10-111-64, 50 m. No. 465, Protium, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Daniitas, Dota Mts., 18- 11-64, 250 m. No. 439, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Suri- nam, Venezuela. Hosts.— Protium probably copal. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 94 other specimens. Several attempts were made to observe fe- male boring activity. In spite of the in- efficient, cumbersome appearance of their mandibles, they appear to excavate their tun- nels at least as quickly as other species with normal mandibles. Genus PITYOBORUS Blackman Pityoborus Blackman, 1922, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:96 (Type-species: Crypturgus com- atus Zimmermann, monobasic); Wood, 1958, Great Basin Nat. 28:45-56 (Revision) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from allied genera by the densely pubescent anterolateral areas of the female pronotum, by the absence of basal and lateral raised margins of the pronotum (obscurely devel- oped in secondus), by the comparatively large antennal club, by the fine, conservative sculpture, by the monogamous habit, and by the distinctive gallery system. Description.— Length 1.5-3.2 mm, 2.5-2.8 times as long as wide; color light yel- lowish brown to dark reddish brown. Frons dimorphic, male moderately convex to feebly concave, with sparse to moderately abundant vestiture, female flat to rather strongly concave, with modest to elaborate ornamental vestiture. Eye emarginate. An- tennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club rather large, twice as long as funicle, su- tures 1 and 2 septate. Pronotum 0.9-1.0 times as long as wide; summit at middle, without a transverse impression posterior to summit; anterior margin armed by 12-18 serrations; anterior slope moderately asperate; posterior areas reticulate, rather finely to minutely punctured; basal and lateral margins rounded except obscurely marked by a fine raised line in one species; large anterolateral areas in fe- male ornamented by dense, fine, moderately long pubescence. Elytra finely sculptured, strial punctures in rows or not, rather fine to minute; interstrial punctures usually reduced in number; declivity convex, moderately steep, conservative sculpture variable. Vesti- ture hairlike; comparatively sparse. Distribution.— Utah and North Carolina to Honduras; seven species are known. Biology.— These monogamous species at- tack the shaded out branches 2-8 cm in di- ameter of healthy, standing trees of the genus Pinus. The gallery system engraves the wood deeply and consists of a nuptial chamber formed by the male and two transverse egg galleries formed by the female. In small branches the egg galleries tend to spiral slightly to avoid overlap. Egg niches are not always present. Each of the small number of larvae excavates a small chamber parallel to the grain of wood at least large enough to ac- commodate its adult body but never longer than 12 mm. The larvae and young adults may move in and out of these larval cradles and are commonly found in the egg gallery. There is no evidence of mycelial growth, al- though the short larval mines strongly sug- gest a symbiotic relationship. In addition to these tunnels, the parental adults and later the newly matured brood often form feeding tunnels that radiate from the nuptial cham- ber more or less parallel to the grain of the wood. In secondus these feeding tunnels may 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1147 exceed twice the combined lengths of the usually is less than 7. Because they accelerate two egg galleries. The number of offspring the natural pruning of healthy trees, their produced by one pair rarely exceeds 20 and economic effect probably is beneficial. Key to the Species of Pityoborus (Modified from Wood 1958) 1. Female frons flat or weakly impressed on a narrow median area, its margins ornamented by a sparse row of setae only slightly longer than those of central area; elytral striae often weakly impressed, punctures in definite rows; male frons never with a conspicuous brush of hair 2 — Female frons concave from eye to eye, its margins ornamented by a dense row of long, curved setae; elytral striae never impressed, punctures on 1 and 2 con- fused or at least very irregular (if doubtful then male frons with frontal vestiture as in female) 3 2(1). Smaller; elytral surface minutely irregular but not reticulate; elytral declivity more narrowly convex, interstriae 2 not impressed, granules very minute if evi- dent; pubescent areas on female pronotum comparatively small; Mississippi and North Carolina to Florida; 1.5-2.0 mm 1. comatus (Zimmermann) — Larger; elytral surface finely, uniformly reticulate; elytral declivity more broadly convex, interstriae 2 feebly to moderately impressed, granules on 1 and 3 clearly evident; a variable species, both within and between series; Utah and New Mexico to Puebla and Veracruz; 1.8-2.7 mm 2. secundus Blackman 3(1). Declivital interstriae 2 moderately impressed, impunctate, and devoid of erect setae, 1 and 3 armed by moderately coarse granules; strial punctures on disc larger, more strongly confused, interstrial punctures more numerous; larger species 4 — Declivital interstriae 2 feebly if at all impressed, with a row of fine punctures or granules and bearing a row of erect setae as on 1 and 3, 1 and 3 feebly or not at all granulate; strial punctures on disc smaller and more nearly in rows, interstrial punctures less numerous; smaller species 5 4(3). Discal surface of elytra usually obscurely reticulate, rarely with impressed points, strial punctures larger, interstriae about three to four times as wide as diameter of a puncture; female frons less strongly concave, setae on margins yellow, shorter, evidently less numerous; male frons usually without median elevation; Durango to Jalisco; 2.9-3.2 mm 3. hirtellus Wood — Discal surface of elytra smoother, with minute impressed points, punctures smaller, interstriae about six times as wide as striae; female frons more strongly concave, setae on margins reddish, longer, more numerous; male frons with a weak median carina; Chihuahua and Michoacan to Veracruz and Puebla; 2.8-3.2 mm 4. rubentis Wood 5(3). Male frons weakly convex, vestiture rather sparse, shorter, uniformly dis- tributed; declivital interstriae 2 feebly impressed, 1 and 3 armed by fine granules; Honduras to British Honduras; 1.8-2.1 mm 5. hondurensis Wood 1148 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Male frons flat to weakly concave, vestiture largely confined to margins, long- er, declivital interstriae 2 not impressed, 1 and 2 unarmed or granules not larger than those on 2 6 6(5). Strial pimctures on declivity small, deep, interstriae about one-fourth as wide as striae; female frons more deeply concave, vestiture finer, pale yellow; Oaxaca; 2.0 mm 6. frontalis Wood — Strial punctures on declivity very minute to obsolete; female frons less deeply concave, vestiture slightly coarser, reddish yellow; Jalisco; 1.9-2.1 mm 7. velutinus Wood 1. Pityoborus comatus (Zimmermann) Figs. 208-211 Crypturgus comatus Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:14.3 (Holotype, female; South Caro- lina; Mus. Comp. Zool., 996) Pityoborus comatus: Blackman, 1922, Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11;96 Pityophthorus seriatus LeConte, 1878, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:432 (Holotype, male; Tampa, Florida; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Blackman, 1928, New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Bull. 25:146. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from secundus Blackman by the smaller size, by the absence of reticulation on the elytra, by the more narrowly convex elytral declivi- ty, with interstriae not impressed and gran- ules on 1 and 2 very small or obsolete, and by the much smaller pubescent areas on the fe- male pronotum. Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color yellowish to dark reddish brown. Frons flat to upper level of eyes, slightly elevated toward epistoma; surface reticulate, sparsely, finely punctured in central area, lat- eral and upper margins more closely punc- tured; vestiture confined to margins, of rather abundant, fine, moderately long, yel- low hair. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; widest at middle, sides weakly arcuate on more than posterior half, slightly constricted just behind broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by about 14 rather coarse ser- rations; smumit poorly developed, slightly anterior to middle; anterior slope rather coarsely, not closely asperate; posterior area rather strongly reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, rather sparse. Vestiture confined to a few setae on margins except anterolateral areas bearing rather large, oval areas of fine, dense, moderately long pubescence; pubescent areas not extending behind middle of pronotum. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures fine, shallow, in rows; interstriae sub- shining, with numerous impressed points and a few obscure lines, punctures fine, shallow, sparse, irregularly placed. Declivity rather steep, convex; strial punctures much smaller than on disc, distinct, interstriae 1 feebly ele- vated, 2 impunctate, punctures on 1 and 3 fine, sometimes very feebly granulate. Vesti- ture of rows of minute strial hair and longer, erect, sparse setae on odd-numbered inter- striae; usually abraded on disc. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, punctures larger and more evenly distributed, subglabrous; pubescent areas on pronotum absent, anterior margin of pronotum more coarsely serrate. Distribution.— Mississippi and North Carolina to Florida. USA: Florida: Big Pine Key, Biscayne Bay, Dunedin, Everglades N.P., Lake Worth, Melbourne, Pensacola, Torreya St. Pk. in Liberty Co. Georgia: Kingsland. Loui- siana: "Western Louisiana." Mississippi: Agricultural College, Gulf Port, Hattisburg, Laurel. North Carolina: Asheville, Cherokee. South Carolina: Florence, Poin- sette St. Pk. Hosts.— Pinus sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 46 other specimens. 2. Pityoborus secundus Blackman Pityoborus secundus Blackman, 1928, Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 25:146 (Holo- type, female; La Sal Mts., Utah; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Pityoborus tertius Blackman, 1942, U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:202 (Holotype, female; Chalco, D. F., Mexico; 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1149 U.S. Nat. Mus., 55980); Wood, 197.3, Great Basin Nat. .33:182. Sijnompny Pityoborus intonsus Wood, 1958, Great Basin Nat. 18:54 (Holotype, female; 23 km or 14 miles W Tex- melucan, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas); Wood, 1973. Great Basin Nat. .33:182. Si/nonymy Pityohortis immitus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1674 (Holotype, female; 68 km W Durango, Durango, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:182. Synomjniy Pityoborus ratnosus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1677 (Holotype, female; 5.6 km or 3.5 miles S Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:182. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This variable species is distin- guished from comatus (Zimmermann) by the larger size, by the at least partly reticulate elytra, by the more broadly convex, (usually) impressed elytral declivity, and by the much larger pubescent areas on the female pronotum. Female.— Length 1.8-2.7 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons essentially as in comatus. Pronotum as in comatus except punctures on posterior areas slightly larger, closer; pubescent areas much larger, extending well behind middle of pronotum. Elytra as in comatus except surface shal- lowly, often indistinctly reticulate; strial punctures slightly larger; declivity more broadly convex, interstriae 2 varying from feebly to moderately impressed, impunctate, 1 and 3 each with a row of distinct granules. Vestiture as in comatus. Male.— Similar to female except feebly convex, punctures less conspicuous, less abun- dant, vestiture much less abundant but sim- ilarly arranged. Distribution.— Utah and New Mexico to Puebla and Veracruz. USA: Arizona: Lakeside, Oak Creek Canvon, Prescott. New Mexico: Cloudcroft. Utah: La Sal Mts. MEXICO Durango: 5 km, 17 km, and 37 km W El Salto. Hidalgo 17 km N Jacala. Michoacan: Volcan Paricutin. Puebla Texmelucan. Veracruz: Texcoco. Hosts.— Pinus ayacahuite, P. leiophylla, P. ponderosa, P. pseudostrobus, P. spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on holotypes of secundus, tertuis, and in- tonsus, on paratypes of immitus and ramosus, and on 161 other specimens. The specimens from Utah and New Mexico consistentlv have declivital interstriae 2 rather strongly im- pressed and 1 and 3 more coarsely granulate, and the frons is frequently more irregularly and more coarsely sculptured. The series from Arizona and Mexico are inconsistent in both features; the declivity has little or no impression in most specimens, but occasional specimens are as strongly impressed as those from Utah and New Mexico. The size of the declivital granules in specimens from Arizona and Mexico varied from minute to moder- ately large, independent of geographical 55. , _ 54. hyJAW^on Fig. 211. Dorsal aspect of Corthylini spp.: 51, Pityo- borus comatus, female, 52, same, male; 53, Monarthrum fasciatum; 54, Monarthrum mali. (After Blackman ■l922:pl. X.) 1150 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 origin or depth of the impression. The shape and size of the pubescent areas on the female pronotum varied from series to series appar- ently without a pattern associated with geo- graphical origin. Because of this variation, the forms represented by tertuis, intonsus, immitus, and ramosus, were placed in synonymy. 3. Pityoborus hirtellus Wood Pitijoborus hirtellus Wood, 1958, Great Basin Nat. 18:50 (Holotype, female; 14 miles or 23 km NW Gua- dalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rubentis Wood by the more slender body form, by the reticulate elytral surface, with elytra) punctures slightly larger, by the less strongly concave frons with shorter, yel- low, less abundant vestiture, and by the ab- sence of a median elevation on the male frons. Female.— Length 2.9-3.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown, often with a yellowish caste. Frons broadly, moderately, evenly concave from epistoma to above eyes; surface sub- reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, sparse near central area, more numerous toward margins; vestiture in central area fine, sparse, short, on margins dense, very long, longest setae on vertex, their tips almost attaining epistoma. Pronotum 0.96 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in secundus Blackman. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.9 times as long as pronotum; outhne as in secundus; striae not impressed, punctures in irregular rows except confused on basal third of disc; interstriae obscurely subreticulate in most specimens, punctures in rows, similar to those of striae, small, shallow, not sharply defined. Declivity rather steep, rather broadly con- vex; strial punctures in rows, minute, almost obsolete; interstriae 1 and 3 feebly elevated, 2 weakly impressed, 1 and 3 each armed by a row of fine granules. Vestiture of rows of fine, minute strial hair, and rows of fine, very long interstrial hair on all except declivital interstriae 2, those on disc one to two times as long as distance between rows, three to five times as long on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly convex, more strongly reticulate, ves- titure more uniformly distributed, shorter, less abundant, a few of those on margins longer; pubescent areas on pronotum absent. Distribution.— Durango to Jalisco. MEXICO: Durango; 17 km. No. 39a, and 29 km. No. 39b, W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m, Pinus pseudostwbtts, S. L. Wood. Jalisco: Guadalajara, 19-VI-53, Finns, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Pinus pseudostrobus, P. sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female paratype and on 84 other specimens. 4. Pityoborus rubentis Wood Pityoborus rubentis Wood, 1958, Great Basin Nat. 18:51 (Holotype, female; 14 miles or 23 km W Tex- melucan, Puebla, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hirtellus Wood by the slightly stouter body form, by the smoother elytra, with nu- merous impressed points, by the more strong- ly concave frons with longer, more abundant, reddish vestiture, and by the presence of a small median elevation on the male frons. Female.— Length 2.8-3.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in hirtellus except more strongly impressed, vestiture on margins reddish yel- low, slightly longer and more abundant. Pro- notum as in hirtellus except anterior margin less coarsely, less regularly serrate, punctures on posterior area usually smaller. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide; as in hirtellus except discal surface smooth, with numerous minute impressed points, strial punctures usually more confused; vestiture usually less abun- dant and slightly shorter. Male.— Similar to female except frons weakly concave, more strongly reticulate, with a weak median carina on lower half; pubescent areas on pronotum absent. Distribution.— Chihuahua and Mich- oacan to Veracruz and Puebla. MEXICO: Chihuahua: La Magdalena, 26-IV-77, Hopk. 60607-A, M. M. Furniss. Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, No. 40, Pinus, S. L. Wood; 37 km W Du- rango, 4-VI-65, No. 14, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 10 km E Volcan Paricutin, 19-VI-65, 2.500 m. No. 89, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 23 km W Texmelucan, 14- VII-53, 2800 m, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: Texcoco, km 20, 5-II-62, Pinus, R. Coronado. 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1151 Host.— Pinus spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a female paratype and on 38 other specimens. 5. Pityoborus hondurensis Wood Pitijoborus hondurensis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3);49 (Holotype, fe- male; Yuscaran, Paraiso, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from velutinus Wood by the weakly im- pressed declivital interstriae 2, with fine granules on 1 and 3, and by the weakly con- vex male frons, with the vestiture rather sparse, shorter, and uniformly distributed. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in velutinus except very slightly less strongly impressed on a narrower area, with fine, sparse pimctures; lateral vestiture finer, less abundant, much shorter. Pronotum as in velutinus except pilose areas distinctly smaller; posterior area with moderately abundant, small, shallow punctures clearly evident. Elytra as in velutinus except punctures on disc deeper, slightly larger, with a few more interstrial punctures particularly on posterior half; declivital punctures smaller than on disc but much larger and deeper than in velu- tinus, interstriae 1 distinctly elevated, strial and interstrial punctures in somewhat in- distinct rows; sparse vestiture on declivity more abundant than in velutinus. Male.— Similar to female except frons not at all concave, vestiture greatly reduced; pi- lose areas on pronotum absent; pronotal pimctures less distinct; pvmctures on discal striae slightly larger; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 with minute granules. Distribution.— Honduras and British Honduras. HONDURAS: Yuscaran, Paraiso, 23-IV-64, 800 m. No. 518, Pinus caribaca. No. 519, F. oocarpa, S. L. Wood. BRITISH HONDURAS: Rio Privassion, Cayo Distr. Be- lise, 9-VII-73, Y. S. Sedman. Hosts.— Pinus caribaea, P. oocarpa. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens and on 2 other specimens. 6. Pityoborus frontalis W ood Pityoborus frontalis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3);49 (Holotype, female; 13 km S El Cameron, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Pityoborus severus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1676 (Holotype, female, 5 km or 3 miles N Suchixte- pec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:182. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from velutinus Wood by the more deeply concave female frons, with the frontal vesti- ture finer and pale yellow in color, and by the much larger, deeper strial punctures on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.0-2.6 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons as in velutinus except much more deeply concave on a narrower circular area; vestiture in lateral areas much finer, pale yel- low in color. Pronotum as in velutinus except reticulation stronger, punctures more clearly evident. Elytra as in velutinus except reticulation stronger, declivity more nearly shining; strial punctures on declivity larger, deeply impressed. Male.— As in female except frons not con- cave, feebly impressed, surface reticulate, vestiture on lateral and upper margins similar but slightly less abundant; pilose areas on pronotum absent. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 13 km SE El Cameron, 21-VI-67, No. 75, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 7. Pityoborus velutinus Wood Pityoborus velutinus Wood, 1958, Great Basin Nat. 18:48 (Holotype, female; 14 miles or 23 km NW Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Snow Ent. Mus., Univ. Kansas) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hondurensis Wood and frontalis Wood by characters indicated in the above key and in the diagnosis of the two allied species. Female.— Length 1.9-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish to rather dark reddish brown. Frons rather strongly concave on median three-fourths from epistoma to distinctly 1152 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 above eyes; surface subshining, minutely ir- regular, devoid of punctures in concave area; margins ornamented by a moderately dense row of long yellow hair. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in hirtellus Wood except punc- tures on posterior areas usually obsolete. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; outline as in hirtellus; strial punctures small, in rows posteriorly, rather irregular on basal third; interstriae reticulate, punctures small, rather widely, regularly spaced. Declivity steep, narrowly convex; strial punctures minute, almost obso- lete, in rows; interstriae 1 to 3 similarly sculptured, interstrial punctures minute (in- cluding 2). Minute strial hair usually absent; vestiture of rows of erect interstrial setae on all interstriae, including 2 on declivity, each seta about as long as distance between rows, similarly or more widely spaced within a row. Male.— Similar to female except frons feebly concave at least on upper half, strong- ly reticulate, sparsely, shallowly punctured, vestiture similar but much less abundant, shorter; pubescent areas on pronotum absent. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO; Jalisco; 23 km NW Guadalajara, 19-VII-53, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 25 paratypes. Genus DACNOPHTHORUS Wood Dacnophthortts Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:394 (Type-species; Gnathophthonis clematis Wood, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Pityophthorns Eichhoff by the very slen- der body form, by the very large, coarsely faceted eyes, by the large antennal club which has three distinct sutures, the third marked only by setae, by the summit being anterior to the middle of the pronotum and without a transverse impression behind it, by the slightly different elytral declivity, and by the very different habits. Description.— Length 1.1-2.0 mm, 3.7-3.8 times as long as wide; color pale yel- low to bicolored with yellow and dark brown, almost black in a Colombian species. Frons dimorphic, male convex above, im- pressed below, female uniformly shallowly concave to lower third, then weakly convex and upper area variously sculptured and or- namented by hair; eye very large, coarsely faceted, emarginate. Antennal scape slender, elongate; funicle 5-segmented, some speci- mens apparently 4-segmented; club large, much longer than scape, sutures 1 and 2 part- ly septate, 3 clearly indicated by setae and rather remote from apex. Pronotum elongate, summit anterior to middle, without a trans- verse impression behind summit. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra striate; declivity rather short, steep. Legs as in Pityophthorus. Distribution.— Colima to Brazil; six spe- cies are known; two occur in Mexico and Central America. Biology.— Four of the known species in- fest cut or broken vines of Clematis and an undetermined Bignoniaceae. The mon- ogamous beetles construct transverse bi- ramous egg galleries in the cambium region in Clematis. In Bignoniaceae the vine struc- ture was made up of numerous concentric layers and a pair of beetles bored from the outer surface to a depth of six or more layers and constructed a transverse, biramous pair of egg tunnels at each layer. Larval mines are straight, rather short, parallel to one another, and follow the grain of the wood or fiber. Ambrosial fungi were not observed, although the discoloration of parental galleries sug- gested they might be present. The entire gal- lery system suggested a stage intermediate between a phloeophagous and a myceto- phagous habit. Key to the Species of Dacnophthorus Larger; pronotal and strial punctures moderately large, rather deep; declivital interstriae 2 rather strongly impressed, 1 and 3 distinctly elevated, granules on 3 minute or absent; pile on upper area of female frons very short, not obscuring surface; Jalisco to Panama; Clematis; 1.4-2.0 mm 1. clematis (Wood) 1982 CORTHYLINI: PiTYOPHTHORINA 1153 Smaller; pronotal and strial punctures minute, shallow; declivital interstriae 1 not elevated or granulate, 3 moderately elevated and armed by a row of con- spicuous granules; pile on upper area of female frons dense, moderately long; Honduras; 1.2 mm 2. cracens (Wood) 1. Dacnophthorus clematis (Wood) Fig. 212 Gnatlioplithorus clematis Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):51 (Holotype, fe- male; Volcan Colinia, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the slender body form, by the very differ- ent female frons, by the steep, strongly im- pressed elytral declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.4-2.0 mm, 3.8 times as long as wide; color light yellowish brown, pronotum and elytral declivity slightly darker. Frons flattened from just above epistoma to vertex, transversely divided at upper level of eyes by a feeble summit; lower area coarsely, shallowly, closely punctured, with sparse, uniformly distributed, inconspicuous, hairlike pubescence; upper area appearing somewhat spongy, very minutely, densely punctured, with microscopic pilelike pu- bescence and with a marginal fringe of short hair of uniform length, little if any longer than setae on lower frons. Eye large, emargi- nate, coarsely faceted. Antennal funicle 5- segmented, last four segments crowded, in- distinct, club very large, with three moder- ately procurved, nonseptate sutures. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides on basal half straight and parallel, constricted slightly in front of middle then weakly ar- cuate to broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin armed by eight widely spaced, coarse teeth; summit on anterior third, indefinite; anterior third rather finely asperate; posterior area smooth, with fine, deep, sparse punctures. Glabrous except for scattered hair near lateral margins. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.8 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal three-fourths, broadly rounded behind; declivity confined to poste- rior one-sixth; striae not impressed, punctures minute, scarcely indicated on surface; inter- striae almost smooth, impunctate. Declivity steep, rather strongly excavated; striae obso- lete; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, with a row of moderately coarse punctures; area of interstriae 2 strongly impressed, widened at middle; lateral areas strongly elevated on up- per two-thirds, summit broadly rounded, with rather coarse, confused punctures, two very feeble granules on upper margin of ele- vated area. Disc glabrous; moderately abun- dant, coarse hair on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex above, lower half abruptly impressed, subreticulate, punctures rather coarse, vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous; granules on ely- tral declivity larger, pointed. Distribution.— Jalisco to Panama. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 100, Clematis, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m. No. 183, Clematis, S. L. Wood; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-63, 2300 in. No. 238, Clematis, S. L. Cood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1700 m. No. 409, Clematis, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Clematis sp. Biology.— These monogamous beetles in- fest cut or injured vines larger than 2 cm in diameter. The biramous transverse egg gal- leries are formed in the cambium region. The Fig. 212. Dacnophthorus clematus, female outline from dorsal aspect and head. (After Wood 1971:52.) 1154 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 short, longitudinal larval mines are formed between the coarse fibers of the host. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 106 specimens and on 92 other specimens. 2. Dacnophthorus cracens (Wood) Gnathophthoriis cracens Wood, 1971, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3):53 (Holotype, fe- male; La Ceiba, Atlantida, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from clematis (Wood) by the smaller size, by the serrate elytral declivity, and by the dif- ferent female frons. Female.— Length 1.2 mm, about 3.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in clematis except lower area flat, very finely, sparsely pimctured, ending well below upper level of eyes; upper area slightly more extensive, pile long, dense, setae on marginal fringe on upper margin only, much longer, tips reaching middle of pilose area. Pronotum as in clem.atis except anterior margin armed by 10 teeth; punc- tures on posterior area minute. Elytra as in clematis except declivity nar- rowly, deeply sulcate; sutural interstriae feebly elevated; lateral areas abruptly ele- vated from position of striae 2, summit armed by five or six small, laterally compressed teeth. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 15-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. Genus GNATHOTRICHUS Eichhoff Gnathotrichus Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:275 (Type-species: Gnathotrichus corthijloides Eichhoff, 1869 = Tomicus materiaritts Fitch, 1858, monobasic) Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:267 (Type-species: Cryphalus sulcatus LeConte, pres- ent designation). New si/nonymy Ancyloderes Blackman, 19.38, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:205 (Type-species: Cryphalus pilosus LeConte, original designation); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:172. Synonymy Pcmixylebortis Hoffmann, 1942, Bull. Soc. Ent. France 47:72 (Type-species: Xyleborus duprezi Hoffmann = Tomicus materiarius Fitch, monobasic); Balachowskv, 1949, Faune de France 50:241. Synonymy Prognathotrichus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1678 (Type-species: Prognathatrichus primus Bright, original desig- nation); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:172. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from the closely allied Gnathotrupes Schedl by the less strongly arcuate, less deeply marked, and more sparsely pubescent sutures of the antennal club (the larger segment 1 may also be a character), by the more gradvi- al, convex elytral declivity, with the posterior margin more broadly, often narrowly rounded and the costal margin more strongly elevated near the apex, and by the distribution. Description.— Length 2.0-3.7 mm, 2.9-3.3 times as long as wide; color light brown to almost black. Vestiture hairlike. Frons weakly to strongly convex, conserva- tively sculptured, sexually dimorphic or not; eye oval, emarginate; finely granulate. An- tennal scape elongate; funicle 5-segmented; club moderately large, rather sparsely pu- bescent, a few very long setae (a female char- acter), sutures modestly impressed, septate, almost straight to moderately arcuate. Pro- notum elongate, summit anterior to middle, poorly defined; anterior slope rather finely asperate, anterior margin elevated and ser- rate; posterior areas finely sculptured. Scutel- lum rather large, flat. Elytra elongate, striate or not; declivity moderately steep, convex, often sulcate or bisulcate, rather conserva- tively scuptured; sutural apex normally en- tire, costal margin near apex moderately to very strongly, acutely elevated. Anterior tibiae with two or more socketed teeth at or near apex of lateral margin, lateral margin also usually armed by a row of serrations to near base. Distribution.— North and Central Ameri- ca; 13 species are recognized. Hosts.— Pinaceae, Quercus, and rarely in other hosts. Biology.— Dying, standing trees or recent- ly cut or fallen logs are selected for attack by these monogamous beetles. The male con- structs a radial entrance tunnel that extends through the bark and into the wood. The male inoculates the tunnel wall with fungal spores carried in the coxal cavities (Farris 1963) and is joined by a female. One or more transverse egg tunnels branch on the same plane as the entrance tunnel, following growth rings in the wood. The egg tunnels may follow a growth ring in one or both di- rections from the entrance tunnel at one or several levels of growth rings. Eggs are de- posited individually in large egg niches formed by the female parent. The larva en- larges the niche to accommodate its growth until it is just large enough for the adult state. Pupation occurs in the larval cradles and the young adults emerge through the parental tunnels. The larval food evidently consists of the ambrosial fungus, although ,^some xylem may also be utilized. The above notes were based on field obser- vations of all included species except pilosus (LeConte). Confirmation, in part, is found in Doane and Gilliland (1929), and Prebble and Graham (1957). Notes.— Several South American species of Gnathotrichus have been named. Of the 13 described and undescribed South American species in this generic complex before me, all 1155 1156 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 are more appropriately placed in Gnatho- Gnathotrichus (s. str.) does not occur in South trupes Schedl. It is assumed, therefore, that America. Key to the Species of Gnathotrichus 1. Punctures of striae and interstriae on elytral disc rather abundant, close, strongly confused, impressed points also evident; elytral vestiture of fine, abundant hair to base; host Quercus 2 — Strial punctures on disc in rows, interstriae impunctate except for impressed points (except deleoni striae obsolete, confused impressed points rather large); elytral disc glabrous or nearly so; in coniferous hosts except for two tropical species 6 2(1). Elytral disc minutely, regularly reticulate, punctures minute, obscure, almost obsolete; declivity of female feebly impressed, all interstriae with minute gran- ules; frons very broad, broadly convex, finely aciculate on at least lower half, punctured above, female with a broad, strong, blunt, median carina on upper area 3 — Elytral surface rather smooth, with a few impressed lines; female frons never with a median carina; elytral declivity variously sculptured 4 3(2). Frons aciculate on lower half, female median carina commencing well below upper level of eyes and extending toward vertex; declivity steeper, less broadly convex; female elytral vestiture less abundant, shorter; Tlaxcala to Puebla; Quercus; 2.5 mm 1. obscurus Wood — Frons aciculate to upper level of eyes, female median carina above upper level of eyes; female elytral vestiture more abundant, hiuch longer; Chiapas; 3.0-3.3 mm 2. primus (Bright) 4(2). Larger; elytral declivity subsulcate on upper half, lateral margin in female aniied by a pair of very coarse spines (often with two or more points), male with one or two much smaller denticles; female frons with a small, transverse carina at or slightly above upper level of eyes; male frons and lower half of fe- male frons finely aciculate; Durango and Michoacan; Quercus; 3.1-3.6 mm 3. dentatus Wood — Smaller; elytral declivity convex, with a very feeble impression in both sexes or with female deeply, narrowly sulcate, several small granules on interstriae 3; elytral apex less strongly produced; pronotal punctures coarser 5 5(4). Costal margin at apex of elytra moderately produced; female elytral declivity strongly sulcate, male declivity feebly impressed; anterolateral angles of male pronotum bearing a small tuft of hair; female frons strongly convex, aciculate only on lower third; Arizona to Puebla; Quercus; 2.5-3.0 mm 4. nimifrons Wood — Costal margin at apex of elytra rather weakly produced; elytral declivity feebly impressed in both sexes; male pronotum without a special tuft of hair; frons aciculate in both sexes; California and Arizona to Durango; 2.0-2.3 mm .. 5. pilosus (LeConte) 6(1). Pregula protuberant, projecting slightly anteroventrad; sutures of antennal club usually less strongly arcuate; frons usually less strongly aciculate to smooth (except strongly aciculate in perniciosus) 7 — Pregula not projecting beyond margin of oral cavity; sutures of antennal club usually more strongly arcuate; frons usually more strongly, convergently aciculate 12 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1157 7(6). Elytral declivity evenly convex to feebly bisulcate, suture at le'ast as high as lateral convexities; Irons smooth, with no indications of aciculation (except some deleoni) 8 — Elytral declivity moderately to rather strongly sulcate, lateral convexities conspicuously higher than suture; frons often aciculate 10 8(7). Strial punctures on disc regularly impressed, in definite rows, fine to moder- ately coarse, interstriae about two to four times as wide as striae; surface of de- clivity shagreened, somewhat dull; South Dakota and Maine to Texas and Florida; Pmu5, etc.; 1.7-3.1 mm 6. mafenanus (Fitch) — Strial punctures on disc minute to obsolete, rows regular or interrupted, interstriae four to six or more times as wide as striae 9 9(8). Elytral declivity shagreened (somewhat dull), more narrowly convex, sutures weakly elevated on lower half, feebly sulcate; strial punctures minute, in regu- lar rows; frons usually with a definite, subangular, median, smooth, impunctate summit; Durango and Hidalgo to Guatemala; Pinus; 2.7-3.0 mm 7. nitidifrons Hopkins — Elytral declivity more broadly, evenly convex, surface shining; strial punctures usually obsolete, occasionally in interrupted or complete rows; female frons evenly convex or feebly, transversely impressed, rarely impunctate at median line; male weakly aciculate; Durango to Mexico and Tlaxcala; Pinus; 2.8-3.3 mm 8. deleoni Blackman 10(7). Smaller; frons rather strongly aciculate; elytral declivity with sulcus rather shallow, narrow, granules on lateral convexities very small; Sinaloa and Chihuahua to Honduras; Pinus; 2.2-2.6 mm 9. perniciosus Wood — Larger; frons feebly if at all aciculate; declivital sulcus deeper, wider, granules on lateral convexities larger 11 11(10). Frons weakly aciculate in median area of lower half; declivital sulcus deeper, lateral convexities more abruptly elevated; British Columbia and NW Utah to Baja California; various conifers; 3.3-3.7 mm 10. retusus (LeConte) — Frons smooth, no indication of aciculation; declivital sulcus not quite as deep, lateral convexities rise less abruptly; E Utah and South Dakota to Michoacan, Puebla; Pinus; 2.8-3.3 mm 11. denticulatus Blackman 12(6). Pronotal disc smooth, punctures moderately coarse; frons shallowly, arcuately, transversely impressed at upper level of eyes; elytral declivity steeper, more broadly rounded behind, costal margin at apex poorly developed; Arizona and New Mexico to Durango and Hidalgo; Pinus; 2.8-3.1 mm 12. imitans Wood — Pronotal disc rather strongly reticulate, punctures fine; frons without a trans- verse impression; elytral declivity not as steep, more narrowly rounded behind, costal margin at apex more conspicuously elevated 13 13(12). Strial punctures on declivity very small, in rows; declivity moderately to rather shallowly but distinctly sulcate; British Columbia and South Dakota to Honduras; coniferous hosts; 2.8-3.5 mm 13. sulcatus (LeConte) — Strial punctures almost obsolete and confused on declivity; elytral declivity feebly if at all impressed 14 14(13). Elytral declivity with interstriae 3 unarmed or with very minute, rounded granules; Guatemala to Costa Rica; nonconiferous hosts; 3.3-3.6 mm 14. omissus Wood — Elytral declivity armed at base on interstriae 3 by two closely set pairs of sharply pointed small denticles; Chiapas to Guatemala; 4.1-4.3 mm 15. consentaneus Blandford 1158 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Gnathotrichiis ohscunis Wood Gnathotrkhus ohscunis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):55 (Holotype, fe- male; 6 miles or 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This and primus (Bright) are the only species in the genus having confused punctures on the elytral disc that have the elytral surface minutely reticulate and rows of minute granules on all declivital inter- striae. It is distinguished from primus as in- dicated in the above key. Female.— Length 2.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broad, broadly convex, surface shin- ing, finely, convergently aciculate on lower two-thirds, rather finely, sparsely punctured above, a strongly developed rather low me- dian carina from middle to upper level of eyes (concealed by pronotum above eyes on type). Vestiture of fine, rather sparse hair. Pronotum 1.24 times as long as wide; as in dentatus Wood except posterior areas reti- culate, finely, closely, rather deeply punctured. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, nar- rowly rounded behind; striae obsolete; sur- face minutely reticulate, punctures minute, obscure, confused, a few granules on inter- striae 3 near declivity. Declivity steep, broadly convex; very feebly sulcate on upper half, strial punctures not evident, interstriae marked by rows of very small granules, slightly larger on 3; costal margin at apex rather strongly elevated. Vestiture of fine hair, on disc of short, moderately abundant hair and interstrial rows of long, fine hair; all hair on declivity long, moderately abundant, length of longest setae about equal to one- fifth width of body. Distribution.— Tlaxcala to Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67. 1600 m. No. 152, Qticrcus, S. L. Wood. Tlaxcala: Villareal, 4- VII-78, pheromone trap, M. M. Furniss. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— The holotype was taken from a log 15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on one other female. 2. Gnathotrichus primus (Bright) Prognathotrichus primus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1678 (Holotype, male; Mt. Tzontehuitz, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from obscurus Wood by the more extensively aciculate female frons, with the punctures al- most obsolete, and the median carina visible only above the upper level of the eyes, by the more finely, less distinctly punctured pro- notal disc, and by the more abundant, much longer elytral vestiture. Female.— Length 3.0-3.3 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color rather dark yellowish brown. Frons as in obscurus except aciculation ex- tending to upper level of eyes, carina com- mencing at upper level of eyes and extending toward vertex, vestiture longer, slightly more abundant. Pronotum as in obscurus except more fine- ly, less deeply punctured. Elytra as in obscurus except declivity not as steep, more broadly rounded; vestiture more abundant and considerably longer, longest setae on declivity equal in length to one-third width of body (about one-fifth width of body in obscurus). Male.— Similar to female except acicula- tion on frons more strongly developed, carina absent; elytral vestiture shorter, less abundant (as in female obscurus). Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuitz. 26-V-69, 3100 m, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on two paratypes. 3. Gnathotrichus dentatus Wood Fig. 216 Gnatliothclius dentatus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:45 (Holotype, female; 18 miles or 29 km W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nimifrons Wood by the larger size, by the small transverse frontal carina in the fe- male, and by the impressed and armed fe- male declivity. Female.— Length 3.1-3.6 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very broad, convex; surface rather coarsely, shallowly punctured, becoming in- creasingly aciculate on lower half toward 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1159 median portion of epistoma; a short, trans- verse, elevated carina in median area at up- per level of eyes and from it an impunctate line extending dorsad; vestiture short, inconspicuous. Pronotimi 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 10 low serrations; summit in- definite, in front of middle; posterior area smooth, subshining, finely, shallowly, rather sparsely punctured; vestiture fine, short, rather abundant on sides. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, narrowly rounded behind and nar- rowly notched at suture; punctures obsolete, striae and interstriae not indicated; surface very finely marked by surface lines and in- definite, shallow punctures, dull. Declivity with a broad, moderately deep sulcus be- tween pair of prominent processes borne on interstriae 3; lateral processes supported on prominent lateral elevations, processes aris- ing from median edge of elevation and bear- ing on their dorsal margins a series of (two or) three rather large teeth; teeth directed caudad and somewhat mesad, increasing slightly in size posteriorly; about three small dentations on interstriae 3 anterior to pro- cess, and with three similar small tubercles on interstriae 1 at base of declivity; elytral apex explanate and narrowly notched. Vesti- ture consisting of rather abundant minute hairs and some longer, erect, coarse, hairlike setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons less strongly convex and devoid of carina; ante- rolateral angles of pronotum with a small tuft of hair; and elytral declivity with sulcus shal- low, lateral processes not strongly developed, and dentations absent except for one or two small, rounded granules. Distribution.— Durango to Michoacan. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km, 16 km, and 29 km W El Salto, 7-VII— 65, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 53 km E Morelia, 14-VII-65, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Stems larger than 20 cm in diameter are at- tacked. The tunnels appeared to be similar to those of other representatives of the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 61 specimens. The sexes were reversed in the original description. 4. Gnathotrichus nimifrons Wood Gnathotrichus nimifrons Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:47 (Holotype, female; 18 miles or 29 km W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dentatus Wood by the smaller size, by the absence of a female frontal carina, and by the very different elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.5-3.0 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons very broad, strongly convex; surface smooth and shining in central area, shallowly punctured laterally, weakly aciculate toward epistoma; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as dentatus except posterior areas more finely, shallowly, closely punctured. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal three- fourths, jather narrowly rounded behind, shallowly notched at suture; striae and inter- striae not indicated; surface minutely irregu- lar, with rather sparse, shallow, fine punc- tures. Declivity rather narrowly, deeply sulcate, moderately steep; suture not raised, lateral area including interstriae 3 strongly elevated from declivital base about two- thirds distance to apex, crest armed by about seven small, pointed granules; elytral apex explanate, narrowly notched. Vestiture con- sisting of fine, short, hairlike setae on disc and sides, becoming much longer and abun- dant on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons less strongly convex and with fine aciculate lines extending at least to upper level of eyes; de- clivity shallowly sulcate, lateral elevations poorly developed, granules fewer in number and smaller. Distribution.— Arizona and Puebla. USA: Arizona: Carr Canyon, 8-VI1I-62, at light, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Durango: 29 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m, No. 37, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 152, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus spp. 1160 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— As described for the genus. Specimens were taken from material 15-60 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens, and on two other specimens. 5. Gnathotrichus pilosus (LeConte) Cryphalu.s pilosus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:156 (Lectotype, sex?; middle California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1006, present designation); Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:204 (pilosus not pilosiilus, corrected spelling) Gnathotrichus pilosus: Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:172 Ancijloderes saltoni Blackman, 1938, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:206 (Holotype, sex?; Flagstaff, Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus., 52849); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:21. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nimifrons Wood by the smaller size, by the more narrowly convex, finely aciculate frons in both sexes, and by the feebly im- pressed elytral declivity in both sexes. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish to reddish brown. Frons rather broadly convex, moderately shining, convergently aciculate from above eyes to epistomal margin, a few small punc- tures interspersed on upper half; vestiture fine, rather sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, sutures 1 and 2 partly septate, al- most straight. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, moderately rovinded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low serrations; summit rather indefinite, anterior to middle; anterior slope rather finely asperate; posterior areas minutely reticulate, punctures rather coarse, moderately deep, rather close. Vestiture of fine, short, moderately abundant hair, usually abraded. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, slightly tapered, then somewhat broadly rounded behind; sur- face shining, with a few impressed, irregular lines, some impressed points, punctures small, rather shallow, confused. Declivity rather steep, broadly convex; sculpture about as on disc except feebly impressed between inter- striae 3, interstriae 1 to 3 with rows of very minute granules; costal margin at apex dis- tinctly but rather weakly elevated. Vestiture of moderately abundant fine hair, short on disc and sides, moderately long on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except elytral declivity more strongly but rather weakly im- pressed, granules on interstriae 3 distinctly larger. Distribution.— California and Arizona to Durango. USA: Arizona; Baboquivari, Flagstaff, Florence Junc- tion, Oak Creek Canyon, Patagonia. California: Faun- skin, Mt. Laguna, North Fork, Ojai, Pasadena, Pomona, Santa Barbara, Yosemite. Nevada: Beaver Dam St. Pk. New Mexico: Pinos Altos in Grant Co. MEXICO: Du- rango: El Salto. Host.— Unknown, probably Qiiercus. Biology.— All known specimens were taken in flight; some were attracted to light. All allied species breed in oak. Notes.— The two syntypes of pilosus, the holotype of saltoni Blackman, and 32 other specimens were examined. The principal dif- ferences in this material appear to be second- ary sexual characters. The first syntype in the LeConte collection is here designated as the lectotype. It was labeled "Type" many years ago, but was never officially so designated. 6. Gnathotrichus materiarius (Fitch) Figs. 201, 207 Tomicus materiarius Fitch, 1858, Trans. New York State .\gric. Soc. 17:726 (Holotype, female; New York; U.S. Nat. Mus., 42806) Gnathotrichus materiarius: Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:406. Gnathotrichus corthyloides Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:275 (Syntypes ?; Carolina; presum- ably lost with Hamburg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:406. Synonymy Xyleborus duprezi Hoffmann, 1936, Misc. Ent. 37:43 (Holotype, female; Foret du Rouvay, Seine- Inferieure, France; repository?); Balachowsky, 1949, Fauna de France 50:242. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the protruding pregula, by the feebly sul- cate elytral declivity, with the surface sha- greened, by the absence of frontal acicula- tion, and by the fine, distinct strial punctures. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1161 Female.— Length 1.7-3.1 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons irregularly convex, a weak, trans- verse impression on upper half, epistomal area indistinctly elevated toward median line; surface smooth, subshining, punctures moderately coarse, shallow, irregularly dis- tributed; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. An- tenna with a dozen or more long, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in pilosus (LeConte) except summit more dis- tinct; posterior areas finely reticulate, punc- tures very fine, widely spaced. Glabrous ex- cept at margins. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly roimded behind; stfiae not impressed, punc- tures fine, distinct, regular; interstriae sub- shining, with irregular lines, impressed points almost obsolete, punctures absent. Declivity rather steep, convex; surface somewhat sha- greened, subshining; strial punctures almost obsolete, usually visible, impressed points ob- scure to rather conspicuous; shallowly, dis- tinctly sulcate between interstriae 3, 3 with two or three small, rounded granules. Glabrous except for sparse hair on declivity and sides. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair; declivital sulcus not as deep, granules on interstriae 3 smaller. Distribution.— South Dakota and Nova Scotia to Texas and Florida; Dominican Re- public and France. CANADA: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec. USA: Alabama, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hamp- shire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, E Texas, Virginia, Vermont, West Virginia, Wisconsin. OTHER COUNTRIES: Dominican Republic, France. Hosts.— Pinus echinata, P. ponderosa, P. strobus, P. taeda, and Picea sp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— A specimen in the U.S. National Museum obtained from the Fitch collection is believed to be the holotype of this species. The above treatment was based on the Fitch specimen, on my specimens compared to it, and on 662 other specimens. 7. Gnathotrichus nitidifrons Hopkins Gnathotrichus nitidifrons Hopkins, 1905, preprint of Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:72 (Holotype, fe- male; Michoacan, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 7510) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rnateriarius (Fitch) by the frons, by the more numerous, finer, impressed lines on the elytral disc, and by the declivity. Female.— Length 2.7-3.0 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in materiarius except more bright- ly shining, median line broadly impunctate and largely or completely, broadly, weakly elevated. Pronotum as in materiarius except punc- tures on disc more nearly obsolete. Elytra as in materiarius except strial punc- tures smaller, impressed lines on disc finer, more numerous, declivity feebly bisulcate, suture as high as lateral convexities on upper half, higher on lower half, interstrial granules smaller, more numerous, surface usually more brightly shining. Male.— Similar to female except setae on antennae much shorter. Distribution.— Durango and Hidalgo to Guatemala. MEXICO: Durango: 16 km W El Salto, VII-64, Pinus cooperi, J. B. Thomas. Hidalgo: 8 km W Tulancingo, 11- Vl-67, P. leiophylla, S. L. Wood. Mexico: San Rafael, 11- lX-49, F. leiophyUa. J. P. Perry; El Telar, 15-1-69, P. monteztimae, R. Rodrequez; Tlalmonalco, 20-XI-49, P. leiophijlla, J. P. Perry. Michoacan: Uruapan. GUATE- MALA: Cerro Zunil; San Geronimo. Hosts.— Pinus cooperi, P. leiophyUa, P. montezumae. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs. The habits apparently are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on eight other specimens. 8. Gnathotrichus deleoni Blackman Gnathotrichus deleoni Blackman, 1942, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:227 (Holotype, male; Chalco, Distrito Federal, Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., ,55997) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nitidifrons Hopkins by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 2.8-3.3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons similar to nitidifrons but more even- ly convex, median area not elevated, often 1162 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 impunctate. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide, as in nitidifrons except sides more nearly arcuate and summit much less definite. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly sub- angulate behind; striae not impressed, vari- able, punctures minute to obsolete, usually visible toward base, often obsolete toward declivity; interstriae shining, irregular lines and impressed points rather abundant. De- clivity rather steep, evenly convex; not at all sulcate; strial punctures obsolete; minute granules evident on interstriae 2 and 3, im- pressed points conspicuous; suture feebly ele- vated on lower third. Vestiture of sparse, fine, long hair on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair; frons finely aciculate from upper level of eyes to epistoma; discal striae usually less distinct. Distribution.— Durango to Mexico and Tlaxcala. MEXICO; Distrito Federal; Chalco, Piniis leiophylla, D. DeLeon. Durango; 9 km NE El Salto, 23-VII-5.3, Pinus, S. L. Wood; 5 km W (No. 40) and 29 km W (No. 39) El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m, Pinus. S. L. Wood. Mexi- co: San Rafael, 16-IX-49, P. leiophylla, P. J. Perry; Tlalmanalco, lO-VII-49, P. leiophylla, P. J. Perry. Tlax- cala: Villareal, 4-VIII-78, pheromone trap, M. M. Fumiss. Hosts.— Pinus leiophylla, P. sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from shaded out limbs 5 to 10 cm in diameter. Otherwise the habits are as described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 42 other specimens. 9. Gnathotrichus perniciosiis Wood Gnathotrichus perniciosiis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:47 (Holotype, male; 6 miles or 9 km S Cara- pan, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retosus (LeConte) and denticulatus Blackman by the smaller size, by the less strongly impressed declivity, and by the strongly aciculate frons. Male.— Length 2.2-2.6 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytral bases somewhat lighter. Frons moderately convex; surface con- vergently aciculate from upper level of eyes to median point on epistoma, two of these ridges on median line (one in some paratypes) more strongly raised, particularly above, grooves between ridges and above aciculate area rather sparsely, deeply, coarsely punctured. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides straight, converging very slightly on basal three-fourths, then broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 12 low, blunt serrations; summit well in front of middle, marked by a raised tranS' verse line; posterior area finely reticulate, dull, very finely, rather sparsely punctured; vestiture inconspicuous, confined to sides. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; sides al- most straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, narrowly rounded behind, with a very small notch at suture; striae not im- pressed, punctures in semidefinite rows, small, shallow; interstriae with surface lines, points, and an occasional puncture, sub- shining. Declivity steep, narrowly, shallowly sulcate; striae 1 and 2 indicated by fine, shal- low punctures; interstriae 1 and 2 very nar- row, impressed, 3 moderately, rather abrupt- ly elevated and armed by about four small, rounded granules. Vestiture limited to decliv- ity, fine, hairlike, short and a few longer setae intermixed. Female.— Similar to male except outer margin of antennal funicle and club bearing a few long setae. Distribution.— Sinaloa and Chihuahua to Honduras. MEXICO; Chiapas: Bochil, Lagos des Colores, San Cristobal de las Casas. Chihuahua; Tres Rios. Distrito Federal; El Guarda. Jalisco: Mazamitla. Michoacan; Carapan, Mt. Colima. Morelos: Cuernavaca. HON- DURAS; Cerro Peiia Blanca, San Lucas and Yuscaran in Paraiso. Hosts.— Pinus chiapensis, P. leiophylla, P. montezutna, P. oocarpa, P. pseudostrobus, P. spp. Biology.— As described for the genus; most specimens were taken from the bole of standing, dying trees larger than 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 81 specimens, and on 12 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1163 10. Gnathotrichus retusus (LeConte) Cryphalus retusus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:155 (Lectotype, female; California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1010, present designation) Gnathotrichus retusus: Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:407 Gnathotrichus aini Blackman, 19.31, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:271 (Holotype, female; Hoquiam, Washington; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43431); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:512. Sijnonymij Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from denticulatus Blackman by the weakly aciculate frons near the epistoma, by the more deeply sulcate declivity, with more abruptly elevated lateral convexities, by the slightly larger average size, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 3.3-3.7 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, ascending slightly toward median area of epistoma, elevated area weakly aciculate, surface subshining, smooth, pimctures rather small, moderately abundant; vestiture of fine, sparse, inconspic- uous hair. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; out- line as in nitidifrons Hopkins; summit trans- versely subcarinate; posterior area finely reti- culate, punctures rather fine, not close. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed, punctures rather small, deep, regu- lar, in rows; interstriae smooth, shining, at least four times as wide as striae, with numer- ous impressed points, punctures absent. De- clivity steep, rather deeply sulcate; strial punctures much smaller than on declivity, surface densely marked by impressed points; sulcus deep, lateral areas rising abruptly from striae 1, simimit on 3 armed by a row of rather coarse, pointed granules. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, of sparse, coarse hair. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair. Distribution.— British Columbia and northwestern Utah to Baja California. CANAD.\: British Columbia; .\gassiz. Bowser, Cres- ton, Duncan, Lake Cowichan, Merritt, Nelson, Pender Harbor, Terrace, Trenchan, Todd Inlet, Trinity Valley, Victoria. USA: California: more than 100 localities. Idaho: Cedar Mt., Centerville, Coeur d'Alene, Moscow, Pierce, Smiths Ferrv, Troy, Westmond, Whitebird Pass. Montana: Sula. Nevada: Carson City, Kvle Canyon in Clark Co. Oregon: more than 40 localities. Utah; Logan Canyon. Washington: more than .35 localities. MEXICO: Baja California: Laguna Hanson, San Juarez, San Pedro Martir. Hosts.— Alnus sp. (seven series in Oregon and Washington), Picea engelmannii, Finns contorta, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. radiata, P. ponderosa, Populus trichocarpa (one series from Longmire, Washington), and Pseudot- suga menziesii. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 syntypes of retusus in the LeConte collection, on the holotype of alni, and on 994 other specimens. The first syntype in the LeConte collection, a female from California, is here designated as the lectotype of retusus LeConte. It was labeled "Type" many years ago, but was never officially so designated. Long series from alder and from coniferous hosts from Oregon and Washington were compared, but 1 fail to see characters that distinguish species. The possibility that a sib- ling species exists in alder requires further in- vestigation. It is also possible that retusus and denticulatus intergrade in Utah or Wyoming; however, these species are very rare in this area, and specimens even suggesting inter- gradation were not seen. 11. Gnathotrichus denticulatus Blackman Gnathotrichus denticulatus Blackman, 1931, J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 21:270 (Holotype, female; Cloud- croft, New Mexico; U.S. Nat. Mus., 43430) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retusus (LeConte) by the entirely smooth, nonaciculate frons, by the less strongly .sulcate declivity, by the smaller av- erage size, and by the distribution. Female.— Length 2.8-3.3 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brownV' Frons as in retusus except entirely devoid of all traces of aciculation. Pronotum and elytra as in retusus except elytral declivity much less strongly sulcate. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair. Distribution.— E Utah and South Dakota to Michoacan and Puebla. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., Flagstaff, Jerome, Kaibab N.F., Paradise, Prescott N.F., Rincon Mts., San Francisco Peak, Santa Catalina Mts., Sitgreaves N.F., White River, Williams. Colorado: Colorado N.F., Colo- rado Springs, Estes Park, Evergreen, Fort Collins, 1164 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Glennhaven, Gunnison, Norwood, Ouray, Uncompahgre N.F., Waldo Canvon. New Mexico: Capitan, Cloud- croft, Magdelena, Meek, Vermejo. South Dakota: Black Hills, Cheyenne Crossing, Elmore, Hill City. Texas: Davis Mts.' Utah: Dixie N.F., Elk Park in Ashley N.F., Long Hollow in Dixie N.F., Panguitch. MEXICO: Chi- huahua: Ojinaga. Distrito Federal: El Guarda. Durango: Durango, El Salto. Guerrero: Acapulco. Michoacan: Carapan. Puebla: Texnielucan. San Luis Potosi: San Luis Potosi. Hosts.— Picea engelmannii (accidental?), Finns ponderosa, P. spp. Biology.— As described for the genus. Most specimens were taken from the stump of standing, dying trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 216 other specimens. 12. Gnathotrichus imitans Wood Gnathotrichus imitans Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:48 (Holotype, male; 3 miles or 5 bn W El Sal- to, EKirango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from omissus Wood and sulcatus (LeConte) by the smooth, shining pronotal disc, with much larger punctures, by the arcuate im- pression on the upper frons, and by the steep- er, more broadly rounded elytral declivity. Fem.\le.— Length 2.8-3.1 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; color brown to almost black. Frons impressed on more than median half from upper level of eyes to epistoma, con- vergently aciculate toward median point on epistomal margin on most of impressed area; surface coarsely, rather sparsely, deeply punctured over most of front of head to ver- tex; a median carina extending dorsal from upper level of eyes; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost straight on basal three- fourths and slightly converging anteriorly, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin with an irregular, indistinctly serrate, raised rim; summit well in front of middle, clearly marked by a transverse elevation; posterior area almost smooth and shining, rather closely, deeply, finely punctured; ves- titure restricted to sides. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, deep; interstriae little wider than striae, marked by a few surface lines and points, subshining. Declivity moderately steep, convex; all punc- tures minute, not clearly impressed; inter- striae 1 weakly elevated, 2 impressed, 3 slightly elevated and anned by a series of about five very small granules; apical margin not extended as in most representative of the genus. Vestiture confined to sides and declivi- ty; longer and in distinct rows on declivital interstriae 3 and 4. Male.— Similar to female in all respects. Distribution.— Arizona and New Mexico to Durango and Hidalgo. \JS\: Arizona: Onion Saddle, Chiricahua Mts., 30-VL 53, W. F. Barr; Williams, l-VH, J. N. Knull. New Mexi- co: Cloudcroft, 2-Vni-5L Hopk. U.S. 34218D4, Pinus ponderosa. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI- 65, 2500 m, in flight, S. L. Wood, also 3-VI-37, Juan Manuel, also 16 km W, VII-64, in flight, J. B. Thomas. Hidalgo: 31 km E Tulancingo, lO-VII-67, 2300 m, No. 185, Pinus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Pinus ponderosa, P. sp. Biology.— Specimens taken by me were in a log 40 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 80 specimens and on 16 other specimens. 13. Gnathotrichus sulcatus (LeConte) Crijplialus sulcatus LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:155 (Holotype, female; middle California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1001) Gnathotrichus sulcatus: Eichhoff, 1878, Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:407 Gnathotrichus aciculatus Blackman, 1931, J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:272 (Holotype, female; Cloudcroft, New Mexico; U.S. Nat'. Mus., 43432); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:513. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from omissus Wood by the more coarsely aciculate female frons, by the more finely sculptured elytral disc, by the more deeply impressed elytral declivity, with more con- spicuously marked striae, and by the hosts and distribution. Female.— Length 2.8-3.5 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, shining, rather strongly aciculate on more than medium half to well above eyes, small punctures interspersed; ves- titure of sparse, fine, inconspicuous hair. Pronotum as in omissus except summit more conspicuous, transversely subcarinate. Elytra as in omissus except punctures slightly smaller, impressed lines less 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1165 conspicuous, evidently less numerous, im- pressed points smaller; declivital sulcus rather strongly impressed, granules larger, strial punctures more distinct, in rows. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair; anterolateral angles of pronotum with a small, obscure tuft of hair. Distribution.— British Columbia and South Dakota to Honduras. CANADA: British Columbia: Duncan, Genoa Bay, New Westminister, Pender Harbor, Vancouver, Victoria. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts.. Flagstaff, Graham Mts., Huachuca Mts., Jacob's Lake, Kaibab N.F., Santa Cata- lina Mts., Williams. California: The counties of Eldo- rado, Fresno, Humboldt, Lassen, Marin, Mendocino, Modoc, Monterey, Nevada, Dumas, San Mateo, Santa Cruz, Siskiyou, Trinity, Tulare. Colorado: Pitkin, Poudre Canyon in Larimer Co. Idaho: Coeur dWlene, Krassel. Nevada: Lake Tahoe. New Mexico: Albuquerque, Cloudcroft, Las Vegas Hot Springs, Sandia Mts. Oregon: Ashland, Astoria, Bly, Burn, Corvallis, Grants Pass, Mary's Peak, Marshfield, North Plains, Portland. South Dakota: Black Hills, Elmore. Utah: Beaver, Sanford Canyon in Dixie N.F., Payson Canyon. Washington: Aberdeen, Buckeye, Hoquiam, Kent, Olympic N.F., Sat- sop. MEXICO: Distrito Federal: El Guarda. Durango: Durango, El Salto. Hidalgo: Tulancingo, Zacatlan. Mich- oacan: Ciudad Hidalgo, Morelia. Oaxaca: Oaxaca. Puebla: Texmelucan. Tlaxcala: Tlaxco. Veracruz: Jalapa, Perote. GUATEMALA: Solola. HONDURAS: Cerro Pena Blanca. Hosts.— Abies concolor, A. magnifica, A. religiosa, Pinus leiophylla, P. ponderosa, P. pseiidostrobiis, P. spp., Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophijUa. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of sulcatits and aciculatus, and on 594 other specimens. Blackman named aciculatus from specimens having the declivital sulcus much more conspicuously impressed than in most specimens. This char- acter apparently varies within and between series. With the material at hand, this charac- ter could not be correlated with other factors useful in separating species. There is a possi- bility that geographical races exist having distributions approximately as in retusus and denticulatus, but they must be defined by characters other than those used by Black- man for sulcatus and aciculatus. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sulcatus (LeConte) by the minute to ob- solete strial punctures on the disc, by the confused punctures on the elytral declivity, by the feebly impressed elytral declivity, by the much less strongly aciculate female frons, and by the hosts. Female.— Length 3.3-3.6 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, usually with pale areas on anterior pronotum and basal and declivital areas of elytra. Frons convex, median line obscurely ele- vated, surface smooth, shining, sparsely, fine- ly punctured, median third below upper level of eyes finely aciculate; vestiture fine, sparse, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in materiarius (Fitch) except serra- tions on anterior margin coarse. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline as in mate- riarius; striae not impressed, punctures small, in slightly irregular rows; interstriae smooth, shining, impressed hues and points moder- ately abundant. Declivity rather steep, con- vex; weakly, rather narrowly sulcate; strial punctures obsolete or nearly so, evidently confused; lateral convexities distinctly higher than suture, summit armed by two or three small granules. Vestiture confined to declivi- ty, consisting of sparse hair. Male.— Similar to female except frontal aciculation much stronger and distributed al- most from eye to eye to well above eyes; an- tenna without long hair; anterolateral angles of pronotum bearing a small tuft of hair. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, E.squintla, 1-VL64, 1300 m. No. 688, Caldo de Frijol, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 26-IX-6.3, 2.300 m. No. 207, Oreopanax nubigenus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Oreopanax nubigenus, etc. Biology.— Specimens were attacking limbs 15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens and on one other specimen. 14. Gnathotrichus omissus Wood Gnathotrichus omissus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):57 (Holotype, fe- male; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) 15. Gnathotrichus consentaneus Blandford Gnathotrichus consentaneus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):247 (Lectotype, male; Totonicipan, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. ,33:176) 1166 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from omissus Wood by the much larger size, by the larger, pointed, recurved declivital tu- bercles, and by the more broadly impressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 4.1-4.3 mm, 3.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal half of elytral disc lighter. As in omissus except elytral declivity somewhat more broadly impressed, and inter- striae 3 at base armed by two pairs of small, sharply pointed, recurved (hooked) denticles. Male.— Similar to female except antenna without long hair. Distribution.— Chiapas to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: Mt. Tzontehuiz. GUATEMALA: Totonicipan, G. C. Champion. Notes.— Blandford included at least 18 specimens under this name when it was de- scribed, but stated that it was named from the Totonicipan series. Pins 1, 7, and 8 bear specimens from Totonicipan and are con- sentaneus; pins 3 and 5 and one in the Schedl collection bear specimens from Totonicipan of sulcatus (LeConte); pin 4 from Teapa, pins 6 and 15 from Mexico by Truqui, pin 11 from the Quiche Mts., and pin 14 from Volcan de Agua bear specimens of sulcatus; pin 9 from Cerro Zimil and pin 13 (2 specimens) from San Geronimo bear specimens of nitidifrons Hopkins; pin 10 from Cerro Zunil and pin 12 from Omilteme bear specimens of perniciosus Wood; and pin 2 (2 specimens) from Mer- cedes bears specimens Xyleborus declivis Eichhoff. The first specimen in the series, a male from Totonicipan, bears a type label and has been regarded as the type for many years; it was designated as the lectotype of consentaneus Blandford as cited above. This large species probably infests a non- coniferous host. Genus GNATHOTRUPES Schedl Grwthotrupes Schedl, 1951, Diisenia 2:125 (Type-spe- cies: Ctiathotritpes bolivianus Schedl, monobasic) Gnathotrypamis Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:9 (Type-species: Gnathotrypamis terebrattts Wood, original designation); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:172. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Gnathotrichus Eichhoff by the more strongly arched sutures of the antennal club, which are more closely, more conspicuously marked by rows of setae, by the smaller seg- ment 1 of the antennal club, by the abrupt, flattened elytral declivity, with the sutural apex broadly angulate, the costal margin near the sutural apex not elevated, and by the distribution. Description.— Length 1.3-2.6 mm (some South American species much larger), 2.4-3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons indistinctly to profomidly dimor- phic, males convex, females convex with sparse setae to strongly concave and elabo- rately ornamented by hair; eye shallowly to moderately emarginate; pregula normal to variously extended toward the occipital fora- men, several species with well-developed gula marked off by two completely separate gular sutures. Antennal scape elongate, club shaped; funicle 5-segmented; club subcircular to elongate, sutures 1 and 2 strongly arcuate to angulate, segment 1 usually small. Pro- notum much longer than wide, summit ante- rior to middle, usually indefinite; anterior slope moderately asperate, anterior margin serrate; posterior areas very finely sculp- tured. Sciitellum rather large, flat. Elytra elongate, declivity steep, costal margin as- cending from base of declivity to sutural apex, its margin not acutely elevated near su- ture. Prothoracic precoxal piece forming a simple transverse partition between head and coxae, not extended between coxae (an exten- sion does occur in some South American spe- cies). Legs as in Gnathotrichus. Distribution.— Guatemala to Argentina; 15 species are known; 5 occur in Central America. Biology.— Apparently as described for Gnathotrichus. Notes.— All South American species of Gnathotrichus have been referred to Gna- thotrupes (Wood 1973:172). Of the 13 species of Gnathotriipes before me, 5 species have a complete gula extending from pregula to postgula, with two completely separate gular sutures, 5 species have the pregula extending more than half the distance from its normal position to the foramen magnum, and 3 spe- cies have a normal pregula. This is the only genus of Scolytidae known to me in which there is a complete gula. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1167 Key to the Species of Gnathotrupes 1. Strial punctures small, in definite rows; upper third or more of elytral declivity sulcate, its lateral convexities armed by pointed granules; body stouter, not more than 2.5 times as long as wide (except bituberctilatus); anterolateral an- gles of female pronotum usually bearing a conspicuous tuft of hair; erect declivital setae stout, almost scalelike 2 — Elytral punctures on disc confused or not; declivity flat or slightly convex, not at all sulcate, lateral areas armed or not; costal margin of elytra ascending from basal margin of declivity to sutural apex; body slender, more than 3.0 times as long as wide; anterolateral angles of female pronotimi without a tuft of hair 4 2(1). Sutures of antennal club strongly procurved or angulate, 2 obsolete at its middle; elytral declivity more strongly sulcate almost to apex, lateral margins on interstriae 3 armed by a row of several (about five) granules, about half of them on lower half of declivity; Costa Rica; 2.4 mm 2. electus (Wood) — Sutures of antennal club straight to moderately procurved; declivital sulcus shallow, confined to basal half, interstriae 3 armed on basal half by fewer than five pairs of small tubercles 3 3(2). Smaller; vestiture on elytral declivity of very fine, short hair and slightly long- er scales; declivital interstriae 3 near base armed by a row of four or five small, pointed tubercles; sutural apex entire; female frons subglabrous; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.5 mm 1. terebratus (Wood) — Larger; vestiture on declivity of short, rather stout bristles; declivital inter- striae 3 with a moderately large, blunt tubercle slightly above middle, one or two small granules on basal half; sutural apex moderately divaricate in female, strongly divaricate in male; female frons ornamented by long hair; Guatemala; 2.4-2.6 mm 3. bituberculatus (Blandford) 4(1), Elytral declivity broadly convex, unarmed, with rather abundant, moderately long pubescence; punctures on frons sparse, rather coarse; Costa Rica; 1.6-1.7 mm 4. dilutus Wood — Elytral declivity flattened, interstriae 3 armed by two pairs of pointed den- ticles, pubescence short; punctures on frons sparse, minute; Costa Rica; 1.9-2.0 mm 5. crecentis Wood 1. Gnathotrupes terebratus (Wood) low, median, longitudinal elevation; surface Fig. 218 very obscurely reticulate with a few very ^ , , „, , r^^o ^ Ti coarse, deep punctures, except shining and Gnatnotrupanus terebratus Wood, 1968, Great Basin . ..'•'^ ,. , . . " . Nat. 28:9 (Holotvpe, male; Volcan, Puntarenas, impunctate on median elevation; vestiture in- Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) conspicuous. Eye half divided by an emargi- DiAGNOSis.— This species is distinguished nation. Antennal scape about as long as 5- from electus (Wood) by the smaller size, by segmented funicle, about half as long as club; the very different antennal club, and by the club as long as wide, with two procurved, al- different elytral declivity. most angulate sutures, 1 extending one-fourth Female.— Length 1.30-1.45 mm, 2.5 times club length from base, 2 extending slightly as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, more than half club length from base, most of pronotum yellowish brown. 1 and extreme margins of 2 septate. Frons weakly convex to well above eyes on Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest an area slightly less than distance between on basal half, sides almost parallel, very eyes, very feebly elevated toward a broad, feebly arcuate to just before middle, then 1168 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 distinctly converging to rather abrupt ante- rolateral angles, very broadly rounded, al- most straight in front; anterior margin armed by about 14-16 low teeth; indefinite summit in front of middle, moderately declivous and finely asperate anterior to summit; posterior area minutely subreticulate, with an occa- sional minute puncture. A few hairlike setae in asperate area and on lateral areas; ante- rolateral angles bearing small tuft of yellow hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three- fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punc- tures minute, shallow; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, shining, marked by rather numerous lines, punctures not evident. Declivity steep, confined to posterior fourth of elytra; shallowly, subconcavely impressed on central two-thirds, except sutural area above impressed; striae obsolete; declivital face closely, minutely marked by indefinite, confused punctures; position of interstriae 2 near upper margin armed by a series of two or three small pointed tubercles, third tu- bercle almost one-fourth of declivital length from base of declivity; apical, costal margin near suture finely, weakly elevated. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of fine hair and erect, slightly longer scales in about equal numbers; rather sparse. Male.— Similar to female except frons flattened to well above eyes; frontal setae shorter; anterolateral angles of pronotum without tufts of hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 307, Guarumo, S. L. Wood. Host.— Presumably Pourouma aspera. Biology.— Specimens were just entering a recently cut bole 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 2. Gnathotrupes electus (Wood) Gnathotrypanus electus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:10 (Holotype, female; Rincon de Osa, Punta- rena.s, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from terebratus (Wood) by the larger size, by the very different antennal club, and by the different elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, with elytra much darker. Frons moderately convex, with median line rather narrowly elevated, particularly toward epistomal margin; surface dull, very finely, rather closely punctured; vestiture inconspic- uous, antennal club with sutures strongly pro- curved, more narrowly angulate than in terebratus. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides very feebly arcuate, almost parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin not clearly armed, posterior area minutely reticulate, finely punctured. Sub- glabrous except at lateral and anterior mar- gins; a moderately large patch of rather long, conspicuous, hairlike setae on anterolateral angle. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide (elytra of holotype slightly spread), 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and evidently parallel on about basal three- fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not impressed, punctures small, distinct, shal- low; interstriae about three times as wide as striae, surface shining, marked by lines and exceedingly minute points, with punctures similar in size and spacing to those of striae. Declivity steep, sulcate; striae not indicated, surface finely reticulate, with very obscure, confused, close punctures indicated; rather strongly impressed between third interstriae, lateral elevations moderately abrupt, broad, armed by one small, pointed tubercle near upper margin and four similar tubercles on middle third, upper one of these four larger. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of fine, semirecumbent hair and a few erect, slender scales. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 67, 30 m. No. 88, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 3. Gnathotrupes bituberculatus (Blandford) Gnathotrichus bituberculatus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):248 (Lectotype, fe- male; Puriilha, Baja Vera Paz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished as indicated in the above key. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1169 Female.— Length 2.6 mm (male 2.4 mm), 3.2 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior third of pronotum and elytral decliv- ity dark brown. Frons very broad, weakly convex, evi- dently subreticulate; epistomal area slightly elevated, its median fourth shining; pub- escent on median two-thirds except for glabrous central area, setae moderately long, rather abundant; upper half concealed on type by pronotum. Antennal club rather small, sutures very weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on anterior three- fourths, very broadly rounded in front; serra- tions on anterior margin almost obsolete; summit on anterior third, indefinite; posterior areas reticulate, punctures very fine, obscure. Glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotiun; sides almost straight and parallel on basal five-sixths, rather abruptly, very broadly roimded behind; disc shining, almost smooth, strial punctures very small, not always clearly impressed, interstrial punctures obsolete. Declivity very steep, broadly, rather weakly convex, feebly sulcate on upper half; interstriae 3 armed by a con- spicuous, rather small, blunt tubercle very slightly above middle, 1 to 4 minute tu- bercles on basal half of interstriae 3; lateral areas with several very minute granules; sur- face reticulate; sutural apex rather deeply di- varicate. Vestiture confined to declivity, of coarse, short bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons rather coarsely punctured, subglabrous; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by 14 coarse serrations; elytral declivity with margins more abrupt, strial punctures clearly visible on upper third, major tubercles more nearly pointed, declivital surface smooth, shining, suture much more broadly, deeply notched, setae shorter, broader. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA; Purulha, Baja Vera Paz, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the two syntypes. The female syntype is here designated as the lectotype of Gnatho- trichiis bittibercitlatus Blandford and this spe- cies is transferred to Gnathotrupes. 4. Gnathotrupes dilutus Wood Gnathotrupes dilutus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):56 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from crecentis Wood by the broadly convex unarmed elytral declivity, with longer decliv- ital pubescence, by the larger frontal punc- tures, and by the smaller size. Male.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, shining, weakly reti- culate; punctures sparse, moderately coarse, shallow; epistomal area distinctly impressed except on median line; vestiture sparse, hair- like, inconspicuous. Antennal club sub- circular, three strongly arcuate sutures marked by grooves and rows of setae, seg- ment 1 very small. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate, subparallel on more than bas- al half, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by 14 serrations; indefinite summit well in front of middle; anterior slope rather abrupt, rather coarsely asperate; pos- terior areas subreticulate (mostly wavy lines), punctures very minute, sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind; striae not im- pressed; surface shining, almost smooth, punctures minute, almost obsolete, confused. Declivity confined to less than posterior fourth, very steep, broadly convex; punctures larger and deeper than on disc, confused. Vestiture confined to declivity, of rather abundant, fine, short, and rather long hair. Distribution.— Gosta Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m, No. 184, Miconia caudata, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Males were just entering a re- cently cut branch 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three males. 5. Gnathotrupes crecentus Wood Gnathotrupes crecentus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 19(1):56 (Holotype, fe- male; Volcan, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dilutus Wood by the steep, almost flat 1170 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 elytral declivity that is armed by two pairs of moderately large tubercles on interstriae 3, by the very short declivital vestiture, by the much finer frontal punctures, and by the smaller size. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in dilutus except punctures very fine; sparse setae very long. Pronotum as in dilutus. Elytral outline as in dilutus., strial punc- tures very small, in definite rows; declivity steeper and much flatter than in dilutus, pimctures larger, confused, interstriae 3 with two pointed denticles one-third and two- thirds declivital length from base. Vestiture mostly very short, a few longer hairs. Male.— Similar to female except lower half of frons more distinctly, transversely im- pressed, setae short; strial punctures minute, confused; declivital denticles slightly larger, punctures much smaller, vestiture shorter. Distribution.— Costa Plica. COSTA RICA: Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m, No. 308, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the wood of a recently cut limb 10-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. Genus TRICOLUS Blandford Tricolus Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):286 (Type-species: Tricolus ovicollis Bland- ford, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:131) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Amphicranus Erichson by the more broadly rounded posterior margin of the elytra, which is feebly if at all explanate and feebly if at all divaricate, by the presence of three pairs of spines on the declivity, and by the somewhat distinctive precoxal piece on the prothorax. Description.— Length 1.5-3.9 mm, 2.4-3.4 times as long as wide; sexual di- morphism restricted to antennal vestiture; color uniformly brown or black to bicolored. Frons convex, subglabrous, central area with a weakly elevated granular area, or rarely convergently aciculate; eye oval, emarginate, antennal socket in emargination; antennal scape elongate, funicle 3-seg- mented, club elongate-oval to broadly sub- triangular, sutures 1 and 2 septate, weakly to strongly procurved. Pronotum longer than wide, lateral margins marked by a fine raised line; sculpture conservative; anterior margin variable. Elytral disc with punctures small, confused; posterior area strongly impressed, lateral margin of declivity armed by three pairs of denticles (almost obsolete in three species); posterior margin weakly if at all ex- planate, usually not at all divaricate. Pre- coxal piece on prothorax a thin, transversely straight partition, usually partly bent from vertical to subhorizontal plane and pub- escent. Tibiae not sexually dimorphic, usually with a marginal row and one submarginal row of tubercles on posterior face. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz to Bolivia and Brazil; about 30 species have been named; 24 species occur in Mexico and Central America. Biology.— These monogamous ambrosia beetles occur in small recently cut or broken branches. The adult tunnel consists of a short radial entrance tunnel and a transverse brood gallery that follows a growth ring of the branch, at times forming a complete circle. Few young are produced in the parental tun- nels. One species (cecropii) appears to have a mutualistic symbiotic or obligatory domicile parasitic relationship with a Corthylus species. Notes.