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A QUARTERLY RECORD OF

CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY

AND ITS LITERATURE.

Edited by M. C. COOKE, M.A., A.L.S.,

Author of “ Handbook of British Fungi," “ Fungi, their uses." «j’c.,
“ Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould, ” §c., tfc.

YOL. X.

1881-82.

Williams and norgate,

HENRIETTA STREET, COYENT GARDEN, LONDON;
SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

LEIPZIG ! F. A. BROCKHAUS* NEW YORK : WESTERMANN & COi

H. W. WOLFF, PRINTER, LEWES,

No. 53.J

[September, 1881.

(fmtlLa,

A QUARTERLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

PERSONAL NOTICE.

Subscribers are requested to excuse delay in this number. The
unfortunate, sudden, and severe illness of the Editor was the cause,
and his temporary loss of the use of the right arm, added to the con-
dition of the head, made it quite impossible to obviate the delay.
It is hoped that he will be able to resume with the next number.

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

By Charles B. Plowright.

The subject of mimicry in the various kingdoms of Nature is
one of great interest, especially since the evolutionist has shown its
importance to the well-being, or even perhaps almost to the
existence of certain specific forms. It may be that the more
striking manifestations of protective mimicry are to be found in
the animal kingdom, but all mimicry is not protective, neither is it
by any means confined to the animal kingdom.

Few, and comparatively feeble, have, up to the present, been
the attempts made by mycologists to unravel the mysteries of these
phenomena, as they are presented to us in the vast range of
species which are included under the name of fungi. At any rate,
however, so important is the subject of mimicry to the philoso-
phical naturalist that almost any attempt to indicate the more im-
portant instances of it, as presented by these low forms of vege-
table life, can hardly fail to be interesting, however clumsy may
be the effort.

In working upon such a subject, as the one before us, it is
exceedingly difficult to avoid being led away by the imagination
beyond the limits of reason, to fancy forms which do not exist, and
to see similarities where there are none.

Mr. W. G. Smith, in the Gardeners' Chronicle , and Dr. M. C.
Cooke, in Grevillea , have both written papers upon this subject, but

1

2

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

the remarks of these writers bear chiefly upon the mimicry of one
species of fungus by an other (interfungal mimicry). This only
touches the fringe of the subject, and rather trenches upon the
question of what is entitled to rank as a species, and what as a
variety. Now this is a highly important question, especially to
the fungologist, for he labours amongst a group of organisms so
extensive that no one man can ever hope to master them as
individuals. They are forms of organic life to which the most
rabid opponents of evolution have never yet suggested the possi-
bility of applying the test of hybridization for the differentiation of
species. Perhaps there is no group of organisms more calculated
to shake one’s belief in the permanency of species than the one
under consideration. But to return to the subject of mimicry.

In the whole range of species included in the Agaricini , in only
a few instances do we find species protecting themselves by
mimicking the plants and objects upon or amongst which they
grow. Of the hundreds of agarics which grow amongst grass,
in pastures, on lawns, or by road sides, two and two only have
a green colour, viz., Agaricus ceruginosus. Curt., and Agaricus
odorus , Bull. ; and it is noteworthy that these are almost the only
two bright green agarics known, the total number of agarics, with
any shade of green about them at all, being very small. Now in
the first named species (A. ceruginosus ) the green colour is not
permanent, for it disappears pari passu with the maturation of the
plant. Young specimens have a vivid enough colour, it is true, but
then it is relieved by dead white floccose scales, which are, how-
ever, evanescent, and have all disappeared by the time the fungus
has assumed its whitish yellow hue of maturity. One can hardly
say, then, that this species has been very succe:-sful in mimicking
its grassy surroundings, if even it would by so doing gain any
advantage in the struggle for existence. With the other agaric
(A. odorus ) it is quite different, for it more closely simulates its
surroundings. Its colour is not aerunginous, but a much quieter
shade of green, and it has the odour of “new mown hay,” i.e., of
Athoxanthum odoratum. It is worth noting that of these two green
agarics, one is edible and the other poisonous. The other
instances of agarics, simulating their surroundings, are found
principally amongst the Derminii , especially amongst the Hebelomce,
where the humbler shades, brown, grey, or black, are common.
The great majority of agarics, however, on the contrary, contrast
strikingly with their surroundings, white, red, yellow, pink, violet,
orange, and indeed almost every imaginable hue, excepting green. -
One cannot but be struck with this fact, and conclude that the
fungi must derive an advantage from it in some way analogous to
flowering plants. Unfortunately this is only a surmise, as we
know almost nothing of the physiology of the reproduction of the
Hymenomycetes ; and hitherto attempts made by experimentalists
at growing these fungi from their spores have been failures. Mr.
W. G. Smith, however, has pointed out the strong probability, to

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

3

say the least, of the existence of a bisexuality in the hymenia of
agarics, in which he regards the spores as the female element, and
cystidia as the male. Now if subsequent observation should
confirm this important discovery, which no one has as yet dis-
proved, or even seriously called in question, we at once obtain a
clue to the advantages likely to accrue to fungi from the visits of
insects and the consequent interchange of reproductive elements.
If insects can carry pollen from the anthers of phanerogams, they
can assuredly carry the spores or spermatiaof cryptogams.

But in the event of the sexuality of the Hymenomycetes being
disproved, there remains another fact in connection with the
germinative energy of fungus spores, and the vitality of certain
species which must be born in mind. On the first appearance of a
fungus in a new locality, it often grows with great vigour, and
occurs in great abundance, but in the course of a few years it
gradually declines, and may disappear altogether. To take a
recent example, Puccinia malvacearum , Corda, was described and
figured by Corda,* in 1854 ; and also by Montagne,f in 1856, from
Chili. In June and July, 1873, it appeared for the first time in
this country, and in the course of a short time devasted our holly-
hocks, and also spread to our common species of Malva to such an
extent that in the autumn scarcely a plant of M. sylvestris could
be found without its foliage being destroyed by the fungus. At
the present time it is by no means so common a fungus, and our
gardeners have ceased to dread it as “ the hollyhock disease.”
Puccinia Apii, Corda, is another instance. This fungus appeared
first in this country in the autumn of 1866-7, on the cultivated
celery, causing much mischief to the plant. We never see it now
upon the celery in gardens, although it is occasionally met with
upon the wild celery {Apium graveolens).

It is well-known to practical brewers that by using yeast over
and over again its efficacy becomes impaired to such an extent
that it becomes useless. Under these circumstances, according to
an established custom of the trade, an exchange of yeast with some
other brewery is effected. Why a yeast which is languid in one place
should in another, where it is apparently grown under exactly the
same conditions, become active, it is difficult off-hand to say, but
the fact remains that a change of locality does invigorate the
growth of fungi.

Although instances of agarics, simulating their surroundings, in
appearance are comparatively few, yet many of the larger Pezizce
do this. In turning over the plates of Cooke’s Mycographia I was
struck by this. Now the Pezizce, compared with agarics, enjoy a
great immunity from insect depredation, and the manner in which
the Elvellacei disseminate their spores seems to be connected
with this. The sporidia of the larger Pezizce are expelled by

* “ Corda leones,” vi., p. 4, t. i., f. 12.

t “ Montagne Sylloge.,” p. 314.

4

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

the rupture or sudden opening of the upper end of the asci,
which seems to be induced when their tension has attained a
certain point — the bursting strain. As each ascus ruptures, it
relieves the tension of the whole hymenium to an extent equal
to its own diameter, the next ascus does not give way
until the requisite tension has been regained. Of course the
integrity of the cup forms an important element in the produc-
tion of this tension, hence the advantage to Pezizce of availing
themselves of protective mimicry to guard against external
injury. This seems further borne out by the fact that the only
markedly odouriferous Peziza amongst our British species ( P .
venosa , Pers.) has the concavity of its hymenium broken by promi-
nent ridges.

The honey secreted by the flowers of phanerogamous plants is, of
course, the source of attraction to insects, but this inducement
does not exist in fungi. The advantages which are derived by
flowering plants from fertilization by pollen from another indi-
vidual of the same species are probably equalled by an interchange
of reproductive elements amongst fungi, and we here find an ex-
planation of many facts that are otherwise inexplicable. Although
there is no honey to be obtained from fungi, still there are advan-
tages to be gained by the visiting insects. The larger Hymenomy-
cetes are well calculated to afford abundant food to insect larvae, and
the rapidity with which the fleshy species disappear before the
voracious appetites of their numberless tenants shows that insects
fully avail themselves of this source of nutriment for their off-
spring. But larvae do not feed on all fungi with equal avidity. The
majority of agarics are so attacked ; some species, such as
Agaricus rubescens, can hardly ever be found without their bar-
rows somewhere about it, either in the pileus, in the stem, or espe-
cially in the bulb. Most of the Russules are greedily devoured —
even such acrid species as R. emetica and fragilis. The Lactarii ,
on the other hand, enjoy a comparative immunity from insect depre-
dation compared with other fungi. Insects find their way even
into subterranean fungi. I have frequently raked up Hymeno-
gasters and found them full of active larvae. Messrs. Berkeley
and Broome,* speaking of Tuber bituminatum, B. and Br., say —
“ Some of the specimens were attacked by worms (larvae ?), the
flesh of which became quite black when dry.” Tuber cibarvm is
often preyed upon by a species of Liodes, f to which fungus Aniso-
toma cinnamonea is also said to be attached.

Many beetles live in the larger Polyporei and in Sclerodeimna — '
Cis Boleti for example. Dr. T. A. Chapman has described J the
life history of a small beetle — Abdera bifasciata , Marsh — which

*“ Berkeley and Broome Annals.” Nat. Hist. Series, ii. ; vol. vii, No.
581.

+ “ Berkeley English Flora,” vol. v, part 2, p. 228.

j Chapman, T. A. “Transactions of the Woolhope Club,” 1869 ; p. 161 ;
“ Entomological Monthly Magazine,” vol. vi, p. 259.

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

5

seems to be exclusively attached to Corticium quercinum , Fr. This
gentleman, to whom I am indebted for much valuable information,
says in a letter to me — “ The Coleoptera and Diptera attached to
fungi would probably amount to two hundred species of each. Then
you would find a contingent nearly as large of the ichneumons and
other parasites on these, and the predaceous beetles (chiefly
Staplylimes ) that devour them.”

The hymenium in the Phalloidei is moist and gelatinous, and Mr.
Berkeley says “ it affords a welcome food to multitudes of flies.” *
It is difficult to see how the spores of these fungi become dissemi-
nated of their own accord. The spores of our three principal
British species measure 5 mikromillimeters in length by about 2
mk. in width ; they are, in fact, very small spores, smaller than the
Bacillus anthracis which Koch says “may be as long as 20 mk.,
and as thick as 1 to 1-25 mk.”f Every one who has seen any of
the Phalloidei g rowing must have noticed the cloud of flies that are
always attracted to them, and there can be little doubt that the
flies here act the part — to a great extent, at any rate — of spore
diffusers.

Many species of Ustilaginei are confined to the interior of
the ovary, or to the seeds of plants such as Tilletia caries , Tul.;
Ustilago receptaculorum , Fr. ; U. utriculosa, Tul. ; U. urceolorum ,
Tul.; U. olivacea, Tub; U. montag nei, Tub ; Soiosporium sapo-
narice , Reed ; Thecaphora hyalina , Fing., &c. Most of these
have extremely small spores, which could be carried as easily
as pollen grains by insects from an infected to a healthy
plant. Anyone who has watched bees must have observed how
they visit flower after flower, and that they will light upon flowers
which appear to us to have passed long since their honey-bearing
stage. One is almost tempted to ask how else could the anthers
of Silene and Lychius become affected with Ustilago antherarum ,
Fr., unless the spores be implanted upon them by insects, when
every other part of the plant appears to be perfectly healthy.

We have seen, then, that insects visit fungi fa) to deposit their
eggs, where the young larvae shall find suitable and abundant food ;
(h) for the purpose of obtaining food themselves.

Let us now see what attractions fungi offer insects as induce-
ments to visitation. These appear to be of two kinds — (1), external
appearances; (2), odours, agreeable and otherwise. The outward
appearance of the larger fungi is, as we have already seen, usually
in contrast with their surroundings, as anyone who has gathered
mushrooms in a meadow will readily admit ; but, more than this,
there are many instances in which fungi mimic other objects with
great felicity, especially objects from the animal kingdom, either
parts of animals or animal excrements.

* “ Berkeley Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany,” p. 347.

t “ Koch on Traumatic Infectious Diseases.” Translated by W. Watson
Cheyne ; New Sydenham Society, 1880, p. 58.

6

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

Vegetable Semblances. — There are some few vegetable

mimicries that it will be convenient to take first, as they are not
numerous. If Mr. Fitche’s figure of Balanophora involucrata ,
Hook.,# can be relied upon to the extent his figures usually can, a
more striking resemblance to Agaricus muscarius , Linn., can hardly
be imagined. The colour of the pileus, with the white warts upon
it, the white stem and volva of the fungus, here find their counter-
parts so accurately delineated that the uninitiated can hardly be
persuaded he is not looking at the representation of a specimen of
A. muscarius which has just burst its volva, until the letterpress be
referred to.

Of Hygrophorus calyptrceformis , B. & Br., Mr. Berkeley f says
— “ The young pileus has a great resemblance to the internal
bractea of an artichoke just before expansion.”

The young plant of Hydnum coralloides, Scop., bears consider-
able resemblance to a cauliflower, as was long ago pointed out by
Persoon. J

Tremella moriformis, Berk., receives its name from its likeness
to a mulberry, which is heightened by its communicating a violet
stain “ to whatever the plant touches.”

Exidia glandulosa , Fr., especially in damp weather, mimics
most accurately of all the Tremellce — the common Nostoc. Any-
one who has seen Licea fragi formis, Fr. ( Tubulina cylindrica ,
Bull.) just before maturity must have been struck by its resem-
blance to a ripe strawberry.

Animal Semblances. — It is unnecessary to do more than indi-
cate the semblance which the name of Cynophallus implies ; but
it is worthy of notice that, although flies feed greedily upon its
hymenium, it rarely if ever falls a prey to their larvie. The
peculiar structure of the stem is not totally unlike the Corpus
cavernosum of the anatomht. It is remarkable amongst the
Phalloidei for being nearly scentless.

Clathrus cancellatus , Mich. When Mr. Broome found this
fungus in an advanced state in Italy, he was struck by the resem-
blance it bore to the entrails of some animal. He says in a letter
to me — “ It was when in a state of decay the meshes appeared to
elongate, and to form an intricate foetid mass. I forget the cir-
cumstance of the flies hovering over it but no doubt they did so
from its horrible odour.”

Ncematelia encephala , Fr., Mr. Berkeley || says, “ looks like the
brain of some animal,” and anyone who is acquainted with it will,
agree with him.§

* “ Berkeley Outlines of British Fungology,” pi. ii, fig. 8.

f “ Berk. Annals Nat. Hist,” No. 3j May, 1838, p. 199, No. 63.

j “ Persoon Synopsis,” p. 564.

|| “ Berkeley Outlines,” p. 290.

§A striking resemblance to brain matter amongst the cryptogamia is
found in Dasxjgltea amorpha, Berk. This curious Nostoc-like Alga, is not
uncommonly found in this country, and has been brought to me with the

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

7

The well-known Fistnlina hepatica , Fr., affording, as it does,
one of the best instances of animal mimicry amongst fungi, is
peculiarly interesting, from the fact that, at different periods of its
growth, it mimics two separate animal structures with great
fidelity. In its young state, soon after it has made its appear-
ance, it is light red in colour, and has the shape, size and colour of
the human tongue ; and, moreover, it has its upper surface studded
with numerous darker, prominent papillae, exactly as the before-
mentioned organ has. Here the external likeness ceases ; but if
a section be made, the alternately darker and lighter lines which
radiate and diverge from its base recall to the anatomist’s mind the
fasciculi of the genio-hyo-glossus muscle of the above organ. As
the fungus approaches maturity, it increases in size and loses its
light red colour, becoming darker, and at length reddish brown. Its
upper surface gradually gets less firm in consistency, while from its
under side are exuded drops of a red fluid. It now looks exactly
like the liver of some animal from which blood is dripping.

Peziza leporina , Batsch, bears some resemblance to the ear of
a rabbit or hare, especially is this the case with a variety which
grows in fir woods. I have gathered this condition more than once
near King’s Lynn.

The resemblance of Morchella Smithiana, Cooke, and other
morells in a less marked degree, to a mass of honey comb, both in
form and colour is considerable, and it is not lost until the size of
the cells be taken into account. These fungi are especially subject
to insect depredation.

Thamnomyces hippotrichioides, Ehrb. resembles a tangled mass
of black horse hair.

Excrementitious Semblances. Many instances of these are
afforded by the Myxomycetes in their young state. For example,
JEthalium septicum, Fr. ( Fuligo varians Sornm.), looks very like
a small portion of recent human odoure, as do the earliest stages of
some of the Trichice. Immature specimens of Reticularia maxima,
Fr. ( Brefeldia maxima, Fr.), and spumaria alba, Bull , have a
decidedly faeculent appearance. The most striking resemblance to
dung amongst the Myxomycetes is, however, afforded by Lindbladia
effusa, Fr., to patches of cow dung. So remarkable is this simi-
larity that upon one occasion when I was directed by an eminent
Scottish mycologist to search for this fungus upon the sawdust at
Botliiemurchus, and told its similarity, yet when I arrived at the
spot I actually passed over several specimens of Lindbladia , care-
fully avoiding them, thinking they were cow droppings.*

query, “What Tremella is this? Or is it the brain of some animal?”
The likeness is enhanced by the presence of bands of thickened tissue,
which one might take for pia mater, intersecting, as they do, the
opalescent semi-gelatinous structure of the plant.

* It is a curious coincidence that upon both Lindbladia effusa and upon
cow dung two Siilba occur (S. globosum and S. fimetarium), which bear
much resemblance to each other in form and colour, but not in size.

8

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

Scleroderma vulgare , Fr. is very like, at first sight, lumps of
horse dung.

Fungoid Odours. Before speaking of the odours of various sub-
stances that are mimicked by fungi, it is advisable to make a few
remarks upon the subject generally. In the first place there are
many persons who are to a greater or lesser degree odour blind.
Neither is there any means of accurately measuring, either the ex-
tent or quality of odours. To some persons an odour may be in-
tensely offensive, while others can hardly appreciate it, or may in-
deed, question its existence altogether. Again, odours which are
unpleasant to some persons are to others agreeable. The power of
smell is possessed, as is well known, much more perfectly by some
of the lower animals, for by it the Carnivora , track their prey in a
manner totally beyond the ability to do so possessed by any human
being. Hence, although we may be unable to detect an odour in
any particular fungus, it by no means follows that that fungus is
odourless. In the same way some sounds are inaudible to certain
ears, for example, some persons cannot hear the cry of the bat
which is heard readily enough by most persons. Having no stan-
dard by which fungous odours can be accurately compared, mycolo-
gists have adopted the following, among many other, arbitrary
terms for indicating the observable presence or otherwise of odours
in fungi : odour strong, odour unpleasant, odour offensive, and the
like. When a number of persons are asked to liken the odour of
any fungus to some known smell, the most diverse similitudes are
often given. The majority of persons unaccustomed to smelling
fungi for diagnostic purposes will say it smells “like a fungus” or
else “ like a mushroom.” A specimen of Agaricus gliocephalus, Fr.
was once sent to an eminent British fungologist who compared its
odour to that 11 of rotting broad beans/1 Another Agaricus ameides ,
B, and Br. is said by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome “ to resemble a
mixture of orange flower water and starch,”* while Mr. Berkeley
says, Agaricus alcalinus, Fr., has “ a pungent odour like fermented
or putrid walnuts. ”f From these complex comparisons it is clear
that the difficulty of correctly and concisely describing the odour
of many fungi is very great.

Of the 452 species of Agaricus included in Cooke’s “ Handbook of
British Fungi,” 83 species or 18 percent, have their odours men-
tioned for diagnostic reasons, but it does not follow that the re-
mainder are without smell, for such marked odoriferous species as
A. campestris , Linn. ; A. meleagiis , Sow ; A. rimosus, Bull., &c., are
passed over without any allusion being made to this character. In
the genus Lactarius, the percentage is 12, while in Trametes it
rises to 75, but this is an exceptional genus. Of the 20 species of
the Hypogei 40 per cent, are mentioned as odoriferous, while in
the Tuberacei it rises to 55 per cent. To illustrate the manner in

* Berkeley and Broome, “ Ann. Nat. His.” 1865, No. 999.

t “ Berk. English Flora,” vol. v, pt. 2, p. 58.

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

9

which the odours of fungi are indicated the subjoined extracts
from the Handbook will be useful.

Hypogaei (20 species). Odours noticed in eight species as
under : —

1045* The smell is just like the pungent odour of some Ichneumon
or small bee.

1046 The smell was slight.

1048 Abominable smell, which resembles that of assafsetida.

1050 Smell at first like of that of some Hypericum , then exactly
that of a decaying puff-ball.

1052 The smell is very much like that of 1048 when old, but when
young it has an acid smell like that of sour ham.

1054 Smell very slight.

1060 Smell like that of Lactarius iheiogalus.

1061 Smell like that of Lad. theiogalus.

Tuberacei (27 species). Odour noticed in fifteen species : —

2237 Odour strongly alliaceous.

2238 Odour bituminous and very strong of horse radish.

2239 Odour faintly aromatic.

2241 Smell at length rather disagreeable.

2242 The odour is said by Vittadini to be strong and nauseous.

2243 Odour, when recent, nauseous.

2244 Odour of the radish.

2245 With little odour.

' 2246 Had a very strong odour.

2248 Smell in some specimens like that of an agaric, in others

strong and nauseous.

2249 Has a strong smell like that of rotting seaweed.

2251 The smell is very strong and disagreeable, resembling that
of 1048.

2255 Smell strong.

2258 Odour faint not peculiar.

2259 The smell is very powerful.

No mention is made of the smell of Tuber cestivum, which is very
peculiar and penetrating, especially after it has been kept in a close
atmosphere for a few hours.

The above list contains several examples of fungi, mimick-
ing the odours of various substances, such as sour ham,
radishes, assafaetida, insects and the like. The question naturally
presents itself, of what use can these odours be to the fungi ?
These subterranean species are protected by the mode of growth
from many accidents to which other fungi are liable, yet
they are at a considerable disadvantage on the score of spore dis-
semination. It is quite true that many of them are not absolutely
subterranean throughout the whole course of their existence, but
for every single individual found above ground at least a score are

* The numbers are those of the species in Cooke’s “ Handbook of British
Fnngi,” p. 355 to 363 and p. 738 to 750.

10

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

found buried some inches below it. A fungus which lives and dies
below ground has but a very poor chance of scattering its spores
compared to other fungi. It is true that insect larvae are con-
stantly found it these fungi, but the chance of a volant insect
emerging from a hypogean fungus and carrying with it spores that
still retain their power of germination can be but slight. But
we do find these subterranean species eagerly sought for by animals
notably by pigs, and also by the smaller rodents.

Mr. Broome has found Hypogcei * gathered up by one of the field
mice. He did u not see the animal, but it was evident from the runs
(underground), which converged to the store that the animal had
collected them.” It was not unreasonable to suppose that the
spores of these fungi should retain their power of gemination
after having passed through the intestinal canal of these animals,
when we consider how abundantly mushrooms are produced upon
horse dung. In fact some fungologists go so far as to say that
the spores of Agaricus campestris will not produce active mycelium
unless they have been subjected to this treatment.

Fungal Odour-mimicry. — Not only do the vast majority of
fungi possess peculiar and in many instances characteristic odours
of their own, but we find them mimicking the odours of other vege-
tables, of animals, and also of other substances.

Confining ourselves to British species we have the following
examples. These, although perhaps now collected for the first time
are not mere fanciful similitudes jotted down on the spur of the '
moment, but are almost all of them given in our standard text-
books of fungology, and have been recognised as long as the
species themselves have.

Vf.getable Odour-mimicries. — The odour of melilot ^Melt-
lotus officinalis , Linn.) is possessed powerfully and persistently by
Lactarius camphor atus, Fr. ; Hydnuni graveolens, Dell; and Hyd-
num tomentosum , Linn.

The odour of aniseed ( Pimpiuella anisum) is possessed by
Agaricus fragrans , Sow. ; Trametes suaveolens , Fr. ; T. odora, Fr. ;
jPolypomts salicinus, Fr. ; and Hydnum suaveolens, Scop.

The odour of field-mint ( Mentha arvensis, L.) is possessed by
Lentinus Vulpinus, Fr.

The odour of tarragon {Artemesia dracunculus, L.) is possessed
by Agaricus euosmus, Berk.

The odour of peppermint ( Mentha piperita, Huds.) is pos-
sessed, as well as the taste, by Eygrophorus aromaticus, Berk.

The odour of garlic ( Allium sativum ) is possessed by Maras-
mius porreus , Fr., and M. scorodonius, Fr.

The odour of radishes ( Raphanis sativus) is possessed, as well as
the taste, by Agaricus put us, Pers. Tuber puberulum, B. & Br., has
the same odour.

* Octaviania asterosperma, Yitt., the quotation is from a letter Mr.
Broome sent me on the subject.

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

11

The odour of horse radish ( Cochlearia armoracea , L.) is pos-
sessed by Tuber bituminatum , B. & Br.

The odour of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is possessed by Agari-
cus ( Naucoria ) Cucumis , Pers.

The odour of ripe apricots ( Prunus armeniaca) is possessed by
Cantharellus cibarius, Fr.

The odour of rotting pears (Pyr us communis) is possessed by
Agaricus pyriodorus, Pers.

Pilacre Peter sii, B. & Curt., and Hysterangium nephriticum ,
Berk., in its young state, smell like “ some Hypericum.”

Agaricus frumentaceus, Bull., and 15 other species of the genus
Agaricus, enumerated in the “ Handbook,” smell like new meal or
flour, or have a farinaceous odour.

Animal Odour-mimicries. — Agaricus incanus , Fr., has the
odour of mice ( Mus musculus).

Agaricus (Nolanea) pisciodorus, Ces.) has the odour of putrid fish
(rancid herring).*

Hygrophorus russo-coriaceus , B. & Br., has the odour of Russian
leather.

Rhizopogon rubescens , Tul., “ has when young an acid smell like
that of sour ham.”

Hygrophorus cossus, Fr., has the smell of the larvaa of the goat
moth (Cossus ligniperda).

Lactarius quietus , Fr., and L. cyatliula , Fr., have the odour of
the common house bug (Cimex lenticularis).

Odours of Chemical Compounds. — Agaricus sulfureus , Bull.,
and A. lascivius, Fr., have the odour of gas- tar water.

Agaricus radicosus, Bull., has the odour of hydrocyanic acid

(HCN).

Peziza venosa, Pers., has the odour of nitric acid (HN03).

Agaricus alcalinus, Fr., A. nidorosus, Fr., and Hygrophorus
nitratus , Fr., have odours closely resembling a dilute state of nitric
oxide (NO).

Marasmius fcetidus , Fr., has exactly the odour of Cacodyle f
(C H*| 2 As.).

What advantage it should be to a fungus to stimulate the
smell of such poisonous substances as prussic and nitric acids
it is very difficult to imagine, unless it be for protective pur-
poses. But the fact that they do so is well known to all mycolo-
gists. The other odours — namely, of vegetable and animal

* This it has in common with A. nigripes, Trog., a species not yet re-
corded in Britain. A. 'pisciodorus is by no means an uncommon species, but
it is often confounded with A. cucumis, from which it differs both in the
colour of its spores and in its smell.

t Cacodyle or Arsendimethyl is an extremely poisonous substance, which
is prepared by heating arsenious oxide with potassium acetate. It has a
most disagreeable garlic-like smell. I have never yet come across any
other fungologist who was acquainted with this compound, but the odour
of it, to my mind, exactly resembles that of Marasmius fcetidus.

12

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

substances — are most probably attractive to insects, for Sir John
Lubbock, with whom I communicated on the subject, was kind
enough to inform me that “ there can be no doubt that insects
possess the power of smell ; ” and I believe the same opinion is
held by other entomologists.

Luminosity. — Dr. T. A. Chapman tells me “ there are some
1 60 species of the Dipterous family, Mycetophilidce , many of which
live in rotten wood, or rather on the mycelium in it, as many beetles
do.’' Now, there is a well-known property of some mycelia which
they possess in common with certain insects — viz., luminosity, the
the advantage of which to the fungus is very difficult to perceive.
That this is advantageous to myceliophagus insects is obvious, but
it would seem rather detrimental than otherwise to the mycelium.
It is possible, however, that the depredations of myceliophagus
insects are more than compensated for by the advantages accruing
to the fungus possessing luminous mycelium from the visits of
non-myceliophagus insects bringing with them a fresh stock of
germinating or re-vivifying spores. Whether subsequent obser-
vation will bear out this suggestion or not, the fact remains that
certain fungi and certain mycelia especially possess the property of
luminosity in common with certain insects.

That flies are able to transport the spores of fungi, if it has not
yet been actually demonstrated, is rendered exceedingly probable
from their ability to convey other low forms of vegetable life. The
terrible disease, anthrax, has long been known to occasionally
originate from the bite of a fly, and it has always been supposed
the fly must previously have visited some diseased or putrefying
animal matter. Yirchow and Bourgeois consider that the infection
may be communicated by their soiled wings and feet, although
mostly it is held that a puncture by the fly’s probosces is necessary.
The last named gentleman (Bourgeois) has seen the disease pro-
duced by the puncture of a gadfly, which came out of a fleece of
wool.*

The recent researches of M. Pasteur have demonstrated that
anthrax is due to the presence in the blood of Bacillus anthracis
(an organism, be it remembered, that sometimes attains a length
four times greater than that of the spores of Phallus impudicus') .
A fly settling upon the body of an animal recently dead from this
disease, or sucking the blood from one yet alive suffering from it,
would constitute a most effectual means of transmitting it to the
next animal or man which it punctured with its probosces. f

Intekfungal Mimicries. — There are several well marked in-
stances of this, the mere enumeration of which will recall them to
mycologists ; such as Agaricus atratus , Fr., and Cantharellus car-

* Aitken, “ Science and Practise of Medicine,” 1863, Yol. i, p. 689.

t M. Pasteur has still more recently shown that earth-worms are
capable of transmitting Bacillus anthracis from the buried bodies of
infected animals to the surface of the ground, and that sheep feeding upon
the place contracted and died from anthrax.

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI

13

bonatius , A. & S. ; Aqaricus naucinus, Fr. and Agaricus cretaceus ,
Fr. The branched Clavarice and Lachnocladium , the club -shaped
Clavarice, and Geoglossum or Torrubia , Podaxon , and Co prinus .*
Scleroderma geaster , Fr., mimics the Geasters, while conversely
an unexpanded specimen of Geaster coliformis. P., looks so exactly
like a washed specimen of Scleroderma vulgare , Fr., that I once
had such an one in my possession for more that a week without
discovering what it was.

I have no special remarks to make on the present occasion upon
these curious .resemblances, leaving what I may have to say for a
future communication ; but a very remarkable series of mimicries
exists which must be mentioned — namely, that which exists be-
tween many edible and poisonous fungi. The number of accidents
which have happened from eating poisonous, in mistake for^ edible
fungi, many of which have been followed by a fatal result, shows
that this mimicry is not a mere figment of the imagination. These
lamented accidents have cast an opprobrium upon the whole fungus
kingdom as articles of food, which is quite unmerited. The sub-
joined table shows at a glance, these mimicries, although there
may be some species included with the poisonous species whose
toxic qualities enthusiastic fungophagists may take exception to on
the ground that they have never yet caused death : —

Edible Species.
Agaricus caesarius, Scop.
Agaricus ovoideus, Bull.
Agaricus rubescens, Fr.
Agaricus procerus, Scop.
Agaricus ostreatus, Jacq.
Agaricus campestris, Linn.

Lactarius deliciosus, Fr.
Russula lepida, Fr.

Russula alutacea, Fr.
Cantharellus cibarius, Fr.
Marasmius oreades, Fr.
Fistulina hepatica, Fr.

Poisonous Species.
Agaricus muscarius, Linn.
Agaricus phalloides, Fr.
Agaricus pantherinus, D.Q.
Agaricus rachodes, Vitt.
Agaricus euosmus, Berk.
Agaricus melaspermus, Bull.
Agaricus fastibilis, F'r.
Agaricus Taylori, Berk.
Lactarius torminosus, Fr.
Russula rubra, Fr.

Russula emetica, Fr.
Cantharellus aurantius, Fr.
Marasmius urens, Fr.
Polyporus quercinus, Fr.

It is not assumed that any of these species copy each other so
accurately as to present any difficulty to the scientific botanist in
discriminating them, but in most instances so close is the resem-
blance that the fungi must be gathered, and the colour of the
spores and other characters noticed, before a definite opinion can
be given. Of course objection will be taken to A. rachodes being
included with the poisonous species, as there are persons still
living who have eaten it. It is generally admitted, however, to be
greatly inferior to A. procerus. Mr. Berkeley holds that “ it is not

* See M. C. Cooke on Mimicry in Fungi, “ Grevillea,” Vol. ix, p. 151 ;
and W. G. Smith on Mimicry in Fungi, “ Gardener’s Chronicle,” 10th Feb.,
1877, and 16th Nov., 1872.

14

ON MIMICRY IN FUNGI.

so good for food as the last (A. procerus ), if really wholesome.”* * * §
Fries, too, in his latest book, says, “ Vix edulis. ”f Of the imi-
tators of the common mushroom three only are given ; none of
them are very accurate copyists, but as most of the accidents
which happen to the general public in this country arise from
mistaking other fungi for A. campestris, it is clear it has mimickers.
Aqaricus fasiibilis is given on the authority of Mr. W. G. Smith.J
A. melaspermus is one of the closest mimics, even to the dark ring
and separable cuticle. Lactarius torminosus and L. deliciosus fre-
quently grow in company with each other, and I have often pointed
out to my friends the impossibility, with some specimens, of
saying which was which without gathering them. Fistulina
hepatica and Polyporus quercinus would not have been in-
cluded in this list had not the mistake occurred in Mrs. Hussey’s
family of gathering and cooking the latter for the former. The
error was only detected by the intense bitter taste of the Poly-
porus and the brilliant yellow colour it assumed after salt had
been sprinkled upon it. §

Summary. — Instances of mimicry are not rare amongst fungi.
They are more frequently attractive than protective mimicries.
ri hey may be of vegetable, of animal, or of excrementitious sub-
stances, either as regards external appearance or as regards odour.
The main object of these mimicries is the attraction of insects, the
advantages of which to the plants are — (1) Either fertilization of
hymenomycetous spores by co-specific sperm atia from other indivi-
duals, of by the transportation of spores from the hymenium of
one fungus to that of another, or perhaps increased germinative
energy to the spores is obtained by the admixture of other co-specific
spores without the element of sexuality ; (2) the diffusion of
fungus spores by insects as well as by the larger animals.

King’s Lynn, 7th July, 1881.

THE CRYPTOGAMIC SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

The Seventh Annual Conference will be begun at Salen, Island
of Mull, on Tuesday, August 30, 1881. Fellows who purpose
being present may learn further on application to the Secretary
after August. — F. Buchanan White.

* Berkeley, “ Outlines,” p. 92.

t Fries, “ Hymenomycetes Europsei,” p. 29.

J Smith, “ Gardeners’ Chronicle,” 16th Nov., 1872.

§ Hussey, “ Illustrations of British Mycology,” Series I., pi. 52.

15

ALGA] AMERICAS BOREALIS EXSICCATA].
Farlow, Anderson, and Eaton.
Contents of Fasciculus IV.

131. Dasya subsecunda, Sulir.

132. Polysiphonia subtilissima, Mont.

133. Polysiphonia Harveyi, Bailey.

134. Polysiphonia secunda, Zan.

134. bis. Polysiphonia villum, J. Ag.

135. Polysiphonia variegata, Ag.

136. Bostrychia Montagnei, Harv.

137. Bostrychia calamistrata, Mont.

138. Bostrychia Sertularia, Mont.

1 39. Delesseria Hypoglossum, Lam. x.

140. Delesseria alata Lam. x.

141. Delesseria decipiens, J. Ag.

142. Gelidium rigidum, var. radicans J. Ag.

143. Rhabdonia tenera, J. Ag.

144. Hypnea musciformis, Lam. x.

145. Hypnea spinella, Kiitz.

146. Rhodophyllis Veprecula, J. Ag.

147. Chondrus canaliculatus, J. Ag.

148. Constantinea Sitchensis, J. Ag.

149. Catanella opuntia, J. Ag., var. pinnata.

150. Chrysymenia uvaria, J. Ag.

151. Spyridia filamentosa, Harv.

152. Nemastoma Californica, Farlow.

153. Callithamnion byssoideum, Am.

154. Callithamnion heteromorphum, J. Ag.

155. Callithamnion Pylaisaei, Mont.

156. Callithamnion floccosum, Ag.

157. Chantransia virgatula, Thuret.

158. Padina Durvillaei, Bory.

159. Taonia Schroederi, Ag.

160. Taonia Lennebackerae, Farlow .

161. Dictyota fasciola, Lam. x.

162. Castagnea Zosteraa, Thuret.

163. Mesogloia Andersonii, Farlow.

164. Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag.

165. Cladostephus verticillatus, Ag.

166. Desmarestia ligulata, Lam. x.

167. Myriotrichia filiformis, Harv.

168. Ectocarpus littoralis, Lyngh.
var. robustus, Farlow.

Caulerpa plumaris, Ag.

169.

1G ALGJE AMERICJE BOREALIS EXSICCATAS.

170. Caulerpa crassifolia, Ag.

var. Mexicana , Ag.

171. Yalonia utricularis, Ag.

172. Anadyomene flabellata, Lam. x.

173. Monostroma orbiculatum, Thuret.

174. Monostroma crepidinum, Farlow.

175. Chaetomorpha Linum, Kiitz.

176. Lyngbya aestuarii, Liebm.

var. ferruginea , Kiitz.

177. Oscillaria princeps, Vauch.

178. Spirulina tenuissima, Kiitz.

179. Poly cystis pallida, Thuret.

180. Gloeocapsa crepidinum, Thuret.

NOTES ON THE DISCOMYCETES.

By Dr. Geo. Winter.*

( Translated by W. Phillips, F.L.S.)

Being at the present time engaged in the investigation and
critical observation of the Discomycetes for my Fungus Flora, I
collect a number of notes, which, as they would claim too much
space in my work itself, I will publish here. I unite with this
preliminary publication, as I did with the first on the Uridines , a
request to Mycologists to convey to me any casual difference of
opinion, in order that precision and reliability may be thereby given
to my work. Living specimens of Discomycetes are also much
desired.

I. — While in the Ustilagos and Uridines no special difficulties
existed, in the majority of cases, in recognising the species of older
authors, in the Ascomycetes and particularly in the larger Dis-
comycetes, there is much more difficulty, nay, in many cases an im-
possibility, of forming a safe opinion as to what the older Mycolo-
gists meant by their species. This unsatisfactory state of things is
attributable to different facts.

In the next place it is a sufficiently well-known circumstance
that the older authors had not sufficient regard to the internal
structure (asci, sporidia and paraphyses) and did not make use of
it for distinguishing species. That this is of the greatest impor-
tance in the Discomycetes is now generally recognised.

Again, the difficulty of recognising the older species is often
increased through the very imperfect description and figuring, as it
also is by the fact that many authors have described a smaller
specimen as a new species. Truly does Fries say (“ Syst. Myco.,”

* a

Hedwigia,” May, 1881, p. 69.

NOTES ON THE D1SCOMYCETES .

17

ii., p. 51), “ Saepius inter Pezizas, non species, vix varietates, sed
individua describunt auctores.”

A third difficulty is this — that young specimens, in a partially
developed state, are really different in form, size, and colour, from
old specimens of the same species, in the groups Cupulares ,
Cochleatce, &c. These differences continue till the ripening of the
sporidia, and after, but when the sporidia were not formerly con-
sidered, it may have often happened that young specimens, destitute
of sporidia, were described as typical species, from which the older
and riper specimens considerably differed.

Finally, if we give up descriptions and figures, and resort to
original specimens we are met by an impediment which makes the
value of original specimens illusory. The larger Discomycetes , when
dried and pressed, are often useless for recognising form and colour.
Every one may convince himself that descriptions so made are
almost worthless if he will compare fresh living specimens with dried
and pressed specimens of one and the same species. Still form and
colour are important characters, if, moreover, the original in ques-
tion is gathered too early, not yet containing ripe sporidia, it is then
simply useless, in which case the hairiness, or the like, become very
characteristic — but the chief point lies in the following : it often
happens that two or more species of Peziza are externally very
similar, so that without examining the internal structure, they may
be looked upon as the same species, and were so looked upon in
early times. It may thus happen that if an example consists
of several pieces of earth, each piece may pertain to another species,
or that different species similar, as a rule, may grow on the same
piece. I will give an example.

There often grow, intermixed on our “ Molasse-sand,” three
Pezizce (in the old sense of that term) Peziza umbrosa , Feld.
(Cooke, “ Mycographia,” 138), P. trechispora , B. & Br. (l.c., 129],
and P. miniata , Fckl. — the latter small specimens, but quite
typical. The three are each red in colour, equal in size, similar in
form, and clothed with brown hairs. On more accurate examina-
tion the length and distribution of the hairs certainly appear different,
but this can easily be overlooked. Hence, it happens that all three
growing together on a small space of earth, and which, without
microscopical examination, might be easily taken to be identical,
are readily referred to different species by the aid of the sporidia.
Admitting that Fries, in establishing his Peziza umbrosa , had such
a piece of earth before him, and stored it up as the original of this
species, and that it has now to be established which red Peziza ,
with brown hairs, Fries intended by his Peziza umbrosa — the task
would be impossible.

If, now, we comprehend all the situation here set forth, the
difficulties which often oppose us in recognising the species of
Discomycetes in the older authors, the result is very discouraging
and perplexing and “ guter Rath theuer.”

Perhaps the following propositions will tend to the harmonising

2

18

NOTES ON THE DISCOMYCETES.

of Mycologists, and may, perhaps, serve, in some measure to remove
the difficulties.

Treating on the larger, fleshy Discomycetes , which are difficult to
preserve, with which it chiefly deals, we possess a work which is
justly known and maybe commended as excellent, namely Cooke’s
“ Mycographia.” Still this work is naturally not without mistakes
(what human work is ?), but everyone who has used this work, and
in addition, has tried to agree with it, will concur with me when I
point to it as useful in the highest degree as a labour performed in
a scientific spirit, and with great knowledge of the subject.

The greater part of the species, represented and described, are
either original specimens, or specimens purchased in published
dried collections. The latter especially, allow a judgement as to
the accuracy and reliability of the descriptions ; I have up to now
seldom had occasion in this respect to make corrections, yet on this
point just one word.

My view is that Cooke’s work will be universally considered as the
groundwork of our jurther investigations and observations in the
department of the Discomycetes with which it deals , and that Cooke’s
drawings will be regularly quoted , especially in dried collections, as
also in exchanges and in descriptions, and lists of Discomycetes.
Anyone will be able, easier than heretofore, to render a species
intelligible ; each individual Mycologist will by this means be in the
position with any species he may find to refer to a generally
accessable— I might call it — scheme of reference (Schema zuriick-
zufiihren) which, without recourse to anything further, will be
intelligible to all.

Should my proposition meet the concurrence of Mycologists, the
claim on them will occur to all to perfect Cooke’s work by con-
tributing to the correction of any errors, which would be to the
general benefit. I will make a beginning here, on my part, after
the example of Herr Dr. Rehm, who, in a praiseworthy and success-
ful manner, has some time since taken the lead.

In the first place, it may be allowed me to remark that the state-
ment in many places of the size of the sporidia is to be regarded as
the average size. Also that the sporidia of the Discomycetes, like
those of Ureda, are variable in size, and modified in outline. I
shall give the extreme measure in my work, such as I practically
find on examination, the same as I have already done in my work
on the Ustilagina and Ureda. Still some of Cooke’s statements
must depend on erroneous observations.

Peziza fusispora, Berk. (Rabh., “ Fung. Europ.,” 1812) has
sporidia from 24-26 mm. long, 9-10 mm. broad. Peziza convexula ,
Pers. (Fuckel, “ Fungi Rhen.,” 1875) the sporidia are narrowed at
both ends, while Cooke shows them broadly rounded. Peziza
Chateri, Smith (Rabh., “ Fung. Europ.” 1517) has sporidia from 16
to 17 mm. long, 10 mm. broad. The characteristic clothing of
hairs (represented well by Cooke) renders this always easily known, as
with the specimens of the species found at Berlin. Peziza pilifera,

NOTES ON THE DISCO MYCETES.

19

Cooke (“ Rehm. Ascom.,” 54) has altogether a different sporidium
than Cooke shows, presuming that I have before me the right
species in my description (in the u Flora,” 1872). My description
states there “ sporidiis subdistichis, oblong o-lanceolatis, continuis, 4
guttulis oleosis, hyalinis, 24-36 mik. lang, 7-9 mik. crass.” Cooke
represents the sporidia as elliptical, uniseriate, and gives their size
as 20 mm. long, 9 mm. broad. Perhaps two distinct species were
growing intermixed.

With regard to Peziza mirabilis , Borsze, the great similarity of
this fungus to the figure of Pezizi protracta in “ Gon. and Rabh.
Myco. Europ.,” Tab. i., Fig. 2, strikes every one. After all the
information communicated by Borszcow respecting his fungus, there
is no essential difference shown between it and Peziza protracta.
Sclerotinia baccata, Fuckel (“ Symb.,” p. 331), and Microstoma
hiemale, Bernst., are also indentical with these (“ Acta. Acad.
Leopold. Carol.,” 1852), so that this fungus has been described
four times as new ! The figure of Peziza leucomelas , Pers., by
Cooke, is not particularly successful ; that in Sturm’s “ Deutschl.
Flora,” is far more correet and beautiful ; there may be found, also,
a figure of this species in Persoon’s “ Mycologia Europaea,” iii.,
Tab. 30, Fig. 1, a, b, c, without, it is true, a corresponding,
account in the text.

A great confusion still prevails, especially in reference to Peziza
reticulata , venosa and aucilis. In April of this year I found Peziza
reticulata in different places about Zurich, and have also received it
from other places in Switzerland, so that about 30 living specimens
lie before me. The species is, in reference to size, form, and folds,
extraordinarily variable. I found five specimens growing near each
other measuring from 89 to 158 mill, across, strikingly differing
one from the other in form. While the largest specimen nearly
answered to the upper figure of “ Greville. Scott. Crypt.” Flora,
iii., Tab. 156. Another was about the shape of an umbrella,
that is, the cupula was strongly convex, its margin inclined down-
wards, the stem very long and thin, the disc furnished with delicate,
scarcely noticable, wrinkles. One specimen from Stein, on the
Rhine, had very much the form of Greville’s lower figure, being
about 150 mill, long, and nearly the same breadth, with extra-
ordinarily prominent narrow ribs. I found one near Zurich
altogether similar, only smaller, with stout projecting ribs, in the
midst of others which were quite smooth. Also the odour, which
Cooke makes particularly prominent, is throughout absent ; it is
found present in mature specimens only ; I could observe no trace
of it in about ten specimens gathered when young. The species is,
under all circumstances, notwithstanding their variable forms and
sizes, easily known by the following : — The exterior of the cupula,
particularly near the margin, is clothed in a more or less distinct
manner with numerous triangular-form pale brown scales, which,
though often washed off, were always recognisable on mature un-
injured specimens. Moreover, the sporidia (which in the specimens

20

NOTES ON THE DISCOMYCETES.

collected by me uniformly measure 20 to 22 mik. long and 12—
14 mik. broad) show at each pole short but broad protoplasmic
granules, which, as a rule in living specimens, are easily re-
cognised, the parapliases are occasionally branched from the base,
somewhat thickened above. P. ancilis, Rhem. “ Ascomyc.” 402,
which Cooke regards as a form of P. venosa , is habitually similar.
Saccardo describes it as a new species (“Michilia” i, p. 544),
which he calls P. Rehmiana , and I must confess I cannot possibly
regard this form as belonging to P. venosa. Persoon himself
quotes (“ Synop.,” p. 638, not p. 618 as given in “ Myco. Europ.,”
and Fries’ System) the figure of Wulffen in “ Jacquin Miscel-
lanea ii., p. 112, Tab. xvii., Fig. 1, or rather he describes the
figured specimen there as he had evidently never seen the species
itself. This specimen, however, is altogether sessile, while Rhem's
ancilis has an undoubted, sometimes stout stem. Neither is
Rehm’s species P. reticulata , the sporidia and paraphyses are
altogether different. I regard it as a distinct species altogether
different. As regards the example of P. venosa given by Cooke under
No. 228, it corresponds rather to the figure of Wulffen. I cannot
decide this as my specimen in Cooke’s “ Fung Brit.” i, p. 557 is
destitute of asci and sporidia. Passing on finally to P. ancilis ,
Pers., neither can I agree with Cooke in his interpretation of this
species. Persoon’s description, in fact, is very good of this species.
Now Rhizina helvetica, Fuckel (“ Symb. Myco. Nacht.” ii, p. 66)
is identical with this, of which I lately received living specimens
from Morthier, the discoverer of the species, which convince me
that this is exactly the Rhizina helvetica of Fuckel. How Fuckel
alighted on the notion of referring this fungus to Rhizina is unin-
telligible to me. His description agrees exactly with Morthier’s
specimens.

2. Rabenhorst publishes, under No. 2,315, in “ Fung. Europe,”
a new Oinbrophila, 0. Kriegeriana , which I gathered this spring
rather frequently near Zurich. I remark on this species as follows :
— In the first place, Rabenhorst’s statements with regard to the size
of the asci and sporidia require correction by the aid of completely
matured specimens, as in living specimens the asci are 130-150
mik. long, 10*5-12 mik. broad; the sporidia 14-17 mik. long, 5-7
broad. Much as these descriptions differ from those of Raben-
horst, still my fungus belongs to the aforesaid species, as all the
other points agree, particularly the extremely characteristic cloth-
ing of hairs on the outside of the cupula. The hairs stand
parallel, are jointed, and the membrane is peculiarly striped or
wrinkled obliquely ; moreover, it is in the highest degree probable
to me that this Oinbrophila Kriegeriana is no other than Peziza
elatina, Ab. and Schw. (“ Conspect,” p. 330, Tab. ii, Fig. 3.) True,
the clear green colour of the last-named species is more intense
than I have seen in Oinbrophila. Meanwhile, the colour designated
“ olivacea ” in the conspectus is rendered almost too intense a green;
as, for example, in P. nifo-olivacea , which I have not found so
intense a green as is represented. The description of Peziza

NOTES ON THE D] SCOMYCETES.