— Although the species assigned to this genus form a compact group, almost all characters of Tricolus intergrade with those of Amphicranus to such a degree that its validity is doubtful. Key to the Species of Tricolus Lower (third) spine on elytral declivity with its apex simple, either rounded or pointed 2 Spine 3 on elytral declivity with a definite, small, pointed, subapical tubercle on its dorsomedian margin at or near apex 18 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1171 2(1). Spines on elytral declivity almost absent, poorly developed, represented by feeble swellings or a broad fold; finely elevated line on declivital suture continued on costal margin (see also cecropii) 3 — Declivital spines 1 and 2 clearly developed, pointed, 3 much larger (except in cecropii), variously shaped; finely elevated line on declivital suture continued on costal margin than curved dorsad at or near base of spine 3 5 3(2). Impressed area on elytral declivity subcircular in outline, spine 1 at base of de- clivity small, sharply pointed; frons coarsely aciculate except for small, central, weakly raised granulate area; Guatemala to Costa Rica; Ficus; 1.8 mm 1. simpUcis Wood — Impressed area on elytral declivity conspicuously longer than wide, spine 1 represented by a small rounded granule or almost absent 4 4(3). Smaller; body 3.1 times as long as wide; frons convex, granulate area weakly raised, lateral areas not impressed; median face of lateral convexities vertical from base to its posterior apex; Costa Rica; Siparuna; 1.8 mm 2. inornatus Wood — Larger; body 2.8 times as long as wide; granular area on frons rather strongly elevated, lateral areas on lower half of frons impressed; mandibles enlarged; slope on median face of lateral convexities on declivity more gradual on basal half; Costa Rica; 2.6 mm 3. inaffectus Wood 5(2). Elytral declivity below spine 3 narrowly flattened, its width not exceeding width of impressed declivital area anterior to spine 3, subapical margin usually less strongly elevated, never reflexed upwards (explanate) so as to form an angle out of line with declivital slope of sutural area; granulate area on frons as long as wide or absent 6 — Elytral declivity broadly flattened below spine 3, at least 1.3 times as wide as impressed area above spine 3, if doubtful then granulate area on frons consid- erably wider than long; apical margin of declivity near suture often feebly explanate 14 6(5). Anterior margin of pronotum strongly produced, acutely angulate medially, armed by very coarse, sharp serrations; spine 3 absent or long and slender 7 — Anterior margin of pronotum rather narrowly to moderately rounded in front, serrations usually rather low, often indefinite; spine 3 stouter 8 7(6). Body rather stout, dark brown; declivital spine 2 not larger than 1, 3 represent- ed by a simple fold, not projecting; granular area on frons large, wider than long, subreniform; Costa Rica; Cecropia petioles; 2.2-2.5 mm 4. cecropii Wood — Body very slender, partly yellowish brown; declivital spine 2 cylindrical, much larger than 1, 3 at least twice as long as wide, larger than 2; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.1-2.5 mm 5. ardis Wood 8(6). Apex of declivital spine 3 not projecting, merely abrupt posterior termination of lateral convexities 9 — Spine 3 a definitely projecting process 10 9(8). Smaller; declivital spines 1 and 2 represented by small, rounded calluses; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by nine coarse serrations; pronotum and elytra black; Costa Rica; 2.3 mm 6. parsus Wood — Larger; declivital spines 1 and 2 each longer than their basal width; anterior margin of pronotum obscurely serrate; pronotum reddish brown, elytra black; Costa Rica; 2.7-3.1 mm 7. rufithorax Wood 1172 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 10(8). Declivital spine 3 very close to posterior margin, separated by a distance less than half thickness of spine; color light brown; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.3-2.8 mm 8. badius Wood — Declivital spine 3 remote from posterior margin, separated by more than thickness of spine; color dark brown to black 11 11(10). Declivital spine 3 stout, wider than long, somewhat laterally compressed, its apex at lower apical angle 12 — Declivital spine 3 elongate, cylindrical, blunt, about twice as long as its basal width 13 12(11). Larger; black; stouter, body 2.6 times as long as wide; granulate area on frons indistinctly elevated; PVeracruz, Guatemala to Costa Rica; 2.7-3.0 mm 9. nodifer Blandford — Smaller; rather dark brown; more slender, 2.8 times as long as wide; granulate area on frons distinctly elevated; Costa Rica; 1.7-1.8 mm 10. partilis Wood 13(11). Pimctures in excavated area of elytral declivity small, simple; frons devoid of aciculate lines and elevations, granulate area conspicuously developed; Costa Rica; 2.1 mm 11. /enoris Wood — Punctures on declivity with (at least) their anterior margins finely granulate; frons aciculate, granulate area absent; Puebla; 2.4 mm 12. frontalis Wood 14(5). Raised granulate area on frons subcircular, about equal in length and width; spine 3 stout, its basal diameter from lateral aspect four or more times that of spine 2; Panama; 2.1 mm 13. capitalis Wood — Raised granulate area on frons conspicuously wider than long 15 15(14). Subapical posterior margin of declivity uniformly rather weakly elevated and arcuate from suture to near lateral base of spine 3; color reddish brown; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.6 mm 14. saundersi Wood — Subapical posterior margin of declivity abruptly, angulately produced near su- ture, forming a conspicuous sutural notch; color partly or entirely very dark brown to black 16 16(15). Spine 3 closer to raised angle on subapical margin than to spine 2; granulate area on frons at least three times as wide as long, strongly constricted toward median line, its dorsal margin forming a broadly V-shaped angle; Costa Rica; 2.9-3.3 mm 15. naevus Wood — Spine 3 spaced by about equal distances from ventrolateral angle on subapical margin and from spine 2; granulate area on frons not more than twice as wide as long, not conspicuously constricted toward median line 17 17(16). Larger; spine 2 usually slightly closer to 3 than to 1; young adults with basal third of elytra reddish brown, black elsewhere; sides on anterior third of pro- notum indistinctly constricted, more broadly rounded in front; Puebla to Costa Rica; 2.6-2.9 mm 16. ovicollis Blandford — Smaller; spine 2 spaced by about equal distances from spines 1 and 3; elytra of imiform color; sides on anterior third of pronotum distinctly constricted, nar- rowly rounded in front; Costa Rica to Panama and Venezuela; 1.9-2.3 mm 17. scitulus Wood 18(1). Subapical posterior margin of declivity rather weakly elevated, sutural emargi- nation shallow, broad, much wider than deep; spine 3 projecting, more nearly cylindrical, except pernanulus; smaller than 3.1 mm 19 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1173 — Subapical posterior margin of declivity more strongly elevated, sutural emargi- nation very narrow, deeper than wide; spine 3 laterally compressed; larger than 3.2 mm except plaumanni 22 19(18). Spine 3 stout, projecting a distance about half as great as longitudinal axis of its basal width; longitudinal axis of spine 3 diagonal, strongly converging posteri- orly; female frons strongly impressed at sides of granulate area (often bifoveate) 20 — Spine 3 subcylindrical, about one and one-half to two times as long as wide; female frons not bifoveate; larger species 21 20(19). Male granular area on frons smaller, as wide as long, its dorsal margin arcuate; female frons on lateral thirds (lateral to granular area) narrowly impressed on crescent-shaped area, impression occupying less than half of area from raised granular area to margin of eye, concavities not extending above upper level of eye; Nayarit to Guatemala; 1.5-2.1 mm 18. difodinus Bright — Male granular area wider than long, its dorsal margin straight to feebly re- curved; female frons has median third with contour equal to a regularly convex frons, lateral thirds strongly concave to above upper level of eyes; Costa Rica to Brazil; 2.0-2.4 mm 19. senex Schedl 21(19). Frons with definite, raised, granulate area; anterior margin of pronotum rather narrowly rounded, coarsely serrate; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.7-3.1 mm 20. peltatus Wood — Frons aciculate, granulate area obsolete; anterior margin of pronotum more broadly rounded, serrations almost obsolete; Puebla; 2.2-2.5 mm 21. aciculatus Wood 22(18). Smaller; body slender, 3.5 times as long as wide; frons aciculate; granulate area absent; base of pronotal disc without transverse lines or asperities; Costa Rica and Panama to Brazil; 1.9-2.0 mm 22. plaumanni Schedl — Larger; body stouter, less than 2.8 times as long as wide; frons with definite granulate area; base of pronotal disc with impressed, transverse lines 23 23(22). Declivital spine 2 spaced by about equal distances from spines 1 and 3; bicolored; Costa Rica; 3.1-3.4 mm 23. bicolor Wood — Declivital spine 2 arising very close to spine 1, remote from spine 3; color black; Puebla; 3.6-3.9 mm 24. amplus Wood 1. Tricolus simplicis Wood except at middle, without long setae on pos- Tricolus simplicis Wood, 1974, Brieham Young Univ. „ . , r, . • i • i . i Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. l9(l):57(Holotype, female; Pronotum 1.3 times as long^as wide; sides Palm, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) straight and subparallel on basal half, nar- DiAGNOSis.— In this species the frons is rowly rounded in front; summit indefinite, rather coarsely aciculate except for a small, anterior to middle; anterior slope finely, median, raised, central granular area, and de- closely asperate; anterior margin a rather clivital spines 2 and 3 are essentially absent. strongly, acutely elevated continuous costa; Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.8 times as posterior area reticulate, punctures obscure, long as wide; color light brown. very shallow, moderately close. Glabrous. Frons convex, shining, coarsely, con- Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times vergently aciculate except on small, median, as long as pronotum; disc smooth, shining, subcircular, raised granular area at center; punctures small, shallow, some obsolete, evi- vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club broad- dently at least slightly confused. Declivity ly obovate; sutures 1 and 2 distinctly pro- occupying posterior third, excavated as in curved, obtusely subangulate, finely septate other members of this genus; face smooth, 1174 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 shining, indistinct punctures small, confused; lateral margins rather strongly, continuously elevated on heart-shaped pattern from suture to moderately near posterior margin, gradu- ally increasing in height posteriorly, ending precipitously on lower, median angle; spine 1 on interstriae 1 at base very small, pointed, 2 feebly indicated, 3 rounded, not projecting. Glabrous. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Pali'n, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 685, Ficus, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Volcan, Punta- renas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from twigs 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on one other specimen. 2. Tricolus inornatus Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus inornatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):57 (Holotype, female; 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from simplicis Wood by the much more Fig. 213. Tricolus spp., dorsal and lateral aspects of declivity: a, inornatus; b, ardis; c, parsus; d, badius; e, nodifer; f, partilis; g, capitalis; h, saundersi. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1175 slender body, by the narrower declivital ex- cavation, and by the absence of declivital spine 1. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons evidently as in simplicis, upper half concealed. Antennal club subcircular, sutures almost straight; posterior face with two or three long hairs. Pronotimi 1.4 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in simplicis except punctures on pos- terior area deeper, distinct, a slight irregu- larity at base anterior to scutellum. Glabrous. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide; disc as in simplicis. Declivity similar to simplicis ex- cept excavated area much narrower, spine 1 represented only by a small callus, 2 repre- sented by a distinct callus, 3 more broadly rounded, not projecting. Glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-&3. 2800 m, No. 248, Siparttna nicaragtiaensis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— One specimen was taken from a small, broken branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 3. Tricolus inaffectus Wood Tricohis inaffectus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):57 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from inornatus Wood by the larger, stouter body, by the impressed lower, lateral areas of the frons, by the pronotum, and by the slightly wider elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.6 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color black except elytral disc and antennae yellowish brown. Frons as in simplicis Wood except granular area more strongly elevated; lateral area im- pressed just above epistoma; mandibles ap- parently elongate. Antennal club broadly oval, sutures straight; posterior face orna- mented by more than 20 long hairs. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; out- line about as in simplicis except sides on slightly more than anterior half distinctly constricted, anterior costa more nearly ser- rate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures moderately fine, rather deep. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; as in inornatus Wood except excavated declivital area distinctly wider, calluses indicating positions of spines 1 and 2 less conspicuous. Glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas. Heredia, 19-XI-6.3, 2600 m, host not recorded, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 4. Tricolus cecropii Wood Tricohis cecropii Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1);58 (Holotype, female; Tur- rialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the moderately stout body, by the poorly developed declivital spines, by the strongly produced, acute, strongly serrate anterior margin of the pronotum, by the large, sub- reniforin granular area on the frons, and by the habits. Female.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons somewhat flattened on median three-fourths from epistoma to upper level of eyes, most of flattened area occupied by a raised, granular area of subreniform shape. Antennal club obscurely subtriangular, su- tures weakly procurved; very few long setae on posterior face. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly converging on basal two-thirds; anterior margin very strongly, subacutely produced and coarsely, closely serrate, 14-16 serrations; summit indefinite, near middle; anterior slope armed by rather large, low asperities; posterior area reti- culate, punctures sparse, fine, shallow. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; disc smooth, punctures small, shallow, confused. Declivity moder- ately steep, excavation narrower and not as deep as in other species; spines 1 and 2 pres- ent as small, pointed tubercles, 1 slightly larger, 3 represented by a low, poorly devel- oped fold; subapical margin subacute, not produced. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 5-VII-6.3, 700 m. No. 19, Cecropia peltata petioles, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from spiral-shaped galleries in the petioles of fall- en Cecropia leaves. This species was 1176 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 invariably found in the same tunnels with Corthylus cecropii Wood in an apparent domicile parasitic or mutualistic role. Adults of both species were usually present, but oc- cupied different branches of the same gallery system. Few larvae were produced by either species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 5. Tricolus ardis Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus ardis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):58 (Holotype, female; Escasu, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the acutely angulate, strongly serrate an- terior margin of the pronotum, by the acicu- late frons which also has a small elevated granulate area, and by the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; head, prothorax, and elytral de- clivity dark brown, basal two-thirds of elytra light brown. Frons convex, convergently aciculate ex- cept for a small, transversely oval granular area at center occupying median third. An- tennal club broadly obovate, sutures moder- ately arcuate; posterior face without long hair. Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, ar- cuately converging to subacute median angle in front; anterior margin coarsely serrate; summit indefinite; anterior slope finely, closely asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, shallow, not close, some of those at base connected by transverse lines. Glabrous. Elytra (including spines) 2.1 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel to base of declivity, arcuately converging to apex of spine 3, apices of spine 3 separated by a dis- tance equal to width of elytra, posterior emargination broadly, somewhat U-shaped; surface almost smooth, shining, punctures shallow, small, largely confused, their centers apparently reticulate. Declivity moderately steep, excavated in a narrowly heart-shaped area; lateral areas abruptly, rather strongly elevated, spine 1 at base on interstriae 1 rather small, sharply pointed, 2 one-third de- clivital length from base, twice as long as wide, 3 projecting posteriorly, conspicuously longer than wide (as seen in lateral aspect). Glabrous except for an occasional hairlike seta near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except for apical terga of abdomen. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 218, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. 380, 401, tree branches, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. 6. Tricolus parsus Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus parsus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):59 (Holotype, male?; 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from inaffectus Wood by the more narrowly rounded anterior margin of the pronotum, by the acutely elevated, subapical margin of the declivity, and by the very different declivital spine 3. Male(?).— Length 2.3 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons of type largely concealed, evidently not aciculate, finely granulate, raised gran- ular area as in ardis Wood. Antennal club broadly subquadrate, sutures feebly procurved. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about as in ardis except anterior margin narrowly rounded, not angulate, serrations with their bases contiguous. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, gradually narrowed, rather broadly rounded behind, with a con- spicuous, rather narrow emargination at su- ture; surface almost smooth, shining, punc- tures largely confused, small, moderately deep. Declivity much as in inaffectus except slightly wider, margins slightly higher, spine more strongly developed but not pointed, spine 3 more distinctly converging mesad, its crest not as high, its apex rounded, distinctly, weakly projecting; subapical margin acutely elevated, projecting moderately to produce sides of median emargination. Glabrous ex- cept for an occasional hairlike seta on sides. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1177 Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m, No. 196, woody vine (liana), S. L. Wood. Biology.— One specimen was taken from a vine 5 mm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 7. Tricolus rufithorax Wood Tricoltts rufithorax Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):59 (Holotype, female; Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from parsus Wood by the larger size, by the well-developed declivital spines, by the sub- serrate anterior margin of the pronotum, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.7 mm (male 3.1 mm), 2.4 times as long as wide; color reddish brown except elytra black. Frons convex, reticulate-granulate above, somewhat punctate laterally; subcircular raised, granular area occupying slightly more than median third to upper level of eyes; glabrous except on epistoma. Antennal club moderately large, almost subtriangular, su- tures weakly procurved; posterior face bear- ing two long hairs. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; out- line as in parsus except anterior margin less narrowly rounded, its elevated costa weakly serrate; posterior areas strongly reticulate, very low, strongly transverse, asperities con- tinuing from summit to base. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in par- sus except sutural emargination smaller and spine 3 projecting very slightly; disc smooth, shining, punctures fine, confused. Declivity with contours much as in parsus except spine 1 conical, slightly larger, 2 cylindrical, pro- jecting slightly more than its basal width, 3 low, costate, ending abruptly, not projecting, directed toward sutural apex but ending re- mote from it, subapical margin acutely ele- vated but less strongly than in parsus. Glabrous except for a few setae on sides. Male.— Similar to female except without long hair on posterior face of antennal club; declivital spine 2 of allotype abnormal, ap- parently chewed off on both sides. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 65, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Two specimens were taken from one tunnel in a woody vine less than 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 8. Tricolus badius Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus badius Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):60 (Holotype, female; Pan- dora, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nodifer Blandford by the smaller size, by the reddish brown color, and by the more widely spaced third spines which are very close to the subapical margin. Female.— Length 2.3-2.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in rufithorax Wood except raised granular area occupying one-fourth space be- tween eyes. Antennal club subcircular, su- tures rather weakly procurved; posterior face with up to a dozen long, hairlike setae. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in rufithorax. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide; outline as in rufithorax except spine 3 projecting more strongly; disc smooth, shining, with very fine, irregular lines, punctures fine, shallow, con- fused. Declivity as in rufithorax except spine 2 more slender, twice as long as wide; 3 close to costal margin, separated by about half its basal width, subapical margin reaching its posterior margin; spine 3 projecting, sub- triangular, almost as high as its basal width; subapical margin acutely, not strongly ele- vated. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club with fewer long setae. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Limon, 13-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 150, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Peralta, Cartago, lO-III- 64, 500 m. No. 462, woody vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. .376, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, No. 332, tree limb. No. .329, Serjania, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. 1178 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 9. Tricolus nodifer Blandford Figs. 213, 215 Tricolus nodifer Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):287 (Holotype, sex?; Mirandilla, Es- quintla, Guatemala; Briti.sh Mus. Nat. Hist.) Tricolus triarnmtus Schedl, 1939, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 29:578 (Holotype, sex?; Colonia, presumably in Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Ba- sin Nat. 26:30. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from badius Wood by the larger size, by the black color, and by declivital characters. Female.— Length 2.7-3.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons essentially as in badius; antennal club subtriangular, sutures moderately pro- curved, posterior face with several long, hair- like setae. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in badius except one median serration on ante- rior margin usually more strongly developed; anterior half of discal area largely devoid of transverse crenulations. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; about as in badius ex- cept lower area more broadly flattened, sub- marginal costa passing laterad of spine 3, spine 3 not as close to costal margin and stouter, length usually conspicuously shorter than basal width. Male.— Similar to female except long hair on posterior face of antennal club reduced or absent. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica, possibly Veracruz. MEXICO: "Colonia," type locality of triannatus may have been in Veracruz. GUATEMALA: Mirandilla, Es- quintla, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 5-V1I-&3, 700 m. No. 19, Cecropia petiole; Fin- ca Gromaco, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 59, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m, No. .304, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 11 specimens, 2 of which were compared directly to the holotypes of nodifer and triar- matus by me. The origin of the type of triar- matus is uncertain; localities designated "Co- lonia" occur throughout Latin America. 10. Tricolus partilis Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus partilis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):60 (Holotype, male; Volcan, Pimtarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from nodifer Blandford by the smaller size, by the brown color, by the more slender body form, by the more slender spine 3 on the elytral declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.7-1.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in nodifer except granular area distinctly elevated; antennal club subcircular. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in nodifer except transverse crenulations in dis- cal area reduced to a few transverse lines. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; essentially as in nodifer except spines 1, 2, and 3 more slender, 3 dis- tinctly longer; lower declivity less broadly flattened; subapical margin more strongly elevated. Male.— Similar to female except with fewer long setae on posterior face of antennal club. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Goto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m, No. 59, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches about 4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 1 1 . Tricolus fenoris Wood Tricolus fenoris Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):60 (Holotype, male?; 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from partilis Wood by the larger size, by the more slender body form, and by the longer, more slender declivital spines. Male.— Length 2.1 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, antenna, and pronotum as in par- tilis; pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; as in partilis except spine 2 three times as long as its basal width, spine 3 about one and one-half times as long as its basal width; subapical margin more strongly produced. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m, No. 196, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— One specimen was just entering a stem 5 mm in diameter. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1179 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 12. Tricolus frontalis W ood Tricolus frontalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1 ):61 (Holotype, female; 8 km or 5 mi NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the aciculate frons with the granular area absent, and by the slender declivital spine 3. Female.— Length 2.4 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons convex, aciculate, granulate area absent. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in fenoris Wood except anterior margin more broadly rounded. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; about as in fenoris ex- cept declivital spine 3 longer, almost three times as long as wide; spine 3 similar in shape to 2 but larger, about two and one-half times as long as wide; subapical margin rather poorly elevated. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 8 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 1600, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 13. Tricolus capitalis Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus capitalis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):61 (Holotype, female; 13 km SE El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ruficollis (Fabricius) by the slightly smaller size, and by the much less strongly elevated subapical margin of the elytral de- clivity (thereby eliminating the sutural notch). Female.— Length 2.1 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color rather dark reddish brown. Frons convex, finely rugose-reticulate, granular area distinctly elevated, subcircular, occupying median third to upper level of eyes; glabrous. Antennal club rather broadly obovate, sutures moderately procurved. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, rather nar- rowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about eight coarse teeth (bases of some contiguous); summit indefinite, about one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; anterior slope rather coarsely, closely asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures fine, those near base with transverse line or minute shining elevation on their margins. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; disc smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, shallow, confused. De- clivity excavated basically as in other mem- bers of genus; spine 3 stout, subtriangular, projecting slightly, as in ruficollis, separated from subapical margin by width of spine; lower declivity flattened below spine 3 to lat- eral margin of spine 3, subapical margin al- most straight, rather weakly elevated, with- out sutural emargination, not at all produced as in ruficollis. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1- 64, 1000 m. No. 371, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a stem 2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two female specimens. 14. Tricolus saundersi Wood Fig. 213 Tricolus saundersi Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:139 (Holotype, male; Dominical, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from capitalis Wood by the slightly larger size, by the granular area on the frons being much wider than long, and by the more slen- der, subquadrate declivital spine 3. Female.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, surface rather finely reticulate and finely punctured, with a large, transversely oval, slightly elevated, coarsely reticulate area occupying central half, its up- per limits slightly above upper level of eyes; vestiture limited to epistomal margin. Anten- nal club broadly obovate, suture 1 weakly, 2 moderately procurved, both sutures partly septate. 1180 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronottim 1.4 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides almost straight, almost im- perceptibly converging anteriorly on basal half, then very narrowly, almost sub- angulately rounded in front; anterior margin armed by a series of about a dozen teeth, me- dian one larger and projecting more nearly forward; asperities decreasing in height pos- teriorly, those a short distance behind summit appearing as shining wrinkles; posterior areas reticulate, very finely, sparsely punctured. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and subparallel to base of declivity then arcuately narrowed about a fourth to projecting decliv- ital spine 3, very broadly, shallowly emargi- nate behind; surface almost smooth, shining, punctures rather fine, not close, strial and in- terstrial punctures not close, in obscure rows except confused near suture. Declivity abrupt, broadly excavated, lateral and upper margins abruptly elevated; upper margin bearing a small, acute tooth as tall as wide, in line with striae 1, spine 2 on lateral elevation just above middle of declivity, subquadrate, about one and one-half times as long as basal thickness, projecting caudad and slightly dor- sad; spines 1 and 2 connected by an acutely margined ridge thicker than high, 3 just above and basally separated from the acutely marked posterior declivital margin, sub- quadrate, with upper basal margin expanded, twice as thick and almost twice as long as 2, directed primarily caudad but slightly mesad and dorsad; ridge connecting 2 and 3 thicker than above, but with same continuous acute inner margin that ends in 3; excavation broadly, transversely concave, suture slightly elevated, punctures rather fine, shallow, not sharply defined, confused. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except posterior face of antennal club without long hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Beverley, Limon, 26-VIII-63, 7 m, No. 154, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Dominical, Puntarenas, 29-IX-64, 10 m, Theohroma cacao, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 15. Tricohis naevus Wood Fig. 214 Tricolus naevus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):61 (Holotype, female; Ta- panti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ovicollis Blandford by the slightly larger size, by the very broad, subreniform granular area on the frons, by the narrowly flattened area below declivital spine 3, and by the much stouter declivital spine 3. Female.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons broadly convex, with lateral areas just above epistoma conspicuously impressed; sculpture of lower area irregular, smooth, and shining laterally, becoming subreticulate above; granular area very broad, occupying median two-thirds of area between eyes, at least three times longer than wide, its lower margin almost straight, strongly emarginate on its upper margin. Antennal club sub- triangular but narrower than in ovicollis. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in ovicollis except anterior margin more nar- rowly rounded and more coarsely serrate. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; as in ovicollis except de- clivital area below spine 3 flattened only to median margin of spine 3; spine 3 stout, sub- triangular, its length about equal to its basal width. Subglabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m, No. 241 in Phoebe mexicana. No. 244 in a woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 16. Tricohis ovicollis Blandford Figs. 214-215 Tricohis ovicolhs Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):287 (Holotype, sex?; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— Distinguishing characters are treated in the above key and in the diagnosis of naevus Wood. Female.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black except recently emerged specimens with basal half of elytra reddish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1181 Frons as in naevus except granular area transversely oval, slightly less than twice as wide as long. Antennal club wider than long; a few long setae on posterior face. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, abruptly converging to rather narrowly rounded ante- rior margin; anterior margin subserrate; sum- mit indefinite, about one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute, some punctures in basal area of disc associated with feeble, transverse crenulations. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, slightly tapered to level of sutural apex, abruptly, broadly rounded be- hind, conspicuously emarginate at suture, spine 3 projecting; declivity excavated and armed as in most other Tricolus except spine 3 almost twice as long as its basal width, de- clivital area below spine 3 flattened to lateral margin of spine 3, lateral margin rather strongly elevated, slightly bent dorsad, deep- ly, rather broadly emarginate at suture. Sub glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club subcircular, with fewer long setae on posterior face; granular area on frons some- times wider but upper margin always straight. Distribution.— Puebla to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, and 2-VII-67, 1600 in, Miconia, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Cerro Ziinil, Quezaltenango, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 265, Phoebe tnexicana, 17-IX-63, No. 178, a woody vine, S. L. Wood. Fig. 214. Tricolus spp., dorsal and lateral aspects of declivity: a, naevus; b, ovicoUis; c, scitulus; d, difodinus; e, se- nex\ f, plaumonni. 1182 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 22 specimens, one of which was compared directly to the holotype. 17. Tricolns scitulus Wood Fig. 214 Tricolus scitttlus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):62 (Holotype, female; Ta- panti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from ovicollis Blandford by the smaller size, by the uniform brown color, and by the flat- ter lower declivity below spine 3. Female.— Length 1.9-2.3 m, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown, young adults uniformly brown. Frons and pronotum as in ovicollis except anterior margin of pronotum more narrowly rounded. Antennal club not quite as broad. Elytra as in ovicollis except area below spine 3 flatter. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club slightly smaller, with fewer long setae on posterior face. Distribution.— Costa Rica, Panama, and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 26-XI-6.3, 1.300 m. No. 265, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Car- tago, 5-VII-6.3, 700 m, No. 23, Crotolaria, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 406, tree branch, S. L. Wood. VENE- ZUELA: La Carbonera, 50 km NW Merida, Merida, 28- IV-70, 2500 m. No. 453, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens, and on 9 other specimens. 18. Tricolus difodinus Bright Fig. 214 Tricolus difodinus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1380 (Holotype, male; 21 km or 13 miles N Ocozo- coautla, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12650) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bicavus Wood by the smaller average size, by the smaller, narrower excavations in the lateral areas of the female frons, and by the smaller, narrower granular area on the frons of both sexes. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons basically convex, with granular area in normal position, its lateral margins precip- itous, lateral areas abruptly concave on a small oval or reniform area not extending above upper level of eyes, occupying less than half of area from granular area to mar- gin of eye; surface shining, minutely irregu- lar; glabrous except near epistoma. Antennal club moderately large, obscurely sub- triangular, sutures obtusely subangular; pos- terior face with several long hairs on lateral and mesal margins. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about as in ovicollis Blandford, anterior margin varying from moderately to very narrowly rounded. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; elytra and upper decliv- ity as in ovicollis. Declivity with spine 2 rather small, pointed; spine 3 low, broad, subrectangular; area below spine 3 not broadly flattened; subapical margin weakly elevated, not projecting, becoming obsolete well below base of spine 3. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons evenly convex, elevated granular area sub- quadrate; antennal club subcircular, without long hair on posterior face. Distribution.— Nayarit to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: 21 km or 13 miles N Ocozo- coautla, 2-VII-69, D. E. Bright; 8 km N Rosamorada, 15- VII-65, 100 m. No. 252, tree branch, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m, No. 591, Cola de Pavo branch. S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 12 other specimens. 19. Tricolus senex Schedl Fig. 214 Tricolus senex Schedl, 19.39, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 29:.580 (Syntypes; Nova Teutonia, Brazil; Schedl and Plaumann colls.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from pernanulus Schedl by the larger aver- age size, by the much more extensively im- pressed lateral areas of the female frons, and by the larger, broader granular area on the frons of both sexes. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CoRTHYLINA 1183 Identical with pernanulus and difodinus Bright except for frons. Frons with lateral thirds strongly, much more extensively im- pressed from precipitous mesal margin to in- ner margin of eye and from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes; upper margin of granular area on median third straight or weakly recurved. Sparse, short vestiture con- fined to epistomal area. Antennal club sub- triangular, about intermediate between nar- rower difodinus and broader pernanulus. Male.— Similar to female except frons evenly convex, with similar granular area slightly elevated and wider than long; anten- na! club slightly smaller and more nearly oval, without long hair on posterior face. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Brazil. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 203, Siporana nicaraguensis. S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VI1I-63, 1300 m. No. 102, Cal- liandra confiisa, S. L. Wood; Beverley, Limon, 26-VIII- 63, 7 m, No. 154, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m, No. 149, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan Pimtarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. .304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Brazil. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. The frontal characters used to distinguish difodinus, bicavus, and pernanulus are of a type that varies within series and between series in other genera. Nevertheless, in the limited material at hand they are completely consistent. It is entirely possible that speci- mens from intermediate areas would inter- grade and make it necessary to recognize these forms as geographical races of one another. 20. Tricolus peltatus Wood Tricohts peltatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):62 {Holotype, female; Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the similar but remotely related nodifer Blandford by the subapical tubercle on de- clivital spine 3, by the less strongly elevated subapical margin on the declivity, by the longer declivital spine 3, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.7-3.1 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in nodifer, except granular area on frons slightly larger. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide. Elytral declivity with basic contours as in nodifer, except spine 1 slightly larger, spine 2 more slender; spine 3 slightly longer than wide, more erect than in nodifer, with a con- spicuous tubercle on dorsomedian subapical margin; subapical margin less strongly pro- duced and less strongly elevated than in nodifer. Male.— Similar to female except posterior face of antennal club without long hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Voclan Poas, Heredia, 19-XI-63, 2500 m. No. 260, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. 372, 376, and 392 in tree branches. No. 385 in woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 21. Tricolus aciculatus Wood Tricolus aciculatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):62 (Holotype, female; 10 km or 6 miles NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from peltatus Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the absence of a raised granular area on the frons, and by the presence of a very small granule in each puncture in the excavated area of the declivity. Female.— Length 2.2-2.7 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons convex, rather weakly impressed above epistoma in lateral areas; surface shin- ing, conspicuously aciculate on lateral thirds, obscurely on median third, granular area found in other species entirely absent; me- dian area above epistoma with a broad, low, elevated area somewhat similar to allied spe- cies. Antennal club large, broadly, asymmet- rically oval; sutures almost straight, obscure, indistinctly septate on central third; a very few long setae on posterior face. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; pro- notum as in nodifer Blandford except anterior margin finely subserrate. 1184 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; elytra as in peltatus ex- cept more slender, discal punctures slightly larger, punctures on declivital face each with a fine granule; declivital spines 2 and 3 more slender than in peltatus, 3 distinctly longer, bearing a subapical tubercle as in peltatus; subapical margin of declivity as in peltatus except from dorsal aspect median fifth ap- pearing abruptly, shallowly emarginate. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female except posterior face of antennal club without long hair. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 10 km NE Teziutlan, 2-V1I-67, 1600 m, No. 137, Miconia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches less than 4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 48 specimens. 22. Tricolus plaumanni Schedl Fig. 214 Tricolus plaumanni Schedl, 1954, Dusenia 5:40 (Syn- types; Rondon, Parana, Brazil; Schedl and Plau- mann colls.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aciculatus Wood by the much more slender antennal club, by the more distinctly compressed spine 3, by the more strongly produced, much more narrowly emarginate subapical margin of the declivity, and by the hghter color. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 3.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, pro- notum and declivity a darker brown. Frons as in aciculatus except more strongly aciculate. Antennal club similar to but much more slender than in aciculatus; posterior face without long hair. Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; as in aciculatus except anterior margin feebly ele- vated, obscurely serrate, and discal punctures much less numerous, very shallow. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; about as in aciculatus except spine 3 compressed, not as high as wide, subapical tubercle less conspicuous; subapical margin rather strongly elevated near suture, from dorsal aspect apices ap- pearing subacute and separated by a narrow sutural emargination. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama to Brazil. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, 1500 m, No. 28, tree branch, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan de Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 385 in woody vine. No. 392 in tree branch, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela, Brazil. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— Specimens from Panama were compared directly to Schedl's syntype of plaumanni. This syntype has declivital spine 3 slightly shorter and directed slightly more caudomesad than in most of the Panama specimens. Variation in my series, however, suggests they are the same species. 23. Tricolus bicolor Wood Tricolus bicolor Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):63 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the color pattern, by the more dorsal posi- tion of the frontal granular area, and by the unique declivity. Female.— Length 3.1-3.4 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color of dorsal surface yellow- ish brown except pronotal disc from summit to base and elytral declivity black, ventral surface black except legs light brown. Frons of type series largely concealed, evi- dently convex above, shallowly impressed on lateral thirds of lower half, median area dis- tinctly elevated above epistoma; granular area more dorsal in position than normal, largely above upper level of eyes, apparently wider than long. Antennal club slightly asym- metrical, sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate and subparallel on basal half, rather strongly converging anteriorly to rather narrowly rounded, serrate anterior margin; sculpture about as other Tricolus. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel to level of sutural apex, truncate behind except for projecting spine 3 and small sutur- al emargination; disc and upper declivity about as in nodifer Blandford except declivi- tal excavation more broadly impressed; spine 3 on extreme posterolateral margin, some- what laterally compressed, appearing quad- rate from lateral aspect, distinctly longer 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1185 than wide, with a conspicuous tubercle on dorsomedian apical angle, its mesal surface somewhat concave or grooved toward its apex; subapical margin acutely, weakly ele- vated, a shallow sutural emargination. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-63, 1500 m, No. 44, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a small branch. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two specimens. 24. Tricolus ampltis Wood Tricolus arnplus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):6.3 (Holotype, female; 10 km or 6 miles NE Te^iutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the large size, by the black color, by the displaced declivital spine 2, by the sub- triangular granular area on the frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 3.6-3.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons convex above, lateral areas above epistoma moderately impressed, lateral areas below upper level of eyes distinctly acicu- late; median granular area largely above eyes, wider than long, subtriangular, its apex directed orad; vestiture of short, sparse hair. Antennal club slightly asymmetrical, obscu- rely subtriangular; sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.13 times as long as wide; about as in bicolor except basal area of disc more coarsely, more extensively asperate. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in bicolor ex- cept posterior margin bisinuate; disc sub- shining, almost smooth, punctures very fine, shallow, confused. Declivity much as in allied species except lateral margin less abruptly, less strongly elevated; spine 1 in usual posi- tion at base on interstriae 1; spine 2 larger and stouter than usual and in position of in- terstriae 2, its base beginning at level of apex of spine 1 (much more anterior in position than all other species); spine 3 strongly, later- ally compressed, on lateral margin, quadrate, distinctly wider than long, a conspicuous tu- bercle on its dorsomesal apical angle; sub- apical margin acute, distinctly, not strongly produced, extending to base of spine 3. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female, including long hair on posterior face of antennal club. Distribution.— Puebla. MEXICO: Puebla: 10 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 140, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a limb 5-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. Genus AMPHICRANUS Erichson Amphicranus Erichson, 18.36, .\rchiv Naturgesch. 2(1):63 (Type-species: Amphicranus thoracicus Erichson, monobasic) Piezorhopalus Guerin-Meneville, 1838, Rev. Zool. 18.38:107 (Type-species: Piezorhopalus nitidulus Guerin-Meneville = Atnphicranus thoracicus Erichson, monobasic); Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):290. Synonymy Steganocranus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:460 (Type-species: Stegano- cranus dohrni Eichhoff, monobasic); Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):289. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Tricolus Blandford by the strongly to profoundly explanate and divaricate elytral apex, by the more variable, usually elaborate- ly sculptured elytral declivity, by the more simple prothoracic precoxal area, and by other characters. Description.— Length 2.5-8.0 mm, 2.4-4.4 times as long as wide; color light brown to black, or bicolored. Frons flat to convex, occasionally sexually dimorphic; eye oval, emarginate, antennal socket in emargination; antennal scape elon- gate, funicle 3-segmented, less commonly 2- segmented, club broadly oval to elongate, su- tures 1 and 2 each marked by fine line, occa- sionally also marked by setae; posterior face of female club often ornamented by long hair. Pronotum elongate, lateral margins usu- ally with a fine raised line (three exceptions); sculpture of posterior areas very conserva- tive, anterior areas sometimes highly modi- fied. Elytral disc with fine punctures con- fused or in strial rows; posterior area variable, varying from almost tnmcate to elaborately excavated and ornamented by spines or carinae, posterior margin strongly to profoundly explanate, usually also divari- cate at suture. Anterior face of contiguous 1186 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 procoxal cavities transversely straight, not cies of Scolytidae or Platypodidae. The gal- modified or noticeably pubescent. Protibiae leries are similar to those of Tricolus. Few not sexually dimorphic; as in Tricolus. young are produced in each gallery system. Distribution.— Jalisco and Veracruz to Most species are exceedingly rare and are Bolivia and Brazil; about 46 species have found as individuals, as isolated mated pairs, been named, 29 of them occur in Mexico and or as the brood of one pair. They are largely Central America. restricted to the primary tropical forest. Biology.— These monogamous ambrosia Notes.— Tricolus probably is a well- beetles occur in branches, limbs, and boles of marked subdivision of this genus. Super- unthrifty, broken, or recently cut trees. Al- ficially, Amphicranus also appears to inter- though most of them imdoubtedly establish grade with Monarthrurn, but characters on their own gallery system, apparently some of the female tibiae readily separate these them appropriate the tunnel of another spe- genera. Key to the Species of Amphicranus 1. Anterior slope of pronotum declivous, asperate, margin rather narrowly rounded to emarginate, armed or not; female ventral area of head and mouthparts normal (subgenus Amphicranus) 2 — Anterior area of male pronotum feebly declivous, profoundly extended to form an acute median point; female pronotum devoid of asperities, anterior margin less strongly produced; female ventral area of head surrounding oral cavity ex- cavated to accommodate greatly enlarged maxillae; elytral declivity excavated, strongly explanate and divaricate (subgenus Steganocranus) 28 2(1). Posterior margin of elytral declivity moderately explanate, not divaricate; bas- al fourth of pronotum (on disc) with fine, transverse rugae; declivity com- mencing on basal half of elytra, its margins armed by not more than two pairs of subspinose processes; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; color black 3 — Posterior margin of declivity moderately to profoundly explanate and divari- cate; basal half of pronotum devoid of rugae; margins of declivity armed by two or more pairs of spines; anterior margin of pronotum armed or not 4 3(2). Smaller; declivity steep, interstriae 1 armed by a small denticle at center of ex- cavated area, posterolateral margin acutely costate from suture to above middle of lateral margin; black, legs yellowish; frons lacking a definite granulate area; Guatemala to Costa Rica; 3.5-4.0 mm 1. brevipennis Blandford — Larger; declivity gradual, suture 1 unarmed in excavated area, posterolateral margin acutely costate on lower third; black, abdomen reddish brown; lower frons with a narrow, elevated granulate area; Veracruz to Costa Rica; 6.3-7.5 mm 2. elegans Eichhoff 4(2). Lateral margins of pronotum with a fine raised line (except mirandus); posteri- or margin of declivity weakly to strongly explanate and divaricate, sutural notch rather narrowly V-shaped, anterior margin of pronotum variously sculptured 5 — Lateral margins of pronotum rounded, without a fine, raised line (except prop- ugnatus and cordatus); posterior margin of declivity on median two-thirds not at all produced, posterolateral angles profoundly produced into forcepslike processes; pronotum narrowly rounded in front and coarsely serrate; base of male declivity with three small spines between suture and first major spine (two in propugnatus and cordatus) 25 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1187 5(4). Lateral margin of declivity uniformly costate, without a tubercle or abrupt angle at level of sutural apex; base of declivity with a major spine on interstriae 2 6 — Lateral margin of declivity with either a denticle or an abrupt angle at level of sutural apex 15 6(5). Declivity with a moderately large, blunt spine on lower half of declivity on in- terstriae 1 just before sutural apex; posterolateral explanate process about as long as wide 7 — Interstriae 1 near apex of suture unarmed, posterolateral elytral processes each about twice as long as wide 8 7(6). Larger; major spine at base of elytral declivity blunt; lateral margin of declivi- ty more strongly elevated, apex of posterolateral processes more broadly rounded; Nayarit to Guatemala; 3.0 mm 3. hybridus Blandford — Smaller; major spine at base of declivity sharply pointed; lateral margin of de- clivity less strongly elevated, apex of posterolateral process more narrowly rounded; Nayarit to Veracruz; 1.8 mm 4. stenodermus (Schedl) 8(6). Basal margin of declivity armed by one pair of tubercles or spines on inter- striae 2 (often appearing as though on 1), males with a second spine on margin near middle of declivity, females with a tubercle at same level but strongly dis- placed mesad; frons never with a specialized granular area; posterolateral areas of declivity weakly to moderately elevated 9 — Basal margins of elytra armed by two or three pairs of spines, male and female declivities similar; frons usually with a specialized median granular area; posterolateral margins of declivity very strongly extended 13 9(8). Elytral declivity with rather coarse, close, confused punctures, female spine 2 represented by a minute granule closer to lateral margin than to suture at level of middle of declivity; female antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, widest on basal half, posterior face without a tuft of hair; male unknown; Costa Rica; 2.2 mm 5. argutus Wood — Declivital area with punctures minute to obsolete, female spine 2 a pointed tu- bercle; female antennal club widest on apical half, posterior surface ornamented by a tuft of hair 10 10(9). Female declivity with lateral margin on middle third forming a large mammi- form elevation; spine 2 at its apex directed caudomesad, basal margin with small granules on interstriae 1 and 2; antennal club widest at suture 2, apical margin rounded; Costa Rica; 4.0 mm 6. callosus (Schedl) — Female declivity with spine 2 closer to suture than to lateral margin and not supported on an elevation connected to lateral margin 11 11(10). Smaller; declivity more gradual, male with spine 2 conical, as small as 1, below middle of declivity, female with a rugose area extending from below spine 2 to lateral margin; female antennal club as long as scape, 1.1 times as long as wide, tuft of hair on posterior face much shorter than club; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5-2.0 mm 7. micans Wood — Larger; declivity very steep, male with spine 2 large, subconical, projecting, at middle of declivity, female with declivital surface smooth, shining; female antennal club much longer than scape, tuft of hair longer than club 12 1188 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 12(11). Smaller; lower margin of male epistomal process straight, occupying about half of epistomal width; female epistomal process unarmed; female antennal club slightly longer than wide (1.1 times); female declivity without a marginal granule near spine 2; Costa Rica; 2.8-3.0 mm 8. fulgidus Wood — Larger; lower margin of male epistomal process straight, occupying more than three-fourths of epistomal width; female epistomal process armed by a small, low, median tubercle; female antennal club much longer than wide (1.4 times), its apical margin arcuate; female declivity with a small tubercle on lateral margin near spine 2; Costa Rica to Panama; 4.1-4.6 mm 9. melanura (Blandford) 13(8). Basal margin of declivity armed by three pairs of spines; posterolateral pro- cesses on declivity laterally compressed, appearing subquadrate from lateral aspect, comparatively short; Durango; Qiiercus; 3.5-3.7 mm 10. rameus Wood — Basal margin of declivity armed by two pairs of spines; posterolateral processes on declivity doisoventrally compressed, very long; smaller, more slender species 14 14(13). Area between posterolateral elytral processes narrowest at sutural apex, widest two-thirds of its length from sutural apex, inner margin of process armed by a stout denticle at this widest point; anterior margin of male pronotum pro- curved and serrate; female frons entire; lateral margins of pronotum with a fine raised line; Panama to Venezuela; 2.6-2.8 mm 11. terebella Blandford — Area between male elytral processes broad at apex of suture, narrowest one- third length of process from suture, mesal margin of process obtusely angulate at this point; female processes much shorter, with a strongly elevated crest on median side of its dorsal surface; anterior margin of male pronotum broadly emarginate, unarmed, feebly procurved in female; female frons with a deep, median cleft or groove on lower third; lateral margin rounded, not marked by a fine, raised line; Costa Rica; males 2.8-3.5 mm, females 2.5-2.8 mm 12. mirandus Wood 15(5). Declivital base armed by only one pair of small denticles, lateral margins at level of sutural apex bluntly angled, not dentate, apical margin rather weakly to strongly explanate, notch U-shaped 16 — Declivital base armed by at least two pairs of denticles, lateral margins at level of sutural apex obtusely angled and armed by a small, acute denticle, apical margin very strongly explanate, notch V-shaped 19 16(15). Larger, more slender; anterior margin of pronotum rather weakly serrate (female only?); color pale or bicolored 17 — Smaller, less slender; anterior margin of pronotum coarsely serrate; color very dark brown 18 17(16). Larger; lateral and ventrolateral processes very strongly elevated; unicolorous; Costa Rica; 7.3 mm 13. ursus Schedl — Smaller; lateral and ventrolateral processes on declivity rather modestly ele- vated; anterior half of pronotum and posterior half of elytra black, remaining areas yellowish brown; Costa Rica; 2.5-2.8 mm 14. tornatilis Wood 18(16). Angle on lateral margin of declivity at level of sutural apex less strongly pro- duced, its anterior arm descending posteriorly; Costa Rica; 2.2 mm 15. speciosus (Schedl) 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1189 — Angle on lateral margin of declivity at level of sutural apex more strongly pro- duced, its anterior arm horizontal or ascending slightly toward apex of angle; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.5 mm (see also 16b. spectus Wood) 16a. spectibilis (Wood) 19(15). Denticle on lateral margin of declivity at level of sutural apex quadrate, a strong emargination between its apex and posterior continuation of lateral margin; frons with a transversely elongate, raised, granulate area above upper level of eyes; yellowish or reddish brown except elytra and abdomen black; Costa Rica to Panama; 3.5-4.0 mm 17. collaris Blandford — Denticle on lateral margin of declivity at level of sutural apex pointed, margin not at all emarginate on either side of denticle; granulate area on frons either absent or entirely below upper level of eyes; body entirely unicolorous or else part of pronotum black 20 20(19). Larger; frons with a raised, granulate area on lower half; antennal club larger, almost twice as long as wide, widest on distal half 21 — Smaller; frons without a raised, granulate area; antennal club only slightly longer than wide, widest on basal half 22 21(20). Anterior half of pronotmn, posterior half of elytra, head, and abdomen black; posterior half of pronotum, anterior half of elytra, sternal area of thorax, and legs reddish brown; Nicaragua and Costa Rica; 6.3-7.0 mm (see also 19. torneutes Blandford, Guerrero, 5.8 mm) 18. belli Blandford — Head, prothorax, and posterior third of elytra dark brown; basal two-thirds of elytra, sternal areas of meso- and metathorax, and abdomen yellowish brown; Guatemala; 7.5-8.0 mm 20. balteatus Blandford 22(20). Base of declivity lateral to major spine armed by a row of about five small den- ticles, lateral margin with spine at level of sutural apex rather large, displaced mesad and pointed mesad; declivital excavation with moderately abundant long hair 23 — Margin of declivity smooth between spines 1 and 2, spine 2 on margin, small; excavated area of declivity glabrous; smaller species 24 23(22). Smaller; basal area of pronotal disc without indications of asperities; elytra less strongly explanate, sutiual emargination almost as wide as deep; Nayarit; 2.0 mm 23. parilis Wood — Larger; basal area of pronotal disc minutely asperate; elytra more strongly ex- planate, sutural emargination half as wide as deep; Guerrero; 3.7 mm 24. filiformis Blandford 24(22). Lateral declivital process of elytra almost as long as wide, this process almost straight from denticle on its upper margin to its inner apical angle; Costa Rica; 1.8-1.9 mm 21. macellus Wood — Lateral declivital process of elytra almost twice as long as wide, this process arcuately narrowed from denticle on its upper margin to its inner apical angle; Venezuela and (?) Brazil; 3.4 mm 22. tenuis Blandford 25(4). Major declivital spine laterally compressed, quadrate, less than twice as long as wide; lateral margin of pronotum with fine, raised line; basal margins of declivity with two pairs of minor spines 26 — Major declivital spine subcylindrical, more than three times as long as wide; lateral margins of pronotum rounded; declivity with only one major spine above ventrolateral process, basal margin with three pairs of minor spines 27 1190 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 26(25). Margin of declivity smooth between first major spine and ventrolateral pro- cess, spine 1 cylindrical, blunt, ventrolateral process much shorter, stouter; granular area on frons occupying median third, heart-shaped; Oaxaca; 2.8 mm . 25. cordatus (Bright) — Margin of declivity with a spine between first major spine and ventrolateral process, spine 1 quadrate, flattened, ventrolateral process rather slender; gran- ular area on frons occupying median three-fourths; Guatemala; 3.8 mm 26. propugnatus Blandford 27(25). Smaller; pronotal disc with punctures almost to entirely obsolete; elytra subshining; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.4 mm 27. spinescens Wood — Larger; pronotal disc with small, shallow, moderately abundant punctures; elytra brightly shining; Costa Rica; 2.7-3.0 mm 28. spinosus Wood 28(1). Posterolateral process of male elytral declivity narrower, its upper margin hor- izontal, almost reaching declivital face at its middle then ascending rather abruptly to major spine on lateral margin; posterolateral elytral process in male with a moderately large, conical spine at level of apex of suture equi- distant between mesal and lateral margins; female frons smooth and shining above level of eyes, a definite, sharply elevated, longitudinal oval granulate area extending from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes, this area about twice as long as wide; Panama; male 3.0-3.3 mm, female 2.7 mm 29. mucronatus Wood — Posterolateral process of male elytral declivity broad, ascending very slightly to meet major spine on lateral margin without approaching level of declivital surface; lateral margin of posterolateral elytral process in male with a small spine at level of apex of suture, sometimes displaced mesad but with its base reaching lateral margin; female frons finely rugose-reticulate to well above eyes, lower frons in median area slightly inflated and granulate, but without a definite elevated margin; Guatemala to Costa Rica; male 3.7-4.2 mm, female 2.7-3.2 mm 30. fastigiatus Blandford 1. Amphicranus brevipennis Blandford submarginal epistomal area moderately ele- Fig. 215 vated on median third; surface finely, deeply rugose-reticulate; glabrous except for epis- Amphicranus brevipennis Blandford 1905, Biol Centr. ^.^^^^ ^rush. Antennal funicle 2-segmented; Anier., Coleopt. 4(6):293 (Holotvpe, remaler; San i i i i ^ n n .■ i Isidro, Suchitepequez, Guatemala; British Mus. ^'l^b large, elongate-oval, 2.0 times as long as Nat. Hist.) wide. Diagnosis.- This is the only known Gen- Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides tral American representative of this South weakly arcuate and slightly converging ante- American species group. It is distinguished riorly on basal three-fourths, broadly rounded from other Central American species by the in front; summit indefinite on anterior third; strongly explanate but not divaricate sub- anterior fourth strongly declivous, rather apical margin of the declivity, which contin- finely, closely asperate; basal third with low, ues without interruption to a large, rounded broad asperities decreasing in size from base; process on the basal third at about interstriae middle third with transverse, shining lines 3, and by the presence of a small tubercle on suggesting asperities but not elevated; surface interstriae 1 near the center of the declivity. finely rugose-reticulate, lateral areas with Male.— Length 3.5-4.0 mm, 2.4 times as fine, obscure punctures. Glabrous. long as wide; color black, legs yellowish Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.1 times brown. as long as pronotum; sides straight, diverging Frons irregular, moderately arched trans- slightly to declivity, broadly rounded behind; versely, almost straight longitudinally; declivity commencing at middle; surface of 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1191 Fig. 215. Corthylini ,spp.: 1, Glochinoccms retusipennis, male, 2, 2a, 2b, same, female; 3, 3a, Tricolus ovicollis; 4, Tricolus nocUfer; 5, 5a, 5b, Amphicranus eJegans; 6, 6a, Amphicranus balteatus; 7, 7a, Amphicranus belti; 8, 8a, Am- phicramts torneiites; 9, 9a, Amphicranus brevipennis-, 10, 10a, Amphicranus coUaris; 11, 11a, Amphicranus tenuis; 12, \2a, Amphicranus fiUformis; 13, I3a, Amphicranus terebelkr, 14, 14a, I4h, Amphicranus fastigatus; 15, 15a, Amphi- cranus propugnatits; 16, 16a, Amphicranus hybridus. (After Blandford 1905:pl. 9.) 1192 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 disc minutely irregular, punctures fine, shal- low, obscure, confused. Declivity with upper margin abrupt from suture to a rounded prominence at interstriae 3 that continues margin and extends well behind declivital base, lateral margin of process continued as an acutely, strongly elevated margin to su- ture; suture narrowly divaricate; declivital face flattened below, rising to a distinct sum- mit on interstriae 1 just above middle, this summit anned by a small, pointed tubercle; declivital face shining, densely, rather coarsely punctured. Glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except basal margin less abrupt, more nearly rounded. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: San Isidro, Suchitepequez, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Volcan, Puntarenas, 11-XII- 63, 1000 m, No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken branch 7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two males that were compared to the holotype. The basal margin of the declivity of the holotype was less abrupt and more nearly rounded. In an almost identical Ve- nezuelan species this difference is a second- ary sexual character. For this reason the holo- type and the two Costa Rican males are regarded as different sexes of the same species. 2. Amphicraniis elegans Eichhoff Fig. 215 Amphicranus elegans Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:276 (Holotype, sex?; Mexico; pre- sumably lost with Hamburg Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely allied brevipennis Bland- ford by the larger size, by the more elongate form with much more gradual declivity, and by the different sculpture of the elytral de- clivity, pronotum, and frons. Female.— Length 6.2-7.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color black except abdomen reddish brown. Frons broadly convex; surface finely, densely granulate, punctures sparse, fine, ob- scure; raised median area occupying median one-seventh, 2.5 times as long as wide, ex- tending from epistoma to above upper level of eyes, its surface densely, minutely punc- tured; raised epistoma transversely straight. epistomal margin extended orad in lateral areas. Antennal funicle 3-segmented, seg- ments 2 and 3 almost fused; club large, 1.8 times as long as wide, slightly asymmetrical, suture 1 moderately, 2 more strongly angulate. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate on basal half, subparallel, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by one median serration; summit in- definite, on anterior third; anterior slope very steep, coarsely asperate; posterior two-thirds on median third transversely strigose, ridges shining, impressed lines reticulate, lateral areas smooth, shining, finely punctured. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to level of sutural apex, broadly rounded behind, narrowly, rather deeply di- varicate; declivity commencing one-third elytral length from base, disc smooth, shining, punctures minute, confused. Declivity very gradual, extensively excavated; area of inter- striae 1 .and 2 moderately impressed from a point one-third elytral length from base to just in front of middle, then more abruptly impressed and margin continuing laterad then curving caudad to a major, rounded marginal process having its apex two-thirds elytral length from base, margin descending abruptly behind process and continuing to su- tural apex; declivital face concave, shining, punctures fine, mostly obscure, a distinct cal- lus in lateral areas of lower third. Glabrous, except moderately abundant, fine hair on apical fifth of declivity. Male.— Similar to female except basal margin of declivity at interstriae 2 forming a blunt denticle. Distribution.— Veracruz to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Veracruz: Cordoba, Eichhoff (not seen); Toxpam, Salle. NICARAGUA: Chontales, Belt. COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Limon, VIII-64, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saimders. Notes.— The above treatment was based on six specimens, some of which evidently were compared by Blandford to the type be- fore it was lost. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1193 3. Amphicranus hybridus Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus hybridus Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):298 (Holotype, female: Guatemala, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species and stenodennus (Schedl) are the only Central American Am- phicranus having a large, blunt spine on in- terstriae 1 on the lower third of the declivity. Female.— Length 3.0 mm, about 3.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with pronotum and declivity darker brown. Frons broadly convex; surface finely, uni- formly rugose-reticulate; epistomal margin with a broad, conspicuous bnish of hair. An- tennal funicle 2-segmented; club narrowly obovate, 1.8 times as long as wide, sutures slightly procurved; posterior face with a con- spicuous brush of long hair on lateral side; ex- tending one-third club length beyond apex. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded in front; anterior mar- gin elevated, not serrate; summit indefinite, on anterior fifth; anterior slope very steep, moderately asperate; posterior areas reti- culate, rather finely punctured. Glabrous. Elytra about 2.2 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel to level of sutural apex, broadly rounded and deeply divaricate behind; de- clivity occupying slightly more than posteri- or third; disc smooth, shining, surface punc- tures fine, largely confused, subsurface striae indicated by definite rows of "punctures." Declivity gradual, concavely excavated; basal margin on interstriae 2 with large, blunt, nonprojecting process extending well behind margin, serrate margin descending post- erolaterally to interstriae 5 then continuing as a smooth, moderately high ridge to near sutural apex, rather broadly, deeply emargi- nate at suture; declivital face smooth, shin- ing, with moderately large, confused punc- tures; interstriae 1 with a large, blunt spine just before sutural apex, equal in size and shape to spine at basal margin. Distribution.— Nayarit to Guatemala. MEXICO: Nayarit: Volcan Colima, 2-XII-48, at light. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City; G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the Nayarit specimen that was previously compared to the holotype by me. 4. Amphicranus stenodermus (Schedl) Pterocijclon sternodermus Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:166 (Holotype, sex?; Cordoba, presum- ably Veracruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hybridus Blandford, by the much small- er size, by the slightly less strongly elevated declivital margin, with the upper major spine pointed, and by the slightly shorter, more pointed ventrolateral processes of the declivity. Female.— Length 1.9 mm, about 3.8 times as long as wide; yellowish brown, except an- terior fourth of pronotum and elytral declivi- ty rather dark brown. As in hybridus except as noted in the diagnosis. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz. MEXICO: Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 240, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Veracruz; Cordoba. Biology.— One female was taken from a recently cut limb 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my female that was compared directly to the holotype. In the original description Schedl refers to a small denticle at interstriae 5 on the declivital margin. This denticle on my specimen, and the irregularities below it, evidently are much reduced. They also are so small on the type that I failed to call atten- tion to them in my notes that describe it. 5. Amphicranus argutus Wood Ampliicranus argutus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:349 (Holotype, female; Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is remotely allied to melanura (Blandford) but is distinguished by the much smaller size and by the very dif- ferent female frons and elytral declivity as described below. Female.— Length 2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons convex above, a weak transverse im- pression between upper level of eyes and epistoma; epistoma weakly developed on me- dian fourth; surface reticulate, punctures very small, shallow, not close; vestiture limit- ed to epistomal margin. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as scape, 1.5 times as long as wide; tuft of hair on posterior face absent. 1194 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight on posterior two-thirds; indefinite summit on anterior fourth; anterior slope arising vertically from anterior margin to transverse costa, then gradually to summit, asperities broad, low, their anterior limit marked by a serrate costa near submarginal costa; posterior areas reticulate, fine, shallow punctures clearly marked. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal four-fifths, broadly rounded be- hind, feebly emarginate at suture; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures very small and in strial rows on posterior third of disc, about twice as large and moderately confused on basal half; disc descending slightly on posterior third before declivital descent. Declivity subvertical, irregularly subconcave; posterolateral margin acutely, moderately elevated from suture to lateral margin slightly below middle of declivity, much more strongly elevated from this point to basal margin at suture; interstriae 1 at bas- al margin with a minute tubercle, a second tubercle at middle of declivity slightly closer to lateral margin than to suture; surface brightly shining, punctures moderately coarse, rather close, deep; excavated area wider than long. Glabrous. Protibiae as in melaniira. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Linion, VIII-63, No. 14, Tlieobroma cacao. J. L. Saunders. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 6. Amphicranus callosus (Schedl) Pterocyclon calloswn Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:351 (Holotype, female; Coronado, presumably San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the melanura group of species by the unique epistoma and by characters of the female antennal club and female declivi- ty as mentioned below. Female.— Length 4.0 mm, 3.4 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in melanura (Blandford) except epistoma; epistomal process low, very broad, its lower margin rather strongly impressed al- most to margin of eye at level of ocular emargination. Antennal club as in melanura except slightly stouter, tuft of hair smaller, much shorter. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; as in melanura. Elytra 2.04 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, posterior margin broadly, rather deeply emarginate on median 40 percent; disc shin- ing, strial punctures minute, in rows except confused near base, surface with weakly im- pressed, irregular lines, reticulate on basal half of interstriae 1. Declivity very strongly sulcate; basal margin abrupt, projecting slightly to striae 3, margin armed by minute granules at interstriae 1 and 2; spine 2 sup- ported on large mammiform elevation oc- cupying middle half of declivity from lateral margin two-thirds distance to suture, spine 2 rather small, its apex directed caudomesad; posterolateral margin subacutely, rather strongly elevated, ending at junction with su- tural emargination in a small tubercle; exca- vated area smooth, shining, punctures minute to obsolete. Glabrous except for a few hairs on lower margin of declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RIC.\: Coronado (presumably San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose), 1400-1500 m, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 7. Amphicranus micans Wood Amphicranus micans Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 34:350 (Holotype, female; Rio Damitas Dota Mts., San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from argutus Wood by the smaller size, by the smaller, broader antennal club, by the shorter pronotum, and by the different ely- tral declivity. Female.— Length 1.5-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, basal two-third of pronotum lighter. Frons convex, epistomal process occupying median half, low, weakly developed; surface rugose-reticulate, punctures obscure; glabrous except at epistomal margin. Anten- nal club as long as scape, 1.1 times as long as wide, widest on apical third; tuft of hair on posterior face sparse, short. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; as in melanura (Blandford) except surface strongly reticulate, asperities more numerous, higher. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1195 Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded behind, feebly emarginate at suture; discal surface smooth, shining, except base of interstriae 1 reticulate in some specimens; strial punctures very small, in rows on poste- rior half, slightly confused on basal half. De- clivity rather abrupt, very steep, somewhat biconcave; much as in argutus except acute posterolateral margin not as strongly ele- vated, ending before middle of declivity, tu- bercle on interstriae 1 slightly larger, closer to suture, tubercle 2 slightly below middle of declivity and much closer to suture (three- fourths of distance from lateral margin to su- ture), a feeble to moderate elevation (vari- able) extending from lateral margin to tu- bercle; punctures almost obsolete, surface smooth, brightly shining except for oval ru- gose area below tubercle 2 extending from its base to lateral margin. Glabrous except for sparse setae on sides near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except declivity rather deeply, broadly concave, lateral mar- gins higher, tubercles distinctly larger, tu- bercle 2 on small submammiform elevation on mesal side of lateral margin, punctures on excavated area larger, deeper, rugose area absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-VIII-66, 1(X) in, Nos. 101, 109, 123, leguminous trees; Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m. No. 465, tree limb; Puerto Viejo, He- redia, 12-111-64, 70 m. No. 475, log; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VI11-6.3, 250 m. No. 124, stump. PAN- AMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, .30 m. No. 327, leguminous tree; Limon Bay, Canal Zone, .30-XlI- 63, 3 m. No. 352, log. All taken by me. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 10-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 35 specimens. 8. Amphicranus fidgidus Wood Amphicraniis fulgidus Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:350 (Holotype, female; Finca Los Diamantes, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from melanura (Blandford) by the smaller size and by characters on the frons and ely- tral declivity. Female.— Length 2.8-3.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal two- thirds of pronotum and elytra usually lighter. Frons as in melanura except without any indication of a feeble carina or epistomal tu- bercle, but with a distinct, transverse impres- sion above epistomal process and epistomal process broader. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as scape, 1.1 times as long as wide, apic- al margin straight; cirrus longer than club. Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; as in melanura. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.15 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in melanura except posterior margin more broadly, more feebly emarginate. Declivity as in melanura except steeper, less strongly impressed, without a tubercle on lateral mar- gin near middle of declivity. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club oval, 1.3 times as long as wide, and de- clivity as in male melanura. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COST.\ RICA: Finca Los Diamantes (near Dominical, Pentarenas) 7-11-63, Tbeobrotna cacao, J. L. Saunders. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 9. Amphicranus melanura (Blandford) Pterocijclon melanura Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. ,\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):272 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Pterocijclon opacifrons Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:350 (Holotype, female; Coronado, presumably San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:26. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fulgidus Wood by the larger size and by the characters of the head and declivity as in- dicated below. Female.— Length 4.1-4.6 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal two- thirds of elytra lighter. Frons convex, a feeble median (sub- carinate) elevation slightly below upper level of eyes; outline of epistomal process obtusely angulate, its apex subtuberculate; surface strongly reticulate; setae confined to epis- tomal margin. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as scape, 1.4 times as long as wide, apic- al margin strongly arcuate; cirrus longer than club. 1196 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotiim 1.4 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; in- definite summit about one-fourth pronotum length from anterior margin; asperities very low, broad; posterior areas minutely reti- culate, punctures minute, sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to sutural apex, broadly rounded ex- cept rather shallowly, obtusely emarginate on median fourth; disc smooth, brightly shining; pimctures very minute, almost obsolete, con- fused. Declivity very steep; posterolateral margin acutely margined, moderately ele- vated from sutural apex to level of middle of declivity, then moderately elevated and broadly rounded to striae 1; spine 1 at base, apparently on interstriae 2, small, conical; spine 2 similar, slightly below middle, slightly closer to suture than to lateral mar- gin; area between spines 1 and 2 rather strongly concave, impressed area continued between lower spines and more broadly, less strongly concave; spine 2 on a low, sub- mammiform elevation connecting to lateral margin; lateral margin with a small granule at middle of declivity. Glabrous except for a few setae on sides near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except epistom- al process higher, its margin almost straight, without a tubercle; frons not at all sub- carinate; antennal club smaller, 1.6 times as long as wide; declivity broadly concave on heart-shaped outline, lateral margin subacute to base, much higher, spine 1 much larger, acute, spine 2 on margin, larger than 1, sub- cylindrical, blimt. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Coronado (presumably San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose), 1400-1500 m, F. Nevermann; Ta- panti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 265, Phoebe mexi- cana. No. 263, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 10-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my three specimens that were compared directly to the holotypes of melanura and opacifrons. 10. Amphicranus rameus Wood Fig. 217 Amphicranus rameus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:55 (Holotype, female; 5 km or 3 miles W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished by the shape of the granular area on the frons, by declivital sculpture, and by other characters. Female.— Length 3.5-.3.7 mm, 3.7 times as long as wide; color of pronotum in front of summit, elytral declivity and abdomen almost black, remainder of pronotum reddish brown, remainder of elytra yellowish brown. Frons convex, its surface reticulate and rather coarsely, indistinctly punctured, me- dian third with a low, sharply raised, flat, coarsely reticulate area resembling outline of a cup (more nearly heart-shaped in para- types); vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal fu- nicle two-segmented; club with two non- septate, weakly arcuate sutures. Pronotum 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal three-fifths, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin projecting downward very slightly at center, armed by about 10 low teeth, median pair more prominently extended; summit three-fifths of pronotum length from base, in- definite, rather strongly declivous and coarsely asperate in front of summit, posteri- or area finely reticulate with small, shallow, rather sparse punctures; glabrous. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel to a point even with su- tural apex, posterolateral angles convergently projecting behind beyond broadly emarginate elytral apex; disc irregularly smooth, shining, subsurface punctures suggested but not at- taining surface. Declivity abrupt, moderately steep, broadly excavated; margin subacutely elevated from interstriae 1 about two-thirds of distance from top of declivity, elevation not as high as wide, then continued on lower third to projecting subquadrate, converging, lateral processes, these processes about one and one-half times as long as their width in lateral profile; lateral margin armed by small, equal, pointed spines on interstriae 1 and 3 at base of declivity, and at interstriae 4 by a slender blunt tooth about twice as long as up- per ones; lateral processes without special ar- mature; median two-thirds of posterior 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1197 margin emarginate, emargination about half as deep as wide. Vestiture fine, scanty, con- fined to declivity. Male.— Similar to female except raised frontal callus absent; a smaller tuft of hair present on antennal club. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km or 3 miles W El Salto, 7- VI-65, 2500 m. No. 41, Querciis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a dying oak branch about 6 cm in diameter. The branch grew 8 m above the ground in a very large living tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of foiu" specimens. 11. Amphicranus terebella Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus terebella Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):296 (Holotype, male?; Volcan de Chiriqm', Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hybridus Blandford by the serrate ante- rior margin of the pronotum and by the very different elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.6-2.8 mm, 4.5 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior slope of pronotum and elytral declivity slightly darker. Frons and pronotum as in hybridus except pronotum 2.0 times as long as wide, its ante- rior margin armed by 12 serrations. Elytra 2.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in hybridus except posterior emargination wider, deeper, and strial punctures in rows, interstriae impunctate. Declivity basically as in hybridus except base with a small, pointed tubercle on interstriae 1, major spine longer, more slender, projecting from its base, about 2.5 times as long as its basal width, lateral margins more strongly elevated, more strong- ly explanate behind; declivity occupying slightly more than posterior third of elytral length, declivity from base to apex of suture equal in length to lateral processes from end of suture to their apices; apical emargination narrowly U-shaped, three-fifths as wide as long; lateral process with an acute denticle on inner margin one-third of process length from its apex; declivital face shining, sub- reticulate, pimctures not clearly indicated. Distribution.— Panama and Venezuela. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. VENEZUELA: Rancho Grande in Pittier Nat. Pk., Aragua, 9-IV-70, 1100 m. No. 4.31 in Nectandra, No. 4.32 in Guttiferae near Vistiiia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Venezuelan specimens were taken from dying branches 2-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on three identical male specimens from Venezuela. 12. Amphicranus mirandus Wood Amphicranus mirandus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):63 (Holotype, fe- male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hybridus Blandford by the pronounced sexual dimorphism, by the cleft female epis- toma, by the more slender antennal club, by the absence of an elevated line on the lateral margins of the pronotum, and by the very different declivity. Female.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm (males 2.8-3.5 mm), 3.3 (male 3.9) times as long as wide; color yellowish brown except anterior third of pronotum and elytral declivity dark- er brown. Frons convex above, weakly, transversely impressed just below upper level of eyes, epistomal area protuberant and sharply cleft on median line from epistomal margin to transverse impression; surface subnigose-reti- culate, a few fine punctures obscurely in- dicated; glabrous except along epistomal margin and on sides of head near eyes. An- tennal funicle 2-segmented; club 1.6 times as long as wide, oval, sutures weakly procurved, posterior face with some long hair. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides straight but distinctly con- verging on basal three-fourths, very broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit on anterior fifth; anterior slope very steep, asperities rather sparse; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures minute, obscure. Glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, a broad, rather deeply U-shaped emargination behind between lateral processes; declivity confined to posterior two-fifths; disc as in hybridus. 1198 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Declivity basically as in hybridus; interstriae 1 at base with a minute tubercle, 2 with a slender spine about three times as long as its basal width; lateral margin following same course as in hybridus but only weakly ele- vated and not serrate; lateral processes about as long as their basal widths, separated by slightly greater distance than depth of emar- gination between them; mesal margin of ter- minal processes bearing a strongly elevated, laterally compressed, longitudinal process, its upper margin horizontal, its posterior margin subvertical. Disc glabrous, rather sparse, fine hair on declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly convex, epistomal area normal; ante- rior margin of pronotum vertical, appearing shallowly, broadly emarginate from dorsal as- pect; declivital spines and lateral processes distinctly longer; lateral declivital processes with margins directed mesad (not dorsad) thereby forming a pronounced constriction in area of emargination just anterior to its middle; face of declivity glabrous. DisTRiHUTioN.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a broken limb 5-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. 13. Amphicranus ursus Schedl Amphicranu.i ursus Schedl, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:37 (Holotype, female?; San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from speciosits Schedl and scitulus Wood by the much larger size, by the absence of a raised, granular area on the frons, and by the very different declivity described below. Female(?).— Length 7.3 mm, 3.7 times as long as wide; color uniformly dark brown. Frons broadly convex, with an abruptly impressed, rather deep, narrow cleft extend- ing entire width immediately above epis- toma; surface dull, minutely reticulate, fine, rather sparse punctures indicated; glabrous. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; as in female scitulus except anterior margin more broadly rounded, asperities near summit lower, more nearly scalelike, and posterior areas more strongly reticulate, with punc- tures much finer. Glabrous. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; outline about as in sci- tulus except very strongly explanate, U- shaped sutural notch twice as deep as wide; striae not impressed, punctures minute, shal- low, obscure, in rows; interstriae shining, al- most smooth, more than six times as wide as striae, an occasional puncture present. De- clivity abrupt, very steep, very strongly exca- vated; surface of excavated area smooth, shining, punctures minute, obscure, confused; basal margin armed on interstriae 3 by a pair of small, pointed tubercles at apex of a base forming a 90 degree angle, mesal margins of base converging anteriorly toward suture at 70 degree angle, lateral margins extending to major spine; major spine somewhat sub- quadrate, from lateral aspect its base wider than its height; notch between major spine and ventrolateral process deep, its outline ob- tusely rounded; each ventrolateral process broad, slightly wider than sutural notch, its apex rather broadly rounded; distance from apex of minor spine to apex of major spine equal to distance from sutural apex to apex of ventrolateral process. Glabrous except for sparse, fine, short hair on margins of declivity. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Jose, VI-24, 1000-1500 m, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 14. Amphicranus tornatilis Wood Amphicranus tornatilis Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):64 (Holotype, fe- male; 6 km S San Vito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spectabilis (Wood) by the larger size, by the color, by the coarsely serrate, more nar- rowly rounded anterior margin of the pro- notum, and by the more gradual, more strongly explanate elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm, 3.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown with head, anterior half of pronotum, and posteri- or half of elytra black. Frons as in spectabilis. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1199 Pronotum 1.6 times as long as wide; as in spectabilis except anterior margin more nar- rowly rounded and armed by nine coarse ser- rations, median one prominent, and posterior areas less strongly reticulate, more shining. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; as in spectabilis except disc very smooth, brightly shining, declivity not as steep, posterior margin more strongly explanate, and upper slope of lower major prominence on margin of declivity horizontal (as in speciosus Schedl), not ascending. Glabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 6 km S San Vito, Puntarenas, 19-21- III-67, tree, D. D. Sliwa. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of eight specimens. 15. Amphicranus speciosus (Schedl) Tricolus speciosus Schedl, 1934, Ent. Blatt. 30:38 (Holo- type, sex?; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Liinon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spectabilis (Wood) by the more poorly developed second process on the lateral mar- gin of the declivity, and, perhaps, by other characters. Adult.— Length 2.2 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; as in spectabilis except as noted in above diagnosis. Granular area on frons more definite, about twice as extensive. Declivital process 2 descending on its apical half of the anterior slope. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica, 2-VI-29, at light, F. Nevermann; Ciiapiles, Limon, 22-VII-66, 100 m, tree, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a brief comparison of the holotype of spe- ciosus and the allotype of spectabilis. The two forms are very similar. Because the series of six specimens of spectabilis is entirely con- sistent in declivital structure, speciosus is ei- ther an aberrant specimen or a distinct spe- cies. The two type localities are within a few kilometers of one another in Limon Province, Costa Rica. 16a. Amphicranus spectabilis (Wood) Tricolus spectabilis Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:140 (Holotvpe, female; Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from speciosus (Schedl) by the more strongly projecting declivital spine 2 that is horizontal or ascending on apical half of its dorsal mar- gin and by the larger, more clearly defined granular area on the frons. Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons not visible, head withdrawn into prothorax in all specimens except allotype, evidently as in male, described below. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides subparallel but feebly arcuate on basal half then convergently arcuate to narrowly rounded, subserrate, anterior margin; aspe- rities decreasing in size posteriorly, ending at or before summit; posterior area sub- reticulate, finely, deeply, rather sparsely punctiued; glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to level of middle of declivity, then very broadly rounded behind, with a rather broad, deep, sutural emargination; strial punctures fine, shallow, in rather indefinite rows; interstriae smooth, with a few irregu- larly placed punctures identical to those of striae. Declivity beginning two-thirds elytral length from base, broadly, deeply excavated, with upper and lateral margins acutely, rather strongly elevated except rounded on interstriae 1; upper margin armed on inter- striae 2 by a small, pointed tooth; a second prominence on lateral margin just below middle, its basal margins in lateral profile forming a 90 degree angle (somewhat blunt); acute margin continuing to apex; profile as in speciosus except second prominence higher; excavated area broadly concave, shining, su- tural interstriae finely, not strongly elevated, smooth, remaining area finely, rather closely punctured. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except serrations on anterior margin of pronotum much more prominent. Frons rather strongly, broadly convex; surface reticulate and rather coarsely, deeply punctured except on a small, more coarsely reticulate, impunctate area be- low upper level of eyes equal in diameter to one-fifth width of frons; vestiture limited to epistomal area. Distribution.— Costa Rica. 1200 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Limon, 22-VI-63, No. 53, TJieobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of six specimens. 16b. Amphicranus spectus Wood Atnphicranus spectus Wood, 1980, Great Basin Nat. 40:358 (Holotype, male; Pichucalco, Chiapas, Mexico; Wood Collection) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spectabilis Wood by the larger size, by the more elongate antennal club, with more strongly arcuate sutures, by the more shal- lowly impressed elytral punctures, and by the more strongly, more acutely elevated lateral margin of the elytral declivity from base to apex. Male.— Length 2.9 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color reddish brown (fully mature?). Frons about as in spectabilis except surface more finely punctured, raised median gran- ular area slightly larger (occupying almost median third), much more sharply defined. Antennal club more slender, 1.5 times as long as wide, sutures more strongly arcuate than in spectabilis. Pronotum 1.6 times as long as wide; about as in spectabilis except punctures on posteri- or areas slightly smaller. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.13 times as long as pronotum; similar to spectabilis ex- cept punctures on disc very shallow, ob- scurely impressed, declivity more deeply ex- cavated, lateral margin more acutely, more strongly elevated, more strongly explanate below, basal area of spine 1 protruding slightly. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Pichucalco, 26-III-80, Theobroma cacao. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 17. Amphicranus collaris Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus collaris Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Anier., Coleopt. 4(6):294 (Holotype, female?; Volcan Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the coloration, by the quadrate declivital spine 3, with a distinct notch between it and subapical posterior margin of the declivity, and by other characters. Female.— Length 3.5-4.0 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with elytra and abdomen black. Frons convex, lateral areas transversely im- pressed immediately above epistomal margin; surface rugose-reticulate, punctures obscure; raised granular area entirely above eyes, more than 3.0 times as wide as long; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous except for narrow epis- tomal brush. Antennal funicle 3-segmented; club somewhat obovate, 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; sides feebly arcuate, subparallel on more than bas- al half, narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin acutely elevated, shallowly serrate; summit one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin, indefinite; asperities on ante- rior slope coarse, low; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures very minute. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to level of apex of suture, broadly rounded behind and narrowly, deeply emarginate at suture; declivity occupying slightly less than posterior half; disc smooth, shining, punctures minute, confused. Declivi- ty moderately steep, broadly, concavely exca- vated; basal margin armed at position of in- terstriae 1 by a small, pointed tubercle, spine 2 rather large, somewhat blunt, about one and one-half times as long as basal width, in position of interstriae 2; lateral margin below spine 2 rounded, not strongly elevated; spine 3 commencing below middle, quadrate, slightly longer than basal width, a con- spicuous notch between spina. 3 and post- erolateral margin; rather strongly explanate behind; sutural emargination about one and one-half times as deep as wide. Subglabrous. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— Gosta Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1.300 m. No. 178 in a woody vine. No. 265 in Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were taken in stems 5-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 14 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1201 18. Amphicranus belti Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus belti Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):292 (Holotype, sex?; Chontale.s, Nicaragua; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the distinctive coloration, by two pairs of denticles arming the basal margin of the ely- tral declivity, by the very strongly explanate posterior margin of the declivity, and by other characters. Male.— Length 6.5-7.0 mm, 3.6 times as long as wide; color bright reddish brown ex- cept anterior third of pronotum, posterior half of elytral disc, and all of declivity, head, and most of abdomen black. Frons convex (an irregular serpentous cal- lus on my specimen evidently an aberation); surface finely rugose-reticulate; oval area on median half from epistoma to upper level of eyes granular. Antennal funicle 3-segmented; club somewhat obovate, 1.6 times as long as wide, sutures narrowly, rather strongly procurved. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin irregularly costate; summit in- definite, anterior eighth abruptly declivous, asperities not clearly defined; surface finely reticulate, punctures very minute. Glabrous. Elytra 2.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; declivity commencing slightly anterior to middle; disc smooth, sur- face pimctures almost obsolete. Declivity abrupt at base, then gradual, broadly, exten- sively excavated; basal margin with a stout, moderately large, pointed denticle at position of interstriae 1, interstriae 2 with a small irre- gularity suggesting a minute denticle, inter- striae 3 with a denticle similar to but slightly larger than that on 1, posterolateral margin acutely, strongly elevated to apex, a small, blunt denticle on its median margin at level of sutural apex; subapical margin profoundly explanate, deeply, rather narrowly emargi- nate at suture, emargination more than three times as deep as wide; face of declivity al- most smooth, shining. Subglabrous except ex- planate portion with moderately abundant, fine, rather short hair. Distribution.— Nicaragua to Costa Rica. NICARAGUA: Cbontales, Belt. COSTA RICA: 6 km S San Vito, Puntarenas, 14-III-67. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my San Vito specimen. The holotype was also examined, but the two specimens were not compared directly. 19. Amphicranus torneutes Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicrcinits torneutes Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):292 (Holotype, sex?; Chil- pancingo, Guerrero, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Holotype.— Sex? Length 5.8 mm, 3.86 times as long as wide; color medium brown, with basal half of elytral disc lighter brown. Distribution.— Guerrero. MEXICO: Guerrero: Chilpancingo, June, 4000 ft., H. H. Smith. Notes.— The holotype is identical to belti Blandford except that it is slightly smaller, more slender, and the coloration is slightly different. In a genus where these features are so unreliable and where so few specimens of these exceedingly rare species are available for study, reliable taxonomic judgements can- not be made. Although torneutes is listed here as a species, it probably does not war- rant a rank higher than subspecies. 20. Amphicranus balteatus Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus balteatus Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):291 (Holotype, sex?; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from belti Blandford by the larger size, by the color pattern, by the less precipitous, more nearly rounded anterior declivous area of the pronotum, and by details of the decliv- ital structure. Female.— Length 7.5-8.0 mm, 3.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, head, pronotum, and elytral declivity dark brown to black. Frons largely concealed in specimens at hand, evidently as in belti. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; ante- rior fifth less abruptly declivous, asperities more numerous and more clearly defined, an- terior margin more irregular. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide; essentially as in belti except denticles on interstriae 1 and 2 at base of declivity subequal in size and shape, denticle on interstriae 3 conspicuously 1202 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 larger, posterior margin less profoundly ex- planate, sutural emargination about twice as deep as wide. Male.— Similar to female. Distribution.— Gviatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, G. C. Champion; Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64, 1300 m, No. 688, Caldo de Frijol S. L. Wood. Biology.— One pair of specimens was taken from a Platypus tunnel 8 cm deep in a recently cut tree 30 cm in diameter. Presum- ably these specimens had evicted the Pla- typus, but they had not altered the tunnel prior to their capture. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the pair from Volcan Pacaya, which had been compared directly to the holotype. 21. Amphicramis macellus Wood Amphicranus macellus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):64 (Holotype, fe- male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from balteatus Blandford by the much small- er size, by the color, by the absence of a granular area on the frons, by details of the declivital sculpture, and by other characters. Male.- Length 1.8-1.9 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons imiformly convex; surface evidently minutely rugose-reticulate. Antennal fimicle 3-segmented; club 1.3 times as long as wide, broadly oval, sutures rather weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and almost parallel on basal three- fourths, rather narrowly rounded in front; an- terior margin acutely elevated, subserrate ex- cept median serration slightly larger and ba- sally separate from marginal costa; indistinct summit on anterior fourth; anterior slope steep, convex, most conspicuous asperities ar- ranged in a subtransverse row; surface sub- reticulate, punctures small, very shallow. Glabrous. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in balteatus except apical emargination wider, U-shaped; disc smooth, strial punctures fine, shallow, in rows. Declivity broadly, deeply excavated much as in balteatus except steeper and somewhat less strongly explanate; basal margin with spines on interstriae 1 and 2 minute, spine on 3 moderately large, pointed, lateral margin acutely, strongly elevated to small denticle on mesal side at level of sutur- al apex, margin obliquely descending from denticle to apex of lateral process on a straight line; sutural emargination narrowly U-shaped, 1.5 times as deep as wide; declivi- tal face reticulate, shining, punctures very obscurely indicated. Glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except declivity less strongly explanate, its lateral margins less strongly elevated; sutural emargination as long as wide. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIlI- 66, 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a recently broken limb 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 22. Amphicranus tenuis Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus tenuis Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):295 (Holotype, female; "Mexican" tobacco refuse; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) This species was named from one specimen intercepted at Paris from tobacco crates that supposedly came from Mexico. As with sev- eral other species named by Blandford from this same source, all indications are that they came from Brazil, not Mexico. In addition to the type, I have seen one specimen from Campimento Rio Grande near El Palmar, Bolivar, Venezuela. 23. Amphicranus parilis Wood Amphicranus parilis Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:31 (Holotype, male; 6 km or 4 miles W Tepic, Naya- rit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.- This species is distinguished from filiformis Blandford by the much small- er size, by the absence of minute crenulations on the base of the pronotal disc, and by dif- ferences on the elytral declivity indicated below. Male.- Length 2.0 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color pale yellowish brown, elytral declivity brown. Frons and pronotum as in filiformis except as noted in above diagnosis. Elytra as in fili- formis except less strongly explanate, sutural 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1203 emargination only slightly deeper than wide (twice as deep as wide in filiformis), declivi- tal spine 2 smaller, less strongly pointed. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1()00 in. No. 240, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 24. Amphicrantis filiformis Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicramis filiformis Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. .■\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):295 (Holotype, sex?; Omil- teme, Guerrero, Mexico; British .Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from belti Blandford by the smaller size, by the absence of a granular area on the frons, and by the details of the declivital sculpture described below. Holotype.— Sex? Length 3.7 mm, 4.2 times as long as wide; color pale brown, ely- tral declivity very dark brown. Frons convex; surface uniformly rugose- reticulate, punctures obscure; apparently glabrous. Pronotum about as in macellus Wood except asperities on anterior slope slightly larger, disc more nearly shining, basal third of disc with several minute crenula- tions. Elytra as in hybridus Blandford except more strongly explanate, lower tubercle on suture entirely absent, posterolateral margin more strongly elevated, angulate, and armed by a rather coarse spine at level of sutural apex, this spine displaced mesad from margin and directed mesad, its base extending from margin almost one-fourth distance to apex of suture; face of declivity moderately pub- escent, setae short on basal half, very long on lower half. Distribution.— Guerrero. MEXICO: Chiapas: 21 km N Ocozocoautla, 2-VII-69. Guerrero: Omilteme, VIII, 8000 ft, H. H. Smith. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on one other specimen. 25. Amphicranus cordatus (Bright) Tricolus cordatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1380 (Holotype, male; 184 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12651). Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from Tricolus by the quadrate precoxal piece on the prothorax, and by the two pairs of minor spines on interstriae 1 and 3 on the basal margin of the declivity. It is distantly allied to propugnatus Blandford, from which it is distinguished by characters included in the above key. Male.— Length 2.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with anterior two-fifths of pronotum and elytral declivity very dark brown. Frons convex, weakly, transversely im- pressed above epistoma; lateral areas shining, moderately punctured, subaciculate below upper level of eyes; median area with a broadly heart-shaped granulate area on me- dian third, its upper third extending above upper level of eyes; vestiture sparse except on epistomal margin. Antennal club broadly ovate, almost subcircular, sutures indicated on middle third. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; about as in propugnatus except asperities on ante- rior slope distinctly smaller. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; essentially as in prop- ugnatus except major spine 1 cylindrical, about twice as long as minor spines, its apex bluntly rounded; lateral margin smooth from spine 1 to ventrolateral process; ventrolateral process quadrate, slightly compressed later- ally, only slightly longer than basal width. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 184 km S Oaxaca on Highway 131, 12-V-71, 2000 m, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 26. Amphicranus propugnatus Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus propugnatus Blandford, 1^0.5, Biol. Centr. .\mer., Coleopt. 4(6):297 (Holotype, female?; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Amphicranus armatus Schedl, 1934, Ent. Bliitt. .30:37 (Holotvpe, female?; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.). Probahh/ synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinosus Wood by the frons, by the ar- rangement of the declivital spines, and by the fine, raised line on the lateral margins of the pronotum. Female.— Length 3.5 mm, 4.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytral disc lighter. 1204 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons strongly, broadly convex except moderately, transversely impressed above epistoma; granular area covering almost en- tire convex portion on slightly more than me- dian three-fourths. Pronotum as in spinosus except asperities on anterior slope slightly smaller; lateral margins marked by a fine, raised line. Elytra basically as in spinosus except for declivital spines; basal margin of declivity armed by small, pointed spines on interstriae 1 and 3, first major spine large, quadrate, lat- erally compressed, a smaller, compressed, subtriangular spine at base of ventrolateral process, ventrolateral processes sub- cylindrical, slightly shorter than in spinosus. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, XI-28, Schild. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of propugnatus. The holo- type of armatus Schedl fits this species com- pletely except that it is 4.5 mm in length. Both types were examined, but were not compared to one another nor to other speci- mens of the same species. 27. Amphicranus spinescens Wood Amphicranus spinescens Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):65 (Holotype, fe- male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the absence of a fine, raised line on the lateral margins of the pronotum, by the very coarse, slender serrations on the anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the different armature on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 4.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of elytra a darker brown. Frons transversely concave, lower third weakly, transversely impressed, surface ru- gose-reticulate except subgranular on oval area on median half at upper level of eyes; vestiture confined to epistomal margin. An- tennal funicle 3-segmented; club oval, 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, nar- rowly, strongly produced in front; anterior margin armed by 10-12 very coarse, basally separate serrations, median ones slender; summit on anterior third; anterior slope mod- erately steep, convex, anterior asperities coarse, smaller toward summit; posterior areas finely reticulate, punctures minute, al- most obsolete. Glabrous. Elytra 2.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel to declivity, broadly emarginate behind, posterolateral angles produced into long for- cepslike processes; disc smooth, subshining, strial punctures almost obsolete. Declivity steep, excavated; basal margin subacutely elevated, armed by three small, pointed den- ticles, one each at interstriae 1, 2, and 3; lat- eral margin subacutely elevated, bearing just below middle of declivity a very large, cylin- drical, blunt spine 3.5 times as long as its bas- al width, directed caudad; below this spine lateral margin continues to apex of ventrola- teral process; ventrolateral process sub- cylindrical, curving slightly mesad, its length, measured from apex of suture, equal to more than half width of elytra; posterior emargina- tion very broad, deeply, broadly U-shaped, very slightly deeper than wide. Male.— Similar to female except declivital spines sRghtly longer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the same limb that contained marcellus Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 28. Amphicranus spinosus Wood Amphicranus spinosus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):65 (Holotype, fe- male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinescens Wood by the larger size, by the finely punctured pronotal disc, and by the more brightly shining elytra. Female.- Length 2.7-3.0 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color brown. As in spinescens except posterior areas of pronotal disc reticulate, with moderately abundant, fine, distinctly impressed punc- tures in both discal and lateral areas, and elytra much more brightly shining. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1205 Male.— Similar to female except declivltal spine slightly longer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 111, No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the same limb that contained spinescens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 29. Amphicranus mucronatus Wood Amphicranus mucronatus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull, Biol. Ser. 19(1):66 (Holotype, fe- male; Volcan de Chiriqui at Cerro Punta, Chi- riqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fastigiatus Blandford by the smaller size, by the very different female frons, and by the narrower posterolateral elytral process of the male on which the spine at the level of the sutural apex is positioned equidistant from the lateral and mesal margins (not on the lateral margin as in fastigiatus). Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color light brown, pronotum and elytral declivity darker. Frons convex, reticulate below upper level of eyes, shining above, punctures fine, moder- ately abundant, obscure on reticulate area; median fourth from epistoma to more than half distance to upper level of eyes with a sharply elevated, low, oval, granulate area; vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club trans- versely oval, slightly wider than long. Pronotum 1.7 times as long as wide; as in fastigiatus except submarginal grooves and callus on anterior slope much more poorly developed. Elytra as in fastigiatus except discal punc- tures slightly smaller. Male.— Length 3.0-3.3 mm; similar to male fastigiatus except antennal club slightly more broadly oval; anterior margin of pro- notum more strongly, narrowly acuminate, process on its ventral surface almost obsolete; elytral declivity slightly less strongly expla- nate, lateral margins much less strongly ele- vated, denticles on basal margin much small- er, denticle at level of sutural apex in center of floor of lateral process (not on inner sur- face of lateral margin as in fastigiatus). Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiriqui, Chi- riqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 376, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 30. Amphicranus fastigiatus Blandford Fig. 215 Amphicranus fastigiatus Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Aiiier., Coleopt. 4(6):296 (Holotype, male; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala) Diagnosis.— The female of this species is distinguished from the female of dorni (Eich- hoff) by the slightly different frons, by the subcircular antennal club, by the more obtuse anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the very different elytral declivity, and in the male by the bifid tubercle on the ventral side of the pronotal mucro and by details in sculp- ture of the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.7-3.2 mm, 4.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown, elytral disc, legs, and antennae yellowish brown. Frons convex, slightly protuberant in me- dian area on lower half; a small, median, epistomal tubercle; entire surface rugose-reti- culate from epistoma to well above upper level of eyes. Antennal club broadly oval, slightly longer than wide. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; widest at base, sides almost sraight and converging slightly on more than basal half, moderately constricted, then narrowly, obtusely rounded; summit indefinite, on anterior fourth; ante- rior margin costate, unarmed, a broad sub- marginal groove just above margin, above this an obtuse costa, and above this a second broad groove, all following contour similar to anterior margin; surface reticulate, punctures very fine, deep. Glabrous. Elytra 2.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal two-thirds, slightly narrowed to level of sutural apex, then rather abruptly rounded, strongly, rather broadly emarginate behind; disc smooth, shining, punctures rather small, dis- tinct, close, confused (obscure striae dis- cernible in some posterior areas). Declivity occupying posterior third of elytra, exten- sively, subconcavely impressed; lateral mar- gins moderately, obtusely elevated, a small, pointed denticle at position of interstriae 3, a strongly elevated, narrow costa extending caudomesad from lateral margin to position 1206 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 of interstriae 3 then continued caudad and ending abruptly just before level of sutural apex; subacute lateral margin continued from interstriae 4 to apex of explanate lateral pro- cess; apex emarginate on median fifth of ely- tral width, emargination as deep as wide; ex- cavated area reticulate, punctures obscure. Sparse, fine hair in excavated area of declivity. Male.— Length 3.7-4.2 mm; as in female except lower frons not inflated or tubercu- late, median third granular to upper level of eyes; anterior third of pronotum converging to an acute median mucronate point, feebly declivous, ventral surface of mucro bearing a strongly developed bifid tubercle; elytral de- clivity much more strongly excavated and ex- planate, basal margin armed by small tu- bercles on interstriae 1 and 2, a larger spine on 3, lateral margins strongly, acutely ele- vated to apex, a small tubercle on median surface of lateral margin at level of sutural apex {dorni with an additional tubercle at dorsocaudal angle of lateral process). Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 29-VII-ft3, 1800 m. No. 17, in Conostegia oerstediana. No. 90 in fallen tree, S. L. Wood; San Jose, 7-II-33, Park- insonia aculeata, C. H. Ballon. Biology.— Specimens were taken from boles 10 cm and 30 cm in diameter. This spe- cies is polygynous; the gallery system is as in Monarthrum. Notes.— The above treatment was based on seven specimens, one of which was com- pared to the holotype. The genus Steganocranus was named to in- clude dorni and subsequently described spe- cies in this species group. Except for the strongly mucronate anterior margin of the male pronotum and modified female max- illae, these species are not particularly dis- tinctive. In my opinion, this group is not suf- ficiently different to warrant generic rank. Other species groups are just as distinctive, but have been retained within Amphicranus. Genus MONARTHRUM Kirsch Monarthrum Kirsch, 1866, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 10:213 (Tvpe-species: Monarthrum chapiiisi Kirsch, monobasic) Corthijlomimus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baunzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 48 (Type- species: Bostrichiis fasciatus Say, subsequent des- ignation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:118); Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:300. Synonymy Cosrnocorynus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuclschalichen Borkenkafer, p. 62 (Type- species: Cosrnocorynus cristatus Ferrari, mon- obasic); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Anier. Philos. Soc. 1.5:348. Synonymy Pterocyclon Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zetischr. 12:276 (Type-species: Pterocyclon laterale Eich- hoff, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128); Eichhoff, 1869, Ber- liner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:299. Synonymy Anchonocerus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege 2(8):431 (Type-species: Anchono- cerus rufipes Eichhoff, monobasic); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:512. Synonymy Phthorius Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege 2(8):433 (Type-species: Phthorius in- gens Eichhoff, monobasic); Eggers, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:329. Synonymy Trypocranus Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege 2(8):4.35 (Type-species: Trypocranus cincinnatus Eichhoff, monobasic) (Type lost, sus- pected synonymy cannot be proved.) Diagnosis.— This large, diverse, difficult genus is distinguished from other members of the tribe by the 2-segmented funicle, by the presence of a fine, raised line on the lat- eral margin of the pronotum, (u.sually) by the horizontal precoxal piece of the prosternum that is usually subacutely pointed and di- rected between the anterior coxae, and by the dimorphic protibiae that are subinflated and armed on the posterior face by numerous small, confused tubercles. Description.— Length 1.4-4.8 mm, 2.4-3.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to very dark brown, many species bicolored. Frons convex and variously, conservatively sculptured in males, females usually similar to male, some concave or elaborately im- pressed, glabrous to elaborately ornamented Ijy hair. Eye oval, deeply emarginate, usually finely faceted. Antennal scape slender to triangular, finely pubescent in female of some species; funicle 2-segmented; club slen- der to broadly oval, strongly triangular in fe- males of a few species, sutures almost always present, straight to moderately procurved, posterior face usually ornamented by long hair in female. Pronotum longer than wide, summit at or in front of middle; anterior slope asperate, anterior margin serrate in 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1207 male, margin usually unarmed in female; pos- terior areas very finely sculptured. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra very finely sculp- tured, punctures confused in most species; declivity very gradual to subvertical, convex to elaborately excavated, unarmed to armed by conspicuous spines; sutural apex entire to conspicuously emarginate. Vestiture usually absent except on declivity. Anterior coxae contiguous, tibiae dimor- phic, posterior face subinflated in female and armed by numerous confused tubercles. Pro- thoracic precoxal piece horizontal, its poste- rior margin subacute and directed between coxae. Distribution.— United States to Argen- tina; approximately 100 species are known; 58 occur in North and Central America. Biology.— These ambrosia beetles usually attack cut or dying logs and limbs larger than 30 cm in diameter; however, a few tropical forms breed in branches and woody vines as small as 3 cm in diameter. Most species are polygynous, but apparently some of the smaller species may be monogamous. The male initiates the attack on a new host and forms the radial entrance tunnel and nuptial chamber in the xylem tissues. The females, up to seven in some species, cut individual egg galleries that radiate from the nuptial chamber on a transverse plane, often follow- ing growth rings. The eggs are deposited in niches in rows on the upper and lower sur- faces of the egg tunnel. Each larva enlarges its own niche, presumably feeding on a mix- ture of host tissues and ambrosial fungi. Young adults emerge through the parental entrance hole. Notes.— This genus requires considerably more study. Most species are known from very scanty material and almost nothing has been recorded of their basic habits. Key to the Species of Monarthrum 1. Male elytral declivity moderately to strongly, broadly excavated, lateral mar- gins subacutely to profoundly elevated on more than lower half, upper margin armed by two or three pairs of teeth (usually on interstriae 1, 2, and 3); in Quercus 2 — Male elytral declivity basically sulcate, lateral margins rounded, never with more than one tooth on basal margin, most or all of other denticles often mesad of lateral margin; in various hosts including Quercus 15 2(1). Larger species; male declivity more gradual, deeply excavated; elytra not emarginate at suture (except in validum, praeruptum, and gnarum); female frons commonly ornamented by long hair or vertex often impressed 3 — Smaller species; male declivity steeper, broadly, less strongly excavated; elytra suturally emarginate in both sexes; female frons and vertex convex, not ornamented by long hair 11 3(2). Elytral apex entire at suture in both sexes (except male quercus); base of male declivity armed by two pairs of denticles (three pairs in some huachucae); fe- male vertex either convex or shallowly impressed; female declivity with a row of two to four small tubercles on upper half of interstriae 2; female antennal club broadly oval 4 — Elytral apex suturally emarginate in both sexes; base of male declivity armed by three pairs of denticles; female vertex conspicuously excavated, excavation longer than wide; female declivity armed on upper half by about eight small, confused tubercles; female antennal club subtriangular 9 4(3). Posterolateral margin of male declivity strongly, uniformly elevated from ely- tral apex about two-thirds distance to declivital base; female vertex not impressed 5 1208 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Posterolateral margin of male elytral declivity strongly elevated, but inter- rupted by a laterally compressed subquadrate process; female vertex shallowly impressed (except quercus) 7 5(4). Male spine 1 on interstriae 2 at base of declivity blunt, almost absent, lateral margins similar to scutellare but subspinose angle near middle of declivity; type with conspicuous, blunt, conical denticle at middle of excavated area about in line with discal interstriae 3, this denticle entirely absent on left side (abnormahty?); Hidalgo; 4.3 mm 1. dentatum (Eggers) — Male spine 1 at base of declivity present, subspinose angle on lateral margin well above middle of declivity, floor of excavated area entirely unarmed 6 6(5). Male epistomal process unarmed; female frons with median area on lower half distinctly elevated and punctured as on upper areas, small lateral areas imme- diately above epistoma ornamented by a few long hairs; British Columbia to Baja California; Quercus; 3.0-3.5 mm 2. scutellare (LeConte) — Male epistomal process armed by a small, median tubercle; female frons weak- ly impressed below upper level of eyes, almost flat, surface of impressed area much more finely, densely punctured and ornamented by a brush of hair, pub- escent area attaining upper level of eyes; Arizona; Quercus; 3.0-3.5 mm 3. huachucae Wood 7(4). Male declivity profoundly explanate, narrowly, deeply divaricate; female vertex convex, frons glabrous 8a — Male declivity moderately explanate, feebly if at all emarginate at suture; fe- male vertex shallowly impressed, impression as wide or wider than long; female frons variously pubescent (except glabrous in querneus) 8b 8a(7). Larger; male pronotum with nonasperate area on anterior slope of pronotum small, less than 0.2 times as wide as pronotum; basal margin of declivity trans- versely almost straight, abrupt, lower margin of major spine gradually descend- ing to profoundly elevated ventrolateral margin; Durango; Quercus; male 4.4-4.6 mm, female 3.4-3.8 mm 4. quercus (Wood) — Smaller; male pronotum with a large, subcircular reticulate area on anterior slope 0.4 times as wide as pronotum; basal margin of declivity arcuate, less abrupt, major spine quadrate, a deep notch between its summit and less strong- ly elevated ventrolateral margin; El Salvador; Quercus; male 3.5 mm 5. quercivorum Schedl 8b(7). Compressed, quadrate processes on lateral margins of male elytral declivity al- most parallel, their upper angles less acute and weakly dentate on mesal side; female frons glabrous (except for small epistomal brush); Michoacan and Hidalgo to Honduras; Quercus; 2.8-3.4 mm 6. querneum Wood — Compressed, quadrate processes on lateral margins of elytral declivity con- spicuously converging dorsally, their dorsomedian angles conspicuously den- tate; female frons conspicuously pubescent from epistoma almost to vertex, most setae on median half; Chihuahua and Hidalgo to Panama; Quercus; 3.7-4.3 mm 7. quercicolens Wood 9(3). Quadrate lateral process on male declivity divided to form a blunt, sub- cyhndrical spine between this process and ventrolateral explanate process; fe- male frons more coarsely punctured, excavation on vertex larger, com- mencinng very slightly above upper level of eyes; Veracruz to Panama; Quercus; 4.3-4.8 mm 8. validum (Ferrari) 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1209 — Large laterally compressed quadrate process on lateral margin of male declivi- ty not subdivided; female frons much more finely punctured, excavation on vertex commencing well above eyes 10 10(9). Male elytral declivity less strongly excavated, entire excavated area reticulate, lateral margins less stomgly elevated, less strongly explanate below, denticles on basal margin reduced in size; Guatemala; 4.1 mm 9. praeruptum (Blandford) — Male declivity more strongly excavated, most of surface in excavated area smooth, shining, lateral margins more strongly elevated, more strongly expla- nate below, denticles on basal margin larger; Hidalgo to Chiapas; Quercus; 4.2-4.7 mm 10. gnarum (Schedl) 11(2). Declivital face glabrous in both sexes (a few minute setae in tomicoides); basal margin of male declivity armed by two pairs of pointed teeth, a third pair slightly above middle on lateral margin, floor of excavated area unarmed; fe- male declivity shallowly, broadly excavated, with two pairs of small tubercles on basal margin, a third tubercle at middle of declivity near lateral margin 12 — Declivital face with some conspicuous pubescence in both sexes; basal margin of male declivity armed by two pairs of denticles on interstriae 1 and 3, those on 3 much' larger, each half of excavated area with a small tubercle near its center; female declivity feebly sulcate, almost flat, interstriae 3 armed by two conspicuous tubercles on upper half of face 13 12(11). Body larger, stouter; male declivity with spine at base of interstriae 3 very large, slightly longer than lower spine, lower spine narrowly quadrate, blunt; color black; Guatemala; 3.2-3.3 mm 11. tomicoides (Blandford) — Smaller, more slender species; denticles at base of male declivity small, of equal size, lower spine cylindrical, pointed; color light brown to bicolored; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.6-2.8 mm 12. bispinum (Blandford) 13(11). Male declivital excavation poorly developed, its margins obtuse, middle half with crescent-shaped elevation on interstriae 3, its upper end armed by a blunt tubercle; Guatemala; 2.7 mm 13. terminatum (Blandford) — Male declivity more deeply excavated, with margins acute, tubercle on interstriae 3 near middle of declivity not accompanied by an elongate elevation ... 14 14(13). Lateral margin of male declivity subacutely elevated, rising gradually from floor of excavated area to crest of lateral margin; spine 1 on basal margin of male declivity rather slender, sharply pointed, spine 2 rather slender, slightly smaller; Puebla to Hidalgo; Quercus; 2.0-2.4 mm 14. cordicticum Wood — Lateral margin of male declivity on more than lower three-fourths abruptly elevated, elevation as high or higher than its thickness; spine 1 on basal-Hmargin of male declivity smaller, 2 larger and stouter; Guatemala to Panama; Quercus; 2.2-2.4 mm 15. cordatum (Blandford) 15(1). Male declivity moderately to rather strongly excavated, lateral margins armed on crest of summit by two or three pairs of denticles 16 — Male declivity shallowly excavated to almost flat, two pairs of denticles usually arm declivity, lower pair of denticles (or both pairs) displaced mesad from lateral margin 33 16(15). Larger, stouter species uniformly dark brown in color; frons in both sexes broadly, evenly convex, glabrous; declivity broad, moderately excavated; 2.3-4.0 mm 17 1210 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Smaller, slender species, often bicolored or pale; female frons frequently with various grooves, elevations, or setal ornamentation; 1.4-3.4 mm 22 17(16). Male declivity with a continuous crest extending from summit of denticle 2 (lower one) to elytral apex; female frons with a distinct, uniformly elevated median carina from epistoma to above upper level of eyes, frontal punctures much coarser near epistoma than above eyes (these characters discernible in male but less clearly defined); Costa Rica; Clusia, Quercus, Podocarpiis; 3.5-4.0 mm 16. nevermanni (Schedl) — Lower denticle on male declivity isolate, not associated with lateral crest; female frons without a carina, punctures more uniform in size 18 18(17). Male declivity commencing at or slightly anterior to middle of elytra, denticle 1 closer to apex than to base of declivity; female declivity normal; female frons feebly impressed immediately above epistoma, median epistomal process not evident, lower two-thirds of area below upper level of eyes rugose-reticulate, area above eyes almost smooth between punctures; Costa Rica and Trinidad; Spondias; 2.3-2.5 mm 17. robustum (Schedl) — Male declivity commencing well behind middle of elytra; female frons variously sculptured 19 19(18). Male declivity with a distinct, blunt tubercle near apex of interstriae 2; frons in both sexes with a moderate, transverse impression just above epistomal margin, a weak, short, median carina often present immediately above impression; de- clivital punctures usually obscure; female frons obscurely reticulate in central area above transverse groove, almost rugose-reticulate in groove; Puebla and Veracruz to Oaxaca; Alnus; 2.3-3.0 mm 18. hoegei (Blandford) — Male declivity devoid of tubercle near apex of interstriae 2; frons feebly or not at all impressed above epistoma; declivital punctures usually distinctly impressed 20 20(19). Smaller; female frons rugose-reticulate from epistoma to upper level of eyes, reticulate above, male frons more coarsely punctured, rugose area slightly smaller, very obscurely reticulate above eyes; Puebla to Guatemala; Quercus; 2.3-2.6 mm 19. luctuosum (Blandford) — Larger; frontal sculpture different 21 21(20). Epistomal process not evident; frons rugose-reticulate on most of area below upper level of eyes, mostly shining in large central area above, punctures larger, numerous impressed points present; Puebla to Guatemala; Alnus; 2.9-3.2 mm 20. umbrinum (Blandford) — Epistomal process weakly elevated on about median sixth and apparently over- lapping epistoma; frons rather strongly reticulate at epistoma, more weakly impressed toward vertex, punctures much finer, impressed points not evident; Costa Rica to Panama; Croton, Ochroma, Conostegia; 3.0-4.0 mm 21. consimile (Blandford) 22(16). Lateral margin of pronotum rounded, with no indication of a raised line; very small species 23 — Lateral margin of pronotum clearly marked by a fine, raised line; larger species 26 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1211 23(22). Declivity obliquely truncate in both sexes, margins rather abruptly angulate in male, apex narrowly, shallowly emarginate; lateral margin of male declivity armed on interstriae 3 by a small denticle and by a moderately large spine on margin slightly above middle of declivity; female declivity with two tubercles on basal half of interstriae 3; body bicolored 24 — Declivity rather broadly sulcate, lateral margins armed by two pairs of den- ticles of equal size, apex rather broadly, deeply emarginate; body unicolorous, very slender 25 24(23). Male declivity steep, its basal margin obtusely angled, not precipitous or pro- jecting, unarmed from suture to spine 1, declivital face sparsely punctured, punctures on striae 1 widely spaced; female frons with median third con- spicuously elevated, margins of elevation usually ornamented by long hair; fe- male antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, strongly tapered on distal half to subacute apex; Guatemala to Brazil; 1.4-1.8 mm 22. egenum (Blandford) — Male declivity more gradual, its basal margin precipitous or projecting slightly, armed by 1-3 small denticles between suture and spine 1, face of declivity closely punctured, punctures on striae 1 very close; female frons without me- dian elevation or vestiture, a conspicuous impression on dorsomedian margin of eye; female antennal club 1.0 times as long as wide, its apex very broadly rounded; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.8-2.2 mm 23. dimidiatum (Ferrari) 25(23). Larger; punctures on frons, pronotum, and elytra slightly more distinct; frons and elytra less strongly reticulate; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.6-1.9 mm 24. proprium Wood — Smaller; punctures on frons, pronotum, and elytra smaller, usually obscure; frons and pronotum more strongly reticulate; Nayarit and Veracruz to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.4-1.6 mm 25. pennatwn (Schedl) 26(22). Female frons evenly convex, punctured, almost glabrous; declivity very steep, occupying 20-25 percent of elytral length 27 — Female frons variously impressed or elevated and ornamented by hair; declivi- ty gradual, occupying more than 25 percent of elytral length; tropical distributions 28 27(26). Elytral disc obscurely reticulate, punctures obsolete; declivital margins more strongly, more acutely elevated, lower dentical closer to lateral margin than to suture; "Mexico"; 1.7 mm 26. flohri (Schedl) — Elytral disc strongly reticulate, strial punctures in rows, rather obscurely im- pressed; lateral margin less strongly elevated on lower half of declivity, lower denticle closer to suture than to lateral margin; California and Arizona to W Texas and Baja California; 1.8-2.2 mm 27. dentigerum (LeConte) 28(26). Female frons longitudinally divided into equal thirds by two shallow, parallel grooves from epistoma to upper level of eyes, each groove bearing a row of closely set, stout, short bristles, median third brightly shining, impunctate, re- maining areas largely reticulate and with a few punctures or impressed points; male declivity steeper, broader; Costa Rica and Venezuela; 1.8-2.0 mm 28. bifoveatum Wood — Female frons more extensively, more conspicuously impressed, vestiture longer, more widely distributed; larger species 29 1212 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 29(28). Elytral disc normal, without a conspicuous impression or tubercles 30 — Elytral disc with a conspicuous impression commencing on basal fourth and ex- tending toward declivity on interstriae 1 and 2, each of these interstriae armed by a row of tubercles 32 30(29). Female epistoma armed by a large, median, blunt horn, frons impressed on lower half, a conspicuous longitudinal, lateral impression above each eye, me- dian area on vertex not pubescent; female antennal club elongate, almost twice as long as wide; male declivity broader, spine 1 at base much larger, closer to suture; Guatemala to Costa Rica, Venezuela; 3.0-3.4 mm 29. lobatum (Ferrari) — Female frons very strongly, transversely impressed just below upper level of eyes, vertex with a conspicuous tuft of long hair, other tufts of shorter hair on margins between level of antennal insertion and inner margin of eye; male declivity much narrower, spine 1 smaller than 2 31 31(30). Larger; area on female vertex giving rise to tuft of hair not impressed; female epistomal area not armed by a pair of lateral tubercles; Michoacan and Puebla to Venezuela; Quercus, Alnus, etc.; 2.6-3.1 mm 30. laterale (Eichhoff) — Smaller; median area on female vertex (area giving rise to tuft of hair) dis- tinctly impressed; female epistomal area bearing a pair of tubercles near bases of mandibles; Veracruz to Brazil; Spondias, Ficus, etc.; 2.0-2.4 mm 31. fimbriaticorne (Blandford) 32(29). Discal sulcus conspicuous only on basal half of elytral disc, obsolete before de- clivity; female frons impunctate and glabrous on large triangular area, this area half as wide as frons at a point just above epistoma; Panama; 3.8-4.0 m.m 32. sulcatum (Blandford) — Discal sulcus continuous from basal fourth of disc to declivity; impunctate, glabrous area on female frons elongate, less than one-fourth as wide as frons at its widest point; Veracruz to Panama; 2.5 mm 33. ferrarii (Blandford) 33(15). Ventrolateral margin of male declivity acutely margined from apex to or to- ward level of lower declivital spine (arc encompassing less than one-third of a complete circle, if sutural emargination ignored); sutural emargination usually acute, rather deep to obsolete 34 — Ventrolateral margin of male declivity acutely margined at least from level of upper spine to apex (arc more than two-thirds of a complete circle if sutural emargination ignored); sutural emargination broadly obtuse 55 34(33). Apex of declivital spine 2 closer to spine 1 than to declivital apex; distance be- tween second declivital spines greater than between first spines (excepl* in spe- cies from USA); lower margin of declivity transversely, more narrowly rounded 35 — Apex of declivital spine 2 closer to elytral apex than to spine 1; distance be- tween second declivital spines less than between first spines; lower margin of declivity transversely more broadly rounded 44 35(34). Declivity in both sexes weakly if at all impressed, spine 2 reduced, obsolete or not clearly identifiable; sutural apex entire to narrowly, rather shallowly emarginate 36 — Declivity more broadly, rather deeply excavated, spine 2 as large or larger than spine 1; emargination at sutural apex larger, deeper (except absent in desum) 38 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1213 36(35). Larger; elytral apex at suture entire; declivital face weakly convex, armed by about four pairs of tubercles below spine 1, their arrangement evidently in- definite; female frons shallowly concave from epistoma to vertex, median line distinctly, subacutely elevated, entire surface densely covered by fine, short hair; Nayarit; Quercus; 2.9-3.3 mm 34. bicavum Wood — Smaller; elytral apex at least weakly emarginate at suture; declivital face without supplemental tubercles; female frons convex, subglabrous 37 37(36). Declivital spine 2 of reduced size; second declivital spines more closely spaced than first; declivital interstriae 1 unarmed by granules; frons reticulate; color light brown; Minnesota and Maine to E Texas and Florida, California; 1.8-2.4 mm 35. mali (Fitch) — Declivital spine 2 obsolete; declivital interstriae 1 with a row of granules near middle (very fine in female); frons rugose-reticulate; color light brown except anterior half of pronotum and elytral declivity dark brown; Wisconsin and Massachusetts to Texas and Florida; 2.3-2.8 mm 36. fasciatum (Say) 38(35). Male declivital spine 2 much closer to suture than to lateral margin, much larger than 1, blunt; male declivity weakly impressed, distance between second declivital spines equal to that between first spines; Jalisco; 2.4 mm 37. tetradontium Wood — Male elytral declivity more deeply sulcate, second spines much more widely spaced than first 39 39(38). Elytral surface shining, irregular impressed lines rather numerous, punctures distinctly impressed; male declivital spine 2 rather large, blunt; Jalisco to Nayarit; 3.1-3.6 mm 38. conversum Wood — Elytral disc reticulate (at least on basal half), punctures on reticulate area small, obscure 40 40(39). Male elytral declivity occupying 40 percent of elytral length, gradual anterior to spine 1 and occupying as much longitudinal space as area below spine 1; posterior half of elytra brightly shining; Costa Rica; 1.4 mm 39. morsum Wood — Male declivity steeper, occupying less than 30 percent of elytral length; elytral disc and declivity reticulate; larger species 41 41(40). Male declivity more conspicuously extended beyond sutural apex, spine 1 re- mote from lateral margin, about one-third length of declivity from basal mar- gin, small spine 2 at level of base of sutural emargination, spine 2 about equal distance between suture and lateral margin; Veracruz to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.8-2.1 mm 40. exornatum (Schedl) — Male declivital spine 1 on lateral margin, spine 2 well above level of base of sutural emargination 42 42(41). Male declivity more narrowly, more deeply impressed, lateral margins more gradually rounded, interstriae 1 at base of declivity unarmed, spine 2 wider than high and pointed; frons with a fine, acutely elevated carina from epistoma to upper level of eyes; Costa Rica; 2.5-2.8 mm 41. carinatum Wood — Male declivity with small tubercle at base on interstriae 1 (except in desum), spine 2 larger; male declivity more broadly, more shallowly excavated, its mar- gins more abruptly rounded; body often somewhat bicolored; frons devoid of a carina 43 1214 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 43(42). Elytral apex not emarginate, declivity much steeper; minute tubercle absent on interstriae 1 at base of declivity; female declivity more strongly impressed, with second pair of spines more widely spaced than first pair; frons with a me- dian tubercle near upper level of eyes; Chihuahua to Michoacan; Quercus; 1.8-2.1 mm 42. desum (Wood) — Elytral apex conspicuously emarginate, declivity not as steep, female with spacing of spines 1 and 2 about equal; frons without a median tubercle 44 44(43). Margins of male declivity abruptly rounded, spine 2 longer than its basal diam- eter; posterolateral margin of declivity acutely elevated from apex to level of spine 2; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.2-2.5 mm 43. punctifrons (Blandford) — Margins of male declivity more gradually rounded, spine 2 shorter than its bas- al diameter; posterolateral margin of declivity acutely elevated only half of distance from its apex to level of spine 2; Costa Rica; Quercus; 2.8-3.4 mm 44. pseudoscutellare (Schedl) 45(34). Male declivity with a small, blunt tubercle at apex of interstriae 2, sutural emargination very shallow, broad, angle formed on declivital face between su- ture and subapical margin very slightly greater than 90 degrees, posterior mar- gin lateral to suture extending only slightly beyond level of sutural apex; fe- male frons with a strong transverse impression immediately above epistoma and with a conspicuous median tubercle immediately above impression (male of difficile unknown, female frontal characters not strongly developed) 46 — Male without a tubercle or callus at apex of declivital interstriae 2 (except present in insignatum), sutural emargination conspicuous, subapical margin conspicuously exceeding sutural apex in lateral area, angle formed on declivital face between suture and subapical margin much greater than 90 degrees; female frons sometimes with transverse groove or carina but never with both 48 46(45). Larger; transverse impression and median tubercle on female frons moderately to poorly developed, dorsolateral areas of frons smooth, shining, very coarsely punctured; (male unknown); Costa Rica to Panama; 2.8-3.1 mm 45. difficile (Blandford) — Smaller; transverse impression on female frons abrupt, moderately deep, median tubercle rather well developed 46 47(45). Summit of lateral margin of male declivity at line extending between lateral margins of spines 1 and 2; female frons entirely devoid of median carina above median tubercle; Costa Rica; 2.4-2.6 mm 46. insignatum Wood — At least one-third of impressed area on male declivity lateral to line extending between spines 1 and 2; female frons protruding slightly toward median line, a distinct median carina extending from tubercle to upper level of eyes; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.3 mm 47. fastigiorum Wood 48(45). Male declivital spine 2 laterally compressed, its apex bituberculate or emargi- nate, female frons very strongly, transversely impressed, impression occupying more than half of area between epistoma and upper level of eyes 49 — Male declivital spine 2 conical, pointed; female frons convex or if strongly, transversely impressed, impressed area confined to much less than one-fourth of area between epistoma and upper level of eyes, (except larger in female notatum) 50 49(47). Male elytral declivity slightly steeper, less broadly impressed; surface of male elytral disc reticulate from base to declivity; frons more finely punctured in both sexes; female frontal impression deepest on median third; Puebla; Alnus; 2.3-2.5 mm 48. hidentatum Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1215 — Male elytral declivity not as steep, more broadly impressed; male elytral disc reticulate on basal half, shining on posterior half; frons very coarsely punc- tured in both sexes; female frontal impression deepest on lateral thirds; Costa Rica to Panama; Conostegia; 2.7-2.8 mm 49. bidens (Blandford) 50(48). Punctures on male declivital striae 1 distinctly impressed; frons with a dis- tinctly, abruptly impressed transverse groove immediately above epistoma, rather weak in male, strongly developed in female; body usually bicolored 51 — Punctures on male declivital striae 1 obsolete or completely confused with other punctures; frons convex or very feebly impressed above epistoma in both sexes 52 51(50). Transverse frontal groove very deep in female, shallow but distinct in male, occupying lower half of area below upper level of eyes; male declivity more deeply impressed, with punctures on striae 1 very fine; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.2-2.5 mm 50. notatum Wood — Transverse frontal groove similar in both sexes, of uniform width, its width about equal to twice diameter of a facet of eye; male declivity less deeply im- pressed, with punctures on striae 1 coarse; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.6-3.0 mm . .^ 51. vittatum (Blandford) 52(50). Male declivity armed by two pairs of denticles, without a supplemental row of granules 53 — Male declivity on its upper half with a longitudinal row of granules just mesad of spines 1 and 2; female frons without a carina 54 53(52). Male declivity commencing at middle of elytra; frons devoid of a median ca- rina, rather coarsely punctured in female; Costa Rica; 2.2-2.6 mm; (see also 53. glabrifrons Blandford) 52. limulum Wood — Male declivity normal, restricted to posterior fourth of elytral length; frons with a low median carina in both sexes; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.6 mm 54. carinulum Wood 54(52). Longitudinal row of granules on male declivity rather poorly developed, gran- ules rather small, declivital sulcus between suture and granules less strongly impressed, surface rising gradually to granules; Honduras; 2.4-2.8 mm 55. subgranulatum Wood — Longitudinal row of granules on male declivity conspicuous, granules coarse, declivital sulcus between granules and suture more strongly impressed, surface rising precipitously to granules; Puebla to Oaxaca; 2.6-2.8 mm 56. granulatum Bright 55(33). Declivital spine 2 entirely absent in both sexes, margin of sutural emargination strongly elevated perpendicular to declivital face, this elevation in male as high as its longest basal width; Costa Rica; 1.4 mm 57. infradentatum Wood — Declivital spine 2 present in both sexes, margin of sutural emargination weakly if at all elevated 56 56(55). Declivital face finely pimctured, subapical margin evenly curved from suture to lateral margin, area between spines more strongly impressed, including area anterior to spine 1; Costa Rica; 1.7-1.9 mm 58. corculum Wood — Declivital face more coarsely, shallowly punctured, elevated margin moder- ately to strongly angulate in posterolateral area, area between spines weakly impressed, and more strongly convex near suture anterior to spine 1 (these characters less evident in female) 57 1216 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 57(56). Male declivity with posterolateral angles (formed by raised margin) rounded; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.1 mm 59. posticum Wood — Male declivity with posterolateral angles abrupt; Costa Rica to Venezuela; 1.9-2.3 mm 60. proximum Wood 1. Monarthrum dentatum (Eggers) Amphicraniis dentntus Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 27:19 (Holotype, male. Mineral del Chico, Hidalgo, Mexico; Berlin Mus.) Diagnosis.— The true affinities of this spe- cies must remain in doubt until normal speci- mens are available; it should probably be placed somewhere between scutellare (Le- Conte) and quercicolens Wood. Male.— Length 4.3 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, basal two- thirds of elytra yellowish brown. Frons essentially as in scutellare. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; posterior areas reti- culate, punctures fine, sparse. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; discal surface with areas of ob- scure reticulation, smoother and with im- pressed points between areas of reticulation, with weak, irregular impressed lines, punc- tures almost obsolete, confused, small. De- clivity intermediate between scutellare and quercicolens, spine 1 blunt, almost obsolete, 2 small, pointed; subspinose angle at upper limit of strongly elevated lateral margin at level of middle of declivity, lateral margin continued from this angle to sutural apex; floor of excavated area with a conspicuous, blunt denticle as high as wide at level of middle of declivity in line with discal inter- striae 3 on right elytron only (abnormality?). Distribution.— Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo: Mineral del Chico, 23, Flohr. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 2. Monarthrum scutellare (l^eConte) Corthylus scittellaris LeConte, 1860, Pacific R.R. Expl. Surv. 9(1);59 (Holotype, female; San Jose, Califor- nia; Mus. Comp. Zool., 2021) Crijphahis cavtis LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:153 (Holotype, male; coast region south of San Francisco, California; Mus. Comp. Zool.); Le- Conte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:348. Synonymy Pterocychn obliquecaudatum Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:.351 (Syntypes, female; California; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:26. Synonymy Diagnosis.— In this species the declivital suture is not emarginate, and the female de- clivity is broadly convex; in the male it is rather deeply excavated and armed on the basal margin by two pairs of denticles, and the frons is convex in both sexes, with incon- spicuous vestiture. Male.— Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons very broadly convex, epistomal pro- cess low, its margin abrupt, procurved, oc- cupying median two-thirds; surface rugose- reticulate to upper level of eyes, smoother above, punctures moderately coarse, rather shallow; vestiture inconspicuous except for brush of hair arising from lower margin of epistomal process. Eye rather small, oval, al- most one-third divided by emargination; fine- ly faceted; emargination almost entirely filled by antennal socket. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 2-segmented; club 1.17 times as long as scape, 1.3 times as long as wide; suture 1 and 2 weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, weakly, arcuately converging, then very broadly rounded in front; anterior submargin armed by about 16 low serrations; indefinite summit one-third pronotum length from an- terior margin; anterior slope steep, rather finely, closely asperate; posterior areas reti- culate, finely, rather sparsely punctured. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal six-sevenths, rather abruptly rounded, feebly, broadly subemarginate be- hind; surface obscurely subreticulate, with minute lines and points usually present, punctures mostly connfused, fine, shallow. Declivity broadly, concavely excavated, rather steep; basal margin abruptly rounded, interstriae 1 usually armed by one or more small, pointed granules, 2 and 3 each armed by a small, pointed spine, lateral margins nar- rowly, strongly elevated to suture, an abrupt, subspinose angle on margin in line with 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1217 interstriae 4, rather strongly explanate below, most specimens entire at suture, a few nar- rowly cleft; floor of excavated area broad, mostly reticulate, punctures fine, rather close, confused, suture feebly elevated, unarmed. Vestiture largely confined to de- clivity, of abundant, long hair. Female.— Similar to male except antennal club bearing a tuft of long hair on posterior face; serrations on anterior submargin of pro- notum obsolete; elytral disc strongly reti- culate; declivity flattened below, broadly convex above, margins rounded, not at all elevated, spines at base represented by small tubercles, interstriae 2 with a small blunt tu- bercle on 2 just above middle of declivity, posterior margin subacutely, weakly elevated. Distribution.— British Columbia to Baja California. CANADA: British Columbia: Duncan, Genoa Bay- USA: California: Alameda, Alum Rock St. Pk. in Santa Clara Co., Anaheim, Anderson Valley, Ben Lomond in Santa Cruz Co., Berkeley, Big Sur, Big Trees Grove in Mariposa Co., Brookwood in Santa Criz Co., Callistoga, Camp Greeley in Fresno Co., Carmel, Fieldbrook, Lagu- nitas, Los Gatos, Marin Co., Menlo Park, Miami R.S., Mill Valley, Mt. Tamalpais, Muir Woods, Napa Co., Nojo River in Mendocino Co., Oakland, Palo Alto, Pla- cerville, Pomona, Port Reyes, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz Mts., San Mateo, Sequoia N.P., Shasta Co., Yorkville, Yosemite. Oregon; Ashland, Corvallis, Hood River. Washington: Seattle. MEXICO: Baja California: 6.5 km Arroyo Santo Tomas. Hosts.— Chrysolepsis sp., Lithocarpus den- siflorus, Querciis agrifolia, Q. kelloggii. Biology.— Usually in logs larger than 15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 261 specimens, including the type series of scutellare, cavus, and ohliqiiecaudatum. The series from Baja California is smaller and exhibits minor differences in the antenna, fe- male frons, and male elytra. Future collect- ing might make possible the recognition of subspecies based on these variations. 3. Monarthrum huachucae Wood Monarthrum huachucae Wood, 1959, Great Basin Nat. 19:61 (Holotype, male; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., Arizona; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from scutellare (LeConte) by the more dorsal position of the angulate, subspinose upper limits of the lateral margins of the elytral de- clivity, by the more slender body form, and by the abundant, long hair on the female frons. Male.— Length 3.0-3.5 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in scutellare except epistomal pro- cess bearing a short, median, tuberculate ca- rina. Pronotum 1.25 times as long as wide; as in scutellare. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; essentially as in scutel- lare except discal punctures smaller, lateral margins of declivity higher and extending higher on declivity, distance between spines 1 and 2 almost equal to distance betv/een 2 and subspinose upper angle of lateral mar- gins; punctures on declivital face smaller; vestiture much less abundant, mostly shorter. Female.— As in female scutellare except frons below upper level of eyes dull, very finely, densely punctured, and ornamented by abundant, long hair. Distribution.— S Arizona. USA: Arizona: Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., 29-VI- 07, H. A. Kaeber, 22-VIII-58'and 8-Vni-62, Quercus hy- poleucoides, S. L. Wood; 4 miles or 6 km SW Forestdale, Navajo Co., 23-Vni-52, H. B. Leech. Oak Creek Can- von, V-78, M. W. Sanderson. Biology.— Apparently as in scutellare. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 4 specimens and on 26 other specimens. 4. Monarthrum quercus (Wood) Fig. 217 Amphicranus quercus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:53 (Holotype, male; 3 miles or 5 km W El Sal- to, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from scutellare (LeConte) by the more slen- der form, by the profoundly explanate male declivity, by characters on the frons, and by other characters. Male.— Length 4.4-4.6 mm (female 2.4-3.8 mm), 3.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly, evenly convex, surface ru- gose-reticulate, rather coarsely punctured; epistomal process almost parallel to epistom- al margin; vestiture largely limited to epis- tomal brush. Pronotum 1.8 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, 1218 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 broadly rounded to obtusely subangulate in front; anterior margin largely unarmed; much as in scutellare except for a subcircular area one-fifth as wide as pronotum and just anterior to summit impressed, devoid of aspe- rities; its surface reticulate. Glabrous. Elytra 2.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal nine-tenths, broadly rounded behind, deeply, narrowly emargi- nate at suture; disc much as in scutellare ex- cept not at all reticulate, shining. Declivity much as in scutellare except spine 1 at base blunt, displaced toward suture, lateral mar- gins profoundly elevated and extended cau- dad, upper angle of margin forming a sub- quadrate tooth, very strongly explanate at narrowly, deeply emarginate suture; inner surface of excavated area subrugose-reti- culate except shining and clearly punctured on lower half near suture. Vestiture confined to declivity, rather short except long on crest of elevated lateral margins. Female.— Frons about as in male, other- wise about as in female scutellare except de- clivity broadly, shallowly concave, lateral margins on lower half slightly higher, and ob- tuse denticle on face of declivity larger. Distribution.— Durango. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m, No. 32, Qtiercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs and boles 50-100 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 46 specimens. 5. Monarthrum quercivorum Schedl Monarthnim quercivorus Schedl, 1977, Zeitschr. Arb. Osterr. Ent. 29:46 (Holotype, male; Metapan, El Salvador; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely allied querneum Wood by characters presented in the above key. Male.— Length 3.0-3.7 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide. Very similar to querneus except as in- dicated in the above key. The female was not examined. Distribution.— El Salvador. EL SALVADOR: Metapan, 20-X1I-74, 1600-2200 m, Qtiercus, H. Schmutzenhofer. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a male, presumably the holotype, prior to its description. 6. Monarthrum querneum Wood Fig. 216 Monarthrum querneus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:50 (Holotype, male; 33 miles or 53 km E Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Monarthrum bifidus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1381 (Holotype, male; 13 km or 8 miles E San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico; Ca- nadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:179. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercicolens Wood by the smaller size, by the procurved margin of the male epis- tomal process, by the more restricted vesti- ture on the female frons, by the broader, deeper impression on the female vertex, and by differences on the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.8-3.4 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown except basal half of pronotum and basal two-thirds of elytra, legs, and antennae yellowish brown. Frons about as in scutellare except epis- tomal process less strongly elevated, less strongly procurved. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about as in scutellare. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc about as in scutellare except surface smoother, lines and impressed points almost obsolete. Upper half of declivity very similar to scutellare ex- cept spines 1 and 2 slightly larger; strongly elevated lateral margins present on slightly less than middle third of declivity, ending abruptly, lateral margin continued to sutural apex at less than half height of middle third; floor of excavated area smooth, with rather coarse, close, deep punctures. Vestiture largely confined to declivity; long on lateral margins, shorter and less abundant in exca- vated area. Female.— Frons similar to male except median third of epistomal brush of hair much more abundant and slightly more extensive; vertex concavely impressed on median area, impression twice as wide as long, its length equal to distance slightly less than width of antennal club; pronotum and elytra about as in female scutellare except declivity slightly more convex, with median sulcus on upper half slightly deeper. Distribution.— Michoacan and Hidalgo to Honduras. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1219 MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km E and 6 km E San Cristobal de las Casas, 6-VI-69, Querciis, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: 30 km E Tulancingo, 12-VI-67, 2.300 m. No. 15, Qiierciis, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 53 km E Morelia, 14- VI-65, 3000 m. No. 51, Quercus, S. L. Wood. HON- DURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. 516, Q. hondiirensis, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Querciis hondurensis, Q. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs 20-60 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 44 specimens of quer- neum, on the holotype and 2 paratypes of bi- fidus, and on 39 other specimens. 7. Monarthrum quercicolens Wood Fig. 216 Monarthrtirn quercicolens Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:49 (Holotype, male; .33 miles or 53 km E Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from querneum Wood by the larger size, by the straight margin of the male epistomal process, by the more abundant, more exten- sive female frontal vestiture, by the shallow- er, narrower impression on the female vertex, and by the declivity. Male.— Length 3.7-4.3 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal half of pronotum and basal half of elytra usually lighter. Frons with margin of epistomal process straight, more abruptly elevated; other as- pects as in querneum. Pronotum and elytra as in querneum ex- cept strongly elevated portion of lateral mar- gin slightly longer, its crest from dorsocaudal aspect longitudinally arcuate (almost straight in querneum); punctures on floor of exca- vated area more numerous; vestiture more abundant, longer. Female.— Frons much as in female quer- neum except abundant vestiture continued on median fourth from epistoma to well above eyes, above eyes more broadly dis- tributed over more than median half; impres- sion on vertex rather shallow, heart-shaped, as wide as long, its width about two-thirds as great as width of antennal club; pronotum and elytra about as in female querneum. Distribution.— Chihuahua and Hidalgo to Panama. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito, 4-V-77, Qtiercus, M. M. Furniss. Durango: 16 km W El Salto, VII-64, J. B. Thomas. Hidalgo: 30 km E Tulancingo, 12-VI-67, 2.300 m. No. 15, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Michoacan: 9 km S Carapan, 18-VI-65, 2300 m, No. 78, Quercus, S. L. Wood; 53 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 3000 m, No. 51, Quercus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Panyachel, 20- VIII-65, P. J. Spangler, Tecpan, 8-VIII-67, O. S. Flint. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 373, Quercus, S. L. Wood. G. dentatus 2, quercicolens 5, desu s bicavum querneus Fig. 216. Corthylini spp., declivities: 1, Gnathotrichus dentatus; 2, Monarthrum quercicolens; 3, Monarthrum quer- neum; 4, Monarthrum bicavum; 5, Monarthrum desum. (After Wood 1967:46.) 1220 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Biology.— Specimens were taken from the same logs as querneum. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens and on 21 other specimens. The Panama series has the frontal hair in the female more widely dispersed on the lower half. Although this could have sub- specific significance, the recognition of sub- species is not warranted by the material at hand. Biology.— Specimens were taken from logs 30-100 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 26 specimens to which the types of valid- iis, mexicanus, and jalapae had been directly compared. The male lectotype of validus has the punctures of the elytra very slightly larger than my series from Costa Rica and Panama; however, this character is rather variable within these series and probably does not have taxonomic significance. 8. Monarthnim validum (Ferrari) Corthylus validus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 55 (Lec- totype, male; Mexico; Vienna Mus., designated by Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:285) Amphicranus mexicanus Eggers, 1931, Ent. Blatt. 27:18 (Holotype, male; Mexico; Berlin Mus.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:285. Synonymy Pterocyclon jalapae Schedl, 1939, Mitt. Miinchn. Ent. Ges. 29:584 (Holotype, male; Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:285. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from gnarum (Schedl) by the different male declivital armature, with almost obsolete de- clivital punctures, and by the deeper female excavation on the vertex, without a median carina on its floor. Male.— Length 4.3-4.8 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in gnanim except median tubercle slightly closer to epistoma, granules smaller. Pronotum and elytral disc as in gnarum ex- cept punctures on both evidently from fine (as in gnarum) to very minute. Declivity as in gnarum except quadrate lateral elevation with lower third divided by a cleft from its upper two-thirds, thus forming an upper quadrate, and a lower, slightly longer, cylin- drical, blunt spine; floor of excavation rugu- lose laterally, punctures much finer, almost obsolete, a few of them replaced by minute granules. Female.— Similar to female of gnarum ex- cept excavated area on vertex at least twice as deep, its floor not at all divided by a me- dian carinate partition. Distribution.— "Mexico" and Costa Rica to Panama. MEXICO: "Mexico, Flohr." COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-&3, 1300 m. No. 6, Quercus, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 373, Quercus, S. L. Wood. 9. Monarthrum praeruptum (Blandford) Pterocyclon praeruptuin Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):273 (Holotype, male; Toto- nicipan, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from gnarum (Schedl) by the less strongly ex- cavated male elytral declivity, with the later- al margins less strongly elevated, with the ventrolateral margin less strongly explanate, and with the surface of the excavated area entirely reticulate. Male.— Length 4.1 mm; as in gnarum ex- cept as noted in diagnosis; in addition, minor spines at base of declivity smaller, lower angle of major spine more strongly acuminate. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Totonicapan, 8.5-10,.500 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 10. Monarthrum gnarum (Schedl) Pterocyclon gnarum Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:169 (Holo- type, female; Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Amphicranus spinatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1.383 (Holotype, male; 51 km or .32 miles S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12655); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:285. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from quercicolens Wood by the brown color, by the frons in both sexes, by the less abun- dant elytral vestiture, and by the rather deep cleft between the quadrate process on the lateral margin and the ventrolateral margin of the declivity. Male.— Length 4.2-4.7 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly convex, a distinct transverse impression between epistomal process and 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1221 median tubercle at upper level of eyes; epis- tomal process ascending slightly, distinctly procurved; surface rugose-reticulate below, smooth and shining above upper level of eyes; area below upper level of eyes with moderately coarse, rounded, isolated gran- ules, rather coarsely punctured above. Anten- nal club obovate, 1.7 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in sctiteUare except anterior margin more narrowly rounded, armed by about 10 coarser serrations; posterior areas obscurely reticulate (probably variable), punctures fine, distinct, moderately close. Elytra about as in quercicolens except sur- face smoother, shining, base of declivity with fine, pointed teeth on interstriae 1, 2, and 3, quadrate process higher than in quercicolens, separated from more strongly elevated ven- trolateral process by an acutely angulate (about 30 degrees) cleft; floor of excavated area smooth, shining, punctures very small, shallow. Vestiture very sparse, confined to sides and margins of declivity. Female.— Frons elongate, weakly convex, smooth, closely, deeply, rather finely punc- tured, glabrous; vertex with a heart-shaped, rather deep excavation, about 1.7 times as long as wide, dorsal half of its floor marked by median carina; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed, posterior areas strongly reti- culate; elytral disc strongly reticulate; decliv- ity about as in female quercicolens except sutural and subapical impressions stronger, lateral areas armed by three to six scattered tubercles. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas; San Cristobal de las Casas, 26-V- 69, at light, D. E. Bright. Hidalgo: 30 km E Tulancingo, 12-VI-67, 2300 m. No. 15, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 41 km S Juchatengo, 11, 27-30- V-71, at light, D. E. Bright, 59 km S Valle Nacional, 24-V-71, 2700 m, at light, D. E. Bright. Biology.— One female was taken from a log 30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of gnarujn and spinatus, on several paratypes of spinatus, and on one other female. 11. Monarthrum tomicoides (Blandford) Pterocyclon tomicoides Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):273 (Lectotype, male; San Geronimo, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from conversum Wood by the broadly, weak- ly elevated epistomal process and by the male declivity. Male.— Length 3.2-3.3 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color black. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in con- versum except epistomal process weakly, broadly elevated. Elytral declivity essentially as in conversum except slightly more broadly impressed, sutural emargination twice as wide; basal margin with a minute tubercle on interstriae 1, a small pointed tooth on 2, in- terstriae 3 armed by a large, conical, sharply pointed spine (equivalent of spine 1 in con- versum), lower, lateral spine (equivalent to spine 2 in conversum) narrowly quadrate as in conversum but slightly longer and slightly shorter than spine at base on interstriae 3. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: San Geronimo, Verapaz, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the three male syntypes in the original series. The first of these was labeled as the type, but it has never been so designated. I here designate that specimen as the lectotype of tomicoides (Blandford). 12. Monarthrum hispinum (Blandford) Pterocyclon bispinum Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer. Coleopt. 4(6):281 (Holotype, male; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species apparently is al- lied to cordicticum Wood, from which it is distinguished by the presence of three pairs of spines on the basal half of the male decliv- ity, by the absence of spines on the face of the male declivity, and by the shining, much more strongly impressed female declivity. Male.— Length 2.6-2.8 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to brown, anterior third of pronotum and elytral sides and declivity usually darker. Frons broadly convex, a distinct, transverse impression immediately above slightly ele- vated epistomal margin; surface rugose- 1222 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 reticulate, punctures rather abundant, moderately close, not sharply impressed; ves- titure inconspicuous. Antennal club 1.7 times as long as wide, oval except narrowly rounded at both ends. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, an indistinct, feeble constriction anteriorly, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10-12 broad, low ser- rations; indefinite summit one-third length from anterior margin; anterior slope rather coarsely asperate; posterior areas finely reti- culate, minute, sparse, almost obsolete. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotmn; sides sub parallel, feebly arcuate to apex, obtusely, rather deeply emarginate on more than median half be- hind; disc smooth, shining, strial punctures very minute, in rows. Declivity broadly, con- cavely excavated, outline an inverted heart shape; basal margin abruptly precipitous to suture, spines 1 and 2 conical, pointed, rather coarse, spine 3 in line with interstriae 4, twice as long and twice as thick as 1 or 2, cy- lindrical, pointed; posterolateral margin acutely, continuously elevated on an irregu- lar arc from base of spine 3 to suture; broad- ly, rather deeply emarginate at suture; con- cavity rather deep, deepest near feebly elevated suture, rising gradually to lateral margins; surface of concavity mostly smooth, shining, punctures moderately close and clearly impressed on median half only. Glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face on antennal club not as slender, orna- mented by long hair; anterior margin of pro- notum very feebly serrate; margins of declivi- ty not acutely elevated except on lower third, spines represented by pointed granules, 3 slightly displaced mesad; declivity, particu- larly upper half, rather strongly, concavely impressed, surface reticulate. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m. No. 61, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, 800-1500 ft, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were cut from a yel- lowish log 30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 20 other specimens. 13. Monarthrum terminatum (Blandford) Pterocyclon terminatum Blandford, 1904; Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):280 (Holotype, male; Cape- tillo, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cordatum (Blandford) and cordicticum Wood by the larger size and by the very dif- ferent male declivity. Male.— Length 2.7 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; as in cordicticum except declivity. Declivity steep, moderately excavated on basal half, basically almost flat below; basal margin armed as in cordicticum except spines slightly larger and stouter, lateral margins abruptly rounded, not strongly elevated ex- cept moderately elevated on lower half; a large, blunt, crescent-shaped elevation ex- tending from middle of declivity on inter- striae 3 to lower fourth of declivity near su- ture, its upper limits armed by a rather small, blunt tubercle; most surfaces smooth, shining. Vestiture confined to declivity, of moderately abundant, rather long hair. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Capetillo, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 14. Monarthrum cordicticum Wood Monarthrum cordicticum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:1.35 (Holotype, male; 30 km or 19 miles E Tu- lancingo, Hidalgo, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cordatum (Blandford) in the male by the more gradual elytral declivity, by the less strongly, less abruptly elevated lateral margin of the declivity, by the larger, acutely point- ed declivital spine 1 and smaller spine 2. The female is indistinguishable from the female of cordatum. Male.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown except anterior half of pronotum and elytral declivi- ty dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in bispinum (Blandford). Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel almost to apex then broadly rounded, rather deeply, subacutely emarginate on me- dian third behind; surface subreticulate ex- cept almost smooth near declivity, punctures 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1223 obscure. Declivity steep; concavely truncate; margin abrupt; spine 1 almost at suture, rather small, sharply pointed, 2 in line with striae 3, twice as long as 1, pointed, curved very slightly mesad, lateral margin from spine 2 to suture subacute, rather strongly elevated, descending gradually on its inner margin; rather deeply, subacutely emarginate at suture; excavated area rugose-reticulate, rather numerous, confused punctures on me- dian third, a conical spine just below middle in line with discal interstriae 3, this denticle about as large as spine 1. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club without long hair; ante- rior margin of pronotum feebly serrate; de- clivity flat on lower half, more nearly convex and shallowly sulcate from suture to inter- striae 2 above, small, pointed denticles on in- terstriae 3 at base' and also slightly above middle. Distribution.— Puebla to Hidalgo. MEXICO: Hidalgo and Puebla: 30 km E Tulancingo, on state line, 13-VII-67, 2300 m, No. 15, Querctis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from a log 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 22 specimens. The fe- male could not be distinguished from cordatum. 15. Monarthrum cordatum (Blandford) Pterocyclon cordatum Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):279 (Holotype, female; Quiche Mts., Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— The male is distinguished from cordicticum Wood by the steeper de- clivity, by the reduced spine 1 and larger spine 2 on the declivity, and by the more abruptly, more strongly elevated lateral mar- gin of the declivity. Male.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm; as in cor- dicticum except for elytral declivity. Declivi- ty very steep; as in cordicticum except spine 1 blunt, almost obsolete, spine 2 longer and stouter, lateral margin abruptly elevated on inner margin, about as high as wide; face of declivity without distinct punctures on me- dian third. Female.— Indistinguishable from female cordicticum. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama. GUATEMALA: Quiche Mts., G. C. Champion. PAN- AMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 373, Qiiercus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— Specimens were cut from a log 30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on one male and three females from Panama. The females were compared directly to the female holotype from Guatemala. These fe- males are indistinguishable from the female of cordicticum. It was arbitrarily decided, in the absence of males from southern Mexico or Guatemala, that the Panama series was cordatum, because of similarity in the kind of habitat and of oak species. These species must be reexamined when more material is available for study. 16. Monarthrum nevermanni Schedl Pterocyclon nevermanni Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:348 (Holotype, male; Kraterlagune, Vulkan Poas, He- redia, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from allied forms by the subacutely elevated posterolateral margin of the male declivity, which is continued dorsad and meets spine 2 at its summit, and by the rather coarsely punctured frons, which has a rather definite median carina (poorly developed in the male). Male.— Length 3.5-4.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly convex, a feeble transverse impression just above epistoma; surface ru- gose-reticulate, punctures rather coarse, deep, moderately close, a low, broad, median carina from epistomal process to upper level of eyes; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. An- tennal club somewhat obovate, 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in scutellare (LeConte) except an- terior margin more narrowly rounded and armed by about 10 serrations. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then very slightly narrowed to apex, very broadly rounded and with a moderately deep U- shaped emargination on median third behind; surface reticulate; punctures minute, con- fused. Declivity rather steep; broadly. 1224 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 concavely excavated; upper margin rounded, with broadly based, subacutely pointed, low spine 1 in line with striae 3, spine 2 on mar- gin in line with striae 5, forming a sub- spinose, obtusely pointed angle on lateral margin, subacute lateral margin continuing from its summit to lateral margin of apical emargination; floor of excavated area ascend- ing gradually from position of interstriae 2 to lateral summit, surface reticulate, punctures very fine, confused, rather abundant. Almost glabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina more definite; antennal club sub- triangular, as wide as long, its posterior face ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; margins of declivity rounded, more nearly sulcate, spine 2 dis- placed mesad, similar to 1. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 13-VII-63, 2300 m, No. 42, Qtiercus, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-63, 2500 m, No. 46, Podocarpus oleifolius, 6-IX- 63, 1300 m. No. 170, Clusia, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Clusia sp., Quercus spp., Podo- carpus oleifolius. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 20-120 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 51 specimens, 2 of which were compared directly to the holotype by me. 17. Monarthrum robustum (Schedl) Pterocyclon robustum Schedl, 1966, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 17:123 (Holotype, female; Las Mercedes, Santa Clara district in Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in this species group by the male declivital sulcus, which begins slightly ante- rior to the middle of the elytra, by other de- tails of the declivity, and by the complete ab- sence of a median frontal elevation in either sex. Male.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak transverse impression just above slightly elevated epis- tomal margin; surface rugose-reticulate from epistomal impression almost to upper level of eyes, at sides, and on vertex, central area al- most smooth, punctures rather coarse, moder- ately close except sparse in central area; ves- titure inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; out- line as in nevemianni; indefinite summit at middle; anterior slope coarsely asperate, an- terior margin armed by about eight serra- tions; posterior areas reticulate, punctures sparse, fine, some near base extended by short, transverse lines. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, weakly, arcuately con- verging, then very broadly rounded behind, rather shallowly emarginate on median one- fifth; disc occupying basal half of elytral length; surface reticulate at base, shining near declivity, a few weak, irregular lines present, punctures very fine, confused toward base, mostly in rows toward declivity. De- clivity commencing at or slightly anterior to middle, sulcate between interstriae 3 to level of spine 1 then more steeply, more broadly impressed; spine 1 on crest, moderately small, pointed, its anterior slope subcarinate; distance from base to spine 1 slightly greater than from spine 1 to apex; spine 3 slightly mesad of margin, distances to spine 1 and to apex about equal, conical, slightly larger than 1; posterolateral margin acutely, weakly ele- vated on a semicircular arc from sutural apex to a point at level of lower margin of spine 2; surface smooth, shining, punctures small, confused, moderately deep, rather abundant. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frons less strongly convex; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior mar- gin of pronotum unarmed; elytral disc reti- culate, declivity normal, sulcus anterior to spine 1 greatly reduced, declivital spines and impression slightly reduced. Distribution.— Costa Rica, Trinidad. COSTA RICA: Las Mercedes, Santa Clara district in Limon, 13-VI-28, 100 m, F. Nevermann; Santa Ana, San Jose, 9-X-63, 1300 m. No. 228, Spondias purpurea, S. L. Wood. TRINIDAD: Morne Bleu, 8-VIII-69, 900 m, H. A. Howden. Host.— Spondias purpurea. Biology.— Specimens were cut from a re- cently cut limb 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 31 other specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1225 18. Monarthrum hoegei (Blandford) Pterocyclvn hoegei Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):274 (Holotype, Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Monarthrum oaxacaensis Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1382 (Holotype, male; 32 miles or 51 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in this group by the presence of a small, blunt tubercle near the apex of male declivital interstriae 2, by the small size, and by the subcarinate median crest on the fe- male frons. Male.- Length 2.3-3.0 mm, 2 J (female 2.9) times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in robustum (Schedl) except trans- verse impression slightly stronger, a weak, median, subcarinate elevation indicated from epistoma to upper level of eyes. Pronotmn 1.16 times as long as wide; as in robustum except punctures very minute. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two-thirds; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very shallowly, obtusely emargi- nate on median three-fourths behind; surface reticulate, punctures minute, partly in rows. Declivity very similar to female robustum but more deeply impressed (somewhat vari- able), spines conspicuously larger, surface subreticulate, punctures obsolete, a rather conspicuous, low, subtuberculate swelling near apex of interstriae 2. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except trans- verse impression above epistoma much deep- er, median elevation above impression usual- ly much higher (variable); posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; ante- rior margin of pronotum more weakly ser- rate; declivity more narrowly impressed, spines smaller, tubercle near apex of inter- striae 2 entirely absent. Distribution.— Puebla and Veracruz to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km and 51 km S Valle Nacion- al, 20-21-V-71, 1300 m, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 135 in Alniis No. 137 in Miconia, S. L. Wood; Las Vigas, 5-VI1-67, No. 160, Alnus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— A/nMs sp., Miconia sp. Biology.— Specimens were cut from branches 4-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and 2 paratypes of oaxa- caensis, and on 39 other specimens. The unique holotype of hoegei differs slightly from my Puebla series; additional material from Veracruz is needed to determine wheth- er or not they actually are the same species. 19. Monarthrum luctuosum (Blandford) Pterocijclon luctuosum Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):276 (Holotype, male; Cer-ro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from robustum (Schedl) by the coarser, deep- er punctures on pronotum and declivity, by the reticulate surface of the elytra, including the declivity, and by the shorter, normal male declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons and pronotum as in robustum except pimctures on pronotal disc larger and deeper. Elytra as in robustum except disc occupying basal two-thirds, surface reticulate, punctures larger, deeper, confused; declivity about as in hoegei except surface reticulate, punctures on median half impressed, confused, rather abundant, and tubercle near apex of inter- striae 2 entirely absent. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; spines on elytral declivity slightly small- er, impression not as deep. Distribution.— Puebla to Guatemala. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VI1-67, 1600 m. No. 136 in tree bole. No. 152 in Quercus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zuni, 4000 ft, G. C. Champion. Host.— Quercus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from small recently cut trees 8-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 20 other specimens. 20. Monarthrum umbrinum (Blandford) Pterocijclon umbrinutn Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):275 (Holotype, female; Pu- rula, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from robustum (Schedl) by the larger size, by the less strongly impressed lines on the pronotal disc, and by the less extensive. 1226 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 shallower sutural sulcus anterior to spine 1 on the male declivity. Male.— Length 2.9-3.2 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in robustum except upper areas more brightly shining. Pronotum as in robust- um except punctures on posterior areas slightly finer, transverse lines passing through those near base much finer, less extensive. Elytra as in robustum except declivity com- mencing slightly behind middle, disc about 55 percent of elytral length; sutural sulcus anterior to declivital spine 1 less extensive, about half as deep. Female.— As in female robustum except frons less strongly convex. Distribution.— Puebla to Guatemala. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, Nos. 141 and 145 in AInus, No. 154, tree limb, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Purula, Verapaz, G. C. Champion. Host.— Alnus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut material from 5-40 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 58 other specimens. punctures smaller, declivital punctures ab- sent; sutural sulcus anterior to spine 1 not as deep, lower declivity more narrowly, more deeply sulcate. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum more weakly serrate, more broadly rounded; de- clivital impression less extensive, not as deep, spines smaller. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 16, log, S, L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24- X-63, 1300 m. No. 269, log, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-63, 2500 m. No. 50, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 426, Ochroma log, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft, G. C. Champion. Hosts.— Ochroma sp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 30-120 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of consimile, on 2 males compared to the holotype of pseudosulca- tum, and on 66 other specimens. The type lo- cality of psetidosulcatum is on the lower slopes of Volcan Poas. 21. Monarthrum consimile (Blandford) Pterocyclon consimile Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):275 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Pterocyclon pseiidostilcatum Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:348 (Holotype, male; Vara Blanca, Heredia, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Ba- sin Nat. 34:284. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from umbrinum (Blandford) by the larger av- erage size, by the distinctive epistomal pro- cess, by the reticulate elytra, including the declivity, and by the absence of pimctures on the declivity. Male.— Length 3.0-4.0 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons similar to umbrinum except dull, mostly reticulate, punctures usually slightly smaller, epistomal process weakly elevated on median sixth and apparently overlapping epistoma, attaining margin. Pronotum as in umbrinum except trans- verse lines absent. Elytra as in umbrinum except entire sur- face, including declivity, reticulate, discal 22. Monarthrum egenum (Blandford) Pterocyclon egenum Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):280 (Holotype, female; San Juan, Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Brachyspartus bisetosus Schedl, 19.54, Dusenia 5:38 (Syn- types, female; Ri'o Caraguata, Matto Grosso, Bra- zil; Schedl Coll., etc.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the small size, by the obliquely truncate male declivity that is armed by two pairs of spines, and by the peculiar female frons. Male.— Length 1.4-1.8 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior third of pronotum and elytral declivity very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, with a weak trans- verse impression immediately above epistom- al margin; surface rugose-reticulate from im- pression to upper level of eyes, smooth and shining above, punctures rather coarse, mod- erately close; vestiture of sparse, fine, incon- spicuous hair. Antennal club oval, 1.37 times as long as wide; sutures straight, segment 3 distinctly longer. Pronotum 1.27 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in scutellare (LeConte). 1982 Odrthylini: Corthylina 1227 Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel almost to sutural apex, then rather broadly rounded behind, narrowly, rather shallowly emarginate at suture; disc oc- cupying basal two-thirds, its surface shining, almost Imooth, small strial punctures very obscurely indicated. Declivity abrupt, steep, shallowly, broadly concave; basal margin ob- tusely angled, not precipitous, a small, point- ed spine on margin at interstriae 3; spine 2 on margin at middle of declivity, margin be- low spine 2 acute but not elevated; surface of excavated area smooth, shining, punctures on sutural row sparse, rather widely spaced, other punctures on upper half almost obso- lete. Vestiture confined to declivity, moder- ately abundant, short except on margin. Female.— Similar to male except frons with median third rnoderately elevated from epistomal margin to upper level of eyes, its lateral margins usually ornamented by a row of long hair directed orad, often absent, punctures almost obsolete; antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, with suture 2 strongly arcuate on median half, distal half strongly tapered to subacute apex; without a tuft of long hair on posterior face; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral disc reticulate, punctures obscure to obsolete; lateral mar- gins of declivity on upper two-thirds rounded; declivital spine 1 reduced to a tu- bercle on interstriae 3 slightly below upper margin, spine 2 a small tubercle similarly placed immediately below 1. Distribution.— Guatemala to Brazil. GUATEMALA; San Juan, Verapaz, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, 13-III-25, Nevermann; Guapiles, Limon, 22- VIII-66, 100 ni. No. 109, leguminous tree, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 152, leguminous log, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Brazil. Hosts.— Leguminous trees. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 20-50 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of egenum, on 2 female syn- types of bisetosus, and on 37 other specimens. 23. Monarthrum dimidiatum (Ferrari) Corthylus dimidiatus Ferrari, 1867, die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 57 (Syn- types; Venezuela; Vienna Mus.) Pterocyclon moritzi Schedl, 1939, Rev. de Ent. 10:727 (Holotype, male; locality not given; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:1.35. Synonymy Diagnosis.— Superficially very similar to egenum (Blandford) but distinguished by the slightly larger size, by the more gradual, more densely punctured male declivity, by the absence of a female frontal elevation, by the presence of a strong impression on the dorsomedian margin of the female eye, and by the very different female antennal club. Male.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of elytra very dark brown. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in ege- num; antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide. Elytral disc occupying basal 60 percent of elytral length; declivity more gradual than in egenum, its basal margin precipitous, proj- ecting slightly, with 1-3 pairs of minute den- ticles between suture and spine 1; other fea- tures essentially as in egenum except floor of excavated area closely, rather deeply pimc- tured, punctures on striae 1 in a row, very closely spaced. Female.— Similar to female egenum ex- cept median frontal elevation absent, a con- spicuous, small impression on dorsomedian margin of eye; antennal club as wide as long, its posterior face with a conspicuous tuft of long hair; spine 2 at middle of declivity, much more widely spaced from 1. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 20-VI1I-66, in flight, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, 11-1-64, in flight, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES; Colombia, Venezuela. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the 2 male syntypes of dimidiatum, on the holotype of moritzi, and on 33^,other speci- mens. Although the types of dimidiatum and moritzi are slightly different, the variability in the Venezuelan material in my collection clearly bridges the gap between these two forms. 24. Monarthrum proprium Wood Monarthrum proprium Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:136 (Holotype, male; Cerro Punta near Volcan Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from dimidiatum (Ferrari) by the smaller 1228 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 size, by the smoother, more brightly shining frons, by the more narrowly oval antennal club, and by the shorter, less strongly expla- nate elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.6-2.1 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to dark reddish brown. Frons convex; lower area, sides, and vertex rugose-reticulate, large central area smooth, shining, punctures rather coarse, close; vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures feebly procurved. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two- thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; ante- rior margin armed by about 10 serrations; summit on anterior third; anterior slope very steep, rather finely asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, very slightly con- verging to level of sutural apex, then broadly rounded, rather deeply, obtusely emarginate on median fourth behind; surface reticulate, punctures obscure. Declivity rather steep, rather shallowly, broadly concave; margins rounded except acute near apex and at mar- gins of emargination; lateral margins with spine 1 one-third and spine 2 two-thirds of declivital length from base, both on inner margins of lateral margin, each moderately small, conical, pointed, subequal in size; ex- cavated area rugose-reticulate, except smooth and shining on median third, punctures on shining area small, sparse. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except antennal club 1.0 times as long as wide, ornamented on posterior face by long hair; anterior mar- gin of pronotum more finely serrate; elytral declivity slightly less strongly impressed, spines smaller. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 1800 m. 3-VII-63, No. 17B, tree limb, 24-1X-63, No. 249, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. 371 and 404, in Inga, No. 398 in a limb, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Inga sp. Biology.— Specimens were cut from mate- rial 10-30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 25. Monarthni7n pennatum (Schedl) Pterocyclon pennatum Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:167 (Holotype, female; Cordoba, Vera- cruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from proprium Wood by the smaller size, by the more strongly reticulate frons, and by the smaller, more obscure punctures on frons, pronotum, and elytra. Male.— Length 1.4-1.6 mm, 3.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in proprium except entirely reti- culate, punctures slightly smaller, less dis- tinctly impressed. Pronotum and elytra as in proprium except punctures on pronotum very slightly smaller; elytral disc largely smooth and shining on posterior half. Elytral declivity slightly steep- er, more narrowly impressed, spines slightly smaller. Female.— Differing from female proprium in same ways as males; declivity also less strongly impressed. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz to Colombia and Venezuela. MEXICO: Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VI1-65, 1000 m. No. 240, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: Cordoba. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1.300 m. No. 671 in tree branch. No. 700 in Caldo de Frijol limbs, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20-V-49, at light, E. C. Becker. COSTA RICA: San Isidro del Gener- al, San Jose, 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 284, Miconia pub- escens, S. L. Wood; 15 kni SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX- 63, 1800 m. No. 249, tree bole, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m. No. 10, Conostegia oerste- diana, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-III-64, 700 m, No. 468, new fence post, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUN- TRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 5-15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 59 specimens, one of which was compared to the holotype. 26. Monarthrum flohri (Schedl) Pterocyclon flohri Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:168 (Holo- type, male; Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the smaller size, by the more slender form, by the near absence of punctures and reti- culation on the elytral disc, and by the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.7 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1229 Frons convex, moderately inflated on triangular area from median line at upper level of eyes to epistoma; surface reticulate except minutely, densely punctured on me- dian half of lower half, pimctured area orna- mented by rather abundant, moderately long hair, glabrous on median line and on reti- culate areas; a very small, rounded tubercle on median line slightly below upper level of eyes. Pronotiun 1.3 times as long as wide; as in dentigerum (LeConte) except anterior slope shorter, steeper. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline and disc as in dentigerum except disc less distinctly reti- culate and punctures almost obsolete. Decliv- ity very steep, deeply concave; lateral mar- gins strongly elevated, narrowly rounded from apex to interstriae 1 at base, armed on basal margin at interstriae 3 by a small, acutely pointed spine, two small granules on crest of margin at middle of declivity, lower spine on lower fourth, similar to spine 1 but displaced mesad from lateral margin about one-fourth distance from lateral margin to su- ture. Glabrous except for sparse hair on and near margins of declivity. Distribution.— Mexico (area not specified). MEXICO; "Mexico, sammlung Flohr." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique female holotype. The designa- tion of sex was reversed in the original description. 27. Monarthrum dentigerum (LeConte) Cnjphahis dentiger LeConte, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:154 (Holotype, male; Middle California; Mus. Comp. Zool., 1011) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from proprium Wood by the larger size, by the different frons, by the more strongly, more coarsely punctured elytral disc, and by the much steeper, less strongly explanate ely- tral declivity. Male.— Length 1.8-2.2 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons strongly convex, epistomal process weakly elevated and armed by a small me- dian tubercle at its margin; surface strongly rugose-reticulate, punctures obscure, evi- dently coarse, close. Pronotum about as in proprium. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very slightly ar- cuately converging to level of sutural apex, very broadly rounded behind, narrowly, rather shallowly emarginate at suture; sur- face shining, mostly obscurely reticulate, punctures fine, distinct, confused at base, in obscure rows toward declivity. Declivity sim- ilar to proprium but much steeper, lateral margins on upper half slightly higher; spine 2 at middle of declivity, acute ventrolateral margin much longer; excavated area reti- culate above, rugose-reticualte below, fine punctures sparse; a very small denticle pres- ent near apex of interstriae 2. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum weakly serrate; declivital denticles smaller, denticle near apex of interstriae 2 usually obsolete; elytral disc reticulate. Distribution.— S California and Baja Cal- ifornia to S Arizona and W Texas. USA: Arizona: Chiricahua Mts., 4-IX-62, J. N. Knull; Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., H. A. Kaeber; Patagonia Mts., Santa Cruz, 2-VIII-52, H. B. Leech. California: Palo Alto, 22-11-17, Quercus agrifolia; Pasadena; Po- mona; San Diego; San Mateo; St. Helena. Texas: Davis Mts., 24-VI-56, J. N. Knull. MEXICO: Baja California: Arroyo Santo Tomas, 30-XI-57, E. L. Sleeper. Hosts.— Quercus agrifolia, Q. spp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from large limbs and boles. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 39 other specimens. 28. Monarthrum bifoveatum Wood Monarthrum bifoveatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:137 (Holotype, female; San Jose, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather similar, in the male, to proprium Wood except for the frons that is as in dentigerum (LeConte); the female frons is radically different and sug- gests a relationship to fimbriacorne (Blandford). Male.— Length 1.8-2.0 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of declivity often darker. Frons about as in dentigerum except reti- culation and punctures finer. Pronotum, 1230 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 elytral outline, and sculpture of elytral disc about as in dentigerum except elytral disc en- tirely reticulate, punctures much finer, rather obscure. Elytral declivity very similar to pro- prium except much less strongly explanate, emargination at suture much narrower, not as deep, floor of excavated area slightly wider. Female.— Similar to male except frons di- vided into thirds by two shallow, parallel grooves from epistomal margin to upper lev- el of eyes, each groove with a row of short, stout bristles, median third smooth, shining, lateral thirds mostly reticulate, with lower area at inner margin of eye rather strongly, subfoveately impressed; a few setae along epistomal margin; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior mar- gin of pronotum unarmed; elytral declivity less strongly impressed, much as in female proprium. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Escasii, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m, No. 216, Spondias purpurea, S. L. Wood; San Jose, San Josw, 22-X-63, 1300 m, No. 187, broken limb, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut or broken limbs 10-20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. 29. Monarthrum lobatum (Ferrari) Corthylus lohattis Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- and Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 57 (Holo- type, female; Venezuela; Vienna Mus.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is most easily recognized by the oddly impressed fe- male frons that has a large, conspicuous me- dian process arising from the epistoma; the male declivity is deeply excavated and of un- usual sculpture. Male.— Length 3.0-3.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color light to median brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of elytra usually dark brown. Frons convex, a moderately strong, trans- verse impression immediately above epis- toma except interrupted at median line by a short, blunt carina; surface smooth in large central area, reticulate near epistoma, at sides, and above, pimctures rather coarse, close, deep, except sparse near center. Antennal club 1.8 times as long as wide; sutures weakly procurved. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in scutellare (LeConte). Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, then converging very slightly to level of sutural apex, broadly rounded, broadly, rather shallowly emargi- nate on median third; reticulate near base, posterior two-thirds smooth, shining, punc- tures minute, confused. Declivity rather steep, broadly, rather deeply excavated, basal margin projecting; spine 1 on interstriae 2, its median basal margin three to four times long- er than its lateral margin, extending almost to suture; spine 2 very small but with a very broad, subacutely elevated base extending al- most to middle of declivity on lateral margin; posterolateral margin acute, rather weakly explanate, extending from suture to sub- tuberculate, obtuse angle on lateral margin about two-thirds of declivital length from base; surface of excavated area almost smooth, shining, punctures on median two- thirds moderately coarse, close, deep, punc- tures sparse in lateral areas. Glabrous except for a few bristles on margins of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frons strongly, irregularly impressed from epistoma to vertex, a strong transverse impression on lower third, strong impressions in lateral area above eye; epistoma armed by a stout, me- dian horn (angle at which it arises variable); median area ornamented by two rows of long setae from deep transverse groove to a point well above eyes where they converge; anten- nal club ornamented on posterior face by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed but ornamented by abundant, short, fine hair; lateral margins of declivity less strongly elevated, subtuberculate elevated angle replaced by a pointed tubercle. Distribution.— Guatemala to Venezuela. GUATEMALA: Purula, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: San Jose, San Jose, 4-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 166, Spondias purpurea, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela. Hosts.— Clusia sp., Nectandra sp., Spondias purpurea, etc. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 20-80 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the one remaining male in Ferrari's 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1231 collection that is regarded as the holotype, on one Guatemalan, on one Costa Rican, and on 82 Venezuelan specimens. 30. Monarthrum laterale (Eichhoff) Pterocyclon laterale Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:278 (Holotype, male; Mexico; lost with Hamburg Miis.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:25 (Neotype, male; Toxpam, Mexico; British Mus. Nat. Hist., designated by Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:25-26) Cosmocorinus trifasciatus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:173 (Holotype, female; Mexico; Schedl Goll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:25. Synomjmij Diagnosis.— The female is distinguished from other species in the genus, except fim- briaticome (Blandford), by the strongly flat- tened antennal scape, by the triangular an- tennal club that is wider than long, and by the very elaborately sculptured and orna- mented frons; the male is similar to the male of bifoveatum except that the elytral declivi- ty is much more gradual and more deeply impressed. See also the diagnosis of fimbriaticome. Male.— Length 2.6-3.1 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color light brown, usually with anterior half of pronotum and posterior third or more of elytra dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak, transverse impression on lower third, epistomal margin weakly elevated, epistomal process weakly elevated on median fourth; surface rugose- reticulate below upper level of eyes, smooth and shining above, punctures rather coarse, moderately close; vestiture confined to epis- tomal area. Antennal scape slender, club oval, 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; as in lobatum (Ferrari). Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on less than basal half, gradually tapered to 60 percent of basal width at level of sutur- al apex; disc occupying basal 60 percent of elytral length; surface reticulate except shin- ing near declivity, pimctures minute, con- fused, rather abundant. Declivity rather grad- ual, rather broadly, concavely, excavated, concave area elongate; spines small, pointed, conical, spine 1 on interstriae 2, spine 2 on interstriae 3, spine 3 on inner face of lateral margin on lower third, a small granule on margin at middle of declivity; posterolateral margin acutely elevated from suture to later- al margin well below spine 3; surface of con- cave area smooth, shining, punctures moder- ately small, rather close, confused. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frons profoundly, transversely impressed on pro- curved arc commencing on dorsomedian margin of eye, an extension of this impression extending from this arc along median line al- most to epistoma, epistoma armed by a me- dian tubercle; lateral areas on lower half ir- regularly elevated and ornamented by two separate tufts of long hair; median area of vertex omamentd by a very long tuft of hair. Antennal scape strongly flattened distally, 1.4 times as long as wide; antennal club sub- triangular, 1.5 times as wide as long, most of distal margin straight and ornamented by a row of very long hair; anterior margin of pro- notum feebly serrate; elytral declivity short- er, steeper, less deeply excavated, denticles smaller, surface strongly reticulate. Distribution.— Michoacan and Puebla to Venezuela. MEXICO: Michoacan: 53 km E Morelia, 7-VI-65, 3000 m. No. 51, Querciis, S. L. Wood. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, Nos. 141, 145 in Alnns, No. 146, tree limb, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m, No. 269, log, S. L. Wood. VENEZUELA: Rancho Grande, Pittier N.P., Aragua. Hosts.— Alnus sp., Quercus sp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 25-65 cm in diameter. Notes.— This species and fimbriaticome are the only species from Mexico fitting the description of laterale; the size was given in 1869 as 1 lin (= 2.12 mm) but as 3 mm in 1878; the minimum size of laterale specimens before me is 2.6 mm. In naming other species in the 1869 paper, the size of most appears to be underestimated by 0.3-0.5 mm; therefore, if this margin of error is applied to this spe- cies, it brings Eichhoff's specimen within the known size limits of laterale and suggests that the 1878 size is the most nearly correct of these two figures. Because the Eichhoff type was destroyed with the Hamburg Museum, the first male specimen in the Blandford series was designated as the neotype of this species to fix the identity of the name Pte- rocyclon (Wood 1966). The neotype of 1232 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 laterale, the female holotype of trifasciatus, and 71 other specimens were examined. 31. Monarthrum fimbriaticorne (Blandford) Pterocyclon fimbriaticorne Blandford, 1905, Biol. Ceiitr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):285 (Holotype, female; Pu- rula, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Pterocyclon turbinatum Schedl, 1961. Pan-Pacific Ent. .37:230 (Holotype, male; Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico; California Acad. Sci.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from laterale (Blandford) by the smaller size, by the presence of a pair of epistomal tu- bercles near the bases of the mandibles in the female, by the impressed area on the female vertex from which the median tuft of hair arises, and, usually, in the male, by the more numerous, minute, impressed points on the frons and elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; as in laterale except minute im- pressed points on frons and elytral declivity usually much more abimdant. Female.— Similar in all respects to female laterale except epistoma with a pair of tu- bercles at bases of mandibles and vertex slightly impressed on median area where tuft of hair arises. Distribution.— Veracruz to Brazil. MEXICO: Veracruz: Cordoba, A. Fenyes. GUATE- MALA: Purula, Alta Verapaz, G. C. Champion. COSTA RICA: San Pedro de Monte de Oca, San Jose, 7-II-33, Parkinsonia aculeate, C. H. Ballou; San Jose, San Jose, 4- VIII-ft3, 1300 m. No. 108, Erythrina costaricensis, 4-X- 63, No. 188, Spondias purpurea, S. L. Wood; Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-6.3, 1.300 m. No. 218, tree sapling, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 7-1-62, Tlieobroma cacao, J. S. Saun- ders. OTHER COUNTRIES; Venezuela, Brazil. Hosts.— Erythrina costaricensis, Park- insonia aculeata, Spondias purpurea, Theo- bronia cacao. Biology.— Specimens were cut from mate- rial 10-30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of fimbriaticorne and tur- binatu7n and on 111 other specimens. 32. Monarthrum sulcatum (Blandford) Pterocyclon sulcatum Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):284 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species and ferrarii (Blandford) have a conspicuously impressed sutural sulcus that commences on the basal fourth of the elytral length and continues to- ward the declivity. This species differs from ferrarii by the larger size, by the sutural sul- cus that becomes obsolete before reaching the declivity, and by the female frons. Male.— Length 3.8-4.0 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior half of pronotum, elytral declivity, and sutural sulcus darker. Frons broadly concave, a shallow, trans- verse impression above epistoma, margin of epistomal process armed by a low, sub- carinate, median tubercle; surface reticulate near epistoma and sides, smooth and shining in central area and above, punctures rather coarse, moderately close; vestiture confined to epistomal area. Antennal club somewhat obovate, 1.7 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in scutellare. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, then moderately ta- pered to level of sutural apex, very broadly rounded behind except rather deeply emargi- nate on median one-fifth; disc occupying bas- al two-thirds, interstriae 1 and 2 rather abruptly impressed one-fourth of discal length from base, sulcus gradually becoming obsolete before declivity; general discal area subreticulate, punctures fine, shallow, con- fused, surface of sulcus finely rugose-reti- culate and with fine, sparse tubercles mostly on interstriae 1. Declivity rather steep, broadly, shallowly concave; lateral margin rounded on basal third, more strongly, nar- rowly rounded on middle third, acutely, rather weakly elevated on lower fourth; spine 1 on interstriae 2 very small, pointed, 2 on interstriae 3 slightly larger tha« 1, pointed, 3 on mesal side of margin just below middle of declivity; resembling female lohatum except at basal margin. A few setae on or near mar- gin of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except lateral thirds of frons each with a concave impres- sion on middle third, central area with a large, smooth, shining triangular area extend- ing from near bases of mandibles to median point on vertex, upper half of its lateral mar- gins ornamented by a row of very long hair, lower half may bear short hair, epistomal 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1233 area with abundant, rather short hair; anten- nal club more subtriangular, 1.1 times as long as wide, its posterior face and apical margin ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; elytral declivity convex on upper two-thirds and narrowly sulcate, flattened below, spines 2 and 3 represented by small tubercles on interstriae 3, lateral margin rounded, indefinite. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion; Cerro Punta near Volcan de Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 373, Querctis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from a log 20 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on two other specimens compared to it. 33. Monarthrum ferrarii (Blandford) Pterocyclon ferrarii Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):284 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from sulcatum (Blandford) by the smaller size, by the different female frons, by the deeper discal sulcus on the elytra, and by the less strongly excavated elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.4-2.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal halves of pronotum and elytra usually lighter. Frons as in sulcatum except surface below upper level of eyes rugose-reticulate. Anten- nal club 1.4 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; as in sulcatum. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; basically as in sulcatum except surface reticulate only near base, dis- cal sulcus conspicuously deeper and contin- ued to declivity, its basal margin on inter- striae 1 armed by a small, subdentate process, its lateral margin armed by a sparse row of rather coarse granules; declivity similar to sulcatum but less strongly impressed, margins rounded, spines 1 and 2 conical, mesad of margin. Female.— Similar to female sulcatum ex- cept smooth, shining area on frons confined to median fourth, oval, extending from epis- toma to upper level of eyes, long hair around its margins much more abundant, only slightly longer at vertex; antennal club sim- ilar but less strongly modified; discal sulcus on elytra similar to male except not as deep, denticles and granules smaller. Distribution.— Veracruz and Panama. MEXICO: Veracruz: Lago Catemaco, 16-20-V-69, D. E. Bright. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two specimens; the holotype had been ex- amined prior to their collection. 6, A. quercu s 9. C. petilus 7A. quercus 8. A. rame u s Fig. 217. Corthylini spp., declivities: 6-7, Monarthrum quercum; 8, Amphicranus rameus; 9, Corthylus petilus. (Af- ter Wood 1967:54.) 1234 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 34. Monarthrum bicavum Wood Fig. 216 Monarthrum bicavtnn Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:51 (Holotype, female; Laguna Santa Maria, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is unique in the genus. The female frons is shallowly bicon- cave and finely pubescent from epistoma to vertex and the declivity in both sexes is broadly convex, with the sutural apex entire. Male.— Length 2.9-3.3 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, shallowly, trans- versely impressed above epistoma; a low, ob- tuse, median carina from impressed area to well above eyes; surface rugose-reticulate from epistoma to well above eyes, smooth and shining on vertex, punctures rather coarse, close. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; about as in scutellare except anterior slope less strongly declivous, anterior margin more weakly serrate. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; disc occupying basal two-thirds; strial punctures moderately coarse, deep, in rows on posterior third, sur- face almost smooth, with moderately abun- dant, fine, impressed points. Declivity rather abrupt, steep, subsulcate on basal third, feebly convex below; ventrolateral margin acute, not explanate, not at all emarginate at suture; small spines at base of interstriae 1 and 2, three or four pairs of smaller, conical spines arranged on middle third of declivity in an approximate circle remote from lateral margin. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except epistom- al area moderately produced, frons shallowly, broadly concave from epistoma to vertex, di- vided on median line by a carina; surface of concave area, including carina, minutely, densely punctured; vestiture of abundant, fine, erect, short hair; antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, ornamented on posterior face by long hair; anterior slope of pronotum feebly declivous, anterior margin unarmed; lower two-thirds of elytral declivity with only one pair of tubercles on interstriae 3 near middle of declivity. Distribution.- Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: Laguna Santa Maria, 6-VI1-65, 1000 m, No. 20.3, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from an oak log 25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 21 specimens. 35. Monarthrum mali (Fitch) Fig. 211 Tomiciis mali Fitch, 1855, Trans. New York St. Agric. Soc. 15:326 (Syntypes?; New York; not located) Pterocyclon longulum Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:278 (Syntypes?; Carolina; lost with Hamburg Mus.); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:349. Syiionyrny Diagnosis.— In this species the male and female are very similar, and the declivity is flattened and armed by two pairs of small denticles, both of which are near the suture. Male.— Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish to light reddish brown. Frons convex, reticulate, somewhat rugose toward epistoma; punctures moderately coarse, close; vestiture inconspicuous. Anten- nal club 1.5 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in scutellare. Elytra 1.7 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, then converging slightly to level of sutural apex, broadly rounded behind and rather deeply emargi- nate on median fifth; disc occupying basal two-thirds, surface reticulate, punctures ob- scure, minute, strial punctures in rows near declivity. Declivity steep, rather narrowly sulcate on more than basal half, flattened be- low; armed by two pairs of small, usually blunt denticles on interstriae 2, denticle 1 near base, 2 slightly below middle; ventrola- teral margin acute, not explanate; surface reticulate. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide, its posterior face ornamented by long hair; declivital sul- cus slightly less strongly impressed. Distribution.— British Columbia (?), Cali- fornia; Minnesota and Maine to E Texas and Florida. CANADA: British Columbia (accidental or error in la- beling?). USA: Alabama: Selma. Arkansas: Bradley Co. California: Felton in Santa Cniz Mts., Nacimiento Res- ervoir in San Luis Obispo. Connecticut; Samford. Dis- trict of Columbia: Washington. Florida: Crescent City, 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1235 Enterprise, Gainesville, Orlando, Tampa, Royal Palm Hammock St. Pk., St. Johns Co. Illinois: Farina, Urbana. Indiana: Mitchell, Vincinnes. Iowa: Ames, Iowa City. Kentucky: Barbourville, Lebanon. Louisiana: Tallulah. Maine: Paris. Maryland: Baltimore, Bladensburg. Mas- sachusetts: Boston, Petersham, W. Springfield. Mich- igan: Ann Harbor, Detroit, Grand Ledge, Marquette. Minnesota: Hennepin Co. Mississippi: Hancock Co., Holly Springs, Laurel, Nicholson, Poplarville, Vicksburg. New Jersey: Dimdee Lake, Essex Co., Orange, Summit. New York: Axton, Catskill Mts., Central, Cranberry Lake, Elka Park, Ithaca, Lancaster, New Rochelle, New York, Pelham, Staten Island, West Point. North Caro- lina: Asheville, Black Mts., Boardman, Durham, Gray Beard Mt., Tryon. Ohio: Ada, Canfield, Cincinnati, Clinton Co., Columbus, Franklin Co., Gomer, Ira in Summit Co., Wooster. Pennsylvania; Castle Rock, Char- ter Oak, Frankford, Harrisburg, Johnsonburg, Land- isburg, Philadelphia, Potsville. South Carolina: Jackson- boro. Myrtle Beach, Nichols. Tennessee: Gatlinburg, Oak Ridge. Texas: Kirbyville. Virginia: Blacksburg, Car- ter Bridge, Falls Church, Hawless, Penington Gap, Vir- ginia Beach. West Virginia: Bayard, Dellslow, Mon- ongaliala, Morgantown, Pickens, Raleigh Co., Taylor Co., Wayne Co., Wood Co. Wisconsin: Buffalo Co., Hartland, Plattville. Hosts.— Acer nibrum, Betuia lutea, Fagus americana, Liquidambar styraciflua, Nyassa sp., Quercus rubra, Tilia sp. Biology.— Unthrifty, injured, or recently cut material larger than about 10 cm in di- ameter is selected for attack. Notes.— The type was not located and probably is lost. I examined material in the LeConte collection and the U.S. National Museum, where specimens based on the Fitch material is located. There appears to be no problem in identifying this species in the absence of a type; 373 specimens were examined. 36. Monarthrum fasciatum (Say) Fig. 211 Bostrichus fasciatus Say, 1826, J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 5:255 (Syntypes; Sinnipuxent, probably Pennsylvania; lost) Pterocyclon simile Eichhoff, 1869, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:277 (Syntypes? America bor., lost with Ham- burg Mus.); LeConte, 1876, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15:348. Synonymy Pterocyclon gracile Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:444 (Syntypes; Ten- nessee, Pennsylvania, Carolina; lost with Ham- burg Mus.); Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege (2)8:444. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from mali (Fitch) by the larger size, by the bicolored coloration, and by the absence of declivital spine 2. Male.— Length 2.3-2.8 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior half of prothorax and posterior third of elytra usually dark brown. Head, pronotum, and elytral disc as in mali. Elytral declivity as in mali except sul- cus limited to upper half, denticle 2 absent; sutural interstriae at middle of declivity armed by a rather indefinite row of four to six small granules; surface rugose-reticulate. Female.— Similar to male except differing as female mali differs from male. Distribution.— Wisconsin and Massachu- setts to E Texas and Florida. USA: Arkansas: Bradley Co., Huttig, Maynard, Ran- dolph. Connecticut: Glastonburg, Stanford. District of Columbia: Brookland. Florida: Crescent City, Enter- prise, Gainesville, Jacksonville, Orlando, Putnam Co. Georgia: Dunwoody, Thomasville. Illinois: Dubois, Ma- comb, Urbana. Indiana: Centralville, Ft. Wayne, In- dianapolis, Mitchell, Vicennes. Iowa: Iowa City. Kansas: Benedict, Topeka. Kentucky: LeBanon Junction, Padu- cah. Louisiana: Tallulah. Maryland: Beltsville, Bladens- burg, Chevy Chase. Massachusetts: Framingham. Mich- igan: Detroit, Grand Ledge, Port Huron. Mississippi: Agricultural College, Corinth, Meridian, Nicholson, Vicksburg. Missouri: St. Louis. New Jersey: Boonton, Orange, Paterson, Summit. New York: Buffalo, Flat- bush, Ithaca, Jamaica, Mt. Vernon, Staten Island, West Point. North Carolina: Boardman, Charlotte, Raleigh, Tryon. Ohio: Cincinnati, Clinton Co., Columbus, Dela- ware Co., Franklin Co., Green Co., Hocking Co., Lake- side, Logan Co., Wooster. Pennsylvania: Frankford, Harrisburg, Inglenook, Johnsonburg, Philadelphia. South Carolina: Table Rock St. Pk. Tennessee: Memphis, Nashville. Texas: Brownsville. Virginia: Blacksburg, Hewlin, Onville. West Virginia: Dellslow, Taylor Co., Wood Co. Wisconsin: Madison. Hosts.— Acer rM^mm, Carya sp., Castanea dentata, Liquidambar styraciflua. Mimosa sp., Nyosa sp., Pinus sp., Prunus sp., Quercus alba, Q. digitata, Q. rubra, Q. spp. Biology.— As in mali. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the LeConte material that presumably was compared to Say's series. 37. Monarthrum tetradontium Wood Monarthrum tetradontium Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:1.37 (Holotype, male; SE Slope Mt. Colima, Ja- lisco, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exomatum (Schedl) by the smoother, much more deeply punctured elytral disc and by the larger, much stouter declivital spines. 1236 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Length 2.4 mm, 3.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal half of elytra slightly lighter. Frons convex, reticulate, becoming rugose- reticulate toward epistoma, punctures mod- erately coarse, close; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin subserrate; otherwise as in scutellare (LeConte). Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal half, distinctly tapered on poste- rior half, rather narrowly rounded behind, deeply emarginate on median sixth; surface almost smooth, obscurely reticulate in some areas, punctures rather small, moderately deep, confused except strial and interstrial punctures almost in rows near declivity. De- clivity rather steep, flattened, lateral margins rounded, not elevated, apex moderately ex- planate; interstriae 2 (actually displaced in- terstriae 3) armed one-third and two-thirds distance from base by spines; spine 1 conical, pointed, about as high as its basal width, spine 2 slightly higher, very stout, blunt; sur- face near base of spine 1 rugose-reticulate, remaining area almost smooth and deeply punctured. Vestiture sparse, confined to declivity. Distribution.— Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: SE slope of Mt. Colima, 2-XII-48. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 38. Monarthrum conversum Wood Monarthriim conversum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:138 (Holotype, male; 6 km or 4 miles W Tep- ic, Nayarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exornatum (Schedl) by the larger, stout- er size and by the very different elytral de- clivity. Also see tomicoides (Blandford), to which it is much more closely related. Male.— Length 3.1-3.6 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color very dark reddish brown, basal half of pronotum lighter. Frons essentially as in exornatum except upper area almost smooth and with minute, impressed points. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 10 coarse serrations; about as in scutellare (LeConte) except punctures on posterior areas slightly larger, those near base of disc transversely elongate. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; outline about as exorna- tum except stouter; surface shining, with rather numerous fine, irregular lines, numer- ous impressed points, punctures rather small, moderately deep, confused. Declivity steep, broadly, concavely excavated; lateral margins moderately elevated, rounded except on apical fifth of declivital length; spine 1 on in- terstriae 3 at basal margin, as high as basal width, subconical; spine 2 two-thirds declivi- tal length from base, displaced less than its basal width from margin, subcylindrical, very slightly longer than its basal width, its apex subtrvmcate, its dorsal angle subacute; exca- vated area mostly shining, with numerous minute, impressed points, punctures moder- ately coarse, rather deep, lateral areas near margins rugose-reticulate. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except antennal scape with fine, short hair; anterior margin of pronotum obscurely serrate; elytral disc reti- culate, punctures somewhat obscure; declivi- ty mostly broadly convex, moderately sulcate on upper half, subconcave below; spine 1 much smaller; spine 2 at middle of declivity midway between lateral margin and suture, of similar size and shape to spine 1; declivital surface rugose-reticulate, punctures small, obscure. Distribution.— Nayarit to Jalisco. MEXICO: Jalisco: Volcan Colima, 23-VI-65, 2500 m, in flight, S. L. Wood. Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1000 m, No. 240, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— One pair was cut from a limb about 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 39. Monarthrum morsum Wood Monarthrum morsum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:1.39 (Holc-.ype, male; Pandora, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exornatum (Schedl) by the smaller size and by the steeper, narrower elytral declivity with different sculpture and arrangement of spines. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLIIMA 1237 Male.— Length 1.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, posterior half of elytra darker. Frons and pronotum as in exomatum ex- cept pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in conversion Wood except more strongly tapered on pos- terior third; disc obscurely reticulate on basal third, smooth and shining elsewhere, numer- ous impressed points present, punctures fine, distinct, in strial rows on posterior half. De- clivity moderately steep, rather broadly, strongly sulcate; spine 1 on interstriae 2 near base, rather small, pointed, its upper margin feebly subcostate; spine 2 small, conical, two- thirds declivital length from base, displaced from lateral margin one-third distance to- ward suture; feebly explanate below; surface of impressed area shining, numerous im- pressed points present, punctures evident only near suture. Vestiture confined to de- clivity, of short moderately abundant hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 135, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The holotype was cut from a limb 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 40. Monarthrum exomatum (Schedl) Pterocijdon exomatum Schedl, 1939, Mitt. Miinchn. Ent. Ges. 29:575 (Holotype, male; Colonia, apparently Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Ptewcyclon gracilicornum Schedl, 1939, Mitt. Miinchn. Ent. Ges. 29:576 (Holotype, male; Jalapa, Vera- cruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:25. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tetradontium Wood by the smaller size, by the more deeply impressed elytral declivi- ty, with a much different arrangement of spines, and by the reticulate elytral surfaces, with the punctures obscure to obsolete. Male.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex; surface rugose-reti- culate, punctures rather coarse, close, not sharply impressed; vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.4 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin broadly subserrate; summit indefinite, one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; anterior slope rather strongly decliv- ous, finely asperate; posterior areas reti- culate, minutely, rather sparsely punctured. Glabrous. Elytra 1.9 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, then very slightly ta- pered to level of sutural apex, broadly rounded behind except rather deeply emargi- nate on median one-fifth; surface reticulate, punctures minute, shallow, confused. Declivi- ty moderately steep, shallowly sulcate on up- per half, shallowly concave below; spine 1 on interstriae 2 slightly above middle, small, pointed, conical, spine 2 almost at level of su- tural apex slightly nearer to lateral margin than to suture, variable in size but usually smaller than spine 1; surface reticulate ex- cept sometimes shining near suture; slightly explanate at apex. Vestiture confined to de- clivity, of fine, short hair. Female.— Similar to male except antennal club ornamented on posterior face by long hair; elytral declivity less strongly, more nar- rowly impressed. Distribution.— Veracruz to Colombia and Venezuela. MEXICO: Veracruz: Cordoba. Oaxaca: Totolapan, 7- VII-53, 1000 m, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 217, Ficus, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Colombia, Venezuela. Hosts.— Alexia imperatricia (Venezuela), Coffea arabica (Colombia), Ficus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken in limbs 5-10 cm in diameter. Notes — The above treatment was based on seven specimens, two of which were com- pared directly to the holotypes of exomatum and gracilicornum. 41. Monarthrum carinatum Wood Monarthrum carinatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:1.39 (Holotype, male; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from exomatum (Schedl) by the larger size, by the fine, median, frontal carina, and by the steeper, more strongly impressed, more weakly explanate elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. 1238 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Frons convex, a fine, acute, low carina from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface on lower half etched by minute, sub- aciculate lines, more nearly smooth and shin- ing above, punctures fine but superficially appearing large, indistinct, obscurely sub- aciculate; obscure vestiture confined to epis- tomal margin. Antennal club broadly oval, 1.3 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about as in exornatum except anterior margin rather coarsely serrate. Elytra 2.0 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; outline more broadly rounded behind than exornatum; disc as in exornatum, declivity steeper, more deeply, more broadly impresed; spines 1 and 2 small, conical, pointed, 1 one-third declivital length from base, on rounded lateral margin, 2 two- thirds declivital length from base, slightly mesad of margin; surface of impressed area finely rugose-reticulate except almost smooth and very finely pimctured near suture on lower half; apical margin acute, weakly ex- planate. A few setae on or near margins of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina longer; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by longer hair; elytral declivity less strongly impressed, denticles slightly smaller. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 6-VIII- 6.3, 2600 m. No. 113, tree bole, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the bole of a standing tree 30 cm in diameter; it apparently was a Melastomaceae. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. Several similar South American species have a median frontal carina, but in those species the antennal club, particularly in the female, is much more elongate. 42. Monarthrum desum (Wood) Fig. 216 Microcorthylus desus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:.52 (Holotype, male; 16 miles or 25 km E Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from punctifrons (Blandford) by the sub- vertical male declivity that lacks a sutural emargination and denticles at the base on interstriae 1, by the presence of a median ca- rina on the frons, and by other characters. The true relationship probably is remote. Male.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons convex, coarsely, not closely or deeply punctured, with a small, elongate me- dian tubercle at upper level of eyes; vestiture inconspicuous. Antennal club oval, 1.5 times as long as wide, widest at middle, two sutures very weakly angulate; funicle one-segmented. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; sides straight and subparallel on basal half, rather broadly roimded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit at middle; posterior area reticulate, dull, very finely, sparsely punc- tured; disc glabrous. Elytra about 1.5 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel to declivital base, posterior margin straight, posterior angles curving caudomesad to form lower declivital spines with their apices directed mesad; ely- tral punctures small, indistinct, confused, sur- face reticulate, dull. Declivity abrupt, sub- vertical, somewhat more gradually rounded at base near suture; face broadly, rather shal- lowly concave, lateral margin rather strongly, broadly elevated and armed by a rather large, pointed tubercle on upper third about in line with normal position of striae 3 and a larger incurved, hooked spine two-thirds of declivital length from top; height of lower spine about equal to its basal width, its apex directed mesad; apical margin acutely, not strongly elevated on median half of elytral width, not at all emarginate at suture. Vesti- ture not conspicuous, limited to sides and declivity. Female.— Similar to male except elytral declivity less strongly sculptured, only mod- erately impressed, lateral areas not high, tu- bercles small; apical margin of elytra, frons, and antenna as in male. Distribution.— Chihuahua to Michoacan. MEXICO: Chihuahua: San Juanito, 4-V-77, Quercus, M. M. Furniss. Michoacan: 25 km E Morelia, 14-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 32, Querciis. S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus sp. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a limb of a large, recently felled oak tree. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 20 specimens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1239 43. Monarthrum punctifrons (Blandford) Pterocyclon punctifrons Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):278 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mas. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from conversum Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, by the more broadly, more shallowly concave elytral de- clivity, with more slender spines, and by other characters. Male.— Length 2.7-3.2 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color light brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior half of elytra of- ten darker. Frons as in conversum except reticulation restricted to lower half of area below upper level of eyes, and transverse epistomal im- pression more abrupt and deeper. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in conversum except punctures in posterior areas minute and not extended by transverse lines. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; outline as in conversum except more broadly rounded behind; disc reticulate, punctiu^es minute, almost obsolete, confused. Declivity rather abrupt, very steep, shallowly, broadly concave; lateral margins rather narrowly rounded on upper two- thirds, acute on lower third; interstriae 1 at base with a roimded tubercle, spine 1 on in- terstriae 3 at basal margin, conical, as long as wide, spine 2 slightly below middle of decliv- ity, displaced from lateral margin about one- fourth distance from lateral margin to suture; surface of impressed area Rigose-reticulate, obscure punctures indicated on mesal half; margins of deep emargination slightly ele- vated. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum weakly serrate; declivity as in female conversum ex- cept entirely reticulate, without punctures. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, 3-VI1-63, 1800 m. No. 16, 29-VII-63, No. 20, log, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, 14-VII-63, 2500 m, No. 50, log, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 20-40 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 37 specimens, 2 of which were compared directly to the holotype. 44. Monarthrum pseudoscutellare (Schedl) Pterocyclon pseudoscutellare Schedl, 19.35, Rev. de Ent. 5:349 (Holotype, female; Laguna Volcan Poas, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Monorthrum adustum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:140 (Holotype, male; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.). New synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from punctifrons (Blandford) by the larger size and by the very different elytral declivi- ty in both sexes. Male.— Length 2.8-3.4 mm, 3.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown, bases of pro- notum and elytra often of lighter color. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in punctifrons. Elytral declivity similar to punc- tifrons but much more narrowly impressed, deeply sulcate on basal half; tubercle at base on interstriae 1 almost obsolete; spines 1 and 2 subequal in size, small, conical, 2 at middle of declivity; surface reticulate. Vestiture largely confined to declivity, of short, moder- ately abundant hair. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum weakly serrate; elytral declivity less strongly, more narrowly impressed; space between members of first pair of denticles equal to distance be- tween members of second pair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 1-VIII- 63, 3000 m. No. 45, Quercus, 6-VIII-63, 2800 m. No. 110, Q. costaricensis, S. L. Wood; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 2300 m. No. 40, Quercus, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, He- redia, 19-VI-66, 2600 m. No. 4, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Quercus costaricensis, Q. spp. Biology.— Specimens were cut from standing boles and cut logs 30-80 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 65 specimens. 45. Monarthrum difficile (Blandford) Pterocyclon difficile Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):276 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) 1240 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Diagnosis.— The female of this species is distinguished from insignatum Wood by the larger size, by the much more coarsely punc- tured frons, with the transverse impression above the epistoma less strongly developed and the median tubercle moderately to ob- scurely developed, and by the stouter body form. Female.— Length 2.8-3.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons broadly convex, transverse impres- sion above epistoma about half as deep as in insignatum, median tubercle poorly devel- oped (about as in hoegei Blandford); surface reticulate on lower third, smooth and shining above, pimctures very coarse, deep, much closer in lateral areas. Antenna, pronotum, and elytra as in insignatum except discal punctures on elytra smaller, mostly obsolete; declivital sulcus narrower, not quite so deep, ascending more gradually from suture to lat- eral convexities; lower pair of declivital spines more closely spaced from one another than upper spines. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Escasii, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m, No. 218, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqiii, Chiriqui, 3-4000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the female holotype and on two other specimens. 46. Monarthrum insignatum Wood Monarthrum msignatiim Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:141 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from heogei (Blandford) by the median third of the declivity being smooth, with numerous minute, impressed points, and by the minute features on the frons as described below. Male.— Length 2.4-2.6 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in hoegei except punctures slightly coarser, deeper, median carina slightly sharp- er. Pronotum and elytra as in hoegei except median third of declivital excavation smooth, with numerous minute, impressed points. Female.— Similar to female hoegei except transverse impression above epistoma deeper, its upper margin on median line rising very abruptly to a conspicuous median tubercle, tubercle much larger than in hoegei, frons protruding slightly toward tubercle; elytral declivity smooth, with points. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-63, 1.500 m. No. 44, tree branch, and 19-VI-66, 2600 m, No. 4, shrub, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. In all probability future collecting will prove this to be a geographical race of hoegei. 47. Monarthrum fastigiorum Wood Monarthrum fastigiorum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:141 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from insignatum Wood by the smaller size, by the more protuberant female frons with a subcarinate dorsal continuation of the median tubercle, and by the different male declivity. Male.— Length 2.0 mm (female 2.3 mm), 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown, some- what bicolored. Frons as in insignatum except with a fine, low median carina. Pronotum and elytral disc as in in- signatum. Elytral declivity similar to in- signatum except steeper, more widely, more shallowly impressed, about one-third of im- pressed area laterad of a line drawn from spine 1 to spine 2, spine 2 equal distance from suture and lateral margin. Female.— Similar to female insignatum except frons more protuberant, median tu- bercle larger, with weak carina extending from its summit to upper level of eyes, sur- face more coarsely, more uniformly reti- culate; declivital spine 2 almost as close to suture as to lateral margin. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, -li-X-eS, 1.300 m, No. 245, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 48. Monarthrum hidentatum Wood Monarthrum hidentatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:142 (Holotype, male; 6 miles or 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from hidens (Blandford) by the smaller size, by the more finely punctured frons, and by 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1241 other differences on the female frons and on the male declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a distinct, transverse impression just above epistoma; surface al- most smooth except rugose-reticulate in im- pressed area, upper areas with impressed points and a few fine punctures; vestiture inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in punctifrons (Blandford) and other allied species. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, converging very slightly to level of sutural apex, then abruptly rounded behind except moderately emargi- nate on median fourth; surface reticulate, punctures minute, confused. Declivity rather abrupt, steep, broadly sulcate; sulcus widest between spines 1 and 2; spine 1 at base on in- terstriae 3, very small; spine 2 closer to su- ture than to either spine 1 or lateral margin, its lower margin at level of sutural apex; spine 2 laterally compressed, not as high as length of its longitudinal, basal axis, its sum- mit emarginate and bituberculate; surface reticulate. Vestiture sparse, confined to declivity. Female.— Similar to male except trans- verse frontal impression very deep, deepest on its median third, occupying lower two- thirds of area below upper level of eyes, punctures in lateral areas larger, deeper; pos- terior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity much more shallowly, more narrowly sulcate, lateral margins more evenly rounded, spines 1 and 2 of similar size and conical shape, equally spaced from suture. Distribution.— Puebla and possibly Costa Rica. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, Nos. 135 and 145 in Alnus, No. 140 in a tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut material 5-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 33 specimens. Two spec- imens from 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 203, Siparuna nicaraguensis, are tentatively assigned here, although the female frons is more coarsely punctured, with the transverse groove partly rugose and not quite as deep on its median third. 49. Monarthrum bidens (Blandford) Ptewcyclon bidens Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6);277 (Holotype, male; Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bidentatum Wood by the larger size, by the coarser punctures on the frons, and by differences on the female frons and on the male declivity. Male.— Length 2.7-2.8 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in bidentatum except transverse impression greatly reduced, punctures larger. Pronotum and elytra as in bidentatum except posterior half of elytral disc smooth; elytral declivity not as steep, more broadly, subcon- cavely impressed, spine 2 as high or higher than its longitudinal, basal width; declivital surface smooth, with numerous minute, im- pressed points. Female.— As in female of bidentatum ex- cept frontal impression deepest on lateral thirds, punctures much coarser; declivital spines 1 and 2 coarser. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, 3-VII-63, 1800 m, No. 17B, Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut branches 1-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 11 specimens, one of which was compared directly to the holotype. 50. Monarthrum notatum Wood Monarthrum notatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:143 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from bidentatum Wood by the color, by the conical spine 2 on the male declivity, and by the deeper, narrower declivital impression. Male.— Length 2.2-2.5 mm, 3.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown, most speci- mens with elytral disc yellowish brown. Frons as in bidentatum except punctures larger. Pronotum and elytral disc as in 1242 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 bidentatum; elytral declivity much more deeply impressed than in hidentatuni, lateral margins more narrowly rounded, spine 2 con- ical, much larger than 1, its height equal to its basal width, much closer to lateral margin than to suture, surface reticulate except smooth on interstriae 2. Vestiture confined to declivity, sparse. Female.— Similar to female dentatum ex- cept frons more evenly convex, deepest part of transverse impression rugose-reticulate (smooth in dentatum); declivital sulcus much deeper, narrower, sutural emargination deep- er, narrower, its margins distinctly elevated. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 14-VII-63, 2500 m, No. 50, log, 19-VI-66, 2600 m. No. 7, leguminous shrub, S. L. Wood. PANAMA; Cerro Punta; Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 371, Inga, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from logs 8 and 100 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 51. Monarthrum vittatum (Blandford) Pterocyclon vittatum Blandford, 1905, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):282 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui; British Mas. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from notatum Wood by the larger size, by the narrow transverse groove above the epis- toma in both sexes, and by the less strongly impressed male declivity that has rather coarse, impressed punctures on its median third. Male.— Length 2.6-3.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; usually bicolored, middle third of pronotum, elytral disc, and appendages light brown, remaining areas dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a narrower, moder- ately deep groove extending entire width im- mediately above epistoma, its fundus usually ornamented by one row of very minute gran- ules; remaining surface reticulate near groove, smooth above with minute impressed points, punctures rather fine, moderately abundant almost to vertex; glabrous except a few hairs on epistoma. Pronotum and elytral disc as in punctifrons (Blandford). Elytral declivity similar to but less strongly impressed than in notatum, spine 2 distinctly smaller; basal half with punctures on striae 1 rather coarse. impressed, their dorsomedian margins often subgranulate, lower half with similar punc- tures confused and somewhat more widely distributed; surfaces reticulate. Subglabrous. Female.— Similar to male except frontal groove more perfectly formed and slightly deeper; posterior face of antennal club orna- mented by a tuft of long hair; declivity slightly less strongly impressed, spine 2 as small as spine 1, punctures reduced to obsolete. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 6-VIII- 63, 2500 m. No. 112, Brunellia costaricensis, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 6-IX-63, 2500 m. No. 170, Clusia, S. L. Wood; intercepted at San Pedro, California in Quercus logs from Costa Rica, 28-VI-46. Hosts.— Brunellia costaricensis, Clusia sp., Quercus sp. Biology.— Specimens were cut from mate- rial 25-100 cm in diameter. Although cut or broken material is preferred, in one area ap- parently healthy trees were killed by this spe- cies as a result of population buildup in slash. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 79 specimens, 2 of which were compared directly to the holotype. 52. Monarthrum limulum Wood Monarthrum limulum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:143 (Holotype, male; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rohustum (Schedl) by the smoother pro- notal disc, by the minute declivital granules that have replaced the punctures, and by having spine 2 strongly displaced toward the suture. Male.— Length 2.2-2.6 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons essentially as in rohustum. Pronotum as in rohustum except disc smooth, minutely reticulate, punctures very minute. Elytra with basic contours about as in ro- hustum, with declivity commencing at middle, except lower half steeper; disc reti- culate, punctures very fine, confused; declivi- tal punctures anterior to spine 1 replaced by minute granules, granules on middle third al- most obsolete, granules below spine 2 rather coarse; spine 1 conical, without ridge extend- ing cephalad from its summit; spine 2 slightly 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1243 closer to lateral margin than to suture, not connected to lateral margin, conical, slightly larger than in robustum; declivital surfaces reticulate, almost rugose in some areas. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, of fine, short, mod- erately abundant hair. Female.— Similar to female robustum ex- cept frons more coarsely punctured; pronotal disc more finely punctured; declivity reti- culate, punctures minute, with most of them accompanied by a very fine granule; declivi- tal spine 2 almost as close to suture as to lat- eral margin. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-IX-63, 1300 m. No. 178, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 53. Monarthrum glabrifrons (Blandford) Pterocyclon glabrifrons Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):278 (Lectotype, female; Quiche Mts., Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species was named from two female syntypes that do not match any of the material before me. They are very sim- ilar to females of limulum Wood, but their exact position in the genus cannot be deter- mined until males are available for study. The females of this species are distinguished from female limulum by the uniformly reti- culate, much more finely punctured frons, with the epistomal margin somewhat abrupt- ly, slightly elevated (without a definite trans- verse impression as in limulum), by the dis- tinct, fine, confused punctures on the elytral disc, and by the more shallowly impressed elytral declivity, with tubercles 1 and 2 slightly smaller. Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; as in limulum except as noted in the above diagnosis. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Quiche Mts., 7000-9000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the two syntypes that are mounted on one microcard on one pin. The specimen on the left side of the card, marked by an arrow and the word "type," is here designated as the lectotype of glabrifrons (Blandford). 54. Monarthrum carinulum Wood Monarthrum carinulum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:144 (Holotype, male; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from vittatum (Blandford) by the absence of a transverse frontal groove and the presence of a median frontal carina in both sexes and by the different female declivity. Male.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly convex, a low, subacute me- dian carina extending from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; surface strongly reti- culate, punctures fine, moderately abundant; glabrous. Pronotum and elytral disc and declivity as in insignatum Wood. Female.— Similar to male except frontal carina higher and longer; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by a tuft of hair; declivity less strongly impressed, slightly nar- rower, spines 1 and 2 slightly smaller, tu- bercle at apex of striae 1 entirely absent. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 1300 m, 17-IX-63, No. 178 in a woody vine. No. 184 in Miconia caudata, 26-XI-63, No. 265, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 3-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 55. Monarthrum subgranulatum Wood Monarthrum subgranulatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:144 (Holotype, male; Cerro Peiia Blanca, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from granulatum Bright by the frontal and declivital characters described below. Male.— Length 2.4-2.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a weak transverse impression just above epistomal margin; lower half of area below upper level of eyes strongly rugose-reticulate, upper area smooth, with moderately abundant impressed points and rather small punctures, transition between areas rather abrupt; rugose area sparsely, finely pubescent. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in punctifrons (Blandford), elytral declivity 1244 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 steep, strongly sulcate, more broadly flat- tened below spine 2; sulcus occupying me- dian half on upper two-thirds, sutural inter- striae feebly elevated, gradually ascending to broadly rounded, rather strongly elevated lat- eral margins; spine 1 small, at middle on margin; spine 2 one-fourth declivital length from apex, slightly closer to lateral margin than to suture, moderately large, conical, about as high as its basal width; inner margin of middle third of sulcus, just mesad of spine 1, armed by a row of about four to six small granules all smaller than spine 1; surface reti- culate. Vestiture very sparse, confined to margins of declivity. Female.— Similar to male except rugose area on frons slightly larger and with much more abundant, fine, hairlike pubescence; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by a tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pro- notum unarmed; declivity less strongly im- pressed, lateral margins more broadly rounded, spine 2 smaller, granules absent near summit of inner margin. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS: Cerro Pena Blanca, 2.3-IV-64, 1900 m. No. 531, Persea popenoi, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a limb 15 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 28 specimens. 56. Monarthrum granulatum Bright Momirthrum granulatum Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1382 (Holotype, male; 24 km or 15 miles S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12653) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from subgranulatum Wood as indicated below. Male.— Length 2.6-2.8 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown. Frons as in subgranulatum except slightly more coarsely punctured, rugose area less definite, some reticulation extending to up- per level of eyes; glabrous except on epistom- al margin. Elytral declivity with floor of sul- cus more broadly impressed, its lateral walls subvertical; sutural interstriae more distinctly elevated; granules on inner margin of lateral convexities much larger, almost as large as spines 1 and 2. Female.— Similar to female of sub- granulatum except devoid of pubescence, ru- gose area less definite as in male; declivity slightly steeper. Distribution.— Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km (15 miles) S Valle Nacional, 20-V-71, 1300 m, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m. No. 146, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on two paratypes, and on five other specimens. 57. Monarthrum infradentatum Wood Monarthrum infradentatum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:145 (Holotype, male; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all preceding species by the obliquely truncate elytral declivity, with the ventrola- teral margin acutely elevated from the sutur- al emargination to the level of spine 1, and by the absence of spine 2. It is distinguished from the three following species by the pres- ence of a large spine on the margin of the apical emargination of the elytra. Male.— Length 1.4 mm, about 3.0 times as long as wide (elytra spread); color dark red- dish brown, base of pronotum pale. Frons broadly convex, a weak transverse impression just above epistoma; surface reti- culate, small punctures obscurely indicated. Pronotum 1.3 times as long as wide; about as in punctifrons (Blandford) except anterior margin armed by eight serrations. Elytra about 1.7 times as long as wide, about 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides al- most straight and parallel to level of sutural apex, very broadly rounded to apical den- ticles and emargination; surface reticulate, minute punctures apparently in rows except confused near base. Declivity very steep, truncate, shallowly concave; basal margin rather abruptly rounded to striae 3, acutely margined from there to apical emargination; spine 1 small, conical, situated just below margin on interstriae 3; face of declivity smooth, shining, with minute points and small punctures, except somewhat rugose near margins; sutural emargination rather narrow, deep, its margin extended per- pendicular to declivital surface and forming a large denticle on its basal half, denticle 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1245 height equal to its greatest basal width. Vesti- ture confined to declivity near margins, sparse, mostly short. Female.— Similar to male except posterior face of antennal club ornamented by long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity weakly convex, lateral margin acutely raised on lower third, margin of emargination weakly elevated, denticle not evident. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 11-VIII- 66, 30 m, No. 86, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. 58. Monarthrum corculum Wood Monarthrum corculum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:146 (Holotype, male; Turrialba, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from infradentatum Wood by the larger size and by characters of the elytral declivity. Male.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown ex- cept base of pronotum pale. Frons, pronotum, and elytral disc as in in- fradentatum. Elytral declivity similar to in- fradentatum except declivital outline heart shaped, spine 1 on basal margin at interstriae 3, spine 2 two-thirds declivital length from base, equal distances from suture and lateral margin; sutural emargination strongly obtuse, shallow, its margin moderately elevated but not forming a tooth; declivital surface shin- ing, finely, rather closely punctured. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, consisting of mod- erately abundant, short hair. Female.— Similar to male except frons with a rather strong, transverse impression just above epistoma; posterior face of anten- nal club ornamented by a tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; de- clivity with acute margin only on lower third, apical margin less strongly elevated. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Limon, 22-VI-63, Theo- broma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Turrialba, Cartago, 9-111- 64, 700 m. No. 497B, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 45 specimens. 59. Monarthrum posticum Wood Monarthrum posticum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:146 (Holotype, male; Santa Ana, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from corculum Wood by the much more coarsely punctured frons, by the smooth elytra, and by the different declivity. Male.— Length 1.7-2.1 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown ex- cept base of pronotum usually pale. Frons as in corculum except surface smooth, with rather dense impressed points and rather coarse punctures. Pronotum and elytra similar to corculum except slightly stouter; elytral disc smooth and shining except obscurely reticulate near base, strial punctures minute, in rows. Elytral declivity as in corculum except much less strongly impressed, posterolateral angles much more abrupt, surface smoother, bright- ly shining, punctures much larger. Female.— Similar to male except frons more nearly subgranulate; posterior face of antennal club ornamented by a tuft of long hair; anterior margin of pronotum unarmed; declivity with margin on basal third more broadly rounded, lateral two-thirds more nearly convex. Distribution.— Costa Rica. C0ST.'\ RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VI1-63, 500 m, Nos. 57, 61, 80, woody vines and tree seedlings, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, 4-X-63, 1300 m. No. 222, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X-63, 1300 m. No. 268, tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were cut from mate- rial 8-30 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 53 specimens. 60. Monarthrum proximum Wood Monarthrum proximum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:147 (Holotype, male; San Isidro del General, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from posticum Wood by the larger average size and by characters of the frons and de- clivity described below. Male.— Length 1.9-2.3 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide. As in posticum except frons more finely punctured, reticulate on lower 1246 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 half; distance between apical and subapical margins greater. Female.— Similar to female posticwn ex- cept transverse impression above epistoma deeper, more abrupt, frons almost entirely reticulate. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: Finca Gromaco on Rio Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 57, log, S. L. Wood; Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, ll-VIII-66, 30 m. No. 85, tree limb, S. L. Wood; San Isidro del General, San Jose, 5-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 284, Miconia pubescens, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas, Dota Mts., San Jose, 22-VIII-63, 250 m, S. L. Wood. VENEZUELA: .30 km E Palamar, Bolivar, 12-VI-70, 70 m. No. 557, Alexa impcratricia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut or broken material 10-25 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. Genus GLOCHINOCERUS Blandford Glochinoceriis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Anier., Coleopt. 4(6):266 (Type-species: Glochinoceriis retusipennis Blandford, subsequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:122) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished by the 3-segmented antennal funicle, by the slender antennal club, which is 2.2 or more times as long as wide, with two straight su- tures dividing the club into equal units, by the slender, subinflated protibiae with nu- merous small tubercles on its posterior face in both sexes, by the concave and dis- tinctively ornamented female frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 3.0-3.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide. Frons dimorphic, convex in male, concave and characteristically ornamented by setae in female; eye rather deeply emarginate. Anten- nal scape elongate, fvmicle 3-segmented, club elongate and equally divided into three units by straight sutures. Pronotum slightly longer than wide, weakly declivous on anterior half; lateral margins rounded, without a fine, raised line; anterior margin imarmed in fe- male, armed by two teeth in male. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra subtruncate, declivi- ty steep; punctures on disc confused. Pro- tibiae slender, lateral margin partly serrate, posterior face convex, armed by many fine tubercles. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Guatemala; two species. Biology.— The species are monogamous ambrosia beetles; both infest logs up to 30 cm in diameter and broken branches 7 cm in di- ameter. The gallery system is similar to most species of Corthylus and Tricolus. Key to the Species of Glochinoceriis Interstriae 3 weakly, continuously elevated on upper two-thirds of declivity, its crest armed by a row of three or more small tubercles, remainder of declivity entirely devoid of tubercles or granules; longest female epistomal setae capable of being extended half distance to vertex; elytral declivity glabrous; Guatemala; 3.1-3.8 mm 1. retusipennis Blandford Interstriae 3 not elevated, small, confused granules or tubercles scattered over entire declivity, none of them forming a row; longest setae on female epistoma capable of attaining vertex; elytral declivity with rather short, conspicuous hair, some setae equal in length to width of scutellum; Hidalgo to Guatemala; 3.0-3.8 mm 2. gemellus Blandford 1. Glochinocerus retusipennis Blandford Fig. 215 Glochinocerus retusipennis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):266 (Lectotype, female; Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from gemellus Blandford by characters sum- marized in the above key. Female.— Length 3.1-3.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons flat and ascending slightly from up- per level of eyes to median area of epistoma, shallowly concave from upper level of eyes to vertex; surface subshining, slightly irregu- lar, small punctures obscure; lateral and par- ticularly upper margins of concave area or- namented by a dense row of very long, 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1247 coarse, subplumose hair, a few shorter setae scattered on floor of concave area; ventrola- teral angles between eye and mandible each bearing a tuft of long, curled, reddish hair, longest of these setae reaching about half dis- tance to upper margin of concave area. An- tennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, suture 2 at middle. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, very broadly rounded in front; summit in- definite, near middle; anterior slope weakly declivous, asperities small, numerous; posteri- or areas reticulate, punctures almost obsolete. Glabrous except at margins. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, slightly narrowed, then abruptly, very broadly rounded behind; disc smooth, shining, punctures rather small, close, confused. Declivity very steep, essen- tially broadly convex except sulcate on triangular area beginning at suture above, oc- cupying median half and ending one-third declivital length from apex; interstriae 3 dis- tinctly, rather narrowly elevated on upper two-thirds and armed by a row of about 3 to 10 fine granules; posterolateral margin acute- ly, not strongly elevated on lower half to apex; surface reticulate, without pimctures or granules except on interstriae 3. Declivity glabrous, sides with sparse, short hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, glabrous, with sparse, rather fine punctures; antennal club 2.4 times as long as wide, suture 2 on apical half; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two coarse serrations. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, Quezaltenango, G. C. Champion; Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64, 1300 m, No. 671 in tree branch. No. 688 in bole of Caldo de Fri- jol, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 57 specimens, 4 of which were compared to Blandford's 4 syntypes. The first female syntype in Blandford's series is here desig- nated as the lectotype of retusipennis Bland- ford. It has been labeled "type" and has been regarded as the type for many years, al- though it has never been formally so designated. 2. Glochinocerus gemellus Blandford Glochinocerus gemellus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):267 (Lectotype, female; Quiche Mountains, El Quiche, Guatemala; Brit- ish Miis. Nat. Hist., present designation.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retusipennis Blandford by characters mentioned in the above key. Female.— Length 3.0-3.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in female retusipennis except epistoma deeply emarginate, tips of longest lateral epistomal setae attaining vertex; suture 2 on distal half of antennal club; elytral declivity with granules sparsely distributed over entire surface, confused, interstriae 3 not elevated or granulate, sparsely, conspicuously pub- escent, longest setae equal in length to width of scutellum. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, punctured, glabrous, epistoma entire; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two coarse serrations. Distribution.— Hidalgo to Guatemala. MEXICO: Hidalgo: 31 km E Tulancingo, 12-VI-67, 2300 m, No. 15, Qtiercus log, S. L. Wood. Mexico: Amecameca, 26-IX-80, 2700 m, Alnus, T. H. Atkinson. Puebla; Zacatlan, 18-11-57, Prunus. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m, No. 688, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Quche Mts. Biology.— As described for the genus. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 24 specimens, 2 females of which were compared to the 2 female syntypes of ge- mellus. The first syntype, from the Quiche Mountains, is here designated as the lecto- type of gemellus Blandford. Genus METACORTHYLUS Blandford Metacorthylus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):263 (Type-species: Metacorthylus nigripennis Blandford, monobasic) Paracorthylus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:7 (Type- species: Paracorthylus velutinus Wood, original designation.); Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:.347. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Glochinocerus Blandford by characters of the frons, antennae, elytra, and vestiture. The fore tibiae are somewhat sexually dimor- phic, as in Monarthrum Kirsch. 1248 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Description — Length 1.9-2.7 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; antennae, elytra, and protibiae sexually dimorphic. Frons convex; pubescence sparse. Eye two- thirds divided by an emargination. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 2-segmented; club sexually dimorphic, with two procurved su- tures on basal half. Pronotum as in Corthylus. Scutellum large, almost flat. Elytra sub- truncate and entire behind; pubescence mi- nute, recumbent, dense on pronotum and elytra. Protibia sexually dimorphic, posterior face inflated and finely tuberculate in female, almost flat and with few tubercles in male. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia; four species. Key to the Species of Metacorthylus 1. Upper margin of male elytral declivity armed by three pairs of teeth on inter- striae 1-3, lateral pair distinctly larger; sutural apex slightly divaricate; male declivity shallowly concave, its margin subacutely, weakly elevated on more than three-fourths of a circle, sutural interstriae distinctly elevated, female declivity subconcave, margins rounded; Panama; 1.9-2.0 mm 1. mutilus (Wood) — Upper margin of elytral declivity unarmed in either sex; sutural apex of elytra entire; declivity weakly convex to subconcave, margins rounded on at least upper three-fourths 2 2(1). Elytral declivity slightly convex; pronotal disc subreticulate, punctures minute, close, spaced by less than about two diameters of a puncture; female interstriae 3 on declivity armed by one tubercle; color yellowish brown to brown; pro- notum and elytral disc with abundant, minute, recumbent hair; Costa Rica to Colombia; 1.9-2.0 mm 2. velutinus (Wood) — Elytral declivity shallowly subconcave; pronotal disc reticulate, punctures very fine, widely spaced by about four to six diameters of a puncture; female inter- striae 3 on declivity armed by two tubercles; color reddish brown; pronotum and elytral disc sparsely pubescent 3 3(2). Female antennal club 1.9 times as long as wide; elytral declivity not as steep, spine 2 on female almost on lateral margin; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.6 mm 3. concisus (Wood) — Female antennal club 1.0 times as long as wide; declivity very steep, spine 2 on female almost as close to suture as to lateral margin; Panama; 2.7 mm 4. nigripennis Blandford 1. Metacorthylus mutilus (Wood) Paracorthyliis mutilus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):66 (Holotype, fe- male; Fort Sherman, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concisus (Wood) by the smaller size, by the shallowly divaricate sutural apex of the elytra, and by the distinctive elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in velutinus (Wood) except sur- face reticulate above shining epistomal margin. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide, apical segment only slightly modified. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in velutinus except surface reticulate, punctures very fine, much less closely spaced. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; as in velutinus except declivity. Declivity subvertical, subtruncate, shallowly concave; lateral margins distinctly elevated, rounded, armed on middle third on median margin by two pointed tubercles, up- per one slightly larger; sutural interstriae weakly elevated; posterolateral margin sub- acute at apex, suture weakly emarginate; sur- face rugose-reticulate; punctures obscure. Very minute setae moderately abundant on declivity, similar but less abundant on disc. Male.— Similar to female except apical segment of antennal club slightly shorter and 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1249 more broadly rounded; anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight serrations of mod- erate size; declivity more evenly concave, its margins weakly, subacutely elevated on more than lower three-fourths, upper margin armed by three pairs of small teeth on inter- striae 1-3, lateral pair conspicuously larger, sutural apex more distinctly emarginate, su- tural interstriae more distinctly elevated. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA; Ft. Sherman, Canal Zone, lO-XI-57, at light. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 2. Metacorthylus velutinus (Wood) Fig. 218 Paracorthijlus velutinus Wood, 1968, Great Basin Nat. 28:7 (Holotvpe, female; Moravia, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The sexually dimorphic an- tennae and armature of the elytral declivity and the minute, recumbent vestiture serve to distinguish this species from other species with which it might possibly be confused. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color brown, anterior and pos- terior extremities somewhat darker. Frons rather weakly concave; slightly, transversely impressed just above epistomal margin; epistomal margin produced into a small lobe in front of mandibles; an acute median carina on lower half extending to apex of epistomal lobe; surface shining, marked by small points and moderately large, close, deep punctures; vestiture erect, min- ute, inconspicuous. Eye almost two-thirds di- vided by a narrow emargination. Antennal funicle 2-segmented; club 1.6 times as long as wide, narrowly triangular, apex acutely pointed; sutures 1 and 2 subangulately pro- curved, 2 not extending beyond basal third; mediodistal margin bearing a row of rather long hair, other setae minute. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest on basal half, sides on basal two-thirds feebly arcuate, rather broadly rounded in front; summit rather indefinite, about one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; very finely asperate on anterior slope, dull, very minutely reticulate-granulate behind. Vesti- ture consisting of rather abundant, minute. recumbent hair, somewhat longer and more nearly erect in asperate area. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.0 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel to a point beyond level of declivital base, very broadly rounded behind; declivity restricted to posterior fourth; strial and inter- strial punctures obsolete, surface of disc fine- ly reticulate, dull, a very slight irregularity where small, confused punctures might have been. Declivity abrupt, very steep, weakly convex; surface obscurely, rather closely punctured, impressed toward suture on upper two-thirds; interstriae 3 weakly elevated on upper half, with one blunt tubercle on sum- mit just above middle of declivity. Vestiture minute, recumbent, rather abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons more nearly convex, carina shorter; antennal club shorter, broader, much less strongly acuminate; elytral disc near declivity more nearly shining, more clearly punctured; de- clivital interstriae 3 armed by two moder- ately large, pointed tubercles, 1 one-third of declivity length from upper margin, 2 slightly larger, two-thirds from upper mar- gin; lower margin of declivity more distinctly elevated. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Colombia. COSTA RICA: Moravia, Cartago, 11-111-64, 500 m, fallen tree, S. L. Wood. COLOMBIA: Montegrande, Caicedonia, Valle de Cauca, 19-V1-59, guamo seco, J. Restrepo. Biology.— These monogamous beetles were in simple, straight tunnels 2-3 cm be- low the surface in the bole of a fallen tree where bark had been removed. The tree was in land being cleared and had been down two to three months. The wood was unusually dry and hot and was fully exposed to the sun. The beetles were on the shaded side and appeared to be completely inactive until disturbed. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 19 specimens and on 2 other specimens. 3. Metacorthylus concisus (Wood) Paracorthylus concisus Wood, 1974, Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1):67 (Holotype, fe- male; Moravia, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from velutinus (Wood) by the larger size, by 1250 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 2. M. preclarus cf I. M. bicolor cf 5. P velutinus cf 3a. R velutinus cf 4. R velutinus ^ 3b. R velutinus cf 6. P velutinus 5 8. G. terebratus cf Fig. 218. Corthylini spp., outlines of dorsal aspect, declivities, and antennae: 1, Monarthrum bicolorum { = bicolor) (Guyana); 2, Monarthrum parvtim (= preclarus) (Guyana); 3a, 3b, 5, Metacorthylus velutinus, male, 4, 6, same, fe- male; 7-8, Gnathotrupes terebratus. (After Wood 1968:.5.) 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1251 the subconcave elytral declivity, with differ- ent aniiatiire in the female, by the sparse pubescence, and by other characters. Female.— Length 2.3-2.6 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons as in velutinus except obscurely reti- culate, shining, median carina extending from epistomal margin to median callus on lower third. Antennal club 1.9 times as long as wide, about intermediate in shape between velutinus and mutilus. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in viutilus. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; as in mutilus except tu- bercles slightly larger and apex of suture entire. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club less elongate, its apex more broadly rounded; anterior margin of pronotum armed by eight serrations; declivity much more broadly, evenly impressed, margins on lower half more distinctly, more narrowly elevated but not angulate, sutural apex entire and bent slightly dorsad, two pairs of tubercles on in- terstriae 3 displaced mesad from lateral mar- gin, lower one at middle, upper one on basal fourth. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Moravia, 11-III-64, 500 m. No. 473, felled tree, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in the same cleared area as velutinus but from a dif- ferent host tree 35 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 16 specimens. 4. Metacorthylus nigripennis Blandford Metacorthyhis nigripennis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):263 (Holotype, female; Bu- gaba, Chiriqui, Panama: British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concisus (Wood) by the larger size, and by characters of the female antennal club and elytral declivity. Female.— Length 2.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown with very dark brown elytra. Frons as in concisus except median callus very slightly larger. Antennal club 1.0 times as long as wide, widest on apical third; su- tures feebly procurved; posterior face with a small tuft of hair near apex. Pronotum and elytral disc as in concisus. Declivity as in concisus except steeper, basal angle more abrupt, upper fourth very slightly more narrowly, more deeply impressed, spine 2 more strongly displaced from lateral mar- gin, almost as close to suture as to lateral margin, vestiture very slightly longer. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Bugaba, Chiriqui, 800-1500 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. Genus MICROCORTHYLUS Ferrari Microcorthyhis Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baunzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 58 (Type- species: Microcorthylus parvulus Ferrari, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Corthylus Erichson by the rounded lat- eral margins of the pronotum, which are not marked by a fine, raised line, by the impunc- tate pronotal and elytral discs (obscure punc- tures occasionally present), by the unique elytral declivity that always has the lateral margins armed by two pairs of very small denticles (some South American species have several), by the rather simple antennal club, and by other characters. Description.— Length 1.2-2.4 mm, 2.5-3.1 times as long as wide; color yellowish to dark brown, most body vestiture greatly reduced or absent. Frons evenly convex (except slightly modi- fied in female of grandiclavatus), sub- glabrous. Eye emarginate, finely to coarsely granulate. Antennal scape elongate; funicle 1-segmented; club longer than scape, oval to obscurely subtriangular, sutures 1 and 2 pres- ent except in one species, usually with a tuft of hair on posterior face in female. Pronotum longer than wide; summit obscure, in front of middle; anterior slope with low asperities, anterior margin usually very feebly serrate in female, coarsely serrate in male; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute and ob- scure or absent. Scutellum rather large, flat. Elytra about 1.4-1.8 times as long as wide, sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds; discal punctures obscure to obso- lete, in rows or confused, surface usually reti- culate; declivity steep, sulcate on basal third, variously, more broadly impressed below. 1252 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 excavated area usually reticulate and without recently cut or injured woody stems about punctures, lateral margins armed by spine 1 2-5 cm in diameter. The parental tunnel is near base on interstriae 3, spine 2 at or started by the male; it usually follows a spiral slightly above middle, spines very small, pattern along a particular growth ring in the pointed. Precoxal piece on presternum form- wood and has a turning niche just inside from ing a simple vertical, transverse partition, the entrance hole. The larvae are reared in procoxae contiguous; protibia slightly inflat- cradles they enlarge as they grow, as in ed and armed by tubercles on posterior face. Monarthrum. DisTRiHUTiON.— Veracruz to Argentina; 26 Notes.— This genus includes a compact species are known; 13 occur in Mexico and group of small species that exhibit very con- Central America. servative characters. The differences between Biology.— Apparently all species are mon- species are consistent but often minute, mak- ogamous, xylomycetophagous, and breed in ing classification unusually difficult. Key to the Species of Microcorthylus 1. Elytral declivity with sutural interstriae on right elytral feebly, distinctly ele- vated, lateral margin of this elevation marked by a subacute, continuous costa on at least lower half of declivity, granules on interstriae 1 absent, punctures on striae 1 obsolete; posterior face of female antennal club usually with tuft of long hair 2 — Elytral declivity with floor of impressed area rising gradually to suture, striae 1 with two or more distinctly impressed punctures, or interstriae 1 with a row of two or more tubercles near middle of declivity, or both; female antennal club without tuft of long hair on posterior face 10 2(1). Subapical margin of elytral declivity parallel to costal margin, without any elevated connection to elevated lateral margin of declivity 3 — Subapical margin of declivity acutely, continuously elevated from near suture to lateral margin of declivity 9 3(2). Elytral declivity less strongly, less broadly impressed, slope from suture to summit of lateral margins of impressed area more gradual, uniform 4 — Elytral declivity more strongly, more broadly impressed, lateral convexities abruptly elevated at mesal margin of spines, particularly noticeable just below spine 2 6 4(3). Frons with coarser punctures longitudinally elongate, in male rugose-reticulate above epistoma, gradually becoming longitudinally, minutely strigose above to vertex, in female reticulate below, more nearly shining above with longitudinal strigose lines indicated at least in lateral area; Guatemala; 1.6-1.9 mm 1. debilis Wood — Male frons finely, regularly reticulate from epistoma to vertex, punctures normal, female frons similar but largely smooth, with normal punctures; smaller .... 5 5(4). Epistoma armed by a small, median tubercle (often obscure in female); male frons reticulate; eyes normal; body stouter; elytra subshining, weakly reticulate; Puebla to Costa Rica; 1.3-1.5 mm 2. demissus Wood — Epistoma smoother, almost shining, unarmed (female sometimes with a feeble median tubercle); eyes greatly enlarged, coarsely faceted; body slender; elytra usually more strongly reticulate; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.4 mm 3. ocularis Wood 6(3). Impressed area of declivity triangular, its lateral margins straight from base to apex of lateral elevations; male pronotum usually armed by two to four serrations ^ 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1253 — Impressed area of declivity heart-shaped, its lateral margins conspicuously curved, particularly below spine 2; male pronotum usually armed by six to eight serrations 8 7(6). Elytra uniformly reticulate; impressed area on declivity more broadly triangu- lar, its sides converging above at an angle greater than 45 degrees; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5-1.6 mm 4. inermis Wood — Elytral disc subshining, except strongly reticulate near declivity; impressed area on declivity narrowly triangular, its lateral margins converging above at an angle of less than 30 degrees; Nayarit; 1.5-1.6 mm 5. invalidus Wood 8(6). Declivital spine 2 well above middle of declivity, distance from apical margin to spine 2 at least twice as great as distance from spine 1 to spine 2; elytra more slender, 1.6 times as long as wide, disc shining, without any reticulation except on declivity; Costa Rica to Colombia and Venezuela; 1.6-1.7 mm 6. parvulus Ferrari — Declivital spine 2 at middle of declivity, distance from apical margin to spine 2 only slightly greater than from spine 1 to spine 2; elytra stouter, 1.4 times as long as wide, disc at least partly reticulate near declivity; Veracruz and Jamaica to Brazil; 1.2-1.3 mm (see also 7. vicinus Wood) 8. minimus Schedl 9(2). Declivital spine 2 closer to spine 1 than to posterior margin of declivity (both spines sometimes obsolete); frons very broad, evenly convex; Costa Rica and Panama; 1.7-1.9 mm 9. pumilus Wood — Declivital spine 2 closer to posterior margin than to spine 1; male frons with a short median carina at epistoma, an obscure median callus to upper level of eyes, female frons below upper level of eyes almost flat on lateral thirds; a rather strongly convex elevation on median third; Guatemala to Honduras; 2.0-2.4 mm 10. pusillus Wood 10(1). Declivital interstriae 1 without granules, minute punctures usually present; an- tennal club with suture 2 indicated only near margins, apex of club much more broadly rounded; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5-1.6 mm 11. lassus Wood — Declivital interstriae 1 with granules, punctures often also present; antennal club with suture 2 marked by a groove and apparently septate throughout its length, segment 3 somewhat triangular; larger species 11 11(10). Female frons slightly impressed on lateral thirds and also on median third just above epistoma, this impressed area strongly reticulate, dull, median third from slightly below upper level of eyes to near vertex conspicuously inflated and shining; declivity more strongly impressed, male interstriae 1 with four conspicuous granules and accompanying strial pimctures, female granules and punctures smaller; Costa Rica and Panama; 1.9-2.2 mm 12. grandiclavatus Eggers — Female frons imiformly convex; declivital impression not as strong, male granules somewhat smaller 12 12(11). Declivital granules on interstriae 1 varying from two to four in males, zero to four in females; frons weakly carinate on lower third, impressed points and punctures in upper areas usually finer and not at all strigose; Costa Rica; 1.6-1.8 mm 13. concisus Wood — Declivital granules on interstriae 1 varying from four to eight; median epis- tomal tubercle not at all carinate; frons with impressed points and punctures larger, usually rather distinctly, longitudinally substrigose; Guatemala; 2.0-2.3 mm 14. vescus Wood 1254 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1. Microcorthylus debilis Wood Microcorthijlus debilis Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 3.3:265 (Holotype, female; Vokan Pacaya, Guate- mala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— In this species the frontal punctures are rather coarse and elongate and the elytral declivity is only moderately im- pressed and devoid of an elevation between the costal margin and the lateral margin. Female.— Length 1.6-1.9 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, with a distinct transverse impression just above epistoma, a weak, me- dian epistomal process indicated; surface ob- scurely reticulate in central area, becoming almost rugose-reticulate in marginal areas; punctures coarse for this genus, elongate; subglabrous. Antennal club 1.1 times as long as scape, 1.4 times as long as wide, broadly, somewhat obovate; sutures 1 and 2 almost straight; posterior face with small tuft of hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides parallel on basal half, broadly rounded in front; about a dozen weakly raised serrations on anterior margin; in- definite summit just anterior to middle; ante- rior slope moderately steep, rather finely as- perate; posterior areas strongly reticulate, sparse, very minute, shallow pmictures in- dicated. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, then arcuately converging to lateral margin of declivity, broadly rounded behind on median half; strial punctures very obscurely indicated, in- terstrial punctures obsolete, dical surface sub- reticulate, subshining. Declivity steep, broad- ly sulcate; impressed area extending from suture to about striae 1 above and striae 3 or 4 below; sutural interstriae feebly, abruptly elevated, forming a distinct, continuous crest on its lateral margin on right elytron; lateral margins increase in height gradually on up- per two-thirds, obsolete below, crest of upper half armed by two pairs of rather widely sep- arated, small, pointed denticles; all punctures obsolete; surface reticulate. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except epistom- al process forming a definite median tu- bercle; serrations on anterior margin of pro- notum larger. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 670, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a branch 3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 60 specimens. 2. Microcorthylus demissus Wood Microcorthylus demissus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:266 (Holotype, female; 6 miles or 9 km NE Teziutlan, Piiebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from debilis Wood by the smaller size, by the more shining, less strongly punctured female frons, male frons finely reticulate, and by the less strongly impressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.3-1.5 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in debilis except central half smooth, shining, punctures not elongate; an- tennal club 1.3 times as long as scape, 1.5 times as long as wide. Pronotum as in debilis except anterior margin more narrowly rounded. Elytra as in debilis except declivity less strongly impressed, lateral margins much less strongly elevated. Male.— Similar to female except frons uni- formly, finely reticulate; anterior margin of pronotum armed by six rather coarse serra- tions; declivital denticles slightly larger. Distribution.— Puebla and Costa Rica. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 1500 m, 27- VI-53, No. 45, and 2-VII-67, No. 137, Miconia. S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1.300 m. No. 7B in Boehmeria uhnifolia. No. 10 in Conostegia ocrstediana, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 54 specimens and on 9 other specimens. 3. Microcorthylus ocularis Wood Microcorthylus ocularis Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:266 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from demissus Wood by the absence of a me- dian epistoma tubercle, by the narrow frons, by the enlarged, coarsely faceted eyes, and by the slender body form. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 3.0 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1255 Frons as in demissus except mostly weakly reticulate and epistomal tubercle reduced or absent. Eyes twice as large as normal, coarsely faceted. Pronotum and elytra rather weakly reticulate. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, No. 1300 mm, 7B in Boehmeria ulmifolia. No. 10 in Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood; 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-XI-63, 1800 m. No. 248, Siparuna nicaraguensis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches 5-7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 4. Microcorthylus inermis Wood Micwcorthyhts inennis Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:267 (Holotype, female; 9 miles or 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This, species is distinguished from demissus Wood by the more strongly impressed elytral declivity, with the lateral margins abruptly but not strongly elevated, by the uniformly, finely, rugose-reticulate frons, and by the broader antennal club. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a conspicuous me- dian tubercle just above epistomal process; entire surface from epistoma to vertex ru- gose-reticulate, minute punctures almost ob- solete. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as scape, 1.3 times as long as wide; broadly obo- vate; a small tuft of setae on posterior face. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; as in debilis Wood except posterior areas much more strongly reticulate. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide; as in de- bilis except entire surface uniformly reti- culate; declivity more strongly impressed, lateral margins abruptly elevated. Male.— Similar to female except frontal punctures more distinct; antennal club slightly smaller and devoid of tuft of hair on posterior face; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum rather coarse. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-6;3, 1800 m, Nos. 199, 248, Siparuna nicaraguensis, S. L. Wood; Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 215, Guaz- uma ulmifolia. No. 218, cut seedling, S. L. Wood. PAN- AMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m, Nos. .381, 399, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches less than 4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 43 specimens. 5. Microcorthylus invalidus Wood Microcorthylus invalidus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:268 (Holotype, female; 4 miles or 6 km W Tepic, Navarit, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from demissus Wood by the more nearly reti- culate frons, by the much more deeply im- pressed elytral declivity with its margins more abruptly elevated, and by the reticulate female scutellum. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons as in demissus except reticulation more extensive in lateral areas. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; as in demissus. Elytra as in demissus except declivity much more strongly impressed; declivity about as in inermis Wood except lateral mar- gins of impressed area converge toward base at an angle of about 30 degrees (about 45 de- grees in inermis). Male.— Similar to female except frons ru- gose-reticulate, punctures minute; antennal club smaller, without tuft of hair on posterior face; anterior margin rather coarsely serrate. Distribution.— Nayarit. MEXICO: Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1000 m, Nos. 239, and 240, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut tree limbs 3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 6. Microcorthylus parvulus Ferrari Microcorthylus parvulus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer, p. 58 (Holo- type, male; Venezuela, probably Colonia Tovar; Vienna Mus.) Pterocyclon exile Eichhoff, 1878, preprint of Mem. Soc. Rov. Sci. Liege (2)8:451 (Holotype, male; Nova Grenada; Brussels Mus.); Wood, 1974. Great Ba- sin Nat. 34:283. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from demissus Wood by the steeper, more strongly, more broadly impressed elytral de- clivity, with spine 2 placed well above the middle, and by the dense, very minute, im- pressed points on the declivity that super- ficially resemble reticulation. 1256 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 1.6-1.7 mm, 2.7 times as long as wide; color light brown. Frons as in dernissus except less brightly shining, marginal areas weakly reticulate, punctures slightly smaller, more definite. An- tennal club 1.4 times as long as scape, 1.4 times as long as wide; a small tuft of long hair on posterior surface. Pronotum and elytral disc about as in de- missus, except elytral disc smooth, shining, punctures very minute to obsolete, suture dis- tinctly elevated on posterior half in most specimens. Elytral declivity very steep, much more broadly impressed than in allied spe- cies, margins abruptly elevated; surface with very dense minute points, superficially re- sembling reticulation on lower two-thirds, evidently becoming reticulate toward base; spine 2 placed slightly above middle and closer to 1 than in allied species. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club without tuft of hair; anterior margin of pronotum armed by six rather coarse serra- tions; elytra apparently slightly bicolored, punctures more definite, spine 2 slightly larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Venezuela. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- &3, 1500 ni, No. 28, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-6.3, 1300 m. No. 216, Spondias purpurea, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: "Nova Grenada," Co- lombia, Venezuela. Biology.— Specimens were taken from cut branches less than 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of parvulus and exile and on 159 other specimens. Slight variation occurs within a series in details of the frons, particu- larly the median tubercle. 7. Microcorthylus vicinus Wood Microcorthylus vicinus Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:213 (Holotype, female; 32 miles or 51 km S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minimus Schedl by the larger size, by the larger epistomal tubercle, by the more strongly reticulate elytra, and by the slightly narrower declivital impression. Female.— Length 2.0 mm (paratypes 1.5-2.0 mm), 2.9 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in minimus except epistomal tu- bercle distinctly larger and more nearly carinate. Pronotum and elytra about as in minimus except elytra strongly reticulate, strial punc- tures more distinctly indicated, declivity less strongly, more narrowly impressed, lateral elevations and ending more remote from cos- tal margin. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club without long setae on posterior face. Distribution.— Chiapas to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Chiapas: 51 km S Valle Nacional, 21-V-71, D. E. Bright; Mt. Tzontehuiz, 12-VI-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright; 13 km E San Cristobal, 6-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Oaxaca: 51 km S Valle Nacional, 21-V-71, D. E. Bright; 5 km N Suchextepec on Highway 175, 4-VI-71, 2300 m, Salix, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 66 specimens. 8. Microcorthylus minimus Schedl Microcorthylus minimus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:160 (Syntypes, females; Nova Teutonia, Santa Cata- rina, Brazil; Schedl and Plaumann colls.) Microcorthylus minutissimus Schedl, 1952, Dusenia 3;361 (Syntypes, Jamaica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from parvulus Ferrari by the stouter body form, by frontal characters, and by the less extensively impressed declivity, with spine 2 at the middle. Female.— Length 1.2-1.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons convex, a weak, transverse impres- sion on lower third, a small, pointed median tubercle just above epistomal margin; im- pressed and lateral areas rugose-reticulate, al- most smooth and shining in central area, punctures small, shallow. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as scape, 1.2 times as long as wide; subcircular in outline. Pronotum 1.15 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in parvulus. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; punctures obscure, al- most obsolete; surface subshining, almost smooth except reticulate near declivity. De- clivity very steep, rather broadly impressed much as in parvulus, surface with dense, min- ute, impressed points on lower two-thirds, becoming reticulate toward base; spine 2 at level of middle of declivity. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1257 Male.— Similar to female except antennal club without tuft of hair on posterior face; anterior margin of pronotum armed by six to eight serrations. Distribution.— aVeracruz to Panama, Ja- maica, and Brazil. MEXICO: Veracruz: 37 km N Mati'as Romero, 29-VI- 67, No. 130, tree branch, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: La Ceiba, Atlantida, 26-VIII-49, at light, E. C. Becker; Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, 700 m. No. .546, Acacia pennatiila. S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Beverley, Limon, 26-VIII-63, 7 m. No. 154, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Do- minical, Puntarenas, 9-XII-6.3, 3 m. No. 298, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, 30-VIII-63, 1.300 m. No. 160, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, .30 m. No. 319, Ser- jania, S. L. Wood. OTHER AREAS: Jamaica, Brazil. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 syntypes of minimus and one of min- utissimus, and on 59 other specimens. 9. Microcorthylus pumilus Wood Microcorthylus pmnihis Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:268 (Holotype, female; 9 miles or 15 km SE Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species differs from all preceding forms in having a continuous, sub- marginal, subacute line extending from the suture along the costal submargin to the lat- eral margin of the declivity; it is also unique in having a very broad female frons, with the mandibles proportionately lengthened. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons very broad, particularly below, broadly convex; surface very finely punc- tured, finely rugose-reticulate to upper level of eyes, smooth and shining above. Antennal club 1.1 times as long as scape, 1.3 times as long as wide; obovate, widest through suture 2; posterior face without a tuft of long hair. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, very broadly rounded in front; anterior mar- gin weakly serrate; summit indefinite, on an- terior third; anterior third finely asperate; posterior areas strongly reticulate, punctures minute, shallow. Glabrous. Elytra 1.8 times as long as wide, 1.7 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, then arcuately converging, almost straight behind on median two-thirds; strial punctures obscurely in- dicated, almost obsolete; surface reticulate. Declivity very steep, almost vertical on lower half; rather narrowly sulcate on upper third, broadly impressed below; punctures obsolete, surface reticulate; suture narrowly elevated, lateral margin of this line subacute, continued without interruption along costal submargin to lateral margin of declivity; im- pressed area somewhat heart-shaped; spines 1 and 2 almost obsolete. Glabrous except for a few hairlike setae near declivity. Male.— Similar to female except lower frons normal, not as broad; antennal club more slender; anterior margin of pronotum more strongly serrate, with 10 serrations. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, .3-VII-63, 1800 m. No. 17B, Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m. No. 10, C. oerste- diana, S. L. Wood. PANAM.\: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 376, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut branches. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 13 specimens. 10. Microcorthylus pusillus Wood Microcorthylus pusillus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:269 (Holotype, female; Buenos .\ires, Cortez, Honduras; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pumilus Wood by the larger size, by the very different frons, by the tuft of hair on the posterior face of the female antennal club, and by the larger declivital denticles. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.9 times as long as wide; color light reddish brown. Frons with lateral thirds impressed from epistoma to slightly above eyes, median third strongly elevated, attaining a rather broad summit at a level slightly below upper level of eyes; surface reticulate in impressed areas, smooth and shining on median third and on entire area above eyes. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide; a small tuft of hair on posterior face. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; about as in pumilus; 14 serrations on anterior margin. Glabrous. Elytra about 1.6 times as long as wide; 1.7 times as long as pronotum; about as in pu- milus except lower declivity narrower, and spines 1 and 2 small, but distinctly larger. 1258 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except frons broadly, rather evenly convex, with a short median carina on lower fourth, central area very slightly elevated, surface reticulate and with moderately coarse, shallow punctures; serrations on anterior margin of pronotum slightly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala to Honduras. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1300 m. No. 668, tree branch, S. L. Wood. HONDURAS: Buenos Aires, Cortez, 7-V-64, 2.300 m, No. 576B, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches less than 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 11. Microcorthylus lassus Wood Microcorthijlus lassus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:270 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all preceding species in this genus by the complete absence of an elevation on the crest of decli vital interstriae 1, and by the complete absence of sutures on the male an- tennal club; suture 1 and the ends of 2 occur in the female antennal club. Female.— Length 1.5-1.6 mm, 2.8 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in pumihis Wood except man- dibles normal. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as scape, 1.2 times as long as wide, su- ture 1 complete, 2 obsolete except at extreme margins. Pronotum and elytral disc as in pumilus. Elytral declivity essentially as in debilis Wood except interstriae 1 not elevated, its lateral crest entirely obsolete; all punctures obsolete; surface reticulate. Male.— Similar to female except sutures of antennal club obsolete (one specimen with suture 1 very feebly indicated); anterior mar- gin of pronotum armed by two, basally con- tiguous, coarse, pointed serrations. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 106, woodv vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 388, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of seven specimens. 12. Microcorthylus grandiclavatus Eggers Microcorthylus grandiclavatus Eggers, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:156 (Holotype, male; San Jose, Costa Rica; lost with Hamburg Mus.; neotype, male, Escasu, San Jose, Costa Rica; U.S. Nat. Mus., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from lassus Wood by the larger size, by the presence of a series of tubercles on declivital interstriae 1, and by the very different female frons. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, with median third convexly elevated, this smooth, shining eleva- tion commencing slightly below upper level of eyes and extending toward vertex; lower and lateral areas rugose-reticulate, with fine, sparse punctures; vestiture fine, sparse, in- conspicuous. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as scape, 1.4 times as long as wide; obscurely triangular; suture 1 weakly procurved, 2 straight, widest through distal part of seg- ment 2; without a tuft of hair on posterior face. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in pumilus Wood. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides feebly arcuate, subparallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind, narrowly, rather shallowly emarginate at suture, punctures obscure, con- fused, almost obsolete; surface reticulate. De- clivity very steep; excavation similar to but deeper than in lassus; surface reticulate, punctures obscure except striae 1 on middle half of declivity with about four to eight moderately coarse punctures, dorsomedian margin of each puncture armed by a small tubercle; upper half of lateral margin armed by two pairs of small spines as in other spe- cies. Vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Male.— Similar to female except frons al- most evenly convex, a small, median, sub- tuberculate carina at epistomal margin, sur- face entirely rugose-reticulate; anterior margin of pronotum with several serrations, median pair usually conspicuously larger; posterior third of elytral disc almost smooth, more brightly shining, tubercles on declivital striae 1 conspicuously larger, spines 1 and 2 on lateral margin slightly larger. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CoRTHYLINA 1259 Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA; Escasii, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 218, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui', 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 424, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 70 specimens. The holotype was lost in the destruction of the Hamburg Museum. Because only one spe- cies in this easily recognized South American species group occurs in Central America, from Costa Rica, and because this species is easily recognized from the description, a male was selected from the Escasu (a suburb of San Jose) series and is here designated as the neotype of grandiclavatus Eggers. The neotype fits the original description of this species precisely except that a second pair of serrations on the anterior margin of the pro- notum are almost as large as the median pair. It was selected because it exhibited other characters more clearly than did other males in the series. 13. Microcorthyhis concisus Wood Microcorthylus concisus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:270 (Holotype, female; Volcan, Puntarenas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from grandiclavatus Eggers by the smaller size, by the uniformly convex female frons, and by the less strongly impressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.6-1.8 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, a slight transverse impression just above epistoma, a short, weak, median carina at epistomal margin; central area almost smooth, lower and lateral areas rugose-reticulate, punctures fine in smooth area, slightly coarser elsewhere. An- tenna about as in grandiclavatus. Pronotum and elytra as in grandiclavatus except declivity less strongly impressed; punctures and tubercles on declivital striae 1 smaller, varying in number from zero to four. Male.— Similar to female except frons uni- formly rugose-reticulate; anterior margin of pronotum serrate, one or two median pairs larger; elytra obscurely to weakly reticulate; tubercles on declivital striae 1 larger, strial punctures almost or entirely obsolete. Distribution.- Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5-VII- 63, 1500 m. No. 35, Croton gossijpiifolius, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 14. Microcorthylus vescus Wood Microcorthylus vescus Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. .33:271 (Holotype, female; Volcan Zunil, Que- zaltenango, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concisus Wood by the larger size, by the absence of a median epistomal carina, by the more nearly strigose punctures on the frons, and by the strongly reticulate male elytra. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in concisus except epistomal tu- bercle not at all carinate; punctures and im- pressed points slightly larger and more nearly longitudinally strigose. Pronotum and elytra as in concisus except punctures on declivital striae 1 obsolete, ac- companying tubercles minute. Male.— Similar to female except frons more uniformly rugose-reticulate; anterior margin of pronotum serrate; elytral disc strongly reticulate to declivity (also in fe- male); tubercles and punctures on declivital interstriae 1 larger, but smaller than in gran- diclavatus Eggers. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan Zunil, Quezaltenango, 27-V- 64, 1000 m. No. 628, tree seedling, S. L. Wood." Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens. Genus CORTHYCYCLON Schedl Corthycyclon Schedl, 1951, Dusenia 2:128 (Type-species: Corthycyclon itstutn Schedl, monobasic) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Corthylus Erichson by the club-shaped antennal scape, by the complete absence of sutures on the antennal club, by the sub- inflated, tuberculate posterior face of the fe- male protibia, and by the apical fringe of hair on the female antennal club. 1260 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Description.— Length 1.3-2.4 mm. Distribution.— Puebla to Brazil; six spe- 2.1-2.6 times as long as wide; color very dark cies are known from Mexico and Central brown or bicolored America; a larger number of species occurs T- 11 J- u- 1 in South America. Frons sexually dimorphic, male convex, _ ^, ■^ '^ Biology.— Ihese monogamous species subglabrous, female concave from eye to eye ^^^^^ -^ recently cut or broken small from epistoma to vertex, sculpture and orna- branches of trees, shrubs, and woody vines mentation by hair simple. Eye emarginate, (lianas) about 1-4 cm in diameter. The gal- finely granulate. Antennal scape slender, lery systems are as in Corthylus. They usually club-shaped; funicle 1 -segmented, club asep- occur at elevations higher than 2000 m. tate, sutures not indicated, female club larger Notes.- Most of the South American spe- 1 t J u 1 « u • -1 <-'ies that belong to this genus were described and ornamented by long hair on apical mar- , i i , „ , ° „, , ,. . , m other genera and have not yet been trans- gm. Scutellum large, flat. Llytral disc with r j u -ru c ,. tu 1 j- •-• • u .- o b ' J terred here. The features that distinguish it punctures obscure, in rows or confused; de- f^.^^^ Brachyspartus and Corthylus have not clivity convex, conservatively sculptured. Fe- been clearly defined; it is entirely possible male protibia subinflated and finely tubercu- that these genera will intergrade in South late on posterior face. America. Key to the Species of Corthycyclon 1. Elytral declivity reticulate, punctures largely obsolete, interstriae 1 abruptly, moderately elevated; if present, granules minute and restricted to interstriae 3; female antennal club compact, 1.4-1.5 times as long as wide 2 — Elytral declivity shining, contours variously irregular, punctures in strial rows usually evident, interstriae 1 feebly if at all elevated, interstrial granules usual- ly conspicuous on several interstriae; female antennal club elongate, 1.8-2.5 times as long as wide (except 1.2 in morulum) 3 2(1). Female frons planoconcave, punctures very fine, largely obsolete; body 2.3 times as long as wide; declivital interstriae 3 with a row of very fine granules; Costa Rica; 2.0-2.1 mm 1. caliginis Wood — Female frons moderately concave, punctures rather fine, distinct, moderately abundant; body 2.1 times as long as wide; declivital interstriae 3 with a row of subgranulate punctures; Costa Rica; 1.3-1.6 mm 2. furvum Wood 3(1). Declivital interstriae 2 feebly impressed and unarmed by granules, 1 and 3 each with a row of fine granules; female antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide; Costa Rica; 2.1 mm 3. morulum Wood — Declivital interstriae 1-3 about equal in height and armed by granules; female antennal club 1.8-2.5 times as long as wide 4 4(3). Female antennal club widest on basal third, apex acutely pointed; declivital vestiture sparse, consisting of one long hair arising from each granule; declivity very steep, very broadly convex; Panama; 2.25 mm 4. ebeninum (Blandford) — Female antennal club narrowly rounded at apex, not acutely angled; declivity moderately steep, more strongly convex, its vestiture more abundant 5 5(4). Declivity with strial punctures very small, in rows, granules minute, not clearly evident, vestiture of moderately abundant short hair and sparse much longer hair (presumably on alternate interstrial rows); female antennal club sub- acuminately tapered from near basal third to apex; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5-1.7 mm 5. tardum Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1261 Strial punctures on declivity mostly obsolete, granules clearly evident, long hair more abundant than short hair; female antennal club obtusely tapered from middle; Puebla to Costa Rica; 1.8-2.4 mm 6. aztecum (Bright) 1. Corthycyclon caliginis Wood Fig. 219 Corthycyclon caliginis Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:148 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the size, by the rather strongly, continuously elevated decliv- ital interstriae 1, with 2 moderately im- pressed, and by the absence of punctures and tubercles on the declivity. Female.— Length 2.0-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons feebly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, surface reticulate except almost smooth on lower median area, punc- tures small to minute, shallow, not clearly impressed; vestiture of very fine, moderately long hair of uniform distribution, slightly longer at margins. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide; a small tuft of hair at apex. Pronotum 1.04 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by a pair of slender, median teeth; summit indefinite, slightly behind middle; anterior half closely asperate; poste- rior half reticulate, reticulation also extend- ing between asperities on anterior half, punc- tures small, moderately abundant, those near base of disc finely tuberculate on their poste- rior margins. Pubescence of fine, short, mod- erately abimdant hair. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly romided behind; disc subshining, surface with obscurely impressed lines and other minute irregularities; punctures obsolete on posterior half, very small and confused on basal half. Declivity steep, convex, except moderately sulcate on interstriae 2, 1 uniformly elevated from base to near apex; surface reticulate, punctures and granules obsolete. Vestiture largely confined to posterior third of elytra, of fine, short, confused hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons moderately convex, strongly reticulate, with fine punctures, subglabrous; antennal club without apical tuft of hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 196, woodv vine. No. 195, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of four specimens. 2. Corthycyclon furvum Wood Corthycyclon furvus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:148 (Holotype, female; Peralta, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from caliginis Wood by the smaller size, by the stouter body form, by the more deeply concave female frons, and by the row of sub- granulate punctures on declivital interstriae 3. Female.— Length 1.3-1.6 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons as in caliginis except rather deeply concave, rather strongly reticulate over en- tire surface, punctures moderately coarse, most of them distinctly impressed. Pronotum and elytra as in caliginis except declivity more finely, more uniformly reticulate and interstriae 3 with a row of subreticulate punctures. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in caliginis. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m, No. 461, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 24-X- 63, 1300 m, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from woody vines (lianas) 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 3. Corthycyclon morulum Wood Corthycyclon morulum Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:149 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago. Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the compact antennal club and by the 1262 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 characters of the elytral dechvity indicated below. Female.— Length 2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color almost black. Frons essentially as in furvum Wood ex- cept surface subreticulate, punctures rather fine, abundant, distinct, vestiture of very fine hair. Antennal club 1.2 times as long as wide. Pronotum and elytra essentlaly as in cali- ginis Wood except pronotal disc more coarsely punctured and interstriae 2 rather weakly impressed and without granules, 1 distinctly, moderately elevated, 1 and 3 each armed by a row of small, rounded, rather widely spaced granules. Vestiture sparse, confined to odd-numbered declivital inter- striae, fine, rather short. DisTRiHUTiON.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 3-VII-63, 1800 in. No. 18, Conostegia oerstediana, S. L. Wood. Biology.— The species was taken from a recently cut branch 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 4. Corthycyclon ebeninum (Blandford) Brachijspartus ebeninus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coelopt. 4(6):265 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished by the strongly acuminate female antennal club and by the very steep, broadly convex elytral declivity. Fig. 219. Corthycyclon spp., outlines of dorsal aspect, antennae, and tibiae: A, B, C, caliginus, female, D, same, male; E, F, tardus, female, G, same, male; H, aztecus, female, I, same, male. Setae omitted except on A. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1263 Female.— Length 2.25 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in morulum Wood except median fifth on lower half impunctate and glabrous, punctures on remaining area slightly larger. Antennal club 2.0 times as long as wide, widest on basal third, apex acutely pointed. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin serrate; indefinite summit in front of middle; asperities on anterior slope not as close or as high as in other species of this genus; posteri- or areas smooth, shining, punctures very small, distinct. Glabrous. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal three-fourths, very obtusely sub- angulate behind; surface almost smooth, shin- ing, a few obscure lines, punctures minute, largely confused. Declivity very steep, very broadly convex; strial punctures minute, in irregular rows; suture feebly elevated, inter- striae each with a row of very small, rounded granules; posterolateral margin weakly, sub- acutely elevated from near sutural apex to- ward interstriae 8. Vestiture of long hairs arising from declivital granules. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqiii, Chiriqui', 4-6000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 5. Corthycyclon tardum Wood Fig. 219 Corthijcyclon tardus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:149 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aztecum (Bright) by the smaller size, by the smaller declivital granules, by the more abundant short and sparse long declivital hair, and by the female antennal club. Female.— Length 1.5-1.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons about as in morulum Wood except obscurely reticulate, punctures smaller, me- dian half of epistomal margin transversely carinate. Antennal club 2.5 times as long as wide, tapered from basal third to apex; apex ornamented by a tuft of about two or three long hairs. Pronotum and elytral disc as in morulum. except pronotal disc with punctures minute, almost obsolete. Elytral declivity steep, con- vex; interstriae 1 feebly if at all elevated, strial punctures minute to obsolete; surface shining; with numerous very minute, con- fused punctures, those bearing short hair of- ten minutely granulate, particularly near base of declivity, interstriae 1 and 3 each bearing a few slightly larger granules at bases of longest setae. Vestiture confined to decliv- ity, of moderately abundant fine, short hair and sparse rows of long hair on odd-num- bered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club less than twice as long as wide, without long hair. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-6.3, 1800 m. No. 197, Siparuna nicaraguensis, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 6-IX-63, 2500 m, No. 169, Vacci- nium consaguineiim, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, 26-VII-66, 1000 m, No. .33, Cecropia petiole, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 6. Corthycyclon aztecum (Bright) Fig. 219 Corthijlus aztectis Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1374 (Holotype, female; 5.6 km or 3.5 miles S Such- ixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tardum Wood by characters mentioned in the above key and in the following description. Female.— Length 1.8-2.4 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; newly emerged specimens bico- lored, with anterior half of pronotum and posterior half of elytra dark brown, remain- ing areas yellowish brown, older specimens uniformly dark brown. Frons as in tardus except punctures very small, hair on margins much longer than that in concave area. Antennal club 1.8 times as long as wide, arcuately tapered from middle to apex; tuft of hair arising from margin of apical third. Pronotum and elytra as in tardum except declivital granules larger on all interstriae (variable). Vestiture largely confined to 1264 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 declivity, of sparse short hair and shghtly more abundant long hair; long hair on all interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in tardum. Distribution.— Puebla to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas: 13 km NE San Cristobal de las Casas, 15-V-69, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 1600 m, 27-VI-53, 2-VII-67, No. 148, Miconia, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 5.6 km S Suchixtepec, 2-VI-71, 2600 m, D. E. Bright. COSTA RIC.'^: 16 km SE Cartago, Car- tage, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 196, woody vine, No. 199, Siparuna nicaragtiensis. No. 202, Miconia dodecandra, S. L. Wood; Volcan Irazu, Cartago, 28-VI-63, 2700 m. No. 2, Bocconia frutescens. No. 4, Oreopanax xalapense, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 6-IX-63, 1300 m. No. 169, Vacciniuni consangiiineinn, S. L. Wood; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, l-Vin-66, 3000 m. No. 46, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species was taken from stems 1-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype, on 2 paratypes, and on 105 other specimens. The elytral declivity of this species is vari- able within and between series. In most spec- imens the strial punctures are obsolete and the interstrial tubercles are in definite rows. In others, small strial punctures are present, some or all of which may be finely to rather coarsely tuberculate. In part of the type series part of the tubercles on interstriae 2 were absent. In the material at hand I see no clines or other means of subdividing this species. Genus CORTHYLOCURUS Wood Corthylocurus Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:18 (Type-species: Brachyspartus harbatus Blandford, original designation) Diagnosis.— This genus is distinguished from Corthijlus Erichson by a combination of characters: the distintive female frons, the antennal club that has two almost straight su- tiu-es and a different tuft of hair on the poste- rior face in the female, the inflated and tu- berculate posterior face of the female protibia, and the somewhat different elytral declivity. Description.— Length 1.5-2.8 mm, 2.1-2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to light brown. Frons sexually dimorphic, male convex, fe- male longitudinally bi- or trisulcate to deeply concave and with a pair of conspicuous lon- gitudinal, carinae. Eye emarginate; rather coarsely faceted. Scape slender, club shaped; funicle 1-segmented; club large, flat, with two straight or feebly procurved sutures, pos- terior face with a tuft of hair arising from at least one-third of surface near apex. Pro- notum about as in Corthylus. Scutellum large, flat. Elytra with punctures confused or in strial rows; declivity weakly to strongly sul- cate, conservatively sculptured. Female pro- tibiae modestly inflated, with several small, confused tubercles. Distribution.— Nayarit and Puebla to Brazil; six species occur in North and Central America; a larger number of species occurs in South America, but most of them have not yet been transferred to this genus. Biology.— These monogamous species breed in small branches where they construct tunnels similar to those of Corthylus, al- though the spiral galleries predominate. A peculiar habit was noted in some speci- mens of barbatus (Blandford) and in two un- named similar South American species. The barbatus entrance hole was located 5-10 mm above or below the entrance hole of Cor- thylus concisus. Wood. After the gallery sys- tems of both species were nearly complete, but before oviposition commenced, the bar- batus female bored into the Corthylus gallery and either evicted or apparently killed the Corthylus, then plugged the Corthylus en- trance hole with frass and produced brood in both systems of tunnels. Because the spacing of the entrance holes was abnormally close in dozens of instances, this appeared to be a normal habit of at least some species in this genus. Notes.— A thorough review of South American Corthylini might indicate the ne- cessity of combining this distinctive group of species with Corthylus. Nevertheless, as pres- ently understood it appears to have an inde- pendent origin sufficiently remote to justify separate generic status. Five additional spe- cies were taken in Venezuela and at least four others have been named in various gen- era from other South American localities, thus suggesting that much more remains to be learned about this genus. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1265 Key to the Species of Corthylocurus 1. Female frons longitudinally bi- or trisulcate, vertex not ornamented by a dense tiift of long hair; male declivity without an acutely elevated posterolateral margin diverging from costal margin; smaller species 2 — Female frons rather deeply concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, epistoma bearing a pair of curls of long hair, vertex ornamented by a dense brush of long plumose hair; male declivity with an acutely elevated post- erolateral margin extending from costal margin near sutural apex toward interstriae 8; larger species 5 2(1). Smaller species; elytral disc shining, strial punctures minute, in distinct rows; female frons less strongly impressed to upper level of eyes or less, sulci and ca- rinae obscurely developed, vestiture mostly very short and more generally distributed 3 — Larger species; elytral disc with punctures larger, confused at least on basal half; female frons with sulci strongly to very strongly impressed to upper level of eyes or higher, carinae rather strongly, subacutely developed, vestiture in approximate rows or greatly reduced in distribution 4 3(2). Frons narrow, 1.3 times as wide as long; impressed area on female frons ending well below upper level of eyes, lateral areas shallowly impressed and orna- mented by very short, stout setae over entire impressed area, narrow median line weakly elevated, shining, very narrowly divided throughout its length by a fine, impressed, median line; declivital interstriae 3 with granules almost obsolete; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.5 mm 1. debilis Wood — Frons rather broad, 1.7 times as wide as long; impressed area on female frons feebly indicated and glabrous on lateral thirds to upper level of eyes, sulcus on median sixth moderately deep, glabrous, with longitudinal carinae on its mar- gins feebly elevated and marked at dorsal end by a small rounded tubercle, ca- rinae bearing numerous very short, stout setae; granules on declivital interstriae 3 minute; Nayarit to Morelos; 1.8-1.9 mm 2. aguacatensis (Schedl) 4(2). Body rather slender, 2.5 times as long as wide; elytral disc shining, strial punc- tures essentially in rows on posterior half; female lateral frontal sulci glabrous, extending to slightly above eyes, carinae subparallel, dividing frons into almost equal thirds, entire length of margins of carinae with moderately long hair; de- clivity narrowly, rather weakly bisulcate, granules on interstriae 3 very small; Veracruz to Panama; 1.8-2.0 mm 3. mexicanus (Schedl) — Body stout, 2.1 times as long as wide; elytral disc reticulate, punctures con- fused; female frons with strongly impressed, glabrous lateral sulci extending well above eyes, carinae on lower half on strongly elevated median fourth, sub- contiguous, moderately diverging above, lower end of median elevated area ornamented by a dense tuft of rather short setae, a small, similar tuft of hair on each mandible; declivity moderately, rather broadly sulcate, lateral convexities armed by two pairs of small, pointed tubercles; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.8 mm 4. costaricensis (Schedl) 5(1). Female frons slightly less strongly concave, median pair of parallel carinae abruptly, rather strongly elevated from slightly above epistomal area to vertex, paired curls of hair on epistoma larger, longer, reddish; declivital sulcus nar- rower, not as deep, tubercles on lateral margins smaller; Chiapas to Costa Rica; 2.0-2.2 mm 5. cincinnatus Bright 1266 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female frons more strongly convex, median carina largely obsolete on lower half, dividing slightly above middle into low, diverging carinae to vertex, paired curls of hair on epistoma smaller, shorter, yellow; declivital sulcus deep- er, wider, tubercles on lateral convexities slightly larger; Puebla to Panama; 2.1-2.5 mm 6. barbatus (Blandford) 1. Corthylocurus debilis Wood Fig. 220 Corthylocurus debilis Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:150 (Holotvpe, female; Beverley, Linion, Cos- ta Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aguacatensis (Schedl) by the characters of the female frons and elytral declivity as in- dicated below. Female.— Length 1.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frontal area narrow for this genus, 1.3 times as wide as long, somewhat shallowly, biconcavely impressed on quadrate area from epistoma to about three-fourths distance to upper level of eyes; narrow median line sharply impressed, its lateral margins shining, weakly elevated, lateral impressed area cov- ered by rather dense, very short, stout setae, those near median line apparently on a spongy area; upper areas convex, reticulate, glabrous. Antennal club large, broadly obo- vate, 1.2 times as long as wide; tuft of hair on posterior face very poorly developed. Pronotum and elytra as in aguacatensis ex- cept elytral declivity more brightly shining, very feebly sulcate, and granules on inter- striae 3 obsolete. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex and devoid of special sculpture, reti- culate, sparsely punctured, subglabrous; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by six serra- tions, median pair much longer. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Beverley, Limon, 26-VII1-63, 7 m, No. 1.54, woody vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, .30 m. No. 319, Serjania, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from woody vines 1 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and allotype. 2. Corthylocurus aguacatensis (Schedl) Fig. 220 Metacorthylus aguacatensis Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:357 (Syntypes; Xochitlan, Morelos; Mexico; Schedl and Dampf colls.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from debilis Wood by the larger size and by the characters of the female frons and decliv- ity indicated below. Female.— Length 1.8-1.9 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons similar to debilis except lateral areas less distinctly concave, extending to upper level of eyes; median sulcus occupying me- dian fifth of area between eyes to upper level of eyes, much deeper spongy areas on its margins weakly elevated and larger and more conspicuous than in debilis, their upper limits marked by a pair of small tubercles; median half of lateral impressed area with abundant, very short, stout setae as in debilis, its lateral half glabrous, several long setae at point of transition. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin with about 10 weak, contiguous ser- rations; summit indefinite, anterior to middle; anterior slope with coarse, low aspe- rities; entire surface reticulate except for as- perities; punctures on posterior areas obso- lete. Glabrous. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc almost smooth, shining, punctures minute, mostly distinct, in strial rows. Declivity convex, steep; sutural inter- striae feebly elevated, interstriae 3 with about three fine, rounded granules; strial punctures minute, very obscurely indicated; surface subreticulate. Vestiture confined to declivity, of very sparse, rather short, stout, interstrial hair. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in aguacatensis. Distribution.— Nayarit to Morelos. MEXICO: Michoacan: Putuan, l-XI-80, Spondia inombin, T. H. Atkinson. Morelos: Xochitlan, VIII-37, M. F. 6130A, en troncos de aguacate. Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13-VII-65, 1000 m. No. 240, tree branches, S. L. Wood. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1267 Biology.— My specimens were taken from branches 1-2 cm in diameter. The record from the bole of avocado quoted by Schedl in the original description is an obvious error unless very small seedlings were involved. Notes.— The original description mentions only the male but appears to apply to the female. The Schedl collection contains a male "holotype" and a female "holotype," al- though the original description indicates the type series was syntypic. Both of Schedl's "holotypes" were compared directly to my male and female on which the above treat- ment was based. Ten specimens were examined. Fig. 220. Corthyhcurus spp., female heads and declivities: A, B, dehilis; C, D, aguatatensis; E, F, costaricensis; G, H, mexicanus; 1, cincinnatus; J, K, barbatus. 1268 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 3. Corthylocurus mexicanus (Schedl) Fig. 220 Brachysparttis mexicanus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:163 (Holotype, male; Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Corthyliis cylindricus Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:164 (Holotype, female; Jalapa, Veracruz, Mex- ico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:279. Synonymy Corthylus anomalus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1378 (Holotype, female; 5.6 km or 3.5 miles S Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1973, Great Basin Nat. 33:175. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from aguacatensis (Schedl) by the characters of the female frons and elytral declivity men- tioned below, and by the more confused punctures on the basal half of the elytral disc. Female.— Length 1.9-2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons from epistoma to slightly above up- per level of eyes rather deeply, equally di- vided into three longitudinal sulci by a pair of rather strongly elevated, parallel, sub- acute, longitudinal carinae; lateral sulci smooth, shining, glabrous; median sulcus ob- tusely angulate at its deepest point; carinae each with a row of moderately long hair on both lateral and mesal margins; head above eyes reticulate. Antennal club moderately asymmetrical; but essentially as in debilis Wood. Pronotum and elytra as in aguacatensis ex- cept punctures on basal half of elytral disc confused and elytral declivity moderately, rather narrowly sulcate, interstriae 2 narrow- ly, rather deeply impressed, lateral con- vexities higher than suture and armed by granules as in aguacatensis. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in debilis. Distribution.— Veracruz to Panama. MEXICO: Chiapas: Comitan. Oaxaca: 5.6 km S Such- ixtepec, 2-VI-71, 2600 m. Arbutus, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, woody vine. No. 137 in Miconia, No. 142 in Rubus, S. L. Wood. Vera- cruz: 25 km NW Jalapa, 29-VI-53, 2100 m, S. L. Wood; Jalapa. GUATEMALA: Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m, No. 538, anonillo, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agua, Es- quintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 615 in Acacia, No. 592 in tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan Pacaya, l-VI-64, 1.300 m. No. 660, tree branch, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: 7 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 3-VII-63, 1500 m. No. 14, Rhus, S. L. Wood; San Ignacio de Acosta, San Jose, 5- VII-63, 1500 m. No. 28, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, 9-X-63, 1.300 m. No. 229, tree branch, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, ll-I- 63, 1600 m. No. 315 in Inga, No. 376 in tree branch. No. 385 in woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of mexicanus, cylindricus, and anornalus and on 49 other specimens. 4. Corthylocurus costaricensis (Schedl) Fig. 220 Microcorthylus costaricensis Schedl, 1936, Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg., Rio de Janeiro 3:108 (Holotype, fe- male; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from other representatives of the genus by the stout body form, by the unique female frons, and by the strongly impressed elytral declivity. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons with lateral thirds very strongly sul- cate from epistoma to vertex, glabrous; me- dian fourth strongly elevated, its summit deeply, abruptly sulcate, sulcus with a very narrow, -.acute carina, its height not attaining level of lateral margins of sulcus, sulcus di- lates and disappears on vertex; carina termir nates before sulcus ends; lower end of median elevation ornamented by a dense brush of rather short, subplumose setae; each man- dible with a similar tuft of setae. Antennal club subtriangular, wider than long. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; similar to aguacatensis except more finely sculp- tured and anterior margins more narrowly rounded. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.05 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, very broadly rounded behind, disc strongly reticulate, ob- scure punctures confused. Declivity very steep, strongly, subtriangularly sulcate some- what as in Microcorthylus; surface reticulate, obscure punctures confused; lateral con- vexities on upper half much higher than su- ture, rounded, armed by two pairs of small, pointed denticles, 1 near base, 2 at middle of declivity and more widely spaced than 1. Subglabrous. Male.— Simliar to female except sexual differences as in debilis. Distribution.— Costa Rica, 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1269 COSTA RICA: Turrialba, Cartago, 800 m, Schild; Puerto Viejo, Heredia, 12-III-64, 70 m. No. 477, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Finca Groniaco on Ri'o Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VII-63, 500 m. No. 64, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Ri'o Tempisque, Guanacaste, 25-III-64, 15 m, No. 503, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 42 other specimens. 5. Corthylocurus cincinnatus Bright Fig. 220 Corthylocurus cincinnatus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1379 (Holotype, female; 21 km or 13 miles N Ocozoautla, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from barbatus (Blandford) by characters on the female head and on the elytral dechvity as described below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons as in barbatus except less deeply concave, lateral margins on lower half straight and moderately converging orad, median carinae on upper two-thirds of con- cave area parallel, abruptly, strongly ele- vated, not diverging from one another near vertex, subglandular area on margins of lower half forming a narrow band (one-eighth as wide as greatest width of concave area) along mesal side of lateral margin from just above upper level of eye to base of epistomal curl of hair, their appearance shiny, not spongy; epistoma with a pair of thick curls of very long reddish hair; upper margin of concave area ornamented by a brush of long, plumose, yellow hair. Pronotum and elytra as in barbatus except elytral declivity slightly more narrowly, less strongly sulcate, and lateral denticles smaller. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in barbatus. Distribution.— Chiapas to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas: 21 km N Ocozoautla, 2-V11-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 m. No. 106, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 12 other specimens. 6. Corthylocurus barbatus (Blandford) Fig. 220 Brachyspartus barbatus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):265 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiqinn', Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cincinnatus Bright by the characters on the female frons and on the elytral declivity mentioned below. Female.— Length 2.1-2.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. Frons very deeply, subcircularly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex, lat- eral margins arcuate, one feebly elevated me- dian carina on middle third; it then divides into two distinct diverging carinae to vertex (height and point of divergence variable within series); subglandular area appearing spongy and occupying lateral fifth of concave area from well above eye to base of epistom- al curl, extending to median line near base of curl in some specimens; epistomal curl about half as thick as in cincinnatus and con- spicuously shorter, of yellow hair; brush of plumose hair on vertex slightly longer than in cincinnatus and more extensive. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, asymmetric- ally oval; tuft of hair on posterior face poorly developed. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; essen- tially as in debilis Wood. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; disc rather weakly reticulate, punc- tures small, shallow, poorly formed, confused. Declivity steep, rather strongly sulcate; sul- cus deeper and wider than in cincinnatus; su- tural interstriae feebly elevated, 2 narrowly impressed above, very broadly impressed be- low, lateral convexities rounded, much higher than suture, crest armed by two to six tu- bercles (two usually dominant), tubercles slightly larger than in cincinnatus. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in debilis; in addition, post- erolateral margin of declivity weakly, acutely elevated from sutural apex toward interstriae 8; declivital sulcus less strongly impressed, lateral denticles usually slightly smaller. Distribution.— Puebla to Panama. 1270 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 MEXICO: Oaxaca; 9 km S Valle Nacional, 8-V-71, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, No. 137, Miconia, No. 149, tree branch, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Escasu, San Jose, 2-X-63, 1300 m. No. 216, Spondias purpurea. No. 218, tree seedhng, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m, No. 10, Con- ostegia oerstediana. No. 106, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-4 cm in diameter. The "parasitic" habit described above for the genus applies to this species. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 82 other specimens. My Tapanti, Costa Rica (No. 1963-106), collection contained a mixture of barbatus and cincinnatus. The very subtle differences between these species was interpreted as in- dividual variation within one species until the two patterns of "glandular" microtorichia on the female frons were seen. This character then indicated that several other less con- spicuous features had taxonomic significance and that cincinnatus is a valid species, con- trary to an earlier opinion (Wood 1973:175). Genus CORTHYLUS Erichson Corthylus Erichson, 1836, Archiv Naturgesch. 2(1):64 (Type-species: Bostrichus compressicornis Fabri- cius, subsequent designation through monotypy by Ferrari, 1867) Morizus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadhchen Borkenkafer, p. 69 (Type- species: Morizus excisus Ferrari, monobasic); Eichhoff, 1870, Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 13:300. Synonymy Pseudocorthylus Ferrari, 1867, Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadhchen Borkenkafer, p. 59 (Type species: Pseudocorthylus letzneri Ferrari, sub- sequent designation by Hopkins, 1914, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:128); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:511. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This difficult genus is distin- guished from other members of the tribe by the 1 -segmented antennal funicle, by the dis- tinctive, asymmetrical antennal club, by the entire elytra, by the simple, transverse, pro- thoracic precoxal piece, by the subquadrate (or triangular) antennal scape, and by the dis- tinctive combination of characters on the protibia and elytral declivity. Description.— Length 1.2-4.3 mm, 2.0-2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown to black, several species bicolored. Frons sexually dimorphic, males convex and subglabrous, females flat to strongly con- cave and subglabrous to elaborately ornamented by setae. Eye emarginae; finely to very coarsely faceted. Antennal club sex- ually dimorphic, males moderately large, slightly asymmetrical, and without special- ized tufts of hair, female club moderately to very large, strongly to very strongly asym- metrical, lateral margin of posterior face usu- ally ornamented by a pennicellate tuft of hair; one to three sutures usually present, 1 often partly or entirely septate. Pronotum as long or longer than wide, lateral margins usu- ally marked by a fine raised line (several ex- ceptions); anterior margin usually with sever- al serrations in female, male usually with one pair of median serrations. Scutellum large, flat. Elytral disc finely sculptured, punctures almost always confused; declivity convex, sul- cate, or truncate, small denticles present in a few species. Vestiture usually confined to head and elytral declivity. Female protibia with posterior face flat and smooth or inflat- ed and variously tuberculate. Distribution.— SE Canada to Argentina; about 90 species are known, 56 of them oc- curring in North and Central America. Biology.— Recently cut or broken limbs are usually selected for attack, although co- lumbianus Hopkins may breed in the bole of living trees without killing them. The male forms the entrance tunnel and at least part of one or both egg galleries. The female then joins him and completes the two transverse egg galleries that extend in opposite direc- tions along growth rings about 5-10 mm be- low the wood surface. In many species these tunnels may meet on the opposite side of the branch, thus forming a continuous circular ring. In smaller stems the egg galleries follow opposite spiral courses upward and down- ward from the inner end of the entrance tun- nel. Both types of galleries may occur in the same species. In all tropical species observed by me the female formed the complete larval cradle. The cradle was then inoculated with the ambrosial fungus on which an egg was deposited near the open end. The mycelial growth then sealed the opening, apparently with the aid of mycelial material or frass placed at the opening by the parent beetle. After hatching, the larva assumed a U-shape and fed largely near the cradle opening and passed excrement into the parental gallery. The larva apparently was free to feed 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1271 throughout the larval cradle. Pupae always cradle. Emergence was through the parental formed with the head at the open end of the entrance hole. Key to the Species of Corthylus 1. Posterolateral margin of elytral declivity broadly rounded, occasionally feebly elevated near costal margin; if elevated, then crest of this carina more weakly raised than costal margin and with median side of crest flat or convex; a weak declivital sulcus, if present, not extending laterally beyond interstriae 3 2 — Posterolateral margin of declivity moderately to rather strongly elevated, crest higher than elevation on costal margin, its mesal slope concavely impressed; declivity more broadly impressed, often dentate; cirrus on female antennal club commonly very long (absent in a few species); anterior tibiae with posterior face usually inflated and/or dentate (except uniceptis, triicis, luridus) 31 2(1). Posterolateral margin of elytral declivity broadly rounded, without any indication of an abrupt elevation; mostly smaller species 3 — Posterolateral margin of elytral declivity with an abrupt, weakly elevated ridge extending dorsad from costal margin a short distance; mostly larger species 19 3(2). Antennal club entirely aseptate or with a short, partial septum on mesal or lateral third of suture 1, suture 2 rarely indicated by a groove, never septate 4 — Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 indicated by parallel grooves, 1 septate throughout, 2 sometimes septate (except 2 neither grooved nor septate in comosus) 13 4(3). Antennal club completely aseptate (males of jetusus sometimes very finely septate) 5 — Antennal club with a partial septum on mesal end (or in some males also lateral third) of suture 1 9 5(4). Fine raised line on basal margin of pronotum continued to lateral and anterior margins without interruption; anterior slope and anterior margin on female pronotum unarmed; elytral declivity simple, without elevations, impressions, or conspicuous punctures; Costa Rica and Venezuela; Cecropia leaf petioles; 2.0-2.5 mm 1. cecropii Wood — Raised basal line not reaching anterior margin of pronotum; anterior slope and anterior margin of female pronotum armed by asperities; elytral declivity with interstriae 1 strongly convex, 2 impressed, punctures and granules conspicuous 6 6(5). Declivital interstriae 2 as wide as 3 and bearing a row of punctures or tubercles 7 — Declivital interstriae 2 impressed, narrow, without punctures or granules 8 7(6). Declivital interstriae 2 not impressed, with a row of minutely granulate seti- ferous punctures; strial punctures on declivity small; interstriae punctured; Costa Rica; 2.0 mm 2. granulifer Wood — Declivital interstriae 2 impressed, 2 and lateral interstriae each bearing a row of small tubercles; strial punctures on declivity distinctly larger; declivity steeper; Costa Rica; 2.2-2.4 mm 3. retusus Wood 8(6). Declivital interstriae 2 very narrow, essentially obsolete; female frons with ex- cavated area 1.8 times as long as wide, punctures in excavated area much smaller, spaced by more than twice diameter of a puncture, vestiture in excavated area minute, sparse; Costa Rica; 1.7-2.0 mm 4. retusifer Wood 1272 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivital interstriae 2 moderately narrow, less deeply impressed; female frons with excavated area 1.5 times as long as wide, punctures in concave area coarse, deep, close, spaced by diameter of a puncture; Puebla to Costa Rica; 1.7-2.2 mm 5. villus Bright 9(4). Female frons rather shallowly concave from epistoma to upper level of eyes; antennal club moderately asymmetrical, without external grooves; declivity with abundant pubescence; very small species 10 — Female frons strongly, broadly concave to well above eyes; antennal club strongly asymmetrical, with conspicuous grooves in positions of sutures 1 and 2; larger species 11 10(9). Entire declivital area finely, densely punctured, and covered by abundant, short, hairlike setae, interstriae 1 not elevated; female frons coarsely, deeply punctured; elytral disc shining, not reticulate; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.4-1.7 mm 6. villifer Wood — Declivital area less densely, less deeply punctured, interstriae 1 strongly ele- vated; female frons finely, sparsely punctured; eyes very coarsely faceted; ely- tral disc dull, strongly reticulate; declivital interstriae 3 with a row of bristles; Costa Rica; 1.0-1.2 mm 7. oculatus Wood 11(9). Declivity evenly convex, strial punctures obsolete, interstriae indicated by sparse rows of minute granules on 1-3; color imiformly brown; Costa Rica; 2.4 mm 8. bifurcus Schedl — Declivital interstriae 2 distinctly impressed and entirely devoid of granules, punctures on striae 1 and 2 reduced but visible, bicolored 12 12(11). Strial punctures on posterior half of disc and declivity small, distinct, in rows; interstriae on declivity with rows of granules; female frontal excavation more coarsely punctured; Costa Rica; Bamboo; 2.5-2.9 mm 9. calamarius Wood — Strial punctures on disc and declivity obsolete, decivital granules not evident or exceedingly minute; female frons more finely punctured; Costa Rica; Bamboo; 2.5-2.8 mm 10. cannularius Wood 13(3). Elytral declivity with interstriae 1-3 unarmed, 3 occasionally with minute granules, 2 moderately impressed 14 — Declivital interstriae 1-3 each armed by a row of granules, 2 only slightly impressed; female frons with a large median callus at vertex 18 14(13). Punctures on elytral disc only slightly larger than those on pronotal disc; elytra brown; smaller species 15 — Punctures on elytral disc several times larger than those on pronotal disc; elytra black; larger species 16 15(14). Antennal club with suture 2 obsolete; female frons more extensively excavated, at least a third of its area above eyes; posterior third of elytra densely pubescent; Costa Rica; Piper; 2.5-2.8 mm 11. comosus Wood — Antennal club with sutures 1 and 2 clearly marked; female frons less exten- sively excavated, extending only slightly above eyes; posterior third of elytra very sparsely pubescent; Guatemala to Panama; 1.8-2.1 mm 12. collaris Blandford 16(14). Pronotum black; strial punctures on declivity minute, interstriae at least six times as wide as striae; female frons more shallowly concave, a feeble median carina near and on epistoma, a median callus near vertex; Costa Rica; 2.7-3.0 mm 13. simplex Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1273 — Pronotum reddish brown, strial punctures on declivity larger, interstriae about three times as wide as striae; female frons more deeply concave, without any indication of a carina near epistoma or on vertex 17 17(16). Declivital sulcus less deeply impressed, punctures slightly smaller; female frons with punctures much less abundant, interspaces irregular but averaging more than twice diameter of a puncture, vestiture very fine, less abundant, shorter; apex of female antennal club more broadly rounded, minutely sinuate, cirrus short, ending remote from apex of club; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.5-3.0 mm 14. rubricollis Blandford — Declivital sulcus more deeply impressed, punctures larger; female frons more densely punctured, interspaces averaging less than diameter of a puncture, ves- titure coarser, longer, much more abundant; apex of female club more narrow- ly rounded, with about three to five serrations, cirrus attaining apex of club; Costa Rica; 2.8-3.0 mm 15. sanguineus Schedl 18(13). Elytra stouter, 1.1 times as long as wide; strial punctures on declivity very fine, interstrial tubercles smaller; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.8-3.0 mm 16. panamensis Blandford — Elytra more slender, 1.3 times as long as wide; strial punctures on declivity larger, interstrial tubercles larger; Puebla to Guatemala; 2.5-2.8 mm 17. consimilis Wood 19(2). Elytral declivity convex, strial and interstrial punctures confused or at least with interstriae 2 punctured, interstriae 3 rarely granulate; larger than 3 mm 20 — Declivital interstriae 2 impressed and impunctate, punctures of striae 1 and 2 in rows, interstriae 3 sometimes granulate (doubtful species smaller than 3 mm) .... 25 20(19). Female antennal club moderately asymmetrical, sutures 1 and 2 almost straight, 1 and sometimes 2 finely septate; unicolorous; in various hosts 21 — Female antennal club strongly asymmetrical, suture 1 moderately, 2 rather strongly procurved, both aseptate; bicolored brown and dark brown; in bamboo 24 21(20). Elytral punctures on disc and declivity very small, only slightly larger than those on pronotal disc; Michoacan and Distrito Federal to Chiapas; 4.0-4.3 mm 18. nudus Schedl — Elytral punctures rather coarse, much larger than on pronotal disc; smaller species 22 22(21). Body stouter, 2.06 times as long as wide; female frons with margin of concave area narrowly separated from inner margin of eye, its lateral margin devoid of a tuberculate callus just above level of antennal insertion; Costa Rica; 3.1 mm 19. granulatus Schedl — Body more slender, at least 2.2 times as long as wide; female frons with lateral margin of concavity at inner margin of eye, with a conspicuous tuberculate callus at margin slightly above level of antennal insertion 23 23(22). Elytral declivity less strongly convex; declivital punctures smaller, not as deep, interstriae 2 at least six times as wide as a puncture; Distrito Federal and Mexico (state) to El Salvador; 3.3-3.6 mm 20. fuscus Blandford — Elytral declivity more strongly convex; declivital punctures much larger, deep- er, interstriae 2 about three times as wide as a puncture; Colorado and Ontario to Arkansas and North Carolina; 3.0-3.3 mm 21. punctatissimus (Zimmermann) 1274 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 24(20). Anterior margin of pronotum coarsely serrate, median pair larger in male; setae on interstriae 8 and 9 sparse and shorter on basal half of elytra; Costa Rica; Bamboo; 3.0-3.3 mm 22. brunnescens Wood — Anterior margin of pronotum weakly serrate except median pair coarse in male; basal half of elytra with rather abundant, long hair on interstriae 8-10; Costa Rica; Bamboo; 3.7-4.0 mm 23. calamicolens Wood 25(19). Female antenna with cirrus extending to or very slightly beyond apex of club; declivital sulcus very weakly impressed; Puebla to Panama; 2.3-3.4 mm 24. comatus Blandford — Female antenna either without cirrus or cirrus poorly developed, ending well before apex of club; declivital sulcus more strongly impressed 26 26(25). Declivital interstriae 1 entirely devoid of granules; female antenna with a small, distinct cirrus on posterior face of club; smaller species 27 — Declivital interstriae 1 with a row of fine granules; female antennal club without a cirrus; larger species 29 27(26). Declivital interstriae 1 more strongly convex, as high as lateral convexities; fe- male frons narrower, distance from upper level of eyes to epistoma equal to distance between eyes, lateral margin from eye to level of antennal insertion subacutely elevated, surface of concavity much more coarsely, more sparsely punctured, vestiture in concave area less abundant, very fine; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.7-3.1 mm 25. strigilis Wood — Lateral convexities of declivity much higher than sutural interstriae; female frons wider, distance from upper margin of eye to epistoma distinctly less than distance between eyes, lateral margins rounded, concave area densely, finely punctured, vestiture much more abundant 28 28(27). Declivital sulcus more strongly impressed, wider, including entire width of in- terstriae 2; sutures of antennal club straight in male, feebly, equally arcuate in female; Guatemala; 2.5-2.6 mm 26. diligens Wood — Declivital sulcus shallow, narrow, ascending laterally from striae 1; sutures of antennal club weakly arcuate in male, in female 1 weakly, 2 much more strongly arcuate; Costa Rica; 3.4-3.5 mm 27. zelus Wood 29(26). Body stout, 2.0 times as long as wide; declivital striae 1 and 2 with punctures larger, deeper, interstriae 2 more strongly impressed; female frons with a me- dian subcarinate, impunctate callus from epistoma to vertex; female antennal club with apical margin straight, median apical angle more abruptly rounded; Panama; 3.9-4.2 mm 28. ptyocerus Blandford — Body more slender, at least 2.2 times as long as wide; declivital punctures on striae 1 and 2 smaller, not as deep, interstriae 2 less strongly impressed; female frons without a median elevation; apical margin of female antennal club arcuate 30 30(29). Elytral declivity more strongly convex, strial punctures larger, deeper; declivi- tal interstriae 2 less strongly impressed, much narrower than 1 or 3; punctures on pronotal disc larger, distinct; apical margin of female antennal club entire, almost smooth; Kansas and Massachusetts to Tennessee and Georgia; 3.6-3.8 mm 29. columbianus Hopkins — Elytral declivity more broadly convex, strial punctures very small, shallow; de- clivital interstriae 2 more strongly impressed, as wide as 1 or 3; punctures on pronotal disc minute to obsolete; apical margin of female antennal club sub- serrate, its posterior side armed by several small tubercles; Puebla to Oaxaca; 3.4-3.9 mm 30. concavus Bright 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1275 31(1). Small species less than 1.8 mm in length; posterior face of anterior tibia mod- erately inflated and armed by a few minute, confused tubercles; declivital structure rather simple except truncate in trunculus; suture 1 on antennal club septate (if doubtful, trunculus, female frons convex) 32 — Species larger than 2.3 mm (except pygmaeus); either size much larger than 2.3 mm or else all tubercles on posterior face of protibia in a longitudinal row 36 32(31). Elytral declivity abruptly truncate, a small tooth on its basal margin in position of interstriae 3; sutures on female antennal club very strongly procurved; fe- male frons broadly convex, ornamented by abundant, uniformly distributed, fine, long hair; Costa Rica to Panama; 1.3-1.4 mm 31. trunculus Wood — Elytral declivity convex, its margin rounded on upper three-fourths; sutures on female antennal club weakly procurved; female frons concave 33 33(32). Body more slender, 2.4 times as long as wide; elytral declivity very steep, broadly concave, interstriae 1 very strongly elevated; Veracruz; 1.4 mm 32. suturifer Schedl — Body stouter, 2.2-2.3 times as long as wide (except 2.5 in nanus); declivity more gradual, more strongly convex, interstriae 1 less strongly elevated, wider than high 34 34(33). Declivity bisulcate, interstriae 1 narrowly, abruptly elevated, 2 conspicuously impressed, 3 broadly rounded, as high as 1; female frons narrower than width of an eye, very shallowly impressed below upper level of eyes; Honduras; 1.3-1.4 mm 33. minimus Wood — Declivity evenly convex, interstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 not impressed; female frons at least twice as wide as width of an eye, strongly concave from epistoma to vertex 35 35(34). Declivity with interstriae 2 entirely unarmed; female frons with margins rounded, concavity with abundant, moderately long hair; Panama; 1.5-1.8 mm (see also 35. nevermanni Schedl and 36. nanus Wood) 34. pumilus Wood — Declivital interstriae 2 armed by a row of minute granules similar to those on 1 and 3; female frons with lateral margin below eye subacute, concavity with sparse, minute hair; Oaxaca to Honduras; 1.2-1.4 mm 37. minutissimus Schedl 36(31). Posterior face of protibia flat, unarmed; female antennal club with three strongly procurved sutures, anterior face entirely pubescent; posterolateral margin of declivity finely, acutely elevated on lower fourth, margins rounded above, declivity broadly convex, interstriae 1-3 equally, rather finely, not closely granulate (2 unarmed in uniseptis; only one tubercle in luridus); female frons broadly concave from epistoma to vertex, concave area densely, finely punctured, finely pubescent, hair of uniform length except median line impunctate and glabrous v. 37 — Posterior face of protibia inflated and/ or tuberculate; declivital interstriae 2 never with a row of tubercles 39 37(36). Smaller; declivital interstriae 2 unarmed, 1 and 3 each with about two widely spaced granules; Veracruz to Chiapas; 1.8-2.1 mm 39. parvulus Blandford and 38. uniseptis Schedl — Larger; elytral declivity armed by very sparse granules on interstriae 2; declivital interstriae 1 and 3 each armed by six or more granules 38 38(37). Declivital tubercles rather fine; transverse spongy area on posterior face of fe- male antennal club occupying middle third of club length almost from mesal to lateral margin; Costa Rica; 2.9-3.1 mm 40. trucis Wood 1276 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 — Declivital tubercles rather coarse; transverse spongy area on female antennal club a slender band occupying only a small part of a much larger impressed area; Guatemala to Panama; 2.3 mm 41. luridus Blandford 39(36). Elytral declivity essentially convex, posterolateral margin restricted to lower fourth of declivity or less, rather weakly elevated 40 — Elytral declivity tnmcate, posterolateral margin subacutely elevated on more than lower half of declivity, if doubtful then interstriae 1 very strongly elevated 49 40(39). Elytral declivity with interstriae 1 armed by a series of granules 41 — Declivital interstriae 1 entirely unarmed by granules 44 41(40). Declivity more strongly, evenly convex, interstriae 1-3 each armed by a row of very small granules, 2 equal in height, width, and convexity to 3; yellowish spongy area on female frons large, in lateral areas almost attaining upper level of eyes, attaining level of lower inner margin of eye at median line; Durango to Guerrero; 2.5-2.7 mm 42. detrimentosus Schedl — Declivity variously impressed, not evenly convex, interstriae 2 unarmed, weak- ly impressed (occasional specimens of nolenae with a few granules at base); yellowish spongy area on female frons smaller, not extending above lower inner margin of eye (female of spinosus unknown) 42 42(41). Elytral declivity with posterolateral margin subacutely elevated from sutural apex to slightly above middle of declivity, declivital face rather weakly con- vex; longitudinally oval, yellowish, spongy area on female frons occupying me- dian third, upper margin of concave area ornamented by a brush of long hair; Puebla to Honduras; 2.3-2.5 mm 43. mexicanus Schedl — Posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely elevated on less than lower fourth; yellowish, spongy area on female frons wider (spinosus unknown) 43 43(42). Declivital interstriae 2 feebly or not at all impressed, granules on 1 and 3 very small, strial punctures coarse, deep; male frons coarsely, sparsely punctured, smooth on lower half; female frons with median carina on upper two-thirds of concave area, spongy area reniform; elytra black, pronotum reddish brown; Oaxaca; Nolena; 2.0-2.3 mm 44. nolenae Wood — Declivital interstriae 2 distinctly impressed, tubercles on 1 and 3 rather coarse, sharply pointed, strial punctures small, shallow; male frons more finely punc- tured, reticulate from epistoma to vertex; Veracruz; 2.0 mm 45. spinosus Wood 44(40). Declivital interstriae 2 largely obsolete, 3 with a series of about two to five rather coarse, pointed denticles; declivital sulcus rather deep; female frons with a pair of large, spongy areas on lower area, upper margin bearing a brush of long hair, concave area almost glabrous 45 — Declivital interstriae 2 of normal width, 3 with minute granules or unarmed, 1 and 3 rather weakly elevated; female frons without yellowish, spongy area, concave area with abundant pubescence 46 45(44). Smaller; spongy areas on each half of female frons subcircular, extending slightly more than half distance from epistoma to upper level of eyes, margins of spongy areas marked by a row of fine, long hair; Chiapas; 1.6 mm 46. minutus Bright — Larger; spongy areas elongate, almost attaining upper level of eyes, their mar- gins usually devoid of long setae; Guatemala to Gosta Rica; 2.0-2.4 mm 47. sentus Wood 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1277 46(44). Smaller; declivital impression on interstriae 2 rather weak, less extensive, 1 as high as 3, lower area subconcave only near costal margin; female frons slightly less strongly concave 47 — Larger; declivital impression deeper, much more extensive, interstriae 3 con- spicuously higher than 1, lower fifth of declivity subconcave; female frons more strongly concave 48 47(46). Punctures on elytral disc slightly smaller, surface partly or entirely reticulate; female frons very shallowly concave; Costa Rica; 1.5-1.8 mm 48. pygmaeus Wood — Punctures on elytral disc slightly larger, surface shining; female frons more strongly concave, particularly on lower half; Florida and Nayarit to Brazil; 2.0-2.4 mm 49. spinifer Schwarz 48(46). Female frons above eyes almost flat, setae at upper margin of concave area longer, equal to half distance from their bases to epistomal margin; male frons more finely, sparsely punctured; Nayarit and Veracruz to Guatemala; 2.5-3.0 mm 50. flagellifer Blandford — Female frons above eyes conspicuously concave, setae at upper margin shorter, equal to less than one-third distance from their bases to epistomal margin; male frons rather coarsely, closely punctured; Costa Rica; 3.0-3.4 mm 51. sobrinus Wood 49(39). Posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely elevated on lower one-half to three-fourths, interstriae 1 strongly elevated, its summit strongly serrate, interstriae 3 with several small granules 50 — Posterolateral margin forming a complete circumdeclivital ring, interstriae 1 uniformly elevated, its surface not serrate 51 50(49). Posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely elevated on lower half of declivi-, ty; declivital surface reticulate; female frons with a large, yellowish, spongy area occupying lower third of concave area; Costa Rica; 2.3-2.5 mm 52. subserratus Wood — Posterolateral margin of declivity subacutely elevated on lower three-fourths of declivity; declivital surface smooth; female frons with central half on upper two-thirds abruptly, much more strongly impressed; Costa Rica to Panama; 2.0-2.3 mm 53. serratus Wood 51(49). Body slender, 2.4 times as long as wide; female frons with large, yellow, spongy area on lower fourth; subacute margin of declivity discontinued at base, not crossing interstriae 1; female antennal club with cirrus absent or much shorter than length of club 52 — Body stouter, 2.0-2.2 times as long as wide; female frons without spongy area (except eichhoffi); subacute margin of declivity continued to suture at base; fe- male antennal club with cirrus much longer than club (about as long as club in procerus) 53 52(51). Declivity flat to feebly convex, reticulate, punctures rather small, interstriae 1 finely serrate throughout its length; female antennal club with a cirrus about half as long as club; Guatemala; 1.8 mm 54. praeustus Schedl — Declivity slightly concave, brightly shining, rather coarsely punctured, inter- striae 1 a continuous costa throughout its length; female antennal club without a cirrus; Arizona to Durango; Quercus; 2.0-2.1 mm 55. petilus Wood 1278 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 53(51). Declivital surface slightly convex, interstriae 3 armed by about two to four small, pointed tubercles; female frons almost flat, large central area smooth, impunctate, punctured only on lateral pubescent areas; Chiapas to Panama; 2.0-2.3 mm 56. concisus Wood — Declivital surface flat, interstriae 3 unarmed; female frons broadly, rather strongly concave, finely, uniformly punctured 54 54(53). Female epistoma normal, brush of hair on vertex yellow, slightly shorter, en- ding slightly above upper level of eye (sparse hair continues to epistomal area); apex of female antennal club rounded; declivital interstriae 1 rather strongly elevated; Oaxaca to Panama; 1.7-1.9 mm 57. procerus Bright — Female epistoma broadly, very strongly elevated, apical half of its dorsal sur- face yellow and spongy, brush of hair on vertex reddish, slightly longer, dense area extending slightly below upper level of eye; apex of female club acutely pointed; declivital interstriae 1 rather weakly elevated; Costa Rica; 2.3 mm 58. eichhoffi Schedl 1. Corthylus cecropii Wood Corthyhis cecropii Wood, 1975, Great Basin Nat. 35:31 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This aberrant species is dis- tinguished from all other species in the genus by the small, aseptate antennal club, by the absence of female pronotal asperities, and by the minute to obsolete punctures of the pro- notum and elytra. Female.