21

elatina agrees so capitally that I can scarcely doubt the correctness
of my opinion.

3. After having received, through the goodness of Morthier,
living specimens of Peziza pithy a, I have arrived at the opinion
that this, in fact, is the true species of Persoon which Nees repre-
sents. (“ Sys. der Pilze,” Tab. xxxviii, Fig. 287.) Neither is
Peziza Leineri, Rabh. (“ Mycology Europ.,” Tab. v, Fig. 6 ; and
“ Badische Kryptogamen,” 648) itself any other than P. pithya.
It agrees in every particular with the above.

4. In “ Albertini and Schweiniz,” Conspectus, p. 65, Tab. iv, Fig.
6, is described and figured a Xyloma herbarum , which grows on
Cerastium vulgatum and Potentilla norvegica, and, indeed, is found
on the living, blossoming plant. This fungus is evidently identical
with Peziza Cerastiorum , Wallr., and Peziza Dehnii, Rabh., re-
spectively, with one of these two species, which may be easily per-
ceived by the sporidia. Yet neither ol these can bear the name of
Albertini and Schweintz, as there is already a Peziza herbarum ,
Pers. (“ Sjnop.,” p. 664.) It is only by a further division of the
old genus, Peziza , that one of these species — the one on Potentilla
is the best — can bear the specific name of “herbarum” (Albet
Schwz).

5. I might call the attention of mycologists to a Peziza which
is, perhaps, not so rare as it would appear, but which I do not ever
find described. I first received it about eight years ago, from
Schulzer of Miiggenburg, as P. adusta , Schulzer. As Herr
Schulzer had the goodness to communicate to me, it is indeed not
yet described by him, but was published under the above name in
the “ Verhandl. d. Zoor-Bot. Ges, zu Wien,” Band xvi. (1866), p.
62. During the last winter, through the kindness of Herr Pro-
fessor Caspary, I was allowed the use of a splendid collection
of drawings from Nature, and descriptions of Discomycetes of
Eastern Prussia. In this collection I found the drawing of a
Peziza which I at once recognised as identical with Schulzer’ s P.
adusta.

There lie before me, both from Herr Professor Caspary and
from Herr Schulzer, very excellent and sufficient descriptions that
I shall make use of in my work. I give below only a preliminary
diagnosis of the fungus in question, to elicyyb some further commu-
nications from other mycologists upon it.

Peziza adusta , Schulzer ( ad interim!), fortasse Synon : P.
fusco-cana Alb et Schwein. (“ Conspect,” p. 312, Tab v, Fig. 2.)
Cupula campanulaeformis, demum magis aperta, margine saepe re-
voluto, inciso undulatoque, extus cinerio-fusca vel umbrina, pruinosa
vel subtomentosa, intus obscurior, fere atra. Cupulae diam. 2-8
centim. Stipes 1-5 centim. longus, sursum in cupulam dilatatus,
plerumque subcompressus et parum sulcatus, cinereo-fuscus, basin
saepe nigrofibrillosus. Asci longissime cylindracei, apice truncata et
incrassata, basin versus attenuati, 8-spori, 400 bis 500 mik. longi,
14-25 mikr. crassi. Sporae monostichae, oblongae, enucleatae,
hyalinae, 22-33 mikr. long., 10-13 mikr. crassae. Paraphyses

22

NOTES ON THE DISCOMYCETES.

ramosissimae, septatae, ramulis apice attenuatis. In silvis ad terram
vel ad ramos putridos, vere. Probably this Peziza is identical with
Peziza fuscocana, Alb. et Schw. ; still the description of this
species does not altogether agree in several points.*

In conclusion, mention may be made of yet some discoveries of
Discomycetes in this region. A large heap of town rubbish that
had been undisturbed for years furnished me with Peziza vesiculosa ,
and, more rarely, carnea: Peziza rubra (“ Mycogr,,” i, Fig. 152.)
P. ascoboloides, Mont. (Cooke, Fig. 292). On our “Molassa-
sand ” is often found Peziza sepiati'a , Cooke, acknowledged by
Phillips himself as this species ; further, I have found in former
autumns, in a young pine wood, P. umbilicata, Karst, sufficiently
agreeing with “ Karstens Fung. Fennici,” 729, and “ Cooke
Mycogr.,” fig. 259. Lastly, I one day obtained from the Canton
Thurgau Peziza Duriceana Tulasne (“ Sel. Fung.,” Carp, iii, Tab.
xxii, Fig. 20-24), on a sclerotium parasitic here on Carex stricta.

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

Communicated by the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

Since my last record in “ Grevillea,” Yol. 8, pp. 112-114, the
following new species of Lichens discovered in Great Britain have
been recorded by Nylander in the “ Flora.”

1. Lichiniza Kenmoriensis, (Poll,) Nyl. in Flora, 1881, p. 6.

Thallus consisting of minute, deformed, adnate, chestnut-brown
squamules, on which darker globuli or subglobose papillae are pro-
minent. The texture is almost as in Lichina, but cellulose, more
confused and thinner, the gominia being sordidly yellowish,
arranged in the thalline globules radiately through continuous
moniliform series. Apothecia and spermogones not seen. Pro-
bably a genus allied to Lichina.

On micaceo-schistose boulders at Kenmore by the shores of
Loch Tay (Dr. Holl, 1869).

2. Lecanora albo-lutescens, Nyl. in Flora, 1881, p. 177.

Thallus white, thin, subfarinaceous, somewhat scattered ;
apothecia orange, slightly prominent, subbiatorine in appearance,
thickly margined, the margin externally (thalline) whitish, and
above orange ; spores placodieine, (>015-18 mm. long, 0*007-10
mm. thick (the loculi large), epithecium unequal.

Allied to L. pyracea , but larger and with larger spores, pro-
bably descending from L. Turneriana.

On quartzose rocks at Stoeksfield, Northumberland (Rev. W.
Johnson).

* Schulzer’s fungus is not a true Peziza , but a species of Urnula, not
distinct from Urnula craterium. I very much doubt its identity with P.
fusco-cana , A. & S. — Ed. Grev.

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

23

3. Lecanora umbrinofusca, Nyl. in Flora , 1880, p. 389.

Thallus macular, umbrine-brown or umbrine -blackish, thin, sub-
continuous or obsoletely rimulose, usually surrounded by a lead -
coloured subphumoso-radiating hypothallus; apothecia black,
lecideoid, minute, adnate, submargined, spores 8 nae, brown,
ellipsoid, 1-septate, 0-010-11 mm. long, 0-006-7 mm. thick,
epithecium brown, hvpothecium colourless.

Apparently allied to L. grisco-fusca , Nyl., but differing in the
character of the thallus, the smaller spores, &c.

On siliceous stones at Thetford, in Sussex (Larbalestier).

4. Lecanora rhagadiza, Nyl. in Flora , 1881, p. 178.

Thallus dark olive-greyish, continuous, unequal, variously
rhagadiosely fissured : apothecia reddish flesh-coloured, innate,
concave or plane; thecae my riospored, spores oblongo -bacillar,
about 0-0035 mm. long, about 0-0010 mm. thick, paraphyses
slender, hymenial gelatine tawny wine-red with iodine.

A peculiar species, allied to L. rufescens (Borr). On moist sand-
stone rocks at Whitehaven in Cumberland (Rev. W. Johnson).

5. Pertusaria spilomanthodes, Nyl. in Flora, 1881, p. 179.

Thallus greyish, rugoso- unequal, rimoso-diffact (K + yellow and

immediately rusty saffron-coloured) ; apothecia blackish, rugoso-
deformed, innate in the thalline areolae, subincolorous within ;
spores 8 nae, olive-blackish, 0-090-0-130 mm. long, 0 055-85 mm.
thick : the thecae especially bluish with iodine.

Allied to P. spilomantha, Nyl., but differing in the greyish
thallus and the 2-spored thecae.

On granitic rocks at Ennerdale, Cumberland (Rev. W. Johnson).

6. Lecidea rhypodiza, Nyl. in Flora, 1881, p. 5.

Thallus brownish-black, thin or very thin, subgranulated,
indeterminate, apothecia concolorous or subblackish, plane,
margined; spores 8 nae, colourless, oblong, 1-septate, 0-014-16
mm. long, 0*005-6 mm. thick, epithecium and perithecium
brown, paraphyses moderate, clavate and thickened at the apices,
hypothecium colourless ; hymenial gelatine bluish and then led
wine-coloured with iodine.

Belongs probably to the section of Lecidea lenticularis , though
in the absence of the spermogones this is somewhat uncertain.

On micacco-schistose rocks on the summit of Craig Calliach
(Crombie).

7. Odontotrema firmatum, Nyl. in Flora, 1881, p. 188.

Subsimilar to O. subintegrum, Nyl., but more robust, with black,

larger, somewhat prominent apothecia; (spores fusiform, 3-septate,
0*020-24 mm. long, 0*006-7 mm. thick).

On the wood of a decorticated felled pine on Ben Lawers
(Crombie).

In addition to these Nylander, l.c., 1881, pp. 188-189, describes
the following form and subspecies : —

1. Stigmatidium circumscriptum f. dendrizum, Nyl.

Apothecia punctiform, dendriodeo-subcontiguous and seriated ;

24

NEW BRITISH LICHENS.

spores brown, 5-7 septate, 0*018-23 mm. long, 0*006-7 mm. thick ;
hymenial gelatine tawny wine-coloured with iodine.

On quartzose rocks in Jersey ( Larbalestier).

2. Endococcus erraticus* microphorus. Nyl. —

This differs from the type in the smaller spores (0*004-7 mm. long,
0*002-3 mm. thick).

On various crustaceous Lichens in nearly the whole of Europe —
(sometimes also parasitic on their apothecia !). N. Wales, Car-
diganshire (W. Joshua).

OBSERVATIONS ON FARM ELIA OLIVACEA AND ITS
BRITISH ALLIES.

By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

There had been considerable confusion amongst lichenists as
to the species belonging to the interesting subsection of Parnielia
olivacea . Hence various plants totally distinct, both in external
and internal characters have either not been distinguished at all or
have been regarded as mere varieties of one or two accepted
types. We owe it to the critical skill and accurate observations
of Nyl and er that such clear light has now been thrown upon all
the known plants of this subsection, that we can now with
facility assign to them their proper position, whether as species
or as varieties. It will therefore be of service to British lichenists
that I should here indicate generally the leading characteristics
and the general distinction of the different species and varieties,
according to their Nylanderian conception, which are known to
occur in this country.

1. Parnielia olivacea, Ach.

This species has very seldom been rightly understood by
lichenists, and though they have given the description of Acharius
quite accurately, yet in published Exsciccati, they have usually
issued specimens which do not at all agree with that description.
It may, however, be easily distinguished by the rugose thallus and
the entire or nearly entire margin of the apothecia. It is essen-
tially a boreal species, which is met with only very rarely in the
Scottish Highlands, although like several other subarctic or
alt-alpine lichens, e.g ., Stereocanlon paschale , Usne aplicata ,
Platysma scepincola , it is spoken of as being common in Leight.
Lich. FI. Ed. 3. According to Nylander, in M. Richard's Cat.
Lich. Devx Sevr , p. 16, it had not yet been met with in France.

2. Parmelia aspidota, Ach.

This is closely allied to the preceding species, of which it has
generally been regarded as a variety. It is, however, well dis-
tinguished externally by the papillato — exasperate thallus and
the verrucoso-papillose margin of the apothecia, while internally
the medullary reaction with Ca. Cl. is -f , and the spores also are
smaller and the spermatia longer. It is the Lichen olivaceus of

OBSERVATIONS ON PARMELI A OLIVACEA.

25

older authors pro mux. p. To it are referable Mudd. Exs. n. 72,
Leight, Nos. 263 and 356, and it is not uncommon in Great
Britain and Ireland. The specific name aspidota Ach.Meth. (1803),
p. 214 (ut var. P. olivacea) has priority to that of exasperata
Ach. L. U. (1810), p. 645 ( Collema exasperatum ).

3. Parmelia sub aurifera, Nyl.

Although distinguished as a variety by Dillenius in Muse. t.
21 f. 77c, this well marked species was very strangely overlooked
by authors till it was definitely indicated by Nylander in
Flora 1873, p. 22. It may at once be recognised by the yellow
medulla and the small yellowish soredia with which the
thallus is efflorescent. The medulla in our specimens, as in all
more southerly regions where it occurs, is less distinctly yellow
than those from Scandinavia, and the apothecia are extremely rare.
The spermatia are shorter than in the two preceding species. It
is apparently a somewhat local plant in Great Britain.

4. Parmelia prolixa, Ach.

Though usually regarded as a variety of P. olivacea , in the
older and inaccurate conception of that species, this is well en-
titled to be regarded as distinct, on account of the character of the
laciniae and the much smaller spores. It is apparently a rare
British plant, occurring chiefly in W. England, and sparingly
amongst the N. Grampians of Scotland. To it is referable Leight.
Exs. n. 365.

5. Parmelia prolixa* Delisei, Dub.

This is distinguished, though most probably only as a sub-
species, by the paler thallus, the broader laciniae, and by the re-
action of the medulla with Ca. Cl. being at length To it is
referable P. olivacea , var. aquiloides , Linds., and it is represented
by Leight. Ays. n. 291 prop. Apparently it is a rare and local
plant in Great Britain and Ireland,
var. isidiascens, JVyl.

This is characterised by the peculiar crowded verrucaeform
isidia, with which the thallus is sprinkled. Like the type, it is
a rare British plant, having been detected only in W. England
and Central .Scotland. It is represented by Leight. Exs. n. 291
prop.

6. Parmelia prolixa* sorediata, Ach.

This is distinguished by the smaller thallus, which is sprinkled
towards the centre with whitish or brownish -white verrucose
soredia. In other respects it agrees with P. prolixa , so that it is
scarcely to be regarded as a distinct species. It is apparently of
extremely rare occurrence in the Highlands of Scotland.

7. Parmelia fuliginosa, Fr.

From all the preceding this may readily be recognised by the
peculiar isidia with which the thallus is densely clothed.

In addition to this the re-action of the medulla with Ca. Cl.
sufficiently entitles it to be regarded as a distinct species. It is
probably not uncommon in the mountainous regions of Great
Britain on rocks, trees, and old pales.

26

OBSERVATIONS ON PARHELIA OLIVACEA.

var. laetevirens, Flot .

This is distinguished by the thallus being greenish — olive or
greenish-brown. To it is referable Parmelia fuliginosa, f. olivacea ,
Leight. Lich. FI. Ed. III., p. 123, which in Ed. I. Suppl., p. 479,
was strangely regarded as a variety of P. Borreri. It has been
seen only from a few localities in England and the Scottish High-
lands.

In addition to these, further search will most likely detect in our
islands P. glabra Schan* (erroneously recorded by me as British in
Journ. Bot.,” 1876); and also P. exasperatula Nvl., which I
believe I have seen on the smaller branches of larch trees in
Braemar. Both of these belong to this subsection, the former
having its nearest ally in P. olivacea and the latter in P. aspidota.

NOTE ON PARMELIA REDDENDA STRN.

By the Rev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

Some two years ago I was favoured by Mr. Leighton with the
sight of an authentic specimen of Parmelia reddenda Strn., so
labelled by the author himself. Both in the character of the thallus
and in the absence of any chemical reaction of the medulla, it en-
tirely agreed with specimens in my own herbarium and in that of
Mr. Bloxam, which I regarded as being merely “ young states ”
of P. Borreri , not sufficiently evolute for the reactions to become
manifest. It so happened that in the beginning of the present
year Dr. Nylander in writing upon other matters incidentally men-
tioned that, running out one wet day in the neighbourhood of Paris
he gathered some small juvenile specimens of P. Borreri , with the
view of demonstrating the reaction to his pupils. In these, how-
ever, he next day found no reaction at all. They were therefore
P. reddenda Strn., and consequently this is nothing autonomous,
but merely an accidental state of P. Borreri , growing probably like
my own specimens in damp shady habitats.

NATAL FUNGI.

Collected by J M. Wood, Inanda; determined by M. C. Cooke ;
and Hymenomycetes by Rev. C. Kalchbrenner.

Hemileia Woodii, K. 8f C. (No. 28.)

Hexagona polygramma, Mont. (No. 169, 201.)

Xerotus nigxita, Lev. (No. 189.)

Bovista lilacxna, B. <Ss M. (No. 408.)

Agaricus (Psalliota) arvensis, Schff. (No. 409.)

Agaricus (Stropharia) olivaceo-flavus, K. $ M.O. (No. 415, 502.)
Coprinus ephemerus, Fr. (No. 423.)

Agaricus (Tricholoma) ustalis, Fr. (No. 428.)

NATAL FUNGI.

27

Agaricus (Psilocybe) atrorufus, Schff. (No. 507, 508, 522.)
Agaricus (Omphalia) rusticus, Fr. (?) (No. 509.)

Hygrophorus coccineus, Fr. (No. 510.)

Agaricus (Psathyrella) pronus, Fr. (No. 499, 511.)

Agaricus (Flammula) alnicola, Fr. (?) (No. 512.)

Agaricus (Panaeolus) caliginosus, Bull. (No. 472, 515.)

Agaricus (Pleurotus) limpidus, Fr. (No. 518.)

Hypoxylon rubiginosum, Fr. (No. 523 .)

Coprinus curtus, Kalch. (No. 526.)

Thelephora pedicellata, Schwz. (No. 532.)

Agaricus (Pholiota) aurlcellus, Fr. (No. 533.)

Trametes occidentalis, Fr. iNo. 535.)

Cephaleuros virescens, Kze. (No. 539.)

Dothidea perisporoides, B. (No. 541.)

Dothidea repens, Corda. (No. 543.)

Agaricus (Collybia) dryophilus, Bull. (No. 548.)

Agaricus (Mycena) corticola, Fr. (No. 550, 484, 492.)

Graphiola phoenicis, Poit. (No. 554.)

Agaricus (Mycena) hiemalis, Fr. (No. 555, 498.)

Agaricus (Mycena) clavicularis, Fr. prox. (No. 147, 478.)

Clavaria Kunzei, Fr. (No. 148.)

Agaricus (Lepiota) Africanus, Kalch. (No. 417.)

Agaricus (Omphalia) micromeles, B. # Br. (No. 477.)

Hydnum ochraceum, Pers. (No. 479.)

Agaricus (Psalliota) sylvaticus, Schff. (?) (No. 480.)

Agaricus (Collybia) extuberans, Fr. (No. 485.)

Agaricus (Collybia) velutipes, Fr. prox. (No. 486.)

Geaster fimbriatus, Fr. (No. 489.)

Agaricus (Psathyrella) disseminatus, Fr. (No. 490.)

Agaricus (Tricholoma) melaleucus, var. porphyroleucus, Seer.

(No. 495.)

Trametes rigidus, Fr. (No. 496.)

Imperfect or insufficient for determination, Nos. 413, 420, 473,
491, 497.

Lenticels on Rhus. No. 475.

DR. CARPENTER ON LICHENS.

TO THE EDITOR OF “ GREVILLEA.”

Sir, — I cannot but regret that Doctor Carpenter, whom I, as an
amateur microscopist, am proud to call “ master,” lias, in the last
edition of “ The Microscope and its Revelations,” treated the sub-
ject of the nature of the Lichens. On page 392 he says : “ The
microscopic study of this group has latterly acquired a new interest
for the botanist from the remarkable discovery announced in its
complete form by Schwendener in 1869 (and now accepted by the
highest authorities), that instead of constituting a special type of

28

DR. CARPENTER ON LICHENS.

Thallophytes parallel to Algae (witli which they correspond in
their vegetative characters) and Fungi (to which they are more
allied in fructification), they are really to be regarded as composite
structures, haying an algal base, on which ascomycetous fungi
have sown themselves and live parasitically.”

Then follows a page and-a-half on the subject, but not a word,
not a hint, that these views are not accepted by at least a respect-
able number of cryptogamic botanists, including some of whom
many of us, Dr. Carpenter notwithstanding, are inclined to regard
as among the “ highest authorities.”

Doctor Carpenter further says the Lichens “do not furnish
objects of interest to the ordinary microscopist.” I venture to say
that few objects better repay study, and that the peculiar density of
their structure, which he says renders their minute examination
more than ordinarily difficult, should not deter any one from enter-
ing into a field where workers are especially needed.

Yours obediently,

RICHARD B. CROFT,

Hon. Sec. Hertfordshire Natural History Society.

NEW ZEALAND DESMIDIE.E.*

By William Archer, F.R.S., Hon.F.R.M.S.

This is an interesting contribution to our knowledge of Des-
midian forms, and lends aid to sustain the assumption that very
many of these are cosmopolitan ; it is possible, however, that some
of the author’s identifications of certain species may not be
thoroughly correct.

Whilst it may probably be the more correct course to relegate
Aptogonum-species to the genus Desmidium, the difference being
only the so-called foramen, that is to say, the lenticularly-shaped
open interval between the constituent joints of the filaments, at
least Aptogonum undulatum , Maskell, is a highly remarkable form.
The joints appear to be triangular, two of the aspects alike, and
different from the third, causing the end view to appear asymme-
trical. Amongst all the Desmidieas there appears scarcely a similar
case, if we except Cosmarium obliquum , Nordstedt, an inconspicuous
and very unattractive form of great rarity, and otherwise altogether
unlike Mr. Maskell’s plant : it appears undoubtedly quite distinct
from D. Desmidium , or D. Baileyi.

Sphcerozosma vertebratum, S. excavatum , and S. jilifoimne all
occur in New Zealand. It is curious to note that S. excavatum is
rare in New Zealand. It is exceedingly common in these countries,
and, as at the Antipodes, it is “ excessively fragile,” that is, the

* “ Contributions towards a List of the New Zealand Desmidieae,” by
W. M. Maskell, F.R.M.S. (Read befoi'e the Philosophical Institute of
Canterbury, 7th Oct., 1880.)

NEW ZEALAND DESMIDIE.E.

29

filaments are very prone to break up into their constituent joints.
The author is in error in supposing that S. filiforme does not occur
in Britain : it does, but it is rare.

The author experiences difficulty, it would appear, in discrimi-
nating between Micrasterias rotata and M. denticulata : there should
not be any. Besides the distinctions long since pointed out, these
two species have extremely distinct zygospores. The former, M.
rotata , has an orbicular zygospore, covered by elongate, subulate,
acute spines (thus not very ornate), the latter, M. denticulata has
a zygospore forming one of the most striking of (large !) micro-
scopic objects, being beset with not so elongate spines, scarcely
tapering, and beautifully branched. It resembles thus the zygo-
spore of Micr. papillifera , but smaller, and of a brighter green.
It is perhaps more difficult to distinguish between M. denticulata
and M. angulosa, Reinsch., on the one hand, and M. Thomasiana
(which appears only probably to occur in New Zealand) on the
other ; but both these latter appear to be good species. The
author’s M. ampullacea comes very close indeed to M. Hermanniana ,
Reinsch ; the main differences seeming to be the whole of the
margins of the lobes being serrated in Mr. Maskell’s form, whilst
in M. Hermanniana the serratures seem to be absent from the
lower portions of the sinuses, and its side view also is much more
inflated ; it seems, however, to be quite distinct from the forms with
which the author contrasts it.

Micrasterias (Holocystis) incisa , as depicted by the author, does
not appear to be “ identical,” as he says, with W allich’s Indian
form, but it is absolutely so with that of Cleve (in Lund ell’s De
Desmidiaceis,” Tab. i., Fig. 7), and called M. decemdentata, Nag.,
fi Upsaliensis. In fact, if the two figures were made by the two
authors from one and the same example, they could not more com-
pletely accord. It is probable, therefore, that we might be safe in
regarding this as a good species, and it should, presumably, stand as
M. Upsaliensis , Cleve (the name of course would merely indicate
that by Cleve at Upsala it was first detected and discriminated).

Mr. Maskell’s Euastrum, Fig. 26, seems a truly distinct thing, and
ought to have its own name, though he would appear inclined to make
the names E. binale or E. elegans do duty for yet one more besides
the several not uncommon forms they already are made to include.

Coming to his Cosmarium-forms, and judging by his figures,
27, 28, and 29, it seems probable that none of the three forms that
for a considerable time in these countries had been confused to-
gether under the name Cosm. margaritiferum , are really (as he
supposes to be the case) depicted by him, but that the figures
represent rather forms which are notably larger, and probably more
akin to Cosm. biretum , C. latum , C. Brebissonii , C. rotundatum
(? ? ?). The author does not pourtray the appearance of the ver-
rucae, still less their arrangement ; hence the identity of the three
figures given remains in considerable doubt.

Staurastrum avicula must be accounted to be wrongly figured in

30

NEW ZEALAND DESMIDIE/E.

Balf’s Br. Desm. ; it is apparently not a smooth species, but rough ;
the author’s figures, 31, 32, hardly accord with the form met with
in these countries, and may possibly represent a distinct form.

The author accepts the genus Didymocladon as distinguished from
Staurastrum, but there appears to be no tenable grounds for this
course ; those Staurastrum-species with two arms or processes, one
vertically superposed over the other, at each angle, need no more a
separate genus than those other Staurastra likewise with super-
posed processes, two over one, but those divergent at each side, or
those again with two processes only at each angle, but placed side
by side on the same horizontal line. The author’s Didymocladon
stella seems to be doubtless Staurastrum sexangulare, Bulnheim, a
species not very aptly named, for, as a rule, the examples occurring
in these countries (at least in Ireland) are but five-angled, and here
is a New Zealand form with seven angles ; also, four, five, six, and
seven angled forms occur in Sweden. Mr. Maskell’s plant appears,
notwithstanding, on the whole rather smaller, however, than the
European form, and the rays rather more slender — whether a
minute submarginal series of granules in the sinuses seen in
end view occurs in the New Zealand examples does not appear.
The beauty of this fine and rare form is somewhat marred by the
density of the mucous envelope that usually accompanies it, at
least in Irish specimens. It has been lately found by Mr. Wills in
North Wales.

The author’s Docidium dilatatum is doubtless the same thing as
Docidium ovatum , Nordstedt, first found in collections from Brazil ;
it is very interesting to find it reappearing in New Zealand.

Triploceras bidentatum, Maskell, is a very noble new species, and
seems very distinct indeed.

So also is the remarkable Closterium selenceum, Maskell, a form
unique in its shortness and plumpness, and in its relative propor-
tions and its curvature. It is a pity the author colours his figures
with so much uniformity — doubtless this fine Closterium will
present more or less of the Closterium-fashion in the arrangement
of the contents, but it is figured in this respect with a homo-
geneous green colour, and evenly distributed amylaceous (?)
granules, precisely similar to the uniform mode incorrectly shown
for the Docidium, the Staurastrum, and the Cosmarium forms, all
which are really, in this regard, mutually very diverse ; nor is the
shade of green employed that of the grass-green of most Des-
midiese ; but the outlines are without doubt very true to nature.

Touching Closterium setaceum and Cl. rostratum, these appear
distinguishable as they occur with us, but the distinction between
the former and one or two of de Brebisson’s ((7. elegans , C. Kiit-
zingii ) do not appear so decided.

Both the forms of Ankistrodesmus recorded, but not named by
Mr. Maskell, occur in these countries ; one, that in which the cells
forming the bundle stand parallel, but not apposed, in groups,
seems well marked ; it is not at all common. Neither these forms,

NEW ZEALAND DESMIDIEAC.

o 1

o I

nor those appertaining to Scenedesmus and Pediastrum, belong,
however, to the Desmidiese.

Doubtless a more prolonged search in the New Zealand localities
will eventually add many accessions to the list already enumerated
by the author in his interesting communication. He mentions
that few zygospores (upon the characters and specialities of which
sometimes a good deal depends) have met his observation ; as the
climate of New Zealand so much on the whole resembles our own,
it is probable that the conjugating period may be at the corres-
ponding season of the year to that with us — that is in the spring
and early summer — during which the majority of zygospores are
met with, although one may alight on an isolated case of conjuga-
tion in one or other species at different times of the year. There
are, however, very many forms, and indeed the greater number,
never yet seen conjugated by any observer ; and, again, amongst
the species whose zygospores are known, it is not unfrequently the
case that the most common and widely diffused forms are those
most rarely found conjugated.

FUNGI MACOWANIANI AND AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

The publication in continuation of these two enumerations is
unavoidably postponed on account of the illness of the Editor.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Bucknall, Cedric. Fungi of the Bristol District. Parts 3 and 4.

Thuemen, F. Contributiones ad Floram Mycologicam Lusi-
tanicuam. Ser. iii.

Bresadola, J. Fungi tridentini. Fasc. 1.

Bar bey, W. Champignons rapportes en Egypte et en Palestine.

Farlow, W. J. Marine Algse of New England.

Bidie, W. Remarks on Indian Coffee Disease, in “Journ.
Linn. Soc.,” No. 112, 1881.

Cooke, M. C. The Coffee Disease in South America, in
“ Journ. Linn. Soc.,” No. 112, 1881.

Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, ed. G. Winter. Pilze.
Part iii.

Brunaud, P. Tableau dichotomique des families des Pyreno-
mycetes, in “ Brebissonia,” Ap., 1881.

Ellis, J. B. New Species of N. A. Fungi, in 11 Torrey
Botanical Club,” June, 1881.

Farlow, W. J. Unusual habitat of a Coprinus, in “Bulletin
Torr. Bot. Club,” June, 1881.

Winter, G. Notizen iiber einige Discomyceten, in “ Hed-
wigia,” No. 5, 1881.

Arnold, F. Lichenologische Fragmente, in “ Flora,” No. 11,
13, 1881.

32

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Nylander, W. Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam EuropEeam
in “ Flora,” No. 12, 1881.

Fries, Th. M. Zur Kenntniss der Ehrhart’selien Flecten, in
“ Flora,” No. 14, 1881.

Muller, Dr. J. Lichenologische Beitrage, in “ Flora,” No. 15,
1881.

Thumen, F. Diagnosen zu Mycotheca Universalis, in “ Flora,”
No. 15, 16, 1881.

Brefeld, Dr. 0. Botanische Untersuchungen ueber Schimmel-
pilze. Part iv.

Fries, E. leones Selectas Hymenomycetum. Yol. II, part vi.

Saccardo, P. A. Fungi Italici (leones), fasc, 17 to 28, 1881.

Shrubsole, W. H. and Kitton, F. The Diatoms of the Lon-
don Clay, in “ Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” June, 1881.

Crisp, F. Summaries of recent communigations in Crypto-
gamic Botany, in “Journ. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” June, 1881.

Lespiault, M. Les Vignes Americaines dans le sud-ouest de
la France.

Croft, R. B. The Schwendenerian theory of Lichens, in
“Trans. Herts. Nat. Hist.,” July, 1881.

Croft, R. B. Occurrence of Red Snow, in “ Herts. Trans.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Herts./’ July, 1881.

Jatta, A. Ancora suile localita di aleuni Licheni critici dell’
erbario de Notaris, in “ Nuovo. Giorn. Bot. Ital.,” July, 1881.

Pirotta, R. Sulla structura e sulla germinazione delle spora
del Sorosporium, in “ Nuovo. Giorn. Bot. Ital.,” July, 1881.

De la Godellnais, l’Abbe. Mousses et Hepatiques d’ille et
Yilaine, in “ Revue Bryologique,” No. 4, 1881.

Eriksson, Dr. J. Ueber Warmebildung durch intramolekulare
Athmung der Pflanzen.

Ellis, J. B. New Species of North American Fungi, in
“Bulletin Torr. Bot. Club,” July, 1881.

Prinz, M. Etude sur des coupes de diatomacees de Nykjobing,
Jutland, in “ Brebissonia,” Nos. 11, 12, 1881.

Report of Botanical Exchange Club of the British Isles for
1880.

Du-Port, Rev. J. M. On the fungoid diseases of grasses, in
“ Trans. Norf. and Norw. Nat. Society ” for 1880-1881.

Niessl, G. v. Einige neue Pyrenomyceten, in “ Hedwigia,”
No. 7, 1881.

De Bary and Woronin, M. Beitrage zur Morphologie und
Physiologie der Pilze, Part iv.

Roumeguere, C. Fungi gallici, Cent, xvi, xvii xviii.

Roumeguere, C. Revue Mycologique, July, 1881.

Rabenhorst, L. Kryptogamen Flora, Pilze, Part iv.

Farlow, W. G., Anderson, C. S., and Eaton, D. C. Algas
exsiccatae Americas Borealis. Fasc. iv.

“ Ravenel Fungi Americani.” Ed. M. C. Cooke, Cent, v, vi.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi, Part iv.

No. 54.]

[December, 1881.

dmillta,

A QUARTERLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANF
AND ITS LITERATURE.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF ^CIDIUM BERBERIDIS,
Pers., TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, Pers.

By Charles B. Plowright*

There are not many more important questions in the whole
range of vegetable physiology, than those connected with the
entwickelungsgesschichte of the fungus which causes the mildew
in wheat. The magnitude of the issues at stake have been
forcibly brought before us, who reside in the large corn growing
country of Norfolk during the last few weeks, where acres of
wheat which, within a month or three weeks of harvest gave
promise of an abundant yield, were in less than a fortnight
blighted to such an extent that in some instances considerably less
than half a crop only was produced.

In the month of May of the present year (1881), I performed
some experiments with the view of convincing myself one way or
the other upon the connection said to exist between sdZcidium
berberidis and Puccinia graminis ; but owing to my non-acquaint-
ance with the proper method of performing them, they resulted in
failure. I then wrote to my esteemed friend, M. Max Cornu, who
immediately, in the most kind manner, gave me full and explicit
directions as to the proper mode of procedure. On the 18th June
I commenced a second series of experiments, which have been con-
tinuously carried on until the end of September, in which 176
plants of wheat have been employed. I propose laying before you
a detailed account of each experiment, in order that you may be
enabled to form your own opinion as to their results. But before
doing this, I may be allowed to say that they were commenced
and conducted, as far as it is possible to do so in such cases, with
my mind unbiassed one way or the other, either for or against the
theory of heteroecism. For upon the one hand I had a feeling
that this theory was, to say the least, very remarkable ; while upon
the other, there was the fact of its acceptance, almost without

* Read at the Woolhope Fungus Meeting at Hereford, Oct., 1881.

3

34 ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF AECIDIUM BERBERIDI8, PERS.,

question, by the majority of continental mycologists, by men
whose acumen is undoubted, and who justly rank in the fore front
of scientific botany. My mind was in a state of “ expectant
attention,” but I had no other feeling in the matter, haying never
committed myself to an opinion either pro or con.

Before detailing these experiments, there are some circum-
stances that have certain weight, both for and against, which
should be fairly stated, in order that a more just opinion may be
formed than would otherwise be the case. In the first place it may
be thought that the connection, as different states of the same
fungus, between an ALcidium and a Puccinia is too wonderful to be
true. We may readily enough accept the numerous other
instances of polymorphism afforded by the fungus kingdom, and
yet be unable to credit that a parasitic fungus can commence its
life on one plant and finish it upon another, especially when the host
plants are so far removed from one another, that the one is an
exogen and the other an endogen. But this alternation of genera-
tion is well known to exist in other departments of the organic
world, amongst organisms far higher in the animate scale than
cryptogams. To take a well-known example afforded by the
Entozoa , the Tenia mediocanellata (Kiich.) commences its existence
in the flesh of the ox, as Cysticercus bovis , and finishes it in the
alimentary canal of man ; or Tenia solium , Linn., which com-
mences its existence as Cysticercus celluosce in the flesh of the pig,
and finishes it in the same situation as the first mentioned cestode.

There exists a widely spread superstition amongst agriculturists,
which was credited far more extensively by the past generation of
farmers than it is now, that the presence of a barberry bush was
connected with the occurrence of mildew in wheat. So much was
this the case that in most parts of Norfolk the barberry ( Berberis
vulgaris) has, to a great extent, been exterminated. Now
nothing tends more to render a statement incredulous to people in
general and to scientific minds in particular than to brand it with
the title of superstition. We dislike above all things to be thought
superstitious, it is derogatory to our intellectual status. Without
entering upon the question generally, of whether most super-
stitions have not a strain, however meagre, of truth underlying
them, this sentiment has not been without considerable influence in
rendering us chary of accepting the hetercecism of Puccinia
graminis. It must, however, be borne in mind that the connection
of barberry bushes with mildewed wheat presumably arose, as a
matter of observation on the part of our forefathers, when they
suffered from the pest.

Leaving these subsidary considerations and for the moment dis-
carding the element of hetercecism, let us consider whether there
be any impossibility in the sEcidia generally being the earlier
states of certain Puccinice. It is presumed that no one now doubts
the connection of the majority of Uredines with Puccinice , and it
must be borne in mind that a much greater difference existed in

TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, PERB.

35

form, colour and spore structure between Puccinia and Uredo than
is the case with ALcidium and Uredo. The free spores of many
species of Adcidium cannot be distinguished from the spores of
many Uredines. ALcidium as a genus differs from Uredo princi-
pally in the possession of spermogonia, of a peridium, but more par-
ticularly in producing its spores in chaplets. All ALcidia , how-
ever, do not possess spermatia, for of the thirty-two species enu-
merated as British in the “ Handbook,” the presence of spermo-
gonia is only noted in four ; while certain Uredines are provided
with them, e.g., U. suaveolens , Pers., U. orchidis , Mart., U. gyrosa ,
Bebent, U. mer curialis, Link., U. Euonymi , Mart., and U.
pinguis, D.C.*

Sir John Lubbock, in his address to the British Association at
York, last August, has very pertinently said, “ Naturalists are now
generally agreed that embryological characters are of high value
in classification,” the truth of which assertion is daily becoming
more and more accepted by students of Natural History.

Now when we cause the spores of ALcidia to germinate under
circumstances in which we can watch the process, we find they do
so inexactly the same manner as Uredo spores, namely, by the pro-
trusion of a hyaline tube through the epispore. This hyaline tube
gradually elongates, and into it are emptied the contents of the
spore, which are passed onwards until they eventually reach the
end of the tube. This tube (or tubes, for there may be more than
one) undergoes in both instances the same spiral movements, and,
unlike the tube produced by the germinating Puccinia spore, it
does not, as a rule, produce secondary spores.

The association of Aicidium with Uredo (in some state or other,
either as Uredo , Puccinia, Uromyces , or Coleosporium ) upon the
same plant, often upon the same individual, and even upon the
same leaf, is a fact well known to practical mycologists.

Of the thirty-two species of AZcidium enumerated in “ Cooke’s
Handbook of British Fungi,” this association exists in twenty
species. In some cases we find in nature this exists very closely,
e.g., ALc. ranunculacearum, D.C., and Uromyces ficariae , Lev., ALc.
epilobii, D.C., and Puc. epilobii, D.C. Aie. compositarum, Mart.,
and Puc. compositarum , Sch., are often found upon the same leaf ;
while Puc. sparsa, Cooke, is expressly said by Dr. Cooke to be
“only found amongst or near the exolete pustules of ALcidium
Tragopogonis, Pers.f

There is, however, a much wider question broached when we
come to associate the JEcidium , known only to exist upon an
exogenous plant with a Puccinia confined to endogenous plants.
In order to convince reasonable minds, the evidence must be unim-
peachable and complete. No mere coincidences, however

* Tulasne — u Second Memoire sur les Medinees et les Ustilaginees.1
Ann. des Sciences Nat.,” 4 series, vol. ii., p. 116.
t Cooke — “ Handbook of British Fungi,” p. 498.

36 ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF jECIDIUM BERBERIDIS, PERS.,

numerous, can per se be taken as conclusive. It was in the hope
that reliable evidence one way or the other could be obtained, that
the following series of experiments have been, during the past
five months, carried on, and which I now venture to place before
you : —

Experiment I. — On 18th June, 1881, seven healthy young
wheat plants, about 6 inches in height, were infected with the
spores of JEcidium berberidis , which were mixed with water, and
freely applied to both surfaces of the leaves, and particularly to the
angle which the blade forms with the stem. The pots containing
the infected plants were covered by a large bell glass, and plunged,
with great care, into the ground. At the same time 18 precisely
similar wheat plants, grown from the same seed, were placed in
the ground in a pot, and covered by a bell glass, to be kept as
check plants. The JEcidium was obtained from North Wootton,
distanced 3^ miles, and the spores were used for inoculation within
two hours from the time they were gathered. A number of them
were at the same time placed upon a drop of water on a glass
slide, and kept in a damp atmosphere for 48 hours, when they
were found to have germinated freely, which was proof positive of
their vitality, and that they had not been injured by removal.
Both groups of plants were watered from time to time, which was
done by raising the edge of the bell glass covering them, an inch
or two. At the end of 10 days the bell glasses were removed, and
the plants examined daily. On the 25th day a single spot of Uredo
was observed upon one of the infected plants ; the others all
remaining free. On the 30th day this leaf was removed and
examined, and found to be veritable Uredo linearis. On the 32nd
day two more of the infected plants had Uredo upon them, but it
was now found upon the check plants : that is, in 22 days from the
time they were uncovered. On the 43rd day the experiment was
concluded, when the whole of the seven infected plants had Uredo
upon them, as well as 16 out of the 18 check plants.

Experiment II. — On the 2nd July three wheat plants, about
the same size as those used in the previous experiment, were in-
fected with the spores of jEcidium berberidis , obtained from the
same source, under similar conditions to those of the former experi-
ment. Three similar wheat plants, grown from the same seed, were
kept as a check experiment. Both groups of plants were covered
by bell glasses. The vitality of the Mcidium spores were proved
by their germinating freely in 20 hours. On the 10th day the bell
glasses were removed. On the 15th day a yellow spot was seen
upon one of the infected plants; and on the 17th day all the
infected plants had undoubted Uredo upon them ; the check plants
remaining healthy. On the 23rd day the experiment was con-
cluded, and the whole ot the plants taken up. All three infected
plants had abundant Uredo upon them ; but the check plants re-
mained free from it.

Experiment III. — On the 5th July two plants of wheat were

TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, PERS.

37

infected with ALcidium spores from the same source, and three
plants kept as checks ; both were covered by bell glasses. The in-
fected plants were, however, kept covered a few days longer than
the check plants. The ALcidium spores germinated freely in 22
hours. On the 13th day Uredo appeared upon one of the check
plants, and on the 14th day upon another ; the infected plants re-
maining healthy. The experiment was terminated on the 31st day,
when both check and infected plants were found to have Uredo
upon them.

Experiment IV. — On the 9th July one wheat plant was in-
fected with ALcidium spores from the same source, and a similar
wheat plant kept as a check. The experiment was conducted in
the sanae manner as the others. The germination of the ALcidium
spores was tested by placing some upon a glass slide in a drop of
water, and keeping them in a damp atmosphere. They did not
germinate for 48 hours, and then only very feebly. I noted at the
time “Very faint attempts at germination have taken place ; the
contents of the slide were placed at 10 a.m. to-day (July 11) on
the leaves of the infected plant. I think this experiment must fail,
so weakly have the spores germinated.” Notwithstanding this,
however, by the 26th day both the infected and the check plant
had Uredo upon them.

The hope of demonstrating unequivocally the truth of the he-
teroecism of Puccinia graminis had by this time become so seriously
imperiled that 1 determined upon varying my method of pro-
cedure. One hardly ever sees every individual plant in a state of
nature, infected with the same parasitic fungus, and it occurred to
me that by keeping my check plants covered by bell glasses they
were debilited, and so rendered unduly liable to be attacked by the
Uredo. I therefore determined to grow my check plants naturally,
and only to cover my infected plants for as short a time as was
compatable with the period necessary for free germination to take
place in the ALcidium spores ; after they had been placed upon the
leaves. My supply of AZcidium berberidis now failed, and I had to
procure the fresh spores from Narborough, distanced about nine
miles by rail, where several barberry bushes grew about a mile
from the station.

Experiment V. — On the 26th July ten wheat plants were in-
fected with ALcidium berberidis spores from Narborough, and ten
similar wheat plants, grown from the same seed, selected as check
plants. These latter were never at any time covered by any bell-
grass, and were planted about six inches apart, some 30 yards from
where my other experiments had been performed. On the 16th
day three of the infected plants had Uredo upon them ; on the 25th
day the experiment was concluded. Five of the infected plants
had Uredo on them and nine of the checks.

Experiment VI. — On the 26th July seven wheat plants (two
of which were only half an inch high with unexpanded blades) were
inoculated with ALcidium spores from Narborough, and seven wheat

38 ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF ^CIDIUM BERBERIDIS, PER6.,

plants selected for check plants which were never covered. The
sEcidium spores germinated freely upon a glass slide. On the
17th day Uredo appeared on the five oldest of the infected plants.
On the 24th day the experiment was concluded. There were then
five infected plants with Uredo upon them, the two youngest having
escaped and seven check plants with Uredo upon them.

Experiment VII. — On the 29th July five wheat plants were
inoculated with sEcidiwni spores from Flitcham (distanced 8 miles),
and a similar number of check plants selected. On the 12th day
Uredo was observed on the five infected plants, and upon two,
possibly upon three of the checks.

Experiment VIII. — On the 29th July four wheat plants were
infected with Aicidium from Flitcham, and a like number of check
plants selected. On the 9th day all the infected plants had Uredo
on them, as had three of the check plants.

Experiment IX. — On the 1st August four plants were infected
with AZcidium from Narborough, and four plants selected as checks.
On the 22nd day three of the infected plants and three of the
check plants had Uredo upon them.

I now determined upon asking my friends to grow the check
plants for me, as I came to the conclusion that my garden was
saturated with the spores of Uredo linearis.

Experiment X. — On the 19th July some foreign wheat was
planted, and a portion of the same seed wheat sent to Mr. Phillips,
at Shrewsbury, with the request that he would plant it in his
garden, and in due time select six check plants to be kept against
six which I would inoculate in Kings Lynn. This Mr. Phillips
kindly consented to do, and upon the 1st August I duly inoculated
my six plants with spores of jEcidium berberidis from Narborough.
I kept my plants almost continuously covered until the end of the
experiment. On the 7th day Uredo appeared upon two of my in-
fected plants, on the 8th day upon three more. As soon as I ob-
served my plants had developed the Uredo I pulled up each affected
plant so that it might not infect the others. On the 15th day Mr.
Phillips wrote me word that all his six plants were attacked by
Uredo. I had still one of my infected plants which remained
healthy ; this, however, on the 19th day developed the Uredo and
the experiment was terminated.

Experiment XI. — A sample of wheat was divided between my
friend, the Rev. J. M. Du Port, of Mattishall, near East Durham,
and myself, and the experiment conducted in the same manner as
the preceding, excepting that Mr. Du Port sowed his wheat in
two patches, Nos. 1 and 2, in two different parts of his garden.
Patch No. 2 being sown three days later than No. 1, there being
eight plants in each patch. On the 8th August I infected eight
plants with jEcidium from Narborough, which were covered by a
bell glass for 12 days. It was then removed for 48 hours and re-
placed on the 14th day. On the 15th day three of my infected
plants had Uredo upon them, on the 25th day one more, on the 28th

TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, PERS.

39

day two more, on the 31st day one more. At this time the ex-
periment ended, and Mr. Du Port reported that patch No. 1 had
three plants in it with Uredo upon them, but that patch No. 2 had
not a single sound plant in it.

Experiment XII. — 15 wheat plants grown in my garden from
one of the best samples of last year’s wheat that had been offered
in the Lynn Market, were on the 11th August infected with
sEcidium from Narborough. I purposely kept this sEcidium 62
hours in a damp atmosphere in my study, and used the water upon
which the spores had abundantly fallen, as well as the spores them-
selves, for infecting the wheat plants. On the 17th day three
plants developed Uredo , on the 20th day six more, on the 22nd day
one more, on the 23rd day two more, making a total of 12 infected
plants out of 15, which developed the Uredo in the course of 23
days. Of the 15 check plants seven only were diseased.

Experiment XIII. — The thirteenth and final experiment was
conducted upon a totally different principle. The seed wheat was
poisoned by steeping it in a solution of cupric sulphate ; and
the ground in which it was planted was watered with a solu-
tion of carbolic acid in water. Two bell glasses thoroughly dis-
infected with carbolic acid and the copper solution were placed
oyer both the patch to be used as check plants, and over the
pots containing plants to be infected. These bell glasses were
never touched until the plants were large enough to infect. On
the 20th August six were inoculated with jEcidium spores from
Narborough. A few days later, purposely choosing a day when
there was no wind, the check plants were reduced to six. The
bell glasses were not again removed until the 20th day, when
both patches were rapidly but thoroughly examined and found
free from Uredo. The glasses were replaced, and the plants re-
examined on the 30th day. These were then finally removed
and the plants thoroughly examined, but no trace of Uredo found
upon either the infected nor upon the check plants.

The result of these 13 experiments may be thus summarised : —

Seventy-eight wheat plants were infected with the spores of
sEcidium berberidis and 98 similar wheat plants kept as check
plants against them. Of the infected plants 76 percent, developed
Uredo in an average of 24*4 days. While in the same period
70 per cent, of the uninfected plants became spontaneously attacked
by Uredo. One experiment only (No. 2) out of the 13 was
wholly in favour of the theory, and that lasted only 23 days. Still
6 per cent, more of the infected plants took the Uredo than of the
uninfected. This is a very small portion, far too small in my
humble opinion to constitute convincing evidence. I believe, how-
ever, that it can be accounted for by my own negligence in not
thoroughly cleaning the bell glasses before using them to cover
fresh plants. Had the last experiment (No. 13J, however, proved
favourable to the theory I should have regarded it as being much
more worthy of acceptation than I can now do. It is only after

TABLE OF EXPERIMENTS,

40

ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF DECIDIUM BERBERIDIS, PERS,

REMARKS.

Check plants covered for about 8-10 days.

»

Check plants never covered.

Mr Phillips kept Check plants.

Rev. J. M. Du Port kept Check plants.

Protected throughout from accidental infection.