— Length 2.0-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color black. Frons uniformly, deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface den- sely, uniformly, very finely punctured over entire surface; vestiture very fine, rather abundant, uniformly rather short over con- cave area, margin above eyes with a dense row of very long hair, a small tuft of longer hair at level of antennal insertion on lateral half. Antennal club 1.6 times as long as wide; asymmetrically obovate, aspetate, entire sur- face minutely pubescent; posterior face with a small tuft of hair extending about half of club length beyond apex. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides weakly arcuate on posterior half, broadly rounded in front, a distinct, submarginal, transverse constriction; anterior margin unarmed; summit indefinite, near middle; as- perities absent; surface reticulate, anterior half with sparse, minute granules, posterior half with sparse, minute punctures. Acute lat- eral margins more strongly developed than in other species. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, obtusely sub- angulate behind; disc reticulate, a few ob- scure, irregular lines indicated, punctures minute, mostly obsolete, apparently con- fused. Declivity occupying slightly more than posterior third, rather steep, convex; sculp- ture as on disc, except a few irregularly placed fine granules usually present. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, consisting of sparse, short, fine bristles apparently on odd- numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, a distinct, transverse impression above epistoma, surface smooth, shining, im- punctate; anterior margin of pronotum dis- tinctly produced toward median line and armed by two slender teeth; anterior slope of pronotum much steeper, asperate. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Venezuela. COSTA RICA: San Vito, Puntarenas, 13-III-68, H. Hespenheide; Tapanti, Cartago, 5-V, 24-X-63, and 9-I1I- 64, 1300 m. nos. 19, 243, 467, Cecropia leaf petioles, S. L. Wood. OTHER COUNTRIES: Venezuela. Host.— Cecropia peltata. Biology.— Recently fallen leaf petioles are selected for attack. The spiral-shaped timnels are formed where the pith meets the harder outer tissues on the basal half of the petiole. Usually fewer than three larvae develop in each system. In a majority of the gallery sys- tems examined one or more branches con- tained a pair of Tricolus cecropii Wood (Cos- ta Rica) or T. intrusus Wood (Venezuela). It 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1279 appeared as though the Tricolus species had entered the newly formed tunnel of this spe- cies and assumed ownership. In most in- stances the Corthylus was either missing or else dead in a remote part of the tunnel; in a few instances the Corthylus formed a new branch tunnel beginning near the entrance hole and continued normal activities. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 26 specimens and on 4 other specimens. 2. Corthylus granulifer Wood Corthylus granulifer Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:181 (Holotype, male; 15 km SE Cartago, Car- tago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retusus Wood by the smaller size, by much smaller tuberdes on the elytral declivi- ty, by the uniformly convex decHvity laterad from striae 1, and by the more slender body form. Male.— Length 2.0 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons broadly convex, ascending slightly toward epistomal margin; surface shining at epistoma, reticulate above, reticulate area with sparse, rather fine punctures; vestiture sparse, inconspicuous. Antennal club as in retusus. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; ante- rior margin with median pair of serrations much larger, otherwise as in retusus female. Elytra 1.5 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; similar to retusus except elytral surface smoother, strial punctures near declivity almost in rows, declivital inter- striae 2 not impressed, 3 not elevated, tu- bercles much smaller, declivital vestiture ap- parently longer and slightly more abundant. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 200, Myrica pubescens, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 9-XI-63, 2500 m. No. 261, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of two male specimens. 3. Corthylus retusus Wood Fig. 221 Corthylus retusus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:181 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood'Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from granulifer Wood by characters summa- rized in the diagnosis of that species. Female.— Length 2.2-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, lateral margin cari- nate from eye to lateral part of vertex; sur- face of lower half reticulate, upper half shin- ing, slightly irregular, minutely, rather closely punctured, glabrous; a pair of widely spaced slender, hornlike denticles near upper margin of concave area. Antennal club asym- metrically subquadrate, 1.4 times as long as wide; anterior surface minutely pubescent; suture 1 obscurely indicated by an obscure septum, 2 marked by an obscure groove; pos- terior face with a small tuft of hair extending slightly beyond apex of club. Pronotum 0.93 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, abruptly converging to rather broadly rounded anterior margin; anterior margin with about 10 low serrations (viewed from cephalic aspect); summit indefinite, slightly anterior to middle; anterior slope coarsely as- perate; posterior areas subshining, weakly reticulate, punctures minute, moderately abundant. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides very feebly ar- cuate and subparallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc smooth, shining, with obscure, irregular lines in- dicated, punctures small, confused, moder- ately abundant. Declivity convex, steep; in- terstriae 1 uniformly, abruptly elevated from near base to near apex, about as high as wide on middle half, its summit smooth, shining, with sparse punctures; interstriae 2 moder- ately, broadly impressed, 3 convex, slightly elevated, 2-5 each bearing a row of con- spicuous, closely spaced, pointed tubercles. Vestiture confined to declivity, of fine, long, interstrial hair. Protibia with posterior face subrugose, unarmed. Male.— Similar to female except frons and anterior margin of pronotum as in male gran- ulifer, antennal club smaller, less strongly asymmetrical, tuft of hair absent. 1280 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m, Nos. 198 from Sohnu7ti torvum, 195 from tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m. No. 9, Miconia, 26-XI-63, No. 265, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Miconia sp., Phoebe mexicana. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 3-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 113 specimens. Fig. 221. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects: A, B, retusifer; C, D, E, retusus; F, G, villus; H, I, calamarius. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1281 4. Corthylus retusifer Wood Fig. 221 Corthyltts retusifer Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:183 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retusus Wood by the characters of the antennal club and elytral declivity cited below. Female.— Length 1.7-2.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; very dark brown (holotype not hilly darkened.) Frons as in retusus; antennal club more nearly subcircular, sutures 1 and 2 entirely obsolete except for a very small piece of sep- tum of 1 on lateral margin. Pronotum and elytra as in retusus except declivital inter- striae 2 impressed, very strongly narrowed, almost obsolete, imarmed, 3 weakly convex, 3-5 armed by small granules about as in granulifer Wood. Male.— Similar to female except frons, an- tenna, and anterior margin of pronotum as in male granulifer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 1300 m, 2-VII-63, No. 7, woody vine, 17-IX-63, No. 176, tree branch, 26- XI-63, No. 265 in Phoebe mexicana. No. 266 in tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from steins 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 5. Corthylus villus Bright Fig. 221 Corthylus viUus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1371 (Holotype, female; Verba Buena 32 km or 20 miles N Bochil, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12640) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from retusifer Wood by characters of the frons and elytral declivity as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.7-2.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in retusifer except surface of con- cave area very closely, deeply, coarsely punc- tured, with moderately short, rather abun- dant, fine hair of uniform length. Pronotum and elytra as in retusifer except declivital in- terstriae 2 more strongly, more broadly im- pressed, its surface smooth, shining, with im- pressed points, granules on interstriae 3-5 slightly smaller. Male.— Similar to female except antennal club smaller; frons and anterior margin of pronotum as in male granulifer Wood. Distribution.— Puebla to Costa Rica. MEXICO: Chiapas: Yerba Buena, 32 km or 20 mi N Bochil, 21-V-69, 2300 m, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53 and 2-VII-67, 1500 m, Alnus, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Guatemala City, 30-V-64, 1300 m. No. 648, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan Pacaya, Es- quintla, l-VI-64, 1300 m, No.651, Celtis iguanae, S. L. Wood; Volcan Zunil, Quezaltenango, 27-V-64, 1000 m. No. 627, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: San Jose, San Jose, 12-IX-63, 1300 m. No. 163, Spondias pur- purea, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 17-VIII-63, 1300 ni. No. 107, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Rio Damitas in Dota Mts., San Jose, 18-11-64, 250 m, flight, S. L. Wood; Santa Ana, San Jose, l-VlII-63, 1300 m, No. 96, shrub, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, Cartago, 1970, R. I. Gara. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 2 paratypes and on 106 other specimens. 6. Corthylus villifer Wood Corthyhis villifer Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:183 (Holotype, female; 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished from all others in the genus by the small, slender form, by the abundant, minute setae on the posterior half of the elytra, by the female antennal club and frons, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.4-1.7 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons rather shallowly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to upper level of eyes, a median, shining callus on epistoma; surface shining, punctures coarse, close, deep; vesti- ture of fine, long, uniformly distributed hair. Antennal scape rather strongly flattened; club large, asymmetrical, 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures obsolete except 1 at mesal mar- gin, uniformly, finely pubescent. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather broadly rounded in front; anterior margin unarmed; summit indefinite, slightly in front of middle; rather finely asperate on anterior slope; posterior areas reticulate, punctures small, obscure, moderately abun- dant; lateral margins rounded, not marked by a raised line. Subglabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and 1282 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 parallel on more than basal two-thirds, broadly rounded behind; disc smooth and shining at base, becoming strongly reticulate toward declivity, punctures sparse, small, confused. Declivity steep, shallowly, subcon- cavely impressed on median half, lateral and basal margins broadly rounded; surface min- utely, closely punctured; impressed area ex- tending from suture to position of interstriae 3. Vestiture largely confined to posterior fourth, of dense, minute hair, a few longer setae on marginal areas. Protibiae subinflated on posterior face, a few very minute granules indicated. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, punctures sparse, obscure, subglabrous; anterior margin armed by one median pair of large, slender teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 15 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m, Nos. 187, 199, and 248 in Siparuna nicara- guensis. No. 201 in a woody vine, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-V1I-&3, 1300 m,' No. 177, woody vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 385, woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were found in stems 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 82 specimens. 7. Corthylus oculatus Wood Corthylus oculatus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:184 (Holotype, female; Pandora, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from villifer Wood by the smaller size, by the very large eyes, by the narrower, less strongly impressed female frons, and by the strongly elevated decli vital interstriae 1. Female.— Length 1.0-1.2 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons narrow, shallowly concave from eye to eye from epistoma to slightly below upper level of eyes; surface smooth and shining on upper half, reticulate below, punctures sparse, fine; vestiture rather sparse, moder- ately long. Eye very large, coarsely faceted. Antennal club similar to villifer but slightly smaller. Pronotum and elytra about as in villifer, except elytral disc strongly reticulate to base, declivity more nearly convex, declivital inter- striae 1 strongly, acutely elevated from base to near apex, punctures not evident, a few minute granules on interstriae 3; vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of very short, moderately abundant hair, a few long, slen- der bristles on declivital interstriae 1, 3, and lateral areas. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, punctures obscure; ante- rior margin of pronotum armed by a median pair of slender teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII-63, 50 m. No. 142 in tree branch. No. 144 in woody vine, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 1-2 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 8. Corthylus bifurcus Schedl Corthylus bifurcus Schedl, 19.35, Rev. de Ent. 5:345 (Holotype, male; Lagima Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cannularius Wood by the slightly small- er size, by the uniformly brown color, and by characters on the elytra as described below. It resembles Corthycyclon much more closely than Corthylus species. Male.— Length 2.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color brown, elytra slightly lighter. As in male cannularius except elytral disc less uniformly reticulate, punctures smaller but more clearly indicated; declivity evenly convex, strial punctures obsolete, interstriae 1-3 indicated by minute granules. (In cannu- larius interstriae 2 is weakly impressed and devoid of granules and punctures evident on striae 1 and 2.) Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Laguna Volcan Poas, 2600 m, T. Assmann. Host.— Probably a native bamboo. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 9. Corthylus calamarius Wood Fig. 221 Corthylus calamarius Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:185 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from cannularius Wood by the distinct strial punctures that are in rows, by the larger, regularly placed interstrial granules on the 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1283 declivity, and by the more coarsely punc- tured female frons. Female.— Length 2.5-2.9 mm, 2.6 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, with an- terior third of pronotum and elytral declivity dark brown to black. Frons deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface reticulate, punctures rather close, moderately coarse; vestiture of moderately abundant, fine, rather long hair, uniformly distributed except absent on a small median area at epistoma. Antennal club subreniform, 1.2 times as long as wide; suture 1 represented by septum on lateral third, 2 and 3 represented by arcuate grooves (secondary strengthening features, not true sutiu-es); a small tuft of hair on posterior face not reaching apex. Pronotum 1.02 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate and converging very slightly on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin serrate; summit indefinite, slightly in front of middle; anterior slope moderately steep, coarsely asperate; posterior areas finely retic- ulate, punctures very small, rather sparse; lat- eral margin rounded. Glabrous. Elytra 1.6 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; disc reticulate, punctures near base minute, obscure, confused, those on posterior third distinct and in definite strial rows. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1 and 2 with punctures minute; interstriae 2 broadly, very weakly impressed, 1-4 each with a row of small, regularly spaced granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, consisting of interstrial rows of moderately long, slender bristles. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club smaller, less irregular in shape; median pair of serrations on ante- rior margin of pronotum much larger than others. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-XI-63, near 2000 m, No. 258, native bamboo, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in the nodes of recently cut bamboo stems 5-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 11 specimens. 10. Corthylus cannularius Wood Fig. 222 Corthylus cannularius Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:186 (Holotype, female; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from calamarius Wood by the confused, ob- scure to obsolete punctures near the elytral declivity, by the very minute to obsolete, ir- regularly placed interstrial granules on the declivity, and by the more finely punctured female frons. Female.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior third of pronotum and elytral declivity darker. Frons as in calamarius except surface al- most smooth, punctures minute. Pronotum as in calamarius except anterior margin more coarsely serrate (somewhat variable). Elytra as in calamarius except punctures near de- clivity confused or obsolete, strial punctures on declivity obsolete, interstrial granules on declivity much smaller and more widely, less regularly spaced, declivital vestiture finer and less abundant. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club smaller, less irregular in shape; anterior margin of pronotum armed by only two coarse teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Summit of Panamerican Highway on Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 6-VIII-63, 3200 m. No. 46, native bamboo, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from the nodes of stems 1-3 cm in diameter of a dwarf bamboo about 2-3 mm in height. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 40 specimens. 11. Corthylus comosusyV ood Fig. 222 Corthylus comosus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:186 (Holotvpe, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the very closely related villosus Eggers by the smaller pale area on the lower fifth of the female frons, by the smaller punctures on the elytral disc, by the more closely punc- tured elytral declivity, by the much more abundant declivital vestiture, and by the larger size {villosus 2.0-2.5 mm). 1284 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons deeply, uniformly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; almost half of concave area above eyes; surface reti- culate, finely, closely, uniformly punctured, lower one-sixth yellow and with punctures finer and much closer; vestiture of rather abundant, uniformly distributed, short, fine hair, slightly longer on upper margin. Anten- nal club large, reniform; tuft of hair on poste- rior face ending before apex of club. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides weakly arcuate and subparallel on basal third, broadly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about 14 low serrations; summit indefinite, anterior slope moderately steep; asperities commence Fig. 222. Corthyhis spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, canmilarius; C, D, coniosus; E, F, collaris; G, H, rubricollis. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1285 slightly behind middle and continue to ante- rior margin; posterior area reticulate, punc- tures minute. Minute, hairlike pubescence moderately abundant, but usually abraded. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded be- hind; disc smooth, a few very obscure irregu- lar lines evident, punctures very fine, moder- ately abundant, confused. Declivity occupying posterior third, steep, evenly, broadly convex; surface smooth, shining, punctures very fine, close, confused, much closer than in villosus. Vestiture sparse on disc, abundant on entire declivity, of fine, moderately long hair, more abundant than in villosus. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, rather finely pimctured, vestiture sparse; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two median teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 26-XI-63, 1300 m. No. 264, Piper, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut stems 5-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 32 specimens. This spe- cies and villosus are restricted to Piper spp.; their habits are virtually identical. Because villosus is somewhat variable in several char- acters, it would not be surprising to find that comosus is only a well-marked geographical race. 12. Corthylus collaris Blandford Fig. 222 Corthtjhis collaris Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):261 (Holotype, male; Cerro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Corthylus splendens Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:1.38 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:279. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from all the preceding members of this genus by the presence of sutures 1 and 2 on the an- tennal club, 2 finely septate, by the presence of a fine, raised line on the lateral margin of the pronotum, by the simple elytral declivity that is entirely unarmed, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark reddish brown, pro- notum frequently of lighter color. Frons moderately concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to very slightly above upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punc- tures very fine, rather dense, uniformly dis- tributed; vestiture of rather abundant, fine, moderately long hair of about equal length, slightly longer at margins. Eye very coarsely faceted. Antennal club 1.6 times as long as wide; larger, subreniform; sutures 1 and 2 parallel, complete, almost straight, 1 finely septate; tuft of hair on posterior face attain- ing apex of club. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on basal half, rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin serrate, median pair often larger; bas- ic sculpture as in retusus Wood. Glabrous. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; disc smooth, shining, ir- regular lines usually evident, punctures fine, shallow, moderately abundant, about four times larger than those on pronotal disc. De- clivity convex, rather steep; striae 1 and 2 finely punctured, 1 somewhat impressed, in- terstriae 1 weakly elevated, 2 weakly im- pressed; 3 on a broadly rounded summit, with two or three fine punctures (rarely minutely granulate); surface brightly shining. Vestiture confined to declivity, of very sparse, moder- ately long hair in interstrial rows. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, sparsely, coarsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club smaller, less irregu- lar; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two large, median teeth. Distribution.— Guatemala to Panama. GUATEMALA: Cerro Zunil, G. C. Champion; Pali'n, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 588, Anonillo, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 615, Acacia, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-64, 1800 m. No. 244, Miconia globiilif- lora, S. L. Wood; Peralta, Cartago, 10-III-64, 500 m. No. 462, woody vine, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII- 63, 24-X-63, 1300 m, No. 7, woody vine, No. 241, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood; Turrialba, 5-VII-63, 700 m. No. 23, Crotolaria, S. L. Wood; Pandora, Limon, 23-VII-63, 50 m, Nos. 144, 150, woody vine and tree branch, S. L. Wood; Finca La Lola, Limon, VII-63, Theobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders. PANAMA: 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 1000 m. No. 371, tree sapling, S. L. Wood. 1286 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Hosts.— Acacia sp., Crotolaria sp., Miconia globuliflora, Phoebe mexicana, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken in re- cently cut stems about 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of collaris and 43 other spec- imens from Guatemala, and on the type series of 109 specimens of splendens from Costa Rica and Panama. The northern and southern material is distinguishable and may represent geographical races; however, be- cause the differences are slight and because specimens from intermediate localities are not at hand, the two forms were placed in synonymy. It is possible that punctatus Egg- ers, from Bolivia, is also a synonym. 13. Corthyliis simplex Wood Corthylm simplex Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:187 (Holotype, female; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rubricollis Blandford by the characters of the elytral declivity and of the female frons as indicated below. Female.— Length 2.7-3.0 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in rubricollis except punctures larger, vestiture coarser, slightly less abun- dant, slightly longer, broad median line on upper third impunctate and glabrous. Anten- nal club 1.3 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 slightly procurved, parallel, clearly marked; tuft of hair on posterior face extend- ing about half club length beyond apex. Pronotum and elytra as in rubricollis ex- cept upper two-thirds of declivity more grad- ual, declivital interstriae 2 less strongly im- pressed, strial punctures much smaller, declivital bristles (when present) about twice as long. Male.— Simiar to female except frons con- vex, reticulate, punctures fine, sparse, subglabrous. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 6- VIII- 63, 3100 m. No. Ill, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 2500 m, 14-VII-63, No. 46, Podocarpus oleifolius, 19-XI-63, No. 262, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 14. Corthylus rubricollis Blandford Fig. 222 Corthylus rubricollis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):260 (Lectotype, female; Volcan de Chiruqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from simplex Wood by characters of the ely- tral declivity and female frons as indicated below. Female.— Length 2.5-3.0 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black, pronotum reddish brown. Frons reddish brown, shallowly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine, rather sparse, less numerous on narrow me- dian line; vestiture moderately abundant, of very fine, rather short hair of uniform length, indistinctly interrupted on median line. An- tennal club 1.6 times as long as wide; sub- reniform, sutures 1 and 2 weakly procurved, partly septate; apex of club broadly rounded, indistinctly, minutely sinuate; tip of cirrus re- mote from apex. Pronotum 1.0 times as long as wide; about as in collaris. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; outline as in retusus Wood; disc smooth, shining, marked by many irregular lines, punctures moderately coarse for this genus, rather close, confused. Declivi- ty rather steep, convex except shallowly sul- cate between third interstriae; surface smooth, shining; interstriae 2 moderately, broadly impressed, 1 and 3 moderately, equally elevated; striae 1 and 2 indicated by moderately coarse, shallow punctures; inter- striae with a few fine punctures in rows, some of those on 3 feebly granulate. Vesti- ture confined to declivity, sparse, in obscure interstrial rows, rather short, often abraded. Male.— Similar to female except differing as indicated for male simplex. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 200, Myrica pubescens, S. L. Wood; Ta- panti, Cartago, 1300 m, 17-IX-63, No. 184, Miconia caudate, 24-X-63, No. 245, woody vine, 26-XI-63, No. 270, Werklia insignis, S. L. Wood. PANAMA; Volcan Chiriqui. Hosts.— Miconia caudata, Myrica pub- escens, Werklia insignis, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 4-6 cm in diameter. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1287 Notes.— The above treatment was based on four of Blandford's 5 syntypes and on 13 other specimens. 15. Corthylus sanguineus Schedl Corthylus sanguineus Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:346 (Holotype, female; San Isidro de Coronado, San Jose, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from rubricolUs Blandford by the sHghtly stouter body form, by the more strongly im- pressed dechvital sulcus, and by the female frons and antennal club as described below. Female.— Length 2.8-3.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, elytra very dark brown. Frons with contours as in rubricolUs, con- cave area rather densely punctured, fine pimctures spaced by about half diameter of a puncture; vestiture rather fine, moderately long, much more abundant than in rubricolUs. Apex of antennal club much more narrowly rounded than in rubricolUs and with about three to five serrations; tip of cirrus attaining apex of club. Pronotum and elytra as in rubricolUs ex- cept declivital sulcus more strongly im- pressed, with punctures slightly larger. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in simplex. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Santo Domingo, Heredia, 27-VI-,38, Persea americana, F. Nevermann; (San Isidro de) Coro- nado (San Jose), 17-1-29, 1400-1500 m, im trocknem holz, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on two o^her specimens. 16. Corthylus panamensis Blandford Fig. 223 Corthylus panamensis Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):259 (Lectotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation. Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from consimilis Wood by the finer elytral punctures and tubercles, by the absence of an impression on declivital interstriae 2, and by the much smaller elevated callus on the fe- male vertex. Female.— Length 2.8-3.0 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons rather deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, a glabrous, con- spicuously elevated callus on median third extending from upper margin of concavity two-thirds of distance toward upper level of eyes; surface smooth, shining, punctures fine, close, more widely spaced near center; vesti- ture of fine, moderately short hair of uniform length, except glabrous on median line. An- tennal club large, subreniform, 1.4 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 clearly in- dicated, subparallel, 1 septate; tuft of hair on posterior face poorly developed, ending re- mote from apex. Pronotum 0.90 times as long as wide; widest near base, sides arcuately converging toward rather broadly rounded, subserrate, anterior margin; summit indefinite, slightly behind summit; asperities on anterior slope reduced in number, very broad; posterior areas almost shining, minutely, obscurely ret- iculate, punctures very sparse, minute. Glabrous. Elytra 1.1 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides subparallel, feebly arcuate on slightly more than basal two- thirds, broadly rounded behind; disc smooth, shining, punctures very small, shallow, con- fused. Declivity convex, steep; striae 1-3 in- dicated by fine, shallow punctures, 1 slightly impressed; interstriae narrowly convex, dis- tinctly, not strongly elevated, 2 and 3 equally flat, not impressed, 2 and 3 each bearing a row of sharply pointed granules mostly on upper half, lateral interstriae with an occa- sional tubercle. Vestiture confined to declivi- ty, of sparse interstrial rows of fine, long hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club much smaller, less strongly asymmetrical; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two median teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24-XI-63, 1300 m. No. 245 in woody vine. No. 265 in Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, G. C. Champion. Biology.— Specimens were taken from re- cently cut branches 4-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the six syntypes in the British Museum (Natural History) and on seven other speci- mens. The first syntype from Volcan de Chi- riqui is here designated as the lectotype of panamensis Blandford. 1288 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 17. Corthylus consimilis Wood Fig. 224 Corthylus consimilis Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:188 (Holotype, female; 9 km NE Teziutlan, Puebla, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from panamensis Blandford by the larger ely- tral punctures, by the feebly impressed de- clivital interstriae 2, and by the larger ele- vated callus on the female vertex. Female.— Length 2.5-2.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in panamensis except frontal callus larger, extending from vertex to slightly be- low upper level of eyes; elytral punctures dis- tinctly larger, particularly on declivity, de- clivital interstriae 2 feebly impressed, declivi- tal tubercles slightly larger and more widely distributed. Male.— Similar to female except differing as in panamensis. Distribution.— Puebla to Guatemala. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 1600 m. No. 50, 2-VII-67, Nos. 136, 140, tree branches, S. L. Wood. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, 1-VI- 64, 1300 m. No. 668, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 615, Acacia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 6 cm in diameter. Fig. 223. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, panamensis; C, D, punctatissimus. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1289 Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 34 specimens. Although no indications of integration be- tween this species and panamensis are evi- dent in the material at hand, the differences between them are not great. Future collec- ting might make it necessary to reduce this form to the rank of subspecies. 18. Corthylus nudus Schedl Corthylus nudits Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:354 (Syntypes, females; San An- tonio Nexapa in Chiapas, San Jacinto in Distrito Federal, and Uruapan in Michoacan, Mexico; Schedl and Dampf colls.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fusctis Blandford by the larger size and by the more finely punctured elytra. Female.— Length 4.0-4.3 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to black. Frons moderately concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface almost smooth, shining, punctures fine, dense, uni- formly distributed; lateral margin armed by an elongate, blunt tubercle at level of lower margin of eye; vestiture of rather dense, short, yellow hair of uniform length and dis- tribution, except very slightly longer at mar- gins. Antennal club large, moderately asym- metrical, 1.5 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 almost straight, parallel; tuft of hair on posterior face entirely absent. Pronotum 0.95 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in panamensis Blandford. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.6 times as long as pronotum; outline as in pan- amensis; discal surface smooth, shining, shal- low, obscure, irregular lines moderately abundant, punctures fine, shallow, confused. Declivity steep, convex; interstriae 1 feebly elevated, lateral areas broadly convex, punc- tures minute, confused, interstriae 3 with about four minute granules. Vestiture con- fined to declivity, of very sparse, fine, short setae, apparently only on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, smooth, punctured, subglabrous; an- tennal club smaller; anterior margin of pro- notum armed by two coarse, median teeth. Distribution.— Michoacan and Distrito Federal to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: San Antonio Nexapa, Dampf. Dis- trito Federal: Mexico City, 19-III-53, flight. Mexico: Chapingo, 5-1-57, R. Coronado. Michoacan: Uruapan, Dampf. Notes.— The above treatment was based on my female homotype and on two males. 19. Corthylus granulatus Schedl Corthylus granulatus Schedl, 1935, Rev. de Ent. 5:345 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fusctis Blandford by the stouter body form, by the more nearly confused interstriae at the base of the disc, and, in the female, by the slightly different frons as described below. Female.— Length 3.1 mm, 2.06 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in fuscus except lateral margin of concave area very narrowly separated from inner margin of eye {in fuscus lateral margin touches eye, without a subtuberculate callus on lateral margin just above level of antennal insertion; surface with punctures slightly larger, slightly less abundant; vestiture much finer, less abundant, slightly shorter. Antenna as in fuscus. Pronotum and elytra as in fuscus except as noted in diagnosis. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, 800 m, Schild. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 20. Corthylus fuscus Blandford Corthylus fuscus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):262 (Syntypes, female; Brazilian to- bacco intercepted at Paris; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from punctatissimus (Zimmermann) by the less strongly convex elytral declivity and by the much smaller punctures on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 3.3-3.6 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in nudus Schedl except punctures on elytral disc slightly larger; punctures on ely- tral declivity small, in strial rows, with a few interstrial punctures, granules essentially ob- solete on interstriae 3. 1290 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Male.— Similar to female except sexes differing as in nudus. Distribution.— Distrito Federal in Mexi- co to El Salvador. MEXICO: Distrito Federal: Mexico City, 28-IX-24, Pyrus. Mexico: Amecameca, XI-52, Malus, R. Coronado. GUATEMALA: Palm, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 300 m. No. 588, Anonillo, S. L. Wood. EL SALVADOR: Volcan San Salvador, 7-IX-35, Coffea, F. Choussay. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a recently cut branch 7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on two syntypes in the British Museum (Nat- ural History) and on nine other specimens. 21. Corthylus punctatissimus (Zimmermann) Fig. 223 Crypturgus punctatissimus Zimmermann, 1868, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:144 (Syntypes?: South Caro- lina, not located) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from fuscus Blandford by the more strongly convex elytral declivity and by the coarser punctures on the elytral declivity. Female.— Length 3.0-3.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in fuscus except punctures on elytral disc larger and deeper; elytral declivity with punctures as large or larger than on disc, much larger than in fuscus, punctures almost always in discernible rows. Male.— Similar to female except sexes differing as in nudus Schedl. Distribution.— Colorado and Ontario to Arkansas and North Carolina. CANADA: Ontario: Sebringville in Perth Co. USA: Arkansas: Bradley Co. Colorado: Ft. Collins; 2 miles W Bellvue in Larimer Co. Connecticut: Winnipauk. Dis- trict of Columbia: Washington. Illinois: Hancock Co. Kentucky: Noble. Michigan: Midland Co. Minnesota: Minnetonka Lake. New Hampshire: Exeter. New Jersey: Locust Grove, Summerset. New York: Attica, New York. North Carolina: Gray Beard Mt., Lake Junaluska, Mt. Pisgah, Pink Beds, Pisgah Forest. Ohio: Clinton, Dela- ware Co., Tuscarawas Co., Maumee. Pennsylvania: Fra- sier. Rhode Island: Watch Hill. Tennessee: McMinn- ville, Nashville. Virginia: Cape Hew, Falls Church, Nelson Co., Mt. Solon. West Virginia: Monongalia Co., Morgantown. Hosts.— Acer sacharinum, Berberis sp., Cercocarpus sp., Gaylussacia sp., Rhododen- dron sp.. Sassafras sp., Viburnum betuloides. Biology.— Small trees or shrubs are at- tacked on or near the ground level. In larger stems the gallery system is transverse; in smaller stems it tends to spiral upward or downward into the root. Notes.— The type was not located. My identification of this species was based on the material in the U.S. National Museum of Nat- ural History studied by Schwarz and Hopkins. 22. Corthylus brunnescens Wood Fig. 224 Corthylus brunneus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:188 (Holotype, female; Volcan Barba, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.). Preoccupied Corthylus brunnescens Wood, 1981, Great Basin Nat. 41:122. Replacement name Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from calamicolens Wood by the smaller size, by the more slender body form, by the much more coarsely serrate anterior margin of the pronotum, and by the setal characters in- dicated below. Female.— Length 3.0-3.3 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color dark brown, discal area of elytra lighter. Frons as in punctatissimus (Zimmermann) except vestiture more abundant and slightly longer on margins of lower half. Antennal club very large, strongly subreniform, suture 1 weakly, 2 moderately procurved; tuft of hair on posterior face large, its tip reaching apex. Pronotum as in punctatissimus except an- terior margin very coarsely serrate, median serrations larger. Elytra as in punctatissimus except discal punctures slightly smaller, declivity not as steep, more broadly convex, punctures much less numerous, very fine, confused except on striae 1, about four minute granules on inter- striae 1; ventrolateral margin of declivity with a low, short, subacute carina extending from costal margin toward interstriae 8. Ves- titure fine, hairlike, sparse, not confined to declivity, mostly restricted to odd-numbered interstriae except on sides, rather sparse on interstriae 8 and 9 and not longer than elsewhere. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, subshining, sparsely, coarsely punc- tured; median pair of serrations on anterior margin of pronotum larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Volcan Poas, 19-XI-63, 2500 m. No. 258, native bamboo, S. L. Wood. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1291 Biology.— Specimens were taken from the nodes of recently cut bamboo about 7 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 15 specimens. 23. Corthylus calamicolens Wood Corthylus calamicolens Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:189 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from brunnescens Wood by the larger size, by the stouter body form, by the much more finely serrate anterior margin of the pro- notum, and by the setal characters indicated below. Female.— Length 3.7-4.0 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; as in brunnescens except ante- rior margin of pronotum finely serrate, ely- tral declivity more broadly convex, and vesti- ture along sides of elytra much more abundant and longer. Male.— Similar to female except differing as in male brunnescens. Distribution.— Costa Rica. Fig. 224. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, consimilis; C, D, brunnescens. 1292 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 COSTA RICA: Finca Vota Steinworth on south slope Volcan Barba, Heredia, 8-II-65, native bamboo, J. B. Karren; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-XI-63, 2500 m, No. 258, native bamboo, S. L. Wood. Biology.— As in brunnescens. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. 24. Corthylus comatus Blandford Fig. 225 Corthylus comatus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):258 (Holotype, female; Cerro Zunil, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Corthylus splendidus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1371 (Holotype, female; 5.6 km or 3.5 miles S Suchixtepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12641); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:279. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from brunnescens Wood by the uniformly darker color, by the more finely serrate ante- rior margin of the pronotum, by the slightly larger elytral punctures, and by the weakly impressed declivital interstriae 2. Female.— Length 2.3-3.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color uniformly dark brown to black. As in brunnescens except elytral punctures slightly larger, declivity more broadly con- vex, declivital interstriae 2 feebly to weakly impressed, punctures of striae 1 and 2 usually clearly impressed, in rows, interstriae 2 usual- ly without punctures, interstriae 3 with about four minute granules. Vestiture largely con- fined to declivity, of sparse, rather short hair on odd-numbered interstriae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, mostly shining; antennal club small- er, only slightly asymmetrical, without tuft of hair on posterior face; median pair of serra- tions on anterior margin of pronotum much larger. Distribution.— Puebla to Panama. MEXICO: Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 27-VI-53, 2- VIl-67, tree branches, S. L. Wood. Oaxaca: 5.6 km S Suchixtepec, 2-VII-71, 2600 m, Alnus, D. E. Bright. GUATEMALA: Volcan Pacaya, Esquintla, l-VI-64, 1300 m, Nos. 683, 695, tree branches, S. L. Wood; Volcan Zu- nil, Quezaltenango, 27-V-64, 1000 m. No. 627, tree seed- ling, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: Tapanti, Cartago, 24- X-63, 1300 m. No. 241, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1600 m. No. 198 in Solanum torvum. No. 196 in a woody vine, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 19-IX-63, 2500 m, No. 259 in Mi- conia. No. 260 in a tree branch, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta at Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1600 m. No. 426 in Ochrotna, Nos. 396, 425, tree branches, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— A/n«s sp., Miconia sp., Ochroma sp., Phoebe mexicana, Solanum torvum, etc. Biology.— This species breeds in recently cut or broken branches about 4-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of comatus and splendidus Fig. 225. Corthyhts spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, comatus; C, D, diligens. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1293 and on 121 other specimens. Specimens from Mexico and Costa Rica taken at elevations of 1300 m tend to be smaller than those from Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Panama taken at 1600-2500 m. 25. Corthylus strigilis Wood Corthyhis strigilis Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:189 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartage, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from comatus Blandford by the more deeply impressed declivital interstriae 2, by the much less closely, more coarsely punctured female frons, by the very small tuft of hair on the posterior face of the female antennal club, and by the finely serrate apical margin of the female antennal club. Female.— Length 2.7-3.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons as in comatus except less deeply con- cave, sparsely, less uniformly punctured, an indistinct median callus on upper third, vesti- ture much more sparse, very fine, absent on callus. Antennal club 2.8 times as long as wide, large, rather strongly asymmetrical; su- tures 1 and 2 indicated by grooves, weakly procurved; tuft of hair on posterior face very small, ending remote from apex. Pronotum and elytral disc as in comatus. Elytral declivity as in comatus except inter- striae 2 more strongly impressed, 1 more strongly elevated, half as high as wide, lateral convexities more narrowly rounded. Male.— Similar to female except differing as in comatus. Distribution.— Costa Rica and Panama. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 204 in Miconia globuliflora. No. 205 in My- rica pubescens, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 1300 m, 2-V1I-63, No. 5, Miconia, 17-IX-63, No. 176, tree limb, 24-X-63, Nos. 2AI, 265, Phoebe mexicana. No. 26-XI-63, No. 271, Werklia insignis, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Punta at Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui', 11-1-64, No. 393 in a tree branch. No. 407 in a tree seedling. No. 426 in Ochronui, S. L. Wood. Hosts.— Cercropia sp., Miconia globuli- flora, Myrica pubescens, Ochroma sp., Phoebe m,exicana, Werklia insignis. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 3-6 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 68 specimens. 26. Corthylus diligens Wood Fig. 225 Corthylus diligens Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:190 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, Guatemala; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from comatus Blandford by the much more deeply impressed declivital interstriae 2 and by characters of the female frons and anten- nal club as indicated below. Female.— Length 2.5-2.6 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in comatus except concave area more broadly oval, 1.2 times as long as wide (1.4 times in comatus); tuft of hair on posteri- or face of antennal club with tip ending re- mote from apex. Pronotum as in comatus ex- cept anterior margin more coarsely serrate; punctures on disc minutely, obscurely granu- late. Elytra as in comatus except declivity more strongly impressed on interstriae 2, su- ture not as high, lateral convexities higher and more narrowly rounded. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in comatus. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: Volcan de Agua, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m, No. 593, in Clusia, No. 600 in Alnus; Lago Amatitlan, lO-VI-64, 700 m. No. 705, tree branch; Palm, Esquintla, 19-V-64, ,300 m. No. 687, Ficus- all by me. Hosts.— Alnus sp., Clusia sp., Ficus sp., etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 10 specimens. 27. Corthylus zelus Wood Fig. 226 Corthyhis zelus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:190 (Holotype, female; Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from diligens Wood by the larger size and by characters of the female frons and antennal club as indicated below. Female.— Length 3.4-3.5 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons similar to diligens except concave area less strongly impressed, upper margin not clearly delimited; frontal vestiture long- er. Tuft of hair on antennal club with its tip almost attaining apex. Anterior margin of 1294 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 pronotum less coarsely serrate. Elytral de- clivity with punctures on striae 1 in a row, shallow, of moderate size; lateral punctures much smaller. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in comatus. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Cerro de la Muerte, San Jose, 6-VIII- 63, 2500 m, No. 114, Brunellia costricensis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from a limb 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of three specimens. One male from 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, at 1800 m, and another from Tapanti, Cartago, at 1300 m, have the declivital sulcus narrow- er and deeper, and the lateral punctures almost obsolete; they possibly could also Fig. 226. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal and antennal setae omitted): A, B, zelus; C, D, columbianus. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1295 represent this species or a very closely re- lated one not yet known from the female. 28. Corthylus ptyocerus Blandford Corthylus pti/ocerus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):257 (Lectotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from the remotely related concavtts Bright by characters summarized in the above key. Female.— Length 3.9-4.2 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color black. Frons deeply concave and punctured as in concavus Bright, with a conspicuous sub- carinate, impunctate median callus from epistoma to vertex; lateral margins at level of antennal insertions, and median line at epis- toma and again slightly above epistoma sub- tuberculate; vestiture of abundant, fine, short hair of imiform length. Antennal club large, subtriangular, apical margin almost straight; cirrus not attaining subacute mesal apical angle. Pronotum 0.94 times as long as wide; es- sentially as in concavus. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides weakly arcuate and subparallel on basal half, arcuately con- verging, then broadly rounded behind; about as in concavus except striae 1 and 2 more coarsely punctured, interstriae 2 slightly nar- rower and more deeply impressed, interstrial tubercles at base of declivity distinctly larger, including one or two tubercles on interstriae 2. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in concavus. Distribution.— Panama. PANAMA; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on four syntypes. The first syntype, a female, has been regarded as the type; it is here des- ignated as the lectotype of ptyocerus Blandford. 29. Corthylus columbianus Hopkins Fig. 226 Corthylus columbianus Hopkins, 1894, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:104 (Syntypes; Raleigh Co., West Virginia; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from zelus Wood by the larger size, by the absent of a tuft of hair on the posterior face of the female antennal club, by characters of the female frons, and by other features. Female.— Length 3.6-3.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color very dark brown to al- most black. Frons shallowly, broadly concave from ele- vated epistoma to vertex; lateral margin with a rounded tubercle at inner margin of eye; surface smooth, densely, finely, uniformly punctured; vestiture of rather short, fine, dense, erect hair uniformly distributed. An- tennal club moderately asymmetrical, 1.4 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 almost straight; posterior face without a specialized tuft of hair. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in punctatissirnus except elytral punctures less abundant and less sharply impressed. Elytral declivity with punctures on striae 1 and 2 es- sentially in rows; interstriae 2 moderately im- pressed, rather strongly narrowed, 3 with about six distinct tubercles, 1 usually with smaller tubercles. Vestiture sparse, confined to declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, punctured, sparsely pubescent; an- tennal club smaller, less strongly asymmetrical. Distribution.— Kansas and Massachusetts to Tennessee and Georgia. USA: District of Columbia: Washington. Georgia: Green Co. Kansas: Shawnee Co. Maryland: Berwyn, Pis- cataway, Riderwood. Missouri: Dent Co. New Jersey: Cranford, Ocean Country, Riverton. New York: New Rochelle. North Carolina: Washington. Tennessee: Elk- mont. Virginia: Elkins, Falls Church, Ft. Monroe. West Virginia: Rickene, Randolph Co. Hosts.— Acer rubrum, A. saccharinum, Castanea dentata, Liriodendron tulipifera, Platanus occidentalis, Quercus alba, Ulmus sp. Biology.— The bole of living trees is se- lected for attack and the tree usually survives after the brood has emerged. The life cycle and habits are discussed by Kabir and Giese (1966). Notes.— The above treatment was based on 47 specimens, including Hopkins's syntypes. 1296 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 30. Corthylus concavus Bright Corthyliis concavus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1376 (Holotype, female; 24 km or 15 miles S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12647) Diagnosis.— This space is distinguished from columbianus Hopkins by characters of the female frons and elytral declivity as in- dicated below. Female.— Length 3.4-3.9 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color black. Frons as in columbianus except much more strongly concave, vestiture on margin much longer; sutures of antennal club feebly procurved. Pronotum and elytral disc as in columbianus except punctures smaller, not as deep. Elytral declivity as in columbianus ex- cept interstriae 2 more strongly, more broad- ly impressed, punctures much smaller. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in columbianus. Distribution.— Puebla to Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 24 km or 15 miles S Valle Nacion- al, 20-V-71, 1300 m, D. E. Bright. Puebla: 9 km NE Teziutlan, 2-VII-67, 1600 m, No. 135 in Alnus, No. 140 in tree limb, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from limbs and a seeding 5-12 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype and on 12 other specimens. 31. Corthylus trunculus Wood Corthylus trunculus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:191 (Holotype, female; 13 km or 8 miles S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This unique species is distin- guished from all other representatives of the genus by the small size, by the truncate ely- tral declivity that is armed at its base by a pair of denticles on interstriae 3, by the con- vex female frons, and by the strongly pro- curved sutures on the female antennal club. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons weakly convex except somewhat flattened on lower fifth; surface sub- reticulate, punctures small, obscure, moder- ately abundant; vestiture of uniformly dis- tributed moderately long hair from epistoma almost to vertex. Antennal club sub- triangular, more nearly symmetrical than normal for this genus, 1.1 times as long as wide; sutures 1 and 2 strongly procurved, 1 apparently partly septate but not showing on posterior face; posterior face with tip of small tuft of hair reaching apex. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; basi- cally as in comatus Blandford except sculp- ture much finer, posterior areas strongly reticulate. Elytra 1.2 times as long as wide; 1.1 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight on basal five-sixths, very slightly narrower to- ward declivity, abruptly, very broadly rounded behind; disc almost smooth, sub- shining, points, lines, and punctures small, confused, somewhat obscure. Declivity tnm- cate, very steep, margin from base to apex abruptly rounded, slightly elevated (not acutely margined); basal margin armed by a pair of small pointed spines at interstriae 3; sutural interstriae uniformly, subacutely, rather weakly elevated; surface strongly reti- culate, punctures abundant, confused, shal- low, very obscure. Vestiture sparse, short, confined to sides and margins of declivity. Posterior face of protibia subinflated and armed by four to six confused, minute denticles. Mal^-— Similar to female except frons more strongly convex, subglabrous; antennal club normal, sutures weakly procurved, tuft of hair absent; anterior margin of pronotum armed by two or more coarse teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: Beverley, Limon, 26-VIII-63, 7 m. No. 154, woody vine, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, Chiriqui, 7-1-64, 100 m. No. 371, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from stems 2-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of nine specimens. 32. Corthylus suturifer Schedl Corthylus suturifer Schedl, 1963, Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:165 (Holotype, female; Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pumilus Wood by the more slender body form, by the much steeper, more broad- ly rounded elytral declivity, with interstriae 1 very strongly elevated, and by the different female frons. Female.— Length 1.4 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1297 Frons rather shallowly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; median third smooth, shining, impunctate, lateral thirds apparently very finely granulate-punctate; lateral margins ornamented from epistoma to vertex by a row of moderately long hair (ver- tex concealed by pronotum, row of hair sometimes interrupted in median area). Both antennae missing from type; left antenna im- mersed in adjacent glue, large, without a cirrus. Pronotum 1.05 times as long as wide; about as in pumilus except more slender. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.4 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal three-fourths, rather abrupt- ly, very broadly rounded behind, with sutural interstriae interrupting outline; disc reti- culate, punctures obscure, confused. Declivi- ty confined to posterior fifth, very steep, very broadly convex; interstriae 1 very strongly, uniformly elevated, higher than wide at middle of declivity, its crest reticulate-granu- late; lateral areas reticulate, weakly convex; interstriae 3 with about three small denticles; posterolateral margin subacutely, rather weakly elevated on lower third, upper two- thirds of margin rounded. Vestiture confined to declivital interstriae 2, 3, and 4, consisting of rows of rather short, very stout setae. Distribution.— Veracruz. MEXICO: Veracruz: Cordoba. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 33. Corthylus minimus Wood Corthylns minimus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. .34:192 (Holotype, female; La Ceiba, Hondura.s; Wood Coll.) ' Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minutissimus Schedl by the characters of the head and elytral declivity as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.3-1.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons very narrow, very shallowly con- cave, on central half, impressed areas not at- taining upper level of eyes; surface shining, obscurely reticulate, a few punctures in mar- ginal areas; subglabrous. Eyes very large, coarsely faceted. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, moderately asymmetrical; sutures almost straight, 1 partly septate, 2 very obscure; posterior face without a tuft of hair. Pronotum and elytra essentially as in min- utissimus except elytral declivity with inter- striae 2 narrowed, moderately impressed, 1 carinate, more strongly elevated, 3 distinctly elevated and armed by about four minute tu- bercles, 2 without setae. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, rugose-reticulate, punctures more uniformly distributed; eyes of normal size; antennal club smaller, less elongate; anterior margin of pronotum armed by a pair of coarse, median teeth. Distribution.— Honduras. HONDURAS; La Ceiba, Atlantida, 20-V to 26-VIII- 49, at light, E. C. Becker. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 17 specimens. 34. Corthylus pumilus Wood Corthylus pumilus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:192 (Holotype, female; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, Panama; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minutissimus Schedl by characters of the frons and elytral declivity as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly, deeply concave from epis- toma to vertex; surface evidently minutely, densely punctured and finely, densely, uni- formly pubescent except smooth and glabrous on narrow median area on upper fourth; vestiture rather short, of uniform length. Antennal club 1.4 times as long as wide; strongly reniform, with grooved su- tures, and with a small tuft of hair on posteri- or face as in minutissimus. Pronotum and elytra as in minutissimus ex- cept elytral declivity with interstriae 1 more strongly elevated, 2 weakly impressed, en- tirely unarmed, and devoid of setae, 4 feebly elevated and armed by about four minute tu- bercles. Vestiture as in minutissimus except more slender, slightly longer, absent on inter- striae 2. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, subglabrous; antennal club normal, anterior margin of pronotum armed by a pair of coarse, median teeth. Distribution.— Panama. 1298 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 PANAMA: Ft. Clayton, Canal Zone, 22-XII-63, 30 m, No. 363, tree branch, S. L. Wood; Madden Forest, Canal Zone, 2-1-64, 70 m. No. 366, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2.3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 35. Corthylus nevermanni (Schedl) Thylurcos nevermanni Schedl, 19.39, Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Gas. 29:568 (Holotype, male; Hamburgfarm on Rio Reventazon, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— The male is distinguished from the male of pumilus Wood by the more slender body form and by the more gradual elytral declivity that has interstriae 1 less dis- tinctly elevated, interstriae 2 wider and not impressed, and the punctures more distinctly impressed. Male.— Length 1.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons convex above eyes, rather strongly, transversely impressed below eyes, epistoma distinctly elevated; surface reticulate, punc- tures fine, rather sparse; vestiture of fine, long, rather sparse, uniformly distributed hair. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides almost straight and parallel on more than basal half, then abruptly rounded, rather nar- rowly rounded in front; anterior margin armed by about six serrations, median pair slightly larger; anterior third strongly decli- vous, moderately asperate, asperities near median line continued to middle of pronotum but of reduced size; posterior areas finely ret- iculate, punctures sparse, minute. Elytra 1.3 times as long as wide, 1.2 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather narrowly rounded behind; surface smooth, shining, with a few very obscure, fine lines, punctures minute, confused. Declivity convex, moder- ately steep; suture weakly elevated on middle half, interstriae 2 not impressed; punctures fine, larger than on disc, distinctly impressed, granules on 1 and 3 very fine, rounded at base of setae. Vestiture consisting of sparse interstrial rows of moderately long, coarse hair on odd-numbered declivital interstriae and on basal half of 2. Posterior face of protibiae with a few very minute tubercles. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Hamburgfarm, Rio Reventazon, Limon, l-V-34, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The holotype apparently was taken at light. The elytra of the type are spread very slightly. This condition was inter- preted and illustrated by Schedl as a sutural emargination. Actually, the elytra are entire, with no hint of an emargination. 36. Corthylus nanus Wood Corthylus nanus Wood, 1979, Great Basin Nat. 39:138 (Holotype, male; 1 km S Rincon de Osa, Punta- renas, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— The unique male is unrelated to known species, but it is distinguished from pumilus Wood by the smaller, more slender form, by the shining, weakly reticulate frons, and by the very different elytra. Male.— Length 1.2 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color reddish brown. Frons broadly convex, a feeble median granule at epistoma; surface shining, reti- culate, very weakly so above upper level of eyes; vestiture fine, inconspicuous. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; basi- cally as in minutissimus Schedl except ante- rior margin armed only by two slender, con- tiguous, median serrations; surface reticulate. Elytra 1.4 times as long as wide, 1.3 times as long as pronotum; sides almost straight and parallel on basal two-thirds, rather broadly rounded behind; surface smooth, brightly shining, punctures minute, almost obsolete, perhaps in obscure strial rows. Declivity steep, convex; striae obscurely evident, punc- tures more distinct than on disc; interstriae 1 weakly, distinctly elevated, 2 strongly, rather narrowly elevated from just below base to just below middle, its narrowly convex crest uniformly elevated, with a row of small punctures, 3 neither elevated nor impressed, with a row of punctures, punctures on 1-3 possibly very feebly granulate. Vestiture re- stricted to declivity, of interstrial rows of subspatulate bristles on all interstriae, about 5-6 on each interstriae, each bristle about one and one-half times as long as distance be- tween rows. Distribution.— Costa Rica. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1299 COSTA RICA: 1 km SW Rincon de Osa, Puntarenas, 12-VIII-68, from a Cecropia leaf petiole, H. Hespenheide. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 37. Corthylus minutissimus Schedl Corthylus minutissimus Schedl, 1940, .'^n. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:353 (Syntypes, females; Chiltepec, Oaxaca, Mexico; Schedl and Dampf colls.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from pumilus Wood by the characters of the frons and decUvity as indicated below. Female.— Length 1.2-1.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons broadly, rather deeply concave from epistoma to vertex, with a transverse callus near upper limits of impressed area; margin from level of antennal insertion to inner mar- gin of eye subacute; surface of impressed area finely reticulate, minute punctures very obscure; vestiture of very fine, sparse hair or entirely abraded. Antennal club 1.5 times as long as wide, as in pumilus. Pronotum 0.98 times as long as wide; about as in trunculus Wood. Elytra 1.25 times as long as wide, 1.25 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and parallel on basal half, broadly rounded be- hind; disc shining, points, punctures, and lines minute, obscure, confused. Declivity broadly convex, steep; posterolateral margin subacutely, rather weakly elevated from cos- ta (in line with striae 3) to about interstriae 8; interstriae 1 distinctly, weakly costate, a few granules feebly, indistinctly indicated, 2 and 3 each with a row of about four to six tu- bercles of about equal size; striae 1 and 2 not impressed, their punctures small, weakly im- pressed, apparently in rows. Vestiture of in- terstrial rows of bristles mostly on declivity; each bristle erect, short, stout, flattened, about four to six times as long as wide. Protibia as in trunculus. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Honduras. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Chiltepec, 3-III-32, at light, A. Dampf. HONDURAS: La Lima, Cortez, 5-V-64, 200 m, No. 574, Swietenia, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on 12 specimens, of which one was compared by me to Schedl's syntype. 38. Corthylus uniseptis Schedl Corthylus uniseptis Schedl, 1961, Pan Pacific Ent. 34:229 (Holotype, male; Cordoba, Veracruz, Mexico; California Acad. Sci.) Corthylus reburrus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1375 (Holotype, female; Palenque Ruins, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll.); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:280. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from trucis Wood by the smaller size, by the unarmed declivital interstriae 2, and by other characters. Female.— Length 1.8-2.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. As in trucis except median line on frons much wider, lateral areas without longer setae; antennal club apparently more elon- gate; declivital interstriae 2 unarmed. Male.— As in male trucis except elytral declivity with tubercles absent on interstriae 2, half as numerous as on 1 and 3; declivital setae half as numerous, much shorter. Distribution.— Veracruz to Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Palenque Ruins, 22-VI-69, D. E. Bright. Veracruz: Cordova, A. Fenyes. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of uniseptis and on a male paratype of reburrus. The holotype of re- burrus wJis also examined. 39. Corthylus parvulus Blandford Corthylus parvulus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):261 (Holotype, male; Las Mercedes, Guatemala; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) This species is virtually identical with uni- septis Schedl except that the pronotum and elytra are smoother and without evident punctures on the elytral disc, and the declivi- tal setae are stouter. The holotype is 1.6 mm in length. Based on the hmited material at hand, I hesitate to recognize more than one species. The type, which was examined, was taken at an elevation of 3000 ft. 40. Corthylus trucis Wood Fig. 227 Corthylus trucis Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:193 (Holotype, female; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from uniseptis Schedl by the larger size, by the armed declivital interstriae 2, and appar- ently by other characters. 1300 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 2.9-3.1 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, almost black. Frons deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface smooth, shining, finely, closely punctured except nar- rowly impunctate on entire median line; ves- titure of fine, erect, moderately long hair of uniform length, except a few longer setae on lateral margins. Antennal club large, strongly asymmetrical, 1.25 times as long as wide, with three rather strongly procurved sutures, median half of 1 septate, cirrus extending slightly beyond apex. Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in comatus Blandford. Elytral declivity broadly convex, steep; posterolateral margin sub- acutely elevated form costal margin to inter- striae 8; surface shining, impressed points rather numerous, strial punctures only slightly larger than points, mostly in rows; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, subcostate, 2 distinctly, rather shallowly impressed, 1-3 each armed by about four to six moderately large tubercles, usually less numerous on 2. Vestiture mostly confined to declivity, of fine, long, interstrial half of moderate abundance. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, sub- glabrous; antennal club much smaller, more nearly symmetrical, with only two sutures; anterior margin of pronotum more strongly serrate, median pair larger. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m. No. 204, Miconia ghbuliflora, S. L. Wood. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of five specimens. 41. Corthyltis luridus Blandford Corthyliis luridus Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):256 (Holotype, female; Volcan de Chiriqui, Chiriqui, Panama; British Mus. Nat. Hist.) Corthyltis hiseriatus Eggers, 194.3, Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. 10:247 (Holotype, female; Guatemala; In- stitut fiir Pflanzenschrutzforschung Kleinmachnow) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from tnicis Wood by the posterior face of the female antennal club as described below and by the steeper elytral declivity with very slightly larger declivital tubercles. Female.— Length 2.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color brown (not fully mature). As in trucis except posterior face of anten- nal club with a large, oval, impressed area occupying at least two-thirds of surface area on distal half, middle third of this impressed area occupied by a slender, transverse, spongy area extending to margins of im- pressed area (transverse, spongy area in trucis occupying middle third of club almost from mesal to lateral margins). Elytral declivity slightly steeper than in trucis and with inter- strial tubercles slightly larger. Distribution.— Guatemala and Panama. GUATEMALA: Guatemala, Conradt. PANAMA: Volcan de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft, G. C. Champion. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotypes of luridus and hiseriatus. 42. Corthylus detrimentosus Schedl Corthylus detrimentosus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:355 (Syntypes; Sierra de Durango, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is rather similar to trucis Wood, but it is distinguished by characters of the frons, elytral declivity, and color as described below. Female.— Length 2.5-2.7 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color yellowish brown, anterior half of pronotum and posterior third of elytra dark brown. Frons deeply, broadly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface on up- per two-thirds smooth, with rather coarse, very close punctures, evidently with a small median tubercle at upper margin, lower third covered almost from eye to eye by a sub- reniform, yellow, spongy area from epistoma almost to upper level of eyes; punctured area with fine, rather abundant, moderately long hair. Antennal club 1.3 times as long as wide, sutures 1 and 2 feebly procurved; cirrus ex- tending slightly beyond apex of club. Pronotum and elytral disc approximately as in comatus Blandford except minute punc- tures on posterior half of elytral disc mostly in strial rows. Elytral declivity about as in trucis except more strongly convex; small strial punctures in rows, interstriae 2 not im- pressed, 1-3 each with a row of very fine granules. Vestiture confined to declivity, of fine, rather short interstrial hair. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1301 Male.— Similar to female except Irons convex, subglabrous, subreticulate, with sparse, coarse punctures; antennal club small- er, more symmetrical, without cirrus; declivi- tal striae 1 somewhat sulcate. Distribution.— Durango to Guerrero. MEXICO; Durango: Sierra de Durango; 16 km W El Salto, VII-64, J. B. Thomas; 29 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m, No. 35, Arbutus, S. L. Wood. Guerrero: Ciudad Altamiran, X-1979, at light. Biology.— Two males were taken from an Arbutus stump 10 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on a female that was compared by me to the holotype, and on three males. 43. Corthylus mexicanus Schedl Fig. 227 Corthylus mexicanus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:159 (Holo- type, male; Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.) Corthylus glabinus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1372 (Holotype, female; 14 km or 9 miles SW Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12642); Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:175. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from detrimentosus Schedl by conspicuous differences on the female frons and on the elytral declivity. Fig. 227. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, mexicanus; C, D, trucis; E, F, sentus; G, H, I, pygmaeus, G, anterior face of antenna. 1302 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color dark brown, basal two- thirds of elytra yellowish brown. Frons with basic contours as in detriment- osus; spongy area an oval area on median fourth from epistoma to about two-thirds dis- tance to upper level of eyes; vestiture in im- pressed area sparse, upper margin orna- mented by a row of long, yellow hair, their tips extending beyond epistoma. Antennal club as in detrimentosus except cirrus longer. Pronotum and elytral disc as in detriment- osus. Elytral declivity very steep, sub- truncate, slightly convex; posterolateral mar- gin subacutely elevated from apex to slightly above middle, margin rounded on upper third; strial punctures rather small, clearly impressed; interstriae 1 moderately elevated, armed by two to six rather small tubercles; 2 strongly, broadly impressed, unarmed, mostly impunctate; 3 slightly elevated on upper half and armed by about three small denticles; lateral areas occasionally with two or three small tubercles. Usually glabrous, occasional specimens with a few fine setae at base of declivity. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, subreticulate, sparsely, finely punc- tured, subglabrous; antennal club smaller, more nearly symmetrical, without a cirrus. Distribution.— Puebla to Honduras. MEXICO: Puebla: Huahuchinango, IV-61, Malus; 25 km W Texmelucan, 13-VI-67, 2800 m, Salix, S. L. Wood; 11 km W Villa Juarez, 25-VI-53, S. L. Wood. Veracruz: 25 km NW Jacala, 29-VI-53, 2100 m, S. L. Wood. HON- DURAS: Zamorano, Morazan, 18-IV-64, Clethra hondu- rensis, Lippia substrigosa, Oreopanax, Parathesis serru- lata, Pinus pseudostrobus, Rapanea guyanensis, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species breeds in material 3-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of glabinus and on 113 other specimens, one of which was compared by me to the holotype of mexicanus. 44. Corthylus nolenae Wood Corthylns nolenae Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:194 (Holotype, female; Huajuapan, 21 km or 13 miles SE Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from detrimentosus Schedl by the smaller size, by the female frons, and by the elytral declivity as noted below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide; color reddish brown, elytra black. Frons as in detrimentosus except spongy area smaller, ending well below upper level of eyes, dorsal half of excavated area with a strongly elevated median carina, marginal setae slightly longer, cirrus on antennal club smaller, shorter. Pronotum much as in detrimentosus except pronotal disc with several broad subasperate crenulations, and elytral disc with strial punctures much larger and mostly in definite rows. Elytral declivity similar to detriment- osus but not as steep and more narrowly con- vex; strial punctures rather coarse, deep; in- terstriae 1 distinctly elevated, 3 feebly elevated on basal half, 1 and 3 each with about four to six small tubercles; ventrolater- al margin as in detrimentosus. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in detrimentosus. Distribution.— Oaxaca. MEXICO: Oaxaca: Huajuapan, 4-V11-53, Nolena, S. L. Wood. Habits.— Specimens were taken from a fruiting stalk about 5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 51 specimens. 45. Corthylus spinosus Wood Corthylus spinosus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:194 (Holotype, male; Forti'n de las Flores, Veracruz, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished in the male by the stouter body and by the very different elytral declivity. Male.— Length 2.0 mm, about 2.0 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons, antenna, pronotum, and elytral disc as in uniseptis Schedl except pronotum with summit nearer base, its disc with rather nu- merous low, rather broad, transverse crenula- tions. Elytral declivity much as in uniseptis except wider, strial punctures slightly larger, interstriae 2 narrower and slightly deeper, 1 and 3 each bearing about four very coarse, sharply pointed tubercles, each higher than wide (unusually large for this genus), several smaller tubercles in lateral areas. Vestiture slightly longer and more abundant than in uniseptis. Distribution.— Veracruz. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1303 MEXICO: Veracruz: Forti'n de las Flores-Sumidero, 27-IV-65, 900 m, blacklight, H. M. Weems, Jr. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the unique holotype. 46. Corthylus minutus Bright Corthylus minutus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1373 (Holotypes, female; Lagos de las Colores, Chiapas, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 123643). Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from senilis Wood by the much smaller size and by details in sculpture of the female frons. Female.— Length 1.6 mm, about 2.5 times as long as wide (elytra slightly spread on type; color very dark brown). Frons as in senilis except yellow, spongy areas each subcircular, extending from epis- toma slightly less than 60 percent of the dis- tance to upper level of eyes, each very slightly longer than wide; margins of yellow, spongy area with a row of fine, rather long hair, hair about equal in length to half diame- ter of a spongy area. Pronotum and elytra as in senilis. Distribution.— Chiapas. MEXICO: Chiapas: Lagos de las Colores, 17-V-69, Quercus, D. E. Bright. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. 47. Corthylus senilis Wood Fig. 227 Corthylus sentus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:195 (Holotype, female, 2 km SE Cartago, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from minuius Bright by the larger size and by characters of the female frons. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.3 times as long as wide (Costa Rica; 2.4 times in Guate- mala); color brown. Frons strongly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex; surface of upper half almost smooth, evidently with a few minute punctures, lower half from epistoma to upper level of eyes entirely occupied by a pair of oval, yellow, spongy areas, separated by a fine, low, acute, median carina, margins of spongy areas without a row of hair in most specimens, an irregular row in others. Anten- nal club strongly asymmetrical, apex sub- acute, sutures 1 and 2 moderately procurved, both partly septate at median end, a feeble suture 3 suggested; cirrus absent. Pronotum as in unisepiis Schedl except dis- cal area with numerous weak, broad crenula- tions. Elytral disc as in unisepiis except punc- tures more obscure; declivity about as in spinosus except punctures obsolete, inter- striae 1 weakly elevated, unarmed, 2 im- pressed, strongly narrowed, essentially obso- lete, 3 and lateral areas convex, 3 armed by about three coarse spines (larger than in spin- osus), usually with one or two smaller spines at base, lateral areas with about four to eight pointed tubercles. Vestiture confined to de- clivity, of sparse hair. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparse punctures obscure, antennal club smaller, less strongly asymmet- rical; anterior margin of pronotum armed by one pair of median teeth. Distribution.— Guatemala to Costa Rica. GUATEMALA: Cerro Pefia Blanca, 23-IV-64, 2000 m, No. 529, Miconia schlechtendalii, S. L. Wood; Guate- mala City, 30-V-64, 1300 m. No. 644, leguminous vine. No. 683, shrub, S. L. Wood; Quezaltenango, 26-V-64, 16 mm. No. 622, tree branch, S. L. Wood. COSTA RICA: 2 km SE Cartago, 2-VIII-63, 1300 m, No. 98, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— This species made spiral gal- leries in branches 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 57 specimens. The speci- mens from Guatemala were slightly more slender than were those in the Costa Rican series. 48. Corthylus pygmaeus Wood Fig. 227 Corthylus pygmaeus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:195 (Holotype, female, Finca La Lola, Limon, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinifer Schwarz by the smaller size and by the numerous minor features indicated below. Female.— Length 1.5-1.8 mm, 2.0 times as long as wide; color brown. Frons as in spinifer except more shallowly impressed (transversely flat at upper level of eyes), punctures averaging smaller, longest setae on upper third less numerous. Cirrus on antennal club shorter, its length from in- sertion of last hair to its apex less than length of club. 1304 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pronotum and elytra as in spinifer except decli vital sulcus not quite as deep, punctures slightly finer, impressed points largely obso- lete, posterolateral margin more abruptly, less strongly elevated. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in spinifer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Finca La Lola, Limon, 17-1-63, Theo- broma cacao, J. L. Saunders; Pandora, Limon, 23-VIII- 63, 50 m, No. 149, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-3 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 14 specimens. The name pygmaeus was employed as a manuscript name for this species by Schedl, but apparently it has not been validated by him. 49. Corthylus spinifer Schwarz Fig. 228 Corthylus spinifer Schwarz, 1891, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash- ington 2:114 (Syn types, females. Key West, Flor- ida; U.S. Nat. Mus.) Metacorthyhis affinis Fonseca, 1925, Commisao de Es- tudio e Debellacao de Praga Cafeeira, Pub. 12:3 (Syntypes; Itatiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; not located) Corthylus affinis Fonseca, 1927, Rev. Mus. Paul. 15(1):585 (Syntypes; Itatiba, Sao Paulo, Brazil; not located; an obvious duplication of the 1925 description) Corthylus guayanensis Eggers, 1933, Lab. d'Ent. Mus. Nat. d'Hist. Nat. Paris, Mem. 1:22 (Syntype, male; Camopi, Franz. Guayana; Paris Mus.); Wood, 1977, Great Basin Nat. 37:208. Synonymy Corthylus tomentosus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:350 (Syntypes, female; Tuxtepec in Oaxaca, and Ixtapa in Nayarit, Mexico; Schedl and Dampf colls.); Wood, 1976, Great Basin Nat. 36:347. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished with difficulty from pygmaeus Wood by the larger size, by the more strongly impressed female frons, and by other characters men- tioned below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.4 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons rather shallowly concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to well above eyes; surface densely, finely punctured (coarser than in pygmaeus); abundant hairlike vesti- ture moderately long, much longer on mar- gins (long setae twice as numerous above as in pygmaeus). Antennal club about as in sen- tus except suture 3 not indicated; cirrus al- most twice as long as club. Pronotum and elytral disc about as in com- atus Blandford. Elytral declivity steep, broadly convex, feebly sulcate; strial punc- tures in obscure rows, interstrial punctures indistinguishable from those of striae, con- fused, punctures rather coarse, moderately deep, rather close, impressed points Fig. 228. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted): A, B, spinifer; C, D, flagellifer. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1305 conspicuous, rather numerous; interstriae 1 convex, rather weakly elevated, impunctate, 2 shallowly, broadly impressed, 3 slightly ele- vated, rather broadly convex, armed by two or three fine tubercles on middle half; post- erolateral margin acutely elevated from apex to interstriae 1, its height equal to its thick- ness (higher than pygmaeus). Glabrous or with three or four short setae on interstriae 3. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely, coarsely punc- tiu^ed, glabrous; antennal club smaller, more symmetrical, without cirrus; anterior margin of pronotum armed by a median pair of coarse teeth. Distribution.— Florida and Nayarit to Brazil. USA: Florida: Brookville, Hilliard, Miami, Paradise Key, Ramrod Key, Vero Beach. MEXICO: Michoacan: Patuan. Nayarit: Tepic. Veracruz: Fortin de las Flores. HONDURAS: Zamorano in Morazan, COSTA RICA: Escasu and Santa Ana in San Jose, PANAMA: Panama City and Taberville in the Canal Zone. VENEZUELA: States of .\ragua, Barinas, Miranda. Hosts.— Persea americana, Salix guatema- lensis, Spondias mombin, S. purpurea, TJieo- brotna cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of spinifer, on one syntype of tomentosus, on one specimen of affinis com- pared by Costa Lima to the type, and on 93 other specimens. Two "holotypes" and two "allotypes" of the apparent manuscript name Corthylus pseudoflagellifer Schedl are also of this species. 50. Corthylus flagellifer Blandford Fig. 228 Corthylus flagellifer Blandford, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer., Coleopt. 4(6):255 (Syntypes; Toxpan in Mexico, San Geronimo and Pantaleon in Guate- mala, and Boquete in Panama; British Mas. Nat. Hist.) Corthylus cirrus Schedl, 1940, An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:351 (Syntypes; Xochitlan, More- los, Mexico; Schedl and Dampf colls.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:22. Synonymy Corthylus nudiusculus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:156 (Holotype, female; Comitan, Chiapas, Mexico; Schedl Coll.); Wood, 1966, Great Basin Nat. 26:22. Synonymy Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from spinifer Schwarz by the larger size and by characters mentioned in the above key and in the following description. Female.— Length 2.5-3.0 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons as in spinifer except punctures larger, closer, vestiture longer, more abun- dant, impression on lower half apparently slightly deeper. Cirrus of antennal club short- er than club. Pronotum and elytra as in spinifer except declivity with lateral convexities con- spicuously higher than suture, area of inter- striae 2 more strongly, more extensively impressed. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in spinifer. Distribution.— Nayarit and Veracruz to Guatemala. MEXICO: Chiapas: Comitan. Morelos: Xochitlan, VII-37, Persea americana. Nayarit: 6 km W Tepic, 13- VII-65, 700 m. No. 240, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Vera- cruz: Fortin de las Flores, 22-V-65, Blacklight, H. V. Weems. GUATEM.\LA: Pantaleon and San Geronimo, G. C. Champion; Volcan de Agua, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. 615, Acacia, S. L. Wood; Palin, Esquintla, 19-V-64, 1000 m. No. .588, anonillo, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from branches 5-8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the syntypes of flagellifer, on Schedl's fe- male syntypes of cirrus, on the holotype of nudiusculus, and on 19 other specimens. I have seen no specimen smaller than 2.5 mm, although Blandford indicated males were as small as 2.2 mm and females 2.3 mm. 51. Corthylus sobrinus Wood Corthylus sobrinus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:196 (Holotype, female; Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from flagellifer Blandford by the larger size and by characters of the frons and elytral de- clivity mentioned below. Female.— Length 3.0-3.4 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color very dark brown. Frons as in flagellifer except much more strongly impressed, particularly on upper half; lower fifth with a pair of rather widely separated, oval, yellow spongy areas (vesti- ture not interrupted by their presence); vesti- ture similar to flagellifer except most setae strongly flattened, less abundant at upper 1306 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 margin. Antennal cirrus much more poorly developed but only slightly shorter. Pronotum and elytra as in flagellifer ex- cept punctures on elytral disc larger but very shallow, and elytral declivity somewhat more strongly, more broadly impressed. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in spinifer. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Turrialba, 7-1-63, Tlieobroma cacao, J. L. Saunders, and 9-III-64, 700 m. No. 468B, fence post, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Two specimens were taken from a new fence post 8 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 18 specimens. 52. Corthylus subserratus Wood Fig. 229 Corthylus subserratus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:197 (Holotype, female; Volcan Poas, Heredia, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from serrulatus Eggers (from Bolivia and Peru) by the larger size and by conspicuous differences on the head and elytral declivity as indicated below. Female.