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•pojoojni sjuu^j
jo aoqrnu^

rH iH

00

® 60 ^ bo bo *3

(M xa 03 CO cc 05 05 H H 00 0 ^

<M (M (M CQ i— l <M

•^uamuadxg;
jo aaqranj^

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

X.

XI.

XII.

XIII.

TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS, PERS.

41

much patient work and careful consideration that I felt myself
bound to differ from the eminent botanists abroad who do accept
the hetercecism of Puccinia graminis as established beyond
question.

There are two other experiments not included in the above
thirteen which were performed by me that I think worthy of
notice.

Experiment No. 36. — On the 2nd August one oat plant with
10 leaves upon it was inoculated with A Ecidium berberidis spores.
A very large quantity of ripe AEcidium spores was used — on the
15th day Uredo appeared upon the oat plant. On the 9th Sep-
tember (38th day) these Uredo spores were examined and found to
be the Uredo of Puccinia coronata Corda. Now had this ex-
periment been carelessly performed the inference would have been
that the AEcidium spores had produced the Uredo of P. graminis.

Experiment No. 40. — Six wheat plants were infected with the
spores of Uredo linearis at 4 p.m. on the 13th August. On the
24th they all were simultaneously affected with Uredo showing
that the Uredo had reproduced itself in 11 days.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

(Continued from Vol. ix, p. 126.)

Agaricus (Tricholoma) ori-xubens, Quelet,

Pileus fleshy, convex, fragile, smooth, grey , brownish in the
centre, clad with blackish fibrils ; stem solid, fibrous, white,
streaked with rose at the base ; flesh white, odour mealy ; gills
emarginate, undulated, white with the edge rose; spores oval,
white. Quelet, Champ, du Jura et des Vosges , p. 327.

On the ground. Near Hereford, 1881.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) catinus, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 99.

White, becoming discoloured ; pileus fleshy, thin, plane, then
infundibuliform, flaccid, dry, smooth ; stem stuffed, elastic, erect,
somewhat attenuated upwards; gills decurrent, rather crowded,
white. Fr. Icon., t. 51, f. 4.

Among dead leaves. Near Ludlow, 1881.

About the size, or rather larger than Agaricus infundibuli formis,
and similar in habit.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) difformis, Pers.

This species, inserted in Cooke’s “ Handbook,” No. 105, in
succession to Berkeley’s “Outlines,” p. 112, must now be ex-
cluded. The figure of Bolton (t. 17) is undoubtedly Agaricus
pithyophilus , and this is the only slender evidence on which it has
been assumed that Ag. difformis is found in Britain. As this
notice includes both “ Outlines ” and “ Handbook,” it may be
added that the Rev. M. J. Berkeley concurs.

42

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) tumulosus, Kalchb. Icon., t. 5.

Ccespitose. Pileus fleshy, conical, then expanded, umbonate,
even, smooth, umber, growing paler; stem solid, floccose-pruinose,
pallid ; gills slightly emarginate and decurrent, crowded, white,
then cinereous. Fries Hym. Eur., p. 92.

In woods. Near Hereford.

Found and drawn by Dr. Bull some years ago; again found in
Oct., 1881.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) subinvolutus, Batsch.

Pileus tan-coloured or testaceous, smooth, depressed, margin
involute ; stem stout, erect, longitudinally rugose with elevated
veins, rather tomentose at the apex, somewhat tinged with flesh
colour ; gills rather broad, nearly of the colour of the pileus, de-
current. Batsch. Consp., t. 204.

In woods, chiefly of Coniferce.

Found also by Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who agrees in regarding it
as quite distinct from the species figured under this name by
Saunders and Smith, and the true species of Batsch.

Agaricus (Entoloma) Fersoonii, Du Port.

Pileus campanulate, squamose-tomentose, shining white ; stem
rather long, somewhat bulbous at the base, fibrillose, whitish ;
gills crowded, slightly adnexed, fleshy red. Agaricus sericeus ,
Fers. Icon, et Desc. i., t. 6, f. 4.

On the ground. Near Dereham.

Stem sub-bulbous and solid at the base, hollow above, rather
slender, 2^ lin. thick, pilose-squamulose ; pileus shining, silky, con-
vex, obtusely umbonate, white, then pallid, substance rather fleshy,
fragile ; gills crowded, 2 lin. broad, slightly adnexed, fleshy red.
Persoon.

The Rev. M. J. Du Port found three or four specimens answer-
ing to the figure given by Persoon, but as this is not the Agaricus
sericeus of Fries, that gentleman proposes for it the name above
given.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) nudipes, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 242.

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, even, nearly smooth,
slightly viscid ; margin thin ; stem solid, equal, pelliculose, smooth,
naked, white, fibrillose at the base ; gills emarginate, crowded,
dry, clay-coloured. Kalchb. Icon., t. 14, f. 4 ; B. & Br. Ann.
Nat Hist., 1868.

In woods. Coed Coch, 1880.

Stem l^in. long, 4-5 lines thick. Pileus 2 inches broad, tan-
coloured, becoming pallid. Odour faint, not unpleasant.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) firmus, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 238.

Pileus fleshy, campanulate , then expanded, umbonate, viscid,
brick-red , discoid ; stem solid, firm, pallid, attenuated downwards,
everywhere clad with jloccose scales ; gills rounded, crowded, dry ,
clay-coloured, then ferruginous, edge serrated, white. Pers. Ic. et
Descr ., t. 5. f. 3-4 ; B. & Br. Ann. N. Hist., No. 1869.

In fir woods. Coed Coch, 1880.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

43

Agaricus (Naucoria) hamadryas, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 254.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then expanded, gibbous, even,
ferruginous-bay, when old and dry of a fleshy red ; stem hollow,
equal, smooth, pallid ; gills attenuated, adnexed, almost free, ferru-
ginous. B. fy Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1870.

In woods. Brandon (C. B. P.).

Pileus l^-2in. broad ; stem 2-3in. long, 3 lin. thick, fragile.
Agaricus (Naucoria) abstrusus, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 257.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, obtuse, even, smooth, viscid, ferru-
ginous clay colour; stem fistulose, rigid, smooth, ferruginous;
gills adnate, crowded, plane, watery ferruginous. B. Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1871.

On sawdust. Coed Coch, 1880.

Pileus l^in. broad,

Agaricus (Naucoria) tenax, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 261.

Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, smooth,
slightly viscid, hygrophanous ; stem stuffed, then hollow, equal,
yellow, becoming tawny, striate with adpressed fibrils, becoming
smooth, veil fugacious ; gills adnate, rather distant, edge entire,
whitish. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1872.

On grassy walk. Coed Coch, 1879.

Pileus usually cinnamon colour.

Agaricus (Naucoria) rubricatus, B. & Br.

Csespitose, white, then reddish tinted ; pileus small, at length
becoming plane ; stem slender. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1873.

On decayed twigs. Hereford, 1878 (Miss Ruth Berkeley).
Having made a drawing of this species at the time it was found
I am able to add somewhat to the above description. It was
growing on a bramble twig. The largest specimen was scarce half
an inch high, and the diameter of the pileus about a quarter of an
inch ; the stem hollow, sprinkled with delicate mealy granules at
the base, and about half-way up ; gills adnexed behind and
narrowed in front, whitish, then flesh-coloured, becoming brownish.
— M. C. C.

Agaricus (Psalliota) comptulus, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 281.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, smooth or with
an adpressed silkiness; stem hollow, somewhat attenuated, ring
medial, fugacious, white, then yellowish ; gills free, crowded,
broadest in front, flesh-coloured, then roseate. B. Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1874.

In grassy places. Coed Coch, 1880.

Stem 2in. long, 2-3 lin. thick.

Agaricus (Stropharia) inunctus, Fr. Hym. Bur. p. 284 ; “ Grevillea ,”

Vol. i, p. 183.

“ A pale form occurred at Sibbertoft, which we should have
been inclined to refer rather to Ag. albocyaneus ; but the cuticle
peeled off with the greatest ease, and after a heavy rain it dripped
with gelatinous matter. It resembles greatly Fries’s figure of A.
torpens, var.” B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1875.

44

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Agaricus (Hypholoma) appendiculatus, Bull. var. lanatus.

“ A curious form occurred in a hollow apple tree at Sibbertoft,
densely woolly when young, traces of the woolly coat remaining at
the apex of the pileus when fully expanded.” B. Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1876.

Coprinus narcoticus, Batsch ., fig. 77.

Fcetid. Pileus very thin, clavate, then expanded, woolly, with
white recurved floccose scales, at length naked and striate, hyaline ;
stem fragile, woolly, white, becoming smooth ; gills free, approxi-
mate, white, then blackish. Fr. Hym. Fur., p. 329. B. Br.
Ann. JVat. Hist., No. 1877.

On dung. Shrewsbury (W. Philllips).

“ Smell highly disagreeable.”

Cortinarius (Myxacium) salor, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 357.

Pileus conico- campanulate, viscid, then expanded ; disc com-
pact, gibbous ; margin thin, fibrillose, violet ; stem solid, bulbous,
conically attenuated, smooth, with the glutinous blue veil adhering
at the apex ; gills adnate, rather distant, quite entire, grey, then
clay-coloured, with a violet edge. B. <£• Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No.
1878.

On the ground. Coed Coch.

“ In considerable abundance, but rather decayed. The base of
the stem was strangely swollen, showing the original universal veil
half way up the swelling, which ends abruptly. The head still
covered with the bluish slime.” — B. Br.

Coxtinazius (Myxacium) illibatus, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 358.

Pileus fleshy, thin, campanulate, then convex, pelliculose ; stem
hollow, soft, thin, white, smooth, viscid ; gills adnate decurrent,
arcuate, crowded, flesh-coloured, then clay-coloured cinnamon. B.
Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1879.

In pine woods. Coed Coch.

Stem 3 in. long, 2 lin. thick. Pileus 1-2 in. broad, yellowish,
with the disc darker.

Coxtinazius (Telamonia) impennis, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 376.

Pileus fleshy, convex, obtuse, rigid, becoming smooth, some-
what testaceous, or brick red, discoloured ; stem solid, short,
slightly bulbous, pallid, with the apex and rings or bands of
violet, veil white ; gills adnate then emarginate, distant, thick,
violet, soon purplish, at length watery cinnamon. — B. $ Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1880.

In pine woods.

Stem 2 in. long, ^ in. thick.

Coxtinazius (Telamonia) flabellus, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 384.

Pileus rather membranaceous, conical then expanded, obtusely
umbonate, olive brown becoming pale (tan-coloured), fibrillose;
stem stuffed then hollow, flexuous, floccosely squamose, pallid ;
squamules and ring white : gills adnate, connected by veins,

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

45

linear, rather crowded, olive then ferruginous. B. Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1881.

In moist places. Coed Coch, 1880.

Odour strong.

Coxtinaxius (Telamonia) paleaceus, Fr. Hym. Fur., p. 386.

Pileus rather membranaceous, conical then expanded, umbonate,
squamules silky white then becoming tawny ; stem fistulose,
flexuous, ringed with white scales, which also become tawny ;
gills adnate, truly crowded, whitish, at length cinnamon. B. $•
Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 178; Grevillea t. 113, /. 5, t. 114,/. 4.
On the ground. Near Hereford (Dr. Bull). Coed Coch.

“ Apparently a very variable species.”

Cortinaxius (Hydrocybe) jubaxinus, Fr. Hym. Fur., p. 393.

Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, smooth,
shining tawny cinnamon ; stem stuffed, then hollow, firm, striate
with fibrils, becoming tawny, fugacious, veil white ; gills adnate,
rather distant, tawny cinnamon. Bull. t. 431, jig. 1 ; B. Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1883.

In pine woods. Coed Coch. Abundant early in 1879.
Cortinaxius (Hydrocybe) fasciatus, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 399.

Pileus membranaceous, conical, then expanded, smooth, tawny,
umbo rather fleshy, acute, becoming blackish ; stem almost
hollow, splitting in fibrils, rather undulated, smooth, pallid then
tawny; gills adnate, thin, rather distant, cinnamon. B. <$* Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1884.

In pine woods. Coed Coch.

Stem 2-3 in. long, 1 lin. thick. Pileus ^ inch broad, rarely
more.

Hygxophoxus sciophanus, Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 417.

Pileus somewhat brick-red, convex, then depressed, obtuse,
slightly viscid, opaque, margin striate ; stem hollow, equal,
rather flexuous, even ; gills decurrent, distant, connected by veins.
FI. Dan. t. 1845,/. 2 ; B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1885.

In mossy places. Coed Coch.

Hygxophoxus subxadiatus, Schum. Fr. Hym. Eur., p. 416.

Pileus rather membranaceous, radiately striate, disc rather
fleshy, somewhat umbonate, tawny ; stem fistulose, equal, smooth,
pallid, white at the base ; gills adnate, with a long decurrent
tooth, ventricose, thin, distant, white. B. §- Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1886.

On heathy ground. Shrewsbury (W. Phillips).

Lactaxius flexuosus, Fr. Hym. Eur. p. 427.

Pileus compact, convex, then fractured and repand, dry, smooth,
at length cracking into scales, opaque, lurid, becoming pale ; stem
solid, stout, unequal ; gills thick, distant, yellowish ; milk acrid,
white. Harzer i. 43.

In woods. Haywood Forest, Woolhope Foray, 1881.

46

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Lactarius intermedius, Krombh. t. 58, fig. 11-13.

Pileus fleshy, broad, infundibuliform, viscid, smooth, ocbraceous
yellow, margin involute, tomentose, then smooth ; gills broad,
lurid, whitish, somewhat decurrent, affixed, entire; stem short,
thick, solid, or sometimes hollow, yellowish, covered with spot-like
depressions ; milk white then yellowish, rather acrid. B. fy Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1887.

Jn woods. Dereham (Rev. J. M. du Port).

Referred by Fries to Lactarius cilicioides.

Russula (Furcatae) drimeia, Cooke.

Acrid, peppery. Pileus compact, firm, convex, then depressed,
scarcely viscid when moist, opaque when dry, bright purple ;
margin sub-incurved, even ; stem solid, firm, cylindrical, equal,
tinged with purple ; gills adnexed, scarcely crowded, narrow and
furcate at the base, at first pale sulphur-yellow, then deeper
yellow, never white ; spores pale ochre.

On the ground, amongst larch. Bjack Park, Sept., 1881.

Pileus 2-4 inches broad. Stem 2-3 inches long, inch thick.
So intensely peppery that after tasting a small fragment, the
tongue tingled for more than half an hour. Gathered in company
with H. T. Wharton, Esq. The colour and habit similar to B.
Queletii , but distinguished by the yellow gills, ochraceous spores,
and intensely peppery taste.

Russula (Rigidae) cutefracta, Cooke.

Mild. Pileus fleshy, firm, dry, opaque, variable in colour,
green, purple, dull red, &c., convex, then a little depressed in the
centre, cuticle cracking from the margin inwards into minute
firmly adnate areolae, otherwise even ; flesh beneath the cuticle
tinged with purple ; stem firm, solid, nearly equal, or a little
attenuated above, smooth, slightly tinged with purple ; gills some-
what crowded, narrowed behind, furcate, adnexed, or nearly free,
white.

On the ground in woods. Epping, Kew Gardens, Dinedor, and
other places around Hereford.

Pileus 3-4 inches or more. Stem 3 inches long, often 1 inch
thick. Allied to B. virescens , which it resembles in the cracking
of the cuticle, but differs in the purple tint beneath, even in green
specimens, and in the tinted stem, as well as in the colour of the
pileus, which is of a darker and different shade of green, and
sometimes of a deep bluish-purple, as well as of a madder- red.

Figures of these two species will ultimately be published in the
“ Illustrations.”

Marasmius urens, Fr.

“ A curious form with the pileus becoming very dark when
fully grown, and exceedingly acrid, occurred in a hothouse at Coed
Coch in profusion for many weeks in September and October, with
the white form of Ag. cepcestipes , and A. meleagris .” — B. Br.

Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1889.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

47

Polypoxus (Resupinati) umbxinus, Fr. Hijm. Bur., p. 571.

Resupinate, determinate, undulating, tuberculose, reddish umber;
margin smooth, paler ; pores minute, rather rounded, unequal, of
the same colour. Rosth. t. 27, fig. 6 ; B. fy Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1890.

On trunks. Knowle Park.

Polypoxus (Resupinati) xeticulatus, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 580.

Orbicular, thin, falling away, white ; margin floccose with radi-
ating fibres ; pores distant, cup-shaped. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1891.

On putrid wood. Hereford, 1878.

Daedalea auxea, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 587.

Golden yellow. Pileus between corky and coriaceous, gibbous,
velvety, somewhat zoned, of one colour ; liymenium at first pori-
form then labyrinthiform, yellow. Batt. t. 35, fig. F ; B. Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1896.

On prostrate trunk. Near Hereford (M. C. C.).

“ Imbricated, the veins for the most part straight and radia-
ting.”— B. Br.

Hydnuxn xufescens, Fr. Hym. Bur., p. 601.

Pileus thin, nearly regular, pubescent; stem almost equal;
spines regular, of the same colour. B. fy Br. Ann. Hat. Hist., No.
1892 *

On the ground. Dolgelly (Miss Ruth Berkeley).

“ Differing from H. repandum in having the pileus distinctly
tomentose, in this case studded with little warts.” — B. ^ Br.
Hydnum acxe, Quelet Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. xxiv., t. 6,/. 1.

Stem short, grey, bistre at the base ; pileus fleshy, compact,
turbinate, flattened, tomentose ; pale bistre, browner in the centre ;
flesh greyish or bistre, fragile and bitter ; spines grey-bistre with
the extremities whitened ; spores (’006 mm.) very spinulose. B.
d* Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1893.

In fir woods. Forres (Rev. J. Keith).

Cyphella Bloxami, B. Sf Phil.

White, floccose, membranaceous. Disc yellowish, crenately
lobed ; flocci smooth, sporophores turbinate. Spores (*0003-
*0004 in.), *0076-,01 mm. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1894.

On Ulex. Twycross (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Clavaxia canaliculata, Fr. Hym. Fur., p. 678.

Solitary, fistulose, rather tough, quite smooth, not rooting, white,
at length compressed, channelled, or splitting longitudinally.
Quelet, t. 21, fig. 1 ; Bull., t. 496, fig. l. m. B. 4" Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1895.

On grassy ground. Coed Coch.

About 3 inches long.

Myxospoxium dracaenicola, B. ^ Br.

Orange. Spores ovate. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1896.
On leaves of Braccena.

48

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Spores (*00835 in.), *0085 mm. long, and (*0002 in.) *005 mm.
wide.

“ On the same leaves, scattered in the form of minute black
specks, was a Diplodia, with oblong uniseptate spores, slightly con-
stricted in the middle, colourless, and probably immature (*0006-
*0007 inch), *015-*017 mm. long. These are doubtless states of
more perfect fungi, but are mentioned here because they are con-
nected with a disease which seems fatal to Draccence .” B. ($• Br.

Glaeosporium Lindemuthianum, Sacc. in Fungi Italici , fig. 1032,
Michelia , i. 129.

Spots subrotund, brownish, at first girt with a rufous line. Sori
dirty white in the middle of the spots, inflated, then erumpent.
Sporophores fasciculate, cylindrical. Conidia apical, oblong,
straight or curved, rounded at the ends, *016-*019 x *0045-*0055
mm. M. J. B. in Gard. Chron.f Sept. 17, 1881. Septoria
Leguminum , Desm. Exs.

On leaves, stems, and pods of dwarf French beans.

Glaeosporium cytisi, B. Br.

Spots white, one time or other circled with red. Perithecia
minute; spores minute, elliptic. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No.
1897.

On Cytisus laburnum. Glamis (J. S.).

Protomyces melanodes, B. 8f Br. Gard. Chron. Sept. 1879, p. 403.

External cells filled with a violet mass which becomes blackish.
Spores elliptical, hyaline ( 0006 in.) *015 mm. long. B. & Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1898.

On leaves and inflorescence of Phlox.

Cryptosporium turgidum, B. 4* Br.

Perithecia globose, rather prominent, obtuse ; spores curved,
obtuse at each end, faintly triseptate. B. 4* Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1899.

On ash. Twycross (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Spores *0008 inch-*02 mm. long.

Sporonema phacidioides, Desm.

Scattered, numerous, minute, rounded, flattened, dark brown,
splitting in 4-5 unequal obtuse teeth. Disc nearly plane, cinna-
mon. Spores ovate-oblong, binucleate, *005 mm. long. Desm.
Ann. des Sci. Nat., 1847, viii., 182 ; B. 4* Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.
No. 1900.

On leaves of Medicago maculata. Wimbledon.

Leptothyrium asterinum, B. # Br.

Spot-like, incrassated, with a red margin ; spores oblong, curved,
binucleate (*001-*0015 in.), *025-*038 mm. B. § Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1901, t. 3, fig. 1.

On Aster tripolium. Fleetwood (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Septoria violee, Babh. in Klot. Herb., No. 1457.

Perithecia small, innate, prominent, numerous, scattered, brown,
seated on pale orbicular spots limited by a brown line. Spores

NKVV BRITISH FUNGI.

49

linear, very delicate, straight or flexuous. West , in Kichx. FI.
Fland ., i., 434. Michelia i., p. 183. B. <$• Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1992.

On leaves of Viola canina.

Gymnosporium lateritium, B. <1- Br.

Effused, brick red, spores obovate, shortly pedicellate. B. <$• Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1903.

On Wych elm. St. Catherine (C. E. B.).

“ Looks like a stratum of finely-powdered brickdust. Spores
(•0003 in.), *007 mm. long.” B. Br.

Selenosporium tubercularioides. Corda Icon. I. fig. 3.

Erumpent, purple, minute ; stroma fleshy, ochraceous. Spores
large, fusiform, curved, very acute at each end, six septate, hyaline,
colourless. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1904.

On raspberry. Orton wood (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Hardly different from Fusarium. The genus might with advan-
tage be suppressed.

Uredo plantaginis, B. 4* Br.

Spots pallid, pustules minute, soon ruptured at the apex, spores
elliptic, yellow. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1905.

On Plantago. Woodnewton.

On Plantago lanceolata. Dolgelly (Ralfs) .

Xsaria floccosa, Fr. Sys. Myc., III., p. 274.

Caespitose, subulate, simple, white, everywhere tomentose. B.
Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1906.

On a caterpillar. Milton, Norths.

Fusarium equiseti, Besm. Exs., No. 1846

Erumpent, minute, convex, rounded or oblong, girt by the epi-
dermis, rufous, gelatinous when moist. Spores elongated, curved,
hyaline. B. fy Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1907, t. iii., fig. 2.
Hymenula equiseti, Lib. Ex., No. 236.

On Equisetum. Oswestry.

Spores at first (-0002 in.), *005 mm., at length (*0015 in.), *038
mm. long.

Fusarium salicinum, Corda Icon, ill., fig. 87.

Spots growing pale, stroma subcortical, effused, contorted ; hy-
menium orange, basidia filiform. Spores long, rod-shaped, lunu-
late. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1908.

On willow. Twycross (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Monotospora elliptica, B. Br.

Punctiform. Spores elliptical, binucleate, sometimes uniseptate.
B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1909, t. 3, f. 5.

On herbaceous stems.

Helminthosporium molle, B. & C. Amer. Fungi.

Soft. Flocci fasciculate, flexuous, obtuse, simple. Spores
oblong or oblong-elliptic, obtuse at both ends, triseptate. B. Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1910.

On Ilex . Powerscourt.

4

50

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Chalara longipes, Strauss.

Tufts effused, inconspicuous ; mycelium branched, sometimes
anastomosing, septate; flocci simple, septate, brown, pellucid;
apex catenate, simple, dichotomous, white, rigid, very easily break-
ing up into cylindrical joints or spores. Cylindrospora longipes ,
Preuss. Stunn, Heft. 30, Tab. 35. B. Br . Ann. Nat. Hist .,

No. 1911.

On old walnuts. Dr. Buchanan White.

Aspergillus griseus, Link. Spec. i. p. 69.

Woolly, grey ; capitulum small ; spores minute, globose, of the
same colour as the threads. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1912.

On various decaying substances.

Penicillium saponis, B. 4* Br.

Black ; chaplets of spores rising from 2 or 3 cells ; spores
globose. B. 4* Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1913, t. 3, f. 3.

On soap. Rev. J. Hort.

Penicillium abnorme, B. Sf Br.

White, flocci thin, terminating in top-shaped bodies, on which
are seated the chaplets of spores ; spores very minute. B. Sf Br.
Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1914, t. 3, fig. 4.

On leaves of Trientalis.

Zygodesmus terrestris, B. 4* Br.

Tawny ; spores subelliptic or lemon-shaped, at first even, at
length rough. B. Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1915.

On bare chalk. Crundall, Kent.

“ Forming a thin brown stratum.”

Peronospora dipsaci, Tul. Comptes Bendus, 1854.

Conidiophorous stems slender, 6-7 times dichotomously branched ;
primary branches flexuous, ultimate branches straight, acute, rigid,
squarrose and spreading, conidia elliptic, obtuse, with a dirty
violaceous membrane. De Bary, Peronospora, p. 118, No. 20. B.
<$• Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1916.

On Dipsacus sylvestris.

Ramularia veronicae, B. $ Br.

Wholly white ; flocci short ; spores oblong, narrow, slightly at-
tenuated downwards. B. <fr Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1917, t. 3, f. 7.

On Veronica agrestis. Sibbertoft.

Coccotrichum brevius, B. 4 Br.

Clusters subglobose, rufous ; flocci sparingly branched, articu-
late, the articulations short ; spores elliptical, granulated. B. &
Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1918, t. 3, f. 8.

On bark. Leigh Wood (C. E. B.).

“ Of a rich brown colour. When placed in water it tinges it
with the same colour. When young the tufts are distinct ; they
afterwards become confluent. When dry they assume a buff or
ferruginous tint.” B. 4* Br.

OVULARIA, Sace.

Flocci nearly simple, erect, bearing about the apices globose or
ovoid conidia. Saccardo in Michelia n, p. 17.

Analogous to Ramularia.

NEW BRITI8H FUNGI.

51

Ovularia elliptica, Berk.

Flocci abbreviated, here and there nodulose, articulate, rising
from a creeping mycelium ; spores large, elliptical, smooth. Gard.
Chron., Sept. 10, 1881, with fig.

On various species of lilies in cultivation.

Polyactis capitata, B. 8f Br.

Wholly white, flocci rising from swollen articulations at the
base, trifid or bifid. Spores obovate (-001 in.) *025 mm. long.
B. & Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1919.

On Cheiranthus. Sibbertoft.

Stachylidiuxn trabeum, B. & Br.

Pallid; flocci sparingly branched, with the apices 3-4 fid.;
spores globose. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1920, t. 3, f. 6.

On an old beam. King’s Cliffe.

Helvella Klotschiana, Qorda. Sturm Flora , ill, t. 57.

Pileus bilobate, deflexed, membranaceous, even, opaque, brown,
margin repand, even beneath and yellowish ; stem thin, cylindri-
cal, yellow ; asci cylindrical ; sporidia elliptic, uninucleate ; *012-
*014 x *006 mm. ; paraphyses clavate above, brown. Cooke
Mycographia , fig. 168. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat. Hist., No. 1921.

In fernery. Coed Coch.

Veirpa speciosa, Vitt. Mang.,p. 120, t. 15, Jig. 6.

Pileus conico-campanulate, rather obtuse, plicate, costate above,
alveolate, brown, even below and floccose ; stem large, whitish,
floccose, internally stuffed with cottony fibres. B. 4 Br. Ann.
Nat. Hist., No. 1922.

On the ground. Coed Coch.

“ Agreeing in size and colour with Yittadini’s figure, but the
sporidia are not oblong, so that there is some doubt as to the
species.” B. 4 Br.

We saw these specimens, and feel very doubtful whether they
are anything more than a variety of V. digitaliformis, in company
with which they were found. — M. C. C.

Dermatea cinnamomea, DC.

Solitary or in groups, cinnamon coloured, rather fleshy, sessile,
smooth, a little pulverulent beneath, flat or slightly undulated and
sinuated at the margin, sometimes irregular. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1923. Peziza cinnamomea, DC. FI. Fr., Yol. v., p. 23.
On maple.

Cenangium xubi, Daby.Bot. Gall, n, 736.

Innate erumpent, cups somewhat horny, even, flattened, black,
at length the disc open and pallid. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat. Hist.,
No. 1924.

On twigs of Bubus. Glamis.

Eurotium lateritium, Link. Spec, i ,p. 84.

Peridia membranaceous, immersed in a dense interwoven woolly
orange tomentum ; asci octosporous ; sporidia globose, hyaline.
Mont. Ann. Des. Sci. Hat., 1849, xi, 54. B. 4 Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1925.

Dolgelly. Ralfs.

52

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Sphaeria (Fsilosphaeria) Stevensoni, B. Sf Br.

Black, fragile, scattered, subglobose, smooth ; sporidia oblong,
2-3 septate (*0002 m.), -005 mm. long. B. § Br. Ann. Nat.
Hist., No. 1926. Stevenson , Myc. Scot. Add., No. 2222.

On dead wood. Glamis (Rev. J. Stevenson).

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

By the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner.

(Continued from Vol. IX., p. 137.)

Ag. (Lepiota) bfXontagnei, K. Conf. Ann. d. sc. Nat. vii., 1847, No. 1

(sine nomine).

Cel. Montagne in Enum. Fungorum Africae merid. a M. Drege
quondam lectorum, l.c. mentionem facit de Lepiota, Ag. clypeolario,
Ag. excoriato, et Ag. mastophoro , Berk., affini, sed ad nullum
horum referenda. Idem prorsus de nostra specie valet.

Pileus ovato-expansus, papillatus, parce rufo-squamulosus, albus ;
stipes pro-ratione curtus et tenuis, sursum attenuatus, basi bul-
bosus ; lamellae liberae, alboe, annulus integer, mobilis.

Somerset East, No. 1430.

Pil. 1-3 poll, latus., stipes 1^-2 poll, longus, 1^-3 lin. crassus.
Papilla in vortice pilei rufo-fusca.

Ag. (Collybia) radicatus, Fr. var. brachypus.

Pileo gibboso, brunneo ; stipite striato, haud gracili, basi
dilatato et in radicem brevem acuminato. Terrestris.

Somerset East, No. 1424.

Inter Ag. radicatum et Ag. butyraceum, ambigis.

Ag. (IVXycena) rhodiophyllus, K.

E Basipedibus, pileus membranaceus, convexo campanulatus, sub-
papillatus, brunneus ; stipes filiformis, glaber, pallidior, basi
mycelio-floccoso, radiante cinctus ; lamellae attingentes, lineares,
confertae, brevioribus mixtae, roseae.

P. Natal, No. 338.

Pil. 2 lin. latus, stipes 1^-2 poli, longus.

Ab affinibus pileo bicolore et lamellis crebris, confertis valde
diversus.

Ag. (Mycena) argutus, K.

E minimis ; pileolo acute conico, striatulo, cura stipite conco-
lore (albido) filiformi, basi institio, pruinoso. Lamellae flaventes.
P. Natal, No. 340.

Pileus 1 lin. altus latusque ; stipes vix dimidium pollicem
longus.

Ob minutiem fungi et oculos debiles insertionem lamellarum ob-
servare non possum ; nec certe distinguere, an Mycena sit vel veso.
Bolbitii sp. pygmaea, C. K.

FUNGI M ACO WANT AN I.

53

Ag. (Crepidotus) scalaris, Fr. var. lobulatus, K.

A specie typica, modo pileolis lobato-incisis differt.

P. Natal, No. 342.

Coprinus digitalis, Fr.

P. Natal, No. 384.

Boletus flavidus, Fr. Syst. p. 387.

P. Natal (Wood), No. 329.

Pol. (Uflesopus) arcularius, Fr. Ep. 420.

(a) Forma legitima ; pileo margine strigoso.

Port Natal, Inanda (Wood), No. 181.

( b ) Pileo fusco-atro, margine denudato.

In mont. Boschberg (MacOw.), No. 1032.

(c) Pileo laete rufo-fulvo, squamulis fuscis eleganter variegato.
Var. valde egregia.

Grahams Town, leg. Trollip.

Pol. (Mesopus) Cladonia, BerTcl. cent. I. P. bulbipes, Fr. Symb.p. 72.

E stirpe Pol. perrennis. Pileo coriaceo, tennui, pro ratione
parva, sublaterali, profunde umbilicato, ad marginem obsolete
zonato, ferrugineo ; stipite inaquali, sursum attenuato, 3 centm.
longo, 3-4 mm. crasso, saepe ramo sterili aucto, ferrugineo, primum
subtiliter velutino, dein glabrato. Pori minuti conferti, subro-
tundii integri cinnamomei.

Ob stipitem saepe ramosum speciei huic nomen. P . cladonia.

convenientissimum.

P. Natal, leg. (J. W. Wood, No. 160).

Polyporus (Mesopus) umbraculum, Fr. Ep. I., p. 435.

Insignis, amplus, spithamam fere latus; stipite splendide
laccato, pollicem crasso 3-4 pollices longo. Substantia ferru-
ginea, intus eximie zonata.

Ad radices, sub arboribus variis montis Boschberg (MacOwan,
No. 1079).

Polyporus (Pleuropus) elegans, Fr. Ep. 440.

Polyporus (Pleurotus) Baurii, Kalch.

Pileus carnoso-coriaceus, horizontalis, tenuis at rigidus, reni-
formis, vage rugulosus, e pubescenti glabratus, alutaceus, margine
loborum imbricatorum serie auctus. Pori minuti, rotundi,
obtusi, concolores, perbreves, substantia pallida.

Afr. Austral, ad Bazuja Caffrarise leg. Rev. Baur, No. 698.

E prolificantibus. Pileus 3-5 unc. longus latusque, 2-3"
crassus; stipes brevis, scutato- adnatus, digiti minoris crassitie.

Denominatus in honorem R. Baur, Missionarii Herrnhutensis,
naturas scrutatori solentissimo, qui vero nunc, ob bellum Caffrorum,
stationem suam deserere debuis.

Polyporus (Pleuropus) vibecinus, Fr. (Fung. Natal, No. 10).

P. Nat. leg. Wood, No. 121, 123, 212.

Yar. antilopum , K.

Pileo vix virgato, margine exciso-lobato, lobis passim dichoto-
mis ; poris nudicoribus, reticulatis.

P. Natal. (1. Wood, No. 99).

54

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

Polypozus (Pleuzopus) sanguineus, Fr. Epicr..p. 444.

Sub-variis formis, (a) lateraliter stipitatus vel umbonato-
adnatus, et ( b ) sessilis = P. regius Miguel Fung, exot., p. 4.

Ad Somerset East 1. M.Owan, No. 1008. Ad Bazuja Caffrariae
1. Rev. Baur, No. 685.

Notse a forma pororum et crassitie pilei desumtae, nullatenus
sunt constantes.

Polypozus (Pleuzopus) elongatus, Berhl. Lond. Journ., Fr. Symb.,

p. 78.

Somerset East 1. MacOwan. Specimina juvenilia.

Pol. (Tzametes) scalazis, Fr. Natal, p. 12.

Effuso-reflexus, scolari imbricatus, pileo angusto, in asquali,
subscruposa, azono, sordide ferrugineo, margine acuto, contextu
fibroso-radiante concolori, poris subrotundis, obtusis, medius intus
canescentibus (Fr. l.c., 11).

Bazuja, No. 694.

Pol. (Anodezmeus) gilvus, Schw. Fr. Ep. I., 455 ; II p. 548.

P. Natal (Wood), No. 203).

Pol. (Anodermei) Natalensis, Fr. Natal., p. 13.

Pii. suberosa lignoso, applanato, azono, impolito, alutaceo albo,
cuticula membranacea adnata, margine obtuso, inflexo, poris
minutis, subrotundis integerrimis, ligneo-pallidis. Fr. l.c. Context,
albus.

P. Natal ad Inanda leg. I. M., No. 217.

In trunco Eucalypti.

Polypozus (Anodezmeus lentus), MacOwani. Kalchbr.

Pilei tenuis, submembranacei, effuso-reflexi, imbricato-concres-
centes, pubescentes, albi ; pori minimi, curti, rotundi integri, fusco-
vel nigrocanti-purpurei, ore albo-irrorati.

Somerset East, Boscbberg (MacOw.), No. 1085.

Pileoli 2 eent. et ultra longi lati que, vix 1 mm. crassi ; mar-
gine sterili, acuto ; spurie concentrice zonato. A. Pol. nigro-
purpureo Schwein., qui durus, — tenuitate, a Pol. dichroo Fr., colore
pororum differt.

Polypozus (Anodezmei) nidulans, Fr. Ep. 455.

C. B. sp. Somers. E. Boschberg (MacOw.)

Polypozus (Placodezxnei) Austzalis, Fr.

Colon. Capensis. Queenstown, leg. Rev. Baur, No. 881.
Polypozus (Placodezmei) igniazius, L. Fr. Ep. 466.

Somerset East 1. MacOw.

Polypozus (Placodezmei ?) focalis, Kalch.

Hujus fungi segmentum modo lamellare adest quod, obiter
inspectum, e P. fomentario sumturn videtur ; sed pileus crusta
laccata, castanea est obductus, fomentum vero ferrugineum, sericeo-
nitens et tactu molligimum, ut velutinum diceres. Proli dolor
fragmentum hocce de forma pilei parum prodit. Ulteriori atten-
tioni comendatur ?

Afr. Australis prope Murraysburg leg. Tyson com. MacOwan.

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

Pol. (Placodermei) isidioides^ Berkl. Hook. Jonrn. IX., 415, 1845.
62. Fr. Fung. Natal, p. 10. Montg- Ann. d. sc. Nat. vii., 1847
(Fung. Dregeani, No. 10.)

Pileo suberoso-lignoso, duro, dimidiato-sessili vel postice effuso,
gilvo-ferrugineo, tuberculis crebris exasperato, et uno alteroque
sulco notato, poris minimis, confertis, punctiformibus, cinna-
momeis. Contextus fulvo-ferrugineus.

Somerset East (MacOwan, No. 1063, 1079, 1270), ad Bazuja
Caffrariae (Rev. Baur, No. 687).

Diagnoses auctorum l.c. haud parum differunt. Fries fungo
suo, pileum crassum, durum, margine obtusum tribuit, Montagne ;
pileum fragilem, margine acutum, Berkeleyus pileum margine
velutinum, postice setosum. In nostris speciminibus omnibus,
pileus durus est, tuberculis elongatis, stipatis “ isidioideis ” asper-
rimus, ceterum forma maxime varius. Etiam effuso reflexus
occurrit, margine vix prominulo (=Pol. stenoloma, Kalchbr. olim).
Sed setas aut pubem velutinam non observavimus.

Polyporus (Placodermei, Lignosus) nubilus, Fr. Ep. 471. var. albo-

limbatus.

Pileus glaber nigrescens margine limbo lato, albo, per sulcum
a disco discreto, cinctus.

Ad Bazuja Caffrariae (Rev. Baur).

Pol. inconstans, Kalck.

E Stuposis, prolificantibus, carne colorata. Pileo tenui, latera-
liter umbonato sessili, conchato, semiorbiculari vel elongato, basi
cuneato-flabellari, margine plano, acuto, plus vel minus lobato,
tenuiter crustato, zonato, rufo-fuscescente. Contextu ferrugineo.
Poris minutis subrotundis, integris, cinnamomeis.

Duplex forma, (a) Pileo subsessili, unicolore, subnitente con-
chato, vix lobato, zonis crebris exarato, (b) Pileo tenuiori elon-
gato, basi cuneato et substipitate, flabelliformi, eximie lobato, ad
marginem modo parcius zonato, ceterum verrucoso, glabro, colore
peculiari, illo argillae adustae simili, lateritio-fuscescente et passim
testaceo.

In truncis velustis mont. Boschberg (1. MacOw., No. 1080), ad
Bazuja, Caffrariae (Rev. Baur, No. 688 et 690).

Pileus 3-10 cent, longus, 2-4 mm. crassus, in margine acuto fere
papyraceus.

Polyporus (Inodermei) biformis, Fr. Ep. p. 475.

In cortice arborum, ad Bazuja Caffrariae (leg. Rev. Baur), (M.
Owan).

Forma resupinata, pileolis parum evolutis, porisque obliquis.

Polyporus (Inodermei) glirinus, Kalch. Syn. P. murinus , K. in

Grevill. iv., 1872.

Afr., Austral (leg. M.Owan).

Nomen. “ P. murinus ” jum a cel. Leveille consumtum.

Polyporus (Inodermei) hirsutus, L.

Afr., Austr., ad Bazuja Caffrariae (leg. Rev. Baur, No. 691), ad
Somerset East. C. B. sp. (1. MacOwan, No. 1093).

56

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

Polyporus (Inodermei) vellereus, Berkl. Hook. Lond. Joum. p. 454.
P. Natal, Inanda (J. M. Wood, No. 164), (M.Ow.).

Polyporus (Inodermei) versicolor, Fr.

Afr., Austr., ad Somerset East (MacOwan, No. 1061.) Ad
Bazuja Caffrariae (1. Rev. Baur), No. 686.

Polyporus (Inodermei) velutinus, Fr.

Afr., Austr., ad Som. E. (leg. MacOwan).

Polyporus (Resup.) subliberatus, B. et Br. Cuban Fung. No. 291.

C. B. Sp. ad Somerset East (leg. M. Owan).

Polyporus (Resup.) aneirinus, Tournef.

Afr., Austral., Natal (leg. Wood, No. 159).

Polyporus (Resupin.) vinctus, Berk. Engl. Flora, v.

Afr. Australis, ad Somerset East (1. MacOw., No. 1185).

Polyporus (Resupin.) epilinteus, Berk, et Br. Fung, of Ceylon

No. 509.

C. B. Sp. In ramis emortuis ad mont. Boscbberg (1. MacOwan,
No. 1073.

Polyporus (Resupin.) callosus, Fr.

Afr. Austr., ad Somerset East, in mont. Boscbberg (leg. Mac-
Owan). Ad Bazuja Caffrarise (leg. Rev. Baur, No. 702).

Polyporus (Resupin.) molluscus, Br.

C. B. Sp., ad Somerset East (1. MacOwan).

Polyporus (Resupin.) sanguinolentus, Fr.

Afr., Austr., P. Natal (1. Wood, No. 156).

Polyporus (Resupin.) corticola, Fr.

Port Natal (leg. Wood, No. 188, 153.

Polyporus (Resupin.) vulgaris, Fr. Syst. 381.

In cortice ramosum truncorumve montis Boscbberg (leg. Mac
Ow., No. 1069).

Trametes ambigua, Berkl. Decad. N. 83. Fr. Symb. p. 96.

C. B. Sp., ad Somerset East (1. MacOwan, No. 1065, 1066).

Trametes torrida, Fr. FI. p. 103.

C. B. Sp., Somerset East (mis. M.Ow., No. 1425).

Specimina male evoluta!

Trametes moesta, Kalchbr.

Pileus suberoso coriaceus, triqueter, velutino-tomentosus, azonus-
fuligineo-fuscus, substantia crassa mollis, umbrina ; pori ampli,
rotundi vel subangulati, concolores, intus passim glaucescentes.

C. B. Sp. Murraytown (leg. Tyson) (com. M.Ow.).

Pileus basi decurrens, dissepimenta pororum crassa.

Trametes lactea, Fr. Symb. p. 96.

Pileo suberoso, pulvinato, duro, bevi, azono e floccoso- glabrato,
lacteo, contextu niveo, subzonato ; poris rotundis, aequalibus, ob-
tusis, albis (Fr. l.c.).

Somerset East, No. 1066. P. Natal, sine No.

Trametes sepium, Berkl.

C. B. Sp., Somerset East (leg. MacOwan).

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

57

Daedalea Dregeana, Montg. ( ? ) Ann. de Scienc. Nat. vii. 1847.

C. B. Sp., Somerset East (I. MacOwan).

Hexagona polygramma, Montg. Fr. Ep. p. 497.

P. Natal (leg. Wood, No. 158, 169, 201).

Eadem plane forma, quam Fries (Fung. Natal, p. 17), sub H.
tenui Fr. habet, de qua tamen (Symb. Myc., p. 102), notat, eandem,
monente Berkeleyo, strictius ad H. polygramam referendam esse.

Merulius serpens, Fr. Ep. I. 502, II. 593.

Somerset East, sine 160.

XVIerulius Corium, Fr. Ep. I. 500, n. 591.

Somerset East, sine No.

Hydnum ambiguum, B. et Br. Fung, of CeyloD, p. 60.

Late effusum, ochroleucum, margine albo, pulverulento, aculeis
minutis, dense approximatis, rimose congestis, tomentosis (Berk.
1. C.).

Bazuja Caffrarise (leg. Rev. Baur).

Hydnum mucidumf Fr. Ep. i.,518 ; II., 616.

Somerset East (Boschb., 1874, No. 1067).

Hydnum pudorinum, Fr. Ep. i., 514 ; II., 612.

Bazuja, n. 699.

Irpex tabacinus, B. et C. Fr. Symb. p. 106.

Spadiceus, pileo coriaceo, tenui, effuso, leviter reflexo ; superne
scruposo tomentoso ; dentibus, compressis, obtusis, irregulariter
seriatis.

P. Natal, Iuanda, in cortice Acaciae Lophanthce, L. (leg. Wood,
No. 216).

Pulchra species. Vidimus specimina e Canada Natalensibus,
omnino conformia.

Irpex grossus, Kalch.

Pileo suberoso-coriaceo, effuso reflexo, subazono, adpresse villoso,
albido ; dentibus e scamno poroso emergentibus, ad marginem
transversim positis, seriatim confluentibus, truncatis, incisis, —
mediis inordinatis, dentatis, ligneo-fuscescentibus. Substantia
ligneo-patens.

Somerset East, Boschberg (leg. M. Owan, No. 1092).

Placas orbiculares sistit, 2-3 cent, latas, supra margine angusto
limitatas. Ir. paleaceo , Fr., proximus, sed habitu peculiari, rudi
distinctus.

Irpex deformis, Fr.

In ramis semimortuis, in silv. Mont. Boschberg (leg. M. Owan,
1874, No. 1077).

Irpex flavus (Jvng. — non Klotschj, Fr. Symb., p. 85 (Sub. Polyporo).
P. Natal, Inanda (leg. Wood, No. 202).

Forma membranacea, tota effusa, crustaceo-adnata, poris dentium
amplis, superficialibus, sinuosis.

Radulum orbiculare, Fr. Ep. I., 524 ; II., 623.

Somerset East, sine No.

58

FUNGI M A COWAN I ANI.

LOFHARIA, K. et M. Ow.

Hymenium cartilagineo-membranaceum glabrum, contiguum,
in rugas interruptas, cristato-incisas elevatum.

Phlebiai maxime affine ; sed in hac rugae acie integerrima
gaudent.

Lopharia lirellosa, K. et M. Oro.

Effusa, plana, pallide rufescenti carnea, subpruinosa, ambitu
determinato, villoso-ciliatulo, albidiore ; plicis interruptis, varie
curvatis, subramosis, cristato-incisis.

Somerset East (1. MacOwan).

Ligno arcte adnata, placas oblongas formans. Plicae ad formam
luellarum Graphidis eurvatae.

Cladoderris infundibuliformis Klotsch. Fr. Fung. Natal, p. 21.

P. Natal (1. Wood, No. 94).

Cladoderris Thwaitesii, B. et Br. Fung, of Ceylon, No. 571.

Port Natal (1. Wood, No. 239).

Thelephora biennis, Fr. Bp. I., p. 540 ; ii., p. 636.

Somerset East, No. 1244.

Thelephora punicea, Alb. et Schw. (Sterilis). Fr. Ep. 541.

Port Natal (1. Wood, No. 190).

Stereum elegans, Meyer. Fr. Ep. 545.

Somerset East (1. MacOw., No. 1232).

Stereum luteo-badium, Fr. Ep. 547.

Port Natal (1. Wood, No. 163).

Stereum versicolor, Sroartz. Fr. Ep. 547.

In truncis vetustis mont. Boschberg pr Somerset East (leg.
M. Ow., No. 1084, 1163, 1276).

Stereum bicolor, Pers. Fr. Ep. 550.

Somerset East (1. M. Ow., No. 1244).

Stereum tabacinum, Fr. Ep. 550. var. Australis, Montg.

Hymenochcete tabacina , Lev.

Somerset East (1 M. Ow.).

Zonis creberrimis, senio nigricantibus ornatum.

Stereum amoenum, K. et M. Ow.

Pileo coriaceo-membranaceo, conchato umbonato-sessili vel pos-
tice effuso, strigoso-hirsuto, albido, demum fulvescente, zonis
crebris exarato. Hymenio laevi, glabro, lilaceo vel alutaceo. Sub-
stantia alba.

In truncis vetustis mont. Boschberg (leg. M. Ow., No. 1086,
1084). Ad Bazuja Caffrarise (1. Bev. Baur, No. 684, 695).
Specimina alba.

A proximo St. hirsuto (Fr.), differt substantia tenuiore, pileis ad
2-4 pollices ampliatis, crebrius zonatis, et hymenio plerumque
amoene lilaceo.

Stereum albo-badium, Fr. Ep. 551.

C. B. Spec, in mont. Boschberg.

FUNGI MACOWANI ANI.

59

Stexeum notatum, B. et Br. Fung, of Ceylon, No. 597.

Som. E., No. 1091 ; Baznja m., 693 ; P. Natal, No. 109.
Hymenium pallidum, peltatum, subumbonatum, et plerumque
liic umbo jugis quibusdam elevatis, concentricis cingitur.

Coxticium nudum, Fr. Ep. 564.

P. Natal, No. 161.

Coxticium calceum, F. Ep. 563.

Som. E. Boschberg (leg M. Ow., No. 1074 et 1206).

Coxticium coeruleum Fr. Ep. 562.

Som. E. (leg. MacOwau, No. 1125).

Coxticium cinereum, Fr. Ep. 563.

Peniophora cinerea Cooke in “ Grrevillea.”

Port Natal, No. 208.

A Curious Trade in Fungus. — The “Colonies and India”
says : — “ Among the various articles of trade exported from New
Zealand perhaps the most curious is a species of fungus which
grows on decaying trees in all parts of the North Island, but
most plentifully in the provincial district of Taranaki. In shape
this fungus resembles the human ear, and it is of a brown colour
and semi-transparent when fresh. It was not deemed of sufficient
importance to be included in the list of colonial exports until
1872, when 58 tons, the value of which was £1,927, were shipped;
in 1877, 220 tons, valued at £11,318, were exported ; and last
year the value of the export was £6,227. China is the destina-
tion of this product. It is much prized there as an article of
food, forming the chief ingredient of the favourite soup of that
country on account of its gelatinous properties and its peculiar
flavour. Whether the immigrant Chinese, who were more

numerous in New Zealand five years ago than they are now, dis-
covered the virtues of this fungoid growth, or whether the Maoris,
with their naturally keen wit, hit upon the idea that the substance
would just suit the peculiar tastes of the Chinese, does not
appear. The Europeans in the colony, however, have never

acquired a taste for it. To prepare this fungus for export,
nothing more is required than to pick it from the trunks of the
trees and dry it in the air or under sheds. When dry it is packed
in bags and shipped to China by way of Sydney or San Francisco.
Very few white men , except those of idle , dissipated habits , collect
fungus. The children of the small bush farmers, however, often
keep themselves in pocket-money by gathering it and selling it to
the dealers. The task of collecting it is one, too, which just
suits the Maori disposition. When the natives are in want of
funds for tobacco, or desire to raise the wherewithal to provide the
large feasts which it is their delight to give periodically, they send
out parties to the bush who bring in fungus in large quantities for
sale.” — [N.B. — The fungus here spoken of is Hirneola polytvicha.
—Ed.]

GO

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

(i Continued from Vol. ix., p. 149.)

Gen. 2. Coprinus, Fries.

Copr. stercorarius, Fr. Hym. Eur., 331.

Victoria, N.S. Wales, Queensland, Tasmania.

Copr. ephemerus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 331.

Queensland.

Copr. plicatilis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 331.

N.S. Wales.

Copr. murinus, Kalhc, in Orev., vm., t. 142 /. 10.

N.S. Wales.

Copr. tomentosus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 325.

Queensland.

Gen. 3. Bolbitius, Fries .

Bolb. fragilis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 334.

W. Australia.

Bolb. titubans, Fr. Hym. Eur., 334.

Victoria.

Gen. 4. Cortinarius, Ft'ies.

Cort. (Myxacium) erythraeus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845. p. 48.

W. Australia.

Cort. (Myxacium) Archeri, Berk. FI. Tasm., t. 181, f. 7.

Tasmania.

Gen. 5. Paxillus, Fries.

Pax. eucalyptorum, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845, 49.

W. Australia.

Fax. Muelleri, Berk. Linn. Journ., xin., 159.

Victoria, N.S. Wales.

Fax. crassus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 404.

Queensland.

Gen. 6. Hygrophorus, Fries.

Hygr. flammans, Berk. Linn . Journ., xin., 160.

Victoria.

Hygr. ceraceus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 417.

Victoria.

Hygr. miniatus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 418.

Queensland.

Hygr. nigricans, Berk. Linn. Journ., xm., 160.

Australia.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI,

61

Hygr. scarlatinas, Kalch. in Grevillea, vm., t. 143 ,fig, 11.
Queensland.

Hygr. porphyrius, B. 8f Br. (M.S.S.).

Queensland.

Gen. 7. Lactarius, Pers.

Iiact. subtomentosus, B. Rav., Ann. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1869.
Victoria.

Lact. stenophyllus, Berk. FI. Tasm. ii., 24»8, t. 181,/. 8,
Tasmania.

Gen. 8. Russula, Fries.

Russ, sanguinea, Fr. Hym. Eur., 442.

Burnett’s River.

Russ, rubra, Fr. Hym. Eur., 444.

Victoria, N.S. Wales, Queensland.

Russ, emetica, Fr. Hym. Eur., 448.

Tasmania, Victoria, N.S. Wales.

Russ. Clusii, Fr. Hym. Eur., 449.

Daylesford.

Russ, fragilis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 450.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Gen. 9. Cantharellus, Adans.

Canth. cibarius, Fr. Hym. Eur., 455.

N. S. Wales.

Canth. aurantiacus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 455,

Queensland.

Canth. concinnus, Berk. Linn. Journ., xvi., 38.

N. S. Wales.

Canth. viscosus, Berk. Rook. Journ., 1845, 49.

W. Australia.

Canth. strigipes, Berk. FI. Tasm., 11,245.

Tasmania.

Canth. pusio, Berk. Hook, Journ., vm., 134.

Tasmania.

Gen. 10. Marasmius, Fries.

Mar . rotula, Fr. Hym. Eur., 477.

Queensland.

Mar. confertus, B. $ Br., Ceylon Fungi, No. 352.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Mar. rhyticeps, Kalch. in Grevillea , iv., 71, t. 143,/. 14.
Queensland.

Mar. rufopallidus, Kalch, in Grev ., iv., 71, t. 143,/. 15.
Queensland.

Mar. calobates, Kalch, in Grev., iv., 71, 1. 143, /. 16.
Queensland.

62

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Mar. primulinus, Berk. Linn. Journ ., xvi., 38.

N. S. Wales.

Mar. opacus, B. 4' Curt., Hook. Journ., 1849, 99.

N.S. Wales.

Mar. hsematocephalus, Mont. Syll., 109.

Victoria.

Mar. ferrugineus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1843, 630.

Victoria.

Mar. aciculceformis, B. & Curt. Linn. Journ., x.

Queensland.

Mar. minutissimus, Muell. & Kalch, Grev ., xm., t. 143, f. 12.

N. S. Wales.

Mar. pilopus, Kalch, in Grev., vm., £.143, /. 13.

N. S. Wales.

Mar. equicrinis, Muell , in Grev., vm., Linn. Journ., xviii., 383.
N. S. Wales.

Mar. hepaticus, Berk. Hook. Journ., v.,p. 1,

Tasmania.

Mar. affixus. Berk. Hook. Journ., vii., 573.

Tasmania.

Mar. subsupinus, Berk. Fl. Tasm., ii., 249.

Tasmania.

Mar. eucalypti, Berk. Fl. Tasm., ii., 249.

Tasmania.

Mar. meloniformis, Berk. Fl. Tasm., ii., 249.

Tasmania.

Mar . Muelleri, Berk. Linn. Journ., xviii., 383.

Herbert’s Creek.

Mar. emergens, Berk, in herb.

On wood. Allied to Marasmius spaniophyllus , B.
Tasmania.

Mar. lignyodes, Berk. Linn. Journ., xviii., 384,

Australia.

Mar. exocarpi. Berk. Linn. Journ., xviii., 384.

Queensland.

Gen. 11. Lentinus, Fries.

Lent, cochleatus, Fr. Hym. Fur., 484.

W. Australia.

Lent, pergamenus, Fr. Sym. Myc., 37.

Queensland.

Lent, fulvus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., x., 369.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Lent, fasciatus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1840, 146.

W. Australia, Tasmania, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Lent, dealbatus, Fr. PI. Preiss., n., 153.

W. Australia.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGf.

63

Lent, cyathus, B. Sf Br. Linn. Trans., 1879, 400.
Queensland.

Lent. Lecomtei, Fr. Epic., I., 388.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Lent, subdulcis, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1851, 46,
Queensland.

Lent, subnudus, Berk. Kook. Journ., 1847,492.

S. Australia.

Lent, exilis, Klotsch. Fr. Sym. Lent., 10.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Lent, vulpinus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 486.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Lent. Dunalii, Fr. Hym. Eur., 481.

Queensland.

Lent, fusco-purpureus, Kalch., Grev., vm., t. 143,/. 17.
N. S. Wales.

Lent, lseviceps, Kalch. in Grev., vm., t . 144,/. 19.
Australia.

Lent, hyracinus, Kalch. Grev., vm., t. 143, f. 18.
Richmond River.

Lent, hepatotrichus, Berk. Fl. Tasm ., t. 181,/. 9.
Tasmania.

Lent. "pulvinulus, Berk. Fl. Tasm., t. 181,/. 10.
Tasmania.

Lent, holopogonius, Berk, in Herb.

Queensland.

Lent, lateritius, Berk. Linn. Journ., xvm., 384.
Australia.

Lent. Guilfoylei, Berk. Linn. Journ., xvm., 384
Australia.

Gen. 12. Panus, Fries.

Panus cinnabarinus, Fr. PI. Preiss., p. \ 33.

W. Australia.

Panus coriaceus, Berk. Linn. Journ., xm., 160.

Victoria.

Panus incaudescens, B. 8f Br. ( M.S.8. ).

Queensland.

Panus saccharinus, Berk. Fl. Tasm., n., 250.

Tasmania.

Panus viscidulus, B. <£ Br. (M.S.S.).

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Panus rivulosus, Berk. Linn. Journ., xvm., 384.
Australia.

Panus torulosus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 489.

Moreton Bay.

64

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Fanus arenicola, Berk. Linn. Journ., xviii., 384.

Australia.

Gen. 13. Xerotus, Fries.

Xer. Archeri, Berk. FI. Tasm.. II., 250, 1. 182,/. 1.

Tasmania, Victoria.

Xer. Rawakensis, Fr. Epic., I., 401.

Queensland.

Xer. papuasius, Kalch. in Grev., vm., t. 144,/. 20,

N. S. Wales.

Xer. proximus, B. $ Br. ( M.S.S. ).

Queensland.

Xer. papyraceus, Berk. FI. Tasm., t. 182,/. 2.

Tasmania.

Xer. fulvus, B. Br. (M.S.S.).

Queensland.

Gen. 14. Schizophyllum, Fries.

Schiz. commune, Fr. Bym. Eur., 492.

W. Australia, S. Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, N. S. Wales,
Queensland.

Schiz. multifidum Fr. in herb. Berk.

Chatham Islands, Moreton Bay.

Gen. 15. Lenzites, Fries.

Lenz. Beckleri, Berk. Linn. Journ., xili., 161.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

I>enz. Berkeleyi, Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1846, 122.

Queensland.

Benz, deplanata, Fr. Ejpic., I., 404.

Queensland.

Benz, faventinus, Cald. Erb. Critt. Ital ., No. 89.

Queensland.

Benz, striata, Fr. Epic., I., 406.

Queensland.

Benz, abietina, Fr. Bym. Eur., 495.

S. Australia.

Benz, betulina, Fr. Bym. Eur., 493.

Queensland.

Benz. Falisoti, Fr. Epic., I., 404.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Benz, torrida, Kalch. Grev., vm., t. 144,/. 21.

Richmond River.

Benz. Guilfoylei, Berk, in herb. Berk.

Pileo dimidiato (3 in.), conchiformi, subglabro, punctato-tuber-
culato, postice fumoso, antice pallido ; margine acuto. Lamellis
sublatis, repetite furcatis pallidis, acie tenui.

Tweed River.

65

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

By W. Phillips, F.L.S., and Charles B. Plowright.
With Plate 158.

( Continued from Vol. vm., p. 109,).

* Agaricus (Tricholoma) tumidus, Pers. var. Keithii, Pin. & PI.
This differs from the type in its cinereo-rufescent pileus, les6

turgid, dirty-white stem, which has brownish innate fibres, and in
being tinged with red, especially near the base. In some of these
characters it agrees with A. sudus . Fr., from which it differs in its
undulating pileus, distant gills, and often rooting stem. The
whole plant is fragile, the gills have a cineretious tinge, usually at
length becoming rufescent. It frequently has a powerful odour of
new meal, and is intermediate between A. sudus and A. tumidus,
but is nearer the latter.

In pine woods. Forres, N.B. Rev. J. Keith. Oct.

* Agaricus (Tricholoma) panaeolus, Fr.

Amongst short grass. Massingham, Norfolk. Sept., 1881.
Studley Royal, Ripon. Oct., 1881.

175. Agaricus (Clitocybe) tumulosus, Kalchbr. Fung. Hung., p. 13,

t. 5.

( Vide description — New British Fungi, p. 42).

On charcoal beds in woods. Shropshire and Herefordshire.
Autumn.

176. Agaricus (Clitocybe) incilis, Fr. Hymen. Eurp., p. 94.

Pileus fleshy, plane, umbilicate, smooth, opaque ; margin silky,

inflexed, crenate; stem hollow, short, somewhat silky, attenuated
downwards, becoming compressed ; gills adnate-decurrent, rather
distant, reticulated with veins, pallid whitish.

Kings Lynn. Nov.

Stem dilutely brick-red. Odour farinaceous.

* Agaricus (Collybia) semitalis, Fr.

Castle Rising. Nov., 1881. By the road side.

* Agaricus (Collybia) rancidus, Fr.

This species occurred in several localities round Hereford.
Oct., 1881.

177. Agaricus (Mycena) discopus, Lev.

Very delicate, white, pileus conical, obtuse, and like the stem,
very thin, covered with whitish meal; gills adnate, few, widely dis-
tant, plicate.

Leveill. Ann. Sc. Nat., 1841, p. 239, t. 14, f. 4. A. subtilissi-
mus, Fries. Hymen., p. 151 ; Oudem. Bat., p. 24.

On a stick under a hedge bank. Castle Rising. Sept., 1881.

* Agaricus (Omphalia) leucophyllus, Fr.

Castle Rising. Sept., 1881. Amongst moss in a fir wood.

5

66

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

178. Agaricus (Entoloma) Persooniana, Ph. & PI. = Ag. Sericeus,

^ Per soon Icon, et Descrip., p. 17, t. 6,/. 2.

( Vide description — New British Fungi, p. 42).

On the earth. Mattishall. The Rev. J. M. DuPorfc.

The bulb in our plant is much more decided than in Persoon’s
figure, having a distinctly abrupt margin, and the pileus is not so
fleshy. The large angular spores are as wide as the basidia, and
the hymenium abounds with large cystidia. Spores, including the
angles, -015 mm.

179. Agaricus (Hebeloma) glutinosus, Lindgr.

Pileus fleshy, convex, becoming plane, obtuse, viscous with a
tenacious gluten, with scattered white superficial squamules,
yellowish-white, disc-like; stem stuffed, nearly bulbous, with
whitish squamules, farinose at the apex, having a bark ; gills
adnexed with a sinus, crowded, yellowish, becoming cinnamon
clay-colour.

Lindgr. Bot. Not., 1845, p. 199; Fries. Monogr. I., p. 324 ;
Hymeno. Europ., p. 238 ; leones, t. 112, f. 1.

On dead leaves (beech). Hereford, 1875, and Sept., 1881.

180. Agaricus (Naucoria) anguineus, Fr.

Pileus slightly fleshy, campanulate, then convex, gibbous, smooth,
yellowish tan-coloured, with a silky zone around the margin ; stem
rather hollow, brown, and thickly covered with white fibrillae ; gills
nearly free, crowded, linear, pale-yellow, then ferruginous.

Fries. Epicrisis, p. 193 ; Hymen., p. 255 ; Icon., t. 122, f. 1.

In a flower-pot. West Lynn. Nov. 11, 1880.

Stem 2-3 inches long by 2-3 lines thick; pileus 2 inches
broad. (Fries.)

189. Agaricus (Galera) pygmseo-affinis, Fr.

Pileus submembranaceous, campanulate then expanded, dry,
without striae, slightly corrugated, honey-yellow ; stem fistulose,
equal, straight, white ; gills nearly free, thin, crowded, clay-coloured
then ferruginous ochre.

Fries. Monograph I., p. 389 ; Hymen., p. 269; leones, t. 128,
f. 1.

In a cucumber house. West Lynn. Nov. 1880.

Stem 2-3 inches long, apex pruinose, gill very narrow. (Fries.)

190. Agaricus (Psathyrella) cr enatus, Lasch.

Pileus membranaceous, hemispherical, sulcate, atomate, hygro-
phanous, margin crenate, stem slightly curved, fragile, glabrous,
white, striate above, primrose ; gills adnate, subventricose, yellow-
ish-brown, then black.

Lasch., No. 465 ; Fries. Hymen., p. 315.

In a cucumber house. West Lynn. 6 Nov., 1880.

Stem 3 cm. long, 1 to 1-5 mm. thick ; slightly thicker above
and below; gills broad, adnate, edge whitish. Pileus 1 to
1-25 cm. across, whitish, with a rufous tinge, atomate, margin
crenate.

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

67

191. Lactarius flexuosus, Fr.

[ Vide description — New British Fungi, p. 42).

This species was found by Mr. Bucknall and others in Haywood
Forest, Oct., 1881. The Agaricus flexuosus , Pers., figured by
Hussey, t. 59, is a different species, viz., L. zonarius, Fr.

* Russula consobrina, Fr., var. Sororia, Larb.

North Wootton. Aug., 1881. This is probably a common
species in fir woods.

* Sparassis crispa, Fr.

This fine fungus occuired in Costessy Park, Norwich, 18 Oct.,
1881.

* Geaster coliformis, Pei'S.

Hillington, Norfolk, Sept., 1880 and 1881.

192. Ustilago Rudolphi, Tul.

Produced in the ovaries. Spores simple, globoso-angular or
rather ovate, umber, about -06 mm. in diameter.

Sorosporium saponarice, Rud, in Linn., 1829, p. 116; Fckl.
Symb. Myc., p. 40.

In the ovaries of Dianthus deltoides in a garden in Norwich.
T. Southwell, 1881.

The plant was originally brought from the Engidine, and was
apparently healthy, but during the last two years the fungus has
quite destroyed its fructification.

193. Peziza (Humaria) Roumegueri, Karst. Grevillea, v.vii., p. 65,

var. carnosissima, Phillips, Bl. Brit. No. 158.

On decayed vegetation. Glamis. Scotland. Rev. J. Stevenson.
The sporidia are somewhat smaller than in the type, *016-*018
X '005 mm.

194. Peziza (Humaria) misturae, Phillips ; BucknalVs Fungi, Bristol

Dist.,pt. in., No. 611.

Crowded or scattered, sessile, concave when dry, applanate when
moist, submarginate, chestnut-brown, glabrous ; asci cylindraceo-
clavate ; sporidia 8, subglobose, smooth, with one large nucleus ;
*014-’016 x ,011-*012 mm.; paraphyses from one to six times
branched, summits proliferously pyriform, or moniliform, or only
slightly enlarged.

On a mixture of lime and cow dung, spread on the trunks of
apple trees.

The cups are ^ to 3 mm. across ; the paraphyses are remarkable
for their proliferous growth. The cells of the exterior of the cup
are small, oblong rather than globose.

195. Peziza (Dasy. Sess.) bazbata, Kunz., B. pellita, Pers. Myco.
Burop., i„ j o. 264; C. Bucknall , Fungi of Bristol District, pt. in ,,p. 8.

Cups subglobose, densely tomentose ; sporidia narrowly fusiform,
ends acute, ‘O^-’OIS *0025 mm., with 3 to 4 nuclei ; hairs sep-
tate, pointed at the summits, where a heap of transparent granules
collect, as is not uncommon with some of the closely allied species.
On beech mast. Bristol. Mr. C. Bucknall.

68

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

Persoon’s plant occurred on Lonicera caprifolium, but no differ-
ence can be detected between Mr. Bucknall’s plant on beecb mast
and that on Lonicera.

196. Feziza (Dasy. Sess.) araneo-cincta, Phillips ; Bucknall , Fungi

Bristol District , pt. ill., p. 8 ; Phil. El. Brit., No. 169.

Minute, scattered, sessile, concave, thin, pale yellow, margin
fringed with long, slender, flexuous, pointed, white hairs; asci
broadly clavate ; sporidia 8, biseriate, narrowly fusiform, acutely
pointed, -01--013 x '001--0015 mm.

On decayed birch leaves. Clifton, Bristol. Mr. C. Bucknall.
Cups 2-3 mm. across. The hairs are devoid of septa, and so
delicate that they are diffluent in water, with only slight pressure.

197. Peziza (Dasy. Sess.) spirotricha, Oud. Archives Nederlandensis,

vo. viii.; Phil. El. Brit., No. 168.

This was described under the name of P. asterostoma , Phillips,
in Grev., v. vii., p. 140, which name must be withdrawn, Pro-
fessor A. C. Oudeman, of Amsterdam, having described it in
Archives Neederlandensis, v. viii. ; vide Hedwigia, 1874, p. 87.

198. Peziza (Dasy. Stip.?) solfatera, C. 8f E.; Grevillea , v. vii. p. 7.

Bucknall, Fung. Brist. Dist., pt. ill., No. 618.

This pretty, but minute species, was detected on pine leaves near
Bristol ; though occasionally sessile, it is usually provided with a
minute stem.

199. Peziza (Hymenos) electrina, Ph. Sf PI. ; Grevillea , v. viii., p.

155 ; Phillips, El. Brit., No. 187.

Gregarious, minute, subgelatinous, glabrous, amber-coloured,
disc concave, marginate; stem short, firm ; asci narrowly clavate,
pointed at the summit ; sporidia 8, biseriate, cylindraceo-fusiform,
•005 > *001 mm.

On decaying leaves of Pinus sylvestris , Forres, N.B., associated
with Dacrymyces succineus, Fr., of which it is the more perfect
condition.

200. Feziza (Mollisia) luteo-rubella, Nyl. Pezizee Fennice, p. 55 ;

Phillips , El. Brit., No. 185.

Minute, scattered, disciform, glabrous, somewhat tremelloid,
yellowish-red or yellowish-brown ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spori-
dia fusiform, •007-01 X ‘OOl-'OOlb mm. Apices of paraphyses
somewhat subglobo^e.

On dead willow bark. Shrewsbury.

Very nearP. leucostigma.

201. Peziza (Mollisia) inflatula, (Karst.), Bucknall, Fung. Bristol

Dist.,pt. ill .,p. 8.

Cups gregarious, nearly flat, thin, hyaline-whitish, when dry
globular, contracted into angles, dirty-yellowish, or nearly brick-
red ; asci cylindraceo-clavate ; spores 8, filiform, ‘004--007 X *005
mm.

Bristol. Mr. C. Bucknall, 1879.

This is very near P. epipora , Nyl.

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

69

202. Helotium menthae Phil. Elv. Brit,, No. 188.

Scattered, stipitate, at first convex, then applanate, disk egg-
yellow , margin paler ; the under side of cups and slender stem
white ; asci cylindraceo-clavate, often pointed at the summit ;
sporidia broadly fusiform, acute at one extremity, sometimes at
both, often curved, two to four nuclei, or spuriously uniseptate,
‘014--02 X -OOS-'OOS; paraphyses filiform.

On dead stems of Mentha. Shrewsbury.

203. Helotium sulphuratum (Flo. Dan., Pez. sulphurata, t. 1915,

f. 2), Phillips, El. Brit., No. 189.

Scattered, turbinate, or with a stout stem, often seated on a
white floccose tapesium, disc depressed or concave, egg-yellow,
externally white ; asci cylindraceo-clavate, obtuse at the summit ;
sporidia 8, biseriate, fusiform, acute at the ends, curved, two to
four nuclei ; paraphyses filiform often branched from near the base
On decaying pine leaves. Cawdor Castle, Scotland. Sept.

204. Ascobolus (Saccobolus) neglectus. Bond.

Very minute, at first globose, then flattened, glabrous, whitish
or cinereous, sometimes tinged with purple, paler at the base ; disc
fulvus, appearing black by reason of the exserted asci ; paraphyses
simple or branched, scarcely thickened at the apex, hyaline, septate ;
asci minute, broad, narrowed at the base, hyaline ; sporidia oblongo-
-subacuminate, varying from roseate to greyish- violet, ’01 5- ‘01 9 X
’006--008 mm.

King’s Lynn. April, 1876. On rabbit dung, Leigh Wood,
Bristol. Mr. C. Bucknall, June, 1881.

205. Ascobolus (Thecotheus) Pelletieri, Cronan.

Scattered or crowded, conical at first, then cylindrical, at length
applanate ; greyish or greyish-lilac ; externally clothed with an
excessively subtile white pruina ; paraphyses slender, longer than
the asci, septate, hyaline, divided at the base ; asci elongated,
large, broad, with a subumbonate operculum ; sporidia 32, hyaline,
large, elliptical-subucuminate^ *027 X 014 mm.

Grown under glass, Bristol. Mr. C. Bucknall. On horse
dung, Scarborough. Mr. Massee.

206. Patellaria connivens, Fr. Systema, v. n., y. 151, Karsten , Myco.

Fen.,p , 234 / Phillips , El. Brit., No. 190.

Gregarious, minute, sessile, disc depressed, black or rufescent,
margin thin, when dry compressed and deformed ; asci broadly-
clavate ; sporidia 8, oblongo-fusiform, six to eight nuclei ; para-
physes filiform, very slender, branched from near the base, abundant.
On decorticated wood. Shrewsbury.

207. Patellaria Hyperici, Phillips , El. Brit., No. 191.

Gregarious, very minute, innato-sessile, applanate, immarginate,

glabrous, blackish-brown ; asci broadly clavate; sporidia biseriate,
oblongo-fusiform, triseptate, *017-*02 X •OuS-'OOS mm., paraphyses
filiform.

On dead stems of Hypericum. Shrewsbury.

70

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

The sporidia of this species germinate freely within the ascus,
their threads projecting through the walls of the ascus.

This is near Lecanidion herbarum , Sacc.

208. Hypocrea lactea, Fr.

Fleshy, effused, naked, white ; perithecia rather large, globose;
ostiola punctiform ; asci cylindrical, -05--06 mm. long by -003--004
mm. wide; sporidia 16, hyaline, subequal, globose, *003 mm.

Fries. Sum. Veg. Scand., p. 383 ; Syst. Mycol. II., p. 337 ;
Fckl. Mycol. Europ., p. 185 : Sacc. Mich. I., p. 302.

On the hymenium of Polyporus medulla-panis. Castle Rising.
16 Sept., 1881.

209. Hypomyces candicans, Plow. Monograph British Hypomyces.

Grevillea , ined.

On some Myxogaster. Leziate, King’s Lynn. Aug., 1880.
Bathford Downs, Oct., 1880.

210. Hypomyces aureo-nitens, Tul. Sel. Carp. Fung, hi., p. 64.

Plow. Mono. Brit. Hypomyces Grev., ined.

On Stereum hirsutum. Pwllycrochon Wood, North Wales. 10
Oct., 1880.

211. Nectria Lamyi ( Besm .), Be Not.

Perithecia casspitose, dark cinnabar red, rugose ; ostiola minute,
depressed ; asci oblong, substipitate, octosporous, *074 x *014 mm. ;
sporidia oblong lanceolate, but obtuse at both ends, obscurely
uniseptate, hyaline, *02 x *008 mm.

De Not. Sfereacei Ital. I., No. 9 ; Sphceria Lamyi , Desmaz.,
Ann. de Sci. Nat., 1836, II., p. 246 ; Sphceria Berberidis , Fries.
Sys. Myc. II., p. 415, in part ; Nectria Lamyi , Fckl. Mycol.
Europ., p. 178.

Flitcham Abbey, King’s Lynn, July, 1881. On dead branches
of Berberis vulgaris.

212. Nectria erubescens, Desmaz.

Perithecia scattered or subgregarious, superficial, with a white
radiating villous base, minute, globose, soft, smooth, brick-red, then
reddish-brown, collapsing ; ostiola papilliform ; asci clavate, *05
mm. long ; sporidia oblong, subacute, slightly curved, triseptate,
hyaline, *017 mm. long by -004 mm. wide.

Desmaz. XIII., sub Sphaeria; De Not. Sf. It., p. 72; Sacc.
Michelia I., p. 309.

On dead holly leaves. Clifton Down. Oct., 1879 (C. Bucknall,
Esq.).

In October, 1870, Mr. Bucknall found upon the under side of
fallen holly leaves a Nectria, which answered to the above in all
points save in having much smaller sporidia (-008--01 x -001--002
mm.), which we were at first inclined to regard as a distinct species.

213. Sphaerostilbe aurantiaca, Tul.

Conidia Stilbuni aurantiacum , Bab., subfasciculate, orange ;
stem smooth, darker below, head subclavate ; spores oblong,

GREVILLEA

FL. 158.

JTeuu Ijritish Fungi.

_

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

71

obtuse, subtruncate. Bab. Abs. Linn. Trans., 1839 ; B. & Br.
Ann.N. H., No. 223, t. 12, f. 3 4 ; Cooke, Hdbk., p. 553.

Ascophore. Perithecia gregarious, with the conidia, spherical
dark red, rather large, rugulose ; asci broadly clavate, ’lSx'OS
mm. ; sporidia hyaline, uniseptate, ovate, oblong, slightly con-
stricted, *025-'03 x *008 --01 mm. Tulasne Sel. Carp. Fung. III.,
p. 99, t. 14, f. 1-13; Sacc. Mich. I., p. 298.

On a dead elm tree. Brandon. Oct. 14, 1881.

Plate 158, fig. 4, ( a ) conidia and ascophore enlarged, ( b ) ascus,
(c) sporidia.

214. ftlelanospora parasitica, Tulasne.

Perithecium spherical, attenuated upwards into a very long
flexuous neck, which is five or six times the length of the peri-
thecium, brown, clothed with white floccose mycelium ; asci very
delicate, about *02 to *03 mm. long by *005 to *008 mm. wide ;
sporidia pale brown, almost hyaline, cylindrical, obtuse at either
end, *01 mm. long by *002 mm. wide.

Upon an immature specimen of Torrubia militaris, which was
passing from the Isaria stage before it had acquired the red fleshy
character of the perfect Torrubia. Tulasne figures this plant
upon a beetle ( Melolontha vulgaris), which is obviously attacked
by Isaria farinosa.

Tulasne Sel. Carp. Fung. III., t. III., f. 11-14.

North Wootton. Sept., 1880.

Plate 158, fig. 3, portion of Torrubia militaris with the Melano -
spora , enlarged, ( b ) perithecium, (c) ascus, ( d ) sporidia.

215. Melanospora episphaeria, Ph. 4 PI.

Perithecia hyaline, globose, superficial, neck none, at first almost
colourless, then blackish from the dark sporidia, *35 mm. across ;
asci very delicate, soon absorbed, pyriform, -07 mm. long, f04 mm,
wide at the upper part ; sporidia lemon-shaped, at first hyaline and
filled with granules then almost black and reticulated, ’03 mm. long
by ‘01 to *012 mm. wide.

The reticulated sporidia are very remarkable. On Hypomyces
terrestris. King’s Lynn. Oct., 1880. This species also appeared
on a specimen of the Hypomyces, which M. Boudier sent from
MontmoTency in November, 1880.

Plate 158, fig. 2 ( a ) two perithecia upon the stroma of Hypomyces
terrestris, enlarged, ( b ) ascus, (c) sporidia, (d) two sporidia, more
highly magnified.

216. Valsa (Authostoma) gastrinoides, Ph. & PI.

Disc concave, black, stroma blackish ; perithecia 8-10, ambient,
half buried in the wood ; asci cylindrical, *08 x ’008-*01 mm. ;
sporidia eight, obliquely uniseriate, dark brown, elliptical, nucleate
at first, *015 X *005 mm.

On Viburnum. March, 1880. Bristol. Mr. Bucknall.

This species is a true Valsa , as we accept the genus. It

72

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

approaches very closely to Fuckel’s Quaternaria NitschJcii, which
Saccardo considers a corticolous state of Melogramma gastrinum.

217. Valsa (Valsella) clypeata, Fckl,

Conceptacles shield-like, oblong, 1*5 mm. long by 1 mm. wide,
black, immersed in the substance of the bark, olivaceous within ;
disc rounded or oval, projecting through a fissure in the epider-
minis, whitish ; perithecia 4-8, crowded, globose, minute black ;
ostiola punctiform, black ; asci sessile, oblong, polyporous, *052 x
*007 ; sporidia cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, slightly curved,
simple, •006--007 mm. long by *0015 mm. wide.

Fckl. Mycol. Europ., p. 203.

On dead bramble stems. Forres. Rev. James Keith. April, 1880.

218. Cucurbitaxia lauxo-cexasi, Ph. Sf PI.

Perithecia erumpent, 1 to 4 in a group, globose, smooth, small ;
ostiola inconspicuous ; asci cylindrical, •12-,125 X ’02 mm. ;
sporidia uniseriate, dark brown, oblong, ovate, slightly constricted
about the middle, muriform, -02--025 X *012 mm.

On cherry laurel. Forres. Rev. J. Keith. May, 1880.

This species comes near Fuckel’s C. coryli (Nach. I., p. 20), as
far as the size of the sporidia, but differs in other characters.
The sporidia have often seven primary transverse septa — four in
upper half of the sporidia and three in the lower.

Plate 158, fig. 8, («) the plant, enlarged, (5) ascus, (c) sporidia.

219. XlfXassaxia tiliae, Ph. Sc PI.

Perithecia subcuticular, globose, then depressed, black ; ostiola
minute, just piercing the epidermis ; asci subcylindrical ; sporidia
eight, hyaline involved in gelatine, triseptate, constricted at the
septa, quadrinucleate, *04--06 mm. long by *01 mm. wide.

On lime twigs. Forres. Rev. J. Keith. May, 1880.

This species comes very near Massaria eburnoides, Sacc., but the
sporidia are twice the size of Saccardo’s plant.

Plate 158, fig. 6, (a) ascus, ( b ) sporidia.

220. Soxdaxia pleiospoxa, Winter.

Perithecia scattered, semi-immersed, globose ; neck conical ;
apex curved, thick, obtuse, attenuated almost to the length of the
perithecia, brownish-black, covered by short thick black hairs,
about *38-’42 mm. in diameter ; asci large, elongate, ventricose,
16-64 sporous, *36 mm. x ’08- *12 mm. ; paraphyses tubular
branched, shorter than the asci ; sporidia ovate, opaque, black-
brown, truncate at both ends, and appendiculate, terminal append-
age, hyaline, curved as long as the sporidium, inferior append-
age, straight, twice or thrice the length of the sporidium ; sporidia
without the appendage, *024-’033 X ’016--019 mm.

Winter, Deutsch. Sord., p. 29, t.x., f. 17, a.k ; Winter, Hed-
wigia, 1871 , p. 161 ; Fckl. Mycol. Europ. App. II., p. 44 ; Sordaria
Langei , Fckl. in litt.

On rabbit’s dung. Bristol. Feb., 1881. Mr. C. Bucknall.

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

73

221. Sordaria polyspora, Ph. $ PI.

Perithecia semi-immersed, scattered, globose, bristled with a few
black hairs upon the upper part ; ostiola elongate ; asci cylindrical,
polysporous (128 ?), *06 X '01 mm. ; sporidia elliptical, black,
simple, *005-008 x *004-*005 mm.

Upon rabbit’s dung. Leigh Down, Bristol. 6 March, 1881.
Mr. C. Bucknall.

This well marked species is distinguished by the small size of its
sp oridia and other characters.

Plate 158, fig. 1, (a) ascus, ( b ) sporidia.

222. Sphaeria (Teichospora) deflectens, Karst.

Perithecia scattered or gregarious, at length nearly superficial,
spherical, at length often more or less collapsing ; ostiola incon-
spicuous, smooth, shining black ; asci cylindrical, *06-*08 ; sporidia
6 or 8, obliquely uniseriate, oblong, thicker in front, 1-3 septate
often with one or more longitudinal septa, slightly constricted at
the septa or not, brown, 012-*06 mm. x *008-*005 mm.

Karsten. Mycol. Fenn. II., p. 69.

Onrotten beech wood. Stapleton Park. Dec., 1878. Mr. Bucknall.

Plate 158, fig. 7, (a) ascus, ( b ) sporidia.

223. Sphaeria (Melanomma) fuscidulum, Sacc.

Perithecia scattered or gregarious, free or semi-immersed, black,
smooth, spherical or subdepressed, *25 mm. across ; ostiola cylin-
draceo-conical as long as the perithecia ; asci clavate, *055 x '007-
*008 mm., attenuated below, octosporous ; sporidia biseriate, *012-
*014 X *0035-*004 mm., straight or curved, at first sub-hyaline,
4 nucleate then 3 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, brown.

Saccardo, Michelia I., p. 450 ; Fung. Ital., p.294 ; Fungi Venet
ser. III., p. 5.

On holly. Coed Coch. Oct., 1880 (W.P). On elder. King’s
Lynn, Nov., 1880.

224. Sphaeria ammophila, Ph. & PI.

Perithecia immersed, large, two or three in a group beneath the
circumscribed blackened epidermis ; ostiola minute, punctate ; asci
cylindrical, *08 mm. long by *008- 01 mm. wide ; sporidia eight,
oval, black-brown, uniseriate, with a slight hyaline appendage at
either end, *008-*01 mm. long by *005-006 mm. wide.

Plate 158, fig. 5, (a) the plant enlarged, (6) perithecia, (c)
ascus, ( d ) sporidia, ( e ) three sporidia more highly magnified,
showing the hyaline appendage.

On Ammophila arundinacea. Holm-next-th e-Sea, Norfolk. 15

August,. 1880.

225. Sphaeria fluviatilis, Ph. $ PI.

Perithecia minute, immersed, globose ; ostiola papillate ; asci
clavato-cylindrical, *06-*07 X *01-*015 mm. ; sporidia biseriate, tri-
srptate, fusiform, curved, pale greenish-brown, *02-,022 X *005 mm.

On Lemania fluviatilis. Longmynd. May, 1880 (W.P.).

74

NEW AND RARE BRITISH FUNGI.

226. Sphaeirella uliginosa, Ph. & PL

Perithecia punctiform, seated upon bleached spots on the living
leaves ; asci clavato-cylindrical, *06 X '02 mm. ; sporidia brown,
triseptate, lanceolate, acute, slightly curved, having one joint often
slightly swollen, *03--035 X ’01- '012 mm.

On living leaves of Stellaria uliginosa. Forres, 1881. Rev. J.
Keith.

SYMBOLS LICHENO-MYCOLOGICiE.

By Dr. Minks.*

Dr. Minks, the author of this work, has set forth his views on
the morphology and physiology of lichens in the “ Flora ” for 1878
and in bis book “ Das Microgonidium,” to which the attention of
the readers of “ Grevillea ” has already been called. f It is to be
regretted that no sufficiently competent Lichenologist possessing a
knowledge of the German language has come, forward to place
Dr. Minks’s views before an English speaking public in more
detail and completeness than has hitherto been done, for it is only
fair to him that views so subversive of the hitherto received
notions should be brought fully before the critical attention of the
English student, that they may stand or fall by their own merits.

Dr. Minks himself affirms that without the aid of his figures
much that he has written will be difficult to understand. This
much, however, is clear, that he finds minute bodies in the tissues
of lichens, which he calls “microgonidia,” to which he assigns
high physiological value, that they exist throughout the vegetative
and reproductive parts, being present in the hyphse, the gonidia,
the cortical layer, the various component parts of the apothecia —
the paraphyses, the asci, and the sporidia. " Each tissue contains
in its cells at least one microgonidium ; ” that owing to their
number and arrangement in the cells, it is that the cells may be
either green or colourless, which depends simply on optical condi-
tions. These microgonidia can be seen by the aid of Hatnack’s
No. VIII. microscope, with 2, 3, and 4 eyepieces, and No. IX.
immersion object-glass. In the work, the title of which is given
above, he discards the hitherto accepted criterion between lichens
and fungi, namely, the absence or presence of gonidia in their
substance, and substitutes the presence or absence of these micro-
gonidia, which he considers a much more valuable test. Dr.
Nylander asserts that the bodies Dr. Minks has under view are
nothing more than the “molecular granulations” long since
known to the students of Vegetable Anatomy, and have no special
relation to gonidia or their origin. In this opinion the Rev. M. J.
Cromby fully concurs. If this be the case, the criterion advocated

* “Symbolse Licheno-Mycologicae.” Beitraga zur Kenntniss der
Grenzen Zwischen Fletchten und Pitzen, von Dr. Arthur Minks. Erster
Theil. Kassel, 1881.

f “Grevillea,” Vol. xii., p. 89, 118 and 143 ; also Vol. ix., p. 34 and p. 48.

SYMB0L2E LICHENO-MYCOLOGICJE.

75

by Dr. Minks will prove a most fallacious one, and will only tend
to render the line of demarkation between these two closely allied
classes still more uncertain and perplexing than it hitherto has
been. Gonidia are sufficiently conspicuous objects to catch the eye
of the least experienced observer and form a comparatively easy
criterion by which to detect a lichen from a fungus ; but micro-
gonidia, which do not always indicate their presence by their green
colour, must be a very uncertain guide to the student in determin-
ing the true alliance of the plant he is examining. In this book
170 species are enumerated and briefly described, some few of
which are already recognised by authors as lichens, but the large
majority of which have hitherto been accepted as Discomycetes , the
whole of which he transfers to lichens. It is quite impossible to
follow the author, in this necessarily brief notice, into the investi-
gation of individual species and the ground on which he would
remove the whole into the Class Lichens, but it is difficult to avoid
the expression of some surprise to find such species as Peziza
flammea, A. & S., P. corticalis , Pers., P. calycina , Schum., P.
tricolor , Sow., forced into so unnatural an alliance.

The commonest of these well-known species, P. calycina , Schum.,
is said by our author to have in its paraphyses the small micro-
gonidia which are easily recognised and also counted ; it will be in
the powrer, therefore, of any one to satisfy himself as to what
bodies are meant by him which are henceforth to constitute the
line of demarcation. The greater proportion of the examples he
has selected from the Discomycetes are, it is confessed, such as have
always held a more or less doubtful position when tested by the old
criterion, and here no great violence is done to our notions of
classification, but it is altogether otherwise with such species as
those mentioned above. The genera from which his 170 examples
are drawn are the following : — Ascobolus, Aulographum, Blitndium ,
Cenangium , Cryptomyces , Dermatea , Discella, Ditiola, Dothiora ,
Durella , Eustegia , Excipula, Heteropatella, Heterosphceria, Hymno-
bolus, Hysterium, Labrella , Lachnella, Lecanidion , Lecidea , Ncetro-
cymbe, Nodularia , Odontotrema, Patellaria , Pezicida, Peziza , Pelti
dium, Phacidium, Podophacidium, Pragmophora, Pyrenostegia, Peti-
nocyclus , Sphceria, Triblidium, Tympanis, Trochila. — W. P.

LECTUKES ON THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

We have received a volume with this title, by Dr. Wm. Woolls,
and published in Sydney, but the only cryptogams which receive
notice are the “ Ferns,” and these, in common with Phanerogams,
are outside the sphere of our activities. It is a popular volume,
dealing chiefly with the aspects of the Vegetable World in Aus-
tralia, and doubtless will be of considerable interest to the colonist.
Popular botanical works, written by those* who are practically
acquainted with the subject, are not so common but that we may
afford a half-dozen lines to welcome them whenever they appear.

76

FUNGUS FORAYS.

Scottish Cuyptogamic Society. — The annual excursions this
year were fixed for the 30th August, in the Island of Mull ;
perhaps this is the reason why we have not heard of any extra-
ordinary results having been achieved.

Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. — The first cryptogamic
meeting of this society was held at Leeds on September 30th
and October 1st, under “ two most favourable conditions of fine
weather and an abundance of fungi.” We are assured by some
who migrated southwards at the close of the meetings, that there
was a third condition, “ an abundance of good cheer,” from which
those who indulged scarce recovered for a week. The details of
this meeting will be found in the “ Gardener’s Chronicle ” for
October 8th. So numerous are “ Forays ” becoming, and so
popular, that full reports are more than we can undertake. The
exhibition of Fungi after the excursions was exceptionally good as
a first exhibition, and created quite a sensation. Very interesting
species were found, but neither here nor elsewhere have unusual
forms, either new or rare, been abundant. The most noteworthy
species were, according to the report, Agaricus panceolus , Fr.,
Agaricus Bucknalli , B. & Br., Agaricus pisciodoius , Fr., Agaricus
dryinus, Fr., Agaricus seminudus , Fr., and several Hygrophori. It
would appear that the organization of the meetings was irre-
proachable, which is more than can be said for “ first meetings ”
in general, and Fungus forays in particular.

Epping Club Fungus Foray was appointed for Saturday,
October 1st, and was equal to the former in attendance, and as
good as any in results. An account appeared in the “ Gardener’s
Chronicle ” for October 8th from the vigorous pen of Mr. Worth-
ington Smith. The show was this year made the most of, for the
specimens were spread over tables in a room adjoining that in
which the meeting was held. For this and other reasons, the
place selected this year was preferable to that of last year. The
greatest “ take ” of the day was Mr. W. Smith’s “ gigantc
Sparassis,” four feet in diameter, notwithstanding that we arie
assured that a specimen equal in size was discovered by a friend of
ours last year. This excursion into excellent hunting grounds
each year is a treat which mycologists residing in and around
London should never miss.

Woolhope Club Fungus Foray. — This year the meetings
commenced on Monday, October 3rd, and continued until Friday,
October 7th. A full account appeared in the “ Gardener’s
Chronicle ” for October 22nd, which we cannot reprint for lack of
available space. Any new species will be found in the list of
“ New British Fungi.” Of these the most notable are Agaricus
( Clitocybe ) catinus} Fr., Agaricus ( Clitocybe ) tumulosus , Kalch., and

FUNGUS FORAYS.

77

Lactarius flexuosus, Fr., the latter really a most distinct and
splendid species. The weather was all that could possibly be
desired, but fungi were by no means abundant. Several interesting
and valuable papers were read ; one by C. B. Plowright, on
“ Diseases of the Tomato,” being published in “ Gardener’s
Chronicle,” November 12, 1881, and another by the same gentle-
man appears in the current number of “ Grevillea.”

Birmingham Natural History Society. — The first Fungus
Foray of this society took place on Saturday, October 8th, in
Sutton Park ; but as it did not commence until the afternoon, and
extended over only two or three hours, it cannot be expected that
much was done. There was an extraordinary dearth of fungi, and
nothing new was discovered, although Agaricus heieroclitus, Fr.,
and Agaricus echinatus , Roth., deserve to rank amongst rare
species. There was a good attendance, and it is to be hoped that
if the experiment should be repeated next year, a better account
will be presented. The climatic conditions of early October were
not favourable to the development of Fungi.

CYSTIDIA IN THE MUSHROOM TRIBE.

By W. G. Smith, F.L.S.

The receipt of the magnificent specimens of Agaricus bomby-
cinus from your correspondent the Rev. J. M. Du Port, has again
directed my attention to the subject of cystidia in Agarics.
Knowing by experience how fine the cystidia are in some near
allies of A. bombycinus , the first thing I did on receipt of the
specimens was to look for the cystidia. For several hours of
the night my efforts to find any were unavailing ; at last I saw
one, soon afterwards two others (in the hymenium), at length
two more ; they all agreed exactly in their great size (longer
than any here illustrated), in their spindle-shape, and in being
without spicules at the summit. The cystidia must be extremely
rare in A. bombycinus , and this fact will give some one a good
opportunity for saying he cannot see them, or for some rash person
to deny their existence altogether.

I will briefly state what is meant by cystidia in the Mushroom
tribe, and my impression that they represent the male element of
these plants.

As a good example, I will take Coprinus atramentarius ; this
is an extremely common deliquescent Agaric, very frequently
about rotten palings and wooden borders of gardens. Under the
cap one can, of course, see innumerable black gills, each gill about
as thick as tissue-paper. If the edge of one of these gills, or a
section through any part of the gill surface, is examined with a
microscope, three sorts of cells, in addition to the spores, will be
seen. First, the simple cells of the plant, as at a, fig. 71 ; next, cells of

78

CYSTIDIA IN THE MUSHROOM TRIBE.

a somewhat larger size,
called basidia, b; these
carry the spores, as at c.
The basidia always carry
four spores, on the
minute spikes here
shown, but one spore
only is shown in position
for convenience ; and
lastly, other bodies of an
immensely larger size oc-
cur, as at d — these latter
comparatively gigantic
flasks are extremely abun-
dant ; in some species of
Coprinus they are so
large that they can be
seen without a lens, and
they are so heavy that
they drop out of the fun-
gus in large numbers and
rest on the ground with
the fallen spores. At first
these bodies are filled
with fluid, but as the fun-
gus becomes ripethefluid
becomes differentiated
and takes a fine granular
form ; at this period the
cystidium opens at the
top, either by an orifice
or sometimes by a little
operculum or trap-door,
which flies off, and the
minute mobile granules
pour out. Cystidia are
distinctly hyaline and
glutinous bodies, the
spores always stick to
them. Now in such de-
liquescent fungi as Cop-
rinus the cells of the plant
speedily perish, with the
exception of the basidia,
with the spores and the
cystidia ; the cystidia re-
main uninjured as long
as the spores, and this
fact alone suggests to my
mind that they should be
considered of equal im-
portance with the spores.

CYSTIDIA IN THE MUSHROOM TRIBE.

79

At e is seen the cystidium of Agaricus cucumis; at f, the
cystidinm of Gomphidias viscidus ; at a, Agaricus umbrosus ; at
h, Agaricus radicatus , with the little operculum or lid, at h, flying
off. The figures are enlarged to an uniform scale, namely 400
diameters ; and in each figure the simple cells of the plant and the
basidia, with the spores, are also illustrated. It will be seen how
important these bodies are as regards size and persistence.

Many botanists have noticed cystidia ; but in my opinion cystidia
have at present by no means received the attention that is their
due. I could fill several pages of the “ Gardener’s Chronicle ”
with illustrations of their diverse forms, but in no instance have I
ever seen a cystidium smaller than the ordinary cells of the fungus ;
they are usually larger, sometimes hundreds of times larger,
always more hyaline.

Professor de Seynes expresses an opinion that cystidia are hyper-
trophied basidia — that is, basidia (or spore bearers) blown out in
size ; and Dr. Cooke seems to think this view is supported by some
cystidia, being furnished with spicules at the top, g, as if they were
intended to bear spores. If these views are admitted we have
organs that are hypertrophied and atrophied at the same time, a
by no means impossible state of things. It is the case of a moun-
tain bringing forth a mouse. The cell is blown out so as to give
enormous expectations, and when quite mature it puts out four
little effete horns, but never produces spores.

That the cystidium and basidium are modifications of each
other I am quite prepared to admit ; and as for the four spicules in
Pluteus, if botanists will only look at A. petasatus they will see
cystidia with eight or even twelve spicules in three rows. Are
these then to be considered attempts to produce eight or twelve
spores instead of the normal four ? Sometimes the spicules are
proliferous, and each spicule will produce four others of a minor
order, as at g (. A . umbrosus, enlarged 1280 diam.). Is this for
sixteen spores?