— Length 2.3-2.5 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color black, with one-third to two-thirds of elytra yellowish brown (area and color intensity of pale portion variable). Frons deeply concave from eye to eye, from epistoma to vertex, much deeper than in serrulatus; entire lower third occupied by a yellow, spongy area, upper areas dull, coarsely punctured, vestiture absent at center of concavity, increasing in size and density toward margins above eyes; margins above eyes ornamented by a dense brush of long, yellow, strongly plumose setae (as in serru- latus). Antennal club as in serrulatus, with su- ture 1 partly septate, 2 and 3 weakly im- pressed; cirrus entirely absent. Pronotum as in serrulatus except posterior areas more strongly reticulate, weak trans- verse crenulations on disc much narrower. Elytra as in serrulatus except surface of disc less shining; declivity less convex, post- erolateral margin ending slightly below middle of declivity, surface strongly reti- culate, punctures mostly obscure, interstriae 1 slightly less strongly elevated, its summit conspicuously undulating, forming about six rounded serrations (summit an almost uni- form costa in serrulatus). Vestiture confined to declivity, of rows of erect interstrial hair on interstriae 1 and 3 and base of 2, a few setae in lateral areas. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, reticulate, sparsely punctured, vesti- ture sparse, inconspicuous; antennal club smaller, more nearly symmetrical; anterior margin of pronotum armed by one median pair of teeth. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Guapiles, Limon, 22-V1I1-66, 100 m, S. L. Wood; Volcan Poas, Heredia, 2500 m, 14-VII-63, No. 44, tree branch, 6, 14, 19-XI-63, various tree branches, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken in mate- rial 6-12 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 1 18 specimens. 53. Corthylus serratus Wood Fig. 229 Corthylus serratus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:197 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from serrulatus Eggers and subserratus Wood by the smaller size and by conspicuous differ- ences on the head and elytral declivity as noted below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons basically shallowly concave as in ser- rulatus, and with oval area on median half from near epistoma to near vertex abruptly, much more strongly concave; central con- cavity smooth, with a few punctures and hairlike setae; lateral areas minutely, densely punctured, becoming spongy and yellowish above on median margins, this area very mi- nutely, densely pubescent; plumose vestiture on upper margin as in subserratus. Antenna as in serrulatus except cirrus smaller, slightly shorter. Pronotum and elytral disc as in serrulatus except punctures on elytral disc slightly larger. Elytral declivity with margins abrupt- ly angled except rounded on basal fifth, face much more weakly convex than serrulatus, its surface shining and punctured about as in ser- rulatus, interstriae 1 more strongly elevated 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1307 than in serrulatus, its crest with about four to six coarse crenulations, some of them acutely pointed. Interstriae 1, 3, and 4 with very long hairlike setae. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in subserratiis. Distribution.— Costa Rica to Panama. COSTA RICA: 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX-63, 1800 m, No. 204, Miconia globuliflora, S. L. Wood; Tapanti, Cartago, 2-VII-63, 1300 m, No. 9, Miconia, also 24-IX-63, No. 271, Werklia insignis. No. 197, Siparuna nicaraguensis. No. 241, Phoebe mexicana, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Volcan Chiriqui, 11-1-64, 1800 m. No. 371, Inga, No. 399, tree branch, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 23 specimens. Fig. 229. Corthylus spp., female outlines from dorsal and lateral aspects (frontal setae omitted); A, B, subserratus; C, D, E, serratus; F, G, concisus; H, I, procerus. 1308 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 54. Corthylus praeustus Schedl Corthijlus praeustus Schedl, 1950, Dusenia 1:153 (Lecto- type, female; Guatemala; Schedl Coll., present designation) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from petilus Wood by characters mentioned below. Female.— Length 1.8 mm, 2.4 times as long as wide; color light brown (not fully mature). Frons largely obscured, apparently similar to petilus except less strongly concave, tuft of hair on vertex much more abundant and longer, lower fifth occupied by a yellow spongy area along epistoma from eye to eye, its lower margin acutely elevated particu- larly in lateral portion; central half not vis- ible on type. Antennal club similar to petilus, but slightly more slender; a small cirrus ex- tending slightly beyond apex of club. Pronotum 1.2 times as long as wide; similar to petilus except more strongly reticulate. Elytra about 1.4 times as long as wide (slightly spread); similar to petilus except sur- face more nearly reticulate, puncture more obscure. Declivity subtruncate, steep, flat to feebly convex, margin abruptly angulate to striae 1 at base, weakly elevated on about lower two-thirds; surface rather weakly reti- culate, moderately shining, punctures small, shallow; interstriae 1 moderately elevated as in petilus, its crest finely serrate. Vestiture confined to declivity, of several rather short, stout setae. Distribution.— Guatemala. GUATEMALA: "Guatemala; GoU. Hagedorn, 1915." Notes.— The syntypic series on which this species was based contained two or more spe- cies. I here designate as the lectotype of praeustus Schedl the female from Guatemala that Schedl regards as the type. That speci- men was examined and is the only represen- tative of the species known to me. The South American syntypes have been referred to in- signis Wood. Other Central American speci- mens identified by Schedl as this species are of concisus Wood. 55. Corthylus petilus Wood Fig. 217 Corthylus petilus Wood, 1967, Great Basin Nat. 27:56 (Holotype, female; 5 km or 3 miles W El Salto, Durango, Mexico; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— Among those species having the elytral declivity truncate and margined by a complete, raised, circumdeclivital costa, this species is distinguished by the slender form and by characters on the female head as specified below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.1 mm, 2.5 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons deeply concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex; lower fourth of con- cave area pale yellow, spongy, upper area smooth, shining, with moderately abundant fine punctures; concave area with sparse, fine, short hair, upper margin with a dense row of long plumose setae, longest setae equal in length to half distance between eyes. Antennal club strongly asymmetrical, three sutures indicated; cirrus entirely absent. Pronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; sides on basal half almost straight and parallel, moderately converging on anterior half to very broadly rounded, unarmed anterior mar- gin; summit indefinite, one-third pronotum length from anterior margin; anterior third asperate; posterior areas reticulate, punctures minute, rather sparse. Glabrous. Elytra 1.7 times aslong as wide, 1.5 times as long as pronotum; sides straight and paral- lel on more than basal nine-tenths, very broadly rounded behind; surface shining, with obscure irregular lines, punctures small and obscure on basal fourth, larger and dis- tinctly impressed on posterior fourth, mostly confused but strial rows indicated in some specimens. Declivity abrupt, subvertical, sub- acutely margined from apex to striae 1 at base; face smooth, shining, with rather coarse, confused punctures; interstriae 1 abruptly, strongly elevated, higher than wide on middle half. Glabrous. Male.— Similar to female except frons convex, obscurely subreticulate, sparsely, rather coarsely punctured, vestiture incon- spicuous; antennal club smaller, less strongly asymmetrical; anterior margin of pronotum armed by one or two pairs of median serrations. Distribution.— Arizona to Durango. USA: Arizona: Mt. Bigelow in Sta. Catalina Mts., 11- VI-69, 2500 m. No. 90, Quercus hypoleucoides, S. L. Wood. MEXICO: Durango: 5 km W El Salto, 7-VI-65, 2500 m. No. 41, Quercus, S. L. Wood. Host.— Quercus hypoleucoides, Q. sp. 1982 CORTHYLINI: CORTHYLINA 1309 Biology.— Specimens were taken from dying limbs 3-6 cm in diameter on living trees. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 5 specimens and on 41 other specimens. 56. Corthylus concisus Wood Figs. 229-2.30 Corthylus compressicornis: Blandford, 1904 (nee. Fabri- eius), Biol. Centr. .^mer., Coleopt. 4(6):255. Misidentification Corthylus concisus Wood, 1974, Great Basin Nat. 34:201 (Holotype, female; Tapanti, Cartago, Costa Rica; Wood Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from procerus Bright by the larger size and by the characters on the head mentioned below. Female.— Length 2.0-2.3 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons flat, a weak transverse callus at level of antennal insertion; large central area smooth, glabrous, impunctate, marginal areas with fine punctures; lateral, submarginal areas with a tuft of hair from level of anten- nal insertion to upper level of eyes, margin above upper level of eyes ornamented by a dense row of very long plumose setae. Anten- nal club very broad, 1.4 times wider than long, cirrus at least three times longer than club (club longer than wide and cirrus shorter than club in procerus). Pronotum and elytral disc essentially as in petilus Wood except pronotal disc with min- ute, transverse crenulations, and punctures on elytral disc confused. Elytral declivity trun- cate, subvertical, margin abruptly, subacutely elevated on a complete circle from apex to base; face slightly convex, strongly reticulate, punctures small, confused; interstriae 1 strongly costate, as high as wide on middle half, area of 2 distinctly impressed, 3 weakly elevated on upper half and armed by about two to four small, pointed tubercles. Glabrous except for a few setae on declivital interstriae 1 and 3. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in petilus. Distribution.— Chiapas to Panama. MEXICO: Chiapas: 21 km N Ocozocoautla, 2-VII-69, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Cartago, Tapanti, and Tur- rialba in Cartago; Beverley and Peralta in Limon; Volcan in Puntarenas; Escasii, San Jose, and Santa Ana Fig. 2.30. Corthylus concisus, female aiiltnua. \ote the unusualh long cirrus. 1310 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 in San Jose. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, 26- VI-66, 1000 m, tree branch, S. L. Wood; 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, 7-1-64, 1000 m, tree seedling, S, L. Wood. Hosts.— Conostegia oerstediana, Spondias purpurea, Theobroma cacao, etc. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 2-5 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the type series of 89 specimens and on 17 other specimens. 57. Corthylus procerus Bright Fig. 229 Corthylus procerus Bright, 1972, Canadian Ent. 104:1376 (Holotype, female; 10 km or 6 miles S Valle Nacional, Oaxaca, Mexico; Canadian Nat. Coll., 12646) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from concisus Wood by the smaller size and by other characters on the female head as in- dicated below. Female.— Length 1.7-1.9 mm, 2.1 times as long as wide; color dark brown to almost black. Frons moderately concave from eye to eye from epistoma to vertex; surface shining, rather finely, closely, uniformly punctured; vestiture essentially as in concisus. Antennal club more slender, 1.4 times longer than wide, cirrus weak, shorter than club. Pronotum and elytra as in concisus except elytral declivity flat from interstriae 2 to lat- eral margin, 3 not elevated and without tubercles. Male.— Similar to female except sexual differences as in petilus Wood. Distribution.— Oaxaca to Panama. MEXICO: Oaxaca: 9 km or 6 miles S Valle Nacional, 18-V-71, 700 m, D. E. Bright. COSTA RICA: Finca Gro- maco, on Ri'o Coto Brus, Puntarenas, 14-VI1-63, 500 m. No. 63, woody vine. No. 77, tree seedling, S. L. Wood; Volcan, Puntarenas, ll-XII-63, 1000 m. No. 304, tree branch, S. L. Wood; 16 km SE Cartago, Cartago, 24-IX- 63, 1800 m. No. 203, Siparuna nicaraguensis, S. L. Wood. PANAMA: Cerro Campana, 26-VII-66, 1000 m. No. .32, tree branch, S. L. Wood; 13 km S El Hato del Volcan, 7-1-64, 1000 m. No. 371, tree seedling, S. L. Wood. Biology.— Specimens were taken from material 2-4 cm in diameter. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype of procerus and on 24 other specimens. 58. Corthylus eichhoffi Schedl Corthylus eichhoffi Schedl, 1933, Ent. Blatt. 29:34 (Holotype, female; Iberia, Santa Clara district, Limon, Costa Rica; Schedl Coll.) Diagnosis.— This species is distinguished from procerus Bright by the larger size, by the less strongly elevated declivital inter- striae 1, and by striking differences on the fe- male frons and antennal club. Female.— Length 2.3 mm, 2.2 times as long as wide; color dark brown. Frons similar to procerus except surface more nearly rugose, vestiture on upper mar- gins longer, reddish in color, more dense, ex- tending on lateral margins to slightly below upper level of eye; epistomal area broadly, very strdVigly elevated, its upper surface yel- lowish, spongy, with low pile, longer hair on epistomal margin. Antennal club with apex acutely angulate; cirrus distinctly longer than in procerus. Pronotum and elytral disc as in procerus. Elytral declivity similar to praeustus except circumdeclivital margin very slightly more strongly elevated, interstriae 1 less strongly elevated, and surface more flattened to ir- regularly subconcave. Distribution.— Costa Rica. COSTA RICA: Iberia, Santa Clara, 12-IV-24, an wel- kem laub, F. Nevermann. Notes.— The above treatment was based on the holotype. References Anderson, D. M. 1974. First record of Xijleborus semi- opacus in the continental United States (Coleop- tera, Scolytidae). U.S. Dept. Agric. Coop. Econ. Ins. Rept.'24(45-48):863-864. Anderson, R, F. 1960. Forest and shade tree entomo- logy. John Wiley & Sons, New York, vi + 428 pp. Anderson, W. H. 1948. A note on synonymy in Scoly- tidae (Col.). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 50:215. Anderson, W. H., and D. M. AiNderson. 1971. Type specimens in the Hans Eggers collection of scoly- tid beetles (Coleoptera). Smithsonian Contrib. Zool. 94:1-38. Ashraf, M., and a. a. Berryman. 1969. Biology of Sco- hjtus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Abies grandis in northwestern Idaho. Melanderia 2:1-23. Ashworth, a. C, and J. A. Brophy. 1972. Late Qua- ternary fossil beetle assemblage from the Mis- souri Coteau, North Dakota. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 83:2981-2988. Ashworth, A. C, L. Clayton, and W. B. Bickley. 1972. The Mosbeck Site: a paleoenvironniental interpretation of the late Quaternary history of Lake Agassiz based on fossil insect and mollusk remains. Quaternary Res. 2(2): 176-188. Balachowsky', a. 1949. Coleopteres Scolytides. Faime de France 50:1-320. Beal, J. A. Temperature extremes as a factor in the ecology of the southern pine beetle. J. Forestry 31:329-336. 1939. The Black Hills beetle, a serious enemy of Rocky Mountain pines. U.S. Dept. Agric. Farmer's Bull. 1824:1-22. Bechstein, J. M. 1805. Vollstandige Naturgeschichte der schadlichen Forstinsekten. Ein handbuch fiir Forstmanner, Sameralisten und Dekonomen. Leipzig. Becker, G. 1954. Beitrage zur kenntnis der Dendroc- tonu5-Arten in Guatemala. Zeitschr. angew. Ent. .36:20-61. Bedard, W. D. 1950. The Douglas-fir beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 817:1-10. Bedard, W. D., R. M. Silverstein, and D. L. Wood. 1970. Bark beetle pheromones. Science 167:1638-1639. Bedel, L. 1888. 4^ Famille. Scolytidae. Pages 385-421 in Faunes des coleopteres du bassin de la Seine. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, hors serie 6 (1879-1898, 6 vols.) 1891. Observations synonymiques. L'Abeille, J. Ent. 27:155. Beeson, C. F. C. 1915. Notes on some Indian forest bee- tles. Indian For. 1915:294-299. Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Samoa and other Samoan terrestrial arthropoda. Part IV. Coleoptera 4:217-248. 1935. Scolytidae of the Marquesas. Bishop Mus. Bull. 142:101-114. 1939. New species and biology of Coccotrypes and Thamntirgides (Scolytidae, Col.). Indian For. Rec, n. s. 5(3):279-308. ' 1940. Scolytidae and Platypodidae of the Manga- revan Expedition. Bishop Mus. Occas. Pap. 15:191-203. Bennett, W. H., and W. M. Ciesla. 1971. Southern pine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. For. Pest Laflet 49(revised):l-8. Bergroth, E. E. 1884. Bemerkungen zur dritten auflage des Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae aucto- ribus L. v. Heyden, E. Reitter et J. Weise. Ber- liner Ent. Zeitschr. 28:225-230. Blackburn, T. 1855. Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. Roy. Soc. Dublin 3:170-198. Blackman, M. W. 1915. II. Observations on the life his- tory and habits of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2:11-66, 6 pis. 1920. North American Ipidae of the subfamily Micracinae, with descriptions of new species and genera. Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9:1-62, 5 pis. 1920. Notes on forest insects. III. Two new spe- cies of Pityophthortis from Colorado. Psyche 27:1-5. 1921. Descriptions of eight new bark beetles (Ipidae) from Mississippi. Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 10:1-16. 1922. Mississippi bark beetles. Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 11:1-130, 18 pis. 1922. New species of Ipidae from Maine. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:116-136. 1922. Two new bark-beetles from Colorado. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:1.37-141. 1922. Description of Hylocurus parkinsoniae n. sp. with revisional notes on Hylocurus Eichh. and Micracis LeC. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 16:142-148. 1928. The genus Pityophthorus Eichh. in North America: a revisional study of the Pityophthori, with descriptions of two new genera and seventy- one new species. New York St. Coll. For., Syr- acuse, Tech. Pub. 25:1-184. 1928. Notes on Micracinae with description of twelve new species. New York St. Coll. For., Syr- acuse, Tech. Pub. 25:185-208. 1311 1312 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1931. The Black Hills beetle. Bull. New York St. Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 36:1-97. 1931. A revisional study of the genus Pseudopi- tyophthoriis Sw. in North America. J. Washing- ton Acad. Sci. 21:223-236. 1931. A revisional study of the genus Gnathot- richus Eichhoff in North America. J. Washington Acad. Sci. 21:264-276. 1934. A revisional study of the genus Scolytus Geoffroy {Eccoptogaster Herbst) in North Ameri- ca. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 431:1-30. 1938. New species of Cactopinus Schwarz (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:151-157. 1938. Ancyloderes, a new genus of Scolytidae. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 40:204-206. The genus Chramestts LeConte in North America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Washington Acad. Sci. 28:534-545. 1940. A new species of Xylechinus Chapuis from Montana (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 42:12.3-125. 1940. The scolytid beetles of the genus Renocis Casey, with descriptions of nine new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 88:373-401. 1941. Bark beetles of the genus Hylastes Erichson in North America. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 417:1-27. 1942. Revision of the bark beetles belonging to the genus Pseitdohylesinus Swaine. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 461:1-32. 1942. New species of bark beetles (Pityophtho- rini) from Mexico and tropical America (Coleop- tera, Scolytidae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:177-228, pis. 20-2,3. 1942. Revision of the genus Phloeosinus Chapuis in North America (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 92:397-474, pis. 38-41. 1943. New genera and species of neotropical bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J. Washington Acad. Sci. 33:34-38. 1943. New genera and species of bark beetles of the subfamily Micracinae (Scolytidae, Coleop- tera). Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 93:341-.365, pis. 29-30. 1943. New species of American scolytid beetles, mostly neotropical. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94:371-399, pis. 15-17. Blandford, W. F. H. 1894. IV. The Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of Japan. Part III. Scolytidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1894:53-141. 1894. Notes on Scolytidae and their food-plants. Insect Life 6:260-265. 1896. Contribution a la Faune indo-chinoise. 16^ Memoire. Ann. Soc. Ent. France 65:19-22. 1896. VIII. Descriptions of new Scolytidae from the Indo-Malayan and Austro-Malayan regions. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1892:191-228. 1896. Scolytides de la Nouvelle Caledonie. Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique 40:241-245. 1896-1905. Family Scolytidae. Biol. Centr. Amer., Insecta, Coleopt. 4(6):97-144 (1896), 145-184 (1897), 185-224 (1898), 225-280 (1904), 281-298 (1905). 1898. The identity of Xyleborus affinis, with some synonymical notes. Ent. News 9:3-6. BoiELDiEU, M. 1859. Descriptions d'especes nouvelles de coleopteres. Ann. Soc. Ent. France (3)7:460-482. BoHEMAN, C. H. 1858. Coleoptera. Species novas de- scripsit. Pages 1-112 in Kongliga Svenska Fregat- ten Eugenics resa omkring Jorden . . . zoologi, I, Insecta. Continued in 1859, pp. 113-218. Borden, J. H., and C. E. Slater. 1969. Sex pheromone of Trypodendron lineattim: production of female hindgut-malpighian tubule region. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 62:454-455. Borden, J. H., and E. Stokkink. 1971. Secondary attrac- tion in the Scolytidae: an annotated bibliography. Canada Dept. Fisheries, Forestry, For. Res. Lab., For. Serv., Victoria, B.C., Information Rept. BC- X-57:l-77. Borden, J. H., T. J. VanderSar, and E. Stokkink. 1975. Secondary attraction in the Scolytidae: an anno- tated bibliography. Simon Eraser Univ. Prest Management Pap. 4:1-97. Borden, J. H., and D. L. Wood. 1966. The antennal re- ceptors and olfactory response of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to male sex attractants in the laboratory. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59:253-261. Bramble, W. C, and E. C. Holst. 1940. Fungi associ- ated with Dendroctonus frontalis in killing short- leaf pines and their effect on conduction. Phyto- pathology 30:881-899. Bright, D. E. Jr. 1963. Bark beetles of the genus Dryo- co»tes (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 56:103-115. 1964. Descriptions of three new species and new distribution records of California bark beetles. Pan-Pacific Ent. 40:165-170. 1966. New species of bark beetles from California with notes on synonymy. Pan-Pacific Ent. 42:295-306. 1967. Catalogue of the Swaine types of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) with designations of lectotypes. Ca- nadian Ent. 99:673-681. 1967. A review of the genus Cactopinus, with de- scriptions of two new species and a new genus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 99:917-925. 1968. Three new species of Pityophthorus from Canada (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 100:604-608. 1968. Review of the genus Leiparthrum in North America with a description of one new species (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 100:636-639. 1968. Review of the tribe Xyleborini in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Cana- dian Ent. 100:1288-1323. 1969. Biology and taxonomy of the bark beetle species in the genus Pseudohylesinus Swaine (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Univ. California Pub. Ent. 54:1-46, figs. 1-65. 1971. New species, new synonymies and new re- cords of bark-beetles from Arizona and Califor- nia. Pan-Pacific Ent. 47:6.3-70. 1982 References 1313 1972. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. I. Tribes Xy- leborini and Corthylini. Canadian Ent. 104:1369-1385. 1972. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. II. Sub- families Scolytinae and Hylesininae. Canadian Ent. 104:1489-1497. 1972. New species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Mexico, with additional notes. III. Tribe Pi- tyophthorini (except Pityophthorus). Canadian Ent. 104:1665-1679. 1976. The bark beetles of Canada and Alaska. The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2. Bio- systematics Res. Inst., Res. Br., Canada Dept. Agric. Pub. 1576:1-241. 1976. Lectotype designations for various species of North .\merican Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopt. Bull. 30:183-188. 1976. New synonymy, new combinations, and new species of North American Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Part II. Great Basin Nat. 36:425-444. 1977. New synonymy, new combinations, and new species of North American Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). I. Canadian Ent. 109:511-532. 1978. New synonymy, new species, and tax- onomic notes of North American Pityophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Part III. Great Basin Nat. 38:71-84. 1981. A taxonomic monograph of the genus Pi- tyophthorus Eichhoff in North and Central Amer- ica (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ent. Soc. Canada Mem. 118: (in press). Bright, D. E., and R. W. Stark. 1973. The bark and ambrosia beetles of California, Coleoptera: Scoly- tidae and Platypodidae. Bull. California Ins. Surv. 16:1-167. Brongniart, C. 1877. Perforations observees dans deux morceaux de bois fossile. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 5, 7:215-220. pi. 7, figs. 1-6. Broun, T. 1904. XV.— Descriptions of new genera and species of New Zealand Coleoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)14:105-127. Brown, W. J. 1950. The extralimital distribution of some species of Coleoptera. Canadian Ent. 82:197-205. Browne, F. G. 1959. Notes on two Malayan scolytid bark-beetles. Malayan For. 22:292-300. 1961. The biology of Malayan Scolytidae and Pla- typodidae. Malayan For. Rec. 22:1-255. 1961. The generic characters, habits and tax- onomic status of Premnobius Eichh. (Coleopt., Scolytidae). West African Timber Borer Research Unit, Rept. 4:45-51. 1963. Taxonomic notes on Scolytidae (Coleop- tera). Ent. Bericht. 23:53-59. Bruck, C. R. 1931. Two new species of bark beetles of the genus Phloeosinus Chapuis. Pan— Pacific Ent. 7:126-128. 1933. Two new species of Phloeosinus (Scoly- tidae-Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 65:54-56. 1933. New species of Carphoborus Eich. with key to species north of Mexico (Coleoptera-Scoly- tidae). Canadian Ent. 65:103-106. 1933. A new bark beetle from southern Califor- nia. Canadian Ent. 65:239-240. 1936. New Scolytidae (Coleoptera) of southern California with a key to the species of Pseudothy- sanoes Blackman. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 35:30-38. Bushing, R. W. 1965. A synoptic list of the parasites of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in North .America north of Mexico. Canadian Ent. 97:449-492. BuTovnscH, V. V. 1929. Studien iiber die Morphologic und Systematik der palaarktischen Splintkafer. Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 90:1-72, 8 pis. Cameron. E. A., and J. H. Borden. 1967. Emergence patterns of Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from ponderosa pine. Canadian Ent. 99:236-244. Campos Novaes, J. de. 1922. Um broqueador do ca- feeiro, Xyleborus cofeicoki n. sp. Fam. Ipidae. Bol. Agric. Sao Paulo 2.3(3/4):67-70. Casey, T. L. 1886. Descriptive notices of North Ameri- can Coleoptera I. Bull. California Acad. Sci. 6:156-264. Chamberlin, W. J. 1917. An annotated list of the scoly- tid beetles of Oregon. Canadian Ent. 49:321-328. 1918. Bark-beetles infesting the Douglas fir. Ore- gon Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta. Bull. 147:1-40. 1918. Cryphahis canadensis Chamberlin. Page 88 in J. M. Swaine, Canadian bark beetles. Part II. Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2). 1939. The bark and timber beetles of North America north of Mexico. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis. 513 pp. 1955. Description of a new species of Phloeosinus and remarks regarding the life history and habits of Renocis heterodoxus Casey. Pan-Pacific Ent. 31:116-120. 1958. The Scolytoidea of the Northwest: Oregon, Washington, Idaho and British Columbia. Ore- gon State Univ. Monogr. 2:1-208. Chansler, J. F. 1964. Overwintering habits of Ips le- contei and Ips confusus (LeC). U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. Res. Note RM-27:l-4. Chapman, J. A. 1956. Flight-muscle changes during adult life in a scolytid beetle. Nature 177:1183-1184. Chapuis, F. 1869. Synopsis des scolytides (prodrome d'un travil monographique). Liege. 61 pp. (Pre- print of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, ser. 2, 3:213-269. 1873). Chevrolat, L. a. a. 1838. Xylophages. Pages 181-183 in F. E. Guerin-Meneville, Iconographie du regne animal de G. Cuvier ... 3. Costa Lima, A. M. da. 1924. Sobre a broca do cafe (Stephanoderes coffeae Haged.). Chacaras e Quintaes 30:316-319, 413-416. 1925. Notas sobre o Stephanoderes seriatus Eichh. Bol. Minist. Agric, Industr. Comm., Rio de Ja- neiro 14:194-199, 365-368. 1928. Sobre alguns cryphalineos observados em sementes de cacaoeiro e de cafeeiro. Suppl. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 4:117-123. 1314 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1929. Sobre dois scolytideos. Suppl. Oswaldo Cruz 8:109-112, 18 figs. Mf Inst. Craighead, F. C. (et al.) 1927. The relation of insects to slash disposal. U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 411:1-12. Craighead, F. C, J. M. Miller, J. C. Evenden, and F. P. Keen. 1931. Control work against bark beetles in western forests and an appraisal of its results. J. Forestry 29:1001-1018. Crowson, R. a. 1967. The natural classification of the families of Coleoptera. Classey, Hampton, Eng- land. Reprinted from Ent. Mon. Mag., 1950-1954, and from Lloyd, London, 1955, 214 pp. Darlington, P. J. Jr. 1965. Biogeography of the south- ern end of the world. Harvard Univ. Press, Cam- bridge, Mass. 236 pp. Daterman, G. E., J. A. Rudinsky, and W. P. Nagel. 1965. Flight patterns of bark and timber beetles associated with coniferous forests of western Ore- gon. Oregon State Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 87:1-46. Decaux, F. 1890. Coccotrypes Laboulbenei n. sp. Page 16 in Etudes sur les insectes recueillis a I'exposition universal, Paris. Soc. Agriculteurs France 1890. (Not seen). DeGeer, C. 1775. Memoires pour servir a I'histoire des insectes. Stockholm. Vol. 5, 448 p., 16 pis. Del Guercio, G. 1925. Intorno ad un nuovo genere ed ad una specie nouva di Scolitide gravamente dan- nosa all Oliva in Sicilia. [ComesieUa sicula n. gen., n. sp.). Atti Roy. Acad. Georgofilo (Flor- ence) 22:218-219. DeLeon, D. 1935. The biology of Coeloides dendroctoni Cushman (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an impor- tant parasite of the mountain pine beetle (Den- droctonus monticolae Hopk.). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 28:411-424. 1935. A study of Medetera aldrichii Wh. (Diptera: Dolichopodidae), a predator of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctoniis monticolae Hopk., Coleo.-Scolytidae). Ent. Amer. 15:59-90. DiETZ, W. G. 1890. Notes on the species of Dendroc- toniis of boreal America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 17:27-32. DucoN, J. C, and E. a. Osgood. 1961. Southern pine beetle, a review of present knowledge. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., Southeastern For. Expt. Sta. Pap. 128:1-34. DoANE, R. W., and O. J. GiLLiLAND. 1929. Three Cali- fornia ambrosia beetles. J. Econ. Ent. 22:915-921. Drake, C. J. 1921. A new ambrosia beetle from the Adi- rondacks: notes on the work of Xyloterinus po- litus Say. Ohio J. Sci. 21:201-205. Duces, D. E. 1888. Metamorphoses de quelques coleopteres du Mexique. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique 31:137-148. Eaton, C. B. 1956. Jeffrey pine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., For. Pest Leaflet 11:1-7. Ebling, W. 1935. A new scolytid beetle found in the bark of lemon trees. Pan-Pacific Ent. 11:21-23. Eggers, H. 1908. Fiinf neue Borkenkafer. Ent. Blatt. 4:214-217. 1910. Vier weitere palarktische Borkenkafer. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 5:557-561. _. 1912. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Borkenkafer. Ent. Blatt. 8:203-210. _. 1913-1914. Bemerkungen zu Reitters Bor- kenkafer-bestimmungstabellen, 2 Auflage. Ent. Blatt. 10:284-286 (1913), 11:38-41, 107-110, 183-189, 296-299 (1914). _. 1919-1920. 60 neuye Borkenkafer (Ipidae) aus Af- rika, nebst zehn neuen Gattungen, zwei Arbar- ten. Ent. Blatt. 15:229-243 (1919), 16:33-45, 115-126(1920). _. 1922. Seltene und neue palaarktische Bor- kenkafer, IV. Ent. Bliitt. 18:116-121. _. 1922. Neue Borkenkafer (Ipidae) aus Afrika. Ent. Blatt. 18:163-174. _. 1923. Neue Indomalayische Borkenkafer (Ipidae). Zool. Meded. Roy. Mus. Nat. Hist. Leyden 7:129-220. _. 1924. Neue Borkenkafer (Ipidae) aus Afrika. Ent. Bliitt. 20:99-111. _. 1925. Ipidae aus Birma. Sbornik entom. odd. Nar. Musea V Praze 3:151-160. _. 1927. Neue Indomalayische Borkenkafer (Ipidae). Treubia 9:.390-408. _. 1928. Ipidae (Coleoptera) da America do Sol. Ar- chiv. Inst. Biol. Def. Agric. Anim. 1:83-99. _. 1929. Fine neue Ipidengattung (Col.) aus Nor- damerika. Tijdschr. Ent. 72:40^1. _. 1929. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.). Wiener Ent. Zeit. 46:41-55. _. 1929. Zehn neue Loganitis-Arten (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika. Weiner Ent. Zeit. 46:59-65. ^. 1931. Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika, III. Ent. Blatt. 26:163-171. (Publ. 1 Jan. 1931.) _. 1931. Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika, in. Ent. Bliitt. 27:14-23. _. 1931. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col), II. Wiener Ent. Zeit. 47:184-186. _. 1932. Neue Borkenkiifer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Afrika (Nachtrag IV). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 22:23-37. _. 1932. Zur paliiarctischen Borkenkaferfauna II. Ent. Medd. 18:80-83. _. 1932. Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika V. Die Gattung Problechilus Eichh. mit 8 neue Arten. Wiener Ent. Zeit. 49:226-235. . 1933. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.). Ent. Nachrbl. 7:17-29. _. 1933. Ein neuer Scolytus aus Ungarn. Ent. Nachrbl. 7:75-76. _. 1933. Borkenkiifer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika, VI. Material des Museum Paris aus Franz. Guayana und Venezuela. Trav. Lab. Ent. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur., Orig. Mem. 1(1): 1-37. _. 1934. Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika, VII. Ent. Blatt. 30:78-84. _. 1934. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.). Ent. Nachrbl. 8:25-29. _. 1935. Borkenkafer aus Siidamerika (Ipidae, Col.) (Fortsetzung). VII Vergessene und neue Ga- ttungen (1 Teil). Rev. de Ent. 5:153-159. _. 1935. Neue Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Afrika. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 27:295-311. 1982 References 1315 1935. Neue indomalayische Borkenkafer (Ipidae). III. Nachtrag. Tijdschr. Ent. 79:77-91. 1936. Borkenkafer aus Siidamerika (Ipidae, Col.). VIII. Vergessene und neue Gattungen (2. Teil). Rev. de Ent. 6:388-394. 1936. Neue Borkenkafer (Scolytidae, Col.) aus In- dien. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)17:626-636. 1937. Borkenkafer aus Siidamerika (Ipidae, Col.). VIII. Vergessene und neue Gattungen (2. Teil, Schluss.). Rev. de Ent. 7:79-88. 1937. Zur palaarktischen Borkenkaferfauna. IV. Ent. Blatt. 33:334-335. 1940. Zur palaarktischen Borkenkaferfauna. VII. Fiinf neue Arten aus Anatolien. Centrbl. Ges. Forstw. 66:36-40. 1940. Zur synonymie der Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.). Ent. Blatt. 36:61-62. 1940. Neue Borkenkafer (Col., Scolytidae) aus Af- rika. Nachtrag IX. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 33:99-108. 1940. Borkenkafer aus Siidamerika (Coleoptera: Ipidae), IX. Insel Guadeloupe. Arb. Morph. Tax- on. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 7:123-141. 1940. Neue Borkenkafer (Col., Scolytidae) aus Af- rika. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 33:227-239. 1941. Neue Borkenkafer aus Siidamerica. (Co- leoptera: Ipidae). Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Ber- lin-Dahlem 8:99-109. 1942. Neue Arten und Bestimmungstabelle der Gattung Phloeobonts. (Coleoptera: Ipidae). Arb. Morph. Tax. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 9:266-274. 1942. Zur palaarktischen Borkenkaferfauna. IX. Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin-Dahlem 9:280-283. 1943. Ipidae (Scolytidae) (Coleoptera, Phyto- phaga). Pare Nat. Albert. I. Mission C. F. de Witte 1933-1935. Fasc. 43(10):63-68. 1943. Borkenkafer (Col., Ipidae) aus Siidamerika. X. Bolivia. Mitt. Miinchener Ent. Ges. 33:344-389. 1944. Neue Borkenkafer (Col., Scolytidae) aus Af- rika. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 38:92-98. 1944. Zur palaarktischen Borkenkaferfauna (Co- leoptera, Ipidae) X. Ent. Blatt. 40:140-144. 1951. Borkenkafer (Ipidae, Col.) aus Siidamerika. XII. 25 neue Arten aus verschiedenen Gebieten. Ent. Blatt. 45-46:144-154. EiCHHOFF, W. J. 1864. Ueber die Mundtheile und die Fiihlerbildung der europiiischen xylophagi sens. strict. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 8:17-46. 1866. Ueber einige Bostrichiden. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 10:275-278. 1868. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Deutschen Kafer. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:391 (Publ. Jan. 1868.) 1868. Neue amerikanische Borkenkafer- Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 11:399-402. (Publ. Jan. 1868.) 1868. Neue amerikanische Borkenkafer-Gattu- ngen und Arten. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:145-152. (Publ. May 1968). 1869. Neue Borkenkafer. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:273-282. (Publ. March 1869.) 1872. Neue exotische Tomiciden-Arten. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 15:131-i36 1875. Sous-Tribu X. Tomicides. Pages 195-204 in F. Chapuis and W. J. Eichhoff, Scolytides re- cueillis au Japon par M. C. Lewis. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belguque 18. 1876. Synonymisches iiber Tomiciden. Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 37:378-379. 1878. Ratio, descripto, emendatio eorum Tomi- cinorum qui sunt in Dr. Medin. Chapuisi et au- thoris ipsius collectionibus et quos praeterea re- cognovit. Preprint of Mem. Soc. Roy. Sci. Liege, ser. 2, 8:1-531, 5 pis. (1879). 1880. Die Europaischen Borkenkafer. Springer, Berlin. 315 p. 1896. Remarks on the synonymy of some North American scolytid beetles. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 18:605-610. Entwhistle, p. F. 1964. Inbreeding and arrhenotoky in the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus compactus (Eichh.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Roy. Ent. Soc. London, Proc. A 39:83-88. Erichson, W. F. 1836. Systematische Auseinanderset- zung der Familie der Borkenkafer (Bostrichidae). Archiv Naturgesch. 2(l):45-65. 1847. Conspectus insectorum coleopterorum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Ar- chiv Naturgesch. 13(1):67-185. EvENDEN, J. C, W. D. Bedard, AND G. R. Struble. 1943. The mountain pine beetle, an important enemy of western pines. U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 664:1-25. Fabricius, J. C. 1775. Systema entomologiae. Lipsiae. 30 + 832 p. 1792. Entomologia systematica. Hafniae. Vol. 1, 330 + 538 p. 1801. Systema eleutheratorum. Kiliae. Vol. 1, 506 p., vol. 2, 687 p. Fairmaire, L. 1868. In P. N. C. Jacquelin du Val and L. Fairmaire, Genera des coleopteres d'Europe. Vol. 4, 292 pp. Paris. Fall, H. C. 1926. A list of the Coleoptera taken in Alaska and adjacent parts of the Yukon Territory in the summer of 1924. Pan-Pacific Ent. 2:191-208. Farris, S. H. 1963. Ambrosia fungus storage in two spe- cies of Gnathotrichus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 95:257-259. 1965. Repositories of symbiotic fungus in the am- brosia beetle Monarthrum scutellare LeC. (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. British Co- lumbia 62:30-33. 1969. Occurrence of mycangia in the bark beetle Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 101:527-532. Fauvel, a. 1884. Sur I'identite des genres Hypoth- enemus, Stephanoderes et Homoeocryphalus. Rev. d'Ent. 3:315. Ferrari, J. A. 1867. Die Forst- und Baumzuchtschadlichen Borkenkafer (Tomicides Lac.) aus der Familie der Holzverderber (Scoly- tides Lac), mit besonderer Beriicksichtigung vorziiglich der europaischen Formen, und der Sammulung des k. k. zoologischen Kabinetes in Wien. Wien. 96 pp. 1869. Nachtrage zu einer monographic der To- miciden. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 12:251-258. 1316 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Fitch, A. 1858. Fourth report of the noxious, beneficial and other insects of the State of New York. Trans. New York State Agric. Soc. 17:687-814. FoNESCA, J. P. DE. 1925. De um novo parasita do cafeeiro Metacorthtjlus affinis n. sp. Publ. Comm. Est. Deb. Frag. Caf. 12:1-8. 1927. Un parasito novo de cafeeiro. Corthylus af- finis n. sp. (Col.). Rev. Mus. Paulista 15(l):583-590. FoRMANEK, R. 1908. Fine neue Borkenkafer-Gattung. Ent. Bliitt. 4:91. Francke-Grosmann, H. 1956. Grundlage der symbiose bei pilzziichtenden Holtzinsekten. Verh. Deutschr. Zool. Ges. Hamburg 8:112-118. 1956. Hautdriisel als trager der pilzsynibiose bei ambrosiakafern. Zeit. Morph. Okol. Tiere 45:275-308. 196.3. Some new aspects in forest entomology. Ann. Rev. Ent. 8:415-4.38. French, J. R. J., and R. A. Roeper. 1972. Interactions of the ambrosia beetle Xyleboriis dispar (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae), with its symbiotic fimgus Am- brosiella hartigii (Fungi Iniperfecti). Canadian Ent. 104:1635-1641. Fronk, W. D. 1947. The southern pine beetle: its life history. Virginia Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 108:1-12. FucHS, G. 1911. Morphologische Studien iiber Bor- kenkafer. I. Die Gattungen Ips DeGeer und Pi- tyogenes Bedel. Reinhardt, Mimchen. 45 pp. 1912. Morphologische studien iiber Borkenkiifer. II. Die europiiischen Hylesinen. Reinhardt, Miinchen. .53 pp., 3 pis. FuRNiss, M. M. 1965. An instance of delayed emergence of the Douglas-fir beetle and its effect on an in- festation in southern Utah. J. Econ. Ent. 58:440-442. FuRNiss, M. M., AND W. F. Barr. 1975. Insects affecting important native shrubs of the northwestern United States. U.S. Dept. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. INT-19:l-64. Gara, R. I. 1963. Studies on the flight behavior of Ips confusus (LeC.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in re- sponse to attractive material. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 22:51-66. Geoffroy, E. L. 1762. Histoire abregee des insectes qui se trouvent aux environs de Paris, dans laquelle ces animaux son ranges suivant un ordre methodique. Paris. Vol. 1, 523 pp., vol. 2, 690 pp. Germar, E. F. 1824. Insectorum species novae aut minus cognitae, descriptionibus illustratae. Halae. 624 pp. Goeden, R. D., and D. M. Norris, Jr. 1965. Some bio- logical and ecological aspects of ovipositional at- tack in Carya spp. by Scolytus quadrispinosus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58:771-777. Graham, K. 1967. Fungal-insect mutualism in trees and timber. Ann. Rev. Ent. 12:105-126. Graham, S. A. 1920. Factors influencing the subcortical temperature of logs. Rept. State Ent. Minnesota 18:26-42. 1922. Effect of physical factors in the ecology of certain insects in logs. Rept. State Ent. Min- nesota 19:22-40. 1924. Temperature as a limiting factor in the life of subcortical insects. J. Econ. Ent. 17:377-383. GuiLLEBEAu, F. 1893. Revision des especes du genre Phloeophthortis Woll. et description d'un nouveau genre de Scolytidae. Ann. Soc. Ent. France. 62:57-64. Gyllenhal, L. 1813. Insecta Svecica descripta. Clasis I. Coleoptera Sive Eleuterata. Leverentz, Scaris. Vol. 1, pt. 3, 730 pp. Hagedorn, J. M. 1904. Steinnussbohrer. Allgemeinen Zeitschr. Ent. 9:447-452. 1905. Enumeratio Scolytidarum e Guyana, Vene- zuela et Columbia natarum Musei Historico- Naturalis Parisiorum, discriptionibus specierum novarum adjectis. Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Nat. 10(6):412-416, 545-550. 1907. Borkenkafer des baltischen Bernsteins. Schrift. Phys.-Okon. Ges. Konigsberg 47:115-121 (1906). 1908. Diagnosen bisher unbeschriebener Bor- kenkafer. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1908:369-382. 1909. Diagnoses bisher unbeschriebener Bor- kenkafer (Col.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1909:733-746. 1910. Wieder ein neuer Kaffeeschadling. Ent. Blatt. 6:1-4. 1910. Diagnosen bisher unbeschriebener Bor- kenkafer. (Col.). Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1910:1-13. 1910. Fam. Ipidae. Coleopterorum Catalogus. 4:1-134. 19^0. Coleoptera: Fam. Ipidae. Genera In- sectorum 111:1-178, 7 pis. 1912. Ipiden als Kaffeeschadlinge. Ent. Blatt. 8:33-43. 1912. Borkenkafer (Ipidae) welche in Kauts- chukbaumen leben. Rev. Zool. Afr. 1:336-346, p. 18. 1912. Neue Borkenkafergattungen und Arten aus Afrika. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 1912:351-356, Taf. 6. Harris, T. W. 1836. Characteristic of some previously described North American coleopterous insects, and descriptions of others which appear to be new in the collection of Mr. A. Halsey. Trans. Hartford Nat. Hist. Soc. 1:65-91. 1852. A treatise on some of the insects of New England, which are injurious to vegetation. White & Potter, Boston. 513 pp. Hay, C. J. 1956. Experimental crossing of mountain pine beetle with Black Hills beetle. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 49:567-571. Hedquist (Heqvist), K. J. 1954. Fine neue Hylocurus- Art aus Guatemala. Ent. Tidskr. 75:8-9. Herbst, J. F. W. 1793. Natursystem aller bekannten in- und auslandischen Insecten, . . . Kafer. 5:1-392. HiNTON, H. E. 1936. Lepiceridae— a new name for the Cyathoceridae. Lepicerinus—a new name for the scolytid genus Lepicerus Eichh. (Coleoptera). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)17:472-473. Hoffmann, A. 19.35. Les Scolytus du department de Seine-et-Oise. C. R. 12*^ Conf. Soc. sav. de Seine- et-Oise, p. 82. Versailles. 1982 References 1317 1936. A propos de quelques especes de Scolytidae de notre faune et description dune espece nou- velle de la Tribu des Ipini (Col.). Misc. Ent. 37:41-45. 1939. Description d'une nus-espece nouvelle de genre Scolytus du midi de la France (Col., Scol.). Misc. Ent. 40(4):36-37. 1942. Description dun genre nouveau et observa- tions diverses sur plusieurs especes de Scolytidae (Col.) de la fauna fran^aise. Bull. Soc. Ent. France 47:72-74. Hoffmann, C. H. 1941. Biological observations on Xylo- sandrus germanus (Bldfd.). J. Econ. Ent. 34:38-42. Hopkins, A. D. 1894. Notes on the discovery of a new scolytid, with brief description of the species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:104-105. 1894. Sexual characters in Scolytidae. Canadian Ent. 26:274-280. 1901. Insect enemies of the spruce in the north- east. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 28:1-76, 14 pis. 1902. Insect enemies of the pine in the Black Hills Forest Reserve. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 32:1-24, 7 pis. 1902. A new genus of scolytids from Florida. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 5:34-38. 1902. American fossil Coleoptera referred to the Scolytidae. Psyche 9:64-67. 1905. The Black Hills beetle, with further notes on its distribution, life history, and methods of control. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. 56:1-24. 1905. Notes on some Mexican Scolytidae with de- scriptions of some new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 7:71-81 (1906). (Preprint dated 9 December 1905.) 1909. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. I. The Genus Dendroctonus. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(1):1-164, 8 pis. 1909. Practical information on the scolytid bee- tles of North American forests. I. Bark beetles of the genus Dendroctonus. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Bull. 83(1): 1-169. 1914. List of generic names and their type- species in the Coleopterous superfamily Scoly- toidea. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 48:115-136. 1915. Classification of the Cryphalinae with de- scriptions of new genera and species. U.S. Dept. Agric. Kept. 99:1-75, 4 pis. 1915. Contributions toward a monograph of the scolytid beetles. II. Preliminary classification of the superfamily Scolytoidea. U.S. Dept. Agric. Bur. Ent. Tech. Bull. 17(2): 165-232. 1915. Notes on Ipidae with description of a new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 17:54. 1915. A new genus of scolytoid beetles. J. Wash- ington Acad. Sci. 5:429-433. 1916. Description of Phloeophthorus scabricollis sp. nov., p. 656, and Hypothenemiis thoracicus sp. nov., p. 598. In W. S. Blatchley and C. W. Leng, Rhynochophora or weevils of north eastern America. Nature, Indianapolis, 682 pp. Hopping, G. R. 1960. A new species of Pityophthorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Alberta. Canadian Ent. 92:865-867. ' 1961. Techniques for rearing Ips DeGeer (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 93:1050-1053. 1962. The sex ratios in Ips tridens Mannerheim (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 94:506. 1963. Generic characters in the tribe Ipini (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae), with a new species, a new combination, and new synonymy. Canadian Ent. 95:61-68. 1963. Two new species of Ips DeGeer (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae) from western Canada and Alaska. Canadian Ent. 95:213-217. 1963. The North American species in Group I of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 95:1091-1096. 1963. The North American species in Groups II and III of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 95:1202-1210. 1964. The North American species in Groups IV and V of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 96:970-978. 1965. The North American species in Group VIII of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 97:159-172. 1965. The North American species in Group VII of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolvtidae). Canadian Ent. 97:193-198. 1965. North American species in Group IX of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 97:422-434. 1965. The North American species in Group VI of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolvtidae). Canadian Ent. 97:533-541. 1965. The North American species in Group X of Ips DeGeer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 97:803-808. Hopping, R. 1915. The entomological aspect of slash dis- posal. Proc. Soc. Amer. For. 10:183-185. 1939. A new species of Ips (Coleoptera: Scoly- tidae). Canadian Ent. 71:168-169. HoRNUNG, E. G. 1842. Ueber einige in den Betclniissen vorkommende Kafer. Stettiner Ent. Zeit. 3:115-117. Hubbard, H. G. 1897. The ambrosia beetles of the United States. Pages 9-30 in L. O. Howard, Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Division of Entomology. U.S. Dept. Agric. Div. Ent., n. s., Bull. 7:1-87. ' Illiger, J. C. W. 1807. Vorschlag zur Aufnahme in Fab- ricischen System fehlender Kafergattungen. Mag. Insektenk. 6:318-349. Kabir, a. M. F., and R. L. Giese. 1966. The Columbian timber beetle, Corthyltis columbianus (Coleop- tera: Scolvtidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59:883-894.' Kalshoven, L. G. E. 1958. Studies on the biology of In- donesian Scolytidae. 4. Data on the habits of Scolytidae. First Part. Tijdschr. Ent. 101:157-180, pis. 4-7. 1959. Studies on the biology of Indonesian Scoly- toidea 4. Data on the habits of Scolytidae. Second Part. Tijdschr. Ent. 102:135-173. 1318 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Kaston, B. J. 1936. The morphology of the elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes (Eichhoff). Con- necticut Agric. Expt. Sta. Bull. 387:613-650. Keen, F. P. 1936. Relative susceptibility of ponderosa pines to bark beetle attack. J. Forestry .34:919-927. 1952. Insect enemies of western forests. U.S. Dept. Agric. Misc. Pub. 273, 280 p. Revised. 1955. The western pine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., For. Pest Leaflet 1:1-4. Keen, F. P., and K. A. Salman. 1942. Progress in pine beetle control through tree selection. J. Forestry 40:854-858. KiELCZEWSKi, B. 1976. Bark beetle acarofauna in differ- ent types of forest habitat. Instit. For. Prot. Acad. Agric, Poznan, Rept. FG-Po-292, PL-FS-65:l-75. KiNZER, G. W., A. F. Fentiman, Jr., T. F. Page, Jr., R. L. FOLTZ, J. P. VlTE, AND G. B. PiTMAN. 1969. Bark beetle attractants: identification, synthesis and field bioassay of a new compound isolated from Dendroctonus. Nature 221:447-478. KiRBY, W. 1837. Insects, Coleoptera. In Richardson, Fauna Boreali-Americana: or the zoology of the northern parts of British America, vol. 4. 249 pp. Murray, London. KiRSCH, T. F. W. 1866. Beitrage zur Kaferfauna von Bo- gota. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 10:173-216. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Peruanischen Kaferfauna. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 19:241-304. KoLENATi, F. A. 1846. Meletemata entomologica. Petro- poli. Vol. 3. Lacordaire, J. T. 1866. Famille LXIII, Scolytidae. His- toire naturelle des insectes, genera des coleopteres 7:349-398. Lanier, G. N. 1970. Biosystematics of North American Ips (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Hopping's Group IX. Canadian Ent. 102:11.39-1163. 1970. Biosystematics of the genus Ips (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae) in North America. Hopping's Group III. Canadian Ent. 102:1404-1423. 1967. Ips plastographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) tunnelling in sapwood of lodgepole pine in Cali- fornia. Canadian Ent. 99:1334-1335. 1970. Biosystematics of North American Ips (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 102:1139-1163. 1972. Biosystematics of the genus Ips (Coleop- tera: Scolytidae) in North America. Hopping's Groups IV and X. Canadian Ent. 104:361-388. Lanier, G. N., and J. H. Oliver, Jr. 1966. "Sex-ratio" condition: unusual mechanisms in bark beetles. Science 153:208-209. Lanier, G. N., and D. L. Wood. 1968. Controlled mat- ing, karyology, morphology, and sex-ratio in the Dendroctonus ponderosae complex. Ann. Ent. Soc Amer. 61:517-526. Latreille, p. a. 1796. Precis des caracteres generiques des insectes, disposes dans un order naturel. Brive, Bourdeau. 201 pp. 1802/3. Histoire naturelle generale et particu- liere des crustaces et des insectes. Dufart, Paris. Vol. 3, 467 pp. 1804. Familien, Gatungen und Horden der Kafer, Coleoptera. Mag. Insektenk. Illiger 3:1-138. 1807. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secun- dum ordineum naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Paris. Vol. 2, 280 pp. 1929. Tome V. Suite et fin des insectes. In Cu- vier, Regne Animal. Nouvelle edition. Dferville, Paris. 584 pp. Lebedev, a. 1926. Pityogenes spessivtsevi n. sp. (Col. Ipidae). Ent. Blatt. 22:120-123. LeConte, J. L. 1858. Description of new species of Co- leoptera chiefly collected by the United States and Mexican Boundary Commission, under Major 'W. H. Emory, USA Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila- delphia 4:59-89. 1859. Additions to the Coleopterous fauna of northern California and Oregon. Proc Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5:281-292. 1860. Report upon insects collected on the sur- vey. In Reports of explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean 9(1): 1-72, 2 pis. 1868. Notes and appendix. Pages 141-178 in C. Zimmermann, Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2. 1874. Descriptions of new Coleoptera chiefly from the Pacific slope of North America. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 5:43-72. 1876. Family IX. Scolytidae. Pages 341-390 in J. L. LeConte and G. H. Horn, The Rhyncophora of America north of Mexico. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 15(96): 1-455. 1878. Additional descriptions of new species. Pages 353-472 in E. A. Schwarz, The Coleoptera of Florida. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17. 1878. Descriptions of new species. Pages 593-626 in H. G. Hubbard and E. A. Schwarz, The Co- leoptera of Michigan. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17. 1879. The Coleoptera of the alpine Rocky Moun- tain regions. Part II. U.S. Dept. Interior, Geol. Geogr. Surv. Bull. 5(3):499-520. Lekander, B. 1968. Scandinavian bark beetle larvae: de- scriptions and classification. Dept. For. Zool., Roy. Coll. For., Stockholm, Res. Notes 4:1-186. 1968. The number of larval instars in some bark beetle species. Ent. Tidskr. 89:25-34. Letzner, K. 1848. Pages 96-99 in Bericht iiber die Ar- beiten der entomologischen Sektion im Jahre 1848. Uebers. Schlesischen Ges. Vaterl. Kult., 1848. Lezhava, W. W. 1940. Neue Art eines Borkenkafer in Georgien. Bull. Mus. Georgie 10A:71-72. 1941. Neue Art Borkenkafers in der Georgischen SSR. Bull. Mus. Georgie 11 A: 193-194. Lindemann, K. E. 1876. Monographic der Borkenkafer Russlands. Die Cryphaloiden Tomiciden. Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou 51:148-169. Lindquist, E. E. 1969. Review of holarctic tarsonemid mites (Acarina: Prostigmata) parasitizing eggs of ipine bark beetles. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 60:1-111. 1982 References 1319 Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria na- turae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata, Tom. I. Laurentii Sal- vaii, Holmiae. 824 pp. Lloyd, F. E. IQIL Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray), a rubber-plant of the Chihuahuan Desert. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Pub. 139. L<^VENDAL, E. A. 1889. Tomicini danici. De danske bark- biller. Ent. Medd. 2:1-84. Lucas, R. 1920. Catalogus alphabeticus generum et sub- generum coleopterorum orbis terrarum totius. Berlin. Pars 1, 696 pp. Mannerheim, C. G. v. 1843. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna der Aleutischen Inseln, der Insel Sitka und Neu-Cali- fomiens. Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 16(2): 175-314. Reprints paged 1-142. 1852. Zweiter Nachtrag zur Kaefer-fauna der NordAmerikanischen Laender des Russischen Reiches. Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 25(l):283-387. 1853. Dritter Nachtrag zur Kaferfauna der Nord- Amerikanischen Lander des Russischen Reiches. Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 26:95-273. Marchant, K. R., and J. H. Borden. 1976. Worldwide introduction and establishment of bark and tim- ber beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypo- didae). Simon Eraser Univ. Pest Man. Papers 6:1-76. Marsham, T. 1802. Entomologia britannica, sistens in- sects Britanniae indigena, secundum methodimi Linnaeanum disposita. London. 548 pp. Massey, C. L. 1974. Biology and taxonomy of nematode parasites and associates of bark beetles in the United States. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., Agric. Handbook 447:1-233. Massey, C. L., and N. D. Wygant. 1954. Biology and control of the Engelmann spruce beetle in Colo- rado. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. Circ. 944:1-35. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Belknap, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 797 pp. McPherson, J. E., F. W. Stehr, and L. F. Wilson. 1970. A comparison between Conophthorus shoot-infesting beetles and Conophthorus resi- nosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). II. Reciprocal host and resin toxicity tests, with description of a new species. Canadian Ent. 102:1016-1022. Miller, J. M., and F. P. Keen. 1960. Biology and con- trol of the western pine beetle: a summary of the first fifty years of research. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. Misc. Pub. 800:1-381. MosER, J. C, AND L. M. RoTON. 1971. Mites associated with southern pine bark beetles in Allen Parish, Louisiana. Canadian Ent. 103:1775-1798. Motschulsky, v. v. 1860. Coleopteres de la Siberie ori- entale et en particulier des rives de I'Amour. Pages 77-257 in Schrenck, Reisen und For- schungen in Amurlande 2. 1863. Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de I'ile Ceylan. Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 36:421-532. 1866. Essai d'un catalogue des insectes de I'ile de Ceylan. Moskov. Obshch. Isp. Prirody Otd. Biol. Biul. (Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou) 39:393-446. MtiLLER, O. F. 1776. Zoologiae Danicae prodromus seu animalium Daniae et Norwegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis pop- ularium. Hafniae, Hallagar. 32 -f 282 pp. Mt'LLER, P. W. J. 1818. VIII. Vermischte Bermerkungen liber einige Kaferarten. Magazin Ent. 3:244-249. MuLLER, T. W. 1803. Avis sur une espece de Bostrichi qui detruit les racines du Trefle des pres. J. Soc. Sc Dep. du Mont Tonerre 1803:47. (Not seen.) MuLSANT, M. E., AND C. Rey. 1853. Description d'une espece nouvelle de coleoptere du genre Bos- trichiis. Opusc Ent. 2:91-92. Murayama, J. J. 1954. Scolytid-fauna of the northern half of Honshu with a distribution table of all the scolytid species described from Japan. Bull. Fac- ulty Agric. Yamaguti Univ. 5:149-212. Murayama, J. J., and L. G. E. Kalshoven. 1962. Xyle- borus morstatti Haged., a synonym of X. com- pactus Eichh. (Col., Scolytidae). Ent. Bericht. 22:247-250. Navas, L. 1915. Nomebius gen. nov. Biol. Soc. Arago- nesa Cienc. Nat. 14:34. NiisiMA, Y. 1910. Die Borkenkaefer nord- und mittel- Japans. Trans. Sapporo Nat. Hist. Soc. 3:1-18. Nordlinger, H. 1856. Nachtrage zu Ratzeburgs Forstin- sekten. Stuttgart. 83 pp. NoRRis, D. M., AND H. M. Chu. 1970. Nutrition oi Xyle- bortis ferrugineus, II. A holidic diet for the apo- symbiotic insect. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 63:1142-1145. NuNBERG, M. 1956. Namensanderungen und Synonymic einiger Borkenkafer (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Ann. Zool, Warszawa 16:207-214. 1958. Zur Kenntnis der neotropischen Scolytiden und Platypodiden fauna (Coleoptera). Acta Zool. Cracoviensia 31:479-507. 1959. Die Gattung Xyleborus Eichhoff. Beitr. Ent. 9:413-465. 1963. Zur kenntnis der Scolytidae- und Platypo- didae-fauna aus Costa Rica. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, Lett. 52:97-110. NiJssLiN, O. 1911-1912. Phylogenie und System der Bor- kenkafer. Zeitschr. wissensch. Insektenbiol. 7:1-5, 47-51, 77-82, 109-112, 145-156, 248-255, 271-278, 302-308, 333-338, 372-378 (1911), 8:19-26, 51-61, 81-89, 125-129, 162-167, 205-211 (1912). Olivier, A. G. 1795. Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs caracteres generiques et specifiques, leur description, leur synonymic, et leur figure luminee. Coleoptera 4(77): 1-18, 4(78):1-14. Panzer, G. W. F. 1791. Beschreibung eines sehr kleinen Kapuskafers. Naturforscher 25:35-38. 1793. Faunae insectorum germanicae initia oder Deutschlands Insecten. Heft 8. (Page 34 cited.) Patterson, J. E. 1927. The relation of highway slash to infestations by the western pine beetle in stand- ing timber. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 3:1-10. 1930. Control of the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine by the use of solar heat. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. 195:1-20. 1320 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs iNo. 6 Peck, W. D. 1817. On the insects which destroy the young branches of the pear-tree, and the leading shoot of the Weymouth-pine. Massachusetts Agric. J. 4:205-211. Pechuman, L. L. 1938. A prehminary study of the biolo- gy of Scolytiis stilcattis LeC. J. Econ. Ent. 31:537-543. Perkins, R. C. L. 1900. II. Coleoptera Rhynchophora, Proterhinidae, Heteromera and Cioidae. Fauna Hawaiiensis . . . 2(3): 117-270, pis. 6-10. Perroud, B. p. 1864. Pages 46-257 in Perroud and Mon- trousier, Essai sur la fauna entomologique de Ka- nala (Nouvelle-Caledonie) et description de quelques especes nouvelles ou peu connues. Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon (2)11. Petty, J. L. 1977. Bionomics of two aspen bark beetles, Trypophloeus popiili and Procryphalus mticro- natus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 37:105-127. Peyerimhoff, p. 1919. Notes sur la biologic de quelques Coleopteres phytophages du Nord-africain (troi- sieme serie). Ann. Soc. Ent. France 88:169-258. Pitman, G. B. 1969. Pheromone response in pine bark beetles: Influence of host volatiles. Science 166:905-906. Pitman, G. B., and J. P. Vite. 1970. Field response of Dendroctoniis pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scoly- tidae) to synthetic frontalin. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 63:661-664. Pitman, G. B., J. P. Vite, G. W. Kinzer, and A. F. Fentiman, Jr. 1968. Bark beetle attractants: trans-verbenol isolated from Dendroctoniis. Na- ture 218:168-169. Piza Junior, S. de T. 1924. Uma nova especie de ipidio do genero Stephanoderes. Rev. Soc. Rur. Brasi- leira 5:354-355. PjATNiTSKY, G. K. 1929. Hypothenemus lezhavai n. sp. Lezhava Izd. Narod. Kom. Zem. Gruzii. 15 pp. Prebble, M. L., AND K. Graham. 1957. Studies of attack by ambrosia beetles in softwood Igos on Van- couver Island, British Columbia. Forest Sci. 3:90-112. Provancher, L. 1878. Additions et corrections a la faune coleopterologique de la Quebec. Nat. Ca- nad. 10:381. Ratzeburg, J. T. C. 1837. Die Forstinsekten oder Abbil- dung und Beschreibung der in den Waldern Pre- ussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schadlich oder niitzlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten .... Ni- colai, Berlin. Vol. 1:1-202. Die Kafer. 1839. Die Forstinsekten oder Abbildung und Bes- chreibung der in den Waldern Preussens und der Nachbarstaaten als schadlich oder niitzlich bekannt gewordenen Insecten .... Nicolai, Ber- lin. Vol. 1:1-232. Redtenbacher, L. 1849. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. 2d ed. Wien. 1017 pp., 2 pis. Reitter, E. 1885. Neue Coleopteren aus Europe und den angrenzenden Landern. Deutsche Ent. Zeitschr. 29:353-392. 1894. Bestimmungs-Tabellen der Borkenkafer (Scolytidae) aus Europa und den angrenzenden Landern. Verb. Naturf. Ver. Brimn 33:.36-97. 1902. Neue Coleopteren der palaearctischen Fauna. Wiener Ent. Zeit. 21:1.37-141. 1913. Bestimmungs-Tabelle der Borkenkafer (Scolytidae) aus Europa und den angrenzenden Landern. Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32(Beiheft):l-116. Renwick, J. A. A., and J. P. Vite. 1969. Bark beetle at- tractants: mechanism of colonization by Den- droctoniis frontalis. Nature 224:1222-1223. 1970. Systems of chemical communication in Dendroctoniis. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 24:283-292. Rey, C. 1883. (Footnotes to Eichhoff, Les xylophages d'Europe.) Rev. d'Ent. 2:127-128, 142-143. Riley, C. V. 1867. Hickory bark borer— Sro/y^us carya, n. sp. Prairie Farmer 19:68-69. Roubal, J. 1910. (Contributions a la faune des Coleopteres de la Lithuanie.) Rev. Russ. Ent. St. Petersburg 10:195-204. RuDiNSKY, J. A. 1960. Forest insect survey and control methods. Oregon State Univ., Dept. Ent. Syllabus for Course 472x. 1962. Ecology of Scolytidae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 7:327-348. 1966. Host selection and invasion by the Douglas- fir beetle, Dendroctoniis pseudotsugae Hopkins, in Costal Douglas-fir forests. Canadian Ent. 98:98-111. 1968. Pheromone-mask by the female Dendroc- toniis pseudotsugae Hopk., an attraction regu- latoK (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Pan-Pacific Ent. 44:248-250. 1978. Forest insect survey and control, a syllabus. Oregon State Univ. Book Store, Corvallis. 391 pp. RuDiNSKY, J. A., AND R. R. MicHAEL. 1972. Sound pro- duction in Scolytidae: chemostimulus of sonic sig- nal by the Douglas-fir beetle. Science 175:1386-1.390. RuDiNSKY, J. A., P. T. Oester, AND L. C. Ryker. 1978. Gallery initiation and male stridulation of the po- lygamous spruce bark beetle Polygraphus riifi- pennis. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 71:317-321. Sahlberg, C. R. 1834. Insecta Fennica, dissertationibus academicis, A. 1817-18.34 editi.s, pars I:A. Hel- singfors. 519 pp. Sampson, F. W. 1912. Some new species of Ipidae and Platypodidae in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)10:245-250. 1918. A new scolytid injurious to dried sweet po- tatoes in Jamaica. Bull. Ent. Res. 8:295. 1921. Further notes on Platypodidae and Scoly- tidae collected by Mr. G. E. Bryant and others. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (9):7:25-37. Saunders, J. L. 1965. The Xyleborus-Ceratocystis com- plex of Cacao. Cacao 10(2):7-13. Saunders, J. L., and J. K. Knoke. 1967. Diets for rearing the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus ferrugineiis (Fab- ricius) in vitro. Science 157:460-463. Sawamoto, T. 1942. Eine neue Fichtenborkenkafer aus Hokkaido. Insecta Matsum., Sapporo 16:165-169, 2 figs. 1982 References 1321 Say, T. 1824. Descriptions of coleopterous insects col- lected in the late expedition to the Rocky Moun- tains, performed by order of Mr. Calhoun, Secre- tary of War, under the command of Major Long. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3(2):239-282, 298-331, 403-462. 1826. Descriptions of new species of coleopterous insects inhabiting the United States. J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 5(2):237-284. ScHAEFER, C. H. 1962. Life history of Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and its princi- pal parasite, Cephalonomia titahensis (Hymenop- tera: Bethylidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. America 55:569-577. 1963. Factors affecting the distribution of the Monterey pine cone beetle {Conophthorus radi- atae Hopkins) in central California. Hilgardia 34:79-103. 1964. Physical and physiological changes in the adult Monterey-pine cone beetle, Conophthorus radiatae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 57:195-197. ScHAEFFER, C. F. A. 1908. Ncw Rhynchophora, III. J. New York Ent. Soc. 16:213-222. ScHAUFuss, C. F. C. 1890. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna Mada- gascars, II. Dec. 1890 preprint of Tijdschr. Ent. 34:1-36, 1 pi. (1891). 1897. Borkenkafer-Studien. Berliner Ent. Zeitschr. 42:101-112. 1897. Beitrag zur Kaferfauna Madagascars, III. Tijdschr. Ent. 40:209-225. 1905. Borkenkaferstudien. Insektenborse 22:8, 11-12, 15, 18-19, 71-72, 79-80, 87, 103-104. ScHEDL, K. E. 1930. Notes on the Pityophthorinae (Coleopt. Ipidae). I. Description of new species. Canadian Ent. 62:195-199. 1931. Notes on the Pityopthorinae (Coleoptera Ipidae). II. Three new species. Canadian Ent. 63:16.3-168. 1931. Notes on the genus Xyleborus Eichh. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (10)8:339-347. 1933. Ein neuer Corthylus aus Costa Rica (Co- leoptera; Scolytidae). Ent. Blatt. 29:33-35. 1934. Studies on Hawaiian Scolytidae (Col.). Sty- lops 3:177-179. 1934. Neue Scolytidae und Platypodidae aus Zen- tral- und Siidamerika. Ent. Blatt. 30:208-212. 1935. Neue amerikanische Borkenkafer. Arch. Inst. Biol. Veget. 2:91-95. 1935. New barkbeetles and ambrosia-beetles (Col.) Stylops 4:270-276. 1935. New Scolytidae and Platypodidae from Central and South America. Rev. de Ent. 5:342-359. 1936. I. Notes on Malayan Scolytidae and Pla- typodidae and descriptions of some new species. J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 18:1-18. 1936. II. Some new Scolytidae and Platypodidae from the Malay Peninsula. J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 18:19-35. 1936. Scolytidae und Platypodidae (Coleopt.)— Neue Zentral- und Suedamerikanische Arten. (36. Beitrag.) Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veget. 3:99-110. 1937. Scolytidae und Platypodidae (Coleoptera) 44. Beitrag. Arb, Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin- Dahlem 4:66-70. 1937. Scolytidae und Platypodidae— Zentral- und Siidamerikanische Arten. Archiv. Inst. Biol. Veget. 8:155-170. 1937. XLL— Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Sara- wak Mus. J. 4:543-552. 1938. Scolytidae und Platypodidae. 48. Beitrag. Die Gattungen Coccotrypes Eichh., Poecilips Schauf., TJiamnurgides Hopk. und Dendrurgus nebst Beschreibung einer neuen Art. Ent. Ber- icht. 10:8-12. 1938. Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Contribution 49. New species from Australia and the Fiji Is-" land, with some revisional notes. Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Australia 62:34-52. 1938. Die Einteilung der Pityophthorinae. Archiv Naturgesch., N.F., 7(2): 157-188. 1939. Some new Neotropical species of Scoly- tidae in the collection of the British Museum (Coleopt.). Proc. Rov. Ent. Soc. London (B)8:13-16. 1939. Scolytidae und Platypodidae. 47. Beitrag. Tijdschr. Ent. 82:.30-53. 19.39. XXXI. Malaysian Scolytidae and Platypo- didae (iv). J. Fed. Malay States Mus. 18(3):327-364. 1939. Scolytidae und Platypodidae (59. Beitrag), 1— Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer. Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 32:379-387. . 1939. Scolytidae und Platypodidae (Col.). 63. Beitrag. Mimchner Ent. Ges. 29:564-585. , 1940. Scolytidae und Platypodidae. (Coleoptera). 51. Beitrag. Arb. Morph. Taxon. Ent. Berlin- Dahlem 7:203-208. , 1940. Scolytidae, Coptonotidae y Platypodidae Mexicanos. An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol., Mexico 1:317-377. . 1940. Zur Einteilung und Synonymie der Crypha- linae (Col. Scolyt.). Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 30:58.3-591. . 1941. 77th contribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytidae. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc. 11:109-116. . 1941. Neue afrikanische Gattungen und Arten (72. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr. 34:379-424. . 1942. Neue Scolytidae aus Java. 76. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Tijdschr. Ent. 85:1-49. . 1942. Barkbeetles of Guam. Bishop Mus. Bull. 172:147-149. . 1942. Interessante und neue Scolytiden und Platypodiden aus der australischen Region. Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 32:162-201. . 1942. Zur Scolytoiden-Fauna der malayischen Halbinsel, V. 80 Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Kolonialfor. Mitt. 5:169-218. . 1946. Bestimmungstabellen der Palaearktischen Borkenkafer. Teil I. Die Gattung Crypturgus Er. Zbl. Ges. Ent. 1:1-15. . 1947. Die Borkenkafer des Baltischen Bernsteins. Zbl. Ges. Ent. 2:12-45. 1322 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1948. Bestimmungstabellen der palaearktischen Borkenkafer. Teil III, Die Gattung Scolyttts Geoffr. Zbl. Ges. Ent., Monogr. 1:1-66. 1948. On some new neotropical Scolytidae (Col.). Rev. de Ent. 19:575-579. 1949. Scolytidae and Platypodidae. Contribution 86. New species and new records of Australian Scolytidae. Proc. Roc. Soc. Queensland 60:25-29. 1949. Tropical seed beetles of the genus Cocco- trypes Eichh. Tijdschr. Ent. 91:113-120. 1949. A new species of Alniphagus (Col. Scoly- tidae) from Canada. Canadian Ent. 81:236. 1949. Neotropical Scolytoidea. I. 97th contribu- tion to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea (Col.). Rev. Brasil. Biol. 9:261-284. 1950. Fauna Ethiopica III. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belgique 26(50): 1-36. . 1950. Fauna Fijiana (Scolytoidea). Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 20:35-54. 1950. Neotropical Scolytoidea II. 107. Contribu- tion of the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Dusenia 1:145-180. 1950. Fauna Indo-Malayensis.— II. 104. Contribu- tion to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)3:892-900. . 1951. Neotropische Scolytoidea IV. Dusenia 2:71-130. 1951. Fauna Samoanus (Scolytoidea). I. Occ. Pap. Bishop Mus. 20:131-156. 1952. Neotropical Scolytoidea V.-119. Contribu- tion to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Pan-Pacific Ent. 28:122-124. 1952. Zur Synonymic der Borkenkafer I. 121. Beitrag zur Morphology und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Ent. Blatt. 47-48:158-164. . 1952. Neotropische Scolytoidea III. Dusenia 3:343-366. 1953. New Scolytoidea. Mem. Queensland Mus. 13:80-83. . 1953. Fauna Indo-Malayensis, III. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)6:288-304. ' 1954. Neotropische Scolytoidea VI. 142. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Dusenia 5:21-48. 1954. Fauna Indomalayensis, IV: 141 Beitrag zur Morphology und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Philippine J. Sci. 83:137-159. 1955. Die Kiefern-Borkenkafer Guatemalas. 145. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 38:1-48. 1955. Borken- und Ambrosiakafer aus dem pazi- fischen Raum. 150. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoiden. Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 6:277-310. 1956. Some bark and ambrosia beetles from the Tres Maria Islands, Mexico. No. 143. Contribu- tion to the morphology and systematics of the Scolytoidea. Pan-Pacific Ent. 32:30-32. . 1957. Scolytoidea nouveaux du Congo Beige. Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Beige, Tervuren, Ser. 8, Sci. Zool. 56:5-162. 1957. Bark- and timber-beetles from South Af- rica. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (12)10:149-159. 1957. Indian bark and timber beetles I. Indian For. Rec. 9:165-169. _. 1958. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer II. 159. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Tijdschr. Ent. 101:141-155. _. 1959. Bestimmungstabellen palaearktischer Bor- kenkafer: VIII. Gattung Cisurgus Reitt., IX. Gat- tung Liparthrum Woll., X. Gattung Aphanarth- rum Woll. Pages 13-78 in K. E. Schedl, H. Lindberg, and H. Lindberg, Coleoptera In- sularum Canariensium, II. Scolytidae. Soc. Sci. Fennica Comm. Biol. 22:1-78. _. 1959. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer III. 169. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Ent. Blatt. 55:41-43. _. 1959. A check list of the Scolytidae and Platypo- didae (Coleoptera) of Ceylon, with descriptions of new species and biological notes. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London lll(15):469-534. _. 1959-1962. Scolytidae und Platypodidae Afrikas. Rev. Ent. Mozambique 2:357-422 (1959), 3:75-154 (1960), 4:335-742 (1960), 5:1-594, I-II, 595-1352 (1962). _. 1960. Synonymies of bark beetles (Scolytidae) IV. Coleopt. Bull. 14:5-12. -. 1961. New species of bark and timber beetles from the neotropical region. 186. Contribution of the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Pan-Pacific Ent. 37:223-233. -. 1961. A few Scolytidae from Trinidad. 192. Con- tribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (13)3:529-531. _. 1962. Scolytoidea from Trinidad, II. 202. Contri- bution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Caribbean J. Sci. 2(2):62-64. _. 1962. Zur synonymie der Borkenkafer X. Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Ges. 52:85-107. _. 1962. Bestummungstabellen palaearktischer Bor- kenkafer XI. Centrbl. Ges. Forstw. 79:132-159. _. 1962. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer VI. Ent. Blatt. 58:201-211. _. 1962. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer VIII. Beitr. Ent. 12:485-494. _. 1963. Borkenkafer der Bodenfauna in Surinam, 199. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Studies on the fauna of Surinam and other Guyanas 4(21):52-64. _. 1963. Fauna Mexicana II. (Col.) 216. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 14:156-167. _. 1963. Neotropische Scolytoidea VII. 211. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Reichenbachia 1:209-234. _. 1963. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer IX. Ent. Abh. Ber. Tierk, Dresden 28:257-268. _. 1964. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer XIV. 223. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Reichenbachia 2:209-223. .. 1964. Zur Synonymie der Borkenkafer XV. 228. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Reichenbachia 3:303-317. _. 1966. Neotropische Scolytoidea VIII. Ent. Arb. Mus. Frey 17:74-128. _. 1969. Synonymy of bark beetles XVII. 248. Con- tribution to the morphology and taxonomy of the Scolytoidea. Turrialba 19:554-555. 1982 References 1323 1972. Neotropische Scolytoidea XI, 293. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytidae. Koleopt. Rundsch. 50:37-86. 1973. Neotropische Scolytoidea XII. 295. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Systematik der Scolytoidea. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo 26:149-172. 1977. Scolytoidea aus El Salvador. 327. Beitrag zur Morphologic und Taxonomie der Scolytoidea. Zeitschr. Arb. Osterr. Ent. 29:41-48. 1979. Die typen der Sainmlung Schedl Familie Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Kataloge der wiss- enschaftlichen Sammlungen des Naturhistoris- chen Museums in Wien, Entomologie 3(2): 1-286. ScHMiD, J. M., AND R. H. Frye. 1977. Spruce beetle in the Rockies. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rept. RM-49:l-38. ScHWARZ, E. A. 1886. Remarks on North American Scolytidae. Ent. Amer. 2:40-42, 44, 54-56. 1888. Note. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 1:56. 1891. Contribution to the life-history of Cor- thylus pttnctatissimtis, and description of C. spin- ifer n. sp. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 2:109-115. 1894. A "parasitic" scolytid. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:15-17. 1894. Description of two Rhynchophorous Co- leoptera from semitropical Florida. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:42-45. 1895. Description of the pine-cone-inhabiting scolytid. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 3:143-145. 1899. Insects of the giant cactus by Hubbard. De- scriptions of new genera and species by Schwarz. Psyche 8:1-14. 1920. A new scolytid beetle from tropical Flor- ida. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 22:222-226. ScuDDER, S. H. 1876. Fossil Coleoptera from Rocky Mountain tertiaries. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. II. 1878. Fossil insects of Green River shales. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. IV. 1893. Tertiary Rhynchophorous Coleoptera of the United States. Monogr. U.S. Geol. Surv. 21:159. Seitner, M. 1911. Bemerkungen zur Gattung Pohjg- raphus und Aufstellung der Gattung Pseudopohj- graphus n. gen. Centrbl. Ges. Forstw. 37:99-109. Sharp, D. 1879. On some Coleoptera from the Hawaiian Islands. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1879:77-105. 1885. Pages 119-300 in Blackburn and Sharp, Memoirs on the Coleoptera of the Hawaiian Is- lands. Sci. Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc. (2)3. SlLVERSTElN, R. M., J. O. RoDlN, AND D. L. WoOD. 1966. Sex attractants in frass produced by male Ips con- fusus in ponderosa pine. Science 154:509-510. SlLVERSTElN, R. M., R. G. Brownlee, T. E. Bellas, D. L. Wood, and L. E. Browne. 1967. Brevicomin: principal sex attractant in the frass of the female western pine beetle. Science 159:889-891. Simpson, L. J. 1929. The seasonal history of Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby. Canadian Ent. 61:146-151. Smith, R. H. 1963. Toxicity of pine resin vapors to three species of Dendroctonus bark beetles. J. Econ. Ent. ,56:827-831. 1964. Variations in the monoterpene composition of ponderosa pine oleoresin. U.S. For. Serv. Pacif- ic Southwest For. Range Expt. Sta. Res. Paper PSW-15:1-17. 1966. Resin quality as a factor in the resistance of pines to bark beetles. Breeding pest-resistant trees, Proc. NATO and NSF Symposium, Univ. of Pennsylvania, .30 Aug.-4 Sept. 1964, pp. 189-196. 1971. Red turpentine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., For. Pest Leaflet 55:1-8. Smith, R. H., and R. E. Lee III. 1972. Black turpentine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric, For. Serv., For. Pest Leaflet 12:1-8. Sokanovskii, B. V. 1954. Zametki o zukach koroedach fauny SSSR. Byull. Mosk. O.I. P. (Biol.) 59(5): 13-33. 1960. K. sistematike i rasporstraneniju koroedov (Coleoptera, Ipidae) SSSR insopredel'nyh stran. (Systematics and distribution of bark beetles in the USSR and neighboring countries). Ent. Obozr. 39:674-678. Stebbing, E. p. 1903. 3. Hypothenemus (?) sp. Indian Mus. Notes 6:68. 1908. On some undescribed Scolytidae of eco- nomic importance from the Indian Region, I. In- dian For. Mem. 1:1-12. 1914. Indian forest insects of economic impor- tance. Coleoptera. Eyre and Spottiswoode, Lon- don. 648 p. Stephens, J. F. 18.30. Illustrations of British entomology. Mandibulata, Coleoptera. London. Vol. 3, 374 p. Stewart, K. W. 1965. Observations on the life history and habits of Scieriis annectens (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 58:924-927. Strohmeyer, H. 1910. Uber Kaffeeschadlinge auf der In- sel Java. Ent. Blatt. 6:186-187. Strubble, G. R., and R. C. Hall. 1955. The California five-spined engraver, its biology and control. U.S. Dept. Agric. Circ. 964:1-21. Sturm, J. 1826. Catalog meiner Insecten-Sanimlung, Er- ster Theil, Kafer, 207 p. 4 pis. Niirnberg. SwAiNE, J. M. 1910. A new species of Eccoptogaster. Ca- nadian Ent. 42:33-35, pi. 2. 1910. Notes on a few Scolytidae. Canadian Ent. 42:161-165. 1911. A few new Ipidae. Canadian Ent. 43:213-224. 1912. New species of the family Ipidae (Coleop- tera). Canadian Ent. 44:349-354. 1914. A preliminary survey of forest insect condi- tions in British Columbia. Dom. Canada Dept. Agric. Div. Ent. Bull. 17:1-41. 1915. A new species of Pityogenes. New York State Coll. For., Syracuse, Tech. Pub. 2:8-10. 1915. New species of the family Ipidae (Coleop- tera), Part II. Canadian Ent. 47:355-369. (Re- prints numbered pp. 1-16.) 1916. New species of the family Ipidae (Coleop- tera), Part III. Canadian Ent! 48:181-192, pi. VIII. (Reprints numbered pp. 1-14.) 1917. Canadian bark-beetles. Part 1. Dom. Can- ada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(1): 1-32. 1918. Canadian bark-beetles. Part II. Dom. Can- ada Dept. Agric. Ent. Br. Tech. Bull. 14(2): 1-143. 1324 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1919. Tlie Coleoptera collected by the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913-18. Forest insects. The families Ipidae, Cerambycidae and Buprestidae. Kept. Canadian Arctic Expedition 1913-18. Vol. Ill; Insects, Part E: Coleoptera, p. 1-27. 1920. Micracis populi Swaine n. sp. Page 31 in M. W. Blackman, North American Ipidae of the sub- family Micracinae, with descriptions of new spe- cies and genera. Mississippi Agric. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 9. 1924. The allies of Ips confusiis LeC. in western America. Family Ipidae, Coleoptera. Canadian Ent. 56:69-72. 1924. New species of the genus Phloeosinus Chapuis, Coleoptera. Canadian Ent. 56:144-149. 1924. Four new species of Carphoborns (Ipidae, Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 56:234-2.36. 1924. The species of Scierus LeC. (Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 56:287-288. 1925. A new species of Polygraphus (Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 57:51. 1925. New species of Ipidae (Coleoptera). Cana- dian Ent. 57:192-197. 1934. Three species of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 66:204-206. Thatcher, R. C, J. L. Searcy, J. E. Coster, G. D. Hertel, eds. 1980. The southern pine beetle. U.S. Dept. Agric. Sci. Educ. Admin. Tech. Bull. 1631:1-267. Thatcher, T. O. 1954. A new species of Dendroctonus from Guatemala (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Coleopt. Bull. 8:3-6. 1965. A new species of Ips from Utah, Montana, and Alberta. Canadian Ent. 97:493-496. Thomas, J. B. 1957. The use of larval anatomy in the study of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Ent. 89:3-45. 1960. The immature stages of Scolytidae: the tribe Xyloterini. Canadian Ent. 92:410-419. 1965. The immature stages of Scolytidae: the genus Dendroctonus Erichson. Canadian Ent. 97:374-400. 1971. The immature stages of Scolytidae: the genus Conophthorus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ca- nadian Ent. 103:1021-1026. Thomas, J. B., and D. E. Bright, Jr. 1970. A new spe- cies of Dendroctonus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) from Mexico. Canadian Ent. 102:479-483. Thomson, C. G. 1859. Skandinaviens Coleoptera Sy- noptiskt Bearbetade. Lund. Vol. 1, 290 p. Tredl, R. 1907. Nahrungspflanzen und Verbreitungsge- biete der Borkenkafer Europas. Ent. Blatt. 3:3-20. Villa, A., and G. B. Villa. 1833. Col. Europae dupleta. Mailand. (Not seen.) Vite, J. P., AND R. G. Crozier. 1968. Studies on the at- tack behavior of the southern pine beetle. IV. In- fluence of host condition of aggregation pattern. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 24:87-94. Vite, J. P., S. F. Islas, J. A. A. Renwick, P. R. Hughes, and R. A. Kliefoth. 1974. Biochemical and bio- logical variation of southern pine beetle popu- lations in North and Central America. Zeitschr. angew. Ent. 75:422-435. Vite, J. P., and G. B. Pitman. 1969. Insect and host odors in the aggregation of the western pine beetle. Canadian Ent. 101:113-117. Vite, J. P., G. B. Pitman, A. F. Fentiman, and G. W. KiNZER. 1972. 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-l-ol isolated from Dendroctonus. Naturwissenschaften 59:469. Vite, J. P., and J. A. Rudinsky. 1957. Contribution to- ward a study of Douglas-fir beetle development. Forest Sci. 3:156-167. Walker, M. V. 1938. Evidence of Triassic insects in the Petrified Forest National Monument, Arizona. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 85:137-141, pis. 1-4. Walsh, B. D. 1867. Answers to correspondents. Prac- tical Ent. 2(5):57-58. Walters, J. 1956. Biology and control of the Douglas-fir beetle in the interior of British Columbia. Can- ada Dept. Agric, For. Biol. Div. Pub. 975:1-11. Weele, H. W. v. d. 1910. Xyleborus coffeivorus n. sp., een nieuwe koffie-parasiet. Buitenzorg Bull. Dept. Agric. Indes Neerl. 35:1-6. 1910. Xyleborus coffeivorus n. sp., een nieuwe koffie-parasiet. Teysmannia Batavia 21:308-316. Wegener, A. 1924. The origins of continents and oceans. (Translated from 3d German ed.) Lon- don, Methuen. Westwood, J. O. 1836. Description of a minute coleop- terous insect, forming the type of a new subgenus allied to Tomicus, with some observations upon the affinities of the Xylophaga. Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1:34-36. 1838. Synopsis of the genera of British insects. Signatures B-D, Pages 1-48 in An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organiza- tion of the different families. London 1838-1840, 2 vols., 462 -I- 587 pp. WicHMANN, H. 1913. Ein neuer Eccoptogaster aus des multistriatus-Gxxx^T^e . Wiener Ent. Zeit. 32:210-211. WiCKHAM, H. F. 1913. Fossil Coleoptera from the Wil- son Ranch near Florissant, Colorado. Iowa City Univ., Iowa, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. 6(4):3-29. 1916. New fossil Coleoptera from the Florissant beds. Bull. State Univ. of Iowa 7(3): 18-19. WoLLASTON, T. V. 1854. Insecta Maderensia; being an account of the insects of the islands of the Madei- ran group. London. 634 pp. I860. Additions to Madeiran Coleoptera. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (.3)5:361-365. 1864. Catalogue of the coleopterous insects of the Canaries in the collection of the British Museum. London. 648 pp. 1867. Coleoptera Hesperidum, being an enume- ration of the coleopterous insects of the Cape Verde Archipelago. London. 285 pp. Wood, D. L. 1963. Studies on host selection by Ips con- fusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with special reference to Hopkins' host selection prin- ciple. Univ. of California Pub. Ent. 27:241-282. Wood, D. L., L. E. Browne, R. M. Silverstein, and J. 0. RoDi.N. 1966. Sex pheromones of bark beetles— 1. Mass production, bio-assay, source, and isola- tion of the sex pheromone of Ips confusus (LeC). J. Insect Physiol. 12:523-536. 1982 References 1325 Wood, D. L., and R. W. Bushing. 1963. The olfactory response of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to the secondary attraction in the lab- oratory. Canadian Ent. 95:1066-1078. Wood, D. L., R. W. Starx, R. M. Silverstein, and J. O. Rodin. 1967. Unique synergistic effects produced by the principal sex attractant compounds of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Na- ture 215:206. Wood, D. L., and J. P. Vite. 1961. Studies on the host selection behavior of Ips confusus (LeConte) (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 21:79-96. Wood, S. L. 1951. Two new species and a new genus of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) from Utah. J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 24:31-32. 1954. Bark beetles of the genus Carphoborus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North Amer- ica. Canadian Ent. 86:502-526. 1954. A revision of North American Cryphalini (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 36:959-1089. 1956. New specips of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part L Canadian Ent. 88:141-154. 1956. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part IL Canadian Ent.' 88:231-240. 1956. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part IIL Canadian Ent. 56:247-258. 1957. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostlv Mexican, Part IV. Great Basin Nat.' 17:105-110. ' 1957. Ambrosia beetles of the tribe Xyloterini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in North America. Cana- dian Ent. 89:337-354. 1957. Distributional notes on and synonymies of some North .American Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Canadian Ent. 89:.396-403. 1958. Bark beetles of the genus Pityoborus Black- man (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 18:46-56. 1959. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part V. Great Basin Nat.' 19:1-7. 1959. New records and species of Arizona bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 19:57-62. 1960. Coleoptera: Platypodidae and Scolytidae. Insects of Micronesia 18(l):l-73. 1960. New records and species of Scolytidae (Co- leoptera) from western North America. Great Ba- sin Nat. 20:59-69. 1961. New records and species of Scolytidae (Co- leoptera) from Colombia. Great Basin Nat. 21:1-7. 1961. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part VI. Great Basin Nat. 21:87-107. 1962. Miscellaneous taxonomic notes on Scoly- tidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 22:76-82. 1963. A revision of the bark beetle genus Den- droctonus Erichson (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 23:1-117. 1964. New species of North American Pitijoph- thorus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 24:59-70. 1965. The genus Eupagiocerus Blandford (Scoly- tidae: Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 25:31-35. 1966. New synonymy in the Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 26:17-33. 1967. New species of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), mostly Mexican, Part VII. Great Ba- sin Nat. 27:36-57. 1967. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Great Ba- sin Nat. 27:79-97. ' 1967. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part II. Great Basin Nat. 27:119-141. , 1968. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part III. Great Basin Nat. 28:1-15. . 1968. A key to species of the Cnesinus LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) of North and Central America. Great Basin Nat. 28:88-110. . 1969. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part IV. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 10(2): 1-46. . 1969. Additions to the horned bark beetle genus Cactopinus Schwarz (Scolytidae). Coleopt. Bull. 23:42-51. . 1969. New synonymy and records of Platypo- didae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 29:11.3-128. . 1971. New records and species of neotropical bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part V. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 15(3): 1-54. . 1971. New species of bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera) from western North America. Great Basin Nat. 31:69-76. . 1971. New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 31:140-152. . 1972. New synonymy in the bark beetle tribe Cryphalini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 32:40-54. . 1972. New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part II. Great Basin Nat. 32:190-201. . 1973. On the taxonomic status of Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 33:77-90. . 1973. New synonymy in American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera), Part III. Great Basin Nat. 33:169-188. . 1973. New species of American Microcorthylus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 33:265-275. .. 1974. New species of American bark beetles (Scolytidae: Coleoptera). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull., Biol. Ser. 19(1): 1-67. . 1974. New species of American Corthylini (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 34:1.35-150. 1326 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 1974. New species of American Corthylus (Co- leoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 34:181-202. 1974. Proposed conservation under the plenary powers of the name Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864 (In- secta: Coleoptera, Scolytidae). Z.N.(S.) 2069. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 31:320-231. 1974. New synonymy and records of American bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Ba- sin Nat. 34:277-290. 1975. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Great Basin Nat. 35:21-32. 1975. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part II. Great Basin Nat. 35:391-401. 1976. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part III. Great Basin Nat. 36:347-365. 1977. Introduced and exported American Scoly- tidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 37:67-74. 1977. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytidae), Part IV. Great Basin Nat. 37:207-220. 1977. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part V. Great Basin Nat. 37:383-394. 1977. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VI. Great Basin Nat. 37:511-522. 1978. A reclassification of the subfamilies and tribes of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Ann. Soc. Ent. France 14:95-122. 1978. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VII. Great Basin Nat. 38:397-405. 1979. New synonymy and new species of Ameri- can bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Part VIII. Great Basin Nat. 39:133-142. 1980. New genera and new generic synonymy in Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 40:89-97. 1981. Nomenclatural changes and new species in Platypodidae and Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Nat. 41:121-128. Woodruff, R. E. 1970. A mangrove borer, Poecilips rhizophorae (Hopkins) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Florida Dept. Agric. Ent. Circ. 98:1-2. WuRTH, T. 1908. Die boeboek {Xyleborus coffeae n. sp.) op Coffea robusta. Mededeel. alg. Proefst, Sala- tiga, ser. 2, 3:2-20, pis. 1-3. Zethner-M(^ller, O., and J. A. Rudinsky. 