In conclusion, I will advert to the way in which the cystidia in
Gomphidius are borne. In many instances (if not in all) they arise
from two conjoined cells, as at j (enlarged 160 diameters). I
have not seen basidia so arise, and it looks superficially like what is
termed conjugation. It is a very curious thing that Dr. Cooke, in
figurmgPeniophora sparsa (u Grevillea,” p. 125, fig. 16), shows two
metuloids (like small cones) with a forked base ; this is remarkable,
and to my mind it indicates that the metuloids of Peniophora may
sometimes arise from two cells, instead of a single on e.^-Prom the
Gardener's Chronicle, Sept. 17, 1881, _p. 369.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Stevenson, Rev. J. Mycologia Scotica, addenda, in “ Scottish
Naturalist,” Jan., July, Oct., 1881.

80

CR YPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

White, Dr. B. Preliminary list of the Fungi of Perthshire, in
11 Scottish Naturalist,” for Jan., 1881.

Crisp, F. Summary of current researches in Cryptogamic
Botany, in “ Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc.,” Oct., 1881.

Mattirolo, O. Contribuzioni alio studio del genere Cora, in
“ Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.,” Oct., 1881.

Passerini, G. Funglii Parmensi enumerati, in “ Nuovo Giorn.
Bot. Ital.,” Oct., 1881.

Minks, Dr. A. Symbolas Licheno-Mycologicae, Part i., 1881.
Comes, 0. Sull’ Antracnosi o vajolo della vite, 1881.
Roumeguere, C., and Saccardo, P. A. Reliquas Mycologicie
Libertianas. Series altera.

Elfving. F. Note on Phyconiyces , in “ Botaniska Notiser ,”
Sept., 1881.

Farlow, W. G. Notes on Gymnosporangia, in “ Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club,” Aug., 1881.

Ellis, J. B. New Species of North American Fungi, in “Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club,” Aug., 1881.

Geheeb, A. Bryologische Fragmente, in “ Flora,” July 1, 1881,
Thumen, F. Diagnosen zu Thumen’s Micotheca Universalis.
“Flora,” July 1, 1881.

Arnold, Dr. F. Lichenologische Fragmente, in “ Flora,”
July 11, 21, 1881.

Jack, J. B. Die europaischen Radula Arten, in “ Flora,”
Aug. 11, Sept. 1, 1881.

Johnson, Rev. W. Introduction to the study of Lichens,
“ Amer. Monthly Micr. Journ.,” Oct., 1881.

Lamy, M. E. Conseils pour l’etude des Lichens, “ Revue
Mycologique,” Oct., 1881.

Patouillard, M. N. Especes nouvelles de Champignons, in
“ Revue Mycologique,” Oct., 1881.

Rabenhorst’s Fungi Europasi, Cent, xxvi., notice in u Hed-
wigia,” Oct., 1881.

Report on New York State Museum, in il Hedwigia,” Sept,
and Oct., 1881.

Winter, Dr. Pezizae Sauterianae, in “ Hedwigia,” Sept., 1881.
Uhlworm, Dr. 0. Botanisches Centralblatt, Nos. 34 to 46, 1881.
Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi, 16 coloured
plates. Part. v.

Ellis, J. B. New Ascomycetous Fungi, in “ Bull. Torrey.
Bot. Club,” Nov., 1881.

Bessey, C. E. Simblum rubescens in Iowa, in “ Bull. Torr. Bot.
Club,” Nov., 1881.

Boudier, E. Nouvelles especes de Champignons de France, in
“ Bull. Soc. Bot. de France ” xxviii, 1881.

Cooke, M. C. Freaks and Marvels of Plant Life. (S.P.C.K.)
1881.

No. 55.]

[March, 1882.

A QUARTERLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

GREVILLEA ATLAS.*

The coloured plates of Hymenomycetes which have from time
to time appeared in “ Grevillea ” require in a few instances some
observations, and these may best be furnished by giving a cata-
logue of the figures in the order of publication, with such notes as
may be necessary. Now that the publication of u Illustrations ” of
British species is fairly on the way, it is scarcely probable that any
occasion will arise for the publication of any further figures of the
British Agaricini in the pages of “ Grevillea.” In the following
series no exotic species are included except when they occur on the
same plates as those which are found in this country. Of course,
it must be expected that all the figures are not equally characteristic
of the species they represent, but the individuals themselves vary,
and figures of variations are always useful. It has been our
endeavour to correct any manifest errors which may have occurred.

PL 76, fig. 1.

f) )> 2-

PI. 77, fig. 1.
„ „ 2.
» » 3.

?> >>

PI. 78, fig. 1.

Cantlnarellus Houghtoni , Phil. From drawing by
W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Lactarius pubescens , Fr. From drawing by W.
Phillips, F.L.S.

Agaricus ( Armillaria ) bulbiger , A. & S. From
drawing by W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Agaricus (Nolanea) rufo- carneus. Berk. From
drawing by W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Agaricus ( Clitopilus ) cretatus , B. & Br. From
drawing by W. Phillips, F.L.S.

Agaricus (Tubaria) autochthonus, B. & Br. From
drawing by the Editor.

Hygrophorus Houghtoni, B. & Br. From drawing
by W. Phillips, F.L.S. It seems impossible
to separate this from Hygrophorus laetus , Fr.,
of which it seems to be only a condition, scarcely
even a variety.

* A few extra copies of all the plates enumerated, with a reprint of this
list, may be had on application to the Editor or Publishers at ten shillings
each.

6

82

GREVILLEA ATLAS.

PI. 78, fig. 2.

PI. 79.

PI. 82, fig. 1.

>}

>>

2.

>>

> j

3.

PI. 83.

PI. 84, fig. 1.

3.

P). 85, fig. 1.

)) J) 3.

PI. 90.

PI. 91, fig. 1.

Agaricus ( Psathyra ) bifrons , B. & Br. From
drawing by W. Phillips, F.L.S. This is very
different from the figure of the same species
given by Fries, and also from an original draw-
ing from the Rev. M. J. Berkeley communicated
for the “ Illustrations,” in which it will be
figured.

Cortinarius ( Inoloma ) bolans , Fr. From drawing
by Dr. Bull.

Agaricus ( Pholiota ) Cookei, Fr. From drawing
by the Editor, copy of which was sent to Fries
with the original specimens.

Hygrophorus olivaceo-albus, Fr. So named on
the authority of W. Gr. Smith; but it does not
appear to be the true species.

Agaricus ( Collybia ) cirrhatus, Schum. From
drawing by Dr. Bull.

Cortinarius ( Phlegmacium ) sebaceus, Fr. From
drawing by Dr. Bull, reduced. The pileus is
darker than Fries’ figures in the leones, and it
cannot be regarded as a characteristic illustra-
tion of the species.

Cortinarius (. Hydrocybe ) acutus, Fr. From draw-
ing by Dr. Bull. This is evidently Cortinarius
paleaceus, Fr.

Called Cortinarius acutus, Fr. Drawn by Dr.
Bull from specimens collected by J. Renny;
but it is clearly not that species, and scarcely
a Cortinarius at all, or if so, a bizarre form of
Cortinarius fasciatus.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) gentilis, Fr. From
drawing by Dr. Bull.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) ochroleucus, Fr. From
drawing by Dr. Bull. The tint is scarcely
satisfactory ; it should have been a pale
ochre.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) dilutus, Fr. Variety.
From drawing by Dr. Bull. This is certainly
not the typical form.

Agaricus ( Pholiota) togularis , Fr. From drawing
by the Editor.

Agaricus ( Flammula ) alnicola, Fr. From draw-
ing by Dr. Bull. Jt illustrates one of the
forms of the species, longer and darker in the
stem than usual.

Russula lutea , Fr. From drawing by W. Phillips,
F.L.S. Colour hardly bright enough.
Agaricus ( Flammula ) sapineus, Fr. From draw-
ing by Dr. Bull.

GREVILLEA ATLAS.

83

PI. 92.

PI. 93.

PI. 102, fig. 1.

PI. 103, fig. 1.
„ „ 2.

PI. 104, fig. 1.

n » 2.

11 11 3.

11 11 4*
11 11

PI. 105, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

ii ii 3.

» » 4-
PI. 106, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

PI. 107, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

Cortinarius { Phlegmacium ) saginus, Fr. Reduced
one-third, from drawing by Dr. Bull. It was
from a copy of this drawing sent to the vener-
able Fries that he determined the species.
Hence, although its accuracy has been called in
question, such is its history.

Agaricus {. Pluteus ) leoninus , Fr. Y a'riety. From
drawing by Dr. Bull. Although very charac-
teristic of this splendid variety, it is not the
typical form usually met with.

Cortinarius { Phlegmacium ) clari color, Fr. This,
and the succeeding figures, to Plate 116, are
from drawings by Dr. Quelet. Stem of this
species more robust than as figured by Fries.

Cortinarius (. Phlegmacium ) cyan opus, Fr. Not so
characteristic as Sowerby’s figure.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium') largus, Fr.

Cortinarius { Phlegmacium ) variicolor , Fr. By no
means a characteristic figure.

Cortinarium {. Phlegmacium ) Riederi , Fr. A very
small specimen. ■

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) percomis, Fr. The true
species, but a very small, unexpanded specimen.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) anfractus, Fr. Hardly
the species of Fries, which is a very large and
fine representative of this genus — once seen,
never to be forgotten. We have a beautiful
drawing of it by Mons. Boudier, determined by
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.

Cortinarius {Phlegmaciuni) multiformis, Fr. Very
like, but very small.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) glaucopus, Fr. Not a
characteristic figure, though doubtless the true
species.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) callochrous, Fr. Colours
too bright.

Cortinarius ( Phlegmacium ) purpurascens, Fr.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) ccerulescens, Fr.
Rather more slender habit than usual.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) dibaphus, Fr. Very
different in tone from Worthington Smith’s
figure of this species in “ Mycological Illustra-
tions,” which latter is too highly coloured.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) orichalceus , Fr.

Cortinarius { Phlegmacium ) prasinus, Fr.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) turbinatus , Fr. Much
too small, and rather too yellow.

Cortinarius {Phlegmacium) scaurus , Fr. Not like
Fries’ figure, it is at least doubtful.

84

GREVILLEA ATLAS.

PI. 107, fig. 3.

.. „ 4.

PI. 108, fig. 1.

PI. 109, fig. 1.

2.

PI. 110, fig. 1.

PI. 110, fig. 5.
PI. Ill, fig. 1.

ft if 2.

»» 3.

>, 4.
,, 5.
„ 6.

)f if 3.

PI. 112, fig. 1.

2.

a )f

ff 3.

„ 4.

„ 5.

Cortinarius ( Phlegmacium ) crystallinus, Fr.

Young specimens.

Cortinarius ( Phlegmacium ) decoloratus , Fr.

Usually twice as large or more.

Cortinarius ( Myxacium ) salor, Fr. A small
specimen.

Cortinarius ( Myxacium ) delibutus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Myxacium ) vibratilis , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Myxacium ) mucijluus, Fr. Dripping
with slime, which cannot well be shown in the
figures.

Cortinarius ( Inoloma ) turgidus , Fr. Strong-
scented, robust, often deformed.

Cortinarius ( Inoloma ) tophaceus , Fr. Not so
rufescent as the figures given by Fries.

Cortinarius ( [Dermocybe ) caninus, Fr. Not a
characteristic figure, and small.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) myrtillinus , Fr. Habit
too slender for the typical form.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) miltinus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Deimnocybe ) cinnabar inus, Fr. Pileus
should be more of a bright orange-vermilion.

Cortinarius (. Deimnocybe ) sanguineus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) anthracinvs, Fr.

Cortinarius Dermocybe ) cinnamomeus , Fr. Va-
riety semisanguineus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) croceoconus, Fr. Com-
monly larger, with a stronger tint of saffron-
yellow.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) orellanus, Fr. Spoilt in
the colouring, which is too dark and heavy.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) cotoneus , Fr. Only a
young specimen.

Cortinarius (. Deimocybe ) raphanoides, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) bivelus , Fr. Very like
the figure by Krombholz, not so much like
those in Fries’ leones.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) urbicus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) plumiger, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) scutulatus , Fr. Generally
tone of colour rather more livid.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) evernius , Fr.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) limonius, Fr. The
figures by Fries and also by Holmskiold are
the colour of Agaricus aureus or Agaricus
spectabilis .

Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) acutus , Fr. This is the
true species, and those figured on plate
84.

GUEVILLEA ATLAS.

85

PI. 113, fig. 1.

« .i 2.

PI. 114, fig. 1.

„ >> 2.

n ii 3.

ii ii 4.
ii ii 5.
ii ii fi*

PI. 115, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

ii ii 3.
ii ii 4.

PI. 116, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

ii ii 3.

PI. 117, fig.l.

ii ii 2.

PI. 121, fig. 1.

ii ii 2.

ii ii 3.

„ „ 4.

PI. 122, fig.l.

ii ii 2.

ii ii

ii ii 4.

PI. 123, fig. 5.

ii ii 6*

ii »7.

,i „ 8.

very

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) hinnuleus , Fr. Very
small undeveloped specimens.

Cortinarius ( Telemonia ) brunnens, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) flexipes , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) rigidus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) paleaceus, Fr. See also
plate 114, fig. 4.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) sub ferrugineus, Fr. A
large and rather coarse species.

Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) ianthipes, Fr. No figure
can do justice to this delicate little gem.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) isabellinus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) germanus , Fr.

Cortinarius (. Hydrocybe ) decipiens , Fr.
common species in English woods.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) paleaceus , Fr.

Cortinarius (. Hydrocybe ) fasciatus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) milvinus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) duracinus , Fr.

Cortinarius (. Hydrocybe ) erythrinus , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) castaneus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) sanguineus , Fr. Not
sufficiently red.

Cortinarius (. Phlegmacium ) Fr.

Cortinarius (Hydrocybe) fulvescens, Fr.

Cortinarius (Inoloma) traganus, Fr.

Cortinarius (Inoloma) pholideus , Fr.
drawing by W. Phillips.

Cortinarius (Telamonia) torvus , Fr. From draw-
ing by Dr. Bull. Though small, this certainly
corresponds with the figures in Fries’ leones.

Hygrophorus Wynnice, B. & Br. Drawn from
original specimens by the Editor.

Hygrophorus foetens , Phil. From sketches by W.
Phillips.

Agaricus ( Eccilia ) atropunctus , Fr.
ing by the Editor.

Agaricus (Crepidotas) Phillipsii ,

From drawing by W. Phillips.

Peniophora Ayresii, Berk. This and the following
plates to plate 125, inclusive, from drawings by
the Editor. The majority are exotic.

Peniophora disciforme (Fr.).

Peniophora aschista (B. & Br.).

Peniophora Berkeleyi, Cooke.

Peniophora lilacina (B. & Br.).

Peniophora tephra (B. & C.).

Peniophora limitata (Fr.).

Peniophora cinerea (Fr.).

Fr-

om

From dr

-aw-

B. & Br.

86

GREVILLEA ATLAS.

PI. 124, fig. 9.

10.
11.
12.

13.

14.

15.
„ „ 16.

PI. 126, fig. 1.

ty

yy

Pl!’l25

>)

ty

yy yy 2.

PI. 127, fig. 1.

>y yy 2.

„ ,, 3.

PI. 128, fig. 1.

„ „ 2.

yy yy 3.

yy yy 4.

yy yy

yy y, 6.

» „ 7.

PI. 129, fig.l.

yy yy 2.

Peniophora papyrina (Mont.).

Peniophora Habgallce (B. & Bi\).

Peniophora carnea , B. & Cke.

Peniophora Ravenelii , Cke.

Peniophora quercina (Fr.).

Peniophora flavido-alba, Cke.

Peniophora velutina (Fr.).

Peniophora sparsa (B. & Br.). ;

Agaricus ( Stropharia ) Percevalii, B. & Br. From
drawing by the Editor. The scales on the
stem too decided.

Hygrophorus liypothejus , Fr. From drawing by
Dr. Bull.

Cortinarius (Inoloma) crocolitus , Q. From draw-
ing by Dr. Quelet, as well as the remaining
figures in this and the succeeding plates.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocyhe ) imbutus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Dermocybe ) decumbens , Fr. Small
specimens.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) impennis, Fr. Fries
figures this six inches high and three or four
inches in diameter of the pileus.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) arenarius , Q. No other
figure of this species extant.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) Cookei, Q. This is the
only figure of this pretty little species not
yet decidedly found in Britain. The single
specimen found at Coed Coch and at first re-
ferred to it being subsequently held doubtful.

Cortinarius ( Hydrocybe ) scandens , Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) jlabcllus, Fr.

Cortinarius ( Telamonia ) Jallax , Q. The only
figure published of this species.

Cortinarius (. Hydrocybe ) saturninus , Fr.

Cortinarius {Hydrocybe) obtusus, Fr., var. gracilis.
From drawing by Dr. Quelet.

Hygrophoms cossus, Fr. From drawing by Dr.
Bull.

Several of the species of Cortinarius included in this list have
not as yet been determined as British.

87

THE ORGANIZATION OF CCENOGONIUM AND THE
THEORY OF LICHENS.

By M. le Dr. J. Muller, Professor in the University of

Geneva.*

( Translated by W. Phillips, F.L.S.)

The genus Coenogonium , established in the Class Lichenes in 1820,
by Ehrenberg, comprises at the present time about twenty species
which grow in the warm regions of the two hemispheres. Their
fruit, or apothecia, and their spores, approach those of the section
Biatorina of the genus Patellaria, while their thallus, or vegeta-
tive part, has a totally different structure, which approaches the
genus Graphis.

If of this thallus we examine the constituent elements — which
are filiform, slightly branched, more or less parallel with each other,
very loosely united in a felted mass, and which, according to the
species, may take the form of a little bed, or of a flattened cushion,
or may develop horizontally in the form of a fan, about 2 to 8 c.m.
in diameter — we are struck with the great resemblance these fila-
mentous elements present to the filaments of Conferva. Some of
the large tubes (filaments), about 5-30^u (/z = y-oVw mm*)> accord-
ing to the species, contain a single series of green cells, filled with
chlorophyll, which touch end to end, and which are ordinarily
several times longer than broad. But there the details cease if
we study them with an ordinary microscope, and it is thus far
that Ehrenberg defined the analysis of his new genus.

By a superior analytical method, and by the aid of superior ob-
jectives, Dr. Karsten and Professor Schwendener recognised in
1862 that around some large confervoid filaments there exist other
filaments much more slender, having a diameter of about l-2^u,
which appear to be hyaline, and which creep in some measure on
the surface of the large green filaments. There is but one single
series around the green filaments, and yet this series is inter-
rupted, the slender filaments not touching laterally in a regular
manner ; but they often show some anastomosing and there occasion-
ally form, at least in places, a rather close net-work. Hence we had
two constituent elements in the thallus of Coenogonium as in other
Lichens, that of the large green cells still enclosed in their mother
cells, corresponding to the gonidia, and those of the slender hyaline
filaments corresponding to the hyphal filaments. But a genitic
correlation between the two had not yet been observed in 1866 (de
Bary, “ Morphol. et Physiol, der Pilze und Flechten,” p. 270).

It is clear, then, that according to the celebrated theory of Pro-
fessor Schwendener, announced in 1867, the large green filaments
will represent the nourishing Alga, and the slender hyphal filaments
will be the parasitic Fungus, the two forming together the thallus

* Communicated to the Physical and Natural History Society of Geneva
Sept. 1st, 1881.

88

THE ORGANIZATION OF CCENOGONIUM AND

of a plant which should no longer, because of this union, take its
legitimate place amongst the series of classes of vegetation.

By the side of this normal structure there are occasionally found
imperfect individuals, amongst which the slender enveloping fila-
ments are wanting, as in C . confervoides , Nyl., and others. In this
case the plants are necessarily sterile, without apothecia, for these
are formed, according to the researches of Professor Schwendener
(“ Flor. Ratisb.,” 1862, tab. 1), exclusively by the concourse of
the hyphal filaments. This difference, meanwhile, is not every-
where absolute, for the new Ccenogonium pannosum (which I have
just published in the “ Flora de Ratisb. ” of this year, Lichenol.
Beitr., No. 309), sent from Brazil by M. Puiggari, presents the
two conditions at the same time. Certain filaments show only the
large green tube — thegonidia; and others from the same bed
(gazon), covered with apothecia, are surrounded with a small
number of slender hyphal filaments.

But this last-named kind are precisely the filaments which have
shown me, when I have analysed the species mentioned for its
specific character, a remarkably demonstrative case, which forms
the object of this note, and which confirms the beautiful general
results recently published in the splendid work of Dr. Minks.

This filament, in a great part of its length, measures Sp in
diameter, and is composed only of a large green tube. It was con-
formed to the large green tube of other filaments of the same bed,
of which the greater number were loosely covered by, or encased
with, a small number of the slender hyphal filaments. It contained
then the cylindrical green gonidia, which simulated some articu-
lations of conferva, and was the alga of the theory. But at a cer-
tain point this large gonidia-bearing tube suddenly narrowed,
under the form of a cone a little longer than broad, and after-
wards continued under the form of a very slender capillary tube,
only 2p in size, without there being any discontinuation of the
cavity between the large tube and the very slender portion. The
whole was formed of one single cell, at first large, afterwards very
narrow, being comparatively hyaline, and moreover perfectly con-
formable to the slender hyphal tubes of the theoretic fungus,
which covered the large green tubes, or theoretic alga, in other fila-
ments of the same species. Besides, the narrow part, examined by the
aid of some powerful immersion objectives, and the light condenser
of Professor Abbe, showed clearly the microgonidia. the gonidia in
their preliminary state, under their form, size, and normal arrange-
ments, and in this respect there was a conformity between the nar-
row part and the hyphal enveloping tubes of the encased filaments.

It follows that one and the same cell — in the one case enlarged
and bearing gonidia — should have been the theoretic alga, while
in the other case, it remaining narrow and containing the mi-
crogonidia, it should have been the theoretic fungus, thus
proving in the most absolute manner the falsity of the theory
that one and the same cell may at the same time pertain to
two classes of vegetation. There is neither Fungus nor Alga;

THE THEORY OF LICHENS.

89

the whole is Lichen nothing but Lichen ; and the two kinds of
tubes, so different at first view, are but different states of the evo-
lution of one single and individual organ. The very slender hyphal
tubes are the first part containing the microgonidia. This first
part may remain always in this state, or it may also enlarge and
lengthen, while the microgonidia, originating by free formation,
may pass into the stage of gonidia, and then the narrow hyphal
tubes will become large gonidia-bearing tubes.

Mimicry in Fungi. — Since my paper upon this subject, which
appeared in September number of Grevillea, my friends have kindly
brought other facts under my notice. Mr. W. R. Gerard was good
enough to send me the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, for
March, 1880, in which there is a note by him upon the “ Correla-
tion between the odour of the Phalloids and their relative
frequency,” in which he points out the avidity with which flies de-
vour the foetid hymenia of these fungi, in the following words : — “ In
fact, so similar to decaying animal organisms is it (i.e., the odour),
that even flies are deceived thereby ; and before the ill-scented mass
has had time to creep away, it will have been greedily devoured
by numbers of these insects. As flies have 4 no local habitation,’
they give the minute ingested spores a wide dissemination by means
of their ejections. It is a well-observed fact that the very common
species of 4 stink horns ’ ( Phallus impudicus , indusiatus , etc.) are
found in the greatest abundance around human habitations, where
they occur under porches, in the door yard, and in the garden, and
often in such numbers and so frequently as to occasion serious in-
convenience. This tendency to become domesticated, is thus
correlated with their foetid odour, and the presence of those constant
companions of man — the flies. More rarely these malodorous
plants are found in woods in the vicinity of villages and cities. In
such localities, where flies are less abundant, the same office is often
performed for them by other insects — especially by beetles. The
only fresh specimen of a Phallus that I ever met with in the woods
was being visited by several individuals of a common species of
carrion beetle — Silplia Noveboracensis .” The writer then proceeds
to point out that the much greater frequency of Phallus impudicus
as compared with Cynophallus caninus, is probably due to the fact
that the former is powerfully foetid, whilst the latter is nearly in-
odourous. That Phallus impudicus occurs so frequently near
human habitations in the United States is peculiar, as it certainly
does not do so with us in Britain. Respecting the odour of
Pilacre peter sii, my friend Mr. Worthington G. Smith has called
my attention to the fact that it is identical with that of liquorice
( Glycyrrhiza glabra) . During the meeting of the Woolhope Club,
last October, Mr. H. T. Wharton drew attention to the smell of
Lactarius camphor atus , which, when dry, exactly resembles that of
fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-grecum).

King’s Lynn, 7th Nov., 1881. Charles B. Plowright.

7

90

CRYPTOGAMIC KNOWLEDGE IN 1620.

Very few remarks are necessary to introduce the following ex-
tracts from Lord Chancellor Bacon’s “ Sylva Sylvarum, or Natural
History,” a work which he evidently thought of great value, for
he decided on publishing it, notwithstanding that, owing to its
want of system, it would reflect but little honour on him, for the
benefit it would be to the community. We farther learn that he
considered that in his Natural History, he described the world “ as
God made it, and not as men have made it, for that it hath nothing
of imagination.”

Readers of “ Grevillea ” will not require explanations of Bacon’s
descriptions of Fungi, &c. ; nor need it be pointed out that he does
not recognise the difference between the Mosses and the Lichens.
Whether the perfumers use any lichen from the apple tree for
purposes of their art I do not know ; but, if so, it is not to my
knowledge mentioned in any of our English manuals.

Scattered throughout the book are various Cryptogamic notes ;
one on a lumminous tree trunk is especially interesting, but is
too long for insertion. The following, however, which is the
strictly Cryptogamic portion of the work, gives a vivid idea of the
knowledge of that branch of botany when Bacon retired to
Gorhambury to write those works which have placed him amongst
the foremost philosophers of any age.

Experiments in consort touching the rudiments of plants , and of the
excrescences of plants, or super-plants.

The Scripture saith, that Solomon wrote a Natural History, from
the cedar of Libanus, to the moss growing upon the wall : for so
the best translations have it. And it is true that moss is but the
rudiment of a plant ; and, as it were, the mold of earth or bark.

Experiment 537. — Moss groweth chiefly upon ridges of houses
tiled or thatched and upon the crests of Avails : and that moss is of
a lightsome and pleasant green. The growing upon slopes is
caused, for that moss, as on the one side it cometh of moisture and
water, so on the other side the water must but slide and not stand
or pool. And the growing upon tiles or walls etc. is caused, for
that those dried earths, having not moisture sufficient to put forth
a plant, do practice germination by putting forth moss ; though
when by age or otherwise, they grow to relent and resolve, they
sometimes put forth plants, as wall-flowers. And almost all moss
hath here and there little stalks besides the low thrum.

538 — Moss groweth upon alleys, especially such as lie cold and
upon the north ; as in divers terrases : and again, if they be
much troden ; or if they were at the first graveled ; for whereso-
ever plants are kept down the earth putteth forth moss.

539. — Old ground that hath been long unbroken up, gathereth

CHYPTOGAMIC KNOWLEDGE IN 1620.

91

moss : and therefore husbandmen use to cure their pasture grounds
when they grow to moss, by tilling them for a year or two : which
also dependeth upon the same cause ; for that the more sparing
and starving juice of the earth, insufficient for plants, doth breed
moss.

540. — Old trees are more mossy far than young; for that the
sap is not so frank as to rise all to the boughs, but tireth by the
way, and putteth out moss.

541. — Fountains have moss growing upon the ground about
them ;

Muscosi fontes ;

The cause is, for that the fountains drain the water from the
ground adjacent, and leave but sufficient moisture to breed moss:
and besides the coldness of the water conduceth to the same.

542. — The moss of trees is a kind of hair ; for it is the juice
of the tree that is excerned and doth not assimilate. And upon
great trees the moss gathereth a figure like a leaf.

543. — The moister sort of trees yield little moss ; as we see in
asps, poplars, willows, beeches etc. which is partly caused for the
reason that hath been given, of the frank putting up of the sap
into the boughs ; and partly for that the barks of those trees are
more close and smooth, than those of oaks and ashes ; whereby
the moss can hardlier issue out.

544. — In clay-grounds all fruit trees grow full of moss, both
upon body and boughs ; which is caused partly by the coldness
of the ground, whereby the plants nourish less ; and partly by the
toughness of the earth, whereby the sap is shut in, and can not get
up to spread so frankly as it should do.

545. — We have said heretofore, that if trees be hide-bound they
wax less fruitful and gather moss ; and that they are holpen by
hacking &c. And therefore by the reason of contraries, if trees be
bound in with cords, or some outward bands, they will put forth
more moss : which I think happeneth to trees that stand bleak,
and upon the cold winds. It should also be tried whether, if you
cover a tree somewhat thick upon the top after his polling, it will
not gather more moss. I think also the watering of trees with
cold fountain water will make them grow full of moss.

546. — There is a moss the perfumers have which cometh out of
apple trees, that hath an excellent scent. Query, particularly for
the manner of the growth, and the nature of it. And for this ex-
periment’s sake, being a thing of price, I have set down the last ex-
periments how to multiply and call on mosses —

Next unto moss, 1 will speak of mushrooms; which are likewise
an imperfect plant.

The mushrooms have two strange properties ; the one that they
yield so delicious a meat ; the other, that they come up so hastily,
as in a night ; and yet they are unsown. And therefore such as
are upstarts in state, they call in reproach mushrooms. It must

92

CRYPTOGAMIC KNOWLEDGE IN 1620.

needs be therefore, that they be made of much moisture ; and
that moisture, fat, gross and yet somewhat concocted. And, in-
deed, we find that mushrooms cause the accident which we call
incubus , or the mare in the stomach. And therefore the surfeit of
them may suffocate and empoison. And this sheweth that they
are windy ; and that that windiness is gross and swelling, not
sharp or griping. And upon the same reason mushrooms are a
venereous meat.

547. — It is reported that the bark of white or red poplar, which
are of the moistest of trees, cut small, and cast into furrows well
dunged, will cause the ground to put forth mushrooms at all sea-
sons of the year fit to be eaten. Some add to the mixture leaven
of bread dissolved in water.

548. — It is reported, that if a hilly field where the stubble is
standing, be set on fire in a showery season, it will put forth great
store of mushrooms.

549. — It is reported that hartshorn, shaven or in small pieces,
mixed with dung and watered, putteth up mushrooms. And we
know hartshorn is of a fat and clammy substance : and it may be
ox-horn would do the like.

550. — It hath been reported though it be scarce credible, that ivy
hath grown out of a stag’s horn ; which they suppose did rather
come from a confrication of the horn upon the ivy than from the
horn itself. There is not known any substance but earth, and the
procedures of earth, as tile, stone, etc. that yieldeth any moss or
herby substance. There may be trial made of some seeds, as that
of fennel- seed, mustard-seed, and rape-seed, put into some little
holes made in the horns of stags or oxen, to see if they will grow.

551. — There is also another imperfect plant, that in shew is like
a great mushroom : and it is sometimes as broad as one’s hat ;
which they call a toad’s stool : but it is not esculent ; and it
groweth, commonly, by a dead stub of a tree, and likewise about
the roots of rotten trees : and therefore seemeth to take his juice
from wood putrified. Which sheweth, by the way, that wood putri-
fied yieldeth a frank moisture.

552. — There is a cake that groweth upon the side of a dead tree,
that hath gotten no name, but it is large and of a chestnut
colour, and hard and pithy ; whereby it should seem, that even
dead trees forget not there putting forth ; no more than the car-
cases of men’s bodies, that put forth hair and nails for a time.

553. — There is a cod, or bag, that groweth commonly in the
fields ; that at the first is hard like a tennis ball, and white ; and
after groweth of a mushroom colour, and full of light dust upon
the breaking ; and is thought to be dangerous for the eyes if the
powder gets into them ; and to be good for kibes.* Belike it hath
a corrosive and fretting nature.

554. — There is a herb called Jews-ear that groweth upon the

* Ulcerated chilblains.

GREVILLEA

PL. 1-

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI. .

- *—

GREVILLEA

PL. 144.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

C.K

L___

CRYPTOGAMIC KNOWLEDGE IN 1620.

93

roots and lower parts of the bodies of trees ; especially of elders, and
sometimes ashes. It hath a strange property ; for in warm water
it swelleth, and openeth extremely. It is not green but of a dusky
brown colour. And it is used for squinancies and inflamations in
the throat ; thereby it seemeth to have a mollifying and lenifying
virtue.

555. — There is a kind of spungy excrescence which groweth
chiefly upon the roots of the laser-tree ; and sometimes upon
cedar, and other trees. It is very white, and light, and friable ;
which we call agaric. It is famous in physic for the purging of
tough phlegm. And it is also an excellent opener for the liver;
but offensive to the stomach : and in taste it is at first sweet, and
after bitter.

R. B. C.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

( Continued from p. 64.J
Ord. II. Polyporei, Fr.

Gen. 1. Boletus, Dill.

Bol. pachypus, Fr. Hym. Eur.,p. 506 ; Sverig. Svamp. t. 68.
Queensland.

Bol. marginatus, Brum. Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845.

W. Australia.

Bol. infractus, Fr. PI. Preiss, p. 134.

W. Australia.

Bol. subtomentosus, Fr. Hym. Fur., p. 503: Schceff. Icon. 1. 12.
N. S. Wales.

Bol. csesarius, Fr. PI. Preiss, p. 134.

W. Australia.

Bol. subsimilis, Preiss. Fr. PI. Preiss, p. 134.

W. Australia.

Bol. ananoeceps, Berk. Linn. Journ. xm., 161.

Victoria, Queensland.

Bol. arenarius, Fr. PI. Preiss, p. 134.

W. Australia.

Bol. napipes, Muell. Linn. Journ. xm., 161.

Victoria.

Bol. alliciens. Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845, 50.

W. Australia.

Bol. fructicicola, Berk. Hook. Journ, vi., 574.

Tasmania.

94

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Bol. megalosporus, Berk. FI. Tasm. n., 251, t. 182,/. 3.

Tasmania.

Bol. Thozetii, Berk. Linn. Journ. xviii., 384.

Queensland.

Gen. 2. Strobilomyces, Berk.

Strob. nigricans, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1852, p. 139.

Queensland.

Gen. 3. Polyporus, Mich.

Sect. A. Mesopus, Fr .

Pol. myelodes, Kalch. in Grev. iv., 74.

Queensland.

Pol. brumalis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 526.

Queensland.

Pol. arcularius, Fr. Hym. Eur., 526.

Queensland, N. S. Wales.

Pol. tricholoma, Mont. Syll., 153.

Queensland.

Pol. perennis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 531.

Queensland.

Pol. oblectans, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845,51.

Tasmania, Victoria, Queensland, W. Australia, S. W. Australia.
Pol. Armitii, Muell. 8f Kalch., Grevilleat. 145, /.22.

Lentus, pileo tenui, umbonato, coriaceo-membranaceo, laevi,
glabro, albo, unc. lato ; stipite brevi, unciam longo, lineam
crasso, incurvo fibrilloso, concolori ; poris regularibus, decurrenti-
bus, obtusis, minutis, albis.

Austral. Nord Queensland ad Dunrobin leg. Armit.

Pol. leptocephalo , Fr., affinis, sed totus albus et pileus — plus
minus — umbonatus.

Pol. luteo-nitidus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1856, 175.

Queensland.

Pol. cladonia, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845, 51.

W. Australia.

Pol. bulbipes, Fr. Plant. Preiss, 135.

W. Australia.

Pol. xanthopus, Fr. Epic. 1 , 437.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. collybioides, Kalchbr.

Totus fusco rufescens. Pileus carnosulus, convexus 3-6 lin.
latus, laevis, glaber ; stipes subcartilagineus, tenuis 1-2 poli, altus ;
pori alveolares, gyroso-angulati, profundi, flaccidi, siccitate colla-
bentes. Sporae creberrimae, ovatae et irregulares, hyalinae.
Richmond River (Muell.).

Est quasi Collyhia porosa, et vix verus Polyporus.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

95

Pol. quadrans, B. ft Br. Linn. Trans., 1879, 400.

Queensland.

Pol. dictyopus, Rostk in Sturm. FI. t. 33 (? Boletus).

Queensland.

Pol. rudis, Berk. FI. Tasm. 1. 182,/. 4.

Tasmania.

Pol. perdurans, Kalch. Grev. ix.,j?. 1.

Tasmania.

Pol. nigripes, Fr. Epicr. p. 435.

Richmond River.

Pol. rufescens, Fries Hym. Bur., 529.

S. W. Australia, Queensland.

Sect. B. Pleuropus, Fr.

Pol. melanopus, Fr. Hym. Bur., 534.

Victoria, Queensland.

Pol. picipes, Fries Hym. Eur., 534.

Queensland.

Pol. superpositus, Berk. Linn. Journ. XIII., 161.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. varius, Fr. Hym. Eur., 535.

W. Australia.

Pol. multilobus, Kalclibr.

Pileus coriaceus, tenuis et rigidus, subreniformis, in stipitem
lateralem brevissimum angustatus, vage rugulosus, e pubescenti
glabratus, albo-alutaceus, margine lobatus, lobis rotundis, azonis,
in fungo adultiore imbricatis. Pori minuti, rotundi, obtusi, per-
breves, cum substantia albi.

Richmond River (Mueller).

E. Prolificantibus. Pileus 3-5 unc. longus latusve, 2-3 lin.
crassus.

Pol. stereinus, B. ft C. Linn. Journ. x., 308. Cuban Fungi , No. 212.
Richmond River, Upper Daintree River.

Two species, quite distinet from each other, are confounded
under this name.

Pol. cognatus, Kalch. ? = P. stereinus, Berk. <Sc Curt.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. rhipidium, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1847, 319.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. lucidus, Fr. Bym. Eur., 537-
Tasmania, Queensland.

Pol. gibbosus, Fees. Fr. Epicr., 443.

Queensland.

Pol. sanguineus, Meyer Fr. Epic. I., 444.

W. Australia, S. Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, N. S. Wales,
Queensland, Lord Howe’s Island.

Pol. platotis, B. ft Br. Linn. Trans., 1879, 401.

Queensland.

96

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Pol. dilatatus , Berk. Hook. Journ. 1847, 499.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. xugosus, Nees Acta Nat. Cur. XIII.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. fusco-lineatus, B. cfc Br. Linn. Trans., 1879.

Queensland.

Pol. peroxydatus, Berk. Linn. Journ. xvi., 39.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. flabelliformis, Klotsch. Linnea, vili., 483.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. glabratus, Kalch. in Hedwigia xv., p. 114.

Victoria.

Pol. luteus, Nees Acta Nat. Cur. xin.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. afiinis, Nees. Fr. Epic, i., 445.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. Hodgkinsoniae, Kalch. Grevillea t. 145, /. 24.

E Petaloideis, pileo tenui, membranaceo coriaceo, rigido, plano-
convexo, spathulato, striis elevatis radiantibus dense lineato,
primum subsericeo demum verucelloso, margine acuto, subtus
sterili sublobato, albido ; stipite curto, cylindrico, basi disciformi,
linea recta in pileum transiente. Pori minuti, brevissimi, angulati,
demumve dentato-laceri, ex albo flaventes.

N. S. Wales, Richmond River leg. Maria Hodgkinson.

A simili P. elongato B. pileo teneriore, eximie lineato differt.
Pol. elegans, Fries Hym. Eur., 535.

Tasmania.

Pol. elegans var. nummularius, Fr. Epie., 440.

Richmond River.

Pol. intonsus, Berk. FI. Tasm. n., 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. grammocephalus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1842, 148.

Queensland.

Pol. Emerici, Berk, in Herb.

Albidus. Pileo spathulato, vel reniformi, laevi, fibrillis adnatis
obscurioribus radiato-virgato. Stipite abbreviato. Poris angu-
laribus, mediis ; dissepimentis tenuibus, mox diffractis.
Queensland.

Allied to Polyporus grammocephalus , B.

Pol. ornithorhynchi, Kalch. Grevillea t. 145,/. 23.

Pilei subcaespitosi, tenues, coriacei, obovato-cuneati, azoni,
villoso tomentosuli, rubiginoso-umbrini, in stipitem concolorem,
brevem vel subnullum attenuati ; pori decurrentes, breves, rotundi,
umbrini. Substantia cinnamomea.

Richmond River leg. Mar. Hodgkinson.

Pileus unciam circiter latus, cuticula tegitur glabra, nigricante,
cui stratum tenue tomenti umbrini superpositum est. E grege
quidem Pol. prolificantis , sed ceteris hujus gregis ob pileum azonum
et erugem diffinis.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

97

Pol. Muelleri, Kalch. Grevillea t. 145, f. 25.

E serie P. petaloidis, totus albus, pileo-carnoso-coriaceo, tenui,
rigido, flabellari-expanso, postice depresso, glabro, azono, dense
radiatim lineato, basi coarctato ; stipite peltam hemisphaericam
referente, glabro ; poris mediocribus, brevibus, angulatis, inaequali-
bus, ore subintegris.

N. S. Wales.

Pileus 2-3 poli, longus latusve, siccitate alutaceus.

Sect. C. Merisma, Fr.

Pol. frondosus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 538.

Tasmania.

Pol. sulphureus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 542.

Tasmania, Australia.

Pol. radiato-rugosus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist. III., 323.

Tasmania.

Pol. scabriusculus, Berk. Linn. Journ. xvill., 385.

Australia.

Sect. D. Anodermei, Fr.

Pol. citreus, Berk. Linn. Journ. xm., 162.

Australia.

Pol. fruticum, Berk. 8f Curt. Linn. Journ. x., 310.
Queensland.

Pol. gilvus, Schwz. Fr. Hym. Eur., 548.

W. Australia.

Pol. adustus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 549.

Queensland.

Pol. chioneus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 546.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. Beckleri, Berk. Linn. Journ., xm„ 162.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. demissus, BerTc. Hook. Journ., 1845, 52.

W. Australia.

Pol. corrivalis, Berk. Linn. Journ. xm , 162.

S Australia.

Pol. fee datus, Berk. Linn. Journ. xvi., 41.

Queensland.

Pol. citro-aurantius, B. SfBr. MSS.

Queensland.

Pol. tephronotus, Berk. FI. Tasm. u., 252.

Tasmania, N. S. Wales.

Pol. ochroleucus, Berk. Hook. Journ. 1845, 53.

W. Australia, N. S. Wales, Tasmania, Queensland.

Pol. semi-digitaliformis, Berk. Linn. Journ., xvi., 29.
N. S. Wales.

98

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Pol. Palliseri, Berk. in. Herb. Berk.

Pileo e carnoso-lento coriaceo, conchiformi, laevi vel papillato ;
leniter sericeo, postice albo; antice cinereo -fusco ; margine sub-
acuto, ssepe albido, obscure zonato. Carne albo. Poris albis,
aequalibus, rotundatis, mediis, dissepimentis incrassatis.

Victoria, Queensland.

Two to three inches across to J inch thick.

Pol. ascoboloides, Berk. Linn. Journ. xm., 162.

Australia.

Pol. eucalyptorum, Fr. PI. Preiss, 135.

W. Australia,

Pol. pisiformis, Kalch.

Totus albus, globosus, adnato-sessilis, pisi magnitudine et minor ;
pori minuti, punctiformes, integri, in parte fungi terram spectante,
imarginata, et parum modo deplanata siti.

Melbourne (Mueller).

Singularis omnino species ! Suspicari quidem licet, eam statum
valde juvenilem fungi cujusdam incogniti sistere ; sed pori bene
evoluti contrarium indicare videntur.

Pol. rubidus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1847, 500.

Queensland, N. S. Wales.

Pol. cinnabarinus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 503.

S. Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland.

Pol. leonotis, Kalch. Grevillea iv.,73. (= Trametes leonotis.)
Australia.

Pol. funalis, Fr. Epie., 459. (= Trametes funalis.)

Queensland.

Pol. campylus, Berk. FI. Tasm n., 252.

Tasmania.

Pol. angustus, Berk. FI. Tasm. ii., 253.

Tasmania.

Pol. rhinocephalus, Berk. FI. Tasm. II., 253, t. 182 ,fig. 8.

Tasmania.

Pol. Gunnii, Berk. F'l. Tasm. ii., 253.

Tasmania.

Pol. pelliculosus, Berk. Hook. Journ. vi., 575.

Tasmania.

Sect. E. Placodermei, Fr.

Pol. chilensis, Fr. Syvn. Myc.,^7.

Queensland.

Pol. australis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 536, (not P. tornatus, Pers.)

Tasmania, Victoria, N. S. Wales.

Pol. incrassatus, Berk. Linn. Journ. xvi., 41.

Queensland.

Pol. applanatus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 537.

Victoria.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

99

Pol. igniarius, Fr. Hym. Eur., 559.

W. Australia, S. Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, N. S. Wales,
Queensland.

Pol. fomentarius, Fr. Hym. Eur ., 588.

Clarence River, Twofold Bay.

Pol. rimosus, Berk. Hook. Jo urn., 1845, 54.

W. Australia, Tasmania, N. S. Wales.

Pol. fulvus, Scop. Fr. Hym. Eur., 559.

W. Australia, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. isidioides, Berk. Hook. Journ. n., 415.

W. Australia.

Pol. lignosus, Klotsch. Fr. Epic. i.,47l.

Victoria.

Pol. ponderosus, Kalclibr.

Pilei lignosi, durissimi, dimidiato sessiles, scalari-imbricati, con-
chati, indurato-incrustati, scabriusculi, luride grisei ad basim
fuligineo-fuscescentes, margine tenui quidem sed obtusiusculo, vel
tumente, subdeflexo ; pori minimi, rotundi, umbrino-nigricantes.
Rockhampton (Muell.).

Fungus duritie et pondere insignis. Pileoli 1-2 poli, lati,
cumorphi, 2-3 lin. crassi, margine deflexo, eleganter limbati. Colore
pororum et forma ad Dichroos accedis ; sed ceterae notae hunc
fungum ad “ Impolitos,” trahunt.

Pol. hypopolius, Kalchbr.

E Lignescentibus, contextu albo. Pileus coriaceo-lignosus,
durus, effuso-reflexus, subconchatus, vel prorsus resupinatus ;
crusta rigida castanea obductus, tuberculis creberrimis exasperatus,
ad marginem acutum zonatus ; pori mediocres, breves (1 lin.),
subangulati et, e situ elongati, lacerique, ex albo ligneoque
canescentes.

Rockhampton (Mueller).

Pileus passim ex pluribus confluens, 1-2 unc. longus 4-5 unc.
latus, marginem versus valde attenuatus. Sitaneus sericellus,
concentrice lamellato-plicatus, sordide cinereus. Hornotinus,
supra inspectus. Pol. annosum valde tuberculosum in memoriam
revocat.

Pol. gryphceformis, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845, 54.

W. Australia.

Pol. eucalypti, Kalch. Grevillea., IV., 73.

Queensland.

Pol. conchatus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 560.

Victoria.

Pol. placodes, Kalch. Grevillea, IV., 73.

Queensland.

Pol. salicinus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 560.

Queensland.

Pol. carneus, Fees. Acta. Nat. Cur., XIII., t. 3.

S. Australia, Victoria.

100

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Pol. senex, Nees. Mont. Syll. , 160.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. portentosus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1485.

W. Australia, S. Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, N. S. Wales.
Pol. compressus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845, 53.

W. Australia, Queensland.

Pol. cinereo-fuscus, Curr. Linn. Trans., XIX., 124.

Queensland.

Pol. orbiformis, Fr. Epic., I., 463.

Victoria.

Pol. ferreus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1847,2?. 502.

Queensland.

Pol. endopalus, Berk. Linn. Journ., XIII., 163.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. Gourliaei, Berk. FI. Tasm., II., 253.

Tasmania.

Pol. Laurencii, Berkeley, FI. Tasm., n., 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. zonalis, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., X., 37 5.

Queensland.

Pol. Tasmanicus, Berk. FI. Tasm., n., p. 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. strumosus, Fr. Epic., I., 462.

Victoria.

Sect. F. Inodermei, Fr,

Pol. scruposus, Fries Epic., I., 473.

Tasmania, Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland, S. W. Australia.
Pol. Peei, Fr. Epic., i., 476.

W. Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, N. S. Wales.

Pol. lilacino. gilvus, Berk, (not of Persoon).

S. W. Australia, Queensland.

Pol. libum, Berk. Linn. Journ. xm., 163.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. limbatus, Fr, Epic., I., 479.

Victoria.

Pol. aratus, Berk. Linn. Journ , xvi ,,p. 53.

Queensland, Lord Howe’s Island.

Hardly distinct from Trametes acupunetatus. B.

Pol. luteo-olivaceus, B. Sf Br. Linn. Trans., 1879.

Queensland.

Pol. hypothejus, Kalch. Grevillea , t. 145, fig. 26.

Australia (locality uncertain).

Pol. radiatus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 565.

Victoria, Queensland.

Pol. xerampelinus, Kalch . Grevillea, iv., 72.

Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

101

Pol. cichoraceus, Berk. Hook. Journ ., 1862.

Victoria, Queensland.

Pol. chrysoleucus, Kalch. Grevilleay iv 72.

Queensland.

Pol. hirsutus, Fr. Eym. Fur., 567.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. murinus, Kalch. Grevillea, iv., 72.

Queensland.

Pol. versicolor, Fr. Hym. Fur., 568.

Tasmania, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Pol. pinsitus, Fr. Epicr., 479.

Queensland.

Pol. gallo-pavonis, Berk, fy Br.

Pileo coriaceo, tenui, rigido, applanato, conchiformi, laevigato,
leniter pubescenti, cervino, lineato-zonato ; margine fusco, acuto ;
poris minimis, angulatis, ochraceis.

Queensland.

Pol. hololeucus, Kalch. in Hedwigia, xv., 114.

Victoria.

Pol. Floridanus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., X., 376.

Queensland.

Pol. Peradeniae, B. <& Br. Linn. Journ., xiv., 51.

Queensland.

Pol. dispar, Kalch.

Victoria.

Pol. venustus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1845.

W. Australia, Queensland.

Pol. brunneoleucus (brunneo-albus, 3fne.ll.), Berk. Hook. Journ.,

1856, p. I76.

Tasmania.

Pol. vernicifluus, Berk. FI. Tasm ., n., 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. Friesii, Klotsch. Linnea., vol. Vlll.,p. 487, pi. XI.

Tasmania.

Pol. cupreo-roseus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1856,233.

Australia.

Pol. bireflexus, B.&Br. CMSSJ.

Pileo effuso, adnato, margine reflexo, incurvo, pallido, obsolete
lineari-zonato, e pubescente glabro, poris regularibus, subrotun-
datis, albidis, tubulis elongatis. Carne tenui.

Queensland.

Pol. Hasskarlii, Lev. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1844, 190.

Australia, Queensland.

Pol. elongatus, Berk. Hook. Journ., 1842, 140.

Queensland.

Pol. laceratus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., 1839, 392.

Illawarra.

102

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Folyporus gausapatus, Kalch.

Substantia alba. Pileus carnoso-coriaceus, rigidus, dimidiato
sessilis, conchatus, zonatus, tactu asperrimus strigosus, cervino-
fuscescens ; pori mediocres, rotundi, obtusi, ex albo grisei vel
rufescentes.

Richmond River (Mueller).

Pileus 3-5 unc. latus, basi f unc. crassus. Superficies, per se
alba, valde rudis, dentato lacera, in zonis elevatis indumentum
fuscum gerens, panno rudi simile.

Folyporus illotus, Kalchbr.

E vicinia P. versicoloris , P. detonsi , P. pinsiti , etc., sed cum
nullo horum apte conjungendus. Pileus coriaceo-membranaceus,
flaccidus, molliter velutino-tomentosus, concentrice sulcatus, sordide
griseo-fuscescens ; pori minuti, angulati, dissepimentis tenuibus,
passim dentato-laceri, sordide albi.

Melbourne (Muell.).

Folyporus hypothejus, Kalchbr.

Pileus vix pollicaris, tenuis, coriaceus, conchatus, basi angustata
adnatus, sericeo villosus, albus, zonatus, zonis concoloribus ; pori
majusculi, curti, fere foveolares, angulati, acuti, amoene lutescentes.

Richmond River (Mueller).

A simili P. decipiente Schw. poris majoribus, a P. barbatulo ,
Fr., villo pilei longo, subsericeo, albo, differt.

Folyporus seriatus, Kalchbr.

Stuposus, contextu pallide ligneo. Pilei semi-orbiculares, rigidi,
utrinque plani, plerumque serialiter connati, concentrice sulcati
radiatim rugulosi et passim nodulosi pulveraceo-velutini, testacei,
vel gilvo-fuscescentes ; pori minuti rotundi, isabellini, in carneum
vibrantes.

Victoria (Muell.).

Pilei 1-1^ unc. longi latique, 1-2 lin. crassi margine subobtuso.

Folyporus proteus, Kalchb.

E. Stuposo-coriaceis, contextu albo. Pilei effuso-reflexi
imbricato concrescentes, vel vero integri, orbiculares, medio dorso
adnati, ceterum liberi, demum in stratum planum, resupinato-
effusum confluentes ; leviter concentrice sulcati, margine acuti,
adpresse puberuli, albi, senio glabrescentes, et postice gilvescentes ;
pori minuti, rotundi, obtusi, ligneo-fuscescentes aut gilvescentes.

Melbourne (Muell.).

Pilei primum orbiculares, 1-2 poli, lati, demum in stratum, 4-5
unc. longum confluent. Hymenium saepe uno alterove sulco
circulari notatum est. In diverso evolutionis stadio vix idem
fungus videtur.

Folyporus caperatus, Berh. Ann. Nat. Hist., 1839, 391.

Richmond River.

Sect. G. Resupinati, Fr.

Pol. Broomei, Rdbh. Fungi Eur. Ex., No. 2C0t.
Queensland. #

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

103

Pol. obliquus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 570.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. fexxuginosus Fr. Hym. Eur., 571.

W. Australia, Queensland.

Pol. coxium. Kunze , (probably only a variety of P. ferruginos us , Fr.).
Clarence River.

Pol. taxdu3, 'Berk . Hook. Journ., 1845,

W. Australia.

Pol. coxticola, F>'. Hym. Em., 580.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Pol. paxilis, Fr. PI. Preiss.,p. 136.

W. Australia.

Pol. vulgaxis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 578.

Victoria, Queensland.

Pol. vapoxaxius, Fr. Hym. Fur., 579.

W. Australia, Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania.

Pol. calceus, B. <k Br. Linn. Journ., xiv., 58.

Queensland.

Pol. apxicus, Berk FI. Tasm.. II., 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. mexulinus, Berk. FI. Tasm.,n., 254.

Tasmania.

Pol. Axchexi, Berk. FI. Tasm., II., 255.

Tasmania.

Pol. oxbiculaxis, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., ill., 324.

Tasmania.

Pol. latus, Berk. Ann. Nat. Hist., III., 325
Tasmania.

Pol. hyalinus, Berk. FI. Tasm., n., 255.

Tasmania.

Pol. scoxteus. Fr. Nova. Symb., p. 73.

N. S. Wales.

Pol. Victoxiae, Berk, in Herb. Berk.

Fumosus, effusus, tenuis. Poris obliquis, elongati-rotundatis,
minutis ; dissepimentis tenuissimis.

Victoria.

Pol. hyposclexus, Berk, in Herb.

Effusus, crassiusculis margine, tenuis, subliberatus, supra pallide
ocbraceus vel carneo-tinctus. Poris minimis, elongatis, pallidis,
regularibus. Dissepimentis tenuibus. Pol. vinctus ajjinis.

Poly, sinuosus, Fr. Epic., 487.

Clarence River.

Poly, niphodes, Berk, Br. Ceylon Fungi, No. 507.

Richmond River.

Polypoxus lividus, Kalchbr.

Totus effusus, ligno arcte adhaerens, margine determinato,
firmus, pori minuti, rotundi, obtusi, ex albo-lividi vel luridi,
substantia umbrina.

Richmond River (Mueller).

104

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Tubuli, in fungo vetustiore sibi stratose superpositi, ore albidi, in
strato interiori colorem mutant et umbrini fiunt.

Folyporus rufo-lateritius, Kalchb.

Longe lateque effusus, ligno arcte adhaerens; pori minimi,
stipatissimi, rotundi, obtusi, sublateritii, strato xylostromateo
pallido impositi.

Richmond River.

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

By the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner.

( Continued from p. 59.)

Cyphella farinacea, K. et Cooke. Grevillea, ix., p. 18.

In ligno fabrefacto vinearum pr Somerset E. 1. M. Ow. et
Tuck., No. 1221.

In bene evolutis cupulae intus cinereo-olivascentes.

Cyphella punctiformis, Fr. var. strigosa, Syn. Peziza puncti-
formis, Fr.pr.p. (Grevillea, ix., p. 18).

In foliis deciduis.

Cyphella Curreyi, B. et Br. Cooke Hdbk. i., p. 328.

Somerset East, 1. MacOwan.

Cyyhella pelargonii^ Kalch. In Flora, 1875, p. 378.

Caespitulosa, membranaceo- papyracea, obconica, vertice attenu-
ato affixa, pendula, margine truncato, laevis, candida, vix 1 mm.
longa ; hymenium laeve, ochraceum. Sporae minutae, globosae, -nu-
cleolatae.

In caulibus Pelargonii zonalis ad mont. Boschberg, 1. MacOw.,
No. 1035.

Cyphella Friesii, Quelet. Champ, iii., p. 15.

Claviformis, breviter flipitata, membranacea, tubulosa, tenuis,
floccosa, flavo-fuscescens. Orificium hians, subciliatum (Quel. l.c.).
Somerset East, (1. M. Ow.).

Cyphella variolosa, Kalch.

Minima, punctiformis, dense gregaria, albo pulverulenta.
Somerset East, in ligno humi jacente, ad ped. mont. Bosch-
berg, No. 1047, et 1381.

Cupulas subglobosae, seminum Papaveris magnitudine, demum
rufidulae.

STIGMATOLEMMA, Kalch.

Effusum, fibroso-coriaceum, in superficie granulosum ; granulis
poro pertusis, intus hymeniiferis. Sporae acrogenae.

Est quasi Corticium superficie in Cyphellas minutissimas effigu-
ratum.

Stigmatolemma incanum, Kalch.

Incrustans, tenue, ligno arcte adherens, margine nudo, plano,
incanum ; tuberculis graniformibus minimis, densissime stipatis,
poris mox in foveolas dilatatis, intus cinereis. Sporae ovatae-glo-
bosae, inaequales, 0’0015 mm. longae hyalinae.

Somerset E. leg. M. Owan.

FUN'GI MACOWANIA.NI.

105

Guepinia petaloides, Kalch.

Simplex aut subcaespitosa, stipitibus ocbraceo-tomentosis, snrsum
dilatatis in pileum compressum, spathulatum, aut obcordatum,
glabrum, laetissime aurantiaco-miniatum.

Somerset East, No. 1206.

Vix ultra centimetr. alta. In optime evolutis pileoli petalum
profunde emarginatum pulchre referunt.

Guepinia sparassoides, Kalch.

Densissime caespitosa, pollicaris, carnea , stipitibus confluentibus,
stipatissimis, fulvis, pileis foliaceo crispatis complicatisque.

Ad Bazuja Caffrariae, in truncis leg. Rev. Baur, No. 698.

G. cochleatce , B. et Br., proxima ; sed Hymenium non est rugose-
costatum, et caespites ita complicati sunt ut Sparassim simulent,
nec forma singuli pileoli discerni possit.

Clavaria ligula, Fr. Ej t). 573.

In solo, e foliis deciduis formato, m. Boschberg, 1. M. Ow.,
No. 1194.

Clavaria semivestita, B. et B. Fang, of Ceylon, No. 677.

In acervis Formicarum. Som. E., No. 1097.

Tomentum stipitem vestiens, candidum. Sporae albae, 0 0045
mm.

Clavaria furcellata, Fr. Eu. 576.

In ligno putrido mutis. Boschberg, leg. Tuck., No. 1097 ( b ).
Clavaria byssiseda, Pers. Obs. i., 32.

Som. E., No. 1097.

Clavaria dichotoma, Kalclib.

Ramosa, pallida, rufescens, ramis strictis, repetito didrotomis ;
ultimis longe furcatis, aut subfasciculatis, acutis.

Mons. Boschberg, inter folia putrida, No. 1219.

Robustior, rigidior quam proximi, Cl. gracilis et Cl. stricta , P.
Clavaria cristata, Holmsk., Fr. Bp., 572.

Somerset East.

Clavaria cladoniae, Kalchbr.

Terrigena, simplex, ochraceo-ferruginea clavulis vix pollicem
altis, sursum dilatatis et in ramulos breves, compressos, subfolia-
ceos divisis.

Somerset East, 1. McOvv., No. 1431.

Basi mycelio radiculoso albo, supra folia serpente aucta. Cla-
vulae nonnunquam scyphum Cladoniae pyxidatae referunt. Quam,
Clavaria pyxidata, Pers. multo tenerior !

Clavaria laeticolor, B. et C. Caban Fung. m. 463.

Ad radicofruticum et in graminosis pr. Somerset E., 1. MacOw.,
No. 1099 et 1123.

Differt, clavulis roseo-carneis potius quam aurantiacis.

Clavaria setacea e, Kalch.

Delicatula, caespitosa e basi filiformi ramosa, ramis setaccis,
strictis, ultimis capillaribus acutissimis, ex albido-rufescentibus.
Somerset East.

Caespes densus, dimidium pollicem vel parum ultra altus, basim
versus albo pruinatus, sursum nudus, rufulus. A. Clav. delicata et

8

106

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

Cl. epichnoa, Fr., jam colore differt et ramis subangulo acuto egre
dientibus, haud divaricatis. Folysiphoniam in memoriam revocat !

Clavaria filaris. Kalch.

E basi simplici, filiformi vage ramosa, alba, pruinosa, ramis gra-
cilibus, elongatis, filo tenuioribus, acutis.

Somerset East, No. 1097, b. In ligno putrido. Pollicem et
ulta, Clav. delicatae , Fr., proxima. Basi flavescens.

Calocera cornea, Fr. Ep. 581.

Somerset East.

Hirneola nigra, Sw. Fr. Fang. Natal, p. 27.

P. Natal, leg. Wood, No. 108.

Hirneola fusco-succinea, Montg. Fr. Natal, p. 27.

Boschberg, leg. M.Ow., No. 1081.

Major quam prior, minusque in dorso villosa.

Hirneola vitellina, CLevJ Fries. Fang. Natal, p. 27.

Cupula sessili, excavata, obtuse marginata, extus nuda, venosa,
hymenio ruguloso, vitellino.

P. Natal, leg. Wood, No. 398.

Tremella alba, Kalch.

Gelatinoso-cartilaginea, foliacea, caespitosa, lobato-incisa, alba;
lobis antice dilatatis, crenatis, crispatis.

P. Natal, leg. Wood, No. 218.

Pollicem alta, siccitate albo-lutescens, lobis intricatis. Sparassim
simulans; vel folia Endivise referens, humectata parum intumescit.
Tremellce fusifonni, B. affinis.

Tremella lutescens, Fr. Ep. 588.

Somerset East.

Tremella micropera, K. et C. Grevillea ix., p. 18.

Cape of Good Hope.

Exidia glandulosa, Fr. Ep. 591.

In ramulis putr., Boschberg.

Exidia purpureo-cinerea, AlacOivan.

Primo patellaris centro affixa, dein effusa, plana, dense papillosa,
purpureo, vel cceruleo-cinerea.

Somerset East, in mtc. Boschberg, 1. MacOwan.

A proxima E. glandulosa , Fr., differt colore et papillis multo
minoribus, et confertioribus.

Ord. GASTEROMYCETES, Fr.

Phallus campanulatus, Berkl.

Somerset East, Boschberg, leg., Tuck et M. Owan, No. 1225 et
1286.

A Phallo impudico , in Africa haud observato, differt ovo globoso
(nec ovali) et pileo late camp anulato, pallido, rugoso polius quam
scrobiculato.

Kalchbrennera Tuckii, Berkl., in Gard. Chron.

B. Sp. In monte Boschberg, leg. Mac Owan.

Anthurus Woodii, AI. Ow. Kalchbr. Phalloidei novi., pr. 6.

Port Natal, Iuanda, leg. T. M. Wood, No. 149.

FUNGI M ACO \Y ANI AN I.

107

MACOWAWITES, Kalch. n. gen. In Garden. Chron., 1876, p. 785.
Peridiurn epiggeum, stipitatum, carnosam, in centro solidam sed
circumcirca cavernosam ; cavernulis hymenio vestitis, subtus
apertis, elongatis, in stipitem decurrentibus. Sporophora bispora;
sporge globosge, hyalinae, tuberculatae.

Genus hocce cum Gautiera arcte cognatum.

Nomen “ Macowania 1. c. adhibitum/’ mutandum erat, cumjam
pro genere phanerogamo consumtum sit.

MacOwanites agaricinus, Kalch.

Peridiurn hemisphaericum, supra laeve, impolitum, sordide
brunneum, deorsum in processum stipitiformem, glabrum, album
productum ; carne ad peridii verticem usque solida, pallida in am-
bitu fovens cellulas hymenii copiosas, subtus in longitudinem pro-
tractas, apertas, aeri pervias, albas. Odor gravis, alliaceus. Sporae
amplae, globosae, episporio crasso, tuberculoso.

In campis prope Somerset East, inter gramina ad pedem
Acaciarum 1. M.Ow., No. 1211.

Magnitudine Solani tuberosi minoris. Procul dubio edulis.
Hydnangium nigricans, Kalch.

Globosum, nucum Inglandis magnitudine, extus glabrum, nigri-
cans, intus e pallido-ferrugineum. Sporae 0-015 mm.

Sub Acaciis, in campis graminosis ad pedem mtis Boschberg pr.
Somers. East leg. M.Ow., No. 1211.

Cyathus vernicosus^ DC. FI. Fr. n., 270. var. extus floccosus.

Ad ramenta ligni.

Sub Cyathus olla , P., No. 1042. Macowan.

Cyathus pallidus, BerJcl.

Somerset East, M.Ovvan.

Cyathus sulcatus, Kalch.

Peridiis obconicis, tomentoso, strigosis, cervinis, extus, ad orifi-
cium profunde sulcatis. Peridiolis nitentibus, nigricantibus.
Natali. Wood, No. 334.

Sphesrobolus stellatus, Tade. Fr. Myc. Eur. ii., 309.

In stercore bovino vetusto, prope Somerset East.

C. B. sp. tempore pluvioso leg. Guil. Tuck., No. 1190. Wood
in Nat., 167.

Fodaxon pistillare, Fr. Myc. Fur. m., 63.

Sporge globosae, ferrugineae, dein vinosae ; flocci ferruginei,
curvati, flexites, collabentes ; stipes striatus, non semper tortus.

Afr., Austr., e republica Transgaripina (Orange Free States)
misit Medicus. FI. Exton. Formicarum acervos diligit, No. 1040.

Fodaxon carcinomalis, Fr. Myc. Ear. m., 62. C. MacOwan, No. 1362.

Specimina missa nondum sunt matura, de sporarumque et
floccorum indole nil produnt. Hinc de specie, dubitare licet.
Differunt vero a P. pistillari-statura majore, fere pedali ; stipite
fere pollicem crasso; et peridio laciniis membranaceis passim
appendiculato.

Tulostoma squamosum, Prs. Syn., 179.

In solo humido sub arbustis demissioribus pone Mtm. Boschberg.
C. B. sp., Januar., 1876, leg W. Tuck, No, 1205 (Mac.Ow.
s. num.).

108

FUNGI M ACO WAN I ANI.

Spores and flocci accord with specimens of T squamosum in
Herb., Paris, but not in habit with either T. exasperatum, Mont.,
or T. M eyenianum, B.

Broomeia congregata, JBerkl. Hook. Journ., 1844, p. 193.

Sub Acacia horrida in carroideis pr. flumen Ktyn Yisch Rivier,
haud procul a monte Boschberg pr. Somerset East. alt. 2500- leg.
M.Ovvan. Port Natal, Iuanda, leg. Wood.

“ Non oculis, sed Naso detexi,” monet, M.Ow.

Geaster granulosus, Fuckel. In Enum. Fung. Nassoo., Ser. I.

Peridio exteriori simplici, coriaceo, multifido, fornicato, laciniis
acuminalis, triangularibusve, rimosis, sordide pallidis ; peridio in-
teriori pedicellato, subrotundo, ore lato-conico, striato, umbrino,
cum pulvere granuloso candido tecto (Fuck. l.c.).

In solo vegetabili inter arbusta ad pedem mtis Boschberg pone
Somerset East.

C. B. sp. leg MacOwan, No. 1174.

Laciniae 8, sporae 0*0003.

Geaster MacOwani, Kalch.

Habitu. G. fornicati, Fr., sed triplo major. Peridium exterius,
quadrifidum, laciniis ovato-lanceolatis, peridium interius, breviter
stipitalum, glabriusculum ; sporae fusco -purpurece.

C. B. sp. leg. M.Owan.

Orificium — proh dolor — totum destructum sed numerus loborum
et color sporarum characteres bonos praebet.

Geaster coliformis, Pers. Syn ., 131.

Somerset East, leg. M.Ow., No. 1234.

Geaster fimbriatus, Fr. Myc. Eur. m., 16.

In solo, e foliis mortuis silvarum, ad latus mtis Boschberg, leg.
M.Ow., No. 1124.

Geaster limbatus, Fr. Myc. Eur. m., 14.

Ad Somerset East, leg. MacOwan, No. 1236.

Geaster hygrometricus, Pers. Syn. 135.

In solo hortensi, rejectamentis mixto.

Ad Som. E. legg. M.Owan et Tuck, No. 1060.

Bovista lilacina, Mont, et Berkl. In Hook. Lond. Journ., 1845, p. 64.

In depressis humidis, graminosis ad pedem mont. Boschberg,
leg. M.Ow., No. 1009.

Lycoperdon cyathiforme, Bose. In Berl. Mag. v., 87.

Somerset East, McOwan, 1004.

Lycoperdon radicatum, Welw. et Curr. In Transact, of Linn. Soc.,
Yol. xxvi., part 1, p. 289.

Sphaeroideum, pomiforme, 2-3 poll, altum latumque, sub lente
tenuissime tomentellum, pallide fuscum, corium recens aemulans,
demum glabrescens, rimulosum, nigricans, basi in stipitem obconi-
cum plicosum abiens. Massa sporalis brunneo-violacer. (M. Ow.)

In-graminosis ad mont. Boschberg, ubi- armenta ruminantia de-
cumbere solent, leg. M. Ow., No. 1004.

Lycoperdon saccatum, Fr. Syst. Myc. m., 35.

Somers. E., M. Ow.

FttNGl M A COWAN I ANI.

109

Lycopeirdon Caffrorum, R. et C.

Peridium e turbinato-globosum (2-3 poll, diam.), basi attenuata
radicans, primo glabellum, dein cute in squamulas minutissimas
faticente, densissime punctulatum leniterque asperulum, ferrugineo-
fuscescens. Sporae echinulatae, cum capillitio argillaceo fuscae.

M. Ow., 1003, 1424.

Statura minor, Peridium saturatius coloratum, et sporae minus
glabrae quam in simili L. Gardneri B.

Lycopeirdon Curtisii, Berld. North Amer. Fung., No. 333, in Grevillea,

1873.

Port Natal, leg. Wood, No. 185, arcte affine !

Lycopeirdon glabellum, Peck (?)

Somerset East, No. 1337. Ad Bazuja, Caffrariae, leg. Bey. Baur.
Lycopeirdon caespitosum, Well $ Curr. In Transact, of Linn. Soc.,
Yol. xxvi., part 1, p.289.

Somerset East, 1. M. Ow , No. 1005.

Lycopeirdon gemmatum, Fr. Syst. Myc. in., 36.

M. Ow., No. 1005.

Lycopeirdon pusillum, Batsch. Cont. ir., 123.

Somerset East, 1. Tuck, No. 115 b.

Scleroderma pyramidatum, Kalch.

Globosum (2 poll, et ultra diam ) brevissime stipitatum, areo
latum, areolis elevatis, pyramidulas truncatas formantibus.
Sporae (?)

Natal, Wood, No. a 375. Sterile, sed arc olis pyramidatis
insigne.

Scleroderma verrucosum, Pers. Syn. 154.

Somerset East, MacOwan, 1424.

Fhellorina squamosa, K. et M. Ow.

Capitulum stipiti contiguum, globosum vel globoso depressum,
suberoso-coriaceum et fere membranaceum, demum fragile vertice
laeve, vel squamis quibusdam angulatis auctum, glabrum, stipes
corticatus, subaequalis vel basi bulbosus, squamis firmis vestitus.
Capillitium subnullum; sporae globosae, minutae, 0’006 min., in
massam pulveraceum lateritii coloris conglobatae.

P. Natal. 1. Wood. Ujtenhage, 1. MacOw., 1095.

THE PRESERVATION OF FUNGI.

We are glad to announce that Mr. J. L. English, of Epping,
has printed his “ Manual,” explaining the method which he has
adopted so successfully for the preservation of the larger Fungi.
This little “ Manual ” explains clearly the stages of experiment
through which Mr. English passed in search of the method which
ultimately developed under his hands such satisfactory results. It
is no part of our business to inform our readers how this was
accomplished, for the author is clearly entitled to reap all the
advantage which can accrue (and we fear it will be but small)
from divulging his method, which was only successful because of
his continued perseverance. He certainly deserves the encourage-
ment of mycologists, even if they do not desire to become
apprentices to his business.

iio

NEW BRITISH MARINE ALGM.

By E. M. Holmes, F.L.S.

During the last three or four years I have, in conjunction with
a few other algologists, attempted to extend the limits of the
British Flora with respect to marine algae. The occurrence of
Norwegian or Swedish species on the north-eastern coast of Great
Britain seemed to me to be highly probable, inasmuch as the Fora-
minifera of these coasts belong to similar species. It also appeared
likely from the fact of northern species, e.g ., Odonthalia dentata , oc-
curring on the Yorkshire Coast, that a cold current of sea-water from
the north might convey Norwegian or. Baltic species to the east
coast of Britain, at all events as far as the projecting county of
Norfolk. On the other hand, a number of marine algse which
occur on the coast of France should, in like manner, be found
on the southern shores of Britain, and possibly as far north as
Cumberland or wherever the warmth of the Gulf Stream is
felt. Many southern species of Lichens, &c., are met with on
the Welsh Coast and on the coast of Cumberland, and even further
north, which must have been brought thither by this influence.
With a view of stimulating further research in Britain for the
species found on the Norwegian and French Coasts, the following
list, which is the result of desultory observations during not more
than four years, is now published : —

Cryptophyce.®.

* Codiolum gregarium, A. Braun. Alg. Unicell., p. 20, t. 1.
Teignmouth, Rev. R. Cresswell, 1879.

Dermocarpa Leibliniae, Bornet , Notes Algologiques n., pp. 75 and 76,
t. 26, figs. 3-5.

On Calothrix crastacea. Teignmouth, 1880, Rev. R. Cresswell.
Detected also by the same observer on a specimen of Lyngbya majus-
cula, in Miss Gifford’s Herbarium, collected in Jersey in Oct., 1874.

* Dermocarpa prasina, Bornet, Notes Algologiques ll.,p. 7G, t. 26, figs. 6-9.

On Catenella opuntia. Sidmouth, E. M. Holmes. Teignmouth,
Rev. R. Cresswell. Firth of Forth, G. W. Traill. Cornwall, R. V.
Tell am.

This plant appears to have been mistaken by Turner for the fructi-
fication of Catenella. Hist. Fucorum n., p. 96, t, 107, figs. c. and d.

Lyngbya luteo-fusca, J. Ag. Alg. Medit., p. 11.

Elie, Fifeshire, G. W. Traill, 1880.

IVIicrocoleus lyngbyaceus, Thur., Bornet, Notes Algol. I., pi. 2, p. 5.

Sidmouth, Rev. R. Cresswell, 1846. (Recently identified by
Dr. Bornet, to whom the specimen was submitted.)

Calothrix Crustacea, Thur ., Bornet, Notes Algologiques i., pi. 4, p. 13.

Salcombe, near Teignmouth, Rev. R. Cresswell, 1880.

Calothrix aeruginea, Thur. Bornet, Notes Algolog. U. , pi. 37, pp. 157, 158.

On Ceramium rubrum-. Trevone Bay, near Padstow, R. Y. Tellam,
1880. On Cladophora , Tor Abbey rocks, Rev. R. Cresswell, 1881.
Isactis plana Thur., Bornet, Notes Algologiques, u.,p. 163, pZ. 40.

On Punctaria latijolia.

Ventnor, E. M. Holmes, 1880. Probably the plant described by
Harvey, in his Manual of British Algte, 1st ed., p. 152.

Ill

NEW BRITISH MARINE ALGiE.

ClILOROSPOREiE.

* Frasiola marina, Crouan, Florule du Finisterre, p. 130.

Dunoon, near Glasgow, E. M. Holmes, 1880. Joppa and Caro-
line Park rocks, near Edinburgh, G. W. Traill, 1881. Teign-
mouth, Rev. R. Cresswell, 1881.

* Monostroma laceratum, Thur., Syn. TJlv. p. 32. Wittroch , Monogr.

Mo nostroma, p. 30, t. 1, fig. 2.

Near Wadebridge, R. V. Tellam, 1881.

M. latissimum, Katz. Rliyc. Gen., p. 296. Wittrock, Monog. Mono-
stroma, p. 33. t. I, Jig. 4.

Gathered by F. Hindom, in the brackish ditches at the mouth of
the River Otter, 1850, but it remained unidentified in Herb.
Cresswell until 1880.

M. quaternarium, Kutz., Tab. Thyc. v., tab. 13, Jig. 2 {sub. XJlvaJ.
WittrocJc, Monog. Monostroma, p. 37, t. 1, fig. 5.

Shoreham, Sussex. E. M. Holmes, 1881.

* M. Wittrockii, Bornet. Rotes Algologiques ii., p. 176, pi. 45.

Within reach of the tide, on timber, River Tamar, opposite

Saltash (Devonshire side), and in the estuary of the Plym near
Marsh Mills and Turnchapel, Plymouth.

Ulva marginata, Le Jolis, Liste des Algues Marines de Cherbourg, p. 53.

On a muddy bank near Lydden Spout, Dover. E, M. Holmes,
1881.

Rhizoclonium Kochianum, Kutz. sp. Ag.,p. 387,

Floating in rock pools under the Hoe, Plymouth. E. M.
Holmes, 1880.

Cladophoia hirta, Kutz. Phy. Germ., p. 208.

On Cladophora rupcstris. Falmouth, F. W. Smith, 1880.

CTo be continued.)

BREAKING OF THE MERES.

A short notice under this heading occurrs in “ Grevillea,” Yol.
ix., p. 5, to which the following notes are supplementary. The
misapprehension under which the author laboured that the Echi-
nella articulata of the English Botany had not been figured since,
may, I think, be rectified' by a reference to “ Kutzing’s Tabulas
Phycologiae,” where a figure of the same plant, undoubtedly, will
be found under the name of Chcetophora puncti formis, and singu-
larly enough the specimens from which the drawings were made
came from Ellesmere, the same locality as that in which they were
found by Mr. Phillips. Reference to Rabenhorst’s “Algae,” m .,
3d6, will show that its existence was not ignored by this author,
although both omit reference of any kind to either the name or
the figure in English Botany.

The principal motive of this communication is to furnish two
or three extracts bearing upon this subject. The first of these is

* I intend issuing a series of fasciculi of the New British species as
soon as practicable ; 25 species for £1 Is. Those marked with an asterisk
will appear in the 1st fasciculus. Only 25 sets will be prepared.

112

BREAKING OF THE MERES.

from Dickie’s Botanist’s Guide,” under Trichormus flos-aquce ,
Lyngb. (p. 310): — “ For some years excursions were made wTith the
students of my botanical class to a loch on the estate of Parkhill,
about four miles north-west from Aberdeen. The sheet of water
in question is about a quarter of a mile in its greatest length ; on
almost all sides it is surrounded by extensive deposits of peat,
with the soluble matter of which a great proportion of the water
passing into the loch is impregnated. The locality was generally
visited in the beginning of July ; nothing particular had ever been
observed till the summer of 1846, when my attention was arrested
by a peculiar appearance of the water, especially near the edge,
but extending also some distance into the loch. Numerous
minute bodies, with a spherical outline, and varying in size from
l-24th to l-12th of an inch in diameter, were seen floating at
different depths, and giving the water a peculiar appearance. In
some places they were very densely congregated, especially in small
creeks at the edge of the loch. A quantity was collected by fil-
tration through a piece of cloth, and, on examination by the
microscope, there could be no doubt that the production was of a
vegetable nature, and a species of Rivulana ; one, however, un-
known to me, and not agreeing with the description of any species
described in works to which I had access. Specimens were sent to
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley ; he informed me that the plant belonged
to the genus mentioned, and stated it to be Rivularia echinulata ,
Eng. Bot. Along with it, but in very small quantity, I also found
another plant, Trichormus flos-aquce , Bory.

“ In the first week of July, 1847, the same species were observed
similarly associated, but the Trichormus was now more plentiful,
without, however, any apparent corresponding diminution in the
quantity of the Rivularia.

“ In July, 1848, it was observed that the Rivularia was as rare
as the Trichormus had been in 1846 ; to the latter consequently
the water of the loch now owed its colour, which was a very dull
green; the colour, however, becomes brighter when the plant is
dried. In neither of the seasons mentioned was it in my power to
make any observations on the colour of the loch earlier or later
than the date above mentioned, consequently nothing can be added
respecting the comparative development of the two plants at other
periods of the season. Other two lochs in the vicinity did not
contain the plants alluded to.”

To this it may be added that specimens formerly belonging to
Sir William Hooker, together with drawing, in the Kew Herba-
rium, are also labelled, Rivularia articulata. Unless greatly
deceived by appearances, the two gatherings of this historic Algn,
which we have seen in a living condition, were of a beautiful
chlorophyllous green, and gave no indication of an approach to
the Phycochromacece. In extenuation of the name Rivularia , it
may be added that at the period when Chcetophora endivcefolia and
Chcetophora elegans were respectively termed Rivularia , the two
divisions of Chlorophyllacece and Phycochromacece had not come to
be recognized, so that in associating the English Botany plant

BREAKING OF THE MERES. 113

with these two species of Chcetophora in Rivularia , is evidence of
its relationship having been appreciated.

Another quotation which we purpose adding is from “ The
Annals of Natural History” (April, 1840), by W. Thompson, on
“ An Alga which Colours Ballydrain Lake.” He says, “ On
visiting the lake (July 15) to-day I found that the whole body of
water was tinged with a dull faintly glaucous hue. On going out
in a boat to ascertain the cause of this appearance, I saw that the
water was everywhere filled with extremely minute particles, which
might be compared to the motes in a sunbeam. To the unassisted
eye they seemed as delicate as the finest human hair, and of a
spiral form. On enquiry I learned that the appearance had been
observed only for the last four or five years, and for about three
months in each year. One of my friends had looked upon its
approach with dread, as it interfered so much with his angling,
that during the period of its continuance this sport had to be
abandoned.” Subsequently the plant was observed as late as the
27th September, but on October 7th all had disappeared. In the
following year the Alga was seen first on the 3rd of July, and
last on the 23rd of September.

“ The specimens obtained were invariably of similar breadth,
and rarely presented more than four spiral turns, and when of this
size were l-50th of an inch in length. The species at first, when
mingling with the water, is of a dark green colour, when in calm
weather it ascends to the surface in separate particles it appears
pale green ; when it does so en masse (the earliest symptom of
decay) it is of a pale blue, and in the last stage of decomposition
ferruginous. When two of the spiral portions come in contact
they have an elastic power, by which they can, though slowly, dis-
entangle themselves, and separate from each other.” The alga,
of which the above is only an abridged account, was called Ana-
bcena spiralis by Mr. Thompson, but has been transferred by Ra-
benhorstto Spirulina, to which genus it undoubtedly belongs, as
Spirulina Thompsoni.”

In the same communication is a brief account of the occurrence
of Anabaena flos-aquaz, Bory, tinging in a similar manner “ with
its delicate green hue the margin of the smallest of the lochs
Maben, in Dumfriesshire, on the 15th of August, 1838.”

Also of Aphanizomenon recurvum , Morren (now referred to
Sphcerozyga Jios-aquce), found floating on the surface of sheltered
creeks in Ballydrain Lake, having the appearance of powdered ver-
digris. Mr. Thomson says of it : — “ In Ballydrain Lake I have,
both in 1838 and 1839, remarked its presence in very calm days,
for it is only at such times visible, during the months of July,
August, and September, and then it appears in the most sheltered
creeks only, floating in patches of various dimensions.”

The last of the series of quotations will be from the first number
of the “ Annals of Natural History ” (vol. i., p. 1) : — “ On a New
Oscillatoria , the Colouring Substance of Glaslough Lake, Ireland,”
by Dr. Drummond. He commences by stating that t% Glas-lougli ”
signifies “green lake,” an appellation given to it from time im-

ii4

BREAKING OF THE MERES.

memorial on account of the hue of its waters, which exhibit a
green tinge, equal to, or exceeding in intensity, that of the sea,
though it is not at all times equally striking. “ From the accounts
I received, the green colour is evident in the lough throughout the
year, and if I may judge from my own observations, every drop
of it is impregnated with the oscillatory filaments.” “ When a
little of the water is lifted in the hand it seems perfectly trans-
parent, and it appears equally clear at the edges of the lake, but
at a depth of two feet the bottom is indistinguishable, and the water
presents a sort of feculent opacity, accompanied by a dull, dirty,
greenish hue. On lifting some of this in a glass it seems at first
sight quite transparent, but on holding it up to the light innu-
merable minute flocculi are seen floating through every part of it,
and producing a mottled cloudiness throughout the whole.” At
first I could only find the plant diffused through the water, but at
length I discovered a wet ditch extending from the lake into an
adjoining field, and there it appeared swimming on the surface in
large masses several inches in thickness and above a foot and a
half in length. These seemed evidently to be produced by an
agglomeration of the filaments floated in from the lake, matted
together at the surface, and increased in growth. The surface of
these masses, where dried by the contact of the air, was of a
bright bluish verdigris hue, while the parts immersed in the water
were of a dull opaque green.”

On examining specimens in the microscope I sometimes
observed their motions to be very vivid, and in other instances
little or no motion could be perceived. They are extremely minute,
their transverse strife very numerous, and at distances of about
half a diameter from each other. The filaments in the conglo-
merated masses appeared to me to be many inches long, and
running parallel together; the broken fragments dispersed through
the lake cross each other in all directions.”

For this species the name of Oscillatoria cerugescens was proposed,
and under this it is recorded in Harvey’s “ Manual” (p. 163).

In the same memoir as the above a summary is given of the
facts narrated by Decandolle of the occurrence of .Oscillatoria
rubescens in Lake Morat, in Switzerland, which is related to the
present subject. It is stated that Lake Morat during every spring
presents the appearance of a reddish scum on the surface, which
the fishermen express by saying that the “ lake is in flower.” In
the spring of 1825 this phenomenon was so remarkable as to strike
with astonishment the inhabitants of its banks. In this year the
red appearance continued from the month of November till May,
and its unusual exuberance was supposed to originate from the
great mildness of the winter, and the consequent smaller elevation
of the water of the lake being favourable to the development of the
matter, which was evidently organic, and caused the redness.

During the early hours of the day the lake presented nothing
remarkable, but soon after there appeared long, red, very regular
and parallel lines along its borders and at some distance from the
shore. The breezes urged this matter into the little creeks, and

BREAKING OF THE MERES.

115

heaped it up around the reeds. There it covered the surface of the
lake like a fine reddish scum, forming patches of colours varying
from greenish black to a beautiful red. It was also seen of a
yellow, a red, and grey of every shade ; some of them were
marbled, and others presented figures much resembling those
produced by positive electricity on the electrophorus. During the
day this mass exhaled an infectious odour, but during the night all
disappeared, to be renewed on the following day. When the lake
was agitated by strong winds the phenomenon disappeared, but
again presented itself on the re-establishment of a calm.

M. C. Cooke.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

( Continued from jp. 52.)

We gladly acknowledge the assistance of Professor Bayley
Balfour, which has enabled us to record six additions to the
Myxomycetes of Great Britain, three of which are new, and have
been discovered by Professor Balfour during a critical examination
of the specimens contained in the Herbarium of the late F. Currey,
F.R.S.

Agaricus (Entoloma) Persoonianus, Du Port.

This species has again been found by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
We find on reference that there already is a species of
Agaricus named A. Persoonii , and therefore the name of Per-
soonianus as given by Phillips and Plowright to this species will
stand (see Grevillea , p. 66) as now corrected.

Ovulazia syringse, Berk.

Flocci for the most part decumbent, acrospores at first subglobose,
with a terminal papilla, then elliptic, at length ovate, very large.
Gard. Chron., Nov. 19, 1881, with fig. 135.

On lilac leaves. Aberdeenshire.

The length of the threads is *012 in., that of the acrospores ’002-
•003 in.

JEcidium barbazeae, DC. FI. Fr ., n., 241.

On both sides. Spots rufescent. Peridia aggregated in large
irregular clusters, large, cup-shaped, margin whitish, crenulate;
spores orange. Duby. Bot. Gall., ii . , 905.

On leaves of Barb area praecox. Near Plymouth (E. G.
Yarenne).

Sometimes the peridia occupy the whole surface of the leaf, which
is distorted and curved inwards.

Physarum granulatum, Balf. fil.

Sporangium stipitate in. high, rising from a brownish-black
hvpothallus ; stipe dilated at base, tawny or darker brown, or dirty
grey, striate, about equalling the capsule; capsule globose slate-grey,
dotted with large white granules, brittle, wall single, dirty white
when separated, impregnated with small rounded granules of lime

116

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

in irregularly shaped patches, and coated with remote easily-
detached white clusters of lime crystals ; coumella absent ; capil-
litium uncoloured, forming a small meshed net, few angles swollen
into small rounded knots, enclosing a few small rounded lime
granules, intervening threads undulate and delicate ; spores violet
with thick smooth membrane, ,0093-,0109 diam.

In Herb. Currey. No locality. On bark.

Very distinct, with its scattered cluster of crystals on the surface
of the capsule wall. In the paucity and smallness of the swollen
knots of the capillitium it approaches I'ilmadoche, but differs in its
irregular and intricate branching.

Physarum Phillipsi, Balf.fil.

Sporangium subsessile, or shortly stipitate, about Tk- in. high ;
stipe black, stout, much shorter than capsule ; capsule subreniform
or subpyriform, sometimes by coalescence plasmodiocarpoid or de-
formed, laterally compressed, umbilicate, ash-grey and commonly
rugose, fragile, wall single, uncoloured when separate, densely im-
pregnated with small rounded granules oflime in rounded patches ;
coumella absent; capillitium uncoloured, threads delicate at
attachment to wall, internally lorming a compact net, all angles
swollen into rounded knots filled with minute rounded lime granules,
intervening threads very short, undulate, and very delicate ; spores
violet warted with thick membrane 0117 mm. diam.

On manured ground in an orchard house. Shrewsbury. Phillips.
In Herb. Currey.

A very marked species, possibly having its nearest ally in Physa-
rum nephroideum , Rtfki., which is not however a British species.

Trichia lateritia, Lev.

Sporangia pyriform, stipitate, together with the stem brown-
black, opaque. Mass of spores and elaters brick red. Elaters
fusiform, the ends terminating in a sharp, almost smooth spine.
Spirals four to the right, rather prominent. Spores with a thick
membrane, smooth. 01-012 mm. diam. Rostajinski Monog., p. 250.
Ctoke, Myxomycetes, figs. 223, 224.

On dead wood. Orton Wood (Rev. A. Bloxam).

Trichia affinis, Be B ary.

Sporangia, in the typical form, collected in clusters, sessile on a
common strongly developed hypothallus. Elaters cylindrical (004-
005 mm.), smooth, straight or slightly bent, spirals combined in a
reticulate manner. Spores (from *01 to *012 mm. or even ’014
mm.) epispore with hexagonal thickenings in a reticulate manner.
Rostafinski Monog., p. 257. Cooke , Myxomycetes , fig. 241.

On dead wood. Cotteral Wood, Cheshire, 1828. (Wilson).
Epping Forest (M. C. C.), Hampstead (Cke. Fung. Gt. Brit., No.
614), Brandon (C. B. P., in Cke. Fung. Gt. Brit., ed. sec.. No.
527), Raehills, near Moffat and Queen’s Cottage, Kew (Bayley
Balfour), and in Herb. Currey.

Trichia Jackii, Rt/ki.

Sporangia, in the typical form, collected in clusters, sessile on a
common strongly developed hypothallus. Elaters cylindrical (004
mm. diam.) with smooth ends, straight or slightly bent. Spirals

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

117

three to four, rarely spinnlose, with distinct broad interspaces.
Spores globose with a thickened border, which is broad and per-
forated, branched so as to form an irregular network ('01--012 or
012-014 mm. diatn.). Rostajinski Monog., p. 258. Cooke , ^tyxo-
mycetes , fig. 242.

On rotten wood. Hassock’s Gate, Oct., 1854 (Herb. F.
Currey).

Trichia heterotricha, Balf. fil.

Sporangia sessile in clusters, dark yellow, wall thick, tough and
leathery, inner layer areolate ; elaters few, cylindrical *0071 mm.
diam. (thickenings excluded) with walls of medium thickness, ir-
regularly and variously thickened either with spines often twice
diameter of elater, or with short prickles or warts, or with complete
or half-rings, or sometimes with interrupted and irregular spirals
leaving large intervening unthickened portions, swollen towards the
extremities, and ending in a tapered rarely smooth arcuate or
twisted point, in length twice the diameter of elater, tube *0035 mm.
diam. terminating in the swelling of elater, or sometimes continued
to the apex ; spores globose 'OIGO-’OITS mm. diam. with a very
thick smooth membrane.

In Herb. Currey. No locality. On bark.

A species resembling most nearly forms of Tr. varia , Pers., but
the few elaters with the very varying sculpturing and the larger
smooth spores sufficiently separate them.

Professor Bayley Balfour has also furnished the following notes
on British Myxomycetes : —

Trichia affinis , de Bary, was first published as a MS. name
without description, by Fuckel (“ Symb. Myc.,” 336). Austria
is given as its locality, and T. chrysosperma , DC. (“ FI. Franc.,”
ii., 250 pr. p.) is quoted as a synonym, and No. 1432 FI. Rh., is
mentioned as identical. Rostafinski, in his Classical “ Mono-
graph ” (255), describes the species, giving as additional habitats
Maryampol, Salem, Constance and Freiburg. He points out that
the difference between this and the nearly allied form he describes
as T. chrysosperma , a species which he attributes to Bulliard, and
records as common in Europe, and occurring in Carolina and Chili.
So far as general habit goes, there is but little character distin-
guishing these species. Both have aggregated sporangia, sessile,
and of a coloration varying in like direction in each. In some
typically grown specimens of Tr. chrysosperma , the sporangia are
pyriform with narrow base. I have never seen this in Tr. affinis ,
the sporangia of which are usually quite sessile on a broad rest.
Practically it is not possible to diagnose the species by external
characters, and the differences between them lie mainly in the
sculpturing and size of the elaters and spores. In Tr. chrysos-
perma the elaters are wider than in Tr. affinis , and have a series of
thickened veins on the wall running parallel with the apex of the
elater, and connecting the coils of the spirals. These are wanting

118

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

in Tr. affinis. The spores in Tr. chrysospeimna have the projecting
polygonally reticulate thickening of the exospore deep, narrow, and
nonpunctulate, whilst in Tr. affinis these are broader, shallower,
and conspicuously punctulate.

Under Tr. chrysosperma, Rostafinski quotes a very extensive
synonomy. I have devoted some time to the study of the syno-
nyms quoted, but I am not satisfied from the descriptions and
figures by the several authors that the identification in all cases is
correct. Indeed, I do not see how, by such descriptions and figures
as are given, one can determine which of the sessile aggregated
species — Tr. chrysosperma , Tr. scabra , Rtfki., Tr. Jackii , Rtfki.,
and Tr. affinis De Bary, all having a general likeness in habit — is
referred to by the older authors. A correct estimate would only
be possible after examination of the type specimens. How many
of these Rostafinski was enabled to study I do not know. As I
have not yet had the opportunity of seeing a sufficient number of
these, I shall not at present criticise in detail the synonomy, but
that great confusion has occurred in the identification of the several
species of sessile, aggregate Trichias, an examination of the
specimens in the Kew Herbarium has convinced me. I have not
yet had a chance of critically studying the Myxomycetes of Berk-
ley’s Herbarium, but I have carefully gone over the other collec-
tions, and I may here give some of the results.

But first let me say a word as to the name Trichia chrysospei'ma ,
as adopted by Rostafinski. As I have stated he ascribes it to Bul-
liard (“ Hist, des Champign.,” t. (1791) 131, t. 417, f. 4), who de-
scribes a form, Sphcerocarpus chrysospemnus , presenting three varie-
ties, the first of which is taken by Rostafinski as the type of the
species Trichia chrysosperma , Bull. Now in Bulliard’s description
and figures there is nothing regarding the elaters and spores to
show that his species really conforms with the definition of the
species given by Rostafinski, and is not such another form as Tr.
affinis , De By. Indeed, as I have mentioned already, Fuckel
quotes the species as being in part De Bary’s Tr. affinis , though
I do not know the ground for his identification. But supposing
Rostafinski’s identification be correct, there is no warranty for
affixing Bulliard’s name to the species, as he describes it under
another genus. The real authors of the name it would appear are
Lamarck and De Candolle, who (“ Synops. Plant.,” No. 673, and
again, “ Flor. Franc.,” n., 250) describe under this name what
they take as identical with Bulliard’s Sphcerocarpus chrysospermus,
which they quote as a synonym. Bulliard has no claim to the
name. Rostafinski having adopted the name for the form he so
carefully describes there need be now no longer any difficulty or
confusion in the determination of the species as it is preserved in
herbaria or gathered at the present day whatever decision be come
to as regards synonyms.

Trichia affinis , De Bary, has been looked upon hitherto as a rare
species, and there is no published record of its occurrence in Britain.
But I find that it is really common, much more so than the other
sessile aggregated forms. In Ivew Herbarium is a specimen with

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

119

the label in W. Wilson’s writing, “ Tr. affinis, Cotterel Wood,
Cheshire, 1828, W. W.” This is the true species named Tr.
affinis, by Be Bary, and it is the first record of the species in
Britain. It is a rather curious coincidence that Wilson should
have given the same name to the plant as De Bary. In Currey’s
Herbarium are two specimens without locality of the species, but
under the name T. chrysosperma. Under the same name are
specimens from “ Epping Forest (M. C. C.)” “ Hampstead (Cke.
Fung. Exs. Brit., No. 614),” “ Brandon (C. B. P., in Cke.
Fung. Exs. Brit., ed. sec., No. 527).” I have it from Raehills,
near Moffat, and Queen’s Cottage, Kew. These are all the locali-
ties in this country (I need not here refer to foreign habitats, which
are numerous) from which I have seen specimens as yet. It is
evidently widely-spread, and I doubt not is in many collections
under a wrong name.

Trichia chrysosperma , Lam. and Be C., is apparently a rarer
species, though mentioned by Bostafinski as occurring all over
Europe, and by Cooke (“ Myxom.,” 64), as at that time the only
British species of the sessile aggregate, ones. Though I have
collected for a number of years now, and in many localities, I have
never been fortunate in finding it ; and the only authentic British
locality I know as yet is Highgate (“ Cke. Fung. Exs. Brit. ed.
sec.,” No. 524). There is in Kew Herbarium a specimen from
“ Bawson-Turner’s Herb.,” under the name “ Tr. ovata, Pers.,
No. 71.” No locality is given. This is Trichia chrysospemna ,
Lam. and B. C.

Trichia scabra , Btfki., has been more seldom confounded with
Tr. chrysosperma , Lam. and B. C., but occasionally the mistake is
made. This species I found, I believe, for. the first time in Britain,
in the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, in October, 1878. Since
then I have found it at Moffat and at Queen’s Cottage, Kew. From
this last locality are specimens in Kew Herbarium gathered by
Br. Cooke.