1967. On the biology of Hylastes nigrinus (Coleoptera: Scoly- tidae) in western Oregon. Canadian Ent. 99:897-911. ZiMMERMANN, C. 1868. Synopsis of the Scolytidae of America north of Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2:141-149. INDEX Names are indexed as follows: CAPITALS: All names, both valid and invalid, above the generic level. Boldface: Valid generic and subgeneric names. Roman: Valid specific and subspecific names. Italics: All synonyms and other names not part of the Scolytidae. Page numbers: Italics refer to a key, boldface to a descriptive treatment, roman to all other references. Acanthotomicus Blandford, 67, 664 analogus (Wood), 665, 666 " bidens (Wood), 664 " chiriquensis (Blandord), 665, 667 " fortis (Wood), 665, 666 mimicus (Schedl), 665, 665 occularis Wood, 664 spinosus Blandford, 664 Adiaeretiis Hagedom, 875 spinosus Hagedom, 875 Adipocephalus hydropicus Wickham, 37 ALNIPHAGINI, 108 Alniphagus, 58, 119 " aspericollis (LeConte), 81, 119, 120 " hirsutus Schedl, 120, 120 Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 776 guatemalensis Hopkins, 808 lecontei Hopkins, 807 linderae Hopkins, 804 tachygraphus Zimmermann, 808 American biogeography, 50 AMPHICRANIDAE, 916 Amphicranus Erichson, 75, 1185 " argutus Wood, 1187, 1193 armatus Schedl, 1203 " balteatus Blandford, 1189, 1201 " belti Blandford, 1189, 1201 brevipennis Blandford, 1186, 1190 " callosus (Schedl), 1187, 1194 " collaris Blandford, 1189, 1200 " cordatus Bright, 1190, 1203 dentatus Eggers (Monarthrum), 1216 " elegans Eichhoff, 1186, 1192 " fastigiatus Blandford, 1190, 1205 " filiformis Blandford, 1189, 1203 " fulgidus Wood, J J 88, 1 195 " hybridus Blandford, 1187, 1193 " macellus Wood, 1189, 1202 " melanura (Blandford), 1188, 1195 mexicanus Eggers, 1220 " micans Wood, ii 87, 1194 " mirandus Wood, 1188, 1197 " mucronatus Wood. 1190, 1205 " parilis Wood, ii89, 1202 perebiae Ferrari (Xyleborus), 789 " propugnatus Blandford, 1190, 1203 quercus Wood (Monarthrum), 1217 " rameusWood, ii 88, 1196 " speciosus (Schedl), 1188, 1199 " spectibilis (Wood), ii89, 1199 " spectusWood, ii89, 1200 spinatus Bright, 1220 " spinescens Wood, ii 90, 1204 " spinosus Wood, ii90, 1204 stenodermus Schedl, 1187, 1193 " tenuis Blandford, ii89, 1202 " terebella Blandford, 1188, 1197 thoracicus Erichson, ii 85 " tomatilis Wood, 1188, 1198 " torneutes Blandford, ii 89, 1201 " ursusSchedl, ii 88, 1198 Anaeretus Duges, 776 guanajuatensis Duges, 776 Anchonocerus Eichhoff, 1206 " rufipes Eichhoff (Monarthrum), 1206 Ancyloderes Blackman, 1155 saltoni, 1160 Anisandrus Ferrari, 776 popidi Swaine, 794 " sayi Hopkins (Xyleborus), 795 swainei Drake, 794 " zimmermanni Hopkins (Xylosandrus), 769 Anodius Motschulsky, 723 " distinctus Motschulsky (Coccotrypes), 737 1327 1328 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Apate bivattata Kirby, 751 brevicornis Kirby, 387 dispar Fabricius (Xyleboms), 776, 794 inurbanus Broun (Xyleboms), 776 nigriceps Kirby, 387 nifipennis Kirby (Polygraphus), 386, 387 mfitarsis Kirby (Trypodendron), 753 Aphanocleptus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 510, 5ii " coniferaeWood, 510, 511, 521 Applied control, 30 ARAPTIDAE, 916 Araptus Eichhoff, 73, 927 " accinctus Wood, 929, 938 " attenuatus Wood, 933, 951 " aztecus (Wood), 935, 962 " blanditus Wood, 933, 951 carinifrons (Blandford), 930, 941 " concentralis (Schedl), 935, 959 " conditus Wood, 934, 953 " confinis (Blandford), 930, 942 consobrinus Wood, 933, 950 costaricensis (Schedl), 16, 93i, 945 " crassus Wood, 932, 947 cuspidis Wood, 945 " decorulus Wood, 932, 948 decorus Wood, 948 " delicatus Wood, 929, 938 " dentifrons Wood, 930, 942 " deyrollei (Blandford), 929, 937 " eruditus (Schedl), 934, 956 " exigialis Wood, 934, 957 " facetus Wood, 931, 944 " fossifrons Wood, 929, 937 " foveifrons (Schedl), 929, 938 " frontalis Wood, 935, 959 " frugalis Wood, 934, 954 fiirvescens Wood, 935, 961 " furvus Wood, 935, 961 " genialis Wood, 929, 938 " gracilens Wood, 930, 942 hymenaeae (Eggers), 929, 936 incommodus (Blandford), 930, 941 incompositus (Blandford), 934, 954 insiniiatus Wood, 937 interjectus Wood, 938 " laevigatas (Eggers), 16, 931, 944 " laudatus Wood, 934, 955 " lepidus Wood, 935, 962 " leptus (Bright), 933, 950 " macer (Bright), 935, 960 " medialis Wood, 933, 953 mendicus Wood, 933, 953 micaceus Wood, 932, 947 nanulus Wood, 932, 948 nigrellus Wood, 935, 960 obsoletus (Blandford), 932, 946 placatus Wood, 949 politus (Blandford), 930, 940 poricoUis (Blandford), 935, 958 refertus Wood, 934, 957 rufopalliatus Eichhoff, 927 schedli (Blackman), 932, 946 schwarzi (Blackman), 933, 952 sobrinus Wood, 933, 952 speciosus Wood, 93 i, 943 tabogae (Blackman), 930, 940 tenellus (Schedl), 93i, 945 tenuis (Blackman), 933, 949 teres (Blackman), 932, 949 trepidus Wood, 934, 958 vesculus Wood, 934, 957 vinnulus Wood, 935, 961 Archeophalus ealensis Eggers, 902 Biogeography, 44 Biological activities, 4 Boroxylon Hopkins, 776 burgdorfi Hopkins, 810 stephegynis Hopkins, 776 Bostrichus abietis Ratzeburg, 867 affaber Mannerheim (Dryocoetes), 729 aphodiodes Villa, 741 areccae Homung (Hypothenemus), 906 asperatus Gyllenhal (Cryphalus), 867 ater Paykull (Hylastes), 93 autographus Ratzeburg (Dryocoetes), 723, 725 bidentatus Herbst (Pityogenes), 649 binodulus Ratzeburg (Trypophloeus), 850 boieldietii Perroud, 900 brevicollis Kolenati (Phloeotribus), 256 brevis Panzer, 794 calligraphus Germar (Ips), 697 carpophagus Homung (Coccotrypes), 731, 738 cavifrons Mannerheim, 751 compressicomis Fabricius (Corthylus), 1270 concinnus Mannerheim (Ips), 673 cmdiae Panzer (Hypothenemus), 891 cryptographus Ratzeburg (Xyleborus), 776 dactyliperda Fabricius (Coccotrypes), 731, 739 dentatus Sturm, 691 exesus Say, 697 1982 Index 1329 fasciatus Say (Monarthrum), 1206, 1235 ferrugineus Fabricius (Xyleborus), 827 fraxini Panzer, 110 frontalis Fabricius (Pagiocerus), 245, 246 frontalis of Fabricius (Phloeotribus), 270 interniptus Mannerheini, 684 jalapae Letzner (Scolytogenes), 861, 866 laricis Fabricius (Orthotomicus), 662 lichtensteini Ratzeburg (Pityophthorus), 991 lineatus Olivier (Trypodendron), 746, 751 mali Bechstein (Scolytus), 426 micans Kugelann (Dendroctonus), 150 monographus Fabricius (Xyleborus), 776 nitidulus Mannerheim (Pityophthorus), 1095 pallipes Sturm, 691 palmicola Homung, 739 pini Say (Ips), 691 plumeriae Nordlinger, 891 politus Say (Xyloterinus), 745 pubipennis LeConte (Pseudopityoph- thorus), 981 pusillus Gyllenhal (Crypturgus), 740, 741 ratzeburgi Kolenati, 794 nigulosus Miiller (Scolytus), 419, 424 saxeseni Ratzeburg (Xyleborinus), 847 scolytus Fabricius (Scolytus), 419, 434 semicastaneiis Mannerheim, 725 septentrionis Mannerheim, 725 sexdentatus Boerner, 667 stenographiis Duftschmidt, 667 tochygraphtis Sahlberg, 794 thoracicus Panzer, 794 tridens Mannerheim (Ips), 684 varius Fabricius (Hylesinus), 110 victoris Mulsant & Rey, 725 villosus Fabricius (Dryocoetes), 723 volvulus Fabricius (XyleboRis), 833 xylographus Say (Xyleborus), 836 BOTHROSTERNI, 208 BOTHROSTERNINI, 208 Bothrosternus Eichhoff, 61, 247 bicaudatus Blandford, 255 cancellatus Chapuis (Sternobothrus), 253 " definitus Wood, 247, 248 " foveatus (Blackman), 16, 247, 247 huhbardi Schwarz, 246 sculpturatus Blandford (Sternobothrus), 254 tnmcatus Eichhoff, 247 Bothryperus Hagedom, 204 psaltes Hagedom (Phrixosoma), 204 Brachyspartus barbatus Blandford, 1264, 1269 bisetosits Schedl, 1226 ebininus Blandford (Corthycyclon), 1262 mexicanus Schedl (Corthylocurus), 1268 Breviophthorus mexicanus Schedl, 942 CACTOPINAE, 637 CACTOPININI, 637 Cactopinonis Bright, 637 Cactopinus Schwarz, 66, 637 cactophthorus Wood, 637, 639, 641 carinatus Wood, 639, 644 depressus Bright, 639, 644 " desertus Bright, 640, 648 granulifer Wood, 63.9, 642 " hubbardi Schwarz, 637, 640, 647 koebelei Blackman, 639, 645 mexicanus Wood, 638, 640 microcornis Wood, 638, 640 nasutus Wood, 639, 643 " niger Wood, 639, 642 pini Blackman, 639, 647 rhois Blackman, 639, 646 spinatvis Wood, 639, 644 CAMPTOCERIDAE, 393 Camptocerus Latreille, 63, 411 aeneipennis (Fabricius), 412, 414 auricomus Blandford, 412, 416 " infidelis Wood, 412, 415 niger (Fabricius), 412, 415 quadridens Blackman, 412, 412 squamiger Chapuis, 416 striatulus Hagedorn, 416 Carphobius Blackman, 62, 369 arizonicus Blackman, 22, 369, 370 cupressi Wood, 370, 370 CARPHOBORIDAE, 369 Carphoborus Eichhoff, 62, 371 andersoni Swaine, 39, 50, 373, 380 blaisdelli Swaine, 372, 374 bicristatus Chapuis, 385 bifurcus Eichhoff, 374, 385 brevisetosus Wood, 373, 379 carri Swaine, 39, 50, 374, 385 convexifrons Wood, 373, 379 cressatyi Bruck, 374 declivis Wood, 373, 383 dunni Swaine, 373, 382 engelmanni Wood, 380 frontalis Wood, 372, 375 intermedins Wood, 374, 384 mexicanus Bright, 373, 2>11 perplexus Wood, 374, 384 1330 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 " piceae Wood, 374, 384 " pinicolens Wood, 373, 377 ponderosae Swaine, 373, 382 pseudotsugae Wood, 374, 383 " radiatae Swaine, 373, 382 sansoni Swaine, 373, 380 " simplex LeConte, 372, 379 swainei Bruck, 379 tuberculatiis Bright, 377 " vandykei Bmck, 372, 375 Carphotoreus Wood, 61, 285 " alni (Bright), 285 Ceratolepis Chapuis, 393 brasiliensis Schedl, 399 errans Blandford, 399 jucundus Chapuis, 393 macuhcomis Blandford, 399 nubilus Blackman, 402 Chalcohyiis Blackman, 510 securigerus Blackman (Pseudothysanoes) 510 Chaetophloeus LeConte, 62, 348 alni Bright (Carphotoreus), 285 andinus Wood, 351 braziliensis (Blackman), 350 chapini (Blackman), 350 coronatus (Chapuis), 350, 357 " fasciatus (Blackman), 351, 362 heterodoxus (Casey), 350, 355 howdeni Bright, 351 " hystrix LeConte, 349, 351 insularis (Blackman), 350, 359 " lasius Wood, 349, 352 " maclayi (Bruck), 349, 354 mexicanus (Blackman), 350, 357 " minimus Wood, 350, 358 parkinsoniae (Blackman), 351, 361 " penicillatus (Bruck), 351, 361 " phoradendri Wood, 351, 360 pruinosus (Blackman), 349, 353 " struthanthi Wood, 351, 359 " sulcatus (Wood), 350, 356 Chramesus LeConte, 6i, 315 acacicolens Wood, 321, 346 " annectans (Wood), 318, 327 " aquilus (Wood), 319, 333 asperatus Schaeffer, 320, 337 " atkinsoni Wood, 319, 335 barbatiis Eggers, 323 " bicolorWood, 32i,345 canus Blackman, 334 " cecropiae Wood, 318, 330 chapuisi LeConte, 321, 341 corniger Wood, 318, 329 crenatus Wood, 321, 344 demissus Wood, 318, 330 dentatus Schaeffer, 31 7, 323 denticulatus Wood, 316, 322 disparilis Wood, 321, 346 editus Bright, 31 7, 327 gibber Blackman, 338 gracilis Wood, 318, 328 hicoriae LeConte, 315, 319, 335 incomptus Wood, 316, 322 ingens Wood, 318, 328 marginatus Wood, 320, 337 mexicanus Schedl, 332 microporosus Wood, 321, 343 mimosae Blackman, 317, 326 minulus Wood, 321, 345 panamensis Blackman, 332 periosus Wood, 321, 342 pumilus (Chapuis), 8, 379, 332 punctatus Wood, 320, 339 quadridens Wood, 3 J 8, 331 rotundatus Chapuis, 315, 316 secus Wood, 3i7, 325 setosus Wood, 320, 337 signatipennis Schedl, 319, 333 striatus Wood, 339 strigatus Wood, 320, 339 subopacus Schaeffer, 379, 334 tumididus Blackman, 332 unicornis Wood, 31 7, 323 variabilis Wood, 321, 343 varius Wood, 3i 7, 325 vastus Wood, 320, 340 vitiosus Wood, 320, 340 wisteriae Wood, 321, 341 xylophagus Wood, 10, 321, 344 Cladoboriis Sawamoto, 991 arakii Sawamoto (Pityophthorus), 991 Cladoctonus Strohmeyer, 61, 286 affinis Strohmeyer, 286 boliviae Wood, 13 Classification, 33 Climate, 5 Cnemonyx Eichhoff, 63, 393 " atratus (Blandford), 394, 398 " confinis (Wood), 396, 403 " errans (Blandford), 395, 399 " exiguus (Blandford), 395, 402 " exilis (Wood), 397, 411 " fastigius (Wood), 397, 409 " ficus (Schwarz), 396, 402 " galeritus Eichhoff, 393 1982 Index 1331 " glabratus (Schedl), 395, 398 gracilens Wood, 397, 410 impressus (Wood), 396, 407 insignis Wood, 394, 397 " liratus (Wood), 397, 409 " longicoUis (Blandford), 411 " maculicomis (Blandford), 395, 399 " minusculus (Blandford), 395, 401 " nigrellus Wood, 396, 404 nitens Wood, 397 " opacus Wood, 397, 408 " panamensis (Blandford), 395, 400 " prociduus (Wood), 396, 407 " recavus Wood, 396, 404 " squamifer Wood, 396, 406 " splendens (Wood), 396, 405 vagabundus (Wood), 396,406 Cnesinus LeConte, 60, 208 adusticus Wood, 275, 244 " adustus Schedl, 214, 239 " annectens Wood, 78, 209, 213, 233 " atavus Wood, 213, 233 atrodeclivis Wood, 240 " bicomus Wood, 211, 224 " bicostatus Schedl, 209, 215 " blackmani Schedl, 210, 219 " brighti Wood, 2 ii, 226 " carinatns Wood, 214, 242 cognatus Blackman, 243 " coracinus Wood, 212, 228 " costulatiis Blandford, 213, 215, 234 " degener Wood, 2 i i , 225 " denotatus Wood, 214, 238 " electinus Wood, 27 i, 223 " electus Wood, 270, 217 " elegans Blandford, 277, 226 " elegantis Wood, 277, 227 flavopilosus Schedl, 242 " foveatus Blackman (Bothrosternus), 247 " frontalis Wood, 273, 236 " garrulus Schedl, 272, 228 " gibbulus Wood, 272, 229 " gibbosus Wood, 272, 229 " gracilis Blandford, 270, 216 " intermedins Schedl, 270, 218 " lecontei Blandford, 272, 231 mexicanus Nunberg, 219 " minax Schedl, 274, 239 minitropis Wood, 274, 244 " myehtis Wood, 277, 223 " niger Wood, 270, 221 nitidtis Blackman, 219 " paleatus Blandford, 277, 225 panamensis Blackman, 243 " perplexus Wood, 272, 232 " pilatus Wood, 274, 240 " porcatus Blandford, 273, 215, 236 prominulus Wood, 274, 239 " pullus Blandford, 270, 217 " punctatus Blandford, 270, 220 " quaesitus Schedl, 272, 229 " retifer Wood, 209, 215 " setulosus Blandford, 274, 242 similis Blackman, 234 squamosus Wood, 273, 236 " strigicollis LeConte, 51, 208, 274, 241 substrigatus Blackman, 216 " theocallus Bright, 277, 227 vestitus Eggers, 4 zapotecus Bright, 227 Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 68, 731 aciculatus Schedl, 732, 736 " advena Blandford, 731, 732, 733 anonae Hopkins, 738 bakeri Hopkins, 738 bambesianus (Eggers), 733 bassiavorus Hopkins, 739 carpophagus (Hornung), 732, 738 cylindricus Schedl, 736 cyperi (Beeson), 732, 735 dactyliperda (Fabricius), 733, 739 " distinctus (Motschulsky), 732, 737 eggersi Hagedom, 739 floridensis Schedl, 737 hubbardi Hopkins, 738 insularis Eggers, 735 integer Eichhoff, 738 laboulbenei Decaux, 739 liberiensis Hopkins, 738 moreirai Eggers, 739 nanus Eggers, 738 pubescens Schedl, 739 punctulatus Eggers, 738 pygmaeus Eichhoff, 738 " rhizophorae (Hopkins), 732, 734 " robustus Eichhoff, 732, 736 rollinae Hopkins, 738 sannio (Schaufuss), 733 " tanganus Eggers, 739 thrinacis Hopkins, 738 Comesiella Del Guercio, 256 " sicula Del Guercio, 256 Competition for food, 21 Conophthocranulus Schedl, 74, 963 " blackmani Schedl, 963 " islasi Schedl, 1047 1332 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 umhratus Schedl, 924 Conophthorus Hopkins, 73, 982 apachecae Hopkins, 984, 989 banksianae McPherson, 983, 987 cembroides Wood, 983, 985 clunicus Hopkins, 987 conicolens Wood, 984, 988 coniperda (Schwarz), 983, 987 contortae Hopkins, 990 edulis Hopkins, 983, 985 echinatae Wood, 983, 986 flexilis Hopkins, 990 lambertianae Hopkins, 990 mexicanus Wood, 984, 988 michoacanae Wood, 984, 989 monophyllae Hopkins, 983, 984 monticolae Hopkins, 990 ponderosae Hopkins, 984, 990 radiatae Hopkins, 983, 986 resinosae Hopkins, 984, 988 schwerdtfergeri Schedl (Pityophthonis), 1047 scopuhrum Hopkins, 990 taedae Hopkins, 987 teocotum Wood, 984, 991 virginianae Hopkins, 988 Control, 27 Coptoborus Hopkins, 776 eniarginatus Hopkins, 776, 800 Coptogaster Illiger, 419 Corthycyclon Schedl, 76, 1259 " aztecum (Bright), 1261, 1263 " caliginis Wood, 1260, 1261 " ebeninum (Blandford), 1260, 1262 " fiirvum Wood, 1260, 1261 " momlum Wood, 1260, 1261 " tardum Wood, 1260, 1263 " ustum Schedl, 1259 CORTHYLI, 916 CORTHYLINI, 916 Corthylocurus Wood, 77, 1264 " aguacatensis (Schedl), 1265, 1266 " barbatus (Blandford), 1266, 1269 " cincinnatus Bright, 1265, 1269 " costaricensis (Schedl), 1265, 1268 " debilis Wood, 1265, 1266 " mexicanus (Schedl), 1265, 1268 Corthyknnimus Ferrari, 1206 Corthylus Erichson, 77, 1270 affinis Fonseca, 1304 anomalus Bright, 1268 aztecus Bright (Corthycyclon), 1263 " bifurcus Schedl, 1272, 1282 biseriatus Eggers, 1300 brunescens Wood, 1274, 1290 briinneus Wood, 1290 calamarius Wood, 1272, 1282 calamicolens Wood, 1274, 1291 cannularius Wood, 1272, 1283 cecropii Wood, 1271, 1278 cirrus Schedl, 1305 collaris Blandford, 1272, 1285 columbianus Hopkins, 4, 8, 1274, 1295 comatus Blandford, 1274, 1292 comosus Wood, 1272, 1283 compressicornis of Blandford, 1309 concavus Bright, 1274, 1296 concisus Wood, 1278, 1309 consimilis Wood, 1273, 1288 cylindricus Schedl, 1268 detrimentosus Schedl, 1276, 1300 diligens Wood, 1274, 1293 dimidiatum Ferrari (Monarthrum), 1227 eichhoffi Schedl, 1278, 1310 flagellifer Blandford, 1277, 1305 fiiscus Blandford, 1273, 1289 glabinus Bright, 1301 granulatus Schedl, 1273, 1289 granulifer Wood, 1271, 1279 guayanensis Eggers, 1304 lobatus Fenari (Monarthrum), 1230 luridus Blandford, 1276, 1300 mexicanus Schedl, 1276, 1301 minimus Wood, 1275, 1297 minutissimus Schedl, 1275, 1299 minutus Bright, 1276, 1303 nanus Wood, 1275, 1298 nevermanni Schedl, 1275, 1298 nolenae Wood, 1276, 1302 nuditisciilus Schedl, 1305 nudus Schedl, 1273, 1289 oculatus Wood, 1272, 1282 panamensis Blandford, 1273, 1287 parvulus Blandford, 1275, 1299 petilus Wood, 1277, 1308 praeustus Schedl, 1277, 1308 procerus Bright, 1278, 1310 ptyocerus Blandford, 1274, 1295 pumilus Wood, 1275, 1297 punctatissimus (Zimmermann), 1273, 1290 pygmaeus Wood, 1277, 1303 reburrus Bright, 1299 retusifer Wood, 1271, 1281 retusus Wood, 1271, 1279 rubricoUis Blandford, 1273, 1286 1982 Index 1333 sanguineus Schedl, 1273, 1287 " scutellaris LeConte (Monarthrum), 1216 " sentus Wood, 1276, 1303 " serratus Wood, 1277, 1306 " simplex Wood, 1272, 1286 " sobrinus Wood, 1277, 1305 spinifer Schwarz, 1277, 1304 " spinosus Wood, 1276, 1302 splendens Wood, 1285 " splendidus Bright, 1292 " strigilis Wood, 1274, 1293 subserratus Wood, 1277, 1306 " suturifer Schedl, 1275, 1296 tomentosus Schedl, 1304 " trucis Wood, 1275, 1299 " trunculus Wood, 1275, 1296 " uniseptis Schedl, 1275, 1299 validus Ferrari (Monarthrum), 1220 " villifer Wood, i 2 72, 1281 " villus Bright, 1272, 1281 " zelus Wood, 1274, 1293 Cosrnocorynus Ferrari, 1206 cristatus Ferrari (MonarthRun), 1206 trifasciatus Schedl, 1231 Cosmoderes schwarzi Hopkins, 900 CRYPHALINI, 850 CRYPHALOIDEAE, 850 Cryphaloides Formenek, 731 donisthorpei Formenek, 731, 738 Cryplialomorphus Schaufuss, 861 caraibicus Schedl, 865 commimis Schaufuss (Scolytogenes), 861 hirtus Wood (Scolytogenes), 864 minutissimus Schedl, 865 parvatus Wood (Scolytogenes), 863 rusticus Wood (Scolytogenes), 864 setifer Wood (Scolytogenes), 863 subtriatus Schedl, 865 trucis Wood (Scolytogenes), 866 Cryphalus Erichson, 72, 867 amabilis Chamberlin, 870 approximatus Hopkins, 870 asperatus (Gyllenhal), 48 aspericollis Wollaston, 900 asperulus LeConte (Pseudopityoph- thorus), 971 atratidus LeConte, 1095 bahameus Hopkins, 869 baspo Niijima, 900 canadensis Chamberlin, 870 carinulatus LeConte (Pityogenes), 653 cavus LeConte, 1216 dentiger LeConte (Monarthrum), 1229 digestus LeConte (Pityophthorus), 1032 fraseri Hopkins, 869 grandis Chamberlin, 870 hampei Ferrari (Hypothenemus), 888 hispidulus LeConte, 891 inops Eichhoff, 871 mainensis Blackman, 870 mangiferae Stebbing (Hypocryphalus), 871 miles LeConte (Hypothenemus), 904 mucronatus LeConte (Procryphalus), 859, 860 obscurus Ferrari, 900 pilosus LeConte (Gnathotrichus), 1155, 1160 pubenilus LeConte (Pityophthorus), 1034 pubescens Hopkins, 867, 868 pulicarius Zimmermann (Pityophthorus, 1048 puncticollis LeConte, 1095 retusus LeConte (Gnathotrichus), 1163 rigidus LeConte (Pseudopityophthorus), 510, 541 rubentis Hopkins, 867, 869 " ruficollis Hopkins, 48, 870 ruficoUis fraseri Hopkins, 867, 869 ruficollis ruficollis Hopkins, 867, 870 striatulus Mannerheim (Trypophloeus), 851 subconcentralis Hopkins, 868 " sulcatus LeConte (Gnathotrichus), 1155, 1164 " thatcheri Wood (Trypophloeus), 855 Cryptocarenus Eggers, 73, 911 adustus Eggers, 913 " bolivianus Eggers, 913 caraibicus Eggers, 914 " diadematusEggers, 911, 9i2, 912 " heveae (Hagedorn), 9i2, 914 " laevigatus (Blandford), 912, 914 " lepidus Wood, 9i2, 913 porosus Wood, 914 " seriatus Eggers, 9 1 1 , 9i 2, 9 13 Cryptocleptes Blackman, 510 " acaciae Blackman (Pseudothysanoes), 550 " dislocatus Blackman (Pseudothysanoes), 510, 553 " minulus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 550 " subpilosus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 551 " yuccae Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 549 Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 776 naevus Schedl, 776 1334 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Cryptulocleptus Wood, 510 acares Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 551 aqiiilus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 552 arbuti Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 541 caritus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 542 excavatus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 520 mendicus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 554 minis Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 552 mucronatus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 536 obesus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 522 pumilus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 555 quercinus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 522 spicatus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 538 subulatus Wood (Pseudothysanoes), 537 CRYPTURGINI, 740 Crypturgus Erichson, 68, 740 alutaceus Schwarz, 741, 742 atomus LeConte, 741 boreahs Swaine, 48, 741, 742 comatus Zimmermann (Pityoborus), 1146, 1148 corrugatus Swaine, 742 cribrellus Reitter, 741 cylindricollis Eggers, 741 danicus Eggers, 741 dissimilis Zimmermann (Hypothenemus), 875, 882 gaunersdorferi Reitter, 741 maulei Roubal, 741 minutissimus Zimmermann (Pseudopi- tyophthorus), 965, 976 parallehcoUis Eichhoff, 741 puhcarius Zimmermann (Pityophthorus), 1048 pullus Zimmermann (Pityophthorus), 1105 " pusillus (Gyllenhal), 740, 741 tuberosus Niijima, 48 CTENOPHORIDAE, 451 CTENOPHORINI, 451 Ctenophorus Chapuis, 451, 466 laevigatas Chapuis, 466, 478 Ctenyophthorus Schedl, 992 glabratukis Schedl (Pityophthorus), 992, 1056 mexicanus Schedl, 945 Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 667 Cyclorhipidion Hagedom, 776 pelliculosam Hagedorn, 776 Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 861 squamulosus Eggers, 861 Cyrtotomicus Ferrari, 667 Dacnophthorus Wood, 74, 1152 " clematis (Wood), 1152, 1153 " cracens (Wood), 1153, 1154 Dacryphalns Hopkins, 871 obesus Hopkins, 871 DACTYLOPALPI, 108 Dendrocranulus Schedl, 67, 708 carbonarius (Ferrari), 7ii, 721 " confinis Wood, 710, 718 consimilis Wood, 709, 711 costaricensis Schedl, 710, 715 cucurbitae (LeConte), 710, 718 cucurbitae Schedl, 716 " declivis Schedl, 7Ji, 719 " diversus Wood, 711, 722 " fulgidus Wood, 710, 716 grossopunctatus Schedl, 720 guatemalensis (Hopkins), 711, 720 huehuetanus Schedl, 715 knausi (Hopkins), 711, 722 " limbatus (Blandford), 711, 721 " limus Wood, 709, 712 " macilentus (Blandford), 711, 720 " maurus (Blandford), 710, 715 parallelas Schedl, 720 " pumilus Wood, 709, 713 " rudis Wood, 710,111 " schedli Wood, 710, 716 " securus Wood, 709, 715 " tardulus Wood, 709, 111 " tardus Schedl, 708, 709, 713 vicinalis Wood, 709, 714 " vicinus Wood, 710, 111 " vinealis Wood, 709, 714 DENDROCTONIDES, 129 Dendroctonus Erichson, 59, 150 adjimctus Blandford, 152, 167 approximatus Hopkins, 18, 152, 164 arizonicus Hopkins, 159 armandi Tsai & Li, 50, 150 aztecus Wood, 178 barberi Hopkins, 154 beckeri Thatcher, 182 borealis Hopkins, 192 brevicomis LeConte, 6, 7, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 28, 30, 31, 32, 151, 154 convexifrons Hopkins, 167 engelmanni Hopkins, 192 frontalis Zimmermann, 7, 19, 23, 24, 28, 29, 51, 152, 159 graniger Eichhoff, 294 haagi Eichhoff, 295 jeffreyi Hopkins, 152, 111 1982 Index 1335 johanseni Swaine, 187 mexicanus Hopkins, 152, 163 micans (Kugelann), 17, 48, 153 monticolae Hopkins, 171 murrayanae Hopkins, 22, 153, 189 parallelocollis Chapuis, 152, 178 piceaperda Hopkins, 192 ponderosae Hopkins, 18, 19, 22, 28, 29, 31, 32, 152, 171 pseudotsugae Hopkins, 14, 17, 18, 19, 22, 28, 32, 153, 199 punctatus (LeConte), 48, 153, 187 rhizophagus Thomas & Bright, 153, 187 rufipennis (Kirby), 7, 22, 28, 31, 32, 48, 153, 192 rufipennis of Hopkins, 189 similis LeConte, 192 simplex LeConte, 17, 153, 197 terebrans (Olivier), 153, 179 valens LeConte, 17, 22, 153, 182 vitei Wood, 151, 158 Dendrosinus Chapuis, 61, 282 bonnairei Reitter, 315 bourreriae Schwarz, 283, 283 globosus (Eichhoff), 282 lima Eggers, 283 transversalis Blandford, 283, 284 Dendroterus Blandford, 73, 917 cognatiis Wood, 9i9, 923 confinis Wood, 924 decipiens Wood, 920, 926 defectusWood, 9i9, 923 eximius Wood, 919, 922 luteolus (Schedl), 920, 926 mexicanus Blandford, 917, 9i9, 924 mundus Wood, 926 parilisWood, 9i9, 922 perspectus (Schedl), 919, 924 resolutus Wood, 920, 925 sallaei Blandford, 917, 9i9, 924 sodalisWood, 9i8, 921 striatus (LeConte), 920, 927 texanus Wood, 918, 920 Dendrurgus Eggers, 731 rhizophorae Eggers, 731, 734 Dermestes chalcographus Linnaeus (Pityo- genes), 649 domesticus Linnaeus (Trypodendron), 746 poligraphus Linnaeus (Polygraphus), 386 scolytus Sulzer, 434 scolytus geoffroyi Goeze, 434 trifolii Miiller, 108 typographus Linnaeus, 667 Discussion of characters, 39 Dolurgus Eichhoff, 68, 743 pumilus (Mannerheim), 743 Dryocoetes Eichhoff, 67, 723 abietis Hopkins, 728 " affaber (Mannerheim), 48, 724, 729 americanus Hopkins, 725 " autographus (Ratzeburg, 17, 48, 724, 725 bengalensis Stebbing, 766 " betulae Hopkins, 723, 724, 727 carbonarius Scudder, 37 " caryi Swaine, 724, 725, 730 confusus Swaine, 24, 724, 727 eichhoffi Hopkins, 727 " granicoUis (LeConte), 724, 728 impressus (Scudder), 37 " limbatus Blandford, 721 liquidambaris Hopkins, 727 insularis Eggers, 735 " limbatus Blandford (Dendrocranulus), 721 " macilentus Blandford (Dendrocranulus), 720 " maurus Blandford (Dendrocranulus), 715 " minutus Swaine (Pityokteines), 659 piceae Hopkins, 729 pini Niijima, 48 pseudotsugae Swaine, 725 pubescens Swaine, 729 " sechelti Swaine, 724, 725, 730 subimpressus Eggers, 735 DRYOCOETINI, 706 Dryocoetinus Balachowsky, 723 DRYOCOETOIDEAE, 706 Dryocoetoides Hopkins, 69, 762 " capucinus (Eichhoff), 762, 763 " guatemalensis Hopkins, 762, 763 " monachus (Blandford), 763, 764 Dryotomicus Wood, 256 Dryotomus Chapuis, 256 " puberulus Chapuis (Phloeotribus), 256 Ecological niche, 4 Eccoptogaster Gyllenhal, 419 " abhorrens Wichmann, 430 " affinis Eggers, 430 " assimilis Boheman, 424 " castaneus Ratzeburg, 426 " mediterraneus Eggers, 425 " orientalis Eggers, 430 " piceae Swaine (Scolytus), 431 " pruni Ratzeburg, 426 " punctatus Ratzeburg, 424 " pyri Ratzeburg, 426 " triarrnatus Eggers, 434 1336 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 tsugae Swaine (Scolytus), 435 ECCOPTOGASTERIDAE, 393 Eccoptopterus spinosus (Olivier), 25 Ecological niche, 4 Ecological role in a primeval forest, 20 Ecological specialization, 8 Economic losses, 20 Eggersia Lebedev, 649 EIDOPHELINAE, 850 Ekkoptogaster Herbst, 419 Elzearius Guillebeau, 256 crenatiis Guillebeau (Phloeotribus), 256 Epomadius Blandford, 466 culcitatiis Blandford (Scolytodes), 466, 494 Erineophilus Hopkins, 466 schwarzi Hopkins (Scolytodes), 466, 496 Erineosinus Blackman, 363 squamosus Blackman, 363, 367 Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 858 Emoporicus Berger, 72, 858 kanawhae Hopkins, 858 spessivtzevi Berger, 858 Emoporides Hopkins, 861 " floridensis 861, 865 knabi Hopkins (Scolytogenes), 861, 865 ERNOPORINAE, 850 Emoporus caucasicus Lindemann, 858 kanawhae Hopkins (Ernoporicus), 858 Estenoborus Reitter, 371 Eulytocerus Blandford, 256 championi Blandford (Phloeotribus), 256, 261 substriahis Schedl, 261 Eupagiocerus Blandford, 61, 249 " ater Eggers, 249, 250, 252 clartis Wood, 251 " dentipes Blandford, 249, 251 nevermanni Schedl, 249, 252 serratus Wood, 252 vastus Wood, 249 Euwallacea Hopkins, 776 Extraterritorial affinities, 44 Family Scolytidae, 54 Family status of Scolytidae, 36 Food and feeding habits, 8 Ficicis Lea, 110 varians Lea (Hylesinus), 110 Ficiphagus Murayama, 110 goliathoides Murayama, 110 Fossil history, 37 Galleries, 10 Gallery patterns, 13 Glochinocerus Blandford, 75, 1246 " gemellus Blandford, 7246, 1247 retusipennis Blandford, 1246, 1246 Glyptoderus Eichhoff, 850 Gnatholeptus Blackman, 74, 1142 mandibularis Blackman, 1142, 1144 panamensis Blackman, 1143, 1145 semiermis (Nunberg), 7143, 1145 shannoni (Blackman), 7743, 1144 " subcribratus (Schedl), 7742, 1143 Gnathophorus Schedl, 991 sparsepilosus Schedl (Pityophthonis), 991, 1135 Gnathophthonis Wood, 992 clematis Wood (Dacnophthorus), 1152, 1153 cracens Wood (Dacnophthorus), 1154 Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1 155 Gnathotrichus Eichhoff, 74, 1155 aciculatus Blackman, 1164 alni Blackman, 1163 bituberculatus Blandford (Gnathotrupes), 1168 consentaneus Blandford, 7757, 1165 corthyloides Eichhoif, 1155, 1160 " deleoni Blackman, 7757, 1161 " dentatus Wood, 7756, 1158 denticulatus Blackman, 7757, 1163 " imitans Wood, 7757, 1164 " materiarius (Fitch), 44, 7757, 1160 " nimifrons Wood, 7756, 1159 nitidifrons Hopkins, 7757, 1161 " obscurus Wood, 7756, 1158 omissus Wood, 7757, 1165 perniciosus Wood, 7757, 1162 " pilosus (LeConte), 7756, 1158 " primus (Bright), 7756, 1158 " retusus (LeConte), 24, 7757, 1163 " sulcatus (LeConte), 24, 7757, 1164 Gnathotnipanus Wood, 1166 electus Wood (Gnathotrupes), 1168 terebratus Wood (Gnathotrupes), 1166, 1167 Gnathotrupes Schedl, 75, 1166 " bituberculatus (Blandford), 7767, 1168 bolivianus Schedl, 1166 " crecentis Wood, 7767, 1169 " dilutus Wood, 7767 " electus (Wood), 7767, 1168 " terebratus (Wood), 7767, 1167 Gymnochilus Eichhoff, 65, 451, 461 " alni Wood, 462, 464 consocius (Blandford), 463 1982 Index 1337 " minor (Blandford), 462, 464 " reitteri Eichhoff, 462, 463 " zonatus Eichhoff, 461, 462 Hagedornus Lucas, 991 Herbiphagy, 8 Heteroborips Reitter, 776 HEXACOLIDAE, 451 Hexacolus Eichhoff, 451, 466 blandfordi Schedl (Scolytodes), 484 cecropii Schedl (Scolytodes), 484 ellipticiis Eggers, 474 glaber Eichhoff (Scolytodes), 466 levis Blackman (Scolytodes), 466, 478 multistriatus Wood (Scolytodes), 503 obscurus Wood (Scolytodes), 508 pelicerinus Schedl, 503 pelicipennis Schedl (Scolytodes), 502 piceus Blandford (Scolytodes), 497 reticulatus Wood (Scolytodes), 500 rugicollis Schedl (Scolytodes), 502 setosus Blandford (Scolytodes), 486 striatus Eggers (Scolytodes), 485 swieteniae Blackman (Scolytodes), 494 tenuis Wood (Scolytodes), 505 unipunctatus Blandford (Scolytodes), 483 Hibernation and estivation, 6 History of classification, 33 Holonthogaster Geminger & Harold, 286 Homoeocryphahis Lindeman, 875 Hoplites Eggers, 286 banosus Eggers (Cladoctonus), 286 Hoplitontus Wood, 286 HopUtophthorus Wood, 286 sentosus Wood (Cladoctonus), 286 Host selection and dispersal, 4 Host specificity, 4 Host susceptibility to attack, 20 HYLASTES, 79 Hylastes Erichson, 58, 93 alni Niijima (Alniphagus), 119 altemans Chapuis (Hylurgops), 92 americanus Wickham, 37 asper Swaine, 101 asperatus Wood, 95, 104 canadensis Blackman, 103 carbonarius Fitch, 103 cristatus Mannerheim, 91 criticus Eichhoff, 96 cimicularius Erichson, 48 exilis Chapuis, 93, 97 " flohri (Eggers), 94, 100 " fulgidus Blackman, 93, 95 gracilis LeConte, 95, 101 granosus Chapuis, 103 granulatus LeConte (Pseudohylesinus), 137 incomptus Blandford (Hylurgops), 84 longicollis Swaine, 94, 98 longipennis Blandford (Hylurgops), 87 longus LeConte, 101 macer LeConte, 95, 104 mexicanus Wood, 95, 100 minutus Blackman, 96 niger Wood, 95, 101 nigrinus (Mannerheim), 48, 95, 105 nitidus Swaine, 101 obscurus Marsham (Hylastinus), 108 parvus Blackman, 96 pinifex Fitch (Hylurgops), 82, 90 planirostris Chapuis (Hylurgops), 85 porculus Erichson, 95, 103 porosus LeConte (Hylurgops), 85 pumilus Mannerheim (Dolurgus), 743 pusiUiis Blackman, 96 ruber Swaine, 94, 99 rufipes Eichhoff, 141, 142 nigipennis Mannerheim (Hylurgops), 89 salebrosus Eichhoff, 94, 97 scaber Swaine, 103 scobinosus Eichhoff, 97 siibcostuhtiis Mannerheim (Hylurgops), 91 subopacus Blackman, 95, 107 swainei Eggers, 103 tenuis Eichhoff, 93, 96 variegatus Blandford (Pseudohylesinus), 136 vastans Chapuis, 101 webbi Blackman, 103 ijukonis Fall, 105 HYLASTINI, 79 HYLASTINIDES, 108 Hylastinoides Spessivtzev, 119 Hylastinus Bedel, 58, 108 fiorii Eggers, 246 kroaticus Fuchs, 109 " obscurus (Marsham), 8, 28, 108 pilosus Eggers, 109 Htjledius Sampson, 286 asper Sampson, 286 HYLESINEN, 78 HYLESINIDES, 108 HYLESININAE, 78 HYLESININI, 108 Hylesinus Fabricius, 58, 110 aculeatus Say, 111, 112 1338 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 aeneipennis Fabricius (Camptocerus), 411,414 aspericollis LeConte (Alniphagus), 119, 120 aztecus Wood, 111, 116 califomicus (Swaine), 112, 116 crenatus Fabricius, 110 crenulatus Duftschmid, 109 criddlei (Swaine), 111, 114 cristatus LeConte (Phloeosinus), 302 fasciatus LeConte, 111, 115 gibbiis Fabricius (Camptocerus), 414 globosus Eichhoff (Dendrosinus), 571 guatamalensis (Wood), 112, 118 hystrix LeConte (Chaetophloeus), 348, 351 imperialis Eichhoff, 112 mexicanus (Wood), 111, 115 minimus Fabricius (Carphoborus), 371 nebulosus LeConte (Pseudohylesinus), 132 niger Fabricius (Camptocerus), 415 obscurus Fabricius (Hypothenemus), 893 oleae Fabricius, 256 opaculus LeConte (Hykirgopinus), 142 oregonus (Blackman), 111, 114 perrisi Chapuis (Carphoborus), 371 pilosus Ratzeburg (Xylechinus), 143 porcatus Chapuis, 110 pminosus Eichhoff, 110, 112 pubescens Fabricius, 386 serratus LeConte (Phloeosinus), 296 thujae Perris (Phloeosinus), 286 HYLOCURIDAE, 510 Hylocurosoma Eggers, 466 striatimi Eggers (Scolytodes), 466 Hylocurus Eichhoff, 65, 608 " aberrans Wood, 613, 634 " alternus Wood, 613, 631 beckeri Hedjuist, 635 biconcavus Blackman, 610, 616 bicomus Blackman, 610, 616 bidentatus Schedl, 635 " binodatus Wood, 609, 610, 614 cancellatus Blandford, 612, 627 " clarki Wood, 613, 634 crinitus Blackman, 623 " dilutus Wood, 6ii, 622 dimorphus (Schedl), 635 " disparilis Wood, 613, 631 " dissidens Wood, 613, 633 " effeminatus Wood, 6i7, 625 " egenus Eichhoff, 67 i, 621 " elegans Eichhoff, 608, 613, 632 equidens Wood, 613, 630 errans Blandford, 611, 625 femineus Wood, 611, 624 flaglerensis Blackman, 610, 620 harnedi Blackman, 610, 616 hirtellus (LeConte), 611, 623 inaequalis Wood, 613, 631 incomptus Wood, 609, 610, 618 langstoni (Blackman), 612, 628 longipennis Wood, 611, 624 medius Wood, 613, 628 microcomis Wood, 613, 630 minor Wood, 632 nodulus Wood, 610, 620 parkinsoniae Blackman, 612, 626 punctatorugosus (Schedl), 613, 635 retusipennis Blandford, 635 rivalis Wood, 612, 626 robustus Schedl, 620 ruber Wood, 6ii, 622 mdis (LeConte), 609, 613 schwarzi Blackman, 611, 625 simplex Blandford, 611, 621 singularis Wood, 635 spadix Blackman, 610, 618 spinifex Blandford, 636 torosus Wood, 609, 615 tresmariae Schedl (Phloeocleptus), 572 Hylurgopinus Swaine, 5.9, 141 mfipes (Eichhoff), 17, 142 HYLURGINI, 129 Hylurgops LeConte, 58, 82 flohri Eggers (Hylastes), 100 " glabratus (Zetterstedt), 48, 91 grandicoUis Swaine, 84 incomptus (Blandford), 83, 84 knausi Swaine, 85 lecontei Swaine, 85 longipennis (Blandford), 83, 87 piger Wickham, 37 planirostris (Chapuis), 83, 85 porosus (LeConte), 83, 85 " reticulatus Wood, 83, 88 rugipennis pinifex (Fitch), 83, 90 nigipennis rugipennis (Mannerheim), 48, 83, 89 subcostulatus alternans (Chapuis), 84, 92 subcostulatus subcostulatus (Manner- heim), 84, 91 Hylurgiis cavernosus Zimmermann, 103 dentatus Say (Phloeosinus, 294 fuscescens Stephens, 109 nigrinus Mannerheim (Hylastes), 105 1982 Index 1339 obesus Mannerheim, 192 picetis Stephens, 109 rufipennis Kirby (Dendroctonus), 192 scabripennis Zimmermann (Hylastes), 97 sericeus Mannerheim (Pseudohylesinus), 129, 139 HYPOBORINAE, 348 HYPOBORINI, 348 Hypoborus (?) hispidus Ferrari (Pycnarth- rum), 458 (?) setosus Eichhoff (Hypothenemus), 909 Hypocryphalus Hopkins, 72, 871 mangiferae Eggers, 871 mangiferae (Stebbing), 871 rotundus Hopkins, 871 Hypothenemus Westwood, 73, 875 abdominalis Hopkins, 907 aeqtialiclavatus Schedl, 881 africanus (Hopkins), 880, 908 amplipennis Hopkins, 908 apicalis Wood, 877, 883 areccae (Homung), 10, 880, 906 ascitus Wood, 879, 898 asiminae Hopkins, 901 atomus Hopkins (Trischidias), 873 beameri Wood, 903 bicolor Eggers, 901 birmanus (Eichhoff), 877, 886 bradfordi Hopkins, 900 brunneipennis Hopkins, 907 brunneus (Hopkins), 881, 909 cahfomicus Hopkins, 879, 897 capitalis Beeson, 906 citri Ebhng, 901 columbi Hopkins, 10, 880, 907 crudiae (Panzer), 10, 878, 891 cryplmloinorphus Schedl, 910 cyhndricus (Hopkins), 880, 905 dissimihs (Zimmermann), 876, 882 distinctus Wood, 879, 903 dolosus Wood, 878, 889 dubiosus Schedl, 902 ehlersi rotroui Peyerimhoff, 901 emarginatus Schedl, 893 erectus LeConte, 877, 855 eruditus Westwood, 8, 875, 879, 900 eupolyphagus Beeson, 907 ferrugineus Hopkins, 901 flavipes Hopkins, 901 flavosquamosus Hopkins, 900 glabratellus Schedl, 902 glabratus Schedl, 902 gossypii (Hopkins), 879, 903 griseus Blackburn, 871 guadeloupensis Schedl, 905 hampei (Ferrari), 8, 28, 877, 888 harnamelidis Hopkins, 901 heathi Hopkins, 901 heterolepsis Costa Lima, 906 hirsutus (Wood), 876, 881 hopkinsi Browne, 894 impressifrons Hopkins, 873 indigens Wood, 877, 883 insularis Perkins, 900 intersetosus Eggers, 901 interstitialis (Hopkins), 877, 887 javanus (Eggers), 881, 909 juglandis Blackman, 901 koebelei Hopkins, 901 kiinnemanni Reitter, 893 laevigatus Blandford (Cryptocarenus), 914 lezjavai Pjatinzky, 901 lineatifrons Hopkins, 901 maculicoUis Sharp, 886 mali Hopkins, 901 marylandicae Hopkins, 873 miles (LeConte), 880, 904 multidentatus (Hopkins), 878, 894 myristicae Hopkins, 901 nanellus Wood, 879, 899 nanus Hagedom, 891 nigricollis Hopkins, 900 nigripennis Hopkins, 901 oahuensis Schedl, 907 obscurus (Fabricius), 878, 893 opacus (Eichhoff), 878, 889 pallidus Hopkins, 905 parallelus (Hopkins), 880, 905 parvus Hopkins, 901 pruni Hopkins, 900 pubescens Hopkins, 8, 879, 899 punctifrons Hopkins, 901 punctipennis Hopkins, 901 ritchiei Sampson, 865 robiniae Hopkins, 873 robustus Blackman, 895 rotundicollis (Eichhoff), 877, 884 rufopalliatus Hopkins, 907 runiseyi Hopkins, 900 sacchari Hopkins, 901 seriatus (Eichhoff), 878, 895 setosus (Eichhoff), 881, 909 similis Hopkins, 896 solocis Wood, 878, 891 sparsus Hopkins, 879, 896 squamosus (Hopkins), 878, 890 1340 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 striatus LeConte (Dendrotems), 927 subelongatiis Hopkins, 899 sundaensis Eggers, 876, 881 " suspectus Wood, 880, 506 tenuis Hopkins, 901 " teretis Wood, 880, 904 thoracicus Hopkins, 897 toxicodendri Hopkins, 873 tritici Hopkins, 897 " trivialis Wood, 877, 887 tuberculosus Hagedom, 900 " vafer Blandford, 906 validus Blandford, 885 " vesculus Wood, 879, 898 webbi Hopkins, 901 Hypothenoides Hopkins, 861 parvus Hopkins (Scolytogenes), 861 Indocryphalus Eggers, 745 Introduced species, 25 Introduction, 3 IPINI, 649 Ips DeGeer, 67, 667 acuminatus Gyllenhal, 667, 668 amiskwiensis G. Hopping, 684 amitinus (Eichhoff), 668 avulsus (Eichhoff), 23, 668, 672, 689 bonanseai (Hopkins), 668, 672, 691 boreahs Swaine, 668, 681 boreahs boreaHs Swaine, 48, 671, 681 borealis lanieri Wood, 671, 683 boreahs swainei R. Hopping, 671, 683 boreahs thomasi G. Hopping, 671, 683 calhgraphus (Germar), 23, 668, 672, 697 cembrae Heer, 668 chagnoni Swaine, 699 cliamberlini Swaine, 673 cloudcrofti Swaine, 699 concinnus (Mannerheim), 668, 669, 673 confusus (LeConte), 668, 673, 703 curvidens Germar (Pityokteines), 656 dubius Swaine, 684 duphcatus Sahlberg, 668 emarginatus (LeConte), 668, 672, 694 engelmanni Swaine, 684 erosus (Wohaston), 668 fallax Eggers, 668 grandicolhs (Eichhoff), 668, 673, 699 guildi Blackman, 676 hauseri Reitter, 668 hoppingi Lanier, 668, 673, 705 hunteri Swaine, 668, 670, 681 integer (Eichhoff), 668, 672, 693 knausi Swaine, 668, 672, 697 laticollis Swaine, 691 latidens LeConte, 19, 668, 669, 676 lecontei Swaine, 668, 673, 701 longifoha Stebbing, 668 longidens Swaine, 676 mannsfeldi Wachl, 668 mexicanus (Hopkins), 668, 669, 674 montanus (Eichhoff), 668, 673, 702 multistriatus Marsham (Scolytus), 419, 430 nitidus Eggers, 668 obscurus Marsham (Hylastinus), 108 paraconfusus Lanier, 19, 668, 673, 703 perroti Swaine, 668, 670, 680 perturbatus (Eichhoff), 39, 48, 668, 670 677 pihfrons Swaine, 668, 686 pihfrons pihfrons Swaine, 641, 686 pihfrons sulcifrons Wood, 641, 688 pihfrons thatcheri Wood, 641, 689 pihfrons utahensis Wood, 641, 688 pilosus Eggers (Acanthotomicus), 664 pini (Say), 23, 668, 672, 691 plastographus LeConte, 668 plastographus meritimus Lanier, 672, 694 plastographus plastographus (LeConte), 672, 694 ponderosae Swaine, 697 radiatae Hopkins, 674 semirostris G. Hopping, 684 sexdentatus Boerner, 668 spinifer (Eichhoff), 668, 669, 677 stebbingi Strohmeyer, 668 subelongatus Motschulsky, 668 sulcifrons Wood, 688 swainei R. Hopping, 683 thomasi G. Hopping, 683 tridens (Mannerheim), 668 tridens engelmanni Swaine, 16, 671, 684 tridens tridens (Mannerheim), 48, 671, 684 trypographus (Linnaeus), 48, 668 utahensis Wood, 688 vancouveri Swaine, 702 woodi Thatcher, 668, 670, 680 yohoensis Swaine, 684 Key to subfamlies, tribes, and genera, 56 Key to the families of Curculionoidea, 35 Leiparthrum Wollaston, 363 albosetosum Bright, 366 bituberculatum Wollaston, 363 Leperisinus Reitter, 110 californicus Swaine (Hylesinus), 116 1982 Index 1341 califomicus Essig, 116 cineriiis Swaine, 112 criddlei Swaine (Hylesinus), 114 extractvis (Scudder), 37 giiatemalensis Wood (Hylesinus), 118 hoferi Blackman, 116 mexicanus Wood, 115 oregonus Blackman, 114 Lepicerinus Hint on, 861 Lepicerus Eichhoff, 861 aspericollis Eichhoff (Scolytogenes), 861 Lepisoniiis Kirby, 386 LetznereUa Reitter, 861 Liparthrum Wollaston, 62, 363 albosetosum (Bright), 364, 366 americanum Wood, 364, 366 arizonicum Wood, 364, 364 cracentis Wood, 364, 365 squamosum (Blackman), 364, 367 thevetiae ood, 364, 366 Loganius Chapuis, 393 atratus Blandford (Cnemonyx), 398 confinis Wood (Cnemonyx), 403 exiguus Blandford (Cnemonyx), 402 exilis Wood (Cnemonyx), 411 fastigius Wood (Cnemonyx), 409 ficus Schwarz (Cnemonyx), 402 flavicomis Chapuis (Cnemonyx), 393 glabratus Schedl (Cnemonyx), 398 impressus Wood (Cnemonyx), 407 liratus Wood (Cnemonyx), 409 longicoUis Blandford (Cnemonyx), 411 minusculus Blandford (Cnemonyx), 401 niger Wood, 404 panamensis Blandford (Cnemonyx), 400 prociduus Wood (Cnemonyx), 407 pwnihis Eggers, 402 splendens Wood (Cnemonyx), 405 vagabundus Wood (Cnemonyx), 406 visniiae Eggers, 401 Losses attributed to Scolytidae, 27 Lyman tor Lovendal, 67, 706 " alaskanus Wood, 707, 707 decipiens (LeConte), 707, IQl sepicola Lovendal, 706 Meringopalpiis Hagedoni, 462 fallax Hagedorn, 462 Mesoscohjtus Broun, 776 Metacorthylus Blandford, 76, 1247 affinis Fonseca, 1304 aguacatensis Schedl (Corthylocurus), 1266 " concisus (Wood), 7, 1248, 1249 " mutilus (Wood), 1248, 1248 " nigripennis Blandford, 1247, 1248, 1251 " velutinus (Wood), 7, 1248, 1249 Methods, 53 MICRACIDES, 510 MICRACINI, 510 Micracis LeConte, 66, 578 aculeotiis LeConte, 591 " amplinis Wood, 580, 583 asperulus LeConte, 603 bicornus Blackman (Hylocurus), 616 biorbis Blackman, 614 " carinulatus Wood, 581, 593 " carinulus Wood, 581, 590 costaricensis Wood, 588 " detentus Wood, 581, 589 evanescens Wood, 580, 586 " festivus Wood, 58i, 592 " grandis Schedl, 581, 588 harnedi Blackman (Hylocurvis), 616 hirtellus LeConte (Hylocurus), 623 " incertus Wood, 580, 584 inimicus Wood, 587, 591 knulli Blackman (Micracisella), 599 langstoni Blackman (Hylocurus), 628 " lepidus Wood, 580, 584 " lignator Blackman, 579, 582 " lignicolus Wood, 579, 582 meridianus Blackman, 592 nanula LeConte (Micracisella), 602 opacicollis LeConte (Micracisella), 594, 603 " ovatus Wood, 580, 586 photophilus Wood, 588 populi Swaine, 588 punctatorugosus Schedl (Hylocurus), 635 pygmaeus Schedl, 588 robustus Schedl, 588 rudis LeConte (Hylocurus), 608, 614 " suturalis LeConte, 578, 581, 591 swainei Blackman, 51, 580, 588 " torus Wood, 580, 585 " tribulatus Wood, 581, 593 truncatus Wood, 582 unicornis, 581, 590 Micracisella Blackman, 66, 594 " adnata Wood, 595, 597 " divaricata Wood, 597, 608 hondurensis Wood, 51, 595, 602 " knulli (Blackman), 595, 599 mimetica Wood, 595, 599 " monadis Wood, 596, 604 " nanula (LeConte), 51, 596, 602 " nigra Wood, 597, 607 1342 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 nigrella Wood, 597, 607 nitidula Wood, 595, 601 ocellata Wood, 595, 600 opacicollis (LeConte), 595, 603 opacithorax Schedl, 51, 596, 603 scitula Wood, 595, 601 serjaniae Wood, 596, 604 similis Wood, 596, 605 squamatula Wood, 596, 606 striata Wood, 596, 604 subnitida Blackman, 595, 597 vescula Wood, 56, 606 Micracisoides Blackman, 608 Microborus Blandford, 64, 451 ambitus Wood, 452, 454 " boops Blandford, 44, 451, 453, 454 imitans Eggers, 453 lautus Wood, 452 lectus Wood, 452 " limatus Wood, 452, 453 mexicanus Wood, 452, 453 Microcorthylus Ferrari, 76, 1251 " concisus Wood, 1253, 1259 costaricensis Schedl (Corthylocurus), 1268 " debilis Wood, 1252, 1254 demissus Wood, 1252, 1254 desum Wood (Monarthrum), 1238 grandiclavatus Eggers, 1253, 1258 " inermis Wood, 1253, 1255 " invalidus Wood, 1253, 1255 " lassus Wood, 1253, 1258 " minimus Schedl, 1253, 1256 minutissimus Schedl, 1256 " ocularis Wood, 1252, 1254 " parvulus Ferrari, 1251, 1253, 1255 " pumilus Wood, 1253, 1257 " pusillus Wood, 1253, 1257 " vescus Wood, 1253, 1259 " vicinus Wood, 1253, 1256 Mimips Eggers, 664 analogus Wood (Acanthotomicus), 666 " fortis Wood, 666 mimicus Schedl (Acanthotomicus), 665 Minulus Eggers, 393 barbatus Eggers (Cnemonyx), 393 Monarthrum Kirsch, 75, 1206 " adustum, 1239 " bicavum Wood, 1213, 1234 " bidens (Blandford), 1215, 1241 " bidentatum Wood, 1214, 1240 " bifidus Bright, 1218 bifoveatum Wood, 1211, 1229 " bispinum (Blandford), 1209, 1221 carinatum Wood, 1213, 1237 carinulum Wood, 1215, 1243 chapuisi Kirsch, 1206 consimile (Blandford), 1210, 1226 conversum Wood, 1213, 1236 corculum Wood, 1215, 1245 cordatum (Blandford), 1209, 1223 cordicticum Wood, 1209, 1222 dentatum (Eggers), 1208, 1216 dentigerum (LeConte), 51, 1211, 1229 desum (Wood), 1214, 1238 difficile (Blandford), 1214, 1239 dimidiatum (Ferrari), 1211, 1227 egenum (Blandford), 1211, 1226 exornatum (Schedl), 1213, 1237 fasciatum (Say), 24, 1213, 1235 fastigiorum Wood, 1214, 1240 ferrarii (Blandford), 1212, 1233 fimbriaticorne (Blandford), 1212, 1232 flohri (Schedl), 1211, 1228 glabrifrons (Blandford), 1215, 1243 gnarum (Schedl), 1209, 1220 granulatum Bright, 1215, 1244 hoegi (Blandford), 1210, 1225 huachucae Wood, 1208, 1217 infradentatum Wood, 1215, 1244 insignatum Wood, 1214, 1240 laterale (Eichhoff), 1212, 1231 limulum Wood, 1215, 1242 lobatum (Ferrari), 1212, 1230 luctuosum (Blandford), 1210, 1225 mah (Fitch), 24, 1213, 1234 morsum Wood, 1213, 1236 nevermanni (Schedl), 1210, 1223 notatum Wood, 1215, 1241 oaxacaensis Bright, 1225 pennatum (Schedl), 1211, 1228 posticum Wood, 1216 praeruptum (Blandford), 7209, 1220 proprium Wood, 1211, 1227 proximum Wood, 1216, 1245 pseudoscutellare (Schedl), 1214, 1239 punctifrons (Blandford), 1214, 1239 querneum Wood, 1208, 1218 quercicolens Wood, 1208, 1219 quercivorum Schedl, 1208, 1218 quercus (Wood), 1208, 1217 robustum (Schedl), 1210, 1224 scutellare (LeConte), 1208, 1216 subgranulatum Wood, 1215, 1243 sulcatum (Blandford), 1212, 1232 terminatum (Blandford), 1209, 1222 tetradontium Wood, 1213, 1235 1982 Index 1343 " tomicoides (Blandford), 1209, 1221 " lunbrinum (Blandford), 1210, 1225 " validum (Ferrari), 1208, 1220 " vittatiim (Blandford), 1215, 1242 Monebius Hopkins, 455 Moriziis Ferrari, 1270 excisus Ferrari (Corthylus), 1270 Myelobonis Blackman, 991 amplus Blackman (Pityophthorus), 1044 catuliis Blackman, 1043 confusus Bright, 1055 deleoni Blackman (Pityophthorus), 1044 fivasi Blackman, 1044 iniquiis Blackman, 1043 keeni Blackman (Pityophthorus), 1042 " pinguus Blackman (Pityophthorus), 1042 pinquus Blackman, 1042 Myelophagy, 10 Natural control, 28 Negritiis Eggers, 861 ater Eggers, 861 Nemopagiocerus Schedl, 249 Nemophilus Chapuis, 208 " strigillatus Chapuis, 208, 241 Nemobius Chapuis, 455 lambottei Chapuis, 455, 458 Neocnjphahts Eggers, 1929 usagaricus Eggers, 1929 Neodryocoetes Eggers, 927 buscki Blackman, 956 caribaeus Blackman, 936 concentralis Schedl, 959 exquisitus Blackman (Pityophthorus), 1026 glabratulus Schedl (Pityophthorus), 1056 groniilatus Schedl, 945 guadeloiipensis Schedl, 944 giiianae Blackman, 936 hoodi Blackman, 936 hiibbardi Blackman, 940 humilis Blackman, 936 hymenaeae Eggers (Araptus), 927, 936 insiilaris Eggers, 936 insularis var. costaricensis Schedl (Araptus), 945 lenis Blackman, 946 " leptus Bright (Araptus), 950 macer Bright (Araptus), 960 mexicanus Eggers, 940 punctiger Schedl (Pityophthorus), 1030 schedli Blackman (Araptus), 946 tabogae Blackman (Araptus), 940 tenellus Schedl (Araptus), 945 tenuis Blackman (Araptus), 949 teres Blackman (Araptus), 949 tuberculatus Bright, 960 vinealis Bright, 940 Neohylesinus Eggers, 204 quadrioculatus Eggers, 204 Neopityophthorus Schedl, 928 acuminatus Schedl (Pityophthorus), 1134 eniditus Schedl (Araptus), 956 glabricollis Schedl (Araptus), 942 insularis Eggers, 944 insularis costaricensis Schedl, 945 laevigatus Eggers (Araptus), 928, 944 Neotomiciis Fuchs, 662 Nomebius Navas, 455 Olonthogaster Motschulsky, 286 " nitidicollis Motschulsky (Phloeosinus), 286 Onthotomiciis Ferrari, 662 Origin of tribes, 51 Orthotomicus Ferrari, 67, 662 " caelatus (Eichhoff), 38, 663 lasiocarpi Swaine (Pityokteines), 656, 660 ornatus Swaine (Pityokteines), 657 sabinianae G. Hopping 677 Orthotomides Wood, 656 Ozophagus Eggers, 386 " camerunus Eggers (Polygraphus), 386, 387 Pagiocerus Eichhoff, 61, 245 caraibicus Eggers, 246 chiriqitensis 246 " frontalis (Fabricius), 8, 245, 246 nitidus Eggers, 246 " rimosus Eichhoff, 245, 246 zeae Eggers, 246 Paleoipidus marginatus Walker, 37 perforatus Walker, 37 Paleoscolytus divergus Walker, 37 Paracorthylus Wood, 1247 " concisus Wood (Metacorthylus), 1249 " mutilus Wood (Metacorthylus), 1248 " velutinus Wood (Metacorthylus), 1247, 1249 Paraxyleborus Hoffman, 1155 Pheromones, 18 PHLOEOBORl, 108 Phloeoborus Erichson, 59, 121 asper Erichson, 123, 123 " belti Blandford, 123, 125 breviusculus Chapuis, 124 elongatus Chapuis, 127 1344 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 imhricomis Eichhoff, 123 nitidicollis Chapuis, 124 opacithorax Schedl, 126 ovatus Chapuis, 123 punctatorugosus Chapuis, 123, 124 " rudis Erichson, 121, 123, 127 rugatus Blandford, 123 rugipennis Eggers, 127 scaber Erichson, 123, 126 sericeus Chapuis, 126 Phloeochilus Schedl, 363 palaquius Schedl (Liparthrum), 363 Phloeocleptus Wood, 65, 570 " ardis Wood, 572, 578 " atkinsoni Wood, 571, 575 " caudatus Wood, 570, 572, 576 nanulus Wood, 571, 575 obscurus Wood, 571, 574 " parvus Wood, 571, 574 plagiatus Wood, 571, 573 pimctatus Wood, 571, 572 " spicatus Wood, 572, 576 tresmariae (Schedl), 571, 572 Phloeophagy, 10 Phloeophthorus Wollaston, 256 granicoUis Eichhoff, 270 moriperda Hopkins, 270 perfoliatus Wollaston (Phloeotribus), 256 scabricollis Hopkins (Phloeotribus), 274 spinulosus Key (Phloeotribus), 256 PHLOEOSININI, 282 Phloeosinites Hagedom, 286 rehi Hagedorn, 286 Phloeosinopsis Schedl, 286 armatus Schedl, 286 Phloeosinus Chapuis, 61, 286 aciculatus Bruck, 296 alaskanus Blackman, 291 antennatus Swaine, 290, 310 arizonicus Blackman, 290, 310 baumanni Hopkins, 288, 298 blackmani Schedl, 300 blackwelderi Blackman, 297 buckhorni Blackman, 304 canadensis Swaine, 290, 308 cliamberlini Blackman, 304 chiricahiia Blackman, 302 coronatus Chapuis (Chaetophloeus), 357 " cristatus (LeConte), 289, 302 cupressi Hopkins, 288, 297 deleoni Blackman, 288, 294 " dentatus (Say), 288, 294 enixus Blackman, 295 frontalis Bruck, 291, 313 fulgens Swaine, 289, 306 furnissi Blackman, 290, 306 granulatus Bruck, 313 hoferi Blackman, 291, 315 hoppingi Swaine, 290, 309 jiiniperi Swaine, 296 kaniksu Blackman, 304 keeni Blackman, 291, 314 minutus Swaine, 312 neomexicanus Blackman, 303 neotropicus Schedl, 296 nitidiis Swaine, 297 palearis Wood, 288, 295 papuanus Schedl, 79 piceae Swaine, 291 pini Swaine, 39, 287, 291 pseiidotsugae Chamberlini, 310 punctatus LeConte, 289, 304 rubicundulus Swaine, 304 rugosus Swaine, 296 russus Swaine, 305 rusti Blackman, 304 scopulonim Swaine, 302 scopulorum neomexicanus Blackman, 289, 303 scopulorum scopulorum Swaine, 289, 302 sequoiae Hopkins, 289, 300 serratus (LeConte), 288, 296 setosus Bmck, 290, 309 spinifer Schedl, 286 spinosus Blackman, 291, 313 splendens Blackman, 306 squamosus Blackman, 300 swainei Bruck, 290, 312 tacubayae Hopkins, 290, 311 taxodii Blackman, 293 taxodii taxodii Blackman, 287, 293 taxodii taxodiicolens Wood, 288, 293 taxodiicolens Wood, 293 texanus Blackman, 303 utahensis Swaine, 296 vandykei Swaine, 289, 305 variolatus Bruck, 289, 299 woodi Bright, 309 PHLOEOTRIBINI, 256 Phloeotribus Latreille, 61, 256 " armatus Blandford, 260, 276 asperatus Blandford, 278 " atavus Wood, 258, 262 australis Schedl, 280 " biguttatus Blandford, 260, 111 bolivianus Eggers, 278 1982 Index 1345 championi (Blandford), 257, 261 demessus Blandford, 260, 275 " dentifrons (Blackman), 259, 272 " destructor Wood, 259, 271 discrepans Blandford, 258, 264 diibius Eichhoff, 278 eggersi Schedl, 275 " frontalis (Olivier), 259, 270 " furvus Wood, 260, 280 " hystrix Wood, 257, 260 " lecontei Schedl, 259, 269 liminaris (Harris), 258, 264 7nanni Blackman, 280 " maums Wood, 260, 279 mixtecus Bright, 276 " nubilus Blandford, 257, 262 obesus Kirsch, 280 obliquus Chapuis, 280 " opimus Wood, 260, 275 " piceae Swaine, 38, 39, 48, 259, 270 " pilula Erichson, 260, 280 " pruni Wood, 258, 266 piiberuhis LeConte, 269 quercinus Wood, 258, 263 rudis Eichhoff, 278 " scabratus Blandford, 259, 274 scabricollis (Hopkins), 259, 274 " setulosus Eichhoff, 260, 278 " simplex Wood, 258, 267 sodalis Blandford, 278 spinipennis Eggers, 278 spinulosus (Key), 48, 256 squamatus Wood, 258, 267 subovatus Blandford, 260, 277 sulcifrons of Blandford, 280 texanus Schaeffer, 259, 273 tuberculatus Eggers, 275 zimmermanni Wickham, 37 Phloeotrogus Motschulsky, 776 bidentatus Motschulsky (Xyleborus), 776 crassiusculus Motschulsky (Xylosandrus), 766 obliquecaudata Motschulsky (Xyleborus), 776 Phloeotrupes Erichson, 121 caelatus Blanchard, 126 grandis Erichson (PhloeoboRis), 121 PHLOEOTRUPIDAE, 108 Phloeotrypetiis Wood, 363 palauensis Wood (Liparthrum), 363 Phloiotribus Latreille, 256 Phrixosoma Blandford, 59, 204 " clusiae Wood, 205, 207 " minor Wood, 205, 206 obesum Blackman, 205, 205 " rude Blandford, 204, 205 PHRIXOSOMINI, 204 Phthorius Eichhoff, 1206 ingens Eichhoff (Monarthrum), 1206 Phthorophloeus Rey, 256 dentifrons Blackman (Phloeotribus), 272 mississippiensis Blackman, 264 Phylogeny, 41 Piezorhopalus Guerin-Meneville, 1185 nif Jdii/u5 Guerin-Meneville, 1185 Pityoborus Blackman, 74, 1 146 comatus (Zimmermann), ii47, 1148 " frontalis Wood, 1148, 1151 " hirtellus Wood, 1147, 1150 hondurensis Wood, ii47, 1151 immitus Bright, 1149 intonsiis Wood, 1149 ramostis Bright, 1149 " rubentis Wood, ii4 7, 1150 secundus Blackman, 1147, 1148 severus Bright, 1151 tertius Blackman, 1148 " velutinus Wood, 1148, 1151 Pitijocemgenes Balachowsky, 649 Pityogenes Bedel, 67, 649 carinulatus (LeConte), 650, 653 chalcographus (Linnaeus), 651 fossifrons (LeConte), 650, 651 hopkinsi Swaine, 17, 650, 652 knechteli Swaine, 651, 655 lecontei Swaine, 654 meridianus Blackman, 649, 650, 652 mexicanus Wood, 650, 653 plagiatus (LeConte), 651, 654 Pityokteines Fuchs, 67, 656 elegans Wood, 657, 661 jasperi Swaine, 659 lasiocarpi (Swaine), 657, 660 minutus (Swaine), 657, 659 mystacinus Wood, 657, 660 ornatus (Swaine), 656, 657 sparsus (LeConte), 656, 657, 661 Pityophilus Blackman, 1140 " barbatus Blackman (Pityotrichus), 1140, 1141 PITYOPHTHORIDAE, 916 Pityophthoridea diluvialis Wickham, 37 Pityophthoroides Blackman, 991 " pudens Blackman (Pityophthorus), 991 Pityophthorus Eichhoff, 74, 991 " abiegnus Wood, 1013, 1097 1346 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 abietis Blackman, 1037 absonus Blackman, 997, 1037 abstrusus Bright, 996, 1034 acceptus Bright, 1103 aciculatus Bright, 1001, 1049 acuminatus (Schedl), 1024, 1134 acutus Blackman, 1018, 1111 agnatus Blackman, 1107 albertensis Bright, 1037 alni Blackman, 994, 1027 alnicolens Wood, 994, 1027 alpinensis G. Hopping, 1002, 1054 amiculus Wood, 995, 1030 amoenus Blandford, 1004, 1062 amplus (Blackman), 999, 1044 anceps Blackman, 1052 angustus Blackman, 1008 annectens LeConte, 1015, 1101 anthricinus Bright, 1010, 1087 apachae Bright, 1006, 1070 aplanatus Schedl, 1032 aquilus Blackman, 1005, 1064 aquilonius Bright, 1052 arcanus Bright, 1017, 1110 arceuthobii Wood, 1000, 1046 aristatae Bright, 1064 artifex Blackman, 1059 assitusWood, 1023, 1129 atomus Wood, 1024, 1137 attenuatus Blackman, 1024, 1136 auctor Blackman, 1057 aunilentus Bright, 1103 aztecus Bright, 1000, 1046 balsameus Blackman, 1008, 1076 barberi Blackman, 1019, 1117 bassetti Blackman, 1017, 1109 ^e//u.s Blackman, 1100 biovalis Blackman, 1007, 1074 bisulcatus Eichhoff, 1105 blackmani Bright, 1006 blandulus Schedl, 1006, 1068 blandus Blackman, 1005, 1066 borealis Swaine, 1052 borrichiae Wood, 1023, 1130 boycei Swaine, 999, 1043 brevicomatus Bright, 1012, 1094 brevis Blackman, 1006, 1065 briscoei Blackman, 1007, 1076 bnicki Bright, 1041 burkei Blackman, 1107 burserae Wood, 1022, 1127 cacuminatus Blandford, 1015, 1101 caelator Blackman, 1064 californicus Bright, 1006, 1069 canadensis Swaine, 1077 carinatus carinatus Bright, 1008, 1077 carinatus monticolae Bright, 1008, 1077 cariniceps LeConte, 1008, 1077 carinifrons Blandford (Araptus), 941 carinulatus Swaine, 7006', 1068 carmeli Swaine, 1001, 1049 cascoensis Blackman, 1011, 1088 cavatus Bright, iOOZ, 1075 chalcoensis Hopkins, 1014, 1099 chiapensis Bright, 1072 ciliatus Blackman, 1006, 1069 cincinnatus Blandford (Pseudopityoph- thorus, 973 citiis Blackman, 1101 clams Blackman, 1017, 1108 clivus Bright, 998, 1040 cognatus Blackman, 1077 coUintis Bright, 1055 comosus Blackman, 1000, 1045 comptus Blackman, 1107 concavus Blackman, 1007, 1075 concentralis Eichhoff, 1018, 1114 concinnus Wood, 7079, 1116 confertus Swaine, 7076, 1107 confinis LeConte, 7008, 1079 confinis Blandford (Araptus), 942 confusus Blandford, 7075, 1100 coniperda Schwarz (Conophthorus), 982, 987 consimilis LeConte, 7076, 1104 conspectus Wood, 7009, 1083 coronarius Blackman, 7079, 1115 corruptus Wood, 7023, 1133 cortezi Bright, 7073, 1097 costabilis Wood, 7020, 1121 costatulus Wood, 7020,1120 costatus Wood, 994, 1025 crassus Blackman, 7009, 1081 cribratus Blackman, 1048 cribripennis Eichhoff, 1105 crinahs Blackman, 7023, 1134 cristatus Wood, 7006, 1067 crotonis Wood, 963 cttbensis Schedl, 1048 culminicolae Bright, 997, 1036 cuspidatus Blackman, 7078, 1111 cutleri Swaine, 1103 debilis Wood, 7020, 1122 declivisetosus Bright, 7004, 1062 degener Wood, 995, 1029 deleoni (Blackman), 999, 1044 1982 Index 1347 deleoni Bright, 1069 deletus LeConte, 998, 1040 delicatus Wood, 1017, 1109 demissus Blackman, 1037 dentifrons Blackman, 1007, 1072 depygis Blackman, 1103 detentus, 1020, 1121 deyroUei Blandford (Araptus), 937 digestus (LeConte), 996, 1032 diglyphus Blandford, 1003, 1058 diligens Wood, i 023, 1132 dimidiatiis Blackman, 1024, 1138 discretus Wood, 1014, 1098 dispar Bright, 1000, 1037 dissolutus Wood, 995, 1031 dolus Wood, 998, 1039 durus Blackman, 1004, 1060 elatinus Wood, 1007, 1072 electus Blackman, 1005, 1066 elegans Schedl, 995, 1028 elimatus Bright, 1086 elongatus Swaine, 1103 epistomalis Schedl, 1145 euterpes Bright, 1022, 1128 exiguiis Blackman, 1037 exilis Swaine, 1103 explicitus Wood, 995, 1031 exquisitus (Blackman), 994, 1026 festus Wood, 996, 1033 foratus Wood, 1045 fortis Blackman, 1119 fossifrons LeConte (Pityogenes), 651 franseriae Wood, 1021, 1124 fiimissi Bright, 1012, 1094 fuscus Blackman, 1002, 1053 galeritus Wood, 1021, 1125 gentilis Schedl, 1144 germanus Bright, 1022, 1127 glabratiilus (Schedl), 1003, 1056 gracilis Swaine, 1103 grandis Blackman, 1016, 1106 granulatiis Swaine, 1104 guatemalensis Blandford, 1010, 1084 hermosus Wood, 1025, 1139 herrarai Hopkins, 1099 hesparius Bright, 1007, 1075 hidalgoensis Blackman, 1087 hirticeps LeConte, 1091 hopkinsi Blackman, 1032 hiibbardi Blackman, 1090 hylocuroides Wood, 1020, 1120 idoneus Blackman, 1032 immanus Blackman, 1013, 1097 impexus Bright, 1010, 1086 inceptis Wood, 1026 incommodus Blandford (Araptus), 941 incompositus Blandford (Araptus), 954 indigens Wood, 1021, 1126 indigens Wood, 1053 indigus Wood, 1002, 1053 ineditus Bright, 1003, 1057 infans Eichhoff, 1034 infulatus Blackman, 1012, 1090 ingens Blackman, 1014, 1100 inops Wood, i 020, 1122 inquietus Blackman, 1040 intentus Bright, 1016, 1105 intextus Blackman, 1011, 1089 inyoensis Bright, 1037 islasi Wood, 1047 jeffreyi Blackman, iOi 9, 1116 juglandis Blackman, 1021, 1123 keeni (Blackman), 999, 1042 kenti Blackman, 1090 laetus Wood, i009, 1081 laevigatus Eggers, 928, 944 lateralis Swaine, 1114 laticeps Bright, 1004, 1060 lautus Eichhoff, 1023, 1131 lecontei Bright, 1005, 1065 leechi Wood, 1001, 1051 leiophyllae Blackman, 1003, 1057 lenis Wood, 1009, 1082 lepidus Bright, 1007, 1071 limatus Wood, 1090 liquidambarus Blackman, 1023, 1133 litos Bright, 1003, 1055 medialis Wood, 1010, 1084 megas Bright, 1018, 1113 melanurus Wood, 994, 1026 mendosus Wood, 995, 1029 mesembria Bright, 1011, 1088 mexicanus Blackman, i0i9, 1118 micans Bright, 1006, 1070 miniatus Bright, 1014, 1099 minus Bright, 997, 1036 minutalis Wood, 1025, 1139 modicus Blackman, 997, 1035 molestus Wood, 1023, 1131 mollis Blackman, 1090 7nonophyllae Blackman, 1040 montezumae Bright, 1008, 1079 montivagus Bright, 1012, 1094 mormon Bright, 998, 1039 morosus Wood, 1023, 1129 mundus Blackman, 1076 1348 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 murrayanae Blackman, 1015, 1103 nanus Wood, i 02 i, 1125 natalis Blackman, 1131 navus Blackman, 1035 nebulosus Wood, 1021, 1126 nemoralis Wood, 1018,1114 nigricans Blandford, 1007, 1071 nitidulus (Mannerheim), 1013, 1095 nitidus Swaine, 1002, 1052 noctumus Blandford, 1010, 1087 novellus Blackman, 1012, 1091 nudus Swaine, 1104 nugalis Wood, 1025, 1138 obliquus LeConte (Xyleborus), 804 obsoletus Blandford (Araptus), 946 obtusipennis Blandford, 1022, 1128 occidentalis Blackman, 1013, 1095 occlusus Bright, 1022, 1128 opaculus LeConte, 997, 1037 opimus Blackman, 1068 orarius Bright, 1004, 1061 ornatiis Blackman, 1011, 1090 parilis Wood, 1009, 1082 patchi Blackman, 1076 paulus Wood, J 023, 1130 pellitus Schedl, 998, 1038 perexiguus Wood, 1024, 1138 perotei Blackman, 1014, 1098 piceus Blackman, 1041 pilifer Schedl, 1088 pinguus (Blackman), 999, 1042 politus Blandford (Araptus), 940 ponderosae Blackman, 1032 poricollis Blandford (Araptus), 958 praealtus Bright, 1041 pruinosus Eichhoff (Pseudopityoph- thorus), 979 pseudotsugae Swaine, 1012, 1093 pubervilus (LeConte), 39, 996, 1034 pudicus Blackman, 994 pulchellus Eichhoff, 1012, 1091 pulicarius (Zimmermann), 1000, 1048 pullus (Zimmermann), 1016, 1105 punctifrons Bright, 997, 1035 punctiger (Schedl), 995, 1030 pusillus Wood, 1 136 pusio LeConte, 1091 pygmaeus Schedl, 1038 quercinus Wood, 1010, 1085 querciperda Schwarz, 979 ramiperda Swaine, 991, 999, 1044 recens Bright, 1004, 1061 rhois Swaine, 1131 rubidusWood, iOiS, 1113 mdis Blackman, 1004, 1058 nigicolUs Swaine, 1092 sambuci Blackman, 1023, 1132 sapineus Bright, 1003, 1056 scabridus Schedl, 1001, 1050 scalptor Blackman, JOOi, 1051 scalptus Bright, 1002, 1052 schwarzi Blackman, 7008, 1080 schwerdtfergeri (Schedl), 1000, 1047 scitulus Wood, 1009, 1083 scriptor Blackman, 1019, 1118 segnis Blackman, 997, 1036 semiermis Nunberg (Gnatholeptus), 1145 separatus Bright, 999, 1042 seriatus LeConte, 1148 serratus Swaine, 1016, 1106 setosus Blackman, 1007, 1073 shannoni Blackman (Gnatholeptus), 1142, 1144 shepardi Blackman, 1089 sierraensis Bright, 1005, 1063 singukiris Bright, 1066 siouxensis Bright, 1043 smithi Schedl, 1053 sobrinus Wood, 1025, 1140 socius Blackman, 1040 solatus Wood, iOi 7, 1108 solers Blackman, 1017, 1108 solus Blackman, 1001, 1048 spadix Blackman, iOJ8, 1112 sparsepilosus (Schedl), 1024, 1135 speciosus Wood, 1022, 1129 speculum Bright, 1007, 1072 strictus Wood, 1021, 1124 subcribratus Schedl (Gnatholeptus), 1143 suhimpressus Bright, 1136 subopacus Blackman, 1010, 1036, 1086 subsimilis Schedl 1015, 1024, 1136 sulcatus Bright, 1097 tenax Wood, 1021, 1123 tenuis Swaine, 1103 thatcheri Bright, 1093 thomasi Bright, 996, 1031 timidulus Wood, 995, 1028 timidus Blandford, 1024, 1138 tonientosus Eichhoff, 979 tonsils Blackman, 1089 toralis Wood, 1002, 1054 torreyanae Swaine, 1049 torridus Wood, 7 Oi 9, 1117 trepidus Bright, 999, 1041 tuberculatus Eichhoff, 7072, 1092 1982 Index 1349 tuberciilatus var. australis Blackmail, 1092 " tiimidus Blackmail, 1004, 1063 varians Schedl, 1052 venustus Blackman, 1004, 1059 " vespertinus Bright, 1004, 1058 " vesculus Wood, 1024, 1135 " viminalis Bright, 1013, 1096 " virilis Blackman, 1019, 1119 watsoni Schedl, 1 103 " woodi Bright, 998, 1039 zeteki Blackman, 1 143 " zonalis Bright, iOi 7, 1111 Pityotrichus Wood, 74, 1140 " barbatus (Blackman), ii4i, 1141 hesperius Bright, ii4i, 1142 Platypus parallelus (Fabricius), 23 Plesiophthoriis Schedl, 917 califomicus Schedl (Dendroteriis), 927 luteolus Schedl (Dendroterus), 926 perspectus Schedl (Dendroterus), 917, 924 Poecilips Schaufuss, 731 caraibicus Schedl, 735 eggersi Schedl, 735 niger Schedl, 733 nuciferus Schedl, 733 sannio Schaufuss (Coccotrypes), 731 siibnitidus Schedl, 733 POLYGRAPH IDAE, 369 POLYGRAPHINI, 369 Polygraphus Erichson, 62, 387 " convexifrons Wood, 48, 387, 390 grandiclava Thomson, 48, 386 hoppingi Swaine, 387, 390 poligraphus (Linnaeus), 48, 386 " rufipennis (Kirby), 18, 38, 39, 48, 387, 387 saginatus Mannerheim, 387 wortheni Scudder, 37 Preface, 1 Premnobius Eichhoff, 68, 755 ambitiosus (Schaufuss), 756, 758 bitiiberculatus Eggers, 756 brasiliensis Nunberg, 758 cavipennis Eichhoff, 755, 756, 756 cavipennis var. spinosus Hagedorn, 758 htior Eggers, 756 Prionosceles Blandford, 466 atratus Blandford (Scolytodes), 466, 475 glaber Wood, 474 maurus Blandford (Scolytodes), 474 panamensis Wood (Scolytodes), 476 spadix Blackman (Scolytodes), 494 PROBLECHILIDAE, 451 Problechilus Eichhoff, 451, 462 bicolor Eggers, 463 consocius Blandford (Gymnochilus), 465 minor Blandford (Gymnochilus), 464 striatiis Eggers, 463 trimaculatus Schedl, 465 varius Schedl, 465 Prochrarnesus Wood, 315 annectans Wood (Chramesus), 315 Procryphalus Hopkins, 72, 859 aceris Hopkins, 859 idahoensis Hopkins, 860 mucronatus (LeConte), 859, 860 populi Hopkins, 859, 860 salicis Hopkins, 859 utahensis Hopkins, 859, 859 Progenius Blandford, 776 fleutiauxi Blandford (Xylebonis), 776 Prognathotrichus Bright, 1155 primus Bright (Gnathotrichus), 1155, 1158 Pseiidocorthyhis Ferrari, 1270 letzneri Ferrari (Corthylus), 1270 Pseudocnjphalus Swaine, 348 brittaini Swaine, 348, 355 criddlei Swaine, 355 Pseudocrijpturgus Eggers, 451 cameriinus Eggers, 451, 454 maclayi Bruck, 354 Pseudohylesinus Swaine, 59, 129 dispar dispar, 730, 133 dispar pullatus, 131, 134 furnissi Blackman, 138 grandis Swaine, 129, 139 granulatus (LeConte), 131, 137 keeni Blackman, 138 maculosus Blackman, 131, 135 magnus Wood, 131, 135 mexicanus Blackman, 136 nebulosus nebulosus (LeConte), 7, 130, 132 nebulosus serratus Bruck, 130, 133 nobilis Swaine, 131, 138 obesus Swaine, 138 pini Wood, 132, 141 pullatus Blackman, 134 sericeus (Mannerheim), 131, 139 serratus Bruck, 133 similis Blackman, 138 sitchensis Swaine, 132, 140 tsugae Swaine, 131, 138 variegatus (Blandford), 131, 136 yasamatsui Nobuchi, 139 Pseudomicracis Blackman, 594 1350 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Pseudopityophthorus Swaine, 74, 965 acuminatus Bright, 973 aesculinus Bright, 980 agrifohae Blackman, 51, 967, 975 asperulus (LeConte), 967, 971 " cincinnatus (Blandford), 967, 973 colombianus Wood, 966 " comosus Bright, 968, 978 convexus Bright, 979 curtus Bright, 969 " decHvis Wood, 966, 969 " denticulatus Wood, 966, 971 " fagi Blackman, 967, 975 " festivus Wood, 968, 980 gracilis Blackman, 971 granulatus Blackman, 966, 970 " granulifer Wood, 966, 970 hirsutus Bright, 974 " hispidus Eggers, 966, 968 hondurensis Wood, 967, 972 " limbatus Eggers, 967, 975 micans Wood, 975 minutissimus (Zimmermann), 967, 976 montanus Bright, 972 opacicoUis Blackman, 968, 980 " pruinosus (Eichhoff), 968, 979 pubescens Blackman, 967, 974 pubipennis (LeConte), 968, 981 pulvereus Blackman, 979 " singularis Wood, 967, 973 " squamosus Bright, 968, 978 " tenuis Wood, 967, 974 tropicalis Wood, 979 truncatus Bright, 969 " virilis Wood, 967, 971 " yavapaii Blackman, 968, 982 Pseudopolygraphus Seitner, 386 Pseudothysanoes Blackman, 65, 510 acaciae (Blackman), 518, 550 acacicolens Wood, 51 7, 545 " acares (Wood), 5 i 8, 551 amassius Wood, 514, 532 " aquilus (Wood), 519, 552 " arbuti (Wood), 516, 541 barberi Blackman, 525 bartoni Bruck, 51 7, 544 bnmneus Wood, 512, 524 " buUatus Wood, 514, 531 " caritus (Wood), 51 7, 542 concentralis Wood, 511, 523 " coniferae (Wood), 512, 521 contrarius Wood, 51 7, 544 coracinus Wood, 516, 539 costatus Wood, 51 7, 547 crassinus Wood, 51 7, 542 cuspidus Wood, 515, 536 dimorphus (Schedl), 519 dislocatus (Blackman), 518, 553 drakei Blackman, 510, 541 excavatus (Wood), 511, 520 frondicolens Wood, 517, 543 fmiebris Wood, 513, 530 funereus Wood, 513, 530 furvatus Wood, 513, 528 furvescens Wood, 513, 527 fiirvus Wood, 513, 528 gambetti Blackman, 525 graniticus Wood, 514, 534 heliura Wood, 511, 518, 548 hopkinsi Blackman, 516, 540 huachucae Blackman, 519, 554 lecontei Blackman, 512, 527 leechi Wood, 513, 529 mancus Wood, 5i8, 549 mendicus (Wood), 519, 554 minulus (Wood), 518, 550 mirus (Wood), 518, 552 mucronatus Wood, 511, 515, 536 multispinatus Wood, 517, 545 obesus (Wood), 512, 522 peniculus Wood, 514, 532 perseae Wood, 519, 553 phoradendri Blackman, 513, 529 plumalis Wood, 516, 538 pumilus (Wood), 519, 555 quercicolens Wood, 512, 526 quercinus (Wood), 512, 522 querneus Wood, 511, 521 recavus Wood, 511, 519 rigidus (LeConte), 516, 541 securus Wood, 512, 526 sedulus Blackman, 512, 525 spicatus (Wood), 515, 538 spinatus Wood, 51 7, 546 spinura Wood, 518, 548 subpilosus (Wood), 518, 551 subulatus (Wood), 515, 537 sulcatus Bruck (Stenocleptus), 555, 556 tenellus Wood, 516, 539 thomasi Wood, 512, 523 tumidulus Wood, 514, 533 turnbowi Wood, 511, 520 vallatus Wood, 512, 525 verdicus Wood, 514, 535 verticillus Wood, 514, 534 vesculus Wood, 51 7, 547 1982 Index 1351 " viscicolens Wood, 515, 535 viscivorus Wood, 514, 531 " yuccae (Wood), 518, 549 yuccavorus Wood, 516, 540 Pseudoxyleborus Eggers, 755 Pterocyclon Eichhoff, 1206 bidens Blandford (Monarthrum), 1241 " bispinum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1221 " callosum Schedl (Amphicranus), 1194 " consimile Blandford (Monarthrum), 1226 " cordatum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1223 " difficile Blandford, 1239 egenum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1226 exile Eichhoff (Microcorthylus), 1255 exomatum Schedl, 1237 " ferrarii Blandford (Monarthrum), 1233 " fimbriaticome Blandford (Monarthrum), 1232 " flohri Schedl, 1228 " glabrifrons Blandford (Monarthrum), 1243 " gnanim Schedl (Monarthrum), 1220 gracile Eichhoff, 1235 gracilicomum Schedl, 1237 " hoegei Blandford (Monarthrum), 1225 " ialapae Schedl, 1220 " laterale Eichhoff (Monarthrum), 1206, 1231 longulum Eichhoff, 1234 " luctuosum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1225 melanura Blandford (Amphicranus), 1195 " moritzi Schedl, 1227 nevermanni Schedl (Monarthrum), 1223 obliquecaudatum Schedl, 1216 opacifrons Schedl, 1195 pennatum Schedl (Monarthrum), 1228 " praeruptum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1220 " pseudoscutellare Schedl (Monarthrum), 1239 pseudosulcatum Schedl, 1226 " punctifrons Blandford (Monarthrum), 1239 " robustum Schedl (Monarthrum), 1224 simile Eichhoff, 1235 " stenodermus Schedl (Amphicranus), 1193 " sulcatum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1232 " terminatum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1222 " tomicoides Blandford (Monarthrum), 1221 turbinatum Schedl, 1232 " umbrinum Blandford (Monarthrum), 1225 " vittatimi Blandford, 1242 Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 65, 455 brosimi Wood, 456, 461 fici Wood, 457 fimerium Wood, 456, 458 gracile Eichhoff, 455, 458 " hispidum (Ferrari), 455, 456, 258 inornatum Wood, 456, 457 " lucidum Wood, 456, 460 perditum Wood, 456, 460 qiiadraticolle Eichhoff, 458 reimoseri Schedl, 458 reticulatum Schedl, 456, 457 transversum Blandford, 458 Relation to fire, slash, and natural disasters, 22 Relationships with fungi and disease, 23 Renocis Casey, 348 blackmani Nunberg, 357 brunneus Blackman, 355 commixtus Blackman, 355 eggersi Wood, 357 fasciatus Blackman (Chaetophloeus), 362 fuscus Blackman, 355 heterodoxus Casey (Chaetophloeus), 348, 355 insularis Blackman (Chaetophloeus), 359 mexicanus Blackman (Chaetophloeus), 357 mexicanus Eggers, 357 parkinsoniae Blackman (Chaetophloeus), 361 penicillatus Bruck (Chaetophloeus), 361 pruinosus Blackman (Chaetophloeus), 353 sulcatus Wood (Chaetophloeus), 356 Rhopalopleiirus Chapuis, 315 lecontei Chapuis (Chramesus), 335 pumilus Chapuis (Chramesus), 332 tuberculatus Chapuis, 315 Ruguloscolytus Butovitsch, 419 Sampsonius Eggers, 69, 758 costaricensis Nunberg, 761 " dampfi Schedl, 759, 761 " detractus Wood, 759, 759 expulsus Wood, 759 " reticulatus Bright, 759, 760 sexdentatus Eggers, 758 usurpatus Wood, 759, 761 Scierus LeConte, 58, 79 " annectens LeConte, 48, 79, 80, 80, 81 pubescens Swaine, 80, 81 SCOLYTARII, 54, 392, 393 SCOLYTINAE, 392 SCOLYTINI, 393 Scolytochelus, 419 1352 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Scolytodes Ferrari, 65, 451, 466 acares Wood, 471, 493 alni Wood, 472, 499 amabilis Wood, 470, 490 amoenus Wood, 468, 479 atratus atratus (Blandford), 467, 475 atratus panamensis (Wood), 467, 476 blandfordi (Schedl), 469, 484 canalis Wood, 470, 490 cecropiavonis Wood, 469, 482 cecropiavorus acuminatus Wood, 483 cecropiavorus pimctifer Wood, 483 cecropicolens Wood, 468, 481 cecropii (Schedl), 469, 484 cedrelae Wood, 471, 495 cliapuisi Wood, 478 clusiacolens Wood, 4 70, 489 clusiae Wood, 470, 488 clusiavorus Wood, 4 70, 489 costabilis Wood, 468, 481 crassus Wood, 469, 487 culcitatus (Blandford), 471, 495 ehngatus Schedl, 509 erineophilus Wood, 472, 499 exiguus Wood, 473, 506 facetus Wood, 472, 497 ficivorus Wood, 472, 500 genialis Wood, 468, 480 glabrescens Wood, 467, 474 hirsutus Wood, 469, 487 immanis Wood, 472, 498 impressus Wood, 472, 501 ingavorus Wood, 4 73, 504 irazuensis Wood, 470, 491 laevigatus Ferrari, 466 lepidus Wood, 468, 479 levis (Blackman), 468, 478 marginatus Wood, 472, 501 maurus (Blandford), 467, 474 melanocephalus (Blandford), 468, 482 micidus Wood, 473, 506 minutissimus Schedl, 468, 478 multistriatus (Wood), 10, 451, 473, 503 nanellus Wood, 474, 508 obesus Wood, 472, 498 obscunis (Wood), 474, 508 ochromae Wood, 471, 493 pannuceus Wood, 473, 503 parvulus Wood, 471, 492 pelicerinus (Schedl), 473, 503 pelicipennis (Schedl), 472, 502 perditiis Wood, 468, 480 phoebeae Wood, 468, All piceus (Blandford), 472, 497 plicatus Wood, 502 pluineriae Wood, 468, 476 proximus Wood, 473, 505 pseudopiceus Wood, 469, 485 pubescens Wood, 473, 504 pumilus Wood, 473, 507 punctifer Wood, 486 punctiferus Wood, 469, 486 radiatus Wood, 470, 489 reticulatus (Wood), 472, 500 nigicollis (Schedl), 473, 502 schwarzi (Hopkins), 472, 496 setosus (Blandford), 469, 486 spadix (Blackman), 471, 494 striatus (Eggers), 469, 485 swieteniae (Blackman), 471, 494 tenuis (Wood), 473, 505 trispinosus Eggers, 509 unipunctatus (Blandford), 469, 483 venustulus Wood, 470, 487 venustus Wood, 469, 484 volcanus Wood, 470, 491 Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 72, 861 darwini Eichhoff, 861 hirtus (Wood), 862, 864 jalapae (Letzner), 862, 866 knabi (Hopkins), 862, 865 parvatus (Wood), 862, 863 rusticus (Wood), 862, 864 setifer Wood, 862, 863 trucis (Wood), 862, 866 Scolytopsis Blandford, 63, 417 argentinensis Eggers, 418 cubensis Wood, 418 laticollis Wood, 4i 7 puncticoUis Blandford, 417, 418 Scolytus Geofroy, 63, 419 abietis Blackman, 441 aztecus Wood, 423, 440 bicallosus Eggers, 427 californicus LeConte, 434 carya Riley, 429 caryae Walsh, 429 costellatus Ghapuis, 424, 444 cristatus Wood, 424, 445 dentatus Bright, 423, 443 destructor Olivier, 434 destructor var. ciliatus Key, 434 destructor var. sulcifrons Key, 434 dimidiatus Ghapuis, 424, 447 eichhoffi Reitter, 434 fagi Walsh, 421, 427 1982 Index 1353 fiskei Blackman, 432 flavicornis Chevrolat, 430 frontalis Olivier (Phloeotribus), 270 fuchsi Reitter, 434 haemorrhous Schmidberger, 424 hermosus Wood, 422, 437 incognitus Eggers, 424, 448 javanus Chapuis, 430 laetiis Wood, 424, 450 laricis Blackman, 421, 433 leonii Eggers, 434 mali (Bechstein), 421, 426 mali ab. strigilatus Reitter, 427 manglissiensis Lezhava, 425 marginatus Chapuis, 424, 449 monticolae Swaine, 422, 435 multistriatiis (Marsham), 18, 24, 28, 421, 430 multistriatiis therondi Hoffmann, 430 multistriotus var. triornatus Eichhoff, 430 mimdus Wood, 423, 439 muticus Say, 420, 426 nevermanni Schedl, 424, 449 niger Geoffroy, 434 nitiduliis Chapuis, 427 nodatus Wood, 424, 446 nodifer Reitter, 430 obelus Wood, 423, 442 opacus Blackman, 423, 441 oregoni Blackman, 422, 438 papuanus Schedl, 430 penicillus Schedl, 447 piceae (Swaine), 38, 39, 421, 431 praeceps LeConte, 422, 439 propinquus Blandford, 424, 447 punctatus Miiller, 433 pijri Peck, 794 quadrispinosus Say, 16, 421, 429 reflexus Blackman, 422, 434 robustus Blackman, 422, 437 nigulosus (Miiller), 7, 18, 28, 420, 424 riigidosus bahtchistani Schedl, 425 nigulosus caucasicus Butovitsch, 425 rugulosus fauveli Reitter, 425 rugulosus intennedius Sokanovskii, 425 rugulosus samarkandicus Butovitsch, 425 rugulosus sanctaluciae Hoffmann, 425 rugulosus similis Butovitsch, 425 scarabaeoides Bernard (Phloeotribus), 256 scolytus (Fabricius), 421, 433 sobrinus Blackman, 432 subscaber LeConte, 423, 443 sulcatus LeConte, 426 sylvaticus Bright, 437 taxicola Lezhava, 425 terebrans Olivier (Dendroctonus), 179 " tonilus Wood, 424, 449 tsugae Swaine, 422, 435 ulrni Redtenbacher, 430 imispinosus LeConte, 7, 421, 432 " ventralis LeConte, 23, 423, 441 " virgatus Bright, 422, 434 wickhami Blackman, 434 Seasonal history and development, 16 Social organization, 13 Spemiatoplex Hopkins, 731 rhizophorae Hopkins (Coccotrypes), 731, 734 Spermophagy, 10 Spermophthorus Costa Lima, 74, 963 aberrans Wood, 964 apuleiae Costa Lima, 963 Sphoerosinus Eggers, 204 striatus Eggers (Phrixosoma), 204 Sphenoceros Schedl, 928 aztecus Wood (Araptus), 962 limax Schedl (Araptus), 928 Steganocranus Eichhoff, 1185 dohrni Eichhoff (Amphicranus), 1185 Stegomerus Wood, 72, 854 chiriquensis Wood, 855, 856 mexicanus Wood, 855, 857 montanus Wood, 855, 856 pygmaeus Wood, 855, 855 " vulgaris Wood, 854, 855, 857 Stenocleptus Blackman, 65, 555 ceai^othi Blackman, 556 rhois Blackman, 555, 556 " ruficollis Wood, 556, 556 sulcatus (Bruck), 556, 556 Stephanoderes Eichhoff, 875 africanus Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 908 alter Eggers, 886 amazonicus Eggers, 893 andersoni Wood, 895 approximatus Hopkins, 888 asperulus Eichhoff, 893 bananensis Eggers, 909 bituberculatus Eggers, 910 brasiliensis Hopkins, 892 brunneicollis Hopkins, 885 brunneus Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 910 buscki Hopkins, 893 cassiae Eichhoff, 893 castaneus Wood, 886 " chapuisii Eichhoff, 875, 882 coffeae Hagedorn, 888 1354 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 congonus Hagedorn, 909 cooki Hopkins, 889 cubensis Hopkins, 885 cylindricus Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 905 darwinensis Schedl, 895 depressus Eichhoff, 909 differens Hopkins, 891 discedens Schedl, 885 ehlersii Eichhoff, 875, 900 elaphus Eichhoff (Hypothenemus), 875 elongatus Hopkins, 901 erythrinae Eggers, 902 evonymi Hopkins, 901 fallax Costa Lima, 892 ferrugineus Hopkins, 894 ficus Hopkins, 895 fiebrigi Hopkins, 895 flavescens Hopkins, 888 flavicollis Hopkins, 901 floridensis Hopkins, 895 frontalis Hopkins, 910 fungicola Eggers, 906 georgiae Hopkins, 895 germari Eichhoff, 900 gossypii Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 903 gracilis Eggers, 901 guatemalensis Hopkins, 891 hawaiiensis Schedl, 892 heveae Hagedorn (Cryptocarenus), 914 hirsutus Wood (Hypothenemus), 881 hispidus Eggers, 906 hivaoea Beeson, 892 hopkinsi Browne, 894 interpunctus Hopkins, 888 interstitialis Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 887 javanus Eggers (Hypothenemus), 909 kahlioveni Schedl, 909 largipennis Piza Junior, 892 lecontei Hopkins, 892 lebronneci Beeson, 892 liquidambarae Wood, 895 lucasi Hopkins, 895 martiniquensis Eggers, 907 minutus Hopkins, 895 moschatae Schaufuss, 893 multidentatus Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 894 myrmedon Eichhoff, 900 niger Hopkins, 895 nitidifrons Hopkins, 894 nitidipennis Hopkins, 895 nitidulus Hopkins, 895 obesus Hopkins, 909 obliquus Hopkins, 888 obscurus Eichhoff, 909 opacifrons Hopkins, 899 opacipennis Hopkins, 888 opacus Eichhoff (Hypothenemus), 889 pacificus Beeson, 886 paraguayensis Hopkins, 892 parallelus Hopkins (Hypothenemus), 905 pecanis Hopkins, 895 perkinsi Hopkins, 886 philippinensis Hopkins, 909 pint Hopkins, 895 pistor Schedl, 909 polyphagus Costa Lima, 892 polyphagus Eggers, 906 prosper Schedl, 909 psidii Hopkins, 886 pulverulentiis Eichhoff, 895 punctatus Eggers, 889 puncticollis Hopkins, 885 pygmaeus Hopkins, 901 quadridentatus Hopkins, 888 quercus Hopkins, 884 rotundicollis Eichhoff (Hypothenemus) 884 rufescens Hopkins, 893 salicis Hopkins, 895 sculpturatus Eichhoff, 884 seriatus Eichhoff (Hypothenemus), 895 soltaui Hopkins, 895 squamosus Hopkins, 890 sterculiae Hopkins, 886 subagnatus Eggers, 909 subconcentralis Hopkins, 901 subcylindricus Eggers, 902 subopacicollis Hopkins, 895 subvestitus Eggers, 907 sundaensis Eggers, 881 tamarindi Hopkins, 895 texanus Hopkins, 895 transatlantic us Eggers, 905 tridentatus Hopkins, 896 unicolor Hopkins, 901 uniseriatus Eggers, 892 virentis Hopkins, 895 vulgaris Schaufuss, 895 Sternobothrus Eggers, 61, 253 bicaudatus (Blandford), 215, 254, 255 sculpturatus (Blandford), 215, 254, 254 Streptocranus Schedl, 777 mirabilis Schedl (Xyleborus), 777 1982 Index 1355 Styphlosoma Blandford, 73, 916 " granulahun Blandford, 916, 917 Subfamily Hylesininae, 78 Subfamily Scolytinae, 392 Systematic section, 54 Tachyderes Blackman, 911 floridensis Blackman, 911, 913 parvus Blackman, 914 Taenioghjptes Bedel, 867 ruficolUs coloradensis Wood, 870 TAPHRORYCHINl, 706 Taxonomic position of Scolytidae, 33 Tenninalinus Hopkins, 776 terminaliae Hopkins (Xyleborus), 776 TJiamnophtliorus Schedl, 928 foveifrons Schedl (Araptus), 938 schwarzi Blackman (Araptus), 952 volastos Schedl (Araptus), 928 Thamnurgides Hopkins, 731 cubaniis Eggers, 733 cyperi Beeson (Coccotrypes), 735 indicus Eggers, 735 nephelii Eggers, 734 persicae Hopkins, 731, 733 setosiis Beeson, 733 vicarius Beeson, 733 THAMNURGINAE, 706 Thawnasintdus Reitter, 315 Theoborus Hopkins, 69, 770 coartatus Sampson (Xyleborus), 771, 776 crinitulus Wood (Xyleborus), 771, 774 incultus Wood (Xyleborus), 771, 773 micarius Wood (Xyleborus), 771, 774 molestulus Wood (Xyleborus), 771, 775 pristis Wood (Xyleborus), 771, 773 solitariceps Schedl (Xyleborus), 771, 775 theobromae Hopkins (Xyleborus), 770, 771, 772 villosulus Blandford (Xyleborus), 771, 772 Thylocurus nevermanni Schedl (Corthylus), 1298 Thysanoes LeConte, 65, 557 adonis Wood, 559, 566 berbericolens Wood, 558, 561 berchemiae Blackman, 558, 561 epicaris Wood, 558, 563 fimbricomis LeConte, 557, 559, 564 " granulifer Wood, 558, 562 inomatus Wood, 558, 560 " lobdelli Blackman, 559, 567 mexicanus Wood, 558, 561 neotropicalis Wood, 559, 564 " pallens Wood, 558, 559 ratamae Blackman, 567 subsulcatus Wood, 559, 566 texanus Blackman, 559, 567 tuberculatus Wood, 558 vacheUiae Blackman, 567 xylophagus Blackman, 559, 569 TOMICIDAE, 129 TOMICINI, 129 Tomicus avulsus Eichhoff (Ips), 689 balsameus LeConte, 662 bonanseai Hopkins (Ips), 691 cacographus LeConte, 699 caelatus Eichhoff (Orthotomicus), 663 confusus LeConte, 703 coryh Perris (Lymantor), 706 cribricollis Eichhoff, 699 decolor Boieldieu, 847 decretus Eichhoff, 663 dohrni Wollaston, 847 emarginatus LeConte (Ips), 694 grandicollis Eichhoff (Ips), 699 hirsutus Eichhoff, 673 hudsonicus LeConte, 677 integer Eichhoff (Ips), 693 interpiinctits Eichhoff, 677 interstitialis Eichhoff, 697 latidens LeConte (Ips), 676 liminaris Harris (Phloeotribus), 264 mali Fitch (Monarthnim), 1234 materiarius Fitch (Gnathotrichus), 1155, 1160 mexicanus Hopkins (Ips), 674 montanus Eichhoff (Ips), 702 oregonis Eichhoff, 691 perturbatus Eichhoff, (Ips), 677 plastographus LeConte (Ips), 694 praefrictus Eichhoff, 691 praemorsus Eichhoff, 697 (?) pusilhis Harris, 976 rectus LeConte, 691 spinifer Eichhoff (Ips), 677 trypanaeoides Wollaston, 827 trypographus (Linnaeus) (Ips), 667 Triarmocerus birmanus Eichhoff (Hypo- thenemus), 886 Tribe Bothrosternini, 208 Tribe Cactopinini, 637 Tribe Corthylini, 916 Tribe Cryphalini, 850 Tribe Crypturgini, 740 Tribe Ctenophorini, 451 Tribe Dryocoetini, 706 Tribe Hylastini, 79 1356 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 Tribe Hylesinini, 108 Tribe Hypoborini, 348 Tribe Ipini, 649 Tribe Micracini, 510 Tribe Phloeosinini, 282 Tribe Phloeotribini, 256 Tribe Phrixosomini, 204 Tribe Polygraphini, 369 Tribe Scolytini, 393 Tribe Tomicini, 129 Tribe Xyleborini, 755 Tribe Xyloterini, 745 Tricolus Blandford, 75, 1170 " aciculatus Wood, 1173, 1 183 " amplus Wood, i i 73, 1 185 " ardis Wood, ii 7i, 1176 " badiusWood, i 7 72, 1177 " bicolor Wood, 1 1 73, 1 184 " capitalis Wood, J i 72, 1 179 " cecropii Wood, 1170, 1171, 1175 cordatiis Bright (Amphicranus), 1203 " difodinus Bright, 1173,1 182 " fenoris Wood, ii 72, 1178 " frontahs Wood, 1172, 1 179 " inaffectvis Wood, 1171, 1175 inornatus Wood, 1171, 1174 " naevus Wood, i i 72, 1 180 " nodifer Blandford, i i 72, 1 178 " ovicolhs Blandford, 1170, ii 72, 1180 " parsus Wood, 1171, 1176 " partilis Wood, ii 72, 1178 " peltatus Wood, i i 73, 1183 plaumanni Schedl, 1173, 1184 " rufithorax Wood, 1171,1177 saundersi Wood, 1172, 1179 " scitulus Wood, 1172, 1 182 " senex Schedl, 1173, 1182 " simphcis Wood, ii7i, 1173 speciosus Schedl (Amphicranus), 1199 spectabilis Wood (Amphicranus), 1199 triamiatus Sched\, 1178 Trigonogenius Hagedorn, 991 fallax Hagedorn (Pityophthorus), 991 Trischidias Hopkins, 72, 872 atoma (Hopkins), 872 georgiae Hopkins, 872, 873, 874 minutissima Wood, 872, 874 Tnjpocranus Eichhoff, 1206 cincinnatus Eichhoff (Monarthrum), 1206 TRYPODENDRINI, 745 Trypodendron Stephens, 68, 746 betulae Swaine, 747, 750 borealis Swaine, 751 lineatum (Olivier), 18, 23, 48, 747, 751 ponderosae Swaine, 751 retusum (LeConte), 1, 747, 750 nifitarsis (Kirby), 747, 753 scabricollis (LeConte), 747, 748 vittiger Eichhoff, 751 TRYPOPHLOEINAE, 850 Trypophloeus Fairmaire, 71, 850 concentralis Hopkins, 852 nitidus Swaine, 851 populi Hopkins, 851, 853 punctipennis Hopkins, 851 " salicis Hopkins, 851, 852 striatulus (Mannerheim), 851, 851 " thatcheri Wood, 851, 854 WEBBINAE, 755 XYLEBORINI, 755 Xyleborinus Reitter, 69, 841 aspericauda (Eggers), 843, 848 " bicornatulus (Wood), 843, 847 " dims (Wood), 842, 845 gracilicornis (Schedl), 842, 844 " intersetosus (Blandford), 842, 843 libocedri Swaine, 848 " protinus (Wood), 842, 845 " reconditus (Schedl), 842, 846 saxeseni (Ratzeburg), 25 843, 847 " tribuloides Wood, 842, 844 " tribulosus Wood, 842, 844 tsiigae Swaine, 848 Xyleborips Reitter, 776 Xyleborites longipennis Wickham, 37 Xyleborus Eichhoff, 69, 776 aclinis Wood, 815 adelographus Eichhoff, 778 " affinis Eichhoff, 23, 24, 787, 830 affinis var. fuscobrunneus Eichhoff, 830 affinis var. mascarensis Eichhoff, 830 affinis var. parvus Eichhoff, 830 alternans Eichhoff, 833 amoenus Schedl, 812 amplicoUis Eichhoff, 827 analogus Schedl, 843 andamanensis Blandford, 24 angustatus Eichhoff, 847 anisandrus Schedl, 808 arbuti Hopkins, 848 argentinensis Schedl, 827 artecuneolus Schedl, 776 artespinulosus Schedl, 799 " asper Eggers, 783, 812 aspericauda Eggers (Xyleborinus), 848 " badius Eichhoff, 833 1982 Index 1357 bicomatiilus Wood (Xyleborinus), 847 biographus LeConte, 833 biseriatiis Schedl, 770 bispinatus Eichhoff, 827 brasiliensis Eggers, 804 caelebs Blandford, 791 califomicus Wood, 788, 838 canadensis Swaine, 836 capucinoides Eggers, 763 capucinus Eichhoff (Dryocoetoides), 762, 763 caraibicus Eggers, 784, 813 catuhis Blandford, 781, 801 celsus Eichhoff, 787, 833 cerasi Eggers, 794 coartatus Sampson, 776 coccotrypoides Eggers, 772 cofeicola Campos Novaes, 889 coffeae Wurth, 765 coffeivorus van der Weele, 889 commixtus Blandford, 784, 814 compactus Eichhoff (Xylosandrus), 768 concentiis Wood, 785, 817 confusus Eichhoff, 827 conspeciens Schedl, 735 coronatus Eichhoff, 810 corniculatidus Schedl, 800 corniculatus Schedl, 800 costaricensis Blandford, 786, 823 crinitulus Wood, 774 cuneatus Eichhoff, 781, 802 ctirtuJoides Eggers, 770 curtulus Eichhoff (Xylosandrus), 770 curtus Eggers, 810 decUvigranuIatus Schedl, 767 declivis Eichhoff, 789, 840 demissus Wood, 786, 822 ■ devexulus Wood, 781, 805 ■ devexus Schedl, 782, 805 devexits Wood, 805 ' dims Wood (Xyleborinus), 845 ' discretus Eggers, 785, 818 ' dispar (Fabricius), 6, 7, 24, 780, 794 dissidens Wood, 826 ' dissimulatus Wood, 784, 816 ' duprezi Hoffmann, 1155, 1160 ' ebenus Wood, 77d, 793 ' exaratus Blandford, 841 ' exilis Schedl, 802 ' exutus Wood, 781, 803 ' fernoratus Eggers, 810 ' ferox Blandford, 780, 800 ' ferrugineus (Fabricius), 23, 24, 787, 827 " fitchi Hopkins, 839 " flohri Schedl, 796 " floridensis Hopkins, 848 " fornicatior Eggers, 809 " fornicatus Eichhoff, 24, 783, 809 " ftiscatus Eichhoff, 827 " fiisciseriatus Eggers, 799 " geayi Hagedorn, 786, 820 " gerrnanus Blandford, 768 " gilvipes Blandford, 804 " godmani Blandford, 779, 791 " gracilicornis Schedl (Xyleborinus), 844 " grandis Eichhoff, 786, 821 " granicollis LeConte (Dryocoetes), 728 " grenadensis Hopkins, 834 " guatemalensis (Hopkins), 782, 808 " guayanensis Eggers, 820 " gtindlachi Eggers, 807 " hamatus LeConte, 653 " hirtellus Schedl, 772 hopkinsi Beeson, 827 " horridatus Wood, 780, 797 " horridus Eichhoff, 780, 796 " howardi Hopkins, 839 " hubbardi Hopkins, 834 " illepidus Schedl, 804 " imbelus Blandford, 787, 826 impressiis Eichhoff, 827 " improvidus Schedl, 784, 815 " inconveniens Schedl, 824 " incultus Wood, 773 " industrius Sampson, 756 inemiis Eichhoff, 836 insularis Sharp, 827 " intersetosus Blandford (Xyleborinus), 843 " interstitialis Eichhoff, 833 " intricatus Schedl, 801 " intrusus Blandford, 789, 839 " kraatzi var. philippinensis Eichhoff, 833 " lacuna tus Wood, 784, 814 " lecontei (Hopkins), 782, 807 " luzonicus Eggers, 765 " macer Blandford, 789, 841 " mascarenus Hagedorn, 766 " meritus Wood, 786, 823 " meuseli Reitter, 776 " mexicantis Eggers, 804 " micarius Wood, 774 " molestulus Wood, 775 " monachus Blandford (Dryocoetoides), 764 " morigerus Blandford (Xylosandrus), 764, 765 " morstatti Hagedorn, 768 1358 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 6 morulus Blandford, 788, 835 neardus Schedl, 795 nepos Eggers, 778 nevemianni Schedl, 824 notatus Eggers, 827 novateutonicus Schedl, 816 niiiianus Schedl, 833 nyssae Hopkins, 827 obesus LeConte, 780, 793 ohesus var. ininor Swaine, 795 obliquus (LeConte), 781, 804 opimus Wood, 782, 807 okoumeensis Schedl, 767 palatus Wood, 780, 797 pandulus Wood, 778, 791 parallelocollis Eggers, 785, 818 pecanus Hopkins, 848 perebiae (Ferrari), 778, 789 perlaetus Schedl, 776 pini of Eichhoff , 838 plagiatus LeConte (Pityogenes), 654 planicollis Zimmermann, 788, 835 politus Hagedom, 784, 815 posticus Eichhoff, 784, 816 praestans Wood, 786, 822 princeps Blandford, 783, 812 pristis Wood, 773 productus Hagedorn, 787, 825 prolatus Wood, 786, 824 propinguus Eichhoff, 838 protinus Wood (Xyleborinus), 845 proximus Eggers, 830 pseudoangustatus Schedl, 848 pseudococcotrypes Eggers, 772 pseudoprocer Schedl, 840 pseudotenuis Schedl, 781, 802 pubescens Zimmermann, 789, 838 punctipennis LeConte, 663 quadra tus Blandford, 785, 817 quercus Hopkins, 848 reconditus Schedl (Xyleborinus), 846 retusicollis Zimmermann, 827 rileyi Hopkins, 834 rubricollis Eichhoff, 782, 806 rufithorax Eichhoff, 763 rugicollis Blandford, 782, 809 rusticus Wood, 782, 806 sacchari Hopkins, 830 salvini Blandford, 778, 790 sanguinicollis Blandford, 779, 793 sayi (Hopkins), 780, 795 scalaris Schedl, 782, 805 schedli Eggers, 827 schildi Schedl, 785, 819 schwarzi Hopkins, 834 scopulorum Hopkins, 839 semigranosus Blandford, 766 semiopacus Eichhoff, 766 semipunctatus Eggers, 785, 819 serratus Swaine, 794 sharpi lenis Wood, 792 sharpi sharpi Blandford, 779, 792 signatus Schedl, 778 solitariceps Schedl, 775 sohrinus Eichhoff, 847 soltaui Hopkins, 827 sparsipilosus Eggers, 787, 824 sparsus LeConte (Pityokteines), 661 spathipennis Eichhoff, 29, 783, 810 spathipennis var. ohausi Hagedom, 812 spinosidus Schedl, 799 spinulosus Blandford, 780, 799 squamulatus Eichhoff, 780, 798 subaffinis Eggers, 830 subdepressus Rey, 847 subitus Schedl, 827 tachygraphus Zimmermann, 776, 782, 808 tanganiis Hagedorn, 827 tenuis Schedl, 802 theobromae Hopkins (Theoborus), 772 titubanter Schedl, 787, 826 tolimanus Eggers, 781, 803 torquatus Eichhoff, 788, 833 tribulatus Wood, 785, 819 trinidadensis Schedl, 813 tumucensis Hagedorn, 785, 820 usticus Wood, 818 vagabundus Schedl, 834 validus Eichhoff, 783, 810 velatus Sampson, 24 vespatorius Schedl, 776, 780, 800 vicinus LeConte, 663 viduus Eichhoff, 788, 836 villosulus Blandford, 772 villosus Schedl, 772 vismiae Wood, 786, 821 vitiosus Schedl, 778 volvulus (Fabricius), 23, 788, 833 volvulus torquatus Eichhoff, 788, 834 volvulus volvulus (Fabricius), 788, 834 wallacei Blandford, 776 xylocranellus Schedl, 756 xylographus (Say), 788, 836 XYLECHINIDES, 129 1982 Index 1359 Xylechinus Chapuis, 59, 143 americanus Blackman, 48, 144, 146 avarus Wood, 143, 145 fuliginosus Blandford, 144, 148 irrasus Blandford, 144, 147 mamioratiis Blandford, 144, 149 mexicanus Wood, 144, 149 montanus Blackman, 144, 147 pilosus (Ratzeburg), 48 scabiosus Blandford, 143, 144 tessellatus Blandford, 144, 147 Xylochilus Schedl, 917 " insularis Schedl, 917, 925 Xylocleptes chiriquensis Blandford (Acan- thotomicus), 667 " anonae Hopkins, 721 " calif ornicus Hopkins, 718 " carbonarius Ferrari (Dendrocranulus), 721 " cucurbitae LeConte (Dendrocranulus), 718 " decipiens LeConte (Lymantor), 707 " fhridensis Hopkins, 721 " guatemalensis Hopkins (Dendrocranulus), 720 " knausi Hopkins (Dendrocranulus), 722 " punctatus Hopkins, 718 " venturina Hopkins, 718 Xylomycetophagy, 10 Xylophagy, 10 Xylosandrus Reitter, 69, 764 " compactus (Eichhoff), 8, 15, 28, 765, 768 " crassiusculus (Motschulsky), 765, 766 " curtulus (Eichhoff), 765, 770 " germanus (Blandford), 24, 765, 768 " morigerus (Blandford), 765, 765 " zimmermanni (Hopkins), 765, 769 XYLOTERINl, 745 Xyloterinus Swaine, 68, 745 " politus (Say), 745 XYLOTEROIDEAE, 745 Xylotenis Erichson, 746 " retusus LeConte (Trypodendron), 750 " scabricollis LeConte (Trypodendron), 748 " unicolor Eichhoff, 745 GREAT BASIN NATURALIST MEMOIRS Editor. Stephen L. Wood, Department of Zoology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602. Editorial Board. Kimball T. Harper, Botany, chairman; James R. Barnes, Zoology; Stanley L. Welsh, Botany; Clayton M. White, Zoology. Ex Officio Editorial Board Members. A. Lester Allen, Dean, College of Biological and Agricul- tural Sciences; Ernest L. Olson, Director, Brigham Young University Press, University Editor. The Great Basin Naturalist was founded in 1939 by Vasco M. Tanner. It has been published from one to four times a year since then by Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. In gener- al, only previously unpublished manuscripts of less than 100 printed pages in length and per- taining to the biological and natural history of western North America are accepted. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs was established in 1976 for scholarly works in biological natu- ral history longer than can be accommodated in the parent publication. The Memoirs appears irregularly and bears no geographical restriction in subject matter. Manuscripts are subject to the approval of the editor. Subscriptions. The annual subscription to the Great Basin Naturalist is $12 (outside the United States $13). The price for single numbers is $4 each. All back numbers are in print and are available for sale. All matters pertaining to the purchase of subscriptions and back num- bers should be directed to Brigham Young University, Life Science Museum, Provo, Utah 84602. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs may be purchased from the same office at the rate indicated on the inside of the back cover of either journal. Scholarly Exclianges. Libraries or other organizations interested in obtaining either journal through a continuing exchange of scholarly publications should contact the Brigham Young University Exchange Librarian, Harold B. Lee Library, Provo, Utah 84602. Manuscripts. All manuscripts and other copy for either the Great Basin Naturalist or the Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs should be addressed to the editor as instructed on the back NOTICE TO CONTRIBUTORS Original manuscripts in English pertaining to the biological natural history of western North America and intended for publication in the Great Basin Naturalist should be directed to Brigham Young University, Stephen L. Wood, Editor, Great Basin Naturalist, Provo, Utah 84602. Those intended for the Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs should be similarly directed, but these manuscripts are not encumbered by a geographical restriction. Manuscripts. Two copies of manuscripts are required. They should be typewritten, double spaced throughout on one side of the paper, with margins of at least one inch on all sides. Use a recent issue of either journal as a format, and the Council of Biology Editors Style Manual, Third Edition (AIBS 1972) in preparing the manuscript. An abstract, about 3 percent as long as the text, but not exceeding 200 words, written in accordance with Biological Abstracts guidelines, should precede the introductory paragraph of each article. Authors may recom- mend one or two reviewers for their article. All manuscripts receive a critical peer review by specialists in the subject area of the manuscript under consideration. Manuscripts that are accepted and that are less than 100 printed pages in length will auto- matically be assigned to the Great Basin Naturalist. Those manuscripts larger than 100 print- ed pages in length will be considered for the Memoirs series. Illustrations and Tables. All illustrations and tables should be made with a view toward having them appear within the limits of the printed page. Illustrations that form part of an ar- ticle should accompany the manuscript. Illustrations should be prepared for reduction by the printer to either single-column (2% inches) or double-column (5V2 inches) width, with the length not exceeding IV2 inches. Costs Borne by Contributor. Contributors to the Great Basin Naturalist should be prepared to donate from $10 to $30 per printed page towards publication of their article (in addition to reprint costs outlined in the schedule below). Authors publishing in the Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs may be expected to contribute $35 per printed page in addition to the cost of the printed copies they purchase. No printed copies are furnished free of charge. A price list for reprints and an order form are sent with the galley proofs to contributors. Reprint Schedule of the Great Basin Naturalist 100 copies 200 copies 300 copies 2 pp. 4 pp. 6 pp. 8 pp. 10 pp. 12 pp. Each $20 $24 $28 $32 $36 $40 additional 28 32 36 40 44 48 2 pp. 36 40 44 48 52 56 $4 Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs No. 1 The birds of Utah. By C. L. Hayward, C. Cottam, A. M. Woodbury, H. H. Frost. $10. No. 2 Intermountain biogeography: a symposium. By K. T. Harper, J. L. Reveal, et al. $15. No. 3 The endangered species: a symposium. $6. No. 4 Soil-plant-animal relationships bearing on revegetation and land reclamation in Nevada deserts. $6. No. 5 Utah Lake monograph. $8. No. 6 The bark and ambrosia beetles of North and Central America (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), a taxonomic monograph. $60. 1-82 2.5M 53982 Date Due NOV 3 0 1983 jm-ip 3 2044 072 231 368