Trichia bavarica , “ Thum., Myc. Univers.,” No. 1497, is no
Trichia. It is an Oligonema. Typical Oligonema nitens has few
elaters without any pattern on the walls. In the Be Theumen’s
specimens 1 find that the walls have a tendency to become spirally
thickened, and the elaters sometimes are slightly pointed, and it
therefore shows an approach to Trichia. But still the elaters are
very few, and the whole plant is essentially an Oligonema, but I
am not convinced as to its being Olig. nitens. Be Thumen has
sent out the same plant as Trichia chrysosperma , B. C., under No.
399 Mycoth. Univ.

Bayl ey Balfour .

EXOTIC FUNGI.

The Rev. J. E. Yize has just issued a small fasciculus of forty
specimens of Micro-fungi from the Tropics. Several of these are
now distributed for the first time. Particulars furnished by the
preparer, Forden Vicarage, Welshpool.

120

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Boudier, E. Nouvelles especes de Champignons de France, in
l( Bull. Soc. Bot. France,” t. xxviii., 1881.

Winter, Dr. G. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen “Flora,” Pt. 5, 6.

Niessl, Dr. Uber Microthelia und Didymosphseria, in “ Hed-
wigia,” Nov., 1881.

Thumen, F. Mycotlieca Universalis, Cent. xx.

Spruce, R. On Marsupella stableid, &c., in “Revue Bryolo-
gique,” No. 6, 1881.

Johnson, Rev. W. Introduction to the Study of Lichens, in
“ Amer. Monthly Micro. Jonrn.,” Nov., 1881.

Nvlander, W. Addenda Nova ad Lichenograpliiain Euro-
paeum, in “ Flora,” Oct. 11.

Muller, Dr. Lichenologische Beitrage, in “ Flora,” Nov. 11.
21, 1881.

Bornet and Thuret. Notes Algologiques. Part 2.

Crisp, F., and others. Abstract Notices of Cryptogamic
Literature, in “ Monthly Microscopical Journal.”

Uhlworm, Dr. O. Botanisches Centralblatt. (Weekly.)

Lindberg, S. 0. Sphagnum sedoides in Europe, in “ Revue
Bryologique,” Jan., 1882.

Peck, C. H. Fungi in Wrong Genera, “Bull. Torrey Bot,
Club,” Jan., 1882.

H. Willey. Myco-Lichens, in “Bull. Torrey Bot. Club,”
Jan., 1882.

De Bary and Woronin. Beitrage znr Morphologie und Phy-
siol ogie der Pilze. Part 5. Ustilagineen.

English, J. L. A Manual of the Preservation of the Larger
Fungi and Wild Flowers.

Hazslinszky, F. Rendhagyo Koggombak.

Macfarlane, J. M. Structure and Division of the Vegetable
Cell. Reprint from “ Trans. Bot. Soc., Edin.,” Vol. xiv.

Rehm, Dr. Ascomyceten. ( Diagnoses.)

Willey, H. Note on Marsilea quadrifolia , in “ Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club,” Dec., 1881.

Willey, H. A New North American Lichen, in “Bull.
Torrey Bot. Club,” Dec., 1881.

Smith, Prof. H. L. Fineness of Striation as a Specific Cha-
racter of Diatoms. “ Amer. M. Micr. Journ.,” Dec., 1881.

Steiner, Dr. J. Verrucaria calciseda, Petractis exanthematica.
(Reprint.)

Vize, J. E. Micro-Fungi Exotici, fasciculus of 40 specimens.

Roumeguere, C. Fungi Gallici Exsic. Cent. 19, 20.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi. Parts 6, 7.

Cooke, M. C. British Fresh-water Algse. Part 1, with eleven
coloured plates.

Petit, P. Spirogyra des Environs de Paris.

Roumeguere, C. Revue Mycologique.

Stevenson, J. Additions to Mycologia Scotica, in “ Scottish
Naturalist,” Jan., 1882,

No. 56.]

[June, 1882.

A QUARTERLY RECORD OF CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY
AND ITS LITERATURE.

EXOTIC FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

In the enumeration which follows, only the new and undescribed
species are inserted, notwithstanding that our knowledge of the
Fungi of some of the countries is exceedingly limited. It would
have been of manifest advantage to have furnished a catalogue of
species for such places as Japan, Madagascar, Burma, &c., had
the demands on our space permitted it. In the majority of in-
stances the specimens described are in the Herbarium of the Royal
Gardens at Kew.

Japan.

Lenzites alutacea, Che.

Pileo suberoso-coriaceo, firmo, obsolete zonato, nitido, laete alu-
taceo, glabrescente ; margine subtomentoso ; lamellis rectis, cras-
siusculis, antice furcatis, subconcoloribus.

On trunks. Japan (Dickins).

Pileus 3-4 x 2\ inches, about ^ an inch thick behind.

Polyporus (Xnodermei) csesio-glaucus, Cke.

Pileo coriaceo, tenuissimo, effuso-reflexo, quandoque imbricato,
tomentoso, zonato, caesio-cinereo, zonis obscuriore ; poris rotundis,
minimis, regularibus, curtis (‘25 mm.), dissepimentis incrassatis,
glaucescentibus.

On branches. Japan. (Dickins, 1449.)

Trametes purpurea, Cke.

Pileo suberoso-lignoso, convexo-plano, multizonato, glabro, atro-
purpureo, zonis obscurioribus, intus ligneo-fusco ; poris subglo-
bosis, oblongisve, inaequalibus ( 7 mm. lat.), alutaceis.

On trunks. Japan (Dickins).

Pileus 3-4 in. wide, 2\ in. long, nearly 1 in. thick behind ; tubes
as much as \ in. in length.

Hydnum aspratum, Berk.

Pileo carnoso, depresso, infundibuliformi, tessulato-squamoso,
azono, umbrino ; stipite elongato, longitudinaliter sulcato, glabro ;
aculeis decurrentibus, subcinereis.

9

122

EXOTIC FUNGI.

On the ground. Japan (esculent).

Pileus 3-5 inches broad, stem 3 in. long, nearly an inch thick.
The above diagnosis drawn up from dried specimens only. The
entire fungus is suspended by the stem and dried for culinary pur-
poses by the Japanese.

Burma.

Marasmius Burmensis, Cke.

Albidus. Pileo membranaceo, plano, depressove, obtuso, exstrio,
stipite farcto, brevi, tenui, albo, glabro ; lamellis paucis, distan-
tibus, adnatis, angustissimis, venosis, albis.

On twigs. Moulmein (Rev. C. Parish).

Exactly the size, habit, and appearance of M. ramealis, but the
pileus is so thin that the lines of the narrow veinlike gills are
visible through it. The gills are not half so numerous as in that
species, and narrower. Stem very thin.

XKarasxnius Parishii, Cke.

Fulvus. Pileo convexo, sulcato, stipite rigido, erecto, nitido,
nigrescente, supra attenuato. Lamellis paucis (6-8) angustis, dis-
tantibus, pallidis.

On grass, palm petioles, &c.

Stem 1-2 inches long, rather thick at the base, gradually at-
tenuated upwards, chestnut colour, becoming blackish, rigid and
erect. Pileus 2-4 lines broad, pale sienna brown, very thin and
remotely sulcate, gills not more than 6 to 8, giving a crenulated
appearance to the margin. Differing from M. androsaceus in the
thicker rigid stem, thinner pileus, and small number of lamellae.

Madagascar.

Ten species, all of which were previously known.

Shiri Highlands, Zambesia.

Seven species, all previously known.

Chamba, N.W. India.

Six species, all previously known.

Rio Janeiro.

Several interesting species collected by M. Glaziou, of which
the following are new : —

Daedalea microsticta, Cke.

Pileo suberoso, piano, papilloso, glabriusculo, ligneo-pallido,
margine lineato-fusco, intus fuscescente ; similis e poroso angus-
tissime labyrinthiformibus, laceratisque, e pallido fuscescentibus.

On wood. Rio Janeiro. (No. 13381.)

Pileus 3-4 inches broad, 1 inch or more in thickness behind,
acute at the margin. Pores at first, and at the edge, punctiform,
then confluent and shortly labyrinthiform, very narrow, so as to be
just visible to the naked eye. Hymenium two-thirds the thick-
ness of the pileus.

EXOTIC FUNGI.

123

Cladoderris fusca, Che.

Conchiformis, imbricata, fusca (3-4 inches) adpresso-velutina ;
hymenio concolore, dendritico-rugoso, papillis minutis, obtusis,
cristato.

On trunks. Rio Janeiro. (Glaziou, No. 13499.)

Caracas.

Uredo oxalidearum, Che.

Hypophylla. Soris minutis, numerosis, congestis, demum con-
fluentibus. Sporis globosis, laevibus ('015 mm.) aurantio-flavis.

On leaves of Oxalis corniculata. Caracas (Dr. Ernst).

Quite distinct in its smooth orange spores from the Uredo
oxalidis, Lev. Together with several imperfect fungi, such as
Phyllosticta , the description of which would serve no useful purpose.

Natal.

Collected by J. M. Wood, of Inanda, part of a collection of
about 200 numbers.

Cyphella tabacina, Che. 8f Phil.

Fusca, gregaria, in stroma obscuriore, byssoideo nidulantia.
Cupulis pyriformibus, breviter stipitatis, leniter tomentosis (1 mm.
diam.), margine arcte connivente. Basidiis clavatis, sporis ova-
libus fuscis (-006 X -004 mm.).

On bark. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 524.)

Solenia minima, Che. & Phil.

Gregaria, minima, punctiformis, albido-pallida. Cupulis sub-
cylindricis, abbreviatis.

On wood. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 482.)

Femsjonia Natalensis, Che.

Lutea, sessilis, cupulseformis, gregaria (^-1 mm. diam.) tre-
melloidea. Basidiis globosis, in gelatina immersis. Sporis im-
perfectis.

On decaying trunk. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 476.)

In form, size, and general appearance closely simulating Peziza
of the section Mollisia.

Chaetomella artemisiae, Che.

Epiphylla. Peritheciis sparsis, subglobosis, atro-brunneis, pilis
tenuis, fuscis, superne ornatis. Sporis ellipticis, hyalinis (-OOS-’Ol
x *004 mm.).

On living leaves of Artemisia afra . Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 572.)

Sphaeropsis Mappae, Che.

Hypophyllum, sparsum. Peritheciis brunneis, convexis, per-
tusis. Sporis ellipticis, hyalinis ( 012-*014 x *005 mm.).

On leaves of Mappa Capensis Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 619.)

JEcidium Cussoniae, Kalchb.

Amphigenis. Maculis suborbicularibus, bullatis, pallidis. Peri-
diis subcongestis, semi-immersis, margine albo-crenulatis. Sporis
aurantiacis.

On leaves of Cussonia spicata.

(88.)

124

EXOTIC FUNGI.

JEcidium Crini, Kalchb.

Amphigenis. Maculis latis, pallidis. Peridiis dense circin-
natim congestis, subitnmersis, cupulatis ; margine albo-crenulatis.
Sporidiis aurantiacis.

On leaves of Crinum (Cooperi?).

In appearance scarcely differing from that of JEcidium orchidearum.

lEcidium acanthacearum, Cke.

Hypophyllis vel amphigenis. Acervulis laxis, suborbicularibus,
in maculis decoloratis nidulantibus. Peridiis sparsis, centro sub-
congestis, subrigidis ; margine pallidiore, serrulato. Sporis luteis.
On leaves of Calophanes Burkei. (645.)

On leaves of Justicia. (603.)

JEcidium plectroniae, Cke.

Hypophyllis. Acervulis rotundatis, maculis orbicularibus deco-
loratis nidulantibus. Peridiis paucis, prominulis, margine sub-
integro, pallido. Sporis luteis (? )

On leaves of Plectronia Gueinzii. (57 7.)

Sperm ogonia on the upper surface of the same spots which bear
the peridia.

iScidium dissotidis, Che.

I. Hypophyllis. Acervulis rotundatis, parvulis. Peridiis con-
gestis, minimis, vix prominulis, margine albido. Sporis luteis.

On leaves of Dissotis incana. (223.)

On Dissotis princeps. (470.)

II. Uredo dissotidis. Maculis fuscis, hypophyllis, orbicularibus.
Protosporis subglobosis, fuscis, asperulis ( 02 mm.).

On leaves of Dissotis incana. (223.)

JEcidium vangueriae, Cke.

Sparsum, vel irregulariter aggregatum, hypopliyllum. Peridiis

semi-immersis, pallidis, margine albo-lacerato. Sporis globosis,

luteolis (*018 mm.) cellulis peridiorum elongato — hexagonis
(*026 X ‘018 mm.).

On leaves of Vangueria infausta. (527.)

and V. latifolia. (540.)

Often on the same plant, sometimes on the same leaves as Hemi -
leia Woodii, K. & C.

JEcidium cardiospermi, Cke.

Hypophyllum. Peridiis minimis, in maculis brunneis orbicula-
ribus congestis, margine subintegro, sporis luteolis.

On leaves of Cardiospermum microcarpum. (537.)

JEcidium flustra, Berk, in Hook. Journ.

On leaves of Aster ( Diplopappus ) asper . (No. 638.)

Fuccinia galopinae, Cke.

I., II. (nondum vidi).

III. Hypophylla. Soris compactis, densis, purpureo-brunneis,
convexis. Teleutosporis congestis, elongato-fusiformibus, latera-
liter compressis, hyalinis, fusco-tinctis (*05 X '009 mm.) mem-
brano tenui, stipite brevi.

On leaves of Galopina aspera. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 602.)

EXOTIC FUNGI.

125

Fuccinia tragi*, Cke.

I. Epiphylla vel amphigena. Caespitulis minimis. Peridiis

(5-6) congestis, albis, elongatis, marginato-dentatis. Sporis glo-
bosis, aurantio-flavis.=^c«7fw?ra tragice , Cke. (Wood, 141 )

II. , III. Soris pulverulentis, purpureo fuscis. Teleutosporis
ellipticis, medio-constrictis, castaneis (*05 X ’028 mm.). Stipite
elongato, hyalino, infra attenuato (’07 mm. long).

On leaves of Tragia. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 141, 628, 163.)

Fuccinia tabern*montan*, Cke.

I. ^Ecidium taberncemontance, Cke. Hypophylla, orbicularis ;

peridiis circinatis, arcte apertis (vix maturis). (No. 469.)

II. Protosporis magnis, ellipticis, ovatisve, pallidis (’04-’042x
*03 mm.) Episporio asperato.

III. Soris pallidis. Teleutosporis ellipticis, ad medio valde
constrictis, sub-lsevibus (’045-*048 X ’03 mm.) breviter stipitatis.

On Taberncemontana ventricosa. Inanda. (Wood, 612.)

Fuccinia Thunbergiae, Cke.

I. AEcidium Thunbergice , Cke. Hypophylla, in maculis orbicu-
laribus congesta. Peridiis semi-immersis fimbriatis. (468.)

II. Protosporis subglobosis, fuscis (-018-’02 mm.), episporio
sublsevi.

III. Soris compactis, convexis, rugosis, purpureo-fuscis. Teleu-
tosporis elongato-ellipticis (-042 x ‘018 mm.) supra apiculatis,
pallide flavidis. Episporio kevi, tenui, ad apicem incrassato.

On Thunbergia Natalensis. Inanda. (Wood, 576.)

Fuccinia phyllocladi*, Cke.

I. & II. (nondum vidi).

III. Epiphylla et caulina. Soris suborbicularibus, demum con-
fluentibus, pulverulentis, macula pallida gerentibus. Teleutosporis
globosis, nec constrictis (’03 x *028 mm.) castaneis, vix granulatis.
Stipite elongato, hyalino (’06 mm.).

On stems and leaves of Asparagus falcatus. Inanda, Natal.

(Wood, 630.)

Quite different from Pucc. asparagi .

Fuccinia trochomezi*, Cke.

I. (nondum vidi).

II. Protosporis ovalibus, brunneis ( 022 X *018 mm.), episporio
granulato.

III. Hypophylla. Soris sparsis, mox fissuratis, denique epidermide
cinctis, atro- fuscis. Teleutosporis ellipticis, medio constrictis, cas-
taneis (’048 x ‘03 mm.). Stipite elongato (’07 mm ) incrassato,
hyalino.

On leaves of Trochomeria sagittata. Inanda. (Wood, 594.)

Fuccinia pentanisi*, Cke.

I. (nondum vidi.)

II. Soris sparsis, pulverulentis, fuscis. Protosporis ovalibus,
fuscis, leniter asperulis (’03 x '025 mm.).

III. Hypophylla. Soris atris, mox confluentibus, pulverulentis.

126

EXOTIC FUNGI.

Teleutosporis ellipticis, medio constrictis, castaneis, sublsevibus
(#035 X '025 mm.), Stipite abbreviatis, lateraliter productis.

On leaves of Penlanisia variabilis. (Wood, (n. ), 596 (hi.), 567.)
Resembling Puccinia lateripes, B. & C., but quite distinct.

Fuccinia holosericea, Cke.

I. & II. (Ignota).

III. Hypophylla. Soris (5-8) in macula pallida gerentibus,
compactis. Teleutosporis sublanceolatis, pallidis, lateraliter com-
pressis (*045 x *015 mm.). Stipite abbreviato.

On leaves of Ipomcea holosericea. Inanda. (Wood, 560.)

Fuccinia oedipus, Cke.

I. JEcidium senecionis, Desm forma capensis.

II. Protosporis globosis (*038 mm. diam.), lsete brunneis, spinu-
losis, in soris fuscis gerentibus.

III. Hypophylla. Soris sparsis, minimis, atris. Teleutosporis
ellipticis, castaneo-brunneis, sublasvibus, ad medio constrictis (*05X
*035 mm.). Stipite hyalino, subcrasso (‘07 mm. long.)

On leaves of Senecio pandurcefolius. Inanda. (Wood, 561.)

Fuccinia Kraussiana, Cke.

I. (n. v.).

II. Protosporis ovatis, pallido-fuscis (-035--04 X -023-#025 mm.)
leniter asperulis, immixtis.

III. Hypophylla ; soris sparsis, orbicularibus, convexis, com-
pactis, purpureo-brunneis ; teleutosporis congestis, sublanceolatis,
obtusis, mutuo pressione difformis, pallidis (*065-,07 X ‘025 mm.).
Stipite crassissimo infra attenuato *09 mm. long. ‘015-*018 mm. lat.

On leaves of Smilax Kraussiana. (Wood, 611.)

Fuccinia popowiae, Cke.

I. Peridiis in maculis orbicularibus aggregatis ; reliquis exoletis.

II. Protosporis subglobosis, fuscis, laevibus (‘02 X *018 mm.).
cum seq ; immixtis.

III. Hypophylla. Soris minutissimis, mox confluentibus, pur-
pureo-brunneis, pulverulentibus, in maculis orbicularibus congestis.
Teleutosporis ellipticis, arcte constrictis, utrinque rotundatis,
fuscis (-02--028 x ‘OIG-'OIS mm.) episporio verruculoso.

On leaves of Popowia caffra. Inanda. (Wood, 614.)

Puccinia Vernoniae, Cke.

I. (nondum vidi).

II. Hypophylla. Soris sparsis, fuscis, in tomento nidulantibus.
Protosporis subglobosis, leniter granulatis, pallide-fuscis ( 01 6- *02
mm.).

III. Teleutosporis cum protosporis immixtis, clavatis, nec per-
fecte evolutis.

On leaves of Vernonia, sp. (Wood, 546, 684, 622, 626.)

Fuccinia plectranthi, ( Tkum .) Cke.

I. Hypophylla. Peridiis in maculis orbicularibus, decoloratis,
congestis, semi-immersis, margine albo-fimbriatis. Sporis flavidis.

(Wood, 50 )

II. and III. Puccinia plectranthi, Thum.

On leaves of Plecti anthus.

EXOTIC FUNGI.

127

Uromyces mimusops, Cke.

I. & II. (nondum vidi).

III. Hypophylla. Maculis orbicularibus, brunneis ; soris elon-
gatis circumdatis, demum fissuratis. Teleutosporis clavatis (*08 X
•02 mm.) pallidis, granulosis, apice truncatis, ad basim hyalinis,
breviter stipatis.

On leaves of Mimusops. Inanda, Natal. (WoQd, 506.)

A singular species, with large clavate spores, truncate at the
apex and hyaline at the base, reminding one of an elongated
Puccinia without a septum. The sori are confined to the circum-
ference of orbicular brown spots.

Uromyces dolichi, C.

I. Peridiis sparsis, semi-immersis, margine reflexo, albo. Sporis
aurantiacis —Mcidium dolichi , Cke.

II. Uredo dolichi , B. & Br. Fungi of Ceylon, 829 ?

III. Uromyces phaseolorum forma in Dolicho gibboso , &c.

(I.) On leaves, petioles, and legumes of Dolichos axillaris .
Inanda. (J. M. Wood, 640.)

Evidently distinct from JE. orobi, D. C., and jE. leguminosatum,

Lk., in the orange spores.

Uromyces melantherae, Cke.

I. (n. v.) .

II. Soris fuscis, subpul verulenti bus. Protosporis globosis,

castaneo-fuscis, papillatis, episporio apice incrassato (’026 mm.
diam.).

III. Soris pallidis, compactis, hemisphericis. Teleutosporis
lanceolatis, pallidis, laevibus (‘05 X -02 mm.). Episporia supra
incrassato.

On leaves of M.elanthera Brownii. Inanda. (Wood, 627.)
Both forms occur on the same leaves at the same time.

Uromyces hypoxidis, Cke.

I. (n. y.).

II. Protosporis subglobosis, fuscis (-026 x *02 mm.). Episporio
granulato, immixtis.

III. Soris bullatis, in maculis nigricantibus, sparsis. Teleuto-
sporis elliptico-pyriformibus, vel ellipticis, pallido-fuscis, glabris,
intus granulosis (-OS-’OI x ‘02 mm.).

On leaves of Hypoxis. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 586.)

Uromyces pseudarthriae, Cke.

!• O- T0-

II. Soris aggregatis, minimis, atro-fuscis. Protosporis sub-
globosis (,022-,025 X *022 mm.), laete-fuscis, episporio asperato.
On leaves of Pseudarthria robusta. Inanda. (Wood, 599.)

Uromyces? rhynchosiae, Cke.

I. Hypophylla. Peridiis sparsis, immersis, margine libero, albo,
sporis luteis = Azcidium rhynchosiae, Cke.

II. Uredo ( Tricliobasis ) rhynchosiae , Kalch.

III. (n. v ).

I. On leaves of Rhynchosia.

(No. 557.)

128

EXOTIC FUNGI.

II. On Rhynchosia (29). Eriosema salignum (528, 556) on
Flemingia (553).

This is probably an Uromyces , but tlie teleutospores have not yet
been seen.

IVIelampsora stratosa, Cite.

Hypophylla. Soris compactis, convexis, sparsis. Protosporis
pyriformibus, infra truncatis, supra spinulosis, hyalinis (’035-
•04 x '025 mm.). Teleutosporis cuneatis, utrinque truncatis, uni-
vel bistratosis, laevibus, castaneo-fuscis 0045 X •018-*02 mm.).

On leaves of Croton sylvaticum. Inanda. (Wood, 466.)

Ravenelia minima, Che.

Protosporis ellipticis, aurantio- flavidis (*023 X *015 mm )
episporio asperato.

Teleutosporis fuscis ; capitulis convexis, infra applanatis (*05
mm. diam.), cellularum 6-8 (rarius 10) compositis ; episporio
obtuse spinuloso.

On Albizzia Jastigiata, Inanda. (Wood, 571.)

The smallest capitules of any known species. The protospores,
undoubtedly of another species, occur on Dalbergia { Nos. 606-609),
of which we have not yet seen the teleutospores.

Trichobasis hypoestis, Cite.

Epiphylla. Soris paucis, sparsis, fuscis, epidermide cinctis.
Protosporis subglobosis, ovalibusve ('035--04 X *032 mm.), fuscis,
episporio spinuloso.

On leaves of Hypoestes aristata. Inanda. (Wood, 589.)

Uredo ectadiopsidis, Cke.

Hypophylla. Soris in maculis suborbicularibus pulverulentis
confluentibus. Protosporis globosis laevis, flavidis (*018-*02
mm. diam.).

On leaves of Ectadiopsis oblongifolia. Inanda. (Wood, 600.)

Micropeltis stigma, Cke.

Hypophylla, sparsa. Peritheciis minimis, atris, punctiformibus,
convexo- applanatis. Ascis amplis, sporidiis immaturis.

On leaves of Taberncemontana ventricosa. (Mixed with No. 612.)

Dothidea puncta, Cke.

Sparsa, atra, convexa, punctiformis. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis ellip-
ticis, utrinque leniter attenuatis, uniseptatis, fusois (’02 x '0075
mm.).

On leaves of Dalbergia armata. Inanda. (Wood, 605, 607.)
The small pseudoperithecia are scattered over the leaflets, very
sparingly.

Dothidea lucens, Cke..

Maculis suborbicularibus, flavido-fuscis, pseudo-peritheciis punc-
tiformibus, gregariis, convexis, nitidis. Ascis clavatis, sporidiis
ellipticis, hyalinis (’018 X '006 mm.) ssepe biguttulatis.

On leaves unknown. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 581.)

With the habit of Dothidea scabies , but with smaller sporidia.

EXOTIC FUNGI.

129

Dothidea Strelitziae, Che.

Maculae orbiculares, fuscae, sparsae. Pseudo-peritheciis singulis,
conico-convexis, atris, nitidis. Ascis sporidiisque imperfectis.

On leaves of Strelitzia. Inanda. (Wood, 580.)

The spots are about 1 mm. broad, in the centre of which is the
black perithecium, showing a brown margin all round.

Dothidea crotonis, Che.

Amphigena, atra, nitida. Pseudo-peritheciis caespitosis, vel con-
fluentibus (3- mm. diam.) convexis. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis ovalibus
hyalinis (*U15 X *01 mm.).

On leaves of Croton sylvaticum. Inanda. (Wood, 466.)

Rhytisma porrigo, Che.

Epiphylla. Maculis orbicularibus, convexis, atris, opacis (2 mm.
diam.) circinato-fissuratis. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis ellipticis,
arcte ad medio constrictis, fuscis, utrinque obtusis (*022-’025 X
*012 mm.), paraphysibus copiosis, superne fuscis.

On leaves. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 660.)

Asterina (?) stylospora, Che.

Gregaria, atra, Hypophylla, peritheciis hemisphericis, opacis,
intra hyphis parcis nidulantibus, macrostylosporis ellipticis (026-
•03 X ’01-012) supra rotundatis, infra in mucro hyalino, stipti-
formi productis, plasmate fusco, medio fascia hyalino bipartito.

On Sponia guineensis. Inanda. (Wood, 564.)

There can be very little doubt of this being an Asterina, although
only the macrostylospores have been seen. These are large, dark
brown, elliptical, with a hyaline band across the centre, dividing
the endochrome in two parts so as to have the appearance of being
uniseptate. Similar, but smaller, macrostylospores have been met
with in Asterina reticulata.

Asterina diplocarpa, Che.

Epiphylla, effusa. Peritheciis applanato-convexis, orbicularibus
(•13 mm. diam.) fuscis, sparsis vel segregatis. Ascis obovatis.
Sporidiis fuscis uniseptatis, valde constrictis (’016 x ’008 mm.)
utrinque cellulo globoso. Peritheciis aliis minoribus, subglobosis,
macrostylosporis ovatis, fuscis, continuis (,018-,02 x ’01-012
mm.) continentibus.

On leaves of Sida cordifolia. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 601.)

Asterina toruligena, Che.

Atra, velutina, orbicularis. Peritheciis applanatis, subdiscoideis,
convexis (*1 mm.diam.) opacis, rugulosis. Hyphis fuscis radiantibus,
circumdatis, ascis clavatis, sporidiis arcte ellipticis, uniseptatis,
fuscis, leniter constrictis (*012 X '005 mm.). Stromate toruloideo ;
hyphis erectis, simplicibus, subramosis, fuscis ; articulis ellipticis,
(*008-*01 X *004 mm. ) dissilientibus.

On living leaves. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 559, 635.)

A very characteristic species, in which the perithecia are seated
amongst an undoubted black Torula , with narrowly elliptical joints,
which appears to originate from the creeping brown mycelium of the
perithecia.

130

EXOTIC FUNGI.

Asterina myriadea, Che.

Amphigena, sparsa. Peritheciis numerosissimis, fuscis, puncti-
formibus, subglobosis, ad basim applanatis, vel hemisphericis (07-
*1 mm.) sub lente olivaceis, membranaceis, aliis microstylosporis,
ovalibus, hyalinis (-006 X *003 mm.), aliis ascosporis gerentibus.
Ascis arcte clavatis ; sporidiis sublanceolatis, utrinque obtusis,
uniseptatis ("01 X ‘003 mm.) lnteo-fuscis.

On living leaves. Inanda, Natal. (Wood, 641.)

Scattered over the leaves, with somewhat the appearance of an
Erysiphe , without any visible stroma.

Asterina grewiae, Cke.

Amphigena. Peritheciis hemisphaericis, atris, opacis, gregariis,
punctiformibus (‘12-*14 mm. diam.) ; mycelio fusco obsoleto.
Ascis arcte clavatis. Sporidiis cylindraceis, uniseptatis, fuscis,
utrinque rotundatis (*018 x ‘005 mm.). Hinc illic conidiis lanceo-
latis, brunneis, triseptatis, stipitatis, cum peritheciis immixtis.

On leaves of Grewia lasiocarpa. Inanda. (Wood, 639.)

Perithecia scattered over the entire surface, or collected in
patches, in minute black dots, without any appreciable mycelium,
until examined under the microscope, when each perithecium is
seen to be attached by short radiating brown threads.

Asterina phseostroma, Cke.

Atra, velutina, orbicularis, demum confluens, vel late effusa.
Peritheciis hemisphericis (*06-‘l mm. diam.) brunneis, intra hyphis
nidulantibus. Ascis amplis, subpyriformibus ; sporidiis ellipticis,
arcte constrictis, utrinque obtusis, pallidis, uniseptatis (‘022 x ‘01
mm.) mycelio ramosissimo, laste fusco, aculeis rigidis erectis opacis
(•1 mm. long) dense ornato.

On leaves of Pavetta Natalensis. Inanda. (Wood, 656.)

Similar in habit to A. velutina B. & C., but with different fruit.
No. 652 on Kraussia appears to be the same species, but immature.

Asterina similis, Cke.

Epiphylla, atra, inaculzeformis. Peritheciis hemisphericis ( 08-
•12 mm.) stellato-fissuratis, hyphis ramosis, radiantibus circum-
datis. Ascis clavatis. Sporidiis ellipticis, uniseptatis, fuscis,
utrinque rotundatis (‘OlS-’Ol? X ‘006 mm.), microstylosporis
minutis, ovatis, hyalinis.

On leaves of Sida rhombifolia. Inanda. (Wood, 544.)

Similar to A. myriadea in some respects, but with a definite
brown mycelium and larger spores. Mixed with Asterina di-
plocarpa on the same leaves.

Braithwaite’s Moss Flora. — We regret that the fifth part
was published too late for notice in our last issue. Nevertheless
we take this opportunity of reminding Bryologists that the work
is in steady progress, and succeeding numbers are well in hand.

131

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

( Continued from p. 104.)

Polyporus bistratosus, B. $ Che ., Linn. Journ. xv., 384.

Bellenden Ker Range.

Polyporus lividus, Cooke.

Effusus, determinatus, crustaceus, livido-fuligineus, margine mox
sublibero, Poris mediis, subrotundis, integris (-3 mm. diam.) dis-
sepimentis rigidis.

On bark. Clarence River. ( Willcox. )

Polyporus atrovinosus, Cooke.

Effusus, indeterminatus, atrovinosus, margine pulverulento-
tomentoso ; poris minutissimis, rotundis, longis, integris, aequali-
bus (*1 mm. diam.). Hymenio mox fissurato.

On trunks. Clarence River. ( Willcox.)

Gen. 4. Trametes, Fries.

Tram, pini, Fr. Hym. Fur., 582.

West Australia.

Tram, fibrosa, Fr. Epie., 490.

South Australia.

Tram, pyrrhocreas, B. Linn. Journ. xin., 164.

Queensland, Clarence River.

Tram. IVIuelleri, B. Linn. Journ. x., 320.

N. Australia.

Tram, acupunctata, B. Linn. Journ. xin., 164.

Queensland. Apparently the same as Polyporus aratus , B. & Br.
Tram, phellina, B. Linn. Journ. vm., 164.

N. S. Wales.

Tram, devexa, B Linn. Journ. XIII., 165.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Tram, ungulata, B. Linn. Journ. xm., 165.

S. Australia.

Tram, epitephra, B. IAnn. Journ. xm., 165.

S. Australia.

Tram, lactinea, B. Ann . Nat. Hist, x., 371.

S. Australia, N. S. Wales, Endeavour River.

Tram, laevis, B • Hook. Journ., 1847, 507.

Queensland, Port Denison, Richmond River.

Tram, colliculosa, B. Book. Journ., 1847, 506.

N. S. Wales, Port Denison.

Tram, occidentalis, Fr. Epic., 491.

S. Australia, N. S. Wales, Queensland, Trinity Bay, Daintree
River, Richmond River, Port Denison.

132

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Tram, rigida, B. 8f M. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1849.

N. S. Wales, Queensland, Clarence River.

Tram, scrobiculata, B. Grevillea vi., p. 70.

Victoria.

Tram, mollis, Fr. Hym. Eur., 585.

N. S. Wales.

Tram . pictus, Berk, in Herb.

Queensland.

Tram, daedalioides, B. Ann. Nat. Hist. III., 325.

Tasmania.

Tram. Curreyi, Cooke. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin. (Tram, umbrina Curr. nec
Trametes umbrina, Fries).

Queensland, Clarence River, Port Denison.

Tram. Sprucei, B. Hoolc. Journ., 1856, 336.

Clarence River, Rockhampton, Richmond River, Port Jackson,
N. S. Wales.

Tram, versiformis, B. Linn. Journ. xiv., 56.

Rockhampton.

Tram, heteromalla, Cke.

Pileo suberoso, submolli, villoso, concentrice sulcato, albido-
cinerascente, intus albo ; poris rotundatis (J mm.) albidis, dissepi-
mentis crassis, obtusis.

On trunks. Mount Dromedary, N. S. W. ( Miss Bate.)

Pileus 2-3 inches broad, ± inch thick.

Tram, versatilis, B. Hook. Journ., 1842, 150.

Queensland, Clarence River.

Trametes cristata, Cooke.

Longissime effusa, marginibus late reflexis ; pileo tenui, laste
ochraceo, flexili, pilis subrectis fimbriatis cristato ; margine
acuto ; poris mediis, angulatis, brevibus ('7 mm. diam.) dissepi-
mentis plus minus dentatis, concoloribus.

On trunks. Port Denison. ( Shann , 26.)

Allied to T. versatilis, but differing in many points, particularly
in the branched hairs of the pileus.

Tram, acuta, Cke.

Lffusum, margine late reflexo, pileo tenui, pallide ochraceo,
flexili, contextu implexim strigoso, margine acutissimo, strigoso-
sericeo, pallido; poris mediis, rotundatis, curtis, (i mm. diam.),
dissepimentis rigidis, subcrassis, integris, obscurioribus.

On branches. Richmond River ( Camara ), Port Denison
{Shann).

It is doubtful whether Polyporus Peradenice , B. & Br., is not in
reality a Trametes closely allied to these two last-named species.

Gen. 5. D^dalea, Fr.

Deed, glabrescens, B. Linn. Journ. xvi., 39.

N. S. Wales.

Seed, sanguinea, Klot. Fr. Epicr., 493 {Polyporus Persoonii, Fr.).

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

133

Daed. tenuis, B. Hoolc . Jonrn ., 1842, 151.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Daed. Hobsoni, B. Linn Journ. xili., 165.

S. Australia.

Daed. aulacophyllus, B. Linn. Journ. XIII., 165.

S. Australia.

Daed. Bswmanni, B. Linn. Journ. xiii., 165.

Queensland, Trinity Bay.

Daed. Sprucei, B. Hook. Journ., 1856, 236.

Queensland.

Daed. unicolor, Fr. Hi/m. Eur., 588.

Queensland.

Daed. Schomburgkii, Berk, in Herb.

S. Australia.

Daed. intermedia, B. Linn. Journ. xviii., 385.

Daed. subcongener, Berk . in Herb.

Queensland.

Daed. aspera, Klotsch. Linnoea viii., 480.

Queensland, Richmond River.

Daed. sinulosa, Klotsch. Linnoea viii., 482.

Port Denison.

Daed. ambigua, B. Hook. Journ., 1845, 305.

Clarence River.

Gen. 6. Hexagona, Fries.

Hex. polygramma, Mont. Cuba t. xiv., /. 3.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Hex. Gunnii, B. Hook. Journ., iv. 57.

W. Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Grampians.

Hex. decipiens, B. Linn. Journ. xiii., 166.

W. Australia, S. Australia, Victoria, Clarence River.
Hex. subtenuis, Berk, in Herb.

N. Australia, Queensland, S. Australia, Port Denison.
Separated from H. tenuis on account of the larger pores.
Hex. similis. B. Hook. Journ., 1846, p. 4.

N. Australia, Illawarra, Port Denison, Richmond River.

Hex. Mulieri, B. Linn. Journ. xiii., 166.

N. S. Wales, Queensland, Illawarra.

Hex. umbrinella, Fr. Fungi Natal, 17.

Queensland.

Hex. rigida, B. Linn. Journ. xvt., 54.

N. S. Wales, Lord Howe’s Island.

Hex. crinigera, Fr. Epic., 496.

Queensland.

Hex. Wightii, Klotsch. Fr. Nova Symb., 84.

Port Denison, Toorvoomba.

134

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Gen. 7. Favolus, Fries.

Fav. squamiger, B. Linn. Journ. xm., 166.

N. S. Wales.

Fav. caespitosus, B. Linn. Journ. xm., 166.

N. S. Wales.

Fav. hispidulus, B. £ C. Linn. Journ. X ill., 166.

S. Australia.

Fav. pusillus, Fr. LinnoeaY., 511,#. xi, f. 2.

Tasmania.

Fav. discolor, Fr. (?).

W. Australia. Species to me unknown.

Gen. 8. Laschia, Fries.

Laschia Thwaitesii, B. Sf Br. Linn. Journ. xiv., 58.
Queensland.

Laschia tremellosa, Fr. Linnoea v., 533.

Victoria, N. S. Wales, Queensland, Mount Dryander.
Laschia micropus, B. Linn. Journ. xm., 170.

Victoria.

Laschia cinerascens, Kalch. (?)

Victoria.

Laschia pustulata, B. Br. Linn. Journ. xiv., 58.
Queensland.

Gen. 9. Merulius, Haller.

RXer. corium, Fr. Hym. Eur., 591.

W. Australia, Tasmania.

IVIer. pallens, Fr. Bym. Eur., 593.

Victoria, Tasmania.

IVIer. lacrymans, Sch. Fr. Hym. Eur., 591.

W. Australia.

IVIer. aureus, Fr. Bym. Eur., 592.

Rockhampton.

Gen. 10. Porothelium, Fines.

Por. subtile, Fr. Hym. Eur., 595.

Tasmania.

Gen. 11. Fistulina, Fries.

Fist, hepatica, Fr. Hym. Eur., 522.

S. W. Australia.

Ord. 3. Hydnei.

Gen. 1. Hydnum, Fries.

Hyd. repandum, Fr. Hym. Eur., 601.
Tasmania.

Hyd. laevigatum, Fr. Hym. Eur., 599.
Tasmania.

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

135

Hyd. nigrum, Fr. Hym. Fur., 605.

N. S. Wales.

Hyd. Mulieri, B. Linn. Jo urn. XVI., 167.

N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Hyd. cervinum, B. FI. Tasm. n., 256.

Tasmania.

Hyd. xanthum, B. $ Curt. Grev. I., 98.

N. S. Wales.

Hyd. delicatulum, Klotsch, Ann. N. Hist, ill., 395.

N. S. Wales.

Hyd. meruloides, B. & Br. in Herb. Berk.

Queensland.

Hyd. flavum, Kl. Ann. N. Hist, x., 380.

Queensland.

Hyd. ochraceum, Pers. Fr. Hym. Fur., 612.

Queensland.

Hyd. gilvum, B. Hook. Journ., 1851, 168.

Queensland.

Hyd. filicicola, B. FI. Tasm. II., 256.

Tasmania.

Hyd. udum, Fr. Hym. Fur., 615.

Tasmania, N. S. Wales, Queensland.

Hyd. investiens, B. Hook. Joum., 1845, 57.

W. Australia.

Hyd. dispersum, B. Hook. Journ. , 1845, 58.

W. Australia.

Hyd. isidioides, B. Hook. Journ., 1845, 58.

W. Australia.

Gen. 2. Tremellodon, Fr.

Trem. gelatinosum, Fr. Hym. Fur., 6 18.

Gen. 3. Irpex, Fries.

Irpex flavus, Klotsch. Linncea VIII., 488.

S. Australia, Queensland.

Irpex Archeri, B. Fl. Tasm. n., 257, t. 183,/. 1.

Tasmania.

Irpex zonatus, B. Hook. Journ., 1854.

Queensland.

Irpex hexagonoides, Kalcli. Grevillea ix., 1.

N. S. Wales.

Irpex maximus, Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat., 1837.

Queensland, Clarence River.

Gen. 4. Sistotrema, Pers.

Sist. irpicinum, B. cfc Br. in Herb. Berk.

Queensland.

136

AUSTRALIAN FUNGI.

Gen. 5. Phlebia, Fries.

Fhlebia reflexa, B. Book. Journ., 1845.
Victoria.

Fhlebia hispidula, B. Linn. Journ. xvi., 167.
S. Australia.

Fhlebia coriacea, B. Linn. Journ. xviii., 385.
Rockhampton.

Fhlebia radiata, Fr. Bym. Fur., 625.
Queensland.

Gen. 6. Kneiffia, Fries.

Kneiifla Mulieri, B. Linn. Journ. xvi., 167.
S. Australia.

Gen. 7. Grandinia, Fries.

Grand, granulosa, Fr. Hym. Bur., 626,
Tasmania.

Grand, ocellata, Fr. TTym. Fur., 626.

Chatham Island.

Grand, australis, B. hi. Tasm. ii., 257.
Tasmania.

Gen. 8. Odontia, Pers.

Odontia secernibilis, B. FI. Tasm. ii., 257.
Tasmania.

SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE GERMINATION OF
THE UREDINES*

By Charles B4 Plowright, M.R.C.S.

While conducting the experiments upon the heteroecism of
Puccinia graminis and JEcidium herberidis detailed in a recent
number of “ Grevillea ” my attention was drawn more or less
directly to the various processes which take place during the deve-
lopment of these fungi. So interesting were these that I was
induced to extend my observations to other allied species, and
during the summer a continuous series of observations were
carried on. As a matter of course, the ground has already been
gone over by many other mycologists, and the classical memoirs
of M. Tulasne, which are in themselves well-nigh exhausted, leave
but little margin for startling discoveries of unexpected novelties ;
yet so important is the subject in an economic point of view, and
so interesting are many of the phenomena which take place, that
I venture to bring the subject forward again, and to narrate what
I saw as well as to add some of the more important observations
of the distinguished French mycologist, M. Tulasne.

* Read at the October meeting of the Woolhope Club, 1881.

ON THE GERMINATION OF TnE UREDINES.

137

In the “ Handbook of British Fungi ” the Uredines are distri-
buted over three orders, viz., Puccinei, Cceomacei, and JEcidiacei.
Excellent as this arrangement has proved itself to be to the pre-
sent generation of British and American mycologists, it is quite
probable that when the next edition of the “ Handbook ” comes to
be prepared certain modifications will be made ; some genera now
disassociated will be united, or at any rate brought nearer toge-
ther. Any such alterations, should they be made, will certainly
not be brought about by the desire of the editor to pander to the
strange vagaries now in vogue in certain quarters concerning
mycological nomenclature, but will owe their existence to that
progressive accumulation of knowledge, mainly the outcome of
physiological research, which from time to time antiquates the best
systems of classification in all departments of natural history.
From no standpoint do we obtain so clear a view of the affinities
of various forms of organic life as when we devote ourselves to
the investigation of their development. Now, there exist two
distinct modes in which the germination of Uredines takes place,
which, for want of better names, may be called the Puccinoid and
the Uredinoidy inasmuch as the former is proper to the Puccinice ,
while the latter is met with more constantly amongst the mem-
bers of the so-called genus, Uredo. But it must not be supposed
these two modes of germination are absolutely confined to the two
forms of fungus-life just mentioned ; on the contrary, as will be
shown hereafter, the Puccinice may, and do sometimes, germinate
after the manner of the Uredines , and vice versa.

Puccinoid Germination. — As a general rule the Puccinia spore
may be regarded as the resting spore of the Uredo , or at any rate,
if not absolutely the resting spore, at least the spore which retains
its germative energy the longest. Very many of the Puccinice will
not germinate until the spring following the summer or autumn
in which they were themselves produced ; but this is not invariably
the case. To take one instance only. P. epilobii , D.C., germinated
freely with me in from 48 to 72 hours (plate 159, fig. 20).

Tulasne has shown that the germination of the Puccinia spore
is brought about by the protrusion of the germ tube through an
opening in the epispore (t. 159, f. 25). This tube is destined to
produce secondary spores at its peripheral extremity, and is never
of any great length. There is usually only one germ tube for
each primary division of the spore. The figure quoted above is
taken from Tulasne’s Memoir, and shows the process as observed
by 'him in Puccinia graminis. In other words, puccinoid germi-
nation implies the production of secondary spores, and is found in
Triphragmium , Phragmidium, Puccinia, Podisoma , Uromyces ,

Coleosporium , and in the winter spores of Melampsora*

The secondary spores are born upon the terminal extremities of
short tapering branches given off by the primary germ tube after

Probably also Xenodochus,

10

138

ON THE GERMINATION OF THE UREDINES.

it has become septate, and are either spherical, oval, or subreni-
form. Plate 159, fig. 20, shows a recent spore, Puccinia epilobii,
D.C., producing these secondary spores.*

Uredinoid Germination. — The Uredo spore is essentially ephe-
meral in its nature, and does not retain the power of germination
for any great length of time. The germ tubes which are thrown
out by Uredo spores are destined to penetrate the tissues of the
living plant upon which the parasitic fungus grows, their main
fanction being not the production of secondary spores, but the
direct reproduction of the parasite. They invariably, I believe,
germinate the same year they are produced. This mode of germi-
nation is met with in Uredo , Trichobasis , AZcidium, and Perider -
mium. In order to save repetition, however, the following is a
detailed account of the process of germination observed in Uredo
linearis , Pers., during the month of August, 1881, and is not
based upon a single experiment, but is the outcome of a great
many observations made at the time stated. When the spores of
this fungus, which are more or less ovoid in form, are sown upon a
drop of water on a glass slide, and placed under a bell glass, so
arranged that the atmosphere within the bell glass is full of
moisture, they very soon begin to germinate. As early as five
hours and forty minutes they were found to have thrown out two
germ tubes, one from each .side of the long diameter of the spore,
near its centre (plate 159, fig. 1). Sometimes only one tube was
observed, but generally there were two. These tubes were hyaline,
and filled with very pale yellow endochrome from the interior of
the spore, and were of uniform diameter, as nearly as possible,
throughout their entire length. As a rule, only one of these two
twin tubes went on growing, i.e., increasing in length. When the
major tube attained a length equal to several times the diameter of
the spore from which it sprang, it took a series of spiral turns from
right to left, or vice versa. At this stage the tube presented a
uniform diameter from end to end, but very soon the basal portion
of it became enlarged and empty, and soon afterwards, at a short
distance from the spore, a septum appeared, which cut the empty
base of the germ spore from the remainder. Before, however, this
septum made its appearance, the abortive germ tube became quite
empty, and the greater portion of the endochrome contained within
the spore itself was transferred to the growing tube (plate 159, fig.
4). This transferrence of endochrome from the interior of the
spore to the growing germ tube always took place. The yellow
granules were plainly to be seen moving towards the distal ex-
tremity of the tube. Sometimes they were more diffused than at
others, but the great bulk of endochrome was always to be observed
nearest the distal extremity, not always, however, at the extreme
end of the tube, but often a short distance from it (fig. 4). The

* The subject of puccinoid germination is fully treated of and well
represented in “Fungi: their Nature, Influence, and Uses” (Cooke and
Berkeley), p. 143-149.

ON THE GERMINATION OF THE UREDINES.

139

active tube continued making spiral turns upon itself like a cork-
screw. The actual number of turns varied, as did their direction,
whether from right to left or left to right. Very often, too, the
tube would turn two or three times in one direction, and then,
reversing its movement, take a few turns in the opposite direction.
The diameter of the helix, too, was subject to considerable varia-
tion. The sides of the tube were parallel to each other, and its
diameter uniform. At the extreme end, which was blunt, there
now appeared numerous irregularities, which were incipient
branches (fig. 5). Not infrequently the end of the tube trifurcated
in the manner of a trident (figs. 6 and 7). Usually one only of
the main branches of the trident continued its growth, the others
remaining rudimentary. From this point all semblance of regu-
larity in the contour of the tube was lost, and it gave off lateral
branches somewhat after the manner of a stag’s horn. The extremity
of the tube did not even now lose its tendency to convolute,
although this movement is considerably diminished (fig. 8). The
yellow endochrome had by this time all accumulated in the ir-
regular branched part of the tube, for although the lower
portion above the septum was obviously not empty, yet the only
distinctly yellow colouration was to be seen in the distal branched
portion.

It is obvious that the spiral movements above described are of
great importance to the fungus, as by them the growing mycelial
tube has the chance of its catching on any irregularity of the cuticle
of the best plant greatly increased. This catching power is enhanced
too by the trident-like terminal extremity with its irregular branched
outline. It is possible that the non-development of some of the
terminal branches is not a purely accidental circumstance, but a
provision by which the mycelium may become fixed upon the leaf,
while the favoured branch is penetrating it. The ultimate changes
which were observed in the mycelial tube were simply that it
appeared to become septate.

Similar results to the above were obtained from watching the
germination of the Uredo of Coleosporium tussilaginis, Lev. ;
of Fhragmidium mucronatum , Link. ; of Uromyces appendi culata.
Lev. ; and of dZcidium crassum , Pers.

On the 12th and 13th August, 1881, some spores of Uredo
linearis were observed to germinate in quite a different manner,
for instead of producing the irregularly outlined branches (the
stag’s horn branches), the terminal extremity of the tube became
expanded in a globular manner, into which all the yellow endo-
chrome accumulated (plate 159, figs. 10-12). Often a secondary
globular expansion took place at a lower part of the tube (figs. 11
and 12). Whether these bodies were really secondary spores,
and, as such, fell away from the tube, or whether they were simply
reservoirs into which the endochrome was accumulated previous to
making a fresh departure in mycelial development, could not be
clearly made out, but as they were not observed presenting any

MO

ON THE GERMINATION OF THE UREDINES.

tendency towards the isolation of their contents by a basal septum,
nor were any of them subsequently to be seen floating about, as
they must have done had they fallen off, the presumption is in
favour of their being endochrome reservoirs. Be this as it may,
this method of germination presents a very much closer analogy to
the true puccinoid germination than was observed in any other
Uredine, excepting in Coleosporium * in which genus it seems to
be the normal method.

The sEcidia, as far as I have observed them, germinate in the
same manner as other Uredines , although Tulasne has described and
figured one species sEc. euphorbiae sylvaticce , D.C., in which true
puccinoid germination appears to have taken place. f

Plate 159, fig. 21, shows a spore of Puccinia epilobii in which
both modes of germination have taken place, the two narrow tubes
being the commencement of uredinoid mycelium, whilst the wider
tube is the beginning of a puccinoid germination tube.

In observing the process of germination in various sEcidia,
numerous minute spherical hyaline spores were encountered, that
at first were supposed to be those of some stray mucedine. But
that these bodies were connected in some way with the jEcidium
seems distinctly shown from the fact that they were found in
sEc. herberidis, urticae , tussilaginis and crassum , immediately after
the specimens had been gathered, and moreover in specimens that
were collected of each of these species at various times, in habitats
miles apart. There were furthermore not seen accompanying
the spores of any other Uredine. These minute bodies were nearly
globular or sometimes slightly ovate, measuring from two to three
micromills across, and were often clustered around the sEcidium
spores apparently adhering to them (plate 159, f. 2).

Another circumstance is worthy of record in connection with the
germination of these fungi, viz., the occasional presence of an oval,
cylindrical, uniseptate pale yellow spore, intercalated in the mycelial
tube given off by certain species. This was observed in sEcidium
berberidis, and tussilaginis. Puccinia malvacearum , and Epilobii ,
and in the Uredo of Uromyces appendiculata and of Coleosporium
tussilaginis. These spores varied in size from 15 to 20 mk. in
length to 5 to 10 mk. in width ; they were nearly hyaline, with a
pale yellow tinge, uniseptate, with rounded ends, in fact very like
miniature Puccinia spores. What their precise nature is it is not
intended to affirm, but it would be interesting to hear if they have
been encountered by other botanists who have studied the germina-
tion of the Uredines. The only suggestion which presents itself to
my mind is that they may be abortive attempts at fructification on
the part of a mycelium grown under abnormal conditions which at-
tempts have assumed a form similar in contour with the most per-

* Tulasne, “ Ann. des Sciences Nat.,” 4th Series, t. 8, f. 1, 8, 10, and 11.
f Tulasne loc. cit. plate 9, f. 24 to 33. Cooke and Berkeley. Fungi ; their
Nature and Uses, p. 142, f. 81.

GREV1LLEA

PL. 159.

ON THE GERMINATION OF THE UREDINES.

141

manent spore as we commonly meet with it (plate 159. figs. 22, 23,
and 24).

The following are the species of Uredines which were made the
subject of study : —

Uredo of Phragmidium mucronatum , Link.
Puccinia graminis , Pers.

„ Epilobii, D.C.

„ Arundinacea , Hedw.

striola , Link.

Uromyces appendiculata , Lev.
Coleosporium tussilaginis , Lev.
„ Sonchi , Tul.

,, Senecionis , Schum.

Puccinia malvacearum , Corda.

,, Epilobii, D.C.

Coleosporium Sonchi, Tul.

„ tussilaginis , Lev.

,, Senecionis, Schum.

AEcidium berberidis , Pers.

,, tussilaginis , Pers.

„ crassum, Pers.

„ urticce , D.C.

Peridermum pini , Chev.

Explanation of Plate 159,

Fig. 1. — A spore of Uredo linearis germinating. Two tubes have been
thrown out, one from each side the spore near its centre. Each
tube is filled with yellow endochrome from the interior of the
spore (5 hours 4 min.).

Fig. 2. — Two spores of JEcidium berberidis with minute spherical secondary
spores (P) adhering to them.

Fig. 3. — A group of these bodies, secondary spores (?).

Fig. 4. — A spore of Uredo linearis (20 hours) from which two tubes have
in the first instance been thrown out ; one only has developed,
and towards the end of this the yellow endochrome is being
passed. The base of this tube is cut off by a septum, below
which it is empty, as is the abortive tube.

Fig. 5. — Germinating spore of Uredo linearis (23 hours). The distal ex-
tremity of the tube contains all the endochrome. The walls of
the tube here show signs of incipient branches. The tube has
taken two spiral turns from left to right.

Fig. 6. — A spore of Uredo linearis (24 hours), showing the trifurcation
which not uncommonly takes place ; one of these branches has
gone on growing, but the walls of this portion of the tube are
thinner and much more irregular in outline than the older
portions. The endochrome has all accumulated in this part of
the tube. 13th August, 1881.

Fig. 7. — A spore of Uredo linearis (20 hours) in this germinal tube has
taken three perfect turns upon itself. The hollow basal por-
tion shows indications of two additional, but abortive tubes.
The endochrome should have been shown confined to the
trident-like part of the tube. 22nd August, 1881.

142

ON THE GERMINATION OF THE UREDINES.

Fig. 8. — Shows the further development of a germ tube ; the extreme end
only is shown. The tube here consists only of a very thin
wall, in which, however, all the endochrome has accumula-
ted. But it has thrown out numerous branches at right
angles to the growing axis. The extreme end still retains its
tendency to convolute. 22nd August.

Figs. 10, 11, and 12 show three examples of Uredo linearis in which, in-
stead of producing the thin-walled, irregularly branched
(“ stag’s horn ”) extremities, the endochrome has accumula-
ted in globular expansions of the germ tube. In figs. 11 and
12 secondary globes are just beginning to be formed. The
tubes are themselves quite empty, all the endochrome having
accumulated in the globose expansions, which consequently
have a distinct yellow colour. 13th August, 1881.

Fig. 13. — A spore of JEcidium tussilaginis which has germinated very ac-
tively in 10 hours. The germ tube has taken eight or nine spiral
turns, at first from left to right, then reversing its move-
ment, has turned from right to left. The endochrome has
accumulated entirely at the extreme end.

Fig. 14. — Spore of Coleosporium sonchi arvensis , after 24 hours. The
two upper segments of the spore are quite empty, all their
contents having been removed to the germ tubes. The
apical tube is given off from the end of the spore, the
other laterally. The analogy between the germination of this
spore and of those figured at 10, 11, and 12 is very striking.

Fig. 15. — Spore of JEcidium tussilaginis (16 hours), in which the endo-
chrome is seen passing up the tube, but has not yet reached
the extremity.

Fig. 16. — Spore of JUcidium tussilaginis in which the primary tube has
divided into two equal branches, each of which has taken
on independently spiral convolution (40 hours).

Fig. 17. — Spore of Mcidium tussilaginis which, in 40 hours, has thrown out
a tube that has undergone very irregular spiral convolutions.

Fig. 18. — Spore of JEcidium crassum in which germination has just com-
menced. It is impossible to say which of the budding tubes
will eventually develope, but one, or at most two, will do so.

Fig. 19. — Germinating spore of Coleosporium tussilaginis (uredo), 48 hours.

Fig. 20. — Germinating spore of Puccinia epilobii (72 hours) producing two
secondary spores.

Fig. 21. — Spore of Puccinia epilobii which, in 48 hours, has thrown out one
wide and two narrow tubes ; the former will produce secon-
dary spores (puccinoid germination).

Fig. 22. — A spore of Puccinia epilobii , in which both segments have thrown
out tubes ; in the upper tube a uniseptate intercalated spore
is seen, 15 mk. long by 5 mk. wide.

Fig. 23. — Germinating spore of Uredo fabce , with intercalated spore (15 X
8 mk.), 96 hours.

Fig. 24. — Germinating spore of 2Ecidium berberidis with intercalated spore
(20 hours).

Fig. 25. — Germinating spore of Puccinia graminis taken from Tulasne. The
tube from the upper segment is broken off, while that from the
lower segment is seen at its upper part to be divided by three
septa. From each division a pointed branch arises, which bears
at its extremity an oval or subreniform secondary spore.

143

FUNGI MACOW ANIANI.

By the Rev. C. Kalchbrenner.

(Continued from p. 109.)

MYXOGASTERES.

Physarum leucophaeum, Fr. MacOw., 1051.

Physarum cinereum, Fr. MacOw.

Physarum Schumacheri, MacOwan (?)

Tilmadoche nutans, (P.J Post/. MacOw., 1305.

Tilmadoche mutabilis, Post/. MacOwan.

Trichamphora pezizoidea, Rfni. (Jungh.)

Som. E., No. 1159.

Didymium physarioides (P.) Fr.

Natal. Wood, 198.

Didymium leucopus, Fr. MacOwan.

Didymium microcarpon, Fr. MacOw.

Diachaea leucopoda, Bull.

Natal. Wood, 139.

Stemonitis fusca, Poth . M.Ow., 1173, Wood, 206.

Trichia scabra, Rost f. MacOw.

Hemiarcyria clavata ( P.J Ptfi. MacOw., 1172, 1128.

Arcyria pomiformis, Roth. M.Owan.

Arcyria cinerea, Fr. MacOw., 1049.

Arcyria punicea, P . Natal. Wood, 183 ; MacOw., 1127.

Arcyria insignis, K. et Cke.

Parva, rosea, fasciculata. Peridiis ovatis. Sporis exoletis.

On rotten wood, No. 49.

Lycogala epidendron, L. M.Ow., 1191.

DISCOMYCETES.

Obs. Plurimae species Discoideorum, Sphseriseorum, et Uredi-
neorum a MacOwanio lectorum, jam in Grevillea ix., sub titulo.
“Fungi Austro- Africani” ; publicati suntet hoc loco praetereuntur.

Leotia elegantula, K.

Subsolitaria, disco convexo, margine involuto, nitidulo, atro-
brunneo, subpurpurascente, subtus rugoso, fere lamelloso, alutaceo-
ochraceo ; stipite cylindrico, aequali, basi dilatato, pulverulento,
aeque alutaceo-ochraceo. Sporae breviter ovatae '009, X *006 mm.
diaphanae, fuscidulae.

Somerset East, 1. MacOwan, No. 1310.

Pileus Pisi magnitudine ; stipes pollicaris 1^ lin. crassus.

144

FUNGI M ACO VT ANI ANI.

Feziza (Scutellinia) lusatiae, Cke. in Mycographia.

Auf feuclit liegenden Holzsplittern, an Bachufern. Boschberg.
MacOwan, No. ]130.

Yon Pez. scutellata L. nur durch die etwas raulien Sporidien
unterschieden.

Feziza (Dasysc.) lachnoderma, Berkl. in Flor. Tasmanica.

An faulendem Holze. MacOw. und Tuck., No. 1126. P. Natal,
Wood, No. 194 und 156.

Feziza (Sarcosc.) coccinea, Jacq. Fr. Syst. II., 79.

MacOwan, No. 11266.

Feziza (Dasyscypha) columbina, X-?C.

Sessilis, pallide griseo-fusca. Cupulis hemisphaericis, pilis acutis,
hyalinis, mollibus, dense obsitis ; disco obscuriore (l mm. diam.)
margine incurvo. Ascis clavato-cylindricis, sporidiis lanceolatis,
distincte uniseptatis, hyalinis (*014 x *0035 mm.). Paraphysibus
filiformibus.

On bark.

Feziza (Dasyscypha) calyculiformis, Schum. Flor. Dan., t. 2032.

Som. E., MacOwan, No. 1126c.

Feziza (Hymenoscyphe) aluticolor, Berkl. in Mycogr. 198.

In ligno putrido. ftoschberg, MacOw., No. 1101.

Color puse aureo-ochraceus.

Feziza (Mollisia) subgilva, K. &• C.

Gilva, ceraceo-mollis. Cupulis concavis, sessilibus (f-li mm.
lat.) margine rotundato. Ascis cylindraceis. Sporidiis ellipticis,
hyalinis (*008 x '004 mm.). Paraphysibus linearibus.

On naked wood.

Feziza (IVXollisia) rubella, P. Fr. Syst. n., 141.

Som. E., leg. MacOwan, No. 1414.

Feziza (Mollisia) cinerea, Batsch. Fr. Syst. n., 142.

Som. E., MacOwan.

Phillipsia kermesina, K. et C.

Coriaceo-ceracea, laete purpurea, primo substipitata, demum
applanata, sessilis. Cupulis sparsis, vel 3-4 congestis (1-3 centm.)
extus pallidis, subrugosis. Hymenio ab contextu separabili, sicci-
tate rimoso. Ascis cylindricis. Sporidiis ellipticis, binucleatis
(•019--023 x ‘011 mm.). Paraphysibus linearibus, nucleatis.

An Holzspaenen. Somerset East, MacOwan, No. 1102.

Genus “ Phillipsia,’’ species quaedam exoticus complectitur,
firmioris quam Pezizae substantiae ; quorum Hymenium spon-
tanee a strato inferiore secedit. Hinc siccando non corrugantur.
Helotiuxn capense. K. et C.

Aureum. Cupulis applanatis, vel centro depressis, stipite sub-
tusque pallidioribus, deorsum attenuatis, ad basim nigrescentibus.
Ascis elongato-fusiformibus. Sporidiis arcte fusiformibus, quinque-
septatis, hyalinis.

Ad ramos. P. Natal, Wood, No. 180.

Cupukfc 3 mm. latae, stipes 2^ mm. longus. Species pulchella.

FUNGI MACOWANIANI.

145

Helotium ferrugineum, Fr. Syst. n., 134.

Som. E., leg. MacOwan, No. 11266.

Helotium claro-flavum, Grev. FI. Edin., 424. Cooke Hdb., 713.
Boscbberg, MacOwan, No. 1126«. P. Nat., No. 178.

Ad ramos deciduos.

Helotium epiphyllum, P. Fr. Syst. II., 137.

In fol. putrescentibus. Som. E., MacOwan.

Helotium conformatum, Karst. H. Fenn.

In fol. aridis. Somerset East, MacOwan, No. 1098.
Chlorosplenium aeruginosum, Tui. Fr. Syst. ii., 130 (Helotium).

Boschberg, MacOwan, No. 1016.

Ascobolus furfuraceus, P. Fr. Syst. n., 163.

In fimo. Som. E., MacOwan, No. 1267.

Ascobolus ciliatus, Schum.

Cape, in stercore vaccino, M.Ow., 1403.

Dermatea pelidna. K. 8c C.

Caespitosa, subcoriacea. Cupulis (pressione mutua) irregula-
ribus, laete badiis, furfuraceis (3 mm. diam.) disco atrobrunneo,
vel fuligineo. Ascis minimis, cylindraceis (*03 mm. long). Spo-
ridiis linearibus *004 mm. long

On decorticated branches. Boscbberg, MacOwan.

Allied to Dermatea furfuracea , Fr.

Triblidium rufulum, Spr.

On branches, leg. MacOwan, Nos. 1262, 1265, 1264, 1339.
Fhacidium litigiosum, Desm. Syn. Pseudopeziza Ranunculi Fuckl.

In fol. vivis Ranunculi pinnati. Poiret.

Boscbberg, MacOwan, No. 1281.

Stictis thelotremoidea, Phillips in litt.

Immersa, orbicularis mm.) excavata ; margine albido, vix
prominulo (ut in “ Thelotrema ”) subintegro. Ascis cylindraceis.
Sporidiis filiformibus, hyalinis ('O^lb mm.).

On branches. Boscbberg, M.Owan.

Might very easily be confounded with some species of Thelotrema.

Stictis bella, K. <& C.

Immersa, orbicularis (1 mm.), limbo niveo lobato-lacerato,
amplo ; disco flavido vel aureo, ascis longissimis, cylindraceis.
Sporidiis filiformibus (-3 mm.).

On branches (1288«.).

A very beautiful species, resembling miniature flowers of Beilis
perennis. Cups narrowed at the base and much expanded above.

Stictis radiata, P

Somerset E., MacOwan, 1040, 1288, 1356.

PYRENOMYCETES.

Poronia oedipus, Montg.

C. B. Sp. Somers. E., 1. MacOwan, No. 1300. In stercore
vaccino.

Xylaria xhopaloides, Montg.

Port Natal, 1. Wood, No. 346. Sterilis.

146

FUNGI M ACO WAN IAN I.

Xylaria polymorpha, F\

Cap. B. sp., leg. MacOwan, No. 1087. Steril.

Hypoxylon concentricum, Bull, sub = TJstulina.

Caffraria,l. Rev. Baur, No. 697. Boschberg, MacOwan, No. 1081.
Hypoxylon argillaceum, Fr.

Cap. Somers. E., leg. MacOwan.

Hypoxylon exutans, Cooke. North Amer. Fungi.

Ad Bazuja Caffrariae, leg. Rev. Baur, No. 704.

Diatrype Puriaei, Mont. Syll.

On branches. MacOwan, No. 1344 b.

Dothidea melianthi, K. et C. Syn. Rhytisma Melianthi. Thnm.

In foliis Melianthi majoris, L. Grahams Town ad Mont Bosch-
berg, 1. M.Owan, 1266.

Dothidea graminis, P.

In Panico maximo, L. Somerset East, MacOwan, No. 1319. P.
Natal, J. M. Wood, No. 221.

Dothidea perisporioides, B. et C. in Grevillea IV., 103; N. Amer.

Fungi, No. 880.

P. Natal, J. M. Wood, No. 115.

Dothidea repens, Corda.

Port Natal, leg. J. M. Wood, 228.

Nectria, sp.

Caespitosa, coccinea. Peritheciis globosis, pertusis, laevibus.
Conidiis fusariaeformibus, in stromate subgelatinoso enatis, fusi-
formibus, curvulis (*03 x *004 mm.).

On bark. No. 157. Natal.

Uncertain, without fruit.

Sphserostilbe flammea, Tul. Forma Major. Conidiifera.

An MacOwan, No. 1059. On Acacia horrida.

Sphaeria (Raphidospora) urticae, Babenh.

In caulibus Urticae Mayeri Wedd., 1. M.Owan, No. 1405.

Valsa salicina, Fr.

In salicibus minoribus. MacOwan, No. 1283.

Ceuthospora foliicola, Libert.

Somers. E., in fol. putridis, 1. MacOwan.

Vermicularia dianthi, Westdp. Bull. Briix., 1851.

An Blattern cultiverter Nelken, MacOwan, No. 1435.
Vermicularia dematium, Fr.

In fol. putrid. Caricis pendulae, MacOwan, No. 1353.

In consortio Sphaeriae Cumanae Sacc.

Septoria scabiosaecola, JDesm.

Cap. B. sp., leg. MacOwan, in Scabiosa Columbaria.

Corynelia tripos, Che. in Herb. Kew, et Grevillea.

Differt. C. uberata , pustulis linearibus, et sporidiis, 3 vel 4
lobatis, pulcherrimis.

On Podocarpus Thunbergii , 12536.

Corynelia uberata, Fr.

Sporidiis globosis, brunneis.

On fruits of Podocarpus , &c.

FUNGI MACOWANIANT.

147

Meliola amphitricha, Fr.

In fol. Justiciae anagalloidis, Nees. Natal, Wood, Nos. 241,
22, 57. In Plectranthe ciliat. et Hypsobromo elato, ad Soin. E
et Grahamstown, leg. MacOwan, Nos. 1259, 1292, 1328.

Darluca filum, Castg.

In fol. Oxalidis purpuratae, Jacq., Som. E., No. 1042.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

By M. C. Cooke.

(Continued from p. 52.)

The following includes descriptions of the new species enume-
rated by Messrs. Berkeley and Broome in the “ Annals of Natural
History ” for March, 1882 : —

Agaricus (Tricholoma) Schumacheri, Fr. Hym. Fur., 69.

Pileus spongy, compact, convex, then plane, obtuse, even, moist,
margin exceedingly indexed ; stem fleshy, solid, thick, fibrillose-
striate ; gills slightly emarginate (at length decurrent ), plane, narrow,
crowded, white. Flor. Dan., t. 2267, Jig. 1 ; B. Br. Ann. N.
H., No. 1927.

In a hothouse. Apethorpe.

Agreeing very closely with the figure in Flora Danica, espe-
cially as regards the gills.

Agaricus (Tricholoma) porphyroleucus, Fr. Hym. Bur., 75.

Firm, pileus fleshy, umbo darker and evanescent, stem solid,
somewhat fibrillose, gills white. Bull., t. 443 ; B. Br. Ann.
N. H., No. 1928 ; Illust., t. 119 b.

On the ground. Coed Coch.

Included by Fries under Ag. melaleucus.

Agaricus (Clitocybe) incilis, Fr. Hym. Bur., 94.

Pileus fleshy, plane, umbilicate, even, opaque, margin rather
silky, inflexed, crenate ; stem hollow, short, silky, attenuated down-
wards, at length compressed, gills adnate-decurrent, rather distant,
connected by veins, white, growing pallid. B. Br. Ann. N . H.,
No. 1929.

In woods. Shrewsbury (W. Phillips).

Pileus 2 in., stem ^ in. and more, 2-3 lines thick.

Agaricus (Mycena) pseudopurus, Cke.

Pileus rather fleshy, campanulate, then convex, expanded, ob-
tusely nmbonate, smooth, growing pale, margin obscurely striate ;
stem rigid, straight, even, naked, at first rosy-white, becoming
brown when dry ; gills adnate, whitish. Spores elliptical.

In woods. Coed Coch, 1870.

Pileus scarcely exceeding an inch, rosy, then pale ; stem 2-3
inches long, slender, erect, hollow, turning dark brown in drying,

148

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

whilst Ag. purus does not change colour at all. Spores in Ag.
pums shorter and ovoid, whilst in this species they are regularly
elliptical. Allied to Ag. zephirus.

Agaricus (Mycena) excisus, Lasch. Linn., vm., 538.

Pileus campanulate convex, disc rather fleshy, somewhat umbo-
nate, rugulose (bay or brownish) ; stem firm, tough, rooting, even,
becoming brownish ; gills ventricose, thick, distant, connected by
veins, narrowed and cut out behind, nearly free. B. fy Br. Ann.
N. H.f No. 1930.

On trunks. Hothorpe, Norths.

“Magnificent specimens occurred Nov. 17, 1881, at the above
locality. Pileus 3 in. across, stem 4 in. high, root 2 in. long.
The specimens were either solitary or subcaespitose, gills purplish,
strongly cut out behind. The fig. Bull. t. 518 I. is more charac-
teristic of the specimens than that in Fries’ leones, taken from
smaller and probably more superficial individuals.” — B. <$• Br.

Figures of this form will be given, plate 148, of “ Illustrations
of British Fungi.”

Agaricus (Omphalia) buccinalis, Sow., t. 107.

This is certainly no form of Ag. umbelliferus , and it is too fleshy
to be the same as A. stellatus. It is, as Sowerby says, not un-
common, and is in great perfection this Jan. 8, 1882. It has the
habit of A. ptychophyllus, Cd., a species not noticed by Fries, but
the gills are not plicate. B. & Br. Ann. N. H., 1930.*

Agaricus (Omphalia) directus, B. Br.

White,- very slender, pileus nail-shaped, flat on the apex, stem
ascending, clad with long hairs at the base, gills decurrent. B. <J*
Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1931.

On dead leaves. Chiselhurst.

Stem slightly rufous, thread-like, not an inch high.

Agaricus (Pleurotus) pantoleucus, Fr. lc., t. 88,/. 2.

Wholly white ; pileus excentric, fleshy, dimidiate, spathulate,
even, smooth, rather depressed behind, margin entire, stem short,
not rooting, solid, ascending, smooth ; gills decurrent, crowded,
simple, severed at the base. B. Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1932.

Blown out of a tree at Coed Coch during the gale of Oct 14,
1881. Exactly the plant of Fries, of which a drawing was origi-
nally sent from Sweden under the name of A. spodoleucus.
Agaricus (Pleurotus) revolutus, Kickx, p. 158.

Pileus convex-flattened, depressed in the centre, of large size,
fleshy, firm, dry, elastic, margin regularly and broadly revolute, of
a smoky colour with a yellowish tint, becoming grey or lead colour,
darker in the centre ; gills decurrent, not anastomosing, white,
serrated. Stem obtuse, smooth, or slightly tomentose. B. Br.
Ann. JV. H ., No. 1933.

On a poplar tree. Penzance.

A magnificent Agaric, clearly that of Kickx, but considered by
Fries a form of A. salignus. It is clearly the same with A. corti-
catus, Saund. & Sm.,t. 4, f. 2. The stem is short but distinct
and swollen. — B. Br.

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

149

Agaricus (Pleurotus) limpidus, Fr. lc., t. 88,/. 3.

Pileus rather fleshy, obovate or kidney-shaped, even, smooth,
white, hygrophanous, attenuated behind into a rudimentary stem ;
gills linear, crowded, decurrent at the base, white. B. fy Br. Ann.
N. H., No. 1934.

On trunks. Penzance.

Hyaline-white when moist, whitish when dry, scarcely an inch
broad.

Agaricus (Entoloma) lividus, Fr. Hym. Fur ., p. 189.

Pileus fleshy, convex, then plane, dry, even, smooth, cuticle
longitudinally fibrillose, livid clay colour, stem hollow, stout,
smooth, pruinose at the apex, whitish ; gills rounded, nearly free,
broad, pallid, then flesh-colour. B. Br. Ann. N. H ., No. 1935.

In woods. East Dereham (Rev. J. M. DuPort).

Pileus 4 in. and more ; stem 3 in. long, 1 in. thick.

Agaricus (Entoloma) Batschianus, Fr. Hym. Fur., 191.

Pileus slightly fleshy, umbonate, convex, then flattened and de-
pressed, even, viscid, becoming blackish ; stem fistulose, tough,
striate with depressed fibrils, attenuated at the base, gills adnexed,
attenuated behind, plane, cinereous. B. Br. Ann. N. Hist.,
No. 1936.

In moist woods. Coed Coch, Oct., 1881.

Pileus fuliginous or dark olive, J-l-J in., shining when dry, not
hygrophanous. Spores rather irregular, *0003 in. diam.

Agaricus (Entoloma) bulbigenus, B. <Ss Br. Ann. N. Hist., No. 1937.

A. Persoonianus, Phill. Gard. Chron., 1881, p. 874; A. sericeus,
Fers. Ic. fy Desc., t. 6,/. 2.

Spores -0004 to *0005 in. diam.

Another name for this poor unfortunate Agaric, although we fail
to recognise the advantage of changing from Ag. Persoonianus
because there is already an Ag. Persoonii.

Agaricus (Entoloma) speculum, Fr. Hym. Fur., 197.

Shining white. Pileus between fleshy and membranaceous,
convex, then expanded, rather depressed, quite smooth, hygro-
phanous, shining when dry ; margin flexuous ; stem fistulose,
equal, very fragile, striate ; gills emarginate, broad, ventricose,
distinct, white, then flesh-coloured. B. Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1938.

Amongst grass and twigs. Coed Coch.

Subcaespitose, very fragile, inodorous. Spores irregular, *0005
in. diam.

Agaricus (Pholiota) verruculosus, Lasch. Fr. Hym. Fur., 221.

Pileus compact, obtuse, yellow, scales crowded and as, well as
the papillae, cinnamon ; stem villoso-squamose. B. Br. Ann.
AT. H., No. 1939.

On trunks. King’s Cliffe.

A subspecies, according to Fries, of Ag. squarrosus.

Agaricus (Pholiota) dissimulans, B. & Br.

Pileus at first lurid, then becoming pale, obtusely campanulate,
scarcely viscid, hygrophanous, then expanded, with the margin in-

150

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

volute ; stem thickened downwards, white, fistulose, cottony at the
base ; ring erect, often persistent ; gills pallid clay-colour,
sinuately adnate, at length decurrent. B. $ Br. Ann. N. H., No.
1940.

On sticks of hawthorn and sloe. Hothorpe.

Pileus 1 inch. “ It ought perhaps to be recorded in the section
Tubaria , which, however, is a purely artificial division, and the ring
is against this. It must be placed at the head of the hygro-
phanous Pholiotce, though it is not allied to the species in that
division.” — B. Br.

Agaricus (Inocybe) Bongardi, Fr. Myc. Eur ., 220.

Spores bulging on one side, as in Eunotia , -0005 in. long. — B.
Br.

Agaricus (Inocybe) flocculosus, B. Eng. FI., v., 97.

Spores irregular, *0003 in. diam., sometimes slightly elongated. —
B. Br.

Agaricus (Inocybe) scabellus, Fr.

Spores granulated as in A. fastigiatus. — B. <$• Br.

Agaricus (Inocybe) caesariatus, Fr. Hym. Eur ., 234.

Pileus fleshy, convex then plane, gibbous, tawny, clad with
ochraceous fibrillose scales : stem solid, equal, fibrillose, ochraceous,
growing pallid ; gills somewhat adnate, quite entire, pallid ochra-
ceous. B. Br. Ann.N. H., No. 1941. Fr. Icon., 109,/. 3.

In beech woods. Coed Coch, Oct , 1881.

Spores even, -0004 in. long.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) senescens, Batsch.,fig. 197.

Pileus convex, then plane, slightly glutinous, ochraceous- tawny,
extreme margin delicately white, tomentose ; stem at first bulbous
and brown below, then, except the white tomentose apex, squamu-
lose, solid ; gills crowded, at first pallid, adnexed, then cinnamon ;
flesh white. B. § Br. Ann.N. H ., No. 1941 bis.

Among fir trees. Gwrwch Castle.

Sometimes semiglobose ; stem 5 inches high, always dark below ;
pileus 3 inches or more in diameter.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) subcollariatus, B.& Br.

Pileus convex, rather fleshy, pallid, centre brownish, slightly
glutinous ; veil floccose, evanescent ; stem stuffed, at length deli-
cately fistulose ; base brown, pulverulent ; gills ventricose, seceding,
forming a short interrupted collar, clay colour, edge white. B.
Br. Ann. N. H ., No. 1492.

On naked soil. Sibbertoft.

“ Pileus about an inch. Allied to A. mesophceus, of which we
were at first inclined to consider it a variety. Spores elliptic, uni-
nucleate, *0005 in. long.” — B. Br.

Agaricus (Hebeloma) firmus, Pers. Ic. Sc Des., t. 5, f. 3, 4.

This appears to be a very variable species. The figure m the
11 leones ” does not accord in several respects with the characters
in “ Hym. Eur.” The pileus is neither campanulate nor umbonate,
but at length depressed. An Agaric certainly referable to this

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

151

species occurred at Hothorpe, Norths, Feb. 8, 1882, in which,
though the essential characters are the same, the pileus is at first
of a deep brown, but hygrophanous, changing to tan colour. The
stem obviously though minutely scaly ; the gills adnate with a
minute decurrent tooth, at first pale, then argillaceous, their margin
distinctly edged with snow-white particles. B. § Br. Ann. N.
Hist., No. 1942.*

Agaricus (Flammula) vinosus, Bull., t. 54.

Pileus fleshy, expanded, at length depressed, dry, ferruginous
fawn colour ; stem solid, firm, somewhat incrassated at the base,
delicately flocculose ; gills decurrent, crowded, simple, narrow, fer-
ruginous. Fr. Hym. Eur ., 244. B. fy Br. Ann. N. H ., No. 1943.
On the ground. Morfa, Conway.

“ A very interesting species which has scarcely been gathered
since the time of Bulliard. Spores pale umber, *0002 inch long,
shortly ovate.” — B. fy Br.

Agaxicus (Flammula) astragalinus, Fr. Hym. Eur., 248. B. $ Br.
Ann. S. H., No. 1944.

Glamis (Rev. J. Stevenson).

Entered before as British.

Agaricus (Flammula) apicreus, Fr. Hym . Eur., 249.

Pileus fleshy, thin, nearly plane, even, smooth, moist ; stem
hollow, equal, not rooting, pallid, fibrillose and ferruginous at the
base ; gills adnate, crowded, thin, shining ferruginous. B. Br.
Ann. N. H, No. 1945.

On trunks. Coed Coch, 1881.

Subcsespitose, similar to A. alnicola.

Agaxicus (Naucoria) lugubris, Fr. Hym. Eur., 253.

Pileus fleshy, campanulate, then expanded, undulate, gibbous,
even, smooth, pallid, then ferruginous, opaque; stem stuffed, rigid,
smooth, fusiform, rooting, pallid ; gills free, perlate, crowded,
pallid, then ferruginous. B. fy Br. Ann. N. Hist., No. 1945 bis.
On the ground amongst grass.

Stem 4 in. long, 4 lines thick. Pileus 3 in. broad.

Agaricus (Naucoria) melinoides, Fr. Hym. Eur. (not Bull., except t.
560, fig. 1 F, the other figures belonging to A. hypnorum).

On grassy ground. Kew (Dr. Cooke).

Spores elliptic, *0006 in. long, with one or two nuclei. B.
Br. Ann. N.H. , No. 1946.

Agaxicus (Naucoria) sidexoides, Bull. t. 588. B. & Br. Ann. N.H ,

No. 1947.

Amongst moss. Sibbertoft, Nov., 1881.

Spores -0004 to *0005 in. long, half as much wide. Entered
before as British.

Agaricus (Naucoria) cerodes, Fr. Hym. Eur., 257.

Pileus rather fleshy, convex, then plane, obtuse, orbicular, even,
smooth, hygrophanous ; stem hollow, equal, naked, yellow, ferru-
ginous at the base ; gills plane, broad, ochraceous -cinnamon. B. $
Br. Ann. N. H., No. 1948.

152

NEW BRITISH FUNGI.

Amongst moss. Sibbertoft, Sept., 1881.

Spores *003 in. long.

Agaricus (Cirepidotus) epigaeus, Pers. Syn., p. 484. A g. depluens,

Batsch., fig. 122.

Pileus reniform, fragile, reddish grey ; base villose, whitish ;
gills distinct, watery rufescent, divergent. B. Br. Ann. JV. H.f
No. 1949.

On the clay of the marlstone. Hothorpe, Nov., 1881.

“ Spores oblong, -0004 in. long, not irregular, and more or less
angular, as in the plant usually referred to, A. depluens , as figured
by Hoffmann, so that its affinities seem rather to be with Crepi-
dotus than Claudopus. The present is exactly the plant .of Batsch,
and we think it better to leave the name with what has formerly
been considered his species, and retain that of Persoon. The gills
of A. epigceus are no longer red when dry.” — B. Br.

AGARDH’S CLASSIFICATION OF ALGiE.*

Although this work by the Emeritus Professor of Botany at
Lund has a Swedish title and preface, it is written in Latin. Its
purport will be best understood by the following translation of the
short preface : —

u During the third part of a century which has elapsed since the
publication of the first part of ‘ Species, Genera, et Ordines
Algarum,’ my Algological studies have been principally devoted to
the Florideae. It will be easily understood that during this long
period many new species have been discovered among the groups
which I three years ago associated under the name of Fucoideae,
and that there have been made many observations which render it
necessary to modify some of the views which are therein expressed.
I have, therefore, thought it expedient to return in the present
work to some of the groups which seem most to need a critical re-
vision.”

The groups selected for this purpose are the Chordariese and
Dictyoteae. The former group now comprises the following genera,
namely : — 1, Elachistea (sic) ; 2, Myriocladia ; 3, Corynophlaea ;
4, Bactrophora ; 5, Mesogloia ; 6, Eudesme ; 7, Castagnea ; 8,
Leathesia ; 9, Cladosiphon ; 10 (?) Petrospongium ; 11, Poly-

cerea; 12, Liebmannia ; 13, Myrionema, Herponema ; 14 (?)

Ralfsia ; 15, Csepidium ; 16 (?) Scytothamnus ; 17, Chordaria.
Of these five genera are new, namely, Bactrophora, the three

* “ Till Algernes System atik.” Nya bidrag af. J. G. Agardh. Andra
afdelningen. ^Contributions to the Systematical Classification of Algae.)
“ Lunds Univ. Arsskrift,” Tom. xvii. The first part was published in the
“ Transactions of the University of Lund,” Tom ix., in 1872. It contains
essays on the genera Caulerpa and Zonaria, and on some tribes of the Aus-
tralian species of Sargassum.

AGARDh’s CLASSIFICATION OF ALG2E.

153

species of which are natives of Australia and Tasmania ; Eudesme,
which includes Mesogloia virescens and other species ; Polycerea,
containing one Tasmanian species only ; Herponema, perhaps only
a sub-genus of Myrionema, one of the three species of which is
Elacliista velutina of the Phyc. Brit. Tab. xxvm. ; and
Caepidium, of which only one species, C. antarcticum , is known.
This very singular plant is dimorphous. It resembles, as Dr.
Agardh informs us, in the lower and sterile parts a Riccia ; while
the upper and fertile parts are like an Anthoceros. The decum-
bent sterile frond spreads, like a Ralfsia over marine rocks ; but
the flabellate lobes, instead of being of a scaly form, are almost
cylindrical ; their ramification intermediate between dichotomous
and pinnate. The thickened apices of the lobes are round and
scutate, and on these are formed hollow discs like apothecia.
From these discs the fertile parts arise. They consist of simple
filaments about an inch long, as thick as a sparrow’s quill ; the
lower part is smooth, the upper covered with very minute warts.
In the substance and blackish colour, as also in the structure
of the fertile parts, the plant resembles the Chordariese, and Dr.
Agardh considers that the genus is intermediate between Ralfsia
and Chordaria, and that its place is amongst the most highly
developed forms of the Chordarieae.

As regards the classification of British Algse, important changes
besides those already mentioned, have been made in the present
work; Chordaria divaricata and Mesogloia Griffithsiana are re-
moved to Castagnea ; and Dictyosiphon Hippuroides is, by Dr.
Agardh, considered as a form of Chordaria Jlagelliformis. The
reasons for these changes in the classification, which are founded
on the examination of the structure and fructification of the
plants, are set forth at length by the author.

In the preliminary essays on the fructification of the Chordaricse
and Dicyoteee, Dr. Agardh takes occasion to criticize some
observations of M. Thuret, published in Le Jobs’ “ Algues
Marines de Cherbourg,” and in M. Bornet’s “ Etudes Phycolo-
giques,” relative to the fructification of the Dictyoteae and of some
of the Chordariese. These remarks by an Algologist so experienced
as Dr. Agardh will undoubtedly have great weight with British
students.

As now constituted, the genus Dictyota contains 26 species,
several of those formerly included in it being referred in the
present work to the new genera Dilophus and Glossophora. The
other genera of which Dr. Agardh treats are Spatoglossum,
Taonia, Padina, Zonaria, and Haly seris, of all of which the
fructification has been made the subject of special study in these
pages.

The work, which we heartily commend to the attention of
Algologists, is illustrated with three plates, well executed in mono-
chrome by Swedish artists.

11

M. P. M.

154

NOTE ON FUNGI EXSICCATI.

It is only during the past few years that the idle habit has come
into vogue of publishing specimens in exsiccati, loosely enclosed
in envelopes. We have heretofore protested against this innova-
tion, and, with increased experience, we do so again, as a most
vicious practice and one likely to produce very serious consequences,
especially in public herbaria. In fact, we should strongly recommend
the conservators of public herbaria not to purchase such exsiccati,
or, if purchasing them, by no means to incorporate them, until
every specimen is fixed. That this is not a mere prejudice on our
part we think may be inferred from the following three reasons
which should either of them be sufficient to condemn the present
practice : —

I. — It is impossible to preserve specimens enclosed in envelopes
from the insidious attacks of insects, which, if the specimens were
fixed and exposed, would either not attack them at all, or if
attacking, might be readily recognised and their ravages checked.
This is not mere theory. It is the result of a long experience of
large herbaria of fungi. Neither at the British Museum, nor at
Kew, nor in the magnificent herbarium of the Rev M. J. Berkeley
are the specimens loose in packets, but permanently affixed.

II. — Because specimens not affixed, but loosely enclosed in
envelopes, are easily removed, exchanged, or mixed, so that in a
short time they must cease to be absolutely authentic, and thus
lose half their value. If securely attached, as in the case of the
“ Scleromyces ” of Fries, the specimens of Kunze, mostly of
Desmazieres, and other earlier exsiccati, the specimen is identified
with the individual issuing it, and there is not the slightest doubt
of its authenticity ; but now that specimens can be removed from
five or six envelopes simultaneously for comparison, who can
possibly guarantee that any one of them is returned again to its
proper envelope ? It is a most certain fact that in a herbarium
specimens must eventually, by accident or otherwise, become so
mixed, or suspected of being mixed, which is equally subversive of
all confidence in their authenticity. We have in mind as we write
certain specimens of Stereum , Polyporus , &c., fastened securely to
paper, with the names written in characteristic caligraphy, by the
late and illustrious Fries. After forty years these specimens are
still as authentic as ever! Would they have been so had they
been enclosed loosely in envelopes ? Can any comparison be insti-
tuted between the intrinsic value of specimens so securely
authenticated and modern exsiccati, with the specimens loose or
lost ? Mycologists, careful of their reputation in the future, could
scarce desire to maintain a system fraught with such grave danger,

III. — Because the specimens themselves, by facility of handling,
and without protection such as is afforded by glueing firmly to
paper, are soon injured, discoloured, broken, and ultimately

NOTE ON FUNGI EXSICCATI.

155

destroyed. The mere handling of the specimens in many instances
is sufficient either to remove a slight pubescence, change the colour,
alter the appearance, or in some one of many ways deteriorate the
specimens.

For these reasons, which we hold to be weighty ones, against
which nothing equivalent can be suggested in favour of the present
system, we urge upon the purchasers of exsiccati to estimate the
value of their purchases by these considerations, and to bear in
mind that good authentic specimens, to which the labels are in-
dissolubly attached, are worth, both now and for ever hereafter, fully
fifty per cent, more than loose specimens in packets; This is an
aspect of the question worthy of the consideration of those who
prepare exsiccati as a commercial speculation.

M. C. COOKE.

CRYPTOGAMIC LITERATURE.

Karsten, Dr. P. A. Hymenomycetes Fennici.

Fries, E. leones Hymenomycetum, Yol. ii., part 7.

Husnot, T. Revue Bryologique, No. 2, 1882.

Berkeley, M. J., & Broome, C.E. Notices of British Fungi,
No. 1927 to 1988 ; Ann. Nat. Hist., Mar., 1882.

Thumen, F. Beitrage zur Pilz. Flora Sibirieus, part v.

Thumen, F. Diagnosen zu Thumen’s Mycotheca Universalis,
Cent, xvi.-xviii., in “ Flora,” 1881.

Mueller, Baron J. Census of Genera of Australian Plants.

Tellam, Y. Marine Algae new to Cornwall and Devon, in
“ Journ. Bofc.,” March, 1882.

Ellis, J. B. New North American Fungi, in “ Bull. Torr.
Bot. Club,” Feb., 1882.

Plowright, C. B. iEcidium Berberidis and Puccinia graminis
in “ Amer. Monthly Micr. Journ.,” Feb., 1882.

Holland, F. Reproduction of Closterium by Swarmspores
(? Chytridium ), in “ Amer. Monthly Micr. Journ.,” Mar., 1882.

Arnold, Dr. F. Lichenologische Fragmente, in “ Flora,” 21
Mar., 1882.

Macfarlane, J. M. Structure and Division of Yegetable Cell,
in “ Trans. Bot. Soc. Edin.,” Yol. xiv., part 2.

Yize, Rev. J. E. Micro. Fungi Brit., Cent. IY.

Cooke, M. C. Grevillea-atlas, with 37 coloured plates.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi, part viii.

Cooke, M. C. British Fresh Water Algae, part 2, 17 plates.

Smith, W. G. Paxillus and Boletus, in “ Gardener’s Chron.,”
Ap. 1, 1882.

Gilburt, W. H. Structure and Division of the Yegetable Cell,
in “ Journ. Quekett Micr. Club,” Mar., 1882.

156

CRYPTOGAMIC literature.

Muller, Dr. J. Diagnoses Lichenum Socotrensium Novorum,
“ Proc. Hoy. Soc. Edin.,” xi.

Dickie, Dr. G. Diagnoses Algarum novarum Socotrensium,
“ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.,” xi., 1882.

Cooke, M. C. Diagnoses Fungorum Novorum in Insula So-
cotra, &c. “ Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.,” xi., 1882.

Pearson, W. H. On Radula Carringtonii, in “ Journ. Bot.,”
May, 1882.

Allen, T. F. Development of the Cortex in Chara, with 8
plates. “ Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,” April, 1882.

Wolle, F. Fresh Water Algae, in “ Bull. Torr. Bot. Club,”
March, 1882.

Wittrock, Y. and Nordstedt, O. Algas aquae dulcis exsiccatae,
fasc. 9, 10, 1882.

Wittrock, Y. and Nordstedt, O. Algae aquas dulcis, diagnoses,
in “ Botaniska Notiser,” No. 2, 1882.

Payot, Y. Plantes Cryptogames du Mont Blanc.

Roumeguere, C. Revue Mycologique, April, 1882.

Crisp, F. Summary of current researches in “ Journ. Roy.
Micr. Soc.,” April, 1882.

Warnstorf, C. On Bryum Kaurinianum, in 11 Hedwigia,”
No. 2, 1882.

Uhlworm, 0., and others. Botanisches Centralblatt (weekly).

Penzig, 0. On Beltrania, new genus of Hyphomycetes, in
“ Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.,” Ap., 1882.

Archangeli, G. Sopra alcune specie di Batrachospermum , in
“ Nuovo Giorn. Bot. Ital.,” Ap., 1882.

Cooke, M. C. Illustrations of British Fungi, part 8.

Cooke, M. C. British Fresh Water Algas, part 2, Protococ-
caceae and Yolvocineae, 17 plates.

Fries, E. leones Hymenomycetum, Yol. ii., part 7.

Luoand, L. Figures peintes de Champignons, parts 1 and 2.

Ellis, J. B. North American Fungi, Cents. 8, 9.

Braithwaite, Dr. R. British Moss Flora, part 5, Leucobryaceae,
and part of Dicranaceae.

Rabenhorst. Fungi Europaei. Cent. 26, 27. Edite y Dr.
Winter.

Rainier, G. Etude sur les Mucorinees.

Richter, P. Splicerozyga Jacobi , and Mastigocladus laniinosus
in Hedwigia, Ap., 1882.

Rehm, Dr. Ascomyceten, Diagnoses in Hedwigia, Mar., Ap.,
1882.

Allen, T. F. Forms of Chara coronata , in American Naturalist,
May, 1882.

TNDBX

iEcidium Berberidis and Pucoinia graminis

Agardh, classification of algae

Algae Americae exsiccatae

Algae, classification of

Algae, New British Marine ...

Archer, W., New Zealand Desmidieae

Australian Fungi

Braithwaite, Moss Flora
Breaking of the Meres
Carpenter, Dr., on Lichens ...

Cooke, M. C., Australian Fungi
Cooke, M. C., Exotic Fungi ...

Cooke, M. C., Fungi of Natal
Cooke, M. C., New British Fungi ...

Cooke, M. C., on Fungi exsiccati ...
Crombie, J. M., New British Lichens
Crombie, J. M., on Parmelia olivacea
Crombie, J. M., on Parmelia reddenda
Cryptogamic Knowledge in 1620 ...

Cryptogamic Literature

Cryptogamic Society of Scotland ...
Curious Trade in Fungus
Cystidia in Mushroom Tribe ...

Desmidieae, New Zealand ...

Discomycetes, Notes on

Farlow, Algae Americae exsiccatae . . .

Fung|r ; pacati, note on
Fungi Macowaniani
Fungi, Mimicry in
Fungi, New British ...

Fungi of Australia ...

Fungi of Burma
Fungi of Caracas
Fungi of Japan
Fungi of Natal
Fungi of Rio Janeiro ...

Fungi, Preservation of

Fungus Forays

Fungus, Trade in

Germination of Uredines
Grevillea Atlas
Hirneola poly tricha ...

Holmes, E. M., New British Marine Algae
Kalchbrenner, C., Fungi Macowaniani

PAGE.

33

152

15
152
110

28

... 60, 93, 131
30
111

27

... 60,93, 131
121
26, 123
41, 115, 147
154
22
24
26
90

31, 79, 120, 155

14
59
77

28

16

15
154

...52, 104, 143
1,89
...41,115, 147
... 60, 93, 131
122
123
121
26,123
122

109
76
59

139

81

59

110

...52, 104,143

158

INDEX.

PAGE.

Lectures on Vegetable Kingdom ... ... ... ... ... 75

Lichens, New British ... ... ... ... ... ... 22

Lichen Theory, Muller on ... ... ... ... ... ... 87

Mimicry in Fungi ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,89

Minks, Symbolae Licheno-Mycologicae ... ... ... ... 74

Muller, on Ccenogonium ... ... ... ... ... ... 87

Natal Fungi... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26, 123

Organization of Ccenogonium ... ... ... ... ... 87

Parmelia olivacea, Crombie on ... ... ... ... ... 24

Parmelia reddenda, Crombie on ... ... ... ... ... 26

Phillips and Plowright, New and Rare British Fungi ... ... 65

Plowright, C. B., Mimicry in Fungi ... ... 1,89

Plowright, C. B., on ^Flcidium Berberidis and Puccinia graminis 33

Plowright, C. B., on Germination of the Uredines ... ... 136

Preservation of Fungi ... ... ... ... ... ... 109

Smith, W. G., Cystidia in mushroom tribe... ... 77

Uredines, Germination of ... ... ... ... ... ... 139

Vize, J. E., Exotic Fungi ... ... ... ... 119

Winter, Notes on Discomycetes 16

volume, will be continued, with descriptive letter press, in Vol. XI.

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